text:
Talk:Cleckheaton

Untitled
Removing "Unlike surrounding towns, such as Batley, Dewsbury and Bradford, Cleckheaton has remained almost entirely White in its ethnic composition." as it needs statistics to back it up for it to be valid. Sanguinus 17:12, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Images
Well done on the addition of the images to this page, they're clear, illustrative and the page has lacked them for too long. Mtaylor848 (talk) 18:15, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:53, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Utah Grizzlies

The Utah Grizzlies are a professional ice hockey team in the ECHL. They play their home games at Maverik Center in West Valley City, Utah.

Franchise history
The current Utah Grizzlies franchise started in 1981 as the Nashville South Stars in Nashville, Tennessee, in the Central Hockey League. Henry Brabham then took over the team in 1983 and relocated them to Vinton, Virginia mid-season, to become the Virginia Lancers. Brabham and the Lancers were then one of the founding members of the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) in 1988. The franchise was sold and relocated several times until it went dormant after the 2002–03 season. After the American Hockey League (AHL) incarnation of the Grizzlies suspended operations, David Elmore and Donna Tuttle bought the rights to the dormant ECHL franchise and moved the team to the E Center to replace the previous Grizzlies franchise.

Prior to the 2013–14 season, their NHL affiliate Calgary Flames changed their affiliation to the Alaska Aces. Incoming head coach and general manager Tim Branham announced a three-year agreement with the Anaheim Ducks on August 7, 2013. After the Grizzlies made the post-season in every season within the Ducks organization, the Grizzlies and Ducks agreed to a multi-year extension during the 2015–16 season.

Following the 2017–18 season, the Grizzlies missed the post-season for the first time in 11 years. At that time, their ECHL rival, the Colorado Eagles, joined the American Hockey League as an affiliate of the Colorado Avalanche after previously serving as the Avalanche affiliate in the ECHL. The Grizzlies ended their agreement with the Ducks and affiliated with the Avalanche, their then-closest geographical NHL club.

The market was previously served by:
 * Utah Grizzlies of the IHL and AHL (1995–2005)

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL= Shootout losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalty infraction minutes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Utah Grizzlies


text:
Capuchin

Capuchin can refer to:
 * Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, an order of Roman Catholic friars
 * Capuchin Poor Clares, an order of Roman Catholic contemplative religious sisters
 * Capuchin monkey, primates of the genus Cebus and Sapajus, named after the friars
 * Capuchin Crypt, a room located beneath the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini in Rome, Italy
 * Old Dutch Capuchine, a breed of fancy pigeon

title: Capuchin


text:
OFB

OFB may refer to:

 * Original Fila Brasileiro, a working farm dog breed from Brazil
 * Ordnance Factories Board, an Indian industrial setup engaged in the production of arms, ammunition and other equipment for military and civilian applications
 * Austrian Football Association (German: Österreichischer Fußball-Bund, ÖFB)
 * Outflow boundary, in meteorology, the leading edge of precipitation-cooled air emanating from a thunderstorm
 * Output feedback, a mode of operation for block ciphers in cryptography
 * Overseas Filipino Bank, a state-owned bank in the Philippines
 * Oklahoma Farm Bureau
 * Open for Business (blog)|Open for Business]], an online general interest publication with a technology focus
 * The Sims 2: Open for Business
 * Oregon Food Bank
 * OFB (rap group), or Original Farm Boys, a UK drill music group
 * Operation Forth Bridge, the national plan for handling the death of Prince Philip

title: OFB


text:
St. John's Maple Leafs

The St. John's Maple Leafs were a minor ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, at Memorial Stadium from 1991 to 2001, and at Mile One Stadium from 2001 to 2005. The team was also colloquially known as the "Baby Leafs" after their parent NHL team, the Toronto Maple Leafs.

While the AHL had a strong presence in Atlantic Canada in the 1980s and 1990s, largely due to the desire of several National Hockey League Canadian franchises to continue to pay players sent down to the minors in Canadian dollars, by 2004, St. John's was the last remaining team in the region prior to its relocation to Ontario.

History
The Leafs' AHL franchise was established in Moncton, New Brunswick, in 1978 as the New Brunswick Hawks, where they played until 1982. The franchise had stops in St. Catharines, Ontario, as the St. Catharines Saints (1982–1986) and Newmarket, Ontario, as the Newmarket Saints (1986–1991). The St. John's Maple Leafs were established in 1991 when the Toronto Maple Leafs moved its AHL farm team to St. John's, becoming the first professional ice hockey team in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The team initially played their home games at Memorial Stadium. The St. John's Maple Leafs played their inaugural game on May 8, 1991, in front of a sold-out crowd, where they defeated the Fredericton Canadiens 5–3. The team made it to the Calder Cup finals in their inaugural season, losing a seven game series to the Adirondack Red Wings four-games-to-three. The Leafs were crowned division champions for the 1992–93 and 1996–97 seasons, and won the regular season title during the 1993–94 AHL season.

In 1993, municipal workers for the City of St. John's voted to strike including the city staff operating the St. John's Memorial Stadium. Prior a game in February, the Maple Leafs team arrived at the stadium on a bus, where they were met by a picket line of strikers who then surrounded the bus and began rocking it with the team and personnel on board. Local police were able to intervene, allowing the bus and Maple Leafs to escape unharmed. Following the incident, the Leafs took an extended road trip and the Toronto Maple Leafs threatened to pull the team out of the province. They remained at Memorial Stadium for ten seasons until moving to the newly built Mile One Centre in downtown St. John's in 2001. The Maple Leafs were a successful team throughout their time in St. John's and made multiple appearances in the AHL Calder Cup playoffs (missing the playoffs in 2000, 2003, and 2004). On April 29, 2005, the Maple Leafs played their final game, losing 4–0 to the Manitoba Moose in game five of the division semifinal round of the playoffs at the MTS Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Leafs' final home game was a 6–1 victory in game two of the semifinals.

Their 2005 playoff loss marked the end of 34 consecutive seasons of the AHL's presence in Atlantic Canada, which began in 1971 with the Nova Scotia Voyageurs in Halifax, Nova Scotia. By 2005, the nearest opponent of the St. John's Maple Leafs were the Portland Pirates at a distance of 1781 km. In an effort to reduce travel costs, the parent club, ultimately decided to relocate the team to Toronto for the 2005–06 season, where it became known as the Toronto Marlies.

Equipment manager
Shannon (Shaq) Coady was the original stick boy for the St. John's Maple Leafs, after winning a local contest at the age of 14. Coady became the team's equipment manager, and he remained in that role until the team's relocation to Toronto. Coady went on to work for the St. John's Fog Devils of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, and the American Hockey League's St. John's IceCaps. Coady was a well-known figure in NL, due to his work with the province's professional sports teams. Coady died on March 24, 2021, prompting tributes from NHL players and personnel, who had worked with Coady.

Mascot
The St. John's Maple Leafs' team mascot was a puffin named "Buddy." Buddy wore a Maple Leafs home jersey with the number 92 to commemorate the year he was introduced. The puffin design was selected from a fan contest to create a mascot for the Leafs' second season. Buddy remained the mascot until the team's departure in 2005. Buddy was reintroduced as the mascot for the St. John's IceCaps wearing an IceCaps home jersey with his familiar number of 92. Buddy also served as the mascot for the Newfoundland Growlers of the ECHL. Chris Abbott, the man in the costume, died in St. John's on February 1, 2022.

Media
St. John's Maple Leafs games were broadcast by VOCM news radio, (and by CJYQ in later seasons) and on local television by Cable Atlantic, which was acquired by Rogers Communications in 2001. Brian Rogers was the long-time voice of the St. John's Maple Leafs, after taking over the role from George MacClaren in 1994.

Affiliates

 * Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL, 1991–2005)
 * Greensboro Generals (ECHL, 2002–03 season)
 * Pensacola Ice Pilots (ECHL, 2004–05 season)

Coaches

 * Marc Crawford (1991–1994)
 * Tom Watt (1994–1995)
 * Mike Foligno (1995–1996)
 * Mark Hunter (1996–1997)
 * Al MacAdam (1997–2000)
 * Lou Crawford (2000–2003)
 * Doug Shedden (2003–2005)

Notable alumni

 * Kevyn Adams
 * Jean-Sebastien Aubin
 * Patrik Augusta
 * Don Beaupre
 * Lonny Bohonos
 * Sebastien Centomo
 * Rich Chernomaz
 * Marcel Cousineau
 * Marc Crawford
 * Nathan Dempsey
 * Kelly Fairchild
 * Brad Leeb
 * David Ling
 * Donald MacLean
 * Ken McRae
 * Mike Minard
 * Yanic Perreault
 * Felix Potvin
 * Joel Quenneville
 * Chris Snell
 * Shawn Thornton
 * Jimmy Waite
 * Kyle Wellwood
 * Brian Wiseman
 * Bob Wren

Single Season

 * Goals: 53 - Patrik Augusta (1993–94)
 * Assists: 74 - Chris Snell (1993–94)
 * Points: 110 - Rich Chernomaz (1993–94)
 * Penalty minutes: 354 - Shawn Thornton (1998–99)
 * GAA (min 25 games): 2.42 - Mike Minard (2000–01)
 * SV% (min 25 games): .926 - Sebastien Centomo (2001–02)
 * Shutouts: 6 - Jimmy Waite (1999–2000)

Career

 * Games: 508 - Nathan Dempsey
 * Goals: 132 - Yanic Perreault
 * Assists: 196 - Nathan Dempsey
 * Points: 276 - Yanic Perreault
 * Penalty minutes: 1215 - Shawn Thornton
 * Goaltending wins: 80 - Marcel Cousineau
 * Shutouts: 7 - Jimmy Waite

title: St. John's Maple Leafs


text:
Talk:Buyeo Pung

Concerning Use of "Hostage"
What Japanese editors of East Asian history need to understand is that the Korean word 볼모 was considerably different in meaning during the Three Kingdoms Period compared to later eras. While 볼모 later meant "hostage" as in a figure being kidnapped to achieve cooperation from an unwilling state or obtain tribute, during the Three Kingdoms Period, 볼모 represented a person sent to reside in another nation in order to maintain an alliance or as a form of trade-off, such as military assistance. In short, 볼모 originally indicated an exchange of favors, and later came to represent a one-sided threat. In the case of Baekje aristocracy and royalty in Japan, most were there as envoys or guests to ensure goodwill and continued support from the Yamato court. This is different from the example of the Joseon Dynasty, when King Injo's two sons were kidnapped and Korea was forced to send military assistance, acknowledge the Qing Dynasty as the new empire of China, etc, a rather one-sided deal (if it had been the Three Kingdoms Period, it would be the Qing, not Joseon, that would have sent a royal to the Korean court in exchange for recognition and support). I hope this clears up confusion concerning why supposed Korean "hostages" in Japan were dignitaries. --Jh.daniell 00:28, 25 May 2006 (GMT+9:00-Tokyo)

 * English "hostage" and Korean "볼모" is not the same word. While "볼모" may now epresent a one-sided threat, "hostage" does not. 'hostage' in English means 'person given as a pledge or security for the performance of the conditions of a treaty or stipulations of any kind, on the performance of which the person is to be released.' Which fits your description 'a person sent to reside in another nation in order to maintain an alliance or as a form of trade-off, such as military assistance.' I think the use of "hostage" is appropriate. You also have not provided any reliable source that describe the Baekje princes "sent as a dignitary" yet. --Kusunose 05:29, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

I see that you've been running around fixing all references to Buyeo Pung or Jeonji as dignitaries, Kusonose, and that you've been working extra hard to degrade Korea. I rather understand your feelings (especially considering Japan's disgusting attempts to beautify its history), but this has gone far enough. A hostage and 볼모 today would indicate someone taken forcibly to initiate the performance of a condition, but 볼모 during the Three Kingdoms Period meant a resident of a foreign country so that the host nation would do something for the state the individual represents. Perhaps a diagram would help.
 * ex) --(?)->: Consensus / ->(?): Unconsensual
 * Three Kingdoms Period: Baekje             --Buyeo Pung->            Wa (Beneficial for both sides)
 * <-Military Assistance, Good Relations--
 * Modern Era:           Family               ->Daughter               Kidnapper (Beneficial for one side)
 * --Money Bundles->

That is why "hostage" cannot be considered an appropriate interpretation for the ancient meaning of 볼모. Considering that my point should be clear by now, I shall have to turn "hostage" back to "pledge".--Jh.daniell 19:08, 2 June 2006 (GMT+9:00-Tokyo)

 * It's not about my feeling but verifiability. While there are several papers describing Baekje princes sent to Japan as 'hostages', you have never provided any citations that support your argument. --Kusunose 07:11, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

I simply do not understand your insistence on turning the neutral term "pledge" back to "hostage." I've explained myself thoroughly, so I certainly won't be posting another explanation or diagram, but seriously, does it feel any better by changing a perfectly unbiased word into a term that carries negative ethical connotations? Does it change history into making Wa Japan a model country to Baekje as China was? No, but never mind. I've had enough of dealing with Japanese revisionists, nationalists, apologists, and sock puppets, so I'll have to revert whatever you did.--Jh.daniell 14:54, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Please cite your sources and refrain from doing original research. --Kusunose 08:54, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * (I am a chinese.)I don't understand the meaning of 볼모. But I know that in ancient Chinese, "王子扶餘豊嘗質於倭國者立之爲王":嘗"質"於倭國者,"質"="質子". A "質子" is not a captor, but a willing royal hostage. I think "ward and hostage" is appropriate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 61.31.170.208 (talk) 18:24, 14 January 2007 (UTC).

Descriptions of being against the historical facts significantly appear throughout the articles regarding Korean history. Please stop to write down your own theory and quote general and authoritative background materials including history books and peer-reviewed journal articles.Airaseed (talk) 16:16, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

Bokshin?
In the article, there is a red link to 'Bokshin' who is described as "General Bokshin of Baekje revival forces". Then in the next sentence mentions 'general Boksin'. Is the former a typo of the latter? Or they are different person? I can't find any references to Bokshin so I guess it's typo. --Kusunose 07:27, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes,Bokshin=Boksin(hanja=福信),in fact, his full name is "鬼室福信"(鬼室 is his family name). See

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%BC%E5%AE%A4%E7%A6%8F%E4%BF%A1 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 61.31.165.82 (talk) 05:35, 14 January 2007 (UTC).

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Fifth Column (band)

Fifth Column was a Canadian all-female post-punk band from Toronto, formed in 1980 and breaking up in 1995.

History
The band began as a trio named Second Unit, with GB Jones on drums, Kathleen Pirrie Adams on bass, and Janet Martin on guitar. Caroline Azar saw this group play in the fall of 1980, and shortly after successfully auditioned as singer, and this lineup played their first gig as Fifth Column in late 1980.

The band took the name Fifth Column from their interpretation of an alleged military manoeuvre by fascist Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War, in which Nazi-aligned nationalist insurrectionists within besieged Republican Madrid, called the Fifth column, aided the four columns (north, south, east and west) outside the city's perimeters.

Soon after forming, the group became involved in the Cassette culture of the 1980s. Their first release was a selection of songs on the cassette compilation Urban Scorch released by Some Product in 1981. GB Jones, Caroline Azar and Candy Parker released an underground xerox art/social commentary zine named Hide, of which they published five issues. After its first issue, they came out with audio cassettes that were compilations of music by their punk, post-punk and experimental contemporaries, like Anti-Scrunti Faction, The Dave Howard Singers, Mydolls, The Party's Over, Really Red, Rongwrong, and Michael Phillip Wojewoda, as well as Fifth Column. It is important to note that mainstream local media/middle-of-the-road maligners of the group, were a mix of music reporters/columnists who were both female and male, uncomfortable with the sound and performance, not considered palatable at the time. The trend behind the attacks were based on the band's approach to their genderific sketch of themselves as Second Wave feminists, disrupting populist ideas of being, songwriting, language and image. The commercial and careerist alternative scenes made of hetero-normative and gay assimilationists were also most threatened. The few Canadians in the media championing were: Radio Hosts/Journalists; CKLN's Denise Benson, The Eye's Chris O'Connor, The Sun's John Sakamoto, The Globe and Mail's Liam Lacey, CBC Brave New Wave's hosts Brent Banbury and Kevin Komoda. The Fifth Column sound forged on Vinyl, would not be, without the deftness of Producers/Engineers: Peter D. Hudson (Dundrells), Walter Sobczak (Sturm Group), MP Wojewoda and the elusive Jack Freimanis. The aforementioned actualized the sound that Jones and Azar were aiming for. There were no female producers available or interested at that innate time in Toronto history and culture. There were many girls close to the group who were inspiring friends/muses, and many of them appeared in the music video "Donna", like Jena Von Brucker, Mic Hell, Norma Jean LeFebvre and Ottilie Mason.

Their first vinyl release was the 7" Boy-Girl EP produced in 1983 by Voicepondence Records.

The name of their first full-length recording To Sir With Hate was a play on the theme song from the British school film, To Sir With Love, performed by Lulu. Produced by Michael Phillip Wojewoda, it is now considered a classic of Canadian music; at the 2016 Polaris Music Prize it was named a shortlisted nominee in the 1976-1985 category for the 2016 Polaris Music Prize, the 2017 Polaris Music Prize, and the 2018 Polaris Music Prize.

A song from this LP, "The Fairview Mall Story" was based on true events concerning media publication of the names of men arrested after being entrapped by police and was instrumental in paving the way for the emergence of the queercore scene. Their video for the song, directed by indie feature film director Steven Rumbelow, involved 50's images of men cruising in their new cars, shopping malls, and car crashes, was intercut with the band and go-go dancer Bruce La Bruce. A video for the song "Where Are they Now?" was also made, directed by Marc de Guerre.

Their live shows often included films played overtop of the band and a 'go-go' boy dancing. They were frequently accompanied by guest musicians who played instruments as varied as saxophone, trumpet, flute, or violin.

Independent-minded, they released their recordings, including their second full-length recording All-Time Queen Of The World, themselves. A video for the song "Like This" from the album was directed by Bruce LaBruce with the band. The band also appeared on a number of compilations.

In 1992 they released a single, "All Women Are Bitches", on the independent record label K Records. "All Women Are Bitches" was produced by Walter Sobczak and Fifth Column. Despite being controversial and receiving little airplay, the recording was reviewed by Everett True and voted "Single Of The Week" in the UK music publication Melody Maker. This song was included as well on their last full-length recording, 36C, released in 1994. That same year a video for the song Donna was also released. It was the flipside of the 1992 single and was also on the album.

The band broke up in early 1995, playing their final show in Ottawa. Jones has said the band were frustrated that she was too busy with a gallery in New York and many other projects. This led to Azar quitting after a missed an opportunity to tour the UK.

The band's last recording was released in 2002, on the Kill Rock Stars compilation, Fields And Streams.

Caroline Azar again teamed up with G.B. Jones to create the installation/performance The Bruised Garden in 2013 at The Theatre Centre in Toronto, Ontario, which included music composed by the pair and credited to Fifth Column, making this their last song written together.

Band members have performed with other groups as well. Caroline Azar has recorded with Kickstand from New York, and Jolly Tambourine Man, Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet, Greek Buck and Hidden Cameras from Toronto. Since the breakup of the band: Azar produces her librettos/compositions for her dramatic musicals MAN-O-REXIC and D.I.N.K and other musical commissions. In 2015, Azar combined Wilfred Owen's anti-war poem Anthem for Doomed Youth with original music she composed for Peter Hinton's play The End at Theatre 20. Azar surprised audiences with her (2018 and 2019) two-part one-woman comedy stand up walking tour/lecture on the absurdity of civics, expressly written for actress-comedienne Jamillah Ross as PEO Rita Mae Nelson entitled "St. Peon Of The People and St. Peon of Parkdale. The third installment was entitled St. Peon Of The Planet and was slated to go to The Edinburgh Festival, also starring GB Jones and Joel Gibb.

Beverly Breckenridge toured with The Spinnanes and was also a member of Phono-Comb.

Prior to her involvement with Fifth Column, Jones was part of the electropunk band Bunny and the Lakers. She has collaborated with the Italian dark ambient group Mariae Nascenti and appeared on the single "Party With The Devil" by Agnoema. Jones now performs with Opera Arcana. In 2015, Caroline Azar teamed up with Opera Arcana to create a theatrical performance called The Bruised Spirits of Southern Ontario, an adult gothic folk musical experience based on the music of Opera Arcana, featuring Jones and Minus Smile (formerly of Kids On TV). Azar wrote the story (inspired by Jones' and Kerr's trance-based meditations) and directed and produced the experimental multi media event for Opera Arcana at Videofag (run by Jordan Tannahill and William Ellis). Opera Arcana appeared as guest musicians on UK artist Nick Hudson's 2016 release Ganymede In A State of War. In 2017, Opera Arcana recorded an original soundtrack for the film Downroad by Kelly Wydryk, released on CD in 2019.

Fifth Column have been nominated for a Polaris Music Prize in the Heritage section for the 2016 Polaris Music Prize, 2017 Polaris Music Prize, and 2018 Polaris Music Prize.

In popular culture
In 2004 the song "All Women Are Bitches" was covered and re-imagined by the band Lesbians On Ecstasy on their self-titled debut album, Lesbians On Ecstasy, as "Bitchsy". in 2005, it was remixed and sampled along with "Bitchsy" by Kids on TV for the compilation album Giggles In The Dark.

In 2012, a documentary film by Kevin Hegge, called She Said Boom: The Story of Fifth Column was released featuring interviews with band members Caroline Azar, G.B. Jones, and Beverly Breckenridge, with commentary on the influence of Fifth Column by Toronto artist John Brown, Vaginal Davis, Kathleen Hanna and Bruce LaBruce.

Albums

 * To Sir With Hate (1985) Hide Records
 * All-Time Queen of the World (1990) Hide Records
 * 36C (1994) K Records

EPs

 * Fifth Column EP (also known as Boy, Girl EP - contains tracks "Monsieur Beauchamps" / "Boy, Girl" / "Legionnaires") (1983) Voicespondence Records

Singles

 * "All Women Are Bitches/Donna" 7" on K Records (1992)
 * "Don't" 7" split single with God Is My Co-Pilot on Outpunk Records (1994)
 * "I Love You, But" 7" split single with Trailer Queen on Dark Beloved Cloud Records (1995)

Soundtracks

 * Work (1989) Hide Records & Tapes; soundtrack for the video by Paulette Phillips and Geoffrey Shea, cassette only release

Compilation appearances

 * "Hit The Dirt","Lapsed State", "Dry Goods", "Pick Ups", "Trojans", Boy/Girl" on Urban Scorch, Some Products (cassette only) (1981)
 * "Incident Prone", on Urban Renewal, Hide Tape 4 (cassette only) (1984)
 * "Right Hook", on Dementia 5, Hide Tape 5 (cassette only) (1985)
 * "The Fairview Mall Story" on J.D.s Top Ten Hit Parade Tape, Hide Records & Tapes (cassette only) (1990)
 * "Like This" on Brave New Waves, CBC Records (1991)
 * "Yo-Yo" on The Yo-Yo Gang, Bitch Nation Records & Tapes; soundtrack for the film by G.B. Jones (cassette only) (1992)
 * "Chewing Gum" on Keep On The Sunny Side: A Tribute to the Carter Family, Amoeba Records (1993)
 * "Bad Madelaine" on Wired For Sound, CKLN-FM (1993)
 * "All Women Are Bitches" on International Hip Swing, K Records (1993)
 * "Detox Killer/Erotic Thriller" on Rock Stars Kill, Kill Rock Stars (1994)
 * "Don't" on Free to Fight, Chainsaw Records and Candy Ass Records co-release (1995)
 * "Imbecile" on Fields And Streams, Kill Rock Stars, (2002)

Soundtrack appearances

 * Fifth Column at the Funnel, directed by John Porter (1982)
 * Work, directed by Paulette Phillips and Geoffrey Shea (1987)
 * The Troublemakers, directed by G.B. Jones (1990)
 * The Yo-Yo Gang, directed by G.B. Jones (1992)
 * My Niagara, directed by Helen Lee (1992)
 * A Gun For Jennifer, directed by Todd Morris (1996)
 * She's Real, directed by Lucy Thane (1997)
 * Queercore: A Punk-u-mentary, directed by Scott Treleaven (1997)
 * The Law of Enclosures, directed by John Greyson (2000)
 * She Said Boom: The Story of Fifth Column, directed by Kevin Hegge (2012)

Videography

 * Donna, directed by Friday Myers (1994)
 * Like This, directed by Bruce LaBruce (1990)

Most recent line-up

 * G.B. Jones (drums, guitar, vocals)
 * Caroline Azar (vocals, organ, guitar)
 * Beverly Breckenridge (bass; 1986 -) (also of Phono-Comb)

Previous members

 * Kathleen Pirrie Adams (bass; 1980–1982)
 * Janet Martin (guitar; 1980–1985)
 * Anita Smith (bass; 1982–1986)
 * Charlotte Briede (guitar; 1985–1990)
 * David Keyes (of The Polkaholics) (drums; 1989)
 * Joel Wasson (drums; 1990–1992)
 * Chaz Salmon (guitar; 1990–1992)
 * Michelle Breslin (of Karaoke and Sadoceanspacebear) (guitar; 1992–1995)
 * Don Pyle (of Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet and Phono-Comb) (drums; 1992–1993)
 * Donna Dresch (of Team Dresch) (guitar; 1993)
 * Torry Colichio (drums; 1993–1994)
 * Luc Menard (drums; 1995–1995)
 * Anne McLean (bass; unknown years)

title: Fifth Column (band)


text:
CTR

CTR may refer to:

Engineering, science and technology

 * Counter mode (CTR mode), a cryptographic mode of operation for block ciphers
 * X-ray crystal truncation rod, a technique to measure properties of crystal surfaces
 * Current transfer ratio, in an opto-isolator device
 * Content Threat Removal, a cyber security technology that defeats content threats

Government

 * Cooperative Threat Reduction, an initiative to secure and dismantle weapons of mass destruction in former Soviet Union states
 * Currency transaction report, a report about transactions that the Bank Secrecy Act requires U.S. financial institutions to file with the Internal Revenue Service

Media, arts and entertainment

 * Contemporary Theatre Review, a British academic journal of performing arts
 * Crash Team Racing, Naughty Dog's 1999 video game for the Sony PlayStation
 * Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled, its 2019 remake

Medicine

 * Cardiac resynchronization therapy
 * Cardio-thoracic ratio, a measure of the size of heart
 * Carpal tunnel release, surgery for treating carpal tunnel syndrome
 * Cervico-thoracic ratio, a measure of segmental mobility in the spine
 * Clinical trials registry, an official catalog for studies about health interventions, such as drugs

Organizations

 * Center for Transportation Research UT Austin, a research center at the University of Texas at Austin, US
 * Center for Turbulence Research, a research institute at Stanford University, US
 * Correct the Record, an American political action committee which supported Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign
 * Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, a company that was renamed IBM in 1924

Transport

 * Aerolíneas Centauro (ICAO airline designator: CTR), an airline in Mexico
 * Cattle Creek Airport (IATA airport code: CTR), an airport in Australia
 * Controlled traffic region, a controlled airspace zone, typically around airports
 * Carlton Trail Railway, a Saskatchewan, US shortline railway
 * Chester railway station (station code), England

Automobile models

 * Honda Civic Type R, a car manufactured by Honda
 * Ruf CTR, a car by Ruf Automobile of Germany

Other uses

 * Click-through rate, a measure of the success of an online advertising campaign
 * "Choose the right", a common Latter Day Saint saying, often found on a CTR ring
 * Close target reconnaissance, a military term for scouting in extremely close proximity to the target
 * Competitive trail riding, an equestrian sport
 * Costa Rica, ITU country code

title: CTR


text:
Unaysaurus

Unaysaurus is a genus of unaysaurid sauropodomorph herbivore dinosaur. Discovered in southern Brazil, in the geopark of Paleorrota, in 1998, and announced in a press conference on Thursday, December 3, 2004, it is one of the oldest dinosaurs known. It is closely related to plateosaurid dinosaurs found in Germany, which indicates that it was relatively easy for species to spread across the giant landmass of the time, the supercontinent of Pangaea.

The fossils of Unaysaurus are well preserved. They consist of an almost complete skull, complete with a lower jaw, and partial skeleton with many of the bones still connected to each other in their natural positions. It is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons (including complete skull) ever recovered in Brazil.

Discovery and naming
Unaysaurus was found in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, near the city of Santa Maria. It was recovered from the red beds of the Caturrita Formation, which is the geologic formation where similarly old dinosaurs like Saturnalia have been found. The oldest dinosaurs in the world are from here and nearby in Argentina (like the Eoraptor), which suggests that the first dinosaurs may have originated in the area.

In 2004, Luciano A. Leal, Sergio A. K. Azevodo, Alexander W. A. Kellner, and Átila A. S. da Rosa described Unaysaurus tolentinoi as a new genus and species on the basis of the holotype specimen UFSM 11069. The generic name, "Unaysaurus", comes from the word unay (u-na-hee), meaning "black water" in the local Tupi language, which in turn refers to Agua Negra (also "black water"), the Portuguese name for the region where the fossils were found. The specific name, "tolentinoi" honors Tolentino Marafiga, who discovered the fossils by the side of a road in 1998.

Description
Like most early dinosaurs, Unaysaurus was relatively small, and walked on two legs. It was only 2.5 m long, 70 to 80 cm tall, and weighed about 70 kg).

In 2023, Müller and colleagues described the remains of a juvenile specimen of Unaysaurus that was found associated with the holotype. The bones, including partial vertebrae and various foot material, are similarly proportioned to the bones of the holotype.

Classification
Upon its description, Unaysaurus was assigned to the Plateosauridae. Under this assignment, the closest relative of Unaysaurus was, counter intuitively, not from South America, but rather Plateosaurus, which lived about 210 million years ago in Germany. However, in 2018, Unaysaurus was found to belong to the newly erected clade Unaysauridae, alongside Macrocollum and Jaklapallisaurus, the former of which was from Brazil.

Paleoecology
Unaysaurus lived between about 225 to 200 million years ago, in the Carnian or Norian age of the late Triassic period. It was found in the south of Brazil, which at the time was connected to northwest Africa. The whole world was united into the great supercontinent of Pangaea, which was just starting to divide into Laurasia in the north, and Gondwana in the south. A U-Pb (Uranium decay) dating found that the Caturrita Formation dated around 225.42 million years ago, putting it less than 10 million years younger than the Santa Maria and Ischigualasto Formations, from where the earliest dinosaurs are known.

The Caturrita Formation has uncovered a wide variety of fauna, although the formation is also referred to as the upper portion of the Santa Maria 2 Sequence. Multiple dinosauriforms are represented in the rock of the formation, including the silesaur Sacisaurus agudoensis, and the coeval sauropodomorph Guaibasaurus candelariensis, all of which are not found anywhere else. The dicynodont Jachaleria candelariensis, an unclassified phytosaur, and isolated teeth of archosaur origin can also be unearthed in the formation. A single stereospondyl amphibian is known from the formation, but has not yet been identified specifically.

An extremely rich amount of small tetrapods have been recovered from the Caturrita Formation, which is quite surprising. They measure less than 15 cm long. Species preserved are the procolophonid Soturnia caliodon, the lepidosaur Cargninia enigmatica, the sphenodontid Clevosaurus brasiliensis, and some small therapsids coexisting with Faxinalipterus minima, a putative pterosaur. The therapsids include Riograndia guaibensis, Brasilodon quadrangularis, and Irajatherium hernandezi.

title: Unaysaurus


text:
Talk:Sedimentary rock

overemphasis of siliciclastic rock
This pooopooo article seems to be over emphasizing siliciclastic rocks with very little aboung unsigned comment added by 86.136.82.199 (talk) 13:07, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

QUESTION
What are some uses of sedimentary rocks??? there are no uses for sedimentry rock there are just a figment of your imagination —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.98.14.78 (talk) 21:21, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

siltstone
yes, it is a bit difficult to understand There are also other classifications of clastic and organic sedimentary rocks, which are not available here. Moreover the pictures are very deficient which create problem in understanding. made by, Kassidy Smith.

contours of shale and other sedimentary rocks
dear everyone, i'm trying to write about shale and other sedimentary rocks and i just need a few websites or any info available about these sedimentary rocks. any help about where to go to for info would be greatly appreciated. please reply to madewann [at] hotmail [dot] com cheers, W. Mann —Preceding unsigned comment added by User:Madewann (talk • contribs)

this page isnt for asking for help on projects, unless the project in question is the page itself.--58.107.30.145 08:00, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

shale is deposited clay.
Is clay really a sedementary rock as this article stated before? Isn't shale the sedementary rock type that consists of clays? http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/SedRx/SimpModl.html /Joe Hill —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joe hill (talk • contribs) 10:34, 20 January 2007
 * Agreed. Clay minerals are sediments - the lithified product is either shale, mudstone or claystone, the difference is presence or lack of fissility. Vsmith 14:07, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Layers
you don't have anything about sedimentary rocks with layers in this article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.39.96.249 (talk) 19:44, 20 January 2007 (UTC).

QUESTION
I miss information about terms like 'softlimestone' or 'hardlimestone'. I wonder if they can be considered as types of limestone —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.85.139.75 (talk) 13:15, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

"List to prose" tag removed
I'm removing the "List to prose" tag. Embedded list presents examples of where lists are preferred to prose (!!!), and one of them is logical hierarchies. The bullet list in article Sedimentary presents a hierarchical taxonomy, similar to those used in biology. The alternative presentation would be a phylogram, but: that would be overkill for a simple hierarchy which at present is fairly simple; bullet lists are the most accessible way to present hierarchies, as ALT text in images has limited capabilties (and possibly length) while ASCII art (the most common way of showing phylograms in Wikipedia) is unintelligible to people with severe visual handicaps.Philcha 13:01, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. Too often the objection is "satisfied" simply by removing the line breaks or bullets, and rendering a list as text.  There are places for lists; the classification in this article is one of them.  Kablammo 13:09, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

names of types of rock
how come the names of sedimentary rocks formed by biogenic methods and precipitates arent listed in the beginning? i dont know them and i would like to find out what they are. 58.107.30.145 09:59, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No one has added them yet. If you find them in another source, please consider returning to this article and adding that information here, with the name of the source.  Kablammo 12:45, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Most rocks that are sedimentary rocks are coquina,shale,sandstone,chalk,limestone,micrite limestone,coal,arkose,Quartz sandstone, graywacke,slitstone,and claystone —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.154.160.104 (talk) 23:42, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

crystals
Why do sedimentary rocks contain crystals? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.2.8.85 (talk) 08:49, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Some edits
I made some edits to the intro, and chemical sedimentary rock. Just dropping a note in case anyone wants to comment on the changes. Awickert (talk) 23:34, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Classification Chart
Do you think this chart would be proper for the page?

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sedimentary_Rock_Chart.png

There is also one for igneous and metamorphic. Andrew Colvin (talk) 00:13, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I like the idea if it is placed near the end of the article and not so large as to interfere with the text. However, I have some problems with the chart itself before it is posted.  The first category should be "Siliciclastic" instead of "Clastic"; "Silt" and "Clay" should be listed instead of the doubled "mud".  The "Chemical" chart needs some rethinking, I'm afraid.  For example, "coquina" is a type of "fossiliferous limestone", and both are usually cemented with calcite and/or aragonite.  In fact, the typical coquina is made of aragonitic shells.  Chalk often has very little if any clay in it (and it is a form of limestone), and coal comes in many other varieties besides bituminous.  "Crystalline Limestone" is usually a recrystallized limestone or a marble.  These rocks are too complex in their origins to be included in a "chemical" category.  That said, I encourage your work on this idea.  It may be that you'll find multiple smaller charts are more useful.  You may also discover that you're repeating the information in the associated classification link.  In that case it may be better to have the link to such schemes rather than try to codify them yourself in simpler charts.  Thanks for the work. Wilson44691 (talk) 01:29, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Classification/Types
The subdivision of sedimentary rocks into siliciclastic, organic, and chemical is problematic because many sedimentary rocks can form organically or inorganically (limestones, etc). I wonder if this article could be improved by including a brief discussion of the siliciclastic, organic, and chemical origins of sedimentary rocks (using content from the existing classification section) and then making a Types section that includes entries for: Abandoning subdivisions based on formation in favor of subdivisions based on composition is the approach many sedimentary geology textbooks take and I think it would work well here. This approach also addresses many of the issues discussed below.Rygel, M.C. (talk) 14:15, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Siliciclastics
 * Carbonates
 * Evaporites
 * Siliceous sedimentary rocks
 * Organic-rich sedimentary rocks
 * Phosphorites
 * Iron-rich sedimentary rocks

 * I would have no objections to such a re-doing. Go for it, Vsmith (talk) 15:26, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I have no objections either.  W oo dwa lk er talk 12:52, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Weathering
The physical weathering and chemical weathering sections under the clastic subheading are lengthy tangents that distract from the main focus of the article. Given the presence of a good weathering entry, I suggest deleting or drastically shortening these sections (perhaps some content could be moved to weathering).Rygel, M.C. (talk) 14:18, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I have no issues with your suggestions above, including the classification changes. Have at it!  QFL 24-7 bla ¤ cntrb ¤ kids ¤ pics ¤ vids 14:28, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Removed the weathering tangents. Vsmith (talk) 15:23, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Footnotes and References
Would there be any merit in combining the Footnotes and References section in this article? It seems that ~50% of the footnotes contain complete bibliographic information for the sources, the other 50% of the footnotes contain partial bibliographic information and specific page numbers within the sources (full bibliographic information is later provided in the References section). I personally think that the advantages of simplifying and merging the two sections outweighs the advantages of keeping specific page numbers, particularly since the footnotes typically refer to textbooks that contain an index. Does anyone have any thoughts or preferences on keeping vs. merging these sections? Rygel, M.C. (talk) 17:20, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * In thinking about this a bot more, specific pages could be referenced using Template:RpRygel, M.C. (talk) 20:56, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Edit request on 20 February 2013
At the end of the paragraph:

The opposite of cross-bedding is parallel lamination, where all sedimentary layering is parallel.[26] With laminations, differences are generally caused by cyclic changes in the sediment supply, caused for example by seasonal changes in rainfall, temperature or biochemical activity. Laminae that represent seasonal changes (like tree rings) are called varves. Some rocks have no lamination at all, their structural character is called massive bedding.

Add a sentence: Any sedimentary rock composed of millimeter or finer scale layers can be named with the general term laminite.

Colin D Langford (talk) 04:40, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Done. Vsmith (talk) 12:16, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 January 2020
change rock to a clickable link to the rock wikipedia 205.174.116.6 (talk) 18:52, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. — KuyaBriBri Talk 19:28, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: MSU - Fossil Hunters
— Assignment last updated by Shaethompson (talk) 14:03, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 November 2022
I noticed that the section on chemical sedimentary rocks under Classification Based on Origin is somewhat lacking, and there’s some information I think should be added to it.

The section only contains information on the formation of chemical sedimentary rocks through the supersaturation and precipitation of minerals out of the solution, but chemical sedimentary rocks that are evaporates such as halite and anhydride are formed when water completely evaporates and leaves behind chemical sediments, and I believe that this should be added to the section.

Source: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/sedimentary.htm 4thLawOfRobo (talk) 16:36, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Colonestarrice (talk) 17:07, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sedimentary rock


text:
Henry Blodget

Henry McKelvey Blodget (born 1966) is an American businessman, investor and journalist. He is notable for his former career as an equity research analyst who was senior Internet analyst for CIBC Oppenheimer and the head of the global Internet research team at Merrill Lynch during the dot-com era. Blodget was charged with civil securities fraud by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and settled the charges. Blodget is the co-founder and former CEO of Business Insider.

Early life and education
Blodget was born and raised on Manhattan's Upper East Side, the son of a commercial banker. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Yale University, where he was a member of The Society of Orpheus and Bacchus.

After college, he taught English in Japan, then moved to San Francisco to be a writer while supporting himself by giving tennis lessons. He was also a freelance journalist and a proofreader for Harper's Magazine.

Investment career
In 1994, Blodget joined the corporate finance training program at Prudential Securities, and, two years later, moved to Oppenheimer & Co. in equity research. In October 1998, he predicted that the common stock of Amazon (Nasdaq: AMZN) then trading at $240, would be priced at $400 within a year. This was thought highly unlikely at the time; however, just three weeks later Amazon's stock price passed that mark, a gain of 67%. This call received significant media attention. Two months later, Blodget accepted a position at Merrill Lynch, and frequently appeared on CNBC and similar shows.

In early 2000, days before the dot-com bubble burst, Blodget personally invested $700,000 in tech stocks, only to lose most of it in the years that followed. He accepted a buyout offer from Merrill Lynch and left the firm in 2001. Subsequently, he was charged with civil securities fraud regarding actions taken while at Merrill Lynch.

Fraud allegation and settlement
In 2003, Blodget was charged with civil securities fraud by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. and settled the charges with a payment of $4 million without admitting or denying the allegations and their underlying facts and findings. He was permanently barred from the securities industry and by the SEC, NASD, and NYSE.

The charges arose from actions Blodget took from 1999-2001 while at Merrill Lynch, which included issuing materially misleading research reports on internet companies, and making exaggerated or unwarranted claims about them to customers.

Writing
Following his departure from the financial markets, Blodget resumed his career as a financial and economics writer. He was appointed CEO of Cherry Hill Research, a research and consulting firm, and contributed to Slate, Newsweek International, The New York Times, Fortune, Forbes Online, Business 2.0, Euromoney, New York magazine, and The Financial Times.

Blodget rose to prominence again as co-founder, CEO, and editor-in-chief of Business Insider (initially known as Silicon Alley Insider) in 2007. He was also a frequent contributor to the Seeking Alpha website at the same time. While CEO and owner of Business Insider, he offered free reproduction of all content to readers under Creative Commons licensing. In 2014, Jeffrey Bezos purchased a stake in Business Insider. In November 2023, it was reported that Blodget would no longer be the CEO of Business Insider. He no longer contributes articles to Slate, Newsweek, and New York magazine. Blodget's articles focus on the return-limiting actions of individual investors, including listening to analysts and the financial media, and relying on active management such as mutual and hedge funds. His Slate articles about investing carry a seven-paragraph disclosure of potential conflicts of interest.

In January 2007, Blodget published The Wall Street Self-Defense Manual: A Consumer's Guide to Intelligent Investing.

Internet broadcaster
Blodget used to co-host the Daily-Ticker broadcast with Aaron Task weekdays at Yahoo! Finance.

title: Henry Blodget


text:
Index of dissimilarity

The index of dissimilarity is a demographic measure of the evenness with which two groups are distributed across component geographic areas that make up a larger area. A group is evenly distributed when each geographic unit has the same percentage of group members as the total population. The index score can also be interpreted as the percentage of one of the two groups included in the calculation that would have to move to different geographic areas in order to produce a distribution that matches that of the larger area. The index of dissimilarity can be used as a measure of segregation. A score of zero (0%) reflects a fully integrated environment; a score of 1 (100%) reflects full segregation. In terms of black–white segregation, a score of .60 means that 60 percent of blacks would have to exchange places with whites in other units to achieve an even geographic distribution.

Basic formula
The basic formula for the index of dissimilarity is:
 * $$D = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^N \left| \frac{a_i}{A} - \frac{b_i}{B} \right| $$

where (comparing a black and white population, for example):
 * ai = the population of group A in the ith area, e.g. census tract
 * A = the total population in group A in the large geographic entity for which the index of dissimilarity is being calculated.
 * bi = the population of group B in the ith area
 * B = the total population in group B in the large geographic entity for which the index of dissimilarity is being calculated.

The index of dissimilarity is applicable to any categorical variable (whether demographic or not) and because of its simple properties is useful for input into multidimensional scaling and clustering programs. It has been used extensively in the study of social mobility to compare distributions of origin (or destination) occupational categories.

Linear algebra perspective
The formula for the Index of Dissimilarity can be made much more compact and meaningful by considering it from the perspective of Linear algebra. Suppose we are studying the distribution of rich and poor people in a city (e.g. London). Suppose our city contains $$N$$ blocks:

$$\{\text{block 1}, \text{block 2}, \ldots, \text{block N}\}$$

Let's create a vector $$\mathbf{r}$$ which shows the number of rich people in each block of our city:

$$\mathbf{r} = [r_1, r_2, \cdots, r_N]$$

Similarly, let's create a vector $$\mathbf{p}$$ which shows the number of poor people in each block of our city:

$$\mathbf{p} = [p_1, p_2, \cdots, p_N]$$

Now, the $L^1$-norm of a vector is simply the sum of (the magnitude of) each entry in that vector. That is, for a vector $$\mathbf{v} = [v_1, v_2, \cdots, v_N]$$, we have the $$L^1$$-norm:

$$|\mathbf{v}|_1 = \sum_{i=1}^{N} |v_i|$$

If we denote $$R$$ as the total number of rich people in our city, than a compact way to calculate $$R$$ would be to use the $$L^1$$-norm:

$$R = |\mathbf{r}|_1 = \sum_{i=1}^{N} |r_i|$$

Similarly, if we denote $$P$$ as the total number of poor people in our city, then:

$$P = |\mathbf{p}|_1 = \sum_{i=1}^{N} |p_i|$$

When we divide a vector $$\mathbf{v}$$ by its norm, we get what is called the normalized vector or Unit vector $$\hat{\mathbf{v}}$$:

$$\hat{\mathbf{v}} = \frac{\mathbf{v}}{|\mathbf{v}|_1}$$

Let us normalize the rich vector $$\mathbf{r}$$ and the poor vector $$\mathbf{p}$$:

$$\hat{\mathbf{r}} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|_1} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{R}$$

$$\hat{\mathbf{p}} = \frac{\mathbf{p}}{|\mathbf{p}|_1} = \frac{\mathbf{p}}{P}$$

We finally return to the formula for the Index of Dissimilarity ($$D$$); it is simply equal to one-half the $$L^1$$-norm of the difference between the vectors $$\hat{\mathbf{r}}$$ and $$\hat{\mathbf{p}}$$:

Numerical example
Consider a city consisting of four blocks of 2 people each. One block consists of 2 rich people. One block consists of 2 poor people. Two blocks consist of 1 rich and 1 poor person. What is the index of dissimilarity for this city?

Firstly, let's find the rich vector $$\mathbf{r}$$ and poor vector $$\mathbf{p}$$:

$$\mathbf{r} = [2,0,1,1]$$

$$\mathbf{p} = [0,2,1,1]$$

Next, let's calculate the total number of rich people and poor people in our city:

$$R = 2 + 0 + 1 + 1 = 4$$

$$P = 0 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 4$$

Next, let's normalize the rich and poor vectors:

$$\hat{\mathbf{r}} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{R} = \frac{1}{4}[2,0,1,1] = [0.5, 0, 0.25, 0.25]$$

$$\hat{\mathbf{p}} = \frac{\mathbf{p}}{P} = \frac{1}{4}[0,2,1,1] = [0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.25]$$

We can now calculate the difference $$\hat{\mathbf{r}} - \hat{\mathbf{p}}$$:

$$\hat{\mathbf{r}} - \hat{\mathbf{p}} = [0.5, 0, 0.25, 0.25] - [0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.25] = [0.5, -0.5, 0, 0]$$

Finally, let's find the index of dissimilarity ($$D$$):

$$D = \frac{1}{2} |\hat{\mathbf{r}} - \hat{\mathbf{p}}|_1 = \frac{1}{2} ( |0.5| + |-0.5| ) = 0.5 $$

Equivalence between formulae
We can prove that the Linear Algebraic formula for $$D$$ is identical to the basic formula for $$D$$. Let's start with the Linear Algebraic formula:

$$D = \frac{1}{2}|\hat{\mathbf{r}} - \hat{\mathbf{p}}|_1$$

Let's replace the normalized vectors $$\mathbf{r}$$ and $$\mathbf{p}$$ with:

$$D = \frac{1}{2} \left| \frac{\mathbf{r}}{R} - \frac{\mathbf{p}}{P} \right|_1$$

Finally, from the definition of the $$L^1$$-norm, we know that we can replace it with the summation:

$$D = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{N} |\frac{r_i}{R} - \frac{p_i}{P}|$$

Thus we prove that the linear algebra formula for the index of dissimilarity is equivalent to the basic formula for it:

$$D = \frac{1}{2}|\hat{\mathbf{r}} - \hat{\mathbf{p}}|_1 = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{N} |\frac{r_i}{R} - \frac{p_i}{P}|$$

Zero segregation
When the Index of Dissimilarity is zero, this means that the community we are studying has zero segregation. For example, if we are studying the segregation of rich and poor people in a city, then if $$D = 0$$, it means that:
 * There are no blocks in the city which are "rich blocks", and there are no blocks in the city which are "poor blocks"
 * There is a homogeneous distribution of rich and poor people throughout the city

If we set $$D = 0$$ in the linear algebraic formula, we get the necessary condition for having zero segregation:

$$\mathbf{\hat{r}} = \mathbf{\hat{p}}$$

For example, suppose you have a city with 2 blocks. Each block has 4 rich people and 100 poor people:

$$\mathbf{r} = [4,4]$$

$$\mathbf{p} = [100,100]$$

Then, the total number of rich people is $$R = 4 + 4 = 8$$, and the total number of poor people is $$P = 100 + 100 = 200$$. Thus:

$$\mathbf{\hat{r}} = [4/8, 4/8] = [0.5, 0.5]$$

$$\mathbf{\hat{p}} = [100/200, 100/200] = [0.5, 0.5]$$

Because $$\mathbf{\hat{r}} = \mathbf{\hat{p}}$$, thus this city has zero segregation.

As another example, suppose you have a city with 3 blocks:

$$\mathbf{r} = [1,2,3]$$

$$\mathbf{p} = [100,200,300]$$

Then, we have $$R = 1 + 2 + 3= 6$$ rich people in our city, and $$P = 100 + 200 + 300 = 600$$ poor people. Thus:

$$\mathbf{\hat{r}} = [1/6, 2/6, 3/6]$$

$$\mathbf{\hat{p}} = [100/600,200/600,300/600] = [1/6,2/6,3/6]$$

Again, because $$\mathbf{\hat{r}} = \mathbf{\hat{p}}$$, thus this city also has zero segregation.

title: Index of dissimilarity


text:
Category:Utah culture

Use the following links for further information.

title: Category:Utah culture


text:
Anatoliy Golitsyn

Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Golitsyn CBE (Russian: Анатолий Михайлович Голицын; 25 August 1926 – 29 December 2008) was a Soviet KGB defector and author of two books about the long-term deception strategy of the KGB leadership. He was born in Pyriatyn, USSR. He provided "a wide range of intelligence to the CIA on the operations of most of the 'Lines' (departments) at the Helsinki and other residencies, as well as KGB methods of recruiting and running agents." He became an American citizen by 1984.

Defection
Golitsyn worked in the strategic planning department of the KGB in the rank of Major. In 1961 under the name "Ivan Klimov" he was assigned to the Soviet embassy in Helsinki, Finland, as vice counsel and attaché. He defected with his wife and daughter to the Central Intelligence Agency via Helsinki on 15 December 1961. They flew "with a CIA escort from Finland to Sweden and thence to the United States via Frankfurt am Main, Germany, arriving on 18 December 1961". He was interviewed by James Jesus Angleton, CIA counter-intelligence director. In January 1962, the KGB sent instructions to Rezidentura throughout the world on the actions required to minimize the damage. All meetings with important agents were to be suspended.

In November 1962, KGB head Vladimir Semichastny approved a plan for the assassination of Golitsyn and other "particularly dangerous traitors" including Igor Gouzenko, Nikolay Khokhlov, and Bogdan Stashinsky. The KGB made significant efforts to discredit Golitsyn by promoting disinformation that he was involved in illegal smuggling operations.

Golitsyn provided information about many famous Soviet agents including Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, John Vassall, double agent Aleksander Kopatzky who worked in Germany, and others. While unable to identify some agents like Philby specifically by name, Golitsyn provided sufficient information that SIS was able to determine the culprits. Thus, Golitsyn's defection in 1961 set in motion the process that definitively confirmed Philby as a Soviet mole.

Controversies
Golitsyn was a figure of significant controversy in the Western intelligence community. The military writer General Sir John Hackett and former CIA counter-intelligence director James Angleton identified Golitsyn as "the most valuable defector ever to reach the West". However, the official historian for MI5, Christopher Andrew, described him as an "unreliable conspiracy theorist". Andrew believes that although intelligence data provided by Golitsyn were reliable, some of his global political assessments of the Soviet and KGB strategy are questionable. In particular, he disputed the Golitsyn claim that the "Sino-Soviet split was a charade to deceive the West".

Accusing Harold Wilson
Golitsyn said that Harold Wilson (then prime minister of the United Kingdom) was a KGB informer and an agent of influence. This encouraged pre-existing conspiracy theories within the British security services concerning Wilson. During his time as president of the Board of Trade in the late 1940s, Wilson had been on trade missions to Russia and cultivated a friendship with Anastas Mikoyan and Vyacheslav Molotov. He continued these relationships when Labour went into Opposition, and according to material from the Mitrokhin Archive, his insights into British politics were passed to and highly rated by the KGB. An "agent development file" was opened in the hope of recruiting Wilson, and the codename "OLDING" was given to him. However "the development did not come to fruition," according to the KGB file records.

Golitsyn also accused the KGB of poisoning Hugh Gaitskell, Wilson's predecessor as leader of the Labour Party, in order for Wilson to take over the party. Gaitskell died after a sudden attack of lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder, in 1963. Golitsyn's claims about Wilson were believed in particular by the senior MI5 counterintelligence officer Peter Wright. Although Wilson was repeatedly investigated by MI5 and cleared of this accusation, individuals within the service continued to believe that he was an agent of the KGB, and this belief played a part in coup plots against him.

Accusing Urho Kekkonen
Golitsyn said after his defection that the Note Crisis of 1961 was an operation masterminded by Finnish president Urho Kekkonen together with the Soviets to ensure Kekkonen's re-election. Golitsyn further said that Kekkonen had been a KGB agent codenamed "Timo" since 1947. Most Finnish historians believe that Kekkonen was closely connected with the KGB, but the matter remains controversial.

Golitsyn and Nosenko
Golitsyn had said from the very beginning that the KGB would send a false defector to the US to try to discredit him. In January of 1964, Yuri Nosenko, a Golitsyn-discrediting putative KGB officer who had defected "in place" to the CIA in 1962 in Geneva, returned there, once again as the ostensible security officer of a Soviet arms control delegation, and, as promised, recontacted his CIA case officers, Tennent H. Bagley and Russian-born George Kisevalter. Nosenko proceeded to them that he now wanted to physically defect to the US (and leave his previously beloved wife and two daughters behind in Moscow) because he allegedly feared that the KGB was aware of his treason. Bagley, having read Golitsyn's CIA file shortly after his and Kisevalter's June 1962 meetings with him, knew that what Nosenko had told them about KGB penetrations of Western intelligence services overlapped (and contradicted) what Golitsyn had told the CIA. Bagley had thought this strange, because Nosenko and Golitsyn had worked in different parts of the highly compartmentalized KGB and therefore would not have been privy to the same information. Bagley also did not believe that the KGB would have allowed Nosenko to travel to Geneva in 1964 if it suspected him of spying for the CIA. For these and other reasons Bagley came to believe that Nosenko was a false defector, originally sent to the CIA in Geneva to discredit and deflect what Golitsyn had told it.

When Nosenko told Kisevalter and Bagley that he wanted to physically defect to the US, Bagley, who was Nosenko's primary case officer from the beginning, stalled and suggested to him that he wait a few days while headquarters prepared for him, and Nosenko agreed. Two developments, however, hastened the process: Nosenko told Bagley and Kisevalter during that same meeting that he had been Lee Harvey Oswald's case officer in the USSR, and a few days later he excitedly told them that he had just received a telegram from Moscow ordering him to return immediately (NSA later said that no such telegram had been sent). After being flown to Frankfurt and interviewed there by Soviet Russia Division chief David Murphy, Nosenko was allowed to physically defect to the US, but only because he claimed to have been privy to Oswald's KGB file both before and after the assassination.

Judging it improbable that the KGB had not, as Nosenko claimed, interviewed former Marine radar operator Oswald, and faced with further challenges to Nosenko's credibility (e.g., his originally telling Bagley that he was a major, then in January 1964 boasting -- with a KGB travel document that stated as much -- that he had recently been promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and eventually confessing to having been only a captain), Angleton did not object when Murphy and Bagley detained Nosenko in April of 1964. This confinement lasted sixteen months and involved austere living conditions, a minimal diet, and interrogations that were frequent and intensive. Nosenko spent an additional four months in a ten-foot by ten-foot concrete bunker in Camp Peary, and was allegedly told that this arrangement would continue for 25 years unless he confessed to being a Soviet spy.

During the three years Nosenko was detained and interrogated by the CIA, he was given three polygraph tests. According to Gerald Posner (who befriended Nosenko in 1993), he failed the first two (1964 and 1966) while under great duress, but passed the third one in 1968, which was "monitored by several Agency departments." However, Nosenko's long-term CIA case officer, Tennent H. Bagley, says in his 2007 book Spy Wars that Bruce Solie of the Office of Security (whom Professor John M. Newman believes was a KGB mole ) "coached" Nosenko through the easy third test, and polygraph expert Richard D. Arthur said that of the three tests, the second one (which Nosenko had failed) was by far the most reliable one.

In October of 1968, Nosenko was virtually cleared by Bruce Solie via the aforementioned polygraph test and a report he had written, and a few years later the CIA declared Nosenko to be a true defector and hired him to teach counterintelligence to its new recruits.

New Lies for Old
In 1984, Golitsyn published the book New Lies For Old, wherein he warned about a long-term deception strategy of seeming retreat from hard-line Communism designed to lull the West into a false sense of security, and finally economically cripple and diplomatically isolate the United States. Among other things, Golitsyn stated: The "liberalization" would be spectacular and impressive. Formal pronouncements might be made about a reduction in the communist party's role: its monopoly would be apparently curtailed. An ostensible separation of powers between the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary might be introduced. The Supreme Soviet would be given greater apparent power, and the president of the Soviet Union and the first secretary of the party might well be separated. The KGB would be "reformed." Dissidents at home would be amnestied; those in exile abroad would be allowed to return, and some would take up positions of leadership in government.

Sakharov might be included in some capacity in the government or allowed to teach abroad. The creative arts and cultural and scientific organizations, such as the writers' unions and Academy of Sciences, would become apparently more independent, as would the trade unions. Political clubs would be opened to nonmembers of the communist party. Leading dissidents might form one or more alternative political parties.

There would be greater freedom for Soviet citizens to travel. Western and United Nations observers would be invited to the Soviet Union to witness the reforms in action.

Angleton and Golitsyn reportedly sought the assistance of William F. Buckley, Jr. (who once worked for the CIA) in writing New Lies for Old. Buckley refused but later went on to write a novel about Angleton, Spytime: The Undoing of James Jesus Angleton.

New Lies for Old received a first edition in Portuguese in 2018.

The Perestroika Deception
In 1995, Anatoliy Golitsyn and Christopher Story published a book entitled The Perestroika Deception containing purported memoranda attributed to Golitsyn claiming:
 * "The [Soviet] strategists are concealing the secret coordination that exists and will continue between Moscow and the 'nationalist' leaders of [the] 'independent' republics."
 * "The power of the KGB remains as great as ever… Talk of cosmetic changes in the KGB and its supervision is deliberately publicized to support the myth of 'democratization' of the Soviet political system."
 * "Scratch these new, instant Soviet 'democrats,' 'anti-Communists,' and 'nationalists' who have sprouted out of nowhere, and underneath will be found secret Party members or KGB agents."

Reactions
In his book Wedge: The Secret War between the FBI and CIA (Knopf, 1994), Mark Riebling stated that of 194 predictions made in New Lies For Old, 139 had been fulfilled by 1993, 9 seemed 'clearly wrong', and the other 46 were 'not soon falsifiable'.

According to Russian political scientist Yevgenia Albats, Golitsyn's book New Lies for Old claimed that "as early as 1959, the KGB was working up a perestroika-type plot to manipulate foreign public opinion on a global scale. The plan was in a way inspired by the teachings of the 6th-century BC. Chinese theoretician and military commander Sun Tsu, who said, "I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness." Albats argued that the KGB was the major beneficiary of political changes in Russia, and perhaps indeed directed Gorbachev.  According to her, "one thing is certain: perestroika opened the way for the KGB to advance toward the very heart of power" in Russia. It has been said that Mikhail Gorbachev justified his new policies as a necessary step to "hug Europe to death", and to "evict the United States from Europe".

According to Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky, "In 1992 I had unprecedented access to Politburo and Central Committee secret documents which have been classified, and still are even now, for 30 years. These documents show very clearly that the whole idea of turning the European common market into a federal state was agreed between the left-wing parties of Europe and Moscow as a joint project which Gorbachev in 1988–89 called our 'common European home'." (interview by The Brussels Journal, February 23, 2006).

On 8 June 1995 the British Conservative Member of Parliament Christopher Gill quoted The Perestroika Deception during a House of Commons debate, saying: "It stretches credulity to its absolute bounds to think that suddenly, overnight, all those who were Communists will suddenly adopt a new philosophy and belief, with the result that everything will be different. I use this opportunity to warn the House and the country that that is not the truth"; and: "Every time the House approves one of these collective agreements, not least treaties agreed by the collective of the European Union, it contributes to the furtherance of the Russian strategy."

According to Daniel Pipes, Golitsyn's publications "had some impact on rightist thinking in the United States".

Golitsyn's views are echoed by Czech dissident and politician Petr Cibulka, who has alleged that the 1989 Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia was staged by the communist StB secret police.

In popular culture
The 1996 American film Mission: Impossible featured a fictionalized character based on Anatoliy Golitsyn named Alexander Golitsyn, played by actor Marcel Iureș.

Books

 * Anatoliy Golitsyn. New Lies for Old G. S. G. & Associates, Incorporated, 1990, ISBN 0-945001-13-4
 * Christopher Story (Editor). ("by Anatoliy Golitsyn") The Perestroika Deception : Memoranda to the Central Intelligence Agency, Edward Harle Ltd; 2nd Ed edition (1998) ISBN 1-899798-03-X

title: Anatoliy Golitsyn


text:
Live Killers

Live Killers is a double live album by the British rock band Queen, released on 22 June 1979. The album was recorded live during the European leg of Queen's Jazz Tour, between 26 January and 1 March 1979.

Recording
The album was self-produced by the band and was their first to be mixed at their own studios, Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland. Guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor later revealed on the US radio show In the Studio with Redbeard (which spotlighted the making of 1980's The Game) that the band had mixed Live Killers themselves and were unhappy with the final mix.

Release
Live Killers was released as a double vinyl album in the UK by EMI on 22 June 1979, in Europe by Parlophone, and in the US by Elektra and Hollywood Records.

In the territories outside of the United States, Europe and Canada, Elektra Records re-released a shorter and edited version of the album in 1985 titled Queen Live.

The 1994 issue released as part of the Digital Master Series by EMI Records did not improve upon the quality of the previous release. It was later remastered and restored in better quality by Peter Mew in 2001.

Reception
The album reached number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and number 16 on the Billboard 200 in the United States, and is certified double platinum in the US.

The album received negative reviews from critics on release. In a retrospective appraisal, Greg Prato of AllMusic found the initial reaction inexplicable, calling the album "an excellent document of Queen at the height of their '70s arena rock powers".

Omitted tracks

 * "Somebody to Love"
 * "Fat Bottomed Girls" (Version from Pavillon de Paris, 27 February 1979, was released on Bohemian Rhapsody: The Original Soundtrack)
 * "If You Can't Beat Them"
 * "It's Late"

Singles

 * "Love of My Life (Live at Festhalle Frankfurt, 2 Feb '79 – edited version)"/"Now I'm Here (Live at Festhalle Frankfurt, 2 Feb '79)"
 * "We Will Rock You (Fast Version) (Live)"/"Let Me Entertain You (Live)" – Elektra E46532; released August 1979

Personnel

 * Queen
 * Freddie Mercury – lead vocals, piano
 * Brian May – guitars, backing vocals
 * Roger Taylor – drums, tambourine, timpani, backing vocals, lead vocals on "I'm in Love with My Car"
 * John Deacon – bass guitar, backing vocals, triangle

Production

 * Mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound, NYC

title: Live Killers


text:
Robert Killigrew

Sir Robert Killigrew (1580–1633) was an English courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1601 and 1629. He served as Ambassador to the United Provinces.

Life
Killgrew was born at Lothbury, London, the son of William Killigrew and his wife Margery (Mary) Saunders, daughter of Thomas Saunders of Uxbridge, Middlesex. In January 1591, he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford at the age of 11. He travelled abroad in 1596 and may have become an official of the Privy Chamber in 1601. He was elected MP for St Mawes in 1601.

Killigrew was knighted by King James I in 1603. In 1604 he was elected MP for Newport. It is possible that he travelled to Jamestown in 1604. His name appears in the Second Charter of Virginia as a backer. In 1606 he was appointed ambassador to the United Provinces.

In June 1612, Killigrew was noted as "one of Carr's favourites" according to John Chamberlain. The following May, he was committed to the Fleet Prison for an unknown offence. Having become famous for his concoctions of drugs and cordials, he was at first suspected of complicity in the death of Sir Thomas Overbury in September 1613, but was subsequently officially exonerated.

In 1614, Killigrew was elected MP for Helston. On 12 May that year, he was involved in an altercation in the House of Commons. In July, he was appointed Keeper of Pendennis Castle, Falmouth, Cornwall, and a JP that same year. He is recorded as fighting a duel with Captain Burton in 1618. In October that year he was appointed an Officer of Protonotary of Chancery, and in December the following year was mentioned favourably by Buckingham.

In 1621, Killigrew was elected again MP for Newport. In 1622 he succeeded his father to become farmer of the profits from seals in King's bench and common pleas which was worth at least £560 a year. He was elected MP for Penryn and was appointed Deputy Lieutenant for Cornwall in 1624. In 1625 he was elected MP for Cornwall. He was also appointed Ambassador to the United Provinces in September 1625, but this was not taken up by December that year. In 1626, he was elected MP for Tregony in 1626. In 1628 he was elected MP for Bodmin and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. He was appointed Vice-Chamberlain to Queen Henrietta Maria in 1630.

Killigrew was a knight of Arwenack in Falmouth, Cornwall. He died a wealthy man in 1633 in Bath, Somerset, with the probate of his will on 12 May.

Family
He married Mary Woodhouse of Kimberley, Norfolk, (1584–1656), and they had several notable children:
 * 1) William Killigrew (1606–1695)
 * 2) Anne Killigrew (1607–1641), who married George Kirke
 * 3) Robert Killigrew (1611-1???)
 * 4) Thomas Killigrew (1612–1683)
 * 5) Henry Killigrew (1613–1700)
 * 6) Elizabeth Killigrew (c. 1615-c. 1619)
 * 7) Catherine Killigrew (1618–1689), wife of Sir Thomas Stanley
 * 8) Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1681), wife of Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon, was a mistress of Charles II and bore him a daughter
 * 9) Mary Killigrew (1623–1677), later wife of Sir John James, she has been confused in other biographies with Mary Sackville (1645–1679) (formerly Berkeley, née Bagot) — the widowed Countess of Falmouth — who was another mistress

Mary, his widow, married Sir Thomas Stafford after 1633. She was a correspondent of Constantijn Huygens.

title: Robert Killigrew


text: Talk:Live Killers

title: Talk:Live Killers


text:
User:Brinkost/Musical-acts-that-I-like

Musical acts that I like

 * Audioslave
 * B.B. King
 * Black Sabbath
 * Cream
 * Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble band members Chris Layton and Tommy Shannon
 * Eric Clapton
 * Miles Davis
 * Pedro the Lion
 * Radiohead
 * Supertramp
 * The Hollies
 * The Who
 * ZZ Top

title: User:Brinkost/Musical-acts-that-I-like


text:
Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party

The Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party (G—LC) is a political third party in the U.S. state of Minnesota created by Oliver Steinberg in 2014 to oppose cannabis prohibition. G—LC Is a democratic socialist party with a background branching from the Grassroots Party established in 1986.

Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party attained major party status in Minnesota in 2018 when their Attorney General candidate, who dropped out of the race to support the Democratic candidate, but whose name nevertheless remained on ballots, received 5.7 percent of the vote.

In 2022, Minnesota G—LC resumed minor party status, when none of their candidates got 5% of votes, which is required for major party ballot access in the state. However their candidate for Minnesota State Auditor received more than 1% of votes, in 2022, maintaining minor party status for G—LC until 2026.

History

In 2014, the Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party was established by Oliver Steinberg because Steinberg and Chris Wright were unwilling to join the rest of the Grassroots Party when they merged with the Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party. In the 2014 race for governor, Wright received 31,259 votes. The party also ran a candidate for State Auditor, in 2014, who received 55,132 votes.

The Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party nominated their candidates by petition in 2018 to run for Governor of Minnesota, as well as in the race for Minnesota Attorney General, the results of which earned the group major-party status in Minnesota. A few weeks before the election, the Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis candidate for Attorney General, Noah Johnson, dropped out of the race to support Democratic/Farmer-Labor candidate Keith Ellison who was embroiled in scandal, though Johnson's name remained on the ballot.

Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party founder Oliver Steinberg, who previously ran as a Republican candidate and a Grassroots candidate, had a background of violence discrediting the peace movement in the 1970s. Steinberg was the Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis candidate for United States Senator in 2020.

Perennial Republican candidate Rae Hart Anderson was nominated by Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party voters in the August 11 primary to run for United States Representative in Minnesota's 7th congressional district on November 3, 2020.

Gubernatorial candidates
The Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party nominated their candidates by petition in 2014 to run for Governor of Minnesota. In the race for governor, Chris Wright received 31,259 votes.

In 2018, Wright again was nominated by petition to run for Minnesota Governor, and received 68,664 votes in the November general election. Wright resigned as G—LC chairperson to seek Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party’s nomination for Governor in 2022.

Steve Patterson, a Brownsdale, Minnesota, businessman and opponent of Governor Tim Walz' COVID-19 lockdown, who blamed these forced closings for hurting small businesses, including his own Rochester beer taproom startup, was nominated in the August, 2022, G—LC gubernatorial primary, and advanced to the general election, getting 22,598 votes, less than one percent, on November 8. In addition to legalizing cannabis for personal use, Patterson supported reducing income taxes for working class people.

Conflict with Democratic Party
Even though Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis candidates have dropped out of running to support Democratic candidates in some tight races and party leaders have withheld the state party's endorsement of some Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis candidates when they thought doing so might hurt the chances of winning for struggling DFLers, several times Democratic Party leaders have accused the Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party of making it hard for Democratic candidates in Minnesota. However, a St. Cloud Times analysis of votes cast in the November 2020 election found that Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis candidates took at least as many, if not more, votes from republicans than they took from DFL candidates.

2021—2023
In 2021, Kevin Shores told a FOX 9 television reporter that he was recruited to run for Congress from Minnesota's 7th district, where Democratic incumbent Collin Peterson lost the race to Republican challenger Michelle Fischbach, in 2020, by a Republican strategist who Shores mistakenly thought was a G—LC representative. Shores, who is blind and suffers from Gulf War syndrome, lost to Hart Anderson in the Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party primary.

When a Luverne man who had been endorsed by G—LC was unable to file before the deadline, attorney Haroun McClellan filed to run in the August 9, 2022, 1st congressional district special election as a last-minute replacement. McClellan, a graduate of Georgia State University College of Law and former Hennepin County public defender, is contracts manager of a Rochester construction firm.

Conflict with Democratic Party renewed
Before Minnesota’s May, 2022, deadline to file such a change, a DFL activist, Marcus Harcus, who was 2020 G—LC nominee for District 59A state representative, attempted to hold a G—LC party meeting for the purpose of changing the state party’s name to a name the activist thought might help the Democratic Party by attracting Republicans.

In May 2022, G—LC chair Steinberg told a Star Tribune reporter about being worried that voters “perhaps aren’t quite as well-informed as it would be good for them to be.” Later in June, 2022, Steinberg said in an interview that he was frustrated about having former Libertarian candidates running under the G—LC party banner.

2022 gubernatorial primary
Minnesota G—LC Party held a gubernatorial primary on August 9, 2022, between Steve Patterson & Matt Huff and Darrell Paulsen & Ed Engelmann. Patterson was nominated by G—LC voters and defeated Paulsen, receiving 59% of the party's vote, to advance onto the November 8, 2022, state general election.

Resuming minor party status
The G—LC Party ran statewide candidates in 2020 and 2022 but none received 5% of votes required for major party ballot access in Minnesota. The party got enough votes, more than 1%, in the Minnesota State Auditor race, in 2022, to retain official minor party privileges, including state public funding.

2023 Minnesota Senate Public Safety Committee hearings
Testifying in favor of Minnesota Senate File 73 to create a regulated commercial cannabis market, in front of the Public Safety Committee in January, 2023, that marijuana prohibition has not kept people from using the drug, but has "succeeded perhaps in terrorizing or intimidating citizens, in canceling civil liberties, blighting both urban and rural communities, all without eradicating the outlawed substance," said G—LC Party chair Steinberg. in May 2023, Steinberg wrote "I salute DFL lawmakers who finally understood that cannabis prohibition never was necessary; always was unjust and unjustifiable; and always lacked moral authority because it was actually designed to serve as a legal mechanism for racial repression."

According to political scholar William Labovitch, Minnesota's marijuana political parties, G—LC and LMN, are the ones responsible for the DFL party championing SF 73.

title: Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party


text: Category:People from Utah

title: Category:People from Utah


text: Category:Mass media in Utah

title: Category:Mass media in Utah