text:
Talk:All You Zombies

Title?
OK, what's the official version of the title of this story? Is it: or what? Certainly, including the double quotes in the article title goes against the Wikipedia manual of Style (although double quotes are used around short story titles within articles) -- unless, of course, there's some special reason for including them. -- The Anome 23:12, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * "All You Zombies"
 * "All You Zombies..."
 * "-All You Zombies-"
 * "All You Zombies-"
 * "All You Zombies-

 * They are part of the title. Same thing as Bob Dylan's "Love and Theft"  —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Captain Wacky (talk • contribs).

 * In my copy of The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag it's given variously as

It was originally published in F&SF in 1959, but I know what issue. Lefty 01:52, 2005 Feb 1 (UTC)
 * "All You Zombies"
 * "-All You Zombies-"

 * Err -- "don't know", I mean. Lefty 04:53, 2005 Feb 1 (UTC)

The title should carry an em dash at the end, all enclosed by single quotation marks (to denote that it's an excerpt from the narrator's final speech), the whole enclosed by double quotation marks (as usual for for short story titles):

" 'All You Zombies—' "

This is how it appears in the 1963 anthology The Worlds of Science Fiction, edited by Robert Mills. It also appears in this form in Alexei Panshin's Heinlein in Dimension (1968); see Panshin's own posting of this book at www.enter.net/~torve/critics/Dimension/hd04-1.html. It would be nice if all Wikipedia mentions of this title (including those not editable by users) were switched to this form. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.151.217.26 (talk) 19:11, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I own a copy of _The Magazine of Fantasy And Science Fiction_ for March of 1959. The title is in double quotes with one em-dash as:  "All You Zombies-"  DonPMitchell (talk) 22:11, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Page moved but content unchanged?
The page moved from "—All You Zombies—" to "All You Zombies—", but the article itself still includes both the beginning and ending mdashes. I don't know which punctuation is correct, but whichever one it is, we should be consistent between the name of the page and the text in the page. --Psiphiorg 20:42, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What the hell? If the consensus is for "—All You Zombies—", then the article belongs there! "All You Zombies—" doesn't seem to be right, and I can't find any consensus on that one (without the first dash)... I tried moving, but the other page exists. ☢  Ҡ i∊ ff   ⌇  ↯  16:25, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

The title (yet again)
So what is the official title?

My copy of The Best of Robert Heinlein 1947-1959 lists it in the table of contents as All You Zombies (no quotes, no dashes), but the first page of the story shows it as "--All You Zombies--".

My copy of The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathon Hoag lists it in the table of contents as "All You Zombies" (with quotes, but no dashes), but the first page of the story shows it as "--All You Zombies--".

James Gifford's Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion gives the title as "All You Zombies--".

In a letter to Lurton Blassingame excerpted on page 156 of Grumbles From The Grave, Heinlein refers to it as "All You Zombies" (in quotes, no dashes). (As casual correspondence, though, I'm not sure that this reference counts.)

How did we settle on "All You Zombies--"? -- Jim Douglas (talk) (contribs)  05:07, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The best reference sources on the net appear to show that the title in the original magazine used the mdash style at the end & not the begining of the title (ie. "All You Zombies--"). The article is now consistant to that form. There is inconsistency of subsequent use - but the "first edition" is the one to quote. If anyone has access to that edition of the magazine they could check for us. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  12:16, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * As I just added to the article itself, the odd form of the title is not inconsequential. It is a deliberate author choice to make the textual form of the story follow the content form of the protagonist's life. The title is a quotation -- from the story itself, from nowhere else. --Rpresser 19:53, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it should appear on wikipedia the same way it appears in the table of contents or the story page in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Mar 1959 - unless there is some other standard that is followed here. Rpresser's views are interesting, but not supported (currently) by any evidence. Suppafly (talk) 22:32, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

I took out this apparent original research added by User:Wellspring
"An alternative explanation for this final line is that the narrator is reminiscing about his love for two unique and pivotal characters from his life: his older male lover and his young female paramour. Although both of them are actually the narrator himself, he has experienced each as if they were another person. In effect, the man has met himself three times, each time as a stranger. In this interpretation, the story becomes a metaphor for the alienation of the self from one phase of life to another."

Neutral Wording?
"Here Heinlein is indulging in yet another of his trademark themes, that of solipsism." This is not what I would call "neutral" wording. I have rephrased it--replacing "indulging in yet another" with "revisiting one"--to remove the pejorative tone. Thanks. 75.73.21.101 15:50, 27 March 2007 (UTC)Sergei Alderman

Hermaphrodite vs. intersex
I think that we should use the term that is used in the actual story. Will someone look this up in the story and make the change? — Val42 17:04, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Neither is actually used in the story. The idea is explained to the narrator by a doctor in a couple sentences.  212.190.219.65 13:30, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Then, for explanation in this article, we should use the wording used in the story. Two sentences should be "fair use". — Val42 21:33, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Page moved?
I just noticed this was moved quite a while ago (during the edit warring over spoiler tags, when I'd unwatched it), and I'm a bit curious why, as well as why the redirect was deleted. It seems to me like the title actually includes the quotation marks, which would mean they should be part of the article title, unlike for other short stories where the quotation marks are used simply for proper grammar. Am I understanding that correctly, or not? If I am, should it be moved back to where it was? -Bbik ★ 20:02, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree that it should include the quotation marks; this was obviously a significant element of the title to Heinlein. It makes sense, too; the author isn't calling us zombies, he's quoting his protagonist.
 * By doing so, he has of course made life difficult for those of us trying to properly punctuate The title, especially since it's given in various ways In different collections. But I'd have to go with the title as given in the edition of Hoag I have in my hands at this moment (in all places but the title page, argh), which is: "'—All You Zombies—'" .  It's an excerpt taken in mid-quotation, so the em-dash should be on both sides.
 * ...and as above, the quotes need to be converted to single quotes within articles, since the title itself needs to be placed in quotes. But I think Heinlein himself would appreciate the effort taken to get it right.--NapoliRoma (talk) 18:09, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Who are the Zombies?
At the end of the summary I see that the zombies referred to are incorrectly identified. The "zombies" in question are not his younger selves (that's ridiculous, he IS them) nor the readers, but all people born "naturally". He knows where he comes from more intimately than any other person possibly can because he was directly involved in every aspect of his birth. A closed time-like curve. Therefore he is intrigued by anyone not having this knowledge. 71.209.88.26 (talk) 06:07, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * But surely the readers are the naturally born ? -- Beardo (talk) 17:30, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This is original research and doesn't belong in the article unless you can find a reference. Any of the three interpretations are valid opinions but require citations.

 * For my own part, I think he means his other selves. From the point of view of Jane as a 17 year old girl, the love of her life was a mysterious older man, a stranger. We can't know for sure what his viewpoint was at age 30 of the 17 year old girl he slept with (especially since, unlike his 17 year old self, he knew what was happening, at least partially). Then as an old man he encounters his young, angry self and sets in motion the entire relationship. From an intellectual standpoint, of course, all three are the same person so there's no ambiguity.

 * But consider the experience from his point of view. The love of his life, the understanding older man he met as a young girl, is forever lost to him. Every time he meets himself, he experiences his own identity as another distinct person. The story isn't just a meditation on solipsism. It also explores the fact that, due to the changes that come with aging, even you are a stranger.

 * Hence the quote at the end. He remembers being exploited by a grown man, the pain of having a child, the seduction of a young girl, outwitting a naive and angry young man, and kidnapping a infant. But only from one point of view at a time. So who are the man, the child, the girl, the man and the infant? He knows intellectually that they are also him, but he experiences them as Someone Else.

 * Wellspring (talk) 19:25, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Nonsense. The meaning of the sentence is transparent--"all you zombies" refers to everyone except the character hsrself. As for Beardo's comment, he misinterpreted the comment he responded to, which says that "you" doesn't refer just to the readers of hsr narrative, but to all natural persons. -- Jibal (talk) 22:30, 1 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I think jibal is correct on the point of exegesis. If memory serves the zombies question is preceded by 'I know where I come from but... ' thus establishing the contrast. The causal ontological loop has the unsettling effect of making our protagonist/s a universe completely unto itself, cut off from us natural born, who stare into the abyss of infinite regress and must either come to grips with evolution (harder for most than it seems to be) or a creation myth (easier for many than it ought to be). Thematically, wellspring has a point. In bootstraps, Bob Wilson's primary predicament is that he cannot relate to earlier and later incarnations of himself, with whom he is put into contemporaneous company by the time gate, as truly being himself seeing them not just as the Other but actively disliking them and picking fights with them. Heinlein also wrote about the obverse of this, when you become convinced that people around you are versions of yourself 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:D4AA:E625:C5B5:E2D4 (talk) 16:01, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * This page is for discussion of the article, not of the story itself. If you have a proposed change to the article's text, supported by reliable sources, please propose it here. Theories about and interpretations of the story belong on some other discussion board. – Jonesey95 (talk) 16:17, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

First intersex character?
Is Jane the first intersex character to appear in american fiction? There are some earlier charecters who have been both man and woman like Woolfe's Orlando, but they undergo a magical transformation and are not biologically interesexed.Litch (talk) 20:05, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Is it medically possible?
I know one could have both sets of organs, but would the gametes or chromosomes or whatever in the testes and ova work out properly? I'm sure there are some worms and frogs and such that could get this thing done, but could a human? I mean, assume the existence of a functioning time machine, has there ever been a human that could pull this caper off?

 * I think one could be her clones mother or impregnate herself, might be even posible now for someone with "right" genes. The clone option is realy the easier one, just have your clone as your child and go back in time to have yourself cloned... Real issue is causality, time and fact person would come from nothing or had always existed, things would get quite messy... --84.249.120.84 (talk) 23:08, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

 * It's conceivable. (So to speak.) Testes and ovaries develop from the same fetal tissue, so it would require the individual to have either intersex gonads which could respond to the corresponding hormones to produce either sperm or ova (this is how hermaphroditic species do it) or to have one of each type, which would also depend on the corresponding hormones being present to work. You'd also need some remarkable reconstructive surgery in between. Assuming that viable gametes were formed, the process of the sperm fertilizing the ovum and the chromosomes pairing up would proceed as usual, and the offspring would certainly end up with the same genes as "both" parents. Since the hormones needed to produce sperm and those needed to produce ova act at cross purposes, a body can't produce both at once, thus requiring a time machine (as well as advanced medical technology). –Jason A. Quest (talk) 19:30, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

 * It's science fiction. Trankuility (talk) 04:55, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's mentioned in the lede. Thanks. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 12:21, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Please note that this is not a blog or forum or Q&A site, it's a page for improving the content of articles, so such questions don't belong here. That said ... development is determined by hormones, not by the mere presence or absence of X or Y chromosomes, so yes this is possible. -- Jibal (talk) 22:38, 1 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Medical professional here. You are all confusing several things here, but since this is not a forum I will not elaborate. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:D4AA:E625:C5B5:E2D4 (talk) 16:05, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

Hooter's Song?
I'm surprised it's not mentioned anywhere, but there was a popular song by the Hooters from the '80s by the same name (notwithstanding the punctuation issues), described here:. Should that not be included under Outside References? I'd add it myself, but I'm not 100% certain the song is referencing the short story - certainly the lyrics seem to have no relation.

75.171.28.157 (talk) 17:01, 20 January 2012 (UTC)Deadtvs
 * At the top of the article, you'll see, "For the song by The Hooters, see All You Zombies (song)." Unless there is a reliable source connecting the two topics, that's the only connection we have. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 02:27, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * "Should that not be included under Outside References?" -- no, of course not. "I'd add it myself, but I'm not 100% certain the song is referencing the short story - certainly the lyrics seem to have no relation" -- and that's why. To justify adding it as a reference, you would need a reliable source stating that the song refers to the story. -- Jibal (talk) 22:42, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 17 August 2013

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 22:40, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

All You Zombies (short story) → All You Zombies – Short story is easily the primary topic; dab page isn't needed for a song that had a low charting. Relisted. BDD (talk) 18:56, 26 August 2013 (UTC) — Ryulong ( 琉竜 ) 09:04, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose - A straight Google search for "All You Zombies" turns up a fairly even mix of the short story and the song. A Google news search, not surprisingly, is all about the song. Google scholar, of course, is all about the short story. What the "primary topic" is seems to be a function of who is looking. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 14:13, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose - surprisingly the single gets significant Google Books print coverage too. While the story has more coverage, it isn't much more, not enough to justify removing a helpful disambiguator: since neither the song audience nor the sci-fi audience are likely to be aware of each other. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:35, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. I'm sorry to be difficult, but in terms of cultural significance, I think a good case can be made for the Heinlein story. When it's made into a film next year, we'll probably get at least equal hits in web and news searches, maybe even more. While that's speculation, and may not happen, think of it as a thought experiment... does it change anything whether or not that happens? I think not. The thought experiment shows that the story is already of cultural significance that the song shows no sign of copying. Andrewa (talk) 15:26, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support The story has long term staying power, regardless of whether the song still has search results. Th every fact that the story has so many hits after more than fifty years is a testament to its notability. Dovid (talk) 13:42, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. This is a WP:TWODABS situation and it appears that the Heinlein story is the primary topic. I'm getting 1,420 Google Books returns for "All You Zombies" Heinlein versus 117 for "All You Zombies" Hooters. The story was also viewed 6136 times in the last 90 days, compared to 3213 for the song. As per TWODABS, the song will be found just as easily through a hat note as through the disambiguation page, and this removes a step for the majority of readers who are looking for the story.--Cúchullain t/ c 13:31, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Related RM discussion
Please see the RM discussion at Talk:'—And He Built a Crooked House—'. — BarrelProof (talk) 20:02, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

Disruptive title-related edits
has made repeated good-faith but incorrect edits to the formatting and punctuation of the title of the story in one section of this article. They should have come to the talk page after the first revert, per WP:BRD, but better late than never. Please read the explanatory notes on the article and on this page before making any more edits to the title in the article. – Jonesey95 (talk) 22:55, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, I had a look at MOS:MINORWORK, which I wasn't familiar with. It indeed stipulates that minor works should not be italicized, but put between quotation marks ("). So apologies for the first edit removing the quotation marks and adding italics. However, what I see now when I open an edit window (from left to right-before the title) is a quotation mark ("), an invisible character (looks like a t above an m, both red), followed by a single quotation mark ('), and then the mdash (or ndash, not sure what) that apparently is considered part of the title (but I note that the authorized Heinlein biography by William Patterson doesn't use those dashes). After the title, the same characters are displayed in the reverse order. As far as I can see, this is not what MINORWORK prescribes, so please enlighten me as to why the second edit (removing the ' and the invisible character) is incorrect (to the point that it is "disruptive"). I have to add that the explanatory note is not really clear to me. Thanks! --Randykitty (talk) 07:17, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Good catch on the invisible characters. Those often crop up due to copy/paste problems. I have replaced them with proper templates. As for the confusing title, the single quotation marks and the dash are part of the title as originally published, although the title is referred to in slightly different form in other places. I have one of the books on my shelf. – Jonesey95 (talk) 16:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for changing that. My Heinlein collection is near complete (I recently found an online copy of "The Year of the Jackpot"). If you're thinking of buying the biography that I mentioned: don(t, it's not worth the effort... --Randykitty (talk) 17:10, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the biography tip. He wrote enough about himself that I think a bio may be superfluous; Tramp Royale is good fun. Ditto on my Heinlein collection; I'm only missing Take Back Your Government and Variable Star on my shelf of books. – Jonesey95 (talk) 17:29, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:All You Zombies


text: Template:Politics of Jordan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Politics of Jordan


text: Template:Politics of Kazakhstan

title: Template:Politics of Kazakhstan


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shatter

Shatter
Shatter was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Band vanity. -- Scott Burley 23:14, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Delete Spangineer 23:58, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Band struggling for its break. (What is moderate rock?  Is that like abortion prohibited, except for endangered mothers, capital punishment only after extensive legal review, taxes not going up but not being cut?  (Just joking.))  Geogre 00:37, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Garage-band-cruft. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 04:17, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Had they included something about their original work (and not used the term big break) I might have mistaken them for artists and voted to keep. Wyss 20:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shatter


text:
Category:Esociformes

These fishes are members of family Esociformes, the pike-like fishes.

title: Category:Esociformes


text: Template:Politics of the Republic of Kosovo


text: Template:Politics of Kuwait

title: Template:Politics of Kuwait


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title: Template:Politics of Laos


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Talk:John Buchanan (American politician)

from VfD
1.23% of the vote? And he's written a screenplay, and thinks that there's a conspiricy against him. Whoop-d-doo. hfool 23:15, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1.23% of the vote isn't bad for a non-major candidate. If he was on the ballot in any state, I'd say Keep. -- Scott Burley 23:27, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Almost certainly self-promotion; for that sin alone, should be deleted. --zenohockey 23:51, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sure, he only ran in one state, and just to make a political point, but since he was a presidential candidate, I say Keep. Spangineer 23:56, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ungh, I had to think about this one. It's a tricky situation, but, in the end, he was so minor that he should be deleted. Lord Bob 00:16, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a tough one, but I think he seems marginally notable, and I'd rather err on the side of including it. Everyking 04:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If he was a presidential candidate, that ought to be an automatic keep, no matter how obscure. What would be the harm? [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 04:14, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: "Candidate" is a weak word. Daffy Duck was a candidate (gets votes every year).  1% is less than the margin of error as, alas, we have seen.  Those were probably Pat Buchanan voters who thought he was running again.  At any rate, the key is that we ought not be saying "what's the harm," but, rather, "what's the use?"  The presumption is negative, and it's up to the article to argue for inclusion, not for deliberators to try to prove the negative.  Geogre 05:50, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Daffy Duck didn't stand up against a sitting President and accuse him of criminal negligence at best, and mass murder at worst. Buchanan paid a great price for his campaign. 63.199.155.82 10:08, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Primary ballot access in Mass. requires a petition with 10,000 signatures from independents or party memebers. Finding 10,000 Republicans in Massachusetts has got to be worth something. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 06:09, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hang on. It says that he got the 1% in the New Hampshire primary.  The NH primary, as all us Americans know, is the first, and it's actually organized pretty loosely.  As for the petitioners, I have nothing really to say.  It's just that we're talking about extremely low flat numbers in NH.  Petitions....  Well, for me, they're not the strongest evidence.  The point, though, is whether the fellow is notable.  Personally, I think it takes more than this.  I'm just one vote, though.  Geogre 14:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, wrong state, sorry. All those eastern seaboard states look alike to us westerners :). The only requirement in NH is a $1,000 filing fee, so being on the ballot doesn't really mean much. In that case I won't say delete, but I'm withdrawing my keep vote. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 21:25, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, I'm sure all his voters thought he was the Reform party Buchanan. If this had been written half-well I would've said to keep it, now it looks like obvious vanity and I don't see how it could be improved. --Eean 06:00, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it or die. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:24, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A close call but falls on the wrong side of my interpretation of the recommended criteria for inclusion of biographies. Probable delete.  Rossami (talk) 19:03, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this wacko vanity Wyss 20:06, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. He actually stood, so this is factual and verifiable. Mark Richards 01:46, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've actually heard of him. Keep and list of WP:UA. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 02:53, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Above marginal keep. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:50, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think that anyone who stands for office in Presidential Elections is worthy of mention. It is not for us to judge who is serious or not. Intrigue 01:04, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting. --Pgreenfinch 18:24, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 06:34, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

UPI Reporter?
I'm not sure including that a random UPI reporter called him "unhinged" is appropriate for a biography of a living person. The hyper-mania and stalking charges,for a "presidential candidate" sure, but not the opinion of a single journalist (whether right or wrong). I, therefore, am removing the line. 'A United Press International reporter called his campaign "unhinged."' --Electrostatic1 (talk) 21:29, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The reporter called the campaign unhinged, not the person. No BLP problem. THF (talk) 00:03, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Can you at least get the name of the reporter? To me it looks very shady to have smears from an unnamed employee and/or semi-affiliated associate writer for a major news conglomerate. I'm not taking issue with his mental condition, that is pretty well documented. I'm also not trying to argue that he did well in the election returns, which of course, he didn't.  What I am saying, however, is that the "weasel word" level of randomly deciding to publish that a single UPI reporter called his campaign unhinged seams pretty high to me. --Electrostatic1 (talk) 04:30, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Omar Ahmad (American politician) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:30, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

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John Buchanan
John Buchanan died in May ,2019, of complications from an extremely aggressive form of spiral cancer. Up to his untimely death he earned his living penning articles for travel publications. He lived in Lehigh Acres, Florida, with his friend, Gerald Thomas, who helped Buchanan, get a job with the now defunt Hudson Dispatch in Union City, N.J. He started out as an obituary writer at the age of 19. Later he worked as a reporter with the Newark Evening News. Mgthomas1940 (talk) 12:05, 8 June 2019 (UTC)


text:
Footplate

A footplate provides the structure on which a locomotive driver and fireman stand in the cab to operate a British or continental European steam locomotive. It comprises a large metal plate that rests on top of the locomotive frame, usually it is covered with wooden floorboards. It takes up the full width of the locomotive cab, and in depth it extends from the front of the cab to the coal bunker on the tender. The cab and other superstructure elements are in turn mounted on it. On some locomotives, the footplate is extended beyond the front of the cab to form a walkway around the boiler – usually referred to as the "running board" or "foot board" – to facilitate inspection and maintenance.

In Britain, the word remains in use as a synonym for the cab or working in the cab, even in the context of diesel and electric locomotives, as in the expression of working on the footplate.

The term can also be applied to the external step along the side of a classical tram.

National variations
Although a footplate was almost universal in British locomotive design, and often in continental European locomotives, it was never a feature of steam locomotives constructed in North America, and disappeared from Russian locomotives and big-power locomotives in British colonies (or former colonies), Australia and New Zealand during the 20th century. On those locomotives, the boiler and cab were mounted directly on the frame, and the walkway around the boiler – "running board" or "foot board" – was not a structural element.

Details
The footplate has openings cut in it for various purposes. The firebox always extends beneath the footplate. The cylinders are beneath the footplate, and steam pipes pass through holes to them. The reversing gear control for the valve gear also passes through, and in some locomotives part of the valve motion also extends through the footplate.

On British Railways Standard Locomotives the running plate/board was high enough to clear the wheels; on earlier British locomotives, the tops of driving wheels usually projected through slots in it and were covered by "splashers" – analogous to mudguards on a road vehicle.

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Scot Thompson

Scot Thompson (born February 11, 1981, in New York, New York) is an American soccer player.

On January 20, 2010, he was ranked 21st in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade, which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade. He was the official community ambassador for the Portland Timbers and involved in social media connecting with fans, both Twitter and Facebook, for the Timbers.

Youth and College
Thompson grew up in Rancho Santa Margarita, California, and was a standout defender at Trabuco Hills High School from 1995 to 1999, where he was a four-year Varsity starter, and earned all South Coast League 1st Team Honors for three years. During this time, Thompson was invited to train with the US National Under-19 Squad. In Thompson's senior year the Mustangs earned a share of the South Coast League title and were knocked out of the quarter-finals of the CIF playoffs.

Thompson played college soccer at UCLA from 1999 to 2002, helping lead the Bruins to a national championship in 2002. He finished his career at UCLA with 68 starts, and was named to the first-team All-Pac-10 as a senior.

Professional
Thompson was selected in the second round (16th overall) in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by Los Angeles Galaxy. Unfortunately for Thompson, he tore his ACL in the preseason, and missed the entire 2003 season as a result. Returning healthy in 2004, Thompson was nevertheless unable to break into the Galaxy's starting lineup - he was loaned mid-season to the Portland Timbers of the A-League, where he excelled. Thompson started 13 games for the team, registering two assists, while helping lead the team to the A-League's best regular season record. When the Timbers were eliminated from the playoffs, Thompson returned to the Galaxy; however, he only made one appearance, playing a single minute.

Thompson was released at the end of the season and, despite professing intentions of going to Europe, re-signed with the Timbers. In July 2005, Thompson put in an impressive performance for the Timbers in a friendly match against English soccer team Sunderland, which had been recently promoted to the English Premier League. He was invited to participate in a several week training session with Sunderland later in 2005, although he was not offered a contract with the club. History repeated itself in 2006: after an impressive performance in an exhibition match against English soccer team Coventry City, he was invited to a 10-day trial training session in August.

Thompson became the Timbers all-time leader in minutes on July 23, 2009. On February 26, 2010, Portland announced the re-signing of Thompson to a new contract for the 2010 season.

After a particularly noteworthy play, his fans in Portland routinely chant "S-C-O-T, Scot with One T!"

Coaching
On March 7, 2014, Portland Thorns FC announced Thompson had been hired as an assistant coach for the 2014–2015 season.

Portland Timbers

 * USL First Division Commissioner's Cup (1): 2009

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Titi monkey

The titis, or titi monkeys, are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae, which contains three extant genera: Cheracebus, Callicebus, and Plecturocebus. This subfamily also contains the extinct genera Miocallicebus, Homunculus, and Carlocebus.

Titi monkeys live in South America, from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, east through Brazil, and south to Bolivia and northern Paraguay.

Description
Depending on species, titis have a head and body length of 23 - 46 cm, and a tail, which is longer than the head and body, of 26 - 56 cm. The different titi species vary substantially in coloring, but resemble each other in most other physical ways. They have long, soft fur, and it is usually reddish, brownish, grayish or blackish, and in most species the underside is lighter or more reddish than the upperside. Some species have contrasting blackish or whitish foreheads, while all members of the genus Cheracebus have a white half-collar. The tail is always furry and is not prehensile.

Behaviour
Diurnal and arboreal, titis predominantly prefer dense forests near water. They easily jump from branch to branch, earning them their German name, Springaffen (jumping monkeys). They sleep at night, but can also take a midday nap.

Titis are territorial. They live in family groups that consist of parents and their offspring, about two to seven animals in total. They defend their territory by shouting and chasing off intruders, but rarely engage in actual fighting. Their grooming and communication is important for the co-operation of the group. They can typically be seen in pairs sitting or sleeping with tails entwined.

The diet of the titis consists mainly of fruits, although they also eat leaves, flowers, insects, bird eggs and small vertebrates.

Titis are monogamous, mating for life. The female bears a single young after about a five-month gestation. Twins occur rarely, having been documented in only 1.4% of all births in captive groups of Plecturocebus moloch. While the second infant usually does not survive, cases where neighbouring groups have adopted infants are known, suggesting that twins may be reared successfully under certain circumstances. Often it is the father who cares for the young, carrying it and bringing it to the mother only for nursing. Fathers tend to engage in more grooming, food-sharing, inspecting, aggression and playing with infants than mothers. The young are weaned after 5 months and are fully grown after two years. After three or more years, they leave their family group in order to find a mate. While the life expectancy of most species is unclear, the members of the genus Cheracebus may live for up to 12 years in the wild, while members of the P. moloch group have been known to live for more than 25 years in captivity.

They make elaborate, powerful vocal duets used in long-range communication.

Classification
The number of known species of titis has doubled in recent years, with eight, P. stephennashi, P. bernhardi, P. caquetensis, P. aureipalatii, P. miltoni, P. urubambensis, P. grovesi, and P. parecis being described from the Amazon basin since 2000. Furthermore, the most recent review uses the phylogenetic species concept (thereby not recognizing the concept of subspecies) rather than the 'traditional' biological species concept. The classification presented here is therefore very different from the classifications used twenty years ago. The naming rights to a recently discovered species were auctioned off (with the funds going to a nonprofit organization), and the winner was the online casino GoldenPalace.com, as reflected in both the common and scientific name of P. aureipalatii. While this typically is a highly unusual event in scientific classification, the possibility of naming a species of titi in exchange for a sizable donation to a nonprofit foundation was also presented a few years before, resulting in P. bernhardi being named after Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.

Historically, titis were monogeneric and formed the genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903. Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species, a new genus-level taxonomy was recently proposed that recognises three genera within the subfamily Callicebinae; Cheracebus Byrne et al. (2016) for the species of the torquatus group (Widow titis); Callicebus Thomas, 1903, for species of the Atlantic Forest personatus group; and Plecturocebus Byrne et al. (2016) for the Amazonian and Chaco titis of the moloch and donacophilus groups.

 * Genus Plecturocebus
 * P. donacophilus group
 * White-eared titi, Plecturocebus donacophilus
 * Rio Beni titi, Plecturocebus modestus
 * Rio Mayo titi, Plecturocebus oenanthe
 * Ollala brothers's titi, Plecturocebus olallae
 * White-coated titi, Plecturocebus pallescens
 * Urubamba brown titi, Plecturocebus urubambensis
 * P. moloch group
 * Baptista Lake titi, Plecturocebus baptista
 * Prince Bernhard's titi, Plecturocebus bernhardi
 * Brown titi, Plecturocebus brunneus
 * Ashy black titi, Plecturocebus cinerascens
 * Parecis titi, Plecturocebus parecis
 * Hoffmanns's titi, Plecturocebus hoffmannsi
 * Alta Floresta titi, Plecturocebus grovesi
 * Milton's titi, Plecturocebus miltoni
 * Red-bellied titi, Plecturocebus moloch
 * Vieira's titi, Plecturocebus vieirai
 * Toppin's titi, Plecturocebus toppini
 * Madidi titi, Plecturocebus aureipalatii
 * Chestnut-bellied titi, Plecturocebus caligatus
 * Caquetá titi, Plecturocebus caquetensis
 * Coppery titi, Plecturocebus cupreus
 * White-tailed titi, Plecturocebus discolor
 * Hershkovitz's titi, Plecturocebus dubius
 * Ornate titi, Plecturocebus ornatus
 * Stephen Nash's titi, Plecturocebus stephennashi
 * Genus Cheracebus
 * Lucifer titi, Cheracebus lucifer
 * Black titi, Cheracebus lugens
 * Colombian black-handed titi, Cheracebus medemi
 * Red-headed titi, Cheracebus regulus
 * Collared titi, Cheracebus torquatus
 * Genus Callicebus
 * Barbara Brown's titi, Callicebus barbarabrownae
 * Coimbra Filho's titi, Callicebus coimbrai
 * Coastal black-handed titi, Callicebus melanochir
 * Black-fronted titi, Callicebus nigrifrons
 * Atlantic titi, Callicebus personatus
 * Genus †Miocallicebus
 * †Miocallicebus villaviejai
 * Genus †Carlocebus
 * †Carlocebus carmenensis
 * †Carlocebus intermedius
 * Genus †Homunculus
 * †Homunculus patagonicus

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HMS Rushen Castle (K372)

HMS Rushen Castle (K372) was a Castle-class corvette of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. She was named after Castle Rushen in Castletown, Isle of Man.

Built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd, she was launched on 16 July 1943 and finished on 23 February 1944 - she served as a convoy escort during the Second World War.

She was transferred to the British Air Ministry on 26 September 1960 for use as a weather ship, and was commissioned as Weather Surveyor on 21 December 1961. She was sold on 15 July 1977 and converted to a salvage vessel. She was scrapped at Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht in the Netherlands in 1983.

The wartime commanding officer, R. C. Warwick, RNR, published a book, Really Not Required, detailing his wartime experience on this ship and his previous command, the anti-submarine trawler HMS Saint Loman (FY276).

Publications

 * Warwick, Colin, 1997. Really Not Required, Pentland Press, ISBN 1858214777
 * Warwick, Colin, 1997. Really Not Required, Pentland Press, ISBN 1858214777

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Callicebus

Callicebus is a genus of monkeys known as titi monkeys.

Historically, titis were monogeneric, comprising only the genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903. Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species, a new genus-level taxonomy was recently proposed that recognises three genera within the subfamily Callicebinae; Cheracebus Byrne et al., 2016 for the species of the torquatus group (Widow titis); Plecturocebus Byrne et al., 2016 for the Amazonian and Chaco titis of the moloch and donacophilus groups; and Callicebus Thomas, 1903 sensu stricto, for species of the Atlantic Forest personatus group.

In 2014, a previously unknown orange Callicebus was spotted in the Peruvian Amazon; it has not been determined whether this constitutes a color variant or a new species.

Species
There are 5 species in this genus:
 * Barbara Brown's titi monkey, Callicebus barbarabrownae
 * Coimbra Filho's titi monkey, Callicebus coimbrai
 * Coastal black-handed titi monkey, Callicebus melanochir
 * Black-fronted titi monkey, Callicebus nigrifrons
 * Atlantic titi monkey, Callicebus personatus

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Paul Bellot

Paul Louis Denis Bellot (7 June 1876 in Paris – 5 July 1944 in Montreal) was a French monk and modern architect.

Biography
He became an architect in 1900 having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts. In 1902 he became a monk of the Benedictines of Solesmes. These monks were in exile in England, and Bellot began building Quarr Abbey on the Isle of Wight.

In the Netherlands Bellot designed St. Paul's Abbey, Oosterhout, for the Order. He designed several churches in the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Canada and Portugal. Most of these are built largely of concrete or brick which were his preferred materials.

Bellot was a member of L'Arche, an organisation whose goal was to use modern materials and art for religious purposes. In Canada, where he moved in 1937, he influenced several architects (i.e. Dom Claude-Marie Côté, also a Benedictine monk, and Adrien Dufresne, a layman) and his architectural influence became known as "Bellotism".

His ideas are expounded in Propos d'un bâtisseur du Bon Dieu which was published posthumously in 1949; it is based on lectures he gave in Canada in 1934.

Chief works

 * St. Paul's Abbey, Oosterhout, the Netherlands, 1906–1907
 * Quarr Abbey, Isle of Wight, 1907–1911
 * church of Saint Chrysolus, Comines, 1925-1929, in collaboration with Maurice Storez.
 * chapel and monastery of the Visitation, Kraainem, Belgium, 1929-1930.
 * church of Notre-Dame de l'Immaculée Conception, Audincourt, 1932, early building in reinforced concrete.
 * library, cloister gallery, and lavatorium at Solesmes Abbey
 * chapel of Saint Louis' Seminary, on the domain of Saint Hubert, Neuvy-sur-Barangeon, Cher, 1936.
 * church of Notre-Dame de la Paix, the garden city of Suresnes, 1936.
 * basilica of Saint-Joseph-des-Fins, Annecy.
 * priory of Saint Bathilda, Vanves, 1934-1936.
 * château du Grand Chavanon, Neuvy-sur-Barangeon, 1935-1937.
 * church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto, Portugal, 1939–1947.
 * Saint Benedict Abbey, Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, Québec, Canada.
 * completion of the dome and exterior of the basilica of Saint Joseph's Oratory, Montreal, Québec, Canada.

Filmography

 * François Brault and Guy L. Coté made a film about Dom Bellot at Quebec in 1987: Dom Bellot, architecte, 1876–1943.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 January 2020 and 1 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Colesamber5.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Members of Callicebinae
"They are the only members of the Callicebinae subfamily"

Are they? Don't Xenothrix, Paralouatta, Antillothrix (West-Indische apen) and a couple of fossil genera belong to the Callicebinae too? Ucucha (talk)  14:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see those listed in Groves or MSW. Perhaps we mean to say "...only extant members..." - UtherSRG (talk) 14:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe. Xenothrix has gone extinct only by 1700, though. Still, it is extinct ;-). Ucucha (talk)  15:21, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

One of these has an article now: Homunculus. Ucucha (talk)  16:11, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

New species
New species discovered in Columbia by Conservation International. Scientific Name is C. Caquetensis. Only 250 are known to exist. (Source: MSN Science news) --Dutch206 (talk) 18:21, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks, they is already an article for the species you're talking about (Caquetá Titi) and it is mentioned on this page. Cheers, Jack (talk) 23:21, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Callicebus urubambensis, new species
http://phys.org/news/2015-08-titi-monkey-species-peru.html mentions that the Urubamba brown titi monkey has been identified as a new species. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lars~enwiki (talk • contribs) 03:52, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

Ornate Titi?
On this page, the Ornate Titi is listed as being Plecturocebus ornatus and is in the P. moloch group, however on its own article, it has the name of Callicebus ornatus. Is there some confusion between scientific names, or is it somehow part of both groups? Scotth1001 (talk) 20:43, 4 March 2017 (UTC)

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Olympic Village

An Olympic Village is a residential complex built or reassigned for the Olympic Games in or nearby the host city for the purpose of accommodating all of the delegations. Olympic Villages are usually located close to the Olympic Stadium within an Olympic Park.

Olympic Villages are built to house all participating athletes during the two weeks of the Games, as well as officials and athletic trainers. After the Games are over, the Olympic Village is typically sold or rented to the local population and turned into a new residential zone for the host city.

The accommodation provided for the 1932 Summer Games in Los Angeles is considered to be the first official modern Olympic Village, and the first permanent Olympic Village was established at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.

After the Munich massacre at the 1972 Olympics, the Villages have been made extremely secure. Only athletes, trainers and officials are allowed to room at the Village, though family members and former Olympic athletes are allowed inside with proper checks. Press and media are also barred.

History
For the first editions of the modern Olympic Games, between 1896 and 1920, there were no official living arrangements for athletes. Some athletes stayed in hotels or hostels, others in schools or barracks, and some even slept in the boats they had taken to the host city.

The prototype for the Olympic Village comes from Pierre de Coubertin, then president of the International Olympic Committee. The "General Technical Rules" applicable to the 1924 Summer Games in Paris stipulated that "The Organising Committee for the Olympic Games is required to provide the athletes with accommodation, bedding and food, at a fixed rate which shall be set beforehand per person and per day…."

As result, the organizers built wooden huts and established an accommodation centre near the Stade Olympique de Colombes called the "Olympic Village," allowing the various world teams to stay in the same location, under the same conditions, and with common services.

Consideration was given to creating an Olympic Village ahead of the 1928 Games in Amsterdam, but the organizers opted for other solutions.

The accommodation provided for the 1932 Summer Games in Los Angeles is considered to be the first official modern Olympic Village, with a capacity of 2,000 people and located to the west of the city. Consisting of a group of buildings with rooms to lodge athletes (men only), as well as providing a place to eat and train, it serves as the model for today's Olympic Villages. It also provided certain community services for the first time, including a hospital, a fire station, and a post office.

Following the 1932 Games, a Village would be created for every edition of the Summer Games, apart from the 1948 London Games due to material challenges brought on by the immediate post-war period. For the Winter Games between 1924 and 1956, the teams would still mainly stay in hotels, with the exception of the 1952 Games in Oslo, where three accommodation sites were created.

Women, on the other hand, stayed in other accommodation sites until 1952. This changed with the Melbourne Games of 1956, where women had their own part of the main Olympic Village. This area of the Village would not admit male athletes, and it was only from the 1984 Games in Los Angeles onward that athletes were accommodated by team rather than gender.

The first permanent Olympic Village was established at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.

After the Munich Massacre at the 1972 Olympics, the Villages have been made extremely secure.

At the Paris Olympic Games scheduled for the summer of 2024, organizers plan to distribute 300,000 condoms to athletes, staff, and members of the press in the Olympic Village, aiming to promote comfort and enthusiasm among the more than 14,000 residents. This tradition of distributing condoms at the Olympics dates back to the Seoul Olympics in 1988 and has since seen a significant increase in quantities distributed, reaching 450,000 condoms at the Rio Olympics in 2016.

List of Olympic Villages
Prototype complexes: Official Olympic Villages
 * Athens 1906 (Intercalated Games): The Zappeion, which was used during Athens 1896 as the main Fencing Hall, was used in 1906 as a (not purpose-built) Olympic Village.
 * Paris 1924: In Paris in 1924, a number of cabins were built near the stadium to house visiting athletes; the complex was called "Olympic Village".
 * Los Angeles 1932: An Olympic Village was built for the first time in Baldwin Hills, occupied by male athletes. It consisted of several hundred buildings, including post and telegraph offices, an amphitheater, a hospital, a fire department, and a bank. Female athletes were housed at the Chapman Park Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard.
 * Berlin 1936: About 145 one- and two-story apartment buildings, Haus der Nationen refectory, Hindenburghaus theater, a hospital, an indoor arena, a swimming pool and a sauna in Wustermark about 9.5 kilometres west of Berlin. Used as barracks for over 50 years, the buildings are partially ruined. A men's residence has been restored under the name "Jesse Owens house".
 * Helsinki 1952: The first Olympic Village, Olympiakylä, was constructed in the Käpylä district of Helsinki for the planned 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II. Another Olympic Village, Kisakylä, was built nearby for the 1952 Olympics. Kisakylä couldn't accommodate all athletes so other villages were also designated for instance in Otaniemi and the Santahamina military base. Both Olympiakylä and Kisakylä areas are listed by Docomomo as significant examples of modern architecture in Finland.
 * Melbourne 1956: The area in Heidelberg West, Victoria, where the athletes stayed is still called "Olympic Village". After the games, athlete residences were used for public housing. The area now consists of a sports center, a primary school, shopping strip, a community health centre which also houses a registered training organization and a legal service.
 * Squaw Valley 1960: Four identical three-story apartment buildings, two of which still stand, modified into condominiums.
 * Rome 1960: consist of 33 buildings with two, three, four and even five floors.
 * Innsbruck 1964 and 1976: A two phases housing buildings at Neu Arzl Olympic Village district.
 * Tokyo 1964: Main village in Yoyoki, with 4 other satellite village in Tokyo.
 * Mexico City 1968: 904 apartments distributed in 29 multi-story buildings in the Miguel Hidalgo Olympic Village Complex.
 * Munich 1972: Multiple buildings of 25, 22, 20, 19, 16, 15, and 12 stories, used now as Olympic Village student housing.
 * Montreal 1976: Olympic Village (Montreal) consists of two 23-story pyramid-shaped buildings, which are now apartment buildings.
 * Lake Placid 1980: Later converted into a Federal Prison FCI Ray Brook.
 * Moscow 1980: Eighteen 16-story buildings.
 * Sarajevo 1984: Apartment buildings now used as condominiums and tourist facilities.
 * Los Angeles 1984 and 2028: The UCLA residents' facilities, CSULA, USC, and UCSB.
 * Calgary 1988: Presently student accommodations on the campus of the University of Calgary. The athlete's village consisted of the existing Kananaskis, Rundle, Castle, Norquay and Brewster buildings, as well as the newly constructed Glacier and Olympus buildings.
 * Seoul 1988: Twenty-one multiple-story buildings located in Jamsil.
 * Albertville 1992: Brides-les-Bains
 * Barcelona 1992: A new neighbourhood, La Vila Olímpica, was built on reclaimed sea front in Poblenou; it became residential after the Games. Secondary villages were built in Banyoles and La Seu d'Urgell for rowing and white water canoeing athletes respectively.
 * Lillehammer 1994: The village was built on a west-facing slope just to the north of Lillehammer, and took its form from the old farms of Gudbrandsdal.Site of the Atlanta Olympic Village.jpg as the site of the 1996 Olympic Village]]
 * Atlanta 1996: Housing was built on the campus of Georgia Institute of Technology, Clark Atlanta University, and Georgia State University. The Olympic village at Georgia State was later bought by Georgia Tech for students' housing. The village on the campus of Clark Atlanta, later became housing for students at CAU.
 * Nagano 1998: The village is located 7 kilometers southwest of Nagano Station. The total land space is 19 hectares. There are 1032 apartments in 22 buildings, and is capable of accommodating 3,000 people. A secondary Village was in Karuizawa, the site for the newly entered Olympic sport of curling. Karuizawa is about 70 kilometers southeast of Nagano City. 120 people from 9 countries stayed at the Karuizawa Skate Center Hotel during the Winter Games.
 * Sydney 2000: A new suburb, Newington, which became residential following the Games.
 * Salt Lake City 2002: Housing from the University of Utah and Fort Douglas (located on the campus).
 * Athens 2004: A new suburb composed of four- to five-story apartments in the Parnitha area located in northeast Athens adjacent to Maroussi, the suburb where the OAKA complex, is located. The Athens Olympic Village also became a residential area following the Games. Today, the village with a capacity of approximately 10,000 people is in use.
 * Turin 2006: The three Olympic Villages were located in the city of Turin and in the towns of Bardonecchia and Sestriere.
 * Beijing 2008: Beijing 2008 Olympic Village Twenty-two 6-story buildings and twenty 9-story buildings (for Beijing Venue); Royal Park Hotel (for Hong Kong venue).
 * Vancouver 2010: Vancouver Olympic Village and Whistler Olympic and Paralympic Village.
 * Singapore 2010 (Youth): Campus of the Nanyang Technological University.
 * London 2012: The residential area at East Village.
 * Sochi 2014: Two Olympic Villages: Coastal Olympic Village and Mountain Olympic Village
 * Lillehammer 2016 (Youth): Two villages, one in Lillehammer (Birkebeineren Hotel & Apartments plus new residential buildings) and one in Hamar (the 239-room Hotel Scandic Hamar).
 * Rio de Janeiro 2016: A complex of new buildings at Barra da Tijuca neighboured near to City of Sports Complex.
 * Pyeongchang 2018: Pyeongchang Olympic Village
 * Buenos Aires 2018 (Youth): Youth Olympic Village, 1,440 new apartments in seven-story buildings in the district of Villa Soldati, within the limits of the City Park.
 * Lausanne 2020 (Youth): The Youth Olympic Village, 952 rooms, 9 floors. Converted into student apartments after the Games.
 * Tokyo 2020: Located in Harumi, an island district of Chūō, Tokyo (central Tokyo). The Harumi Futo village had 21 residential buildings with over 5,000 units. There are also two satellite villages, one in Saitama near the track cycling and another in Enoshima for sailing.
 * Beijing 2022: Three new building complexes; the first at Beijing's Olympic Green and Yanqing District district and another one at co-host city Zhangjiakou.
 * Paris 2024: The village will be 7 km north of the Paris central business district in the communes of Saint-Denis, L'Île-Saint-Denis and Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine. This allows 85% of athletes to be within thirty minutes from their competition venues.
 * Milan-Cortina 2026: The Milan Olympic Village is being built at the Scalo Porta Urbana district. The Cortina Olympic Village is also planned to be built in Fiame, a small village located around five kilometres from the centre of Cortina d'Ampezzo. Another two villages were planned near the Valtellina and Val di Fiemme clusters.
 * Los Angeles 2028: The UCLA residents' facilities, CSULA, USC, and UCSB.
 * Brisbane 2032: Northshore Hamilton

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Gratia Countryman

Gratia Alta Countryman (pronounced gray-sha) (November 29, 1866 – July 26, 1953) was a nationally-known librarian who led the Minneapolis Public Library from 1904 to 1936. She was the daughter of immigrant farmers Alta and Levi Countryman. She pioneered many ways to make the library more accessible and user-friendly to all of the city's residents, regardless of age or economic position. Countryman was called the "first lady of Minneapolis" and the "Jane Addams of the libraries".

Early life
Gratia Countryman was born on November 29, 1866 to Levi and Alta Chamberlain Countryman. Her father was a Latin scholar and Civil War veteran who had studied at Hamline University, and named her after the Latin root of thanks. She had two older brothers and a younger sister. Countryman graduated from Hastings High School in 1882, and her father moved the family to Minneapolis so that both she and her sister could attend college.

Professional life
Countryman graduated from the University of Minnesota with a Bachelor of Science degree and Phi Beta Kappa honors in 1889. She was recommended by university president Cyrus Northrop to Herbert Putnam for a job at the Minneapolis Public Library, where she started in 1889 under James Kendall Hosmer. She was the nation's first female head librarian at the Minneapolis Public Library from 1904 to 1936. When she accepted this job, she knew that she would be making one third less than her predecessor, with a yearly salary of $2,000.

Due to her philosophy of outreach, collections and reading rooms were established in Minneapolis fire halls, factories, hospitals, and an open-air reading area in Gateway Park. Countryman was a capable leader who, over her 32 years as head librarian, helped increase the library’s scope and reach exponentially. She oversaw the building of 12 branches and a mobile library truck, and she and her staff added over 500,000 volumes to the already substantial catalog. The programs she developed encouraged children to read, continued the education of adolescents and young adults, and helped adults find and hold jobs during times of war, recession and depression.

She was very active in the Minnesota Library Association and served as MLA president in 1904 and 1905. She established The Minnesota Library Commission and remained recording secretary of that group until 1918. From 1912 to 1914, Countryman organized and was president of the Foreign Policy Association Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She also served on the National Liberty and War Service Committee and the Woman's Warfare League.

In 1931, she was awarded the Civic Service Honor Medal by the Inter-Racial Service Council of Minneapolis for Outstanding Civic Service for work with immigrants. In 1932, she was awarded an honorary MA degree from the University of Minnesota for Distinguished Public Service; this was "only the fourth honorary degree conferred by the university and the first received by a woman."

In 1934, Countryman served as president of the American Library Association. She was forced into retirement by the city's pension law at age 70 in 1936.

Personal life
Countryman never married but lived with her longtime partner, Marie Todd, for thirty eight years. In May 1917, they took in a homeless boy named Wellington Wilson, and Countryman later was awarded guardianship of him. Wellington Wilson later changed his name to Wellington Countryman. He eventually married and had a daughter whom he named Alta Countryman after his adoptive mother. The Countrymans lived in Chicago, Illinois, and Wellington died in 1997.

Gratia Countryman's eulogy summed up her life perfectly: "In her youth a library was a sacred precinct for guarding the treasures of thought, to be entered only by the scholar and the student... Her crusading zeal carried the book to every part of her city and county, to the little child, the factory worker, the farmer, the businessman, the hospital patient, the blind and the old."

Archives

 * Gratia A. Countryman and family papers . Minnesota Historical Society, 1861-1953. 6 boxes.
 * Countryman, Gratia Alta, faculty and alumni papers. University of Minnesota Archives, 1889, 1923, 1951. 1 box.

title: Gratia Countryman


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Template:Politics of Martinique

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Awareness statistics (damaged page)

Awareness statistics (damaged page)
Seems to be sort of a copy of Awareness statistics, was only edited once by an anon in 2003. No idea what its for. JesseW 23:23, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "Damaged Page"?! And a copy of a better article to boot.  Delete. --zenohockey 23:53, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or speedy delete. It's a dead thing and is now deadwood. Geogre 00:38, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete (speedy if possible, but I doubt it). Out of date, practically orphaned, duplication of information. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 01:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete orphan Wyss 20:03, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Template:Politics of Montserrat

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Casey State Recreation Site

Casey State Recreation Site is a day-use only state park located 29 miles northeast of Medford, Oregon off Oregon Route 62. The parks offers picnic and boating facilities, as well as access to the Rogue River. It is located on the Crater Lake Highway and is a popular salmon fishing area.

The land for the park was leased from the federal government in 1932 and purchased in 1937. At the time of the lease, there were two residents on the land. One of them, James Allen Casey (J.A. Casey or "Jack" Casey), who was born in Kansas, had built a small restaurant and tourist camp, called Casey's Auto Camp. James Allen Casey believed he had homesteaded the land, many years before it was "discovered" to be federal land. ([James "Jack" Casey was directly descended from John Wallace—Sir John Wallace [Sir John—Brother of William "Braveheart" Wallace—Laird of Elderslie, 1273-1306], who was executed for essentially the same reason, and in the same way, as his father and brother William were before him.])

Since the residents did not then own the land, they were granted three-year leases. The Civilian Conservation Corps improved the existing facilities; adding a parking lot, more tables, individual stoves, a boat ramp, and trails.

title: Casey State Recreation Site


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Hara (band)

Hara is a Romanian pop-rock band from Cluj-Napoca. Its members during 2000–2002 were: Flavius Buzilă, Mihai Pop, Nicu Lichirie, Tudor Runcanu and Doru Dejeu. Since 2003 the members are: Flavius Buzilă, Mihai Pop, Nicu Lichirie, Marius Astilean and Vasi Nani.

Band members
Hara's current members are:

 * Flavius Buzila – vocals, guitar
 * Mihai Andritcu – violin
 * Andrei Stoi – bass
 * Andrei Balasa – guitar
 * Nunu Racris – drums

Discography

 * Aiurea (2001)
 * Mai frumoasă (2003)
 * O zi (2004)
 * Paișpe colinde și o strigătură (2006)
 * Interetnik (2008)

title: Hara (band)


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Talk:Beetlejuice the Dwarf

What is the cause of his abornormality?

Is it fetal alcohol syndrome?

TD

vfd link
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Beetlejuice the Dwarf Joyous 16:07, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beetlejuice the Dwarf


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Carey Talley

Carey Talley (born August 26, 1976) is an American former professional soccer player.

College
Talley played high school soccer for Houston High School in Germantown, Tennessee. His team won the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association soccer championship his junior and senior years in 1993 and 1994. He played his club soccer for Memphis Futbol Club. Some notable teammates on his Memphis Futbol Club '76 youth soccer team were future Major League Soccer standouts and United States men's national soccer team members, Richard Mulrooney, Tony Kuhn, Ross Paule and Jonny Walker. Talley played college soccer at the University of North Carolina from 1994 to 1997. He finished his career at UNC with 26 goals and 22 assists in 75 games. On February 1, 2020, Carey was inducted into the Tennessee State Soccer Association Hall of Fame.

Professional
Upon graduating, Talley was drafted 14th overall by D.C. United in the 1998 MLS College Draft. Talley immediately earned a spot in the United lineup, starting 19 games and appearing in 29; he would remain in that role for the next three years, winning an MLS Cup with the team in 1999. During the 1999 MLS Cup title season Talley scored a career-high 4 goals. He scored his first MLS goal on May 15, 1999, at Kansas City, and started all six playoff matches for DC, including MLS Cup 1999, which United won 2–0 over the Galaxy.

In 2002, Talley was traded to the Kansas City Wizards for future considerations; although he was usually a starter when healthy. Talley had injury problems in 2003, and was subsequently traded in the off-season to the Dallas Burn along with Eric Quill in exchange for Shavar Thomas. Although he had little playing time at the beginning of the season, Talley eventually supplanted Philip Salyer as the team's starting right back, and finished the year with one assist in 19 starts.

After playing in 20 games in 2005, he was shipped to Real Salt Lake. In his first season with RSL, he Posted career-highs after starting in all 30 appearances and logging 2,618 minutes played, and tied for second on squad and recorded a career-best eight assists from his right back position. On May 13, 2006, he recorded his first two-assist game at the Los Angeles Galaxy, helping RSL to a 3–0 win and its first-ever road victory.

On May 9, 2008, he was traded to Chivas USA for a future conditional pick in the 2010 or 2011 MLS SuperDraft. During his stay with Chivas, he appeared in 43 league matches scoring 1 goal, being primarily deployed as the club's starting right back.

In March 2010, he was released by Chivas USA and later signed by D.C. United. Talley appeared in 15 league matches for United upon his return to the side appearing in 15 matches and scoring 1 goal.

He was traded by D.C. United to New York Red Bulls on September 15, 2010, in exchange for a 2011 MLS SuperDraft 2nd round pick. The move was made by New York to help strengthen the squad during its playoff run.

After the 2010 MLS season New York declined Talley's contract option and he elected to participate in the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft. Talley became a free agent in Major League Soccer when he was not selected in the Re-Entry draft.

On January 19, 2011, Talley officially announced his retirement from professional soccer.

International
Although he has played at the U-17, U-20, and U-23 levels, Talley has never made a full United States national team appearance. He has been called into several camps, and came very close to entering a game against Chile in 2000; he was about to be employed as a late-game substitute, but the game was called.

D.C. United

 * MLS Cup (1): 1999
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup (1): 1998
 * Copa Interamericana (1): 1998

title: Carey Talley


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User talk:DeanoNightRider

Somerville Crime
Deano - I've updated the East Somerville crime section with the Somerville Mass page to add some reference that I knew of. I do suspect that section should be deleted, but am not up to it myself. The main section of the Somerville page has some refernces also to things that are later referenced within the East Somerville Crime page. Would you take a look at the East somerville section and update what you think needs more updating (remove/add fact markups where needed) ?

Thanks. Peter Grace Mr. Grace 19:19, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Urbanplanet link
It's not a very useful link, and has a rather small amount of traffic. --SPUI (talk) 08:29, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

And, as I just found out, it requires registration to even view posts. Basically, it's a low-traffic forum with little benefit, and many of those exist. --SPUI (talk) 08:30, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DeanoNightRider


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Harris Allan

Harris Allan (born February 11, 1985) is a Canadian actor, singer, musician and songwriter.

Harris Allan was a series regular on Showtime's series Queer as Folk, where he played the character of James (Hunter) Montgomery from 2003 until the show ended its five-year run in 2005. He began his professional acting career in Vancouver at the age of 12 as a guest star in the television series The New Addams Family. At 15 he guest-starred in three episodes of the CBC series Cold Squad. He has appeared in the WB series Smallville, US Network's The 4400 as well as on Showtime's Masters of Horror, CW's Supernatural and ABC's A Million Little Things. Allan's film credits include young Jonathan Glover in A Home at the End of the World, Final Destination 3 and Dan in the 2014 movie Date and Switch.

Allan is also a singer/songwriter and recording artist who began his music career at 16 as lead guitarist for the band Square9. Square9 released a self-titled full EP in 2005. Allan became hip hop/rap artist Fallan Soldier and released a full-length album "Above the Call of Duty" in 2009. After successfully touring throughout Western Canada and achieving some success at college radio, Allan became a DJ and spent the next five years refining his craft as a musician and singer. In November 2020 he released "One Last Ride" under his own name followed by "All In" and "M.O.B." in 2021.

Film credits

 * The Cannon - Millennial Actor 2 - (2017)
 * Date and Switch - Dan - (2014)
 * Spectacular! - Eric - (2009)
 * Final Destination 3 - Roller Coaster Attendant - (2006)
 * A Home at the End of the World - (young) Jonathan Glover - (2004)
 * Don't Look Down - Kid - (1998)

Television credits

 * A Million Little Things - Devon - (2018) in 3rd episode of 3rd season: "Miles Apart" (2021)
 * Supernatural - Lyle - in 2nd episode of 8th season: "What's Up, Tiger Mommy?" (2012)
 * Power Rangers Taraso Force - Roy Marshall/Red Taraso Ranger - (2012)
 * Masters of Horror - Pete - in episode "Jenifer" (2005)
 * The 4400 - Sam - (2003) in episode: "The Fifth Page" (2005)
 * Queer as Folk - James "Hunter" Montgomery : USA (2000) (2003–2005)
 * Smallville - Jake Pollan - (2001) in episode: "Extinction" (2003)
 * Cold Squad - Tyler - (1998) in episode: "Loose Ends" 12 (2001)
 * Cold Squad - Tyler - (1998) in episode: "Loose Ends" Part 2. (2001)
 * Cold Squad - Tyler - (1998) in episode: "Dead Soldiers" (2001)
 * The New Addams Family - Boy Scout (1998) in episode: "Morticia and the Psychiatrist" (1998)

Music credits

 * Square9 - EP: Square9 - 2005
 * Fallan Soldier - Album: Above the Call of Duty - 2009
 * Harris Allan - Single: One Last Ride - 2020
 * Harris Allan - Single: All In - 2021
 * Harris Allan - Single: M.O.B. - 2021
 * Harris Allan - Single: Eyes on You - 2021
 * Harris Allan - Single: Out of Road - 2022

title: Harris Allan


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Herman Riley

Herman Riley (August 31, 1933 – April 14, 2007) was a jazz saxophonist who was a studio musician in Los Angeles. He worked with Gene Ammons, Lorez Alexandria, Count Basie, Bobby Bryant, Donald Byrd, Benny Carter, Quincy Jones, Shelly Manne, Blue Mitchell, and Joe Williams. He died of heart failure in Los Angeles at the age of 73.

Discography

 * Herman (1986)

As sideman
With Bobby Bryant
 * 1967 Ain't Doing Too B-A-D
 * 1971 Swahili Strut

With Blue Mitchell
 * The Last Tango = Blues (Mainstream, 1973)
 * Blues' Blues (Mainstream, 1972)
 * Graffiti Blues (Mainstream, 1973)
 * African Violet (Impulse!, 1977)
 * Summer Soft (Impulse!, 1978)

With Lorez Alexandria
 * 1980 Sings the Songs of Johnny Mercer, Vol. 1
 * 1984 Sings the Songs of Johnny Mercer, Vol. 2: Harlem Butterfly
 * 1984 Sings the Songs of Johnny Mercer, Vol. 3: Tangerine
 * 1992 I'll Never Stop Loving You

With Roger Neumann
 * 1983 Introducing Roger Neumann's Rather Large Band
 * 1993 Instant Heat

With Kenny Burrell
 * 1994 Collaboration
 * 2007 75th Birthday Bash Live!
 * 2003 Blue Muse

With Charles Wright
 * 2004 High Maintenance Woman
 * 2006 Finally Got It... Wright

With Jimmy Smith
 * 1989 Prime Time
 * 1993 Sum Serious Blues
 * 2001 Dot Com Blues

With others
 * 1967 One More Time, Della Reese
 * 1968 Hard Times, Roy Brown
 * 1971 Head On, Bobby Hutcherson
 * 1971 Free Again, Gene Ammons
 * 1974 Live & in Concert, Four Tops
 * 1976 Albert, Albert King
 * 1978 The Live at the Century Plaza, Frank Capp
 * 1978 Where Go the Boats, John Handy
 * 1979 Tango Palace, Dr. John
 * 1981 Swing Street Cafe, Joe Sample/David T. Walker
 * 1981 The Way I Am, Billy Preston
 * 1981 Touch, Gladys Knight & the Pips
 * 1986 At Vine St. Live, Maxine Sullivan
 * 1987 Digital Duke, Mercer Ellington
 * 1988 The Singer, Richard B. Boone
 * 1989 The Fabulous Baker Boys, Dave Grusin
 * 1989 Boogie Down, Ernestine Anderson
 * 1991 Fine and Mellow, Ruth Brown
 * 1992 Calamba, Andy Simpkins Quintet
 * 1995 Time After Time, Etta James
 * 2000 Everybody's Talkin' Bout Miss Thing, Lavay Smith & Her Red Hot Skillet Lickers
 * 2005 The Jazz Composer's Songbook, John Heard

title: Herman Riley


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Talk:Toplessness

About the word “Topless(ness)”!
Hey there! I will start off by saying: I know that “Bare-chested(ness)” may be the male equivalent of “toplessness”, but that doesn’t mean the word “topless(ness)” should be referring to “a complete female upper-body exposed” only.

Next I will say: The word “Bare-breasted(ness)” can be the female equivalent of “toplessness”. Therefore, the “Topless(ness)” subject should be talking about “both the male’s and female’s upper body exposed” here on Wikipedia. I just don’t like how the 1st sentence started off on this subject in the article page.

Lastly I will say: Even though I’m a man, I would prefer that the word “Topless(ness)” be used to describe my own “male exposed upper-body” - if anyone is to talk about me and my natural upper-body at any point (say) in the future - being as I like it better versus the words “bare-chested(ness)” and “shirtless(ness)”, just to clarify! 🙂

Anyways, Thanks for reading as my message here relates to the topic! 👍 Craig Lungren (talk) 08:52, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The article at present accurately describes contemporary English usage. —VeryRarelyStable 10:55, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Agree completely. IMO this is one of the most embarrassing examples pushing a point-of-view on en:Wikipedia. -- Infrogmation (talk) 22:40, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toplessness


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Chachapoya culture

The Chachapoyas, also called the "Warriors of the Clouds", was a culture of the Andes living in the cloud forests of the southern part of the Department of Amazonas of present-day Peru. The Inca Empire conquered their civilization shortly before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. At the time of the arrival of the conquistadors, the Chachapoyas were one of the many nations ruled by the Incas, although their incorporation had been difficult due to their constant resistance to Inca troops.

Since the Incas and conquistadors were the principal sources of information on the Chachapoyas, there is little first-hand or contrasting knowledge of the Chachapoyas. Writings by the major chroniclers of the time, such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, were based on fragmentary second-hand accounts. Much of what is known about the Chachapoya culture is based on archaeological evidence from ruins, pottery, tombs, and other artifacts. Spanish chronicler Pedro Cieza de León noted that, after their annexation to the Inca Empire, they adopted customs imposed by the Cusco-based Inca. By the 18th century, the Chachapoyas had been devastated; however, they remain a distinct strain within the indigenous peoples of modern Peru.

Etymology
The name Chachapoya was given to this culture by the Inca; the name that these people may have actually used to refer to themselves is not known. The meaning of the word Chachapoya may be derived from the Quechua sach'a phuyu (sach'a = tree, phuyu = cloud ) meaning "cloud forest". Another possibility is that it may derive from sach'a-p-qulla (sach'a = tree, p = of the, qulla = the name of a pre-Inca kingdom from Puno) that the Incas used as a collective term for the many kingdoms around Lake Titicaca, the equivalent of "qulla people who live in the woods".

Geography

The Chachapoyas' territory was located on the eastern slopes of the Andes, in present-day northern Peru. It encompassed the triangular region formed by the confluence of the Marañón River and the Utcubamba in Bagua Province, up to the basin of the Abiseo River where the Gran Pajáten is located. This territory also included land to the south up to the Chuntayaku River, exceeding the limits of the current Amazonas Region towards the south. But the center of the Chachapoya culture was the basin of the Utcubamba river. Due to the great size of the Marañón river and the surrounding mountainous terrain, the region was relatively isolated from the coast and other areas of Peru, although there is archaeological evidence of some interaction between the Chachapoyas and other cultures.

The contemporary Peruvian city of Chachapoyas, Peru derives its name from the word for this ancient culture as does the defined architectural style. Inca Garcilaso de la Vega noted that the Chachapoyas territory was extensive: "Their territory, which measured fifty by twenty leagues, without counting the Muyupampa region, where it was thirty leagues wider still, might well be called a kingdom, rather than a province."

The area of the Chachapoyas is sometimes referred to as the "Amazonian Andes" due to its being part of a mountain range covered by dense tropical forest. The Amazonian Andes constitute the eastern flank of the Andes, which were once covered by dense Amazon vegetation. The region extended from the cordillera spurs up to elevations where primary forests still stand, usually above 3500 m. The cultural realm of the Amazonian Andes occupied land situated between 2000-3000 m elevation.

History
The period from the adoption of ceramic technology until conquest, around 1400 to 1450 AD, is called the "Initial Period Manachaqui phase".

Following the Inca conquest, there are multiple available sources pointing to how the Chachapoya responded to said conquest. While archaeological evidence shows both Inca and Chachapoya settlements in the area, suggesting that they accepted Inca rule over their lands, historical sources say that the Chachapoya had more of a rebellious attitude towards their conquerors.

Archaeological sites
The major urban centers, such as the great fortress of Kuelap, with more than four hundred interior buildings and massive exterior stone walls reaching upwards of 60 feet in height, and Gran Pajatén possibly served to defend against the Wari culture around 800, a Middle Horizon culture that covered much of the coast and highlands. Referred to as the 'Machu Picchu of the north,' Kuélap receives few visitors due to its remote location.

Other archaeological sites in the region include the settlement of Gran Saposoa, the Atumpucro complex, and the burial sites at Revash and Laguna de las Momias ("Mummy Lake"), among others. It is estimated that only 5% of sites of the Chachapoyas have been excavated according to a BBC documentary from January 2013.

Inca occupation and forced resettlement
The conquest of the Chachapoyas by the Inca Empire took place, according to Garcilaso, during the government of Tupac Inca Yupanqui in the second half of the 15th century. He recounts that the warlike actions began in Pias, a community on a mountain on the edge of Chachapoyas territory likely to the southwest of Gran Pajatén.

According to de la Vega, the Chachapoyas anticipated an Inca incursion and began preparations to withstand it at least two years earlier. The chronicle of Pedro Cieza de León also documents Chachapoya resistance. During the time of Huayna Capac's regime, the Chachapoyas rebelled: "all of his governors and ministers having been killed, along with a great number of soldiers, and others taken into slavery." In response, Huayna Capac, who was in the Ecuadorian Cañaris' land at the time, sent messengers to negotiate peace. But again "his messengers were greeted with threats of death". Huayna Capac then ordered an attack. He crossed the Marañón over a bridge of wooden rafts that he ordered to be built, probably near Balsas District near Celendín.

From here, Inca troops proceeded to Cajamarquilla (now in Bolívar Province, Peru), with the intention to "raze the entire country" of the Chachapoyas. From Cajamarquilla, a delegation of women came to meet them, led by a matron who was a former concubine of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Capac's father. They asked for mercy and forgiveness, which the Sapa Inca granted them. In memory of this event of a peace agreement, the place where the negotiation had taken place was declared sacred and closed so from that point on "no creature, man or beast, should ever set foot upon it."

To assure the pacification of the Chachapoyas, the Incas installed garrisons in the region. They also arranged the transfer of groups of villagers under the system of mitma (forced resettlement): "It gave them grounds to work and places for houses not much far from a hill that is next to the city (Cusco) called Carmenga."

The Inca presence in the territory of Chachapoyas left structures at Quchapampa, Amazonas in the outskirts of the Utcubamba in the current Leimebamba District, as well as other sites.

In the fifteenth century, the Inca empire expanded to incorporate the Chachapoyas region. Although fortifications such as the citadel at Kuélap may have been an adequate defense against the invading Inca, it is possible that by this time the Chachapoyas settlements had become decentralized and fragmented after the threat of Wari invasion had dissipated. The Chachapoyas were conquered by Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui around 1475. The defeat of the Chachapoyas was fairly swift; however, smaller rebellions continued for many years. Using the mitma system of ethnic dispersion, the Inca attempted to quell these rebellions by forcing large numbers of Chachapoya people to resettle in remote locations of the empire.

When civil war broke out within the Inca Empire, the Chachapoyas were located on middle ground between the northern capital at Quito, ruled by Atahualpa, and the southern capital at Cusco, ruled by Atahualpa's brother Huáscar. Many of the Chachapoyas were conscripted into Huáscar's army, and heavy casualties ensued. After Atahualpa's eventual victory, many more of the Chachapoyas were executed or deported due to their former allegiance with Huáscar.

It was due to the harsh treatment of the Chachapoyas during the years of subjugation that many of the Chachapoyas initially chose to side with the Spanish conquistadors when they arrived in Peru. Huaman, a local ruler from Quchapampa, pledged his allegiance to the conquistador Francisco Pizarro after the capture of Atahualpa in Cajamarca. The Spanish moved in and occupied Cochabamba, extorting from the local inhabitants whatever riches they could find.

During Manco Inca Yupanqui's rebellion against the Spanish Empire, his emissaries enlisted the help of a group of Chachapoyas. However, Huaman's supporters remained loyal to the Spaniards. By 1547, a large faction of Spanish soldiers arrived in the city of Chachapoyas, effectively ending the Chachapoyas' independence. Residents were relocated to Spanish-style towns, often with members of several different ayllu occupying the same settlement. Disease, poverty, and attrition led to severe decreases in population; by some accounts the population of the Chachapoyas region decreased by 90% over the course of 200 years after the arrival of the Spanish.

Choquequirao, an Incan site in south Peru close to Machu Picchu, was in part built by mitmaqkuna of Chachapoyan origin during the regime of Tupac Inca Yupanqui.

Appearance and origins
Cieza de León remarked that, among the indigenous Peruvians, the Chachapoyas were unusually fair-skinned and famously beautiful: "They are the whitest and most handsome of all the people that I have seen in Indies, and their wives were so beautiful that because of their gentleness, many of them deserved to be the Incas' wives and to also be taken to the Sun Temple (...) The women and their husbands always dressed in woolen clothes and in their heads they wear their llautos, which are a sign they wear to be known everywhere."

However, there is no other account at the time from other travelers to the region that mentions the particular "whiteness" of the Chachapoyas. These comments have led to claims, not supported by Cieza de León's chronicle, that the Chachapoyas were blond-haired and European in appearance. The chronicle's use of the term "white" here predates its emergence as a racial classification. Another Spanish author, Pedro Pizarro, described all indigenous Peruvians as "white". Although some authors have quoted Pizarro saying that Chachapoyas were blond, these authors do not quote him directly; instead they quote remarks attributed to him and others by race scientist Jacques de Mahieu in support of his thesis that Vikings had brought civilization to the Americas. Following up on these claims, anthropologist Inge Schjellerup examined Chachapoya remains and found them consistent with other ancient Peruvians. She found, for example, a universal occurrence of shovel-shaped upper incisors and a near-complete absence of the cusp of Carabelli on upper molars — characteristics consistent with other indigenous peoples and inconsistent with Europeans.

According to the analysis of the Chachapoya objects made by the Antisuyo expeditions of the Instituto de Arqueología Amazónica, the Chachapoyas do not exhibit Amazon cultural tradition but one more closely resembling an Andean one. Given that the terrain facilitates peripatric speciation, as evidenced by the high biodiversity of the Andean region, the physical attributes of the Chachapoyas are most likely reflecting founder effects, assortative mating, and/or related phenomena in an initially small population sharing a relatively recent common ancestor with other indigenous groups.

The anthropomorphous sarcophagi resemble imitations of funeral bundles provided with wooden masks typical of the "Middle Horizon", a dominant culture on the coast and highlands, also known as the Tiwanaku–Wari culture. The "mausoleums" may be modified forms of the chullpa or pucullo, elements of funeral architecture observed throughout the Andes, especially in the Tiwanaku and Wari cultures.

Population expansion into the Amazonian Andes seems to have been driven by the desire to expand agrarian land, as evidenced by extensive terracing throughout the region. The agricultural environments of both the Andes and the coastal region, characterized by its extensive desert areas and limited soil suitable for farming, became insufficient for sustaining a population like the ancestral Peruvians, which had grown for 3000 years.

This theory has been described as "mountainization of the rain forest" for both geographical and cultural reasons: first, after the fall of the tropical forests, the scenery of the Amazonian Andes changed to resemble the barren mountains of the Andes; second, the people who settled there brought their Andean culture with them. This phenomenon, which still occurs today, was repeated in the southern Amazonian Andes during the Inca Empire, which projected into the mountainous zone of Vilcabamba, raising examples of Inca architecture such as Machu Picchu.

Characteristics
The architectural model of the Chachapoyas is characterized by circular stone constructions as well as raised platforms constructed on slopes. Their walls were sometimes decorated with symbolic figures. Some structures such as the monumental fortress of Kuelap and the ruins of Cerro Olán are prime examples of this architectural style.

Chachapoyan constructions may date to the 9th or 10th century; this architectural tradition still thrived at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire until the latter part of the 16th century. To be sure, the Incas introduced their own style after conquering the Chachapoyas, such as in the case of the ruins of Quchapampa in Leimebamba District.

The presence of two funeral patterns is also typical of the Chachapoyas culture. One is represented by sarcophagi, placed vertically and located in caves that were excavated at the highest point of precipices. The other funeral pattern was groups of mausoleums constructed like tiny houses located in caves worked into cliffs.

Chachapoyan handmade ceramics did not reach the technological level of the Moche or Nazca cultures. Their small pitchers are frequently decorated by cordoned motifs. As for textile art, clothes were generally colored in red. A monumental textile from the precincts of Gran Pajatén had been painted with figures of birds. The Chachapoyas also used to paint their walls, as an extant sample in the tunnels of San Antonio in Luya Province reveals. These walls represent stages of a ritual dance of couples holding hands.

The Chachapoyan culture indicated an egalitarian non-hierarchical society through a lack of archaeological evidence and a lack of power expressing architecture that would be expected for societal leaders such as royalty or aristocracy.

In popular culture
In the Indiana Jones franchise, the Golden Idol of the Chachapoyans is the artifact of the opening section seen in the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. Later, Indiana Jones encounters the fictional Hovitos tribe which are the modern descendants of the Chachapoyan region. While the temple and idol are entirely fictionalized, screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan describes a "Temple of the Chachapoyan Warriors [which is] 2000 years old."

title: Chachapoya culture