text:
Bill Brown (footballer, born 1931)

William Dallas Fyfe Brown (8 October 1931 – 30 November 2004) was a Scottish football goalkeeper.

Brown played for Dundee between 1949 and 1959, and for Tottenham Hotspur between 1959 and 1966. He was part of the Spurs team that won the Double of Football League and FA Cup in 1961 - the first club to achieve the feat in the 20th century. He was also capped 28 times for the Scotland national team.

Dundee
Brown played as a youth for Carnoustie Panmure. He started his senior career with Dundee as a teenager and made over 200 appearances in the Scottish Football League.

Tottenham Hotspur
Brown was signed in 1959 for £16,500 to Tottenham Hotspur in June 1959. He was at White Hart Lane for seven years, winning the Double in 1961 missing only one game the entire season. He also helped the team win the FA Cup again in 1962,and the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1963. He produced one of his best performances in the match against Bratislava in quarter-final of 1962–63 European Cup Winners' Cup.

He suffered injuries in the mid-1960s, and with the arrival of Pat Jennings to the team, he began to lose his place in the starting lineup. He played his last game for the club in a friendly in October 1966, and transferred to Northampton Town the same month.

Northampton and Toronto Falcons
He next had a spell at Northampton Town. Brown then moved to Canada to end his playing days with the Toronto Falcons during the 1967 National Professional Soccer League season.

International
Brown was capped 28 times for Scotland and played in the 1958 World Cup. He also played for his country at 'B' team, youth and schoolboy level. Brown also represented the Scottish League XI while he was with Dundee.

After playing
After he finished playing, he stayed in Canada and worked as a property developer and for the government. He died in 2004, aged 73. The news broke just before Tottenham played a League Cup tie against Liverpool and, as a tribute, they wore black armbands for the occasion.

Honours
Dundee
 * Scottish League Cup: 1951–52

Tottenham Hotspur
 * Football League First Division: 1960–61
 * FA Cup: 1960–61, 1961–62
 * FA Charity Shield: 1961, 1962
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1962–63

title: Bill Brown (footballer, born 1931)


text: User talk:68.54.3.62

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.54.3.62


text:
Up in Town

Up in Town is a six-part series of short (10-minute) monologues, featuring Joanna Lumley as the middle-aged, divorced and lonely Madison Blakelock. The series was produced for television by Baby Cow Productions, and screened on BBC Two. It has subsequently been released on DVD.

Summary
Madison Blakelock is delighted to be living her 'new life', since her executive class husband, who works 'up in town', and she parted company 18 years before. And now she has nothing more to do but sit before her mirror, picking over the bones of her past with an optimism and energy dizzyingly at odds with her reality. As the unrecognised failures of her life mount up, the loss of love, friends, money, purpose and her beloved cat, the cracks in her terrifyingly maintained facade begin to show.

Critical reception
The series received a positive reception from critics. The Times praised Lumley and her "rich, darkly comic and beautifully observed performance". The Guardian cited that the series deserved better scheduling.

The series has also been compared to Alan Bennett's Talking Heads series of monologues.

title: Up in Town


text:
Talk:Information Age

Suggested merges
These pages: are essentially content forks of this article (and Talk:Information revolution notes that some of its content actually pertains to the scientific revolution, really, but that can be fixed in the process of merging). — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  01:40, 16 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Information revolution
 * Digital Revolution [sic]

 * I concur. —  f c s u p e r ( How's That?, That's How! ) (Exclusionistic Immediatist ) — 22:56, 29 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Support All 3 articles aren't very long. Ljgua124 (talk) 09:38, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose with alternative proposal: I believe there is some merging to do, but this proposes more than needed. I think the "revolution" is separate from the "age"; the revolution precedes and enables the age, while the age continues after the revolution is effectively done.  There is certainly a transitional overlap period, but not 100% overlap.  I propose merging just Information revolution into Digital Revolution, leaving us with the Digital Revolution and the Information Age.  I believe the technical term 'digital' fits with the revolution, as that was about the enabling technology, while 'information' fits with the age, as that's how it is experienced by society beyond the tech.  Also, I believe sources prefer these two terms over the alternates.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 16:49, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose I agree with A D Monroe III that the revolution and the age should be regarded as separate entities. Information revolution and Digital revolution have significant overlap and could easily be merged together. In short, what Monroe said.   Discant X  00:33, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose As separate entities, Information revolution and Digital revolution would make this article page excessively long and too complex for the average reader if they were all merged. In addition, it appears the Information revolution article contains extensive original research. Lets not denigrate the current article by compounding one policy infraction with another. As a compromise my suggestion would be to add sections synopsizing and linking to the relevant article page.   Leonardo da Vinci Talk  23:38, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Leonardo, can you help me understand the difference between Information revolution and Digital Revolution? I can't think of any, and the current Information revolution article gives nothing.  If, after removing the OR, Information rev is left as just a synopsis and link to Digital Revolution per your suggestion, I think that by definition should make it a redirect.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 17:15, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

 * To clarify, I never suggested linking a section on information revolution to an article on digital revolution. My suggestion was to create sections for both in this article, synopsizing them and linking them to their own articles.   Leonardo da Vinci Talk  09:58, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree on describing and linking Digital Revolution (DR) from Information Age (IA). I don't agree on describing and linking Information revolution (IR) from IA, because I can't think of anything to describe that would be different from DR.  The question stands: is there any difference between IR and DR we can think of?
 * Further, even if we can think of some distinction between them, to avoid adding to the OR here, can we cite reliable references for that distinction? I don't see it happening.  Without that, IR becomes effectively unlinkable and therefore redundant with DR.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 16:11, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I'll try to be as brief as possible. The problem I have with the IR article is not just that there are virtually no sources, but that it mentions it's early history then continues onto the present day, treating the article itself as an "Age", rather than a "revolution". A "revolution" represents a stage of progress, whereas an Age can span several revolutions. A revolution does NOT last for an Age. Therefore there is, and has been, more than one information revolution. That is probably news to some people, but it is not merely my opinion and not OR. There are sources for this. The information revolution I refer to is the primary or first one (chronologically), so I assumed we were all on the same page. If you're still not clear on what the first one was, let me elaborate -

 * The first information revolution began with the invention of the printing press, because mass publication made information suddenly available to everyone, in particular in libraries and schools, which gave rise to the democratization of knowledge. This was a revolution because it gave the common person access to mass information, a scenario which didn't exist before. This was 500 years ago, in contrast with the digital revolution which didn't really manifest itself until 30 years ago!

 * In that regard I concur with merging the 2 current IR and DR articles as one only on the basis of calling it the Digital Information Revolution, to make it distinct from the first information revolution. However this still leaves the first one unaccounted for. Therefore I propose 2 options -

 * Option 1
 * Leave the title of the current IR article as it is, but merge the "digital" content from that article into the current DR article.
 * Change the title of the current DR article to Digital Information Revolution to distinguish it from the early IR, at the same time acknowledging its connection to the digital revolution.

 * Option 2
 * Change the title of the article Information Revolution to Information Revolution (Print) and keep only the content that relates to the first information revolution.
 * Change the title of the article Digital Revolution to Information Revolution (Digital), that way we can merge most of the 2 current articles together without much of a dispute about what revolution is being referred to.

 * I prefer the second option as there is more consistency from a naming convention point of view. Either way the first/early IR (Print) article then would need a lot of work! I'm prepared to work on this myself if everyone here can agree to the proposed changes in principle. If, in time, the article proves to be very small in relation to the new DR article, THEN we can merge them also. I think it's worth a shot.

 * My apologies for the verbosity of my reply.   Leonardo da Vinci Talk  16:06, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I admit one can conceive of a distinction between IR and DR by including the printing press in IR. But that doesn't follow common use.  We only have sources that use IR and DR to refer to the same thing, with the emphasis on the latter term.  To go beyond the established sources is WP:SYNTH.
 * We have no sourced use of "Digital Information Revolution", and there is no sourced use of IR to mean only print. Even if we found these, they would not outweigh the more common uses; we must follow WP:COMMONNAME for the articles.
 * We should probably add details that extend the history of IR/DR back to the printing press, if sourced, as long as we keep an eye on WP:UNDUE. But that has nothing to do with the lack of difference between IR and DR.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 15:31, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Merge Information revolution into Digital Revolution, leaving us with the Digital Revolution and the Information Age. --Inyouchuu shoku (talk) 05:59, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Merge - Let's not get hung up on the titles. The fact is we have three articles covering the same topic. There should be one. is welcome to create a new article covering the "first information revolution" because there is no coverage of that in the articles under consideration here. ~Kvng (talk) 16:51, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Alternate proposal

 * Information Age should stand on its own, I think; however it would be useful to use this Talk Page as a forum to develop a full outline for that article. I agree with A D Monroe III and others that it may make more sense to merge Digital Revolution with Information revolution. Alternatively, a new article on the History of the Information Age could be put together from these latter two, complementing the current article. Regards, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 17:57, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Innovation section rewrite
I've changed the Innovation section from a list to prose, per WP guides.

It's not quite chronological, since the multiple developments required for the Information Age were in parallel. I've divided the innovations into "Computers" and "Data" to help with this. (It might be good to further divide "Data" into "Storage" and "Transmission", but the list we had was lacking any storage stuff.)

I tried not to remove anything from the list, even when it made the prose a little awkward. I did add a few to help.

Really the things that were on the list to start with were less than perfect. But rather than both fix the list and convert to prose in one edit, I did just the latter, giving a chance for everyone to chime in and complain "what about...", etc.

Have fun, y'all.

--A D Monroe III (talk) 20:36, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * With no comments or notable edits months after my rewrite, I'm removing the cleanup tag for this section. It still needs improving, but is apparently no longer so bad as to merit the tag.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 21:49, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Improvements
In this article, it clearly states and explains what the Information Age is in the first few lines to help the reader understand what he/she is trying to research. It clearly states the way the Information Age was formed which will allow the reader to understand how and when the era started. In the subsections, too much information is sometimes provided and it strays from the focus of the article. The article "The Information Age May Make Traditional Universities Obsolete." by Samuel L. Dunn provides a lot of information on the recent Information Age issues and addresses them with lots of studies and numbers to provide information for this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.198.5.215 (talk) 05:55, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Invention of World Wide Web
Inventor of WWW is clearly NOT American Actress Brenda Lee() but British computer scientist Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee ().

Celerati (talk) 11:58, 15 November 2016 (UTC)
 * WP:SOFIXIT. -- Rrburke (talk) 13:50, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Request for Qualification of Information Age Description
The description of Information Age in the second paragraph which concludes, "...the information industry is able to allow individuals to explore their personalized needs, therefore simplifying the procedure of making decisions for transactions and significantly lowering costs for both the producers and buyers.", needs some significant qualifications.

The availability of information (personalized or not) does not simplify the procedure of making decisions...

If you have just two choices, the decision of how to act is simple. If you have 100 possible choices, some of which are based on inaccurate information (deliberate or not), the decision is not simplified - it is complicated by Information Overload.

It is disingenuous to provide a description that does not address the increased complexity, stress and ability to disseminate false information that are as real, and perhaps more significant consequences, than allegedly "simplifying the procedure of making decisions" and "lowering costs".

R2Johnson (talk) 17:20, 22 November 2016 (UTC)Randy Johnson

Request for Cleanup of Information Age Description
Paragraphs two and three of the description are very poorly written, containing many glaring structural and grammatical errors that severely hamper readability and make it difficult to comprehend the author's precise meaning. Furthermore, they contain several unqualified and/or unsubstantiated claims which require verification. This section very likely requires a complete rewrite. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.133.37.194 (talk) 06:58, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

world's capacity to store information
Is this correct? It seems to be saying the total height of the stacks of books is 150 million km x 4500 = 675 billion km:

"It is estimated that the world's capacity to store information has reached 5 zettabytes in 2014.[8] This is the informational equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the earth to the sun." --Espoo (talk) 13:05, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

Article remains amorphous because it beats around the bush
Failing to name any representative date in the 21st century is a major dodge.

From magnetic tape data storage:

Magnetic tape was first used to record computer data in 1951 on the Eckert-Mauchly UNIVAC I.

The UNISERVO drive recording medium was a thin metal strip of 0.5-inch wide nickel-plated phosphor bronze.

Recording density was 128 characters per inch (198 micrometre/character) on eight tracks at a linear speed of 100 in/s, yielding a data rate of 12,800 characters per second.

Making allowances for the empty space between tape blocks, the actual transfer rate was around 7,200 characters per second.

This was actually an improvement over the paper tape on the Colossus computer, but I did have to quickly check (furthermore, this was an operational tape, not a storage tape as such).

Tape, unlike disk drives (or mercury delay lines), is a magnetic storage format you can reasonably put into a briefcase and haul around.

It's as good a landmark as any until the planar process of 1959, and I think that's a bit late for this purpose anyway.

From IBM 701:

The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine was IBM's first commercial scientific computer, which was announced to the public on April 29, 1952. It was designed by Nathaniel Rochester and based on the IAS machine at Princeton.

The IAS was way too finicky to view as a commodity in any sense.

Late addition, from transistor computer:

The University of Manchester's experimental Transistor Computer was first operational in November 1953 and it is widely believed to be the first transistor computer to come into operation anywhere in the world.

— MaxEnt 02:03, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Personally, I tend to think of the preliminary information age as bracketed by 1890 United States Census (electrification was soon important), and the commercial, electronic information age as beginning circa 1950, as above. For balance, it would be best to frame both. — MaxEnt 02:13, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Time that Information Age started
Hello all!

I was reading this article and the late 20th century didn't seem specific enough for me.

I was hoping to narrow the time frame to a decade or decades.

Specifically, the Digital Age doesn't have its own article page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SPiZlE (talk • contribs) 19:26, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Thank you,

SPiZlE — Preceding unsigned comment added by SPiZlE (talk • contribs) 19:23, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Request for remove Template Message on Different stage conceptualizations
The Concept of Three stages of the Information Age has used for a research paper published on International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT). That paper has written by Dr. R. Sunitha. She is an Assistant Professor of Pondicherry University, India. This research paper is a public document published on internet and anyone can use it (https://www.ijcttjournal.org/2020/Volume-68%20Issue-2/IJCTT-V68I2P104.pdf). So we can use this document as a referrence on this section.

"...The digital  age  is  estranged into   primary   and   secondary   minutiae.   In   primary digital   age   is   focused   on   newspaper,   radio   and television  and the  secondary  digital age  dealt  with the internet, satellite television and mobile phone." (extracted by that research paper) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Suroiranga (talk • contribs) 01:42, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Problems in Innovations section
I've read and checked all the sources and I have huge problems with this section. In Transistors it is said that "The beginning of the Information Age, along with the Silicon Age, has been dated back to the invention of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET; or MOS transistor)". In the ref [] there is brief one sentence throwaway remark about Atallah. The article doesn't even mention invention of invention of transistor, Integrated circuit and microprocessor. I do not consider this article a reliable source. The article is not published in any academic journal and the author is not historian of technology. Next the claim that "The widespread adoption of MOSFETs revolutionized the electronics industry" is referenced by some engineering textbook, and again it's one throwaway remark. Similarly "The MOS transistor has been the fundamental building block of digital electronics since the late 20th century, paving the way for the digital age" is referenced to youtube video. Unless someone can point out where does it say so, I am gonna remove it. Besides extraordinarily claim requires extraordinarily sources. The same problem is with "The MOSFET revolutionized the world during the Information Age, with its high density enabling a computer to exist on a few small IC chips rather than filling a room". Again one sentence remark in Appendix to "Extreme Environment Electronics".

In Data section, it is said that "In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze at Bell Labs developed the floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS), which they proposed could be used for erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM),[56] providing the basis for non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies such as flash memory". The source [] says that "Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze of Bell Labs described in 1967 how the floating gate of an MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM", nothing about developing it. I also can't verify that it provide the basis for flash memory. In fact Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology says nothing about FGMOS, at least I couldn't find anything. This is imho original research.

The claim that "The wireless revolution, the introduction and proliferation of wireless networking, began in the 1990s and was enabled by the wide adoption of MOSFET-based RF power amplifiers (power MOSFET and LDMOS) and RF circuits (RF CMOS)" is also failed verification. RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies book does not say that wireless revolution was enabled by MOSFET. the source [] says nothing about CMOS or LDMOS. Again this is original research.

Finally the claim that "Discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding, a data compression technique first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972,[66] enabled practical digital media transmission" and other stuff that followed. This is referenced by [], [] and []. Neither of the source says that DCT enable practical digital transmission, in fact third source doesn't even mentioned DCT! The whole claim is just complete flight of fantasy.

In optics section the article says that "while working at Tohoku University, Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa proposed fiber-optic communication, the use of optical fibers for optical communication, in 1963.[78] Nishizawa invented other technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the graded-index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers." the ref [] is extremely short polemical article by unknown author, claiming that "the greatest invention of 20 century originated in Sendai". This is not reliable source. I similarly can't find anything in "New Medal Honors Japanese Microelectrics Industry Leader" article.

And the claim that "Izuo Hayashi's invention of the continuous wave semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to the light sources in fiber-optic communication, laser printers, barcode readers, and optical disc drives, commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs,[82] and opening up the field of optical communications.[75]". It references Bob Johnstone book, but I can't verify it. If somebody can, please go ahead, oherwise I will remove it. The second source [] on page 10 says that "By far the biggest impact of the laser on Bell Laboratories, however, has been in opening up the field of optical communications. In 1968, I. Hayashi and M. B. Panish succeeded in making a double-heterostructure GaAs laser that operated continuously at room temperature with a reasonable life expectancy. This advance, along with advances in optical fiber technology, have made possible practical lightwave systems that will clearly play a very important part in the communications networks of the future". It DOES NOT says that it open up the field of optical communications. In fact it never says that Hayashi invented this laser!

I am gonna do significant cleanup of these sections DMKR2005 (talk) 18:03, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

COI template removed
COI template removed. Because that concept has mentioned on various sources. The Concept of Three stages of the Information Age has used for a research paper published on International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT). That paper has written by Dr. R. Sunitha. She is an Assistant Professor of Pondicherry University, India. This research paper is a public document published on internet and anyone can use it (https://www.ijcttjournal.org/2020/Volume-68%20Issue-2/IJCTT-V68I2P104.pdf). So we can use this document as a referrence on this section.

"...The digital  age  is  estranged into   primary   and   secondary   minutiae.   In   primary digital   age   is   focused   on   newspaper,   radio   and television  and the  secondary  digital age  dealt  with the internet, satellite television and mobile phone." (extracted by that research paper) - Suroiranga (talk) 05:44, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

Unreliable Sources on the Three Stages of Information Age
The sources under the section "three stages of information age" is either original research or questionable material. The only source is cited as Iranga, S., who appears in no research journals and no citations except his one book. Also, it seems that he is the editor of this section. If that is the case, this qualifies as self-promotion.

We need to properly vet this section with many reliable sources.

 * Added a research article as a reference for this section. Suroiranga (talk) 15:29, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Lead image
I think the lead image should be changed or reworked, its contrast is all over the place. Some color correction and a better font should make it much more easier to read. Also, the idea of using a tree trunk is neat, but maybe a more simplistic timeline like the one used in the Life article would be better. NicoSkater97 (talk) 02:17, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Americanization
d information on the cultural dominance of the western world, especially the US, and add expanded section on prevailance of internet use per different country. DizzyDawn (talk) 01:19, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

Television and the news
These two things are essential to understanding the Information Age and its consequences, and I think more sources about them are needed to elaborate. GoutComplex (talk) 13:32, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

What is information Age 21
what is information Age 14.1.64.66 (talk) 14:12, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

 * yes 14.1.64.66 (talk) 14:12, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @ 103.42.216.138 (talk) 04:33, 26 December 2023 (UTC)21

Merge from Digital Revolution and Information revolution
I concur with those who said it on relevant discussion pages that those are effectively the same topics. Merge here seems best as it is the most popular name (~1.5m hits in GScholar, the other two terms get only about 1/10th of that). Those terms are generally used as synonyms.

From : "The 3IR is variously known as the ‘digital revolution’, the ‘information age’ and the ‘network society’. " 3IR means Third industrial revolution, the term redirects to digital revolution. (network society has a seperate article and I don't think it should be merged here). Frankly, very few sources discuss those terms in any way that suggests that they are not synonymous (there are, of course, more terms called synonymous too).

Consider also the content of our articles - there is a lot of expected duplication. Tables of Contents:
 * Infomation Age: "Overview of early developments  |  Different stage conceptualizations  |  Economics  |  Innovations  | Economy, society and culture"
 * Digital Revolution: "History | Rise in digital technology use of computers |  Converted technologies  |  Technological basis  |  Socio-economic impact  |  Concerns  | Implications"
 * Information Revolution: "Information in social and economic activities | The theory of information revolution | Measuring and modeling the information revolution"

Ping participants of past merge discussion from 2015, closed as 'no consensus' above (, and I'll note that that discussion had a pretty clear consensus IMHO to at least merge the two 'revolution' articles into one. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:50, 18 October 2023 (UTC)  (ping fix) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  07:22, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed, as someone who was thick in the middle of technology policy analysis during the rise of this period. These are all different terms for or lenses on the same thing. To the extent any really sourceable distinctions could be drawn between them, they could be covered in short sections. And the coining of each related term should be sourced and included, much the way various related terms are covered at Tartanry (which is topically totally unrelated, but something else for which various terms have been coined).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  07:54, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Support Challenging but possible, by the same way what End time (former featured article was merged into Eschatology). I would also create new redirect Smartphone revolution there. Dawid2009 (talk)
 * Support. If there is a major distinction, such as Digital Revolution being a subset of Information Age, it's lost on me. Their lede sections similarly describe socioeconomic and cultural changes with the adoption of information technologies, whether digital or a precursor. There should be a section that includes etymology to describe any major differences in framing, but the basis is the same. czar  03:22, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I redirected the pages to the Information Age page. Interstellarity (talk) 00:45, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Interstellarity Thank you. Does it mean you are closing this discussion? I do think we have a consensus for merge, but note that redirecting is not the same as merging... I'll try to find time to merge stuff but it may take a while - if anyone has time to do it earlier, please help. @SMcCandlish @Czar @Dawid2009 Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 00:55, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeesh, that could be a big job.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  01:22, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Interstellarity We are still waiting to hear from you. This discussion has not been formally closed with proper close hats and summary, nor has any merge occurred. At minimum, please close this properly, and then if you don't want to merge those pages, please restore them and tag them with Being merged and Merging from Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:00, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Piotrus I reverted my edits and tagged the pages. Interstellarity (talk) 01:49, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Interstellarity Thank you. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:50, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment. Internet age may also be relevant here. Senorangel (talk) 03:57, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Senorangel Uh-huh, looks like another fork, with no interwikis and with the title not repeated outside the lead, sigh. More OR/forking. Ping creator of this (from last year's), @Sm8900. Ping other merge participants to see if they feel like this one needs to be merged here too? @SMcCandlish @Czar @Dawid2009@Interstellarity Note I still haven't found the time to merge the other articles. Anyone is welcome to be bold and do this at anytime. Perhaps Sm8900 would like to this? Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:07, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yep. Definitely another content fork.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  06:32, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Noting here for reference that these pages were merged into this article by on the 15th February. All the best, —a smart kitten[ meow] 00:00, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Information Age


text:
Talk:Robert A. Taft

did not pay attention to domestic communism
In McCullough's Truman on page 538 it says Taft accused David Lilienthal of being "soft on the subject of Communism" On page 766 McCullough says Taft "admitted publicly he was egging McCarthy on" Ricardianman (talk) 02:57, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

It seems to me that Taft's McCarthyism is white washed in this article, which reads in general as apologetics for Taft.

International Standards?
The article suggests that the war crimes trials were "ex post facto" and violated "international standards." That is not true.

First of all, the prohibition on "ex post facto" laws is an American innovation in jurisprudence. The British Parliament, for example, is not limited in the type of legislation that it may pass, and no British court has any authority to declare any Act of Parliament "unconstitutional" for any reason. Whether a British Parliament would enact an "ex post facto" law is a political question.

Secondly, the war crimes trials were not "ex post facto" at all. Article 228 of the Treaty of Versailles, by which the First World War was concluded, provided as follows:

"ARTICLE 228.

"The German Government recognises the right of the Allied and Associated Powers to bring before military tribunals persons accused of having committed acts in violation of the laws and customs of war. Such persons shall, if found guilty, be sentenced to punishments laid down by law. This provision will apply notwithstanding any proceedings or prosecution before a tribunal in Germany or in the territory of her allies.

"The German Government shall hand over to the Allied and Associated Powers, or to such one of them as shall so request, all persons accused of having committed an act in violation of the laws and customs of war, who are specified either by name or by the rank, office or employment which they held under the German authorities."

Although the United States did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, it concluded a separate treaty with Germany on August 25, 1921, whereby the United States secured all of the rights, but none of the obligations, it would have had under the Treaty of Versailles.

Thus, Hitler and his Nazi thugs were on notice that if Germany started another European War, it might be held to account for its actions.

John Paul Parks (talk) 14:54, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Taft said the trials violated American principles. -- The US did not ratify Versailles and has a strong rule against ex post facto laws. Rjensen (talk) 22:08, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Simon Weisenthal made the arresting observation that the worst (and capital) Nazi crimes were committed in Poland, not in Germany. The Polish Government-in-Exile was well aware of the circumstantial evidence pointing towards mass extermination of Jews and others on Polish soil in specially designed deathcamps (not hard-labor internment camps.) This was clearly a gross violation of pre-existing Polish law against kidnapping and homicide. The Polish government in exile in London issued a white paper to the United Nations (the Atlantic Alliance) that they intended to prosecute the Nazi miscreants for these criminal deeds. And the Poles were a force to be reckoned with. They supplied an air force that managed to escape to England. They supplied pilots that gave the margin of victory in the Battle of Britain. They supplied the stolen specimen of the Enigma cipher machine. They supplied the infantry to overrun the fortress atop Monte Cassino. They eliminated collaborationists. They even liberated one of the deathcamps (the so-called Goose camp in Warsaw) using a stolen Panzer tank. The Poles had a legitimate and functioning government that indicted the Nazi invaders for their numerous capital crimes in Poland. It was not "ex post facto" law by any stretch of the imagination! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.241.142 (talk) 03:29, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

The absurdity of Taft's position was anticipated by none other than Adolf Hitler, no less! Hitler said he was impressed by the pusilanimous treatment toward the Ottomans after they had nearly exterminated the Armenians in 1915. He said their evil deeds were practically forgotten (by the 1930s.) He correctly predicted that he and his Nazi brethren could carry out the extermination of the Jews and do so without being punished. This was the epitome and apex of appeasement! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.39.36 (talk) 23:56, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Taft turned a blind eye to the overarching principle called the Golden Rule. (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.) The Jews were condemned to extermination by the Racial Hygiene laws of the Nazis. Were these Racial Hygiene laws ex post facto laws? Of course they were. Jews and others cannot choose their ancestors or modify the choice of marriage parents that their ancestors have made. Penalizing them retroactively was therefore ex post facto law! What goes around comes around. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.71.98 (talk) 01:30, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The article does NOT suggest 'that the war crimes trials were "ex post facto" and violated "international standards." ' It only says that Taft thought that, which he did.  The "dubious-discuss" comment should be removed.  cwmacdougall 13:18, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I fully agree, and I'm glad to see that the "dubious-discuss" comment was removed. There's a clear difference between (accurately) noting that Taft believed that the war crimes trials were "ex post facto", and claiming that the article itself is arguing that point, which it clearly isn't. There is no debate that Taft criticized the trials (it is a part of the historical record), and noting that fact in a Wiki article about Taft is entirely appropriate. Debating whether Taft was accurate in his criticisms of the war crimes trials is beyond the scope of an encyclopedia article, which are usually dedicated to a neutral point of view. 2602:304:691E:5A29:3885:EFF7:77FC:A1C1 (talk) 04:18, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
If your going to fix the page, fix the page. Be bold. Don't leave stuff there if you know that it is wrong, please just fix it and then explain in here on the talk page, not in the body of the article, please. (Other references suggest multiple ballots at this convention but what you say from your source really makes more sense. Please just put it in the article and delete the rest.  If others feel it is wrong, it will be changed or at least discussed here.) Rlquall 20:03, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I changed the phrase about his being an isolationist. He had isolationist tendencies but had strongly supported the U.S. inclusion in the League of Nations after W.W. I. He also supported intervention if it had direct affect in U.S. interests and if the action was formally submitted to the Senate as the Constitution stipulates. He later supported the U.N. until it's formation made clear that the Security Council would have veto power. At that point he withdrew his support, not because of isolationism, but because as a world body it was pointless if a member could void an action on it's own. TKA

I wonder why there is nothing about the Taft Bill, for he is known for his famous "flip", when, as an ardent conservative republican, he decides to support Federal Aid to school bill? New user: Minche, June 25, 2006
 * education bill is mentioned (it did not pass). He was isolationist leader in 1933-41 period.

MacArthur 1952?
My inclination was also to remove the sentence about Douglas MacArthur from Robert Taft's article (your edit). However, a Google search provided an apparently valid source for the info, which I instead added.

Did you check the source before your removal, and note its quote from a book by Pennsylvania State University historian Stanley Weintraub?

What associated event(s) do you believe did not happen? --Adavidb 08:17, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem is threefold: 1) it mis-states what happened -- Taft asked MacArthur to be his VP, and MacArthur probably would have accepted if Taft won nomination. 2) It strongly suggests that MacArthur was a candidate. he was not and Weintraub does not claim he was; 3) it speculates on things that never happened, which is entertaining but not enyclopedic. Rjensen 09:02, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

While not a declared presidential candidate, MacArthur did receive ballots for nomination as the Republican candidate during the 1952 United States presidential election process. --Adavidb 09:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

template
The template on the right of the article is a bit "off" in that the term "In office" doesn't seem associated with his death. An ill-informed person might read that he is indeed *IN office* today. Perhaps it could say "died in office" or something more obvious. Reboot 15:37, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Disregard...I get it now Reboot 15:51, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Paleoconservative?
Did "paleoconservatism" as such even exist then? It wouldn't be appropriate to label the subject with anancronistic political terms. Unless we have a source for this assertion it should be removed or substantially re-written. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 23:05, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * As a U.S. senator, he was given the nickname "Mr. Republican"; he was the chief ideologue and spokesperson for the paleoconservatism of the Republican Party of that era.

U.S. Senator
Taft was not enthusiastic about U.S. ground forces. He supported the Navy and a strategic reliance on nuclear delivery by air power. He effectively allowed the Army to be gutted, and even though Eisenhower was critical of him for that at the time, later when Ike became President little was done to reverse the effects of Taft's influence in that regard. In took until the advent of the JFK administration to begin rebuilding the Army (1961 & 62 were the pivotal years). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.106.18.161 (talk) 03:50, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Isolationist???
I strongly object to the extremely liberal and inaccurate use of the term "isolationist" on Taft's page. Every time it is used, it seems to be in context of Taft's non-interventionist foreign policy, which has little to do with isolationism, the latter term more frequently pertaining to international travel and commerce. I don't understand why this term has been so aggressively misappropriated lately, but with the distinguishing and entirely separate term non-interventionism disappearing from the radar, it's getting harder and harder to find phraseological nuance in these articles for political figures and movements. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Buddy-Rey (talk • contribs) 18:23, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Robert A. Taft Institute of Government Honors Fellow
Some years ago (1970s) as a graduate student at the University of Mississippi, I was elected as an Honors Fellow of the aforementioned Institute. Today, it seems to have disappeared off the face of the Internet. Does it still exist?

Royalhistorian (talk) 04:12, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Another Robert Taft
Robert W. Taft invented the Taft equation in organic chemistry. Should we make a disambiguation page or add him to the introductory note? Crystal whacker (talk) 15:24, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * there are a lot of Robert Tafts who don't have Wiki articles. Until they get their own article there is no nned for disambig --very few people will be mislead into thinking this Taft is a chemist. Rjensen (talk) 15:59, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks for answering my question. Crystal whacker (talk) 03:35, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Doings with McCarthy
In the essay on Truman in the book "The American Presidency", the essayist writes about Taft encouraging McCarthy's witch hunts, while disdaining him in private. The Wikipedia article is very favorable towards Taft, so I think it would be wise to look into this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oofloom (talk • contribs) 03:03, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Death and legacy
In late May 1953, Taft transferred his duties as Senate Majority Leader to Senator William Knowland of California,[citation needed]

I can confirmed this has occurred, as I was unable to change the citation needed so I am placing it here. I sound confirmation of this in the Book One Step from the White House: The Rise and Fall of Senator William F. Knowland (9780520211940): Gayle B. Montgomery, James W. Johnson. Published by University of California Press, 1998. Page 132. Sen. Taft called Sen. Knowland to act as 'Floor Leader'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cousincreep (talk • contribs) 05:36, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Proposal: Change article name from "Robert Taft" to "Robert A. Taft"
Reasons for the name change all boil down to common usage for distinguishing him from others:

1. As noted above, there are lots of "Robert Taft"s, including his son (Jr.). Why confuse matters?

2. Encyclopædia Britannica lists his name as: Taft, Robert A(lphonso).

3. Profiles in Courage titles the chapter for him as "Robert A. Taft". So does the Institute named for him (listed above). So does https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/People_Leaders_Taft.htm.

Thank you. --Thomasmeeks (talk) 11:11, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 03 December 2014

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Everyone involved appears to be happy with the current name as well as the dab page at Robert Taft. Favonian (talk) 10:43, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

Robert A. Taft → Robert Taft – The recent "technical request" was done at lightning speed, else I would have objected to it. This was not the subject of any discussion at all, and ought to be the subject of a full move request instead of dodging around it. – 209.211.131.181 (talk) 02:35, 3 December 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:58, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment: I'm the one who objected to this, and I was initially all set to write up a rationale for keeping this at Robert Taft. However, some research and Google Ngram have convinced me that, during his lifetime, more high-quality sources call him "Robert A. Taft" than just "Robert Taft". The situation after that is a bit confused by his son and grandson. I would normally have suggested Bob Taft as an alternative; that's how he was best known in his own lifetime. However, his grandson is nowadays the better-known "Bob Taft". As such, I still don't like the way this move was conducted, but I no longer object to the present title. I would ask that this remain open in case anyone else has a comment about the naming of this article; there's no emergency, after all. 209.211.131.181 (talk) 17:17, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

 * OK. Thank you. For completeness, I include in this section the previous section, whose title reads:
 * Proposal: Change article name from "Robert Taft" to "Robert A. Taft":

 * Reasons for the name change all boil down to common usage for distinguishing him from others:

 * 1. As noted above, there are lots of "Robert Taft"s, including his son (Jr.). Why confuse matters?

 * 2. Encyclopædia Britannica lists his name as:
 * Taft, Robert A(lphonso).

 * 3. Profiles in Courage titles the chapter for him as "Robert A. Taft". So does the Institute named for him (listed above).  So does https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/People_Leaders_Taft.htm.

 * Thank you. --Thomasmeeks (talk) 11:11, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

 * And thank you, Anthony Appleyard, for "doing it proper" not only as to the move but the appropriate format at the request-for-title change page. --Thomasmeeks (talk) 02:56, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose "Robert Taft" should be a disambiguation page. This article should probably include a "Sr." or "I" with "A." or "Alphonso". There are so many of them (Robert Taft I, II, III of the 20th century, Robert Taft I, II of the 17th century, Robert F. Taft) and several are prominent. -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 06:37, 4 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Robert Taft now redirects to Taft. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:34, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * NOTE someone turned "Robert Taft" into a disambiguation page -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 04:49, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Against immigration of twenty thousand Jewish children?
A pro-refugee Czech charity hosts on its pages a photocopy of the letter from June 7, 1939, by the senator Taft to Mrs. Lois J. Cort of Cleveland Heights, Ohio, which they claim is originally from Yad Vashem (I have not been able to find the letter on the website of Yad Vashem) http://www.gen21.cz/wp-content/uploads/Taft1.jpg and http://www.gen21.cz/wp-content/uploads/Taft2.jpg Perhaps the photo was made directly from the display stand in Yad Vashem? Ceplm (talk) 06:14, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * That was a form letter sent out by his office. It's identical to the letter of 28 June, 1939 contained in Taft's Papers volume 2 pp 52-53. It never came to a vote primarily because public opinion was 83 percent opposed to any increase in immigration,. President Roosevelt would not support it. See details Taft himself was a leading Republican Zionist strongly in favor of Israel. He worked with Senator Wagner to promote unrestricted Jewish immigration to Palestine and the creation of a Jewish state there. [Patterson biography p 280-83]  Rjensen (talk) 07:04, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, was that Zionism post-2WW or before? Of course, after the Holocaust even somebody mentioned in the Profiles of Courage could not believably stand against Zionism. Ceplm (talk) 10:07, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Patterson says Taft's Zionism began before the war, and his collaboration with Senator Wagner began around 1944 and continued after the war. Rjensen (talk) 10:14, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * According to his chief biographer Patterson, one of the main reasons Taft survived his re-election bid in 1944 was due to his high standing among Ohio's Jewish voters, especially in Cleveland. On election day Taft lost Cleveland by 96,000 votes, while Dewey, the GOP presidential candidate, lost the city by 112,000 votes. An analysis showed that Taft ran ahead of Dewey and the rest of the state's GOP candidates in the Jewish wards of Cleveland and its suburbs. Given that Taft won the election by fewer than 18,000 votes, his standing among Ohio's Jewish voters may well have saved him from defeat.2602:304:691E:5A29:6116:91F3:2F3F:A99F (talk) 02:53, 19 January 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion; decision = keep
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:22, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * RobertATaft83rdCongress.png
 * The nomination was withdrawn by the person who made it because the photo is in the public domain--it comes from a government publication. Rjensen (talk) 04:33, 19 January 2019 (UTC)

Robert W. Welch Jr.
Shouldn't we mention Taft's connection with John Birch Society co-founder Robert W. Welch Jr., if only briefly, in order to help make this article more properly encyclopedic? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 00:40, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

Hypothesis about the cause of Taft's cancer
Shouldn't we mention in this article the hypothesis that Taft's cancer may have been caused by a radium tube planted in the upholstery of his Senate chair (this idea promulgated by John Birch Society co-founder Robert W. Welch Jr.)? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 00:42, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Definitely. If an editor could mention this and find some sources, this'd be great. AlaskaGal~ ^_^ 10:34, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert A. Taft


text:
Juju (disambiguation)

A juju is a supernatural power ascribed to an object.

Juju may also refer to:

Places

 * Juju (district), one of seven districts on the island of Rotuma in Fiji
 * Juju, a village in the district
 * Juju, Iran, a village in Isfahan Province

Music

 * Jùjú music, a style of Nigerian popular music

Performers

 * Juju (Finnish rapper), 21st century rapper Julius Sarisalmi
 * Juju (German rapper), Judith Wessendorf (born 1992)
 * Juju (singer) (born 1976), Japanese singer Jun Sonoda (born 1976)
 * JuJu, a member of the hip-hop group The Beatnuts
 * Mojo Juju, a former stage name of Australian musician Mojo Ruiz de Luzuriaga (born 1983)

Albums

 * JuJu (album), a 1964 album by Wayne Shorter
 * Juju (Siouxsie and the Banshees album), 1981
 * Juju (Gass album), 1970
 * Juju (Chandrabindoo album), 2003
 * Juju (Juju album), 2010

Songs

 * "Juju", a song by Ice Prince from the album Everybody Loves Ice Prince
 * "Ju-Ju", a 2018 song by a Russian rock band Leningrad

Given name

 * Juju Noda (born 2006), Japanese racing driver
 * Ju Ju Wilson, Australian aboriginal artist

Nickname

 * Juju Castaneda (born 1981), American media personality, author, actress and businesswoman
 * Juju Chang (born 1965), Korean-American news anchor and reporter
 * JuJu Harris, American cookbook author, culinary educator, and food access activist
 * Justine Henin (born 1982), Belgian tennis player
 * JuJu Hughes (born 1998), American football player
 * Julius Malema (born 1981), South African politician
 * JuJu Smith-Schuster (born 1996), American football player
 * JuJu Watkins (born 2005), American college basketball player

Other uses

 * Juju, an indie action-adventure video game
 * Juju, nickname of a main character on Jeannie Aur Juju, an Indian sitcom
 * Juju, a character from The Sword of Etheria, a video game
 * Juju (software), a service orchestration tool
 * JuJu, an Australian brand of menstrual cups

title: Juju (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Keith Lawler

Keith Lawler
Keith Lawler was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Vanity, non-notable, advertisement. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 20:02, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity/ad/nonsense. He's 25, and he designed for Frank Zappa?  Given that Zappa died in, what, 1996?, that would mean he did so when he was 17?  I suppose it's possible, but it doesn't seem very likely. Geogre 20:57, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, www.keithlawler.com does indeed contain a pointer to an "official Frank Zappa site", which suffers from perhaps the worst overuse of animation I've ever seen. But the article is just vanity. Delete. --jpgordon{gab} 21:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --Gtabary 09:33, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy. Begone! --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 10:49, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Tyrone Marshall

Tyrone Everton Marshall (born 12 November 1974) is a retired Jamaican footballer and current head coach of FC Cincinnati 2, the reserve team of Major League Soccer's FC Cincinnati.

Youth and College
Marshall moved to the Fort Lauderdale, Florida area when he was twelve years old. He attended Lindsey Wilson College from 1994 to 1995 before transferring to Florida International University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1996 to 1997.

Colorado Rapids
Marshall was drafted by Colorado Rapids with the 11th overall pick of the 1998 MLS College Draft. He played only one game for Colorado, then was dealt, along with Jason Boyce, to Miami Fusion on 14 August 1998 in exchange for David Vaudreuil.

Miami Fusion and LA Galaxy
Marshall would spend the next three and a half seasons in Miami, starting as a forward and eventually drifting to the midfield and then defense. After the Fusion folded following the 2001 season, Marshall was selected by Los Angeles Galaxy as the ninth pick of the 2002 MLS Allocation Draft and helped LA to victory in MLS Cup 2002.

On 13 June 2007, Marshall received a red card for a tackle which broke the leg of FC Dallas forward Kenny Cooper in the 89th minute. The red card carries a mandatory one-game suspension and $250 fine, but the MLS Disciplinary Committee decided unanimously to extend the suspension two additional games and an additional fine of $1,250.

Toronto FC
Marshall was traded to Toronto FC for Edson Buddle on 13 June 2007 after five seasons with the Galaxy. Marshall cemented his place in Toronto's defense, and went on to make 16 starts during the 2007 season. Marshall managed to get revenge on his former side when Toronto earned their first win of the 2008 season in Los Angeles.

Seattle Sounders FC
Marshall was traded to Seattle Sounders FC on 10 February 2009 for allocation money. He scored his first goal for the Sounders against Chicago Fire as the game finished 1–1. He also assisted a goal by Steve Zakuani in a match against San Jose. However, in the 86th minute in a match against D.C. United, Marshall accidentally scored an own goal with his head, and the game finished 3–3. He scored his second goal for the club on 17 October, in a game against Kansas City Wizards.

Return to the Colorado Rapids
After the 2010 MLS season Seattle declined Marshall's contract option and Marshall elected to participate in the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft. On 15 December 2010 Marshall was selected by Colorado Rapids in Stage 2 of the Re-Entry draft. Marshall agreed to the terms of his contract on 3 January 2011 officially completing the transfer.

Marshall was released by Colorado on 16 November 2012. He entered the 2012 MLS Re-Entry Draft and became a free agent after going undrafted in both rounds of the draft.

International
Marshall was a regular with the Jamaica national team. He appeared in 83 matches from 2000–2010 before retiring from international football in January 2010, after appearing versus Canada.

Management
Marshall was named head coach of the River City Rovers of the USL Premier Development League for the 2014 season. In 2015 Marshall was named an assistant coach for Real Salt Lake. Marshall continued as an assistant coach when head coach Jeff Cassar was fired and replaced by Mike Petke, and again in 2019 when Petke was fired and replaced with Freddy Juarez.

He joined FC Cincinnati in February 2021 to coach their under-19 academy team and future under-23 squad. On September 27, 2021, Marshall was named interim head coach of FC Cincinnati's senior team for the remainder of the 2021 season following the dismissal of Jaap Stam. On February 22, 2022, FC Cincinnati announced that Marshall will be the first head coach of the team's MLS Next Pro reserve team, FC Cincinnati 2.

Miami Fusion

 * Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield (1): 2001

Los Angeles Galaxy

 * Major League Soccer MLS Cup (2): 2002, 2005
 * Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield (1): 2002
 * Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship (2): 2002, 2005
 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (1): 2005

Seattle Sounders FC

 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (2): 2009, 2010

Individual

 * CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI (Honorable Mention): 2005

title: Tyrone Marshall


text:
Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros

The Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros is a cultural, political and social facility located in Mexico City as part of the World Trade Center Mexico City. It was designed and decorated by David Alfaro Siqueiros in the 1960s and hosts the largest mural work in the world called La Marcha de la Humanidad. The building has a theatre, galleries and more, but the main focus is the Forum Universal, which contains the interior portion of Siqueiros' mural work. Visitors can experience the mural while standing on a rotating stage, listening to Siqueiros narrate.

Site
The Polyforum is a decagon shaped construction with different exhibition spaces that feature David Alfaro Siqueiros’ work. The building is part of a business complex called the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Benito Juárez borough of Mexico City. This complex was designed by architects Joaquín Alvarez, Guillermo Rossel de la Lama and Ramón Mikelajáuregui, and built just outside Parque de la Lama, but the Polyforum was designed and decorated by Siqueiros, who nicknamed it “El coronelazo.” The exterior is in the form of a diamond and the inside has eight sides. The building with its murals is considered to be an “artistic heritage site” for Mexico, registered by the Centro Nacional de Conservación, Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura and Registro del Patrimonio Artístico Mueble. The Polyforum is a multiple event facility dedicated to cultural, political and social events. Its main aspects include a 500-seat theatre, two galleries, offices and the Foro Universal or Universal Forum.

The outside wall was built in 1970 as a way for patron Manuel Suárez to prevent encroachment or destruction of his property. The wall became immediately controversial because although it was built for safety purposes, it obstructed the view of the Polyforum for passersby, thus making it less accessible to the general public. The press allegedly deemed the wall defensive and antisocial, and Siqueiros tried to defend the wall by saying that it was merely an aesthetic extension of the Polyforum itself. Made into a work of art, the inner surface of the wall celebrates the fiftieth anniversary of the Mexican mural movement of which Siqueiros actively participated in with Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and others. The mural prominently features portraits of Rivera and Orozco, as well as Dr. Atl, a key figure in the start of the mural movement, and graphic artists Guadalupe Posada and Leopoldo Mendez.

The Polyforum's exterior, a 2,750 ft. area, features a twelve-faced sculptural mural painting. Each face depicts a different symbolic concept. The twelve concepts depicted are: Destiny, Ecology, Acrobats, Masses, Decalog, Christ, Indigenous Peoples, Dance, Mythology, Mingling of Races, Music, and Atom. The exterior work is meant to serve as a preview of the interior mural, to entice visitors to enter the building, and to make visitors contemplate the complex meanings of the concepts represented.

Political climate
The year 1960 marked the fiftieth year of the Mexican Revolution, and the political situation in Mexico during the 1960s was quite grim. The early 1960s was marked by major control by the Left and attempts to create class equality, but these attempts unfortunately failed. In 1964, the combination of both an economic decline and an announcement that allottable land was near exhaustion led many peasants to revolt. In the late 1960s, the Right gained control, which led to many doctor and student strikes that were received with strong resistance from the government. The most shocking example of the murky political situation in 1960s Mexico happened in the form of the Tlatelolco Massacre on October 2, 1968. During a student demonstration that happened ten days before the Summer Olympics in Mexico City, police and military officers shot into a crowd of unarmed students at Tlatelolco Plaza. The final death toll remains a mystery, but it has been reported that four students died, twenty were wounded, and thousands were beaten, jailed, and disappeared. This event coincided with the intended opening of the Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros during the summer of 1968, and demonstrates how turbulent the political climate was in Mexico during the Polyforum's construction.

Mexico 2000
The Polyforum was designed as part of a major redevelopment/improvement project for Mexico City entitled Mexico 2000. Because of an increase in Mexico City's urban population, Mexico 2000 strived to generate income for the city through tourism and services at its decentralized location at Parque de la Lama. In addition to making arts more accessible to people through Siqueiros’ work at the Polyforum, some of the other contributions of Mexico 2000 included underground networks of driveways, closed circuit radio and television broadcasting, a new system of construction called “Tridilosa” that lightened the weight of the building structure as to allow for more rooms to be created, and expedited travel services for tourists coming into the city. The plaza's major hotel, “El Hotel de Mexico,” is 730 foot high building that was designed to house a large number of tourists. At the time, the hotel was the tallest reinforced concrete and earthquake-resistant building in the world, and featured 1,512 rooms and suites with a variety of dining options. Equally important to tourism as the Polyforum, “El Hotel de Mexico” was built for both functionality and aesthetic pleasure through its architectural grandeur.

The commission
Although the date is rather uncertain, most agree that the initial commission of the Polyforum happened in 1960 before the radical artist Siqueiros was imprisoned for the charges of attacking police, resisting arrest, firing an illegal weapon, and inciting violence. Siqueiros officially accepted the commission from art patron and industrialist Manuel Suárez on September 7, 1964. The first request of Suárez was for a large mural to be housed in Cuernavaca. The location of the mural was then moved to Mexico City in 1966, and now is known as The March of Humanity. The location change to Parque de la Lama was part of Suárez's larger ideas to both draw people away from the urban center and to promote tourism in an effort to boost the suffering Mexican economy.

Creating the Polyforum was a collective act, and required a large team of workers. Several architects, engineers, painters, sculptors, and acoustics experts from all around the world came to work on the massive project. The undertaking was so large that Siqueiros purchased an additional piece of land next to his home and studio in Cuernavaca for his team to complete the project. All of the panels for The March of Humanity were created in Cuernavaca, where Rhode Island School of Design alumni Mark Rogovin worked under Siqueiros. Rogovin attests to the fact that he and a friend were the only U.S. natives to be working on the project, as most of the other members were from Japan, Italy, Argentina, and various other locations around the world. According to Rogovin, Siqueiros was constantly at the studio, putting in long days and making sure that the project was being carried out to his standard. The project was initially to be completed for the 1968 Olympic Games, but due to political and financial complications, the Polyforum was not finished and inaugurated until December 15, 1971.

Forum Universal
The main feature of the complex at Parque de la Lama is the Forum Universal, which contains Siquieros’ mural called La Marcha de la Humanidad (The March of Humanity). The building, which contains four floors and has an area of 134,000 square feet, also contains a theatre, two joined galleries and other facilities. Siqueiros’ mural covers the dome on the top floor, and up to one thousand spectators can stand on the rotating platform beneath the mural. Accompanying the viewing experience, a light and sound program that was designed by Manuel Suárez y Suárez plays to educate the viewers about the mural. The next floor down features a space for local and international art exhibitions. Below this floor is a theater that features various performances, as well as a small shopping area called the Universal Forum Emerging Art Space (EAE). The basement of the Polyforum is an open space that can be used for storage as well as exhibitions.

In 2011, for the 40th anniversary of the structure, the Forum's two art galleries named after Dr. Atl and Mario Orozco Rivera were renovated and merged into one gallery, measuring over 300 square meters. The first served as the site museum with a space of 145 meters squared. Its permanent exhibition consisted of photographs and models and sketches related to the painting of the site's mural. It also contained biographical information in the form of documents and photographs of Manuel Suárez y Suárez, the sponsor of the Polyforum along with that of Siqueiros. The gallery contains a statue of Manuel Suárez y Suárez. The second gallery dedicated to Orozco Rivera measured 169 meters squared and is shows mainly temporary exhibits of painting, sculpture and photography. The new gallery's first exhibition of 2011 was called “My Trend Week," and it was designed to display the works of new artistic talent in architecture as well as graphic, industrial and interior design. The combined space has been tentatively renamed “Espacio de Arte Emergente” (Emerging Art Space).

La Marcha de la Humanidad (The March of Humanity)
Inside the Polyforum hosts Siqueiros’ largest mural ever to be created, which is fully titled, The March of Humanity on Earth and Toward the Cosmos: Misery and Science. Including the exterior panels, the mural measures 8,700 square meters. Siqueiros described the theme as “Naked people close to the soil, a woman with a child on her lap, and smaller children raising their arms begging for bread. They are hungry, the oldest, doubled over under a bundle of firewood, walks off in search of a livelihood; groups of women running pell-mell knock each other to get a crumb of bread thrown away by others---an unending struggle to solve the basic problem of existence.” The overall theme of the mural is humanity's endless struggle throughout history and the search for a better society. The mural is divided into four main sections: The March of Humanity Towards Bourgeois Democratic Revolution; The March of Humanity to the Revolution of the Future; Peace, Culture, and Harmony; and Science and Technology.

Section One: South Wall: The March of Humanity Towards Bourgeois Democratic Revolution
This section of the mural depicts a revolution before a time of democratic revolution and is characterized by violence and confusion. There are many figures and forms in different positions, suggesting overall chaos. In the center, demagoguery emerges in the form of a clown who is flanked by militaristic figures. Ninety-some figures are pictured in this scene and are compositionally stacked rather than overlapped. The upper register tells a story that begins with two dark-skinned, half-naked men shown with their knees bent. Next to them, two mothers and their several children walking through a barren landscape that features one large, tree-like form in the background. The next figure is an old man who is bent down under a pile of sticks. Next to him is a group of women huddling together who are shown covering their children with shawls. This entire group is shown to be moving toward a white-faced, dancing figure with his arms raised. This figure, who appears as a leader of some sort, is flanked by a group of people who are also raising their arms. The lower register features figures that are larger in scale than those in the upper register. The first form is an abstract, humanoid form that is more difficult to recognize than the figures from the upper register. Following him is a brutalized, black male figure who is shown armless and hanged, swinging from a noose. The next figures are two large, monstrous figures with recognizably human anatomy that are followed by a larger group of marchers that are shown in uniform, carrying spears and rifles. This procession of synchronized marchers closes out the frame.

Section Two: North Wall: The March of Humanity to the Revolution of the Future
This section depicts the future as a chaotic and confusing time, and begins with a woman being attacked by a ferocious anthropomorphic beast. Next to the woman, a man chops down a poisonous tree, and across from him, two frightened women scurry across the turbulent landscape. Above these figures is a three-dimensional figure that protrudes from the wall and is representative of metamorphosis. The next scene depicts a large grouping of women next to a large amate tree, which is representative of the new leaders who will aid the development of humanity. Two figures come out of the tree, and seem to be flying into space. In the final scene, a gender ambiguous figure, shown sitting on a rock, points back to the tree to emphasize its importance. The landscape of Section 2 is much more rough and jagged than the landscape in Section 1, suggesting that the future revolution will be a great challenge for humanity to overcome.

Sections Three and Four: East and West Sides: Peace, Culture, and Harmony
This section shows a man offering industrialization to the west, and on the east side, a woman offering culture to humanize society. Converging lines that come out from the wall behind the figures unify the hands of the man and woman. The man in this scene is the leader who emerged from the amate tree in Section 2, and his return with the female suggests that he has successfully mated and created a new race. These two figures have brought the tools necessary to save humanity through starting a new march towards a better future. .

Siqueiros Foundation of the Arts
The Polyforum is a private institution which is supported through its activities and through private donations to the Siqueiros Foundation. The Siqueiros Foundation is run by Siqueiros' niece Anna Siqueiros, based in Los Angeles, and its mission is "Bringing Color into a Concrete World." As a memorial to the deceased David Alfaro Siqueiros, the Siqueiros Foundation strives to empower underprivileged children by providing them with materials and locations to artistically express themselves. In addition, the Siqueiros Foundation preserves a collection of periodicals, audio, video and photography related to the artist, whose digitalization was begun in 2010. This collection consists of 102,908 documents and images with elements such as correspondence with contemporary intellectuals, writers and politicians, including that from the Siquieros was incarcerated in Lecumberri from 1960 to 1964. It also includes 7,000 postcards from Germany alone, and 10,000 photographs of family and 80,000 texts written about the artist.

History
Over its first forty years, the building suffered significant deterioration to its structure and its murals. The deterioration of the mural work is due to environmental factors and the materials Siquieros used to create the piece. In 2011, remodeling work was begun on the facility to mark its fortieth anniversary. Some restoration work had been performed in 2011, but lack of funds has prevented completion.

title: Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros


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Fuji music

Fújì is a popular Yoruba musical genre. It arose from the improvisational wéré music, also known as ajísari (meaning "waking up for sari"), a genre of music performed to wake Muslims before dawn during the Ramadan fasting season. Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister popularized wéré music during the 1950s and 60s and conceived the term "fújì" in an unusual way. According to Barrister, "I came up with it when I saw a poster at an airport, advertising the Mount Fuji, which is the highest peak in Japan." Fújì should not be mistaken for the Yorùbá words "fuja" or "faaji," which mean leisure or enjoyment.

History
Wéré music is an Islamic-influenced Yorùbá genre of music invented by Muslim singers and musicians in Yorùbá towns and cities in southwestern Nigeria to wake Muslims fasting during Ramadan. Toward the end of the colonial period during the 1950s, Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara and Ganiyu Kuti (Gani Irefin) founded and popularized wéré in Ibadan. Throughout the 1950s and 60s, numerous wéré performance groups emerged within Muslim communities in and around the cities of Ibadan, Lagos, and Ìlọrin. These early performers drew great inspiration from Yoruba sákárà music, featuring the sákárà drum (without the violin-like goje often played with an accompanying fiddle). Notable Lagos-based wéré performers during the early independence years include Sikiru Omo Abiba, Ajadi Ganiyu, Ayinde Muniru Mayegun (General Captain), Ajadi Bashiru, Sikiru Onishemo, Kawu Aminu, Jibowu Barrister, Ayinde Fatayi, Kasali Alani, Saka Olayigbade, Ayinla Yekinni, and Bashiru Abinuwaye.

As various styles evolved, some performers played mouth organs (harmonicas) between wéré interludes within their compositions. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister was the lead singer and composer of the popular wéré group, Jibowu Barrister, under the leadership of Alhaji Jibowu Barrister. During the 1960s, Sikiru Ayinde Barrister, Kollington Ayinla and other young wéré groups rocked Lagos and its environs.

In one of his early albums, chiding and educating critics who dubbed fújì a "local music," Sikiru Ayinde Barrister described fújì music as a combination of music consisting of sákárà, Apala, jùjú, Aró, Afrobeat, gudugudu, and some elements of highlife. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister did a tremendous job popularizing fújì by taking it all over the world. He started touring the European continent, especially England, during the 1970s and later the United States throughout the 1980s. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister toured internationally before any subsequent fújì bands toured outside of Nigeria.

Between 1970 and throughout the 1980s, other fújì musicians included Fatai Adio, Saura Alhaji, Student Fuji, Rahimi Ayinde (Bokote), Ramoni Akanni, Love Azeez, Waidi Akangbe, Sikiru Olawoyin, Agbada Owo, Iyanda Sawaba, Ejire Shadua, Wahabi Ilori, Wasiu Ayinde Marshall, Suleiman Adigun, Sakaniyau Ejire, and Wasiu Ayinla. As each artist became prolific, each invented and introduced his unique style of fújì music.

While male musicians have dominated fuji, reflecting fuji’s origins in wéré music, women artists have developed fújì-related styles called Islamic and wákà. Islamic is a popular name for this genre of women’s fújì-related music, particularly in and around the city of Ìlọrin, while wákà is a more general pan-Yoruba term for this Muslim women’s genre. These styles emerged in the late 1950s and were originally performed by women vocalists for Islamic events such as weddings and celebrations for pilgrims returning from Mecca. Since the 1980s, professional Muslim women vocalists have fronted their own bands which are identical to fújì bands in their instrumentation. While the themes and aesthetics of Islamic are more closely related to Muslim morality than fújì, there is significant overlap between women’s genres and fújì. The majority of Islamic and waka bandleaders and back-up vocalists are women, while the rest of their bands are typically men. Women performers of Islamic and wákà have a dominant presence on stage and in videos.

Modernization
During the early 1970s, Alhaji Kolington Ayinla (Baba Alatika or Kebe-n-Kwara) became a prolific fújì performer and Barrister's long-term musical rival. Wasiu Ayinde Marshall Barrister (K1 De Ultimate) gradually emerged (with hits such as "Talazo Fuji") after tutelage under Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. For 15 years, Wasiu Ayinde served under Sikiru Ayinde Barrister in various roles, including as his instrument packer and notably as his road manager. Wasiu Ayinde's style evolved through the early 1990s as he added youthful vigor to a genre dominated by aging frontmen. By the end of the 1990s, Wasiu Ayinde's brand of fújì had become one of the most popular dance genres in Nigeria. Another artist, Adewale Ayuba, took the nation by storm in the early 1990s with his unique brand of fújì, "Bonsue Fújì," which appealed to young and old alike. Abass Akande Obesere (Omo rapala) also became popular in the 1990s, known for bringing street slang, "asakasa," into the fújì scene. Since fújì's origin and presently, most lyrics of fújì songs are in the Yorùbá language. Notably, fújì fusions with other genres often include lyrics in the English or Nigerian Pidgin languages in addition to the Yorùbá language. Due to its popularity with young Nigerians, fújì hook lines often become the main hook lines of Nigerian hip-hop music.

Continued growth
Popular modern fújì musicians in Nigeria include Rasheed Ayinde Adekunle Merenge, Abass Akande obesere (PK 1), Sir Shina Akanni, Alhaji Isiaka Iyanda Sawaba, Adewale Ayuba, Wasiu Alabi, (Oganla 1) King Dr.Saheed Osupa (His Majesty), Late Sunny T Adesokan (Omo Ina ton ko fújì), Alayeluwa Sulaimon Alao Adekunle Malaika (KS1, Original ), Shefiu Adekunle Alao (Omo Oko), Sule Adio (Atawéwé), Tajudeen Alabi Istijabah (Oju Kwara), Wasiu Ajani (Mr. Pure Water), Taiye Currency, Alhaji Komi Jackson, Remi Aluko(Igwe fújì), Muri Alabi Thunder, Karube Aloma, Oyama Azeez (Arabesa, Alapatinrin, The Modern Real Fuji Creator), Murphy Adisa Sabaika (Madiba 2), Abiodun Ike Minister (Aremo Alayeluwa), Tunde Ileiru, Karubey Shimiu, Adeolu Akanni (Paso Egba), Shamu Nokia, (Quintessential) Sunny Melody, Olusegun Ologo, Segun Michael, Bola Abimbola, and Sulaimon Alao Adekunle (KS1 Malaika).

Today, fújì music has continued to attract younger generations. In the 2000s, many popular and successful fújì artists have emerged, including Shanko Rasheed, Wasiu Container, Cripsymixtee, Konkolo Wally G, Global T, and Muri Ikoko. In this generation of singers, Wasiu Ayinde Marshal continues to be the most recognizable name in the genre. Since their rise to popularity in the 1990s, Abass Akande Obesere, Wasiu Alabi Pasuma (Oganla Fuji), and King Saheed Osupa also continue to dominate the fújì scene into the present.

title: Fuji music


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Jùjú music

Jùjú is a style of Yoruba popular music, derived from traditional Yoruba percussion. The name juju from the Yoruba word "juju" or "jiju" meaning "throwing" or "something being thrown". Juju music did not derive its name from juju, which is a form of magic and the use of magic objects, common in West Africa, Haiti, Cuba and other Caribbean and South American nations. It evolved in the 1900s in urban clubs across the countries, and was believed to have been created by Ababababaa Babatunde King, popularly known as Tunde King. The first jùjú recordings were by King and Ojoge Daniel in the 1920s, when King pioneered it. The lead and predominant instrument of jùjú is the Iya Ilu, talking drum.

Some juju musicians were itinerant, including early pioneers Ojoge Daniel, Irewole Denge and the "blind minstrel" Kokoro.

Afro-juju is a style of Nigerian popular music, a mixture of jùjú music and Afrobeat. Its most famous exponent was Shina Peters, who was so popular that the press called the phenomenon "Shinamania". Afro-juju's peak of popularity came in the early 1990s.

History
Following World War II, electric instruments began to be included, and pioneering musicians like Earnest Olatunde Thomas (Tunde Nightingale), Fatai Rolling Dollar, I. K. Dairo, Dele Ojo, Ayinde Bakare, Adeolu Akinsanya, King Sunny Adé., and Ebenezer Obey made the genre the most popular in Nigeria, incorporating new influences like funk, reggae and Afrobeat and creating new subgenres like yo-pop. Some new generation juju artistes include Oludare Olateju also known as Ludare,  the  son  of Sabada juju music  creator; Emperor Wale Olateju and Bola Abimbola. Although juju music, like apala, sakara, fuji and waka was created by Muslim Yoruba, the music itself remains secular. King Sunny Adé was the first to include the pedal steel guitar, which had previously been used only in Hawaiian music and American country music.

Performance venue
Jùjú music is performed primarily by artists from the southwestern region of Nigeria, where the Yoruba are the most numerous ethnic group. In performance, audience members commonly shower jùjú musicians with paper money; this tradition is known as "spraying". Shina Peters was awarded in 1990, but he was panned by music critics.

Music researcher Christpher Alan Waterman said that one of the centers of the performance of jùjú music is in Ibadan. Most jùjú musicians are based in the zone of market forces. There are several contexts in which jùjú music is performed. Music was performed at hotels, nightclub, and university. The Hotels serve music halls and dance halls also. Most activity takes place after nine p.m., and the hotels are the center of Ibadan's economic structure.

Another context in which jùjú music is played is at celebrations called àríyá. King Sunny Adé performed at àríyá with his socio aesthetics. These celebrations are parties which celebrate the naming of a baby, weddings, birthdays, funerals, title-taking, ceremonies and the launching of new property or business enterprises. Live music is crucial to the proper functioning of an àríyá.

title: Jùjú music


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Constructive quantum field theory

In mathematical physics, constructive quantum field theory is the field devoted to showing that quantum field theory can be defined in terms of precise mathematical structures. This demonstration requires new mathematics, in a sense analogous to classical real analysis, putting calculus on a mathematically rigorous foundation. Weak, strong, and electromagnetic forces of nature are believed to have their natural description in terms of quantum fields.

Attempts to put quantum field theory on a basis of completely defined concepts have involved most branches of mathematics, including functional analysis, differential equations, probability theory, representation theory, geometry, and topology. It is known that a quantum field is inherently hard to handle using conventional mathematical techniques like explicit estimates. This is because a quantum field has the general nature of an operator-valued distribution, a type of object from mathematical analysis. The existence theorems for quantum fields can be expected to be very difficult to find, if indeed they are possible at all.

One discovery of the theory that can be related in non-technical terms, is that the dimension d of the spacetime involved is crucial. Notable work in the field by James Glimm and Arthur Jaffe showed that with d < 4 many examples can be found. Along with work of their students, coworkers, and others, constructive field theory resulted in a mathematical foundation and exact interpretation to what previously was only a set of recipes, also in the case d < 4.

Theoretical physicists had given these rules the name "renormalization," but most physicists had been skeptical about whether they could be turned into a mathematical theory. Today one of the most important open problems, both in theoretical physics and in mathematics, is to establish similar results for gauge theory in the realistic case d = 4.

The traditional basis of constructive quantum field theory is the set of Wightman axioms. Osterwalder and Schrader showed that there is an equivalent problem in mathematical probability theory. The examples with d < 4 satisfy the Wightman axioms as well as the Osterwalder–Schrader axioms. They also fall in the related framework introduced by Haag and Kastler, called algebraic quantum field theory. There is a firm belief in the physics community that the gauge theory of Yang and Mills (the Yang–Mills theory) can lead to a tractable theory, but new ideas and new methods will be required to actually establish this, and this could take many years.

title: Constructive quantum field theory


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Steeple Grange Light Railway

The Steeple Grange Light Railway is a narrow-gauge heritage railway visitor attraction near Wirksworth in Derbyshire, England. Opened in 1985 on the trackbed of a disused branch line, it uses industrial locomotives and rolling stock from disused mines, quarries, and steelworks around the country.

Line
The Steeple Grange Light Railway is a 0.62 mi gauge narrow gauge line running from outside Wirksworth to Middleton in Derbyshire, built in 1985 on trackbed of the former Killer's Branch line of the Cromford and High Peak Railway and with a 200 m branch line subsequently added.

A pathway leads from Main Street in Middleton to the station. A carriage and wagon shed at Dark Lane houses the railway's coaching stock, maintenance wagons, and locomotives under maintenance. Middleton station was reached in 2019. The level crossing up from Lawson's Loop is operated by the guard from the passing train, raising flags at a 90-degree angle with the red flag straight out to warn oncoming vehicles and the yellow flag above the guard's head to allow the train to pass by safely.The line features a steep 1:27 (3.7 %) gradient incline.

Locomotives
the railway has 20 locomotives.

Greenbat
The railway's main locomotive is Greenbat, a 1.5 LT, 5 HP "trammer" type battery locomotive built by Greenwood and Batley of Leeds. Greenbat incorporated a folding cab, to allow the locomotive to fit down small mineshafts. It was ordered by Halesowen Steel Co, who specifically requested the cab be fixed. Greenbat has never been underground, working in various steel mills.

Greenbat was preserved by Adrian Booth, who passed it on to the SGLR when the line was in its infancy. It was fitted with air braking, and coupled to an ex-NCB manrider has provided nearly 15 years of service. In 2005 it received new batteries, the old ones having last 15 years out of a lifespan of 10. Greenbat is the primary use locomotive at the railway, being used for normal day trips, private parties and Santa Specials (banked by ZM32 Horwich on these days).

Motor: 1× GB type T2

Drive: worm and wheel to each axle

Voltage: 48 V, Lead acid batteries

ZM32 Horwich
ZM32 Horwich was built in 1957 and was given the works number of 416214. This locomotive is the only gauge Ruston and Hornsby LAT in existence. It was bought by British Railways to work at their Horwich works in Lancashire, and was preserved alongside Wren at the National Railway Museum. It was initially being sent to a banana plantation in South America; however, it was abandoned in Liverpool docks until bought for the Gloddfa Ganol museum in Wales. Here, it was regauged to and restored to working order. When Gloddfa Ganol closed, it was bought by an SGLR member, restored to gauge and fitted with airbraking.

A gearbox failure led to it being taken to Dorothea Restorations for a complete overhaul. Horwich is now back on the line, painted in BR green and used alternately with Greenbat. It was recently voted the most popular non-steam narrow-gauge locomotive. This locomotive is regularly used a banker to help locomotive Greenbat up the line to Santa's Grotto on Santa Special weekends in December.

Engine: Ruston and Hornsby 20 HP diesel

Transmission: Hydraulic, 2 gear box

Hudson
This locomotive is unusual, being home built. The SGLR was originally started with stock from Ladywash Mine, near Eyam in Derbyshire. The only locomotive was No.6, which was in a very poor condition. Before Greenbat arrived, it was decided that one of the four-wheel Ladywash Hudson manriders should be converted to a locomotive. This was done by Alwyn Ambrey in 1988, using a Villiers engine and transmission from a cricket pitch roller. It was able to seat two passengers and the driver, but the drive was geared too highly for the engine to cope with the gradient on the line. This and the engine being in poor state meant it was used very little.

The locomotive was worked on by various people in the late 1990s, finally being finished by J Scott in 2003. Scott refurbished the engine, thus largely solving the underpowering problem, and fitted a much better braking system. Two years later, a new engine was found. It is functionally the same as the old one, but has a 3:1 reduction gearbox fitted. Although not a complete fix, this addition has greatly improved its haulage capacity. The locomotive is not in regular use because of its insufficient pulling capacity and horsepower required to climb the grade before Middleton station.

Engine: 3½ HP Villiers Mk25 with reduction box

Transmission: Cup and cone reversing clutch and chain drive

Claytons
The railway has three battery Claytons of similar designs in private ownership. L10 (works Order No. 5431 of January 1968) and L16 (W/O No. B0109B of March 1973, named Peggy) are 1+3/4 LT, 7 HP low-height locomotives. They were both bought directly from industrial use. Peggy has recently been restored to operating condition, and is running using the redundant 15-year-old batteries from Greenbat. Peggy is fitted with a cam-contactor controller and resistances for speed control. Peggy serves as the primary locomotive for work trains on the SGLR, taking volunteers up and down the line to do rail and infrastructure maintenance, often seen with the tool wagon being shunted back and forth. Peggy also works on the branchline trains down into the quarry, interchanging with Peter every so often.

Lady Margorie is a compact 7 HP, 1+3/4 LT Clayton. Designed to work in 4 ft diameter sewer pipes, it even has a "barn roof" style battery box top to make maximum use of confined space. It has an electronic controller, as opposed to the more usual resistance type. On 20 May 2012 Lady Margorie was renamed Peter after the late Peter Sellers, the society chairman.

Ladywash Mine No.6
This was the first locomotive on the railway, bought with a large amount of track and rolling stock from Ladywash Mine, near Eyam in Derbyshire. It is a 10 HP, 3 LT design also from Greenwood and Batley.

It spent all its working life at Ladywash, acquiring some unconventional but highly useful modifications – the works photo appears in Adrian Booth's book on Greenwood and Batley, and is very different from its current form. It was also fitted with a thyristor controller, which was removed before being sold.

It arrived at the SGLR in a poor state of repair, which along with the lack of controller meant it was moved around various sidings unused. Eventually it was bought in 2004, and work finally started on its restoration. Following removal from the site for shotblasting, the frames have been repainted and the axleboxes overhauled. Now back on site, it is currently a rolling chassis with brake gear being overhauled. Where necessary, new parts are being machined by its owner. Work is also currently underway on the manufacture of a replacement controller, making use of contactors and resistances from other electrical machines. Future work includes overhaul of the two traction motors, some attention to one of the gearboxes and re-cabling before reassembly.

Motors: 2× GB type T2

Batteries: 60V lead-acid

Weight: 3 tons new, 3¼–3½ tons with modifications

title: Steeple Grange Light Railway


text:
Meseta

Meseta (Spanish for plateau) may refer to:

Geology

 * Any geological domain consisting of Mesa (plateau) type reliefs
 * Meseta Central ("Inner Plateau"), the high plains of central Spain
 * La Meseta Formation, a geological formation and major fossil site in Antarctica
 * Meseta (volcano), a partially collapsed volcanic vent of Volcán de Fuego in Guatemala
 * Moroccan Meseta Mountains, the orogenic belt of the Moroccan coastal block between the Atlantic Margin and the Middle Atlas

Other

 * Mesetas, a municipality in Colombia
 * Meseta, a fictional currency of the Phantasy Star video game series

title: Meseta


text:
Eugene Lee

Eugene Lee may refer to:

 * Eugene "Porky" Lee (1933–2005), American child actor
 * Eugene Lee (actor) (born 1953), African-American actor
 * Eugene Lee (designer) (1939–2023), American set designer
 * Eugene Lee (entrepreneur), American businessman
 * Eugene Lee (sports agent) (born 1973), sports agent and lawyer
 * Lee Eugene (born 2004), South Korean actor

title: Eugene Lee


text:
Rob McClanahan

Robert Bruce McClanahan (born January 9, 1958) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played 224 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Hartford Whalers and New York Rangers between 1980 and 1983. McClanahan was a member of the U.S. men's Olympic hockey team that beat the Soviet Union en route to a gold medal at Lake Placid in 1980.

Amateur and international career
McClanahan attended Mounds View High School and went on to play three seasons for the University of Minnesota, winning the 1979 NCAA national championship. After representing the US at the 1979 World Championship tournament in Moscow, McClanahan joined the US Olympic team on a full-time basis and scored 34 goals in 63 exhibition games. The culmination of McClanahan's amateur career came at the 1980 Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, when he scored five goals in seven games while helping his country win the gold medal. He scored the winning goal in the gold medal game against Finland (which the U.S. came back to win 4–2) two days after the historic American victory over the Soviets.

During the opening game of the Olympic tournament against Sweden, McClanahan sustained a bruise on the upper thigh, which left the US team's roster short a second player, as teammate Jack O'Callahan had been injured during the exhibition game against the Soviet Union only three days prior to the Olympics. A now famous argument between McClanahan and Team USA's coach Herb Brooks during the intermission helped motivate McClanahan to return to the game and play through his injury, inspiring his team to a come-from-behind draw against Sweden that proved vital to achieving gold medal success later in the tournament.

Professional career
McClanahan was selected forty-ninth overall in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres but did not begin playing with the Sabres until 1980, shortly after the Olympics. His NHL career was comparatively short-lived as he was mostly used as a role player. He bounced between the NHL and the American Hockey League and played part of the 1983/1984 season in the Central Hockey League with the Tulsa Oilers before finishing his NHL career under his old Olympic coach Herb Brooks with the New York Rangers in 1984 (he also represented the Hartford Whalers in 1981–82). During his professional career, McClanahan also was a member of Team USA at the 1981 Canada Cup.

Post-playing career
McClanahan became a financial broker after retirement, beginning his career with Morgan Stanley in 1985, then working for Bear Stearns and Piper Jaffray, where he was managing director. He joined the Minneapolis office of ThinkEquity Partners in March 2002 as Principal and became the company's Head of Trading.

He also was featured in American Dad! season 6 episode Return of the Bling.

McClanahan is currently the head coach of The Blake School boys varsity hockey team.

In popular culture
McClanahan was played by Nathan West in the 2004 Disney movie Miracle, which told the story of the 1980 U.S. Olympic gold medal win. West had been a goalie for the junior hockey team the Detroit Whalers in the Ontario Hockey League and has a tattoo of the National Hockey League logo on his arm.

In a 1981 TV movie about the same subject called Miracle on Ice, McClanahan is portrayed by Ken Stovitz.

title: Rob McClanahan