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Talk:Halfway to Sanity

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title: Talk:Halfway to Sanity


text:
Talk:Carbon steel

Type / Types
There are some discrepancies in section titled "Type" and "Types" that needs to be corrected. They are:

 * 1) 2 sections named "Type" and "Types" exists in this article. They are discussing same idea. They should be merged.

 * 1) In Introduction, article tells that "Carbon steel is steel in which the main interstitial alloying constituent is carbon in the range of 0.12–2.0%." However in this section article tells that "Low-carbon steel contains approximately 0.05–0.25% carbon". So 2 values for limit of Carbon content is mentioned at different places in this article. This discrepancy needs to be corrected

Density of Steel
0.284 lb/in3 is not a true density but a weight per volume. The lb unit is lb-force not lb-mass. I believe it is often stated this way so that steel vendors can quickly calculate shipping costs by multiplying .284 by the total steel volume. Maybe this should be pointed out? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hunterwright (talk • contribs) 16:57, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * That distinction is usually glossed over and doesn't really matter. Pounds per cubic inch is a density. Wikipedia seems to think the mass is the primary definition. I wouldn't change anything. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 14:33, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I see now. From the Pound (force) page lb-f and lb-m are equivalent at the surface of the earth. However, if you want to use newton's second law you have to first convert to slugs so that 1 (lb-m) = 1 (slug) * 1 (ft/s^2). Thank's for clarification BenFrantzDale. Hunterwright (talk) 22:54, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Heat treatment
Should the heat treatment stuff sould be moved to heat treatment?

Duk 18:19, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The article is shaping up well due to some good collaboration, maybe also because it is a well-bounded topic. Some reasons I think the heat-treatment section should stay:

 * There isn’t anything to say about carbon-steel apart from heat-treatment past the composition part, and even that is irrelevant without regard to its response to h-t. It would then become a dictionary entry.

 * The Heat Treatment article started as “specific to swords and knives”, a good place for tips particular to that art. In May it morphed into something else and then began to suffer from linking by word-association. Apart from heat treatment of carbon-steel, there are all the other steel alloys, all other metals, glass, seeds, milk, timber, gems, and so on. It will become a monster.

I suggest we clean up the Heat Treatment article, move it to Heat Treatment of Swords and Knives, and remove pointless red links from other articles. Meggar 03:29, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)

 * How about: what is carbon steel good and less good for compared to other types of steel? -- Milo

 * The temperatures for Full annealing and Normalizing show temperatures above Ac3 or ACm. Can someone explain or put a link to what this means, please? - Cesarhernandez1967

Ductility
High carbon steel or low carbon steel? which one is more ductile actually?

Thank you Dsdsasds (talk) 04:49, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Low carbon, but you should really ask questions like this in the future at the help desk. Wizard191 (talk) 16:55, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Metrication
The article contain a mix of SI and non-SI units. Some sections of the article contain non-SI units, and these should be converted. I don't know for sure what Wikipedia's policy is regarding metrication, but some may find it helpful for both systems to appear in the article with SI units given prominence. Example: 0°C (32°F). --B.d.mills 10:39, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Done Wizard191 16:08, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Does the carbide bur mean that one is made of carbon steel?--211.72.233.5 11:02, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

durability
How can the melting point be reduced while the temperature resistance is increased? Aren't those in opposite directions?68.180.38.41 09:26, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Good question. Just a guess: perhaps the creep temperature is increased? (The operating range of a metal doesn't go all the way up to its melting point.) That's just a guess, though. —Ben FrantzDale 18:07, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
moved. Simple enough search finds carbon steel to be the nomenclature. Teke ( talk ) 17:51, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Plain-carbon steel → Carbon steel – As indicated in the article history, "plain carbon steel" is the industry term for the material. It is Wikipedia's convention to use the most common name, which is "carbon steel" in this case. Carbon steel is the name given in Encyclopedia Britannica, and Encarta refers to the material as "carbon steel" in articles such as "Carbon" and "Iron and Steel Manufacture". Also, "carbon steel" gets 1.3 million Google results whereas "plain carbon steel" gets 69,900, over 17 times less (the number of "plain carbon steel" results were subtracted, since those pages show up in a "carbon steel" search). -- Kjkolb 17:37, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Survey
''Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" or other opinion in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

"Carbon steel ... "Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 1.04 percent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60." It must be an error regarding the specified minimum and maximum for copper (1.04% min and 0.6% maximum)
 * Support, though is there a non-plain carbon steel? And would that article be long enough to merit its own, or should it be combined into carbon steel?  And is it just me or is the content between the two articles pretty much the same?  WLU 20:44, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
''Add any additional comments

Request edit on simple page
Hi, the Simple.wikipedia.org version of this page refers to 'poopoo head' from vandal. I don't know the site well enough to edit, can this be fixed? Apologies for the format here as I say I am not familiar. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.176.35 (talk) 19:24, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

The carbon does not form in the body-centered cubic ferrite phase...it sits in the interstital sites of the face-centered cubic austenite phase and on phase transformation to the bcc ferrite phase the intersitital solute carbon is expelled out of this site

"Sweet iron"
Folks, can anyone tell me what, metallurgically, "sweet iron" is? It is commonly used to make horse bits like this one ( which also has copper inlays). One source describes it as "...sweet iron, also known as mild steel and cold-rolled steel. This metal alloy is slightly softer than stainless steel, and instead of a perpetual shine, will quickly begin to rust." We'd like to kill some red links by explaining what it actually is. Another source says, "Sweet iron is likely not pure iron, but a mixture of iron and carbon combined to create some form of a carbon steel."-- but they sound like they don't know for sure. Help?? Montanabw (talk) 05:49, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what it is, but it sounds from what you say that it's a colloquial name for mild steel. Why that makes it "sweet", I don't know. Also, I think of cold rolled steel as steel that's been cold rolled; I'm not sure it implies a particular chemical composition, just that it has been work hardened. But I'm not a metallurgist. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 14:02, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

"30,000,000 PSI???"
It's more likely 30,000 PSI, right? A36 Steel is 36,000. Maraging Steel(a super steel) is only 500,000 PSI at most. Ray Van De Walker (talk) 20:15, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * That's the Young's modulus value, not yield or tensile strength. Wizard191 (talk) 20:23, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Temperature conversion problems
Whoever converted some of the temperature rates from F to C did it wrong. In one case 100F per second of temperature drop is listed as 37C, and while a temperature of 100F converts to 37C, this is incorrect for the rate of cooling. 100F actually converts to 57C when you take into account that 0C is 32F. Someone needs to fix this. 151.200.31.19 (talk) 01:26, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:Be bold. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 13:57, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * You are right that the value is incorrect, but the proper conversion is: F = (9/5)C; therefore 38 degree C is 68.4 degree F. Wizard191 (talk) 16:30, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Reference number 1 is a dead link
Could the originator of this article please check the link for number 1. It is dead and needs to be corrected. I may Be Bold and fix it myself, but free time is an issue for me right now. Bikeric (talk) 05:58, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Wizard191 (talk) 14:39, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

How carbon afffects strength
The article says that it's interstitial carbon that interferes with the movement of dislocations, thus strengthening the material. It's my understanding that ferrite (body centered cubic iron) can only hold a small amount of interstitial carbon, I think it's 0.08%. At higher concentration than that (which includes most all practical steels) the extra carbon is present in the form of discrete particles (e.g. cementite, an iron carbide)and it is the increasing amounts of these precipitates that cause increasing blocking of dislocations and strengthening of the material as the carbon content is raised.

As I don't have formal training in this area, could someone else concur or dispute whether the article should be amended on these lines ? - then if concur let's somebody make the fix. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Adrian de Physics (talk • contribs) 15:49, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Quite right, I removed the content. Wizard191 (talk) 22:20, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

 * From my Engineering Studies class notes..
 * Ferrite - 0.02% Carbon dissolving limit
 * Cementite - 6.69% Carbon dissolving limit 101.174.62.1 (talk) 11:21, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Mild and low-carbon steel
The article does not separate the two categories. It states the carbon content in low-carbon steel but not in mild steel which is much higher, thus a difference in material properties. 101.174.62.1 (talk) 11:21, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Mild steel redirects to a non-existent section, and there is duplication and confusion between the Type and Types sections. Can we clarify any distinction between mild steel and medium carbon steel ? - Rod57 (talk) 01:04, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Inconsistent definitions
The section on Types defines carbon content ranges for Low, Medium, High and Ultra-high carbon steels, and refer to the "Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels" reference for these values. However, they are quite different from the values quoted on that page. My vague recollection from metallurgy classes was that High would start at 0.6% (which would make sense, since Medium stops there). I had a look around and found that many web sites quote different percentages, so I haven't made any modifications. Also, High has "(ASTM 304)" written after it, but this appears to be a type of stainless steel. If someone who knows this stuff well and has a good source of data could fix this, I would appreciate it. Runox (talk) 13:51, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

Percentages not qualified, and densities
The percentages quoted for the carbon content of steel are mostly not qualified. They are percentages by weight, and I would like to suggest that this should be made clearer. The only section that mentions that they are percentages by weight is "Higher-carbon steels"

The density of carbon (2,250 kg/m3) and iron (7,850 kg/m3) are quite different, which means that percentages of carbon by volume will be larger. E.g. take a 1% carbon steel composed of just iron and carbon. If I have my sums right every 1,000 kg of that will be composed of 990 kg of iron and 10 kg of carbon.The iron will occupy a volume of 990/7850 = 0.1261 m3. The carbon will occupy a volume of 10/2250 = 0.0044 m3. The total volume of the steel will be 0.1305 m3, of which the carbon will be 3.37% by volume.

The density of the 1% carbon steel will be 7,663 kg/m3.I notice that http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/metal-alloys-densities-d_50.html gives the density of steel as 7,850 kg/m3, the same as for iron. For low carbon steel this is reasonable, but as the carbon content rises the density falls. This won't matter in most real world applications, but it shouldn't be forgotten.

David.Boettcher (talk) 11:33, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

 * The calculations above may not allow for the smaller carbon atoms largely locating (interstitially?) between the larger iron atoms ? - Rod57 (talk) 01:10, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, carbon interstitial in the iron crystal matrix is how it works to harden / strengthen, by breaking up dislocation planes (to grossly simplify). It's essentially not changing the matrix spacing at all.   Georgewilliamherbert (talk) 02:18, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

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Effects of Carbon-content
Shouldn't there be a paragraph or so on the effects of different carbon-contents? Example:

Higher carbon-content steels are stronger, but less malleable. This means that higher carbon-content steels can take more stress before showing signs of damage, but, instead of bending under stress, higher carbon-content steels tend to fracture, and so are much harder to repair when they are damaged. Higher carbon-content steels are also less dense than lower carbon-content steels, meaning that they are somewhat lighter, which is favorable for some roles (knives, saws, furniture, etc.) and unfavorable for others (hammers, axes, and other tools that work by delivering harsh impact). 2606:A000:4A96:7200:A0F3:A33C:C5DD:8F87 (talk) 17:12, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

High- to Ultra-High-Carbon Percentage Mismatch
In the section "AISI Classification", the four classess are listed as containing 0.05-0.30% (Low), 0.3-0.6% (Medium), 0.6-1.0% (High), and 3.25-4% (Ultra-High) carbon. So what's a steel with 1.0-3.25% carbon content? "Really-Awfully-High-Carbon"?

Looking at the cited article ( http://www.keytometals.com/Articles/Art62.htm ), it describes ultrahigh-carbon (sic) steel as having 1.25-2.0% carbon - I can't find any references to 3.25% or 4% anywhere on the page, and it even states "Generally speaking, carbon steels contain up to 2% total alloying elements and can be subdivided into low-carbon steels, medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels, and ultrahigh-carbon steels". Knowing only slightly more than nothing about steel composition ('it involves steel, and, um... stuff it's composed of?'), I don't want to go editing it... but is there a deliberate reason for the difference in figures, or did someone's finger just slip a couple keys to the right while editing?

71.234.116.22 (talk) 18:58, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

BMS - Bright Mild Steel
Please would someone knowledgeable add information or a section about BMS - Bright Mild Steel ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Darkman101 (talk • contribs) 20:22, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

History
Dear historians of metallurgy: would it be possible to have a short history of the carbon steel? I am interested in piano strings and I can't find the date and the person who 'invented' or 'discovered' the addition of carbon to change its properties. I heard it was in Birmingham but I got different names and dates, ranging from 1822 to 1834. I know by modern analysis that iron strings by 1780's had a content of carbon about 0.03 %, mostly as residues rather than added on purpose. The addition of carbon took the pianos (and also other instruments) into a new era as they needed to support much more tension so the whole industry had to adapt to the change leading to what we know as the modern piano. That's why I think it's important to state who did it and when that happened.Cesarhernandez1967 (talk) 10:32, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

Lack of photo
For Pete's sake, why not include at least a single photo showing an item made from carbon steel in this article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 06:13, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

Knives
From the lede:

Carbon steel is a popular metal choice for knife making due to its high amount of carbon, giving the blade more edge retention.

...true, to an extent. Compared to bronze or iron age knives, the modern carbon steel has way better edge retention. But the iron age is over and, as also noted in the lede, stainless steel is often distinguished from carbon steel in the common vernacular.

Modern stainless steels have far better edge retention than carbon steels, due to having harder and larger vanadium carbides, and better wear resistance. The main advantage of carbon steel is low cost and ease of heat treatment. When I find the time I hope to post some citations for this. -- Hunan201p (talk) 04:03, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Second half of "Types: Higher-carbon steels" is written terribly.
The second half of "Types: Higher-carbon steels" is written terribly. Its not in the passive voice, missing capitals at the start of some sentences, has extra capitals on some words, meanders, has poor flow, grammar is bad/wrong.

Recommend delete all of text below till someone can re-write it.

There are two types of Higher carbon steels which are High Carbon Steel and the Ultra High Carbon Steel. The reason for the limited use of High Carbon Steel is simple which is it has extremely poor Ductility and Weldability and not to mention the cost it incurs during its production. the applications best suited for the High Carbon Steels is its use in the spring industry, farm industry and in the production of wide range of high-strength wires. now let's talk about the Ultra High Carbon Steels which are mostly famous because they have a special property called the Superplasticity. Superplasticity exists in Ultra High Carbon Steels because of their microstructure which contains uniform distribution of very light, shape like sphere, but non-continuous particles which are present abundantly in the ferritic matrix and to produce the Superplasticity in Ultra High Carbon Steel is very simple i.e. by applying the thermomechanical treatment 198.84.204.137 (talk) 00:50, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

Minor error in unit conversion
This text, under Heat Treatment -> Full Annealing, contains an inaccurate Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion:

"The steel must then be cooled slowly, in the realm of 20 °C (68 °F) per hour."

20 C above zero is equivalent to 68 F above zero, but that's relative to each scale's zero. This is about the rate of cooling per hour, so it's not 9/5 + 32, it's just 9/5. 20 C per hour is 36 F per hour, not 68 F per hour. 142.161.231.175 (talk) 04:22, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

 * You are right! I have made the necessary amendment. Thanks for drawing the error to our attention. Dolphin ( t ) 07:02, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Carbon steel


text:
Izrael Poznański

Izrael Kalman Poznański (25 August 1833–28 April 1900) was a Polish-Jewish businessman, textile magnate and philanthropist in Łódź, Congress Poland (part of the Russian Empire), and the husband of Eleonora Hertz Poznańska. The mausoleum of Izrael and his wife, Eleonora Hertz, on the New Jewish Cemetery has been described as "probably the largest Jewish grave monument in the world". The mausoleum and mosaic covering the inside of the dome were restored in 1993.

Together with Ludwik Geyer and Karol Scheibler, he was counted among the three "Kings of Cotton" in Łódź. His complex of mills in Łódź, Poland, have been turned into the 69 ha Manufaktura mixed-use development, including a mall, 3 museums, a multiplex cinema, a hotel, and restaurants.

Youth
Poznański was the grandson of the merchant Izaak Poznański from the town of Kowal in Kuyavia and the youngest son of the merchant Kalman (who was given the surname Poznański) and Małka Lubińska. In 1825, the 40-year-old Kalman Poznański, with his wife, children, farmhand and servant, settled in Aleksandrów Łódzki. In 1834, the family, now quite wealthy, moved from Aleksandrów to Łódź, where the father acquired the right to trade in textiles, notably cotton and linen, and built the first two-story tenement house in the Old Town, where he also established a store selling fabrics and spices.

In Łódź, Izrael Poznański graduated from elementary school and the so-called junior high school. The future multi-millionaire entrepreneur learned from scratch. As a teenager, he collected scrap material using a rickety cart pulled by a run-down horse (later, to enhance his rags-to-riches tale, the rich man claimed that he did not have a horse at the time, and that he instead harnessed dogs to the cart). At the age of seventeen, in 1851, he married Leonia Hertz, the daughter of Mojżesz Hertz, a wealthy merchant from Warsaw. Izrael was described then as a "master of the weaving profession" bringing an estate worth 500 rubles to the marriage. His wife, Leonia, brought him a dowry selling goods in Warsaw.

Career
In December 1852, Izrael Poznański took over the management of the family business from his father, and gradually expanded it over the next half-century. In 1859 the gross output of his plant was valued at 6,000 zlotys; by 1868, this had increased to 23,000 rubles. By 1871 Poznański had begun buying up plots at 17–23 Ogrodowa Street in order to build a new grand industrial complex; the following year, the first factory facility was erected on the site, a high-output cotton mill with some 200 mechanical looms.

Subsequently, Poznański rapidly expanded his plant, as described by the following timeline:
 * 1874–75 - enlargement of the weaving mill, construction of a bleacher and a finishing plant
 * 1877 - construction of a huge building for a spinning mill
 * 1878 - own mechanical workshop
 * 1880 - factory hospital (St. Joseph Hospital, currently named after Radliński) at ul. Drewnowska 75
 * 1885–90 - "Szpital Orozakonnych", currently the Department of Endocrinology of the University Clinical Hospital no. WAM - Central Veterans Hospital at ul. 1/3 Sterling
 * 1887 - dye shop, finishing shop and central boiler room
 * 1890, 1895 - other weaving mills
 * 1893 - iron foundry
 * 1895–1897 - large cotton warehouses at the Old Cemetery

This impressive complex (shot by master Polish photographer Bronisław Wilkoszewski for his album Views of the City of Łódź in 1895 and illustrated here) still stands. Built nearly entirely of orange brick, it is entered from the street through a large gate resembling a grandiose triumphal arch. To the right behind the entry is the building housing the offices of the company directors, which preserves its original marble interior. The main building (dating from 1877–78) stretches 170 meters to the left behind the entrance. The corner towers contain staircase, ventilation shafts, and water tanks for fire relief. It originally contained five-aisled production halls, and functioned as an industrial complex until World War II before being nationalized under the Communist regime. After some years of neglect it has now been transformed into a multiplex cinema, shopping center, and hotel, called Manufaktura. Poznański's own palatial residence, next door, also still stands.

On October 29, 1889, the family business was transformed into a joint-stock company, like other cotton enterprises in Łódź. The official name of the plants was Towarzystwo Akcyjne Wyrobów Cottonowych IK Poznańskiego in Łódź (Poznański Cotton Products Joint Stock Company in Łódź). The expanding plants of Poznański employed more and more workers over the years: in 1865, there were some 70 workers; by 1879, this had grown to 426 workers; and in 1906, the firm employed around 6,800 people.

In 1883, a strike broke out at Poznański's factory as a result of deteriorating working conditions. At that time, the average workday for a laborer lasted 16 hours, from 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. That year, in addition, Izrael Poznański mandated that employees also work on public holidays, beginning on August 15, the Feast of Our Lady of Herbs. Any employee who disobeyed was fined up to 3 rubles. Protesters were subdued by the police and a group of Cossacks, and in all 50 people were removed from the factory. In February 1884, Poznański fined the workers who protested against working on the Feast of Our Lady of Candlemas. One of the workers was assaulted. In 1891, the report of the factory inspector documented that Poznański paid the lowest wages of any industrialist in Łódź, and the penalties that his weavers faced if they broke regulations were the most severe. During the Łódź revolt in 1892, Poznański set up a temporary investigative office at his factory, where several striking workers were humiliated, beaten, and then fired from the factory without proof of their guilt.

In 1884, Izrael Poznański purchased the property of Nieznanowice in the then-Włoszczowa district, where he built a starch factory to supply his textile factories in Łódź. The new plant employed 140 workers. He also built a two-story palace nearby modeled on neoclassical mansions. In the summer of 1889, a fire destroyed this factory completely, and losses in uninsured movable property were estimated at 60,000 rubles. In 1910, the Poznańskis sold the palace and the rest of the property of Niepanowice to the Karski family.

Izrael Poznański died on April 28, 1900, and two days later he was buried in the family tomb in the New Jewish Cemetery in Łódź. At the time of his death, he had amassed a fortune of 11 million rubles. World War I brought great losses to Poznański's enterprise. Successive generations managed the company until the 1930s, when the indebted business was taken over by Banca Commerciale Italiana.

Philanthropy
A clear change can be observed during Poznański's life story: initially he was known as a ruthless employer, neglecting the safety of employees. In his factories, there were numerous accidents resulting in disability or death. However, towards the end of his life he became involved in charity, building orphanages, schools for the poor and hospitals. He contributed in financing the iconostasis at the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Łódź, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus by the Imperial Russian authorities. In March 1895 he was awarded the Order of Saint Anna. In 1891, he financed a terracotta floor for the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, on pl. Kościelny in Łódź, made by the German company Villeroy & Boch from Mettlach. In the mid-1890s, he also financed ⅓ the cost of building a large organ in the church. On February 18, 1895, he notarised 100,000 rubles to transform the Higher School of Crafts in Łódź into a technical school. In 1899-1900 he was the president of the Łódź Jewish Charity Society, which he founded, among other organizations.

Family
Poznański and his wife Leonia had seven children:
 * 4 sons - Ignacy, Herman, Karol and Maurycy
 * 3 daughters - Anna (Ajdla, later wife of Jakub Hertz), Joanna Natalia (later wife of Zygmunt Lewiński), and Felicja (Fajga, died in infancy)

Cultural Depictions

 * The figures of Max Ashkenazi from the novel The Brothers Ashkenazi by Israel Joshua Singer and Shaya Mendelsohn from The Promised Land by Władysław Reymont are partly modeled on Izrael Poznański.
 * In May 2016, the Grand Theater in Łódź announced a competition to write an opera about Izrael Poznański, Man from Manufaktura to a libretto by Małgorzata Sikorska-Miszczuk. On January 5, 2017, the first public performance of competition excerpts from the opera took place. The winner of the competition was Rafał Janiak. The world premiere of his work, originally planned for November 2018, took place on February 2, 2019.

title: Izrael Poznański


text: User talk:24.76.254.99

title: User talk:24.76.254.99


text:
Figaro-Polka

 Figaro-Polka  op. 320 is a French polka written by Johann Strauss II in 1867 and was dedicated to Hippolyte de Villemessant, who was the editor-in-chief of the Paris newspaper Le Figaro.

De Villemessant, the dedicatee of the 'Figaro-Polka', championed Strauss in his newspaper. Strauss acknowledged de Villemessant's role in his Paris success and therefore dedicated the new polka to the latter. Its premiere was on 30 July 1867 at the Cercle International building at the Paris International Exhibition with the orchestra of Benjamin Bilse.

The polka is in the 'French-polka' style. The piece begins with chords in F major, and proceeds at a relaxed pace, with a lively finale.

title: Figaro-Polka


text: Talk:Pleasant Dreams

title: Talk:Pleasant Dreams


text:
Steve Podborski

Stephen Gregory "Steve" Podborski, (born July 25, 1957) is a Canadian former World Cup and Olympic  downhill ski racer.

Racing career
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Podborski started skiing at the age of two and a half at Craigleith Ski Club in Craigleith, Ontario. He joined the Canadian alpine ski team in 1973 and made his World Cup debut in 1974 at age 17, scoring two top ten finishes in his first World Cup season. He was due to make his Olympic debut at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, however he ruptured two knee ligaments in an accident just before the Games. He was a member of the Crazy Canucks, and won the bronze medal in the downhill at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid.

In 1982, Podborski became the first North American to win the World Cup season title in downhill ski racing. In total, he won eight World Cup downhill races, including the notorious Hahnenkamm in Kitzbühel, Austria, which he won twice (1981–82). In 34 more races, he finished in the top 10. He retired following the 1984 season at age 26. Podborski was on the podium in World Cup races 20 times in approximately 100 races with 8 victories.

Erik Guay is the only other male Canadian ski racer to win a World Cup season title (Super-G, 2011) (Nancy Greene won two overall World Cup crystal globes as well as two discipline titles in giant slalom) with 5 World Cup career wins, 1 in Downhill. Ken Read came close to winning the World Cup Downhill title (downhill, 1980) finishing second.

Podborski's racing career and successes led to many accolades, including being honoured with the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012.

World championship results
From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing.

National and Provincial honours
In 1982, Podborski was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Podborski was inducted to the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1985, Canadian Ski Hall of Fame in 1986 and Canadian Sport Hall of Fame in 1987.

In 2006, Podborski was inducted into the Ontario Sport Hall of Fame and his former team the Crazy Canucks were honoured on Canada's Walk of Fame.

After racing
Podborski participated in Prince Edward's charity television special The Grand Knockout Tournament in 1987.

He was on the bid committee for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, responsible for international relations; he also worked as a sports newscaster in Salt Lake City. He worked as a commentator for American television for three Winter Olympics (2002–2010). He covered freestyle skiing for NBC in 2006 and 2002, and snowboarding for Olympics on CBS in 1998. Podborski also covered the Olympic Games in Athens for NBC doing play by Play with Paul Sherwen for Cycling as well as play by play for Tae Kwon Do. Podborski's endeavours also include senior leadership roles in the corporate and non-profit sectors. In 2003, Podborski joined the Telus telecommunications firm, leading to a position of National Director, Community Sports and remained with the organisation until June 2017.

Podborski was named the Chef de Mission for the Canadian Olympic Team for the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014.

In June 2017, Podborski became President and CEO of Parachute, a Canadian charitable organisation which focuses on injury prevention. Podborski describes his move into the injury prevention field as a natural extension of his athletic training: "I was the guy who wanted to win, and you can’t win when you fall and get hurt. I was an early, dedicated fan of preventing injury." Podborski retired as CEO in May 2019 but continues to serve on Parachute's Board of Directors.

title: Steve Podborski


text:
WTEN

WTEN (channel 10) is a television station licensed to Albany, New York, United States, serving the Capital District as an affiliate of ABC. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, it is a sister station to Fox affiliate WXXA-TV (channel 23, also licensed to Albany), which is operated under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Mission Broadcasting. The two stations share studios on Northern Boulevard in Albany's Bishop's Gate section; WTEN's transmitter is located on the Helderberg Escarpment west of New Salem.

WTEN formerly operated full-time satellite WCDC-TV (channel 19) in Adams, Massachusetts, with transmitter located on Mount Greylock, the highest peak in Massachusetts. WCDC-TV's signal covered portions of western Massachusetts and southern Vermont that received a marginal to non-existent over-the-air signal from WTEN, although there was significant overlap between the two stations' contours otherwise. WCDC-TV was a straight simulcast of WTEN; the only on-air references to the station were the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-mandated hourly legal identifications. Aside from its transmitter, WCDC-TV did not maintain a physical presence in Adams. Nexstar planned to shut down WCDC-TV on December 1, 2017, via the FCC's spectrum incentive auction, but damage to the station's transmission line forced it to end operations two weeks early on November 19.

History
WTEN began broadcasting on October 14, 1953, as WROW-TV on UHF channel 41. It was owned by the Hudson Valley Broadcasting Company, operating alongside WROW radio (590 AM). The two stations shared space inside a former retirement home for nuns on a farm dirt road in the town of North Greenbush, near Troy. It broadcast from a temporary transmitter in Herkimer, limiting the signal to the immediate area. The station went to full power and installed a permanent tower next to the studio a few months later. It was originally the Capital District's ABC affiliate.

Within their first year, the station was losing money, and on the verge of bankruptcy. By November 1954, Hudson Valley's shareholders sold controlling interest to a New York City–based syndicate group led by legendary radio broadcaster/author Lowell Thomas and his manager/business partner Frank Smith, who became president of the company upon completion of the sale. After the sale, the station switched its affiliation to CBS on February 1, 1955. In the spring of 1956, the station's call letters were changed to WCDA (for "Capital District Albany") and a satellite station, WCDB (channel 29) in nearby Hagaman, New York was launched to reach areas in the northern portion of the market where the main signal did not penetrate. In December 1957, Hudson Valley merged with Durham Broadcasting Enterprises, the owners of WTVD in Durham, North Carolina, to form Capital Cities Television Corporation (predecessor of Capital Cities Communications) with WCDA as its flagship station.

That same year, the call letters were changed again to WTEN when the station moved to VHF channel 10. By this time, the market had expanded to cover not only east-central New York, but also large swaths of southwestern Vermont and western Massachusetts. Not only is this market one of the largest east of the Mississippi River, but much of it is very mountainous. UHF stations have never covered large areas or rugged terrain very well. When the FCC allocated two additional VHF channels to Albany, Hudson Valley sought and received permission to move to channel 10.

Upon moving to the VHF band, the station's transmitter was moved to Vail Mills, approximately 35 mi west of Albany. This was necessary to protect both WHEC-TV/WVET-TV in Rochester and WJAR-TV in Providence, Rhode Island. But the new transmitter proved inadequate for serving the Capital District proper. The FCC eventually allowed a waiver in 1963 which let WTEN move its transmitter to Voorheesville, closer to Albany. The new transmitter, located on the Helderberg Escarpment, was on some of the highest ground in the region, giving WTEN a coverage area comparable to that of long-dominant WRGB (channel 6).

In 1966, WTEN and WROW moved to new facilities on Albany's northside on Northern Boulevard, where WTEN remains (the WROW radio stations moved out in 1993, ten years after they were sold by Capital Cities). In 1966, the old studio in North Greenbush was burned down by an arson fire, but the station's owner donated its old transmitter to WRPI radio.

On April 27, 1971, Capital Cities sold WTEN to Poole Broadcasting. Following its purchase of several broadcast properties from Triangle Publications, Capital Cities had to sell off two VHF stations to stay within the FCC's limit of five stations per owner at the time. In mid-1977, Poole sold WTEN and sister stations WJRT-TV in Flint, Michigan, and WPRI-TV in Providence to Knight-Ridder, with the deal finalized in 1978. Before the sale could be completed, Knight-Ridder signed an affiliation deal with ABC, which resulted in WTEN swapping affiliations with WAST (channel 13, NBC-affiliated WNYT) on October 23, 1977, thus returning ABC back to channel 10 (WPRI-TV had switched to ABC from CBS that June and would eventually reaffiliate with CBS in September 1995, nine years after WTEN's former owners, Capital Cities, completed its acquisition of ABC in January 1986). Upon Knight-Ridder's exit from broadcasting in 1989, WTEN and sister station WKRN-TV in Nashville were sold to Young Broadcasting. Since the Young purchases of the two stations plus WTEN satellite WCDC were made through two separate deals, they were consummated more than three months apart.

WTEN signed-on its digital signal on UHF channel 26 in 2004 and began offering high definition service from the start. On October 1, 2007, Young Broadcasting launched the Retro Television Network (RTV) on a new third digital subchannel of WTEN. This was part of a test of the network with sister stations WBAY-TV in Green Bay and KRON-TV in San Francisco.

In an effort to cut costs, the company eliminated ten positions from WTEN on January 31, 2008, fueling speculation that the company might sell the station in order to pay down its financial debt. In January 2009, after failing to meet the minimum standards for listing on NASDAQ, Young Broadcasting was dropped from the exchange. One month later, on February 13, they declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company planned to auction off its stations in a New York City bankruptcy court on July 14, 2009, but canceled the auction at the last minute. After multiple issues with RTV operations and programming, Young switched their main subchannel affiliations to ABC's Live Well Network as part of a group deal with Young's other stations in 2012.

On July 27, 2012, it was announced that the Capital District's Fox affiliate, WXXA-TV, owned by Newport Television, would be sold to Shield Media, LLC (owned by White Knight Broadcasting vice president Sheldon Galloway) for $19.2 million. That company then entered into a shared services agreement with Young Broadcasting resulting in WTEN operating WXXA. On October 23, the FCC granted the transaction. The move was completed on March 23, 2013. Soon afterward, WXXA closed its studios on Corporate Circle in Albany and moved its operations to WTEN.

On June 6, 2013, Young Broadcasting announced that it would merge with Media General. The merger was approved by the FCC on November 8, after Media General shareholders approved the merger a day earlier; it was completed on November 12. More than two years later, on January 27, 2016, it was announced that the Nexstar Broadcasting Group would buy Media General for $4.6 billion. WTEN and the operations of WXXA became part of "Nexstar Media Group". The acquisition resulted in Nexstar owning stations in every television market in Upstate New York; the sale was completed on January 17, 2017.

WCDB
In the spring of 1956, satellite station WCDB on UHF channel 29 in Hagaman was launched to reach areas in the northern portion of the market where the main WCDA signal could not reach. This signed off in 1957 after WCDA moved its transmitter closer to Albany, making WCDB redundant even though it did provide some primary CBS coverage to Utica. The WCDB call sign would return to the air in 1978 for the student-run radio station at University at Albany. The UHF channel 29 allocation remained in the Albany market until the DTV transition in 2009; however, no other station had used the channel number since WCDB's sign-off.

WCDC-TV
WCDC began broadcasting on February 5, 1954, as WMGT ("Mount Greylock Television") on UHF channel 74, the highest channel number ever used by a full-power U.S. television station. WMGT began as a separate station affiliated with the DuMont network. The tower location on Mount Greylock (part of a state reserve) helped WMGT serve first as the market's secondary affiliate of DuMont and later as a major boost to WCDA. In December 1954, WMGT moved to channel 19 extending the station's range to the Capital District of New York State. In February 1956, it was forced off the air when a storm damaged its transmitter tower. Capital Cities bought the license and returned it to the air in 1957 under its final sign, WCDC. (The WMGT callsign is held by an NBC-affiliated station in Macon, Georgia.) After Capital Cities returned WCDC to the air and until it shut down, it served as a straight simulcast of WCDA/WTEN. Due to snow and ice build-up, a tower collapse forced WCDC off the air again in March 1983. Most cable systems on the Vermont and Massachusetts sides of the market picked up WCDC's signal. WTEN's various owners also leased tower space to other entities, including the Massachusetts State Police and competitor WNYT for their area translator station, as well as the area's main NPR station, WAMC-FM.

WCDC's digital signal on UHF channel 36 signed on nearly eighteen months before WTEN's did in 2002. However, it did not upgrade to high definition until WTEN-DT signed-on. WCDC shut down its analog signal on channel 19 on June 12, 2009, following WTEN's lead.

Citing declining over-the-air viewership, Nexstar Broadcasting, through the FCC's spectrum incentive auction in April 2017, was awarded $34,558,086 to agree to take WCDC-TV off the air; at the time, it indicated that WCDC would enter a channel sharing agreement (CSA) to continue providing service to viewers. Nexstar subsequently announced that WCDC would instead go dark December 1, 2017; however, damage to the station's transmission line in a storm would take WCDC off the air on November 19, almost two weeks earlier than scheduled. Nexstar informed the FCC that, due to insufficient time and a lack of available tower crews, the line would not be repaired before the planned shutdown date. Nexstar surrendered the WCDC-TV license for cancellation on February 12, 2018.

On December 22, 2017, WAMC entered into an agreement to purchase the Mount Greylock transmitter and tower from Nexstar for just over $1 million. Due to sitting on Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (MDCR) land and WTEN's lease having expired two years earlier, WAMC could have been taken off the air without purchasing the facility. WAMC owns the facility itself, but not the land beneath, which is under lease with the MDCR until 2025, and will fundraise in order to rebuild their financial reserves.

News operation
For most of its history, WTEN was a solid runner-up to WRGB, especially after moving its transmitter to Voorheesville. WNYT overtook WTEN for the runner-up spot by the late 1980s, and in 1992, scored its first late news victory. WTEN has generally remained at a stable second place since then, although for a period in the early 2000s, it fell back to third. At times during the 1990s and 2000s, this station has occasionally finished ahead of WRGB or, more recently, WNYT. In terms of Nielsen ratings, the Capital District has been a very competitive market, with WRGB, WTEN and WNYT waging a spirited battle for first place.

In November 2009, WNYT's newscasts slipped back to third place largely resulting from its owner Hubbard Broadcasting deciding to terminate many of its popular news team members. One notable personality let go from the NBC affiliate was Lydia Kulbida who was hired by WTEN in time to help launch the market's only over-the-air weekday local news show at 4 (which occurred on September 21, 2009). On October 26, 2011, WTEN became the second station in Albany to upgrade its newscasts to high definition level.

As a full-time satellite of WTEN, WCDC simulcast all newscasts from its parent outlet. Although there were no separate title openings or local cut-ins provided during the broadcasts, there was coverage of Western Massachusetts and Southwestern Vermont. Since 2001, rival WNYT has been the only Capital District-based television station to operate a bureau in Western Massachusetts (located in Pittsfield). With the consolidation of WXXA with WTEN, the ABC affiliate took over production of the Fox station's newscasts. The two stations' reporting staffs were merged immediately following the completion of Shield Media's purchase of WXXA. On January 24, 2013, the Fox outlet dropped its separate weeknight 5 and 11 o'clock newscasts. WXXA's weekday morning newscast (seen 7 to 9 a.m.) and nightly prime time broadcast at 10 were retained as this programming does not directly compete with local news airing on WTEN.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Ted Knight – "Windy Knight" and host of The Early Show (1955-1957; deceased)
 * Tim Lake – News anchor (2016–2022; now retired)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

WCDC carried WTEN's two subchannels as 19.2 and 19.3 respectively, and they were carried locally in Massachusetts on the digital tier of Time Warner Cable, and later its successor, Charter Communications.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WTEN shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 26; using virtual channel 10. In 2019, during the digital television repack, WTEN moved from UHF channel 26 to UHF channel 24.

title: WTEN


text:
Talk:Slipway

If the practice of building boats on a slipway is dying out, what's replacing it?

Various hauling methods
I'm posting this on the talk pages of the related articles, in the hope of unifying them.

I've just discovered the very haphazard nature of articles relating to the various methods of (for want of a completely neutral discriptor) removing a boat or ship from the water. There is lots of crisscrossing going on between dry dock, slipway, patent slip, marine railway, shiplift .... There isn't even a page for the most common name of one method (albeit a brand name), Travelift, or lift ship, as used for the USS Cole.

I suggest the following reorganization:
 * Drydock - with Floating Drydock and Graving Dock as subsections (pretty much as-is)
 * Lift Dock - with Shiplift as a redirect (this because the same basic concept is applied to vessels from the smallest to the really big)
 * Marine Railway - with Patent slip as a redirect
 * Boat Ramp - with Slipway as a redirect
 * Travelift
 * Lift Ship

Each article would have a common set of links to the others.

Also, I think a distinction needs to be made between launching ways that have no means to haul a vessel out, and a true marine railway.

Comments? Pjbflynn 06:53, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

I agree that some reorganisation is needed, though clearly no-one thinks this a priority given the 8 years that have elapsed since the above suggestion. In particular, in my experience, a slipway (whether with or without a marine railway), is a very different thing from a boat ramp, which is specifically for launching and retrieval of small craft using boat trailers attached to road-going vehicles. But maybe this is just a regional distinction? I'm from Australia. Ian Page (talk) 19:59, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I don't think it is too regional. As I understand it from my own experience in the United States, the American usage is the same as the Australian one: a "slipway" implies heavier things, with a keel-supporting structure, whereas a "boat ramp" implies a small craft area using a trailer or hands (in the case of kayacks or canoes). Perhaps there is a technical dictionary somewhere to answer this? Morgan Riley (talk) 23:28, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Slipway launching described
In his book "Fifty Years a Shipbuilder" (published by The Memoir Club in 2006)Macrocompassion (talk) 16:31, 19 March 2023 (UTC), Patrick G. Martin devotes a chapter to this subject and uses many technical (shipyard) expressions which need more explanation, because they are not commonly used outside these shipyards. However, the chapter is about the only source which does give details about how this operation is performed on a big ship. It is released by "triggers" that are connected by a wire to the formal launching platform. On being cut, the wire allows the triggers to stop holding the ship back and can be connected to release in stages the ship restraint on its hull and (presumably) launch carriage. By its huge mass it slides down the greased slipway, which can be set at only 5 degrees to the horizon. The ship slides down a "way" backwards into the water and its motion is stopped by the use of heavy chains that restrain it progressively after it begins to move. 2A0E:9CC0:23D8:1800:7C90:6010:BC22:D8D0 (talk) 16:26, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slipway


text:
Talk:Single-player video game

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 August 2020 and 12 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): 808TR777. Peer reviewers: Kev2kus.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:24, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Single player games still sell well
I find the article's original implication that single player games were "dying under the weight of the multiplayer revolution" more than odd.no more ≈

The following are examples of top-selling games, by year: 2003 April 2002 2000

Single player games appear to be going strong. Though I've played neither, I've found that the most exciting and hyped releases of this year are Doom 3, and Half Life 2.

And that's without consideration for how many single-player games are played online (flash, or otherwise). I don't have statistics for this, but as for a complete guess, I'd say that for every hour an madly obsessed, 8 hours a day gamer (or typical gamer) spends on a store-bought 1+ CD, complex multi- or single-player game, there are likley 10 hours that have been spent by many, many 'regular folk' mucking around with free flash games. Slike 18:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Oh well that sucks Jasmin151617888090 (talk) 07:05, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

Move article to "Single player game"?
I think it would be more informal. - Sylph 23:33, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

== Removed some odd claims, such as the Xbox claim and lack of friend.--Theblackgecko 00:44, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Why would we make it informal? ―  PapíDimmi  (  talk  |  contribs  ) 11:32, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

Single player mode?
According to the article,
 * "'single player mode' usually refers to a game that multiple people can play, but is played by a single person."

This sounds rather odd, as the term implies that only one person can play. Personally, I've never heard this definition, either. As a result, I'm adding to the article. -- VGF11 00:42, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind. I think I understand what the sentence meant, and I've changed it to a more clear sentence. -- VGF11 23:24, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Pk Pintu Das (talk) 06:08, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Early games not mostly one-player
Two-player games appeared with the first personal computers

This is not correct, Tennis for Two was already a Two-player game and didn't use a personal computer. --MrBurns (talk) 09:44, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The earliest games (SpaceWar, Pong etc) were 2 player games. Also, most arcade games of the 70s/80s offered 2 player modes although only one played at once. Retro junkie (talk) 12:12, 7 April 2009 (UTC)leeds united are the best

Move article
Someone made a section about this before, but it looks like nobody replied, so I’m making this section.

Why is this article titled Single-player video game, whilst articles such as Platform game, Action game, Shooter game, etc. don’t include the “video” part?

I think that we should move this article to “Single-player game,” as the “video” part isn’t really necessary. ―  PapíDimmi  (  talk |  contribs  ) 00:13, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Because this isn't a genre, like "platform game", which is the WP:COMMONNAME. This is a description, like educational video game or history of video games or cheating in video games. This is using the convention of spelling out and disambiguating "video game" as the common name/term versus just "game". That said, if "single-player game" and "multiplayer game" are provably common names nowadays, then we might move the page(s). (Also, you should make a proper WP:MOVEREQ if you want outside input, as hardly anyone will see this section (again).) — HELL KNOWZ  ▎TALK 11:14, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Oh… well, thanks. It’s hard to keep track of Wikipedia’s million policies and guidelines. ―  PapíDimmi  (  talk  |  contribs  ) 11:16, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

New image
In the lead, the Frozen Bubble screenshot should be replaced with File:Tetris basic game.gif. Thoughts?  Tera TIX  06:19, 19 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Tetris is a more well-known and classic example of a single-player videogame. (Note: the image is actually of a JsTetris version)
 * The new image illustrates gameplay more effectively
 * Both are free (CC BY-SA 4.0 for Tetris, GNU General Public License for Frozen Bubble)

title: Talk:Single-player video game


text:
Bloch MB.160

The Bloch MB.160 was a fourteen-seat French airliner intended for use in the French African colonies. Three were built and two entered service with Régie Air-Afrique at the start of World War II. Developments included the Bloch MB.162 bomber which was too late for service and the Sud-Est SE.161 Languedoc, one hundred of which were built post-war.

Development
The first flight of the Bloch MB.160 was on 18 June 1937, piloted by André Curvale at Villacoublay, Marcel Bloch's base.

On 20 August, now named the Lieutenant-Génin, it was one of thirteen aircraft from three countries (France, Italy and the UK) to take part in a 6190 km race from France to Syria and back, flying from Istres to Damascus and returning to Paris. Nine finished, with Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s in the first three places; the Bloch, piloted by Captain François, was seventh, taking 17h 38 min at an average speed of 273 km/h.

On 17 October the MB.160 set a new world speed record for an aircraft carrying a 5000 kg useful load over 2000 km, averaging 307.455 km/h.

By March 1938 it had completed testing at Marignane and had returned to Villacoublay for minor aileron alterations and for some internal revision. By this time a second example was under way. As late as November 1938 one Bloch MB.160 was back for further modifications to the wing. In July 1939 the first of two delivered to Air-Afrique (only the second and third Bloch 160s appeared on the French civil register ) had completed its exploration flights, with passengers, in Algeria.

Though only three MB.160s were built a development of it, the MB.161, was the pre-war prototype of the Sud-Est SE.161 Languedoc. Its first flight was in September 1939; one hundred of them were built post-war. The Languedoc had a 7% greater span, twin end plate fins and a slightly shorter fuselage. 1150 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N44/45 radial engines replaced the Hispano-Suizas in the prototype but production aircraft had 1200 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 Twin Wasp radials.

The MB.162 was the final MB.160 variant, initially developed for long range flights but flown as a bomber. Like the MB.161, it had twin fins and Gnome-Rhône 14N engines. Only one was built, making its first flight on 1 June 1940.

Design
The all-metal Bloch MB.160 was designed to meet the needs of Régie Air-Afrique on its routes between French colonies in Africa.

It was a four engine, cantilever low wing monoplane. In plan the wing was triangular apart from elliptical tips, with sweep only on the leading edge. It had three parts, a centre section that extended just past the outer engines and carried split flaps which continued under the fuselage, and two outer sections with trailing edges largely occupied by balanced ailerons. The wing had two longerons on each side, the forward ones parallel to the leading edge and the rear at right angles to the fuselage. These were bound together in the centre section by a trellis of box-girders. The wing skin was stressed Vedal sheet, flush riveted together.

The Bloch MB.160 was powered by four 720 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Xirs.1 V-12 engines. They were water-cooled with oval radiators immediately behind the propeller disc and were mounted well ahead of the leading edge, enclosed in cowlings which extended a little way aft of the leading edge. Their fuel was in centre section tanks.

It had an oval section fuselage formed by a series of frames and bulkheads, joined by longerons and covered in stressed Vedal. The four crew, two pilots, a flight engineer and a radio operator, worked together in a well-glazed cockpit linked by a corridor to the passengers' cabin. Their accommodation was configurable but the Air-Afrique layout provided chaise-longues/couchettes for ten and armchairs for four. With a pair of armchairs in the place of each chaise-longue, twenty-four passenger might have been carried. At the rear of the cabin there was a bar, toilets and, behind them, a baggage compartment.

The MB.160 had conventional empennage, with the tailplane and elevators mounted near the top of the fuselage. Together, they were tapered and round tipped; the elevators, like the rudder, had trim tabs. The latter was straight-edged and balanced. Though it extended to the keel, it was hinged non-vertically so was far enough back to clear the elevators. The fin was essentially triangular. All the rear surfaces had steel internal structures rather like those of the wing.

It had retractable conventional landing gear mounted just behind the leading edge of the wing under the inner engines and hydraulically retracting into their nacelles between the engine and the forward wing spar. This produced a track of 5.25 m. Each undercarriage unit carried a single low pressure wheel, equipped with a brake, between two oleo-pneumatic legs. There was a fork-mounted tailwheel.

Variants

 * MB.160
 * 3 built.

 * MB.161
 * Prototype of the SE.161 Languedoc. Similar to MB.160 but with twin fins, Gnome-Rhône 14N44/45 radial engines and revised dimensions. 33 passengers, 100 built postwar with Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasps.

 * MB.162
 * Designed as long range variant of MB.160, with twin fins, shorter fuselage and Gnome-Rhône 14N. Built as a heavy bomber but only 1 completed.

Operators

 * Régie Air-Afrique

title: Bloch MB.160


text:
Katarzyna Ostrogska (1602–1642)

Princess Katarzyna Ostrogska (1602–1642) was a Polish–Lithuanian noblewoman, founder of the city of Biała (modern Janów Lubelski). She was the maternal grandmother of King of Poland Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki.

Life
She was the daughter of voivode of Wołyń Prince Oleksander Ostrogski h. Ostrozky, and Anna Kostka h. Dąbrowa. She married voivode of Podole and Kijów (Kyiv, also Kiev) Chancellor Tomasz Zamoyski h. Jelita. She became the mother of Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski (1627-1665), voivode of Kijów and Sandomierz (married Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, the later consort to King John III Sobieski), Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska (1623-1672), mother of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, and Joanna Barbara Zamoyska (1626-1653).

Widowed in 1638, she took over the management of the Zamoyski Estate. 21 July 1640, the king granted her the privilege to found the city of Biała. She was also granted the right to organize the government of the city and appoint its officials. She wrote several documents regulating the life in her city.

title: Katarzyna Ostrogska (1602–1642)


text:
Yeleninka

Yeleninka (Еленинка), also known as Yeleninsky (Еленинский) and Yeleninskoye (Еле́нинское), is a rural locality (a selo) in Kartalinsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia.

It is the birthplace of Vasily Zaytsev, the famous World War II Soviet sniper.

title: Yeleninka


text:
Metal leaf

A metal leaf, also called composition leaf or schlagmetal, is a thin foil used for gilding and other forms of decoration. Metal leaves can come in many different shades. Some metal leaves may look like gold leaf but do not contain any real gold. This type of metal leaf is often referred to as imitation leaf.

Metal leaves are usually made of gold (including many alloys), silver, copper, aluminium, brass (sometimes called "Dutch metal" typically 85% Copper and 15% zinc) or palladium, sometimes also platinum.

Vark is a type of silver leaf used for decoration in Indian cuisine.

Goldbeating, the technique of producing metal leaves, has been known for more than 5,000 years. A small gold nugget 5 mm in diameter can be expanded to about 20,000 times its initial surface through hammering, producing a gold foil surface of about one half square meter with a thickness of 0.2–0.3 μm.

title: Metal leaf


text: Category:Southend-on-Sea

title: Category:Southend-on-Sea