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Shape optimization

Shape optimization is part of the field of optimal control theory. The typical problem is to find the shape which is optimal in that it minimizes a certain cost functional while satisfying given constraints. In many cases, the functional being solved depends on the solution of a given partial differential equation defined on the variable domain.

Topology optimization is, in addition, concerned with the number of connected components/boundaries belonging to the domain. Such methods are needed since typically shape optimization methods work in a subset of allowable shapes which have fixed topological properties, such as having a fixed number of holes in them. Topological optimization techniques can then help work around the limitations of pure shape optimization.

Definition
Mathematically, shape optimization can be posed as the problem of finding a bounded set $$\Omega$$, minimizing a functional
 * $$\mathcal{F}(\Omega)$$,

possibly subject to a constraint of the form
 * $$\mathcal{G}(\Omega)=0.$$

Usually we are interested in sets $$\Omega$$ which are Lipschitz or C1 boundary and consist of finitely many components, which is a way of saying that we would like to find a rather pleasing shape as a solution, not some jumble of rough bits and pieces. Sometimes additional constraints need to be imposed to that end to ensure well-posedness of the problem and uniqueness of the solution.

Shape optimization is an infinite-dimensional optimization problem. Furthermore, the space of allowable shapes over which the optimization is performed does not admit a vector space structure, making application of traditional optimization methods more difficult.

Techniques
Shape optimization problems are usually solved numerically, by using iterative methods. That is, one starts with an initial guess for a shape, and then gradually evolves it, until it morphs into the optimal shape.

Keeping track of the shape
To solve a shape optimization problem, one needs to find a way to represent a shape in the computer memory, and follow its evolution. Several approaches are usually used.

One approach is to follow the boundary of the shape. For that, one can sample the shape boundary in a relatively dense and uniform manner, that is, to consider enough points to get a sufficiently accurate outline of the shape. Then, one can evolve the shape by gradually moving the boundary points. This is called the Lagrangian approach.

Another approach is to consider a function defined on a rectangular box around the shape, which is positive inside of the shape, zero on the boundary of the shape, and negative outside of the shape. One can then evolve this function instead of the shape itself. One can consider a rectangular grid on the box and sample the function at the grid points. As the shape evolves, the grid points do not change; only the function values at the grid points change. This approach, of using a fixed grid, is called the Eulerian approach. The idea of using a function to represent the shape is at the basis of the level-set method.

A third approach is to think of the shape evolution as of a flow problem. That is, one can imagine that the shape is made of a plastic material gradually deforming such that any point inside or on the boundary of the shape can be always traced back to a point of the original shape in a one-to-one fashion. Mathematically, if $$\Omega_0$$ is the initial shape, and $$\Omega_t$$ is the shape at time t, one considers the diffeomorphisms

 * $$f_t:\Omega_0\to \Omega_t, \mbox{ for } 0\le t\le t_0.$$

The idea is again that shapes are difficult entities to be dealt with directly, so manipulate them by means of a function.

Iterative methods using shape gradients
Consider a smooth velocity field $$V$$ and the family of transformations $$T_s$$ of the initial domain $$\Omega_0$$ under the velocity field $$V$$:

 * $$x(0) = x_0 \in \Omega_0, \quad x'(s) = V(x(s)), \quad T_s(x_0) = x(s), \quad s \geq 0 $$,

and denote

 * $$\Omega_0 \mapsto T_s(\Omega_0) = \Omega_s.$$

Then the Gâteaux or shape derivative of $$\mathcal{F}(\Omega)$$ at $$\Omega_0$$ with respect to the shape is the limit of

 * $$d\mathcal{F}(\Omega_0;V) = \lim_{s \to 0}\frac{\mathcal{F}(\Omega_s) - \mathcal{F}(\Omega_0)}{s}$$

if this limit exists. If in addition the derivative is linear with respect to $$V$$, there is a unique element of $$\nabla \mathcal{F} \in L^2(\partial \Omega_0)$$ and

 * $$d\mathcal{F}(\Omega_0;V) = \langle \nabla \mathcal{F}, V \rangle_{\partial \Omega_0}$$

where $$\nabla \mathcal{F}$$ is called the shape gradient. This gives a natural idea of gradient descent, where the boundary $$\partial \Omega$$ is evolved in the direction of negative shape gradient in order to reduce the value of the cost functional. Higher order derivatives can be similarly defined, leading to Newtonlike methods.

Typically, gradient descent is preferred, even if requires a large number of iterations, because, it can be hard to compute the second-order derivative (that is, the Hessian) of the objective functional $$\mathcal{F}$$.

If the shape optimization problem has constraints, that is, the functional $$\mathcal{G}$$ is present, one has to find ways to convert the constrained problem into an unconstrained one. Sometimes ideas based on Lagrange multipliers, like the adjoint state method, can work.

Geometry parametrization
Shape optimization can be faced using standard optimization methods if a parametrization of the geometry is defined. Such parametrization is very important in CAE field where goal functions are usually complex functions evaluated using numerical models (CFD, FEA,...). A convenient approach, suitable for a wide class of problems, consists in the parametrization of the CAD model coupled with a full automation of all the process required for function evaluation (meshing, solving and result processing). Mesh morphing is a valid choice for complex problems that resolves typical issues associated with re-meshing such as discontinuities in the computed objective and constraint functions.

In this case the parametrization is defined after the meshing stage acting directly on the numerical model used for calculation that is changed using mesh updating methods. There are several algorithms available for mesh morphing (deforming volumes, pseudosolids, radial basis functions). The selection of the parametrization approach depends mainly on the size of the problem: the CAD approach is preferred for small-to-medium sized models whilst the mesh morphing approach is the best (and sometimes the only feasible one) for large and very large models. The multi-objective Pareto optimization (NSGA II) could be utilized as a powerful approach for shape optimization. In this regard, the Pareto optimization approach displays useful advantages in design method such as the effect of area constraint that other multi-objective optimization cannot declare it. The approach of using a penalty function is an effective technique which could be used in the first stage of optimization. In this method the constrained shape design problem is adapted to an unconstrained problem with utilizing the constraints in the objective function as a penalty factor. Most of the time penalty factor is dependent to the amount of constraint variation rather than constraint number. The GA real-coded technique is applied in the present optimization problem. Therefore, the calculations are based on real value of variables.

title: Shape optimization


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Hillbilly Hare

Hillbilly Hare is a 1950 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Robert McKimson. The short was released on August 12, 1950 and stars Bugs Bunny.

Plot
Bugs Bunny is vacationing in the Ozarks and stumbles into the territory of two hillbilly brothers, Curt and Punkinhead Martin. The brothers mistake Bugs as being a member of The Coy Clan they are feuding with and make several attempts to shoot him. Bugs foils them each time. Curt and Punkinhead are determined to get revenge on Bugs for their humiliation. Bugs easily outsmarts them and eventually, dressed as an attractive hillbilly girl, tricks them into doing a square dance. The dance tune starts as a straightforward version of "Skip to My Lou" played and called by the jukebox band, "The Sow Belly Trio". Shortly after, Bugs deliberately unplugs the jukebox, emoves the dress, and takes over fiddling and calling the square dance. He continues to follow the beat and rhythm of the song while manipulating the Martins through a series of slapstick comedy gags. Bugs proceeds to assign the Martins increasingly bizarre and violent directives, which the brothers unquestioningly follow with hilarious results. Finally, with the Martins having promenaded off a cliff, Bugs finishes the dance by having the Martins groggily bow to each other (before collapsing due to exhaustion from the whole "dance") and saying, "And THAT is all!" and playing six final notes on the fiddle, before the cartoon ends.

Voice cast

 * Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny, Curt Martin
 * Stan Freberg as Punkinhead Martin, Sow Belly Trio Caller

Censorship

 * This cartoon saw major editing when aired on ABC due to violent content. The following scenes were edited:
 * The scene where Bugs mistakes Curt's gun for a camera and has his carrot shot full of holes was cut.
 * The scene where Curt unties his rifle barrel, gets blasted in the face, was cut.
 * The scene where Bugs meets up with Punkinhead, and Bugs reverses the gun barrel so that the second hillbilly is blown up was cut.
 * The aftermath of the explosion in the dynamite shack sequence where Curt comes out with Bugs' lit lighter and says, "I think y'all are usin' too strong a fluid!" was also cut.
 * The line during the square-dance ending that goes: Grab a fence post/Hold it tight/Whomp yer partner/Wit' all yer might/Hit 'im in the shin/Hit 'im in the head/Hit 'im again/The critter ain't dead/Whomp 'im low and whomp 'im high/Stick yer finger in his eye/Pretty l'il rhythm/Pretty l'il sound/Bang yer head against the ground (and the ensuing comic violence that follows) was also cut.

Appearance in pop culture
The hillbillies in Hillbilly Hare have appeared in the DC Looney Tunes comic book series, and had a cameo along with Bugs in the Histeria! episode "Great Heroes of France". They also make a brief cameo in Space Jam (they are briefly seen with the other Looney Tunes characters watching the basketball game between the Tune Squad and the Monstars). They are also part of the characters in the television series New Looney Tunes.

Reception
Animation historian Mike Mallory writes, "With Hillbilly Hare, director Robert McKimson, story man Tedd Pierce, and composer Carl Stalling combined to create a comedic perfect storm: the picture without the soundtrack is funny; the soundtrack without the picture is funny; and the music by itself is funny... What elevates Hillbilly Hare to the top rank of Looney Tunes cartoons is its second half, a relentless, hilariously insane square dance called by Bugs (channeling the Western swing musician Bob Wills). The rabbit's instructions are religiously carried out by the hillbillies, who bludgeon each other senseless in the process. This three-minute crescendo of slapstick is one of the greatest sustained pieces of comedy ever drawn." The gag of Bugs Bunny refixing his opponents gun so it will literally backfire is seen in Pre-Hysterical Hare (1958).

Months after the films release, a letter from Warren, Pennsylvania was sent to the studio, requesting for Bugs' square dancing calls that were used during the film's climax. McKimson also considered putting the short up for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, however producer Edward Selzer refused to submit it for consideration.

Home media

 * Hillbilly Hare is available (uncensored and uncut) on Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, Disc 1.
 * A shortened version featuring just the square dance is available on WB Kids' channel on YouTube.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hillbilly Hare


text: Talk:Volcano (Edie Brickell album)

title: Talk:Volcano (Edie Brickell album)


text:
Category:Czech philosophers

 * This category contains Czech philosophers.

title: Category:Czech philosophers


text:
User talk:Patcat45

While I don't know much about him, I strongly suspected you were stating a controversial theory as fact. At least it looked that way. Could you cite what you wrote, and put it in more neutral terms, and then add it back? Everyking 03:13, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patcat45


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Ribat of Sharaf

The Ribat of Sharaf is a historical ribat, or rest place for travellers, located in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, between Merv and Nishapur. Built in the 12th century (circa 1114), the building looks like a fortified rectangle from the exterior. The courtyard and four-iwan floorplan is that of the traditional standard Iranian mosque.

title: Ribat of Sharaf


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Home for Christmas (NSYNC album)

Home for Christmas is the first Christmas album and second studio album by American boy band NSYNC. The album was released, exclusively in the United States, on November 10, 1998, by RCA Records following the success of their self-titled debut album. On October 27, 1999, Home for Christmas was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA for shipment of two million copies in the United States. Home for Christmas was released on September 30, 2002 in the United Kingdom as The Meaning of Christmas on Ariola Express with an altered track listing.

"Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays" was released as a single in the United States, and in Germany as well, due to its inclusion on the group's German seasonal album, The Winter Album. As of December 2014, Home for Christmas has sold 2.8 million copies in the United States, making it the fifteenth best-selling Christmas/holiday album in the U.S. since Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales in 1991.

Critical reception
During its time of release in 1998, Home for Christmas was met with lukewarm to negative reviews from critics who derided the song lyrics as “sentimental-sounding non sequiturs” and contended the group did not have the same charisma of fellow pop groups like the Backstreet Boys or the Spice Girls. At Rate Your Music, a website where users submit reviews, Home for Christmas was given a very low rating: 1.43 out of 5. However, critics also praised the album for having eleven original tracks, as well as for its “slickly produced adult contemporary ballads and lite dance-pop”.

In the years since, the album has been commended for the strength of its five-part harmonies, displayed in songs like the group’s a capella of “O Holy Night.” It is also known as a rare NSYNC album that gives Chris Kirkpatrick, Joey Fatone, and Lance Bass vocal opportunities to shine.

Track listing
Most of the lead vocals are provided by Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez.
 * "Under My Tree", "I Guess It's Christmas Time" has lead vocals provided by Chris Kirkpatrick
 * "All I Want Is You This Christmas", "It's Christmas" has lead vocals provided by Kirkpatrick and Joey Fatone
 * "The Only Gift" has lead vocals provided by Kirkpatrick, Fatone and Lance Bass

 * Notes
 * undefined signifies a vocal co-producer

Personnel
Credits adapted from album’s liner notes.

NSYNC
 * Lance Bass – backing and occasional lead vocals (bass)
 * JC Chasez – lead and backing vocals (first tenor/melody)
 * Joey Fatone – backing and occasional lead vocals (baritone)
 * Chris Kirkpatrick – backing and lead vocals (countertenor/falsetto)
 * Justin Timberlake – lead and backing vocals (second tenor/melody)

Additional personnel

 * Troy Antunes — bass (track 7)
 * Lou Appel — drums and percussion (track 1)
 * Joey Argero — bass (tracks 5, 6)
 * Alan "Double A" Armitage — mixing assistant (tracks 2-9, 12-14)
 * Billy Ashbaugh — drums (track 7)
 * Adam Barber — engineer (tracks 2, 4, 7, 9, 11-14)
 * Johann Bast — strings (track 12)
 * Tony Battaglia — guitars (track 7)
 * David Bjella — strings (track 12)
 * Joanie Bjella — strings (track 12)
 * Scott Bliege — horns (track 6)
 * Gary Carolla — producer (tracks 5, 6, 8, 10), keyboards and drums (5, 6, 8) , arranger (5, 8) , vocal arranger (10)
 * Deborah Cole — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Tom Coyne — mastering
 * Frank Delour — drums and percussion (track 1)
 * Rob Dorsey — drums and percussion (track 1)
 * Lisa Ferrigno — strings (track 12)
 * Keith Fluitt — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Andricka Hall — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Lawrence Hamilton — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Matt Harris — assistant engineer (tracks 2-5, 7, 9, 11-14)
 * Al Henberger — engineer (track 3)
 * Ben Holt — assistant engineer (track 1)
 * Manfred Honetschläger — strings arranger and conductor (track 10)
 * John James — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Stephanie James — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Jürgen Kaiser — strings engineer (track 10)
 * Mark Kiczula — assistant engineer (tracks 1, 5)
 * Jim Kimball — engineer (track 11)
 * Steve MacAuley — engineer (track 8)
 * Danny Madden — vocal co-producer (track 1)
 * Pat McMakin — mixing (track 11)
 * Ann Mincieli — assistant engineer (track 1)
 * Frank Motnik — assistant strings engineer (track 10)
 * John Poppo — producer, arranger, engineer, and mixing (track 1)
 * Jim Porreca — engineer (tracks 5, 6), assistant engineer (5)
 * Jason Rea — assistant engineer (track 1)
 * Giles Reaves — assistant engineer (track 11)
 * Mia S. Rebel — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Veit Renn — producer (tracks 2, 4, 7, 9, 12-14), guitar (4) , strings arranger and conductor (12)
 * Mike Rew — assistant engineer (track 1)
 * Nicki Richards — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Peter Ries — producer, engineer, mixing, keyboards, and programming (track 10)
 * Evan Rogers — producer (track 3)
 * Don Rogozinski — horns (track 6)
 * Jennie Rudberg — strings (track 12)
 * Peter "Ski" Schwartz — keyboard arrangements, string arrangements, and additional vocal arrangements (track 1)
 * Mark Silverman — assistant engineer (tracks 2-4, 7, 9, 11-14)
 * Andre Smith — additional vocals (track 1)
 * Joe Smith — mixing (tracks 2-9, 12-14)
 * Brian Snapp — saxophone (track 7)
 * Carl Sturken — producer (track 3)
 * Mike Tucker — engineer (tracks 3, 5, 6, 8, 10), additional vocal engineering (1)
 * Voices of Praise — additional choir vocals (track 4)
 * Rex Wertz — horns (track 6)
 * Robin Wiley — producer and arranger (track 11)

title: Home for Christmas (NSYNC album)


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EB Games

EB Games (formerly known as Electronics Boutique and EB World) is an American computer and video games retailer. First established as an American company in 1977 by James Kim with a single electronics-focused location in the King of Prussia mall near Philadelphia, the company has grown into an international corporation. EB Games's parent company, GameStop, has its headquarters in Grapevine, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. When Electronics Boutique was an independent company, its headquarters was in West Goshen Township, Pennsylvania, near West Chester.

The EB Games brand still operates in Australia and New Zealand. GameStop also operates certain stores under the EBX brand.

History
Originally, the operation mainly sold calculators and digital watches. Between 1977 and the mid-1990s, the company expanded to (and later stopped) selling computers, software, and other related items (according to the EB Games employee handbook). Electronics Boutique also operated stores under the name Games 'n Gadgets. The Games 'n Gadgets stores were more centered on entertainment and gaming, rather than business and productivity. In the mid-1990s, the company's focus switched to TV-based video games and consoles, though many stores still maintain PC game sections.

On April 3, 2000, Electronics Boutique made an offer to purchase rivaling business FuncoLand for $110 million, paying $17.50 in cash for each of parent company Funco's shares. CEO Joseph Firestone remarked that his company had been "stalking" FuncoLand for two years, and waited until the stock price was right. On April 5, Funco received an unsolicited $135 million buyout offer from Barnes & Noble subsidiary Babbage's Etc., who offered to pay in either cash or a combination of cash and Barnes & Noble stock. On April 12, Funco gave Electronics Boutique five days to raise its offer before they would accept Barnes & Noble's offer. In response, Electronics Boutique matched Barnes & Noble's offer. On April 26, Barnes & Noble raised its bid to $161.5 million, or $24.75 a share, leaving Electronics Boutique with another five days to respond to the bid. On May 3, Electronics Boutique announced the withdrawal of its bid, and Funco accepted Barnes & Noble's buyout the following day. Electronic Boutique's original definitive agreement with Funco included a breakup fee of $3.5 million, the cost of which was covered by Barnes & Noble.

In May 2000, in order to unify their company, Electronics Boutique changed the vast majority of its current EB and EB Gameworld stores to the name EB Games. They also announced that they would be either closing or selling all of their EB Kids and Brandywine Sports Collectible Stores.

For years EB Games' primary distribution center was in Louisville, Kentucky, with two smaller distribution centers and a World Headquarters all located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. With video games becoming increasingly popular, EB Games decided it was time for a new distribution center. In October 2004, EB Games opened its doors to its new 314000 sqft distribution center in Sadsbury Township, Pennsylvania. The world headquarter office in West Chester remained open, however anyone working at the old distribution centers were transferred to the new location.

As of July 30, 2001, the company operated 2,280 stores in the United States (including Puerto Rico), Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, and Sweden, primarily under the names EB Games and Electronics Boutique.

EB Games and GameStop merger
On Thursday, October 6, 2005, shareholders from EB Games and GameStop agreed to a $1.44 billion takeover deal. The deal offered $38.15 in cash as well as approximately ¾ of a share of GameStop stock for every 1 share of EB Games stock. This offer was a 34.2% premium on the $41.12 per share closing price of EB Games stock. GameStop decided to close EB Games's newly constructed distribution center in Sadsbury, PA, their call center in Las Vegas, NV, and their International Headquarters in West Chester, PA, eliminating more than 800 jobs. Only 65 former EB Games employees were offered jobs at GameStop's headquarters in Grapevine, TX.

International
EB began its international expansion with the opening of three stores in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1993. The Canadian division was the largest of the international divisions with over 300 stores as of May 2008.

In 1995, the company expanded to the UK with the purchase of 25% of the financially troubled British game retailer Rhino Group. The name of the chain was changed from Future Zone to "Electronics Boutique" to match the new owner. John Steinbrecher, Electronic Boutique's VP of Stores in the US and Canada, was seconded to the UK to manage the chain. Store remodels, product mix changes and used video games combined to restore the chain's finances.

Electronics Boutique commenced operations in Australia in 1997 and rapidly became the number one video game specialty retailer in the country and the only one with a nationwide footprint.

Although the merger created a company separate from the U.S. parent, EB retained a 24% ownership stake in the merged chain for a period of time and, under the merger agreement, collected substantial management fees from it until 2004, when the companies agreed to sever the remainder of their ties with a one time settlement. The GAME brand replaced the EB name at all former EB stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The new company was the biggest video game retailer in the United Kingdom. However, GameStop is once again operating in Ireland under the GameStop brand.

On May 23, 2005, EB Games announced a definitive agreement to acquire Jump, a retailer based in Valencia, Spain that sells PCs and other consumer electronics. EB Games plans to begin introducing video game hardware and software into Jump's 141 stores over the next several months. The acquisition provides EB Games entry into the Spanish marketplace and continues EB Games's aggressive international expansion.

In July 2008, EB Games announced an agreement to acquire The Gamesman, which was the largest independently owned chain of video game stores in New Zealand.

On July 28, 2021, EB Games announced that its Canadian operations would be rebranded under the GameStop name, with the rebranding expected to be completed by the end of 2021. Stores began to be converted to GameStop signage by September 2021.

title: EB Games


text:
Perley A. Thomas Car Works

Perley A. Thomas Car Works, Inc. was an American manufacturer of streetcars based in High Point, North Carolina. Following the liquidation of Southern Car Works, its engineer Perley A. Thomas in 1916 founded the new company named for himself. Along with the manufacture of complete streetcars, Thomas Car Works also renovated and repaired existing cars to supplement its production.

At the beginning of the Great Depression, mass transit in the United States largely transitioned in format from streetcars to automotive-based buses, leading Thomas Car Works to convert to bus production. From the mid-1930s onward, the company dedicated its production towards school buses. Following World War II, the company became one of the primary manufacturers of large school bus bodies in the United States, leading Perley A. Thomas Car Works to be renamed as Thomas Built Buses, Inc. in 1972.

As Thomas Built Buses, the company is still based in High Point, operating as a subsidiary of Freightliner Trucks (of Daimler AG) since 1998.

1910s
In 1910, Perley A. Thomas joined Southern Car Company in High Point, North Carolina as an engineer and designer. By 1915, the company had begun its transition from wood-bodied designs to all-steel vehicles. However, Southern Car was unable to remain competitive, leading to its closure in early 1916. Following the closure of Southern Car Company, Thomas relied on his woodworking background and the furniture industry of High Point to found his own company, producing fireplace mantles and other home furnishings.

In the summer of 1916, Thomas was contracted by Southern Public Utilities Company in Charlotte, North Carolina to enclose its fleet of streetcars. As they were Southern Car Company streetcars designed by Thomas, the utility company sought him out for the renovation. Along with a small crew of former Southern Car Company builders, Thomas performed the work in a Charlotte car barn.

One month after securing the contract in Charlotte, Perley A. Thomas Car Works was officially organized in High Point, with Thomas hiring 30 employees from the former Southern Car Company. With a $6,000 loan, Thomas acquired the equipment of his former employer at auction, opening an assembly facility in a former ice manufacturing plant in High Point. By the end of the year, four additional cars were renovated for Southern Public Utilities in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. During 1917, Thomas Car Works renovated 9 streetcars for the United States Navy in Mobile, Alabama and a group of streetcars for Montgomery, Alabama.

In 1918, Thomas Car Works would see several company milestones, commencing production of new streetcars for the first time. The factory was capable of producing wooden or steel bodies, with the latter quickly becoming the most common (Southern Car had introduced all-steel bodies in 1911). At the end of the year, a 30-acre property was secured outside of High Point; the company constructed a larger assembly facility, allowing for simultaneous construction and repair/renovation of streetcars. In total, 25 streetcars were produced in the first year of production.

1920s
As a streetcar manufacturer, Thomas Car Works saw its greatest success during the 1920s, becoming one of the largest manufacturers of electric streetcars in the United States. In 1921, the company secured its largest-ever order of streetcars, from NOPSI (New Orleans Public Service Inc.). In total, 173 streetcars were ordered from 1921 to 1924, as NOPSI sought to standardize their fleet. The steel-bodied 800-900-series streetcars were double-ended (two sets of operating controls and two trolley poles), double-trucked, with an arched roof. Unable to fill the massive order entirely on their own, Thomas Car Works subcontracted a portion of the order to Philadelphia-based competitor J. G. Brill (using the Thomas design).

In September 1922, after the company had delivered 25 streetcars to NOPSI, the High Point factory was destroyed by fire, causing $225,000 in damage (along with 14 streetcars under construction). In response, Perley Thomas secured $100,000 from NOPSI to secure the parts to construct an order of 55 streetcars; a second order of 25 streetcars was delivered by the end of 1923. In total, NOPSI would order 173 800-900-series streetcars, with Thomas Car Works producing 98 (not including the 14 destroyed in the factory fire). The High Point factory was rebuilt to hold three tracks inside the factory; three stations on each track allowed 9 cars to be worked on simultaneously. The factory employed a 125-employee workforce, with seven complete streetcars produced each week on average.

In 1926, the Detroit United Railroad ordered 100 streetcars from Thomas Car Works; the 48 ft long design was the longest streetcar ever built by the company. The sole manufacturer of the design, Thomas delivered streetcars to Detroit from 1926 to 1929.

1930s
During the 1930s, Thomas Car Works would see several changes that would alter the company forever. Following the large order from Detroit, demand for streetcars began to decline sharply. In 1930, the company received its last order for streetcars, producing 4 for Mobile, Alabama. Subsequently, all production would transition away from rail to road-based vehicles. During 1931 and 1932, no vehicles were produced, shifting to repairs, streetcar renovations, and automotive refinishing. In 1933, the company produced its first trolley coach (an electric bus with a pair of trolley poles).

In mass transit, by the 1930s, rail-based streetcars were losing ground to automotive-based buses; the latter were not dependent on the power grid for their operation (and ownership), and buses offered more flexibility in routing. In 1934, Thomas built its first transit bus for Duke Power (the successor to the first Thomas customer).

In 1936, Thomas Car Works entered a bid to produce school bus bodies for the state of North Carolina. While required to produce 500 bodies, the company was only able to secure the materials for 200; North Carolina would split the bid between Thomas and Hackney Brothers. After five months of production, the bid was completed at a profit. For 1937, Thomas returned to bid for North Carolina school bus production, commencing a tradition that remains to this day.

Post World War II
In 1940, Perley A. Thomas retired (at age 65), remaining as president and design consultant. During World War II, Thomas Car Works was active in war production, shifting from buses to bodies for the GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6x6 truck. As an additional means of revenue, the company renovated and repaired its former streetcars. Although streetcars had largely fallen out of favor, the suspension of domestic vehicle production was also applied towards transit vehicles as well as private automobiles; some cities had retained the networks for the operation of streetcars into the 1940s.

After World War II, Thomas Car Works returned to vehicle production, concentrating nearly entirely on school buses. In 1957, Thomas Car Works introduced the "Saf-T-Liner" trade name for the first time.

In 1958, Perley Thomas died at the age of 84; until his death, he would remain a design consultant in his retirement.

In 1972, as a third generation of the Thomas family assumed leadership, Perley A. Thomas Car Works was reorganized as Thomas Built Buses, Inc. Adopting a brand name in use by Thomas since the 1950s, the change was explained as bringing the company closer to its core product line of buses,  42 years after producing its final streetcar.

Operators
In total, over 400 newly built streetcars were assembled by Perley A. Thomas Car Works from 1918 to 1930.

During streetcar production, Thomas produced streetcars for the following cities:

 * Philadelphia, PA
 * Washington, D.C.
 * New York, NY
 * Chicago, IL
 * New Orleans, LA (see below)
 * Charlotte, NC
 * Greenville, NC
 * High Point, NC
 * Mobile, AL
 * Sheffield, AL
 * Detroit, MI
 * Miami, FL
 * Augusta, GA
 * Knoxville, TN
 * San Juan, Puerto Rico
 * Havana, Cuba

Usage in New Orleans
As of 2019, the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority operates 35 Perley Thomas 900-series streetcars in active daily use, nearly a century after their construction. Dating from 1923 and 1924, the Thomas streetcars are operated on the St. Charles line (the oldest streetcar line in the world). In 2005, all 35 Thomas streetcars survived Hurricane Katrina unharmed, while 30 of the 31 replica streetcars required restoration, placing them out of service through 2009. The Thomas cars are painted the traditional olive green color. Most of the replica cars are bright red, although a few have been painted olive green to provide ADA-compliant service on the St. Charles line.

To keep the Thomas streetcars in service, the RTA established a parts shop with the capability of building a complete replica of the Thomas streetcar design on its own to maintain a stock of replacement parts. The shop designed and produced the replica cars used on the Canal Street Line and the Riverfront Line. Along with the difference in color, the newer designs are ADA-compliant, and the Canal Street cars are air-conditioned.

Preservation
Outside of their active usage in New Orleans, four Thomas streetcars (all from New Orleans) have been preserved by railway museums across the United States. Two additional streetcars are undergoing renovations for use as heritage streetcars in San Francisco. Two other cars, #919 and #924, retired from the Riverfront line, are owned by New Orleans RTA, but are currently inoperable.

Examples include:

 * Connecticut Trolley Museum (NOPSI Car #836)
 * Seashore Trolley Museum (NOPSI Car #966)
 * Pennsylvania Trolley Museum (NOPSI #832)
 * Shore Line Trolley Museum (NOPSI #850)

NOPSI Cars #913 and #952 are under the operation of San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni). Both built in 1923, 952 is leased to Muni from New Orleans RTA since 1998; 913 was purchased from Orange Empire Railway Museum in 2005. As of 2019, both cars are in the process of restoration; 913 has not seen active service since 1964 and funds are being raised for its restoration.

In popular culture
A famous Tennessee Williams play (and later, film) was set in New Orleans, Louisiana where Perley A. Thomas streetcars were operated on the Desire line around the period of 1947 in which the story was set, hence the name: A Streetcar Named Desire.

title: Perley A. Thomas Car Works


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Ince Minaret Madrasa

İnce Minareli Medrese (lit. 'Slender Minaret Medrese'; ) is a 13th-century madrasa (Islamic school) located in Konya, Turkey, now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art (Taş ve Ahşap Eserler Müzesi), noted for its ornate entrance, domed courtyard, ornamentally bricked minaret, partially destroyed in 1901, and exemplar Anatolian Seljuk architecture.

History
The Ince Minaret Medrese was commissioned in 1265 by the Seljuk vizier Ṣāḥib 'Aṭā Fakhr al-Dīn 'Alī, who was one of was one of two major patrons of architecture in Konya in the decades after the city's recapture from the Mongols. Upon his death in 1285, he was buried in his "mosque complex" within the city.

Complex Layout
The Ince Minaret Medrese is built close to the old center of Seljuk rule, at the foot of the citadel hill in Konya. The complex of the medrese is approximately 23.60 meters by 20.30 meters, or about 77.4 feet by 66.6 feet. In the center of the rectangular complex is a dome-covered courtyard which is surrounded by the rooms of the medrese, or Islamic religious school, on the north, south and west sides. The student rooms are located on the north and south sides of the centrally-placed dome and the medrese's classrooms are located on the west side. On the east side of the courtyard is a single-domed mosque with the minaret with two balconies, or şerefes in Turkish, on the south-eastern corner. The courtyard includes a single iwan facing the entrance, or a courtyard space with barrel-vaulted halls and rectangular and square side chambers, which emulates an ancient Persian rectangular space layout that became a standard type during the era of Seljuk Anatolia.

Typical of medieval Islamic architecture, the integration of the mosque into the medrese's architectural plan is evidence of the complex's multitude of purposes as a religious place of worship and of teaching. The exterior of the complex is made of cut stone, the outer side walls are made of rubble and stone, and the interior uses brick for structural and ornamental purposes. The use of brick decoration was a common feature of Seljuk buildings due to its connections to traditional Anatolian brick architecture.

Portal and Facade
The portal of the building is surrounded by highly ornamented stonework which stretches up the entire facade. While other contemporary Seljuk constructions made use of muqarnas hoods above the entry, the Ince Minaret Medrese instead includes large stone banners of text. Sura 36 and Sura 110 are inscribed in prominent vertical bands of thuluth calligraphy that intertwine and separate just above the doorway. Geometric and vegetal designs likewise adorn the facade, taking the form of knots, branches, and leaves. Apart from displaying the stonework and script, the facade also conceals the layout of the interior spaces behind it. Within two rosettes framing the portal are inscriptions attesting to the building's architect, Kölük bin Abdullah, who also designed the Gök Medrese in Sivas as well as the nearby Sahip Ata Complex in Konya. Abdullah is hypothesized to have worked on a number of Ṣāḥib 'Aṭā Fakhr al-Dīn's commissions.

Dome
At the center of the courtyard is the centrally-planned, covered dome. Although central plans were common in late Seljuk architecture, the Ince Minaret Medrese diverged from previous centrally-planned courtyards with the addition of the covered dome space. The large central dome emulates pre-Seljuk Anatolian architecture, specifically earlier mosque plans and the standard Anatolian Byzantine church style.

The dome itself receives light by means of a lantern, which illuminates the covered courtyard space. It is supported by four triangular fan pendentives made of exposed brickwork. The side chambers of the dome are not decorated at all, which increases the striking aesthetic properties of the central space. The interior of the dome is covered in alternating turquoise and black tiles in geometric patterns that bear an inscription in kufic script.

Minaret
The Ince Minaret Medrese's name refers to the structure's original extremely tall minaret, which once possessed two balconies. In 1901, however, the minaret was partially destroyed by a lightning strike. The lightning strike caused the minaret to fall on the complex's mosque, which destroyed its dome and resulted in subsequent repairs using concrete and glass. The minaret is located near the gateway of the dome. The base of the minaret is square shaped and built out of brick. As the base goes upward, the square shape gives way to a cylindrical form. Glazed bricks are strategically placed a slight distance apart in a cylindrical geometric pattern, generating an illusion of free-hanging materials. In addition, green tiles as well as geometric motifs decorate the outer portion of the minaret, creating a distinct Seljuk style of architecture and artwork. It was common practice for Seljuk buildings to be lined in glazed brick and ornamented with a decorative style.

title: Ince Minaret Madrasa


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Nina Grieg

Nina Grieg, née Hagerup (24 November 1845 – 9 December 1935) was a Danish–Norwegian lyric soprano.

Early life and family
Nina Hagerup was born in Bergen, Norway. Her parents were the malt inspector Herman Didrik Hagerup and the actress Luise Adeline Werligh, née Falck. She was the first cousin of composer Edvard Grieg, whom she married in 1867.

Career
The couple often performed concerts together in Europe; on 6 December 1897, they performed some of his music at a private concert at Windsor Castle for Queen Victoria and her court. Her husband Edvard considered her the best performer of his songs, and her performances usually received rave reviews. However, one of Victoria's courtiers called her singing "passée".

She was featured as a soloist in Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah with Musikselskabet Harmonien (later known as the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra) in 1866.

The English composer Frederick Delius dedicated two sets of songs to her in the years 1888–1890.

Nina Grieg never recorded professionally, but two amateur recordings made on wax cylinders have been preserved (in quite poor condition) and have been issued on the Simax label.

Personal life and death
She married her first cousin, Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, on 11 June 1867, in Copenhagen, Denmark. They were Unitarians.

After his death in 1907, she moved to Denmark. In Copenhagen, she attended a Unitarian church. She died in 1935 at the age of 90. She was cremated and her ashes were placed with her husband's' ashes in a mountain tomb near Troldhaugen, outside Bergen, where the couple had shared a home for most of their married years.

Literature

 * Haavet, Inger Elisabeth (1998): Nina Grieg. Kunstner og kunstnerhustru. H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo. ISBN 82-03-22230-7. (Digital copy in Norwegian, available for Norwegian IP addresses only, at the Norwegian National Library's website.)

title: Nina Grieg


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Estrées, Aisne

Estrées is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In the Picard dialect, it is called Etré. It is one of many villages in the north of France bearing the name Estrées. The etymology of the name is from strata (cognate of English "street"), the word for the stone-layered Roman roads in the area (some of which turned into modern highways). Hence Estreti, village on the road which developed into Estrées.

Also known in ancient times as Strata or Estreti, history mentions an abbey in the 12th century. A parish was created there about 1189 with a priest sent from the abbey of Mont Saint Martin to buy land and help the poor. In 1777 Pierre Nicolas Leroy began manufacturing silk gauze here. Inhabitants are called Estrésiens.

title: Estrées, Aisne


text:
Talk:Northwest Indian War

Only in ohio (Ho! Ho! Ho! Ho!) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.40.209.29 (talk) 18:25, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Lede: Treaty of Paris vs Royal Proclamation of 1763
We didn't fight the British in this war, which didn't really start until the formation of the Northwest Territory itself in 1787. However, the general background is that settlers encroached on Indian territory (Ohio Country) west of the Divide, established by the Royal Proclamation of 1763, starting before the ink was dry on that document. This is a lot more relevant than the Great Lakes boundary between the U.S. and British North America. The second paragraph of the lede needs adjusted. It's a matter of focus. Sbalfour (talk) 22:11, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

I'd also like to see a line in the lede to summarize the Aftermath section, as is proper, such as: "The close of the War resulted in clearance of Indians from much of Ohio Country opening it up to settlement, and quelled Indian resistance north of the Ohio River, effectively moving the frontier to west of the Mississippi. Along with the conclusion of the Cherokee-American war in the south, and subsequent settlement of these lands, it set the stage for the rise of the Manifest Destiny movement and Doctrine a generation hence." A bit grandiose, perhaps, like the conclusion of a novel, but the 1794 Battle really changed things quite suddenly and comprehensively.Sbalfour (talk) 22:33, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Go ahead and make the edits. The worst anyone can do is revert them. 😉
 * What you're describing relates to the scope of the war, which is something that's plagued the contributors for years. If we set the scope of the war at the end of the American Revolution, then the Proclamation of 1763 is not the start of the war, even though it's an important part of the historical background (where it is currently mentioned).  This would be akin to the way Bleeding Kansas relates to the American Civil War.  (Note that we've struggled over the start of the war, and whether it belongs prior to the American Revolution.)  Similarly, the American Indian removals from the Northwest Territory would take place for decades after the Treaty of Greenville.  That's a significant point in the Aftermath section and helps put the war in historical context, but doesn't fit into the fixed scope of the war.  Whether these details belong in the opening paragraphs is an editorial debate, not a historical one.  So in all seriousness, Be Bold, and other editors will decide if they like it better your way. Canute (talk) 18:06, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Genocide
There seems to be some disagreement about where to place the sentence which discusses the war as genocide. Reading through the article, I don't think it belongs in the background. From the background through the course of the war, the article is mostly chronological. Historical analysis likely deserves it's own section, probably at the conclusion of the article. To keep it in the background section, I think it would need to be a stronger statement, something along the lines of "Henry Knox decided to commit genocide." I don't think we could back up a blunt statement like that in the background, though, which is why I think an analysis section is warranted. Canute (talk) 15:23, 30 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Please clarify – Are you proposing that the paragraph beginning "Some historians, such as …" be moved and become the start for a new analysis of the war as genocide section? Drdpw (talk) 17:43, 30 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Not a formal proposal, just starting the discussion to get opinions. I think a section on historical analysis would be a good addition.  And if we added the new section, then the "Some historians..." sentence would fit better there than it does now in the Background section, or the lede (where it was before you moved it).  We would need more analysis content to justify a distinct section, though, so I'd like to know what others think before I try to build it. Canute (talk) 17:58, 30 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Actually, another editor moved the paragraph to the background section, leaving behind a duplicate 1-sentence paragraph and citations in the lead, which I consolidated (and left a poorly worded summary statement). That said, please make a specific proposal, as is encouraged by talk page guidelines. Drdpw (talk) 18:27, 30 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Never mind, then. I'll just do it.Canute (talk) 15:56, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

1794
A while ago, a lot of the 1794 information was purposely reduced in an attempt to make this article more readable. I have two questions in follow up to that work. Thanks, Canute (talk) 16:27, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) Some locations are no longer included.  Notably, Fort Defiance is shown and linked in the Infobox map, but never mentioned in the article.  Does this deserve a mention?  If not, would it be better to remove it from the map, or leave it there?
 * 2) There was a great story about the tree falling on Wayne's tent at Fort Adams.  Perhaps this is not noteworthy in this article since we're trying to cover the span of the entire war, but I can't find it in any of our related articles, either.  I think it belongs somewhere, because Wayne was injured and nearly removed from the fight just before Fallen Timbers, and also because Wayne would later speculate that Wilkinson had tried to murder him.  It's an interesting reflection given the fractures in the confederacy at the same time.  Does this anecdote belong in this article?  If not, which article would be more appropriate?

C → B rating
See Talk:Northwest_Indian_War/Archive_1

6 months and many edits after we made a concerted effort to improve this article, it's still rated C class. Do you think we're any closer? Should we ask for another review? The one thing that plagues me on several articles I watch is citations, which seems to be the one thing holding us back on the Military History checklist. I never know what to do with that, because I'm not sure which citations are missing. Can anyone identify some missing citations we need to reference? There are currently 205 citations and 2 notes. There are 50 paragraphs after the lede, so this article averages 4 citations per paragraph. We might be missing a key citation somewhere, it's just hard to find unless someone marks it with a citation needed tag.Canute (talk) 14:29, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northwest Indian War


text:
Batson

Batson is a patronymic surname, derived from Bartholomew. It may refer to:

 * Albert Edwin Batson (d. 1903), American murderer, namesake of the murder ballad "Batson"
 * Benjamin Batson (1942–1996), American academic and historian
 * Brendon Batson, English soccer player
 * Cameron Batson (born 1995), American football player
 * Daniel Batson, American social psychologist
 * Felix Ives Batson (1819–1871), American lawyer and politician
 * Henrietta Batson (1859–1943), English writer
 * Mark Batson, American record producer and songwriter
 * Matthew Arlington Batson (1866–1917), United States Army officer
 * Nadia Batson, female soca singer of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Nathan Batson, English cricket player
 * Ruth Batson (1921–2003), American civil rights and education activist
 * Susan Batson, American actress, author, and producer; daughter of Ruth Batson

Fictional characters

 * Billy Batson the alter ego of Captain Marvel

title: Batson


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Bobrinski Bucket

The Bobrinski Bucket, also called the Bobrinski Kettle or Bobrinski Cauldron (also spelled Bobrinsky), is a bronze bucket produced in Herat, present-day Afghanistan in 1163 C.E. (during the month Muharram in 559 A.H). The bucket’s height is a mere 18.5 cm and consists of a rounded body with a rim and heightened base, and a handle in the shape of real and mythological creatures. The bucket is cast in bronze, with copper and silver inlaid decorations and inscriptions throughout the bucket’s handle, rim, and body. The body of the bucket features seven horizontal bands of inlaid decorations, including the rim, consisting of inscription and iconography. Discussion of the purpose of the bucket has sparked speculation among scholars of Islamic Art.

The bucket is named after its former owner, Count Aleksei Bobrinsky (1852–1927) and now resides in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. The bucket is one of most famous and earliest pieces of Persian metalwork associated with Herat in the late 12th century and is one of the earliest examples of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic scripts.

Production
The Bobrinski Bucket is a prominent example of the inlay technique developed in twelfth century Herat. The bucket’s inlaid calligraphy was created using silver and copper wire that was laid down in shallow recesses in the bronze body and hammered down until the wire was firmly inlaid. Similarly, for the spatial inlays, used in larger areas such as the human heads or bodies of animals, a silver or copper sheet was laid over an area where only the edges were trimmed back, and hammered until held well in place. The copper and silver inlays create a multicolored, polychromatic surface for the bucket.

The division of labor between the caster and decorator of the bucket follows a trend commonly observed in Persian art of the time. Allocating the designing of different elements of the metalwork to multiple people allowed artists to apply their designs to a variety of different objects, rather than only being able to create one object. This, along with the choice to use Persian and Arabic for the inscription solidifies the Bobrinski Bucket as an early and important work showcasing Herat as an important hub of production and craftsmanship, and highlights the emergence of Persian art during this period.

Inscription
The bucket features three bands of calligraphy. The first band of calligraphy is in an anthropomorphic script, meaning that the letters have human features. The second band is an interlaced Kufic script with a geometric pattern. The third band consists of anthropomorphic script with the tails of the letters interlaced with running animals. Such anthropomorphic and zoomorphic scripts are commonly found in works from the twelfth century. These bands of inscription along the bucket’s body are written in Arabic. The text consists of well wishes for the owner of the bucket, as is typical for portable Islamic metalwork.

The rim of the bucket is inscribed in Persian. The inscription lists the bucket’s caster, Muhammed ibn ‘Abd al-Wāhid, and the person who applied the decorative elements to the bucket, Mas’ūd ibn Ahmad. It also describes the person who ordered the bucket, ‘Abd al Rahmān ibn ‘Abdallāh al-Rashīdi, and the person who the bucket was made for, who the inscription refers to as “the eminent hajji Rukn ad-din, the glorious of merchants, the Muslims trusted man, an ornament to the hajj and both holy places Rashid ad-Din Azizi ibn al-Husayn az-Zanjani, may his fame endure”.

A Kufic inscription on the top of the handle reveals the month and year the bucket was completed.

Iconography
From the top down, starting with the handle and ending at the bottommost band, the Bobrinski bucket is filled with iconography.

 * 1) At the top of the Bobrinski bucket’s handle are lions heads; four heads make a square on either side that connects at the very center of the handle. Connecting the handles to the rest of the bucket are hares extending towards the lions, and dragons paralleling them, also extending towards the lions.
 * 2) Directly below the handle are pairs of ducks, one facing the other, all the way around the rim.
 * 3) The uppermost band displays anthropomorphic script with human torsos and heads on the upward strokes.  Separating the text four times throughout the band are suns with twenty-eight alternating black and white rays. Inside the suns is a human figure, sitting on a throne, with two dragon-like staffs.
 * 4) The second band, directly below, shows people sitting or standing doing a variety of activities.  Some activities include drinking, feasting, dancing, or playing games.
 * 5) Below the third band, which exclusively displays Kufic script, is the fourth band, which displays males figures, who are mostly on horseback that are hunting and fighting.  In one part of the band, several men are fighting a dragon.
 * 6) The penultimate band features anthropomorphic script, similar to the first band. Instead of human torsos and heads, this band only includes human heads.  Joining the script and heads are animals such as dogs, birds, antelope, and hares weaving throughout the words like they are in a forest.
 * 7) Finally, the bottommost band on the bucket depicts the same animals as the previous band chasing each other along with geometric-like columns.

The images on the bucket are associated with the ideal kingship but due to their lack of visual hierarchy are actually thought to be stock images. While most of the images are stock scenes, the meaning behind the sun in the uppermost band has been discussed. According to Willy Hartner the sun’s twenty-eight rays may be a coincidence, a reference to the draconian calendar (which has twenty-seven and some months), or the twenty-eight lunar mansions.

Purpose
There is much scholarly debate about the purpose and uses of the bucket. Early scholars such as Richard Ettinghausen and Ralph Harari have hypothesized that the bucket was used as a water bucket, as it exhibits similarities to one exhibited in a fifteenth century painting of a bathhouse. The bucket’s bail handle could have been helpful in a bathhouse setting. The historian Nikolay Veselovsky had asserted that the bucket was a vessel for carrying food; However, the bucket lacks tinning on the interior that would have prevented corrosion from food. Souren Melikian and Robert Hillenbrand have connected the bucket to the Hajj, suggesting that it was either a Pilgrimage accessory or marked the completion of the Hajj, based on the references to this in the bucket’s inscriptions. Others have concluded that the bucket was a gift. Ruba Kana’an’s interpretation of the bucket’s purpose is most widely accepted in present day scholarship of the Bobrinski Bucket. Kana‘an uses her extensive study of the legal writings of Muslim jurists to better understand the production and patronage of Islamic metalware. She concludes that the bucket was produced as a showpiece of new designs and images that was presented as a gift to the workshop owner.

title: Bobrinski Bucket


text:
LeBaron Russell Briggs

LeBaron Russell Briggs (December 11, 1855 – April 24, 1934) was an American educator. He was appointed the first dean of men at Harvard College, and subsequently served as dean of the faculty until he retired. He was concurrently president of Radcliffe College and the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Early life
Briggs was born in Salem, Massachusetts on December 11, 1855. He was the son of Unitarian minister George Ware Briggs and Lucia Jane (née Russell) Briggs. Among his siblings was brother George Russell Briggs.

He received A.B. (in 1875) and A.M. degrees (in 1882) from Harvard University.

Career
After graduating from Harvard, he began teaching there; he began as a Greek tutor before moving to English, eventually becoming the Boylston Professor of Rhetoric from 1904 until 1925.

Briggs was appointed dean of Harvard College in 1891 (to 1902) and dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1902 until his retirement in 1925. His appointment as dean of men was the first "student personnel" appointment, which later became the catalyst for the Student Affairs field in higher education. Briggs was responsible for advising students academically, and on personal issues. "His fairness in dealing with the Faculty and students alike, his patience in dealing with erring undergraduates, and his always kindly humor endeared him to everyone," wrote George Henry Chase.

Radcliffe College
In 1903, Briggs succeeded co-founder Elizabeth Cary Agassiz as the second president of Radcliffe College, which had been founded as the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women in 1882 before becoming Radcliffe College in 1894. During his presidency (which was then a part-time position), the college purchased the Greenleaf estate and built five new dormitories. Also during his tenure, the student body grew from less than 500 in 1903 to more than 700 in 1923. The geographical diversity of students also increased, with the number of students matriculating from outside of Massachusetts rising from 19 percent in 1903 to 33 percent in 1923.

He served as president for twenty years until 1923, when he was succeeded by Ada Louise Comstock who also served as president for twenty years from 1923 to 1943. Before Briggs left office, the administration of Radcliffe requested that Radcliffe become a college for women within Harvard, but were again refused. In his last presidential report, Briggs wrote: “I believe that ultimately Radcliffe will become a women’s college in Harvard, but that neither institution is as yet prepared for such a union.”

After his retirement from Radcliffe, he wrote the novel, Men, Women And Colleges, which was published in 1925 by the Houghton Mifflin Company.

Personal life
In 1883, Briggs was married to Mary Frances De Quedville (b. 1862) of Cambridge. Together, they were the parents of three children:

 * John DeQuedville Briggs (1885–1965), who married Marjorie Scott Winslow (1900–1994), daughter of William Herman Winslow, in 1925.
 * Lucia Russell Briggs (1887–1960), who served as president of Milwaukee-Downer College for thirty years.
 * LeBaron Russell Briggs Jr. (1895–1972), who married Elizabeth Mason.

Briggs died on April 24, 1934, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at the home of his daughter Lucia. He was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Plymouth, Massachusetts, where he had a summer home.

Legacy
Briggs was also a trustee of Middlesex School, where the LeBaron Briggs House dormitory is named for him, as is Briggs Hall at Harvard's Cabot House. He received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Western Reserve University and Lafayette University.

His nautical namesake, the liberty ship LeBaron Russell Briggs, was scuttled with its cargo of nerve gas on August 18, 1970, as the last installment of a project in which the United States disposed of much of its stockpile by dumping it at sea.

title: LeBaron Russell Briggs


text:
Lapham

Lapham may refer to:

People

 * Bill Lapham (1934–2016), American football player
 * Dave Lapham (born 1952), former player and current announcer for the NFL Cincinnati Bengals
 * David Lapham (born 1970), cartoonist
 * Elbridge G. Lapham (1814–1890), New York politician
 * Increase A. Lapham (1811–1875), nineteenth century author and scientist
 * Lewis H. Lapham (born 1935), contemporary writer
 * Nathan Lapham (1820–1890), New York politician
 * Robert Lapham American guerrilla in the Philippines during WWII
 * Roger Lapham (1883–1966), businessman and politician
 * Seneca Lapham, a fictional character in the list of Cthulhu Mythos biographies
 * Silas Lapham, the protagonist of William Dean Howells' novel The Rise of Silas Lapham
 * Smith Lapham, an early settler of Rockford, Michigan

United States

 * Lapham, former name of Stateline, California
 * Lapham Peak Unit, Kettle Moraine State Forest, Wisconsin state park
 * Lapham Memorial, public artwork on the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee campus
 * Lapham Mills, a hamlet northeast of Peru, New York
 * Lapham Institute, from 1863 to 1876 the name of what is now the Smithville Seminary, a Free Will Baptist institution in Rhode Island

title: Lapham


text:
Abdulaziz Sachedina

Abdulaziz Sachedina is Professor and International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) Chair in Islamic Studies at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia.

Biography
He has been a professor since 1975. He annually teaches courses on Classical Islam, Islam in the Modern Age, Islam, Democracy and Human Rights, Islamic Bioethics and Muslim Theology. He was born in Tanzania, his heritage originally is from India. He has an MA/PhD from the University of Toronto and has BA degrees from Aligarh Muslim University in India and Ferdowsi University of Mashad in Iran. He was one of the students of Dr. Ali Shariati in Iran.

In 1997, Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani thanked him for his translation of a book on Imam Mahdi into English, originally written by Ayatollah Ebrahim Amini. The acknowledgement letter was published by the Iranian Hawza magazine.

In 1998, Grand Ayatollah Sistani issued a statement against Sachedina that advised Muslims not to listen to his talks or to ask him questions about religious matters. (See original text in Persian ).

In addition to his work at the university, Professor Sachedina has been a consultant to the Department of Defense regarding Middle Eastern affairs and was an adviser to those drafting the Constitution of Iraq that was put into effect in 2005.

He speaks Hindi, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Gujarati, Swahili, and English.

title: Abdulaziz Sachedina


text:
User:Pi3.14~enwiki

I am an Austrian physician with some affection to mathematics :-)

title: User:Pi3.14~enwiki


text:
Edward Cahill (priest)

Edward J. Cahill, S.J. (18 February 1868 –16 July 1941) was an Irish Jesuit priest and academic, born in Ballyvocogue, Cappagh, County Limerick. He was educated in Theology at Maynooth, and ordained a priest in 1897. He served on the staff of Mungret College and in the years before the Easter Rising he was known for facilitating Irish Volunteers in their training in Mungret. In 1924, he joined the staff of the Jesuit Milltown Park Institute in Dublin as Professor of Church History, Lecturer in Sociology, and later, Spiritual Father.

In October 1926, on the occasion of the first celebration of the Feast of Christ the King, he founded "An Ríoghacht", the League of the Kingship of Christ. The object of this society was to ensure the use of Catholic Social Teaching in the Irish Free State. "An Ríoghacht", under Fr. Cahill's guidance, organised public meetings three or four times a year, published pamphlets on current topics and even attempted to produce a weekly paper to further its ideals. This organisation would go on to form the basis of Fr. Denis Fahey's Maria Duce.

Cahill's anti-mason message, delivered in the 1920s and 1930s, also served as an analysis and apologetic against Talmudic Judaism. In his works he cites papal teaching which describes the Masons as enemies of the Catholic Church, and gives evidence that these same Masons are influenced and given guidance by Jews: "The modern anti-Christian movement, which centres around Liberalism, owes much of its rapid progress to the secret society of the free masons...Freemasonry today is the enemy of the Church and every Catholic Government and Catholic institution in the world. It is closely associated with Modern Judaism (including Rationalistic Jews, as well as those of the Talmud and Cabala); and is largely under Jewish influence and guidance"

He was a regular contributor the Irish Ecclesiastical Record and the Irish Monthly. His works often stressed the link between Catholicism and nationalism.

He died on 16 July 1941, aged 73, after a long illness.

title: Edward Cahill (priest)


text:
Noriyuki Makihara

Noriyuki Makihara (槇原 敬之), nicknamed Mackey (マッキー) by his fans, is a Japanese pop singer-songwriter. He has sold a total of 21 million copies in Japan alone.

Biography
Makihara was born on 18 May 1969 in Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan. He attended Aoyama Gakuin University to study English literature. In addition to creating songs for his own music career, he has written, produced and performed songs for many other artists, the most notable being SMAP's Sekai ni Hitotsu Dake no Hana. He is ranked at No.84, in a list of Japan's top 100 musicians, provided by HMV.He was also invited to write the song "The Gift" for English band blue in their album "Guilty".

Makihara made his debut to the J-Pop scene in the early '90s after performing on a televised song competition program. He made a name for himself with the release of songs such as "Mou Koi Nante Shinai" (もう恋なんてしない) and "Donna Toki mo." (どんなときも), both of which, among several others, are covered to this day by current popular artists (including English-language covers by various American artists). Some of his music has been translated into other languages, and "Donna Toki mo", specifically has been remixed by Bemani artists "Dream Line Out" for use on Konami's Beatmania game series.

Much of his music's lyrical content has revolved around the subject of romantic love, though themes of profound joy, reminiscence, gratitude and deeper spiritual aspects of the human condition have become predominant in recent years.

In 1999, he was given a suspended 18-months prison sentence for possession of amphetamines.

In 2003 he became famous for composing " Sekai ni Hitotsu Dake no Hana"" (世界に一つだけの花, "The One and Only Flower in the World") which was recorded by Japanese boy band SMAP and sold double millions.

On 13 February 2020, Makihara was arrested for alleged illegal stimulant possession, as police found 0.083 gram of stimulant at his condominium in Tokyo's Minato Ward in April 2018. On 2 August 2020, Makihara was sentenced to 2 years in prison, suspended for 3 years by the Tokyo District Court.

Albums

 * 'Kimi ga Warau Toki, Kimi no Mune ga Itamanai Youni' (25 October 1990, WEA Japan. Re-released 26 November 1998)
 * 'kimi wa dareto shiawasana akubi wo shimasuka. ' (25 June 1991)
 * 'Kimi wa Dare to Shiawase na Akubi wo Shimasu ka.' (25 September 1991, WEA Japan. Re-released 26 November 1998)
 * 'Kimi wa Boku no Takaramono' (25 June 1992, WEA Japan.Re-released 26 November 1998)
 * 'SELF PORTRAIT' (31 October 1993, WEA Japan)
 * 'PHARMACY' (25 October 1994, WEA Japan)
 * 'Ver.1.0E LOVE LETTER FROM THE DIGITAL COWBOY' (25 July 1996, WEA Japan/River Way)
 * 'LOVE CALLS FROM THE DIGITAL COWGIRL' (10 August 1996, WEA Japan/River Way)
 * 'UNDERWEAR' (25 October 1996, WEA Japan/River Way)
 * 'SMILING~THE BEST OF NORIYUKI MAKIHARA~' (10 May 1997, WEA Japan)
 * 'SMILING II~THE BEST OF NORIYUKI MAKIHARA~' (25 September 1997, WEA Japan)
 * 'Such a Lovely Place' (27 November 1997, SME Records)
 * 'SMILING III~THE BEST OF NORIYUKI MAKIHARA~' (10 May 1998, WEA Japan)
 * 'Listen to the Music' (28 October 1998, SME Records)
 * 'SMILING GOLD~THE BEST & BACKING TRACKS~' (24 February 1999, WEA Japan)
 * 'Cicada' (10 July 1999, SME Records)
 * '10 Y. O. ~THE ANNIVERSARY COLLECTION~' (24 May 2000)
 * 'Taiyou' (29 November 2000, WEA Japan)
 * 'NORIYUKI MAKIHARA SINGLE COLLECTION~Such a Lovely Place 1997–1999~' (6 December 2000)
 * 'Home Sweet Home' (21 November 2001, WEA Japan)
 * 'Song Book~Since 1997–2001~' (23 January 2002)
 * 'THE CONCERT – CONCERT TOUR 2002 "Home Sweet Home" – ' (9 May 2002)
 * 'Honjitsu wa Seiten Nari' (7 November 2002, WEA Japan)
 * 'EXPLORER' (11 August 2004, Toshiba-EMI)
 * 'Completely Recorded' (25 August 2004, WEA Japan)
 * 'NORIYUKI MAKIHARA SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA "CELEBRATION"' (25 November 2004)
 * 'Listen To The Music 2' (28 September 2005, Toshiba-EMI)
 * 'LIFE IN DOWNTOWN' (22 February 2006, Toshiba-EMI)
 * 'Kanashimi Nante Nan no Yaku ni mo Tatanai to Omotteita.' (7 November 2007, J-More)
 * 'Personal Soundtracks' (19 November 2008, J-More)
 * 'Best LOVE' (1 January 2010, J-More)
 * 'Best LIFE' (1 January 2010, J-More)
 * 'Fuan no Naka ni Te o Tsukkonde' (30 June 2010, J-More)
 * 'Heart to Heart' (27 July 2011, Buppu/SME Records)
 * 'Dawn Over the Clover Field' (19 December 2012, Buppu/SME Records)
 * 'Listen To The Music 3' (22 January 2014, Buppu/SME Records)
 * 'Lovable People' (11 February 2015, Buppu/SME Records)
 * 'Believer' (14 December 2016, Buppu/SME Records)
 * 'Design & Reason' (13 February 2019, Buppu/SME Records)
 * 'Yosoro' (25 October 2021, Buppu/SME Records)
 * 'Bespoke' (2 March 2022, Buppu/SME Records)

title: Noriyuki Makihara


text:
Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (Korn album)

Greatest Hits Vol. 1 is a compilation album released by American nu metal band Korn in October 2004. The album features select tracks from their first six studio albums presented in reverse chronological order. There are two previously unreleased songs on the compilation: a cover of Cameo's "Word Up!" and a compilation of all three parts of Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall" and "Goodbye Cruel World". These were the final songs recorded with their full original lineup, as guitarist Brian Welch left the band shortly after the album's release in February the following year, until his return in 2013, by which time drummer David Silveria had departed permanently.

Greatest Hits Vol. 1 debuted and peaked at number four on the Billboard 200, achieving a Platinum certification by the RIAA. For unspecified reasons Korn left off three of their hits, "Thoughtless", "No Place to Hide" and "Good God" but included songs "Trash" and "Twist" on the album, though neither were released as singles. The version of "Freak on a Leash" on this album features an extended intro. Because of this, the back cover lists the length of the track as being 4:15 (the length of the album version on Follow the Leader), when the length of the version on this album is 4:27.

Personnel

 * Jonathan Davis – vocals
 * James "Munky" Shaffer – guitar
 * Brian "Head" Welch – guitar
 * Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu – bass
 * David Silveria – drums

title: Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (Korn album)


text:
Gland (disambiguation)

A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release.

Gland may also refer to:

Geography

 * Gland (Oise), a river in France, tributary of the Oise (river)
 * Gland (Rhone), a river in France, tributary of the Rhône
 * Gland, Aisne, a commune in the Aisne département, in France
 * Gland, Switzerland, a town in Switzerland
 * Gland, Yonne, a commune in the Yonne département, in France

Science and technology

 * Gland (botany), a secretory structure on a plant that produces a sticky, viscous substance
 * Gland (engineering), a type of fluid seal allowing rotary or linear motion
 * Cable gland, a device designed to attach and secure the end of a cable to the equipment

title: Gland (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:MikeWarren

Heya, I moved your old mainspace page to User:MikeWarren/old. The history appears to be the same as your current user page, but should you want to keep it... --fvw *  03:28, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

Your user page
I found your old user page while checking out some old edits. I have history merged it, so that all edits are in one place. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 12:23, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:MikeWarren


text:
Talk:Interlingue

Interlingua
Should mention that Interlingua is a separate tongue. --146.176.2.17

Pronunciation
The pronunciation guide says "th - same as English". But English has both voiced th (as in this) and unvoiced th (as in thin), so it's not clear what is meant here. --Zundark 18:14, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That's my fault, I meant the voiceless one.Cameron Nedland 01:41, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Example text
Is there a reason there's no translation given into english of the example text? ACookr (talk) 18:09, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Grammar?
The article needs a section on Occidental's grammar. Also, it might not be out of place to compare it with Esperanto and with Interlingua, its main competitors. --Jim Henry (talk) 19:19, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Fourth most popular?

 * .....it is believed that it was at its height the fourth most popular planned language, after Volapük, Esperanto and perhaps Ido in order of appearance.

That's unclear. It seems to be trying to say two things at once:
 * 1) Occidental was the fourth auxlang to acquire a speaker community, after Volapük, Esperanto and Ido -- unquestionable.
 * 2) Occidental was at its peak the fourth most popular auxlang.  But in that case it seems silly to list Volapük in this sentence, unless Occidental had a really tiny number of speakers even at its peak.  Volapük seems to have been pretty stable at around 20-30 speakers for the last century or so. --Jim Henry (talk) 19:24, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

What should this sentence be saying and how could it say it more clearly?

Also: the article in its opening history section speaks several times of "adherents", rarely if ever of "speakers". How many fluent speakers did the language have vs. the number of people who thought it was a good idea but didn't actually learn it? --Jim Henry (talk) 19:24, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think the first interpretation works logically, since the sentence is about the language at it's height. If it was the fourth auxlang to gain a speaker community, it would be that at any given time. Volapük had many followers in its day but you seem to be right that it had allready declined a century ago. But still, I'm not certain how many speakers/followers V had in the 20's.
 * Perhaps the intention is to say that at its peak it was the fourth most popular IAL until todays date (in number of speakers, probably)?
 * Further down an occidental source says it was the second most popular language after Esperanto, so the article is incoherent. This might be true, but the source is biased and it should probably at least be noted that "according to the Occidental magazine Cosmoglotta". The easiest solution of the above is probably to simply delete the unsourced text.
 * And you're right that the number of speakers is at least as interesting as the number of "adherents". flinga sv (talk) 14:32, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I'll correct myself, you are right. It is unclear, when "in order of appearance" is taken into account. Perhaps "the fourth of the most popular planned languages"? Still, no source. I'm removing it. flinga sv (talk) 15:06, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

qu - same as English. IPA: /qw/
¿No sería /kw/? Creía que /q/ era uvular. TMU (talk) 03:28, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Comparison with Interlingua
Did not somebody claim that Occidental is virtually the same language as Interlingua? Personally, I understand much more of Occidental than Interlingua. When I first encountered the text “Li Europan lingues” I could understand almost everything of it despite I did not even know what language it was! I have a similar texts propagating for Interlingua but I understand less than half of it. Does the vocabulary of Occidental contain more words of Germanic origin? Or has it just made an other choice of international words?

2010-06-13 Lena Synnerholm, Märsta, Sweden.

 * I wouldn't put it that way, Lena. The look-and-feel of both languages is quite different, after all. Interlingua, if I've been told correctly, picks its words from English and the four largest Romance languages, but in such way that words occur in most, if not all of them. Because English is a Germanic language with a highly romanized vocabulary already, the Germanic influence on Interlingua is minimal. In Occidental it's quite a different story, because it applies several elements that are distinctively Germanic (auxiliary verbs and the like, IIRC). —IJzeren Jan Uszkiełtu?  16:55, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Regardless of how similar they are, I haven't heard anybody claiming it is the same language, but rather just that they are very similar (as similar as different dialects of one language, some argue).
 * And from what I've heard I do think that Interlingua takes it vocabulary from the most common romance languages in general, plus Russian and German as control languages. I am a little bit more unceirtan about this, but if I've understood it correctly Occidental (Interlingue) takes (the major part of) its vocabulary from the most common international words, which are often but not always romance. That might be one explaination that Occidental seems to be easier to understand for me as well (a swedish speaker) with words like sam and old. flinga sv (talk) 14:45, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Don't forget "flicca" and "strax" in Occidental. ;) --87.123.107.202 (talk) 11:17, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

Romance languages
The article says that Occidental is based on European Indo-European languages - but surely it is worth mentioning that it is primarily based on Romance languages? There is very little Germanic influence by comparison, and as far as I know no (or virtually no) direct Slavic, Greek, Baltic etc. influence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.185.117.127 (talk) 05:17, 11 March 2011 (UTC)
 * BTW, are actually Greek and Latin vowels related with more consonanted languages (unlike some Anatolic and Levantine), or it was a(n) Herculean effort? LOL, "Occidental" for China? There were Ottomans, battles for meters, gunpowder, compass, Andaluzian like (admirals) open sea pioneers, flu epidemics and pirates, what a luck... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.10.158.149 (talk) 15:10, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I have hidden the previous section about pronounciation, which was unsourced and also a bit cluttery. Still, it may contain useful material if it can be verificated with a source, so I let it remain, albeit hidden in the source. It can also be seen in this previous version of the article, for those interested.

I also don't know how good a source the one I used is, with no author name given (and only comparing the pronunciation with English, perhaps giving a false impression that it mostly resembles English). This should perhaps be attended to (preferrably with someone with better knowledge than me), but I don't think the pronunciation part should be overly detailed or taking up a to large part of the article. flinga sv (talk) 15:32, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I have now removed the old pronounciation text, it's not really necessary to keep when you also can find it in the history. The current references and Curs de Occidental in Occidental are also good sources for writing such a text.
 * I also removed a link to Comparison of international auxiliary languages, a deleted article (reguarding a subject that I, and others with me I think, personally would have appreciated to see a good article about, on a side note). flinga sv (talk) 19:49, 5 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Can the pronunciation be clarified with IPA? As is, it is ambiguous due to regional dialectal variations of the English reference words. 107.77.193.199 (talk) 00:03, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

sourcing
"Occidental... faded into insignificance following the appearance in the early 1950s of a competing naturalistic project, Interlingua" The source for this in Googlebooks is by "Wikipedians". I'm not sure if that is an acceptable source but the Googlebook cites another source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Naytz (talk • contribs) 16:59, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

"Occidental, later Interlingue"
If the language is officially called Interlingue now, also in Unicode, as well as on Wikipedia itself. Shouldn't Interlingue language be the main page and Occidental language be the redirect? A lot of pages currently links to Occidental over Interlingue due to the infoboxes and navboxes using Occidental over Interlingue at the moment.

Pages where the name of the language is used in an article, outside of infoboxes/navboxes are pages like List of Estonians, De Wahl's rule, Intal language (the two latter mentions Occidental, but only links to Interlingue). Liggliluff (talk) 16:37, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

Referencing Cosmoglotta
The old issues of Cosmoglotta have been available for a number of years now, and after reading through them a number of times I feel like I finally have an understanding of just what Occidental did from its inception until the 1950s. But it would be nice to have them elsewhere besides Scribd and Blogger to reference. I've been considering uploading them to Wikisource. Any thoughts on that? Mithridates (talk) 04:41, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

 * As a general rule, works must be much older to be PD. US is pre-1924, and the EU is life+70 (so nothing from the 1950s for a few years). So they won't be eligible for uploading for a long while.--Prosfilaes (talk) 09:20, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for the message, I have good news actually: I received permission from the Interlingue-Union (the organization that still owns and publishes Cosmoglotta) in the meantime to type up any and all issues. Direct quote: "Yes on posse tippar li plu nov nrós de Cosmoglotta por far les trovabil in li internet por quicunc volent vider les" (Yes, you can type the newer issues of Cosmoglotta to make them findable on the internet for anyone who wishes to see them) along with a thanks for the works I've been doing. Now since I've been using the modern orthography and correcting typos if there are any, I have been putting them up on a separate wiki in the meantime. I'll continue to put them up there (easier that way) but the Interlingue-Union is in favour of putting them anywhere and everywhere so others will be able to bring them to Wikisource if they so wish. Mithridates (talk) 09:31, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

 * That's great. But for Wikisource, they need to go to Commons:Commons:Email_templates/Consent and fill an appropriate message. Wikimedia needs a clear message that's direct from the owner and with a clear free license; not merely "to make them findable", but to reprint and produce derivative works from them.--Prosfilaes (talk) 10:34, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I suspected as much (thanks for the info too). That plus wanting to type them all in the modern orthography is why I'm doing them all elsewhere. Mithridates (talk) 13:05, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

Update: I noticed the Cosmoglotta texts on the Austrian National Library can also be referenced by page so that solves that problem. Uploading to Wikisource and typing them up would still be nice, however (some of the scans are nearly unreadable). Mithridates (talk) 07:59, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interlingue


text:
Game (retailer)

Game Retail Limited (doing business as GAME) is a British video game retailer, owned by Frasers Group since June 2019.

The company's origins lie in the founding of the Rhino Group by Terry Norris and Bev Ripley in 1992. A number of mergers and acquisitions followed during the 1990s, and in 1999, the company was purchased by Electronics Boutique Limited, which rebranded itself as The Game Group. The company continued to expand during the 2000s, purchasing several retailers including Gameswizards in Australia. In 2007, its parent company purchased its rival store, Gamestation.

In March 2012, several suppliers, including publishers Nintendo, Electronic Arts and Capcom refused to supply their latest products due to concerns over Game's creditworthiness. Game subsequently entered administration on 26 March 2012, and was purchased by OpCapita the following week. Baker Acquisitions was subsequently renamed Game Retail. The company reported a £10.4 million loss for the 12-month period from July 2016 to July 2017 in its full year results. In the corresponding 2015–2016 period, the company had a net profit of £7.1 million.

In June 2019, Game agreed to a takeover of the company by Frasers Group for £52 million. The group have since closed down most of the standalone Game outlets, reopening these as concessions inside nearby House of Fraser, Sports Direct, Brand Max and Lillywhites stores, as well as expanding Game's online business.

In January 2024, the retailer announced it would phase out trade-ins and pre-owned games by February. Of its 363 stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 64 are standalone.

In June 2024, the retailer announced it would be ending its reward point scheme in July 2024.

Formation
The company that went on to become Game was founded by Bev Ripley and Terry Norris as Rhino Group in 1992, with stores branded as Future Zone. A year earlier in 1990, a separate company, called Game, was founded by Peter Wickins and Neil Taylor. Rhino Group acquired Virgin Games Stores from W H Smith in November 1993, increasing the total number of stores to 77.

In October 1995, the gaming retailer Electronics Boutique acquired 25% of the Rhino Group, the name of which was changed to Electronics Boutique Limited under license from the business in America, and John Steinbrecher was sent from the United States to manage the chain.

In November 1999, Electronics Boutique Limited purchased a chain of retail outlets known as Game, from which the current name of the company was derived, for £99 million. at the time of the takeover Game had 86 stores. In October 2001, Electronics Boutique Limited went on to purchase the BarrysWorld online gaming service, the French retailer ScoreGames, and the Spanish retailer Centro Mail.

In 2002, Electronics Boutique stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland were rebranded as Game, and the company name was changed to The Game Group. Despite the name change, a 1% sales royalty to Electronics Boutique in the United States continued to be paid until January 2006. Attempts to have this overturned in court in February 2003 were unsuccessful.

In July 2004, the Game group acquired Gameplay (GB) Limited, an online and mail order retailer of video games, computer software and associated products. Gameplay (GB) Ltd started trading as Game.co.uk, the group's main online arm in the United Kingdom.

In September 2006, Game acquired Australian speciality video games retailer Gameswizards for A$3.8 million and rebranded all Gameswizards outlets as Game stores.

In May 2007, the company announced the acquisition of rival specialist video game chain Gamestation for £74 million. The company stated that they intended to retain the brand. On 21 April 2010, Lisa Morgan stepped down as CEO, to be replaced by Chris Bell as interim CEO. On 17 June 2010, it was announced that Ian Shepherd had been appointed as CEO, and took up the position on 28 June.

Financial problems
On 29 February 2012 it was announced that both Game and Gamestation would no longer stock new titles from Electronic Arts. This was due to the major games distributor limiting Game's credit terms. This affected the pre-orders of Mass Effect 3, due out the following week. On 5 March 2012 it was announced that Game and Gamestation stores would not be stocking titles by Capcom. The first title affected by the move was Street Fighter X Tekken. Customers who pre-ordered the special edition from either store were refunded.

In early March 2012, Game and Gamestation began heavily discounting stock in an attempt to bring in cash ahead of administration.

On 14 March 2012, OpCapita made an unsuccessful bid for the company. The business had been in talks with Game's lenders with the aim of buying its debt and settling its bills with suppliers in full. The offer was rejected by Game's lenders. Microsoft and Activision ceased the supply of their products to Game on 15 March. On 19 March, the company's shares were suspended from the London Stock Exchange at its own request.

Administration
The company entered administration on 26 March 2012, with PricewaterhouseCoopers appointed and Ian Shepherd stepping down as CEO. No administrator was appointed for the stores in Ireland and redundancies were only offered to staff in the United Kingdom, resulting in a continuing protest from Irish staff. 277 of Game's 609 stores in the United Kingdom were closed immediately, resulting in 2,104 job losses.

On 31 March 2012, Game Group was purchased out of administration by OpCapita. David Hamid was announced as the new executive chairman of Game.

On 14 May 2012, TGW Pty Ltd, trading as Game Australia announced it would also enter administration. On 25 May 2012, Pricewaterhouse Coopers, the administrators of Game Australia made 264 staff redundant and closed 60 stores. An expected further round of redundancies and closures was confirmed on 19 June 2012 when the administrators announced that 16 of the remaining 31 stores would close that day and the remaining 15 would close over the coming weeks, marking the end of Game Australia.

Game's Scandinavian operations were purchased by Nordic Games (parent company of Nordic Games Publishing AB) at the end of May 2012. Nordic Games purchased 55 stores (44 in Sweden and 11 in Norway) and Game's Scandinavian website from the retailer. Nordic and Game agreed a licensing deal that allowed the continued use of the Game brand within Sweden and Norway. In May 2015 the Swedish subsidiary went into administration. During this time Nordic decided to reshuffle the company with no effect as the Swedish subsidiary of the company went into liquidation by June 2015, as a result of this Nordic had to sell all of their stock as soon as possible at half the retail price they were originally listed as. All Swedish and Norwegian locations shut down in the summer of 2015.

Public listing
In May 2014, the company announced plans to relist on the London Stock Exchange. The initial public offering took place in June 2014.

In June 2019, Game Digital agreed to a takeover of the company by Frasers Group for £52 million.

Operations
As of 14 May 2023, Game has 240 stores in the United Kingdom. Game has also re-entered the Irish market as of December 2023, inside of a Sports Direct in Roscommon. Stores traded under the Game and Gamestation brands until the latter was replaced by Game from November 2012. Stores sell games for all major video game platforms. Games are also sold under a 'preowned' label, where a customer has returned a used game for cash or credit. The company also operates a transactional website, Game.co.uk.

Insomnia Gaming Festival
Insomnia Gaming Festival is a large-scale gaming event ran by Game sub-brand Player1 Events, with a professional Main Stage, an Expo Hall and a large-scale LAN (Local Area Network) event which is the largest LAN in the UK. Originally this was a PC gaming only event, but in recent years has incorporated console gamers. The series of events, referred to as the ‘iSeries’ are sequentially numbered and run three times a year, typically with one around Easter, with the others usually hosted in August and November. The original events were hosted at Newbury Racecourse in the United Kingdom from i5 to i33 when the venue was relocated to Stoneleigh Park for i34. From i38 to i42 the event returned to Newbury. The home of i43 to i50 events was The Telford International Centre and from i51 to i55 it took place at the Ricoh Arena in Coventry. i56 - present day is being held at the NEC in Birmingham due to its growth and popularity. These events have evolved with professional competitive tournaments and large exhibition halls. Popular segments of the festival include main stage shows by special guests, often YouTube personalities, as well as evening entertainment such as the "World Famous Insomnia Pub Quiz". Sometimes referred to as "The Glastonbury of Gaming", Insomnia continues to be the biggest festival of its kind in the UK. The first Insomnia: Insomnia99 was a 300-player event. At that point, it was, and remains, the largest LAN party held in the United Kingdom. It was announced during i55 that the festival would relocate to the NEC in Birmingham in time for i56 in December 2015.

Christmas Shopper Simulator
A promotional freeware video game was published by Game and developed by Freak Storm Games titled Christmas Shopper Simulator, which received a sequel titled Christmas Shopper 2: Black Friday.

title: Game (retailer)


text:
User talk:Harrisonpowers

gangsta fo lyfe

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title: User talk:Harrisonpowers


text:
Talk:Bobrinski Bucket

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Untitled
Zero google hits for Bobinski... is it Bobrinski? 68.81.231.127 03:30, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It is, and I have corrected it thusly. --Kelly Martin 01:14, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:22, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Bobrinski bucket or cauldron.jpg

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title: Talk:Bobrinski Bucket