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Interstate 695 (Maryland)

Interstate 695 (I-695) is a 51.46 mi auxiliary Interstate Highway that constitutes a beltway extending around Baltimore, Maryland, United States. I-695 is officially designated the McKeldin Beltway but is colloquially referred to as either the Baltimore Beltway or 695. The route is an auxiliary route of I-95, intersecting that route southwest of Baltimore near Arbutus and northeast of the city near White Marsh. It also intersects other major roads radiating from the Baltimore area, including I-97 near Glen Burnie, the Baltimore–Washington Parkway (B–W Parkway; MD 295) near Linthicum, I-70 near Woodlawn, I-795 near Pikesville, and I-83 in the Timonium area. The 19.37 mi portion of the Baltimore Beltway between I-95 northeast of Baltimore and I-97 south of Baltimore is officially Maryland Route 695 (MD 695) and is not part of the Interstate Highway System but is signed as I-695. The Francis Scott Key Bridge that crossed over the Patapsco River was included in this section of the route before the bridge's collapse on March 26, 2024. The bridge and its approaches were maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA), while the remainder of the Baltimore Beltway is maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration (MDSHA).

The Baltimore Beltway was first planned in 1949 by Baltimore County; the state eventually took over the project, becoming part of the Interstate Highway System planned in 1956. The length of the route from MD 2 south of Baltimore clockwise to U.S. Route 40 (US 40) northeast of the city opened in stages from 1955 to 1962, providing an Interstate bypass of Baltimore. It was the first beltway in the US to be built as part of the Interstate Highway System. Plans were made to finish the remainder of the route, with a diversion to the Windlass and Patapsco freeways, opened in 1973, following the cancelation of a more outer route that was to partly follow what is today MD 702 (Southeast Boulevard).

The Outer Harbor Crossing over the Patapsco River, which was dedicated to Francis Scott Key, who wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and its approaches were finished in 1977, completing the route around Baltimore. The approaches to the bridge were originally two lanes to accommodate a tunnel that was initially proposed to run under the river; in subsequent years, they were upgraded to a four-lane configuration compliant with Interstate Highway standards, allowing for this portion of the route to be signed as I-695 rather than MD 695. There are plans for I-695 that include high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes to ease traffic. In addition, the northeastern interchange with I-95 was reconstructed in 2014 to accommodate express toll lanes that were added to I-95, and construction took place in 2016 to remove I-695's carriageway crossovers here.

Curtis Creek to I-95
Starting at the zero milepost in Baltimore, I-695, which at this point is officially called MD 695 and is maintained by the MDTA, is four lanes wide. The route passes over Curtis Creek on a pair of drawbridges here, which have 58 ft of vertical navigational clearance and provide access for tall ships to a US Coast Guard base further upstream. Continuing west through industrial areas into Anne Arundel County, the route encounters the northern terminus of MD 10 (Arundel Expressway) at a directional interchange, where maintenance switches to MDSHA. The interchange includes access to the next interchange, with MD 2 (Ritchie Highway), a major north–south route between Baltimore and the southern suburbs, in Glen Burnie. This interchange has access to northbound MD 2 in both directions and from northbound MD 2 to the westbound direction. Beyond MD 2, I-695 encounters I-895B, a short connector to I-895 (Harbor Tunnel Thruway); this interchange provides access to southbound MD 2 from both directions and to the eastbound direction from southbound MD 2. Immediately past this interchange, I-695 comes to an interchange with the northern terminus of I-97, which terminates on the beltway. At this point, the route officially becomes I-695.

The route continues west as a six-lane freeway, heading west into residential areas of Linthicum. It interchanges with MD 648 (Baltimore Annapolis Boulevard), where 132,330 vehicles travel I-695 every day, before turning northwest and intersecting MD 170 (Camp Meade Road) and passing over the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA)'s Baltimore Light RailLink. The route encounters the B–W Parkway (MD 295) at a cloverleaf interchange where the route's signage changes from east–west to north–south at this interchange. It turns more to the north from here and heads into commercial areas, interchanging with MD 168 (Nursery Road) and Hammonds Ferry Road. Past this interchange, the route crosses the Patapsco River into Baltimore County and soon encounters a partial interchange with I-895 (Harbor Tunnel Thruway) with access only from the southbound direction of I-695 to I-895 northbound and from I-895 southbound to the northbound direction of I-695. Past this interchange, I-695 heads north, interchanging with Hollins Ferry Road in Lansdowne before passing under CSX Transportation's Baltimore Terminal Subdivision and coming to an interchange with US 1 Alternate (US 1 Alt.; Washington Boulevard) in Arbutus. A short distance later, I-695 comes to a semi-directional interchange with I-95.

I-95 to I-70
I-695 widens to nine lanes past interchange with I-95, with five lanes in the southbound direction and four in the northbound direction. Running northwest, it crosses over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and comes to a partial interchange with US 1 (Southwestern Boulevard), with a southbound exit and northbound entrance. From here, it continues northwest through residential areas of Catonsville to an interchange with MD 372 (Wilkens Avenue). Narrowing to eight lanes total, with four lanes in each direction, beyond MD 372, the route continues through suburban neighborhoods before coming to an interchange with MD 144 (Frederick Road). At this point, I-695 narrows to seven lanes, with three southbound and four northbound lanes. It continues north and interchanges with Edmondson Avenue before turning northwest and intersecting US 40 (Baltimore National Pike) near the defunct Westview Mall, now a big-box complex. Beyond US 40, I-695 continues north through residential areas, narrowing to six lanes, with three lanes in each direction, before coming to a four-level stack interchange with I-70/MD 570 in Woodlawn.

I-70 to I-83
The Baltimore Beltway narrows from seven to six lanes within the interchange, which contains braided ramps providing access to the next interchange, MD 122 (Security Boulevard), located near Security Square Mall and the headquarters of the Social Security Administration. Continuing north, the road widens to eight lanes again and continues through a mix of suburban homes and business parks in Lochearn. I-695 interchanges with MD 26 (Liberty Road) east of Randallstown and resumes north, narrowing to six lanes. It intersects the southern terminus of I-795 (Northwest Expressway), which serves as a bypass of MD 140 in the Owings Mills area. The MTA's Baltimore Metro SubwayLink line to Owings Mills passes under I-695 within the interchange and runs in the median of I-795 as far as that town. At the I-795 interchange, the signage of route changes from north–south to east–west.

From here, I-695 heads northeast as an eight-lane road and enters Pikesville, where it passes under CSX Transportation's Hanover Subdivision and intersects MD 140 (Reisterstown Road) at a single-point urban interchange. A short distance later, the road comes to a partial interchange with MD 129 (Park Heights Avenue), with an eastbound exit and westbound entrance. I-695 heads east to another partial interchange with Stevenson Road, which has a westbound exit and eastbound entrance. The Baltimore Beltway passes through heavily forested land as it encounters Greenspring Avenue. Past this interchange, I-695 continues northeast through woodland before coming to an interchange with I-83 (Jones Falls Expressway). The interchange includes connections to MD 25 (Falls Road), which heads into the open countryside north of Baltimore. Within this interchange, I-83 forms a concurrency with I-695, and the roadway widens to 10 lanes, with six for the beltway and four for I-83. In each direction, I-695 runs on the three leftmost lanes, while I-83 uses the two rightmost ones. After running concurrently, I-83 splits from I-695 by heading north on the Harrisburg Expressway at a directional interchange and continues towards Timonium, Cockeysville and Hunt Valley before reaching York, Pennsylvania.

I-83 to I-95
Beyond I-83, I-695 passes over the MTA's Baltimore Light RailLink and turns southeast as a six-lane road, heading into the county seat of Towson. Here, the road comes to an interchange with MD 139 (Charles Street). The Baltimore Beltway heads through residential and commercial areas before coming to interchanges with MD 45 (York Road) near The Shops at Kenilworth and MD 146 (Dulaney Valley Road). Continuing east, the Baltimore Beltway passes to the north of Goucher College and comes to an interchange with Providence Road. I-695 turns southeast through residential areas past Providence Road and comes to an interchange with MD 542 (Loch Raven Boulevard) and Cromwell Bridge Road. The road continues toward Parkville, where it comes to a cloverleaf interchange with MD 41 (Perring Parkway) within commercial areas. The Baltimore Beltway continues through residential areas into Carney, coming to another cloverleaf interchange with MD 147 (Harford Road). Continuing east into White Marsh, the route encounters the western terminus of MD 43 (White Marsh Boulevard), a limited-access at-grade boulevard that provides access to White Marsh Mall, US 1 and I-95.

I-695 turns south past MD 43 and interchanges with US 1 (Belair Road) south of White Marsh. The road continues southeast to an interchange with I-95 (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway) a short distance after US 1 in Rossville. This interchange with I-95 (to the east of Baltimore city) is a fully directional interchange where the carriageways of both routes crossed over each other onto the opposite side, then crossed over each other again; at the site of each crossover, left-hand entrance and exit ramps were provided to eliminate the need for directional flyovers. In 2008, interchange reconstruction at the I-95 interchange removed the left-hand entrance from northbound I-95 to westbound I-695 with the remaining left-hand entrances to be removed by August 2009 as part of the construction of the I-95 Express Toll Lane Project; all exits and entrances were now on the right, and I-95's opposing roadways no longer crossed each other (but I-695's still did).

I-95 to Curtis Creek
Continuing south, the Baltimore Beltway officially becomes MD 695 again, despite being signed as I-695, and soon encounters MD 7 (Philadelphia Road). Between I-95 and MD 7, the route's changes from east–west to north–south. Immediately after MD 7, the route interchanges with US 40 (Pulaski Highway) northwest of Essex near The Centre at Golden Ring. After US 40, I-695 crosses over CSX Transportation's Philadelphia Subdivision and comes to a partial directional interchange with MD 702 (Southeast Boulevard). At this interchange, I-695 turns south onto the Windlass Freeway, crossing over the Northeast Corridor again within the interchange.

Running south along the Windlass Freeway, parallel to the Northeast Corridor, I-695, now narrowed to four lanes, turns west before making a sharp turn to the south, crossing over the railroad line twice. The road becomes the Patapsco Freeway and continues south to an interchange with MD 150 (Eastern Avenue) and MD 157 (Merritt Boulevard) near Eastpoint Mall. A short distance later, I-695 comes to an interchange with MD 151 (North Point Boulevard). From here, the route continues southeast along the Back River into residential and industrial Dundalk, interchanging with Cove Road. The route turns south, with the median briefly widening to include trees, before coming to another interchange with MD 151. Past MD 151, the Baltimore Beltway continues southwest through industrial areas, with maintenance switching to the MDTA at the crossing of a CSX Transportation rail line. It comes to an interchange with MD 157 (Peninsula Expressway) and MD 158 (Bethlehem Boulevard) before heading west. The route runs past Tradepoint Atlantic before crossing over Bear Creek and interchanging with unsigned MD 695A (Broening Highway) south of the Dundalk Marine Terminal, with an eastbound exit and westbound entrance (both of which were closed after the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse).

Beyond this interchange, the route comes to a two-way all-electronic toll gantry with a U-turn ramp from the southbound to the northbound direction intended to provide southbound motorists access to MD 695A. This ramp, known as MD 695C, also provides access to northbound I-695 from MD 695A through Authority Drive. After this, the route ascended onto the Francis Scott Key Bridge, which carried I-695 over the lower Baltimore Harbor and Patapsco River until its collapse in 2024. Unlike the Fort McHenry or Baltimore Harbor tunnels, hazmat trucks were allowed to cross the Francis Scott Key Bridge. After crossing the Patapsco River over the bridge, the route touches down within the Baltimore city limits. It continues west past Thoms Cove through Hawkins Point's industrial areas. It comes to an interchange with Quarantine Road (another interchange that is also closed due to the bridge's collapse), which provides access to MD 173, south of Curtis Bay. By this point, the route's signage changes from north–south to east–west. Past this interchange, the Baltimore Beltway continues west and returns to the Curtis Creek drawbridges.

Exit numbering
As opposed to I-495 (Capital Beltway) around Washington, D.C., on which exit numbers are generally arranged by mileposts counterclockwise starting at the southern crossing of the Potomac River, the exit numbers for the Baltimore Beltway are arranged consecutively clockwise starting at interchange 1 at Quarantine Road, west of the Francis Scott Key Bridge crossing of the Patapsco River.

Initial construction
The Baltimore County Planning Commission first conceived the Baltimore Beltway as a county-level roadway project in 1949; by 1953, the state took over the project due to slow progress at the county level. The project was included as part of the Interstate Highway System by 1956, increasing the speed of construction due to federal funds available.

The first part of the Baltimore Beltway was completed in December 1955 between MD 25 (Falls Road) and the Harrisburg Expressway (present-day I-83). In 1956, the next portion of the road between the Harrisburg Expressway and MD 45 (York Road) opened. Several more segments of the Baltimore Beltway would be built in the following years, with the section from MD 168 (Nursery Road) to the Glen Burnie Bypass (present-day I-97) opening in 1957; the portions from MD 45 to MD 542 (Loch Raven Boulevard), MD 7 (Old Philadelphia Road) to US 40 (Pulaski Highway), and from MD 168 to US 40 (Baltimore National Pike) opening in 1958; the segment from MD 2 (Ritchie Highway) to the Glen Burnie Bypass completed in 1960; the portion from US 1 (Belair Road) to MD 7 finished in 1961; and the portions from MD 542 to US 1 and from US 40 to MD 25 completed in 1962. At this time, the original length of the Baltimore Beltway, from MD 2 in the south clockwise to US 40 in the northeast, was fully completed and opened to traffic, providing the first Interstate-grade bypass of Baltimore and the first beltway in the US built under the Interstate Highway System. A segment of the road completed in 1973 ran from MD 10 to MD 2, heading toward the Outer Harbor Crossing.

Windlass and Patapsco freeways
From the junction with I-95, the Baltimore Beltway was planned to extend southeast along the Back River Neck peninsula, turning south to cross the Back River near the Essex Skypark airport, then heading towards the present Outer Harbor Crossing. Part of this alignment was completed as I-695 to the south of US 40 in 1972, then as MD 702 (Southeast Freeway), extending to MD 150 by 1975. However, the section of the Baltimore Beltway between south of MD 150 to west of the Back River crossing was not built, requiring it be rerouted on portions of two freeways not originally planned to be part of it.

The first was the Windlass Freeway (MD 149), a route planned to run from I-95 at Moravia Road northeast to Chase, paralleling US 40 to the south. The only portion of the Windlass Fwy constructed is the section of I-695 that diverges southwest from the directional T interchange with MD 702 to a point less than to the southwest where I-695 makes a sharp turn from west to south. From here, the Windlass Freeway would have continued to its southerly terminus at I-95. This sharp turn is half of what would have been another directional T interchange (which was to have become exit 37), marking the northern terminus of the Patapsco Freeway, the other freeway incorporated into the Baltimore Beltway.

The Patapsco Freeway was planned to connect the Windlass Freeway to the originally-planned Baltimore Beltway. Completed in 1973, the planned Patapsco Freeway is now part of I-695. The wide median in I-695 south of exit 41 (Cove Road) is where the unbuilt beltway would have intersected the Patapsco Freeway after crossing Back River to the east, making this the southern terminus of the Patapsco Freeway. Continuing southeast, I-695 rejoins the original alignment of the beltway.

Ramp stubs for the planned Windlass Freeway are present at the proposed west end at I-95 and Moravia Road, and, at the present west end at the Southeast Freeway (MD 702), the partially built junction with the proposed Windlass Freeway. The planned junction of the Windlass and Patapsco freeways, now the point where I-695 makes a sharp turn from west to south, just to the north of where it crosses the Back River, was originally built with provisions for extending the Windlass Freeway to I-95, but this has since been reconfigured as a sharp curve on I-695.

Outer Harbor Crossing and further upgrades
The Outer Harbor Crossing is the name given to the segment of the Baltimore Beltway maintained by the MDTA. It consists of the segment of I-695 between exit 40 (MD 151) and exit 2 (MD 10), which included the Francis Scott Key Bridge. The route was originally planned as a two-lane freeway on a four-lane right-of-way, with a two-lane outer harbor tunnel across the Patapsco River. When the tunnel was advertised for construction in 1970, the bids were so high that the decision was made to construct a four-lane bridge instead. The bridge was to feature two-lane approach roads on both sides.

Construction on the Outer Harbor Crossing, including the bridge, started in 1972 and was opened on March 23, 1977, completing the full Baltimore Beltway. The bridge was named the Francis Scott Key Bridge in honor of Francis Scott Key, who wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the US. By the early 1980s, the southern approach to the Francis Scott Key Bridge was dualized, with a second roadway constructed along with a second drawbridge over Curtis Creek. The northern approach was left as a two-lane viaduct in the Sparrows Point area until a four-lane surface freeway was constructed along this portion, with interchanges reconfigured, following an $89.5-million (equivalent to $ in ) project completed in January 2000. The Outer Harbor Crossing, as well as the entire Baltimore Beltway east of I-95, was first signposted as MD 695 because portions of it were a two-lane expressway not up to Interstate Highway standards. Improvements to the road have allowed the entire Baltimore Beltway to be signed as I-695, even though all of I-695 between the junction of I-95 northeast of Baltimore and I-97 is officially considered MD 695 by MDSHA.

On June 8, 1999, a tractor-trailer carrying a backhoe that exceeded the maximum height requirement struck a pedestrian footbridge over the Baltimore Beltway just northwest of the I-95 junction near Arbutus. The footbridge collapsed onto the inner loop of the beltway. One driver was killed when his SUV struck the collapsed bridge; six others were injured, three critically. The incident occurred during the afternoon rush hour. The footbridge had been closed to pedestrians since November 1996 due to complaints about vandalism and crime.

21st century
The beltway was dedicated in honor of former Governor Theodore McKeldin in May 2005. During his term, McKeldin was responsible for constructing the Beltway and other state highways. Most Marylanders still refer to the highway as the "Baltimore Beltway", "695", or (mainly among Baltimore metro area residents) simply "The Beltway", like its Washington, D.C. counterpart.

In March 2009, construction began on the reconstruction of the bridge that carries MD 139 (Charles Street) over I-695. The bridge is decorative, featuring ornamental street lights. As part of the MD 139 project, the interchange was reconstructed, and the traffic circle at the MD 139/I-695 ramps was removed and replaced with a traffic signal. This project cost $50 million (equivalent to $ in ) and was completed in 2012.

At exit 33 (I-95/John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway), both highways had crossed over themselves so that through traffic was on the left side of the road with left-hand entrance/exit ramps connecting the crossover sections. This interchange was replaced in 2014 by a more conventional flyover ramp interchange as part of the I-95 expansion project under construction since 2007, eliminating the left-turn ramps and I-95's double crossovers. The ramp from northbound I-95 to eastbound I-695 was completed in September 2008, the ramp from westbound I-695 to northbound I-95 was completed in October 2008, the ramp from northbound I-95 to westbound I-695 was completed in November 2008 (eliminating the left-hand exit), and the ramp from eastbound I-695 to southbound I-95 was completed in May 2009. The ramps from southbound I-95 to both westbound and eastbound I-695 were completed in June 2009 and the ramp from westbound I-695 to southbound I-695 was completed in July 2009 and the ramp from eastbound I-695 to northbound I-95 opened in August 2009. In addition to rebuilding these ramps, the project also adds four ramps to service the HOT lanes being added to I-95.

In April 2024, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials approved designating the MD 695 section of the beltway as I-695.

Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
On March 26, 2024, the Francis Scott Key Bridge on I-695 collapsed after a ship collided with the bridge. The incident killed six construction workers and forced traffic to be rerouted to Interstate 895. Following the collapse, the section of I-695 between MD 157 (exit 43) and MD 173 (exit 1), including exit 44, was closed.

Future
There are long-term plans to add new lanes to I-695 to ease traffic congestion along the northern and western parts of the route between the two interchanges with I-95. These plans would widen the sections between I-95 and I-70 on the west side and between the Jones Falls Expressway and I-95 on the north side. Work on the widening project began in 2020. In addition, there are plans to add a fourth lane between the ramps to I-795, ending the disappearing fourth lanes in this section. A multiyear project to replace the stack interchange at I-70/MD 570, under design as of 2022, would allow at least eight lanes to pass under this interchange. All these projects will enable up to 10 lanes to be constructed at a future date. Also, ramp meters will be installed at selected entrances. After the Key Bridge collapsed, President Joe Biden announced that the bridge would be rebuilt.

Exit list
Exits are numbered sequentially (unlike other Interstates in Maryland which use a milepost-based system) and in a clockwise (inner loop) direction, in accordance with American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines.

Auxiliary routes

 * Maryland Route 695A (MD 695A) runs along Broening Highway, a two-lane undivided road that begins at I-695 exit 44 and heads northwest through residential and industrial areas in Dundalk, Baltimore County, to the Baltimore city line. The route provides access to the Dundalk Marine Terminal from I-695. MD 695A is 1.93 mi long.
 * Maryland Route 695B (MD 695B) runs along Belclare Road from MD 695A north to Dundalk Avenue in Dundalk, Baltimore County. The route is 0.1 mi long.
 * Maryland Route 695C (MD 695C) runs along Authority Drive from MD 695A southwest to I-695 in Dundalk, Baltimore County, looping under the route at the Francis Scott Key Bridge to merge onto northbound I-695. MD 695C serves as part of a U-turn ramp to provide access to MD 695A from southbound I-695 and to provide access to northbound I-695 from MD 695A. The route is 1.23 mi long.

title: Interstate 695 (Maryland)


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1957 in rail transport

January

 * January 1 – The Chicago and North Western Railway leases the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway (the Omaha Road).
 * January 12 – Operations of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway's Super Chief and El Capitan passenger trains are combined during off-peak seasons.
 * January 22 – Last day of steam locomotive operations on the Southern Pacific.

February

 * February 7 – Southern Pacific 4-6-2 #2472 (now preserved) is retired from revenue service.

March

 * March 17 – The Milwaukee Road operates its last steam locomotive.
 * March 21 – Deutsche Bundesbahn puts in operation its first E 40 locomotive.
 * March 29 – The New York, Ontario & Western Railway is abandoned, the largest single railroad abandonment in the United States (541 mi).
 * March 29 – The Central Vermont Railway dieselizes.

April

 * April 7 – New York City trolleys run for the last time.

May

 * May 7 – The Flying Yankee trainset is retired from revenue service on the Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads.
 * May 17 – Canadian National opens a new track alignment between Toronto and Montreal to make way for construction of the St Lawrence Seaway.
 * May 24 – The Pacific Electric Bellflower Line ceases operation.

June

 * June 2 – First Trans Europ Express diesel trains run in Europe.
 * June 6 – Pere Marquette Railroad steam locomotive 2-8-4 number 1225 is given to Michigan State University for display on campus.

July

 * July 3 – The Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad abruptly ceases to carry passengers at 12:13pm.
 * July 11 – Southern Pacific's Colton Cutoff around Los Angeles is opened to traffic.
 * July 27 – The Musquodoboit Railway ends steam locomotive operations with a round trip between Dartmouth and Upper Upper Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia, behind Canadian National number 3409.

August

 * August 27 – The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway retires its last steam locomotive.

September

 * September 1 – 175 die in Jamaica's worst railway disaster.
 * September 7 – The Pennsylvania Railroad discontinues the Morning Steeler passenger train between Pittsburgh and Cleveland.
 * September 28 – Newtown Tram Depot in Sydney is closed.

October

 * October 6 – The Chicago "L" Stock Yards branch serving Union Stock Yards is closed.
 * October 21 – Two trains collide in Turkey; 95 die.
 * October 31 – Canadian National receives authorization to operate the former New York Central Railroad (NYC) lines in Ottawa to reach industries that were originally served by NYC.

November

 * November 1 – Class I railroads report they roster 27,108 diesel and 2,697 steam locomotives. An additional 721 steam locomotives are in storage.
 * November 15 – A first section of Nagoya Municipal Subway, Nagoya Station to Sakae Station route start operation in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

Unknown date

 * William N. Deramus III becomes president of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad.
 * Estación Federico Lacroze in Buenos Aires, Argentina, opens.
 * The California State Legislature establishes the five-county San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District.
 * Pandrol clip patented by Norwegian railway engineer Per Pande Rolfsen.

March deaths

 * March 9 – Robert Whitelegg, locomotive superintendent for London, Tilbury and Southend Railway 1910-1912, and for Glasgow & South Western Railway 1918-1923, general manager of Beyer, Peacock & Company 1923-1929, dies (b. 1871).

July deaths

 * July 13 - Sim Webb, Casey Jones' fireman on the famous run (born 1874).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1957 in rail transport


text:
Wikipedia talk:Disabling edits by unregistered users and stricter registration requirement

Hi, I deleted the section saying that Hotmail, Yahoo and gmail e-mails reveal the sender's e-mail address, because I don't think they do. I stand to be corrected, of course, but I'm fairly certain that was wrong. Slim 20:18, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

No, they sure do ... here are full headers from yahoo email

To: blocked@yahoo.com via 68.142.225.148; Thu, 09 Dec 2004 12:20:18 -0800 X-Originating-IP: [68.142.225.149] Return-Path:  Received: from 68.142.225.149 (HELO web54307.mail.yahoo.com) (68.142.225.149) by mta313.mail.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; Thu, 09 Dec 2004 12:20:18 -0800 Received: (qmail 33262 invoked by uid 60001); 9 Dec 2004 20:20:17 -0000 Comment: DomainKeys? See http://antispam.yahoo.com/domainkeys DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws; s=s1024; d=yahoo.com; b=5CFglAf7PijyE6/1RL+OG+GTd1vTcYn6PG41WVI5qCRDi9K9uvrwWPmSVVN2978N3d0+hQXwnCZ7kyKdLsEQFOTHSVJxCDDwU9fuOujUtYV559DzauDm6gOQvAZEKSLKXjtnYip9vArpwvnzESTTO6VVyHsUgSUh39IYtknjDHQ= ; Message-ID: <20041209202017.33260.qmail@web54307.mail.yahoo.com> Received: from [67.64.41.155] by web54307.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP;

You can see, 67.64.41.155 is my IP OneGuy 20:25, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I wonder why all the terrorists etc use Hotmail and Yahoo if that's the case? I added on the other page about how I'd tried gmail out and it didn't show my IP address. (I sent one to myself at my ISP-based e-mail). Do you know a lot about IP addresses and how to figure out who people are?  There are a couple of editors/trolls (actually, LaRouche supporters) that I'm having trouble with. I have their IP addresses; and I see IP addresses in the same ranges turning up on Usenet, with some pretty horrible pro-LaRouche material, real fanatical stuff. I'm currently trying to compare which editor appears to be posting this material, and I'm checking the IP addresses at places like Network.Tools.com. But I find these websites hard to trust. I checked out my own IP address on two sites. One gave the wrong country. The other gave the right country but wrong city and by quite a distance. And Network.Tools says that no information at all is available about my IP address. So they seem to be pretty hopeless.

 * FWIW, I tested this and GMail does not include the originating IP address with the e-mail. I'm not sure how this is relevant to the proposal, but I figured I'd mention it. Rhobite 21:12, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * GMail is still beta. They are not widely offering it everyone yet. They might change this later because of the potential abuse OneGuy 03:56, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's very easy to get multiple GMail accounts right now. For all practical purposes, it's out of beta. Regardless, I don't know how this discussion is relevant, since signing up for a Wikipedia account doesn't require sending any e-mail. It also doesn't provide any more information than is already in the server logs, which should have your IP anyway. Rhobite 04:49, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Do you know what the best websites are, with the most reliable information? What I'm trying to find out is which IP range belongs to which ISP, because it could be that the Usenet/Wikipedia posts I'm seeing are coming from entirely different ranges but just look as though they're in the same range.

Also, one of them is posting from an AOL proxy. Do you know how they would get one of those? Slim 21:28, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * All Net Tools is a very nice Web-based one. Put an IP address into the 'smartwhois' search. - David Gerard 00:05, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks David, that site is much better than the others I tried, though it still didn't have information about my IP address: not even the range. About the others, though, I did get the ranges, and now have to interpret what this means. Regarding the AOL proxy, it gave three companies: AOL, ANS Communications, and UUNET Technologies. I'm not sure what that means, but I'll look them up. My low-level sleuthing is finally teaching me something about the Internet. :-) Thanks for the information. Slim 00:25, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

This comment was never addressed: Isn't the current functionality part of the software? Would making this change affect all of the other wiki projects? --Sean Kelly 00:54, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I don't know the answer. OneGuy

Why is this page not on current surveys? Johnleemk | Talk 19:59, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

RFC
Does this page still need to be listed on RFC? Maurreen 06:33, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably not. As much as I love democracy, I am confident that no policy will ever come out of this discussion.  I would like to see it archived for future reference, since this issue will come up again soon. --Sean Kelly 05:24, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Minimize barriers to entry
I'm surprised the argument wasn't raised that many newbies casually stumbling upon Wikipedia will not want to go through the extra step of creating an account before editing. There are a lot of websites with similar requirements (e.g. Board Game Geek) where I just don't contribute because I don't feel like creating an account. Even though it only takes a few seconds here, the casual contributor may not want to deal with keeping track of yet another account and password (which are easily forgotten, requiring creation of a new account).

I know that even on other wikis, I don't really feel like creating an account just to make a single edit. Rad Racer | Talk 02:06, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That's not MY point of not registering. Unregistered users' discussions are volatile!! That's the greatest thing of it all. On my user page, everyone can discuss - even without being asked to do so! I can't do anything about it - that's why I do not register. If Wikipedia were so nice to let me register *AND* block my discussion area FOR GOOD, then I'd gladly register. Briefly: I do not want ANY discussions on my personal user page. Period. -andy 85.179.125.6 (talk) 06:44, 13 February 2010 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Levitan, Sharon and Co.

Levitan, Sharon and Co.
Delete. Obvious corporate boosterism. Reads like a press release -- in fact, I think it's copied directly from their Website. "For further information about our firm" suggests it was written by someone from the company. Katefan0 20:20, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising Cdc 21:14, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --MarkSweep 00:45, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. advert... P Ingerson 01:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising, and now cue the IP editor to say that it's a young person reaching out to us and we should leave it for a few years just to see what happens. Geogre 01:33, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising, although I'm sure it's a fine firm. Shocker of the day: the author's IP is owned by an Israeli ISP. Aerion 08:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a corporate directory or advertising medium. --Improv 19:25, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Blatant Advertising. - Mailer Diablo 07:50, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * kept. should not be deleted - page is no more advertisment then the rest of the pages in the "List of Lawfirms" and the site has a lot of inforamtive information about Israeli Law - the page has changed.
 * List of Lawfirms? Interesting. I'll have to look at them to see if they're notable. If not, I think the whole list should be deleted. Katefan0 17:49, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * kept - I think it should not be deleted - as it's web site holds lot of inofrmation that can not be found anywhere else in English (beleve me - I have tried) - anyway - the page has been changed lately. deror_avi
 * Delete. Most law firms should be deleted, IMHO, unless they have some historical, political or current events significance. This is not a particularly noteable lawfirm (I'm Israeli). If you want to add information about Israeli law, add information about Israeli law - not a link to a commercial page. --Woggly 13:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * kept - Apperently you are not well informed as to commercial and litigation lawfirms in Israel - it is one of the biggest lawfirms, it is unique as it employs only (or almost only) women, which is very unique, and is the biggest lawfirm in Israel dealing with insurance and the only one dealing in reinsurance deror_avi
 * Please stop voting every time you enter a comment. You only get one vote. Katefan0 16:31, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: this is a second vote by a user who has already voted (possibly twice?). And in response to your comment, indeed, I know very little about lawfirms in Israel, or anywhere else in the world for that matter. But frankly, I don't find lawfirms to be that noteworthy to begin with. It will take some work to convince me that a lawfirm is interesting enough or important enough to merit an article, and ideally, the evidence should be contained in the body of the article, so that the article speaks for itself. Your arguments here have taught me more about the lawfirm than the article itself did - but I still don't find it enough to convince me to change my vote. --Woggly 15:48, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Kaiser Kuo

Kaiser Kuo (born March 7, 1966) is a Chinese American freelance writer and musician.

Career
Kuo previously worked as director for international communications for Chinese search engine Baidu. Before that he was a technology correspondent for Red Herring magazine, and also worked as director of digital strategy, China, for Ogilvy & Mather in Beijing. He used to write a column for the foreigner-focused English-language magazine The Beijinger from 2001 to 2011.

In 2010, Kuo started the Sinica show, a current affairs podcast based in Beijing that invites prominent China journalists and China-watchers to participate in uncensored discussions about Chinese political and economic affairs. Guests and co-hosts have included Gady Epstein, Mary Kay Magistad of Public Radio International, Tania Branigan of The Guardian, Evan Osnos of The New Yorker, Arthur Kroeber of Dragonomics, Jeremy Goldkorn of Danwei and Bill Bishop, founder of CBS MarketWatch. Sinica was recorded at the Popup Chinese studios in Beijing from 2010 to 2016. In April 2016, Kuo announced that the Sinica Podcast was acquired by an unnamed New York startup and that he would return to the United States with his family to focus full-time on Sinica. Kuo and Goldkorn co-hosted the podcast until its sponsor, The China Project (formerly SupChina), announced in November 2023 that it was shutting down operations due to a lack of funding

He was previously editor-at-large at the digital media company SupChina.

Music
He is a former member of the rock band Tang Dynasty and later formed another Chinese heavy metal rock group, Spring and Autumn. Kuo's musical involvement also involved playing bass for Dirty Deeds, an AC/DC cover band based in Beijing.

Family
Kuo's grandfather, Kuo Ting-yee, was a historian of Chinese modern history who founded the Institute of Modern History at Academia Sinica in Taiwan and wrote the "Modern Chinese History" textbook.

Kuo's brother is Jay Kuo, who wrote the musical, Allegiance.

title: Kaiser Kuo


text:
User:Inge

The information on this page is not to be taken too seriously, although most of it is true.

My name is Inge. I'm from Norway. I started editing English wikipedia in late 2004, but was active on Norwegian before that and then on Nynorsk and Bokmål wikipedia when they split. Lately I have not had the motivation or time to contribute substantially and it seems that is not about to change.

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title: User:Inge


text:
User talk:Abstrakt1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 20:20, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Abstrakt1


text:
User talk:Jess Cully

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 20:21, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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--

You wrote: Attila the Stockbroker (born John Baine on October 12, 1957) is a...

Could you please cite your sources as you go along. It's a good habit and allows people to quickly check the changes. Thanks! Johnflux 10:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vanilla Ninja
Thanks for your minor edits. I can see you have a minor interest in the article (your connection presumably Eurovision), so you might want to know that I plan to get it up to featured article and even front page standards. If you have any additions or can improve it, feel free to do so. Also, i'd appreciate it if you could visit Peer review/Vanilla Ninja/archive1 and post some comments on what can be done to improve the article. Hedley 23:48, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh. Club Kung Fu was their best song so far, I think. As for Triinu, I think its about being comprehensive, and the top is a long way from there, and on long articles acts like a summary. I think mentioned her exact birthdate is needed for the reader's sake, as they won't think to look to the top if they want to know it. I don't think its doing any harm - on a longer article repeating things from the top is common. Hedley 00:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Discordian Calendar
As we are, of course, both Discordian Popes, shall we set the calendar schism in place by both making papal pronouncements, I that the calendar is Julian, you that it is Gregorian? Best wishes. Jess Cully 02:52, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Consider it done. Doing some Google research, you seem to have less support out there - good luck in your quest.  We've got 94.5 years to fight it out. DenisMoskowitz 14:36, 2005 August 5 (UTC)
 * I've added my pronouncement on my own site:  Let me know if you make a similar one outside of Wikipedia, and I'll link to it from the "Some may believe" sentence. DenisMoskowitz 17:53, 2005 August 5 (UTC)
 * Flax Flux? Bwa ha ha ha ha!!!  I'm changing my link to you to that, instead of the alt.discordia one.  (Oh, and my pronouncement is the 1st link on Google for St. Tib's Day at the moment.  Not to be competitive, just happy that this discussion is so easy to find.) DenisMoskowitz 14:20, 2005 August 12 (UTC)

Leyton F.C.
Thanks for your good work on Leyton (I was the anon who started the article). I'll be at a few of their games this season (including the opener against Staines tomorrow) so I'll see if I can rustle up enough for sensible articles on Costas Sophocleous and Tony Choules. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 09:50, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Here comes that man again
Hello Jess! Thanks for the greeting. I wish I could come to the Kirsty gathering this year, but it's not to be. I'm hoping perhaps in 2006; it would be great! Thanks for all of the work you've done as well on the article. I know we've both been chipping away and polishing - I hope we've done it justice! NickBurns 16:05, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi again Jess, I see you did some cleanup work on the Kirsty article again. I had tried to summarize directly from the Guardian article on the Justice for Kirsty website. I've seen a few different amounts for the fine....I did know that the basic criminal fine ended up being under $30 American, which made me sick to my stomach....that's why I've been trying to encourage news outlets here to run the story and direct attention to what happened. Anyway, this is a long roundabout way to say thanks for following up on my edit. NickBurns 16:41, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

The 1992 Yugoslav Eurovision entry
I understand everything that you have said and I agree. However, all this does not matter because the offcial entry of Serbia and Montenegro was first in 2004. I think that the first entry of S&M must be in 2004 unless the official entry of S&M has been changed to 1992. Everything else and the opinions of the Eurovison fans and your and mine opinion and this and that does not matter because the official entry must be the one that counts and not our personal views. Awaiting feedback. Zec 23:04, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Norwich City and MK Dons
At the time I wrote that, NC had just been relegated and the season had just begun! Who expected a decline and fall nearly as comprehensive as MKD's? I blame all those Delia Smith pork pies :)   --Concrete Cowboy 19:41, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Eurovision
Hello, mate, I see that you are interested in Eurovision. Would you like to be involved in connecting with more eurovision wikipedians to do up the eurovision pages in a more coherent manner? I have come across the Eurovision wikiproject page, which seems to have been dormant for over two years. It may be an idea to have a look there and see how we could improve the eurovision coverage. I have done up the Congratulations (Eurovision) page so far and put notes about it on the pages of those who performed there. Best regards from Australia, Blnguyen 23:49, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Eurovision Song Contest
Hi. I have submitted the main Eurovision article for Peer Review, hoping to get it up to Featured standard. If you have any comments and contributions, please let me know. Thanks. EuroSong talk 15:24, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Jimmy Saville
You know perfectly well that JS was not a contestant - he made a brief guest appearance. You are also wrong in your edit about the 100th HM. Gaetano was a HM, regardless of whether he could win or not and if you read the discussion you will see it was fully discussed when Michael entered the house leaky_caldron 09:43, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Re. Big Brother UK 7 housemates
Yes I understand your point, but as Michael is first alphabetically he should be further down the list - and that's the order they were announced. It's just tough he is first. -- Alex  talk here 15:13, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually it's not- I was the one who re-ordered them for clarity of who was still in the house. -- Alex  talk here 15:17, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Here's the link if you're interested - note the edit summary on the history. -- Alex  talk here 15:21, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If you want to do make a poll, it's up to you. Thanks. -- Alex  talk here 15:31, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

UFWC
As you have been a major contributor, I was wondering what you think of what I've been doing at List of winners of Unofficial Football World Championships. Kevin McE 13:02, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Yugoslavia in Eurovision
Hi Jess,

Yes you're quite right: the entries from Yugoslavia were chosen in nation-wide selections, and no-one said "Right - this year we'll have someone from Slovenia". However, that is not what I ever meant to imply in the first place :)

The reason I mentioned the "constituent states" is to make clear that the "Yugolsavia" in question is the one which comprised those states - as opposed to the "Yugoslavia" which has been synonymous with Serbia in more recent times.

I do see your point, though: perhaps what I wrote is not clear, since you obviously interpreted it differently than as intended. I shall think about the wording. Thanks. EuroSong talk 15:49, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Eurovision Song Contest
In case you didn't already know, I'm just informing you that the main article will be featured on the front page on Saturday 12th May. Therefore any assistance keeping a watchful eye on it would be appreciated: it's sure to attract many contributions from people who think they're being helpful by adding non-encyclopædic snippets. Of course, having said that, some edits might actually improve it ;) EuroSong talk 00:39, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

SV Austria Salzburg
Why did you disimprove the date of foundation of the club in the article? In Germany there is a hard but right saw: "Shut up, if you don't know the first thing." Your edit summary (they formed the new club early in '06 after the failure of their attempt to merge with the Police club) isn't right, so I asked my, why did you disimprove things? PälzerBu 21:11, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Which registration date? PälzerBu 13:58, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * No, they became member of the Salzburg FA in february PälzerBu 20:09, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Blackadder
I know it's a deliberate absurdity included for comic effect, quite a funny one too. That's why I submit that it's perhaps not good fodder for a list of historical anomalies. Orpheus 01:04, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Lady Anne Stanley
It really does not matter to me. My goal was the clean up the article because it was a mess. What you put in is fine, it just needed some sort of citation because people have been arguing as to who is the rightful heir to the British throne for years. Virgosky 16:51, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Guilford Dudley
Somehow I misread what you'd done with the article and reverted the wrong thing. Sorry! Deb 19:29, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Kate/Bob
Hi there. Could you include the episode guide as a reference for Bob in Blackadder 4 being "really a girl called Kate"? It's the kind of statement that's likely to be removed as speculation again otherwise. Cheers,  Mi re ma re  22:59, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * No offence taken - I'm sure she was called Kate as well! I wondered if you were referring to the Virgin Books Blackadder programme guide, but obviously not unless it was an online version? Thanks anyway.  Mi re ma re  23:14, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Rachel McAdams' birthday
Your source appears reliable. More than one other reliable source gives her birthday as October 7. When this happens on Wikipedia, proper procedure is to discuss on the talk page to reach consensus before reverting. Thank you. Ward3001 (talk) 20:17, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun
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Personal attack
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WikiProject Eurovision
Hello, you appear to have listed yourself as a member of WikiProject Eurovision. A discussion is currently ongoing on the talk page on reform of this projects goals and organisation. Proposals have been made on the future covering and scope of WikiProjects relating to the Eurovision Dance Contest, Eurovision Song Contest, and the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. These proposals include possibly re-naming WikiProject Eurovision to WikiProject Eurovision Song Contest and starting a new project called WikiProject Eurovision Dance Contest. As a member of this project, you may wish to give your input at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Eurovision. Thank you. Camaron | Chris (talk) 08:31, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Eurovision Newsletter - August 2008
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Speedy deletion nomination of Sami Muduroglu
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FAR notice for Eurovision Song Contest
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Jess Cully! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 12:39, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Stef de Genf -

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AfD
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Fred Eyre
Hi there, do you have a reliable source for his time at Southport, so that we can verify the information? Regards, GiantSnowman 16:04, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for that - but it just says "staff", which would indicate coaching as opposed to playing... GiantSnowman 19:06, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

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Hi there - Wikipedia relies on reliable sources to verify information, especially about living people. You didn't provide a source for your changes to the Homosexuality in association football article, and I couldn't find one either. If you have a reliable source please let me know and we can change the article. Please let me know if you have any questions. GiantSnowman 18:44, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jess Cully


text:
1958 in rail transport

January

 * January
 * Unable to keep his promises to shareholders, Robert Ralph Young suspends dividends on New York Central stock, a factor in his subsequent suicide on January 25.
 * Last steam locomotive operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.
 * January 1 – The Chicago & North Western Railway acquires the Litchfield and Madison Railway.

February

 * February 4 – Canada's Kellog Commission releases a report on the use of firemen as part of diesel locomotive crews.
 * February – The Alaska Railroad sells six ex-USATC S160 Class 2-8-0 locomotives to the standard gauge Ferrocarril de Langreo in northern Spain, where they are used on a new diversion built to avoid a cable railway. This will be the third Transatlantic crossing for #3410.

March

 * March 4 – The Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority begins operating the remnant passenger services of the Pacific Electric and Los Angeles Railway.
 * March 13 – Queensland BB18¼ class locomotive No. 1089, completed by Walkers, Maryborough, Queensland, is the last main-line steam locomotive built in Australia.

April

 * April 20 – The Key System discontinues streetcar service.
 * April 26
 * Last day of regularly scheduled passenger service on the Maine Central Railroad Mountain Division.
 * Last run of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Royal Blue.

May

 * May 24 – The Pacific Electric Bellflower Line, then being operated by the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority, ceases passenger operations, relegating the West Santa Ana Branch to a freight line.

June

 * June 22 – The Chicago Transit Authority Congress Branch opens for service in the median of the Eisenhower Expressway, pioneering the first use of rail rapid transit and a multi-lane automobile expressway in the same grade-separated right-of-way. It replaced the 1895-built Garfield Park 'L' route and alignment from Des Plaines Avenue, Forest Park to the Loop.
 * June 25 – The Pennsylvania Railroad discontinues the Afternoon Steeler passenger train between Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

July

 * July – General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD SD24.
 * July 7 – The Hudson & Manhattan Railroad reintroduces women-only cars on the railroad's commuter trains in New York City.
 * July 17 – The Railway Enthusiasts Society is formed to promote rail transportation and preservation in New Zealand
 * July 25 – Pacific Great Eastern Railway completes construction of the line to Fort St. John, British Columbia.

August

 * August 9 – The Moccasin, the longest running named passenger train in Canada thus far, is discontinued.
 * August 12 – The Transportation Act of 1958 passes in the US, loosening Interstate Commerce Commission regulation and guaranteeing loans to railroads.

September

 * September – On the Drachenfels Railway, Königswinter, Germany, a rack railway train derails, killing 17.
 * September 15 – A Central Railroad of New Jersey commuter train plunges off the Newark Bay Bridge while raised for water traffic, killing 48.

October

 * October – After building only 59 examples of the type, Fairbanks-Morse and Canadian Locomotive Company discontinue construction of the H-24-66 model Train Master diesel locomotive.
 * October 1 – Northern Ireland's Ulster Transport Authority and the Republic of Ireland's Córas Iompair Éireann take over from the Great Northern Railway Board in running the remaining cross-border route (Dublin–Belfast) of the Irish railway system. The GNR assets are split between the two state companies.

November

 * November 1 – The Strasburg Rail Road is purchased by a non-profit group.

December

 * December 31 – The Harcourt Street railway line between Dublin and Bray, Ireland, closes.

Unknown date

 * South African Railways takes delivery of its last steam locomotives for the gauge, GMAM class Garratt locomotives.
 * Last Garratt locomotive to be built in Manchester by Beyer, Peacock & Company is delivered as South African Railways NGG16 class no. 143 ( gauge).
 * SNCF electrifies its Paris–Lille line in France.
 * Ernest S. Marsh succeeds Fred Gurley as president of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway.

January deaths

 * January 25 – Robert Ralph Young, financier and controlling stockholder of the New York Central commits suicide after suspending company dividends (born 1897)

title: 1958 in rail transport


text: User talk:209.139.68.7

title: User talk:209.139.68.7


text:
Talk:Interstate 695

Comment
Moved the Maryland secion to it's own article Baltimore Beltway --jmboothe 20:24, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interstate 695


text: Category:Cocktails with pisco

title: Category:Cocktails with pisco


text:
Talk:Erich S. Gruen

Untitled
I mention Gruen on my livejournal, notice there's no article on him, do five minutes' research and create a stub, and not twelve hours later there's a full-fledged, respectably-sized article on him. God Bless Wikipedia. :D -leigh (φθόγγος) 20:27, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * :-) Just so happens I'm reading his book as a followup to Syme, so your timing was fortuitous! Stan 21:44, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I just finished writing a paper that used Syme and especially Gruen heavily. -leigh (φθόγγος) 02:47, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Erich S. Gruen


text:
1826 in rail transport

March events

 * March 4 – Gridley Bryant's Granite Railway is incorporated.

April events

 * April 1 – Construction begins in Massachusetts on the Granite Railway, one of the first railroads in North America, under the direction of Gridley Bryant.
 * April 17 – The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad is chartered to build a railroad between Albany and Schenectady, the first in New York State.

May events

 * May 5 – Liverpool and Manchester Railway, designed by George Stephenson and Joseph Locke, and which in 1830 is to become the world's first purpose-built passenger railway operated by steam locomotives to be opened, is authorised by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
 * May 26 – Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway in Scotland is authorised by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

October events

 * October 1 – Opening of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway in Scotland.
 * October 7 – The first train operates over the Granite Railway in Massachusetts.

January births

 * January 2 – Algernon S. Buford, president of the Richmond and Danville Railroad (d. 1911).

March births

 * March 4 – Theodore Judah, American engineer who argued the case for construction of the First transcontinental railroad (d. 1863).

April births

 * April 3 – Cyrus K. Holliday, cofounder of Topeka, Kansas, and first president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad (d. 1900).

November births

 * November 10 – Oden Bowie, the 34th Governor of the State of Maryland in the United States from 1869 to 1872, founder and first President of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad and also president of the Baltimore City Passenger Railway.

December births

 * December 1 – William Mahone, American civil engineer and Confederate Army Major General who built the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, a predecessor of the Norfolk and Western (d. 1895).

Unknown date births

 * John P. Laird, Scottish engineer, designer and patentee of the two-wheel equalized leading truck for steam locomotives (d. 1882).

February deaths

 * February 20 – Matthew Murray, English steam engine manufacturer (b. 1765).

title: 1826 in rail transport


text:
Leontari, Arcadia

Leontari (Λεοντάρι, meaning Lion in English) is a village and a community in the southwestern part of Arcadia, Greece, seat of the former municipality of Falaisia. It is situated on a hillside, 6 km east of Paradeisia, 9 km northwest of Kamara and 9 km south of Megalopoli. The community consists of the villages Leontari, Gavria, Kalyvia, Kamaritsa and Kotsiridi, with a population of 227 (2021 census). Leontari has several monuments from the Byzantine era, including the richly decorated 14th century Church of the Holy Apostles. The area suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires. It is considered a traditional settlement.

Persons

 * Nikitaras, Greek revolutionary

title: Leontari, Arcadia


text:
Category:Valiant Comics characters

Fictional characters owned and published by Valiant Comics, which was later purchased by Acclaim Entertainment and remade into Acclaim Comics.

title: Category:Valiant Comics characters


text:
Merkit

The Merkit (literally "skillful/wise ones"; ᠮᠡᠷᠬᠢᠳ ; Мэргид; ) was one of the five major tribal confederations (khanlig) of probably Mongol   or Turkic origin   in the 12th century Mongolian Plateau.

The Merkits lived in the basins of the Selenga and lower Orkhon River (modern south Buryatia and Selenge Province). After a struggle of over 20 years, they were defeated in 1200 by Genghis Khan and were incorporated into the Mongol Empire.

Etymology
The word Merged (мэргэд) is a plural form derived from the Mongolian word mergen (мэргэн), which means both "wise" and "skillful marksperson", as in adept in the use of bow and arrow. The word is also used in many phrases in which it connotes magic, oracles, divination, augury, or religious power. Mongolian language has no clear morphological or grammatical distinction between nouns and adjectives, so mergen may mean "a sage" as much as "wise" or mean "skillful" just as much as "a master." Merged becomes plural as in "wise ones" or "skillful markspeople". In the general sense, mergen usually denotes someone who is skillful and wise in their affairs.

Three Mergeds
The Mergeds were a confederation of three tribes, inhabiting the basin of the Selenga and Orkhon Rivers.
 * The Uduyid Merkits lived in Buur-kheer, near the lower Orkhon River;
 * The Uvas Merkits lived in Tar, between the Orkhon and Selenge Rivers;
 * The Khaad Merkits ("Kings" Merkits) lived in Kharaji-kheer, on the Selenge River.

Ethnic relations
The Merkits were related to the Mongols, Naimans, Keraites, and Khitan people.

Conflict with Genghis Khan
Temüjin's mother Hoelun, originally from the Olkhonud, had been engaged to the Merkit chief Yehe Chiledu by 1153. She was abducted by Temüjin's father Yesugei, while being escorted home by Yehe Chiledu.

In turn, Temüjin's new wife Börte was kidnapped by Merkit raiders from their campsite by the Onon river around 1181 and given to one of their warriors. Temüjin, supported by his brother (not blood-related) Jamukha and his khan etseg ('khan father') Toghrul of the Keraites, attacked the Merkit and rescued Börte within the year. The Mergids were dispersed after this attack. Shortly thereafter she gave birth to a son named Jochi. Temüjin accepted paternity but the question lingered throughout Jochi's life. These incidents caused a strong animosity between Temüjin's family and the Merkits. From 1191 to 1207, Temujin fought the Merkits five times.

By the time he had united the other Mongol tribes and received the title Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mergids seem to have disappeared as an ethnic group. Those who survived were likely absorbed by other Mongol tribes (Oirats, Buryats, Khalkhas) and others who fled to the Kipchaks mixed with them. In 1215–1218, Jochi and Subutai crushed the remnants of them under their former leader Toghta Beki's family. The Mongols clashed with the Kankalis or the Kipchaks because they had sheltered the Merged.

Genghis Khan had a Merged khatun (queen) named Khulan. She died while Mongol forces besieged Ryazan in 1236. In 1236, during the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, a body of the Merkit was found in the area of land dominated by the Bulgar and Kipchak.

Late Mergeds
A few Mergeds achieved prominent position among the Mongols, but they were classified as Mongols in Mongolian society. Great Khan Guyuk's beloved khatun Oghul Qaimish, who was a regent from 1248–1251, was a Merged woman. The traditionalist Bayan and his nephew Toqto'a served as grand chancellors of the Yuan dynasty. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, they were a clan of a banner in the Northern Yuan dynasty.

title: Merkit


text: Category:Mass media in Spain

title: Category:Mass media in Spain


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User:Andrewpmk

My name is Andrew (user name: Andrewpmk).

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title: User:Andrewpmk


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User:Waldoy

Waldoy is a Canadian user that lives in Ontario. he is partially Billingual, as with the nations policies, and homeschooled.--Waldoy 20:32, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Waldoy