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The Idiot (album)

The Idiot is the debut studio album by the American musician Iggy Pop, released on March 18, 1977, through RCA Records. It was produced by David Bowie and primarily recorded at the Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville, France. The album followed the break-up of Pop's band the Stooges in 1974 and a period of drug addiction for both Pop and Bowie, after which the two moved to Europe in an effort to kick their addictions.

Described by Pop as "a cross between James Brown and Kraftwerk", The Idiot marks a departure from the proto-punk of the Stooges to a more subdued, mechanical sound with electronic overtones. Recording for it began at the château in June 1976 and continued into July. Further sessions took place at Musicland Studios in Munich in August. Bowie composed most of the music and contributed a major portion of the instrumentation. Pop wrote most of the lyrics in response to the music Bowie was creating. The album's title was taken from Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel of the same name, while Erich Heckel's painting Roquairol inspired its artwork.

After the album was completed, Bowie began recording his next album Low, which features a sound similar to The Idiot. Low was released in January 1977 and was a commercial success, compelling RCA Records to release The Idiot two months later. Upon its release, the album received divided, albeit largely positive reviews from music critics, many of whom noted a change in musical tone from Pop's earlier work with the Stooges. It charted in the US, the UK, and Australia. It was accompanied by the release of two singles, "Sister Midnight" and "China Girl", in February and May 1977, respectively; Bowie later issued his own version of "China Girl" as a single in 1983.

Pop supported The Idiot with a tour in March and April 1977, with Bowie as his keyboardist. Afterward, the two collaborated again on Pop's second studio album, Lust for Life (1977). Retrospectively, The Idiot has continued to be received positively, with many noting Pop's artistic evolution. However, because Bowie largely created it, fans do not generally consider the album as being representative of Pop's output. It has influenced post-punk, industrial, and gothic acts, including Joy Division.

Background
From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, Iggy Pop was the frontman of the proto-punk band the Stooges. He became known for his wild on-stage behavior and helped garner a cult following for the band. During their tenure, the band had little commercial success and almost all members, including Pop, suffered from drug addictions. In 1971, Pop met musician David Bowie and the two became friends. Bowie was hired to mix the band's 1973 album Raw Power. Soon after its release, the band broke up in 1974 because of infighting, lack of major label support, and Pop's drug addiction, causing Pop and Bowie to stop collaborating. After the break-up, Pop recorded tracks with fellow Stooges member James Williamson, but these were not released until 1977 (as Kill City, credited jointly to Pop and Williamson). Pop tried to establish himself as a solo artist and auditioned to join other bands such as the Doors and Kiss, but these ventures were unsuccessful. Realizing his heroin addiction was destroying him, Pop checked himself into the Neuropsychiatric Institute at the University of California in Los Angeles for help to get sober; Bowie was one of Pop's few visitors during his stay. Pop recalled: "Nobody else came... not even my so-called friends in LA. But David came." Pop and Bowie reunited in mid-1975 and attempted to record a few tracks, but both men were deep into their drug addictions, so the sessions were mostly unproductive. Regarding the collapse of the sessions, Bowie commented, "He'll never make it to the recording studios in time. Iggy's doomed."

Pop's stints in rehab in 1974 and 1976 were unsuccessful, and Bowie's biographer, Thomas Jerome Seabrook, described Pop as reaching his "lowest point" in 1976. Knowing he had to become sober, Pop accepted an invitation to join Bowie on his 1976 Isolar Tour. By this point, Bowie also wanted to rid himself of his drug addiction. During the tour, Pop was impressed with Bowie's work ethic, later stating that he learned all of his self-help techniques through Bowie on the tour. There were further talks of Pop recording a solo album with Bowie as producer. Bowie and guitarist Carlos Alomar had written a new song, titled "Sister Midnight", and offered it to Pop; Bowie occasionally performed it live on the tour. Toward the end of the tour, both Bowie and Pop knew they wanted to avoid the drug culture of Los Angeles, and decided to move to Europe. At its conclusion, Bowie was initially keen to produce "Sister Midnight" in Munich, Germany, for release as a single. After visiting the Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville, France, the same place Bowie recorded his 1973 album Pin Ups, he instead decided to produce an entire album for Pop there. Bowie booked two months of studio time at the château for later in the summer of 1976.

Recording
Bowie and Pop arrived at Château d'Hérouville in June 1976 to record an album. Bowie bonded with the studio's new owner, Laurent Thibault, the former bassist of the French band Magma, and asked him to play bass and act as engineer; Thibault hired Frenchman Michel Santangeli to play drums. Bowie began composing tracks that ended up on The Idiot on keyboard and guitar. After Santangeli's arrival, Bowie played the tracks for him using a Baldwin electric piano. For two days, with minimal guidance, Santangeli played to the rough tracks (which he assumed were demos), the first takes often becoming part of the final mix. Bowie dismissed Santangeli at the end of the second day, leading him to believe his playing was inadequate, and he would not appear on the album; Santangeli later expressed regret over the final drum sound. Subsequently, Bowie began adding guitar parts. Overall, Bowie contributed guitar, electric piano, synthesizer, saxophone, and backing vocals to the album.

After the backing tracks were composited with guitar, keyboards, and drums, Bowie had Thibault add bass to them with little guidance. In July 1976, Bowie brought in his own rhythm section consisting of bassist George Murray and drummer Dennis Davis to provide overdubs on a few tracks, including "Sister Midnight" and "Mass Production". While Bowie composed much of the music for The Idiot, Pop wrote most of the lyrics on the studio floor, often in response to the music Bowie was composing. Pop was also keen to improvise some of his lyrics while standing next to the microphone, something that fascinated Bowie, who later used this method when recording "Heroes" (1977).

Recording continued in August 1976 at Musicland Studios in Munich, which was owned by Bowie's future collaborator and electronic dance music producer Giorgio Moroder. Here, Pop recorded most of his vocals, along with additional guitar overdubs provided by guitarist Phil Palmer who, like Santangeli and Thibault, re-recorded some of Bowie's guitar parts with little guidance. Palmer described the creative collaboration with Pop and Bowie as "vampiric" because he never saw the artists during the daytime and the collaboration was stimulating but disquieting. Bowie's original choice for guitarist was former King Crimson member Robert Fripp, who would later work with him on "Heroes". The last track recorded for The Idiot was "Nightclubbing" with Bowie playing the melody on piano using an old drum machine for backing. When Pop pronounced himself happy with the result, Bowie protested they needed real drums to finish it. Pop insisted on keeping the drum machine, saying "it kicks ass, it's better than a drummer".

When recording was completed, Bowie and Pop traveled to Berlin to mix the album at Hansa Studio 1 (not, as is often incorrectly reported, the bigger Studio 2 by the Berlin Wall). Because his former producer Tony Visconti was already in line to co-produce Bowie's next album, Bowie called upon him to help mix the record, so as to familiarize him with Bowie's new way of working. Given the almost demo quality of the tapes, the post-production work was, in Visconti's words, "more of a salvage job than a creative mixing".

Styles and themes
The Idiot marks a drastic departure for Pop from the aggressive proto-punk sound of the Stooges, reflecting a more subdued, inward-looking sound featuring elements such as "fragmented guitar figures, ominous basslines, and discordant, high-relief keyboard parts" as well as his "world-weary baritone." At the time of its release, Pop described The Idiot as "a cross between James Brown and Kraftwerk". Retrospectively, commentators have categorized The Idiot primarily as art rock, but have also noted the presence of gothic rock, industrial rock, with the album described as "totally out of step" with the punk sound birthed by the Stooges and credited with having "invented" post-punk. In 1981, NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray suggested that The Idiot's electronic sound had been "pioneered" on Bowie's Low (1977), whereas in 2016, Nicholas Pegg described it as "a stepping stone between Bowie's Station to Station and Low". According to critic Simon Reynolds of Tidal Magazine, the album's "mechanistic grooves, brittle drums and harsh guitar textures" anticipated Bowie's Berlin Trilogy and allowed Bowie to explore his fascination with German electronic sounds inspired by Neu! and Cluster. Wesley Strick of Circus magazine described the music as "mechanized", similar to Bowie's "Fame", but "with rhythms keyed off a quickened pulse", while Richard Riegel of Creem called it "professional studio metal, with occasional German-electronic overtones". NME's Nick Kent described the music as "totally rivetted and fettered to a thoroughly unhealthy aroma of evil and twilight zone zombie-time unease". Bowie biographer David Buckley called The Idiot "a funky, robotic Hellhole of an album".

Side one
Because Bowie and Alomar mostly wrote "Sister Midnight", it is similar to the funk style of Bowie's tracks "Fame" and "Stay", described by Seabrook and O'Leary as the song most representative of Bowie's pre-Berlin period. Its lack of overtly electronic instrumentation belied what critic Dave Thompson described as a "defiantly futuristic ambience". Bowie wrote the first lyrics of the opening verse of "Sister Midnight" while on tour; Pop completed them in the studio. Reviewers have compared Pop's vocal performance to Jim Morrison of the Doors. Author Peter Doggett writes the identity of "Sister Midnight" is irrelevant, explaining that "she was merely a cipher, who could send [Pop] soaring to the moon or falling to Earth... without either journey seeming to register on his emotions". The Krautrock-influenced "Nightclubbing" is considered a forerunner to what Bowie would explore on Low. The riff has been described as a mischievous take on Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll". Kris Needs described it as "the bleak sound of the 1985 disco, as ghostly electronic washes sky-write phrases over an unsettling, distorted disco pulse". Lyrically, Pop described "Nightclubbing" as "my comment on what it was like hanging out with him every night" and "about the incredible coldness and deathly feeling you have after you've done something like that and how much you enjoy it. It could be Los Angeles or Paris or New York or anywhere, really."

Originally titled "Fun Fun Fun", Hugo Wilcken describes "Funtime" as a "proto-gothic number". Pegg writes that the guitar and drum sounds exhibit Bowie's interest in German bands such as Neu! Some reviewers have compared the song's style to the Velvet Underground. For the track, Bowie advised Pop to sing "like Mae West, like a bitch who wants to make money". Lyrically, the song evokes both Bowie and Pop's final days living in Los Angeles, with lines like "talkin' to Dracula and his crew". Bowie's backing vocals were mixed almost as high as Pop's lead ones. Pop called it his "love song" in 1977. "Baby" is primarily led by bass and synthesizer rather than drums. While it is German influenced, Seabrook considers the song more cabaret and less Krautrock. Lyrically, it is about a relationship that is soon to fail. Unlike the next track, Pop cautions the listener to "stay clean, stay young, and not cry, because he's already done it all". Originally called "Borderline", "China Girl" is the most upbeat track on the album. The song is led primarily by a distorted guitar and synthesizer. Production-wise, it is raw and unpolished compared to Bowie's 1983 remake. It is a tale of unrequited love inspired by Kuelan Nguyen, partner of French actor-singer Jacques Higelin, who was also recording at the château at the same time. The protagonist's "Shhh..." was a direct quote from Nguyen after Pop confessed his feelings for her one night. Pop improvised most of the lyrics while standing at a studio microphone.

Side two
In 1997, Pop explained the origins of "Dum Dum Boys": "I only had a few notes on the piano, I couldn't quite finish the tune. Bowie said, 'Don't you think we could make a song with that? Why don't you tell the story of the Stooges?' He gave me the concept of the song and... the title", originally "Dum Dum Days". Likewise a tribute/lament for Pop's former Stooges bandmates, the spoken intro references Zeke Zettner, Dave Alexander, Scott Asheton, and Williamson. O'Leary considers it Pop's equivalent to Bowie's song "Ziggy Stardust". Musically, Seabrook compares it to the Stooges' Fun House (1970). Bowie originally played all the guitar parts himself, but feeling his playing was subpar, he ultimately had Palmer overdub some parts.

"Tiny Girls", sequenced between the two longest tracks on The Idiot, is reminiscent of a 1950s doo-wop number. Lyrically, Pop's ideal is getting a "tiny girl" with "no past" and "no tricks". Both Pegg and Seabrook consider Bowie's saxophone performance on the track one of his finest. The final track, "Mass Production", is an eight-minute epic. Seabrook compares it to the Stooges' "Dirt" and Bowie's "Station to Station". Wilcken describes the song as a harsh, grinding piece of early industrial electronica. It begins with a minute of "proto-industrial noises", created by Thibault using tape loops. Bowie suggested the lyrics to Pop, who later recalled: "He just said, 'I want you to write a song about mass production, because I would always talk to him about how much I admired the beauty of the American industrial culture that was rotting away where I grew up."

Release and promotion
The title of The Idiot was taken from Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel of the same name which Bowie, Pop, and Visconti were all familiar with. In a 1985 interview, Pop said Bowie was the one who titled it. Pop knew it was a reference to the novel but also felt his friend was simply insulting him. Erich Heckel's painting Roquairol inspired the album's cover photo. It is a black-and-white flopped image photograph taken by photographer Andy Kent, it depicts Pop striking what Pegg calls a "tortured, stiff-limbed pose" based on the figure in the painting. Bowie would later use the same painting as inspiration for the cover artwork for "Heroes".

Although Pop completed The Idiot by August 1976, Bowie wanted to be sure he had his own album in stores before the release. Thibault opined that "[Bowie] didn't want people to think he'd been inspired by Iggy's album, when in fact it was all the same thing". Bowie recorded Low between September and October, and released through RCA Records in January 1977. Because Low had a sound similar to The Idiot, the label feared it would not sell well. Nevertheless, the former and its first single "Sound and Vision" were commercial successes. The success of "Sound and Vision" allowed Bowie to persuade RCA to release The Idiot, which they did on March 18, 1977. The Idiot peaked at number 72 on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart, spending 13 weeks on the chart. It also spent three weeks on the UK Albums Chart, reaching number 30, marking Pop's first top 40 album. It also peaked at number 88 on the Kent Music Report in Australia. RCA released the singles "Sister Midnight" and "China Girl" in February and May 1977, respectively; both had the same B-side—"Baby", and failed to chart.

Although RCA was hoping he would tour to support Low, Bowie opted instead to further support Pop on his own tour. With Bowie playing keyboards, he assembled a band that included Ricky Gardiner on guitar, with brothers and future Tin Machine bandmates Tony Fox and Hunt Sales on bass and drums, respectively. Rehearsals for The Idiot tour began in mid-February 1977 and, according to Gardiner, went very well. He said Bowie was fine with restricting his involvement, not appearing to "undermine" Pop at all. The tour, Pop's first since the demise of the Stooges, began on March 1. The opening act was American rock band Blondie, who Bowie and Pop invited after the pair heard the band's 1976 debut album. Songs played included popular Stooges numbers, a couple of tracks from The Idiot, and songs that would appear on Pop's follow-up Lust for Life (1977). Bowie was adamant about not taking the spotlight away from Pop, often staying behind his keyboard and not addressing the audience; Giovanni Dadomo of Sounds reported, "If you wanted David, you also got the band." Pop's stage presence was praised, although some, including Nick Kent, believed that Bowie was still in charge. The tour lasted until April 16, 1977. The Idiot and his subsequent tour earned Pop greater fame and success than he had ever achieved with the Stooges. However, during interviews, he was often asked about Bowie more than his own work. As a result, Pop took a more direct approach when making Lust for Life, resulting in a sound more reminiscent of his earlier work.

Critical reception
Critical reception to The Idiot was largely positive, although it did confuse a number of reviewers. Doggett writes that listeners' perceptions of Pop generally influenced their views on the record. In a contemporary review of the album, John Swenson of Rolling Stone termed it "the most savage indictment of rock posturing ever recorded" and "a necrophiliac's delight". In Melody Maker, Allan Jones praised the record as a "disturbingly pertinent expression of modern music". Strick positively compared The Idiot to Pop's prior work with the Stooges, noting the difference in his vocal performance: "[He] doesn't sound alive... he sounds automated." He further complimented Pop's lyricism, stating, "Iggy's got the tainted charisma of a dead poet." Like Strick, Riegel noted the difference in The Idiot and Raw Power, writing: "Where Raw Power represented the final apotheosis of the Detroit-metal rock band, The Idiot puts Iggy right out in front as a kind of rarefied, continent-seasoned singer-songwriter." Billboard magazine noted the "less frantic" pace of Pop's earlier efforts and found Bowie's parts make the record more "commercially palatable".

Similar to other reviewers, Kris Needs of ZigZag magazine was perplexed upon hearing The Idiot for the first time, noting the major difference between it and Pop's work with the Stooges. Calling it "a very strange, morbid, obscure and unsettling [album]", Needs praised the record, stating he listened to it on repeat for hours at a time, and it "chill[ed] [him] to the marrow". John Rockwell of The New York Times called it "a powerful record", describing Pop's vocals as a blend of Morrison and Lou Reed and Bowie's music as "Germano‐British progressivisms". Meanwhile, Record Mirror Jim Evans found "little emotion" in Pop's vocal performances but considered the music innovative and compulsive, particularly on side two, which he deemed borderline heavy metal. In a more mixed review, Stephen Demorest of Phonograph Record said he enjoyed the record, due to its "completely schizophrenic" nature. He called "China Girl" the highlight of the album, but felt other tracks were not among Pop's finest: "It's a mixture of bluff... and beauty."

Retrospective reviews have been largely positive, with many noting Pop's artistic evolution. Mark Deming of AllMusic praised the record, writing that The Idiot showcased a different side of Pop that had yet to be seen, and if fans at the time were expecting Raw Power 2.0, it "made it clear" that Pop had evolved: "it's a flawed but powerful and emotionally absorbing work." Biographer Paul Trynka writes that over time, The Idiot would be classified as an album that was "more respected than loved", but acknowledged its influence on the "soul" of post-punk. Writing for Clash magazine on the record's 35th anniversary, Amanda Arber stated: "The Idiot stands as a dark, dense and desolate display of an artist confronting his demons head-on, and growing up in the process. It was bleakly revolutionary then, and it is now." Reviewing the album as part of the 2020 box set The Bowie Years, Sasha Geffen of Pitchfork praised it, stating: "The Idiot may lack fury, but it compensates with sardonic humor and perfectly tuned melodrama – both tools that would become wildly popular across all artistic media in the 1980s."

Influence and legacy
Although reviewers consider The Idiot good in its own right, Pop's fans have criticized the album as unrepresentative of his repertoire and as evidence of his being "co-opted" by Bowie for the latter's own ends. In his contemporary review of the record, Riegel comments, "As the star of The Idiot... Iggy Pop seems more under David Bowie's manipulative thumb than ever before, a condition that can be taken as positive or negative." Furthermore, Jones described it as his "second favorite David Bowie album". When reviewing Lust for Life, Pete Makowski of Sounds magazine felt The Idiot suffered from "being a part of Bowie's come down," calling it "a Low disco platter". O'Leary considers The Idiot a Bowie album just as much as a Pop one. Although Bowie's "Berlin Trilogy" is said to consist of Low, "Heroes", and Lodger (1979), O'Leary argues the true "Berlin Trilogy" consists of The Idiot, Low, and "Heroes", with Lust for Life a "supplement" and Lodger an "epilogue". Bowie himself later admitted:

"Poor [Iggy], in a way, became a guinea pig for what I wanted to do with sound. I didn't have the material at the time, and I didn't feel like writing at all. I felt much more like laying back and getting behind someone else's work, so that album was opportune, creatively."

Bowie later re-worked "Sister Midnight" with new lyrics as "Red Money" on Lodger, while his version of "China Girl" on 1983's Let's Dance became a major hit.

Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees described The Idiot as a "re-affirmation that our suspicions were true – the man was a genius and what a voice! The sound and production is so direct and uncompromised." The album has been cited as a major influence on post-punk, industrial, and gothic rock artists, including Depeche Mode, Nine Inch Nails, and Joy Division. uDiscoverMusic's Tim Peacock later argued The Idiot invented post-punk. The album particularly influenced Joy Division, who formed in the months between the releases of Low and The Idiot. Their debut album Unknown Pleasures (1979) drew heavily on the "industrial soundscapes" and "relentless percussion" of tracks like "Nightclubbing" and "Mass Production", also noting that The Idiot was still playing on the turntable of the band's singer Ian Curtis when he was found having committed suicide in 1980.

In addition, Seabrook cites "Mass Production" as an influence on modern alternative rock acts like the Smashing Pumpkins and Radiohead. In 2011, Killing Joke's Youth described The Idiot as one of his 13 favorite albums. Pitchfork later ranked The Idiot number 96 in its list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1970s in 2004. The album was also included in the 2018 edition of Robert Dimery's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

2020 deluxe edition
On April 10, 2020, Pop released an alternate mix of "China Girl" to promote the forthcoming release of The Bowie Years, a seven-disc deluxe box set featuring expanded remastered versions of The Idiot and Lust for Life. The box set, released on May 29, includes remastered versions of both albums along with outtakes, alternate mixes, and a 40-page booklet. The two original albums were also re-released individually, each paired with an additional album of live material to create separate stand-alone two-disc deluxe editions.

Personnel
According to Thomas Jerome Seabrook:
 * Iggy Pop – vocals
 * David Bowie – keyboards, synthesizer, guitar, piano, saxophone, xylophone, backing vocals, production
 * Carlos Alomar – guitar
 * Phil Palmer – guitar
 * Laurent Thibault – bass guitar
 * George Murray – bass guitar
 * Michel Santangeli – drums
 * Dennis Davis – drums
 * Tony Visconti – additional mixing

title: The Idiot (album)


text:
Power Man and Iron Fist

Power Man and Iron Fist (originally Luke Cage, Hero for Hire then Luke Cage, Power Man) was an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics, featuring the superheroes Power Man and Iron Fist.

Hero for Hire/Power Man
The series debuted as Hero for Hire #1, and became Power Man from #17 onwards. The cover logo included Luke Cage's name, so from #1–16 the cover logo read Luke Cage, Hero for Hire and from #17 onwards Luke Cage, Power Man. The series was initially written by Luke Cage's co-creator Archie Goodwin, pencilled by George Tuska, and inked by Billy Graham.

Power Man and Iron Fist
When Power Man's sales became unsustainable, Marvel added Iron Fist, another once popular superhero who could no longer support his own series, in order to save both characters from full cancellation. Iron Fist joined the cast of Power Man in a three-part story arc in #48–50. The series title changed to Power Man and Iron Fist with #50, though the indicia did not reflect this change until #67.

Iron Fist writer Chris Claremont penned the initial stories pairing the characters, but was soon forced to turn the series over to Jo Duffy due to his unmanageable workload. Duffy's run was noted for its lighthearted, humorous, character-driven tone, and had relatively few fight scenes. A young Kurt Busiek had his first regular assignment with the title, writing it from issue #90 to #100. He emulated the lighthearted humor of Duffy's run, not knowing that Duffy had been taken off Power Man and Iron Fist precisely because the editorial staff disapproved of her lighthearted tongue-in-cheek approach to the series.

Goodwin then returned to the series, but had difficulty keeping up with the work, and his brief second run was littered with issues by fill-in writers, including two by Busiek. Jim Owsley, another Marvel staffer, took over as regular writer. The series concluded with the death of Iron Fist in #125, a controversial story. Owsley later commented, "Fist’s death was senseless and shocking and completely unforeseen. It took the readers’ heads clean off. And, to this day, people are mad about it. Forgetting, it seems, that (a) you were supposed to be mad, that death is senseless and Fist’s death was supposed to be senseless, or that (b) this is a comic book."

Power Man and Iron Fist revivals
Power Man and Iron Fist returned as a five-issue limited series in 2011, spinning-off from the "Shadowland" storyline, which introduced a new Power Man, Victor Alvarez. It was written by one of the character's creators Fred Van Lente, with art by Wellinton Alves. It returned again in 2016, with Luke Cage replacing Alvarez.

Writers

 * Chris Claremont - Power Man/Iron Fist #50-53 (April 1978 - October 1978), #76 (December 1981)
 * Ed Hannigan - Power Man/Iron Fist #53-55 (October 1978 - February 1979)
 * Mary Jo Duffy - Power Man/Iron Fist #56–75, 77–84 (April 1979 – November 1981, January 1982–August 1982)
 * Bob Layton - Power Man/Iron Fist #67 (February 1981)
 * Steven Grant - Power Man/Iron Fist #69, 91, 101 (May 1981, March 1983, January 1984)
 * Mike W. Barr - Power Man/Iron Fist #76 (December 1981)
 * Dennis O'Neil - Power Man/Iron Fist #85–89 (September 1982–January 1983)
 * Kurt Busiek - Power Man/Iron Fist #90, 92–100, 102, 105 (February 1983, April 1983–December 1983, May 1984)
 * Archie Goodwin - Power Man/Iron Fist #103–104, 108 (February 1984–April 1984, August 1984)
 * Alan Rowlands - Power Man/Iron Fist #106–107, 109 (June 1984–July 1984, September 1984)
 * Jim Owsley - Power Man/Iron Fist #108, 111–125 (August 1984, November 1984–September 1986)
 * Tony Isabella - Power Man/Iron Fist #110 (October 1984)

Artists

 * Kerry Gammill - Power Man #67-68, 70–72, 74–75, 77–79, 84 (February 1981–April 1981, June 1981–August 1981, October 1981–November 1981, January 1982–March 1982, August 1982)
 * Alan Weiss - Power Man/Iron Fist #69 (May 1981)
 * Greg LaRocque - Power Man/Iron Fist #73, 91, 102–104, 106, 108–113 (September 1981, March 1983, February 1984–April 1984, August 1984–January 1985)
 * Frank Miller - Power Man/Iron Fist #76 (December 1981)
 * Rudy Nebres - Power Man/Iron Fist #76 (December 1981)
 * Denys Cowan - Power Man/Iron Fist #80–83, 86–90, 92–93 (April 1982–July 1982, October 1982–February 1983, April 1983–May 1983)
 * Keith Pollard - Power Man/Iron Fist #85 (September 1982)
 * Ernie Chan - Power Man/Iron Fist #94–100 (June 1983–December 1983)
 * Geof Isherwood - Power Man/Iron Fist #101, 107 (January 1984, July 1984)
 * Richard Howell - Power Man/Iron Fist #105 (May 1984)
 * Steve Geiger - Power Man/Iron Fist #114 (February 1985)
 * Billy Graham - Power Man/Iron Fist #114 (February 1985)
 * Mark Bright - Power Man/Iron Fist #115–125 (March 1985–September 1986)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Power Man and Iron Fist


text:
Talk:History of rail transport in Ireland

Category:Timeline of rail transport
A timeline of rail transport series of documents has been created, currently with little content. Please help out (not least since all but 3 "events" are US based). You know the drill: births & deaths, dates of key bits of infrastructure & acts / openings / amalgamations / closures / accidents &c. --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * The root category is now . Slambo (Speak) 18:44, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

This article
I am starting to rewrite parts of this article, since it leaves out many of the main railway lines operating in Ireland at the time specified. I am using the Railway Year Book for 1912 as my guide. I also feel that the paragraph discussing the overall picture of transport prior to the railways is a far too sketchy: Peter Shearan 09:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC) Please be patient!!! Peter Shearan 11:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC) Peter Shearan 06:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * canal transport had made big inroads in the carrying of freight long before the railways: two big canal projects were underway in the late 18th century
 * mail coaches run by the General Post Office and others far preceded (by well over 100 years!) those "horse-car" services of Charles Bianconi (who himself was only one of many, and operated mostly in the south)
 * I don't believe that the Irish hoi poloi were sedentary (= doing things sitting down): they worked liked mad in agriculture. The roads created by the mail coaches had already got people travelling between centres of population
 * the article itself says that the Dublin and Kingstown railway was opened in 1834, so what's this about the Waterford line?
 * all railways are "held up by legislation" - you can't open one without an Act of Parliament
 * My first addition is to summarise the railways as at the beginning of the 19th century: there were many more than is shown at present. I shall (eventually) put the paragraph on the first railway before that list. I think that, since the information I have on each of the main lines is fairly extensive (ie listing most of the constituents of each one) it will be better to then write an article for every one of the main lines, thus avoiding turning this article into too much of a jumbo!
 * List of all railways now completed. A separate (brief) chapter is now needed for each of the main railways, even if they do not have a separate article, like the existing ones

Gauges
Else where is says that the Dublin and Drogheda Railway used 5 ft. 2 in. not 5 ft. 3 in !

Please explain!

Tabletop 23:58, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the D&DR was initially laid using a track gauge of 5 ft 2 in. Have amended the article. -- Picapica 12:39, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

GNR(I)
Great Northern of Ireland Railway

Ought this not to be Great Northern Railway of Ireland? -- Picapica 12:11, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have checked a extensive list of railway companies of Ireland and cannot find this abbreviation, assume that it is a abbreviation with a foreign twist "Great Northern Railway (Ireland)", for instance . Djegan 18:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Djegan, a chara:

It appears my message was excessively cryptic! It was not the abbreviation GNR(I) I was wanting to call attention to. I'd thought that that was too well known to need any elaboration (no "foreign twists" involved!). Have a look at these images:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

No, it was about this Great Northern of Ireland Railway (sic) mentioned in the article. The doubt I was attempting to cast was on the very existence of any railway thus called. The references in the article actually relate to the Great Northern Railway (Ireland), established by the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Act of 1877 -- hence the abbreviation GNR(I). There was never, to my knowledge, any railway called the "Great Northern of Ireland". -- Picapica 22:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

See further discussion of this matter at User_talk:Picapica. I propose to make relevant changes to "Great Northern of Ireland Railway" references shortly. -- Picapica 20:42, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

This article is hardly impartial, to quote - "The population of Donegal is expanding rapidly and deserves to have a rail service"

Tralee and Dingle Light Railway
There is a discrepancy in the lines distance on this page (37.5 miles) and the main Tralee and Dingle Light Railway page (31 miles). Does anyone have the correct distance? ww2censor 16:57, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

''INQUIRY INTO THE ACCIDENT AT CAMP ON MAY 22, 1893,
 * Both articles are correct. The main page quotes the distance of the main line between Tralee & Dingle as 31.65 miles plus the 6-mile branch to Castlegregory. This page gives the total for both main & branch lines. To quote from a BOT accident report:

The line is single, except at stations, and the gauge is 3 ft. The main line from Tralee to Dingle, on which the accident happened, is 31 miles 52 chains in length, of which 27 miles 61 chains are laid along the side of the public road, and may be considered as a tramway, the remaining 3 miles 71 chains being a light railway through fields and mountain land.''

Suckindiesel (talk) 10:22, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Gauge of Dublin tramway
Does anybody know wether the Dublin tramway (Luas) has the broad gauge og Irish railways (1600 mm) or normal gauge (1435 mm). I was there and saw it but opposite to what I had expected I didn't think it looked broader than normal gauge. 85.8.0.197 21:56, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

The original Dublin tram (DUTC) was 5-ft 3-in (1600-mm), same as Irish railway, the Luas is 4-ft 8.5-in (1435-mm) The reason for using standard gauge for the Luas was, supposedly, to enable the purchase of "off the shelf" i.e. cheaper rolling stock. Suckindiesel 23:22, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * No - it was to enable tighter turns and a narrower loading gauge to use less road space. Rolling stock for Irish broad gauge railways is not really much more than for standard gauge, as it's the same stock used (e.g the late 1980s carriages are British Mark IIIs), but with different bogies (the bits under the front and back of the carriages that have the wheels). zoney ♣ talk 12:47, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * All very compelling reasons undoubtably, however I still think the choice of gauge was to allow the purchase of a standard product, i.e. the Citadis tram Suckindiesel 19:37, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality disputed - Too many POV's
Although very informative, this article has way to many POV (points of view). The sections Rationalisation, Steady as she goes, Rail revival and The future are full of unnecessary opinions and remarks and no references. These sections risk being removed in the near future unless they are significantly upgraded to a neutral point of view NPOV with references. Ga2re2t 15:58, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Due to a lack of movement in this area, the above mentioned sections have been removed. To allow for further discussion, they have been copied to the following page:
 * Talk:History of rail transport in Ireland/Deleted sections
 * For more information on Wikipedia's neutral point of view and no original research policies, please visit the following:

Ga2re2t (talk) 13:51, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Neutral point of view
 * No original research

 * Most of those sections you claim as being POV and NOR are full of facts. While perhaps not well written in a neutral tone and not well referenced, the essence is all true. Most people marking sections as POV are not a hasty as you to delete as you seem to be. ww2censor (talk) 15:01, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that there are quite a number of facts, but none of them are referenced. None, not a single one. The essence being true is, I'm afraid, not acceptable policy and adding "essentially true" passages to Wikipedia should be discouraged, in my opinion. The passages are a rambling selection of chatter about rail in Ireland with what I feel to be a generally bitter tone. Add to that stupid remarks such as "The Ulster Transport Authority is particularly reviled in railway circles", the sections had to go. If you want, feel free to re-integrate trimmed down versions with undeniable facts backed up with references where possible. But I stand by my position that the entire text should not be re-integrated. I might be nice and do the trimming myself sometime. Ga2re2t (talk) 16:34, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * If you are going to start being quite this aggressive in implementing deletion of uncited text as opposed to POV, which is what you tagged this article, then you will have to start removing a lot of content. Why not try to fix some of the POV problems you see in the article instead? The two reasons are quite different and should be treated as such. Unfortunately I don't have any of my older Irish railway books here so can't do it myself. You could also notify the WikiProject Trains and see if someone there could help out. Cheers ww2censor (talk) 05:13, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Quote: The two reasons are quite different and should be treated as such. Hmmm, agree and disagree. I agree that if we were all to go about removing all uncited text and data then we would end up removing a ridiculous amount of content. But, and this is a big but, without citations articles may as well just be fiction and so neutrality cannot be guaranteed. You and I know that most of us mean well when we add uncited text and I don't deny doing it often. I suppose I just got carried away with the notion of being able to wield some editing power, but I also wanted to bring home the point that there is a line that shouldn't be crossed when it comes to adding unverified text to Wikipedia. The text I removed was almost two pages of uncited text, which, in my not so modest opinion, was abuse of Wikipedia. Ga2re2t (talk) 03:34, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

I've gone back and made a preliminary pass over the problem sections to remove the most glaring POV issues. I've ignored the need to cite material, keeping stuff that appears to be citable but not checking it. I've left the POV tags in for the moment but would appreciate someone who knows the area to review it. If there's no response by Sunday I'll be removing the tags anyway. Note that I do not know anything about Irish raliroading so there's certainly the possibility that I've made some stupid error or another. Mangoe (talk) 14:52, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, that's fine by me. My aim was to get the issue moving by some of the people who are dedicated to rail on Wikipedia (which I am not). Acting on what ww2censor said above, I'll change the tags to indicate a lack of sources. In fact, the entire article needs a clean-up on sources so I'll just put a general tag at the top of the page. Some of the sources appear to be linked in the External Links section at the bottom, so I imagine this is where one should start looking if they wish to begin the clean-up. I accept that it'll take time though so I won't be aggressive with deletion in the near future ;-) Ga2re2t (talk) 07:33, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Former stations?
I'd have mentioned this under the former stations talk section but nobody checks that. Does anyone know if this is a former station? You might have to click back to the 2009 satellite image. 54.604976°N 5.831997°W --76.115.67.114 (talk) 05:58, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

Seems to be co-ords of Stormont? Suckindiesel (talk) 11:33, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Could be Knock, 06/05/1850-24/04/1950, also called Knock & Belmont 01/06/1866-01/10/1888. Suckindiesel (talk) 14:10, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

SL&NC
I've changed the gauge to Irish gauge as I can't see any reason for it being Stephenson gauge. The Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway article states Irish gauge. If anyone can prove otherwise, please change both places... Peridon (talk) 12:53, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Rotunda of Mosta

The Sanctuary Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady (Santwarju Bażilika ta' Santa Marija), commonly known as the Rotunda of Mosta (Ir-Rotunda tal-Mosta) or the Mosta Dome, is a Roman Catholic parish church and basilica in Mosta, Malta, dedicated to the Assumption of Mary. It was built between 1833 and the 1860s to neoclassical designs of Giorgio Grognet de Vassé, on the site of an earlier Renaissance church which had been built around 1614 to designs of Tommaso Dingli.

The design of the present church is based on the Pantheon in Rome, has the third-largest unsupported dome in the world, and is Malta's largest and most famous church. The church narrowly avoided destruction during World War II when on 9 April 1942 a German aerial bomb pierced the dome and fell into the church during Mass, but failed to explode. This event was interpreted by the Maltese as a miracle.

History
Although Pietro Dusina recorded Mosta as a parish in his 1575 pastoral visit, the town actually became a parish in 1608. Plans to construct a new church began soon afterwards, and the church was built in around 1614 to designs attributed to the Renaissance architect Tommaso Dingli. This church was commonly called Ta' Ziri.

By the 1830s, the town's population had become too big for this church to cater to. Giorgio Grognet de Vassé proposed rebuilding the church on a neoclassical design based on the Pantheon in Rome. Despite opposition from Bishop Francesco Saverio Caruana, the design was approved, and construction of the church began on 30 May 1833.

The new church was built around the old church, which remained in use throughout the course of construction. The residents of Mosta helped in building the church, taking part in construction work on Sundays and public holidays. Since Grognet had never received any formal architectural training, he received consultation services from an architect of the Sammut family.

The rotunda took 28 years to build, being completed in the early 1860s. The old church was demolished in 1860, and the new church did not need to be consecrated since the site had remained a place of worship throughout the course of construction. The church was officially dedicated on 15 October 1871.

During World War II, the town of Mosta was prone to aerial bombardment due to its proximity to the airfield of RAF Ta Kali. At about 16:40 on 9 April 1942, the Luftwaffe dropped three bombs on the church, and two of them deflected without exploding. However, one 50 kg high-explosive bomb pierced the dome and entered the church, where a congregation of 300 people was awaiting early evening Mass. The bomb did not explode, and a Royal Engineers Bomb Disposal unit defused it and dumped it into the sea off the west coast of Malta. This event was interpreted as a miracle by the inhabitants, and a replica of the German bombshell is now displayed in the sacristy at the back of the church, under the words Il-Miraklu tal-Bomba, 9 ta' April 1942 (meaning "The Bomb Miracle, 9 April 1942").

On 12 December 1973, Pope Paul VI issued a decree of canonical coronation of the titular painting of Our Lady of the Assumption that was crowned later on 10 August 1975, thereby elevating the church to the title of Marian Sanctuary.

On 2 May 1983, taxi driver Carmelo Aquilina voluntarily drove a Mercedes car into the Rotunda following a bet. He drove up the steps of the parvis, broke down the main doorway, and stopped within the church close to the altar. Following the incident, Aquilina was arrested and received a three-month prison sentence while his driving licence was suspended.

In 2015, the parish requested to the Vatican to be reclassified to the status of a basilica. The church was elevated to a minor basilica on 29 July 2018 by decree of Pope Francis.

Architecture

The Rotunda of Mosta is built in the neoclassical style, and its structure is based on the Pantheon in Rome. Its façade has a portico with six Ionic columns, which is flanked by two bell towers. Being a rotunda, the church has a circular plan with walls about 9.1 m thick supporting a dome with an internal diameter of 130 ft. At one time, the dome was the third-largest in the world. The church's interior contains eight niches, including a bay containing the main entrance and a deep apse with the main altar.

Before the church was constructed, there was some opposition to Grognet's design, since some regarded a Roman temple as an unsuitable model for a Catholic church building. However, others praised the design, and an 1839 book written while the church was being built describes it as "certainly the most magnificent, extensive and solid modern building" in Malta. This book further states that "when finished, [the church] will be an ornament to the Island, will immortalize the architect, and draw towards the casal every visitor to Malta." The design was well-received upon completion, and it is regarded as Grognet's masterpiece.

title: Rotunda of Mosta


text:
Adolf Pokorny

Adolf Pokorny (born 25 July 1895 in Vienna, Austria, d. unknown) was an Austrian dermatologist and aspiring Nazi. In the 1947 Doctors' Trial he was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity for involuntary sterilization experiments on concentration camp prisoners, but he was acquitted.

Early years
His father was a lieutenant colonel in the Austro-Hungarian army, and was frequently transferred to different countries in Eastern Europe; the family moved with him.

World War I and interwar period
Pokorny was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army and served from March 1915 to September 1918 in the First World War.

He completed his medical doctorate on 22 March 1922 and received his medical license. After two years of clinical training, he opened a practice in Komotau.

Nazi affiliation and forced sterilization research
His application to join the Nazi Party was declined in 1939, because he was married to a Jewish physician, Dr. Lilly Weil, with whom he had two children and from whom he had been divorced in April 1935. While the children survived the war in the UK, Lilly Pokorná as an internee in Ghetto Terezin led the first radiology station in the camp. After the war, she emigrated with the children to Brazil.

During World War II, Pokorny worked as a medical officer of the German Armed Forces. Despite not being a member of the SS or the Nazi Party, Pokorny wrote to Heinrich Himmler to suggest sterilization of Russian prisoners of war utilizing the sap of the caladium plant, which, according to an article in a medical journal, was thought to cause sterilization in mice. Pokorny suggests the forced, covert sterilization of millions of prisoners, and wrote that he was " led by the idea that the enemy must not only be conquered but destroyed " (emphasis in original) and the immense importance of this drug "in the present fight of our people." He continued:

This was received by Himmler with great interest, who ordered the procurement of caladium seguinum with the intention of conducting sterilization experiments on prisoners in Dachau concentration camp.

Doctors' Trial
Pokorny was tried by the American Military Tribunal No. I (also known as the Doctors' Trial) in August 1947. Despite his letter to Himmler and the proof that forced sterilization experiments using caladium seguinum were conducted in the camps, Pokorny was found to have had no direct involvement in compulsory sterilization experiments, and was acquitted.

title: Adolf Pokorny


text:
Hengyang

Hengyang ( Mandarin pronunciation: ) is the second largest city of Hunan Province, China. It straddles the Xiang River about 160 km south of the provincial capital of Changsha. As of the 2020 Chinese census, Its total population was 6,645,243 inhabitants, whom 1,290,715 lived in the built-up (or metro) area consisting of 4 urban districts, Nanyue District not being conurbated yet.

Hengyang is home to University of South China, Hengyang Normal University, and Hunan Institute of Technology, three major provincial public universities in the city.

History
The former name of the city was Hengzhou (Hengchow). This was the capital of a prefecture in the Tang dynasty's Jiangnan and West Jiangnan circuits. Li Jingxuan was banished to superintendence of Hengzhou after feigning an illness and attempting to usurp control of the legislative bureau at Chang'an against the Gaozong Emperor's wishes in AD 680. Following the AD 705 coup that removed the Empress Wu Zetian from power, her ally Li Jiongxiu was also briefly demoted to superintendence of this province. During the reign of Emperor Muzong, the chancellor Linghu Chu was also demoted to this province for his underlings' alleged corruption.

In the 750s, the superintendent of Hengzhou Chen Xi'ang not only ruled his own region but also used his private army to dominate his nominal superior, the military governor Zhang Weiyi headquartered in Jing Prefecture (modern Jingzhou). Upon Zhang's replacement by the former chancellor Lü Yin in 760, however, Chen was placated and then killed in a surprise attack.

During the reign of the Tang emperor Xizong, Zhou Yue overthrew first the prefect of Hengzhou Xu Hao in 881 and then the agent of the rebel Qin Zongquan in the capital of the Qinhua Circuit at Tan Prefecture (modern Changsha) in 886. Xizong confirmed Zhou Yue in all his posts, renaming his circuit Wu'an. Xizong's brother then gave him additional authority over West Lingnan Circuit (modern Guangxi). Shortly after, in 893, Deng Chune and Lei Man attacked and killed him.

Other superintendents included Qi Ying and Xiao Ye.

After initially falling to agrarian rebels under Yang Shiyuan, Hengzhou was recovered by the lord of Wu'an Ma Yin and formed part of his power base during the collapse of the Tang. He initially supported the Later Liang, then declared himself king (Ma Chu) in his own right during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

During the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, Wu Sangui declared himself Emperor of the Great Zhou and established an imperial court at Hengzhou in 1678 before dying of illness later that year. His grandson Wu Shifan then retreated to Yunnan, and the Qing recovered Hengzhou the next year.

The Battle of Hengyang was the longest defense of a single city during the Second Sino-Japanese War. When Changsha fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on June 19, 1944, Hengyang became their next target. The reorganized 11th Army, consisting of 10 divisions, four brigades, and over 110,000 men, assumed the task of attacking Hengyang. It was part of the Japanese Ichi-Go offensive.

A Roman Catholic diocese of Hengzhou was established, although periodically suppressed. This was suffragan to the Archbishop of Changsha following its elevation in 1946.

In 2013 Hengyang was the center of a major vote buying scandal where it was found that 56 officials were founded to be complicit in paying lower level local officials for votes. The 56 were subsequently removed from office, and an additional 512 resigned from their positions.

Economy
Hengyang has an area of 15,279 km2 and a population of 7,141,162. There are 1,075,516 people in the built-up area of 522 km2 in the four central urban districts. Hengyang is a busy and growing industrial City and the leading transportation centre of Hunan, linking water, rail, and highway routes. Manufacturing includes: chemicals, agricultural, mining equipment, textiles, paper and processed foods. Lead, zinc, coal, and tin are mined nearby. Hengyang is the second largest city in Hunan province, and is a growing industrial hub and transportation center.

Tourism
Known as the 'Bright Pearl in Southern China' and as 'Wild Goose City' (the latter because of wild geese that used to rest here while flying south for the winter), Hengyang has been the birthplace of many historical figures, such the revolutionist Luo Ronghuan and a noted Ming scholar Wang Fuzhi. The city was badly damaged during World War II and few historical buildings survive in diverse stage of reconstruction, including Shigu Academy, Dragon Tower, Confucian School on the Dongzhou Island (东洲岛), Laiyan Pagoda and Nantai Temple. Mount Heng, one of the Five Sacred Mountains, lies 45 kilometres north from the city proper.

Climate
Hengyang has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Spring is subject to heavy rainfall, while the summers are long, hot, and humid with lesser rainfall, and autumn is comfortable and rather dry. Winter is rather brief, but cold snaps occur with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing, and while not heavy, rain can be frequent. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 6.0 °C in January to 29.8 °C in July.

Administrative divisions
The city is divided into the old and new districts. The latter offer citizens and businesses the chance to move from the bleak and polluted city centre to newly constructed housing estates.

 * Yanfeng District (雁峰区)
 * Zhuhui District (珠晖区)
 * Shigu District (石鼓区)
 * Zhengxiang District (蒸湘区)
 * Nanyue District (南岳区)
 * Changning City (常宁市)
 * Leiyang City (耒阳市)
 * Hengyang County (衡阳县)
 * Hengnan County (衡南县)
 * Hengshan County (衡山县)
 * Hengdong County (衡东县)
 * Qidong County (祁东县)

Government
The current CPC Party Secretary of Hengyang is Deng Cequn and the current Mayor is Zhu Jian.

Colleges and universities
This is a list of institutions with full-time bachelor programs in Hengyang:

 * University of South China (南华大学)
 * Hengyang Normal University (衡阳师范学院)
 * Hunan Institute of Technology (湖南工学院)
 * Hunan University of Technology Hengyang(湖南工业大学衡阳分校)

Transport
Hengyang is one of the in China. G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway and G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway intersect here. China National Highway 107 (to Beijing, to Guangzhou) and China National Highway 322 (to Kunming) pass the city centre.

Two bus terminals are located in the city. One is Hengyang Western Terminal which is located in the city centre and operates provincial lines and intra-metro lines in northern and western directions. Another is LingHu Terminal which operates lines of southern and eastern directions and locates on the edge of the city.

Hengyang is an important transport hub in southern China. The Beijing–Guangzhou railway and Hunan–Guangxi railway intersect at Hengyang. Hengyang railway station is one of the ten largest railway stations in China and is recognized as one of the extra-premium level stations. More than 100 trains pass by and stop at Hengyang Railway Station, making it one of the busiest stations all over the country and connecting it to most cities of China.

The city's new Hengyang East railway station is served by the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway and the Huaihua–Shaoyang–Hengyang railway. The Hengyang Metro is a planned monorail rapid transit system.

Opened in 2014, the city is served by Hengyang Nanyue Airport.

Dialect
Hengyang dialect (Xiang - Lao Xiang湘语-老湘语; Gan赣语; Southwest Mandarin西南官话): the dialects of Hengyang city, Hengyang county and Hennan county are authentic Hengyang local dialects.

intangible cultural heritage
By the end of 2022, Hengyang City has 8 national intangible cultural heritage protection programs and 27 provincial ones.

Notable people

 * Ho Chen Tsu (1918-1994), born in Hengyang, architect and architecture educator

title: Hengyang


text:
Nicasio, California

Nicasio (Spanish for "Nicasius") is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Marin County, California, United States. It is located 8 mi west-southwest of Novato, at an elevation of 194 ft. As of the 2020 census the CDP population was 81, while population estimates for the surrounding area range from about 600 to about 900 people.

Within Nicasio and the surrounding area are about 250 homes located on approximately 350 parcels. Much of the land is still used for agricultural purposes including beef and dairy cattle grazing, small-scale truck farming (including organic farming), and the raising of forage. Several small vineyards have also been recently established. Next to Rancho Nicasio within the town of Nicasio is an organic farm, AllStar Organics, owned and operated by Janet Brown and Marty Jacobson; Janet is the vice-president of Marin Organic, Marin County's non-profit organic association. Just north of Nicasio Reservoir is Fairlea Ranch, where pedigree longhorn cattle are raised. The most significant non-agricultural business within Nicasio is George Lucas' Skywalker Ranch, a part of Lucasfilm Ltd. According to a 2004 Forbes magazine real estate survey, Nicasio is the 23rd most expensive ZIP code in the US. Nicasio has the highest per capita income ($211,993) of any census-designated place in California.

Centrally located in this area is the small village of Nicasio itself. The village is in area codes 415/628. The town center has a post office (ZIP code 94946), a general store, a tiny real estate office, St. Mary's Catholic Church (established in 1867), Nicasio Volunteer Fire Department, a baseball field located in the town square, the Rancho Nicasio Bar & Restaurant, a Druid's Hall, as well as a number of private homes. The town was founded in the early 19th century to support local agricultural, timber, and fishing activities. The town once contained the twenty-two-room Hotel Nicasio, which opened in 1867 but burned down in December 1940. Just north of town on Nicasio Valley Road next to the modern-day school building for Nicasio School District is a one-room schoolhouse that opened in 1871. The building is currently a listed historical landmark. The Nicasio post office opened in 1871, closed in 1899, and reopened in 1900.

In 2008, Dewey Livingston wrote a detailed history of the region titled Nicasio: The Historic Valley at the Center of Marin.

Geography
The Nicasio region is a hydrologic zone containing the four main drainages of Nicasio Creek up to the ridgelines defining their basin. It includes the south fork of Nicasio Creek extending from Moon Hill, along the ridge separating Nicasio from San Geronimo and Samuel P. Taylor State Park, and extending northwest towards the northern end of Platform Bridge Road; the east fork (Lucas Valley fork) of Nicasio Creek extending from Loma Alta and the ridge on the north side of Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, extending up through Big Rock and up towards Big Rock Ridge; the Halleck Creek drainage, up to the ridges separating Nicasio from Novato; the northern drainages extending along the ridgelines of Rocky Ridge, Hicks Mountain and Black Mountain.

A major landmark in the area is the man-made Nicasio Reservoir. Nicasio is surrounded by forested and open ridge lines surrounding a wide rolling valley. The area along Lucas Valley Road follows a narrow valley with mostly forested hillsides above it. Oak, bay, and fir trees are common in the area, and along some of the creeks stands of redwoods are still found. Wildlife is abundant; the Nicasio chickadee, a subspecies of the chestnut-backed chickadee, was named by Robert Ridgway. Three main roads cross the area: Lucas Valley Road, Nicasio Valley Road, and the Point Reyes-Petaluma Road. Important pieces of public land in the surrounding area include Point Reyes National Seashore, portions of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and Samuel P. Taylor State Park.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Nicasio village had a population of 96. The population density was 73.6 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.9% White and 2.1% African American. 7.3% of the population was Hispanic American or Latino of any race.

There were 35 households, out of which 15 (42.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 19 (54.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6 (17.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3 (8.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2 (5.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 6 households (17.1%) were made up of individuals, and 4 (11.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74. There were 28 families (80.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.07.

The population was spread out, with 28 people (29.2%) under the age of 18, 5 people (5.2%) aged 18 to 24, 21 people (21.9%) aged 25 to 44, 29 people (30.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 13 people (13.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

There were 41 housing units at an average density of 31.4 /mi2, of which 80.0% were owner-occupied, and 20.0% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 12.5%. 81.3% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 18.8% lived in rental housing units.

Filming location

 * The People (1972), a made-for-TV movie starring William Shatner; locations include St. Mary's Church and the town square
 * Shoot the Moon (1982), starring Albert Finney and Diane Keaton
 * Village of the Damned (1995), locations including Nicasio School and homes and regions in Nicasio

The 1993 song "Daughter" by Pearl Jam was recorded in Nicasio.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Nicasio is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Nicasio is in.

Education
Nicasio is served by the Nicasio Elementary School District and the Tamalpais Union High School District.

Notable residents

 * Jerry Garcia – lived in Nicasio from late 1992 until his death in 1995

title: Nicasio, California


text:
User talk:Jamesagmoore

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:07, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jamesagmoore


text:
WWOR EMI Service

WWOR EMI Service was a New York City-based American cable television channel that operated as a superstation feed of Secaucus, New Jersey-licensed WWOR-TV (channel 9). The service was uplinked to satellite from Syracuse, New York, by Eastern Microwave, Inc., which later sold the satellite distribution rights to the Advance Entertainment Corporation subsidiary of Advance Publications, a Syracuse-based company that also owned various print, broadcast and cable television properties.

In the New York metropolitan area, the superstation feed was not carried on local cable providers but was available to satellite subscribers. Two exceptions to this took place; once on February 26, 1993, after the World Trade Center bombing, when the local WWOR's transmitter was knocked out for the day. Cable providers in the New York metro area used the superstation feed as a substitute until the transmitter returned to service. The other was on Long Beach Island in Ocean County, New Jersey. Although that area falls within the New York City market, the Comcast system serving that area carried WWOR EMI Service instead of the local feed, as they were unable to obtain a microwave link to be able to carry channel 9. Months after the end of the feed, that system began carrying the local feed, which by that point was uplinked to satellite.

History
In 1989, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) passed the "Syndication Exclusivity Rights rule" (or "SyndEx") into law. This law meant that whenever a local television station had the exclusive rights to broadcast a syndicated program, that particular program must be blacked out on any out-of-market stations that were carried by local cable providers. After the law was passed, EMI purchased the rights to programs that no stations had claimed exclusive rights to, and launched a special national feed for cable and satellite subscribers outside of the New York City market on January 1, 1990, called the "WWOR EMI Service". Most of the syndicated programs that WWOR-TV had the rights to show in the New York City market were covered up by the alternate programming shown on the national feed—with the exception of most sporting events, local newscasts and other WWOR-produced programming such as Steampipe Alley, The Joe Franklin Show, the overnight Shop at Home program, the annual Weekend with the Stars Telethon for United Cerebral Palsy, the annual Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon for the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and a select number of programs that were not claimed as exclusive to any market. Most of the programs came from the libraries of Universal Television (whose parent company, MCA Inc., owned WWOR-TV at the time of the EMI Service's founding), MGM Television and Quinn Martin, along with some shows from the Christian Science Monitor's television service, as well as some holdover shows that had aired on the local New York feed before the SyndEx law's passage.

In mid-1996, EMI sold the satellite distribution rights to WWOR and Boston's WSBK-TV to Advance Entertainment Corporation. On December 31, 1996, AEC discontinued the feed, selling WWOR's former satellite transponder slot to Discovery Communications for the then six-month-old Animal Planet, which Advance still presently owns in part.

title: WWOR EMI Service


text:
User talk:AlexejS

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:08, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

If you want to contribute articles in German then consider joining the German wikipedia :). Thue | talk 21:26, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlexejS


text:
1987 in rail transport

January events

 * January 4 – Maryland train collision – Amtrak and Conrail trains collide in Maryland, killing 16 people.
 * January 18 – A fire starts on Aylmer Manor, one of the Manor series sleeping cars used by Via Rail, forcing VIA to take the car out of regular service permanently.

February events

 * February 2 – The Irish national transport operator Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ) is split up into subsidiaries, with Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail) taking responsibility for the Irish railway network in the Republic of Ireland.
 * February 12 – Oslo Central Station in Oslo, Norway is officially opened, and the western station Oslo Vestbanestasjon closes.

March events

 * March 12 – The Sacramento Regional Transit District opens the first line of its new light rail system, in Sacramento, California.

April events

 * April 1 – The Japanese National Railways (JNR) are divided and privatized. The seven companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group) succeed the former JNR.
 * April 4 – The Soo Line railroad announces the sale of its Lake States Transportation Division to private investors, forming the new Wisconsin Central Transportation Corporation.
 * April 18 – The Midosuji Line in Osaka, Japan, is extended from Abiko to Nakamozu.
 * April 27 – Construction begins in Germany on the Berlin U-Bahn's U8 line extension to Paracelsus-Bad.
 * April 30 – The Baltimore and Ohio merges into the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, ending its 160-year existence.

May events

 * May 6 – A Spanish-built Pendolino, RENFE Class 443, achieveS a speed record for Spain of 206 km/h.
 * May 11 – British Rail renames Second class as Standard class.

July events

 * July 13 – Union Pacific Railroad files with the Interstate Commerce Commission to acquire the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad.
 * July 13 – Nanboku Line open, for first time of Sendai Subway, northern Japan.
 * July 19 – New short line railroad Red River Valley and Western Railroad begins operations over 667 miles (1,073.4 km) of former BN tracks in North Dakota.
 * July 25
 * Indian Railways installs its first solid state interlocking at Srirangam, India.
 * The East Lancashire Railway, a heritage railway in North West England, opens between Bury and Ramsbottom.
 * July 31 – Queen Elizabeth II presides over the opening ceremonies of the Docklands Light Railway in London, England.

August events

 * August 7 – Kamensk-Shakhtinsky rail disaster in the Soviet Union kills 106.
 * August 25 – In Tokyo, Japan, the Yurakucho Line is opened between Wakoshi and Chikatetsu-narimasu.
 * August 31 – The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway is merged into CSX Transportation.

September events

 * September 22 – Richmond Vale railway line, New South Wales, runs last coal train to Hexham, becoming the last non-tourist railway in Australia to use steam locomotives.

October events

 * October 1 – Botswana Railways created by the government to take over railways within Botswana previously operated by the National Railways of Zimbabwe.
 * October 11 – Soo Line Railroad sells 2,002 miles (3,222 km) of track to the newly formed Wisconsin Central.
 * October 19 – Bintaro Tragedy – a catastrophic crash near Tangerang, Indonesia kills 156 people.
 * October 19 – The Glanrhyd Bridge collapse kills four people when a bridge over the River Towy near Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire in Wales is washed away by swollen water.
 * October 31 – Montana Rail Link begins operations on 907 mi of former Burlington Northern Railroad (originally Northern Pacific) tracks.

November events

 * November 1 – British Rail establishes a world speed record for diesel traction, 238.9 km/h (148.4 mph) with a test InterCity 125 formation between Darlington and York.
 * November 7 – The first 6 kilometres of the MRT line in Singapore opened.
 * November 18 – King's Cross fire: 31 killed in a fire on an escalator at King's Cross tube station on the London Underground.

December events

 * December 5 – Downpatrick & Ardglass Railway begins public operation, the first Irish gauge heritage railway in Ireland.
 * December 11 – Santa Clara County Transit begins revenue service on the first line of its new light rail system in San Jose, California.

Unknown date events

 * The United States Congress divests government ownership of Conrail in the largest initial public stock offering (IPO) to date.
 * Line One (the Red line) of Cairo Metro opens.
 * A passenger express from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore derails at high speed near Johor Bahru, Malaysia, after bolts holding the underframe-mounted air conditioning generator come off causing it to fall off and catapult the particular coach and the ones behind it off the rails. 12 people are killed in the worst accident in KTM's history.

title: 1987 in rail transport


text:
1998 in rail transport

January events

 * January 28 - Sofia Metro Line 1 entered into service.

February events

 * February 11- The Illinois Central Railroad was purchased by the Canadian National Railway but maintained independent operations for the next seventeen months before being integrated into the CN.
 * February 14 – Yaoundé train explosion – A freight train passing through Yaoundé, Cameroon, collides with another freight; some tank cars carrying fuel oil are ruptured in the derailment. The oil is ignited by a lit cigarette causing a flash fire and an explosion when the flames reach the tank cars, killing 120 people.
 * February 20 – The Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad files an application with the Surface Transportation Board to build new railroad track to haul coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming.

March events

 * March 6 – The Jyväskylä rail accident occurred in Jyväskylä, Finland, when an express train from Turku bound for Joensuu via Pieksämäki derailed. Of the 300 on board, the driver and nine passengers were killed, and 94 were injured.

April events

 * April 1 – British trainload freight operator EWS takes over rail operations of National Power.
 * April 4 – The Fatuha train crash in India was caused by the removal of fishplates leading to the packed Howrah–Danapur express jumping tracks, killing at least 11 people.
 * April 27 – Spain's Madrid Metro opens the section between Esperanza and Mar de Cristal on Line 4.

June events

 * June 3 – The Eschede train disaster, the worst railroad accident in German history, occurs when a wheel on the high-speed IntercityExpress breaks; the derailed train's forward momentum caused it to slam into a bridge pier which increased the damage to the train and caused a higher injury toll than would otherwise have occurred.
 * June 6 – The majority of Conrail's railroad assets are split between CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern.
 * June 19 – The government of Panama relinquishes control of the Panama Railway to the Panama Canal Railway Company, a subsidiary of Kansas City Southern.
 * June 23 – Road-rail (dual gauge) Jamuna Bridge opened, connecting the previously isolated east and west networks of Bangladesh Railway.

July events

 * July 11 - Expansion of LRT STAR Line from Sultan Ismail to Sri Petaling, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in preparation for the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

August events

 * August 1 - Malaysia's second metro line, the LRT PUTRA Line (布特拉轻快铁), begins partial service from Pasar Seni to Kelana Jaya.

September events

 * September 12 – The Westside Line of Portland's MAX light rail system, running west to Hillsboro, Oregon, opens.
 * September – Construction begins to convert the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel in Alaska from rail traffic only to combined rail and highway traffic.

October events

 * October 8 – Norway's first high-speed railway, Gardermobanen between Oslo S via Oslo Airport, Gardermoen to Eidsvoll, opens.
 * October 15 – Paris Métro opens first section of new Line 14 from Madeleine to Bibliothèque François Mitterrand, Paris, France, its first fully automated line.
 * October 18 – The Altamont Commuter Express begins regional commuter rail service between Stockton in California's Central Valley and San Jose in the San Francisco Bay Area.

November events

 * November 9 – The St. Thomas and Eastern Railway begins operations on a former Canadian National Railway branch line between St. Thomas and Delhi, Ontario.
 * November 20 – The Okanagan Valley Railway begins operations on the former Canadian Pacific Railway branch between Sicamous and Kelowna, British Columbia.
 * November 26 – The Khanna rail disaster in India kills 212 people.

December events

 * December – Railways in Germany are attacked by the extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta. An Intercity Express line is sabotaged (but the train does not derail), while a freight train is derailed near Anklam.
 * December 5 – Trinity Railway Express in Texas adds Saturday train schedules to its timetables and begins operating the first regular Saturday trains.
 * December 10 – The Surface Transportation Board gives preliminary approval to Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad's application to build into the Powder River Basin, pending completion of an Environmental Impact Statement.
 * December 12 - In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the LRT STAR Line expands again, from PWTC to Sentul Timur. This is the line's last expansion until 2016.

Unknown date events

 * The former Lima Locomotive Works erecting shed and heavy Shay locomotive shops are razed.

Accidents

 * May 12 – A Norfolk Southern conductor saved a little girl by kicking her off the tracks in front on his oncoming train while he was still on it in Lafayette, Indiana. The girl, who had wandered away from her home a couple blocks away, had only minor injuries.

September deaths

 * September 9 – James B. McCahey, Jr., president of Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad (b. 1920).

North America

 * 1998 E. H. Harriman Awards

 * Awards presented by Railway Age magazine
 * 1998 Railroader of the Year: David R. Goode (NS)
 * 1998 Regional Railroad of the Year: Texas Mexican Railway
 * 1998 Short Line Railroad of the Year: St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad

title: 1998 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Canadian humour

Untitled
For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Canadian humour

Canadian Identity
I think the first sentence can be improved. It refers to 'the Canadian Identity'. This implies a tangible, or at least worthy of a name, object or idea. I don't think such a thing exists. Rather, it should called as 'Canadian identity', which is more general. MaxwellArcher (talk) 18:29, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

Still expandible!
We need French-Canadian humour, either in its own section or inline through the others, and we could do with a section on film (or integration into TV). Perhaps radio could have its own small section. Illustrated comics could go in Literature. Pre-modern historical humour would be challenging to write but interesting. Samaritan 05:47, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

...from reading the article, you'd still think Anglophones were about the only funny Canadians. Can anybody expand? I wish I could. :/ Samaritan 07:44, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Samaritan, for reminding us. Interesting how our first thoughts about humour are so ethnically and linguistically rooted.  Second thoughts bring to mind Les Plouffe (TV), La Comédie canadienne (theatre), Yvon Deschamps (both), Juste pour rire (Just for Laughs), André-Philippe Gagnon, Michel Courtemanche... Oh and literature: Michel Trembley, Roch Carrier, Yves Beauchemin.  We need a Quebécois(e) to help us on this.  No wait, Antonine Maillet... We need Franco-canadien(ne)s. Sunray 18:13, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)

 * I've started working on this. At first, there was so much, I thought maybe we would need a separate article.  But then I began to see the similarities.  From La famille Plouffe, to Just for Laughs, there is a tremendous amount of cross-over.  I guess one of the best examples is the movie: The Decline and Fall of the American Empire--Canadian or what!  This is exciting.  The two solitudes unite... (drum roll, please) in humour.  Sunray 20:57, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)

Don't Delete it
It seems like a worthwhile page and is filled with lots of good names. Herm

Jann Arden, that controversial comic
User:24.207.10.76, as hir only edit thusfar, tacked this sentence to the bit about Jann Arden: "Many Canadians disagree with Jann Arden's sense of humour and this points to another area of Canadian culture: disagreeing on what Canadian Culture is." I reverted it. I think it's a given that any humourist will leave a fair number of people cold; we can trust our readers to understand this without tagging every reference to a widely-recognized humourist with weasel words. Further, it's unsupported; any relevant/attributed and/or specific/factual discussion of critiques of her humour might do well at Jann Arden; this wouldn't be the place. Samaritan 06:31, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

'Integral part' and 'excelled at comedy'
Re: the opening paragraph. Isn't it a kind of universal trend for citizens of a country to think that their particular country leans a lot towards comedy and humour, like a kind of Comedy Forer Effect. It's not like many people would say that they/their country is particularly unfunny. I recommend it be changed.

Rick Mercer?
I find it odd that there's an entire PARAGRAPH devoted to Rick Mercer, who's actual appeal beyond "This Hour" has been minimal at best (being hawked by the CBC and MacLeans is a poor arbitrar of popularity), while Steve Smith with two successful comedies under his belt (one of which, The Red Green Show, has become a massive hit both domestically and for export, a feat perhaps even more substantial than Due South or Kids in the Hall) and his show makes a mere couple of mentions.

There's nothing particularly important about Mercer, and his section should be toned down.

Quebecois humour and English Canadian humour not the same
English Canadian humour and Quebecois humour are two seperate phenomena. There's very little cross-polination between the two. This article treats Quebecois humour as if it were simply the same as english-Canadian humour, but in a different language. The argument that both engage in satire of politicians is hardly a convincing argument for their being treated as the same subject. An article could equally be written about Canadian/Swedish humour, pointing out that both engage in satire of politicians, and then noting some Swedish humourists anecdotally alongside Canadian humourists. And it would be an equally false analysis. Anyone who lives in Quebec and speaks both languages realizes that Quebec and English Canadian senses of humour are very different. They should not be treated as a united subject. Doing so is intellectually dishonest, if not outright politically motivated. Seperate sections for Quebecois and English-Canadian humour. How many comedians are popular both in english-Canada and Quebec? Quebec has many more comedic tv shows inspired by French television than by english-Canadian television: Et Dieu Créa Laflaque is clearly inspired by Les Guignoles; Tout le Monde en Parle is an adaptation of the French show with the same name (The most popular comedic talk-show, by far); etc etc etc. This article smacks of cultural appropriation.
 * There are far more than two humours in Canada. Native humour is different from either English or French Canada's, Atlantic humour is different from Ontario humour, I could go on.  It's still useful to have an article like this where the differences and similarities can be explained (and yes, there are some similarities unique to Canada, though not as many as the article suggests).  I would support you if you wanted to rewrite sections of this article, but I would oppose deleting it.  --Arctic Gnome (talk • contribs) 06:01, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree there is nothing in common with humour from Quebec and from English-Canada. These are two very different scenes. --Danbob999 (talk) 17:22, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Primetime Glick
While Martin Short is, of course, Canadian, Primetime Glick hardly seems like a good example of Canadian humour. The whole premise of the show revolves around American Hollywood culture. On Thermonuclear War (talk) 20:55, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Themes
I think it would be useful to expand on the themes that are common in Canadian humour (as can be seen in the article on British humour). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.117.25.123 (talk) 15:16, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

South Park?
I've removed the link to the South Park "Blame Canada" that, other than having the nation of Canada being a main concept within the song, has no real connection to Canadian humour. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.177.105.28 (talk) 21:29, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Where are the jokes?
The Russian humour article is hilarious -- and the Canadian humour doesn't have a single joke. --TDKehoe (talk) 03:19, 31 March 2013 (UTC)
 * How do you figure? It's a stub, with two translated "Black humour" jokes of questionable value. Frank Finklestein (talk) 20:12, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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MacLean & MacLean
In the music section something should be said about Maclean & MacLean, who released 7 albums and performed many, many shows across the country. There is a Wiki article about them: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacLean_%26_MacLean Bao Pu (talk) 15:56, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

Add an archive bot to the talk page
Many of these discussions are not used Unbeatable202 (talk) 02:29, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canadian humour


text:
Allan Gotlieb

Allan Ezra Gotlieb (February 28, 1928 – April 18, 2020) was a Canadian public servant and author who served as the Canadian Ambassador to the United States from 1981 to 1989.

Life and career
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Gotlieb studied at United College (now the University of Winnipeg) for two years before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley, where he received his BA. He received his MA from the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, and his LLB degree from Harvard University, where he was editor of the Harvard Law Review.

In 1957, he joined the Department of External Affairs. From 1960 to 1964, he served on Canada's Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva and at the Conference on Disarmament. In 1965, he wrote the book Disarmament and International Law, a book discussing disarmament during Cold War tensions. From 1967 to 1968 he was assistant undersecretary and led the legal division at External Affairs. From 1968 to 1973, Gotlieb was deputy minister of the Department of Communications, and from 1973 to 1976 deputy minister of Manpower and Immigration. From 1977 to 1981 he was undersecretary at External Affairs.

Most notably, Gotlieb was Canadian ambassador to the United States from 1981 to 1989. His signature moment as ambassador occurred during the negotiation of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, where he "played a vital role in persuading the US to adopt a position that Canada could accept."

He and his wife Sondra Gotlieb were known for their parties attended by figures in Washington. Sondra's book Washington Rollercoaster recounted the Gotliebs' years in Washington, when she also wrote a column for The Washington Post. Sondra attracted publicity on March 19, 1986, when she slapped her social secretary at an official dinner she and her husband were hosting in honour of the Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney and US Vice-President George H. W. Bush.

After Gotlieb and his wife returned to Canada in the early 1990s, they moved to Toronto. From 1989 to 1994, Gotlieb was chairman of the Canada Council. He was also publisher of Saturday Night magazine. In 1992, Gotlieb was the Canadian representative on the arbitration panel that decided the Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case; Gotlieb dissented from the panel's decision in the case and wrote a dissent.

Gotlieb was an honorary and former fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and was a visiting fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.

Hollinger Inc. was among his corporate directorships. He was a member of the Carlyle Group's Canadian advisory board and a member of the Trilateral Commission. He was also chairman of Sotheby's Canada, former chairman of the Ontario Heritage Foundation, and served as chairman of the board of governors of the Donner Canadian Foundation, known for its annual literary prize. He was also a senior advisor in the law office of Bennett Jones.

Gotlieb was an art collector, notably of the work of 19th-century painter James Tissot. He and his wife donated their Tissot collection to the Art Gallery of Ontario.

Gotlieb was a proponent of combining North American economic, defence, and security arrangements within a common perimeter and, in 2002, he advocated for a "grand bargain" with the US to create new trade rules and institutions. He argued "Wouldn't this 'legal integration' be superior to ad hoc responses and largely ineffective lobbying to prevent harm from Congressional protectionist sorties?"

When Ronald Reagan died in 2004, Gotlieb provided commentary for CBC Newsworld's coverage of the state funeral drawing from his experiences as Canadian ambassador to Washington when Reagan was president.

On the art of diplomacy in Washington, he said in 2009, "You have to get the power shakers, including the media, into your dining room. When an ambassador makes a phone call to a powerful congressman, he'll return the call once, but after that you have to make a personal relationship." Gotlieb published his diplomatic memoirs, The Washington Diaries, in 2006.

Personal life
He married Sondra Gotlieb (née Kaufman) in December 1955. Gotlieb died on April 18, 2020, from cancer and Parkinson's disease at his home in Toronto. The Gotliebs had three children, one of whom predeceased him in 2003.

Honours
Gottlieb was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1987 and received his insignia from Governor-General Jeanne Sauvé in Ottawa on May 6, 1988.

In 2014, he was made a member of the Order of Manitoba.

Gotlieb received the Government of Canada's Outstanding Achievement Award in 1983, "the highest recognition for executives at the deputy minister level in the Public Service."

On December 5, 2005, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Concordia University.

His book "The Washington Diaries: 1981-1989" was nominated for the Writer's Trust of Canada's 2007 Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing.

title: Allan Gotlieb


text:
User talk:Spuzzum

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:13, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I've been Wikiing for some time now, here and on private Wikis. But thanks. ;-) --Spuzzum 21:14, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spuzzum


text:
Packhorse bridge

A packhorse bridge is a bridge intended to carry packhorses (horses loaded with sidebags or panniers) across a river or stream. Typically a packhorse bridge consists of one or more narrow (one horse wide) masonry arches, and has low parapets so as not to interfere with the panniers borne by the horses. Multi-arched examples sometimes have triangular cutwaters that are extended upward to form pedestrian refuges.

Packhorse bridges were often built on the trade routes (often called packhorse routes) that formed major transport arteries across Europe and Great Britain until the coming of the turnpike roads and canals in the 18th century. Before the road-building efforts of Napoleon, all crossings of the Alps were on packhorse trails. Travellers' carriages were dismantled and transported over the mountain passes by ponies and mule trains.

Definition
In the British Isles at least, the definition of a packhorse bridge is somewhat nebulous. Ernest Hinchliffe discusses the difficulty of defining a true packhorse bridge in A Guide to the Packhorse Bridges of England. He claims that "before the eighteenth century bridges were described as 'horse bridges' or 'cart bridges'" and his strict definition excludes the latter. He suggests that a classic packhorse bridge should generally be:
 * less than 6 ft in width;
 * built before 1800;
 * on a recognised packhorse route.

He categorises the 190 English bridges listed in his book into three groups:
 * Group 1: 6 ft wide or less, built before 1800 and with known packhorse associations;
 * Group 2: bridges that fail one or other of the above criteria, but which are generally referred to as packhorse bridges;
 * Group 3: bridges sometimes claimed as packhorse bridges, but dismissed as such by the author.

The difficulty of classification is illustrated by Moulton Bridge in Suffolk, which Hinchliffe places in Group 1 but which English Heritage describes as "perhaps not strictly a packhorse bridge since it was wide enough to take carts".

List of packhorse bridges in the British Isles
The following list includes all listed buildings described as packhorse bridges by English Heritage, Cadw, or Historic Scotland; all 106 of Hinchliffe's Group 1 bridges in England; and certain other candidates. (For England, Hinchliffe's Group numbers are given as superscripts after the bridge name.)

title: Packhorse bridge


text:
1851 in rail transport

February events

 * February 4 – The Cincinnati, Wilmington and Zanesville Railroad is incorporated in Ohio.
 * February 7 – The Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, the earliest predecessor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, is incorporated.
 * February 10 – The Illinois Central Railroad is chartered.
 * February 25 – The first passenger train on the Milwaukee Road operates over what is then known as the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Wauwatosa, Wisconsin.

April events

 * April 19 – The Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, in New York state, is chartered.

May events

 * May 17 – Opening of first railway in Peru, linking the Pacific port of Callao and the capital Lima (13.7 km of standard gauge), later part of the Ferrocarril del Centro.

June events

 * June – The first "refrigerated boxcar" enters service on the Northern Railroad (New York).

July events

 * July 4 – Groundbreaking ceremonies are held for the Pacific Railroad Company, a railroad later to become the Missouri Pacific Railroad

August events

 * August 2 – The Staten Island Railway is incorporated.

November events

 * November 1 – Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway officially opened in Russia.

December events

 * December 22 – The first railway operates in India, hauling construction material in Roorkee.
 * December 25 – Opening of first railway in Chile, from Caldera to Copiapó (80.5 km of standard gauge climbing (396 m).

Unknown date events

 * The oldest line to become a part of the Southern Pacific Railroad system, the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway begins construction between Houston, Texas, and Alleyton, Texas.
 * The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad changes its name to the Mohawk Valley Railroad.

March births

 * March 1 – Edward Ponsonby, director for London, Brighton and South Coast Railway beginning in 1895 and chairman of same 1908–1920 (died 1920).

June births

 * June 24 – Stuyvesant Fish, president of the Illinois Central Railroad 1887–1907 (died 1923).

September births

 * September 16 – Henry Ivatt, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Northern Railway (Great Britain) 1896–1911 (died 1923).

October births

 * October 5 – Frank W. Arnold, a Grand Master and Secretary-Treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, is born (died 1917).

title: 1851 in rail transport


text: User talk:128.97.12.82

title: User talk:128.97.12.82


text:
The Apes

The Apes (sometimes just Apes) were a noisy, guitarless garage rock foursome from Washington, D.C. The band formed in 1999 with the lineup of singer Paul Weil, keyboard player Amanda Kleinman (an Arts College advisor by day), bassist Erick Jackson, and drummer Jeff Schmid. They released their first EP themselves, two albums on the New York label Frenchkiss, and an EP on Planaria Records before moving to San Francisco's Birdman Records which released an EP and the band's third full-length album.

The band has seen its three instrumentalists remain a constant while three different men have filled the shoes of lead singer. Paul Weil left the band and was replaced by Joe Halladay, and in 2006 Halladay left the band and was replaced by the visual artist Breck Brunson, whose first recorded tracks appeared on a CD-R the band sold during its 2006 U.S. tour in support of Liars. The band's fourth full-length album, titled Ghost Games, was released in early 2008 on Gypsy Eyes Records. In 2010, three of the band members moved to Heavy Breathing.

The band members are sometimes known by the pseudonyms Lucius Twilight (Brunson), Jackie Magik (Jackson), Majestic Ape (Kleinman), Count 101 (Weil), and Ronald Wolf (Schmid).

title: The Apes


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Talk:STAB

I've removed the stub tag from the page, as I don't see how much more information this article could provide.

Of course, it can easily be improved, but that doesn't mean it's a stub. --Pidgeot 21:14, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

STAB is only applied for attacks which have a non-zero base damage.
 * I can't see the point in keeping this statement. It's quite obvious that zero times one point five equals zero. Therefore I'm gonna delete it.

title: Talk:STAB