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Talk:Geography of Canada

Welcome to the Page
The comments about the request for "Featured Article" status indicate that several people think that this request was premature. I agree, with that, but I do think that it will be a fine article and worthy of featured article status with a bit more work. I've changed the title of the "Unorganized material" section, but anyone who a better way of incorporating it should go ahead. Sunray 04:10, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)

To the Troll who entered the sentence "While the pizza of Canada is delicious," There are people who actually read this article, you bloody punk! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:120B:2C17:2AA0:D9EE:A55A:14BC:63A7 (talk) 00:21, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

What is needed
Here is a list of things that must be done berfore the article is fit for Featured article submition

*Write up Geography_of_Canada done
 * Expand the other sections to be more comprehensive
 * Include more material about secondary, but notable features, like secondary mountain ranges, notable rivers and lakes... Have to re-read my writing to check this one
 * Separate Canadian rockies and Pacific coast comments on this one? I didn't manage to do it, unfortunately
 * It would be better to call it the "Cordilleran region", as there are a number of other mountain ranges and plateaus between the rockies & the Coast Mountains.
 * Create a section on the maritimes (specific Atlantic coast geography) this should be inserted into Appalachain mountains
 * Create an Hydrography section, including a link to rivers of Canada done
 * The new Hydrography section really needs a map of the the 5 main canadian watersheds - anyone have one or feel up to the task of making one? -Lommer | talk 19:09, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I already pointed out lower we need more maps. I'm afraid I lack sourche for that. Circeus 14:03, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I inserted such a map from the Atlas of Canada and a link at the bottom of the page where one can find more.--Paddlebot 01:48, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * As I have an interest in rivers and having noted that the organization of rivers in wiki is an oxymoron, as time and interest permits I'd like to clean it up, starting with the reorganization of Canadian Rivers by drainage rather than province. If any interest or comments, please add to "List of rivers in Canada" discussion. --Paddlebot 01:48, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Create an ecogeography section about the main ecologic regions found in Canada. See Nearctic (maybe too specific) and Floristic province: Rockies, west of the rockies, tundra, plains, coniferous boreal forest, mixed forest, Broadleaf forest (can be divided in more specific areas, but these are the needed ones for te purpose of this article)
 * Merge, expand, or delete the Natural hazards and Current environmental issues sections which are copied straight out of the CIA World Factbook.
 * Appropriate Geological, ecological and hydrographic maps
 * Not necessary but would make a good impression not to have a bunch or red links under See also

Continental Divide vs continental divide
I prefer the more general description: not everyone is aware that capitalizing the words designate a specific divide. I wasn't. besides, the Rockies form the Continental Divide everywhere in north America, don't they? Wouldn't it be a little ridiculous to state the fact as if they did only in Canada? The wording, for one that isn't aware of the nuance, also implies there are only 2 watersheds in Canada.Circeus 19:01, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see your points, I just feel that the contintental divide we are talking about is the Continental Divide, not just any one and this should be reflected in how we link to it. There is a specific article on this specific continental divide - let's use it. I don't really think it implies only 2 watersheds, but I can see the concern and maybe that's something that can be adequately addressed in the Continental Divide article or in the hydrology section? As for the wording, maybe it can be changed so as to not give the silly impression that the rockies formed the continental divide only in canada.-Lommer | talk 19:22, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've actually mentionned the Continental Divide in the Hydrology section. second-to-last paragraph, the one about the Pacific watershed. Circeus 20:16, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Satellite imagery
This page could really use some great satellite imagery, I think that would go a long to improving it. Anyone have any GFDL compatible images? I love this one but it's mostly of the U.S. and so I don't think it's the best for the job. -Lommer | talk 01:13, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm still looking for good satellite images of Canada. The best I've found so far is this unfortunately copyrighted one . -Lommer | talk 19:09, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image of Canada in darkness

When I first saw this satellite image, I thought someone had added it as a joke. It shows the U.S. in brilliant sunlight, capturing the eye immediately. Then, as one's eyes become accustomed to the dark, one can barely make out the image of Canada.

I know that it wasn't intended as a joke. It is a beautiful image, but I'm removing it from the article. We need to find an image that features Canada. Sunray 04:51, 2005 Mar 10 (UTC)

 * Canada isn't dark in that image - it's just the way our vegetation looks (look up north and see how bright it is). Anyways, I just threw it in there b/c I figured it was better than nothing. It doesn't show the maritimes/quebec and some of the yukon, which is why I've been looking for a better image rather than just cropping that one down. -Lommer | talk 21:30, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Done! See the geography page.  Enjoy! E Pluribus Anthony 02:56, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Total Area
My previous edit seemed clear to me since the phrase is clealy talking about total area. Been doing some research, finding that the area of the U.S. suddenly increased beyond that of China? Previously for the longest time this was not true. Anybody agree or disagree with me, or have I been missing out on something for the past 40 years? Svelyka 07:23, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry: I've reverted this (again). Your recent change made the relevant point unclear ... the current version clearly indicates order of the top four countries by total area, whereas your edit did not.  And the sourced facts speak for themselves – see Talk:Canada and also Provinces and territories of Canada (tables): Canada has significant inland water area and the order differs for 2-4 between total and land area.  Please cite sources before changing.  Thanks.  E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 07:37, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Southern Okanagan - Desert or Steppe?
This has been a source of dispute, so I shall try and resolve it. The KCC has that a desert's precipitation is less than half the potential evapotranspiration; a steppe's precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration but more than half of it.

climate data source. Relevant figures:
 * Mean annual temp: 8.6C
 * Mean total annual precipitation: 244.3mm (10mm snow = 1mm rain)
 * Mean total precipitation April-September: 152mm, 62% of the mean total annual

The potential evapotranspiration is calculated as follows:
 * 1) Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20 ==> 8.6*20 = 171.5
 * 2) Add:
 * 3) * 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere)
 * 4) * 140 if 30%-70%
 * 5) * 0 if less than 30%
 * 6) * ==> 171.5 + 140 = 311.5
 * 7) This is potential evapotranspiration in millimetres.

The mean total annual preciptiation is therefore about 78% of the potential evapotranspiration, so the Okanagan is steppe, not desert. I know the Okanagan gets slightly less than 250mm of preciptiation (used for some definitions of desert), but the annual rainfall / potential evapotranspiration ratio shows it's clearly steppe. (Even if you ignore the snow, the figure comes out as 75%).

Tom pw (talk) 12:46, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Lowest point
The George Massey Tunnel in BC is below sea level & is a likely candidate for the lowest point --JimWae 04:32, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The lowest point is a point ON the earth's surface, but not a tunnel.

Anyway, if the lowest point is 0 m as referred in the article, why is it ONLY the Atlantic ocean's costline (as referred there)? 0 m is a common sea-level of all the oceans! féd.de rus.79.126.38.13 (talk) 20:43, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Missing: section on climate
This article needs a section entitled "Climate".

The Transhumanist 00:17, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I will add a section entitled climate. --74.216.28.205 (talk) 21:36, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for adding. More entries are necessary to make the table representative of the entire country though. We're missing the capitals of three Atlantic provinces and all three territorial capitals. I'm going to remove Osoyoos. It is not a notable city compared to the others. Hwy43 (talk) 03:39, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I added the three territorial capitals as well as the Atlantic capitals. --74.216.28.205 (talk) 21:00, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Well done – thanks! Hwy43 (talk) 22:05, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

This article needs a description about the climate conditions, in addition to the table.Ssbbplayer (talk) 18:11, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

 * A little while ago I added some info to the climate section, but am not sure if it is good enough yet.74.216.35.35 (talk) 14:02, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

the human/enviroment interaction?
the way canadians interact is by......and what they do for economy?,and their life livings? Does anyone know Rebecca Addy? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.25.244.11 (talk) 23:18, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

please fill in what you think......... thank you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.237.15.116 (talk) 17:21, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Coast line
The Atlas of Canada says "The total length of Canada's coastline is 243 042 kilometres", in this article it is "202,080 km". Which one is correct? --Hans-Jürgen Hübner (talk) 11:21, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I suppose you're right, although the 202,080 km is mentioned as well on the same website (The Atlas of Canada). But if you click on "Read more facts on Canada's Coastline" you'll find the other figure. I would go with the 243 042 km though. They do say that a distincton has to be made between coastline and shoreline - from which the latter is usually longer - but I don't know wether this is relevant to the differences in length. --Keffertje08 (talk) 12:10, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * That missing 43,000km could be the reckoning of the total indentations and island shorelines of the British Columbia Coast; in fact that's about the right figure for that discrepancy; Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador coastlines aren't as elaborate but maybe they're part of that figure too.Skookum1 (talk) 03:46, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Confusing item re Fraser Plateau
In expanding the Western Cordillera section I noticed the Fraser Plateau had been piped to Fraser Plateau and Basin complex (WWF ecoregion) via the Fraser Plateau and Basin complex redirect. This is incorrect so just made Fraser Plateau the link, as it's a much broader term and doesn't confuse landform with ecoregion......the Fraser Basin in geography is not the basin of the Fraser River, it's the low-lying areas below the main Nechako Plain converging on Prince George; in the same way the Fraser Canyon and Fraser Valley are two very different places, yet people from e.g. publications/media from outside the province (or just confined to Vancouver and ignorant of the Interior, as many media people tend to be) will still speak of Boston Bar or Williams Lake as "towns in the Fraser Valley". Fraser Basin kind of needs a landform article, though there are others still redlinked also in List of landforms of British Columbia. As with the Boreal Cordillera ecozone/ecoregion of Environment Canada, which some will use as if a landform, there's a distinction in nomenclature systems and also the ecoregion/ecozone systems (EC and WWF) play loosey-goosey with terms and invent some that have been mistakenly used, in Wikipedia and elsewhere, as if they were names for landforms. The Fraser Basin is another one of those.Skookum1 (talk) 03:46, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Largest Lake
Why is Lake Superior the largest lake in the US but Great Bear Lake is the largest lake in Canada? Either Lake Superior should be largest in both countries or neither. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.204.5.77 (talk) 03:32, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Great Bear Lake is the largest lake wholly within Canada, while Lake Michigan is the largest lake wholly within the US. Lake Superior is larger than both of these lakes, but it straddles the boundary between the two countries. See List of lakes by area. Hwy43 (talk) 03:51, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

North Pole "disputed"
that wasn't my addition, but I know what's meant; Canada claims a sectoral share of the Arctic Ocean, there is no such treaty and Canada's claim to part of the North Pole (actually to THE Pole itself) is disputed by nearly every other, if not all (?) countries of the Arctic Council. There'll be some press or conference reports on this somewhere for sure; it's a major diplomatic issue, like a lot of Canada's other pretensions in the North like Hans Island and the marine boundary dispute in the Beaufort Sea. Add in Russian and American and Danish etc pretensions, it's a mess diplomatically but now becoming critical; unless there's a treaty stating that the northern limit of Canadian waters is at the North Pole, it's original research and not a small bit POV to claim it's Canada's northernmost point; in reality that's the northern tip of Ellesmere Island at Alert.Skookum1 (talk) 08:44, 2 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Re this, what rightly took out as also uncited, after reverting my point about the claim not being in international law or recognized by other Arctic states, what I'd added is citable, it'll take a while to re-find the things I've seen on it; what was there needed citation, but all that can be cited there is that Canada has claimed that, not that it is actually the case as far as the rest of the world sees it.Skookum1 (talk) 17:53, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Geography of Canada


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User talk:Ashokcm

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ashokcm


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User talk:Voidship

The VoidSHIP searches It's just atheory. by the way i can't type. LOL

title: User talk:Voidship


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St. Louis Regional Airport

St. Louis Regional Airport is a public airport four miles (6 km) east of Alton, in Madison County, Illinois, United States. It is in the village of Bethalto but its mailing address is East Alton.

Its operations are paid for by an airport taxation district created in 1946, which collects taxes from property owners in the Madison County townships of Alton, Wood River, Foster and Fort Russell.

History
Civic Memorial Airport opened in 1946 and received its current name in 1984. The property was purchased by Colonel Milton Waltson after his discharge from the Army Air Corps after WWII. Walston also purchased some surplus Quonset huts and airplanes from the military. The name Walston Aviation is visible on one of the still remaining original buildings at the airport.

Facilities
The 2,250 acre airfield sits at 544 ft (166 m) MSL. It has an 8,099 by 150 ft (2,469 by 46 m) runway that runs roughly east–west (11/29) and a 6,500 by 100 ft (1,981 by 30 m) crosswind runway that runs north–south (17/35). With an ILS approach and tower controlled class D airspace, the facility can accommodate a Boeing 747.

For the 12-month period ending April 30, 2017, the airport had 39,828 aircraft operations, an average of 109 per day: 85% general aviation, 13% air taxi, 2% military and less than 1% commercial service. In March 2018, there were 79 aircraft based at this airport: 73 single-engine, 4 multi-engine and 2 jet.

West Star Aviation is the largest fixed-base operations (FBO) company at the airport. In 2008, Premiere Air changed its name to West Star aviation, and the company has remained since that time. The company provides a wide range of services from engine repair, interior and exterior paint services, avionics installation and repair, refurbishing, aircraft part sales, and airframe inspections.

The airport is popular with blimp crews, being a frequent stop for blimps on transcontinental flights across the United States.

Ground transportation
Public transit service to the airport is provided by Madison County Transit.

title: St. Louis Regional Airport


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Atlas Arteria

Atlas Arteria (asx: ALX), formerly known as Macquarie Atlas Roads, is one of the world's largest developers and operators of private toll roads.

Intoll demerger
Macquarie Infrastructure Group (MIG) had a portfolio of 11 toll roads across seven countries including Australia. MIG had previously in June 2006 spun off Sydney Roads Group which included its stake in three Sydney toll roads, namely M4 Western Motorway (50.61%), M5 South-West Motorway (50%) and Eastern Distributor (71.35%). Sydney Roads Group was sold to Transurban in April 2007.

In February 2010 MIG underwent a restructure into two separately listed companies; Intoll and Macquarie Atlas. Whilst Macquarie Atlas continues to be managed by Macquarie, Intoll is internally managed. Murray Bleach is the chief executive officer of Intoll. At the time, Intoll (asx: ITO) owned and managed a 25% interest in the Westlink M7 in western Sydney, Australia and a 30% interest in the 108 km-long 407 Express Toll Route in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada. Intoll was acquired in full by Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) on 14 December 2010.

In 2018, Macquarie Atlas Roads changed its name to Atlas Arteria after an agreement with the Macquarie Group to bring management in-house.

title: Atlas Arteria


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Garrison Creek (Ontario)

Garrison Creek was a short stream about 7.7 km long that flowed southeast into the west side of Toronto Harbour in Ontario, Canada. It has been largely covered over and filled in, but geographical traces of the creek can still be found, including the natural amphitheatre known as Christie Pits and the off-leash dog "bowl" of Trinity Bellwoods Park. The name "Garrison Creek" was used because Fort York was built near the creek mouth. Volunteers lead popular tours of the course of the old watershed.

History
Garrison Creek was one of a number of small natural watercourses on the site of the current city of Toronto. Starting in the 1870s, the stream was diverted into underground sewers under city streets and the original course was filled in with soil. By 1920, the stream was entirely diverted into the sewer system. There are many artifacts of the Creek's existence, including buried bridges along Harbord Street and Crawford Street south of Dundas Street. The unusual courses of Niagara Street (north of Fort York) and Vaughan Road (St. Clair and Bathurst area) indicate that they were once trails following the banks of the creek.

In 2013 particularly strong rainstorms caused the storm sewers that replaced Garrison Creek to flood, at Christie Pits, Trinity Bellwoods Park, and a railway underpass at King Street and Atlantic Avenue. Both Christie Pits and Trinity Bellwoods Park are over the original Garrison Creek Ravine, while the King and Atlantic intersection is over the course of Asylum Stream, a tributary that ran from just northwest of Fort York to Lisgar Street and Queen Street West near the former Provincial Asylum.

Course
The stream had two sources, one north of St. Clair Avenue, near Humewood Public School, and the other northwest of the present-day Dufferin Street and St. Clair Avenue intersection. The main course travels due south to south of King Street, where it turned to the southeast and emptied into Toronto Bay at the present-day intersection of Bathurst Street and Lake Shore Boulevard.

Tributaries along the creek included:

 * Springmount Stream
 * London Stream
 * Dewson Stream
 * Asylum Stream
 * Stafford Stream
 * Denison Creek (which had its own tributaries):
 * Brock Stream
 * Havelock Stream
 * Moutray Stream

title: Garrison Creek (Ontario)


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User talk:Burdettekevin

Which page to VfD?
Hrm... exactly which Mr. Chen has this useless article? Please advise and change the name accordingly. Thanks, Alphax (talk) 05:20, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clearing that up. Alphax (talk) 05:27, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Mark Adamo
This isn't a matter of life and death, but there was already a link to Little Women in the Adamo article, near the top. I don't know if this is codified anywhere, but the usual practice on Wikipedia seems to be to put in a link at the first occurrence only. Maybe for composers where there's a list of works at the bottom, the link should be where you put it instead, but not linking twice to the same place from the same article does seem to be pretty universal. (Actually, I had to put back the original link and some others and add some more and tidy up after an anonymous person added a lot of laudatory stuff to the article without, apparently, much knowledge of how Wikipedia works.) --GuillaumeTell 18:29, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Invitation

Hello! As there is a Wikipedia article about you, you are cordially invited to contribute a short audio recoding of your spoken voice, so that our readers may know what you sound like and how you pronounce your name. Details of how to do so, and examples, are at Voice intro project. Please feel free to ask for help or clarification on the project talk page, or my talk page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 22:08, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Burdettekevin


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Tacoma Public Utilities

Tacoma Public Utilities is the public utility service for the city of Tacoma, Washington. It was formed in 1893 when the citizens of Tacoma voted to buy the privately owned Tacoma Light & Water Company. It is the largest department in Tacoma City government, with a 2015–2016 budget of $1.2 billion and 1,378 employees. Operations are funded entirely by revenue generated from sale of services, not from taxes.

Operating divisions
There are three operating divisions of Tacoma Public Utilities.
 * Tacoma Power – Provides electric service to 175,870 customers over 180 square miles of service area and operates seven hydroelectric dams.
 * Click! Network – Provides high-speed internet service to 23,352 customers and cable television service to 17,468 customers. Operated by Tacoma Power.
 * Tacoma Water – Provides water service to 99,985 customers over 117 square miles of service area. The Green River is the primary source of water.
 * Tacoma Rail – Provides railroad freight switching services, serving the Port of Tacoma and customers in region. It is one of the largest shortline railroad systems in the United States.

title: Tacoma Public Utilities


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Chełmno Voivodeship

The Chełmno Voivodeship (Województwo chełmińskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland since 1454/1466 until the Partitions of Poland in 1772/1793. Its capital was at Chełmno.

Together with the Pomeranian and Malbork Voivodeships and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia, and with several other voivodeships it formed the Greater Poland Province.

History
The Chełmno Land (later known in German as Kulmerland) had been part of the Polish Duchy of Masovia since 1138. It was occupied by pagan Old Prussian tribes in 1216, who struggled against their Christianization instigated by Bishop Christian of Oliva. After several unsuccessful attempts to reconquer Chełmno, Duke Konrad I of Masovia in 1226 called for support by the Teutonic Knights, who indeed approached and started a Prussian campaign, after the duke promised to grant the Chełmno Land as a fief to the Teutonic Order.

In the course of the Order's decline after the 1410 Battle of Grunwald, the citizens of Chełmno, Toruń (Thorn), Lubawa (Löbau), Brodnica, Grudziądz, Nowe Miasto and Radzyń co-formed the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation. In 1454, the organisation led an uprising against the rule of the Teutonic Knights, and asked King Casimir IV of Poland to reincorporate the region to the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed the act of reincorporation, which sparked the Thirteen Years' War between the Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. The towns and nobles of the region then took an oath of allegiance to Poland in Toruń in May 1454. The Chełmno Voivodeship was established the same year. After the Order's defeat, the reintegration of Chełmno Land with Poland was confirmed in the Second Peace of Thorn and together with the adjacent Lubawa Land in the east it formed the Chełmno Voivodeship of the Polish Crown, since the 1569 Union of Lublin part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The voivodeship was annexed by Prussia during the First Partition of Poland in 1772, except for the city of Toruń, which was not incorporated into the province of West Prussia until the 1793 Second Partition.

Administration
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Chełmno

Regional council (sejmik generalny)
 * Grudziądz

Regional councils (sejmik poselski i deputacki)
 * Kowalewo
 * Radzyń

Administrative division:
 * Chełmno Land, (Ziemia Chełmińska), Chełmno
 * Chełmno County, (Powiat Chełmiński), Chełmno
 * Toruń County, (Powiat Toruński), Toruń
 * Grudziądz County, (Powiat Grudziądzki), Grudziądz
 * Radzyń County, (Powiat Radzyński), Radzyń
 * Kowalewo County, (Powiat Kowalewski), Kowalewo
 * Michałowo Land, (Ziemia Michałowska), Lubawa
 * Brodnica County, (Powiat Brodnicki), Brodnica
 * Nowe Miasto County, (Powiat Nowomiejski), Nowe Miasto Lubawskie

Cities and towns
The largest city of the voivodeship was the royal city of Toruń, which as one of the largest and most influential cities of entire Poland enjoyed voting rights during the Royal free elections. Other royal cities and towns were Brodnica, Golub, Grudziądz, Kowalewo, Lidzbark, Łasin, Nowe Miasto, Radzyń, Rogoźno, whereas private church towns were Chełmno, Chełmża, Kurzętnik, Lubawa and Wąbrzeźno.

Voivodes

 * 1) Augustyn z Szewy, 1454–1455
 * 2) Gabriel Bażyński, 1455–1474
 * 3) Ludwik Mortęski, 1475–1480
 * 4) Mikołaj Dąbrowski, 1480–1483
 * 5) Karol z Napola, 1484–1495
 * 6) Jan Dąbrowski, 1498–1513
 * 7) Jan Luzjański, 1514–1551
 * 8) Stanisław Kostka, 1551–1555
 * 9) Jan Działyński, 1556–1583
 * 10) Mikołaj Działyński, 1584–1604
 * 11) Maciej Konopacki, 1605–1611
 * 12) Ludwik Mortęski, 1611–1615
 * 13) Stanisław Działyński, 1615-1615
 * 14) Jan Jakub Wejher, 1618–1626
 * 15) Melchior Wejher, 1626–1643
 * 16) Mikołaj Wejher, 1643–1647
 * 17) Jan Działyński, 1647–1648
 * 18) Jan Kos, 1648–1662
 * 19) Piotr Działyński, 1663–1668
 * 20) Jan Gniński, 1668–1680
 * 21) Michał Działyński, 1681–1687
 * 22) Jan Kos (died 1702),1688–1702
 * 23) Tomasz Działyński, 1702–1714
 * 24) Jakub Zygmunt Rybiński, 1714–1725
 * 25) Franciszek Bieliński, 1725–1732
 * 26) Jan Ansgary Czapski 1732–1738
 * 27) Michał Wiktor Bieliński, 1738–1746
 * 28) Zygmunt Kretkowski, 1746–1766
 * 29) Franciszek Stanisław Hutten-Czapski, 1766–1802

title: Chełmno Voivodeship


text:
An American Trilogy

"An American Trilogy" is a 1972 song medley arranged by country composer Mickey Newbury and popularized by Elvis Presley, who included it as a showstopper in his concert routines. The medley uses three 19th-century songs:
 * "Dixie" — a popular folk song about the southern United States.
 * "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" — a marching hymn of the Union Army during the American Civil War; and
 * "All My Trials" — a Bahamian lullaby related to African American spirituals and widely used by folk music revivalists

First performances
Newbury first recorded "An American Trilogy" for his 1971 album Frisco Mabel Joy, and the medley featured prominently on his first concert album, Live at Montezuma Hall, released in 1973. The studio recording reached No. 26 on the charts in 1972, and No. 9 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Newbury's version was used for nightly TV sign offs for KTBS, KLFY & WRBT in the mid to late 1970s.

Presley began singing "An American Trilogy" in concert in January 1972; a live recording made the following month was released as a single by RCA Records. Presley modifies Newbury's sequence by reprising after "All My Trials" both "Dixie" (in the solo flute) and with a bigger ending on "Battle Hymn". He performs the medley in the 1972 concert film Elvis on Tour. Presley's version didn't equal the US chart success of Newbury's single, reaching No. 66 late in 1972 and peaking at No. 31 on the Easy Listening chart. However, it was included in both versions of the widely-seen 1973 satellite telecast Aloha from Hawaii. Presley's recording was more successful in the UK, where it reached No. 8.

Recent versions
In 2002 the medley was covered by heavy metal band Manowar, appearing as the sixth track on the album Warriors of the World. It was also featured on country singer Billy "Crash" Craddock's live album Live -N- Kickin' in 2009. Alwyn Humphreys' arrangement for male choir is popular and features on albums by the Cardiff Arms Park Male Choir and Morriston Orpheus Choir. "An American Trilogy" is referenced and partially sung in the Manic Street Preachers' "Elvis Impersonator: Blackpool Pier" on the Everything Must Go album. The Elvis' version of "Aloha From Hawaii" was also arranged for the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra for the 2015 compilation album, If I Can Dream. In all, over 465 versions have been recorded by various artists.

Charts
Mickey Newbury Elvis Presley

title: An American Trilogy


text:
Habitants

Habitants were French settlers and the inhabitants of French origin who farmed the land along the two shores of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf in what is the present-day Province of Quebec in Canada. The term was used by the inhabitants themselves and the other classes of French Canadian society from the 17th century up until the early 20th century when the usage of the word declined in favour of the more modern agriculteur (farmer) or producteur agricole (agricultural producer).

Habitants in New France were largely defined by a condition on the land, stating that it could be forfeited unless it was cleared within a certain period of time. This condition kept the land from being sold by the seigneur, leading instead to its being sub-granted to peasant farmers, the habitants. When a habitant was granted the title deed to a lot, he had to agree to accept a variety of annual charges and restrictions. Rent was the most important of these and could be set in money, produce or labour. Once this rent was set, it could not be altered, neither due to inflation or time. A habitant was essentially free to develop his land as he wished, with only a few obligations to his seigneur.

Likewise, a seigneur did not have many responsibilities towards his habitants. The seigneur was obligated to build a gristmill for his tenants, and they, in turn, were required to grind their grain there and provide the seigneur with one sack of flour out of every 14. The seigneur also had the right to a specific number of days of forced labour by the habitants and could claim rights over fishing, timber and common pastures.

Though the demands of the seigneurs became more significant at the end of French rule, they could never obtain enough resources from the rents and fees imposed on the habitants alone to become truly wealthy, nor leave their tenants in poverty. Habitants were free individuals; seigneurs simply owned a "bundle of specific and limited rights over productive activity within that territory". The seigneur – habitant relationship was one where both parties were owners of the land who split the attributes of ownership between them.

Economy and taxes
Most habitants grew crops that satisfied their own household needs for food and clothing rather than grow crops to sell on the market. Seigneurial farmers took this subsistence approach because of the smaller market that existed in Quebec. There had always been an exceedingly high number of farmers in New France and even in the early history of Quebec. It is estimated that in 1851 about 70% of Quebec's inhabitants were farmers. In the eastern United States, these numbers were drastically different: the earliest census data on this topic shows that in 1870 only 13% of residents in Massachusetts and 25% of residents in New York state were farmers. At this time, the agricultural sector still accounted for over half of the Quebec working population. These contrasting numbers meant that the Quebec farmer served an internal market only 1/3 the size of the market available to the average New York farmer. This smaller market in New France meant that habitants had little surplus wealth. Despite the lack of excess income, habitants still had to pay a variety of annual dues for the land received from a seigneur.

There were certain responsibilities or "duties" that came with receiving a free plot of land from the seigneur. Firstly, habitants were expected to cultivate and live on the land. If a piece of land was not cultivated within a year, the seigneur had the "droit de réunion," meaning the right of repossession. Secondly, there were several dues that habitants had to pay to the seigneur. One due was the "cens", which ranged between 2 and 6 sols. This charge was mostly symbolic, since it was a fairly paltry sum. Rent was typically set at an annual rate of 20 sols for every "arpent" of land, and a significant expense would typically be paid each year by habitants to the seigneur towards fees for livestock grazing on the villages' common fields, wood harvesting, etc. Seigneurs also received "lods et ventes" if habitants sold their land, which was equivalent to one-twelfth of the sale price. Another duty of habitants was to grind wheat at the seigneurial mill and pay a fee of one-fourteenth of the wheat ground. Some habitants also owed the seigneur one-thirteenth of the total amount of fish they caught. In addition, some habitants were responsible for completing 1–4 days of mandatory work during the sowing, harvesting, or haying season, which were called "corvées". Habitants were expected to fulfill all of these obligations to repay the seigneur for granting them land in the first place.

Family life
The habitants went to New France to find a better life and so that they would have better farming opportunities. They also moved to New France so they could have larger land holdings which eventually they would pass on to their children.

For women, most of the adulthood was spent being a wife and raising children. Marriage was essential for the women of New France and widowers often remarried. Due to the significantly greater male population, women often had their choice of partner and arranged marriages were infrequent. Some women were paid by the King of France to boost the population. They were called Filles du Roi.

The church played an important role in the life of a habitant; it was the parish that recorded all the births, marriages and deaths in the colony. These important events in the habitant life were considered religious traditions and marked by rituals. Nevertheless, parishes only developed in areas with a significant population. The habitants provided the local church and rectory, which was commonly used as a place of meeting and as a community hall, and emergency food stores were often kept in the churches attic. The habitants also viewed Sunday Mass not only as a time for worship but also as a time for communal gathering and socializing.

title: Habitants


text:
Malbork Voivodeship

The Malbork Voivodeship (Województwo malborskie), after Partitions of Poland also referred to as the Malbork Land (Polish: Ziemia malborska), was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 1454/1466 until the Partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. Its capital was at Malbork.

Together with the Pomeranian and Chełmno Voivodeships and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia it formed the historical province of Royal Prussia, and with several more voivodeships it formed part of the Greater Poland Province.

History

After the Teutonic Knights during the 13th century had conquered the Prussian territories and incorporated them into the Order's State, the castle of Marienburg served as the seat of the Grand Masters. Following the 1410 Battle of Grunwald, the Knights once again could withstand the Polish Siege of Marienburg. In 1440, various cities, towns and nobles from the area co-formed the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation. In 1454, the organisation led an uprising against the rule of the Teutonic Knights, and asked King Casimir IV of Poland to include the region within the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation of the region to Poland in March 1454 in Kraków, which sparked the Thirteen Years' War. The cities of Elbląg, Malbork, Sztum and Tolkmicko were members of the Confederation, whereas Dzierzgoń also sided with Poland in the war. The Teutonic Knights had to withdraw from Malbork to Königsberg and after their final defeat lost the castle and the surrounding territory in the 1466 Second Peace of Thorn.

King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland established the Malbork Voivodeship, including the towns of Elbing (Elbląg), Stuhm (Sztum) and Christburg (Kiszpork/Dzierzgoń). Since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Lands of the Polish Crown were part of the larger Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Malbork Castle was occupied twice by troops of the Swedish Empire: during the Thirty Years' War 1626–1629 and again from 1656 to 1660 during the Deluge. In 1772, the voivodeship was annexed by Prussia in the First Partition of Poland and became part of the newly established Province of West Prussia the next year.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of Malbork Voivodeship:

"The smallest of three voivodeships of Polish Prussia, it was divided into four counties: Sztum, Kiszpork, Elbląg and Malbork. Local starostas resided at Kiszpork, Sztum, Tolkmicko, and other locations. Sejmiks and courts were not located at Malbork, but at Sztum, which itself was governed by the starosta of Kiszpork. At sejmiks, local nobility elected eight deputies to the Prussian Sejm, e.g. two from each county (...) Malbork Voivodeship’s coat of arms was almost identical as Chełmno Voivodeship's, with differences in color of the eagle. The Prussian Sejm took place alternatively at Malbork and Grudziądz".

Cities
The largest city of the voivodeship was Elbląg, which as one of the largest and most influential cities of entire Poland enjoyed voting rights during the Royal free elections. Other cities were Malbork, Sztum, Kiszpork, and Tolkmicko, and all cities in the voivodeship were royal cities of Poland.

Administration
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Malbork

Voivodes list:
 * Ścibor Bażyński/Stibor (Tiburcius) von Baysen 15 June 1467 – 1480
 * Mikołaj Bażyński/Niklas von Baysen 23 February 1481 – 27 March 1501
 * Maciej Raba 21 August 1512 – 1546
 * Achacy Czema 1546 – 24 May 1564
 * Fabian Czema 1566–1580
 * Fabian Czema (younger) 1581-22 August 1605
 * Jerzy Kostka 1605–1611
 * Stanisław Działyński 1611–1615
 * Jan Wejher 1615–1618
 * Stanisław Konarski 1618–1625
 * Samuel Żaliński 3 November 1625 – 6 October 1629
 * Samuel Konarski 30 November 1629 – 1641
 * Mikołaj Wejher 11 October 1641 – 20 May 1643
 * Jakub Wejher 20 May 1643 – 21 February 1657
 * Stanisław Działyński 30 March 1657 – 1677
 * Jan Ignacy Bąkowski 1677–1679
 * Jan Gniński 1679
 * Franciszek Jan Bieliński 1681–1685
 * Ernest Denhoff 1685–1693
 * Władysław Łoś 1694
 * Jan Jerzy Przebendowski 17 September 1697 – 9 February 1703
 * Piotr Kczewski 9 February 1703 – 20 November 1722
 * Piotr Przebendowski 21 November 1722 – 1755
 * Jakub Działyński 27 May 1756 – 17 September 1772

Regional council (sejmik generalny):
 * Sztum

The Voivodeship was divided into four powiats (counties or administrative divisions):
 * Sztum County, (Powiat Sztumski),
 * Kiszpork County, (Powiat Kiszporski),
 * Elbląg County, (Powiat Elbląski),
 * Malbork County, (Powiat Malborski).

title: Malbork Voivodeship


text:
Australian Music Examinations Board

The Australian Music Examinations Board (AMEB) is a federated, privately funded corporation which provides a program of examinations for music, speech and drama in Australia.

The organisation had its beginnings at the Universities of Melbourne and Adelaide in 1887 and later became a national body in 1918. It now has six state offices as well as a Federal Office in Melbourne. The Federal Board consists of representatives of educational institutions that are signatories to the AMEB constitution. These are the Universities of Melbourne, Adelaide and Western Australia, the Minister for Education and Training, New South Wales, the Minister for Education, Training and Employment, Queensland and the Minister for Education and Skills, Tasmania through the University of Tasmania. The AMEB is used to determine admission into the Defence Force School of Music in Victoria.

The AMEB consists of a federation of branches in Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory and Tasmania. In addition, there is a National office whose board consists of a representative from each state board.

AMEB examinations are based on syllabuses set by the Federal Board in conjunction with the music and speech and drama community. AMEB produces a range of publications which support students and teachers preparing for exams.

AMEB offers syllabuses and examinations in a broad range of subjects including:

 * Music Teaching
 * Music Theory (Theory of Music, Musicianship, Music Craft)
 * Keyboard (Piano, Piano for Leisure, P Plate Piano, Organ, Electronic Organ)
 * Strings (Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass, Classical Guitar, Harp)
 * Woodwind (Recorder, Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Saxophone, Saxophone for Leisure)
 * Brass (Horn, Trumpet, Trombone, Bass Trombone, Tuba, Euphonium)
 * Brass Band Instruments (Instruments in B flat, E flat and C)
 * Percussion
 * Voice (Singing, Singing for Leisure)
 * Contemporary Popular Music (Keyboard, Vocal, Drum Kit, Guitar, Bass)
 * Musical Ensembles (Brass, Mixed, Percussion, Strings, Woodwind)
 * Speech and Drama

AMEB examinations cover a large range of skill levels; from a "Preliminary" grade suitable for very young children through to academic degree-level diplomas, including the Associate in Music (AMusA), the Licentiate in Music (LMusA), and ultimately the Fellowship in Music (FMusA), a diploma that is often conferred on an honorary basis to musical luminaries.

AMEB has recently introduced online examinations for music theory and online courses for Theory of Music.

In addition to the standard syllabuses, AMEB has a series of "for leisure" syllabuses for the piano, saxophone and voice which contain a repertoire of modern music. AMEB also has a Contemporary Popular Music (CPM) offering for Keyboard, Drum Kit, Guitar, Bass and Voice.

title: Australian Music Examinations Board


text:
Tacoma Rail

Tacoma Rail is a publicly owned Class III shortline railroad. It is owned by the city of Tacoma, Washington and operated as a public utility. It is one of three operating divisions of the municipally-owned Tacoma Public Utilities service, but unlike other city services, the railroad is self-supported and generates revenue for the City of Tacoma and Washington state. Tacoma Rail provides freight switching services, serving the Port of Tacoma and customers in Tacoma, south Pierce County and parts of Thurston County. It operates 16 diesel locomotives, more than 100 employees and about 140 mi of track, many of which are former Milwaukee Road and BNSF Railway lines around Western Washington.

Operating divisions
Tacoma Rail operates three distinct divisions:

Tidelands division
The Tidelands division serves the area around the Port of Tacoma, including all four intermodal terminals and interchanging with both the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad. The division serves 40 customers, and handles the majority of Tacoma Rail’s traffic.

The division was established in 1914 as a streetcar line to move port workers, but has been freight-only since 1937. In the past, the division was called the Tacoma Municipal Belt Line.

Lakewood division
The Lakewood division runs between Tacoma and DuPont. The operation of the division was acquired from BNSF Railway in November 2004.

The division serves 11 customers, mostly in the Lakewood area. Sound Transit also owns tracks has trackage rights between Tacoma and Lakewood to operate its Sounder commuter rail. WSDOT has paid to improve the line in recent years with plans to reroute the Amtrak Cascades and Coast Starlight to the tracks planned for 2019.

Mountain division (ceased operation)
The Mountain division ran between Tacoma and Frederickson, where it splits into two branches, one serving McKenna, the other serving Eatonville and Morton.

The 97 miles of track were owned directly by the City of Tacoma and are operated by Tacoma Rail under contract. It was considered a separate railroad and was operated using its own TRMW reporting mark. This segment of track was originally built by the Milwaukee Road and later used by the 2nd Chehalis Western Railroad and was purchased by the city on August 12, 1994.

The division served as many as 14 customers at one time, mostly in the Frederickson area. The Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad leased the portion of track from Eatonville to Morton for passenger excursion service. MRSR ceased operating, but is soft reopening in late 2023 early 2024.

Due to dwindling customer base (one as of 2023), Tacoma Rail sold the Mountain Division to WRL, which is now Rainier Rail, with RNIR reporting marks. However, the City will retain ownership of the portion of the Tacoma to Fredrickson line within the city limits, about six miles of track and structure, minus a one-mile stretch sold to Sound Transit for use by passenger and commuter trains as part of Sound Transit’s Lakewood Subdivision. This leaves just under five miles of track, for which Tacoma Rail will file for abandonment. This section is the costliest to maintain and includes the steepest part of the line, a 3.75% grade, a bridge over the BNSF/UP lines and a bridge and trestle over the Puyallup River, both of which are former Milwaukee Road structures built in 1917.

WRL/Rainier Rail plans to use its portion of the north end of the Mountain Division (north of Frederickson) for car storage. There are four sidings, but two of them will require some significant work to be put back in service.

The line is severed by derailers at 72nd and McKinley, which is effectively the city limits. Most crossing markers south of this location have had electrical equipment removed and is at present (November 2023), completely idle.

Locomotive fleet

 * Locomotive fleet (as of March 2021)

title: Tacoma Rail


text:
Jock Carroll

Jock Carroll (March 5, 1919 – August 4, 1995 ) was a Canadian writer, journalist and photographer who worked for the Canadian media, including the Toronto Telegram.

History
Born in Toronto, Jock Carroll developed a 40-year career as a photojournalist, commencing in the late 1940s. He both took and developed his own photographs from a self-made darkroom and quickly became popular for being able to produce news reports with accompanying photographs. His first published works appeared in such magazines as Saturday Night, Sports Illustrated and Esquire. In 1950, Carroll joined Weekend magazine as a staff writer. He ultimately became the associate editor of the magazine, during the course of his twenty-year association with it.

During the Korean War, Carroll was a war correspondent. This experience resulted in the 1955 publication of his first book, Korean Boy, which was the true story of Pak Jong Yong, a boy who fled with his family from North Korea to Pusan, in South Korea. Carroll was able to persuade management at Weekend Magazine to sponsor Pak Jong Yong's university education in Canada. Carroll later became the president of the Canadian War Correspondents Association.

In addition to his presidency of the Canadian War Correspondents Association, Carroll was a member of a number of journalist organizations, including the Toronto Men's Press Club, the Authors League of America, the Professional Photographers Association of Canada and the Ontario Sports Writers Association.

In 1961, Bottoms Up, Carroll's only novel, was published by Olympia Press. It was reissued by Collectors Publications in 1967. Collectors Publications, similar to Olympia Press, was known for publishing risqué novels. The novel is a satire about the magazine industry, with the heroine based on Marilyn Monroe, whom Carroll had interviewed and photographed in 1952. The book was not accepted for publication in Canada, due to its sexual content. Carroll then approached Maurice Girodias, the owner of Paris-based Olympia Press, who agreed to publish it. When republished in 1964 by Stein and Day as The Shy Photographer, the book was translated into multiple languages and sold half a million copies.

Carroll's book, The Death of the Toronto Telegram and Other Newspaper Stories was published in 1971 by Pocket Books Canada, a division of Simon & Schuster. The book includes many anecdotes about the Canadian newspaper business from the 1940s to 1970. Included are interviews with Marilyn Monroe in 1952, writer Arthur Hailey (1966), Elvis Presley (1956), and Toronto millionaire businessman "Honest" Ed Mirvish (1970).

In 1972, Simon & Schuster published Carroll's book on the 1972 Summer Olympic Games.

Carroll then became associated with Pocket Books Canada as the editor of a series of mass-market paperbacks by Canadian authors, known as "Carroll's Canadian Originals". Included in the series was Carroll's own book, Down The Road, published in 1974. The book was promoted as "Uninhibited talks with Marilyn Monroe and other famous sex symbols. Photos." and included a cover photo of a Marilyn Monroe lookalike.

Carroll's next book was The Life and Times of Gregory Clark, Canada's Favorite Storyteller, published by Doubleday in 1981. Clark was a well-known Canadian journalist who had died in 1977. Clark was also Caroll's colleague at Weekend Magazine, where Clark was the back-page columnist.

In 1984, Carroll contributed the text to The Farm, which featured photographs by Reuben R. Sallows and John de Visser. Reuben Sallows (1855–1937) had gained fame as one of Canada's early professional photographers, while John de Visser had been a professional photographer in Canada since the early 1960s. The book, published by Methuen to commemorate the sesquicentennial of Ontario, was a history of Ontario farming in the early 20th century. Black and white photos by Sallows were complemented by contemporary colour photos by de Visser, plus text from Carroll.

In 1995, Carroll was subject to a claim in relation to copyright and ownership issues, regarding his book of photographs of Glenn Gould, (Glenn Gould: Some Portraits of the Artist as a Young Man, (Stoddart 1995). Carroll had taken the photographs in 1956, during the course of also interviewing Gould for a magazine article. The Court of Appeal for Ontario found in Carroll's favour in the decision of Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., though the decision was rendered subsequent to Carroll's death.

In 1996, Carroll's book, Falling For Marilyn: The Lost Niagara Collection, was published posthumously by Stoddart Publishing. It contains photographs of Marilyn Monroe taken by Carroll in 1952, on the set of the film Niagara, which had originally accompanied a 1952 article by Carroll in Weekend magazine.

Non-fiction

 * 1996 Falling For Marilyn: The Lost Niagara Collection (Stoddart)
 * 1995 Glenn Gould: Some Portraits of The Artist as a Young Man (Stoddart)
 * 1984 The Farm (Photographs by Reuben Sallows and John De Visser, text by Jock Carroll; Methuen)
 * 1981 The Life and Times of Gregory Clark, Canada's Favorite Storyteller (Doubleday)
 * 1974 Down The Road (Pocket Books)
 * 1972 The Summer Olympic Games (Simon & Schuster)
 * 1971 The Death of the Toronto Telegram and Other Newspaper Stories (Pocket Books)
 * 1955 Korean Boy (with Pak Jong Yong; Macmillan)

Fiction

 * 1964 The Shy Photographer (Stein and Day; reprint of Bottoms Up)
 * 1961 Bottoms Up (Olympia Press)

title: Jock Carroll


text:
Riel (electoral district)

Riel is a provincial electoral division or riding in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 1968, and has formally existed since the provincial election of 1969. The riding is located in the south-central region of Winnipeg, Manitoba's capital and largest city, and is named after Louis Riel, the leader of the 1870 Red River Rebellion.

Riel is bordered to the south by Seine River, to the east by Lagimodière, to the north by St. Vital, to the northwest by Fort Garry, and to the southwest by Fort Richmond, the latter two across the Red River of the North.

The riding's population in 1996 was 20,228. The riding's character is mostly middle- and upper middle-class. In 1999, the average family income was $63,126, and the unemployment rate was 5.50%. Nine percent of the riding's residents are francophone.

The service industry accounts for 15% of Riel's economy, followed by health and social services at 12.5%.

Riel is a Progressive Conservative–New Democrat swing seat and is often considered one of the bellwether constituencies in Manitoba. It has elected a Member of the Legislative Assembly from the party that has won every general election since 1988. The current MLA is Mike Moyes of the NDP. The previous MLA was Rochelle Squires of the PCs.

Electoral results

 * Progressive Conservative
 * Shirley Render
 * style="text-align:right;" |3,119
 * style="text-align:right;" |37.83
 * style="text-align:right;" |-6.20
 * style="text-align:right;" |$20,036.18

title: Riel (electoral district)


text: User talk:130.126.156.22

title: User talk:130.126.156.22


text:
User:JetJon

Introduction:
My name is Jon de Pinet; I live near Flagstaff, Arizona; United States of America. I have been a member of wikipedia for some time now but have only recently started looking into becoming a major contributor.

Interests:
My interests include but are not limited to:
 * History (major interest in the tracing of Human migration routes)
 * Science (major contributor in several fields some of which can be shared here)
 * The T.T. Brown effect
 * A “Unified field theory” project (wiki rules seem to discourage an article about this so I will refrain, for the moment)
 * Philosophy (I have many ideas about the human thought process and human nature; I may find these to be article worthy in the future)

Current Projects:
The Lifter a small device that demonstrates lift through a medium with no moving parts, and is a source of heated debate among many amateur and professional scientists alike.

title: User:JetJon


text:
Moody Blue

Moody Blue is the twenty-fourth and final studio album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released on June 19, 1977, by RCA Records, about two months before his death. The album was a mixture of live and studio work and included the four tracks from Presley's final studio recording sessions in October 1976 and two tracks left over from the previous Graceland session in February 1976. "Moody Blue" was a previously published hit song recorded at the earlier Graceland session and held over for this album. Also recorded at the February session was "She Thinks I Still Care". "Way Down" became a hit after Presley's death less than one month after this album's release. The album was certified Gold and Platinum on September 12, 1977, and 2× Platinum on March 27, 1992, by the RIAA.

The first American copies of Moody Blue were pressed on limited edition translucent blue vinyl, the first time a Presley album had been issued on colored vinyl. The album soon reverted to black vinyl; after Presley's death it returned to blue, making the original US black vinyl issue the scarcer of the two. All overseas pressings were on black vinyl.

Contents
As described in Elvis: The Illustrated Record, RCA was not able to obtain sufficient new studio material for a complete album, with all but two songs of Presley's studio recordings of 1976 having already been used in the previous album, From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee or released as singles. The company chose to use the contents of two singles that had not yet been included on album, along with the two last remaining unreleased tracks from the Graceland sessions; the track list was then augmented with three live songs recorded in multi-track in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on April 24 and 26, 1977, which were heavily overdubbed for the album. One of these was his version of "Unchained Melody", on which he accompanied himself on the piano.

RCA producer Felton Jarvis had booked a recording studio in Nashville, Tennessee, for January 1977, to record some new tracks for this album. Presley had chosen a few songs to record with the help of Jarvis, most of them country and uptempo. Unfortunately, Presley never appeared for that session, claiming that he was ill and thus staying at home (an excuse that Presley used rather frequently during the 1960s to avoid recording poor soundtracks for his motion pictures). Additionally, Jarvis had tried to get Elvis to record the song "There's a Fire Down Below" (written by Elvis’ bassist Jerry Scheff of his TCB Band) during the October 1976 sessions, but succeeded only in getting the backing instrumental track recorded and was unable to get Elvis to record a vocal. Jarvis and RCA had nothing left to do but complete the album using the live tracks mentioned above. "Let Me Be There" which had already been issued only three years earlier on the album Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis and was still available at the time of this album's release was also included as RCA didnt have any other new tracks to include besides live versions of previously released songs.They had a few new songs as live recordings but only as a poor quality soundboard recordings.

The song "Moody Blue" was released as a single in November 1976 and it reached number one on the Billboard Country Singles Chart and #31 on the pop chart. "Way Down" was released as the album's next single during the early summer of 1977. It did not go very far up the chart initially, but it soared to #18 after Presley's death in August (jumping to number one in the U.K.) It was a bigger hit on the country charts, and it had risen to number one in the same week of the death of Presley. This album reached number three on the Billboard album charts after his death, although it had already entered the top 40 before he died. This was the last album by Presley to reach the top 40. Moody Blue was also a number one album on the Country Albums chart. Moody Blue was issued in late June 1977, and it peaked on the album chart at #3 after Elvis' death on August 16, 1977.

RCA pressed the album on blue vinyl, to match the title track. Since colored vinyl pressings were relatively uncommon at the time, and they almost never occurred in a wide release, this has led to collectors mistakenly assuming that blue vinyl copies of Moody Blue are collectors' items, when in fact, the true collectables are pressings from immediately before Presley's death on standard black vinyl. (Immediately following his death, the production of Moody Blue was shifted back to blue vinyl. However, in later years the album was produced again using standard black vinyl). Following Presley's death, "Unchained Melody" was also released as a single, and it peaked at #6 on the country music charts. This version was not the same as on the Moody Blue LP. The single version was an overdubbed version of another live version, recorded in Rapid City, June 21, 1977, during one of the two concerts that produced the album and TV special Elvis In Concert.

Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times concluded that "the voice is still intact, but the arrangements are often off-center and the material is often uninspired."

Reissues
The original RCA CD issue contained the same tracks and cover art as the original vinyl LP. RCA reissued the album on CD again in 2000 with revised cover art including a different concert photo of Elvis and omitted the track "Let Me Be There", due to its presence on Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis, and it added the complete album From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee as tracks 10–19 – in effect compiling the Graceland sessions rather than reissuing the original album. In 2013, Moody Blue was reissued on the Follow That Dream label in a special edition that contained the original album tracks along with a selection of alternate takes.

Personnel

 * Elvis Presley – vocals, piano on "Unchained Melody", executive producer
 * The Sweet Inspirations – backing vocals
 * Sherrill Nielsen – backing vocals
 * Kathy Westmoreland – backing vocals
 * J.D. Sumner & The Stamps – backing vocals
 * Myrna Smith – backing vocals
 * James Burton – lead guitar
 * John Wilkinson – rhythm guitar
 * Jerry Scheff – bass except "Let Me Be There"
 * Duke Bardwell – bass on "Let Me Be There"
 * Tony Brown – piano except "Unchained Melody", "Let Me Be There", "Moody Blue" and "She Thinks I Still Care", overdubbed organ on "Unchained Melody"
 * Glen D. Hardin – piano on "Let Me Be There", "Moody Blue", and "She Thinks I Still Care"
 * David Briggs – Fender Rhodes electric piano, clavinet, overdubbed piano on "Unchained Melody", "If You Love Me (Let Me Know)", "Way Down" and "Little Darlin’"
 * Ronnie Tutt – drums
 * Bergen White – string and horn arrangements
 * Overdubbed
 * Bobby Ogdin — acoustic piano on "Unchained Melody" and "Little Darlin'"
 * Norbert Putnam – bass on "Unchained Melody"
 * Alan Rush – guitar on "Unchained Melody", "If You Love Me (Let Me Know)" and "Little Darlin’", backing vocals on "Little Darlin’"
 * Dennis Linde – bass on “Unchained Melody”, “If You Love Me (Let Me Know)” and “Little Darlin’”, backing vocals on “Little Darlin’”
 * Randy Cullers – drums on "Unchained Melody", "If You Love Me (Let Me Know)" and "Little Darlin’"
 * Farrell Morris – percussion and bells on "Unchained Melody"

 * Technical
 * Don Wardell – executive producer, producer
 * Chick Crumpacker – producer
 * Dick Baxter – engineer
 * Glenn Meadows – original mastering
 * Vic Anesini – digital remastering

title: Moody Blue


text:
Wikipedia talk:Conflict of interest

Guideline revision version 3
{{tqb| To preserve the integrity, neutrality, and public trust in Wikipedia, it is crucial to effectively manage conflicts of interest among editors. A conflict of interest arises when an editor's personal, professional, or financial connections might compromise the objectivity of their contributions. This guideline outlines the types of conflicts and specifies the conduct required for editors who may be affected by them.

Financial Conflict of Interest
An editor has a financial conflict of interest when they stand to gain, or can reasonably be expected to gain, financial benefits from the coverage of a topic on Wikipedia. This conflict arises in various forms:
 * Direct Financial Benefits: These include receiving direct payment for editing Wikipedia articles.
 * Indirect Financial Benefits: Such benefits are not as overt as direct payments but are significant. Examples include:
 * Business Exposure: Gaining from increased visibility when a product, service, or company is featured in an article. For example, an editor who is a major shareholder or partner in a business could materially benefit from increased sales due to enhanced visibility of their product on Wikipedia. Conversely, an individual who holds a inconsequential stake, such as a small fraction of a percent of shares in a publicly traded company, would not be positioned to experience noticeable financial gains from such coverage.
 * Reputation Enhancement: Benefiting indirectly from an enhanced reputation due to having a personal article on Wikipedia or being prominently featured as an expert. This can lead to increased professional opportunities, such as book sales, speaking engagements, or consultancy work.

Non-financial Conflict of Interest
An editor has a non-financial conflict of interest when their personal or professional connections may compromise their ability to present a subject objectively. This type of conflict arises in various forms:
 * Personal Relationships: Editing articles about friends, colleagues, family members, romantic partners, or personal adversaries can lead to biased content, whether overly favorable or unduly negative.
 * Professional Connections: Editing articles related to one's employer or competitors in the industry can introduce biases that may either unfairly promote one’s own organization or undermine others. Similarly, citing oneself or ones close acquaintances as sources can introduce bias, influencing the content to unduly favor personal or professional interests.
 * Significant Roles: Editing articles related to organizations in which an individual holds a significant role, or recently held a significant role, may introduce biases and a lack of objectivity in content related to the organization's interests. This is a spectrum, with whether an editor has a conflict of interest depending both on the level of authority or influence their role granted them, and the recency of the role. For example:
 * A general volunteer for the Democratic Party would have no conflict of interest.
 * A precinct captain for the Democratic Party would have a conflict of interest for a few years after they hold the role.
 * A presidential elector for the Democratic Party would permanently have a conflict of interest.

Managing Conflicts

 * Editors with a Financial Conflict: Must not directly edit affected articles. Instead, they should propose changes using the Edit COI template, disclosing the nature of their conflict on their user page and in any location they discuss the topic.
 * Editors with Non-financial Conflicts: While not strictly forbidden from directly editing affected articles, transparency is required; they must disclose their conflict in the edit summary and in any location they discuss the topic.

Exceptions
Aside from those explicitly listed here, no exceptions exist to this guideline; edits must abide by it regardless of their perceived harmlessness or quality. Editors who wish to avoid disclosing their conflict of interest may do so only be avoiding topics affected by it.

General exceptions

 * 1) Reverting obvious vandalism—edits that any well-intentioned user would agree constitute vandalism, such as page blanking and adding offensive language.
 * 2) Removal of clear copyright violations or content that unquestionably violates the non-free content policy (NFCC). What counts as exempt under NFCC can be controversial, and should be established as a violation first. Consider opening a deletion discussion at Files for discussion instead of relying on this exemption.
 * 3) Removal of content that is clearly illegal under U.S. law, such as child pornography and links to pirated software.
 * 4) Removing contentious material that is libelous, biased, unsourced, or poorly sourced according to Wikipedia's biographies of living persons (BLP) policy. What counts as exempt under BLP can be controversial. Consider reporting to the BLP noticeboard instead of relying on this exemption.
 * 5) Reverting unambiguous spam, where the content would be eligible for page deletion under criterion G11 if it were a standalone page.

Wikipedians in residence
A Wikimedian in Residence (WIR) is a professional role in communications for an organization to share its knowledge within the Wikimedia platform, measure the impact of the same, and promote Wikipedia through training, education, and edit-a-thons. While WIRs can greatly benefit Wikipedia, there is a risk of edits that could unduly benefit their employers. To manage this risk, the following guidelines apply:
 * Scope of Editing: WIRs may edit articles related to but not directly involving their institution. They must not edit articles where their institution is the primary subject or could reasonably be seen as directly benefiting from the article's content; if they wish to make changes to such articles they must follow the instructions at for Editors with a Financial Conflict.
 * Disclosure Requirements: WIRs must clearly disclose their role and association with their institution on their user page, as well as in any discussions or edits related to their role as a WIR

Reporting suspected violations
When violations of this policy are suspected or identified it is crucial to address them with transparency and caution, balancing protecting the encyclopedia with respect for the editors involved. Always adhere strictly to our no-outing policy; only post personal information if the editor has disclosed it on Wikipedia.

 * User talk page: Non-urgent issues can be raised on the editor's talk page, using the COI warning template as appropriate.
 * COI noticeboard: If issues remain unresolved after user talk page discussions, or if the user talk page is an unsuitable venue, escalate the matter to the Conflict of Interest Noticeboard. This noticeboard also provides guidance for editors dealing with their own conflicts.
 * Private communication: For issues requiring confidentiality, including where posting the information on Wikipedia would violate our policies on the posting of personal information, email evidence to the appropriate channels: for general COI issues, contact functionaries-en@lists.wikimedia.org, and for paid editing concerns, reach out to paid-en-wp@wikipedia.org. Always consult these channels for advice before sending private information.}}

Updated to incorporate suggestions from the previous discussion; I'm also notifying WP:VPI for additional input. The intention is that this will replace the current guideline; the current text will be moved to an explanatory essay where it can be adjusted as needed. BilledMammal (talk) 17:50, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Big picture: I think this puts our guideline out of compliance with the global policy on paid editing and thus needs revision, to at minimum provide a useful link to what the policy requires. I also would hope that the intention is that an RfC would be held to replace the current text rather than attempting to do it as a BOLD edit. Small picture: Functionaries-en does not accept emails from non-members (with the exception of WMF emails) for the last 18-24 months. ArbCom should be announcing something on the UPE/COI private evidence side in the next day or so, so that can be updated. I also personally don't think the significant roles represents my thinking or understanding of that concept and think that we should not have an example that is so American centered. Best, Barkeep49 (talk) 19:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Arbcom's announcement is live. Barkeep49 (talk) 14:45, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Can you clarify which aspect you think is out of compliance with the global policy?
 * An RfC would definitely be held; this isn't the short of change that can be done boldly. BilledMammal (talk) 10:33, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The disclosure here does not meet the format of the global policy in terms of the level of disclosure required. Barkeep49 (talk) 19:29, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm still not very convinced by the presumed pipeline between being cited in a Wikipedia article and increased professional opportunities, such as book sales, speaking engagements, or consultancy work. This still seems like an inflated sense of Wikipedia readers' engagement with sources and attribution, or a misguided sense of people in charge of events at universities schedule book tours and talks. The discouragement of citing oneself in the non-financial conflict of interest section on the grounds that it may tilt content toward one's personal professional interests seems sufficient and more suitable.
 * Does exception #4, Removing contentious material that is libelous, biased, unsourced, or poorly sourced according to Wikipedia's biographies of living persons (BLP) policy. What counts as exempt under BLP can be controversial. Consider reporting to the BLP noticeboard instead of relying on this exemption contradict WP:BLP's guidance?: Contentious material about living persons (or, in some cases, recently deceased) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—must be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion. Hydrangeans (she/her | talk | edits) 14:52, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I also remain of the sense that the "Reporting suspected violations" section continues to unduly frame respect for editors in tension with protection of the encyclopedia. Your earlier explanation was that the two aren't in opposition, but you then go on to describe them as if oppositional: We respect editors by... while protecting the encyclopedia by... etc., as if the former isn't also the latter. All policies and guidelines exist for the benefit of the encyclopedia, so both identifying COI and respecting editors serve to protect the project. I would encourage a rephrase to When violations of this policy are suspected or identified it is crucial to address them with compliance to relevant guidelines and policies, balancing concern for undisclosed COI editing with respect for the editors involved. This avoids implying the latter policy somehow doesn't benefit the encyclopedia. Hydrangeans (she/her | talk | edits) 15:11, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think so; the text is same as the long standing text at WP:3RRNO. BilledMammal (talk) 10:34, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

Visibility of external advertising accounts
About two weeks ago, I submitted this proposal on Meta-Wiki seeking consensus on additional requirements. It has been observed in multiple cases that, after disclosing their off-wiki profile link, paid editors then protect their profile from public view, making it challenging to review their contributions. I believe the main purpose of the existing requirements is to facilitate the review process, so if a profile isn't publicly accessible, the disclosure is useless. Therefore, I invite everyone to share their thoughts. Thank you. GSS  💬 04:59, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

Previously paid editors
Something came up at WT:OKA regarding editors who were previously paid (and therefore displayed a paid editor template on their User page per disclosure requirements), but who are no longer paid and continue to edit in a fully volunteer basis like any other unpaid editor at Wikipedia. Should we say something about this at WP:COI? Do we need a new paid-like template, to say they were previously paid, or do we maybe add a new parameter to the old one, with new parameter yes? Or should those editors simply remove their paid template when they are no longer editing for pay?

I think I would vote for the new-param/new-template solution, as I think I would want to know that someone previously edited for pay so I would be informed, when checking earlier contributions, but I think I would also like to know that they are no longer paid editors. And it doesn't seem right to oblige them to leave the paid editor template up forever, if it no longer reflects the reality of their current contributions. Would like to know what others think. Mathglot (talk) 10:54, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I think paid (unlike coi) is already implicitly past tense. We want to know if someone was paid for a particular set of edits, and that information remains relevant as long as those edits are in Wikipedia's database (i.e. forever). Perhaps we should update the template to explicitly use the past tense (e.g. "were paid" instead of "have been paid" currently), but I don't see the need a strong need to make a distinction between completed contracts and ongoing ones. They should definitely not remove the paid template, otherwise every freelancer that does one-off jobs could claim that they have nothing to disclose right now, because the work was completed when they clicked save. The situation at OKA, where editors are paid a stipend for ongoing and nonspecific contributions to Wikipedia is not typical, and as I think we've both said elsewhere "paid editing" is probably not the most accurate description of it in the first place. – Joe (talk) 11:14, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see what you're saying, and I get the verb tense issue point, but it just seems like leaving it up forever is a bit of a scarlet letter. Some editors who are indeffed for serious policy violations get to come back if they manage a successful appeal, and the indef banner eventually ages off their Talk page, although you can find the evidence in the log or page history if you look. Others indeffed get to come back under clean start, and then you can't even find a trace at all. Why should a formerly-paid editor who has adhered to all policies and guidelines including disclosure, be obliged to retain the banner forever, when previously indeffed editors are not? That's the problem I have with it. Maybe there should be an elapsed time after which it goes from "paid" to "previously paid" and then eventually ages off? Mathglot (talk) 19:04, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The purpose of disclosure is to let the reader know that certain text is written under a COI and factor that, however they choose, in their reading. It's about honesty concerning relationship with the writing and not a punishment (indeed not a comment on good faith or anything else per the guideline). Alanscottwalker (talk) 14:26, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * , there is already a solution for that: the connected contributor template, which goes on the article talk page, and I have no objection whatever of it remaining there, for the reasons you point out. However, a COI disclosure statement or template does not tell you which article(s) is/are involved; do you see a reason why it should remain on the user's talk page forever? Mathglot (talk) 19:00, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It very much should say which articles are involved. The paid template has an  parameter for that reason. – Joe (talk) 23:17, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * For better or worse, the terms of use don't specify any conditions under which a notice can be removed. However an editor can note when their paid editing ended, or even disclose which edits were paid for, should they choose. isaacl (talk) 15:07, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Nine years ago, another editor advised me to create a separate account for edits that are not paid (and to disclose that both accounts belong to me). I find it useful, but I'm not sure if that is a solution others would advise currently. Rachel Helps (BYU) (talk) 17:43, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Not a bad solution, technically speaking, but I still don't see why a formerly indeffed user may be simply welcomed back to the fold, while a formerly paid editor who never did anything wrong has to jump through extra hoops. Mathglot (talk) 19:00, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, paid editors are not excluded from the fold in the first place. They're just asked to disclose their conflict of interest, which per this guideline is supposed to be a "description of a situation, not a judgment about that person's opinions, integrity, or good faith", though I'll grant you that in practice many editors will judge them for it. – Joe (talk) 23:15, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

Promotion using WP:RSNOI
There is promotional editing going on at Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram, probably by editors on behalf of Kerala government's and Adani Group's PR agencies. Just read the lead section alone and you will understand what I meant. 117.230.85.76 (talk) 13:58, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This should really be posted, instead, at WP:COIN. --Tryptofish (talk) 23:08, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Conflict of interest


text:
Talk:Chełmno Voivodeship

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903

Województwo Chełmińskie.

Ziemia, położona pomiędzy Wisłą, Drwęcą i Ossą, zamieszkana od prawieków przez ludność lechicką, nazwana została za doby Piastów, od głównego grodu swego Chełmna (nad Wisłą), ziemią Chełmińską. Mieczysław I i Bolesław Wielki zakładali w niej kościoły i warownie, aby umocnić wiarę chrześcijańską i bezpieczeństwo jej mieszkańców. Za Ossą i Lutrzyną, w kraju pogan pruskich, rozciągały się szerokie, prawie bezludne puszcze, z których barbarzyńcy mogli łatwo czynić nagłe napady na rolniczych, więc zasobniejszych Lechitów. Upamiętnił się w dziejach napad Prusów roku 1217 na ziemię Chełmińską i na Mazowsze, w którym prawdopodobnie cały świat pogański: prusko-jaćwiesko-litewski, wziął udział. Kościoły i miasta ziemi Chełmińskiej i części Mazowsza poszły wówczas w perzynę, wsie palono i wycinano, a Konrad, książę Mazowiecki, ustąpienie nieprzyjaciół okupował pieniądzmi. Na wieść o tym strasznym napadzie, papież Honoryusz III wydał odezwę do wszystkich wiernych w Polsce, aby się wyprawili na krucyatę przeciwko nieprzyjaciołom wiary świętej. Książęta polscy ociągali się, wiedzieli bowiem lepiej od innych, że niemożliwem jest pokonanie orężem ludu, ukrytego w niedostępnych moczarach i zawalonych złomami puszczach. Gdy papież powtórzył wezwanie w Niemczech północnych, biskup Chrystyan poprowadził roku 1219 na pogan pierwszy zastęp krzyżowców, wśród których, jak się zdaje, nie było książąt polskich. Dopiero w roku 1222 zebrali się: Leszek Biały, Henryk Brodaty śląski i Konrad I mazowiecki, z licznymi hufcami, na wspólną wyprawę, do której przystąpili i książęta pomorscy: Świętopełk i Warcisław. I ta wszakże wyprawa nie zdołała zabezpieczyć ziemi Chełmińskiej, ani Kujaw i Mazowsza od najazdów pogańskich. Prusowie bowiem nie posiadali ani miast, ani grodów, t. j. żadnych środowisk swego życia, gdzieby można zagrozić ich krajowi i zmusić do walki w polu. Ukryci w niedostępnych za jeziorami kniejach i bagnach, nie mieli zwyczaju stawiać czoła uzbrojonemu rycerstwu. Drużyny ich rozbójniczo, nocami, niespodzianie wypadały w ludne ziemie lechickie i z łupieżą umykały do bezpiecznych swych kryjówek.

Wówczas to biskup Chrystyan poradził Konradowi mazowieckiemu ustanowienie zakonu „braci rycerskiej” przeciw Prusom. Zawiązanym wiec został około roku 1223–1225 zakon „Braci Dobrzyńskich”, tak nazwanych od zamku Dobrzynia nad Wisłą, który dano im na siedlisko. Gdy jednak młody ten związek upadł w pierwszych starciach z poganami, Konrad sprowadził, założony podczas wojen krzyżowych w Ziemi Świętej Zakon teutoński, któremu nie zawahał się (roku 1228 do 1230) oddać w uposażeniu jałmużniczem całej ziemi Chełmińskiej, przerażający obraz spustoszenia od roku 1217 przedstawiającej. Krzyżowcy obowiązali się zwalczyć pogaństwo i, po jego pokonaniu, powrócić rzeczoną ziemię książętom mazowieckim, a tylko podzielić się po połowie krajami, które przez nich na poganach zdobyte być mogą.

Od tej więc pory, to jest od roku 1230, aż do wojny trzynastoletniej za Kazimierza Jagiellończyka (1454–1466), która powróciła Prusy polskie Koronie, cała ziemia Chełmińska pozostawała w posiadaniu Zakonu. Po unii zaś Prus z Koroną, weszła w skład Polski, jako województwo Chełmińskie. Województwo to graniczyło na północ z Pomezanią, należącą do Prus książęcych, na zachód z ziemią tychże Krzyżaków, która nosiła nazwę Saskiej, czyli Sasinowskiej, na południe z ziemią Dobrzyńską i powiatami Sierpskim i Szreńskim po rzekę Działdówkę. Resztę granicy południowej i ścianę zachodnią stanowiła Wisła, oddzielająca je od województw Inowłocławskiego i Pomorskiego. Województwo Chełmińskie składało się z dwóch ziem: Chełmińskiej i Michałowskiej, podzielonych na siedm powiatów. Z tych pięć powiatów: Chełmiński, Toruński, Grudziądzki, Radzyński i Kowalewski, leżało w ziemi Chełmińskiej, a dwa: Brodnicki i Nowomiejski, w Michałowskiej, wschodnią część województwa stanowiącej. Ziemia ta rządziła się wspólnie z Chełmińską, miała jednak osobnego swego chorążego i sędziego ziemskiego z asesorami, a odprawiała sądy w Brodnicy i Nowem-mieście. Północno-wschodni kraniec województwa Chełmińskiego, a w nim ziemi Michałowskiej, około Lubawy, zajmowały obszerne posiadłości biskupów chełmińskich.

Województwo Chełmińskie miało senatorów większych trzech, to jest: biskupa, wojewodę i kasztelana chełmińskich. Starostwo grodowe Kowalewskie należało do wojewody, który naznaczał podwojewodziego i pisarza grodzkiego, sprawujących sądy grodzkie w Kowalewie z kadencyą co miesiąc. Niegrodowe starostwa były: Brodnickie, Grudziądzkie, Lipińskie, Golubskie, Pokrzywnickie, Radzyńskie, Lonkorskie i inne. Sejmiki odbywały się przedsejmowe w Kowalewie, a deputackie w Radzynie. Na pierwszych obierano 14 posłów sejmowych (po dwóch z powiatu), na drugich zaś dwóch deputatów trybunalskich od roku 1589, t. j. od przyłączenia ziem pruskich do trybunału koronnego. Ziemia Chełmińska odprawiała sądy ziemskie w Radzynie. Herbem województwa był w czerwonem polu orzeł biały o jednej głowie z koroną na szyi, który miał wystającą z prawego skrzydła rękę człowieka zbrojnego, trzymającą miecz nad głowa orła, do cięcia podniesiony.

Znaczniejsze miasta województwa Chełmińskiego były: Chełmno, stołeczne województwa, nad ramieniem Wisły położone. Pierwotna osada Chełmna leżała o milę w górę Wisły, w miejscu, gdzie dziś znajduje się wioska Starogród. Tutaj, podług legendy, Mieczysław I miał fundować kościół, ale gdy poganie zburzyli roku 1217 pierwotne Chełmno, wówczas miasto i kościoły odbudowały się w miejscu dzisiejszem. Chełmno, szybko za rządów krzyżackich odbudowywane, miało sąd apelacyjny miejski i stało się najznakomitszem z miast pruskich, ale gdy roku 1457, podczas wojny trzynastoletniej, burmistrz i pięciu rajców weszli w porozumienie z Krzyżakami, Kazimierz Jagiellończyk pozbawił Chełmno tego pierwszeństwa na rzecz Torunia. Papież Urban VI szkoły tutejsze obdarzył roku 1387 tytułem akademii, a porównywając z prawami, uniwersytetu Bonońskiego, dozwolił udzielania stopni doktorów w czterech wydziałach. Przy pierwszym podziale kraju (roku 1772) dostało się Chełmno pod rządy króla Fryderyka.

Toruń miał się pierwotnie nazywać Tarnowem (?). Dnia 27. maja, w pierwszym roku wojny trzynastoletniej z Zakonem (1454 roku), król Kazimierz Jagiellończyk, zasiadłszy na tronie w rynku toruńskim, odebrał hołd od ziemi Chełmińskiej, z przysięgą na poddaństwo i posłuszeństwo. Ostatni zaś rok tej wojny (1466) upamiętnił się, zawartym w Toruniu dnia 19. października, głośnym w dziejach pokojem z Krzyżakami, który przywrócił Koronie Prusy polskie i Pomorze. W siedm lat później (dnia 19. lutego roku 1473) urodził się w Toruniu nieśmiertelnej pamięci Mikołaj Kopernik. Dnia 17. czerwca roku 1501 zmarł tutaj, tknięty apopleksyą, król Jan Olbracht. Do świetnego stanu Torunia przyczyniał się przywilej na pierwszy skład towarów, z Polski i do Polski przychodzących, który jednak odjęty Toruniowi został przez króla Aleksandra roku 1505. – Na pochyłościach wzgórz toruńskich słynęły sady i winnice, więc też Klonowicz we „Flisie” swoim pisze:

„Od siebie się miej, gdzie wdzięczne winnice

Wiszą nad Wisłą, w nich żywe krynice;

Ujźrzysz lusthauzy i ogrody śliczne,

Drzewa rozliczne”.

Wspaniałe czerwone mury krzyżackie i wysokie wieże zdumiewały widokiem swoim przybywających do Torunia:

„Lecz naprzód ujźrzysz nad górami śpice,

I wież wysokich złote makowice,

Co swymi wierzchy modre niebo orzą,

Obłoki porzą.

Toruń budowny i bogaty w cnotę,

Tam szczyrych mieszczan oglądasz ochotę,

Tam pokój, tam wstyd, tam płuży uczciwość

I sprawiedliwość.

Bógżeć pomagaj, zwierzchności dostojna,

Ku dobrym skłonna, na zuchwałe zbrojna,

Bóg cię tu żegnaj, bo mi pilno w drogę,

Mieszkać nie mogę”.

Dnia 16. lipca 1636 roku pochowane zostały z wielką okazałością w toruńskim kościele Panny Maryi, sprowadzone z Brodnicy, zwłoki Anny, siostry króla Zygmunta III, od 11-stu lat zmarłej. Za panowania Krzyżaków Toruń, od wieku XIII, był miastem Zakonu. Kazimierz Jagiellończyk potwierdził 1457 roku prawo mennicy miastu, które też, z małemi przerwami, wybijało swoją własną monetę do roku 1765.

Grudziądz nad Wisłą, w pobliżu ujścia Ossy, był starożytną osadą lechicką, którą nazwano Gródkiem, niewątpliwie od wzniesionego tu za Piastów zameczku. Zameczek ten opanowany został przez pogan pruskich, którzy częstymi stąd napadami trapili przyległe ziemie polskie. Krzyżacy, po ujarzmieniu Prus, odbudowawszy miasto i zamek, zmienili jego polską nazwę Gródek na Graudenz, z której powstał Grudziądz. W Grudziądzu naprzemian z Malborgiem odprawiały się sejmiki generalne trzech województw, czyli Generał Prus polskich. Miasto, na wyniosłem wybrzeżu Wisły położone, sprowadzało wodę z Ossy za pomocą wodociągu i machiny, której wynalezienie tradycya przypisywała Mikołajowi Kopernikowi. Inne miasta w województwie Chełmińskiem były: Radzyn, znany już za Bolesława Wielkiego, Kowalewo, gdzie się mieściło archiwum województwa, Brodnica (przy ujściu Brodnicy do Drwęcy), który to gród za rządów krzyżackich tak ważne zajął stanowisko, że go nazywano kluczem całych Prus. Zygmunt III nadał starostwo to 1605 roku siostrze swej Annie, która, z upodobaniem tu przemieszkując, trudniła się zbieraniem ziół, układaniem zielnika, bawiła się nawet chemią, słynęła przytem z pobożności, miłosiernych uczynków i tu zmarła 6. lutego 1625 roku, ale ciało jej tymczasowo z powodu wojen szwedzkich w tutejszym kościele złożone, dopiero w lat 11 Władysław IV w Toruniu pochował. Na mocy przywileju nie wolno było w Brodnicy mieszkać żydom, którzy dopiero po zaborze pruskim osiadać tu (w roku 1773) zaczęli. Chełmża, nad jeziorem, mieściła w sobie po roku 1251 katedrę i kapitułę, z Chełmna przeniesioną. Lubawa, dobra biskupów chełmińskich z ich rezydencyą. Koło wsi Rogożna i ujścia Jardęgi do Ossy kazał Bolesław Chrobry roku 1014 wbić słup żelazny w Ossę, jako znak graniczny z ziemią Prusów. Krzyżacy, zostawszy panami ziemi Chełmińskiej, słup ten wyrzucili i młyn w tem miejscu zmurowali, tylko została nazwa wsi: Słup. Łabiszyn, miasto założone z przywileju, danego przez wielkiego mistrza, Konrada Wallenroda. Golub, nad Drwęcą, który otrzymawszy od Zygmunta III siostra jego, Anna, założyła tu wielki ogród, gdzie pielęgnowała mnogie zioła i krzewy. Na wiosnę 1623 roku nawiedził ją, jadąc do Gdańska, król z żoną i dziećmi i kilka dni tu przepędził.

title: Talk:Chełmno Voivodeship