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Seminole Gulf Railway

The Seminole Gulf Railway is a short line freight and passenger excursion railroad headquartered in Fort Myers, Florida, that operates two former CSX Transportation railroad lines in Southwest Florida. The company's Fort Myers Division, which was previously the southernmost segment of CSX's Fort Myers Subdivision, runs from Arcadia south to North Naples via Punta Gorda, Fort Myers, Estero, and Bonita Springs. The company's other line, the Sarasota Division, runs from Oneco south through Sarasota. Seminole Gulf acquired the lines in November 1987 and operates its own equipment. The company's first train departed Fort Myers on November 14, 1987.

The Seminole Gulf Railway has a commonly owned affiliated company, the Bay Colony Railroad Corp., which is based in southeastern Massachusetts.

Freight
Seminole Gulf Railway is one of two freight railroads operating in Southwest Florida (the other is South Central Florida Express, which operates tracks farther inland near Clewiston). Freight transported by Seminole Gulf Railway includes lumber, propane, stone, steel, scrap metal, and other commodities. Freight is interchanged with CSX usually once or twice a week on each line. On the Fort Myers Division, freight trains between the yard in Fort Myers and Arcadia are known as the Desoto Turn. The Desoto Turn switches customers between North Fort Myers and Arcadia while industries in Fort Myers and south of there are switched locally from the yard.

Murder Mystery Dinner Train and Excursions
In addition to carrying freight, Seminole Gulf Railway also operates a popular Murder Mystery Dinner Train from Fort Myers. Under normal operation, the dinner train runs five nights a week, year-round from a station at Colonial Boulevard north to a point just south of Punta Gorda before returning. The dinner train is often headed by a vintage EMD F-unit locomotive, SGLR 502, which previously operated on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road. The train uses a fleet of 1930s-era vintage rail cars named after nearby barrier islands (some of which were previously Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus rail cars). The dinner train includes a five-course dinner and has featured over 80 different murder mystery productions throughout its history.

Special holiday dinner trains also operate including Sweetheart Express on Valentine's Day, Halloween Ghost Train, New Year's Eve Gala, and Christmas Rail-Boat (which runs to the historic Punta Gorda Atlantic Coast Line Depot for a Christmas boat tour through Punta Gorda Isles) to name a few.

Seminole Gulf has also operated general excursion trains in the past. Seminole Gulf first introduced passenger excursion trains and dinner trains in 1991 after losing a major freight customer. The first excursion train ran on January 5, 1991, which initially operated from a small platform in North Naples near Railhead Park. In 1993, excursion trains began operating from the current station near Colonial Boulevard in Fort Myers and ran between there and the platform at Old Depot Park in Bonita Springs, though dinner trains only operated from Fort Myers. By the late 1990s, excursion trains discontinued operation south of Fort Myers and instead ran north of Fort Myers until their discontinuation (which left the Murder Mystery Dinner Train as Seminole Gulf's only passenger service).

Route description
Seminole Gulf's Fort Myers Division, which extends nearly 80 miles, begins in Arcadia and runs south to Punta Gorda, Fort Myers, Bonita Springs, and North Naples.

The Fort Myers Division begins just north of Arcadia, where it continues south from CSX's Brewster Subdivision (at milepost SVC 880.75). From this point, it runs south across the Peace River, passing Morgan Park, and turns southwest into the Arcadia yard. CSX has trackage rights into Arcadia yard to facilitate the interchange between the two companies.

From the yard, the main line continues from a wye southeast a short distance before turning southwest near downtown Arcadia. From here, it roughly parallels the Peace River through Fort Ogden and Cleveland to Punta Gorda. In Punta Gorda, it turns south and then southeast closely paralleling Interstate 75 towards North Fort Myers before crossing the Caloosahatchee River between there and Tice. The crossing over the Caloosahatchee River includes a drawbridge and series of trestles that traverse Beautiful Island. From Tice on the south side of the river, the line turns southwest and runs parallel the river towards Downtown Fort Myers. Just east of downtown, the line turns south and enters Fort Myers yard limits. Seminole Gulf's main switching yard in Fort Myers is located south of Hanson Street under the Metro Parkway overpass, and a maintenance yard is just south of Colonial Boulevard next to Page Field.

From the yards, the main line continues south along the Ten Mile Canal (the John Yarbrough Linear Park parallels the line along the canal). The line has a short spur just north San Carlos Park known as the Baker Spur, which extends west a little over a mile along Alico Road.

From the Baker Spur, the main line then heads south through Estero and Downtown Bonita Springs before terminating at a Cemex facility at the end of Wiggins Pass Road in North Naples, just a mile south of the Lee/Collier County line. The main line south of Alico Road has not had any active shippers and has been inactive since around 2008. As of early 2024, Seminole Gulf is planning to sell this segment of the line to be converted to the Bonita Estero Rail Trail.

History
What is now Seminole Gulf Railway's main line came into existence incrementally in the late 1800s and early 20th century.

The northernmost section of the Seminole Gulf track along with the Arcadia yard and the CSX line to the north was originally built by the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway. Built from 1907 to 1910, the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway (which would later be acquired by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad in 1926) historically extended from Arcadia south to Boca Grande. The line from the Arcadia yard southeast along Pine Street was the Charlotte Harbor and Northern's connecting track to the Florida Southern Railway.

From this point, Seminole Gulf continues south along the former Florida Southern Railway (a subsidiary of Henry Plant's system of railroads) south to Punta Gorda. This segment was built in 1886 making it the oldest segment of the Seminole Gulf line and was the southernmost segment of the Florida Southern's Charlotte Harbor Division, which originated in Bartow. The original Florida Southern route north of Arcadia (which ran past the historic Arcadia passenger depot) was removed in 1984. Surveying work to determine the route for the Florida Southern Railway to Punta Gorda was done by Punta Gorda civil engineer Albert W. Gilchrist, who would later serve as Florida's 20th governor. The line's first train to Punta Gorda arrived on July 24, 1886. The line, originally built as narrow gauge, was widened to standard gauge in 1892, and the Florida Southern was fully integrated with the Plant System in 1896.

In Punta Gorda, the line initially continued west through the city and terminated at a dock facility in the Peace River near Charlotte Harbor. This dock, known as the Long Dock, was located near the Punta Gorda Isles Yacht Club (a mile west of where Fishermen's Village stands today). A passenger depot was also located near King Street (the historic depot on Taylor Street was built later in 1928). Punta Gorda became the southernmost point the Plant System ever reached, and the railroad's arrival is largely responsible for Punta Gorda's development as a city, which was incorporated four years later. Today, the spur near Elizabeth Street in Punta Gorda is all that remains of the original alignment to the Punta Gorda docks (the Punta Gorda Linear Park today runs along the rest of that route west of US 41).

Charlotte Harbor was Henry Plant's ultimate goal and he had no interest in having the line continue south to Fort Myers. This is despite the fact that Plant opened a hotel in Fort Myers in 1896. Fort Myers was seeking railroad service at the time and had already been established as a city unlike Punta Gorda. After Plant's death in 1899, his heirs would sell his entire system of railroads to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) in 1902, and serving Fort Myers quickly became a top priority for ACL president Henry Walters. Construction commenced promptly on the extension to Fort Myers via Tice, which made it the ACL's first expansion of the former Plant System. The alignment through Tice was selected so the line would cross the wide Caloosahatchee River farther upstream at Beautiful Island, where a series of shorter trestles could be built. The northernmost trestle originally had a steel swing span built by the American Bridge Company to accommodate river traffic. Service up to the Caloosahatchee River commenced in 1903. The first train reached Fort Myers on May 10, 1904 after the completion of the trestles over the river.

In Fort Myers, the ACL built a depot downtown at Main and Monroe Streets and a wharf along the Caloosahatchee River at the end of Monroe Street. The original depot would be replaced with the depot that still stands today on Peck Street (now Widman Way) in 1924, and the wharf would only exist until 1944. The spur that runs from the line just south of State Road 82 is all that remains of the wye and tracks that once served the downtown Fort Myers depot and docks. Fort Myers also experienced major growth after the arrival of the railroad and would remain the southernmost point of the entire Atlantic Coast Line Railroad system until the Florida land boom of the 1920s.

Once the land boom was underway, the ACL partnered with a number of local businessmen including advertising entrepreneur Barron Collier, who owned large amounts of land in the newly created Collier County. Through this partnership, they acquired the dormant charter of the unbuilt Fort Myers Southern Railroad and used it to extend the line from Fort Myers further south into Collier County. The line reached Bonita Springs by late 1925 where a depot was built just south of the Imperial River (the depot has since been demolished but the depot's platform and siding still remain near Riverside Park). The line was further extended to Naples by December 1926, and to Collier City on Marco Island in mid 1927. At the same time, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (SAL) was building a competing line from Fort Ogden to Fort Myers and Naples via their Seaboard-All Florida Railway subsidiary. SAL's service to Naples commenced eleven days after the ACL, though SAL discontinued service to Naples by 1942. By 1944, the Atlantic Coast Line abandoned the line to Marco Island, and extended the remaining track from near Vanderbilt Beach down the ex-SAL right of way to the SAL's former passenger depot on Fifth Avenue South.

The Atlantic Coast Line relocated its freight yard from downtown Fort Myers to its current location south of Hanson Street in 1960.

The Atlantic Coast Line became the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (SCL) in 1967 after merging with the Seaboard Air Line, its former rival. The Baker Spur just north of San Carlos Park was then built in 1973. The Baker Spur would extend beyond the route of Interstate 75 to serve rock mines in eastern Lee County on land owned by the Atlantic Land and Improvement Company (known today as Alico, Inc.), which at one point had been a subsidiary of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and was the holding company for its real estate division. Seminole Gulf abandoned the easternmost three miles of the Baker Spur in 1994.

Intercity passenger service to Southwest Florida was discontinued in 1971 upon the creation of Amtrak, who opted not to serve Southwest Florida. In 1975, Seaboard Coast Line sold the Fort Myers passenger depot to the city of Fort Myers. In 1977, the swing bridge over the Caloosahatchee River was replaced by the current bascule bridge.

In early 1980, tracks into downtown Naples were removed and the line was cut back to its current terminus in North Naples. The area around the line's new terminus in North Naples was subsequently developed into the Rail Head Industrial Park. Seminole Gulf began operating the line seven years later.

In the mid-2000s, a short stretch of the line between Edison Avenue and State Road 82 in Fort Myers was realigned and upgraded with continuous welded rail. The northern leg of the wye to Downtown Fort Myers was also severed at this time. This was done to accommodate the expansion of Evans Avenue.

On September 28, 2022, the Fort Myers Division received significant damage from the landfall of Hurricane Ian. At the north end of the line, Arcadia Yard was flooded and the three trestles across the Peace River in Arcadia were partially destroyed, severing the line from the CSX interchange. Three of the four trestles across the Caloosahatchee River near Tice were also destroyed. Due to the damage, Seminole Gulf had to divert freight to the Sarasota Division and transload it to trucks to serve customers on the Fort Myers Division. The Peace River trestles were repaired by February 2023 restoring service as far as North Fort Myers. Reconstruction of the Caloosahatchee River trestles was complete in February 2024.

Route description
In Sarasota, Seminole Gulf largely operates on a u-shaped line. The northwest end of the line is located just south of Bradenton in Oneco, where it continues south from CSX's Palmetto Subdivision. The interchange point is located a little over a mile south of CSX's Tropicana Yard, where a side track facilitates the interchange between the two companies. From Oneco, the line heads due south along former Seaboard Air Line Railroad tracks towards Sarasota, passing through Tallevast and close to Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport. The line's locomotives are stored on a spur into Suburban Propane on Whitfield Avenue in Tallevast. Just north of Downtown Sarasota, the line turns east onto former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad tracks and comes to a wye just east of US 301. From the wye, the line turns back north along the former Atlantic Coast Line main line and terminates just south of Whitfield Avenue in Motoaka.

The line went as far south as Venice when Seminole Gulf first began operating it. Track to Venice previously ran from the wye at the southeast corner of the current line and went south-southeast through Fruitville, Bee Ridge, Palmer Ranch and Nokomis. Track was abandoned south of Palmer Ranch in 2004 and the remaining line up to Fruitville Road was abandoned in 2019. The Legacy Trail runs on the former right of way from Fruitville Road to Venice.

History
The first trackage of the Sarasota Division to be built (the west track) was built by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (SAL) through their Florida West Shore Railway subsidiary in 1903. It was part of a line that extended from Durant (just east of Tampa), to Sarasota via Parrish, Palmetto and Bradenton. Some of the line was built on the former road bed of the Arcadia, Gulf Coast and Lakeland Railroad, an earlier unsuccessful railroad between Bradenton and Sarasota. In Sarasota, the tracks originally continued south into downtown along Lemon Avenue and served a dock facility in Sarasota Bay. In 1905, Seaboard extended the line east into Fruitville, which initially ran southeast along Pineapple Avenue and then east along what is now Alderman Street and Brother Geenen Way. In 1911, at the request of local socialite Bertha Honoré Palmer, the line was extended south to Venice.

The Atlantic Coast Line (ACL) came to the area later in 1924 as part of the Florida land boom when they built the Tampa Southern Railroad (the east track). The ACL's passenger depot existed at Main Street and School Avenue and a spur was built to Payne Terminal at Hog Creek (this spur and its wye today form the connection track between the east and west track). From Sarasota, the ACL track turned east and ran directly beside the SAL track through Fruitville. From 1924 to 1949, the ACL track continued from Fruitville southeast as far as Fort Ogden (along the Peace River), where it merged with the Coast Line's route to Fort Myers (which is, coincidentally, Seminole Gulf's Fort Myers Division). Spurs connected both lines to the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus's Sarasota headquarters near Fruitville (which existed from 1927 to 1959, when the headquarters were relocated to the end of the line in Venice).

In 1967, the Seaboard Air Line and the Atlantic Coast Line merged to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (who later merged with the Chessie System in the 1980s to form CSX). The mergers brought all of the track under a single owner and led to consolidation of the two routes and abandonment of redundant trackage. This included the SAL's original route through downtown Sarasota (which was removed in 1968), the ACL's tracks between Bradenton and Matoaka, and the consolidation of the east–west parallel track through Fruitville to a single track (using the former SAL track).

After taking over the line in 1987, Seminole Gulf continued to carry the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus to their Venice headquarters up until 1990, when the circus relocated their headquarters to Tampa. The circus relocated to Tampa mainly due to the fact that the Venice segment of the rail line could no longer support their rail equipment due to the rough condition of the track. As previously mentioned, the line was abandoned from Venice to Palmer Ranch in 2004 due to decreased demand and the heavily deteriorated condition of the tracks and bridges. The track from Palmer Ranch to central Sarasota was abandoned in 2019.

title: Seminole Gulf Railway


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Talk:Sedative

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Bold text
what is origin of sedatives? who invented it? when was it invented? what is its purpose? street names?

Merge with hypnotic
The information in hypnotic appears to be fully contained within this article, and these drugs tend to be referred to as "sedative-hypnotics". The categories "sedatives" and "hypnotics" contain mostly the same drugs. Terrace4 09:59, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Pharmacology students use this page and need to know the difference between the two designations. If the two terms are merged a small blurb, such as the one following, should be included. As well as the fact that some sedatives can be hypnotics depending on dosage.  This is a common test question in beginning pharmacology.

 * I would not merge them. Part of Wikipedia's rubustness is the seperation of important topics.  This is one of them.

66.203.32.62 00:16, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I dont think they should be merged.

 * sedatives are to relax/reduce anxiety (diazapam)
 * hyponotics are to induce sleep or deapen sleep (tamazapam) --Blonde2max

 * They should be merged, and properly categorized within the article with a hypnotic subsection. There are several substances that are classified as both a sedative and a hypnotic, and medical literature often lumps these two categories together, or simply places the hypnotics under a categorization of sedative.  --Thoric 18:29, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree with Thoric. Given that they're lumped together so often in the medical literature, we should have a single page describing both. At the very least, the distinction should be made clear in such a way that an editor who does not know the distinction (including most physicians) would not edit one page when he means to edit the other or both. Terrace4 15:12, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * What a shame that most physicians do not know the distinction between sedative and hypnotic. I have had SEVERAL physicians give me improper medications because they thought the drug was in a whole different class than what it was.  I am not reffering to Sedative-Hypnotics specifically in my former statement, but a myriad of drugs.  Often times they were just uninformed.  In one instance, a dentist thought something about a certain drug's constituents because his assistant told him that was the case.  She had little more than a high school education.  Since physicians themselves largely don't keep up with the evolution of pharmacology and medicine as a whole, it is our responsibility as patients, and to ourselves, to stay informed.  And don't think your average pharmacist is going to save you from combining contraindicated medicines.  I watched a man buy a GIANT bottle of Aspirin with his prescription for Warfarin, and it was rung up by the pharmacy manager!!  He didn't even ask, or mention the fact that you can't take those two drugs together.  I asked the man as he walked away from the counter if the aspirin was for him, and he said yes.  I told him what the problem was, he went and asked the pharmacist, and then he returned the aspirin.  Just because someone is a physician, it doesn't mean that he has kept up with the changes in medicine in the 5-50+ years since he finished medical school.

 * I don't find the distinction between sedative and hypnotic to be all that hard to find in the "Literature". I do think that someone needs to expand the Hypnotic article though.  I don't think they should be merged untill then either.

but sedatives and hypnotics, too all intents and reasons, do diffrent things, it just happens if your sedated enough you sleep. but the action of sedating someone to stop them convulsing and having panic attacks is very diffrent from giving hypnotics, such as barbituate and chloral hydrate to induce sleep (or even to treat insomnia)

Please can we seperate them; and even make a better distinction between the two.

 * Should we make the distinction clear at the beginning of each page, with cross-references? What should we do with the common term sedative-hypnotic (now redirecting to sedative)?
 * You might be more capable of making the clear distinctions than I, as I tended to think of sedative and hypnotic as near-synonyms. Terrace4 15:40, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * With the current state of the hypnotic page, it certainly doesn't appear to warrant itself its own page compared to sedative. Hypnotics and sedatives definitely have a lot of overlap, and I don't see why they cannot share a page together.  The hypnotics article has never been more than a stub, and I see no effort to bring it beyond that.  As all hypnotics are CNS depressants, they all cause some amount of sedation.  Are you planning to turn the hypnotics stub into a real article?  If not, why oppose it having it merged into its own subsection of an article which will likely result in it getting more attention?  Maybe someday it will be significant enough to warrant its own article, but it doesn't look too promising at the moment.  --Thoric 21:44, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Marilyn Monroe and Myra Hindly have a lot of overlap: both being blonde and both being female. I wouldn't expect to see a page with both their names on it though would I!?

The drugs are used for COMPLETELY diffrent reasons. It's wrong to assume they are the same. Their method of action is often diffrent and their effects are diffrent too.

Please don't merge! I beg19:46, 1 July 2006 (UTC)172.201.149.126 19:46, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

I think merging wouldn't be in the best interest of this article, a sedative is not the same as a hypnotic, however similar they may be. --Fearisstrong 04:39, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Nobody said they were the same, we said they were very similar, and that some drugs are classified as both a sedative and a hypnotic at the same time. Also note that most medical literature groups them together as a large group heading, and then subcategorizes specific drugs under that blanket.  --Thoric 14:48, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As a Pharmacology student I frequently use wikipedia as the first port-of-call to get the general idea on what a particular drug is and what it does before I go searching through the more advanced resorces. In the hypnotic article, the first link goes right to to sedatives, its not necessary to simplify this any further.

 * I vote NO on the merge. Mvialt 03:32, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Don't merge:

There are some hypnotic agents that do not act as sedatives: such as the non-selective anti histamines.

also there is a new development of sedative drugs that do not cause drowsiness/sleepiness. these will be very benefitial for people who suffer anxiety but don't want to stop driving/carrying out other manual tasks

I *think* on of these drugs is L-838,417

Hello,

The classification sedative-hypnotic was brought about in the late 1970's by the World Health Organisation and other health bureaucracies to replace the misleading term "minor tranquillisers" and "sleeping pills". Minor tranquillisers such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates and even alcohol at low to moderate doses induce anxiety relief and at higher doses induce sleep. The reality is the official medical definition says they are the same and should not be classed as different, so why does wikipedia have sedative and hypnotic in seperate pages against the official classification? I say merge the two pages as soon as possible. The fact that the world health organisation classes this group of substances/drugs as sedative/hypnotics should end the debate. Merge! :=)-- Literature geek |  T@1k?  09:53, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

See these two links. and -- Literature geek |  T@1k?  09:55, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Suggestion to merge with "depressant"
I do not think this is a good idea as some depressants, such as opioids, are not considered sedatives. The tag has been up a long time without action. I am removing it. —  Who 123 16:15, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Wasn't the suggestion was to merge with hypnotic, not depressant? Where did the merge with depressant tag come from?  --Thoric 22:14, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I just checked and the tag was placed in 2-2007 to merge with depressant. There may have been another suggestion to merge with hypnotic but it was not tagged. —  Who 123 00:23, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I know that the tag did say hypnotic at one time (that or the hypnotic article previously had a merge with sedative tag... just look above... the only discussion on this topic has been a sedative/hypnotic merger. --Thoric 03:33, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Opiates are classed as narcotic analgesics. Sedative-hypnotics are mostly GABAergic acting drugs, barbs, benzos, ghb, alcohol etc. The world health organisation coined the term sedative hypnotic. It is an official medical classification. The way the wiki articles are now having two seperate articles is very misleading to the reader. I see people who appear to have a medical or pharmacological background who are even confused themselves on this talk page.-- Literature geek |  T@1k?  10:00, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Thalidomide
Why is thalidomide not in the list? WooyiTalk to me? 02:53, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I think that the article hypnotic should be merged into this sedative article and renamed to sedative hypnotic. Sedative hypnotic drugs are basically the same thing, only that hypnotics tend to be prescribed at higher doses to induce sleep and tend to be shorter acting. For example diazepam is long acting and thus is mainly marketed for day time use. Temazepam is more short acting and is marketed for insomnia, ie a hypnotic. The same goes for barbiturate sedative hypnotics. Longer acting ones are or were used for day time control of anxiety or seizures and shorter acting ones tended to be used more for insomnia.-- Literature geek |  T@1k?  09:56, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

The classification sedative-hypnotic was brought about in the late 1970's by the World Health Organisation and other health bureaucracies to replace the misleading term "minor tranquillisers" and "sleeping pills". Minor tranquillisers such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates and even alcohol at low to moderate doses induce anxiety relief and at higher doses induce sleep. The reality is the official medical definition says they are the same and should not be classed as different, so why does wikipedia have sedative and hypnotic in seperate pages against the official classification? I say merge the two pages as soon as possible. The fact that the world health organisation classes this group of substances/drugs as sedative/hypnotics should end the debate. Merge! :=) -- Literature geek |  T@1k?  09:56, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

See these two links. and -- Literature geek |  T@1k?  09:56, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Hypnotic and Sedative
I've asked the Pharmacology project people to take a look. To my non-expert mind, these two words have quite different connotations, and both Britannica and Mirriam-Webster support those, though Britannica does use the term "sedative-hypnotic drugs" which have in common that they
 * achieve their effects without affecting mood or reducing sensitivity to pain and
 * tend to depress the central nervous system.

Britannica says the sedative effect reduces tension and anxiety and induces calm while the hypnotic effect is sleep-inducing.

Mirriam-Webster says that sedatives tend to calm, moderate or tranquilize nervousness or excitement while hypnotics and soporifics tend to produce/cause sleep.

I'd prefer that these two articles remain separate and make these differences very clear. Some substances, such as the hormone melatonin, may have a hypnotic effect but are not sedatives. Of course, it also has to be pointed out that the same substance may, in varying doses, cause both effects. I'd hope that these two articles will get some expert attention. --Hordaland (talk) 20:52, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
It seems something should be merged because a search on "sleep aid" gives different results from a search on "sleep aids" (sedative and hypnotic respectively). dsalting@gmail.com dsalting (talk) 20:35, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Why does "sleep pills" route to this page?
It has little business here and sleep medication is not discussed at all. --Coching (talk) 02:01, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

I have fixed this.-- Literature geek |  T@1k?  08:11, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

This article is useless
It teaches us that "a sedative is a substance that induces sedation...". Now let's take a look at "Sedation" article: "Sedation is a medical procedure involving the administration of sedative drugs..." 93.81.148.157 (talk) 00:39, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Dependence/Addiction
"All Sedatives can cause physiological and psychological dependence when taken regularly over a period of time"

I dont beleive this is true - antihistamines such as hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine and promethazine are potent sedatives, and yet do nto produce dependence or addiction.

Some of the antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine and pericyazine, are highly sedative, yet have no evidence of addiction. Ditto the sedating antidepressants such as amitriptyline or trazodone

Sedative List
Also the types of sedatives list is extremely lacking. Instead of laundry listing various sedatives; categories alone should suffice with a couple of examples. Ie Z-Drugs (Zopliclone and Zolpiderm), Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Alprazolam). There also needs to be a more complete list of categories including sedating antidepressants, antipsycotics, and muscle relaxors.

121.209.49.58 (talk) 11:10, 27 November 2009 (UTC) Jonathan

No history?
Wikipedia articles almost always have a history section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.119.205.88 (talk) 04:17, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Dimenhydrinate
There are reliable sources saying that dimenhydrinate can be used as a sleep aid, but I don't understand why this would be done. Dimenhydrinate is diphenhydramine plus 8-Chlorotheophylline, a caffeine like stimulant to reduce the sedative effect of diphenhydramine, which is useful as a less-sedating antiemetic. However if someone specifically wants the sedative effect, why would they want to take any 8-Chlorotheophylline? Why not just take pure diphenhydramine, possibly a lower dose can be used without the 8-Chlorotheophylline? 2607:FEA8:E31F:FBC1:D175:FBA0:35C4:7ACE (talk) 16:23, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

 * One possible explanation I can think of is if they want only milder sedation but a stronger antiemetic effect, which dimenhydrinate can produce. A lower dose of pure diphenhydramine would have a weaker antiemetic effect but they want a stronger effect, and the 8-Chlorotheophylline would result in the milder sedative effect they want. Can an expert confirm this or give another explanation? 2607:FEA8:E31F:FBC1:D175:FBA0:35C4:7ACE (talk) 18:22, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sedative


text:
Category talk:Indian actors

 * Please save all actors list according to their surnames (dho 14:57, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC))

 * Reema Lagoo, Kajol, Bob Christo, Babita, Innocent Vincent, A. K. Hangal, Deepti Naval, Divya Unni, I. S. Johar, Jhanak Shukla, Joseph Vijay, Malaika Arora Khan, Kitu Gidwani,Leslie Tripathy, Leena Chandravarkar, Pawan Kalyan, Priya Rajvansh, Ramesh Khanna, and quite a few others have been placed under the wrong alphabet. Can someone take care of that? (Aditya Kabir 22:34, 24 August 2006 (UTC))

title: Category talk:Indian actors


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Transparent Factory

The Transparent Factory is a car factory and exhibition space in Dresden, Germany owned by German carmaker Volkswagen and designed by architect Gunter Henn. It originally opened in 2002, producing the Volkswagen Phaeton until 2016. As of 2017 it produces the electric version of the Golf.

Meaning
The original German name is Gläserne Manufaktur (meaning factory made of glass). Both the German and English names are a word play on the double meaning of transparent and glassy, referring to both optical transparency and transparency of the production process. It is .93 miles (1.5 kilometres) long.

Car factory
The factory originally assembled Volkswagen's luxury sedan, the Phaeton. It used 60,000 magnets in its fully automated assembly line. Spare capacity was also used to build Bentley Continental Flying Spur vehicles destined for the European market until 2006, when all work was transferred to Bentley's plant in Crewe, England. Production of the Bentley Flying Spur resumed in late 2013. The factory only handled final assembly. Operations such as stamping and welding and the painting of the steel bodies took place in Zwickau. Painted bodies arrived at the factory by truck. The other 1200 parts and 34 preassembled components were shipped to a logistics center and are transported to the factory by CarGoTrams that run on Dresden's public transport tracks. All vehicle production at the factory ended in March 2016, before restarting again in 2017. The Volkswagen ID.3 is produced here since 2021, sharing production with the Zwickau-Mosel Plant.

Location
The Transparent Factory is situated in the city center of Dresden, an 800-year-old baroque city known for its arts and craftsmanship. It stands in a corner of the Großer Garten, where a convention center was located before the Second World War. The factory's walls are made almost completely of glass. Its floors are covered entirely in Canadian maple. Its visitor-friendly layout was designed to accommodate up to 250 tourists per day. There are no smokestacks, no loud noises, and no toxic byproducts. Volkswagen planted 350 trees in the grounds.

Current visitor experience
Visitors can test drive VW electric vehicles for 30 minutes, take a virtual tour of Dresden and look at various exhibits relating to VW's electric and hybrid technologies.

Previous visitor experience
The Gläserne Manufaktur also provided visitors with a series of educational attractions relating to the VW "Phaeton". The attractions, designed by BRC Imagination Arts, include Vision World, a multimedia "global theater" that allows visitors to take the pulse of the planet in real time; a Virtual Test drive, featuring a real VW Phaeton combined with motion base technology and computer generated scenery; a computer-based Car Configurator that enables visitors to design the VW Phaeton of their dreams; an interactive Techwall explaining the workings of the Phaeton's "infotainment" system; a Virtual Production Tour; and a media-enhanced Delivery Experience for customers taking possession of new vehicles.

The German TV channel ZDF occasionally filmed a philosophical panel discussion in the Transparent Factory, Das Philosophische Quartett (The Philosophical Quartet).

To stop birds from flying into the glass, an outdoor speaker system emulates bird vocalisations marking the territory as "taken".

Future
The factory is to be renovated to enable it to produce luxury and electric cars.

title: Transparent Factory


text:
Chaise longue

A chaise longue (, "long chair") is an upholstered sofa in the shape of a chair that is long enough to support the legs of the sitter.

In modern French, the term chaise longue refers to any long reclining chair, such as a deckchair.

In English, the term "chaise longue" is sometimes written as chaise lounge and pronounced, a folk etymology replacement of part of the original French term with the unrelated English word lounge. When English speakers imported a new kind of sofa from France in the late 1700s, they transformed the name 'chaise longue' ("long chair") into 'chaise lounge'—since 'lounge' is an English word spelled with the same letters and lounging is something one can do on a "chaise longue." This variant has been documented in British texts since at least 1811 and in American texts since 1824.

Origins
The modern chaise longue was first popularised during the 16th century in France. They were created by French furniture craftsmen for the rich to rest without the need to retire to the bedroom. It was during the Rococo period that the chaise longue became the symbol of social status and only the rarest and most expensive materials were used in their construction. Today, the chaise longue is considered a luxury item for the modern home. They are often used to complement a home's décor, such as living or reading rooms, or as stylish boudoir chairs for bedroom seating.

 * Duchesse brisée (French: 'Broken duchess'): this word is used when the chaise longue is divided into two parts: the chair and a long footstool, or two chairs with a stool in between them. The origin of the name is unknown.
 * Récamier: a récamier has two raised ends and nothing on the long sides. It is sometimes associated with French Empire (neo-classical) style. It is named after French society hostess Madame Récamier (1777–1849), who posed elegantly on a couch of this kind for a portrait painted in 1800 by Jacques-Louis David. The shape of the récamier is similar to a traditional lit bateau (boat bed) but made for the drawing room, not the bedroom.
 * Méridienne: a méridienne has a high headrest and a lower footrest, joined by a sloping piece. Whether or not they have anything at the foot end, méridiennes are asymmetrical daybeds. They were popular in the grand houses of France in the early 19th century. Its name is based on its typical use: rest in the middle of the day when the sun is near the meridian.

Psychoanalysis

The chaise longue has traditionally been associated with psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud initiated using the chaise longue for this purpose, the idea being that the patient would recline on a couch, with the analyst seated beyond the head of the couch, so that the client would not see the analyst. Reclining and not having to face the analyst was thought to be disinhibiting and encouraging free association. When Freud began to use the chaise longue, Viennese considered it daring to recline on a chaise in the presence of non-intimates. Freud's chaise longue, given to him by a patient, may be seen today at the Freud Museum in London.

Today, psychoanalysts invite clients to recline on couches in their offices during psychotherapy and may use chaises longues rather than more conventional styles of couches out of tradition. The chaise longue is commonly used as visual shorthand to suggest a generic psychotherapist's office in cartoons and other works.

title: Chaise longue


text:
Crosley Broadcasting Corporation

The Crosley Broadcasting Corporation was a radio and television broadcaster founded by radio manufacturing pioneer Powel Crosley, Jr. It had a major influence in the early years of radio and television broadcasting, and helped the Voice of America carry its message around the world.

Early years
The company was founded by pioneer radio station operator Powel Crosley and was based in Cincinnati, Ohio. Its flagship station, WLW (AM), was first licensed in March 1922. Most of its broadcast properties adopted call signs with "WLW" as the first three letters. In the 1930s, WLW had an effective power of 500,000 watts, and was the only commercial U.S. AM broadcasting station ever to be permitted to transmit regularly with more than 50,000 watts. The 500,000 watt transmissions were only allowed by the FCC in the "experimental" hours, midnight to 6:00 AM, and the signal was heard in many places, including Europe.

By the 1950s, the company operated a small television network in Ohio and Indiana.

During World War II, Crosley built the Bethany Relay Station in Butler County, Ohio's Union Township, one mile west of its transmitter for WLW, for the United States Office of War Information. It operated as many as five shortwave radio stations, using the call signs WLWK, WLWL, WLWO, WLWR, and WLWS. Many of these stations were later incorporated into the Voice of America. Crosley operated the facilities for the government until 1963.

In 1945, the Crosley interests were purchased by Aviation Corporation. The radio and appliance manufacturing arm changed its name to Avco, but the broadcast operations continued to operate under the Crosley name until they adopted the Avco name in 1968.

Crosley (Avco) also owned WLWF, an FM broadcasting station it operated along with its Columbus, Ohio TV outlet WLWC (now WCMH-TV). WLWF went silent in 1953, and Crosley (Avco) returned its license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In the late 1950s, a construction permit for a new station on WLWF's frequency was granted to Taft Broadcasting, owner of WTVN-TV, also in Columbus (now WSYX), which started the station in late 1959 as WTVN-FM (now WLVQ).

Television network
From the 1950s through the 1970s, Crosley operated a small television network in which programs were produced at one of its stations and broadcast on the other Crosley stations in the Midwest, and occasionally by non-Crosley stations as well. The company occasionally produced programs picked up for broadcast on either NBC or the DuMont Television Network. Programs which aired nationally included NBC's Midwestern Hayride (on which Rosemary Clooney often performed) and Breakfast Party. Other programs originated on the Crosley network included DuMont's The Paul Dixon Show and The Ruth Lyons 50-50 Club. The Phil Donahue Show started in 1967, originating from WLWD in Dayton, Ohio.

In 1968, Avco, which had just purchased Embassy Pictures, formed an unrelated company called Avco Embassy Television, to syndicate the Embassy film library on TV. Avco Embassy originally syndicated The Phil Donahue Show, before the syndicated division of Avco Broadcasting was formed. In 1971, Avco and cartoon producer Hanna-Barbera teamed up for the holiday specials on its network.

In the 1970s, Avco sold all of its broadcasting holdings. In 1975, it sold WLWC-TV in Columbus, WLWI-TV in Indianapolis, WOAI-AM-FM-TV in San Antonio (the AM station was sold to the nascent Clear Channel Communications as the chain's second property), and WWDC-AM-FM in Washington D.C. In 1976, it sold WLW and WLWT-TV in Cincinnati, WLWD-TV in Dayton, and its Avco Embassy Television and Avco Embassy Program Sales divisions. In 1977, it sold KYA-AM-FM in San Francisco and WRTH in Wood River/St. Louis.

The closest equivalent to a "successor" to Avco Broadcasting was Multimedia, Inc. Avco sold flagship TV station WLWT to Multimedia, as well as Avco Program Sales in 1976. In December 1995, Gannett (which owned former Crosley station WXIA-TV in Atlanta) acquired Multimedia, Inc., while the respective syndication division was acquired by MCA Universal. By 1997, all of the original Crosley radio and television properties had been sold off by its successor companies, with the exception of WTHR in Indianapolis, which is now owned by Tegna Inc. since they acquired the Dispatch Broadcast Group in 2019.

The deserted ruins of the major Crosley manufacturing facility can still be seen on the west side of I-75, just north of the area where the Cincinnati Museum Center (previously the Union Terminal train station) is currently located and near where Crosley Field once stood. The impressively huge transmission tower and old 50,000-watt transmitter at the Tylersville Road facility near U.S. Route 42 (Reading Rd.), between Dayton and Cincinnati, still exists.

WLW- call letters
By the 1970s, the Crosley name had ceased to exist in the memory of most American citizens (as would that of its major successor company, Avco, a decade later), but many of the "WLW-" station call-letters persist.

WCMH-TV used the WLWC call letters from its 1949 sign-on until the station was sold to Outlet Broadcasting in 1976. In the 1990s, WCMH entered into an agreement to manage the operations of WWHO in the Columbus market under a "local marketing agreement" (LMA) with Fant Broadcasting, owner of WWHO-TV. Outlet, in turn, owned 20% of Fant. Due to the success of this arrangement, WCMH's sister station WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island entered into a similar arrangement to operate Channel 28 in that market, also owned by Fant.

At about the same time, Premier Broadcasting Corporation also announced that it would be using the WLWC call letters for Columbus low-power television station W62BE. Because of the historic and brand value of the WLWC call letters in the Columbus market, Outlet arranged to have the call sign "warehoused" on Channel 28 in Providence, Rhode Island, in order to keep competitors from using them in the Columbus area. Channel 28 applied for and was assigned the WLWC call letters and has used them ever since. Premier's television station, now silent, ultimately took the call letters WLWG.

Lima, Ohio, Radio station WBKS used the WLWD call letters when it was branded "Wild 93.9." The WLWD call letters are familiar in the Lima area since the WDTN signal reaches various portions of the Lima market either over the air or through cable carriage. Today, the WLWD call letters are used by a low-power Daystar station in Springfield, Ohio, which is part of the Dayton, Ohio television market.

The WLWI call letters are used by an AM and FM radio station serving the Montgomery, Alabama radio market.

Former Crosley assets
Broadcast outlets operated by Crosley Broadcasting or its successor Avco include the following. Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.

 * (**) — indicate a station built and signed-on by Crosley/Avco.

title: Crosley Broadcasting Corporation


text:
Ismaning radio transmitter

The Transmitter Ismaning was a large radio transmitting station near Ismaning, Bavaria, Germany. It was inaugurated in 1932. From 1932 to 1934 this transmitter (which replaced the Stadelheim Transmitter at Munich-Stadelheim) used a T-antenna as transmitting antenna, which was spun between two 115-metre-high free-standing wooden lattice towers, which were 240 metres apart. As this antenna had an unfavourable vertical radiation pattern, which produced much skywave resulting in a too small fading-free reception area at night, in 1934 a new antenna was installed. Therefore, one of the towers was dismantled and rebuilt on a 39 m wooden lattice base. While this work took place, an L-Antenna was used, which was spun between the other tower and a small auxiliary wooden tower. It became defunct in 1977 and was destroyed in 1983.

Wooden broadcasting tower
After completion of the new wood tower, which was 156 metres high without the arms carrying the antenna (with these arms its height amounted to 163 metres), the second wood tower was dismantled and rebuilt in 1935 at Nuremberg-Kleinreuth, where it served until 1961 as a transmission tower for medium wave. The wood tower at Ismaning carried a dipole antenna, whose point of feeding was at 120 metres height. From this point of feeding, several wires ran to the arms on the tower top and to fastening spots at a height of 80 metres. At this height a differential transformer was installed in a small housing inside the tower; its task was to prevent the drain of the radiated high frequency over the feeder. This antenna, developed by the company Lorenz, was called "Höhendipol". It was one for the transmitter frequency of 740 kHz, which was used from 1934 to 1950, optimized fading-reducing transmitting antenna. However, according to the wave plan of Copenhagen, which required directional radiation at night times, it could only be used during daylight hours after 1950. In 1969 this antenna was dismantled after a new medium wave transmitting mast was built. Between 1969 and 1977 the wood tower was used for carrying transmitting antennas for FM broadcasting. In 1977 a 100-metre-high guyed steel framework mast took over this function, so the wood tower became defunct in 1977. The state of the tower worsened more and more after 1977, and it seemed to be impossible to repair this tower, which was nicknamed "Bavarian Eiffel Tower," and which was already under protection as a monument. On March 16, 1983 it was blown up. Its concrete foundations and the tuning house, which once stood under the tower, can still be seen today.

Bavarian Broadcasting Company
The transmission facility Ismaning is used for transmitting the first program of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company on the medium wave frequency 801 kHz (transmission power 600 kilowatts until 1994, now 100 kilowatts) and for all programmes of the Bavarian Broadcasting company in the FM range. Until 1994 there was also a transmitter of the American Forces Network (AFN), with its AFN Munich station, at Ismaning.

For the AM transmissions a 171.5-metre-high guyed steel tube mast is used. This mast is insulated from the ground and is designed as a fading reducing transmission aerial with multiple feeding. Therefore, it is separated at 56 metre and 117 metre heights by insulators.

Restrictions of the waveplan of Geneva required a minimum of radiation in direction Northeast, in order to reduce interferences of the transmitter Saint Petersburg, Russia, on the same frequency, if transmission power is 600 kilowatts at night. Therefore, in 1978 a 71-metre-high guyed steel-framework mast, which is insulated against ground, was built near the mast upper mentioned. Because a power reduction toward Northeast is not necessary with a transmission power of 100 kilowatts, this mast is now obsolete, but it is still there.

As back-up aerial a 105-metre-high, guyed steel framework mast was built in 1947 close to the transmitter building. This mast, which was originally used for transmitting the program of AFN was until 1969 126 metre high and carried from 1958 to 1969 aerials for FM transmissions.

Restriction by the waveplan of Copenhagen had the result, that the mediumwave transmitter of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company had to work with directional radiation with minimum toward Northeast after 1951 at nighttime. This type of radiation was not possible with the aerial on the wood framework tower and a directional aerial consisting of two insulated guyed radio masts with a height of 94 metres had to be built.

This aerial was until 1969 for transmitting the program of the Bavarian broadcasting company during nighttime in service. After 1969 it was used until its shutdown in 1994 for transmitting the program of AFN on 1107 kHz. In difference to the time before 1969 omnidirectional radiation was used. One mast was used and the other one was a spare unit.

As aerials for shortwave transmissions of the Bavarian broadcasting company there are a dipole aerial, built in 1976, which hangs on two guyed steelframework masts with a height of 35 metres and a winkle dipole which hangs on three guyed steel framework masts with a height of 55 metres. The winkle dipole aerial went in service in 1980.

For FM broadcasting transmission, there is a silvery grey guyed steel framework mast with dipol arrays on its top near the station building. This mast, which was built in 1977, has a height of 100 metres and is the only mast at the transmitter Ismaning, which is grounded.

Voice of America
The Voice of America ran until 1994 near the station of the Bavarian Broadcasting company a large shortwave transmission facility, which has nowadays has been scrapped The medium wave transmission facility of the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty operated by the International Broadcasting Bureau was shut down in March 2005. It consists of four   guyed steel framework masts, which are insulated against ground. These masts were built in 1949 and renovated in the 1990s and allow the powered aerial to transmit in various directions.

In 2010, a 210 m new guyed mast for FM broadcasting was built.

title: Ismaning radio transmitter


text:
Cyclodextrin

Cyclodextrins are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, consisting of a macrocyclic ring of glucose subunits joined by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cyclodextrins are produced from starch by enzymatic conversion. They are used in food, pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and chemical industries, as well as agriculture and environmental engineering.

Cyclodextrins are composed of 5 or more α-D-glucopyranoside units linked 1->4, as in amylose (a fragment of starch). Typical cyclodextrins contain a number of glucose monomers ranging from six to eight units in a ring, creating a cone shape:

 * α (alpha)-cyclodextrin: 6 glucose subunits
 * β (beta)-cyclodextrin: 7 glucose subunits
 * γ (gamma)-cyclodextrin: 8 glucose subunits

The largest well-characterized cyclodextrin contains 32 1,4-anhydroglucopyranoside units. Poorly-characterized mixtures, containing at least 150-membered cyclic oligosaccharides are also known.

Drug delivery
Cyclodextrins are ingredients in more than 30 different approved medicines. With a hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior, cyclodextrins form complexes with hydrophobic compounds. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin are all generally recognized as safe by the U.S. FDA. They have been applied for delivery of a variety of drugs, including hydrocortisone, prostaglandin, nitroglycerin, itraconazole, chloramphenicol. The cyclodextrin confers solubility and stability to these drugs. The inclusion compounds of cyclodextrins with hydrophobic molecules are able to penetrate body tissues, these can be used to release biologically active compounds under specific conditions. In most cases the mechanism of controlled degradation of such complexes is based on pH change of water solutions, leading to the loss of hydrogen or ionic bonds between the host and the guest molecules. Alternative means for the disruption of the complexes take advantage of heating or action of enzymes able to cleave α-1,4 linkages between glucose monomers. Cyclodextrins were also shown to enhance mucosal penetration of drugs.

Chromatography
β-cyclodextrins are used to produce stationary phase media for HPLC separations.

Other
Cyclodextrins bind fragrances. Such devices are capable of releasing fragrances when heated, such as by ironing, body heat, or a dryer. A common application is a typical 'dryer sheet'. They are also the main ingredient in Febreze, which claims that the β-cyclodextrins "trap" odor-causing compounds, thereby reducing the odor.

Cyclodextrins are also used to produce alcohol powder by encapsulating ethanol. The powder produces an alcoholic beverage when mixed with water, or can also be taken in a pill. The approval of powdered alcohol by the FDA in 2014 was met with wide-spread bans and backlash in the United States.

Structure

Typical cyclodextrins are constituted by 6-8 glucopyranoside units. These subunits are linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds. The cyclodextrins have toroidal shapes, with the larger and the smaller openings of the toroid exposing to the solvent secondary and primary hydroxyl groups respectively. Because of this arrangement, the interior of the toroids is considerably less hydrophilic than the aqueous environment and thus able to host hydrophobic molecules. In contrast, the exterior is sufficiently hydrophilic to impart cyclodextrins (or their complexes) water solubility. They are not soluble in typical organic solvents.

Synthesis
Cyclodextrins are prepared by enzymatic treatment of starch. Commonly cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is employed along with α-amylase. First starch is liquified either by heat treatment or using α-amylase, then CGTase is added for the enzymatic conversion. CGTases produce mixtures of cyclodextrins, thus the product of the conversion results in a mixture of the three main types of cyclic molecules, in ratios that are strictly dependent on the enzyme used: each CGTase has its own characteristic α:β:γ synthesis ratio. Purification of the three types of cyclodextrins takes advantage of the different water solubility of the molecules: β-CD which is poorly water-soluble (18.5 g/L or 16.3 mM at 25 °C) can be easily retrieved through crystallization while the more soluble α- and γ-CDs (145 and 232 g/L respectively) are usually purified by means of expensive and time consuming chromatography techniques. As an alternative a "complexing agent" can be added during the enzymatic conversion step: such agents (usually organic solvents like toluene, acetone or ethanol) form a complex with the desired cyclodextrin which subsequently precipitates. The complex formation drives the conversion of starch towards the synthesis of the precipitated cyclodextrin, thus enriching its content in the final mixture of products. Wacker Chemie AG uses dedicated enzymes, that can produce alpha-, beta- or gamma-cyclodextrin specifically. This is very valuable especially for the food industry, as only alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrin can be consumed without a daily intake limit.

Derivatives
Interest in cyclodextrins is enhanced because their host–guest behavior can be manipulated by chemical modification of the hydroxyl groups. O-Methylation and acetylation are typical conversions. Propylene oxide gives hydroxypropylated derivatives. The primary alcohols can be tosylated. The degree of derivatization is an adjustable, i.e. full methylation vs partial.

Both β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) remove cholesterol from cultured cells. The methylated form MβCD was found to be more efficient than β-cyclodextrin. The water-soluble MβCD is known to form soluble inclusion complexes with cholesterol, thereby enhancing its solubility in aqueous solution. MβCD is employed for the preparation of cholesterol-free products: the bulky and hydrophobic cholesterol molecule is easily lodged inside cyclodextrin rings. MβCD is also employed in research to disrupt lipid rafts by removing cholesterol from membranes.

Due to the covalent attachment of thiol groups to cyclodextrins high mucoadhesive properties can be introduced as these thiolated oligomers (thiomers) are capable of forming disulfide bonds with cysteine-rich subdomains of mucus glycoproteins. The gastrointestinal and ocular residence time of thiolated cyclodextrins is therefore substantially prolonged. Furthermore, thiolated cyclodextrins are actively taken up by target cells releasing their payload into the cytoplasma. The cellular uptake of various model drugs, for instance, was up to 20-fold improved by using thiolated α-cyclodextrin as carrier system.

Research
In supramolecular chemistry, cyclodextrins are precursors to mechanically interlocked molecular architectures, such as rotaxanes and catenanes. Illustrative, α-cyclodextrin form second-sphere coordination complex with tetrabromoaurate anion ([AuBr4]-).

β-Cyclodextrin complexes with certain carotenoid food colorants have been shown to intensify color, increase water solubility and improve light stability.

Complexes formed between β-cyclodextrin and adamantane derivatives have been used to make self-healing materials, such as hydrogels and low-friction surfaces.

Using the host-guest interaction between β-Cyclodextrin and Perfluorohexane, acoustically active nanoparticles were created. These nanoparticles were combined with histotripsy, leading to the development of Nanoparticle-Mediated Histotripsy (NMH). NMH addresses limitations of traditional histotripsy, such as non-selectivity and the requirement for high pressure. This promising new method has potential applications in cell ablation for various purposes, including cancer treatment.

History
Cyclodextrins were called "cellulosine" when first described by A. Villiers in 1891. Soon after, F. Schardinger identified the three naturally occurring cyclodextrins: α, β, and γ, referred to as "Schardinger sugars". For 25 years, between 1911 and 1935, Hans Pringsheim in Germany was the leading researcher in this area, demonstrating that cyclodextrins formed stable aqueous complexes with many other chemicals. By the mid-1970s, each of the natural cyclodextrins had been structurally and chemically characterized and many more complexes had been studied. Since the 1970s, extensive work has been conducted by Szejtli and others exploring encapsulation by cyclodextrins and their derivatives for industrial and pharmacologic applications. Among the processes used for complexation, the kneading process seems to be one of the best.

Safety
Cyclodextrins are of wide interest in part because they appear nontoxic in animal studies. The LD50 (oral, rats) is on the order of grams per kilogram. Nevertheless, attempts to use β-Cyclodextrin for the prevention of atherosclerosis, age-related lipofuscin accumulation and obesity encounter an obstacle in the form of damage to the auditory nerve and nephrotoxic effect.

title: Cyclodextrin


text: File:Vacas poster.jpg

title: File:Vacas poster.jpg


text:
Talk:Kneazle

from VfD:

This was tagged for speedy deletion by User:212.219.207.40, without citing a reason. I don't think it needs to be deleted, but I don't know enough about Harry Potter to know if this is a valid article or not, so I'm listing it here. – Quadell (talk) (help)  14:57, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * This user is one of a group of 4 IPs (212.219.207.40/1/2/3) who have been all reprimanded for mass vandalism: they seem to cruise around as a group. The article looks quite valid so I think it's merely been the victim of a vandal attack --Phil | Talk 18:19, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Merge and redirect to Crookshanks. --LeeHunter 16:07, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for completeness. Just because an anon tagged it with a speedy doesn't mean it should end up on here, imho. This particular one doesn't even come close to meeting any deletion criteria [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 17:59, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Crookshanks Wyss 19:50, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It could even be a speedy delete.  As someone who has read all five of the books, I never saw "kneazles" anywhere.  I remember the cat well, but there was never any explanation of why it was so ornery.  As for this coming from some expanded universe thing, look what it claims:  from a thing "ultimately by JK Rowling."  Ultimately by?  All proceeds go to some of the poorest children in the world?  Is it an ad?  Who are these children?  Everyone is someone's child, after all.  If it really comes from some Rowling-authorized thingie, then the most would be a redirect alone.  Her novels are notable, but "guides to fabulous beasts" are just members of the entourage around the star; like them, they have borrowed fame. Geogre 19:51, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No, the book that this was taken from was indeed written by Rowling and is considered 'canon', and I believe that the proceeds of the book went to charity, not that it has any relevance. Even if this article is deleted it'll probably be resurrected after the 6th book is released. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 20:08, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep revision. Geogre 02:03, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comes from "Fantastic beasts and where to find them" which was indeed a charity book. JK Rowling also mentioned Crookshanks was a kneazle in an interview, so Redirect. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 22:11, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Kneazle is one of various pages pointed to by a list of animal species names in Magical beasts (Harry Potter). Anthony Appleyard 23:05, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems pretty clear from the above it's either keep or redirect. It might be worth keeping and using as a hook on which to hang some discussion of the phenomenon of Rowlings extending her fantasy world beyond the novels themselves. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:45, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Kneazle


text:
Ismaning

Ismaning is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany, located near Munich.

Geography
In 2016 it had 16,770 inhabitants. The town is located about seven kilometers northeast of Munich on the right high bank of the Isar River that flows into the Danube. Near Ismaning there is a large broadcasting facility called Transmitter Ismaning. The river Seebach running through the centre of the town features many different types of freshwater fish.

History
The year 809 saw the first documentary mention. 1319 there was a sale of the villages of Ismaning, Unterföhring, Oberföhring, Englschalking and Daglfing to the Hochstift Freising by the Duke of Bavaria and later Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in exchange for "a hundred March lotrings silver". This created the county on the Yserrain which existed until 1802. Then Ismaning became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Ismaning Palace was seat of the Beauharnais family until 1851 and is now seat of the town hall.

Economy
Originally an agricultural community, Ismaning has been known as an important media location since the mid-1990s. The Bavarian Broadcasting Corporation's Ismaning transmitter has been located to the northeast of the village since 1932. To the south is the media park with Sport1 Medien AG (Sport1), Gong-Verlag, Mainstream Media AG (Heimatkanal) and the private radio station Antenne Bayern.

Traffic
Due to its location near Munich, Ismaning is well connected. Ismaning is located on the railroad line Munich East-Munich Airport, the Federal highway 99, the Federal roads B 471, B 388 and B 301 as well as on the State road 2053 (Freising-Ismaning-Unterföhring-Munich).

The S8 line of the Munich S-Bahn connects Ismaning with Munich every 20 minutes.

Famous buildings
This center of Ismaning is characterized by the Catholic parish church of St. Johann Baptist. It is located to the south of Ismaning Palace (with castle park and former farm buildings), which was reconstructed by Leo von Klenze.

title: Ismaning


text:
Declaration of Sports

The Declaration of Sports (also known as the Book of Sports) was a declaration of James I of England issued just for Lancashire in 1617, nationally in 1618, and reissued by Charles I in 1633. It listed the sports and recreations that were permitted on Sundays and other holy days.

Issue under James I
It was originally issued in consultation with Thomas Morton, bishop of Chester, to resolve a dispute in Lancashire between the Puritans and the gentry (many of whom were Roman Catholics). The initial declaration was just for Lancashire, but in 1618, James made the declaration national. The 1618 declaration had largely the same main text as the 1617 version, but with an additional paragraph at the beginning explaining that the king had decided to make the declaration applicable to the whole of England. James transmitted orders to the clergy of the whole of England to read the declaration from the pulpit, but encountering strong opposition he withdrew his command.

The declaration listed archery, dancing, "leaping, vaulting, or any other such harmless recreation" as permissible sports, together with "May-games, Whitsun-ales and Morris-dances, and the setting up of May-poles". Also allowed: "women shall have leave to carry rushes to the church for the decorating of it, according to their old custom." Amongst the activities that were prohibited were bear- and bull-baiting, "interludes" and bowling.

On the one hand, the declaration rebuked Puritans and other "precise persons", and was issued to counteract the growing Puritan calls for strict abstinence on the Christian Sabbath (Sabbatarianism). On the other, it condemned Catholics and others who did not attend church services in their parish, as the declaration specified that only people who had first attended divine service were entitled to participate in recreations afterward.

Re-issue under Charles I
The declaration was reissued by Charles I on 18 October 1633, as The King's Majesty's declaration to his subjects concerning lawful sports to be used. It was claimed by William Prynne that the new declaration was written by Charles' new Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, but Laud denied this and there is only evidence that he supported and facilitated the reissue. Moreover, the 1633 declaration has the same main text as the 1617 and 1618 declarations of King James, with the primary differences an additional introduction and conclusion adding wakes and ales (countryside festivals ) to the list of sanctioned recreations. Charles ordered that any minister who refused to read it would be deprived of position. As the Puritans gained power in Parliament in the lead-up to the English Civil War, hostility to the Book of Sports grew. Attempts to enforce the declaration came to an end with the fall of Archbishop Laud in 1640, and Parliament ordered the book publicly burned in 1643, two years before Laud was executed.

Bibliography and further reading

 * Craigie, James, ed. Minor Prose Works of James VI and James I. Scottish Text Society, 1982: 217–241.
 * George, David, ed. Records of Early English Drama: Lancashire. University of Toronto Press, 1991.
 * Govett, L. A. The King's Book of Sports: A History of the Declarations of King James I. and King Charles I. as to the Use of Lawful Sports on Sundays. London, 1890.
 * Parker, Kenneth. The English Sabbath: A Study of Doctrine and Discipline from the Reformation to the Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
 * Semenza, Gregory M. Colón. Sport, Politics, and Literature in the English Renaissance. University of Delaware Press/AUP, 2003.
 * Tait, James. "The Declaration of Sports for Lancashire". English Historical Review 32 (1917): 561–568.

title: Declaration of Sports


text:
Talk:Kaleidoscope Entertainment

Untitled
from VfD:

This was tagged for speedy deletion by User:Tregoweth, citing the reason "it is advertising". I'm not sure it needs to be deleted, so I'm listing it here. – Quadell (talk) (help)  14:57, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Definite advertising, looks like an amateurish homepage for the production company! rturus 15:16, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * weak keep .. Since I am new here I suppose the edited NPOV text is probably acceptable. If I knew how to strike out my earlier delete I would! rturus 22:37, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've taken the liberty of doing it for you, and moving your new vote (there's no "fixed procedure", or anything, just do whatever is clear). Look at the source to see how it's done. I'm using the ironic tag. :-) JRM 22:48, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * Keep. Company seems notable, judging from the list of films. It should be rewritten though, to remove the marketing bumpf. --LeeHunter 16:04, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Definite keep but clean up and tone down the POVvyness. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:21, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Was definitely horrid and amateurish with all the PoV propaganda, which I have removed. They're a notable enough Bollywood (Indian film-making)company. Wyss 19:46, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising. Geogre 19:52, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the current version. User:Wyss has basically rewritten it, and it's now NPOV.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   21:14, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 23:54, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: DCEdwards1966 00:09, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've seen one of their movies, so they are clearly notable. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 01:11, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Kaleidoscope Entertainment


text:
Talk:RSA SecurID

meant for editing
SecurID is a two-factor authentication system developed by Security Dynamics (now RSA Security). It is generally used to secure either local or remote access to computer networks. Each SecurID user has a memorized PIN or password, and a hand-held token with a LCD display. The token displays a new pseudo-random value, called the tokencode, at a fixed time interval, usually one minute. The user combines the memorized factor with the tokencode, either by simple concatenation or entry on an optional keypad on the token, to create the passcode, which is then entered to gain access to the protected resource.

The SecurID token is a battery powered, hand-held device containing a dedicated microcontroller. The microcontroller stores, in RAM, the current time, and a 64-bit seed value that is unique to a particular token. At the specified interval, the seed value and the time are combined through a proprietary algorithm stored in the microcontroller's ROM, to create the tokencode value.

An authentication server verifies the passcodes. The server maintains a database which contains the seed value for each token and the PIN or password for each user. From this information, and the current time, the server generates a set of valid passcodes for the user and checks each one against the entered value. For more on SecurID, see http://www.rsasecurity.com/node.asp?id=1155.

The main article has the following statement:

"The SecurID authentication mechanism consists of a "token" -- a piece of hardware assigned to a user that generates an authentication code every sixty seconds using a built-in clock and the card's factory-encoded random key (known as the "seed" and often provided as a *.asc file)."

Is the factory-encoded key really "random"? It seems to have both a pattern and some form of calcluation to generate the number. It may be very complicated but it isn't truely "random" since two separate programs both know the same number at the same time. It is pre-planned.

This is a long winded way of asking whether we should remove the word "random" from the statement above.

 * The key is random. But the key is provided both in the token and in the server, so the server can simply do the same function as the token, since it has the private key. The point is that by encrypting the time, with the key, you effectively prove that you have the key without revealing what the key is. vidarlo 20:26, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Surely it's pseudorandom Rojomoke (talk) 11:33, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

How is the seed file loaded into the token? J I P | Talk 16:50, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The seed file is factory loaded. You are shipped media with the seed files for loading into the server separately, which match up to a given serial number.  Leebert 21:24, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * They could, for example, roll dice and then encode the result into the key and database. Just because there are two copies doesn't make it less random. Gah4 (talk) 04:18, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * They could, for example, roll dice and then encode the result into the key and database. Just because there are two copies doesn't make it less random. Gah4 (talk) 04:18, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Criticism section
The article says: "If the second session is established shortly after the initial session, the one-time password will still be valid when the attacker presents it to the server, thus the authentication will succeed."

This, in my experience, isn't true. Tokens are only usable one time, after which the token code is marked as used in the ACE/Server's database.

Honestly, the whole criticism section could use sources, because I think much of it is incorrect or outdated. Leebert 21:27, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

It is possible, though unlikely. The server side keeps track of the last tokencode used and communicates that to the other server instances. That last tokencode and any previous are no longer valid. In v7.1 and above, the servers use an Adjudicator to transmit that high-water mark to the other servers in near-realtime. If the adjudicator port is blocked, the high-water mark will still be sent to the other instances, but this process is slower (usually a few seconds). The attempt to re-use a tokencode is called a "replay" and is only possible on multi-instance systems (systems with a Primary and at least one Replica). If the replayed tokencode reaches an instance before the original instance communicates the new high-water mark, then it is possible to successfully authenticate using a previously-used tokencode. Glenn.e.williams (talk) 15:27, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

The article says: "they fail to provide adequate protection against man in the middle type attacks" This presumes that SecurID attempts to provide protection against man-in-the-middle attacks. The tokens generate numbers, and the server validates them; that's it. There need to be other techniques for MITM prevention: SSL, IPSec, etc. I don't think it's fair to criticize SecurID for something it's not designed to do. "Yes it's fair, it's designed to protect, and fails badly in the face of modern attacks. People reading this article need to know the security holes. 120.151.160.158 (talk) 11:21, 22 April 2013 (UTC)"

 * We could criticize Medeco as thieves could smash a window and climb in. But we know that a key can't stop that. We can criticize RSA for not mentioning it often enough, though. Gah4 (talk) 04:22, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Duress PIN
There's documentation on support for a duress PIN at the following link:

http://www.process.com/tcpip/tcpware57docs/User_Guide/ch14.htm#E53E27 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.92.44.113 (talk) 20:54, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

While it is true that the documentation at that link describes Duress Pin functionality, it is an integration with a very old version of SecurID (v2.2). As stated in the article, currently supported (and even v5.2 which went EOPS in March 2010) do not support a Duress Pin. Glenn.e.williams (talk) 15:49, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

Contradiction

 * In overview - "25 million devices have been produced to date"
 * In "March 2011 system compromise" - "On June 6, RSA has admitted that all 40M tokens need to be replaced"

Is the first statement out of date, or is it based solely upon "base" devices (not 3-year replacement)? - Tenebris 21:35, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Why did RSA have the token seeds?
Could someone add an explanation about why RSA had these token seeds at all? Was it key escrow? Wnt (talk) 01:08, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * RSA has the seeds so that they can compute the expected number from the user. It is an interesting question, whether a one-way encryption system could be used for protection against leaked seeds. Gah4 (talk) 04:26, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * RSA has the seeds so that they can compute the expected number from the user. It is an interesting question, whether a one-way encryption system could be used for protection against leaked seeds. Gah4 (talk) 04:26, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

First para of Overview
"The RSA SecurID authentication mechanism consists of a 'token'—a piece of hardware (e.g. a token or USB) or software (e.g. a 'soft token' for a computer, PDA or cell phone)—assigned to a computer user that generates an authentication code at fixed intervals (usually 30 or 60 seconds) using a built-in clock and the card's factory-encoded random key (known as the 'seed' and often provided as an ASCII file). The seed is different for each token, and is loaded into the corresponding RSA SecurID server (RSA Authentication Manager, formerly ACE/Server) as the tokens are purchased. The seed is typically 128 bits long. Some RSA SecurID deployments may use varied second rotations, such as 30-second increments.[citation needed]"

"It consists of a token - a piece of hardware EG a token." What help is that?

"It consists of a token - a piece of hardware EG USB." Whatever a SecurID is, it isn't a universal serial bus (though it may use such as part of connecting it to a computer.)

"It consists of a token - software EG a soft token." What help is that?

"Some RSA SecurID deployments may use varied second rotations, such as 30-second increments." What is a varied second rotation. what is a 30-second increment - We've already said it does its thing every 30 or 60 seconds, so what does this mean.

That entire paragraph needs rewriting by someone who knows whata SecurID is./ -- SGBailey (talk) 13:04, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Quantity of devices
The overview says 25M, the report about the weakness says 40M. Surely one is wrong. -- SGBailey (talk) 13:10, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

What is Risk-Based Analytics (RBA)
In the "Theoretical Vulnerabilities" section it says: "Risk-based analytics (RBA), a new feature in the latest version (8.0) provide significant protection against this type of attack". I can find no reference to that technology anywhere on wikipedia or on the internet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.105.216.129 (talk) 18:29, 11 June 2014 (UTC) RBA does a silent evaluation of web-based authentication attempts. It evaluates user behavior and device identification to grade the authentication. If this score does not meet the assurance level, a step-up authentication would be required (Either Life Questions or an out-of-band on-demand tokencode).

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081113005859/http://www.rsa.com/products/securid/datasheets/9651_SID800_DS_0908-lowres.pdf to http://www.rsa.com/products/securid/datasheets/9651_SID800_DS_0908-lowres.pdf

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:52, 13 January 2019 (UTC)
 * SecurID Card.jpg

title: Talk:RSA SecurID


text:
Vacas

Vacas (English: Cows) is a 1991 Spanish film, written and directed by Julio Médem. The film stars Carmelo Gómez, Emma Suárez, Ana Torrent, and Karra Elejalde. An eerie family saga set in rural Basque Country, the cryptic film follows the intertwined story of three generations of two families from 1875 to 1936. It was Médem's first film and for it he won the 1993 Goya Award as Best New Director.

Plot
Fighting in the trenches of Biscay in 1875 during the Third Carlist War, Carmelo Mendiluze, an army sergeant, learns from a young errand boy named Ilegorri that Manuel Iriguíbel, his neighbor from his native village, has joined their exhausted battalion. Eager for news of his child's birth, Carmelo befriends the inexperienced soldier whose reputation as an expert aizcolari (competition log cutter) cannot conceal his apprehension and fear of armed combat. Panicking under fire, Manuel drops to the ground and smears himself with blood gushing hot from the neck of his mortally wounded neighbor, Mendiluze. When the battle is over, Manuel crawls out from a cartload of the dead, naked bodies as he is transported away from the front lines. Nobody has seen his escape, except a curious, solitary cow.

Thirty years later, in 1905 in rural Guipúzcoa, a lingering animosity has continued between the Mendiluze and Iriguíbel families. Manuel, now an old man, is still regarded as a coward; he spends his time painting the family’s cows watched over by his three granddaughters, the offspring of his son Ignacio Iriguíbel and his wife Madalen. Ignacio and Carmelo's son, Juan Mendiluze, have maintained family traditions by honing their skills as aizcolari. Despite the strained relations between the neighbors, the destinies of the two families are fatefully interconnected. Juan's sister, Catalina, cannot conceal her romantic interest for Ignacio as she furtively watches him practice cutting logs in the woods - an attraction that proves to be mutual through Ignacio's playful attempts to catch her already piqued attention. Paulina, the Mendiluze widow, warns her daughter that her interest for Ignacio Iriguíbel will bring the downfall of the Mendiluze family. In an attempt to capitalize from the rivalry between the two families, Ilegorri, now a grown man, arranges a waged competition between Ignacio and Juan. Ignacio wins and his career as an aizcolari contender is launched. Catalina and Ignacio start a secret affair.

Ten years later, in the spring of 1915, Ignacio returns home after traveling to national competitions. He now enjoys fame and success. Although Ignacio takes care of his family farm, he neglects Madalen, his wife. He is promptly reunited with Catalina, and they have a ten-year-old son. After the death of their mother, the relationship between the bitter Juan and Catalina is increasingly strained. Juan, still a bachelor, is more obsessed and delusional in his incestuous feelings for his sister. Catalina, afraid of him, wants to escape to America with Ignacio. A close childhood friendship develops between Peru, Catalina and Ignacio's ten-year-old illegitimate son, and his half-sister Cristina; they wander amidst the mountain forest under the supervision of their limp and old grandfather, Manuel. Eventually the boy's parents elope to America and take him with them.

In the summer of 1936, Peru has left his family behind, coming back to Guipúzcoa, as a photojournalist reporting on the Spanish Civil War. The Mendiluze farmhouse is empty. Juan, his uncle, has put on his Carlist red beret, joining the Nationalists. Peru is reunited with Cristina, his half-sister and childhood sweetheart. He stays at the Iriguíbel’s farm. Cristina has had a relationship with Lucas, Iligorri’s son. She shows Peru the last paintings made by their grandfather. The Spanish Civil War comes to the village. The men try to find refuge in the forest when the Nationalists come. Peru and Cristina follow them and are joined by Lucas, who offers to protect them. Lucas is killed and Peru is captured with the surviving men of the region. The men are executed but Peru is spared thanks to the intervention of Juan who recognizes him as his nephew. Reunited with Cristina, Peru and Cristina flee to the French frontier.

Cast
Director Julio Médem illustrates the cyclical nature of the unresolved strife and vacillating alliance between the two rival families in the film by using the same actor to portray generations of characters. The actor Carmelo Gómez's plays the cowardly Manuel Iriguíbel in the Carlist Wars, Manuel's son Ignacio in 1905, and eventually, the matured photographer, Peru Mendiluze, who returns the Basque region at the onset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Kandido Uranga plays first the doomed Carmelo Mendiluze in 1875 and then Carmelo's obsessive and haunted son Juan in the other three segments of the film. Karra Elejade plays both Ilegorri and Ilegorri's son Lucas.

Médem cast Carmelo Gómez in his next two films: La ardilla roja (The Red Squirrel), 1993) and Tierra (Earth), 1996) pairing him in both cases with Emma Suárez like here in Vacas.
 * Carmelo Gómez - Manuel/ Ignacio / Peru
 * Emma Suárez - Cristina
 * Ana Torrent - Catalina
 * Karra Elejalde - Ilegorri / Lucas
 * Txema Blasco	- Manuel as an old man
 * Kandido Uranga - Carmelo / Juan
 * Klara Badiola - Madalen
 * Pilar Bardem - Paulina

Overview
Usually categorized as rural drama, the film narrates the lives of two Basque families covering the years 1875-1936, which historically were the unstable and bloody years from the Third Carlist War to the Spanish Civil War. To help the non-Spanish viewer understand the history depicted in the film: the Basques allied themselves initially with the Carlists (who were right-wing) but later with the Spanish Republic (who were left-wing) because, in each case, they were promised local autonomy.

Small segments of Vacas were used by Medem in his documentary film La pelota vasca to illustrate the Carlist Wars.

Reception
Vacas was well received and proved an auspicious debut for Julio Médem, the director. Critics hailed Médem's craftsmanship and ability to marry the right images with his near mythic story lines. It was very successful and won the Goya Award of the Spanish academy for best new director and prizes in the festivals of Tokyo, Turin and Alexandria.

Analysis
The aesthetics of the movie established strongly Médem's so-called "dreamy style" (which ironically can be very nightmarish). His expressionist values would contrast rapidly with a time period in the Spanish cinema when the influences from the American movies would multiply (i.e. Alejandro Amenábar). The structure of Vacas is made up of concentric circles: European Style—Spanish History—Basque culture—A village—Two houses of that village and, overseeing them all, the cows. The narrative is also very concentric; the film uses a continuous recycling recourse (i.e. the same actors play the three generations, which can be slightly confusing). Médem would also use a loop-like approach in his film Los amantes del círculo polar.

Médem subverts the conventions of the family saga by replacing the human subjectivity of conventional melodrama and historical epics with a diffidence about life and death that is expressed through the uninterested gaze of the cows. The title of the film refers to the passive omnipresence of cows. The political and social climate of the Basque country of Spain is constantly in flux, yet the cows of the region are steadfast and calm, observing the unusual changing human culture without reaction. Instead of a society that is traditionally presented as oppressed and belittle by exterior forces, Vacas presents the Basque people as a race that, in petty rivalries, civil war and incest, has consumed itself from within. Most characters wish for nothing more than to escape the supposed idyll of the Basque Country, though those who do are fated to return and suffer the consequences of inescapable roots and blood ties. Médem further illustrates the cyclical nature of the unresolved strife and vacillating alliance by using the same actor to portray generations of characters. Instead of typifying the beauty of the land, the mist of the basque Valley create a malignant atmosphere that enshrouds the protagonists of Vacas, stimulating and manifesting their latent desires and urges.

DVD release
The film was released on DVD on 29 January 2002 in the U.S. by Vanguard Cinema and in Spain by Sogepaq Video in 2002(Universal Pictures Home Entertainment) and 2007(20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and in Blu-ray in Spain in March 16, 2016 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment(via Video Mercury Films, who bought Sogepaq/Sogetel library in 2009) Is released previous in VHS by C.B. Films in Spain in 1992 . The film is in Spanish  with English subtitles.

title: Vacas


text:
This Old Skin

"This Old Skin" is a song by The Beautiful South which appeared on their 2004 covers album, Golddiggas, Headnodders and Pholk Songs, and was the second single released from the album. It was purportedly written by Bobby Cristiansand and Barry Klein of the band The Heppelbaums, supposedly appearing on their album Hunt For The White Nightingale. In fact, it was written by Paul Heaton and Dave Rotheray of the Beautiful South. When performed live, the song was accompanied by a pastiche of a 1970s music documentary, with The Beautiful South appearing as The Heppelbaums.

The song appeared on the UK charts for 2 weeks, entering at #63 on 18 December 2004 and peaked at #43 the following week.

The Beautiful South single comprised two CDs with the following tracks:

CD1

 * 1) "This Old Skin" (3:55)
 * 2) "Lipstick Traces" (3:18)

CD2

 * 1) "This Old Skin" (3:55)
 * 2) "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" (4:03)
 * 3) "Livin' Thing" (Video) (3:13)

title: This Old Skin


text:
Richard Reynolds (martyr)

Richard Reynolds, O.Ss.S (c. 1492 – 4 May 1535) was an English Bridgettine monk executed in London for refusing the Oath of Supremacy to King Henry VIII of England. He was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970, among the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

Life
Richard Reynolds was a Bridgettine monk of the Syon Abbey, founded in Twickenham by Henry V. He was born in Devon in 1492, educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and joined the Abbey in 1513. Reginald Pole is quoted as saying that Reynolds was the only English monk well-versed in the three principal languages of Latin, Greek and Hebrew.

Dom Hamilton is of the opinion that as Reynolds was the most renowned spiritual counsellor of the Syon community, he would have likely been consulted by Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent, who had been executed at Tyburn almost a year prior for speaking out against the king's marriage to Anne Boleyn. Reynolds had previously arranged a meeting between Elizabeth Barton and Thomas More. It was his connection to Barton that particularly compromised Reynolds in the view of the Crown officers.

Reynolds was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London around the middle of April 1535, along with the Carthusian priors John Houghton, Robert Lawrence and Augustine Webster (a monk of Sheen Priory in Richmond). All four were tried for the denial of the royal supremacy.

Against Reynolds, there was the additional charge of attempting to dissuade people from submitting to the king's authority. A witness claimed that Reynolds had stated that the "Dowager Princess" (Queen Catherine) was the true queen. Reynolds denied that he had declared an opinion against the king, except in confession, as compelled thereto. The practice of suborning penitents to accuse their confessors was in vogue at that time.

All four were executed on 4 May 1535 by drawing and quartering at Tyburn Tree in London after being dragged through the streets. Also convicted of treason for speaking against the King's marriage to Anne Boleyn, and martyred with them on that day, was John Haile, the parish priest of Isleworth where Syon Abbey lay. The quarters of the body of Reynolds – the first man to refuse the oath – were chopped to pieces and hung in different parts of London, including the gate of Syon Abbey.

According to The Life of Sir Thomas More, by William Roper, More witnessed Reynolds and his three companions going to execution from his window in the Tower of London. Roper reports the event thus: "As Sir Thomas More in the Tower chanced on a time, looking out of his window, to behold one Master Reynolds, a religious, learned, and virtuous father of Sion and three monks of the Charterhouse, for the matters of the matrimony and Supremacy, going out of the Tower to execution - he, as one longing in that journey to have accompanied them, said unto my wife, then standing besides him: 'Lo, dost thou not see, Meg, that these blessed fathers be now as cheerfully going to their deaths as bridegrooms to their marriage? Wherefore thereby mayst thou see, mine own good daughter, what a great difference there is between such as have in effect spent all their days in a strait, hard, penitential, and painful life religiously, and such as have in the world, like worldly wretches, as thy poor father hath done, consumed all their time in pleasure and ease licentiously. For God, considering their long-continued life in most sore and grievous penance, will no longer suffer them to remain here in this vale of misery and iniquity, but speedily hence taketh them to the fruition of his everlasting deity.'"

According to the book "The Angel of Syon", Reynolds said before his execution, "... after a sharp breakfast, they should have a sweet supper." Coincidentally, Blessed John Sugar is recorded having said the same phrase before his execution in 1604, but the author of the book, Dom Adam Hamilton, is uncertain if it originated with Reynolds.

Veneration
He was beatified in 1886 and canonised by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales on 25 October 1970. His feast day is 4 May.

A statue commemorating Saint Richard Reynolds can be found in Our Lady of Sorrows and St Bridget Roman Catholic Church, Isleworth.

A painting of the martyr is housed in the Church of St. Bridget in Rome.

There is a stained glass window of the martyr in St Etheldreda's Church in Ely Place. He is the figure on the right.

A section of the dissolved Syon Abbey is considered a relic of Reynolds, due to the fact that it supported the quartered remains of the martyr after his execution. The nuns of the Abbey took this section after the dissolution.

He is the patron of St Richard Reynolds Catholic College in Twickenham. The college is the federation of St Richard Reynolds Catholic High School and the new St Richard Reynolds Catholic Primary School for pupils aged 4 – 18.

title: Richard Reynolds (martyr)