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User talk:MIT Trekkie

Hi MIT Trekkie, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 20:38, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Requests for comment for user Beachy
Hi Trekkie, I'd would to put User:Beachy on Requests for comment because he has not improved over months. Some of the problems:

 * Starts and continues edit wars
 * Impolite to other users
 * Personal attacks
 * Personal biases (e.g. Spread Firefox (SFX) is zealous)
 * Addition of factually incorrect information
 * Addition of speculation that flavor him (his pro-IE view)
 * Never admit that he is biased

You can see Talk:Internet Explorer and Talk:Mozilla Firefox (and the articles' history) for the various responses made by Beachy, which shows some of the points above. The RFC page said that both you and me have to write the user subpage for things like documenting our individual efforts on stopping the violations made by Beachy. That's why I'm asking for your help.

Please answer by replying here or at my user page. Thanks. :-) --minghong 18:44, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

I would be fine with that. So do you just want me to describe my efforts to stop his perceived violations of Wikipedia policy, or would you like me to help to describe the perceived violations themselves? I would like more details on how exactly this should work. -- MIT Trekkie 19:10, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

I don't really know how this thing works really. :-P But I think Requests for comment would be helpful. You can take a look of examples like Requests for comment/Zivinbudas too. Call me if you need help. I got to sleep now. :-o --minghong 19:25, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Actually, I think it may be prudent to wait a while before posting a request for comment. As Requests for comment states, "Once the request for comment is open, these two people must document their individual efforts, provide evidence that those efforts have failed to produce change, and sign the comment page." As your post on User talk:Beachy took place earlier today (according to my time zone), this may prove difficult. Perhaps we should wait to see whether Beachy continues his current behavior (which seems likely), in order that such evidence would be available. I find it unlikely that people will entertain repeated requests for comment about the same user, so if we are to do so, we must endeavor to get it right the first time. What do you think? -- MIT Trekkie 20:13, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

OK. Let's wait for a week or more to see if he would change his behavior. --minghong 07:28, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Alright. I think I'll try to work together some kind of argument regarding alleged past abuses in the meantime. -- MIT Trekkie 13:06, May 23, 2005 (UTC)

I have a rough draft of a proposed RFC at User talk:MIT Trekkie/BeachyRFC. minghong, please take a look and let me know what you think. -- MIT Trekkie 03:22, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Visual Basic Wikibook
I see you have contributed to the Visual Basic article on Wikipedia. Any chance you would like to join in editing the wikibook: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programming:Visual_Basic_Classic? --Kjwhitefoot 07:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I'm a bit busy these days. --MIT Trekkie 14:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Boston
Hi MIT Trekkie. My addition of a POV tag to the "Boston" page wasn't intended to be vandalism. If you look at the talk page for the article I put my opinion that directing "Boston" to "Boston, Mass." is POV - US-centric. Boston, Mass is obviously bigger and of more world significance than Boston, Lincs., but the American city is named after the English town, so going to the disambiguation page seems NPOV to me. Dancarney 23:59, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

I apologize for the misunderstanding. I guess I get a little punchy at times. I just found it a bit weird to have a redirect not work because there was a tag there as well. Perhaps there is a better way to indicate what you intended. - MIT Trekkie 02:43, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Sonic R
I was wondering if you still have the game Sonic R...

Yes, I do. Why do you ask?

P.S. Please use ~ to sign your posts - MIT Trekkie 17:53, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Because I need it bad.Real bad. Chuchugaga 19:45, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure what you have in mind. I would think you could find it on eBay or Amazon.com or something if you want it. - MIT Trekkie 00:05, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

A 1998 game?? Can't you send it to me? Chuchugaga 16:56, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry, but I'm not willing to give you my copy of Sonic R. However, a quick search of Amazon reveals this web page, which offers 14 new and used copies of Sonic R through third parties. - MIT Trekkie 19:32, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Hmm okay but I dont trust online shopping so I won't do that.thanks anyway. Chuchugaga 17:33, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

THANK YOU
thanks for gettin rid of that vandalism on Steve Ballmer's page. i was in the process of reverting it but you beat me to it =) CrazyAwesome (talk) 07:44, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

No problem. - MIT Trekkie (talk) 07:45, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Pocket Tunes

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:MIT Trekkie


text: User talk:130.179.16.8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:130.179.16.8


text:
Denis O'Conor

Denis O'Conor, O'Conor Don (Donnchadh Ó Conchubhair Donn; 1794–1847) of Clonalis, County Roscommon, was an Irish nobleman, and Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons.

Early life and family
He was born in May 1794 to Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don and his wife Jane Moore daughter of Edward Moore of Mount Browne, County Dublin and Jane Reynolds. Denis was the eldest of four children. He had one brother Edward who became an agent for their father and then to Denis, and two sister Jane and Catherine. He was brought up in Belanagare in County Roscommon until his father moved the family to Clonalis on the death of his fourth cousin once removed, Alexander O'Conor, O'Conor Don in 1820 whom his father inherited the title of O'Conor Don.

The O'Conors were prominent Catholic gentry who had been the traditional Kings of Connacht and counted among their ancestors two twelfth-century High-Kings of Ireland, Tairrdelbach Mor Ua Conchobair and Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was the last high king of Ireland.

On his father's side, he was a nephew of Rev. Charles O'Conor and Matthew O'Conor. His father's first cousin was Thomas O'Conor and therefore Denis was a second cousin of Thomas's son Charles O'Conor of New York. His great-grandfather was the eminent antiquarian, writer and protagonist for catholic civil rights during the penal laws, Charles O'Conor of Belanagare. His maternal grandfather was a wealthy Catholic brewer in Dublin who was descended from Lewis O'More youngest brother of Rory O'More. His maternal grandmother was a daughter of Thomas Reynolds of Rathfarnham and Dundrum Castle. Thomas was a successful Silk manufacturer who descended from a cadet branch of Mac Raghnaill chiefs of Lough Scur in County Leitrim. Through this connection Denis's Mother was a first cousin of Thomas Reynolds.

He was educated at St Edmund's College, Ware, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Lincoln's Inn and the King's Inn to train as a barrister and took the Grand Tour in the early 1820s.

Career
In the 1820s he supported the pro-Catholic agitation in Roscommon led by his father, the O’Conor Don, later that decade and assisted in his return for the county, following the granting of emancipation, in 1830. He moved the resolution for repeal of the legislative Union with Britain at a county meeting, on 14 January 1831, and seconded one in favour of parliamentary reform at another, on the 16 April 1831.

On the death of his father in June 1831, less than a month after he had regained his seat at the general election, he not only succeeded to his ancient title and estates, but, as heir to his father's patriotic reputation, was the obvious choice of the county's liberal Catholics for the representation. Denis was elected unopposed to the seat, which he held until his death in 1847. His father had been an emancipationist and O'Conor continued in this tradition, always voting with Daniel O'Connell.

O'Connell wrote to Denis a month after his father's death:

"The death of my most respected and loved friend, your father, was to me a severe blow ... How little does the world know of the value of the public services of men who like him held themselves always in readiness without ostentation or parade but with firmness and sincerity to aid in the struggles which nations make for liberty ... I really know no one individual to whom the Catholics of Ireland are so powerfully indebted for the successful result of their contest for emancipation ... His was not holiday patriotism ... No, in the worst of times and when the storms of calumny and persecution from our enemies and apathy and treachery from our friends raged at their height he was always found at his post."

He was neither a prominent nor a particularly effective parliamentarian. His rather infrequent interventions were long-winded and pedantic, though always temperate. He was by disposition a conventional Whig rather than a repealer, but family loyalty kept him in O'Connell's camp.

In 1843 he was much drawn to the liberal–unionist alliance of William Smith O'Brien and Thomas Wyse; he joined with them in obstructing the arms bill at the end of May 1843 and supported O'Brien a few months later in drawing up his remonstrance against British policy in Ireland, which served as a manifesto for the liberal unionists. However, when O'Brien was looking for signatures O'Conor demurred because, in Wyse's opinion, he was afraid of what O'Connell would say. O'Connell spoke well but blandly of O'Conor and Charles Wood, joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, termed him ‘a gentleman, not wise but worth attention and civility’.

On 6 July 1846 O'Conor was appointed Junior Lord of the Treasury in Lord John Russell's government; he was one of five Irish MPs who obtained junior ministerial posts as a result of the Irish party's alliance with the whigs.

Personal life
On 27 August 1824 he married his first cousin once removed Mary Blake (died 1841), daughter of Major Maurice Blake, of Towerhill house, in County Mayo, and Maria O'Connor, daughter of the wealthy catholic merchant Valentine O'Connor, from a cadet branch of the O'Conor Sligo who had settled in Galway and Mary Moore. Mary's father was from a cadet branch of the Blake baronets of Menlough through a younger son of Sir Valentine Blake, 3rd Baronet. They had seven children:

 * Jane O'Conor. A Catholic nun at Princethorp Convent.
 * Kate O'Conor. A Catholic nun at Princethorp Convent.
 * Josephine O'Conor. A Catholic nun at Princethorp Convent.
 * Eugenia O'Conor. A Catholic nun at Princethorp Convent.
 * Dionysia O'Conor. A Catholic nun at Princethorp Convent.
 * Charles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don (1838-1906).
 * Denis Maurice O'Conor (1840-1883).

He was a founding member of the Reform Club and a member of Brooks's in London as well as being a member of the Stephen's Green Club in Dublin. He died on 22 July 1847. His eldest son Charles Owen succeeded him.

title: Denis O'Conor


text:
Talk:Libration

Diurnal Libration
I finally uploaded and now linked an image of the lunar diurnal libration that I observed in 2018. I also have an anaglyph version and a cross-eye version that actually show that one can create a 3d-image from these two photos, but I thought the animated gif going back and forth between the evening and morning image was best to illustrate the diurnal libration itself. KJ, 2024-05-06

(Analemma)
Looks like the cross-hairs, in the center of the image, etch out the shape of an "Analemma" over time —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.1.1.101 (talk) 20:41, 14 December 2004

Molecular libration
The article would benefit if molecular libration was also explained. --Mfrosz 06:44, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, that's a separate topic, now moved to Libration (molecule). --Jerzy•t 07:06, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

59%
It would be nice if the article stated where this number comes from. I'd have a stab at some approximate calculations, but I'm busy right now. Shinobu 16:14, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This number doesn't come with any accompanying calculations because I am quite sure it'd be a complex formula. Both NASA and ESA use this number in their moon info publications, so I imagine that should satisfy any question of the number's value. As for how it's calculated, maybe contact a boffin at NASA. Links: ESA - Moon and NASA - Moon. 130.102.44.52 (talk) 04:55, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

 * It's probably an integral of some sort, knowing the horizontal and vertical variations. Tom Ruen (talk) 15:44, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

50%
Also, because the ratio of the moon's diameter to its distance from earth is non-negligible, at any given moment an earth observer can see slightly less than half the surface. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.193.179.146 (talk) 03:10, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This is not an important effect: according to the Wolfram Alpha page "Angle subtended by the Moon when viewed from the Earth", that number was less than 0.6 of a degree at the time the server prepared its response to me (it should vary ±10% over the month), and my view of a full moon would have been short of 180° by that small angle. The full moon loses illumination (at 360° per lunar cycle) from about that much of its surface in about 40 minutes. (The effect thus entails making the apparent full moon about 40 minutes longer!) This is not at all relevant to how much of the moon's surface can be mapped without sending something far enuf out: the mapping from earth is cumulative, and the diurnal libration is sufficient to wipe out this parallax-related issue's effect on mapping.  Taking note of the effect is moderately clever; for those a speck cleverer than that, it may induce the desire for the numbers i've furnished. (I invest my cleverness elsewhere, and for me the numbers' only value is their relevance to what should be in the article.) My read is that interest directly in the cited phenomenon is sufficiently narrow that it applies to professional astronomers (those happy few), perhaps astronomy students, and probably dedicated amateurs: i.e., IMO it is probably not fodder for a general-purpose encyclopedia.   BTW, "How long is the moon really full?" is a related question (IM-offhand-O more interesting and thus the best reason for considering inclusion of the restricted view of the moon), and the sun subtends (from earth and, shall i say, to the moon) an angle about 10% less than the moon from the earth. (Note that one answer is "only an instant", focusing on monthly maxi u mum illumination of either the instantaneous near hemisphere or the median near hemisphere.) Offhand, i think that means that at the moment in each lunar cycle when the three bodies are closest to alignment, the Moon appears full at solar midnight (i.e., at the longitude where sunset is as far in the past as sunrise is in the future), but simultaneously, at the longitudes where sunset or sunrise is occurring, appearing full is either recently over or soon to start (not necessarily respectively; i'm getting tired of getting such details right). That could BTW be worth a passage in a science-fiction novel that involves separated lovers, or precision treatment of lycanthropy! --Jerzy•t 19:36, 9  & 08:07, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * My clumsy language (in the last of those 3 'graphs) re a core instant of full moon deserves rewording. It reflects my attempts to stand in, with the math and physics, where only colleagues lacking those tools had previously ventured re the fraction -- perhaps also lacking (as i do) adequate command of much astronomy-specific background.  My wording "maximum illumination of ... the instantaneous near hemisphere" (which actually echoes the fact that my parents had no idea why the kids'-TV-show demonstration of the three-body explanation of lunar phases didn't also imply monthly lunar and solar eclipses) should have referred centrally to the instant of closest alignment among sun, a moon longitude, and either the earth as a whole or the observer, since the sun (duh) is not emerging from behind the earth and rapidly increasing its illumination. That maximum of illumination would, i'm pretty sure, be so "broad" and thus at the mercy of subjective judgments as to be an observation useless for predicting future observations, and its use as a reference pointless.   All that said, alignment to the median longitude (or, on reflection, rather the mean, which presumably converges faster in the face of random censoring of rare amd crucial extreme observations by bad weather or inaccessibility of desirable earth longitudes) (in any case, to be recognized relative to surface features) or to the center of the disk, may nevertheless both be workable conventions; the accompanying article should identify the accepted or predominant one. (That convention may already be stated in other articles.) --Jerzy•t 08:07, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Consider the right triangle formed by the Moon's center (C), your eye (E), and the limb of its apparent disc (L, the right angle). Clearly the angle ECL is short of a right angle by CEL, the angular radius of the moon in your sky, which is about a quarter degree. —Tamfang (talk) 22:13, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Physical libration
According to this source, the moon also wobbles slightly about its centre of gravity. Shouldn't something about his be included in the article? Kelisi 01:13, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The current text of the article (as at 27 January 2019) seems to be misleading. The introduction to the article says that libration is due to 'three mechanisms detailed below, two of which are causing a relatively tiny physical libration...'  But as far as I am aware, none of the three mechanisms described are 'physical', because they are all due to the different angles at which the moon is seen from the earth, not to any motion of the moon itself.  There are some genuine physical 'wobbles' of the moon, but these are very slight, and at present they are not described in the article.109.150.6.143 (talk) 11:24, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

Latitude libration
I am unhappy about this explanation, and about the analogy with the seasons. Since there is tidal locking, the same polar tilt should be exhibited at all times (all things being equal, i.e. if we ignore the OTHER types of libration listed). In other words, the 59% arises from the other types, with this one not contributing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.2.211.127 (talk) 13:24, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

 * The tidal lock determines the period of the rotation, but has not yet fixed its axis. —Tamfang (talk) 06:36, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Moon specific
This article seems to talk an awful lot about the Moon, even though libration is by no means Moon-specific. Researchers just used the librations of Mercury to determine it has a molten core (http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/May07/margot.mercury.html) So I think the definitions of longitudinal and latitudinal librations should be more general. brithans 2008/11/09 12:34 (UTC) —Preceding undated comment added 17:35, 9 November 2008. (Way cool: Cornell is not serving that page right now, but the liquid core must slip relative to the solid crust, reducing the angular moment of the planet and increasing the restoring rotation in response to the torque on the tidal bulge when libration shifts it away from the Mercury/Sun axis.)  I would say that the current structure is fine, pending the introduction of article text on (Merc or other bodies), and that once that makes it worthwhile, splitting the def'ns out into the lead secn would be fine but the dominant interest in the Moon's libration would commend still using it for examples w/in the def'ns. --Jerzy•t 08:17, 6 September 2010 (UTC) I think more pertinent is the fact that despite this article (per its title) purporting to cover libration in general, it has only the vaguest description of libration in general: "In astronomy, libration is a particular relative motion of orbiting bodies". That description could apply to plenty of other relative motions that are not libration. I wouldn't propose that Libration of the moon needs to be moved to a separate article, but this article does need to describe what libration is in general. I personally came here via links from Jupiter Trojan, which has nothing to do with the moon, so a description of only lunar libration is frustrating. Huttarl (talk) 16:34, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * True, I'd support moving this article to Libration of the moon. Tom Ruen (talk) 02:12, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Not appropriate, & i'm Rdr'g that title to the corresponding secn of the accompanying article, since astronomical libration is by far the primary topic and the Moon's by far the most significant example. We are a long ways from being prepared to support two articles on astronomical libration! Even additional material would leave a single article (on the more general topic) more convenient for users. --Jerzy•t 08:17, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You must mean libration of Merc relative to sun, with those definitions being exact analogs (but the diurnal only introducing confusion if mentioned).

 * I definitely think this article should be renamed libration (astronomy). Libration is a type of motion that can be exhibited by astronomical bodies, molecules, people nodding their heads, balance scales, empty rocking chairs, etc. People would expect the article titled "libration" to be about the phenomenon of "libration", not about "libration in astronomy". :-)
 * I would make Libration just redirect to this article.
 * Any objections? :-) --Steve (talk) 18:39, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Huttarl, I made an image, now just at libration (molecule). It's not directly astronomy-related, but it does illustrate what the word "libration" means: "rotation back and forth". You're welcome to put it back into this article if you think it's helpful. :-) --Steve (talk) 04:57, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

History
The article should mention whoever it was that discovered lunar librations. —MiguelMunoz (talk) 00:30, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It came pretty early; i think Brahe first mapped the range of the variability of the longitudinal limbs, but i'm not sure the Arabs didn't note the effect before telescopes. --Jerzy•t 08:24, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Distinguish?
I'm removing

-- which rendered as
 * Not to be confused with Liberation, Libation, or Vibration.

-- bcz that template is not for careless misspellings or typos, but for actual confusions: in this case, Liberation & vibration are so familiar that those confusions are too implausible to burden the HatNote with. The "libation" case is not so obvious, but Even so, i might have left it, pending discussion, if it had been the first distinguish entry placed, but in fact the three seem to have been added in the order they appear, with the bad judgment of distinguishing from "Liberation" having set the bar as low as is imaginable, and serving to encourage misunderstanding of what kind and degree of confusion would justify additional entries. So i consider my case against " " decisive, pending anyone's eloquent defense of that HatNote. --Jerzy•t 06:32, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) seeing or hearing "Liberation", "Libation" or "Vibration",
 * 2) confusing it with "Libration", and
 * 3) thus seeking one of those other topics on the accompanying article.
 * 1) its mention in the "The Death of Socrates" makes it fairly well known,
 * 2) it is also probably reasonably common as an implicit analogy with a toast, and also as a euphemism for, or an ironically formal reference to, the next round of drinks.

 * You seem to be assuming that only well-read native english speakers (with perfect spelling and hearing abilities) will read this article! I disagree. We want the article to be helpful for non-native English speakers too. Just look at most wikipedia discussion pages (especially in science topics) and you'll see comments by people who clearly speak English poorly but are using English-language wikipedia. I don't know why you would spend your time to make life harder for these people by deleting hatnotes! Anyway, I have seen "vibration" misheard as "libration" and vice-versa even in conversations between two native English speaker scientists. The idea is, someone reading the article certainly needs to know this important information: "Libration and Vibration (and Libation etc) are both legitimate, and different, English-language words". Knowing that, they won't be confused in future conversations, hearing the word vibration (or libation etc) and thinking "this must be the word "libration" I read about on wikipedia!" It's especially important since vibration and libration have similar meanings and are used in similar contexts, that people see the words side-by-side. Anyway, even native English speakers may misspell the word "liberation" and end up on this page. Try reading a typical high-schooler's writing without spell-check and you will surely get a more pessimistic and realistic idea of how frequently people misspell even famous common words like liberation!

 * Also, if you don't like the order that the words are written, then change it! :-) --Steve (talk) 14:16, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Gravitational waves?
There doesn't seem to be any discussion as to the cause of lunar libration. Might it be due to gravitational waves, as have recently been proven experimentally? - Paul2520 (talk) 13:25, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

Gravitational waves are exotic, but libration can be understood with Newtonian physics. LunaJim (talk) 00:41, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

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Visible
The 6.7 degrees should be visible to the unaided eye. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C0:7C80:8401:981D:286D:6C7:9A8D (talk) 16:50, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Harriot might have made the discovery some decades before Galileo. See http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/63/2/163 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C0:7C80:8401:981D:286D:6C7:9A8D (talk) 16:58, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for spotting, added caveat. Brandmeistertalk  17:23, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * 7.7 degrees is about the same as 6.7 degrees. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.131.222 (talk) 10:28, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

Libration of the moon as seen from the moon
I do not have a planetarium program but such a program might be able to generate an image of a full year's libration as one graph. The position in the moon's sky of the Earth as seen from the center of the near side of the moon should be recorded by its Cartesian coordinates for 365 or more positions in the year and the points connected by a drawn curve which would be a graph of libration. The citation for the image could be the name of the planetarium program. I for one would like to see the graph. - Fartherred (talk) 17:19, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

Libration point orbit.
I just created a new page for libration point orbit, associated of late with the JWST.

My mission was merely to cover a small, evident gap, but for as long as I attended to this, I came to the impression that this page should be renamed lunar libration and a top level libration page (not necessarily as reductive as a dab) could dispatch the various weakly related libration subpages. It's somewhat problematic in this instance that celestial mechanics is shot through with various and sundry libratory jitterbugs, lunar libration merely being the most parochial.

Just a suggestion based on short contact. — MaxEnt 23:34, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Libration


text:
José Lima

José Desiderio Rodriguez Lima (September 30, 1972 – May 23, 2010) was a Dominican right-handed pitcher who spent 13 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Detroit Tigers (1994–1996, 2001–2002), Houston Astros (1997–2001), Kansas City Royals (2003, 2005), Los Angeles Dodgers (2004) and New York Mets (2006). His best year in the majors was 1999, when he won 21 games for the Astros and pitched in his only All-Star Game.

His remarkably animated displays of emotion on the mound made him a fan favorite, but also drew the ire of opposing teams. He was known for his flamboyant celebrations after his victories in the face of opponents. Due to his indulging in musical pursuits beyond baseball, he was once described by The New York Times sportswriter Ben Shpigel as "the national anthem-crooning, towel-waving merengue singer who moonlights as a right-handed pitcher"."Lima dies from heart attack at 37," The Associated Press, Sunday, May 23, 2010.

MLB career
Lima made his Major League debut with the Detroit Tigers on April 20, 1994, at age 21, making a start against the Kansas City Royals. After three years in Detroit, he was traded to the Houston Astros on December 10, 1996, in an eight-player trade. In 1999, he compiled a record of 21–10 and was named to the National League All Star Team that season. However, in 2000, Lima struggled to recapture his success, losing 16 games and recording a league-worst 6.65 earned run average and 48 home runs, the latter of which was only two short of the single season record held by Bert Blyleven.

On June 23, 2001, Lima was traded back to Detroit in exchange for Dave Mlicki. He was released by Detroit during the 2002 season, proclaiming at the time, "If I can't pitch on this team—the worst or second-worst team in baseball—where am I going to pitch? If I can't start on this ballclub, I must be the worst pitcher on Earth."

Lima pitched for the Newark Bears in the Independent Atlantic League early in 2003, but returned to MLB in June 2003, when he was acquired by the Kansas City Royals. Lima started off fast in Kansas City, compiling a record of 7–0 with a 2.17 ERA after eight starts. A groin injury during his ninth start caused his performance to decline significantly, and he went 1–3 with a 10.65 ERA in his last six starts.

Lima joined the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2004. With the Dodgers, Lima was 13–5 with a 4.07 ERA, his best performance since the 1999 season. Possibly the best moment of his career came on October 9, 2004, in Game Three of the 2004 National League Division Series, when he pitched a five-hit shutout against the St. Louis Cardinals. It was the Dodgers' first post-season victory since Game Five of the 1988 World Series. In 2005, Lima returned to Kansas City as a free agent but managed only to compile a record of 5–16, while posting a 6.99 ERA and was not re-signed by the club.

On February 14, 2006, Lima was inked to a minor league deal by the Mets and pitched for the Mets' AAA affiliate, the Norfolk Tides. He was called up to the Mets on May 7, 2006, and went 0–3 with an 8.79 ERA in three starts before being designated for assignment on May 20, 2006. On July 4, 2006, Lima was again recalled by the Mets, when Heath Bell was optioned back to the Norfolk Tides. Lima had another poor outing, on July 7, 2006, against the Florida Marlins, which included surrendering a grand slam to opposing pitcher Dontrelle Willis, and was removed from the game. After the game, Lima was designated for assignment back to the Norfolk Tides for the second time during the 2006 season. Lima finished the 2006 season with a 0–4 record with a 9.87 ERA in four total starts for the Mets. In the Dominican Winter Baseball League, he played for the Águilas Cibaeñas. In 2007, Lima also played for Saraperos de Saltillo in the Mexican League.

Korea Professional Baseball
For the 2008 season, Lima signed with the Kia Tigers, a nine-time champion in the Korea Professional Baseball. Despite high expectations as a former MLB pitcher, Lima struggled in several starts, after which he was sent down to the Korea Baseball Futures League. Many in the media reported that Lima would be released from the Tigers. However, after returning to the Tigers, Lima got two consecutive wins against the Woori Heroes by pitching seven innings while not allowing a single run, and the Hanwha Eagles, pitching five innings and allowing just three runs, but was still released by the Tigers.

Golden Baseball League
Lima signed with the Long Beach Armada of the independent Golden Baseball League (GBL) on March 27, 2009. He was to play under veteran minor league manager and former major league all-star Garry Templeton. Lima was traded by the Armada to the Edmonton Capitals for former Chicago White Sox first-round draft pick Kris Honel on July 31, 2009. During a May visit to Edmonton with the Long Beach Armada, Lima was heartily embraced by the Capitals' fans and even had a local fan club develop at the ballpark—a first ever for a visiting player there. He pitched a total of four games for the Capitals, going 1–2 in the regular season and losing his only GBL playoff appearance.

Personal life
Lima had at least six children with at least six different mothers. He was married twice.

Death
Lima died on the morning of May 23, 2010, at age 37. He was rushed to Huntington Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. An autopsy did not determine the cause of death, but stated that due to the condition of his heart, he likely died of a cardiac arrhythmia. He had suffered from cardiac problems. Lima was buried in Cementerio Las Charcas in Santiago.

On July 12, 2010, David Ortiz paid tribute to his late friend by dedicating his victory in the 2010 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby to Lima.

title: José Lima


text:
Talk:Town-class destroyer

Russian names
The names of the destroyers transferred to the Soviet Navy are not consistent between the two lists. The names in section 1 derive from a United States Navy source; the names in section 2 come from uboat.net, originally from British sources. I don't know anything about transliteration from Russian so I am unable to do the correction. I hope that someone with some expertise can correct them. Gdr 20:41, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

Categories
As far as I can see, these ships are listed exclusively under their USN names, which is correct for their USN service. Their USN names are also used in RN categories, eg Town class destroyers. Any objections to me replacing them by their RN names? Folks at 137 18:42, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Town-class destroyer


text:
Angular momentum coupling

In quantum mechanics, angular momentum coupling is the procedure of constructing eigenstates of total angular momentum out of eigenstates of separate angular momenta. For instance, the orbit and spin of a single particle can interact through spin–orbit interaction, in which case the complete physical picture must include spin–orbit coupling. Or two charged particles, each with a well-defined angular momentum, may interact  by Coulomb forces, in which case coupling of the two one-particle angular momenta to a total angular momentum is a useful step in the solution of the two-particle Schrödinger equation. In both cases the separate angular momenta are no longer constants of motion, but the sum of the two angular momenta usually still is. Angular momentum coupling in atoms is of importance in atomic spectroscopy. Angular momentum coupling of electron spins is of importance in quantum chemistry. Also in the nuclear shell model angular momentum coupling is ubiquitous.

In astronomy, spin–orbit coupling reflects the general law of conservation of angular momentum, which holds for celestial systems as well. In simple cases, the direction of the angular momentum vector is neglected, and the spin–orbit coupling is the ratio between the frequency with which a planet or other celestial body spins about its own axis to that with which it orbits another body. This is more commonly known as orbital resonance. Often, the underlying physical effects are tidal forces.

Angular momentum conservation
Conservation of angular momentum is the principle that the total angular momentum of a system has a constant magnitude and direction if the system is subjected to no external torque. Angular momentum is a property of a physical system that is a constant of motion (also referred to as a conserved property, time-independent and well-defined) in two situations:

 * 1) The system experiences a spherically symmetric potential field.
 * 2) The system moves (in quantum mechanical sense) in isotropic space.

In both cases the angular momentum operator commutes with the Hamiltonian of the system. By Heisenberg's uncertainty relation this means that the angular momentum and the energy (eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian) can be measured at the same time.

An example of the first situation is an atom whose electrons only experience the Coulomb force of its atomic nucleus. If we ignore the electron–electron interaction (and other small interactions such as spin–orbit coupling), the orbital angular momentum $l$ of each electron commutes with the total Hamiltonian. In this model the atomic Hamiltonian is a sum of kinetic energies of the electrons and the spherically symmetric electron–nucleus interactions. The individual electron angular momenta $l_{i}$ commute with this Hamiltonian. That is, they are conserved properties of this approximate model of the atom.

An example of the second situation is a rigid rotor moving in field-free space. A rigid rotor has a well-defined, time-independent, angular momentum.

These two situations originate in classical mechanics. The third kind of conserved angular momentum, associated with spin, does not have a classical counterpart. However, all rules of angular momentum coupling apply to spin as well.

In general the conservation of angular momentum implies full rotational symmetry (described by the groups SO(3) and SU(2)) and, conversely, spherical symmetry implies conservation of angular momentum. If two or more physical systems have conserved angular momenta, it can be useful to combine these momenta to a total angular momentum of the combined system—a conserved property of the total system. The building of eigenstates of the total conserved angular momentum from the angular momentum eigenstates of the individual subsystems is referred to as angular momentum coupling.

Application of angular momentum coupling is useful when there is an interaction between subsystems that, without  interaction, would have conserved angular momentum. By the very interaction the spherical symmetry of the subsystems is broken, but the angular momentum of the total system remains a constant of motion. Use of the latter fact is helpful in the solution of the Schrödinger equation.

Examples
As an example we consider two electrons, in an atom (say the helium atom) labeled with $i$ = 1 and 2. If there is no electron–electron interaction, but only electron–nucleus interaction, then the two electrons can be rotated around the nucleus independently of each other; nothing happens to their energy. The expectation values of both operators, $l$1 and $l$2, are conserved. However, if we switch on the electron–electron interaction that depends on the distance $d$(1,2) between the electrons, then only a simultaneous and equal rotation of the two electrons will leave $d$(1,2) invariant. In such a case the expectation value of neither $l$1 nor $l$2 is a constant of motion in general, but the expectation value of the total orbital angular momentum operator $L$ = $l$1 + $l$2 is. Given the eigenstates of $l$1 and $l$2, the construction of eigenstates of $L$ (which still is conserved) is the coupling of the angular momenta of electrons 1 and 2.

The total orbital angular momentum quantum number $L$ is restricted to integer values and must satisfy the triangular condition that $$|l_1 - l_2| \leq L \leq l_1 + l_2$$, such that the three nonnegative integer values could correspond to the three sides of a triangle.

In quantum mechanics, coupling also exists between angular momenta belonging to different Hilbert spaces of a single object, e.g. its spin and its orbital angular momentum. If the spin has half-integer values, such as $1⁄2$ for an electron, then the total (orbital plus spin) angular momentum will also be restricted to half-integer values.

Reiterating slightly differently the above: one expands the quantum states of composed systems (i.e. made of subunits like two hydrogen atoms or two electrons) in basis sets which are made of tensor products of quantum states which in turn describe the subsystems individually. We assume that the states of the subsystems can be chosen as eigenstates of their angular momentum operators (and of their component along any arbitrary $z$ axis).

The subsystems are therefore correctly described by a pair of $ℓ$, $m$ quantum numbers (see angular momentum for details). When there is interaction among the subsystems, the total Hamiltonian contains terms that do not commute with the angular operators acting on the subsystems only. However, these terms do commute with the total angular momentum operator. Sometimes one refers to the non-commuting interaction terms in the Hamiltonian as angular momentum coupling terms, because they necessitate the angular momentum coupling.

Spin–orbit coupling
The behavior of atoms and smaller particles is well described by the theory of quantum mechanics, in which each particle has an intrinsic angular momentum called spin and specific configurations (of e.g. electrons in an atom) are described by a set of quantum numbers. Collections of particles also have angular momenta and corresponding quantum numbers, and under different circumstances the angular momenta of the parts couple in different ways to form the angular momentum of the whole. Angular momentum coupling is a category including some of the ways that subatomic particles can interact with each other.

In atomic physics, spin–orbit coupling, also known as spin-pairing, describes a weak magnetic interaction, or coupling, of the particle spin and the orbital motion of this particle, e.g. the electron spin and its motion around an atomic nucleus. One of its effects is to separate the energy of internal states of the atom, e.g. spin-aligned and spin-antialigned that would otherwise be identical in energy. This interaction is responsible for many of the details of atomic structure.

In solid-state physics, the spin coupling with the orbital motion can lead to splitting of energy bands due to Dresselhaus or Rashba effects.

In the macroscopic world of orbital mechanics, the term spin–orbit coupling is sometimes used in the same sense as spin–orbit resonance.

LS coupling
In light atoms (generally Z ≤ 30 ), electron spins si interact among themselves so they combine to form a total spin angular momentum S. The same happens with orbital angular momenta ℓi, forming a total orbital angular momentum L. The interaction between the quantum numbers L and S is called Russell–Saunders coupling (after Henry Norris Russell and Frederick Saunders) or LS coupling. Then S and L couple together and form a total angular momentum J:

 * $$\mathbf J = \mathbf L + \mathbf S, \, $$

where L and S are the totals:

 * $$\mathbf L = \sum_i \boldsymbol{\ell}_i, \ \mathbf S = \sum_i \mathbf{s}_i. \, $$

This is an approximation which is good as long as any external magnetic fields are weak. In larger magnetic fields, these two momenta decouple, giving rise to a different splitting pattern in the energy levels (the Paschen–Back effect), and the size of LS coupling term becomes small.

For an extensive example on how LS-coupling is practically applied, see the article on term symbols.

jj coupling
In heavier atoms the situation is different. In atoms with bigger nuclear charges, spin–orbit interactions are frequently as large as or larger than spin–spin interactions or orbit–orbit interactions. In this situation, each orbital angular momentum ℓi tends to combine with the corresponding individual spin angular momentum si, originating an individual total angular momentum ji. These then couple up to form the total angular momentum J
 * $$\mathbf J = \sum_i \mathbf j_i = \sum_i (\boldsymbol{\ell}_i + \mathbf{s}_i).$$

This description, facilitating calculation of this kind of interaction, is known as jj coupling.

Spin–spin coupling
Spin–spin coupling is the coupling of the intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of different particles. J-coupling between pairs of nuclear spins is an important feature of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as it can provide detailed information about the structure and conformation of molecules. Spin–spin coupling between nuclear spin and electronic spin is responsible for hyperfine structure in atomic spectra.

Term symbols
Term symbols are used to represent the states and spectral transitions of atoms, they are found from coupling of angular momenta mentioned above. When the state of an atom has been specified with a term symbol, the allowed transitions can be found through selection rules by considering which transitions would conserve angular momentum. A photon has spin 1, and when there is a transition with emission or absorption of a photon the atom will need to change state to conserve angular momentum. The term symbol selection rules are: $ΔS$ = 0; $ΔL$ = 0, ±1; $Δl$ = ± 1; $ΔJ$ = 0, ±1.

The expression "term symbol" is derived from the "term series" associated with the Rydberg states of an atom and their energy levels. In the Rydberg formula the frequency or wave number of the light emitted by a hydrogen-like atom is proportional to the difference between the two terms of a transition. The series known to early spectroscopy were designated sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental and consequently the letters $S, P, D,$ and $F$ were used to represent the orbital angular momentum states of an atom.

Relativistic effects
In very heavy atoms, relativistic shifting of the energies of the electron energy levels accentuates spin–orbit coupling effect. Thus, for example, uranium molecular orbital diagrams must directly incorporate relativistic symbols when considering interactions with other atoms.

Nuclear coupling
In atomic nuclei, the spin–orbit interaction is much stronger than for atomic electrons, and is incorporated directly into the nuclear shell model. In addition, unlike atomic–electron term symbols, the lowest energy state is not $L − S$, but rather, $ℓ + s$. All nuclear levels whose $ℓ$ value (orbital angular momentum) is greater than zero are thus split in the shell model to create states designated by $ℓ + s$ and $ℓ − s$. Due to the nature of the shell model, which assumes an average potential rather than a central Coulombic potential, the nucleons that go into the $ℓ + s$ and $ℓ − s$ nuclear states are considered degenerate within each orbital (e.g. The 2$p$$3⁄2$ contains four nucleons, all of the same energy. Higher in energy is the 2$p$$1⁄2$ which contains two equal-energy nucleons).

title: Angular momentum coupling


text:
Category:Latin dances

This category includes partner dances danced socially that are either of Latin American origin or arbitrarily classified and commonly recognized as such.

It does not include Latin folk dances danced mainly for performance.

title: Category:Latin dances


text:
Charles Owen O'Conor

Charles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don PC (Ire) (Cathal Eóghan Ó Conchubhair Donn; 7 May 1838 – 30 June 1906), was an Irish politician.

Life
The eldest son of Denis O'Conor, he was educated at Downside School in England and became an Irish Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Roscommon from March 1860 until he was defeated at the 1880 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Wexford in 1883. He was appointed High Sheriff of Sligo for 1863 and High Sheriff of Roscommon for 1884.

He was also President of the Society for the Preserving the Irish Language, a precursor of the Gaelic League. He wrote a history of his family called "The O'Conors of Connacht".

Personal life
He married on the 21 April 1868, Georgina Mary Perry, the daughter of Thomas Perry of Bitham House, Warwickshire, England, with whom he had four sons; Denis Charles Joseph O'Conor, O'Conor Don2
 * Denis Charles Joseph O'Conor, O'Conor Don (b. 26 Oct 1869, d. 22 Feb 1917)
 * Owen Phelim O'Conor, O'Conor Don (b. 10 Dec 1870, d. 1 Mar 1943)
 * Charles Hugh O'Conor of Lucan house, Dublin (b. 24 Jan 1872, d. 28 Apr 1939); he was the father of Rev. Charles Denis Mary Joseph Anthony O'Conor, O'Conor Don SJ (b. 25 Mar 1906, d. 1981), on whose death in 1981, the title of O'Conor Don passed to Charles's Owen's great nephew Denis Armar O'Conor, O'Conor Don (b. 13 Jan 1912, d. 10 Jul 2000).
 * Roderick Joseph O'Conor (b. 24 Jan 1872, d. 1878)

Georgina died on the 18 August 1872 and he married on 16 September 1879 to Ellen Letitia More-O'Ferrall, the daughter of Lewis More O'Ferrall, of Lissard House, Co. Longford.

He died on 30 June 1906 at age 68.

title: Charles Owen O'Conor


text:
User:Improv/talkhead

Woof

Please observe the following rules of etiquette on my talk page:
 * 1) Do not change content you have already posted, unless you are just doing markup on it, e.g. adding overstrikes or bolding. I know some of you always claim the right to edit things you post post facto. Please don't do that here, because I will revert your changes and be grumpy about it. Instead, add subcomments or similar.
 * 2) Do not refactor my page for me. I will refactor when I feel like it.
 * 3) Please sign any comments you make.
 * 4) I will possibly remove any extraneous graphics/styling you do of text here. It would be nice if you initially post without this stuff.

Thanks!

title: User:Improv/talkhead


text:
Thank You

Thank you is a common expression of gratitude.

Thank You or Thank U may also refer to:

Films

 * Thank You (1925 film), an American film directed by John Ford
 * Thank You (2011 film), a Bollywood romantic comedy
 * Thank You (2013 film), a Malayalam drama thriller film
 * Thank You (2022 film), an Indian Telugu-language film

Television

 * Thank You (TV series), a 2007 South Korean television series
 * "Thank You", an episode of the third season of Adventure Time
 * "Thank You" (The Walking Dead), an episode

Albums

 * Thank You (Declan Galbraith album), 2006
 * Thank You (Diana Ross album) or the title song, 2021
 * Thank You (Duran Duran album) or the title song, 1995
 * Thank You (Jamelia album) or the title song (see below), 2003
 * Thank You (Meghan Trainor album) or the title song, 2016
 * Thank You (Royal Trux album), 1995
 * Thank You (Stone Temple Pilots album), 2003
 * Thank You (For Letting Us Be Ourselves), by Hardcore Superstar, 2001
 * Thank You...Goodnight!, by Great White, 2002
 * Thank U (album), by CNBLUE, 2010
 * Thank You, by Michael Schenker, 1993
 * Thank You, by Monkey Majik, 2006
 * Thank You, by Nicoleta Alexandru, 2009
 * Thank You, by Puffy AmiYumi, 2011
 * Thank You or the title song, by Ray Boltz, 1988

EPs

 * Thank You (Brave Girls EP) or the title song (see below), 2022
 * Thank You (Jamala EP), or the title song, 2014
 * Thank You, by Bombadil, 2012
 * Thank You, by Shaun Fleming, 2011

Songs

 * "Thank You" (Amy Diamond song), 2008
 * "Thank You" (Bow Wow song), 2001
 * "Thank You" (Boyz II Men song), 1995
 * "Thank You" (Brave Girls song), 2022
 * "Thank You" (Busta Rhymes song), 2013
 * "Thank You" (Dido song), 1998
 * "Thank You" (Estelle song), 2011
 * "Thank You" (Hellyeah song), 2008
 * "Thank You" (Jamelia song), 2004
 * "Thank You" (Led Zeppelin song), 1969
 * "Thank You" (Lena Meyer-Landrut song), 2019
 * "Thank You" (MKTO song), 2012
 * "Thank You" (Sevendust song), 2015
 * "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)", by Sly and the Family Stone, 1969
 * "Thank You (for Loving Me at My Worst)", by The Whitlams, 1999
 * "Thank U", by Alanis Morissette, 1998
 * "Thank You", by Alcazar from Disco Defenders
 * "Thank You", by Amanda Lear
 * "Thank You", by Ana Moura from Desfado, originally by David Poe
 * "Thank You", by Angie Stone from Black Diamond
 * "Thank You", by Ben Rector from The Joy of Music
 * "Thank You", by Bobby Womack from My Prescription
 * "Thank You", by Bobbysocks!
 * "Thank You", by Bonnie Raitt from Bonnie Raitt
 * "Thank You", by Brandon Lake from Help!
 * "Thank You", by the Calling from Camino Palmero
 * "Thank You", by Chris Brown from Chris Brown
 * "Thank You", by Chris Cornell from Songbook
 * "Thank You", by Celine Dion from Loved Me Back to Life
 * "Thank You", by Commodores from Rock Solid
 * "Thank You", by Gentle Giant from Giant for a Day!
 * "Thank You", by Gotthard from Bang!
 * "Thank You", by Helen Reddy from Ear Candy
 * "Thank You", by Ice Prince from Everybody Loves Ice Prince
 * "Thank You", by Jane Child from Jane Child
 * "Thank You", by Jay-Z from The Blueprint 3
 * "Thank You", by Johnny Reid from Kicking Stones
 * "Thank You", by Keith Urban from Defying Gravity
 * "Thank You", by KMFDM from Money
 * "Thank You", by Leona Lewis from I Am
 * "Thank You", by Logic from YSIV
 * "Thank You", by Lou Bega from Lounatic
 * "Thank You", by Mary Mary from Incredible
 * "Thank You", by Mike Posner from At Night, Alone
 * "Thank You", by Nicky Byrne from Sunlight
 * "Thank You", by Noni Răzvan Ene
 * "Thank You", by Norman Bedard
 * "Thank You", by the Pale Fountains
 * "Thank You", by Paul Kelly from The Merri Soul Sessions
 * "Thank You", by Paul Revere & The Raiders from Alias Pink Puzz
 * "Thank You", by Philip Bailey from Triumph
 * "Thank You", by Psy from PsyFive
 * "Thank You", by Ray J from Everything You Want
 * "Thank You", by Ray Stevens
 * "Thank You", by the Redwalls from De Nova
 * "Thank You", by Roscoe, featuring Kendrick Lamar
 * "Thank You", by Sarah Connor from Naughty but Nice
 * "Thank You", by Shaggy from Shaggy & Friends
 * "Thank You", by Shinhwa from Winter Story
 * "Thank You", by Simple Plan from Still Not Getting Any...
 * "Thank You", by Simply Red from Love and the Russian Winter
 * "Thank You", by Sister Hazel from Fortress
 * "Thank You", by the Slackers from The Great Rocksteady Swindle
 * "Thank You", by Strawbs from Bursting at the Seams
 * "Thank You", by Super Junior from Don't Don
 * "Thank You", by Swans from Filth
 * "Thank You", by Westlife from Turnaround
 * "Thank You", by the Wilkinsons from Home
 * "Thank You", by Will Young from 85% Proof
 * "Thank You", by Willie Nelson from Angel Eyes
 * "Thank You", by Xzibit from Full Circle
 * "Thank You", by Yolanda Adams from Believe
 * "Thank You (Dedication to Fans...)", by Christina Aguilera from Back to Basics
 * "Thank U", by Ayumi Hamasaki from Love Songs
 * "Thank You Song", by FKA Twigs from Caprisongs
 * "Thank U", by U-Know Yunho from Noir, 2021

title: Thank You


text:
Mexican standoff

A Mexican standoff  is a confrontation where no strategy exists that allows any party to achieve victory. Anyone initiating aggression might trigger their own demise. At the same time, the parties are unable to extract themselves from the situation without either negotiating a truce or suffering a loss, maintaining strategic tension until one of those three potential organic outcomes occurs or some outside force intervenes.

The term Mexican standoff was originally used in the context of using firearms and it still commonly implies a situation in which the parties face some form of threat from one-another; the standoffs can span from someone holding a phone threatening to call the police being held in check by a blackmailer, to global confrontations.

The Mexican standoff as an armed stalemate is a recurring cinematic trope.

Etymology
Sources claim the reference is to the Mexican–American War or post-war Mexican bandits in the 19th century.

The earliest known use of the phrase in print was on 19 March 1876, in a short story about Mexico, featuring the line: "'Go-!' said he sternly then. 'We will call it a stand-off, a Mexican stand-off, you lose your money, but you save your life!'"

Popular culture
In popular culture, the term Mexican standoff references confrontations in which neither opponent appears to have a measurable advantage. Historically, commentators have used the term to reference the Soviet Union – United States nuclear confrontation during the Cold War, specifically the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The key element that makes such situations Mexican standoffs is the perceived equality of power exercised amongst the involved parties. The inability of any particular party to advance its position safely is a condition common amongst all standoffs; in a "Mexican standoff", however, there is an additional disadvantage: no party has a safe way to withdraw from its position, thus making the standoff effectively permanent.

The cliché of a Mexican standoff where each party is threatening another with a gun is now considered a movie trope, stemming from its frequent use as a plot device in cinema. A notable example is in Sergio Leone's 1966 Western The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, where the characters representing each played by Clint Eastwood, Lee Van Cleef and Eli Wallach, face each other in a showdown.

Director John Woo, considered a major influence on the action film genre, is known for his use of Mexican standoffs. Director Quentin Tarantino (who has cited Woo as an influence) has featured Mexican standoff scenes in films including Inglourious Basterds (the tavern scene features multiple Mexican standoffs including meta-discussion) and both Reservoir Dogs and Pulp Fiction, which depicts a standoff among four characters in the climactic scene.

title: Mexican standoff


text:
Marlies Askamp

Marlies Askamp (born August 7, 1970 in Dorsten, Recklinghausen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German professional basketball player. She was one of the original players to play in the U.S. Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Personal
As a youth, Askamp played basketball and competed in track until at age 16. She speaks German, English, and French.

Career highlights

 * Played in the 1998 FIBA Women's Championship with the German National Team
 * All-time leader in offensive rebounds (137) and total rebounds (329) for the now-defunct Miami Sol

Regular season

 * style="text-align:left;"|1997
 * style="text-align:left;"|Phoenix
 * 28 || 1 || 18.5 || .393 || .000 || .763 || 5.2 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 1.6 || 7.5
 * style="text-align:left;"|1998
 * style="text-align:left;"|Phoenix
 * 26 || 0 || 12.3 || .471 || .000 || .661 || 3.3 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 5.3
 * style="text-align:left;"|1999
 * style="text-align:left;"|Phoenix
 * 30 || 30 || 26.0 || .482 || .000 || .816 || 7.2 || 0.8 || 0.7 || 0.6 || 1.2 || 9.4
 * style="text-align:left;"|2000
 * style="text-align:left;"|Miami
 * 32 || 32 || 27.2 || .407 || .500 || .684 || 7.2 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 1.5 || 7.8
 * style="text-align:left;"|2001
 * style="text-align:left;"|Miami
 * 30 || 11 || 14.4 || .483 || .000 || .563 || 2.9 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 2.5
 * style="text-align:left;"|2002*
 * style="text-align:left;"|Miami
 * 6 || 1 || 12.0 || .400 || .000 || .273 || 1.8 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 1.8
 * style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|2002*†
 * style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
 * 20 || 4 || 10.8 || .473 || .000 || .643 || 2.5 || 0.2 || 0.6 || 0.2 || 0.6 || 3.1
 * style="text-align:left;"|2002
 * style="text-align:left;"|Total
 * 26 || 5 || 11.0 || .462 || .000 || .480 || 2.3 || 0.3 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 0.5 || 2.8
 * style="text-align:left;"|Career
 * style="text-align:left;"|6 years, 3 teams
 * 172 || 79 || 18.6 || .440 || .167 || .711 || 4.8 || 0.6 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 1.1 || 6.0
 * 20 || 4 || 10.8 || .473 || .000 || .643 || 2.5 || 0.2 || 0.6 || 0.2 || 0.6 || 3.1
 * style="text-align:left;"|2002
 * style="text-align:left;"|Total
 * 26 || 5 || 11.0 || .462 || .000 || .480 || 2.3 || 0.3 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 0.5 || 2.8
 * style="text-align:left;"|Career
 * style="text-align:left;"|6 years, 3 teams
 * 172 || 79 || 18.6 || .440 || .167 || .711 || 4.8 || 0.6 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 1.1 || 6.0
 * style="text-align:left;"|6 years, 3 teams
 * 172 || 79 || 18.6 || .440 || .167 || .711 || 4.8 || 0.6 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 1.1 || 6.0

Playoffs

 * style="text-align:left;"|1997
 * style="text-align:left;"|Phoenix
 * 1 || 0 || 19.0 || .333 || .000 || 1.000 || 2.0 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 9.0
 * style="text-align:left;"|1998
 * style="text-align:left;"|Phoenix
 * 5 || 0 || 7.2 || .400 || .000 || .250 || 2.4 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 0.6 || 1.8
 * style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|2002†
 * style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
 * 4 || 3 || 6.0 || .000 || .000 || 1.000 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.5
 * style="text-align:left;"|Career
 * style="text-align:left;"|3 years, 2 teams
 * 10 || 3 || 7.9 || .286 || .000 || .727 || 1.7 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 2.0
 * style="text-align:left;"|Career
 * style="text-align:left;"|3 years, 2 teams
 * 10 || 3 || 7.9 || .286 || .000 || .727 || 1.7 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 2.0
 * 10 || 3 || 7.9 || .286 || .000 || .727 || 1.7 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 2.0

title: Marlies Askamp


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/The Illustrated Story of Copyright

Professor Edward Samuels is on faculty at New York Law School and focuses on copyright, contracts, commercial law, and bankruptcy. This book is a very good introduction to copyright history, law, and applications. The book is organized in two sections: one on copyright and technology and the other entitled 'copyright basics.' However, it is organized so that the reader can skip to any of the ten chapters within the two sections and be able to getting a briefing on whatever the topic. The general sentiment of Prof. Samuels can probably be summed up by his "Afterword: Creativity Wants to Be Paid.' Prof. Samuels believes that copyright does more to support the arts than 'all of the federal grants, subsidies, and private philanthropies put together, and on a much more egalitarian basis.' He does believe that copyright owners have the upperhand in the current system. And although he is against further protection for this group, he does believe in protecting what they have. Prof. Samuels is a firm believer in the Millennium Initiative and hopes that this book will 'make copyright a little less silent as a patron of the arts.' For more information on Prof. Samuels: www.edwardsamuels.com


text:
Adefovir

Adefovir is a prescription medicine used to treat (chronic) infections with hepatitis B virus. A prodrug form of adefovir was previously called bis-POM PMEA, with trade names Preveon and Hepsera. It is an orally administered nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (ntRTI). It can be formulated as the pivoxil prodrug adefovir dipivoxil.

Uses
It is used for treatment of hepatitis B.

Trials of adefovir in patients with HIV have not shown any clear benefits.

History
Adefovir was invented in the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic by Antonín Holý, and the drug was developed by Gilead Sciences for HIV with the brand name Preveon. However, in November 1999, an expert panel advised the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) not to approve the drug due to concerns about the severity and frequency of kidney toxicity when dosed at 60 or 120 mg. The FDA followed that advice, refusing to approve adefovir as a treatment for HIV.

Gilead Sciences discontinued its development for HIV treatment in December 1999, but continued to develop the drug for hepatitis B (HBV), where it is effective with a much lower dose of 10 mg. FDA approval for use in the treatment of hepatitis B was granted on September 20, 2002, and adefovir is sold for this indication under the brand name Hepsera. Adefovir became an approved treatment for HBV in the European Union in March 2003.

Mechanism of action
Adefovir works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme crucial for the HBV to reproduce in the body. It is approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevations in serum aminotransferases (primarily ALT) or histologically active disease.

The main benefit of adefovir over lamivudine (the first NRTI approved for the treatment of HBV) is that it takes a much longer period of time for the virus to develop resistance to it.

Adefovir dipivoxil contains two pivaloyloxymethyl units, making it a prodrug form of adefovir.

title: Adefovir


text:
Bear Mountain (Kern County, California)

Bear Mountain is a peak in the Tehachapi Mountains, near Tehachapi, California.

The mountain is north of Bear Valley Springs, and west of the Tehachapi Loop, a spiral on the railroad line through Tehachapi Pass. California condors, mountain lions, mule deer and bobcats can be found among the sugar pines trees.

Much of the mountain is on land owned by The Nature Conservancy.

title: Bear Mountain (Kern County, California)


text:
Saint-Christophe

Saint-Christophe (French for Saint Christopher) may refer to:

Places in France

 * Saint-Christophe, Allier, in the Allier département
 * Saint-Christophe, Charente, in the Charente département
 * Saint-Christophe, Charente-Maritime, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Saint-Christophe, Creuse, in the Creuse département
 * Saint-Christophe, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Saint-Christophe, Rhône, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Christophe, Savoie, in the Savoie département
 * Saint-Christophe, Tarn, in the Tarn département
 * Saint-Christophe, Vienne, in the Vienne département
 * Saint-Christophe-à-Berry, in the Aisne département
 * Saint-Christophe-d'Allier, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Saint-Christophe-de-Chaulieu, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Christophe-de-Double, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-Christophe-des-Bardes, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-Christophe-des-Bois, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Saint-Christophe-de-Valains, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Saint-Christophe-Dodinicourt, in the Aube département
 * Saint-Christophe-du-Bois, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Christophe-du-Foc, in the Manche département
 * Saint-Christophe-du-Jambet, in the Sarthe département
 * Saint-Christophe-du-Ligneron, in the Vendée département
 * Saint-Christophe-du-Luat, in the Mayenne département
 * Saint-Christophe-en-Bazelle, in the Indre département
 * Saint-Christophe-en-Boucherie, in the Indre département
 * Saint-Christophe-en-Bresse, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Christophe-en-Brionnais, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Christophe-en-Champagne, in the Sarthe département
 * Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Christophe-et-le-Laris, in the Drôme département
 * Saint-Christophe-la-Couperie, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Christophe-le-Chaudry, in the Cher département
 * Saint-Christophe-le-Jajolet, former commune in the Orne département
 * Saint-Christophe-sur-Avre, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Christophe-sur-Condé, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Christophe-sur-Dolaison, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Saint-Christophe-sur-Guiers, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais, in the Indre-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Christophe-sur-Roc, in the Deux-Sèvres département
 * Saint-Christophe-Vallon, in the Aveyron département

 * Bourg-Saint-Christophe, in the Ain département
 * Bray-Saint-Christophe, in the Aisne département
 * Lay-Saint-Christophe, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département
 * Villard-Saint-Christophe, in the Isère département
 * Villers-Saint-Christophe, in the Aisne département

Places in Italy

 * Saint-Christophe, Aosta Valley

Places in Canada

 * Saint-Christophe-d'Arthabaska

Islands

 * Saint Kitts island in the West Indies, also known as Saint-Christophe, namely during the French colonial era 1538-1783
 * Saint Christopher Island (disambiguation), any of several islands
 * former name of Juan de Nova Island, Indian Ocean

Sports

 * A.S.D. Vallée d’Aoste Saint-Christophe, football club based in Saint-Christophe, Aosta Valley, Italy

title: Saint-Christophe


text: User talk:81.135.202.116

title: User talk:81.135.202.116