text:
Seol Chong

Seol Chong (650 – 730 AD) was a leading scholar of the Unified Silla period from the Gyeongju Seol clan. He studied Confucian writings and the related Chinese classics. He is also known by the courtesy name Chongji and the pen name Bingwoldang.

Seol was the son of the prominent Buddhist figure Wonhyo and the Silla princess Yoseok, the daughter of King Muyeol. He was of head-rank six in Silla's bone rank system. An account of his life is found in the Samguk Sagi, yeoljeon (biographies), vol. 6 and his achievements are mentioned as well in the Samguk Yusa's account of Wonhyo (vol. 5).

Seol Chong is best remembered for regularizing the idu and gugyeol scripts, which were the first systems for representing the Korean language in Chinese characters. The idu script had been in use previous to Seol Chong, but had lacked rigorous principles. Early in his career Seol is also credited with composing a short Confucian parable on kingship entitled The Warning of the Flower King (화왕계/花王戒) for King Sinmun of Silla. This parable is either repeated or paraphrased in the Samguk Sagi, and influenced later writers of the Joseon period. A typically Confucian text, it criticizes monarchs for valuing pleasure-seeking over righteous rule.

Seol Chong is sometimes regarded as the progenitor of the Gyeongju Seol lineage. However, opinions on this differ, since the Seol family name is found as far back as the foundation of Silla.

He is also one of eighteen Korean Confucian sages who have been enshrined in the Korean National Confucian shrine.

title: Seol Chong


text: Talk:Seol Chong

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Seol Chong


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Student Activism Council

Student Activism Council
Student Activism Council was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

This article is about a student organization with meetings on IRC and a mailing list. The link to the website is dead. A Google search returns mostly content from Wikipedia and its mirrors. Since it doesn't appear to be more than a mailing list and some IRC meetings, I think the article about it should be deleted for lack of notability. -- Sietse 14:44, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Dead now, no significant effect, not notable at all. Delete.  --L33tminion | (talk) 16:42, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - needless to say organizations can be "dead" now and still be notable, but there's no evidence provided that this group had any accomplishments attributed to it, other than setting up an email list. - Cdc 16:48, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ephemera that was ephemeral. Geogre 20:38, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  --Idont Havaname 01:04, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Obvious delete. Euphoria 08:30, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Hdeasy

I think my presence here is justified, as I have good academic qualifications and work at a space centre. --hughey 14:46, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Heim
I've made Heim-Theory a redirect to Burkhard Heim, as it had no content of its own. If you want to add content at a later point in time, you can use this link http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Heim-Theory&redirect=no to get access to the article. --Pjacobi 22:21, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

 * Please have a look at Talk:Burkhard_Heim. --Pjacobi 12:26, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)

 * To put it bluntly, your new attempt was a rather weak article start, too. But let's try to expand on it. --Pjacobi 16:33, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)

In the interim I have given Talk:Burkhard_Heim a look and answered the points you raised there. Also, I re-did the Heim-theory initial aticle, removing the curtly dismissive phrase about being of little significance etc. and replacing it by a more reasoned discussion. Later, sections should be added with the essence of the actual theory. When times permits. But already 2005 looks like it could be the 'year of Heim', starting as it did with that Telepolis article, soon to be followed by the American institue of physics paper.--hughey 14:55, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I have a responded at both talk pages. --Pjacobi 22:20, 2005 Jan 5 (UTC)

Burkhard Heim
Thanks for going over the article Burkhard Heim and correcting the factual errors about the publication. I changed the inline comment so that it does not mention those particular sensitivities as the content of the page is replicated to other sites other than Wikipedia. I noticed that you added the page selector calculus recently. I made some changes to it, and if you have time, could you take a look at it? Also, I'd like to know how to get a copy of Heim's work which describes the core of his work. I'm finding it rather difficult to obtain a copy - everyone has told me that the book is not in print!

Do you think it would be a good idea to archive the discussion page for Burkhard Heim? It's rather long, and I think it should be summarized and resectioned properly so others can follow it. HappyCamper 19:44, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, thanks for rewriting that paragraph - your wording is much more appropriate and correct than mine. I didn't know that the proposal was actually a biography. Clearly, I must have misunderstood the discussion on the talk page, thinking that the book was something else entirely. HappyCamper 14:04, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, thanks for the reply. On some other things...the site you gave me, do these 4 volumes cover all of Heim's work? I want to study the core of Heim's theory and get to the bottom of it all. Do you recommend these books then? Are these as close to the originals that he published (with the exception of the errors that were subsequently corrected)? Is this the same as the "2000 page" writeup that Heim tried to publish? I hope you don't mind all these questions... HappyCamper 14:36, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It's encouraging to get feedback every now and then. I might add more stuff later. I added those two wiki tags to Heim Theory to hopefully get more help in writing the article.

 * I've wikified the article and removed one of the tags now. Please feel free to remove the other one if you like. I only added them because in a previous article I wrote, practically no one contributed until I put the pair of tags up! I was pleasantly surprised that after I put the tags up, a new user User:Pezezin came by and contributed to explaining what Hermetries are. This user sounds like someone who would be very interested in Heim...See his talk page and mine (at the bottom) for a brief discussion we had. HappyCamper 17:53, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hey again! I found one particular link you might want to check out...See the Heim theory page. It's the one about explaining the tensor elements. If you scroll to the middle of the page, there's a 6 by 6 matrix that's coloured. I think the text is describing what the components of that tensor represent heuristically. If you have time, do you want to check it out?

I also found these pictures, but I can't read it. Maybe you can? It would be really nice if we could add these pictures to Wikipedia, I think. .

Oh yes, I also decided to use the reference desk. I added a question about obtaining biographical information on Burkhard Heim there. I'm hoping someone can answer soon.

As for those extra tags...well, I think Wikipedians in general are very, very nice people :) Striving for NPOV is something that is quite possible with collaborative editing, and I really trust that it works. Even if the article doesn't end up being NPOV, I'm already happy to know that there are other people editing for Burkhard Heim too! My main concerns with the Heim pages right now are that his scientific and mathematical works will be presented properly not at the expense of his other POV. Plus, I ordered those four books. I'll get them in 5-8 weeks. HappyCamper 11:52, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It's so nice to get that orange "You have new messages" tab at the top. Thank you for your kind words! :-) Actually I don't know any German at all, so it's going to take some time before I can actually translate anything. I've decided to take an introductory German course right now. BTW, I only found that site by sifting through hundreds of Google searches. Good information on Heim seems to be buried under a tremendous amount of "new age" stuff. HappyCamper 12:13, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Heim Theory
Are you aware of this paper by Heim? I have a hard copy of his paper "Recommendation of a way to a unified description of elementary particles" (Vorschlag eines Weges zur einheitlichen Beschreibung der Elementarteilchen) It is published in Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Teil A, Physik, physikaliche Chemie, Kosmophysik, pages 233-243 of Bd. 32A Heft 1-7 1977 Jan.-Juli. HappyCamper 16:59, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I see. Well, my approach right now is not rely on the internet for references to Heim. I haven't exhausted all the Google links yet, but I think I'll have better luck finding reliable information by trying to dig up as many hard copies of his works and any archived material relating to him. It would give the articles Burkhard Heim and Heim theory more credibility for one thing, as the sources would be independent of the research group.

 * As for the paper, it will take me a long time to deciper it, but it begins with an English abstract which says that it's a summary of Heim's "voluminous work". It's mostly text with a few equations here and there. It also describes a 12 dimensional extension of his theory which includes quantum field theory. He also seems to give thanks to 3 researchers...Prof. Dr. H. P. Dürr, Dr. L. Bölkow, and Dipl.-Phys. I. v. Ludwiger. Heim also references 7 other papers. There's also an equation...do you recognize it?

 * $$ \left ( \frac{d \phi}{dr} \right ) ^2 + 32 \frac{c^2}{3}F \left( \frac{d \phi}{dr} + F \phi \right ) = 0, F = \frac{1}{r} \frac{h^2 + \gamma m^3 r}{h^2 - \gamma m^3 r}$$
 * --HappyCamper 22:46, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No, I have no idea what the equation means. Yes, if you could look into the solutions to this, that would be great! HappyCamper 13:22, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello, thanks for the translation. There is still something unclear about the equation though. What value is m supposed to represent? Does it mean that for a particular amount of mass "m", r'=h²/Gm³ gives the distance where gravitation goes to zero? HappyCamper 12:51, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Article sources
May I ask where you are finding the information about his newspaper articles and TV reports (among other things)? I'm motivated to find their originals, and perhaps reference them properly in the article. They seem quite interesting, to say the least. Also, you seem to be very familar with Heim and the Heim Group. Have you met Heim before? HappyCamper 20:01, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Do you happen to have access to the journal Grenzgebiete der Wissenschaft? If you do, this can be a source of information that is "independent" of the heim-theory website. It seems to me that any material added to the existing Wikipedia articles with reference to the heim-theory site is still seen as somewhat less credible. I'm putting in extra effort to find more printed sources for the article.

To my dismay, I realized that the "mass formula" wasn't just one mass formula but multiple mass formulas. I'd like to do the calculations myself; it shouldn't be so difficult to do so. What formula should I be using? Or should I just wait for the textbooks to show up?

Also, the differential equation I gave you...I have re-derived all the results that Heim presented in his paper. If you are interested, I can type up the whole thing and send it to you (or post it somewhere for scrutiny). There are some problems with the equation though...see the heim theory talk page. Oh, and thanks for adding those entries to the table!! HappyCamper 15:40, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I can send it to you by e-mail when I'm done with it...it looks like you don't have one configured on Wikipedia. Maybe send me an e-mail through Wikipedia, and we can go from there? Some of these discussions I'd like to move off of these publically accessible postings. HappyCamper 16:39, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Peer review
Just to let you know, I have placed the Burkhard Heim article under peer review: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Peer_review/Burkhard_Heim --HappyCamper 14:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it passed wioth flying colours, in the AfD peer review --hughey 15:50, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah - whooped the asses of the nay-sayers twice now! --hughey 11:14, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Subjetive consciousness
I found this via a link from the page on The Fourth Way. does this come from Fourth Way theory (pretty famiilar with it, but no expert) or some place else, if so, where? ***Ria777 14:11, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I forget how this link came about. I'm very interested in subjective consciousness and have edited bits and pieces of consciousness articels and even the soul. It was probably that way, as I have no particular knowledge of the 4th way. That's not where my interests lead me presently.hughey 20:46, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am more into Chalmers & co. - all started wit hteh Emperor"s New mind. --192.171.3.126 07:28, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Heim theory (2)
Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on the contributor; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks may lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you.

Your edit comment "only an idiot born yesterday would maintain that" seems like a mild attack. I can see why it might be considered category:pseudoscience, although I agree with you that the evidence is weak. — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 01:28, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Reply: Without a well defined theory one cannot use experimental results to confirm that theory. Accupuncture can cure migrane, but that fact is not evidence for the ideas that led to accupuncture being developed thousands of years ago. Count Iblis 16:24, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Rubbish! . Enjoy.--hughey 17:36, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Steorn
Hi! Thanks for your contributions to the Steorn article. I had to remove this last comment, though:
 * There are rumours that the real reason for withholding the identities of the universities is that they were all Irish, and they feared accusations of partisanship. Thus it was felt better to advertise for a more international jury.

We can't include uncited rumours in Wikipedia articles. If we have a verifiable and reliable source that can be cited, then it can be included. -- Jim Douglas (talk) (contribs)  21:18, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Re "economic fools". Can you rephrase that in a slightly more encyclopedic way? :-) -- Jim Douglas (talk)  (contribs)  18:02, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Contributions to the Burkhard Heim Article
Thank you for the comments about my contributions to the Heim article. I hope the scientific community does not overlook the fact that Heim's initial work was directed towards field propulsion. His progress report (Heim, 1956) to the Gravity Research Foundation is available in German and English and may serve as a useful comparison with the papers by Dröscher & Häuser, von Ludwiger, and Tajmar. With respect to America's response to Heim back in the fifties, it should be noted that an aerospace firm, General Dynamics/Astronautics of San Diego, California, had requested the translation of the propulsion survey by A. R. Weyl (1959a) that had included an assessment of Heim's work. Tcisco 19:53, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I was just tracking down various leads through the libraries. The True magazine article by Donald Keyhoe referred to the report by A. R. Weyl in Aeronautics.  That is all he said.  No volume numbers, no year, nothing.  Even though Keyhoe had been the leading authority on attempts by the Air Force to discredit reports about flying saucers, his integrity had been impeccable - I believed he had reported Weyl's assessments of Heim as faithfully as he had compiled UFO reports.  Subsequently, my wife and I walked through the snow to the Transportation Library of Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, to track down that lead.  She had completed therapy for cancer and had asked to tag along.  The librarian could not locate the article with her card catalog and data base.  I asked her to direct me to the Aeronautics stacks.  She said it would take me a month to search through all those periodicals.  To our amazement, I found the two articles by Weyl within twenty minutes!  She asked me a lot of questions and I answered them in terms of the research I was doing then for my dissertation in biblical eschatology.  The third article by Weyl was discovered while surfing the defense technical information website (DTIC).  I had "stumbled" into Heim's four 1959 papers while surfing the Internet.  I discovered Sigma's report about Heim after I had obtained a copy of his book.  Watson's master thesis about Heim was discovered when I had purchased a copy of it to review his history of gravity control propulsion theories.  His thesis cited Heim's progress report to the Gravity Research Foundation.  I obtained copies of it in German and the English translation from its president, George Rideout.  The papers I had cited in Anti-gravity by Cleaver were discovered in spite of one of the librarians at the John Creerar Library of the University of Chicago.  He claimed they did not possess the early copies of the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society.  I removed it from their stacks and showed it to him.  Digging up the old references has been fun.  My wife, daughter, son, and the family of his former fiancee have contributed to my collection of gravity control propulsion history papers.  Tcisco 06:05, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Heim theory
I've been toying with the idea of nominating Heim theory as a good article candidate. It seems to meet most of the criteria; it is comprehensive, well referenced, and has been fairly stable recently. The text might need some editing, though. Specifically:
 * 1) A section needs to be added on the proposed propulsion applications, as a lot of published papers refer to this aspect of the theory.  The Good Article criteria call for a comprehensive treatment, but currently the propulsion topic gets hardly any mention in the article (even though it appears in several of the listed references).
 * 2) One of the criteria calls for images.  A good relevant image can be found in one of the papers published on HT: Spacetime Physics and Advanced Propulsion Concepts, Fig. 3 "Six Fundamental Physical Forces".  I'm considering writing HTRG asking for release of this image under GFDL, so that it can be included on Wikipedia.

I'm writing to ask your opinion on this. The article has been known to provoke minor controversy in the past, so I am somewhat apprehensive about taking this step unless I can get some support. What do you think? Should I take the plunge, or just let the sleeping can of worms lie? Freederick 16:32, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Anti-gravity
Michael Busch has requested a straw poll of Anti-gravity. You may want to add your comments. Tcisco 00:59, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Martin Tajmar
An editor has nominated Martin Tajmar, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. Freederick (talk) 16:43, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Heim51.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Heim51.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 22:37, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Heim theory

A tag has been placed on Heim theory, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

''Crackpot ideas don't need wiki articles. See the following discussions:http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/924/heim-theory-and-ftl, http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/6151/how-did-these-guys-get-the-masses-from-heim-theory, The "theory" is just nonsense based on quack ideas and numerology. Wikipedia should' n'ot promote such nonsense quack rubbish.''

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. Dimension10 (talk) 05:04, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Heim_theory for deletion == A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Heim_theory is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Heim_theory until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ==

Nomination of Heim_theory for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Heim_theory is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of COMETA for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article COMETA is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/COMETA until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hdeasy


text:
User talk:Devnet

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

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To DevNet
I love you... --Rob Loach (talk) 07:14, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Devnet


text:
Outline of ancient India

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:

Ancient India is the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the start of Medieval India, which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE. Depending on context, the term Ancient India might cover the modern-day countries of Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, though these territories had large cultural differences.

General history of Ancient India
An elaborate periodisation may be as follows:

Pre-history (Neolithic Age) (c. 8000–3500 BCE)

 * Indian Pre-history Age (c. 10,000–3300 BCE)
 * Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BCE)
 * Mehrgarh culture (c. 7000)

Proto-history (Bronze Age) (c. 3500–1800 BCE)

 * Indus Valley Civilisation (c. 3300), including the "first urbanisation"
 * Ahar–Banas culture (c. 3000)
 * Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (c. 2600–1200 BCE)
 * Cemetery H culture (c. 1900–1300 BCE)

Iron Age (c. 1800–200 BCE)

 * Iron Age India (c. 1800)
 * Vedic civilization (c. 1700)
 * Black and red ware culture (c. 1500–700 BCE) in Western Ganges plain
 * Northern Black Polished Ware (c. 1200–500 BCE)
 * Painted Grey Ware culture (c. 1200 or 700–300 BCE)
 * Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700)
 * Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500)
 * Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200)
 * Indian Iron Age kingdoms (c. 600)
 * Pandyan Kingdom (c. 600 BCE)

Pre-Classical Period (c. 600 BCE–200 CE)

 * Pradyota dynasty (c. 682–544 BCE)
 * Haryanka dynasty (c. 544–413 BCE)
 * Shaishunaga dynasty (c. 413–345 BCE)
 * Nanda Empire (c. 345)
 * Maurya Empire (c. 322–185 BCE)
 * Sangam period (c. 300 BCE)
 * Pandyan Kingdom (c. 600 BCE–1650 CE)
 * Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BCE–1102 CE)
 * Chola Kingdom (c. 300 BCE–1279 CE)
 * Kalinga Empire (until 250 BCE)
 * Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 2600–300 CE)
 * Satavahana Empire (230 BCE–220 CE)
 * Kuninda Kingdom (c. 2600–350 CE)
 * Shunga Empire (c. 185–73 BCE)
 * Kanva dynasty (c. 73–26 BCE)
 * Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE–10 CE)
 * Kanva Empire (75–26 BCE)
 * Kushan Empire (30–375 CE)
 * Indo-Scythian Kingdom ( c. 12 BCE–395 CE)

Classical Period (c. 200–550 CE)
There are varying definitions of this period.

 * Gupta Empire (c. 320–650 CE)
 * Later Gupta dynasty (c. 490–750 CE)
 * Vakataka Empire (c. 250)
 * Pallava Empire (c. 275–901 CE)
 * Kadamba dynasty (c. 345–1347 CE)
 * Western Ganga dynasty (c. 350–1024 CE)
 * Vishnukundina Empire (c. 420–624 CE)
 * Maitraka dynasty (c. 475)
 * Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE)

Art in ancient India

 * Music in ancient India
 * Carnatic music
 * Hindustani music

Language in ancient India

 * Vedic Sanskrit
 * Proto-Dravidian
 * Ancient scripts of the Indian subcontinent
 * Tamil-Brahmi
 * Pallava script
 * Gupta script
 * Kadamba script

Religion in ancient India

 * History of Jainism
 * History of Hinduism
 * Historical Vedic religion
 * Vedas
 * Vedic mythology
 * Vedic priesthood
 * History of Buddhism

Sport in ancient India

 * Traditional games of India

Science and technology in ancient India

 * Science and technology in ancient India
 * Indian mathematics
 * Indian astronomy
 * List of Indian inventions and discoveries
 * Indian martial arts
 * Malla-yuddha
 * Kalaripayattu
 * Ancient Indian medicine
 * Siddha medicine
 * Ayurveda
 * Architecture
 * Dravidian architecture
 * Indian in Sanskrit epics

Museums with ancient Indian exhibits

 * India (clockwise)
 * National Museum, New Delhi
 * Patna Museum
 * Indian Museum, Kolkata
 * Government Museum, Bangalore
 * Goa State Museum
 * Kutch Museum, Bhuj, Gujarat
 * United Kingdom
 * British Museum, London

title: Outline of ancient India


text:
The Varieties of Religious Experience

The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature is a book by Harvard University psychologist and philosopher William James. It comprises his edited Gifford Lectures on natural theology, which were delivered at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland between 1901 and 1902. The lectures concerned the psychological study of individual private religious experiences and mysticism, and used a range of examples to identify commonalities in religious experiences across traditions.

Soon after its publication, Varieties entered the Western canon of psychology and philosophy and has remained in print for over a century.

James later developed his philosophy of pragmatism. There are many overlapping ideas in Varieties and his 1907 book Pragmatism.

Psychology of religion
In the 1890s, a "new psychology" emerged in European and American universities which coincided with the establishment of many new psychology laboratories and the appointment of faculty in psychology. New psychology's novelty was encapsulated by its distinction from philosophy (philosophy of mind in particular) and theology, and its emphasis on the laboratory-based experimental method. As part of this development, the psychology of religion emerged as a new approach to studying religious experience, with the US being the major centre of research in this field.

A few years earlier Edwin Diller Starbuck had written a book entitled Psychology of Religion which James had written a preface to. James thanks Starbuck in the preface to his book for having "made over to me his large collection of manuscript material" before then citing Starbucks work throughout The Varieties. Starbuck recollects that James looked through "several hundred" of his documents.

The Varieties was first presented in 1901-2 as a set of twenty Gifford lectures at the University of Edinburgh. This was a lecture series instituted by Adam Gifford and intended to have a popular and public audience on the subject of natural theology, or scientific approaches to the study of religion. James had originally planned for the second half of his lectures to be a philosophical assessment of religion but ill health meant that he could only write one lecture on the topic, resulting in a work more descriptive than James had initially anticipated.

Religious experiences
In the Varieties, James explicitly excludes from his study both theology and religious institutions, choosing to limit his study to direct and immediate religious experiences, which he regarded as the more interesting object of study. Churches, theologies, and institutions are important as vehicles for passing on insights gained by religious experience but, in James's view, they live second-hand off the original experience of the founder. A key distinction in James's treatment of religion is between that of healthy-minded religion and religion of the sick soul; the former is a religion of life's goodness, while the latter cannot overcome the sense of evil in the world. Although James presents this as a value-neutral distinction between different kinds of religious attitudes, he, in fact, regarded the sick-souled religious experience as preferable, and his anonymous source of melancholy experience in lectures VI and VII is, in fact, autobiographical. Following these autobiographical sections, James transitions into two lectures (IX and X) examining religious conversion from a psychological point-of-view, along with its importance in religious history. James considered healthy-mindedness to be America's main contribution to religion, which he saw running from the transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman to Mary Baker Eddy's Christian Science. At the extreme, the "healthy-minded" see sickness and evil as an illusion. James considered belief in the "mind cure" to be reasonable when compared to medicine as practiced at the beginning of the twentieth century.

James devotes two lectures to mysticism, and in the lectures, he outlines four markers common to mystical experiences. These are:
 * Ineffability: the experience is incapable of being described, and must be directly experienced to be understood.
 * Noesis: the experience is understood to be a state of knowledge through which divine truths can be learned.
 * Transience: the experience is of limited duration.
 * Passivity: the subject of the experience is passive, unable to control the arrival and departure of the experience.

He believed that religious experiences can have "morbid origins" in brain pathology and can be irrational, but nevertheless largely positive. Unlike the bad ideas that people have under the influence of, say, fevers or drunkenness, after a religious experience the ideas and insights usually still make sense to the person, and are often valued for the rest of the person's life.

James had relatively little interest in the legitimacy or illegitimacy of religious experiences. Further, despite James' examples being almost exclusively drawn from Christianity, he did not mean to limit his ideas to any single religion. Religious experiences are something that people sometimes have, under certain conditions. In James' description, these experiences are inherently very complex, often life-altering and largely indescribable and unquantifiable through traditional means, yet measurable in the profound changes they have on the individuals that report such experiences.

Pragmatism
Ultimately James made a pragmatic argument for religion, writing that "the uses of religion, its uses to the individual who has it, and the uses of the individual himself to the world, are the best arguments that truth is in it". As an example of this he gives the therapeutic effects of prayer.

Although James did not fully articulate his pragmatic philosophy until the publication of Pragmatism in 1907, the approach to religious belief in the Varieties is influenced by pragmatic philosophy. In his Philosophy and Conclusions lectures, James concludes that religion is overall beneficial to humankind, although acknowledges that this does not establish its truth. While James intended to approach the topic of religious experience from this pragmatist angle, Richard Rorty argues that he ultimately deviated from this methodology in the Varieties. In his lectures on saintliness, the intention is to discover whether the saintly virtues are beneficial for human life: if they are, then, according to pragmatism, that supports their claim to truth. However, James ends up concluding that the value of the saintly virtues is dependent on their origin: given that the saintly virtues are only beneficial if there is an afterlife for which they can prepare us, their value depends on whether they are divinely ordained or the result of human psychology. This is no longer a question of value but of empirical fact. Hence, Rorty argues that James ends up abandoning his own pragmatist philosophy due to his ultimate reliance of empirical evidence.

James remarked on the aesthetic motivation in an individual choosing a religion and praised religion for its aesthetic value. He said that individuals "involuntarily intellectualize their religious experience" and that metaphysical stipulations about the attributes of a deity "enriches our bare piety to carry these exalted and mysterious verbal additions just as it enriches a church to have an organ and old brasses, marbles and frescoes and stained windows".

James considers the possibility of "over-beliefs", beliefs which are not strictly justified by "reason valid universally" but which might understandably be held by educated people nonetheless. They are "buildings-out performed by the intellect into directions of which feeling originally supplied the hint". Philosophy may contribute to shaping these over-beliefs — for example, traditional arguments for the existence of God, including the cosmological, design, and moral arguments, along with the argument from popular consensus. Although James did not himself endorse any of these arguments: "The fact is that these arguments do but follow the combined suggestions of the facts and of our feeling. They prove nothing rigorously. They only corroborate our pre-existent partialities". He says that individuals in the past had sought such universal proofs, asking "what more ideal refuge could there be than such a system would offer to spirits vexed by the muddiness and accidentality of the world of sensible things?". James says he has his own over-belief, which he does not intend to prove, that there is a greater reality not normally accessible by our normal ways of relating to the world, but which religious experiences can connect us to.

Reception
The August 1902 New York Times review of the first edition ends with the following:

"Everywhere there is a frolic welcome to the eccentricities and extravagances of the religious life. Many will question whether its more sober exhibitions would not have been more fruitful of results, but the interest and fascination of the treatment are beyond dispute, and so, too, is the sympathy to which nothing human is indifferent."

A July 1963 Time magazine review of an expanded edition published that year ends with quotes about the book from Peirce and Santayana:

"He was simply impatient with his fellow academicians and their endless hairsplitting over matters that had no relation to life. A vibrant, generous person, he hoped to show that religious emotions, even those of the deranged, were crucial to human life. The great virtue of The Varieties, noted pragmatist philosopher Charles Peirce, is its 'penetration into the hearts of people.' Its great weakness, retorted George Santayana, is its 'tendency to disintegrate the idea of truth, to recommend belief without reason and to encourage superstition.'"

In 1986, Nicholas Lash criticised James's Varieties, challenging James's separation of the personal and institutional. Lash argues that religious geniuses such as St. Paul or Jesus, with whom James was particularly interested, did not have their religious experiences in isolation but within and influenced by a social and historical context. Ultimately, Lash argues that this comes from James's failure to overcome Cartesian dualism in his thought: while James believed he had succeeded in surpassing Descartes, he was still tied to a notion of an internal ego, distinct from the body or outside world, which undergoes experiences.

The book was cherished by Ludwig Wittgenstein who wrote to Bertrand Russell that "Whenever I have time now I read James’ Varieties of Religious Exp[erience]. This book does me a lot of good". It was one of the few books he recommended to his friend Maurice O'Connor Drury.

title: The Varieties of Religious Experience


text:
Fritz Fischer (medical doctor)

Fritz Ernst Fischer (5 October 1912 – 2003) was a Nazi German medical doctor who performed medical atrocities on inmates of the Ravensbrück concentration camp. He was tried and convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the 1947 Doctors' Trial; he was sentenced to life imprisonment, but his sentence was commuted to 15 years and he was released in 1954.

Early life and war crimes
Fischer was born in Berlin. He studied medicine first at Bonn, later at Berlin and Leipzig, and finally graduated in Hamburg in 1938. He joined the SS in 1934 (ultimately reaching the rank of Sturmbannführer [major]) and became a member of the NSDAP in June 1937. On 1 November 1939, he was assigned to the Waffen-SS of the SS-Department of the Hohenlychen Sanatorium as a physician and SS Second Lieutenant.

In 1940, he became troop physician of the SS Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. After having been wounded he was posted back to Hohenlychen and worked in the camp hospital of the Ravensbrück concentration camp as a surgical assistant to Karl Gebhardt. He participated in the surgical experiments carried out on concentration camp inmates there.

Trial and later life
After World War II, he was tried in the Doctors' Trial in Nuremberg, convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and was condemned to life imprisonment. His sentence was reduced to 15 years in 1951 and he was released in March 1954.

Fischer subsequently regained his license to practice medicine and started a new career at the chemical company Boehringer in Ingelheim, where he stayed until his retirement.

Based on available records, when he died in 2003, aged 90 or 91, he was the last known living of those indicted at the Doctors' Trial.

title: Fritz Fischer (medical doctor)


text:
Data remanence

Data remanence is the residual representation of digital data that remains even after attempts have been made to remove or erase the data. This residue may result from data being left intact by a nominal file deletion operation, by reformatting of storage media that does not remove data previously written to the media, or through physical properties of the storage media that allow previously written data to be recovered. Data remanence may make inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information possible should the storage media be released into an uncontrolled environment (e.g., thrown in the bin (trash) or lost).

Various techniques have been developed to counter data remanence. These techniques are classified as clearing, purging/sanitizing, or destruction. Specific methods include overwriting, degaussing, encryption, and media destruction.

Effective application of countermeasures can be complicated by several factors, including media that are inaccessible, media that cannot effectively be erased, advanced storage systems that maintain histories of data throughout the data's life cycle, and persistence of data in memory that is typically considered volatile.

Several standards exist for the secure removal of data and the elimination of data remanence.

Causes
Many operating systems, file managers, and other software provide a facility where a file is not immediately deleted when the user requests that action. Instead, the file is moved to a holding area (i.e. the "trash"), making it easy for the user to undo a mistake. Similarly, many software products automatically create backup copies of files that are being edited, to allow the user to restore the original version, or to recover from a possible crash (autosave feature).

Even when an explicit deleted file retention facility is not provided or when the user does not use it, operating systems do not actually remove the contents of a file when it is deleted unless they are aware that explicit erasure commands are required, like on a solid-state drive. (In such cases, the operating system will issue the Serial ATA TRIM command or the SCSI UNMAP command to let the drive know to no longer maintain the deleted data.) Instead, they simply remove the file's entry from the file system directory because this requires less work and is therefore faster, and the contents of the file—the actual data—remain on the storage medium. The data will remain there until the operating system reuses the space for new data. In some systems, enough filesystem metadata are also left behind to enable easy undeletion by commonly available utility software. Even when undelete has become impossible, the data, until it has been overwritten, can be read by software that reads disk sectors directly. Computer forensics often employs such software.

Likewise, reformatting, repartitioning, or reimaging a system is unlikely to write to every area of the disk, though all will cause the disk to appear empty or, in the case of reimaging, empty except for the files present in the image, to most software.

Finally, even when the storage media is overwritten, physical properties of the media may permit recovery of the previous contents. In most cases however, this recovery is not possible by just reading from the storage device in the usual way, but requires using laboratory techniques such as disassembling the device and directly accessing/reading from its components.

below gives further explanations for causes of data remanence.

Countermeasures
There are three levels commonly recognized for eliminating remnant data:

Clearing
Clearing is the removal of sensitive data from storage devices in such a way that there is assurance that the data may not be reconstructed using normal system functions or software file/data recovery utilities. The data may still be recoverable, but not without special laboratory techniques.

Clearing is typically an administrative protection against accidental disclosure within an organization. For example, before a hard drive is re-used within an organization, its contents may be cleared to prevent their accidental disclosure to the next user.

Purging
Purging or sanitizing is the physical rewrite of sensitive data from a system or storage device done with the specific intent of rendering the data unrecoverable at a later time. Purging, proportional to the sensitivity of the data, is generally done before releasing media beyond control, such as before discarding old media, or moving media to a computer with different security requirements.

Destruction
The storage media is made unusable for conventional equipment. Effectiveness of destroying the media varies by medium and method. Depending on recording density of the media, and/or the destruction technique, this may leave data recoverable by laboratory methods. Conversely, destruction using appropriate techniques is the most secure method of preventing retrieval.

Overwriting
A common method used to counter data remanence is to overwrite the storage media with new data. This is often called wiping or shredding a disk or file, by analogy to common methods of destroying print media, although the mechanism bears no similarity to these. Because such a method can often be implemented in software alone, and may be able to selectively target only part of the media, it is a popular, low-cost option for some applications. Overwriting is generally an acceptable method of clearing, as long as the media is writable and not damaged.

The simplest overwrite technique writes the same data everywhere—often just a pattern of all zeros. At a minimum, this will prevent the data from being retrieved simply by reading from the media again using standard system functions.

In an attempt to counter more advanced data recovery techniques, specific overwrite patterns and multiple passes have often been prescribed. These may be generic patterns intended to eradicate any trace signatures; an example is the seven-pass pattern, , , , , , , sometimes erroneously attributed to US standard DOD 5220.22-M.

One challenge with overwriting is that some areas of the disk may be inaccessible, due to media degradation or other errors. Software overwrite may also be problematic in high-security environments, which require stronger controls on data commingling than can be provided by the software in use. The use of advanced storage technologies may also make file-based overwrite ineffective (see the related discussion below under ).

There are specialized machines and software that are capable of doing overwriting. The software can sometimes be a standalone operating system specifically designed for data destruction. There are also machines specifically designed to wipe hard drives to the department of defense specifications DOD 5220.22-M.

Feasibility of recovering overwritten data
Peter Gutmann investigated data recovery from nominally overwritten media in the mid-1990s. He suggested magnetic force microscopy may be able to recover such data, and developed specific patterns, for specific drive technologies, designed to counter such. These patterns have come to be known as the Gutmann method.

Daniel Feenberg, an economist at the private National Bureau of Economic Research, claims that the chances of overwritten data being recovered from a modern hard drive amount to "urban legend". He also points to the "$18 1/2$-minute gap" Rose Mary Woods created on a tape of Richard Nixon discussing the Watergate break-in. Erased information in the gap has not been recovered, and Feenberg claims doing so would be an easy task compared to recovery of a modern high density digital signal.

As of November 2007, the United States Department of Defense considers overwriting acceptable for clearing magnetic media within the same security area/zone, but not as a sanitization method. Only degaussing or physical destruction is acceptable for the latter.

On the other hand, according to the 2014 NIST Special Publication 800-88 Rev. 1 (p. 7): "For storage devices containing magnetic media, a single overwrite pass with a fixed pattern such as binary zeros typically hinders recovery of data even if state of the art laboratory techniques are applied to attempt to retrieve the data." An analysis by Wright et al. of recovery techniques, including magnetic force microscopy, also concludes that a single wipe is all that is required for modern drives. They point out that the long time required for multiple wipes "has created a situation where many organizations ignore the issue [altogether] – resulting in data leaks and loss."

Degaussing
Degaussing is the removal or reduction of a magnetic field of a disk or drive, using a device called a degausser that has been designed for the media being erased. Applied to magnetic media, degaussing may purge an entire media element quickly and effectively.

Degaussing often renders hard disks inoperable, as it erases low-level formatting that is only done at the factory during manufacturing. In some cases, it is possible to return the drive to a functional state by having it serviced at the manufacturer. However, some modern degaussers use such a strong magnetic pulse that the motor that spins the platters may be destroyed in the degaussing process, and servicing may not be cost-effective. Degaussed computer tape such as DLT can generally be reformatted and reused with standard consumer hardware.

In some high-security environments, one may be required to use a degausser that has been approved for the task. For example, in US government and military jurisdictions, one may be required to use a degausser from the NSA's "Evaluated Products List".

Encryption
Encrypting data before it is stored on the media may mitigate concerns about data remanence. If the decryption key is strong and carefully controlled, it may effectively make any data on the media unrecoverable. Even if the key is stored on the media, it may prove easier or quicker to overwrite just the key, versus the entire disk. This process is called crypto-shredding.

Encryption may be done on a file-by-file basis, or on the whole disk. Cold boot attacks are one of the few possible methods for subverting a full-disk encryption method, as there is no possibility of storing the plain text key in an unencrypted section of the medium. See the section Complications: Data in RAM for further discussion.

Other side-channel attacks (such as keyloggers, acquisition of a written note containing the decryption key, or rubber-hose cryptanalysis) may offer a greater chance of success, but do not rely on weaknesses in the cryptographic method employed. As such, their relevance for this article is minor.

Media destruction
Thorough destruction of the underlying storage media is the most certain way to counter data remanence. However, the process is generally time-consuming, cumbersome, and may require extremely thorough methods, as even a small fragment of the media may contain large amounts of data.

Specific destruction techniques include:

 * Physically breaking the media apart (e.g., by grinding or shredding)
 * Chemically altering the media into a non-readable, non-reverse-constructible state (e.g., through incineration or exposure to caustic/corrosive chemicals)
 * Phase transition (e.g., liquefaction or vaporization of a solid disk)
 * For magnetic media, raising its temperature above the Curie point
 * For many electric/electronic volatile and non-volatile storage media, exposure to electromagnetic fields greatly exceeding safe operational specifications (e.g., high-voltage electric current or high-amplitude microwave or ionizing radiation)

Inaccessible media areas
Storage media may have areas which become inaccessible by normal means. For example, magnetic disks may develop new bad sectors after data has been written, and tapes require inter-record gaps. Modern hard disks often feature reallocation of marginal sectors or tracks, automated in a way that the operating system would not need to work with it. The problem is especially significant in solid-state drives (SSDs) that rely on relatively large relocated bad block tables. Attempts to counter data remanence by overwriting may not be successful in such situations, as data remnants may persist in such nominally inaccessible areas.

Advanced storage systems
Data storage systems with more sophisticated features may make overwrite ineffective, especially on a per-file basis. For example, journaling file systems increase the integrity of data by recording write operations in multiple locations, and applying transaction-like semantics; on such systems, data remnants may exist in locations "outside" the nominal file storage location. Some file systems also implement copy-on-write or built-in revision control, with the intent that writing to a file never overwrites data in-place. Furthermore, technologies such as RAID and anti-fragmentation techniques may result in file data being written to multiple locations, either by design (for fault tolerance), or as data remnants.

Wear leveling can also defeat data erasure, by relocating blocks between the time when they are originally written and the time when they are overwritten. For this reason, some security protocols tailored to operating systems or other software featuring automatic wear leveling recommend conducting a free-space wipe of a given drive and then copying many small, easily identifiable "junk" files or files containing other nonsensitive data to fill as much of that drive as possible, leaving only the amount of free space necessary for satisfactory operation of system hardware and software. As storage and system demands grow, the "junk data" files can be deleted as necessary to free up space; even if the deletion of "junk data" files is not secure, their initial nonsensitivity reduces to near zero the consequences of recovery of data remanent from them.

Optical media
As optical media are not magnetic, they are not erased by conventional degaussing. Write-once optical media (CD-R, DVD-R, etc.) also cannot be purged by overwriting. Rewritable optical media, such as CD-RW and DVD-RW, may be receptive to overwriting. Methods for successfully sanitizing optical discs include delaminating or abrading the metallic data layer, shredding, incinerating, destructive electrical arcing (as by exposure to microwave energy), and submersion in a polycarbonate solvent (e.g., acetone).

Data on solid-state drives
Research from the Center for Magnetic Recording and Research, University of California, San Diego has uncovered problems inherent in erasing data stored on solid-state drives (SSDs). Researchers discovered three problems with file storage on SSDs:

"First, built-in commands are effective, but manufacturers sometimes implement them incorrectly. Second, overwriting the entire visible address space of an SSD twice is usually, but not always, sufficient to sanitize the drive. Third, none of the existing hard drive-oriented techniques for individual file sanitization are effective on SSDs."

Solid-state drives, which are flash-based, differ from hard-disk drives in two ways: first, in the way data is stored; and second, in the way the algorithms are used to manage and access that data. These differences can be exploited to recover previously erased data. SSDs maintain a layer of indirection between the logical addresses used by computer systems to access data and the internal addresses that identify physical storage. This layer of indirection hides idiosyncratic media interfaces and enhances SSD performance, reliability, and lifespan (see wear leveling), but it can also produce copies of the data that are invisible to the user and that a sophisticated attacker could recover. For sanitizing entire disks, sanitize commands built into the SSD hardware have been found to be effective when implemented correctly, and software-only techniques for sanitizing entire disks have been found to work most, but not all, of the time. In testing, none of the software techniques were effective for sanitizing individual files. These included well-known algorithms such as the Gutmann method, US DoD 5220.22-M, RCMP TSSIT OPS-II, Schneier 7 Pass, and Secure Empty Trash on macOS (a feature included in versions OS X 10.3-10.9).

The TRIM feature in many SSD devices, if properly implemented, will eventually erase data after it is deleted, but the process can take some time, typically several minutes. Many older operating systems do not support this feature, and not all combinations of drives and operating systems work.

Data in RAM
Data remanence has been observed in static random-access memory (SRAM), which is typically considered volatile (i.e., the contents degrade with loss of external power). In one study, data retention was observed even at room temperature.

Data remanence has also been observed in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Modern DRAM chips have a built-in self-refresh module, as they not only require a power supply to retain data, but must also be periodically refreshed to prevent their data contents from fading away from the capacitors in their integrated circuits. A study found data remanence in DRAM with data retention of seconds to minutes at room temperature and "a full week without refresh when cooled with liquid nitrogen." The study authors were able to use a cold boot attack to recover cryptographic keys for several popular full disk encryption systems, including Microsoft BitLocker, Apple FileVault, dm-crypt for Linux, and TrueCrypt.

Despite some memory degradation, authors of the above described study were able to take advantage of redundancy in the way keys are stored after they have been expanded for efficient use, such as in key scheduling. The authors recommend that computers be powered down, rather than be left in a "sleep" state, when not in physical control of the owner. In some cases, such as certain modes of the software program BitLocker, the authors recommend that a boot password or a key on a removable USB device be used. TRESOR is a kernel patch for Linux specifically intended to prevent cold boot attacks on RAM by ensuring that encryption keys are not accessible from user space and are stored in the CPU rather than system RAM whenever possible. Newer versions of the disk encryption software VeraCrypt can encrypt in-RAM keys and passwords on 64-bit Windows.

Standards

 * Australia
 * ASD ISM 2014, Australian Government Information Security Manual, 2014

 * Canada
 * RCMP B2-002, IT Media Overwrite and Secure Erase Products, May 2009
 * Communications Security Establishment Clearing and Declassifying Electronic Data Storage Devices, July 2006

 * New Zealand
 * GCSB NZISM 2016, New Zealand Information Security Manual v2.5, July 2016
 * NZSIS PSM 2009, Protective Security Manual

 * United Kingdom
 * Asset Disposal and Information Security Alliance (ADISA), ADISA IT Asset Disposal Security Standard

 * United States
 * NIST Special Publication 800-88, Guidelines for Media Sanitization, September 2006
 * DoD 5220.22-M, National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM), February 2006
 * Current editions no longer contain any references to specific sanitization methods. Standards for sanitization are left up to the Cognizant Security Authority.
 * Although the NISPOM text itself never described any specific methods for sanitization, past editions (1995 and 1997) did contain explicit sanitization methods within the Defense Security Service (DSS) Clearing and Sanitization Matrix inserted after Section 8-306. The DSS still provides this matrix and it continues to specify methods. As of the Nov 2007 edition of the matrix, overwriting is no longer acceptable for sanitization of magnetic media. Only degaussing (with an NSA approved degausser) or physical destruction is acceptable.
 * Army AR380-19, Information Systems Security, February 1998 replaced by AR 25-2 https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN17503_AR25_2_Admin_FINAL.pdf (Army Publishing Directorate, 2009)
 * Air Force AFSSI 8580, Remanence Security, 17 November 2008
 * Navy NAVSO P5239-26, Remanence Security, September 1993
 * IEEE 2883, IEEE Standard for Sanitizing Storage, August 2022

title: Data remanence


text:
Wikipedia:Literature collaboration of the fortnight/Removed

Tim Dorsey and his Serge Storms novels (1)

 * I created everything relating to these, which isn't much. I read the first five books and loved them. -Litefantastic 16:22, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Support:
 * 1) Litefantastic 16:22, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Amos Oz (1)

 * Nominated November 8; needs 3 votes by November 15 (minimum 3 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Woggly 13:16, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Possibly the best known author from Israel: all his books have been translated into English and other languages. He is often touted as a candidate for the Nobel prize for literature, and his name comes up in political as well as literary contexts. A recent profile of Oz published in the New Yorker magazine is testimony that he is highly regarded outside of Israel. There's almost nothing in Wikipedia about any Israeli author (IMO at the very least David Grossman, Meir Shalev and A.B.Yehoshua are notable enough to merit their own articles - not to mention that Wikipedia has embarassingly little on Agnon and Bialik, but perhaps they're dead and forgotten); if I have to choose just one to focus on, Amos Oz would be the one. --Woggly 13:16, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

TokyoPop (1)

 * Nominated November 12; needs 3 votes by November 19 (minimum 3 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Litefantastic 01:51, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * One of the largest producers of manga, which has nothing but a list. I'm not entirely sure that that qualifies as 'literature', but I am willing to think it does. -Litefantastic 01:51, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Jerry Spinelli (2)

 * Nominated January 4; needs 3 votes by January 11 (minimum 3 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Etaonish  18:19, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --Woggly 12:16, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * For such an author, having written Maniac Magee, to have NO article is a shame. Children's books' articles seem to be lacking.

Template:

Arthur Miller

 * Nominated [February 11]; needs 3 votes by [February 18] (minimum 3 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Deb 17:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * People seem to think this needs cleanup; I think it just needs a bit more detail.


text:
Fern Kinney

Fern Kinney (born Fern Kinney-Lewis, July 11, 1949) is an American R&B and disco singer, who is best remembered for her releases, "Groove Me" and "Together We Are Beautiful".

Career
Born in Jackson, Mississippi, United States, Kinney originally sang in The Poppies with Dorothy Moore.

In the early 1970s, she began working as a session musician and backing vocalist. Among the songs she sang on were King Floyd's "Groove Me", and her former "Poppie" bandmate Dorothy Moore's 1976 Top 10 single, "Misty Blue".

By 1979, then having settled as a housewife, Kinney decided to attempt a comeback, and she recorded her own version of "Groove Me", but changed the rhythm on the song to turn it into a disco dance track. The song reached number 6 on the Billboard dance chart. Her next single "Together We Are Beautiful", released in 1980 was another disco song, but with a slower and more sultry beat. It had been recorded by the British vocalist, Steve Allan, eighteen months earlier. Kinney's effort failed to chart in the United States, but reached number one in the UK Singles Chart.

Kinney's subsequent releases attempted to continue in the disco style, however by this time the disco fad had passed its peak and Kinney was unable to repeat her success. By 1983, she had returned to her earlier career as a backing vocalist. In 1994, Music Club released an album (MCCD 167) of Kinney's records called Chemistry The Best Of under licence from Malaco Records, which contained 17 tracks.

Albums

 * Groove Me (1979) - AUS No. 86
 * Fern (1981)
 * Sweet Music (1982)

Compilation albums

 * Fern Kinney (1988)
 * Chemistry – The Best of Fern Kinney (1994)

title: Fern Kinney


text:
Fungus Rock

Fungus Rock, sometimes known as Mushroom Rock, and among the Maltese as Il-Ġebla tal-Ġeneral (The General's Rock), is a small islet in the form of a 60 m massive lump of limestone at the entrance to an almost circular black lagoon in Dwejra, on the coast of Gozo, itself an island in the Maltese archipelago. It is located at 36.04583°N, 14.19083°W and falls within the jurisdiction of the town of San Lawrenz.

The Dwejra nature reserve is administratively part of the town. The Fungus Rock is a prominent landmark of the reserve, as was formerly the Azure Window, before its collapse on March 8, 2017.

History
The Knights Hospitaller apparently discovered what is popularly known as the Maltese fungus growing on the rock's flat top. This plant, which is a kind of parasitic flowering plant, not a fungus, has a repulsive smell. Doctors at the time believed that it had medicinal properties. The Knights used it as a styptic dressing for wounds and a cure for dysentery. They so prized it that they often gave gifts of it to distinguished noblemen and visitors to the Maltese islands.

Grand Master Pinto decreed the Rock out of bounds in 1746; trespassers risked a three-year spell as oarsmen in the Knights' galleys. He posted a permanent guard there and even built a precarious cable-car basket from the rock to the mainland, 50 m away. He also ordered the sides smoothed to remove handholds.

Pinto's efforts were perhaps unnecessary. Pharmacologists are studying the medical effects of Fucus coccineus melitensis today.

Presently, Fungus Rock is a nature reserve. However, the shoreline nearby is accessible to bathers and the sea provides perfect snorkeling.

The sunset can be photographed through the opening in Fungus Rock, but only from the inlet anchorage, and only during seasons when the sun descends the right way.

title: Fungus Rock