text:
Oberiu

OBERIU (Russian: ОБЭРИУ - Объединение реального искусства; English: the Union of Real Art or the Association for Real Art) was a short-lived avant-garde collective of Russian Futurist writers, musicians, and artists in the 1920s and 1930s. The group coalesced in the context of the "intense centralization of Soviet Culture" and the decline of the avant garde culture of Leningrad, as "leftist" groups were becoming increasingly marginalized.

Founded in 1927 by Daniil Kharms and Alexander Vvedensky, OBERIU became notorious for provocative performances which included circus-like stunts, readings of what was perceived as nonsensical verse, and theatrical presentations, such as Kharms's Elizabeth Bam, that foreshadowed the European Theatre of the Absurd. The presentations took place in venues ranging from theaters and university auditoriums to dormitories and prisons. The group's actions were derided as "literary hooliganism" in the ever-more conservative press of the late 1920s. It was chastised even more in the early 1930s, and many of its associates were arrested. The OBERIU has often been called "the last Soviet avant-garde."

Origins
Some scholars say that the OBERIU manifesto was penned mostly by the poet Nikolay Zabolotsky with the help of Kharms. The core of the group included Daniil Kharms, Alexander Vvedensky, Nikolay Zabolotsky, Konstantin Vaginov, Igor Bekhterev (ru), Yury Vladimirov (ru), and others, including actors, musicians and filmmakers.

The Russian artist Kazimir Malevich gave the OBERIU shelter in his newly created arts institute, letting them rehearse in one of the auditoriums. It is reported that he said to the young "Oberiuty" (as they are called in Russian): "You are young trouble makers, and I am an old one. Let's see what we can do." Malevich also gifted a book of his own ("God Is Not Cast Down") to founder Daniil Kharms with the relevant inscription "Go and stop progress!"

Decline
In the 1930s, Socialist Realism and Stalin's purges precluded the formation of any such "leftist" or "radical" public artistic groupings. After about 1931, The OBERIU held no more public performances, and most of those involved showed their writing only to a small circle of friends, though Zabolotsky went on to become a marginally accepted Soviet poet.

Though the group was held together for a while by common interest, some split away. Zabolotsky seems to have had a falling out with Vvedensky. In the 1930s Kharms and Vvedensky became more closely involved with a group of friends who met semi-regularly for what they called "conversations." Yakov Druskin, a Christian philosopher and music-theorist (he wrote on Bach, Schoenberg and Webern), was a key member of this group. Druskin and his friend Leonid Lipavsky (a children's writer under the name of Leonid Savelyev, and an amateur mathematician and author of philosophical tracts) had known Alexander Vvedensky in high-school, and had become friends with Kharms and Zabolotsky as well. Lipavsky actually wrote down a number of the "conversations." Nikolay Oleynikov, an editor at the children's publishing house which had long employed the young poets of the OBERIU as writers and translators of children's literature, became part of this group by the mid-thirties.

This later grouping, which had no public outlet, is generally called the "chinari" (i.e. "the titled ones") group in Russian literary scholarship, though it is uncertain that they ever formalized a name for the group, nor that they called themselves "chinari" with any consistency. Thus, the names "OBERIU" and "chinari" are somewhat interchangeable in the scholarship. The borders between the two groups are (and were) permeable, and the only basic continuity is the presence of Kharms and Vvedensky.

Influence
Though short-lived, the OBERIU seems to have had lasting effects on Russian culture. Since the late 1980s a kind of cult fervor has grown in Russia around these long-forgotten writers. And, in fact, the ideas and art of the OBERIU had been influential even in the 1960s and 1970s, in what is called the "unofficial" art world of the Soviet Union. Some writers and artists of that period would proudly admit the influence of the OBERIU, in others it is clear enough. The OBERIU was seen as something of a missing link from the old Russian avant-garde to the new one. Poets like Genrikh Sapgir, Alexei Khvostenko, Anri Volokhonsky, Lev Rubinstein, Dmitri Prigov, Timur Kibirov, Eduard Limonov were certainly familiar with the OBERIU writers through "samizdat" publications circulating in the underground art scene, and their writing reflects that knowledge, though in very different ways for all of them. Leningrad avant garde musical group N.O.M. borrows heavily from OBERIU movement citing Kharms and Oleynikov as lyrical influences. They paid homage to Kharms, Oleynikov by releasing An Album Of Real Art with songs based on their lyrics. Novosibirsk punk rock musician Egor Letov cited Vvedensky as an influence for his lyrics.

In English
An anglophone edition of OBERIU writings translated by Eugene Ostashevsky, Matvei Yankelevich, Genya Turovskaya, Thomas Epstein and Ilya Bernstein was published by the Northwestern University Press in 2006. Several translations of Kharms's short stories, notebooks, letters, poems and diaries have been published over the years, for instance by George Gibian (Norton Library, 1974), Matvei Yankelevich (Overlook Press, 2007), Anthony Anemone and Peter Scotto (Academic Studies Press, 2013) and most recently Alex Cigale (Northwestern University Press, 2017). Kharms's poems were also translated by Roman Turovsky. Poems by Kharms (8), Vvedensky (1) and Zabolotsky (6) are included in The Penguin Book of Russian Poetry edited by Robert Chandler, Boris Dralyuk and Irina Mashinski published 2015.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Jaccard, Jean-Philippe. 'De la realite au texte: l'absurde chez Daniil Harms', Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique, 27 (1985), 269-312
 * Jaccard, Jean-Philippe. Daniil Kharms et la fin de l 'avant-garde russe. Bern: Peter Lang, 1991.

title: Oberiu


text:
Talk:Daryl F. Mallett

Untitled
New VFD initiated June 24, 2005. Someone has added back all of the non-notable content which was deleted in the previous VFD round. This is more evidence that this page is the work of one author and is of little or no use to the Wikicommunity. Perhaps this material belongs on a Wikipedia user page instead of an article. Tanstaafl 22:48, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

from VfD:

This page is completely non-notable. There is no reason why this subject should have a page longer than Ronald Reagan's. If this page is to be kept, it should be one short paragraph. Tanstaafl 00:13, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about the notability, but it's a good example of millions of red links. But so what if it's longer than Reagan's; excessive length and completeness is hardly grounds for deletion. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 01:26, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Its irrelevant in the first place, but this article is nearly half the size of former-president Ronald Reagan (word count of 3800+ vs. 6200+). [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable hard-laboring guy, one of those who make America as it is. Mikkalai 01:32, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ick. The whole article is red.  The fellow is not notable.  Authors aren't that rare, and freelancers are pretty common.  His achievements are fine for some dude, but only rises to the level of some dude.  Geogre 05:13, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ew! Gross! The content demonstrates its own lack of notability in excruciating, fingernail-dragging detail. Wyss 01:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. Deplore the ugly comments.Dr Zen 01:20, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep: there is a lot of trivia about a person probably not notable enough to merit treatment at this length; on a quick read, it looks like that there are half a dozen things in the article which, taken together, do add up to notability. I suspect that someone could rewrite the lead to mention the highlights, and he would pass a notability test. That said, it's hard to imagine that anyone but his mother or his agent would want to read this comprehensive a list of the works of a relatively minor writer and editor. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:04, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * My comments weren't directed at the person, but at the article. There seems to be a consensus here that in any event, it is far too long. I agree it might seem more notable if it were edited way down (although my vote to delete stands). Wyss 10:22, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The length of an article doesn't make a person any more or less notable. That is absurd. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:30, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This looks to me like some guy just trying to make it in the world.  I wish him well, but he does not deserve an article in an encyclopedia. Indrian 18:45, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Essentially the author of 6 very obscure books, the highest amazon sales rank being 3,016,293. Oh and he was an extra in a few films.. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 20:05, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh my, what a ridiculous article. Weak keep, needs extensive cleanup, I agree with Jmabel. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 20:38, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. There are several things nested in this article of red links which establish notability.  The article does require some cleaning, yes, but that is absolutely no reason for destruction of the general content. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:30, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 19:35, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Non-notable.  Resume-cruft.  I chopped the most useless bits off, in case the inclusionists manage to save this pointless article.  Even the parts which seem notable are really non-notable when you look at them.  He wrote an episode of Star Trek?  No, he and four other people sold a story idea.  He's an actor? No, he was an extra on one episode and will appear in a yet to be made fan film.  I admire the guy's persistence and just looking at the list of accomplishments leaves me exhausted, but they are all minor, sorry.  Gamaliel 23:45, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've trimmed back some of the -- I hate to say it -- resumecruft as well, leaving behind what I feel are honest noteworthy contributions. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 00:25, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Upon further inspection of this article's edit history, it appears that the unnecessarily explicit and non-noteworthy details have been repeatedly cropped out in the past. Closer attention needs to be paid to edits by User:Wolfboy21 who continues to add them back in.    —[[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 00:40, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. While not super notable, not obscure either, still garners 2200+ google hits. --MPerel 19:32, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 22:52, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Keep
Indrian says doesn't deserve encyclopedia entry, but this guy is in three other encyclopedias besides Wikipedia, one of the Star Trek encyclopedias, The Science Fiction Encyclopedia by John Clute & Peter Nicholls and has an entry in Contemporary Authors. Keep on keepin' on dude!

Keep
Mallett may not be a Stephen King or Arthur C. Clarke yet, but he has a small, rabid group of fans that are excited about his work (co-wrote the storyline for a Star Trek: The Next Generation two-part episode, short story in one of the Star Wars anthologies) and he's going to be famous someday. They obviously love his work and support him. It sounds like a few jealous losers that don't want him to have an entry. If Ronald Reagan's article is so short, maybe they should go add to it! Isn't the point of an encyclopedia to have as much information as possible on a subject? Geez. I agree with the above post. Keep up the good work, Mallett! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Davrob45 (talk • contribs) 18:31, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Daryl F. Mallett
What is TANSTAAFL's problem with this guy? He seems to come here quite a bit and snip away at the article, posts VFDs and generally seems to dislike this author. I think it's great that there's people out there like this author who work hard and want to be remembered. Hope I can do something like that someday.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Daryl F. Mallett


text:
Talk:Borders Group

Original location
The Ann Arbor Borders has only been at its current Liberty Street site since the mid-nineties. Before then it was on State. Was the State Street location the original? (I moved to Ann Arbor in 1993, and I don't know how long Borders had then been on State.) Molinari 00:14, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that was the original location. I know for certain it was there in 1977, because I used to go there. --Chowbok 15:53, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Page move
I moved Borders Books and Music to Borders Group because the company isn't called Borders Books and Music. I fixed the 50+ links that linked to Borders Books and Music so don't worry. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @ 07:09, May 9, 2005 (UTC)

Erm the Puerto Rico stores are not international ones.

I changed the CEO's name since it has recently changed from Greg Josefowicz to George L. Jones. Should someone mention its upcoming/completed SBC conversions?

Unions & Trends
Info on unionization was removed due to lack of relevance to the present operations of the company.

Also, info was removed which cited specific examples from Australia & the U.K. Here are the larger trends which could be inserted in place of these examples: (1) Waldenbooks (i.e.) mall locations are closing and being replaced by Borders superstores in the same mall or relocated nearby; and (2) not all cafes operate as Seattle's Best -- cafes in Hawaii are Starbucks, and in a few locations in the continental U.S., they're Dean & Deluca.

1971?
The official Borders history says the store was founded in 1971. Maybe they don't count the used book operation that preceded the Wahr's buyout? Rees11 16:45, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

We don't.

Store #2
How long has store number two at Southfield and 13 Mile in Beverly Hills, MI been around? It's the longest running location for sure. MMetro (talk) 07:56, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Split?
Shouldn't the UK section of this company be a seperate article now as it was sold off. Borders UK I believe is the companies name. -- Lemming64 19:59, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Split!
I've started a page for Borders (UK) Ltd. and plan to gradually expand it. Although there is a page for Luke Johnson, there aren't for his Risk Capital Partners, it's subsidiary, Bookshop Acquisitions Ltd. or the Books etc. brand; Something I also plan to work on, albeit it gradually. Further plans I have encompass Philip Downer (Borders (UK)'s current C.E.O. and, his predecessor, David Roche, who, according to theBookseller.com is a highly-rated and talented retailer in the book industry  Klausifier (talk) 18:27, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

The big Borders controversy?
I'm confused that the section entitled "controversy" refers to a cartoon. I'm aware of a lot of concern among writers and other booksellers that chain stores such as Borders have had some pretty inherent and negative effects on the variety of published thought available to the public. Should this be mentioned somewhere (anywhere?) in the article? --Sojumba (talk) 21:06, 11 February 2008 (UTC)Sojumba

Are you guys sure Borders biggest store is in Malaysia?
Cause I know Borders stores in Puerto Rico are pretty big too.

The largest Borders is definitely Kuala Lumpur at 60000sq ft. Compare that to the (now previous) average U.S. Borders store at 25000 sq ft (in Feb 2008 Borders announced the new stores will be even smaller). --BizMgr (talk) 04:18, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Sale of Australian, Singaporean and New Zealand Stores
Should the page be updated regarding the sale of these stores to the Angus & Robertson's chain? There is a link to a press release here:  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.50.89.32 (talk) 01:04, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Banning of Michael Moore
Anyone know if Michael Moore is still banned from entering Borders?

http://www.labournet.net/ukunion/9912/borders4.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joe2832 (talk • contribs) 07:10, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes he is, but so am I. The same company that has taken all from Kitty Kelley is no more. No one is welcome in their stores. --82.134.28.194 (talk) 08:47, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Reply From a Former Employee
First of all, Moore was never "banned" from entering Borders. In outline, Moore was doing a book signing tour at a time when unionization was a hot issue in some Midwestern and Eastern stores. He made some harshly critical comments (in his usual, inimitable style) about company employment practices...including some ongoing, sensitive legal issues. As a result, the remainder of the tour was cancelled and he was told that he would not be welcome to do any future signings. Naturally, Moore presented it as a censorship issue, but consider this: If you invited someone into your home and they said bad things about you in front of your family, would you invite them back? I don't think so. Two closing asides: (1.) This reply was not officially written or inspired. (2.) At all of the stores which voted to unionize, the employees have since changed their minds and voted to kick the unions out! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.67.44.77 (talk) 19:38, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Maybe I'm off base and throwing fuel on the "fire", but I happened to noticed that there was some sort of Anti-Obama, Anti-Democrat, Anti-Liberal book on every single front table & immediate side display (even the "If you Like This, then you'll like These" had 5 conservative books lined up) in our store in No. Virginia - what uber-conservative is at the helm for the Borders Boat? I turned around and walked out b/c I was looking for something new to read to distract me from all the negativity in the media @ the moment & couldn't even escape it in a Borders! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.246.151.197 (talk) 22:01, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, let me first state that this page is for discussing the article. Be that as it may, Borders has to stock what sells, including books that cater to a conservative point of view (usually, it's some claptrap from Regnery publishing).  There are also books that cater to the liberal point of view. Part of being suxxessful in retailing is finding out what people want to buy, and stocking enough of it to generate revenue, but not so much that it sits on the shelves gathering dust.  Disclosure: I was a Waldenbooks employee (which was part of Borders Group) from 1994-1997.THD3 (talk) 16:20, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Well, if I'm not mistaken, these issues were in the article at some point and later removed because they were considered too "controversial" and lacked the necessary neutrality. As a current Borders employee, let me note that the "If you like..." displays are often ad hoc and may differ substantially between Northern Virginia and New York City, for example, and the front tables reflect whatever people are writing at the moment. Over time, it all tends to even out. PS: Regnery has some very good books (despite the fact that they're all conservative...oh, the Horror!!!) and every publisher has at least some claptrap in its catalogue (occasionally even the liberal variety).198.179.227.58 (talk) 03:01, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Borders logoUK.png
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --05:54, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

History
Restored the first section of the history (pre-Kmart), that had been deleted in an earlier vandalism attack. Also deleted this sentence
 * Borders owns a majority stake in Paperchase Products Limited, a leading gifts and stationery retailer in the United Kingdom, and showcases their products in their stores, as well as Books etc., Borders' other, mostly London-based bookshop chain.

as it refers to the independent British Borders company. Rojomoke (talk) 17:02, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Dear 86.150.173.123
Sorry I can't speak to you directly. I deleted your last contribution to this article for two reasons: (1.)The information was outdated. All of the stores in other countries using the Borders name are owned by other companies or franchised. Plus, the account of our corporate history in England was not entirely accurate. (Trust me, I've worked for Borders for 15 years). (2.) The history and current status of our international operations is covered elsewhere in the article. Thank you for your interest though. Why not get an account so you can have a talk page?WQUlrich (talk) 20:22, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Editors:Is this a conflict of interest or does it make me an "expert"?WQUlrich (talk) 20:32, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Archiving spree
I found: http://investor.borders.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=65380&p=irol-index

Who wants to help archive Borders material, like annual reports, etc.?

To do so, put them on http://webcitation.org

Files:
 * 2010 Annual Report: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NDI0NzAwfENoaWxkSUQ9NDM5NTkyfFR5cGU9MQ==&t=1
 * http://www.webcitation.org/60lh4iQBt

WhisperToMe (talk) 07:15, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Missed opportunity by understaffing?
Why "Good Jobs" Are Good for Retailers, Harvard Business Review, Zeynep Ton, '''Jan.-Feb. 2012'''.

" .  .  .  In addition, many retailers see labor as a cost driver rather than a sales driver and therefore focus on minimizing its costs. Accordingly, they often evaluate store managers on whether they meet monthly (or weekly) targets for payroll as a percentage of sales. These managers don’t have much control over sales (they almost never make decisions on merchandise mix, layout, price, or promotions), but they do have a fair amount of control over payroll. So when sales decrease, they immediately reduce staffing levels.  .  .  "

" .  .  .  Indeed, my research suggests that understaffing retail stores amounts to a missed opportunity: In my analysis of data from 1999 through 2002 from more than 250 stores of Borders [emphasis added], a major bookstore chain at the time, I found that a one-standard-deviation increase in labor levels at a store increased profit margins by 10% over the course of a year.  .  .  "

 * This might be worth including as part of the business analysis. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 21:52, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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External links modified
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UAE, Oman and Malaysia
A series of IP accounts have been posting that the Borders’ trademarks, country-specific domain name, and intellectual property were bought by other parties in these countries - also adding the business URLs.

Assuming third-party reliable sources exist, then it would make sense to mention them in the article. But the business links to their domains would not be appropriate. If the claims are true, then these new entities would be separate businesses with their own management, culture, and operations. If they meet the threshold of notability on their own, then it may be appropriate to create their own articles with the business' own domains in them. But it's not appropriate to piggyback their content into this article. --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 18:13, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

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there is no Borders "At present"
Deleted this bit, as the business no longer seems to exist "at present" at all.

== At present == Borders Group has begun an expansion process forming alliances with various publishers, opening a market in Latin America. In addition, Borders has begun to venture into the e-book market, optimizing its worldwide distribution procedures.

The URL for the company website points to B&N's website.

73.161.233.165 (talk) 15:35, 17 April 2020 (UTC)lonetone

Wahr's?
A paragraph in the "History" section starts with this sentence:

"Wahr's had been mainly a textbook and school-supplies vendor, but the brothers did not deal in textbooks."

What was "Whar's", and what was its relevance to Borders? It isn't mentioned anywhere else in the article. It looks like maybe the founders of Borders bought them out and started their first store in that location, but again, it's not mentioned anywhere else in the article. Ormewood (talk) 19:34, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Borders Group


text: User talk:130.13.185.73

title: User talk:130.13.185.73


text:
Luo Ronghuan

Luo Ronghuan (November 26, 1902 – December 16, 1963) was a Marshal of the People's Republic of China. He served as a Vice Chair of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Biography
Luo was born in a village in Hengshan County, Hunan Province. In 1919, at the age of 17, he enrolled in Xiejun Middle School in Changsha. Five years later, he began attending Shandong University (then Qingdao Private College), completing a preparatory course in Industry in Commerce in 1926. He joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in April 1927 and the Chinese Communist Party later that year. He was the only one of the later ten Marshals to have followed Mao in the Autumn Harvest Uprising. During the Long March he served as the security chief for the Chinese Red Army.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War he served as political commissar of the 115th Division of the Eighth Route Army. The Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region anti-troskyites campaign extended to other base areas, including Shandong, leading to a frenzied campaign of mass execution of party cadres. This was put to a halt thanks to Luo's intervention in November 1939. This incident reached Yan'an in early 1940, which lead to a reexamination of the anti-trotskyite campaign in Shandong on a meeting convened by Chen Yun. Here, the campaign was criticized as too extremist, although it was maintained that it was correct, which was not enough to stop the deadly campaign, despite Luo's efforts, which saved more than 100 lives, the campaign did not fully ended until April 1942, after an inspection by Liu Shaoqi.

After Zhu Rui dismissal as political commissar of the Eighth Route Army in Shandong on 1942, he held unified leadership over the government, Party and military in the Shandong area during the war against Japan. He chaired the General Study Committee, where he tried to oppose the Rectification Campaign excesses in Shandong. During his leadership of Shandong the communist forces and territory grew, at the time of China's victory on the war against Japan the CCP controlled most of Shandong strongholds and communication lines, which were vital for communist victory during the Chinese civil war.

After World War II, Luo served as the political commissar of Lin Biao in Northeast China during the Chinese civil war.

After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 he became Chief of Staff of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). He was made a marshal in 1955.

Luo was the member of the 7th CPC Central Committee and 8th CPC Politburo. He died in 1963, and the funeral was attended by Mao and Lin Biao; the only other funeral attended by Lin Biao was for PLA Air Force General Liu Yalou.

title: Luo Ronghuan


text:
Talk:Orders of magnitude (area)

Discussion
This article needs to take a similar format to other Order of Magnitude pages - see column headings Ian Cairns 00:18, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. May be riddled with errors. I tried to choose examples that people can relate to, btw, rather than trivia. One-dimensional Tangent (Talk) 03:38, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

For anyone looking for the discussion on the merge, it's at Talk:Orders of magnitude (length) and Talk:Orders of magnitude (volume). —One-dimensional Tangent (Talk) 22:18, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

10^12 "1 square megametre (Mm^2)= 1 million m^2" is a spelling mistake and should state 1 million km^2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.206.147.254 (talk) 10:02, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Consider adding 1 fb^-1 = 10^(-43) m^2 - the femtobarn is often used as a unit of area in particle physics, to the extent where it has its own section in the article on the barn as a unit. Henryeshbaugh (talk) 23:14, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Metrication
I've been working for about two hours on this, PLEASE DO NOT REVERT. The page has proper metrication now down to the mm. I have also used only major prefixes, mm, m km etc squared. dm are cm are deprecated for proper scaling here, but they are included. Note how the table is much clearer this way. Again, please do not revert without using the talk page. --Cpt ricard (talk) 05:52, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

Using metric system is the way to go. However, I would suggest to use M(m²) instead of km² etc. Reason for this is that it is much harder for the brain to process a squared prefix. If you think it is too futuristic, I would suggest we for the moment keep both systems. --Warpi 2021-07-21

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Orders of magnitude (area). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080821211324/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.html to http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20111027183121/http://www.usabasketball.com:80/rules/rules.html to http://www.usabasketball.com/rules/rules.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov:80/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf to http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov:80/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf to http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf

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new spain area
980000 KM² INC SPANISH GUYANA — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.93.247.123 (talk) 23:36, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Conversion to yottametres is incorrect
The conversion for the area of the observable universe is incorrect. 2.7E53 is not 2700 Yottametres — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dickpenn (talk • contribs) 12:52, 31 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orders of magnitude (area)


text:
Leatherstocking

Leatherstocking may refer to:

 * The Leatherstocking Tales, a series of five novels by James Fenimore Cooper
 * Leatherstocking (serial), a serial movie
 * Leather Stocking, silent short film
 * Leatherstocking Council, council of the Boy Scouts of America in New York
 * Leatherstocking Falls, a waterfall in Otsego County, New York
 * Leatherstocking Creek, a creek in Otsego County, New York

title: Leatherstocking


text:
User talk:Ericwahlforss

Eric Wahlforss is a web entrepreneur and musician, currently studying at Stockholm School of Economics and Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. This is his website.

November 2008
If you have a close connection to some of the people, places or things you have written about, you may have a conflict of interest. In keeping with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, edits where there is a conflict of interest, or where such a conflict might reasonably be inferred from the tone of the edit and the proximity of the editor to the subject, are strongly discouraged. If you have a conflict of interest, you should avoid or exercise great caution when:
 * 1) editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with;
 * 2) participating in deletion discussions about articles related to your organization or its competitors;
 * 3) linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam); and,
 * 4) avoid breaching relevant policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and autobiographies.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for businesses. For more details about what, exactly, constitutes a conflict of interest, please see our conflict of interest guidelines. Blowdart | talk 23:36, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ericwahlforss


text:
Economic Policy Institute

The Economic Policy Institute (EPI) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit American think tank based in Washington, D.C., that carries out economic research and analyzes the economic impact of policies and proposals. Affiliated with the labor movement,  the EPI is usually described as presenting a left-leaning and pro-union viewpoint on public policy issues.
 * Since 2021, EPI has been led by economist Heidi Shierholz, the former chief economist of the Department of Labor.
 * Since 2021, EPI has been led by economist Heidi Shierholz, the former chief economist of the Department of Labor.
 * Since 2021, EPI has been led by economist Heidi Shierholz, the former chief economist of the Department of Labor.
 * Since 2021, EPI has been led by economist Heidi Shierholz, the former chief economist of the Department of Labor.
 * Since 2021, EPI has been led by economist Heidi Shierholz, the former chief economist of the Department of Labor.

EPI has an advocacy arm, EPI Action, which is a 501(c)(4) group.

History
EPI was founded in 1986 by economists Jeff Faux, Lester Thurow, Ray Marshall, Barry Bluestone, Robert Reich, and Robert Kuttner. Since 2021, Heidi Shierholz has served as its president. Shierholz succeeded Thea Lee, who was named Deputy Undersecretary for International Affairs at the Department of Labor by President Joe Biden.

Policy proposals
EPI supported Bernie Sanders's Medicare for All proposal. In a March 2020 policy paper, it argued that the loss of jobs in the insurance industry and in administering the current system would be small, within the normal job churn, and easily absorbed by the economy. The paper argued that this cost would be outweighed by the benefits of universal health care and in small business formation. EPI has also released policy papers analyzing U.S. investment in early childhood education.

In July 2012, EPI and the AFL–CIO, Center for Community Change, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, National Council of La Raza and SEIU proposed a budget plan titled Prosperity Economics, a counter to the Republican Party's Path to Prosperity budget plan. The Prosperity Economics plan suggests that major public investment in areas like infrastructure is needed to jump-start the economy. In response to the debate over the United States fiscal cliff, EPI economist Josh Bivens advocated raising tax rates for higher income earners, writing: "Given this rise in [income] inequality, it makes sense that much of the future burden of reducing budget deficits should be borne by those who have benefited the most from economic trends in recent decades."

Funding
Eight labor unions made a five-year funding pledge to EPI at its inception: AFSCME, United Auto Workers, United Steelworkers, United Mine Workers, International Association of Machinists, Communications Workers of America, Service Employees International Union, and United Food and Commercial Workers Union. According to EPI, about 29% of its funding between 2005 and 2009 was supplied by labor unions and about 53% came from foundation grants.

In the 1980s, EPI took money from the Tobacco Institute, a now-defunct tobacco industry trade group, to oppose excise taxes on the tobacco industry's behalf. The Tobacco Institute worked with groups like EPI "to support the release of studies, editorials, press briefings, and testimony against regressive excise taxes" that would negatively impact the tobacco industry's bottom line if passed.

title: Economic Policy Institute


text:
Vicks

Vicks is an American brand of over-the-counter medications owned by the American companies Procter & Gamble and Kaz Incorporated. Vicks manufactures NyQuil and its sister medication, DayQuil as well as other medications in the "Quil" line. Vicks also produces the Formula 44 brand of cough medicines, cough drops, Vicks VapoRub, and a number of inhaled breathing treatments. For much of its history, Vicks products were manufactured by the family-owned company Richardson-Vicks, Inc., based in Greensboro, North Carolina. Richardson-Vicks, Inc., was eventually sold to Procter & Gamble in 1985. Procter & Gamble divested the Vicks VapoSteam U.S. liquid inhalant business and sold it to Helen of Troy in 2015.

History
In 1890, pharmacist Lunsford Richardson of Selma, North Carolina, took over the retail drug business of his brother-in-law Dr. John Vick, of Greensboro, North Carolina. After Dr. John Vick saw an ad for Vick's Seeds, Lunsford Richardson began marketing Vick’s Family Remedies. The basic ingredients of the range included castor oil, liniment, and 'dead shot' vermifuge. The most popular remedy was Croup and Pneumonia Salve, which was first compounded in 1891, in Greensboro. It was introduced in 1905 with the name Vick's Magic Croup Salve and rebranded as VapoRub in 1912 at the instigation of H. Smith Richardson, Lunsford's oldest son; Smith had gained valuable sales and marketing experience while working for a period in New York and Massachusetts after attending college. Smith Richardson assumed the presidency of the company in 1919 upon his father's death.

The flu epidemic of 1918 increased sales of VapoRub from $900,000 to $2.9 million in just one year. In 1931, the company began selling cough drops. In 1948, Edward Mabry became president of Vicks, then known as the Vick Chemical Company. In 1952, Vicks began selling cough syrup, and in 1959 they introduced Sinex Nasal Spray. The company began selling NyQuil in 1966. The parent company became Richardson-Merrell and then in 1982 divided into prescription drug company Merrell Dow (sold to Dow Chemical Company) and over-the-counter drug company Richardson-Vicks which retained the Vicks brand.

The company archives (including related personal records of the Richardson family) from at least about 1920 or so, up to the 1985 sale to Procter & Gamble, are housed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

In March 2015, Procter & Gamble sold the Vicks VapoSteam U.S. liquid inhalant business to Helen of Troy Ltd.

title: Vicks


text:
Odyssey (disambiguation)

The Odyssey is an ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer.

Odyssey or The Odyssey may also refer to:

Business and industry

 * Odyssey BMX, a BMX bicycle parts company
 * Odyssey Healthcare, a hospice company
 * Odyssey International, a Canadian airline
 * Odyssey Marine Exploration, an American underwater salvage company
 * Odyssey Productions, an American photography and 3-D computer animation company
 * Odyssey Space Research, a business in Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * Honda Odyssey, one of several types of a vehicle
 * Honda Odyssey (international), a minivan sold in Japan and other parts of the world
 * Honda Odyssey (North America), a minivan sold primarily in the United States and Canada
 * Honda Odyssey (ATV), an all-terrain vehicle
 * Odyssey (bookstore), a chain of bookstores in India
 * Odyssey (tanker), an oil tanker responsible for an oil spill off the coast of Nova Scotia
 * Windows Odyssey, an unreleased version of the Microsoft Windows operating system that was combined with Windows Neptune to form Windows XP
 * Cybook Odyssey, an eBook reader by the French company Bookeen
 * Odyssey Golf, a manufacturer of golf putters, acquired by Callaway Golf Company
 * Odyssey case management software for law courts from Tyler Technologies

Science and technology

 * 2001 Mars Odyssey, an American spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars
 * Neptune Odyssey, a mission concept for an orbiter to Neptune
 * Odyssey, callsign of the Command Module for the Apollo 13 space mission
 * Odyssey (launch platform), a self-propelled semi-submersible mobile spacecraft launch platform converted from a mobile drilling rig in 1997
 * Odysee, a blockchain-based decentralised video sharing platform, operated by LBRY

Places and education

 * Odyssey Complex, a sports and entertainment complex in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
 * Odyssey Cinema, St Albans, a restored cinema in the UK

Schools

 * Odyssey Academy, a high/middle school in Greece, New York, U.S.
 * Odyssey School, a private middle school in San Mateo, California, U.S.
 * Odyssey – The Essential School, a high school in SeaTac, Washington, U.S.
 * École L'Odyssée, a public high school in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
 * École publique l'Odyssée, a public high school in North Bay, Ontario, Canada

Educational program

 * Odyssey (education), a Canadian government bursary for language education

Literature

 * Odyssey Award, an annual award for best children's or young adult audiobook
 * Odyssey Writing Workshop, an annual fantasy-writing workshop at Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire, U.S.

Books

 * Odyssey (novel), a 2007 novel by Jack McDevitt
 * "Odyssey" (Ulysses part), the middle part of James Joyce's novel Ulysses
 * Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple, a book by former Apple Inc. CEO John Sculley
 * The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, an epic poem by Nikos Kazantzakis
 * Isaac Asimov's Robot City: Odyssey, a novel by Michael P. Kube-McDowell

Periodicals

 * Odyssey (children's magazine), a science magazine for children ages 9–14
 * Odyssey (publication), an online social content platform styled like a news publication
 * Odyssey Magazine (South Africa), a health and lifestyle magazine

Music

 * Odyssey (band), an American dance band (1968–1987)
 * ARP Odyssey, an electronic music synthesizer

Albums

 * Odyssey (Barry Guy, Marilyn Crispell, and Paul Lytton album), 2001
 * Odyssey (Fischerspooner album), 2005
 * Odyssey (Hayley Westenra album), 2005
 * Odyssey (James Blood Ulmer album) or the title song, 1984
 * Odyssey (Ketil Bjørnstad album) or the title song, 1990
 * Odyssey (Miles Davis album) or Quintet/Sextet, 1956
 * Odyssey (Take That album), 2018
 * Odyssey (Terje Rypdal album), 1975
 * Odyssey (Yngwie Malmsteen album), 1988
 * Odyssey: The Definitive Collection, by Vangelis, 2003
 * Odyssey: The Remix Collection, by Delerium, 2001
 * The Odyssey (album), or the title song, by Symphony X, 2002
 * Odyssey, by Damo Suzuki, 2000
 * Odyssey, by Jay Fung, 2015
 * The Odyssey, by David Bedford, 1976

Songs

 * "Odyssey" (song), by Beck and Phoenix, 2023
 * "Odyssey", by Dixie Dregs from What If
 * "Odyssey", by Johnny Harris
 * "Odyssey", by Kaleida
 * "Odyssey", by Kiss from Music from "The Elder"
 * "Odyssey", by Kyuss from Welcome to Sky Valley
 * "Odyssey", by Scale the Summit from The Migration
 * "The Odyssey", by Incubus from Halo 2 Original Soundtrack
 * "The Odyssey", by Orgy from the album Vapor Transmission
 * "The Odyssey", by SZA from the EP S

Channels

 * Odyssey Television Network, a Canadian Greek-language broadcasting company
 * Odyssey (TV channel), a Greek-language cable channel operated by the network
 * Odyssey Channel, a defunct Australian television channel
 * Odyssey Network, a U.S. television network that later became the Hallmark Channel

Series, episodes and other productions

 * The Odyssey (1968 miniseries), a 1968 Italian-French-German-Yugoslavian miniseries
 * The Odyssey (TV series), a 1992-1995 Canadian series
 * The Odyssey (1997 miniseries), a 1997 American miniseries
 * Odyssey (TV series), a 2015 NBC series
 * Odyssey 5, a 2002 Canadian series
 * Odyssey: Driving Around the World, an American documentary series
 * Star Trek: Odyssey, a Star Trek fan production
 * "Odyssey", a three-part episode of Lassie (1961)
 * "Odyssey", an episode of Smallville
 * "Homer's Odyssey" (The Simpsons), the third full-length episode of The Simpsons
 * "The Odyssey" (Arrow), an episode of Arrow
 * Lonely Planet: Odyssey, alternate title for the series Graham's World with Graham Hughes, documenting travelling around the world without flying

Fictional spacecraft

 * Odyssey, a battlecruiser in the Stargate universe
 * Odyssey, a spaceship in the anime series Ulysses 31

Gaming

 * Odyssey series, a series of home video game consoles
 * Magnavox Odyssey, the first commercial home video game console
 * Magnavox Odyssey 2, second generation home video game console
 * Odyssey, an expansion to the Elite Dangerous game by Frontier
 * Odyssey (Magic: The Gathering), a card game expansion
 * Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure, an Apple II role-playing video game
 * Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses, a 2000 video game
 * Odyssey (cancelled video game), a cancelled survival game developed by Blizzard Entertainment
 * Odyssey LRP, a live roleplay game run by Profound Decisions
 * Odyssey Engine, a computer game engine
 * Odyssey Software, an American computer-game developer
 * Odyssey: The Legend of Nemesis, a Macintosh role-playing video game based on the engine of Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete
 * Odyssey, a virtual world based on the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
 * Super Mario Odyssey, a platformer released in 2017
 * Assassin's Creed Odyssey, an action-roleplaying game set in Ancient Greece

Other arts and entertainment

 * Audacy, an American broadcasting company formerly known as Entercom and pronounced the same as 'odyssey'
 * Odyssey (WBEZ), a radio talk show in Chicago, U.S.
 * Adventures in Odyssey or Odyssey, an Evangelical Christian-themed children's radio series
 * The Odyssey, a 1987 animated film produced by Burbank Films Australia
 * The Odyssey (film), a 2016 French-Belgian film
 * The Odyssey (painting), an 1850 painting by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

People

 * Odyssey Sims (born 1992), American basketball player
 * Odicci Alexander (born 1998), American softball player

title: Odyssey (disambiguation)


text:
Mission Valley, San Diego

Mission Valley is a wide river valley trending east–west in San Diego, California, United States, through which the San Diego River flows to the Pacific Ocean. For planning purposes the city of San Diego divides it into two neighborhoods: Mission Valley East and Mission Valley West.

Mission Valley was the site of the first Spanish settlement in California, established in 1769.

Mission Valley currently serves as an important shopping and entertainment center for San Diego. Several condominiums and apartments can also be found in the area.

History
The San Diego River valley was originally called Emat Kuseyaay, which was then named by the Spanish as La Cañada de San Diego. Cañada in Spanish means gully, ravine, or glen. The name was changed to Mission Valley in the 1860s in reference to Mission San Diego de Alcalá.

The Mission Valley area was inhabited by Kumeyaay Indians for more than 10,000 years, which was home to many Kumeyaay villages such as the villages of Nipaquay (Nipawai), Haiir, and Cosoy (Kosa'aay).

The first Spanish settlement in present-day California was the Presidio of San Diego and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, both established in 1769 next to the village of Cosoy. The Presidio and Mission were located at the western end of Mission Valley, which is now present-day Old Town, where the valley opens out into the flood plain of the San Diego River. In 1774, the Mission was moved to its present location at the eastern end of Mission Valley because of better access to freshwater for drinking and farming.

Until the 1940s, Mission Valley remained largely undeveloped, featuring dairy farms and other agricultural activities; the city of San Diego was largely confined to areas south of the valley. After World War II, the city's expansion began to encroach on the valley. The last of the valley's dairy farms closed in the early 1960s.

Another early activity in Mission Valley was quarrying sand and gravel from its walls. A large quarry on the north side of the valley was in operation for most of the 20th century. The quarry ceased operation around 2000 and is now the site of the Civita mixed-use development.

The development of Mission Valley began in 1953 when the first hotel was built in what is now Hotel Circle. In 1958, the city council rezoned 90 acres of the river valley to allow the construction of San Diego's first regional shopping center. The Mission Valley Center (now Westfield Mission Valley) opened in 1961 and was followed by several other large regional shopping malls.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the U.S. 80 freeway (now Interstate 8) was constructed through Mission Valley, further opening the area up for development.

Westgate Park, a baseball stadium for the then-minor-league San Diego Padres, was built in Mission Valley in 1957. In 1967, San Diego Stadium (later renamed Jack Murphy Stadium, then Qualcomm Stadium, then SDCCU Stadium) was opened and the Padres moved there, becoming a major league team the following year. Westgate Park was razed in 1969 and was replaced by the Fashion Valley Mall. San Diego Stadium was demolished in 2021 and was replaced by Snapdragon Stadium in 2022.

Boundaries
Mission Valley stretches as far west as Interstate 5 and as far east as Interstate 15. The exact boundary between Mission Valley East and West is State Route 163.

Government
Mission Valley is located in City Council District 7 and is currently represented by Councilmember Raul Campillo. For federal representation, it is divided between California's 52nd congressional district, represented by Scott Peters, and California's 53rd congressional district, represented by Sara Jacobs.

Transportation
Mission Valley serves as a path for Interstate 8 and is crossed at its mouth by Interstate 5. Both I-8 and I-5 serve as the major east-west and north-south routes respectively, for San Diego. At the Jack Schrade Interchange, Interstate 805 crosses Mission Valley and connects with Interstate 8. Interstate 15 and State Route 163 also cross Mission Valley and connect with Interstate 8.

The Green Line of the San Diego Trolley system also runs through Mission Valley. The main hub for buses is located at the Fashion Valley Transit Center and Mall. Other trolley stations in the valley are found at Morena/Linda Vista, Hazard Center, Mission Valley Center, Rio Vista, Fenton Parkway, and SDCCU Stadium.

Attractions
Toward the eastern end of Mission Valley lies Mission San Diego de Alcalá, for which the valley is named. At the southwestern end overlooking the valley is Presidio Park. At the foot of Presidio Hill lies Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, the original site of the town of San Diego. All three attractions are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Three major shopping malls located in Mission Valley are Fashion Valley Mall, Hazard Center Mall, and Westfield Mission Valley. Many other commercial developments can be found in the region as well, including smaller shopping plazas, auto malls, and vocational schools. The frontage roads parallel to Interstate 8 west of Highway 163 are named Hotel Circle North and Hotel Circle South, for the many hotels and motels located on them. The frontage roads east of Highway 163 are called Camino del Rio North and Camino del Rio South.

Recently-built Snapdragon Stadium is in Mission Valley East near the I-8/I-15 interchange. At the outlet of Mission Valley lie SeaWorld, Mission Bay, and other San Diego attractions.

title: Mission Valley, San Diego


text:
Talk:EPI

Okay, call off the CSD, I didn't want to lose the mental thread that I wanted to do this, so I got off my duff and created a small target article. --Gary D 00:25, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:EPI


text:
Talk:Edward Ebersol

I saw the heart breaking interview with Susan St. James tonight on the NBC news. She thanked everyone for the concern and letters, and said she would read whatever was sent to her. I'd very much like to send a letter to her, in sympathy. DOES ANYONE KNOW HOW TO REACH HER? OR WHERE ONE CAN SEND MAIL THAT SHE WILL RECIEVE??? PLEASE HELP. THANKS
 * try calling your local NBC affiliate, they may know where to send mail. Alkivar 01:50, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

VFD discussion
The archived deletion discussion on this article may be found at Votes for deletion/Edward Ebersol. The consensus was to merge this article with Dick Ebersol. Joyous 17:33, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edward Ebersol


text:
User talk:Piper Stone

Dear Rick,

may I use your schematic drawings of a turtle's carapace and plastron in the German-speaking version of Wikipedia? I am presently working on a page about turtles (German: Schildkröten) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildkr%C3%B6ten and I couldn't find any reference to the schematics legal status.

Looking forward to hearing from you.

Martin, Eichendorffschule Wolfsburg http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Eichendorffschule, Dec 4, 2004 1:22am CET

Image Tagging Image:Plastron.PNG
Thanks for uploading Image:Plastron.PNG. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by going to "Your contributions" from your user page and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Pak21 17:09, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

File:Carapace.JPG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Carapace.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. –Drilnoth (T • C • L) 23:47, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

File:Carapace.PNG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Carapace.PNG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. –Drilnoth (T • C • L) 23:48, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Piper Stone


text:
User:Ta bu shi da yu/RFC on Quadell

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this sysop and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 06:36, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

Please note : This template is for listing disputes about actions that are limited to administrators only, specifically these actions:

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For all other matters (such as edit wars and page moves), please use the template at Requests for comment/Example user.

 * (Quadell | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
''This is a summary written by users who dispute this sysop's conduct. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.''

Description
{Add summary here, but you must use the section below to certify or endorse it.

Quadell blocked HistoryBuffEr (and any IP used by HistoryBuffEr) without any justification. He cited "3RR violation" as the reason.

However, HistoryBuffEr did not violate the Three revert rule.

Quadell was informed of his error in blocking by two editors and was asked to unblock HistoryBuffEr, but Quadell has not responded.

Quadell was involved in editing/personal disputes with HistoryBuffEr, so Quadell is apparently abusing his sysop privileges to settle private scores (see ), in violation of rules.

Powers misused

 * Blocking (log):
 * {list user or users blocked}

 * 02:26, 2004 Nov 30, Quadell blocked #12130 (expires 02:26, 2004 Dec 1) (Autoblocked because your IP address has been recently used by "HistoryBuffEr". The reason given for HistoryBuffEr's block is: "violation of 3RR".)
 * 1) (Note to anyone not used to the way blocks work. The above is the autoblocker not quadell. The autoblocker automatically blocks IPs for 24 hours if they known to be used by already blocked users Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 13:58, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC))
 * 23:48, 2004 Nov 29, Quadell blocked HistoryBuffEr (expires 23:48, 2004 Nov 30) (contribs) (violation of 3RR)

Applicable policies
Blocking policy lists specific reasons for which it may be used, and states that "Blocking should not be used in any other circumstances." . Quadell's blocking for alleged "violation of 3RR" violates the policy because there was no "violation of 3RR" by the blocked user.
 * Blocking policy

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Error pointed out to Quadell, asked for the reason, Quadell has not responded.
 * Error pointed out to Quadell, asked to unblock, Quadell has not responded.

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * HistoryBuffEr 06:36, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this statement
(sign with ~ )
 * Gzornenplatz 20:40, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

Response
''This is a summary written by the sysop whose actions are disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the sysop's actions did not violate policy. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.''

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign.}

Good morning. I blocked HistoryBuffEr once, for twenty-four hours, for violation of the 3 revert rule. Upon review, it appears I was wrong. HistoryBuffEr had actually reverted Rachel Corrie four times in 26 hours, not 24 hours. I apologize.

HistoryBuffEr has subsequently reverted Rachel Corrie four times in a different 26 hour period. HistoryBuffEr could have avoided this problem by abiding by the spirit, and not just the letter, of the 3RR, which he does not seem to want to do.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1)    – Quadell (talk) (help)   14:42, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Response from HistoryBuffEr:
 * I have not "subsequently reverted the page four times in a second 26 hour period". I updated this page twice and reverted it a total of 5 times in 3 days. Even if you counted every edit as a revert that would still contradict your statement.
 * You should have reviewed the edit history before employing the drastic measure of blocking. And, you could have and should have asked or issued a notice before blocking and then carelessly leaving.
 * In view of your rash blocking and now trying to shift the blame, your action appears to be anything but an "innocent mistake". My advice to you is to obey the letter of the rules, then we'll talk about the spirit of your using sysop privs to settle personal scores. HistoryBuffEr 18:30, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * Wrong. You reverted numerous times without discussion. This user was actually justified in blocking you, even if you didn't revert 3 times in a 24 hour period. I have noticed that you have reverted other users a total of 9 times on this page over a period of about a month, and it took until November 18 for some real dialogue to occur. - Ta bu shi da yu 22:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Beg your pardon? The rules do not say "numerous", but more than three in a 24 hour period. HistoryBuffEr
 * Beg your pardon indeed. Why did you think you had the right to do so many reverts?! Pretty close to vandalism. - Ta bu shi da yu 11:48, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * My response to this is at talk.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   01:56, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Proteus (Talk) 15:44, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Birds of feather. HistoryBuffEr 18:30, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * 1) [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 17:13, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) HistoryBuffEr rides the line and is so active in daily reverting several articles to his personal version that it's easy to see how a mistake could be made. MPerel 19:39, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Unlike MPerel, who just occasionally reverts vandalism, right? See also . HistoryBuffEr 23:38, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * 1) Quadell's actions seem an innocent and entirely understandable mistake.  Assume good faith. Jayjg 19:41, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 20:32, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Another "neutral" meber of Jayjg's POV pushing troops. HistoryBuffEr 23:38, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * 1) MathKnight 21:54, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) I also suggest to check this.
 * And find MathKnight there under Jayjg's POV pushing troops. HistoryBuffEr 23:38, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * 1) Ta bu shi da yu 21:55, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) I checked the recent history of that page. Totally justified. - Ta bu shi da yu 21:55, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * So, violating the rules is totally justified, is that what you're saying? HistoryBuffEr 23:38, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * Nope. I'm saying that he was justified in blocking you due to the way you constantly reverted changes in that article. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:42, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Viriditas 22:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) HistoryBuffEr hasn't directly violated the 3RR since November 13th, prior to which he brazenly violated it without any regard to policy. That date may seem notable, because the vote on 3RR enforcement did not begin until November 14th.  Since that time, HistoryBuffEr has been reverting numerous articles to his personal version of the page without consensus, at least three times a day.  Quadell acted in good faith when he blocked HistoryBuffEr, since it did at first appear that HistoryBuffEr had made more than 3 reverts in 24 hours (turned out to be 26).  Quadell has since apologized to HistoryBuffEr for mistakenly blocking him.  I don't understand why this is listed on RFC, since Quadell resolved this dispute with HistoryBuffEr on his talk page.
 * Yet another one of the Jayjg's POV pushing troops. HistoryBuffEr 23:38, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

Outside view
''This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.''

More time
I see that the note got added to Quadell's page on the 30th. Can we please give him a longer period of time to respond? - Ta bu shi da yu 06:40, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Ta bu shi da yu 06:40, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) —No-One Jones (m) 06:42, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

As Ta bu shi da yu sees it
Let me see if I get this right: HistoryBuffEr and others have done numerous reverts on that page. The history appears to me to be as follows:

. . time goes by... .
 * 14:06, 2 Nov 2004
 * Updates information, edit history is "Updated NPOV version".
 * 14:18, 2 Nov 2004
 * Objected to by Jayjg, who reverts.
 * 14:21, 2 Nov 2004
 * Reverts Jayjg.
 * 14:25, 2 Nov 2004
 * Reverted by Jayjg.
 * 14:31, 2 Nov 2004
 * Reverts Jayjg.
 * 14:39, 2 Nov 2004
 * Reverted by Jayjg.
 * 14:41, 2 Nov 2004
 * Protection notice added
 * 13:15, 26 Nov 2004
 * Protection notice removed.
 * 05:51, 28 Nov 2004
 * Again makes the same change!!!!
 * 06:06, 28 Nov 2004
 * Reverted by MathKnight.
 * 06:17, 28 Nov 2004
 * HistoryBuffEr reverts Mathknight's revert.
 * 06:24, 28 Nov 2004
 * revert by MathKnight.
 * 14:47, 28 Nov 2004
 * reverted by HBE
 * 15:46, 28 Nov 2004
 * reverted by Jayjg
 * 07:42, 29 Nov 2004
 * reverts again
 * 08:37, 29 Nov 2004
 * jayjg reverts
 * 18:19, 29 Nov 2004
 * HBE reverts again
 * 20:21, 29 Nov 2004
 * Viriditas reverts - OK, you know that there's a problem when this user reverts. Though I've disagreed with him/her, I respect their neutral POV.
 * 04:56, 30 Nov 2004
 * HBE reverts again
 * 05:00, 30 Nov 2004
 * Another user, MPerel, reverts HBE.
 * 09:10, 30 Nov 2004
 * HBE reverts again.
 * 09:17, 30 Nov 2004
 * Jayjg does final revert in history.

Now I checked the talk page. The first comment from HistoryBuffEr was a threat of desysoping of Jayjg for reverting! good grief. Then I looked down the list and I see a section where Michael Snow pleaded for discussion to take place, with a flat refusal by HistoryBuffEr to talk about the changes with Jayjg "as he seems to be on some kind of a "godly mission", I've given up on talks with him." Then there are two sections where he's asked to respond on the talk page. The first time he responds is to Quadell on 04:30, 2004 Nov 18 (UTC). I note that the first change was done on 2 November!

I think that Quadell was more than justified in blocking this user for a period of time.

Ta bu shi da yu 22:22, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Ta bu shi da yu 22:32, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * What an egregiously biased view of article history. So, Jayjg' reverting is cool, and a warning to him is a "threat", while HistoryBuffEr's reverts are a crime against humanity, right? That Jayjg proposed no changes and answered no questions is apparently also fine. Have a nice day, and see Arbitration case against Jayjg HistoryBuffEr 23:26, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * Sorry. I didn't realise this RFC was about Jayjg. I thought it was about the way you have been reverting the article, and the fact you got blocked for doing so. If an RFC got put on Jayjg for the same reason, I would most likely state the same thing. So don't bring him into it, you got yourself into hot water, and you've been around this website for long enough to know there are other ways of resolving disputes. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:39, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

Vote and endorsement comments
Quadell moved my comments to Talk, but my comments are challenging votes and endorsements and thus belong on this page. HistoryBuffEr 19:38, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * Why are your comments in the endorsement section, it reads, "This is a summary written by the sysop whose actions are disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the sysop's actions did not violate policy. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries." Your comments are in the wrong place. MPerel 19:50, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * It is customary to place challenge comments right below the vote/endorsement challenged. Longer challenge comments belong right here, in this Comment section, not in Talk. HistoryBuffEr 20:13, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

Quadell has asked me to comment on the placement of comments by HistoryBuffEr. My view is that it really doesn't matter where comments are placed as long as the page remains readable. Here, the talk page -what does it really matter? The point of a rfc is to try and resolve a dispute. It is more important IMO that disputants listen to what each other are saying and take the points on board than to worry about essentially trivial matters of placement of comments. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:16, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

My problem had been with the fact that HistoryBuffEr seems to be launching personal attacks or maligning the motives of those who endorsed the response. This could be seen as trying to intimidate users from endorsing, not wanting to get involved because they don't want to be insulted. I think this sort of comment doesn't belong in the Response section.

Another problem is that some of what HistoryBuffEr says – in his response to those who endorsed the Response – is incorrect. My reply is currently on talk, since I don't want the Response section to get too sidetracked. – Quadell (talk) (help)  01:55, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm well I can see how you dont want the response to get sidetracked into an argument - but it's neither hear no there because of what i am about to say below.

Views of Theresa Knott
This RFC looks like it's invalid to me.I dont see evidence that two users tried and failed to resolve the dispute. Mirv's question on Quadell's talk page is dated 3.03 30th nov This rfc was started 06:36, 30 Nov 2004 which by my reckoning is 3 hours and 33mins later. In those 3h33min Quadell made no edits to wikipedia. See his contributions. It is not unreasonable to assume that he didn't get the chance to read any of his talk page messages in order to respond to them. Certainly we can't say the attemps have failed after such a short period of time, so this RFC is invalid. Having said that I agree that admins should be particulaly careful about blocking 3RR violations so as to prevent this kind of mistake in the future. If quadell hasn't already apologised to HB he should do so. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 14:13, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi, Theresa. This RfC is not invalid (yet). RfCs become invalid after 48 hours if not certified. I was expecting a sincere apology to withdraw this RfC, but as lame excuses and beating up on the victim resulted, I'll just let it expire. HistoryBuffEr 00:11, 2004 Dec 2 (UTC)
 * I apologized to you on this page and on your talk page. As for my sincerity, please assume good faith.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   12:19, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Victim schmictum. You knew what you were doing. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:38, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Ta bu shi da yu/RFC on Quadell


text:
Boris Grebenshchikov

Boris Borisovich Grebenshchikov (Борис Борисович Гребенщиков; born November 27, 1953) is a prominent member of the generation which is widely considered to be the "founding fathers" of Russian rock music. He is the founder and lead singer of the band Aquarium which has been active since 1972. Grebenshchikov is frequently referred to as BG (БГ; pronounced "Beh-Geh"), after his initials.

Early years (1953–1979)
Grebenshchikov was born on 27 November 1953, in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg. In 1972, he founded the band Aquarium with his childhood friend Anatoly "George" Gunitsky as a postmodern theatrical endeavor that included poetry and music.

Grebenshchikov was accepted into Leningrad State University. Due to his musical activities, he started missing exams and failing classes. Grebenshchikov eventually received a graduate degree in applied mathematics. Inspiration from The Beatles and Bob Dylan transformed Aquarium into a low-fi electric blues band that moonlighted in acoustic reggae.

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union regime routinely suppressed experiments in non-standardized self-expression as a matter of policy, so decent recording facilities were out of reach. The several two-track recordings hacked out over those years, such as Temptation of St. Aquarium (Iskushenie Svyatogo Akvariuma), Count Diffusor's Fables (Pritchi grafa Diffuzora), Menuet for a Farmer (Menuet zemledel'tzu), and a motley bag of "singles" were of unprofessional quality but showcased his interest in Oriental thought and mysticism that eventually became his trademarks.

In 1976, Grebenshchikov also recorded of his first solo album S toy storony zerkal'nogo stekla (Beyond the Mirror Glass) and a double album with Mike Naumenko titled All Brothers-Sisters (Vse brat'ya - sestry).

Classical years (1980–1988)
In 1980, Artemy Troitsky, the first public Russian rock critic, invited Aquarium to perform at the Tbilisi Rock Festival.

The festival was a state-sanctioned attempt to control the Russian rock music movement, but the group's performance caused a near riot and was wildly out of line with the Soviet officials’ expectations. A covert KGB-bound report caused Grebenshchikov to lose his day job and membership in Komsomol.

As Western rock music was still officially banned at the time, Aquarium started giving unsanctioned underground concerts at their friends’ apartments, while their music was reaching wider audience among the Soviet youth through bootlegged cassette tapes. During this time, all music had to be vetted by Soviet censors, and only officially sanctioned bands were allowed to perform in public or record in professional recording studios.

The first Aquarium music available in the West was in 1986 when a double album entitled RED WAVE, 4 UNDERGROUND BANDS FROM THE USSR appeared in record stores in the U.S. Besides Aquarium, Kino, Strange Games, and Alisa were recorded on a four-track machine, smuggled out of the country, and released by a small record label from Hollywood.

By the time Aquarium disbanded amid internal discord in 1991, they had 11 official records under their belt.

Going West (1988–1990)
Perestroika had ushered in a new era of opportunity for rock musicians. In 1989, Grebenshchikov released Radio Silence, produced by Dave Stewart of Eurythmics fame. Radio Silence featured covers of Alexander Vertinsky's "China" amid songs by Grebenshchikov, including a song written to Sir Thomas Malory's Death of King Arthur. Annie Lennox, Billy MacKenzie, and Chrissie Hynde helped out, as did several of Grebenshchikov's bandmates from Aquarium. The single "Radio Silence" was his biggest hit outside of Russia, reaching number 7 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Chart in the United States in August 1989.

He issued another English-language album, Radio London, in 1996, which consisted of demos made in 1990 and 1991.

Returning East (1991–1996)
Grebenshchikov returned to Russia and came out with a Russian album (Russkiy al'bom), backed by the eponymous BG Band, in 1992.

The Aquarium album Favorite songs of Ramses the 4th (Lyubimye pesni Ramzesa IV) was mostly filler, and Archive vol 4 was all outtakes. The band's next three albums are effectively Grebenshchikov's solo albums published under the band's brand. Navigator, Snow lion (Snezhniy lev), and Hyperborea have a stylized Russian feel.

Back to basics (1997–2019)
His 1997 album Lilith is still mostly Russian in lyrical theme but is recorded by way of a chance meeting with his idol Dylan's former backing group, The Band.

His 1999 album Psi features an interpretation through a post-modernistic lens with use of keyboard samplers. His 2002 album Sister Chaos (Sestra Haos), 2003 album Fisherman's songs (Pesni rybaka), and 2005 album ZOOM ZOOM ZOOM had Armenian, Indian, and African influences respectively, particularly from Jivan Gasparyan.

In 2014 he released Salt, "one of the best albums of Grebenshchikov’s long career, an astonishing, visceral piece of work that more than lives up to its moniker: earthy, vital, biting, life-enhancing".

Radio "Aerostat"
Since 2005, Grebenshchikov has had a weekly radio program on Russian radio station Radio Rossii titled Aerostat (Russian: Аэростат). It is presented as "author's program of Boris Grebenshchikov" and he is the creator and speaker. Aerostrat is about alternatives in music and the music not played on today's radio despite its artistic value and originality. Grebenshchikov states that it is mostly independent music which would "otherwise would not be played at all." Songs played on Aerostat vary from 1960s and 1970s rock (e.g., The Beatles, Bob Dylan) to reggae, new wave, alternative rock, electronica, punk, world music, jazz, classical, and avant-garde. As of April 2019, more than 700 shows have been created and broadcast, each approximately 46 minutes long. The track lists and the scripts of all programs are available at official site of Aquarium and Grebenshchikov.

Religion and mysticism
Grebenshchikov is known as a student of religion and mysticism. He has translated several Hindu and Buddhist scriptures into Russian, travelled the Orient widely, and made friends with various spiritual celebrities.

Grebenshchikov's published translations of Buddhist and Hindu texts:

 * Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche (son of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche) Bardo Guidebook – "source material for the Tibetan Book of Living & Dying also known as Tibetan Book of the Dead Bardo Thodol", in 1995.
 * Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche Repeating Words of the Buddha – "the essential points of spiritual practice, inseparable from everyday life", in 1997.
 * Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche Rainbow Painting – "addressing the topics of practices of accumulating and purifying to facilitate unification of view and conduct", in 1999.
 * Shibendu Lahiri Kriya yoga – "authentic teachings and techniques of Kriya Yoga", in 2003.
 * The Katha Upanishad, Upanishad belonging to the Yajur Veda, in 2005.

Opposition to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 5 October 2022, Grebenshchikov appeared on BBC Hardtalk talking about his opposition to the War in Ukraine, his self-imposed exile to London, and his involvement with Dave Stewart to produce an antiwar record.

In June 2023, a Moscow court ordered Grebenshchikov to pay 50,000 rubles in fines for alleged "discreditation of the Russian armed forces", related to an interview Grebenshchikov gave on the Israeli television station Channel 9. Grebenshchikov was later declared a foreign agent by the Russian Ministry of Justice.

Production
Over the years of his career, Grebenshchikov has written more than 500 songs. Additionally, he has recorded cover albums on material from Alexander Vertinsky (Songs of A.Vertinsky (Pesni A.Vertinskogo)) in 1994 and Bulat Okudzhava's (Songs of B.Okudzhava (Pesni B.Okudzhavy)) in 1999, two albums of mantra music with Gabrielle Roth and the Mirrors, (Refuge in 1998 and Bardo in 2002), and an album of electronica versions of Aquarium songs from late 1970s – early 1980s with the Russian duo Deadushki.

Prehistory albums of BG and Aquarium

 * Temptation of the Holy Aquarium (1974)
 * Minuet to the farmer (1974)
 * Parables of Count Diffuser (1975)
 * On the other side of the mirror glass (1976)
 * All brothers are sisters (1978) with Mike Naumenko

Aquarium Studio and Live albums

 * Blue album (1981)
 * Triangle (1981)
 * Electricity (1981)
 * Acoustics (1982)
 * Taboo (1982)
 * Radio Africa (1983)
 * Ichthyology (1984)
 * Silver Day (1984)
 * Children of December (1986)
 * Ten Arrows (1986)
 * Equinox (1988)
 * Black Rose Is an Emblem of Sorrow, Red Rose Is an Emblem of Love (1990)
 * Archive  (1992)
 * Feudalism  (2007)
 * Our life from the point of view of trees (2010)
 * Notes on Flora and Fauna (2010)
 * Dates and prices (2012)
 * The Secret History of Beekeeping (2012)

Aquarium 2.0

 * Library of Babylon (1993)
 * Favorite songs of Ramses IV (1993)
 * Sands of St. Petersburg (1994)
 * Kostroma mon amour (1994)
 * Navigator (1995)
 * Snow Lion (1996)
 * Hyperborea (1997)

Aquarium 3.0

 * Ψ (1999)
 * Territory (2000)
 * Sister Chaos (2002)
 * Songs of a fisherman (2003)
 * ZOOM ZOOM ZOOM (2005)
 * Careless Russian tramp (2006)
 * White horse (2008)
 * Pushkinskaya, 10 (2009)
 * Day of Joy (2010)
 * Arkhangelsk (2011)
 * Aeronautics in the company of sphinxes (2012)
 * Aquarium + (2013)

Aquarium 4.0

 * Songs of the Unloved (2016)
 * Grass Doors (2017)
 * Thor (2020)
 * House of All Saints (2022)

Solo albums

 * Russian Album (1991)
 * Songs by Alexander Vertinsky (1994)
 * Chubchik (1996)
 * Lilith (1997) with The Band
 * Boris Grebenshchikov and Deadushki (1998) with Deadushki
 * Refuge (1998) with Gabrielle Roth
 * Songs by Bulat Okudzhava (1999)
 * Bardo (2002) with Gabrielle Roth
 * No words (2004)
 * Salt (2014)
 * Vremya N (2018)
 * The Sign of Fire (2020)
 * Hear me, good one (2020)
 * Tribute (2021)

title: Boris Grebenshchikov


text:
Aquarium (band)

Aquarium or Akvarium (Аквариум; often stylized as Åквариум) is a Russian rock group formed in Leningrad in 1972. The band is considered one of the founders of Russian rock. Aquarium has had many line-up changes over its history, and lead singer and founder Boris Grebenshchikov is the only remaining original member. Former band members include Anatoly Gunitsky, Mikhail Feinstein, Andrei "Dyusha" Romanov, Vsevolod Gakkel, and Sergey Kuryokhin.

Formation, first lineup (1972–1991)
Aquarium was formed in 1972 by two friends: Boris Grebenshchikov, then a student of applied mathematics at Leningrad State University, and Anatoly (George) Gunitsky, a playwright and absurdist poet. The founding members were Grebenshchikov, George (drums), Alexander Tsatsanidi (bass), Vadim Vasilyev (keyboards), Valery Obogrelov (sound).

The popular story behind the name "Aquarium" is that it was inspired by the Budapest street Leningrad pub "The Aquarium" and suggested by one of the band members. However, Grebenshchikov has given differing stories in interviews, suggesting alternately that it came through band word association sessions or was inspired by a glass aquarium-like building.

In late 1973, guitarist Edmund Shkliarsky (later the leader of Piknik) was briefly a member of the band. Bass player Michael Feinstein-Vasiliev (Fan), the first professional musician in Aquarium, joined in 1973. The next year keyboardist Andrew "Dyusha" Romanov joined the band, and, inspired by rock-flautists Richard Meier and Ian Anderson, retrained as a flautist.

Early concerts
Their first performance took place in March 1973 at their rehearsal base, a small country venue, while others place it at the Leningrad restaurant "Hold" at Central Park of Culture and Recreation, for which they were paid 50 rubles in cash.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, rock and roll was strictly regulated in the Soviet Union, and only a few artists managed to be approved and signed by the government record label Melodiya. Aquarium's usual concert venues were private apartments and they faced many years of fierce competition to land a spot on the label. These "apartment concerts" (квартирники) were a unique Soviet phenomenon created by underground musicians. They were usually acoustic, as noise could cause the neighbors to call the Militsiya, but the limited space fostered an atmosphere of intimacy between the group and its audience, who listened with bated breath, perhaps with someone recording the concert on a simple tape recorder. This was similar to the concept of the Russian bards.

In 1973, Aquarium performed their first live concert, but did not follow it up with regular concerts.

Home recording albums
While on vacation in January–February 1974, Grebenshchikov and George recorded their debut album The Temptation of St. Aquarium/Iskushenie Svyatogo Akvariuma (Russian: Искушение святого Аквариума). The band recorded the album with home recording equipment, with variable sound quality results. The Temptation of St. Aquarium was long thought lost, but in 1997 the record was found and released in 2001 on CD in the book Prehistoric Aquarium. All masters of this record appear to have been lost. Their second album was called Parables of Count Diffusor and was written by Grebenshchikov, George Fan and Dyusha Romanov, probably in the spring of 1975. They followed this up in 1976 with their third album, S Toy Storony Zerkalnogo Stekla, or From the Other Side of a Mirror Glass (Russian: С той стороны зеркального стекла), named using a line from an Arseny Tarkovsky poem.

Theatre and regular performances
In 1974 the group became heavily involved in amateur theatre, playing pieces of absurdity on the steps of the Engineers' Castle. However, when the theater was headed by professional director Eric Goroshevsky, Grebenshchikov became disillusioned with the idea of a fusion of rock, poetry and theatre, and shifted Aquarium's focus to concentrate on musical activities (though they only made a complete break from the theatre group in 1977). George left the band, but kept in touch with its members. The following year, cellist Vsevolod (Seva) Gakkel joined the band.

Aquarium began to regularly perform live in 1976. Their first concert was on February 25, 1976, jointly with Grebenshchikov, Gakkel and Dyusha Romanov. On March 10 Aquarium was a surprise guest at the Tallinn Festival of Popular Music, where they played a set of four acoustic songs and won the prize for the most interesting and varied program.

In 1977 Romanov and bassoon player Alexander "Fagot" Alexandrov ("fagot" ["фагот"] meaning bassoon in Russian) were drafted in the military for two years. With the loss of these members, Grebenshchikov recorded a highly successful solo album All Brothers are Sisters (Vse brat'ya - sestry). Aquarium also became popular to the point that Grebenshchikov was recognised in the street. In 1979 the band met with two important figures of Soviet rock, critic Artemy Troitsky and next year start to work with Andrei Tropillo as a manager in whose studio Aquarium recorded its first 'historic' albums.

Tbilisi Rock Festival
Aquarium burst into the consciousness of the Soviet rock scene by competing at the 1980 Tbilisi Rock Festival. The band caused a scandal with their performance, which was considered bizarre and shocking. During the set, Grebenshchikov lay down on the stage and made provocative movements while playing the guitar, causing all the jury members to demonstratively leave the hall. Aquarium was accused of promoting homosexuality (the guitar actions), incest (Grebenshchikov changed words while singing the song "Marina", though this may have been through poor technique) and indecency, and banned from the festival. The incident became known in Leningrad, and as a result Grebenshchikov lost his job and was expelled from the Komsomol (Young Communist's League, expected of working Russians). However, while they did not receive any prizes, the band's performance made them become a symbol of the Soviet alternative culture.

Until 1987, Aquarium recorded all of their albums in live concerts and in a self-assembled underground studio (several members had engineering education) disguised as a "Young Technicians Club". A notable exception was the album Radio Africa (1983), which was secretly recorded using a government-owned mobile studio, after bribing a technician.

Mainstream success
The advent of Glasnost in the second half of the 1980s brought many underground Russian rock musicians to public recognition and Aquarium became one of the most popular acts. They were allowed to play in large concert halls, appeared on state-owned television and recorded soundtracks for several films, most notably Assa. In 1987 they recorded their first album for the state-owned Melodiya record label. With official backing and legalized distribution the album was a huge hit in the Soviet Union, selling well over a million copies within a few months. Grebenshchikov subsequently recorded two albums in English and toured with several different backing bands. In 1992, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, he released music under the name The BG-Band, The Russian Album, a collection of melancholic folk songs influenced by his travels all over Russia and demonstrating a return to his Russian roots.

Second lineup (1992–present)
Grebenshchikov kept touring and shortly returned to calling his band "Aquarium", although the lineup bore little resemblance to the original band. In 1996, Aquarium co-headlined (along with DDT) the VladiROCKstok music festival in Vladivostok; at one memorable point, Grebenshchikov famously invited thousands of fans to stream out of their grandstand seats and into the area near the performance stage.

The band continued to release more albums and tour extensively over the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and places with Russian-speaking immigrant communities in Germany, Israel and the United States. In 2007, Aquarium performed for the first time at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2008 the "Aquarium International" project (with participation of over 20 musicians worldwide) was created.

Their 2008 album Loshad' Belaya (White Horse) was released in a similar fashion to Radiohead's 2007 In Rainbows: it was offered for free download in mp3 format with the downloader opting to pay the amount they saw fit.

Although often criticized for departure from their original style and constant line-up changes, which made the later incarnations of Aquarium essentially a Grebenshchikov solo project, the group still enjoyed considerable success in Russia with regular radio airplay of their old and new songs, popular albums, and frequent tours.

Aquarium's lineup in 2017 consisted of Boris Grebenshchikov, Andrey Surotdinov (violin), Alexey Zubarev (guitars), Alexander Titov (bass), Liam Bradley (drums) and Brian Finnegan (flute).

Musical influences
Aquarium were strongly influenced by Western rock music, particularly by The Beatles, Bob Dylan, David Bowie, T. Rex, and progressive rock acts like Jethro Tull, King Crimson and Roxy Music as well as by new wave and reggae artists. This was reflected in the band's often complex compositions and wide-ranging lyric themes, even including references to Celtic and Indian cultures.

Documentary films about Aquarium and Grebenshchikov

 * Rok (film) («Рок»; 1987), dir. Alexei Uchitel, Soviet Union
 * The Long Way Home (1989), dir. Michael Apted, United States

Soundtracks by Aquarium

 * Ivanov («Иванов»; 1981), student film, dir. Aleksandr Nekhoroshev, Aleksandr Ilkhovsky
 * Assa (1987), dir. Sergei Solovyov
 * Zolotoy Son («Золотой сон»; 1989), dir. Sergey Debizhev
 * Black Rose Is an Emblem of Sorrow, Red Rose Is an Emblem of Love (1989), dir. Sergei Solovyov
 * Dva Kapitana 2 («Два капитана 2»; 1992), dir. Sergey Debizhev

Other
In 1991, Dyusha Romanov appeared as on-screen narrator in Leningrad Television's Khraniteli, a two-part version of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring. He also composed the film score, which Aquarium played.

title: Aquarium (band)