text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nick Diak

Nick Diak

 * Gotta give this guy some due credit for at least submitting well-written vanity. Delete and move to new user page. - Lucky 6.9 02:13, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * RE-delete. I noticed this article because it was a blue link in the delete log. (Actually the article is grammatically preposterous, with subjects randomly switching within sentences. It only looks like it's well written. iMeowbot~Mw 02:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ooh, you're absolutely correct. Shoulda read that more closely.  Let's make that speedy delete of reposted ca-ca. - Lucky 6.9 02:29, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * YADV (yet another delete vote) -- Hoary 02:38, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * Strong delete Vanity page.  Johntex 04:31, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The previous delete appears to have been a speedy, but vanity is not suitable for speedy.-gadfium (talk) 06:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. utcursch 09:59, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Lawrence station (Toronto)

Lawrence is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located under Yonge Street at Lawrence Avenue, in the Bedford Park, Lawrence Park and Lytton Park neighbourhoods.

Description
The station is on four levels, all the entrances to the station are at street level, the concourse and collector level is on the second level, the bus platform is on the third level, and the subway platform is on the lower level. Both the subway and bus levels have a centre platform.

Out of view from customers, there is an attic extending above and along the length of the subway platform. The attic contains ventilation equipment, a TTC substation and a city sewer pipe. There is a double crossover just south of the subway platforms.

There are four entrances to the station located in the surrounding area:
 * Entrance on Lawrence Avenue, west of Yonge Street, leading to the south-side mezzanine level
 * Entrance on Lawrence Avenue, east of Yonge Street, leading to the south-side mezzanine level
 * Entrance via sidewalk staircase at Bedford Park Avenue, leading to the north-side mezzanine level
 * Entrance via sidewalk staircase at Ranleigh Avenue, leading to the north-side mezzanine level

The south-side mezzanine leads down to the bus and subway levels. The unstaffed north-side mezzanine leads directly to the subway level.

History
Lawrence station was opened in 1973 as an intermediate stop between, the former northern terminus of the Yonge line, and , which acted as a temporary terminus for a year until the subway was further extended to. Lawrence station is one of the deepest stations on the subway system, as it provides a transition in depth between Eglinton station and York Mills station in the Hoggs Hollow valley. It was constructed using the cut-and-cover method down to the platform level. Lawrence was the first station in the network to feature an underground bus terminal.

On April 23, 2007, TTC employee Antonio Almeida was killed in the tunnel just south of the station when a platform on his work car was dislodged.

In 2012, a series of renovations repaired the deteriorating concrete of the bus roadway and tunnel walls. Between the fourth quarter of 2012 and mid-2015, four high-capacity fire ventilation fans were installed at the station.

In 2015, the owner of the building at 3080 Yonge Street (at the northwest corner of Lawrence Street West) proposed to incorporate the TTC entrance at that corner into a renovation project for the building. The old TTC entrance building would be demolished; the renovated building would incorporate a new TTC entrance at ground level. The TTC requested that there be provision for an elevator. These renovations were carried out, and the renovated TTC entrance was opened.

Future
By mid-2022, work had begun to make Lawrence station accessible. Two elevators will be added, one from street level to the concourse level and a second from the concourse to the bus and subway levels. A new stairway will be added from the concourse to the subway platform. Signage and wayfinding will be improved throughout the station. The station will have a fifth entrance to house the elevator from street level to the concourse; it will be located on the north side of a Tim Hortons outlet, a few doors north of the existing entrance at the northwest corner of Yonge Street and Lawrence Avenue. The project requires partial closures within the station. In November 2023, the underground bus terminal was closed, resulting in the diversion of buses from Lawrence Avenue West to Eglinton station via Avenue Road, and buses from Lawrence Avenue East to the Roe Loop at Roe Avenue and Avenue Road. In July 2024, the main entrances at the south side of the station were closed limiting station access to the northern secondary entrances. , project completion is expected in late 2025.

Nearby landmarks

 * Parks that run through Chatsworth and Blythwood ravines from Chatsworth Drive and Cheritan Avenue to Bayview Avenue.
 * Alexander Muir Memorial Gardens
 * Toronto Public Library Locke Branch

Surface connections
Buses enter the station counter to the normal traffic directions so that bus doors will face the centre bus platform.

TTC routes serving the station include:

George Milbrandt Parkette
George Milbrandt Parkette is located at the northeast corner of Yonge Street and Lawrence Avenue East, and shares the small rectangular plot of land with the Lawrence station entrance at that location. At the request of George Milbrandt, acting on behalf of the Bedford Park Residents' Association, the Toronto City Council created the park in 1998. In 1999, the City named the parkette after Milbrandt, who had promoted the parkette's creation for 25 years. The parkette has simple landscaping including shade trees, park benches, grading and grass.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lawrence station (Toronto)


text:
Talk:Rock formations in Greece

from VfD:

Well, I'm not sold on this one. This is part of a set, most of which could likely be merged with the geographical pages, like Geography of Greece. Is this a new wiki set page, or a mad crucade by a single author to spread out information to corners of the wiki so the information is no longer useful (small joke there)? hfool 02:13, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. See category:rock formations. The article Rock formations contains a huge list, and the contributor makes a reasonable efort (IMO) to do something with it, if I am not mistaken. If I am, a Good Thing anyway. Mikkalai 07:12, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I see no reason for deletion, potentially useful page. Dan100 09:22, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into geography of Greece - 81.70.91.207 09:34, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep some people may find it useful... - Estel (talk) 10:02, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Mikkalai. utcursch 10:04, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We need more mad crucades. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 16:52, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I would like to add that the article Rock formations contains a huge number of typos, in all possible languages :-), so splitting it by country geography categories will significantly increase the chance of fixing them. Mikkalai 20:53, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Rock formations in Greece


text: File:TerrificCombatBetweenMonitor&Merrimac.png


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York Mills station

York Mills is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 4015 Yonge Street at the intersection of Wilson Avenue and York Mills Road in the neighbourhood of Hoggs Hollow.

History
The station opened in 1973, in what was then the Borough of North York, and replaced as the northern terminus of the Yonge line. One year later, the subway was extended to.

The original bus terminal was above ground, in a standard island configuration surrounded by bus bays, and at that time was also used by GO Transit buses, with transfers required for connecting TTC buses.

The current underground TTC bus platforms and GO Bus Terminal were built between 1985 and 1992 with the development of the York Mills Centre, with the TTC platforms inside the fare-paid area.

In 2007, this station became accessible with elevators.

By 2015, the tiles on the walls, floors and stairs had been replaced at this station. On the outer walls at track level the alternating light and dark green tiles were replaced by very light green metal panels with a dark green accent strip along the top. Moreover, in 2015 the station's 263 space commuter parking lot was sold to developers.

Entrances

 * Northwest corner of Wilson and Yonge – street level entrance
 * Northeast corner of York Mills and Yonge – entrance via York Mills Centre
 * Old York Mills Road east of Yonge – Kiss and Ride, automatic entrance (accessible only by Presto card as of February 2018)

The construction of a mixed-use development at the northwest corner of Wilson Avenue and Yonge Street requires the demolition of the subway station entrance at that corner. , the TTC is planning a new accessible entrance to be built within the new development. The expected completion is in 2025.

Art
A tapestry called "Breaking Ground" by artist Laurie Swim was installed in the station in 2010 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of an accident that took place in Hoggs Hollow. On March 17, 1960, the incident popularly known as the "Hoggs Hollow Disaster" occurred. Five young Italian immigrant workers were killed while constructing a tunnel for a water main. The details of the accident, where they were trapped 35 feet underground in a cramped, dimly lit tunnel, sparked a public outcry over the lack of safety standards in construction and ultimately led to an improvement in working conditions in Ontario.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
The line passes under the Don River West Branch just south of the station platforms. The original plan was for an elevated station and a high-level bridge over the river, but local residents objected and the underground layout was substituted. Consequently, trains approach the station from both directions on a steep downgrade.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include York Mills Centre shopping mall, York Mills Park, Don Valley Golf Course, Loretto Abbey Catholic Secondary School, Canadian Forces College, Miller Tavern and Rosedale Golf Club

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include: Nearby TTC routes serving the station include:

title: York Mills station


text:
Talk:Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Why I think this bit should stay
Re: "In addition, most Native Americans and Asian Americans throughout the US still had no constitutional right to vote due to citizenship restrictions, while Black women had no constitutional right to vote due to their gender." (removed here)

That paragraph & the paragraph following it are about ways in which people ostensibly covered by the 15th amendment were still disenfranchised. The article already discusses poll taxes, literacy tests and intimidation as continued barriers; it should also mention racialized barriers that prevented Native Americans and Asian Americans from voting. In addition, as the article stands now, "poll taxes and literacy tests ...instituted across the South" are described as "effectively disenfranchising the great majority of blacks," without any mention of the fact that Black women in both the North and South (i.e., a majority) were disenfranchised by their gender. Although poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses did not only affect Black voters, they are relevant in this context because of the practical reality of what these restrictions meant for large numbers of Black citizens. Gender-based restrictions are also relevant for similar reasons. Siragitkey (talk) 03:26, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * An article's Introduction is a summary of what is in the body of the article. What you added to this article's Introduction does not refer to anything in the body of this article. That's why I reverted your edit. SMP0328. (talk) 04:33, 3 November 2016 (UTC)


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Arthur Blomfield

Sir Arthur William Blomfield (6 March 1829 – 30 October 1899) was an English architect. He became president of the Architectural Association in 1861; a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1867 and vice-president of the RIBA in 1886. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied Architecture.

Background
He was the ninth son of Charles James Blomfield, Anglican Bishop of London, who began a programme of new church construction in the capital. Born in Fulham Palace, Arthur Blomfield was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was then articled as an architect to Philip Charles Hardwick, and subsequently obtained a large practice on his own account.

The young Thomas Hardy joined Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1862, and the writer remained friends with Blomfield. He became president of the Architectural Association in 1861; a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1867 (proposed by George Gilbert Scott, H. Brandon and J. P. Seddon); and vice-president of the RIBA in 1886. In 1889, he was knighted. He was awarded the Royal Gold Medal in 1891.

He was twice married. His first wife was Caroline Harriet Smith (1840–1882) and his second wife, Lady Blomfield, was an author and humanitarian. Two of his daughters, Mary Esther and Ellinor Blomfield, were supporters of the suffragette movement and famously made a representation to the King. Two of his sons, Charles James and Arthur Conran Blomfield, were brought up to his own profession, and of which they became distinguished representatives. His nephew, Sir Reginald Blomfield, apprenticed under him, went on to design numerous buildings, public works, and sculpture, including the Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross, for the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. These are in Commonwealth cemeteries in many countries.

He died at the Royal Society in London on 30 October 1899 aged 70 and was buried on 3 November in Broadway, Worcestershire, where he lived at Springfield House.

Major works
Blomfield designed St Peter's in Eastgate in 1870 as a replacement for a medieval church. The church as it now stands is the combined work of three eminent architects: nave and chancel by Blomfield, south aisle by Temple Moore (1914) and the chancel decoration by George Frederick Bodley (1884).

In 1882 Blomfield designed the Royal College of Music in London. In 1887 he became architect to the Bank of England and, in association with Arthur Edmund Street, designed the Law Courts branch of the Bank of England in Fleet Street. A. E. Street was the son of the architect G. E. Street.

In 1890–7 he rebuilt the nave of St Saviour's parish church, Southwark (now Southwark Cathedral), replacing an earlier reconstruction of 1839–40. It is a notable example of his use of a Gothic Revival style. He was highly regarded as a restorer; a spokesman for the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings said of his 1898 restoration of Salisbury Cathedral spire "conducted in the most conservative way possible ... I am confident that anyone who had been privileged to see the work that is being done ... would not withhold his subscriptions even though he was as ardent an anti-restorer as your obedient servant."

In 1899 he completed St George's Anglican Cathedral in Georgetown, Guyana, which was the tallest wooden church in the world until 2003 when the Peri Monastery near Săpânţa in northern Romania was completed.

Other works (in chronological order)

 * St Leonard's Church, Linley, Shropshire, restoration, 1858
 * Christ Church, Crouch End 1862
 * Holy Trinity Church, Dartford, 1862-63 and 1877
 * Christ Church, East Sheen 1863
 * St Mary's parish church, Jackfield, Shropshire, 1863
 * All Saints' parish church, Windsor, Berkshire, 1862–64
 * St Luke's chapel at the former Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, 1864
 * St Mary's Church, Banbury, Oxfordshire: restoration 1864
 * Dartford Grammar School, Kent, 1864.
 * St. Mary's parish church, Adwell, Oxfordshire, 1865
 * St Mark's parish church, Binfield, Berkshire, 1866
 * St Mary's parish church, Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, 1867–68
 * St John the Baptist parish church, Eton Wick, Buckinghamshire, 1867–69
 * All Saints' parish church, Upper Caldecote, Bedfordshire, 1868
 * St. Mary's Church, Strood, Kent, 1868
 * Vicarage House for Holy Trinity Church, Headington Quarry, Oxfordshire, 1868
 * St Saviour's parish church, Eddington, Berkshire, 1868
 * St Mary Magdalen Church, Sheet, Hampshire, 1868–69
 * St John's Church, St. Moritz, 1868-75
 * St. Barnabas parish church, Jericho, Oxford, 1869
 * St Peter in Eastgate, Lincoln 1870
 * St Stephen's Church, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, 1870 (demolished in 1889 and replaced by St. Barnabas' Church on the same site)
 * All Saints' parish church, Neenton, Shropshire, 1870–71
 * St Saviour's Church, Oxford Street, London 1870–73
 * St John the Baptist, Bathwick, Bath, 1871
 * St Mary-at-the-Walls, Colchester, 1872
 * St Nicholas' Church, Chawton 1872–73
 * St James' parish church, Ramsden, Oxfordshire, 1872
 * Church of St Mary and St Ethelbert, Luckington, Wiltshire, 1872<
 * St. Andrew's parish church, Surbiton, Surrey 1872
 * St John the Baptist parish church, Crowthorne, Berkshire, 1873
 * Holy Innocents parish church, High Beach, Essex, 1873
 * Tyntesfield chapel, Wraxall, Somerset, 1873
 * Christ Church, St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, 1873-75
 * St Peter's Church, Netherseal, Derbyshire 1874
 * St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden, Buckinghamshire, 1874–90
 * Grove Gardens Chapel, Richmond, Surrey, c.1875
 * St John the Baptist's Church, Eltham, Kent, 1875
 * St Michael and All Angels Church, Maidstone, Kent, 1876
 * Chapel Royal, Brighton, internal structural repairs and reordering 1876; new exterior 1896
 * Christ Church, Epsom, Surrey, 1876
 * Holy Innocents, Hornsey, London N8, 1876–7
 * Holy Trinity Church, Privett, 1876–78
 * Haileybury and Imperial Service College Chapel, 1877
 * St Andrew's Church, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire: restoration, 1877
 * All Saints' parish church, Roffey, West Sussex, 1878
 * St. Mary Magdalene parish church, Woodstock, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1878
 * Trinity College, Cambridge Bishop's Hostel additions 1878
 * St Paul's Church, Clapham: East end extension, 1879
 * Denton Hall, Denton, Lincolnshire, rebuilt 1879–1883 (demolished 1938)
 * All Saints Church, Fulham, 1880–81
 * St Nicholas' parish church, Heythrop, Oxfordshire, 1880
 * St John the Evangelist's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex (1881; partly destroyed by bombing in 1943 and rebuilt by Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel)
 * Lecture rooms, Durham University (now part of Palace Green Library), 1882
 * Selwyn College, Cambridge, 1882-89
 * Chester Cathedral restoration and additions, 1882
 * St Andrew's Church, Worthing, West Sussex (1882)
 * St Luke's Church, Queen's Park, Brighton, Sussex, 1882–85
 * St Stephen's Church, North Mundham, West Sussex: addition of chancel and re-ordering of interior, 1883
 * St Andrew, Stoke Newington, 1883–4
 * Charterhouse School, the Great Hall 1884
 * St Leodegar's Church, Hunston, Sussex, 1885
 * St. Wystan's Church, Repton restoration 1885–1886
 * Wellington College, Berkshire: chapel apse and dormitories, 1886
 * St. Alban's Anglican Church, Copenhagen, Denmark
 * St Germanus' Church, Faulkbourne, Essex, 1886
 * St Andrew's Church, Leytonstone, Essex 1886–93.
 * Royal Memorial Church of St George, Cannes, 1886–92
 * St Mary's Church, Walmer, Kent, 1887
 * St James' Church, West Hampstead, 1887-88
 * Minster Church of St Denys, Warminster, Wiltshire: rebuilding 1887–89
 * Holy Trinity Church, Gosport, Hampshire, restoration and campanile, 1887-89
 * St David's Church Bangor, Gwynedd, 1888
 * St Mary's Church, Rostherne, Cheshire, 1888
 * All Saints' Church, Leatherhead, Surrey, 1888
 * St Mark's Church, Regent's Park, 1888-9 (alterations)
 * St Mary's parish church, Rickmansworth, 1888-90
 * St Mark's parish church, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, 1889
 * Bancroft's School, Woodford Green, Essex, 1889
 * St Stephen's Church, Brighton, additions 1889
 * Eton College, Berkshire: Lower Chapel and Queen's Schools, 1889–91
 * All Souls Church, Hastings, Sussex, 1890
 * All Saints' Blackheath, additions in 1890 (vestries) and 1899 (porch)
 * St Cyprian's Church, Brockley, London, 1890
 * St James' Church, West End, Hampshire 1890
 * Christ Church Cathedral (Falkland Islands), 1890–1892
 * Oxford House, Bethnal Green, London, 1891
 * St Mary's parish church, Liss, Hampshire 1892
 * Magdalen College School, Oxford, 1893–94
 * West Sussex County Asylum, Chichester, West Sussex, 1894–97
 * The Catholic Church of Our Lady and St Edward the Confessor, Lyndhurst, Hants, 1894–96
 * Epsom College Chapel, Surrey 1895
 * St Werburgh's Church, Derby, new church added, 1895
 * St Mary's Church, Swansea, Glamorgan, 1896
 * St Michael's Church, Macclesfield, Cheshire, new nave and aisles, 1898–1901
 * All Saints Church, Leamington Spa, two western bays to the nave and a south western bell tower, 1898–1902
 * Wellington College, Berkshire, chapel aisles, 1899
 * St Saviour's Church of Ireland parish church, Coolgreaney Road, Arklow, County Wicklow, 1899
 * Glenesk Mausoleum, East Finchley Cemetery, Barnet, 1899

As Sir A.W. Blomfield and Sons

 * St John the Evangelist's Church, Preston Village, Brighton, Sussex, 1901
 * St George's Church, Ashtead, Surrey, 1905
 * St Saviour's Church, Raynes Park, Surrey, 1905
 * St Michael's parish church, Abbey Wood, Kent, 1907
 * Sea Marge Hotel in Overstrand, Norfolk, private residence for Sir Edgar Speyer, 1908
 * Church of Holy Trinity, Eltham, London, 1908
 * St Mellitus Church, Hanwell, 1909

title: Arthur Blomfield


text:
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus arabinosus and Lactobacillus plantarum) is a widespread member of the genus Lactiplantibacillus and commonly found in many fermented food products as well as anaerobic plant matter. L. plantarum was first isolated from saliva. Based on its ability to temporarily persist in plants, the insect intestine and in the intestinal tract of vertebrate animals, it was designated as a nomadic organism. L. plantarum is Gram positive, bacilli shaped bacterium. L. plantarum cells are rods with rounded ends, straight, generally 0.9–1.2 μm wide and 3–8 μm long, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains. L. plantarum has one of the largest genomes known among the lactic acid bacteria and is a very flexible and versatile species. It is estimated to grow between pH 3.4 and 8.8. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can grow in the temperature range 12 °C to 40 °C. The viable counts of the "L. plantarum" stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) remained high, while a considerable reduction in the counts was observed stored at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C).

Metabolism
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum are homofermentative, aerotolerant Gram-positive bacteria that grow at 15 °C, but not at 45 °C, and produce both isomers of lactic acid (D and L). Many lactobacilli including L. plantarum are unusual in that they can respire oxygen and express cytochromes if heme and menaquinone are present in the growth medium. In the absence of heme and menaquinone, oxygen is consumed by NADH-peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide as intermediate and water as end product. The peroxide, it is presumed, acts as a weapon to exclude competing bacteria from the food source. In place of the protective enzyme superoxide dismutase present in almost all other oxygen-tolerant cells, this organism accumulates millimolar quantities of manganese polyphosphate. Manganese is also used by L. plantarum in a pseudo-catalase to lower reactive oxygen levels. Because the chemistry by which manganese complexes protect the cells from oxygen damage is subverted by iron, these cells contain virtually no iron atoms; in contrast, a cell of Escherichia coli of comparable volume contains over one-million iron atoms. Because of this, L. plantarum cannot be used to create active enzymes that require a heme complex, such as true catalases.

L. plantarum can also reduce insoluble terminal electron acceptors, such as iron oxides or solid electrodes through extracellular electron transfer when riboflavin and quinone (such as 1 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, DHNA) are present. L. plantarum uses extracellular electron transfer to increase the NAD+/NADH ratio, accelerate fermentation, generate more ATP through the substrate-level phosphorylation, and accumulate more biomass.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, like many lactobacilli, can be cultured using MRS media.

Genomes
The genome sequencing of the lactic acid bacterium L. plantarum WCFS1 shows more molecular details. The chromosome contains 3,308,274 base pairs. The GC content of L. plantarum is 44.45% with the average protein count 3063. According to the experiment from Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, the rRNA number of L. plantarum WCFS1 is 15, and the number or tRNA is 70.

Silage
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is the most common bacterium used in silage inoculants. During the anaerobic conditions of ensilage, these organisms quickly dominate the microbial population, and, within 48 hours, they begin to produce lactic and acetic acids via the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway, further diminishing their competition. Under these conditions, L. plantarum strains producing high levels of heterologous proteins have been found to remain highly competitive. This quality could allow this species to be utilized as an effective biological pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass.

Food products
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is commonly found in milk products, meat and a lot of vegetable fermentations including sauerkraut, pickles, brined olives, Korean kimchi, Nigerian Ogi, sourdough, and other fermented plant material, and also some cheeses, fermented sausages, and stockfish. The high levels of this organism in food also makes it an ideal candidate for the development of probiotics. In a 2008 study by Juana Frias et al., L. plantarum was applied to reduce the allergenicity of soy flour. The result showed that, compared to other microbes, L. plantarum-fermented soy flour showed the highest reduction in IgE immunoreactivity (96–99%), depending upon the sensitivity of the plasma used. L. plantarum is also found in dadiah, a traditional fermented buffalo milk of the Minangkabau people, native to Sumatra, Indonesia.

Lactobacillus plantarum strain K21 is a gram-positive bacteria isolated from fermented vegetables. It has the ability to hydrolyze bile salt when it is provided as a supplement. In fat mice, K21 also reduces the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, and inhibits the accumulation of lipid in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, it reduces the level of plasma leptin, mitigates liver damage and alleviates glucose intolerance. Finally K21 inhibits body weight gain and fat mass accumulation.

Therapeutics
Because it is abundant, of human origin, and easy to grow, L. plantarum has been tested for health effects. It has been identified as a probiotic, which suggests its value for further research and application. L. plantarum has significant antioxidant activities and also helps to maintain intestinal permeability. It is able to suppress the growth of gas-producing bacteria in the intestines and may benefit some patients who suffer from IBS. It helps to create microbe balance and stabilize digestive enzyme patterns. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum has been found in experiments to increase hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor, which means L. plantarum may have a beneficial role in the treatment of depression. The ability of L. plantarum to survive in the human gastro-intestinal tract makes it a possible in vivo delivery vehicle for therapeutic compounds or proteins.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a constituent in VSL#3. This proprietary, standardized formulation of live bacteria may be used in combination with conventional therapies to treat ulcerative colitis and requires a prescription.

Antimicrobial property
The ability of L. plantarum to produce antimicrobial substances helps them survive in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. The antimicrobial substances produced have shown significant effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Activity against AIDS-defining illnesses
As a result of initial HIV infection, the gut has been found to be a prime center of immune activity. The immune systems' Paneth cells of the gut attack HIV by producing interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which results in extensive collateral damage—sloughing of tight intestinal lining, witnessed as severe diarrhea. This destruction of the gut lining allows fungal pathogens to invade, e.g., Cryptococcus species, resulting in an AIDS-defining illness such as cryptococcosis, representing 60% to 70% of all AIDS-defining cases, but not necessarily only the gut. In rhesus macaques, L. plantarum is able to reduce (destroy) IL-1β, resolving inflammation, and accelerating gut repair within hours.

Biochemistry
The entire genome has recently been sequenced, and promoter libraries have been developed for both conditional and constitutive gene expression, adding to the utility of L. plantarum. It is also commonly employed as the indicative organism in niacin bioassay experiments, in particular, AOAC International Official Method 944.13, as it is a niacin auxotroph.

title: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum


text:
Earl of Dunbar

The title Earl of Dunbar, also called Earl of Lothian or Earl of March, applied to the head of a comital lordship in south-eastern Scotland between the early 12th century and the early 15th century. The first man to use the title of Earl in this capacity was Gospatric II, Earl of Lothian, son of Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. It descended to George de Dunbar, 11th Earl of March, whose titles & estates were declared forfeit by the Scottish parliament in 1435, and retired into obscurity in England. His son Patrick retained a barony at Kilconquhar in Fife.

The title of Earl of Dunbar was revived in 1605 for George Home, 1st Lord Hume of Berwick, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and his heirs male. This title became dormant only six years after its creation, upon Home's death in 1611. Some of his kinsmen were said to be acknowledged as de jure holders of the title, but none of them ever appears to have assumed the title.

There have been no subsequent creations; however, two other peerages with similar names are Lord of Dunbar and Viscount of Dunbar.

Using title "Earl of Lothian"

 * Gospatric II, Earl of Lothian (died 1138)
 * Gospatric III, Earl of Lothian (died 1166)

Using title "Earl of Dunbar"

 * Waltheof, Earl of Dunbar (died 1182)
 * Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar (1154–1232)
 * Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar (1186–1249)
 * Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar (1213–1289)

Using mainly the title "Earl of March"

 * Patrick IV, Earl of March (1242–1308)
 * Patrick V, Earl of March (1284–1368)
 * George I, Earl of March (1340–1422)
 * George II, Earl of March (c. 1370–1457)

Earls of Dunbar, Second Creation (1605)

 * George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar (c.1556–1611) – died without male issue

Subsequent claimants to the title

 * John Home, de jure 2nd Earl of Dunbar (a 1628), brother of 1st Earl, according to the Lord Advocate in 1634, he “conceiving his fortune too mean, forebore to assume the dignity”. He died without male issue.
 * George Home, de jure 3rd Earl of Dunbar (a 1637), son of Alexander Home of Manderston and nephew of 1st Earl, certified in his claim in 1634 by the same Lord Advocate.
 * Alexander Home, de jure 4th Earl of Dunbar (d. 1675), son of 3rd Earl, said to have been confirmed in title by Charles II in 1651 but which does not appear in the Great Seal of Scotland. Died without male issue.
 * Alexander Hume, of Manderstone, de jure 5th Earl of Dunbar (b. 1651, d. 4 January 1720 Aurich, Germany), nephew of 4th Earl. Capt. of a troop of horse in the service of the States of Holland, later Geheimrat in Aurich, Germany. To him 14 October 1689, William III, King of England, Ireland and Scotland confirmed the Earldom of Dunbar exemplifying the previous confirmation thereof by Charles II. It is not known if Alexander Hume styled himself "Earl of Dunbar" in Germany, where he and his descendants rather are known as Grafen (Counts) Hume of Manderstone. He married the daughter of Leonard Fewen, General Steward of Emden, who inherited the manor house and estate of Stikelkamp at Hesel, East Frisia. His son—Leonard Hume (1684–1741), de jure 6th Earl of Dunbar—inherited the estate in Stikelkamp from his father. Leonard married Gesina Bruncken (1701–1763). A son of Leonard—Heere Andries Hume —was de jure the 7th Earl of Dunbar (b. 1738 in Norden). Leonard's daughter Helena Hume of Manderstone (1722–1784) inherited the estate of Stikelkamp; she married Bebäus Scato Kettwig; their daughter Isabella (1742–1797) married Eger Carl Christian Lantzius-Beninga (1744–1798); the Lantzius-Beninga family owned the Stikelkamp estate until 1971, when it was purchased by the Landkreis Leer. Note: No claimant has progressed his claim before the House of Lords Committee for Privileges to a satisfactory conclusion. This Committee was—until the Dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010—the only body which was authorised to decide whether or not a claimant may be confirmed in the title. The Lord Advocate of Scotland, for instance, has no authority in these matters, especially in the 17th century, given the corruption and nepotism rampant at that time. The usual way to establish the right to inherit a title is to apply for a Writ of Summons to attend Parliament (a procedure that will have to be reviewed in the light of new legislation abolishing the hereditary parliamentary rights of peers). Then the Committee for Privileges examines the validity of the documentation supporting the line of descent of the claimant and his relationship to the previous holder of the peerage title. Currently, there are several authorities who theoretically could recognize the use of the title "Earl of Dunbar", issued by William III.

In 1721 James Murray (c.1690–1770), second son of David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont, was created Earl of Dunbar, Viscount of Drumcairn and Lord of Hadykes in the Jacobite Peerage by James Francis Edward Stuart, the "Old Pretender". These creations were never recognised by the British government.

In 1776, John Home, descended from David, second son of Sir David Home of Wedderburn, appears to have had the title's privileges upheld for him (given "retour") as heir male of the Earl of Dunbar, but the service was reduced by the Court of Session, at the instance of Sir George Home of Blackadder, Bt., a descendant of Sir David through an immediate younger brother of Alexander Home, the first of Manderston (grandfather of George, 1st Earl).

In 1810 Sir John Home of Renton, Bt., served notice that he was preparing a case to lay before The House "to the title, honour, and dignity of Earl of Dunbar, as heir male to the first patentee". He appears not to have pursued the case to a conclusion.

During the 19th century Mr Home Drummond of Blair Drummond, Perthshire, as descended from, and heir male of, Patrick Home of Renton, uncle of George, 1st Earl of Dunbar, also had a claim to that peerage.

title: Earl of Dunbar


text:
Sheppard–Yonge station

Sheppard–Yonge (formerly Sheppard) is an interchange station on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 4 Sheppard of the Toronto subway. The station is located at the southern end of North York City Centre. It is the fourth-busiest station in the system, after, and , serving a combined total of approximately 0 people per day in.

History
Sheppard–Yonge first opened as Sheppard in 1974, when the Yonge–University subway line was extended north from to. The extension was planned to open in two stages with Sheppard as the temporary terminus, but construction north of was delayed by various problems and in 1973, York Mills was opened as the temporary terminus instead; Sheppard and Finch stations opened in 1974. The H-2 class subway cars delivered in 1971 included destination signs for "Sheppard via downtown" on the expectation that it would be a terminal station.

The station was expanded and renamed "Sheppard–Yonge" in 2002 with the opening of the Sheppard subway line, for which this station became the western terminus. The renaming was similar to that of Bloor–Yonge station. Unlike Bloor–Yonge, where the signs on Line 1 platforms still read "Bloor" and those on the Line 2 Bloor–Danforth read "Yonge", Sheppard–Yonge is given its full name on both sets of platforms; all existing signs within the station were changed to give the new name. At that time, this station became accessible with elevators. When the automated announcements were installed on Toronto's subway trains, Line 1 trains referred to the station as "Sheppard" while Line 4 trains referred to the station as "Sheppard–Yonge", the new Toronto Rocket subway trains refer to the station on both Lines 1 and 4 as "Sheppard–Yonge" followed by "Change for Line 1/4" respectively.

Station description
The station is located under Yonge Street at Sheppard Avenue, and is built on five levels. All seven entrances are located at street level, as is the bus platform. The three levels below are concourse levels, which provide access to the bus platform and the two subway lines. The subway platforms are on the two lower levels, with the Yonge–University line on the bottom and the newer Sheppard line crossing above.

Entrances
There are six entrances – five automated entrances (all of which are only accessible by Presto card) and two staffed entrances:
 * An accessible automatic entrance on the northeast side of Yonge Street and Sheppard Avenue beside the Yonge Sheppard Centre. This was a staffed entrance until October 21, 2019, when the collector booth was closed.
 * An accessible staffed entrance accessed via the Hullmark Centre entrance on the southeast corner of Yonge and Sheppard
 * An accessible automatic entrance accessed via a private elevator in the Nestle Canada Building at 25 Sheppard Avenue West, one block west of Yonge
 * An automatic entrance at Harlandale and Yonge, one block north of Sheppard
 * An automatic entrance on the northeast corner of Yonge Street and Anndale Drive, accessed via the Procter & Gamble building (Monday to Friday 6am to 7pm, excluding holidays) or via the underground parking lot of Whole Foods Market
 * An automatic entrance accessed via the Emerald Park building on the northwest corner of Yonge Street at Poyntz Avenue

Architecture and art
The station on the Sheppard line was designed by architectural firm NORR Limited. The construction of the Sheppard line included the integration of the bus terminal at street level into the fare-paid zone.

The artwork in the station, entitled Immersion Land and created by the artist Stacey Spiegel, consists of panoramic posterized murals created from 150 digital photos rendered onto single-colour mosaic tiles. The artwork depicts rural scenery along Yonge Street or Highway 11 somewhere between Lake Ontario and North Bay, and is located on the upper (Line 4 Sheppard) platform level.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
The Sheppard line tracks cross above the Yonge line. Line 4 has side platforms (unique among TTC terminal stations), but there is also a roughed-in centre platform. Should the station become a busy transfer point, this platform will be opened and trains will open all their doors, allowing riders to enter on one side and exit on the other to improve efficiency.

Both lines have a crossover just beyond the platforms, with Line 1's being to the south and Line 4's to the east. As Sheppard-Yonge is a terminus for Line 4, its crossover is used to regularly reverse trains, with Line 1's being used only for occasional short turns. Trains normally pull into the south platform on Line 4 to allow passengers to board and alight before returning in the direction from which they came; the north platform is used only for passengers disembarking from trains that are going out of service.

A connecting track from the southbound Line 1 track south of the station, used only if non-revenue trains or work cars need to be transferred between the two lines, curves around to a point 500 m west of Yonge on Line 4's single tail track, slightly more than one train-length east of the end of the track, with a second (which becomes the eastbound track) diverging from the connector, which passes under it. This provides an area where trains can be stored clear of the line. East of the station, Line 4 converges with a second connecting track from northbound Line 1.

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Sheppard–Yonge station


text:
Category:Hong Kong stubs

See also
 * Category:Hong Kong album stubs HongKong-album-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong building and structure stubs HongKong-struct-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong company stubs HongKong-company-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong education stubs HongKong-edu-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong film stubs HongKong-film-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong geography stubs HongKong-geo-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong musical group stubs HongKong-band-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong people stubs HongKong-bio-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong politics stubs HongKong-poli-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong road stubs HongKong-road-stub
 * Category:Hong Kong television stubs HongKong-tv-stub

title: Category:Hong Kong stubs


text: Talk:Changshin University

title: Talk:Changshin University


text: Talk:Changwon National University

title: Talk:Changwon National University


text: Talk:Cheju Halla University

title: Talk:Cheju Halla University


text: Talk:Jeju National University

title: Talk:Jeju National University


text: User talk:68.44.28.119

title: User talk:68.44.28.119


text:
Fellows (surname)

Fellows or Fellowes is a surname.

Notable people with the surname include:
 * Ailwyn Fellowes, 1st Baron Ailwyn (1855–1924), British businessman, farmer and politician
 * Archie Fellows, English footballer
 * Carol Fellowes, 4th Baron Ailwyn (1896–1988), British peer
 * Charles Fellows (disambiguation)
 * Charlie Fellows (disambiguation)
 * Christine Fellows (born 1968), Canadian folk-pop singer-songwriter
 * Daisy Fellowes (1890–1962), French socialite
 * Darren Fellows (born 1975), British musician
 * Deborah Copenhaver Fellows, American sculptor
 * Don Fellows (1922–2007), American actor
 * Edmund Fellowes (E.H. Fellowes) (1870–1951), English musicologist, cleric and authority on Tudor church music
 * Edwin R. Fellows (1865–1945), founder of the Fellows Gear Shaper Company
 * Eric Fellowes, 3rd Baron Ailwyn (1887–1976), British peer
 * Frank Fellows (basketball), American basketball coach
 * Frank Fellows (politician) (1889–1951), U.S. Representative from Maine
 * Gary Fellows (born 1978), English cricketer
 * George Byron Lyon-Fellowes (1815–1876), Mayor of Ottawa (1876)
 * Graeme Fellowes (1934–2013), Australian rules footballer
 * Graham Fellows (born 1959), English comic actor
 * Grant Fellows (1865-1929), American jurist
 * Harvey Fellows (1826–1907), English cricketer
 * James Fellowes (cricketer) (1841–1916), English cricketer
 * James Fellowes (lord lieutenant) (1849–1935), English lord lieutenant
 * James Fellowes (physician) (1771–1857), English physician
 * Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes (born 1957), older sister of Diana, Princess of Wales
 * Jonathan Fellows-Smith (1932–2013), former South African cricketer
 * John R. Fellows (1832–1896), U.S. Representative from New York
 * Julian Fellowes (born 1949), English actor, novelist and screenwriter
 * Michael Fellows (born 1952), American academic
 * Mike Fellows (musician) (born 1965), American musician
 * Newton Fellowes (1772–1854), English politician
 * Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes (born 1941), Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II (1990–1999); brother-in-law of Diana, Princess of Wales
 * Robert Fellows (1903–1969), American film producer
 * Ron Fellows (born 1959), Canadian racing car driver
 * Scott Fellows (born 1965), American television writer and producer
 * Stephen Fellows English songwriter
 * Stewart Fellows (born 1948), English professional footballer
 * Thomas Fellowes (1778-1853), Royal Navy officer during the Napoleonic Wars
 * Thomas Hounsom Butler Fellowes (1827–1923), a Royal Navy officer during the Victorian era.
 * Walter Fellows (1834–1901), English cricketer
 * Warren Fellows (born 1952), Australian convicted of drug trafficking in 1981
 * Wes Fellowes (born 1961), Australian Rules Footballer
 * William Fellowes, 2nd Baron de Ramsey (1848–1925), British Conservative politician
 * William Henry Fellowes (1769–1837), British M.P.

title: Fellows (surname)


text:
Women's World Cup

The Women's World Cup could refer to any of:

 * FIFA Women's World Cup (association football)
 * 1970 Women's World Cup (association football)
 * 1971 Women's World Cup (association football)
 * Mundialito (women) (association football, 1981–1988)
 * UCI Women's Road World Cup (cycling)
 * Women's Cricket World Cup
 * Women's Cricket T20 World Cup
 * Women's Rugby World Cup (rugby union)
 * Women's Rugby League World Cup
 * Women's World Cup of Golf
 * Bandy World Cup Women
 * Women's FIH Hockey World Cup (field hockey)

title: Women's World Cup


text: Talk:Korea Polytechnic VII Changwon

title: Talk:Korea Polytechnic VII Changwon


text:
Talk:Megaesophagus

I'm
I'm not sure whether or not this would be a copyvio... --Sgeo | Talk 02:21, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Megaesophagus


text:
Max Gerson

Max Gerson (October 18, 1881 – March 8, 1959) was a German-born American physician who developed the Gerson Therapy, a dietary-based alternative cancer treatment that he claimed could cure cancer and most chronic, degenerative diseases.

Gerson described his approach in the book A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases (1958). The National Cancer Institute evaluated Gerson's claims and concluded that his data showed no benefit from his treatment. The therapy is both ineffective and dangerous.

Early life and career
Gerson was born to a Jewish family in Wongrowitz, German Empire (Wągrowiec, now in Poland), on October 18, 1881. In 1909, he graduated from the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg. He began practicing medicine at age 28 in Breslau (Wrocław, now in Poland), later specializing in internal medicine and nerve diseases in Bielefeld. By 1927, he was specializing in the treatment of tuberculosis, developing the Gerson-Sauerbruch-Hermannsdorfer diet, claiming it was a major advance in the treatment of tuberculosis. Initially, he used his therapy as a supposed treatment for migraine headaches and tuberculosis. In 1928, he began to use it as a claimed treatment for cancer. When the Nazis came to power in 1933 Gerson left Germany, emigrating to Vienna, where he worked in the West End Sanatorium. Gerson spent two years in Vienna, before moving to France in 1935, associating with a clinic near Paris before moving to London in 1936. Shortly thereafter, he moved to the United States, settling in New York City.

In the United States
Gerson emigrated to the United States in 1936, passed his medical board examination, and became a U.S. citizen in 1942. In the U.S., Gerson applied his dietary therapy to several cancer patients, claiming good results, but other workers found his methodology and claims unconvincing. Proponents of Gerson Therapy believe a conspiracy headed by the medical establishment prevented Gerson from publishing proof that his therapy worked. In 1958, Gerson published a book in which he claimed to have cured 50 terminal cancer patients: A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases. In 1953, Gerson's malpractice insurance was discontinued and, in 1958, his medical license in New York was suspended for two years.

Death
Gerson died on March 8, 1959, of pneumonia. A conspiracy theory has subsequently spread that Gerson was murdered following a lifetime of supposed persecution.

Gerson therapy
Initially, Gerson used his therapy as a treatment for migraine headaches and tuberculosis. In 1928, he began to use it as a supposed treatment for cancer.

Gerson Therapy is based on the belief that disease is caused by the accumulation of unspecified toxins, and attempts to treat the disease by having patients consume a predominantly vegetarian diet including hourly glasses of organic juice and various dietary supplements. Animal proteins are excluded from the diet under the unproven premise that tumors develop as a result of pancreatic enzyme deficiency. In addition, patients receive enemas of coffee, castor oil and sometimes hydrogen peroxide or ozone.

After Gerson's death, his daughter Charlotte Gerson (March 25, 1922 - February 10, 2019) continued to promote the therapy, founding the "Gerson Institute" in 1977. The original protocol also included raw calf's liver taken orally, but this practice was discontinued in the 1980s after ten patients were hospitalized (five of them comatose) from January 1979 to March 1981 in San Diego, California, area hospitals due to infection with the rare bacterium Campylobacter fetus. This infection was seen only in those following Gerson-type therapy with raw liver (no other cases of patients having sepsis with this microbe, a pathogen in cattle, had been reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the previous two years). Nine of ten hospitalized patients had been treated in Tijuana, Mexico; the tenth followed Gerson therapy at home. One of these patients who had metastatic melanoma died within a week of his septic episode. Many of the patients had low sodium levels, thought to be associated with the very low sodium Gerson diet. The photographer Garry Winogrand died of gallbladder cancer in a Gerson Clinic in Tijuana.

Evidence
Gerson's therapy has not been independently tested or subjected to randomized controlled trials, and thus is illegal to market in the United States. The Gerson Institute promotes the therapy by citing patient testimonials and other anecdotal evidence. Gerson published a book discussing the alleged success of the therapy in 50 patients, but a review by the U.S. National Cancer Institute was unable to find any evidence that Gerson's claims were accurate. The NCI found that no in vivo animal studies had been conducted. Similarly, case series by Gerson Institute staff published in the alternative medical literature suffered from methodological flaws, and no independent entity has been able to reproduce the claims.

Attempts to independently check the results of the therapy have been negative. A group of 13 patients sickened by elements of the Gerson Therapy were evaluated in hospitals in San Diego in the early 1980s; all 13 were found to still have active cancer. An investigation by Quackwatch found that the institute's claims of cure were based not on actual documentation of survival, but on "a combination of the doctor's estimate that the departing patient has a 'reasonable chance of surviving', plus feelings that the Institute staff have about the status of people who call in".

A 1994 article in the Journal of Naturopathic Medicine attempted to follow 39 Gerson patients in Tijuana. Patient interviews were used to confirm the existence and stage of cancer; most patients were unaware of the stage of their tumor, and medical records were not available. Most patients were lost to follow-up; of the patients successfully followed, 10 died and six were alive at their last follow-up. Review of this study pointed out its "obvious flaws", including "the majority of patients lost to follow-up, lack of access to detailed medical records, and reliance upon patients for disease stage information"; the authors themselves regarded the results as unclear.

The American Cancer Society reported that "[t]here is no reliable scientific evidence that Gerson therapy is effective in treating cancer, and the principles behind it are not widely accepted by the medical community. It is not approved for use in the United States." In 1947, the National Cancer Institute reviewed 10 claimed cures submitted by Gerson; however, all of the patients were receiving standard anticancer treatment simultaneously, making it impossible to determine what effect, if any, was due to Gerson's therapy. A review of the Gerson Therapy by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center concluded: "If proponents of such therapies wish them to be evaluated scientifically and considered valid adjuvant treatments, they must provide extensive records (more than simple survival rates) and conduct controlled, prospective studies as evidence". In 1959, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) again reviewed cases of patients treated by Gerson. The NCI found that the available information did not prove the regimen had benefit. Cancer Research UK states that "Available scientific evidence does not support any claims that Gerson therapy can treat cancer [...] Gerson therapy can be very harmful to your health."

Safety concerns
Gerson therapy can lead to several significant health problems. Serious illness and death have occurred as a direct result of some portions of the treatment, including severe electrolyte imbalances.

Continued use of enemas may weaken the colon's normal function, causing or worsening constipation and colitis. Other complications have included dehydration, serious infections and severe bleeding.

The therapy is not recommended for pregnant or breast-feeding women and certain cancers and illnesses.

Coffee enemas have contributed to the deaths of at least three people in the United States. Coffee enemas "can cause colitis (inflammation of the bowel), fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and in some cases septicemia". The recommended diet may not be nutritionally adequate. The diet has been blamed for the deaths of patients who substituted it for standard medical care.

Relying on the therapy alone while avoiding or delaying conventional medical care for cancer has serious health consequences. Jessica Ainscough, better known as "The Wellness Warrior", was a major proponent of the Gerson diet after her diagnosis with cancer. She rejected medical treatment and followed the diet strictly, documenting her progress in a popular blog. She died from her untreated cancer in February 2015, aged 29.

title: Max Gerson


text:
List of Toyota vehicles

Toyota has produced and marketed vehicles since 1935. Most vehicles sold today are designed and manufactured by Toyota, while some vehicles are produced by other companies and supplied to Toyota through an OEM supply basis. Many models are limited to some regions, while some others are marketed worldwide. This list does not include vehicles from Lexus, Scion, Daihatsu or Hino brands.

Concept vehicles
The following is a partial list of concept cars Toyota developed. The year indicates when the vehicle was first officially shown to the public.

title: List of Toyota vehicles


text:
North York Centre station

North York Centre is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University of the Toronto subway system. The station is located under Yonge Street, where it is intersected by Park Home Avenue and Empress Avenue. The station, the system's first and only infill station, opened in 1987 to serve North York City Centre, a high density business district in the Willowdale neighbourhood. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

History
North York Centre opened in 1987 in what was then the City of North York as an infill station of the Yonge–University line.

This station was added by excavating alongside the existing tracks, on a level section of route provided for this purpose when the line was built. The view across the tracks between platforms is not as open as most stations, as the solid concrete wall had to retain its load-bearing strength, and smaller openings were cut.

In late 2007 the TTC began work to make the station accessible to those with limited mobility, and in November 2009 the work was completed. Two elevators were installed to take passengers from mezzanine level to the subway platforms. Persons in wheelchairs or with other mobility restrictions are now able to enter from street level by way of existing facilities in the major buildings on both sides of the station.

Public art
Artwork in the station consists of North York Heritage Murals by North York artists Nicholas and Susana Graven, located at the platform level. The two murals, each made of over 5000 pieces of glazed ceramic tiles using a process invented by Artessa Studios of North York, depict scenes of North York in the 19th century in an abstract way and are titled: The historic place names shown above each of the murals are names of historic communities near an imaginary line from the northwest to the southeast through the historic Lansing.
 * Top of the North Hill—1850s on the northbound platform (surtitled with the historic place names "Don Mills, Flynntown, L'Amoreaux, Lansing, Milneford, Newtonbrook, Oriole, O'Sullivan's Corners, Willowdale"), and
 * Traffic at Yonge and Sheppard—1860s on the southbound platform (surtitled with the historic place names "Downsview, Dublin, Eglinton, Elia, Emery, Fairbank, Fisherville, Humber Summit, Kaiserville, York Mills, Weston").

Nearby landmarks
Direct underground level connection from the station are: on the east side with the Empress Walk shopping, entertainment and residential complex; and on the west side with City Centre, which includes commercial office and retail space as well as a cluster of City of Toronto facilities that include Mel Lastman Square, North York Civic Centre, North York Central Library and Douglas Snow Aquatic Centre. Other nearby landmarks include Earl Haig Secondary School, Gibson House, Meridian Arts Centre and York Cemetery.

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include:

title: North York Centre station


text: User talk:24.171.49.245

title: User talk:24.171.49.245


text: User talk:69.105.56.153

title: User talk:69.105.56.153


text:
Talk:Carbon-dioxide laser

There's a lot of really good technical material here but it's hard for the non-specialist to understand. (I don't even know if it means ''anything' let alone if it's correct). RJFJR 02:22, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

i.r. doesn't look like the correct abbreviation for Infra-red to me. RJFJR 02:22, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've done a lot of clean-up of the article and removed the clean-up tag. Those things that I can personally verify are now correct, but the article as a whole could still use a going-over by a true subject-matter expert. I've re-marked it as a stub; perhaps that will encourage someone who really knows to chime in here.

Atlant 16:38, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

So far everything looks good to me. I'll see if I can't add anything more useful. I'm not a CO2 Laser Expert but I do know something about this laser.--Ldussan 01:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

WORKING OF CO2 LASER
WHY BLASTING RESISTOR IS NOT USED IN CO2 LASERVipan hira 14:43, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you mean a ballast resistor. I don't know. Are you sure they are not used? CW CO2 lasers that don't use RF excitation certainly need constant-current high voltage. A ballast resistor seems like a good way to achieve that. In fact, I'm pretty sure the CO2 lasers I worked with as a grad student had large ballast resistors in the power supplies. I remember replacing one of them once.

 * By the way, do not type in all capital letters. People will treat you as if you were SHOUTING AT THEM. It is not polite.--Srleffler 18:37, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Max power?
The current revision of Carbon dioxide laser says "The CO2 laser can be constructed to have powers between milliwatts (mW) and gigawatts (GW)."; this contradicts the current revision of Laser, which says "Carbon dioxide lasers emit up to 100 kW". Neither article gives references, so can we please have some? -- Whitepaw 19:01, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I clarified this with the best references I could find on short notice. Bottom line is both are right depending on whether you are talking about CW or Q-switched. --Chuck Sirloin 20:23, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Cheers, nice references -- Whitepaw 06:47, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Sorry folks, the article still reads "continuous wave" and CO2 lasers are NOT the most powerful continuous wave lasers available. That honor belongs to chemical lasers, which achieve output powers at least an order of magnitude higher than CO2 devices. Free electron lasers are capable of powers even greater than that, but cannot be considered "continuous wave" devices. I know this to be true, as lasers are one of my hobbies, but I'll try to find formal citations later today. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.81.101.245 (talk) 15:57, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Why 10.6 μm and not 4.26 μm or 14.99 μm?
According to Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth%27s_atmosphere the principal absorption modes of CO2 occur at wavelengths of 4.26 μm and 14.99 μm. Why do CO2 lasers emit at 10.6 μm instead of these more natural wavelengths for CO2? There are lines at 10.6 in the absorption spectra I've seen for CO2 but they appear to be much weaker than the two principal ones. Some discussion of this discrepancy in the article might be helpful for readers wondering how the behavior of CO2 in lasers relates to its behavior in the atmosphere. --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 03:13, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * You don't make a laser using a transition that has high absorption. That's not efficient, because the medium absorbs some of your beam. Usually lasers are based on transitions between two excited states, with the lower state chosen to be one that has little population at room temperature (or the operating temperature of the laser). The lower state also needs to have a fast decay to the ground state, so it stays empty. Since the lower state has essentially no electrons, light can be emitted but not absorbed. See Active laser medium for more.--Srleffler (talk) 04:01, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

PMMA is a common name in the context of microfabrication
I appreciate the good soul's work who changed PMMA into "acrylic", but first of all, PMMA is not the exact same thing as acrylic. And just as importantly, PMMA is always used in micromachining, acrylic, well, I haven't seen it yet. However, if the person who changed PMMA to acrylic feels very strongly about this, I'll let it be. But the articles about CO2 ablation of PMMA don't mention acrylic. In the context of microfluidics and MEMS, the name "acrilic" is not used, though you will see, of course, (meth)acrylic acid etc.Blind cyclist (talk) 21:26, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps one of the other names for it will do then? This isn't an article on microfabrication, so the usage in that field doesn't necessarily govern, and Wikipedia's Manual of Style requires acronyms to be spelled out the first time they are used in an article. I figured that using a more common name for the material would be better than spelling out the acronym of a chemical name.--Srleffler (talk) 00:46, 21 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Thank you!Blind cyclist (talk) 13:54, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

CO2 lasers in EUVL
http://www.gigaphoton.com/e/pdf/6151-126.pdf EUV lithography's source needs is a major factor pushing the development of high rep rate, pulsed CO2 lasers. Maybe this should be included in the applications section — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.43.98.75 (talk) 17:35, 15 April 2013 (UTC)
 * That's a good suggestion. Why don't you add something about it to the article? --Srleffler (talk) 00:42, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

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Two suggestions
I've two suggestions. One is to note that "natural" lasing in Mar's atmosphere was observed in the early 1980s (and published). Seems sunlight pumps CO2 in the mesosphere and a 10% gain was noted via telescope. It has been suggested that on Mars, you could use a simple OPEN cavity - basically just two mirrors - which suggests that the section here on the need for "special construction" may be true locally, but not universally. Two is a request that this article should get technical. I don't mean concentrate on the technical stuff, but I'd sure like to have the (energy level) transitions that are used defined and described.40.142.185.108 (talk) 14:28, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

10.6 μm and 9.3 μm
The most common quoted wavelength for CO2 lasers is 10.6 μm, presumably providing the highest output or efficiency.

The most common special wavelength in the trade is 9.3 μm, facilitating marking on certain 10.6 μm transmissive plastics.

Yet reading the neat isotope vs. wavelength table it would have us believe that the garden variety 12C18O2 lases in the range 9.0–9.2 μm.

It seems absurd that a special 14C isotope technique would be used in the VAST majority of all CO2 lasers to reach closer to 10.6 μm not withstanding the fact that the longest listed wavelength is 10.2 μm.

There is surely something obvious that I have not figured out but it is not clear from the page what isotope mix would generally be used to reach the most common wavelength of 10.6 μm in industry.

Could there be an error in the table?

Idyllic press (talk) 18:54, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

 * CO2 lases on a lot of different lines, even with a single isotope. The table in the article is only showing the range for one of several distinct emission bands. Somebody misread the original paper.--Srleffler (talk) 00:02, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carbon-dioxide laser


text:
Francie

Francie is a given name, often a shortened form of Francis (male) or Frances (female).

The name may refer to:

People

 * Francie Barrett (born 1977), Irish boxer
 * Francie Bellew (born 1976), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Francie Brolly (1938–2020), Northern Ireland Sinn Féin politician
 * Françoise Ducros, Canadian government official
 * Francie Kraker Goodridge (born 1947), American former women's track and field athlete and coach
 * Francie Grehan, Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Francie Molloy (born 1950), Northern Ireland Sinn Féin politician
 * Francis O'Brien (Irish politician) (born 1943), Irish former Fianna Fáil politician
 * Francie Larrieu Smith (born 1952), American middle- and long-distance runner

Other

 * Francie (Barbie), a fashion doll produced by Mattel
 * Francis "Francie" Brady, protagonist of the Irish novel The Butcher Boy
 * Francie Calfo, a fictional character on the television series Alias
 * Francie Nolan, heroine of the novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, as well as the 1945 film and 1951 Broadway musical adaptations
 * Francie Stevens, in the 1955 movie To Catch a Thief and the novel on which it was based, played by Grace Kelly in the film
 * half of the act Francie and Josie, Francie being played by Scottish comedian Jack Milroy
 * Francie, a character created by American cartoonist Al Columbia

title: Francie


text:
Megaesophagus

Megaesophagus, also known as esophageal dilatation, is a disorder of the esophagus in humans and other mammals, whereby the esophagus becomes abnormally enlarged. Megaesophagus may be caused by any disease which causes the muscles of the esophagus to fail to properly propel food and liquid from the mouth into the stomach (that is, a failure of peristalsis). Food can become lodged in the flaccid esophagus, where it may decay, be regurgitated, or maybe inhaled into the lungs (leading to aspiration pneumonia).

Humans
Megaesophagus may occur secondary to diseases such as achalasia or Chagas disease. Achalasia is caused by a loss of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus. There is a marked lack of contraction within the muscles involved in peristalsis with a constant contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter. Dilation of the esophagus results in difficulty swallowing. Retention of food bolus is also noted.

Dogs

Megaesophagus can also be a symptom of the disease myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease where the primary symptom is weakness in various body parts of the dog. However, when myasthenia gravis occurs in older dogs it is thought of as an immune-mediated disease. Often when myasthenia gravis is diagnosed in older dogs the first symptom the dog may manifest is megaesophagus.

Myasthenia gravis occurs when acetylcholine receptors (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) fail to function properly, so that the muscle is not stimulated to contract. There is an invention known as the "bailey chair" that uses the force of gravity to push down liquids and food into the dog's stomach. Usually dogs are known to understand when it is time to eat in their bailey chair, and this helps prevent issues. Bailey chairs can be made and are sold. Also, a simple chair turned upside down can be successfully used for this purpose.

In two unrelated incidents in Latvia and Australia megaesophagus developed in dogs that had eaten certain brands of dog food; however, no agent that could have caused the disorder has been found in lab tests of the food.

Diagnosis
An important distinction in recognizing megaesophagus is the difference between when a dog regurgitates or vomits. When a dog regurgitates there is usually not as much effort involved as when a dog vomits. Often when regurgitating, the dog will tip its head down and the liquid and/or food will almost appear to "spill out" of its throat.

One of the primary dangers to a dog with megaesophagus is aspiration pneumonia. Because the food stays lodged in the throat, it can often be inhaled into the lungs causing aspiration pneumonia. One way to avoid this is to make sure that every time the dog eats or drinks anything, that the dog sits for at least 10 minutes afterward or is held in a sitting up or begging position. This disorder has a guarded prognosis, however, a successful management technique is vertical feeding in a Bailey chair.

Affected breeds

 * Basset Fauve de Bretagne
 * Bernese Mountain Dog
 * Bichon Frise
 * Boston Terrier
 * Chihuahua
 * Cocker Spaniel
 * Dachshund
 * English Springer Spaniel
 * French Bulldog
 * German Shepherd
 * German Spitz
 * Golden Retriever
 * Great Dane
 * Greyhound
 * Irish Setter
 * Irish Wolfhound
 * Italian Greyhound
 * Labrador Retriever
 * Miniature Schnauzer
 * Newfoundland dog
 * Rottweiler
 * Shar Pei
 * Shih Tzu
 * Welsh Corgi
 * Welsh Terrier
 * Wire Fox Terrier
 * Yorkshire Terrier

Cats
Affected breeds:
 * American Shorthair
 * Persian (cat)
 * Siamese (cat)

Horses
Megaesophagus is rare in horses. It is more frequently reported in Friesian horses than in other breeds. Congenital megaesophagus is usually identified when a foal begins to eat solid food from the ground; prior to this, as the foal nurses milk from its mother, the milk passes easily down into the stomach. The most common signs are difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and inhalational pneumonia.

title: Megaesophagus


text:
Freycinet

Freycinet may refer to:

 * People
 * Charles de Freycinet (1828–1923), French prime minister
 * Louis de Freycinet (1779–1842), French Navy officer
 * Rose de Freycinet (1794-1832), diarist and wife of Louis.

 * Places
 * Cape Freycinet, Western Australia
 * Henri Freycinet Harbour, Western Australia
 * Freycinet Island, Western Australia
 * Freycinet National Park, Tasmania
 * Freycinet Peninsula, Tasmania

 * Other
 * Freycinet gauge, standard governing the dimensions of the locks of some canals.

title: Freycinet


text:
Fujianese

Fujianese (or Fukienese) may refer to:
 * someone or something related to Fujian, China
 * all of the Min Chinese dialects of Fujian

title: Fujianese


text:
Talk:List of official residences

This looks like a nice, systematic page. On closer inspection, however, it is rather confusing.

To start with, the current title—List of official residences—suggests, not surprisingly I believe, a list of residences (or dwellings—the current Wikipedia redirect). "Residence" as opposed to "workplace" I suppose?

Secondly, a definition of "official" is missing from this page, too.

s.v. Brazil:
 * Palácio do Planalto (presidential office)
 * Palácio da Alvorada (presidential residence)

In what way is the presidential office relevant for a "List of official residences"? As far as Austria is concerned, Heinz Fischer does not live at the Hofburg; he works there.

Any suggestions as to how this page could be improved? 02:23, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, to answer your points one at a time:

 * 1) the current title—List of official residences—suggests, not surprisingly I believe, a list of residences (or dwellings—the current Wikipedia redirect). "Residence" as opposed to "workplace" I suppose? Secondly, a definition of "official" is missing from this page, too.
 * Both of these can be answered by the fact that the name for such buildings is, officially, "Official residences". There is, in fact, a stubby article called Official residence.

 * 1) In what way is the presidential office relevant for a "List of official residences"? As far as Austria is concerned, Heinz Fischer does not live at the Hofburg; he works there.
 * Good question. But the answer is - referring back to the first answer - is it officially described by the Austrian government as an official residence?

 * 1) Any suggestions as to how this page could be improved?
 * The obvious was is the one I'm proposing both on this article's page and on Official residence - that the articles be merged. That would give a definition of what an official residence is, followed by the list.
 * Grutness...  wha?  07:05, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of official residences


text:
Finch station

Finch is the northern terminus subway station of the eastern section of Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located under Yonge Street, north of Finch Avenue.

Finch is the busiest TTC bus terminal and the sixth-busiest subway station, serving approximately 0 people per day. The station connects with other transit agencies at the adjoining Finch Bus Terminal.

History
The station was opened on March 29, 1974, in what was then the Borough of North York, by provincial premier Bill Davis and borough mayor Mel Lastman. It replaced as the northern terminus of the line. Houses which once fronted the station along Yonge Street were demolished. Finch was created using the cut-and-cover technique as a way to save money.

In 1999, this station became accessible with elevators.

In April 2006, work began on creating a new exit from the bus station on the western stub of Pemberton Avenue. This new exit was created because of the passenger and vehicular congestion that was created during the rush hour periods. In the morning rush hour, buses took an average of 1 minute and 58 seconds to travel the 40 metres from the station to Yonge Street, with some waiting up to 4 minutes. The new exit was completed in January 2007.

Station layout and features
Stairs, escalators, and elevators lead from the bus platform down three levels to the train platform. The upper concourse, one floor below the bus platform, is a corridor running the length of the bus platform. It collects the landings of all of the terminal's stairs and escalators and leads to another bank of stairs and escalators down to the lower concourse.

The lower concourse level is the main concourse of the subway station. It is divided into the fare-paid and unpaid areas. The unpaid area is a long corridor, part of which runs alongside the fare-paid area lined with several automated Presto card fare gates and staffed entrances. It contains connections to office towers (North American Life, Place Nouveau, and condominiums on Pemberton Avenue), the regional bus terminal, and the "kiss-and-ride" passenger drop-off facility; it also contains Presto card fare vending machines. The fare-paid area houses a few shops, including Gateway Newstands and Tim Hortons, florist, lottery booth, clothing shop, and stairs and escalators down to the subway platform.

Entrances
Passengers can enter the station from eight different entrances located in the Finch Avenue and Yonge Street area. Accessible entrances can be found on Yonge Street at Hendon Avenue, by the Finch Bus Terminal, and at the North American Centre. Other non-accessible entrances can be found at 5775 and 5765 Yonge Street, Pemberton Avenue, and at the northeast corner of the Yonge Street and Finch Avenue intersection.

There is an emergency exit between Finch and stations at the northeast corner of Church Avenue and Yonge Street. The site was once the Willowdale United Church, demolished to make way for subway construction. Stairs from the subway tunnel surface into a brick building in the old cemetery.

Parking lots and passenger drop-off facility
There are two major TTC parking lots (referred to as the car park in directional signage) at Finch Station for use by commuters. They are named the East Lot and the West Lot, and are located north of Bishop/Hendon, east and west of Yonge Street respectively. The lots have a combined capacity of 3,227 parking spaces, the most of any TTC facility.

In addition to the parking lots, Finch station also features a relatively elaborate "kiss-and-ride" passenger drop-off/pick-up facility, which is connected to the lower concourse level of the station (outside the fare-paid area) by pedestrian tunnels. The area has a round, indoor waiting area for passengers, with about 20 temporary parking spaces circularly surrounding the structure. It is adjacent to the west parking lot.

On the north side of Bishop Avenue, slightly east of the station (along the southern edge of the GO bus terminal) is a parking lane for taxicabs. This is best accessed by exiting the subway station at the stairs/escalator to the north-east corner of Yonge and Bishop (the GO bus terminal).

Ridership
The ridership at Finch station has been relatively stable since 2007, with a peak ridership of 101,940 in 2011 and the lowest ridership in 2016 with 85,720 riders.

Architecture and art
Krystyna Sadowska's sculpture Rhythm of Exotic Plants (1965) is displayed on the lower concourse level, outside the fare-paid area; A stainless-steel plaque celebrating the station's opening is also located on the lower concourse. A smaller plaque is located at the south subway platform.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
North of the station, there are two tail tracks extending beyond the end of the platform, plus a third in between them, to store subway trains. South of the station, there is a diamond crossover for arriving trains to cross over to the southbound track, and for departing trains on the northbound track to depart via the southbound track.

Surface connections
When the subway is closed, buses do not enter the station, and an on-street transfer is required. TTC routes serving the station include:

Nearby landmarks

 * Plaque on the North American Life building commemorating the birthplace of former Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson
 * Newtonbrook Plaza
 * Finch's Hotel (historic landmark that no longer exists)

Future
A planned extension of Line 1 Yonge–University from Finch to Richmond Hill in York Region would add at least new 5 stations. First proposed in 2007 as part of MoveOntario 2020, the current plan was announced in April 2019 by Premier Doug Ford. In September 2022, Metrolinx awarded a contract to Black & McDonald Limited to upgrade Finch station before the start of construction on the extension. Work was to include improvements to the electrical system that powered trains and extending the waterless sprinkler system over the tail tracks that were to become the new mainline north of the station.

In 2007, the Transit City proposal called for a new LRT line, then known as the Etobicoke–Finch West LRT line, to run along Finch Avenue West from Humber College station to Finch station. While the portion from Humber College to Finch West station was under construction by 2022 as Line 6 Finch West, the Province of Ontario had no plans to construct the portion between Finch West and Finch stations.

title: Finch station


text:
2004 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania

The 2004 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Pennsylvania was won by Democratic nominee John Kerry by a 2.50% margin of victory. Although no Republican carried this state in a presidential election since Bush's father George H. W. Bush in 1988, early polling showed the race was a toss-up, thus was considered as a possible target for the Republicans. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this a toss-up, or a crucial swing state. Later polling favored Kerry, leading half of the news organizations to predict that Kerry would win the state, but the other half still considered it a swing state. Although the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in six subsequent elections since 1992, the margins of victory had become smaller over the past elections. On election day, Kerry won the state with 50.92% of the vote, but won only 13 of the 67 counties in Pennsylvania. Most of these 13 counties have the highest populations in the commonwealth. The biggest key to Kerry's victory was winning Philadelphia County with 80.44% of the vote.

Bush was the first president elected to two terms in office without carrying Pennsylvania either time since Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and 1916, and is to date the only Republican presidential candidate to win the presidency without carrying the state at least once, as well as the most recent Republican to win without the state. Although Pennsylvania was also not carried by the winner of the 2000 presidential race, this election also marked the first time since 1968 that Pennsylvania voted against the winner of the national popular vote. Bush was the first Republican to win the national popular vote without Pennsylvania since the 1968 presidential race.

As of 2020, this is the most recent election to date in which Pennsylvania would vote for the losing candidate, thus the state is tied with Wisconsin and Michigan for the longest bellwether streak in the nation.

As of 2022, this is the last time that Pennsylvania voted to the left of New Mexico and Nevada.

Eligibility
In order to vote in the primary, one must have been:
 * 1) "A citizen of the United States for at least one month before the next primary, special, municipal, or general election."
 * 2) "A resident of Pennsylvania and the election district in which the individual desires to register and vote for at least 30 days before the next primary, special, municipal, or general election."
 * 3) "At least 18 years of age on or before the day of the next primary, special, municipal, or general election."
 * 4) A registered member of the party holding the primary

Convicted felons could not vote from prison and were not allowed to register to vote for five years after being released from prison.

Registration
Individuals could register to vote at County Voter Registration offices, through the mail, at a Department of Transportation office, or at various other government agency offices.

Voters must have been registered 30 days prior to the election in order to be eligible to vote.

Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary took place on April 27, 2004. It was open to registered Democrats only.

Results
Note: Twenty seven delegates remained uncommitted until they reached the floor of the convention. Kerry eventually received all 178 delegates from Pennsylvania.

Republican primary election
The Republican primary took place on April 27, 2004. It was open to registered Republicans only. Incumbent President George W. Bush ran unopposed.

Predictions
There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.

Polling
Al Gore won Pennsylvania in 2000 with just over 50% of the vote. In late October 2004, the state was split at 47% on whether or not to approve of Bush. But Kerry won the poll 48% to 46% in the last Mason Dixon poll. Throughout the election of 2004, Kerry won most of the polls in the upper 40% to lower 50% range. However, Bush polled within the margin of error, usually in the mid 40% range. In the last Real Clear Politics average Kerry was leading with 48% and by almost a 1% margin.

Fundraising
Bush raised $5,030,349. Kerry raised $4,998,861.

Advertising and visits
President Bush campaigned heavily and visited the state of Pennsylvania over twenty times in 2004. It was not enough to flip the state, as John Kerry won the undecided Pennsylvanians. He won the state's electors with almost 51% of the vote, outperforming Vice President Al Gore’s performance four years earlier.

Analysis
This Kerry victory can be attributed to the overwhelmingly Democratic cities of Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Erie. Although Kerry-held cities which voted for the Senator by narrow margins assisted him in advancing his margin over President Bush, many political analysts underscored the fact that if Philadelphia were excluded, President George W. Bush would have won Pennsylvania by a fairly slim margin, with 2,663,748 versus 2,395,890 for Kerry. Although Pennsylvania is closely divided in most elections, it did not vote Republican in a presidential election from 1992 to 2012.

Philadelphia and Pittsburgh were the biggest contributors to Kerry's victory in Pennsylvania. However, many independents in suburban Philadelphia counties (Bucks, Delaware, Montgomery, and somewhat in Chester) voted for Kerry, which may well have been the deciding factor. Kerry also had narrow margins of victory around cities like Allentown, Scranton, Erie, and the traditionally Democratic Pittsburgh suburbs; he also garnered many votes in certain rural areas such as parts of the Poconos and the Laurel Highlands, and in cities like Reading, Johnstown, Harrisburg, and State College. Bush's margins were extremely large in Central Pennsylvania and the sparsely populated Northern Tier, with traditional GOP cities such as Lancaster, Lebanon, York, Altoona, Huntingdon, and Williamsport strongly throwing their support behind him. This area, along with rural western Maryland, was clearly the most conservative in the Mid-Atlantic.

, this is the last presidential election that the Democratic candidate won any county bordering Allegheny County, namely Washington County, Beaver County and Fayette County. This is also the last election in which Dauphin County, Centre County, and Monroe County voted for the Republican candidate. This is also the last time that Chester County gave a majority to a Republican, although Mitt Romney did win the county with a plurality in 2012.

By county
[[File:Pennsylvania County Flips 2004.svg|thumb|County Flips:

Democratic {{legend|#92c5de|Hold}}

Republican {{legend|#f48882|Hold}} {{legend|#ca0120|Gain from Democratic}} ]]

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Cambria (largest municipality: Johnstown)
 * Carbon (largest municipality: Lehighton)
 * Greene (largest municipality: Waynesburg)
 * Lawrence (largest municipality: New Castle)
 * Mercer (largest municipality: Hermitage)

By congressional district
Kerry won 10 of 19 congressional districts, including four held by Republicans. Bush won 9 districts, including one held by a Democrat.

Electors
Technically the voters of Pennsylvania cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Pa. is allocated 21 electors because it has 19 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 21 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 21 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 21 were pledged for Kerry/Edwards.
 * 1) Lynne Abraham
 * 2) Richard Bloomingdale
 * 3) Blondell Reynolds Brown
 * 4) Robert Casey Jr.
 * 5) Eileen Connelly
 * 6) H. William DeWeese
 * 7) John Dougherty
 * 8) Richard E. Filippi
 * 9) William George
 * 10) Renee Gillinger
 * 11) Jennifer Mann
 * 12) Robert J. Mellow
 * 13) Dan Onorato
 * 14) Juan Ramos
 * 15) Stephen R. Reed
 * 16) T.J. Rooney
 * 17) Jonathan Saidel
 * 18) John F. Street
 * 19) Rosemary Trump
 * 20) Sala Udin
 * 21) Constance H. Williams


text:
Fesenkov

Fesenkov may refer to:

 * Vasily Fesenkov, an astrophysicist; and things named for him:
 * 2286 Fesenkov, a main-belt asteroid
 * Fesenkov (lunar crater)
 * Fesenkov (Martian crater)

title: Fesenkov


text: Category:1980 singles

title: Category:1980 singles


text:
Major Bummer

Major Bummer is a humorous comic book produced by DC Comics in the late 1990s. It was created by writer John Arcudi and artist Doug Mahnke. For the series's brief run, the main character was 19-year-old Lou Martin, who Arcudi described as "smart enough that he might be able to cure cancer if he applied himself, but he'd rather use his brain to try and steal cable".

Major Bummer was cancelled after issue #15 - "Sales were bad and there was just no way to keep this book going", wrote editor Peter Tomasi in the letter pages of the last issue.

Concept and development
Creator John Arcudi developed the concept of the series in 1992 and pitched it to DC Comics under the title "Captain Slack-Ass". DC rejected this title and also insisted that the series be set in the mainstream DC Universe.

Arcudi and penciler Doug Mahnke, both of whom were in their 30s when the series was produced, admitted that they found it hard to empathize with a teenage slacker. Mahnke went so far as to visit malls and sketch passing teenagers just "to get reference".

Plot synopsis
Two alien college students, Zinnak and Yoof, are doing their thesis on heroes in Earth culture. To further their study, they send through the mail EEMs or Extreme Enhancement Modules that, when opened, endow the recipient with superpowers.

Due to the incompetence of Yoof, an EEM is sent to Lou Martin, a slacker, instead of Martin Louis, an upwardly mobile young lawyer and philanthropist. Lou receives superhuman strength and intelligence. Unfortunately, because Lou is so lazy, he is only able to use his intelligence either subconsciously or during moments of extreme concentration. Despite this flaw, Lou was an erudite and intelligent individual already. Gaining powers is actually an inconvenience to him. Lou's EEM is designed to attract trouble and the other superhumans whom Martin would have chosen to lead.

The other "superheroes" are Val Andrist, the environmentalist daughter of an Ice Cream magnate who can fly; Francis Dutton, an aromatherapist hippie with a sonic scream; Lauren Isley, an elderly woman who can predict the future (but is so absent-minded she got confused with the past); a cat that became a giant when scared; and "Gecko", a nerdish man who can stick to walls.

EEMs were also gifted to a group of supervillains and attracted to one another in order to ensure battles would occur (e.g. the loser-turned-monster Nunzio, whom Lou brain-damaged via unintentional electrocution). Other stories involved a Nazi dinosaur from a parallel universe named Tyrannosaurus Reich, a demon-possessed toddler, carnivorous alien worms, an overly adoring fan of Lou's that tried to kill him to make him more famous, and an alien time traveler that destroyed time.

Supervillains

 * Tyrannosaurus Reich is a supervillain who was featured in Major Bummer #5. T. Reich was pulled to earth through a dimensional portal from a dimension inhabited by Nazi dinosaurs.

title: Major Bummer


text:
Jacques-François Blondel

Jacques-François Blondel (8 January 1705 – 9 January 1774) was an 18th-century French architect and teacher. After running his own highly successful school of architecture for many years, he was appointed Professor of Architecture at the Académie Royale d'Architecture in 1762, and his Cours d'architecture ("Course of Architecture", 1771–1777) largely superseded a similarly titled book published in 1675 by his famous namesake, François Blondel, who had occupied the same post in the late 17th century.

Career

Born in Rouen, he initially trained under his uncle Jean-François Blondel (1683–1756), architect of Rouen. Jacques-François was in Paris by 1726 and continued his studies with Gilles-Marie Oppenord, from whom he acquired a knowledge of rococo. He also worked with Jean Mariette, contributing to the latter's L'Architecture françoise (1727, 1738), as a writer and as an architectural engraver. Blondel developed into a conservative and thorough architect, whose rationally ordered mind consolidated French classical tradition and practice.

His first independent publication was the hugely influential encyclopedic work, De la Distribution des Maisons de Plaisance, et de la Décoration des Edifices en General, issued at Paris, 1737–38. It contained 155 carefully engraved plates. His Distribution des Maisons de Plaisance and other engraved work attracted a commission to produce thirteen of the engravings for the festival book commemorating the fêtes that celebrated the wedding of Madame Elizabeth of France with Dom Philippe of Spain, published in 1740.

That same year he opened his own private school in Paris, the École des Arts, sanctioned by the Académie in 1743. In the ensuing years a long sequence of architects profited from his discourse: Boullée, Brongniart, Chalgrin, La Guêpière, Desprez, de Wailly, Gondoin, Ledoux, Guimard and Rondelet, and to foreigners who would bring Neoclassicism home with them: the Anglo-Swedish Sir William Chambers, and the Dane Caspar Frederik Harsdorff. "Blondel was the most significant French architectural educator of the eighteenth century.....his objective was to establish design principles for domestic architecture that correspond to the classical principles already in practice for civil structures".

In his clear and rational Architecture françoise, a four-volume work published from 1752 to 1756, he covered the past century and more of French buildings in and near Paris, setting them in their historical context and providing a wealth of detailed information that would otherwise have been lost. In the preface, he remarked, "I have used simple terms and a popular style with the intention of being understood by layman and artist alike; having noticed that recent books about architecture are either badly organised or overlong." He originally planned eight volumes, but only the first four were published. The work brought him to official notice; he was inducted into the Académie Royale d'Architecture in 1755 and appointed architect to Louis XV.

Though his executed body of work was small, mostly confined to work he executed at Metz under commission of the duc de Choiseul, his approach was soundly grounded: for Diderot's Encyclopédie he wrote the article on masonry, as well as architecture, and contributed nearly 500 articles between 1751 and his death in 1774.

In 1762, he was appointed Professor of Architecture at the Académie, closing his own school and introducing his comprehensive curriculum to the Académie. His Cours d'architecture ou traité de la décoration, distribution et constructions des bâtiments contenant les leçons données en 1750, et les années suivantes began appearing in 1771 and ran to nine volumes by 1777, a volume of plates to each two volumes of text; the last volumes were seen through the press by his disciple Pierre Patte. His Cours d'architecture is sometimes referred to as the "Petit Blondel" to distinguish it from the "Grand Blondel", his Architecture françoise. Blondel's practical, encyclopedic approach, largely ignoring the excesses of Rococo, had survived changes in taste and remained in the mainstream of French architectural training for several decades more.

Personal life
Blondel married Marie Anne Garnier in 1729. Their son, Georges-François Blondel, who was born in 1730, became an architectural engraver. They also had a daughter, Claudine Angelique. After his first wife's death in 1755, Jacques-François married Manon Balletti in 1760. Their son, Jean-Baptiste Blondel, who later became an architect for the city of Paris, was born in 1764. During his final illness, Jacques-François requested to be taken to his classrooms at the Louvre, where he died surrounded by his books, his architectural models, and his students.

title: Jacques-François Blondel