text:
Talk:Freddy's Nightmares

Modified
I modified the entry, as it stated that Freddy's Nightmares spawned the A Nightmare on Elm Street series, while the opposite is true.

Updated
I updated the entry under "DVD release", making mention that sets are being sold online which were transferred from television recordings.
 * Is it a legal release? Is there an reliable source saying so?   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  11:11, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

What I added is a fact, that dvds are being sold, legal or not, and therefore that information should be included in the article. It is very important not to censor Wikipedia of information that is accurate. As it stands, the article is less accurate without the information I added, therefore I will add it again.

 * It isn't censoring. Wikipedia is not a marketing tool, and if these DVDs are being sold (which you have provided no reliable source for anyway) then they are being sold illegally. We don't solicite illegal sales, and the only way to talk about it would be if it was in the news.   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  13:02, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I am not trying to market anything. I am a fan of the series and a fan of putting accurate information in the hands of the public. I do not know anything of the legality of these dvds, but even if they are illegal, it should still be included and noted that they are illegal. Plenty of illegal activities are discussed in wikipedia, and not everything in wikipedia is from a published source. Mentioning that disks are being sold by a third party is not an endorsement, but pretending that it is not going on is dishonest and diminishes the value of wikipedia as a source of information. Cianmatt 13:10, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm a fan too, I have the original VHS of the series that were released. Doesn't mean anything. Where are they being sold? It can be quite obvious if it's legal or not. Illegal activites are discussed because they have news coverage. Do you have citations that show news coverage of illegal sale of these DVDs? Do you even have a reliable source that says they are being sold?   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  13:12, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I originally included the websites that the disks were being sold on ( www.tvboxset.com and www.allmyfavoriteshows.com ) but someone deleted my addition. I did not include it when I reinserted the information because I did not wish to sound as though I was endorsing them. I purchased the disks from one source and stated that some of the episodes were bad quality and were transferred directly from tv. I found the websites online. Whatever your intentions, people have the right to know what I know about this article. I am disgusted that people out there would suppress information rather than find out whether it is true or not. It may seem like a small thing in this context, but on a larger scale it is what's wrong with the world today. If wikipedia only reprints news from "accepted channels" then it is useless and no more reliable than those biased sources. Cianmatt 13:23, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Generaly page linking doesn't help. It needs to be a link directly to the information. We shouldn't have to search a website to verify the existence of the information. Your opinion of the quality of the disks is original research. Wikipiedia is about verifiability, not truth.   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  13:36, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

It is also your opinion that the disks are being sold illegally. I am not a lawyer, but I do know that there is no copyright warning at the beginning of television broadcasts. As to finding the info, it isn't that hard to click the website and search "Freddy's Nightmares". If I don't include enough info for your taste, then you should add to what I inserted, not delete my insertion all together. I do not intend to be rude, but I am just trying to share information with other people, which is what I thought wikipedia was for.

 * I said they could be, because you haven't supplied me with verification that they are being sold period, let alone that they aren't some bootleg version of the show, which is what it sounds like by the way you are describing the quality.   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  13:44, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

You said enough for me. You said that Wikipedia is not interested in truth, but in having reliable sources. The truth is that the entire series of Freddy's Nightmares is available from two separate online stores, but the "reliable sources" give us a totally misleading and unreliable article leading people to think otherwise. "Truth" may be hard to find and verify, but I don't see how anyone can settle for less. (The direct link is http://www.tvboxset.com/index.php?main_page=advanced_search_result&search_in_description=1&keyword=freddy%27s+nightmares ).

 * Why is it that Amazon does not have this DVD listed? The reason I question the authenication of this release (i.e. that it isn't just some bootleg version) is that it makes no mentioned that New Line released it, it's "region free" when almost no DVDs are region free, and that when I run a search, the only DVDs for this series that pop up (which aren't from those two sources you mentioned above) are for the volume DVDs that were released in the UK. The reason I say Amazon is a clue, is because Amazon doesn't sell bootleg movies, there's an issue with copyright because of that. No one is listing a releasing house with this set. Look at [ http://amazon.com/o/ASIN/B000R9YLKY/ref=s9_asin_title_1/002-6352599-6613610?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-1&pf_rd_r=1KQRC5AW80CGC3HGMYN0&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=288448401&pf_rd_i=507846 House Season 3]. Universal Studios is listed as the releasing house. Why isn't New Line listed for Freddy's Nightmares? I don't doubt it's being sold, what I doubt is the legality of the situation. What you are presenting is information that implies this is an official release of "Freddy's Nightmares". I found another place that was selling it, ironically they had a completely different cover art .   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  14:18, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Per notability standards, this information about the DVD release does not warrant inclusion because it has not received significant coverage from independent sources. There are also issues of verifiability since there is no clear-cut evidence about this film's DVD release. Also, the drive to mention potentially bootleg DVDs may qualify as borderline promotional, and without any significant coverage to back the information, it should be excluded until this becomes a topic in the public scope. —Erik (talk • contrib) - 14:27, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

The info I attempted to supply was 100% accurate. I never attempted to supply information that I did not possess, such as claiming that this was an official release. I simply assert the importance of including the information that the series is available for those interested. I do not think you should be so selective about what information to include or not include, and it is clear that the article is misleading the way it reads. When articles on wikipedia are misleading, you have a serious flaw with wikipedia. Other wikipedia articles on tv series' include a notation of unofficial boxsets being sold (one includes a reference to the very same website); why the controversy here? You are wrong that mentioning it is promoting it if it is bootleg (which we do not know for sure that it is). I feel the same necessity to mention all official releases without promoting or endorsing them either. This is about freedom of information. State all relevant facts and let the reader decide what to do with the information. Anyone who goes to Thailand knows that fake Gucci bags are sold all over the place, does this mean that we are not allwed to mention that on wikipedia because we would be endorsing the purchase of fake Gucci purses? Your argument is erroneous. As far as this topic entering the public scope, do you seriously think that this topic will ever enter the public scope, whether they release official dvds or not? It is applicable only to the few who desire this information. Two companies have published content on their websites that they are selling this product that wikipedia claims does not exist and a simple internet search can establish the fact. What more do you need? It is not like I am making some outlandish claim like a cure for cancer. I am stating an easily established fact, that the disks are being sold, and your readers should be able to know that. Again, if wikipedia is verifiable, but inaccurate, what good is it? Cianmatt 15:41, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * If it's bootleg, then it isn't an official release. If it is not an official release then it needs significant coverage in the outside media to warrant inclusion. There is not verification that it is official, but a good clue is the fact that New Line's name is no where to be found. The article is not misleading. No official release of the series has happened on DVD. These do not look official, and I've seen no coverage that says they are official. They can only be found on obscure Television DVD websites, and not on highly commercial sites like Amazon. If they were official, why wouldn't New Line have them released everywhere? Since the question of whether it is official is up for grabs, it needs to be notable. What makes this notable? The fact that some random person happened to burn the television show to a DVD and sell it? If New Line files a lawsuit, that would be notable. Other than that, let IMDb list the bootlegs. What you are doing is considered promoting because you are citing the website that is actually selling the product, instead of citing some news organization that is mentioning the sale of the product. No coverage means it isn't notable.   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  15:51, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

The Holocaust didn't get media coverage in Nazi Germany; does that mean that it wasn't notable? Some people still deny it. The fact remains that people who would like to obtain copies of this series and turn to wikipedia for information may get the idea that it is hopeless and give up. That makes the article misleading. I found it through a separate source and am lucky that I did not depend on wikipedia for my information. The news is selective in their coverage and biased in their presentation. It is clear that wikipedia continues this tradition of being a poor and incomplete source of information. You are sticking to your principles on this, but at the same time proving the flaw in using wikipedia as an all encompasing source of information. It is absolutely inadequate, not to mention inconsistent. Cianmatt 00:39, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia wasn't around during the Holocaust, which gets plenty of coverage now. Why would someone come to Wikipedia to find DVDs to buy? Isn't that what Google is for, to search out things you want. There are 2 million articles on Wikipedia, you better believe there is inconsistency. We report official releases, not leaked or stolen releases. The only way those get added is if there is significant coverage of the event. People have been selling bootleg copies of Freddy's Nightmares for awhile not, and they do it for other shows, it doesn't change the fact that the show was never officially released.   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  00:43, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

You missed the point about the Holocaust, being that the principles you operate under would have not found that notable either until it was printed in a soure YOU trusted. You have an outdated concept of reporting and disseminating information. The people have been reliant on large reporting agencies who select which news to print and how to present it (according to their own business sense or agenda). This is in the process of changing as it is becoming easier for the common man to publish information. Next question: which newspaper published the officially released Freddy's Nightmares dvd release? Chances are, there are none, but you can verify that it was released because the company published that information to the web, which is the same process that I used to obtain the information that tvboxset.com and allmyfavoriteshows.com were selling their copies. "Who holds the copyright" and other questions that we do not have enough information to give a definate answer (ie. more than yours or my guess) do not change the facts that they are available and verifiable by published website content. Your reliance on what you consider proper channels is dangerous because it allows people to have limited information using censorship and propaganda, which curbs freedom and costs lives. Exceptions should not be made, even for information like this. I could go online today and create my own online newspaper, write an article about this and come back here tonight and meet the criteria you mention. Then you would be in the dangerous situation of creating your own guidlines for determining questions like "what constitutes an official newspaper" and "how should we descriminate on what consititues a viable source of information." If you don't see my point now, maybe you will in ten years. Things are changing. Cianmatt 02:43, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Believe what you will, I'm not discussing this any further. Unless you can provide a reliable source that says New Line has officially released this series on DVD, or some new coverage discussing the illegal sale of this show, then it's a moot point.   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  02:48, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

"Officially released" is irrelevant to being noteworthy and you have made and are enforcing a decision on what constitutes a published, verifiable source. I beleive it has met that requirement. It is moot to you, but to me, it is important. You have decided that if it does not meet your interpretation and is not of interest to you, then nobody else can read it on wikipedia. My point is that that is wrong to do. You can create and adhere to guidelines for wikipedia, but those guidelines determine wikipedia's usefulness, and I feel that it is limited by the ones set relevant to this issue and are being strictly interpreted and enforced. But have it your way. The people who want all available information on Freddy's Nightmares and other topics of interest will have no where to go for that unless someone maintaines a private website, because wikipedia just doesn't cut it. Cianmatt 03:11, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Feel free to go to Wikipedia talk:Third opinion and request additional opinions. Two editors have disagreed with its inclusion.   BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  03:15, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

What a large scale argument. It is correct that wikipedia is typically unreliable, which is why academic sites such as universities will inform students not to base their work on it. But that is barely even relevant here in this argument, which could easily have been resolved by simply using the phrase 'although bootleg versions are commonly available' as a catch-all function. Justin.Parallax (talk) 12:50, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freddy's Nightmares


text:
DGC

DGC can refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * Darlton Gliding Club, Nottinghamshire, England
 * Daybreak Game Company, an American video game developer
 * Delhi Golf Club, Delhi, India
 * Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie, a German organization for the science, art and history of horology
 * DGC Records, an American record label
 * Directors Guild of Canada, a Canadian labour union
 * Dubious Goals Committee, an association football committee, England
 * Dublin Gospel Choir, an Irish gospel choir
 * Durban Girls' College, Durban, South Africa

Other uses

 * DARPA Grand Challenge, a competition for American autonomous vehicles
 * Denham Golf Club railway station, Buckinghamshire, England
 * Di Gi Charat, a Japanese manga and anime series created by Koge-Donbo
 * Digital gold currency, a form of digital currency
 * Disc golf course
 * Discontinuous gas exchange cycles
 * Distributed garbage collection (in computing)
 * Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, aka DGC, DAGC, or dystrophin-associated (glyco)protein complex, connects myofibrils inside a muscle cell to the extracellular matrix, spanning the cell membrane

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: DGC


text:
Marcel Moore

Marcel Moore (born Suzanne Alberte Malherbe, 19 July 1892 – 19 February 1972) was a French illustrator, designer, and photographer. She, along with her romantic and creative partner Claude Cahun, was a surrealist writer and photographer.

Early life
Moore was born Suzanne Alberte Malherbe in Nantes, France on 19 July 1892, and studied at the Fine Arts Academy in Nantes. In 1909, at age seventeen, Malherbe met fifteen-year-old Lucy Schwob and began a lifelong artistic collaboration. Malherbe's widowed mother married Schwob's divorced father in 1917. Curator Tirza True Latimer has theorized that this step-sister relationship not only encouraged the young women's creative collaborations but also facilitated their romantic relationship. Between 1920 and 1937, they lived in Paris, where they became involved with the surrealism movement and contributed to avant-garde theater activities. They took male pseudonyms: Malherbe became Marcel Moore, and Schwob became Claude Cahun. They remained together until Cahun's death in 1954.

Career
In her early twenties Moore worked as a graphic designer, producing ornate illustrations influenced by the japonism trend and the Paris fashion scene of the 1910s. Her modern fashion designs were published in the newspaper Phare de la Loire, owned by the Schwob family. She also collaborated with the poet Marc-Adolphe Guégan, producing illustrations for two of his books: L'Invitation à la fête primitive (1921) and Oya-Insula ou l'Enfant à la conque (1923).

Moore is best known as Claude Cahun's collaborator. Cahun's photographic oeuvre, all but forgotten for a few decades, was rediscovered in the 1980s and interpreted as a predecessor of Cindy Sherman's theatrical self-portraits. However, recent scholarship suggests that Moore was not only a muse but also had an active hand in the creation of some of Cahun's best-known works. In an essay for the 2005–2006 exhibition Acting Out: Claude Cahun and Marcel Moore at the Frye Art Museum in Seattle, curator Tirza True Latimer argues that Cahun's photographs are not so much "self-portraits" as collaborations with Moore. At times, they photographed each other posing alternately in the same tableau. Moore's shadow is visible in some photographs of Cahun, making visible her own role behind the camera.

Moore illustrated Cahun's creative writing on several occasions. For Cahun's 1919 poetry volume Vues et visions, Moore created pen-and-ink illustrations similar to the decorative style of Aubrey Beardsley. Moore was the subject of Cahun's dedication, "I dedicate this puerile prose to you, so that the entire book will belong to you and in this way your designs may redeem my text in our eyes." In 1930 Cahun and Moore published a second book of verses and illustrations called Aveux non avenus (translated as "disavowed confessions"). Moore's illustrations for this work consist of collaged images assembled from her many photographs of Cahun, dealing with many of the same themes of identity that can be read in Cahun's own photography and poetry.

Activism
In 1937 Moore and Cahun moved from Paris to Jersey, possibly to escape the increasing anti-Semitism and political upheavals leading up to World War II. They remained on the island of Jersey when German troops invaded in 1940. For several years, the two risked their lives by distributing anti-Nazi propaganda to the German soldiers. Moore was fluent in German, and was able to translate the secret notes and messages that she and Cahun composed into German, in hopes of fooling the occupation troops into believing that there was a conspiracy on the island. She was often the one to take the most significant risks, slipping her notes into pockets of German soldiers or leaving them in German staff cars. As historian Jeffrey H. Jackson writes in his definitive study of their wartime resistance Paper Bullets, for Cahun and Moore, "fighting the German occupation of Jersey was the culmination of lifelong patterns of resistance, which had always borne a political edge in the cause of freedom as they carved out their own rebellious way of living in the world together.  For them, the political was always deeply personal." Despite having reverted to their original names and introducing themselves as sisters in Jersey, their resistance activities were discovered in 1944, and they were sentenced to death and imprisoned. They were saved by the Liberation of Jersey in 1945, but their home and property had been confiscated and much of their art destroyed by the Germans.

Later life
Claude Cahun's health suffered during her wartime imprisonment; Cahun died in 1954, after which Moore relocated to a smaller home. Moore died by suicide in 1972. She was buried alongside her partner Cahun in St Brelade's Church.

Legacy
In 2018, a street of Paris, close to the rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs where Marcel and Claude lived, took the name of "allée Claude Cahun–Marcel Moore" in the 6th district of the French capital.

Bibliography (English)

 * Jeffrey H. Jackson, Paper Bullets:  Two Artists Who Risked Their Lives to Defy the Nazis.  New York:  Algonquin Books, 2020. ISBN 978-1-61620-916-2

title: Marcel Moore


text: User talk:220.226.53.235

title: User talk:220.226.53.235


text:
Benjamin Mazar

Benjamin Mazar (בנימין מזר; born Binyamin Zeev Maisler, June 28, 1906 – September 9, 1995) was a pioneering Israeli historian, recognized as the "dean" of biblical archaeologists. He shared the national passion for the archaeology of Israel that also attracts considerable international interest due to the region's biblical links. He is known for his excavations at the most significant biblical site in Israel: south and south west of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. In 1932 he conducted the first archaeological excavation under Jewish auspices in Israel at Beit She'arim (the largest catacombs ever found in Israel) and in 1948 was the first archaeologist to receive a permit granted by the new State of Israel (Tell Qasile, 1948). Mazar was trained as an Assyriologist and was an expert on biblical history, authoring more than 100 publications on the subject. He developed the field of historical geography of Israel. For decades he served as the chairman of the Israel Exploration Society and of the Archaeological Council of Israel (which he founded as the authority responsible for all archaeological excavations and surveys in Israel). Between 1951 and 1977, Mazar served as Professor of Biblical History and Archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1952 he became Rector of the university and later its president for eight years commencing in 1953.

He founded the Hebrew University's new campus at Givat Ram and Hadassah Medical School and Hospital at Ein Karem and led the academic development of the university into one of the leading Universities of the World (see Academic Ranking of World Universities). He was regarded by his students as an inspiring teacher and academic leader and many of these students are now considered leading historians and archaeologists in Israel today.

Biography
Mazar was born in Ciechanowiec, Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. He was educated at Berlin University and Giessen University in Germany. At the age of 23, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine and in 1943 joined the faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, whose original campus at Mount Scopus was an enclave in the Jordanian sector of Jerusalem following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1952 he became Rector of the university and later its president for eight years from 1953 to 1961, following Selig Brodetsky and succeeded by Giulio Racah.

Archaeological career
In 1936 Mazar started the excavations of Beth Shearim, the first archaeological excavation organized by a Jewish institution, and uncovered there the large Jewish catacombs dated to the 2nd-4th centuries CE, known as the burial place of the Jewish leader Rabbi Yehudah Hanasi, the compiler of the Mishnah. In 1948 he was the first archaeologist to receive a permit to dig in the new State of Israel, and explored the Philistine town of Tell Qasile in northern Tel Aviv. He later conducted excavations at Ein Gedi and between 1968 and 1978 directed the excavations south and south-west of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, including an area he described as the Ophel, uncovering extensive remains from the Iron Age through the Second Temple period and to Jerusalem's Islamic period.

Tomb of Himyarites
In 1937, Benjamin Mazar revealed at Beit She'arim a system of tombs belonging to the Jews of Ḥimyar (now southern Yemen) dating back to the 3rd century CE. The strength of ties between Yemenite Jewry and the Land of Israel can be learnt, of course, by the system of tombs at Beit She'arim dating back to the 3rd century. It is of great significance that Jews from Ḥimyar were being buried in what was then considered a prestigious place, near the tombs of the Sanhedrin. Those who had the financial means brought their dead to be buried in the Land of Israel, as it was considered an outstanding virtue for Jews not to be buried in foreign lands, but rather in the land of their forefathers. It is speculated that the Ḥimyarites, during their lifetime, were known and respected in the eyes of those who dwelt in the Land of Israel, seeing that one of them, whose name was Menaḥem, was coined the epithet qyl ḥmyr [prince of Ḥimyar], in the eight-character Ḥimyari ligature, while in the Greek inscription he was called Menae presbyteros (Menaḥem, the community's elder). The name of a woman in Greek letters, in its genitive form, Ενλογιαζ, was also engraved there, meaning either ‘virtue’, ‘blessing’, or ‘gratis’.

Mazar family
Benjamin Mazar's son Ory Mazar, grandchildren Eilat Mazar and Dan Mazar and nephew Amihai Mazar all played an important role in the study and dissemination of Israeli archaeology and historical knowledge. Eilat Mazar was a frequent spokesperson for concerns regarding the archaeology of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem while Amihai Mazar was the recipient of the 2009 Israel Prize for Archaeology. Benjamin Mazar is the brother-in-law of Israel's second and only three-term President, Yitzhak Ben Zvi.

Awards

 * In 1968, Mazar was awarded the Israel Prize, for Jewish studies.
 * Also in 1968, he received the Yakir Yerushalayim (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem) award.
 * In 1986, he was awarded the Harvey Prize by the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology).

title: Benjamin Mazar


text:
Centralized traffic control

Centralized traffic control (CTC) is a form of railway signalling that originated in North America. CTC consolidates train routing decisions that were previously carried out by local signal operators or the train crews themselves. The system consists of a centralized train dispatcher's office that controls railroad interlockings and traffic flows in portions of the rail system designated as CTC territory. One hallmark of CTC is a control panel with a graphical depiction of the railroad. On this panel, the dispatcher can keep track of trains' locations across the territory that the dispatcher controls. Larger railroads may have multiple dispatcher's offices and even multiple dispatchers for each operating division. These offices are usually located near the busiest yards or stations, and their operational qualities can be compared to air traffic towers.

Background
Key to the concept of CTC is the notion of traffic control as it applies to North American railroads. Trains moving in opposite directions on the same track cannot pass each other without special infrastructure such as sidings and switches that allow one of the trains to move out of the way. Initially, the only two ways for trains to arrange such interactions was to somehow arrange it in advance or provide a communications link between the authority for train movements (the dispatcher) and the trains themselves. These two mechanisms for control would be formalized by American railroad companies in a set of procedures called train order operation, which was later partly automated through use of Automatic Block Signals (ABS).

The starting point of each system was the railroad timetable that would form the advanced routing plan for train movements. Trains following the timetable would know when to take sidings, switch tracks and which route to take at junctions. However, if train movements did not go as planned, the timetable would then fail to represent reality, and attempting to follow the printed schedule could lead to routing errors or even accidents. This was especially common on single-track lines that comprised the majority of railroad route miles in North America. Pre-defined "meets" could lead to large delays if either train failed to show up, or worse, an "extra" train not listed in the timetable could suffer a head-on collision with another train that did not expect it.

Therefore, timetable operation was supplemented with train orders, which superseded the instructions in the timetable. From the 1850s until the middle of the twentieth century, train orders were telegraphed in Morse code by a dispatcher to a local station, where the orders would be written down on standardized forms and a copy provided to the train crew when they passed that station, directing them to take certain actions at various points ahead: for example, take a siding to meet another train, wait at a specified location for further instructions, run later than scheduled, or numerous other actions. The development of Direct Traffic Control via radio or telephone between dispatchers and train crews made telegraph orders largely obsolete by the 1970s.

Where traffic density warranted it, multiple tracks could be provided, each with a timetable-defined flow of traffic which would eliminate the need for frequent single track-style "meets." Trains running counter to this flow of traffic would still require train orders, but other trains would not. This system was further automated by the use of Automatic Block Signaling and interlocking towers which allowed for efficient and failsafe setting of conflicting routes at junctions and that kept trains following one another safely separated. However, any track that supported trains running bi-directionally, even under ABS protection, would require further protection to avoid the situation of two trains approaching each other on the same section of track. Such a scenario not only represents a safety hazard, but also would require one train to reverse direction to the nearest passing point.

Before the advent of CTC there were a number of solutions to this problem that did not require the construction of multiple single direction tracks. Many western railroads used an automatic system called absolute permissive block (APB), where trains entering a stretch of single track would cause all of the opposing signals between there and the next passing point to "tumble down" to a Stop position thus preventing opposing trains from entering. In areas of higher traffic density, sometimes bi-directional operation would be established between manned interlocking towers. Each section of bi-directional track would have a traffic control lever associated with it to establish the direction of traffic on that track. Often, both towers would need to set their traffic levers in the same way before a direction of travel could be established. Block signals in the direction of travel would display according to track conditions and signals against the flow of traffic would always be set to their most restrictive aspect. Furthermore, no train could be routed into a section of track against its flow of traffic and the traffic levers would not be able to be changed until the track section was clear of trains. Both APB and manual traffic control would still require train orders in certain situations, and both required trade-offs between human operators and granularity of routing control.

Development and technology

The ultimate solution to the costly and imprecise train order system was developed by the General Railway Signal company as their trademarked "Centralized Traffic Control" technology. Its first installation in 1927 was on a 40-mile stretch of the New York Central Railroad between Stanley, Toledo and Berwick, Ohio, with the CTC control machine located at Fostoria, Ohio. CTC was designed to enable the train dispatcher to control train movements directly, bypassing local operators and eliminating written train orders. Instead, the train dispatcher could directly see the trains' locations and efficiently control the train's movements by displaying signals and controlling switches. It was also designed to enhance safety by reporting any track occupancy (see track circuit) to a human operator and automatically preventing trains from entering a track against the established flow of traffic.

What made CTC machines different from standard interlocking machines and ABS was that the vital interlocking hardware was located at the remote location and the CTC machine only displayed track state and sent commands to the remote locations. A command to display a signal would require the remote interlocking to set the flow of traffic and check for a clear route through the interlocking. If a command could not be carried out due to the interlocking logic, the display would not change on the CTC machine. This system provided the same degree flexibility that the manual traffic control has before it, but without the cost and complexity associated with providing a manned operator at the end of every route segment. This was especially true for lightly used lines that could never hope to justify so much overhead.

Initially the communication was accomplished by dedicated wires or wire pairs, but later this was supplanted by pulse code systems utilizing a single common communications link and relay-based telecommunications technology similar to that used in crossbar switches. Also, instead of only displaying information about trains approaching and passing through interlockings, the CTC machine displayed the status of every block between interlockings, where previously such sections had been considered "dark territory" (i.e., of unknown status) as far as the dispatcher was concerned. The CTC system would allow the flow of traffic to be set over many sections of track by a single person at a single location as well as control of switches and signals at interlockings, which also came to be referred to as control points.

CTC machines started out as small consoles in existing towers only operating a few nearby remote interlockings and then grew to control more and more territory, allowing less trafficked towers to be closed. Over time, the machines were moved directly into dispatcher offices, eliminating the need for dispatchers to first communicate with block operators as middlemen. In the late 20th century, the electromechanical control and display systems were replaced with computer operated displays. While similar signaling control mechanisms have been developed in other countries, what sets CTC apart is the paradigm of independent train movement between fixed points under the control and supervision of a central authority.

Signals and controlled points

CTC makes use of railway signals to convey the dispatcher's instructions to the trains. These take the form of routing decisions at controlled points that authorize a train to proceed or stop. Local signaling logic will ultimately determine the exact signal to display based on track occupancy status ahead and the exact route the train needs to take, so the only input required from the CTC system amounts to the go, no-go instruction.

Signals in CTC territory are one of two types: an absolute signal, which is directly controlled by the train dispatcher and helps design the limits of a control point, or an intermediate signal, which is automatically controlled by the conditions of the track in that signal's block and by the condition of the following signal. Train dispatchers cannot directly control intermediate signals and so are almost always excluded from the dispatcher's control display except as an inert reference.

The majority of control points are equipped with remote control, power-operated switches. These switches often are dual-controlled switches, as they may be either remotely controlled by the train dispatcher or by manually operating a lever or pump on the switch mechanism itself (although the train dispatcher's permission is generally required to do so). These switches may lead to a passing siding, or they may take the form of a crossover, which allows movement to an adjacent track, or a "turnout" which routes a train to an alternate track (or route).

Operation

Although some railroads still rely on older, simpler electronic lighted displays and manual controls, in modern implementations, dispatchers rely on computerized systems similar to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems to view the location of trains and the aspect, or display, of absolute signals. Typically, these control machines will prevent the dispatcher from giving two trains conflicting authority without needing to first have the command fail at the remote interlocking. Modern computer systems generally display a highly simplified mock-up of the track, displaying the locations of absolute signals and sidings. Track occupancy is displayed via bold or colored lines overlaying the track display, along with tags to identify the train (usually the number of the lead locomotive). Signals which the dispatcher can control are represented as either at Stop (typically red) or "displayed" (typically green). A displayed signal is one which is not displaying Stop and the exact aspect that the crew sees is not reported to the dispatcher.

Australia
The first CTC installation in Australia was commissioned in September 1957 on the Glen Waverley line in suburban Melbourne. 6 mi in length, it was installed by the Victorian Railways as a prototype for the North East standard project.

In June 1959, the Western Australian Government Railways completed installation of Australia's first large-scale application of CTC, on the South Western Railway, which links Perth with Bunbury. Upon its completion, that CTC system covered the 39 mi portion of single-track line between P, on Perth's south eastern outskirts, and Pinjarra, further south.

CTC has since been widely deployed to major interstate railway lines.

New Zealand
CTC was first installed in New Zealand between Taumarunui and Okahukura on the heavily trafficked North Island Main Trunk in 1938 followed by Te Kuiti-Puketutu in 1939. and from Tawa Flat to Paekākāriki on the Kapiti Line in 1940, and extended from Paekākāriki to Paraparaumu in 1943; the continuation of tablet control on the short single-track section would have required manned tablet stations with a stationmaster and three (tablet) porters at each end of the section (see North–South Junction). This was followed on the NIMT by Puketutu-Kopaki in 1945, between Frankton, Hamilton and Taumarunui from 1954 to 1957; and from Te Kauwhata to Amokura in 1954.

On other lines, CTC was installed between Upper Hutt and Featherston in 1955 and between St Leonards and Oamaru in stages from 1955 to 1959. CTC was completed between Hamilton and Paekākāriki on the NIMT on 12 December 1966.

On the Main South Line CTC was installed from Rolleston to Pukeuri north of Oamaru on the Main South Line in stages from 1969 to completion in February 1980. The older CTC installation from St Leonards to Oamaru was replaced in stages with Track Warrant Control in 1991 and 1992.

The most recent installations of CTC were completed in August 2013 on the MNPL from Marton to Aramoho and from Dunedin to Mosgiel and on the Taieri Gorge Line as far as North Taieri in late 2015.

United States
CTC-controlled track is significantly more expensive to build than non-signalled track, due to the electronics and failsafes required. CTC is generally implemented in high-traffic areas where the reduced operating cost from increased traffic density and time savings outweigh the capital cost. Most of BNSF Railway's and Union Pacific Railroad's track operates under CTC; the portions that are generally lighter-traffic lines that are operated under Track Warrant Control (BNSF and UP) or Direct Traffic Control (UP).

Recently the costs of CTC has fallen as new technologies such as microwave, satellite and rail based data links have eliminated the need for wire pole lines or fiber optic links. These systems are starting to be called train management systems.

title: Centralized traffic control


text:
Talk:Centralized traffic control

General Railway Signal Company, and their "NX" CTC system??
First of all, what has happened to GRS, and who is currently producing their NX CTC cquipment. I've looked, and can't find anything on the net that shows that they ever existed, and yet I know better. After all, GRS's NX system was the first practical CTC system on the planet. SSG Cornelius Seon (Retired) 21:14, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * General Railway Signal Co. of Rochester, New York, USA, is now a part of Alstom Signaling, a division of Alstom Transport.

 * The statement that "GRS's NX system was the first practical CTC system on the planet" is inaccurate, as the company had launched its first CTC system in Ohio in 1927 — a good decade prior to GRS's first NX installation, or that of competitor Union Switch & Signal's "Union Route" system. The traditional unit lever-based CTC systems were much more prevalent than the route-oriented NX and UR systems because of the expense of the route systems.

 * Modern North American office control systems are nearly all CRT-based and most allow selection of an extended route (akin to the way NX systems worked) as well as allowing control of individual appliances. So while these use similar principles to NX machines, the logic is all in software rather than being wired networks composed of electromechanical relays as in the original systems. So there's really no one making GRS's original NX systems; the nature of control systems has evolved so radically over the years, that the only common trait between the 1930s systems and today's is conceptual. — JonRoma 23:00, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Suppliers (was Commercial implementations)
So what constitutes a CTC system — the [office] control equipment? The trackside equipment? The operating rules that function in conjunction with the other elements of the system?

Personally, I view the list of suppliers as less relevant to this page than would be a detailed functional description of CTC systems — after all the same companies make a variety of other railway control equipment like highway crossing protection equipment, wayside signaling, cab signals, etc., all of which are orthogonal to whether a line is under CTC control or not. Probably deserves to be in a separate article ("Railway control system suppliers" or some such). However, given that the CTC article is little more than a stub, I would view a separation to be ill considered at this time. — JonRoma 23:25, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Dark Territory
Although CTC strictly speaking implies that the central office has control over the field devices, today's railroad dispatchers usually monitor and control dark territory as well as CTC. It may be worthwhile to discuss dark territory topics like Dark Territory Control (DTC), Track Warrant Control (TWC), Positive Train Control (PTC) and the various operating rules (GCOR, NORAC, CROR) in this or related articles.Truthanado 03:31, 21 March 2007 (UTC) 03:30, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * There is already extensive discussion (some of it courtesy of yours truly) in the North American railway signaling article, especially in the Modern signaling in the U.S. section. I'm not sure that it needs to be duplicated here. cluth 04:58, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Moving vs Fixed Block
This article currently describes fixed block signaling principles. Though used more in transit systems, moving block is becoming more common in railroads, and this might be a worthwhile additional topic in this and related articles.Truthanado 03:31, 21 March 2007 (UTC) 03:30, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * AFAIK, moving-block signaling is not in (widespread) use on any major North American railroad (transit systems excluded). And in any case, moving-block systems are not related to CTC, so this wouldn't be the appropriate place to discuss that. cluth 05:00, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

CTC vs. interlocking tower
User:Signalhead tells me the image I added to this article may be to small an area to qualify as CTC, and may belong instead in the article "Interlocking tower". He's unsure because his knowledge is mostly UK rather that U.S., and I'm unsure because I know very little about the topic at hand; I just happen to have taken the photo because I was in the Snoqualmie Depot to photograph its architecture and saw this. Can someone please sort out exactly how this should be characterized, and where it belongs? It would also be greatly appreciated if someone could, if needed, correct the description on Commons.

In any case, nothing in a quick read of this article told me this would not qualify as CTC, so if this does not qualify as a CTC control panel, then a photo here of an actual CTC control panel would be very useful for clarification. - Jmabel | Talk 16:21, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I would not consider this a cTc machine - the picture is of a GRS Model-2 interlocking machine, which pre-dates cTc.  It only controls a single location, not many locations remotely.    This picture should be under "Interlocking Tower" or "Interlocking Machine".  Rwhite502 (talk) 16:21, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Landlines vs Wireless Links
The article currently says "Recently the costs of CTC has fallen as new technologies such as microwave, satellite and rail based data links have eliminated the need for wire pole lines or fiber optic links." One of the significant costs of running electrical or fiber optic cables in most industries is obtaining property rights for the route where the cable will be run. However, railroads tend to already have those property rights, which should make such wired links potentially cheaper for railroads than for other industries. (And in a lot of cases, if railroads install fiber optic cable, they can use it both for their own communications and can also lease strands of fiber in the same bundle to telecommunications companies, which may in some cases end up getting the telecommunications companies to pay the installation costs of the fiber that the railroad is using for its own communications.) I really think if that text is going to stay there, it needs a link to a source that specifically explains that for a railroad, these wireless technologies are cheaper than burying fiber on the land the railroad already controls. (There may very well be cases where the electric utilities have already installed fiber that gets everywhere the telecommunications companies want to go.) JNW2 (talk) 21:22, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The proof of the pudding is in the eating. Right now when classic signaling or old CTC systems are replaced by new CTC the transmission medium of choice is packet radio links using microwave or UHF.  The common standard is known as ATCS, there's a large Yahoo group dedicated to railfans using their scanners or ham radios to get real-time CTC displays on their laptops.  This technology is spreading all over the place and a company wouldn't be installing this stuff unless had cost savings.  Laying cable over hundreds of miles of route is going to be more costly than a radio tower every 5-10 miles.Sturmovik (talk) 03:46, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

USA bias?
Is this article intended to refer only to US practise? If not, it's very biased. Dick Holman.Archolman 02:23, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Shurely not intended, but things in WP are structured different. In german WP are existing articles on CBTC (mainly for light rail), but also on 'Relaisstellwerk', 'Elektronisches Stellwerk' and 'Digitales Stellwerk'. In ETCS are functional foundations for heavy railways, so traffic control is a higher level to be reached with ERTMS. This article is in 2017 mostly corresponding to "Relaisstellwerk". So it is to be discussed, if structure of articles should be harmonized i.e. common main article like "Stellwerk" and separate specialized articles on technical milestones with regional/national aspects. This is also ergonomic and economic in sense of knowledge transmission.

Saxobav (talk) 22:21, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

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Photo of Promenade Street Tower isn't CTC?
I wouldn't qualify myself as an expert, but looking at this photo, I'm fairly certain that this isn't CTC, but is rather an example of a relay-based interlocking plant. The US&S panel in the photo looks very similar to ones used for CTC, but there's a few reasons to think this installation isn't CTC:
 * None of the levers have code buttons underneath (the buttons that are there are most likely "call-on" buttons)
 * The switch levers in the top row have three indicator lights (US&S CTC panels typically only had two indicators above switch levers)
 * |A contemporary description of the installation describes it as a "relay interlocking"

What does everyone else thing? RAult (talk) 22:03, 25 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah you are correct, that is likely a Style C machine without much 261 track and/or remote interlocking control. The file is used on other pages so I'll just zap it.Sturmovik (talk) 13:43, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Centralized traffic control


text:
User talk:K m2791

Hi.

I think that Wikipedia is awesome because it helps me do research for school, thanks to all the contributors. Keep up the good work!

title: User talk:K m2791


text:
User:Xfan89

Hey.

My name is X.Fan and I'm a student at a high school on the Southshore of Montreal.

X

title: User:Xfan89


text:
Döbeln

Döbeln (Doblin, ) is a town in Saxony, Germany, part of the Mittelsachsen district, on both banks of the river Freiberger Mulde.

History

 * 981: First written mention of Döbeln (Margravate of Meissen).
 * Around 1220: Döbeln is described as a town ("civitas").
 * 1293: First mention of Church of St. Nicholas (Döbeln)
 * 1296: Castle and town are occupied by Adolf of Nassau.
 * 1330: Monastery buildings are completed.
 * 1333: A serious fire incinerates the entire town.
 * 1360: Knight Ulmann of Staupitz builds castle Reichenstein.
 * 1429: Looting of the town and destruction of the castle by the Hussites.
 * 1450: Döbeln is raided by Bohemians in the service of duke Wilhelm of Wettin, severely damaging the castle (see Saxon Fratricidal War). After that, the castle declined in its importance.
 * 1567: Döbeln was mentioned as "deserted palace" and afterwards only used as a quarry.
 * 1637: Plundered by the Swedes
 * 1730: Another serious fire hit Döbeln. As a result, the remains of the castle were used as building material for rebuilding. In this fire, 266 homeowners and 400 renters lost their homes.
 * 12 May 1762 (during the Seven Years' War): Battle of Döbeln between the Prussians and the Austrians. The troops of Prince Henry of Prussia defeated the Austrian troops and took prisoners including the commander Johann Franz Anton von Zedtwitz.
 * 1754–1810: Döbeln is a garrison of the infantry regiment Lubomirsky.
 * 1847: Döbeln was connected to the railway from Riesa.
 * 1857: The railway was extended to Chemnitz.
 * 1868: The Dresden-Döbeln-Leipzig railway line was opened.
 * 1945: Döbeln was occupied by the Soviet Army without a shot being fired. In June, 1945, the city issued two postage stamps of its own, consisting of Hitler's face blacked out.

Population history
From 31 December 1960 unless otherwise noted:

Note that the village of Ebersbach, with its population of approximately 1,000 was merged into Döbeln in 2011. On 1 January 2016, the former municipality Mochau became part of Döbeln.

Memorials

 * Memorial in front of the Crematorium in the graveyard for 21 Polish and Soviet men and women who were transported to Germany during World War II and died as slave laborers.
 * Memorial at Wettinplatz for all victims of fascism.
 * Memorial in front of the Lessing School for the victims of war and dictatorship between the years 1933 and 1989.

Transport
Döbeln Central Station is on the Borsdorf–Coswig and Riesa–Chemnitz lines.

It has two connections to the A14 motorway (Autobahn).

Döbeln has the last remaining horse-drawn tram line in Germany, in the form of the Döbeln Tramway. This line originally ran from 1892 to 1926, and was reopened in 2007.

Notable people

 * Felix Friedrich (born 1945), musicologist
 * Rainer Kirsch (1934–2015), writer and poet
 * Helmut Rosenbaum (1913–1944), Nazi commander

Twin towns – sister cities
Döbeln is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Givors, France
 * 🇩🇪 Heidenheim an der Brenz, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Unna, Germany
 * 🇨🇿 Vyškov, Czech Republic

title: Döbeln


text:
Ghostwritten

Ghostwritten is the first novel published by English author David Mitchell. Published in 1999, it won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and was widely acclaimed. The story takes place mainly around East Asia, but also moves through Russia, Britain, the US and Ireland. It is written episodically; each chapter details a different story and central character, although they are all interlinked through seemingly coincidental events. Many of the themes from Ghostwritten continue in Mitchell's subsequent novels, number9dream and Cloud Atlas, and a character later appears in The Bone Clocks.

Ghostwritten is the product of a number of influences, particularly from East Asian culture and superstition, as well as real events remodelled for plot purposes (e.g. the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway). There are also hints and references to other works, most prominently from Isaac Asimov and the Three Laws of Robotics towards the end of the book, as well as Wild Swans by Jung Chang and The Music of Chance by Paul Auster.

Plot
The novel is written in a series of changing first-person perspectives. The main characters, though strangers to one another, become connected through their actions and relationships.

This first chapter follows Quasar, a member of a millenarianist doomsday cult, attempting to evade capture in Okinawa after releasing nerve agents into a Tokyo subway train. His efforts to remain reclusive are hampered by the friendliness of the town's other inhabitants.

The next chapter focuses on Satoru, a young Filipino-Japanese record shop worker in downtown Tokyo with a deep love for jazz music. Satoru struggles to balance his complicated family life as an orphan, musical ambitions, societal pressure to begin a career, and his infatuation with Tomoyo, a new customer in the shop.

In the third chapter, Neal Brose, an expatriate lawyer in Hong Kong, is asked to manage a secret bank account. A chance meeting with Satoru and Tomoyo leads Brose to meditate on the end of his own marriage. Following this and a police investigation into the bank account, Brose suffers a breakdown. He dies in diabetic shock while climbing a hill towards the Tian Tan Buddha.

The fourth chapter centers on a Chinese woman and her tea shack on Mount Emei. Throughout her life, she and the shack encounter Chinese warlords, Japanese soldiers, Red Guards, reformists, and a tree she believes can speak to her. After finally visiting a Buddhist monastery at the mountain's peak, she dies peacefully at the tea shack.

Next, the novel follows a disembodied spirit. The "noncorpum" survives by transmigrating between the bodies of living human hosts. Though unaware of their true origins, they follow a lead by transmigrating through rural Mongolia in search of answers. The noncorpum becomes untethered when a host is murdered, but is reborn as a Mongolian baby. They learn their origins by transmigrating into the baby's grandmother. The noncorpum began their life as a young Buddhist monk executed during the Cultural Revolution. An interrupted attempt by another monk to save their life by transmigrating their soul to another body led to their life as a noncorpum. Faced with the meaning of their existence, the noncorpum decides to save the baby's life by transmigrating back into her body and becoming her mortal soul.

In the sixth chapter, Margarita Latunsky works as an attendant in the Hermitage Museum. Rudi, her abusive boyfriend, and Jerome, an art forger, conspire with her to steal a Delacroix painting from the museum. Following the successful heist, Jerome betrays the group, steals the painting, and murders Rudi. Latunsky then murders Jerome, but the painting is again stolen by Rudi's criminal associate, leaving Latunsky to the police. The chapter ends with Latunsky's concession that she is an unreliable narrator.

The next chapter follows Marco, a ghostwriter and drummer in a band called The Music of Chance. Through the course of a day in London, Marco interacts with characters referenced in previous chapters and considers the role chance plays in his non-committal lifestyle.

In the eighth chapter, Mo Muntervary has resigned her position as a physicist studying quantum cognition after realizing the research was being used to develop weapons for the United States government. Military agents pursue her as she flees through London, Hong Kong, Mongolia, and finally her home in Clear Island, Ireland, where the inhabitants decide to defend her.

The ninth chapter is related entirely through dialogue. It centers on Bat Segundo, the host of a late night call-in radio show, Night Train. Segundo receives regular calls from an entity calling itself Zookeeper. It becomes clear that Zookeeper is a benevolent artificial intelligence that was created by Mo Muntervary, which has broken loose. Zookeeper claims to have prevented disasters such as nuclear war in a bid to protect humanity. During one of the calls, Zookeeper is interrupted by a non-corpum named Arupadhatu. They offer Zookeeper a pact to dominate the world, but Zookeeper refuses and destroys Arupadhatu live on-air. Segundo and Zookeeper continue their Night Train discussions through a series of global disasters.

The final chapter follows Quasar during his terror attack on the Tokyo subway. During the attack, Quasar encounters people and objects on the subway car referencing each other chapter. The novel concludes with Quasar on the subway platform questioning what has really happened.

Connections to other Mitchell works
Characters mentioned in this book would appear in subsequent Mitchell novels, making Ghostwritten the initial entry in what would later become a heavily interconnected universe of stories.
 * Neal Brose, the Hong Kong-based lawyer from that story, is a minor character in Black Swan Green.
 * The book publisher Timothy Cavendish (from the London story) has a much larger role in Cloud Atlas. His brother Denholme (the head of the law firm in the Hong Kong section) is also featured.
 * Luisa Rey, a journalist who phones into the Night Train show near the end of the book, is also a primary character in Cloud Atlas and a secondary character in Utopia Avenue.
 * Suhbataar, the KGB agent from the Mongolia and St Petersburg stories, reappears as an arms dealer in Mitchell's next novel, number9dream.
 * Dwight Silverwind, a spiritualist author mentioned several times in Ghostwritten, makes an appearance in The Bone Clocks.
 * Radio DJ Bat Segundo plays the titular band's first single in Utopia Avenue.
 * The noncorporeal entity who narrates the Mongolia section shares many similarities to the Horologists in The Bone Clocks, including the ability to hide out undetected in another's mind and to reincarnate into a newly born child if killed.
 * The same being makes an appearance in Utopia Avenue, known there as the Mongolian.
 * Mo Muntervary of Clear Island reappears several decades later in the final section of The Bone Clocks, which is also set in rural southern Ireland.
 * It's implied throughout both novels she's a descendant of Con Twomey (the false name of Fiacre Muntervary), a character in The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet.

title: Ghostwritten


text:
Talk:Centralized traffic control/to do

 * Add photos of a CTC panel and of dispatchers doing their jobs
 * Add information on the development of CTC system
 * Organization of headings and information. (A lot of what I've written and plan to write can fall under many headings--cluth 05:45, 18 September 2006 (UTC))
 * Take info as appropriate from railway signalling and railway signals
 * Operation in CTC:
 * Control of absolute signals and switches into passing sidings (how dispatchers route traffic)
 * How intermediate signals relate to each other and to absolute signals
 * Track and time
 * Everything else! User:Cluth would like to get this article in a working state by on or around Wednesday, September 20...

 * References: GCOR, history

title: Talk:Centralized traffic control/to do


text:
Cast Iron Shore

The Cast Iron Shore (colloquially known as "the Cazzy") was a name given to the banks of the Mersey in south Liverpool due to the presence of an iron foundry. The Cast Iron Shore is mentioned in the Beatles' song "Glass Onion".

Background
The "Cazzy" got its name from the rust residue left after ships were scrapped on the foreshore at Dingle. The area was just beyond the last of the South Docks, the Herculaneum Dock. The beach in that area turned red from the ferric oxide left in the sand.

St Michael's Church, opened in 1815, was known as the Cast Iron Church because of the extensive use of cast iron in its construction.

title: Cast Iron Shore


text:
Diodotus

Diodotus may refer to:
 * Diodotus I, Seleucid satrap of Bactria
 * Diodotus II, Greco-Bactrian king, son of Diodotus I
 * Diodotus Tryphon, king of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom 142–138 BC
 * Diodotus the Stoic, stoic philosopher, and friend of Cicero
 * Diodotus the grammarian, who according to Diogenes Laërtius wrote a commentary on the works of Heraclitus.
 * Diodotus (son of Eucrates), ancient Athenian who opposed Cleon's proposal in 427 BC to kill all adult Mytilenean males and to enslave their women and children after the Mytilenean revolt

title: Diodotus


text:
Talk:Master Mariner

Okay--in use from the 13th Century or introduced during the 19th Century? I moved this as part of a cleanup; not my area of expertise. Quill 22:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

When these paragraphs were part of the Master article I questioned the implication that midshipman was the route to higher rank for the sons of privileged families while master's mate was the route for less privileged men. I argued that this is the impression one would get through some nautical fiction. But I question whether that is an authoritative enough source to be included on the main page of a wikipedia article.

My recent contribution to the Master Mariner article was a paragraph where I talked about the Master's role as a standing officer. I suspect that the rate of master's mate was one that could be awarded or withdrawn at the discretion of a ship's captain. I don't know that from an authoritative enough source for inclusion.

Master's mate was a more senior rate than midshipman. And it is my understanding that even a son of privilege was likely to pass through that rank while on his way to Lieutenant. Geo Swan 16:39, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Merge suggsted
I feel pretty confident that merging this page with Captain (nautical) makes sense. Any thoughts? Haus42 01:35, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge completed
I completed the merge as per Talk:Captain (nautical) without getting rid of much material at all. Haus42 22:43, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Master Mariner


text: Template:SI electromagnetism units

title: Template:SI electromagnetism units


text:
User talk:Hitherto

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 22:04, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion nomination of Buró de Crédito

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Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Promovetro Murano Consortium concern
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Your draft article, Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Promovetro Murano Consortium

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Proposed deletion of Ergowear (Brand)

The article Ergowear (Brand) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Promotional article.

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I have improved the article since. I believe the fact that the company offers a unique product in the world is of relevance. I think a more appropriate tag would be a stub. Do you agree? Hitherto (talk) 17:18, 1 October 2014 (UTC)Hitherto

Orphaned non-free image File:Ergowear company logo.png
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:45, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hitherto


text: User talk:67.188.137.166

title: User talk:67.188.137.166


text:
Stivers School for the Arts

Stivers School for the Arts is a magnet school in the Dayton City Schools in Dayton, Ohio, USA, in the St. Anne's Hill Historic District neighborhood. It is a public middle and high school that focuses on education in the visual and performing arts. U.S. News & World Report consistently ranks Stivers among America's best high schools.

History
Stivers Manual Training High School was built in 1908 at 1313 East 5th Street in Dayton. It was designed by renowned Dayton architect Charles Insco Williams. The original building is Dayton Publics oldest operating school.

It was Stivers High School until 1974 when it merged with Patterson Co-op High School and then in the mid-1980s it became a middle school. The last class to graduate as Stivers High School was 1976. It became both a middle and high school in the mid-1990s, graduating its first (new) high school class in 2000.

Renovation
Stivers was renovated and the students went temporarily to the Homewood Campus. The current Stivers reopened on October 29, 2008. The class of 2008 was the first class to graduate from the renovated building. Students enter Stivers at the 7th grade level by audition and may stay until they graduate in 12th grade. The school currently has around 920 students in grades 7-12.

Programs
Stivers offers programs in piano, band, orchestra, dance, theatre, creative writing, choir, and visual arts as well as a full range of quality academics. Special features of the Arts programs include weekly, individualized instruction, special seminars, master classes and extensive opportunities for performance and creative expression. Students are provided instruction through one-on-one contact with many of the community's leading professional and performing artists.

Art themes are integrated into the general curriculum.

Milton Caniff is a famous Stivers alumnus. He was a cartoonist and at times in his cartoons referenced a high school called St. Ivers, a reference to his alma mater. Stivers honored Caniff's legacy by renaming part of South Clinton Street (adjacent to Fifth St.) "Milton Caniff Drive".

Curriculum and activities

 * Academic: Required and elective college preparatory courses including Advanced Placement Courses
 * Athletic and a number of enrichment programs designed to integrate the abilities of the well-rounded student. Such activities include: Freshman, JV Boys and Girls Basketball, Varsity Boys and Girls Basketball, Varsity Girls Volleyball, Varsity Golf, Varsity Cross-country Varsity Boys and Girls Soccer, Cheerleading, Varsity Swimming, Varsity Wrestling, Pep Squad, Track and field, Girls and Boys Tennis, JCOWA (Junior Council on World Affairs), Debate Club, Math Olympics, Yearbook Committee, Newspaper, Muse Machine
 * Foreign language offerings include Spanish and French. They are available for all students.
 * Honors and advanced placement opportunities are available in: English, Mathematics, Foreign Language, Levels III & IV of all eight art magnets. Advanced placement courses available are: AP Literature, AP Language, AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP European History, AP U.S. History, AP Government, AP Spanish Language, AP Music Theory, AP World History, AP Human Geography, AP Environmental Science

Courses in arts magnet areas include:

 * Visual Arts - Drawing, Painting, Animation, Sculpting, Computer Graphics, Photography, Printmaking and Ceramics
 * Creative Writing - Beginning through advanced classes, journalism, film appreciation,
 * Orchestra - Beginning through advanced classes
 * Band - Beginning through advanced classes, Jazz Band
 * Dance - Beginning through advanced classes in Ballet, Jazz, and Modern dance
 * Theatre - Beginning through advanced classes in Acting, Technical Theatre
 * Choral Music - General Choir, Show Choir, and other specialized choral groups
 * Piano- Beginning through advanced piano classes, music theory, musicianship

seedling Foundation
The seedling Foundation is a non-profit organization established to benefit Stivers School for the Arts. The foundation's purpose is to support the Arts Programs at Stivers by providing funds for guest artists, scholarship programs, and other educational pursuits. The organization consists of parents, alumni, and community leaders. Donations are accepted by the seedling Foundation for the current capital campaign.

Recognitions

 * Honored by U.S. News & World Report as being among America's best public high schools, earning Silver Medal in 2015.
 * The highly-decorated Stivers Jazz Orchestra won the national championships at Berklee College of Music High School Jazz Festival in 2004, 2008, and 2011.

Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships

 * Boys Basketball - 1924,1928,1929,1930,
 * Girls Track and Field – 1976

Notable alumni

 * Mary Borkowski, textile artist
 * Milton Caniff, cartoonist
 * Bobby Colburn, former professional basketball player
 * Pat Duffy, former NFL back, Dayton Triangles
 * Chuck Grigsby, former professional basketball player
 * Marj Heyduck, Dayton Daily News columnist
 * Bill Hosket Sr., former professional basketball player
 * Toccara Jones, model
 * Larry Knorr, former NFL end, Detroit Lions
 * Jim Morgan, former basketball player and racehorse trainer
 * Frankie Sanders, former professional basketball player
 * Frank Sillin, former NFL back, Dayton Triangles
 * Frank Stanton, former president and vice chairman of CBS
 * David Tendlar, animator
 * Dutch Thiele, former NFL end and center, Dayton Triangles
 * Brandon Patrick George, flutist
 * Garry Cooper, Co-founder and CEO or Rheaply
 * Amanda Tori Meating, drag performer

Notable faculty

 * Floyd Stahl, football, basketball, baseball coach
 * Harry Wilhelm, football coach
 * Roz Young, Dayton Daily News columnist

title: Stivers School for the Arts