text: Category:Lagwagon albums

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Lagwagon albums


text:
Trashed (album)

Trashed is the second album by the punk rock group Lagwagon, released on January 4, 1994. This album builds on the skate punk sound of their debut album, with harmonized vocals and start-stop rhythms reminiscent of NOFX. Fat Mike of NOFX co-produced the album, and provides backing vocals on the second track of the album, Lazy.

Production and composition
Like its predecessor, Duh, Trashed was recorded at Westbeach Recorders in 1993 with producer Fat Mike. The album was also produced by the band themselves.

Discussing "Know It All", guitarist Shawn Dewey explained that it was "constructive criticism, towards people who are involved in the whole scene and they like certain bands at certain times."

Reception
Trashed was released on January 4, 1994 through Fat Wreck Chords.

Trashed was also released in the same year as Green Day's Dookie, Bad Religion’s Stranger than Fiction, NOFX's Punk in Drublic, and The Offspring's Smash, which are all widely considered to be the most important and successful albums of the 1990s California punk scene era. New York melodic hardcore punk band After the Fall has a song called "1994", which mentions Trashed and other albums released that year. 1994 is from their 2009 album Fort Orange. Trashed includes a cover of Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl" on track 10.

Artwork
The album's cover features scattered garbage, which references the album's title. In the center of the trash is a photograph of the Lagwagon members. The 1979 AC/DC album Highway to Hell is seen at the top right of the cover. The back cover features a picture of the back of the band's tour van, spray painted with the track names.

title: Trashed (album)


text:
Talk:Trashed (album)

Lazy and Fat Mike
I am not sure if i can hear Fat Mike in the background of the song Lazy. Could someone confirm/deny that for me? 188.101.221.246 (talk) 06:12, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trashed (album)


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Edward Bramwell Clarke

Edward Bramwell Clarke (31 January 1874 – 28 April 1934) was an educator in Meiji period Japan, who is credited with introducing the sport of rugby to Japan.

Early life
Clarke was born at the treaty port of Yokohama, the son of a baker. He graduated with degrees in law and literature from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1899. Returning to Japan at the same year as an oyatoi gaikokujin, he received a post as an instructor in English language and English literature at Keio University in Tokyo.

Rugby in Japan
Clarke wanted to give his students something constructive to do to keep them from idling and wasting "the lovely autumn weather", and rugby which he had enjoyed as a student was what he decided to pass on to them. Together with fellow Cambridge alumni Tanaka Ginnosuke, he established a rugby union at Keio in 1899 and served as coach to the fledgling team.

On 7 December 1901 the members of the Keio Rugby Club, selected by Tanaka and Clarke, took part in the first rugby game with foreigners at Yokohama. Clarke that day played as full-back and Tanaka as stand-off. Clarke continued to coach rugby at Keio until 1907, after which an injury to his right leg complicated by rheumatism, led to its amputation.

In 1913, Clarke moved to a teaching post in Kyoto at the Third High School, and he became a professor of the literature department of Kyoto Imperial University in 1916. Clarke was an excellent academic and a prolific contributor to the Encyclopædia Britannica, under the initials "EB", and was in correspondence with Lafcadio Hearn. He continued to work at Kyoto Imperial University until his death in 1934 of an intracranial hemorrhage. His grave is at the Kobe Municipal Foreign Cemetery in Kobe, Japan.

Select works

 * 1914 -- Representative Tales of Japan: Little Masterpieces from Present Day Japanese Writers with Asatarō Miyamori. Tokyo: Sanseidō.

title: Edward Bramwell Clarke


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Movimento artístico

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was transwiki. Woohookitty 05:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Movimento artístico
The English version exists here Artistic_movement. Move to portuguese wiki & delete Mlk 04:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Duplicate and untranslated. Geogre 14:09, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the Portuguese wiki and delete. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 16:20, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Portugese Wikipedia then speedy delete this article under criterion #7. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 18:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, Speedy Wyss 19:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the Portuguese wiki and delete. agolivei 19:51, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Toronto Harbour

Toronto Harbour or Toronto Bay is a natural bay on the north shore of Lake Ontario, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Today, the harbour is used primarily for recreational boating, including personal vessels and pleasure boats providing scenic or party cruises. Ferries travel from docks on the mainland to the Islands, and cargo ships deliver aggregates and raw sugar to industries located in the harbour. Historically, the harbour has been used for military vessels, passenger traffic and cargo traffic. Waterfront uses include residential, recreational, cultural, commercial and industrial sites.

Description
There are two harbours: the original natural harbour, today named the "Inner Harbour", and the "Outer Harbour". Access into the Inner Harbour is made via either the Western Gap or Eastern Gap. The Don River drains into the Inner Harbour from the north-east, through the Keating Channel. The makeup of the soil between the mainland and the island varies depending on the area of the harbour. Near the Western Gap (the western access point to Toronto's Inner Harbour), the sediment is made up of stone, whereas sand makes up the sediment near Billy Bishop Island Airport, and the western parts of the Toronto Islands' north shore. Clay is more prominent in near the centre of the harbour, whereas the soil turns to mud near the north shore, towards the mouth of the Don River.

Inner Harbour
The Inner Harbour is used by pleasure boats and commercial vessels. The Port of Toronto is operated by PortsToronto and is located on the eastern shore of the harbour. The port consists of cargo facilities and the International Marine Passenger Terminal, a passenger ship dock on the eastern shore. The north shore has a mixed range of uses including Harbourfront, a conversion from industrial land to recreational and cultural uses. Harbourfront has parks, hotels, an amphitheatre, and many other facilities. The north shore retains one port-related industrial use, the Redpath Sugar Refinery, while most of the lands have been converted to other uses. The Jack Layton Ferry Terminal is located at the foot of Bay Street and pleasure and party cruise boats dock along the shore to the west of York Street.

The Toronto Islands are a chain of small islands located just offshore from Downtown Toronto, providing shelter for the inner harbour. Most of the Islands is parkland, although it is also the site of several boat clubs, an amusement park, an airport, and a small residential area.

The Western Gap is a 120 m wide channel allowing western access to the Inner Harbour. The gap is deep enough (over 31 metres) to allow large ships (like lake freighters) to enter and exit into the Inner Harbour. The Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport is located on the south side of the channel and is accessed by ferry and tunnel. Before the Western Gap was dug in 1910, the waterway was wide with a shallow sandy shoal surrounding what became Hanlan's Point. The sands were deposited on either side of the new channel and are part of the airport lands.

The Eastern Gap is an approximately 200 m wide passage between Ward's Island and the western edge of the Port Lands and used by most freighters to enter into the inner harbour and port facilities. The gap was first formed from 1852 to 1858 when storms caused a break in the sandy spit that connected the area with the mainland.

Prior to the 1800s, small boat users had to use a portage on the western end of the sandy spit peninsula (thus requiring them to travel a short distance on land) from Lake Ontario to the inner harbour. After 1858, the Harbour Trust made the temporary channel into a permanent waterway.

Outer Harbour
Toronto also has a second harbour, referred to as the Outer Harbour. The City of Toronto's Cherry Beach (formerly Clarke Beach Park), located on the north side of the Outer Harbour, is popular in summer. It typically meets high water quality, environmental and safety standards. A proposed 37 km Lake Ontario Park by Waterfront Toronto would pass through the Outer Harbour. The City of Toronto operates a marina in east end of the Harbour. Eight community water-sport clubs, forming the independent Outer Harbour Sailing Federation, share a small strip east of Cherry Beach Clarke Beach Park.

The harbour was developed in the 1950s and 1960s by the Toronto Harbour Commission through the construction of a new breakwater called the Outer Harbour East Headland. At that time, it was expected that there would be a great upswing in the number of ships calling at Toronto once the Saint Lawrence Seaway opened. However, the need for an extra harbour never materialized, and private boats are the only traffic usually found there now.

Gaasyendietha
Gaasyendietha is a legendary Loch Ness Monster-type creature and it is sometimes spotted in Lake Ontario and even within the Toronto Harbour. The story of Gaasyendietha is a Native Canadian myth from the Seneca tribe.

History
The original shoreline of the northern shore was low sandy bluffs, just south of today's Front Street. The mouth of the harbour pointed west. The islands used to be a low sandy peninsula forming the southern limit of the bay. The Scarborough Bluffs are much larger bluffs that lie approximately 6.2 mi east of the harbour. Strong lake currents over time washed the sand eroded from the bluffs westwards to form the peninsula surrounding the bay. The eastern shore of the bay, approximately six kilometres east, was a marsh around the mouth of the Don River. In addition to the Don River, a number of smaller creeks flowed into the bay. The original site of the town of York had half a dozen short creeks that flowed through it.

The town of York was established in 1793 in a ten-block rectangle bounded by the present Front Street, Berkeley, Duke (now Adelaide) and George Street alongside Taddle Creek. A government wharf was built to handle the transfer of ships' cargoes. A garrison at the entrance to the harbour, at the mouth of Garrison Creek, was established to guard the harbour along with a blockhouse on the island. In 1801, York became an official port-of-entry for immigrants and cargo. In 1808, the Gibraltar Point lighthouse was built on the island to guide ships.

In the early 19th century, cargoes destined for York would be transferred at Montreal to smaller boats such as Durham boats and batteaux to traverse the rapids of the St. Lawrence River. Although not fully established by the War of 1812, the British colonial army was determined to set up boat-building for the defences at York. Fort York, on the north shore of the bay, near the mouth of Garrison Creek, guarded the harbour's mouth. An armed schooner was under construction at the York Naval Shipyards when the Americans attacked and the British burned the hull rather than surrender it. The invaders occupied Fort York, looted the town and destroyed military facilities.

In 1825, the Lachine Canal was built to bypass the Lachine Rapids. Some of the boats used for cargo were now being built at Toronto Bay. By the time of the establishment of the Town of Toronto, three large wharves existed for shipping, King's Wharf at Peter Street, Cooper's Wharf at Church Street and Merchant's Wharf at Caroline Street (today's Sherbourne Street). The new Queen's Wharf, at the foot of Bathurst Street, was constructed in two stages, eventually reaching 244 ft in length. Commissioned by the Province of Upper Canada, it cost £4,500. The first harbourmaster of Toronto, Hugh Richardson, was named in 1833. Richardson held the position until 1870. While the Queen's Wharf no longer exists, the Queen's Wharf Lighthouse still exists, eventually moved to a location off today's Lake Shore Boulevard in 1929. In 1849, the Harbour Trust was formed to manage the port and the Queen's Wharf.

In 1832, the Gooderham and Worts Distillery went into operation, using a windmill on the Toronto waterfront, near the Don River, to provide power. The Distillery had been conceived as a plant to make flour, but the distillery business was much more popular. By 1837, the mill was producing more than 28000 gal of whiskey annually.

By 1840, the entire waterfront was populated with government and merchant wharves. The Esplanade, a 100 ft-wide road, was proposed, just south of Front Street, with new water lots made from cribbing and filling of the shore to the south. The waterfront was extended to a survey line from the point of the Gooderham windmill west to a point due east of the old Fort Rouillé. Ostensibly for carriages and carts, the roadway eventually became primarily the route for rail lines in the central core. In exchange for 40 ft of the Esplanade, the railways underwrote the infilling of the harbour. The Esplanade and infill project was complete by 1865. A section of The Esplanade from Yonge Street to Berkeley Street still exists as a roadway and park. The rail lines moved to a viaduct in the 20th century.

The harbour saw increased activity in the 1840s. Harbour dues increased by 25 per cent between 1843 and 1844 alone. This saw an increase in the number of ships using the harbour. Donald Bethune operated a fleet of eight steamships out of Toronto harbour.

The peninsula became the Toronto Islands through the result of two storms and man-made activity. In 1852, a storm created a channel through the eastern edge of the peninsula that formed the south edge of the bay. The storm washed through excavations made for sand for local construction. In 1858, another storm widened the channel and made it permanent.

The first rail line to the harbour was the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railroad in 1853. The next rail line was the Grand Trunk, which underwrote the Esplanade project in exchange for an easement to enter the City. The Canadian Pacific Railway arrived in 1886, through the purchase of the Credit Valley Railway. Most of the area along the shoreline was connected to the railways. Manufacturers of products such as soap received raw materials via boat, produced the product at their location on the harbour, and distributed it via rail.

As well as cargo, the harbour also became a major passenger waypoint. By the 1880s, the harbour was handling 1,250,000 passengers annually through passenger steamship docks at the foot of Yonge Street. Passenger boats operated on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Excursions to Niagara also departed from the Yonge Street docks.

The western channel's depth was found to be too shallow by 1906 when the steam barge Resolute sank outside the harbour during a storm. The barge was unable to shelter in the harbour. The Queen's Wharf area was rebuilt during the years of 1908 to 1911 by the federal government. The existing channel could not be dredged to a lower depth, as its bottom was solid rock, so a new, deeper, western channel was dug 1300 ft to the south of the existing one. The sand removed for the new channel created a total of 45 acre of new land, split evenly to the north and the south of the new channel. The Queen's Wharf site became the eventual site of the Loblaws warehouse at the intersection of Bathurst Street and Fleet Street. The rebuilding of the Loblaws warehouse in the 2010s uncovered an old boat, left in the landfill when the Queen's Wharf area was filled in.

The 1910 Toronto Board of Trade proposal for the Ashbridge's Bay was for an industrial district for industrial offices and sites served by railway lines, public warehouses alongside docking facilities south of Keating Channel to the Eastern Gap and parkland/recreational strip at the south end. In 1911, the Toronto Harbour Commission was created. The lands of the waterfront that were owned by the City of Toronto were transferred to the Commission to administer. In 1912, the commission delivered its first plan for the harbour and the waterfront from the Humber River in the west, to Woodbine Avenue to the east. The Commission dredged the harbour to a depth of 24 ft to match the new Welland Canal.

As the city of Toronto grew the northern shore of the bay was further altered by landfill, and has been moved approximately 500 m south. After the Esplanade landfill, the second landfill project in 1910 filled the water lots, which extended the shoreline south of today's Lake Shore Boulevard, providing room for the Terminal Warehouse, the Toronto Harbour Commission Building and other facilities along the new Queen's Quay. The final infill on the north shore was in the 1950s, from Yonge Street east to the Don River, providing room for the Redpath Sugar Refinery, the Victory Soy Mills and several marine terminals.

In the 1920s, most of the low-lying marsh of Ashbridge's Bay was filled in to create Toronto's inner harbour area (with the small section to the east and the shipping channel the only reminder of the body of water). In the 1930s, the waters of Hanlan's Bay on the western point of the islands were infilled to create the Toronto Island Airport.

By the time that the plans to build the St. Lawrence Seaway were announced, commercial usage of the harbour was already in decline. The previous infill on the eastern side created in the 1920s was used to build modern port facilities. In the 1970s, the northern shore was in decline and there was a new political initiative to rebuild the waterfront without industry in a manner seen in other cities. The Harbourfront project expropriated the lands west of York Street. Several facilities were renovated, such as the Terminal Warehouse, and others were demolished, creating space for recreational and cultural uses. The area around Yonge Street remained in private possession and a hotel and condominiums were built on the shoreline. The area east of Yonge Street remained in light industrial use under public possession. On the north side of the harbour, there are a few buildings left from the industrial period. Some are in use, such as the Redpath Sugar Refinery. Others have been demolished or are slated for demolition, including grain storage elevators at the east and west end of the inner harbour.

Starting in 1972, the Government of Canada spent CA$10 million ($ in dollars) to dredge and widen the Eastern Gap, making it the primary entrance to the harbour for commercial boats. The 10 e9cuyd of material was used to build the aquatic park on the Outer Harbour headland.

In June 2004, the company Canadian American Transportation Systems (CATS) began regular passenger/vehicle ferry service between Pier 52 and Rochester, New York using the vessel Spirit of Ontario I. The service used a marketing name called "The Breeze". While Rochester had a custom-built ferry terminal, the Toronto terminal was a temporary facility, near the end of Cherry Street for security and customs screening facilities while a permanent marine passenger terminal was still under consideration for construction. CATS discontinued the service after only 11 weeks; among the problems cited was the absence of a permanent marine passenger terminal in Toronto and little Canadian interest in the service. The vessel was sold in a bankruptcy sale in February 2005 to Rochester Ferry Company LLC, a subsidiary of the City of Rochester. In April 2005, Rochester Ferry Company LLC announced that the Rochester-Toronto ferry service using Spirit of Ontario I would return, operated by Bay Ferries Great Lakes Limited and using the marketing name The Cat. The Toronto Port Authority officially opened the International Marine Passenger Terminal on June 27, 2005, three days before ferry service resumed. Even with impressive passenger numbers by the winter of 2006 the ferry service lost funding from the City of Rochester and announced that it would no longer be in business. The terminal building was later used for filming the CBC crime drama The Border. In 2018, Waterfront Toronto began construction on the Don River Mouth Naturalization, which will create another outlet for the Don River into Toronto Harbour. Essroc pier has been demolished and Polson Pier will be demolished. The bank on the harbour in these areas will be turned into parkland. A regulatory flood channel will spill into the Ship Channel. The project will be completed in 2024.

The original area of the harbour in 1834 was estimated to be about 2150 acre. With infilling, the area has declined to an area of 1210 acre in size.

Quays and wharves
Wharves existed along Toronto's waterfront in the 19th century, but they have since been replaced by quays. Most of the former wharves disappeared when the waterfront was filled in along with the now "missing" creeks of Toronto. A list of current quays/slips along the waterfront:

 * Bathurst Quay
 * Maple Leaf Quay
 * John Quay
 * York Quay
 * Queen's Quay
 * Yonge Quay
 * Rees St. Slip
 * Simcoe St. Slip

A list of former wharves along the central waterfront:

 * Allan's/Merchant's Wharf – Frederick Street
 * Commissariat Wharf – Peter Street
 * P.D Conger's Wharf – York Street
 * Cooper's/Feighan's/Maitland's Wharf – Church Street
 * Dufferin Street Wharf
 * Gooderham's Wharf and Elevator – Don River
 * Hamilton Wharf – Church Street
 * Higginbotham's Wharf – Yonge Street
 * Hogarty and Grussett Wharf and Elevator – Simcoe Street
 * Manson's Wharf – Market Street
 * Millous Wharf – Yonge Street
 * King's/Navy Wharf – between John and Peter Streets
 * Northern Railway Wharf and Elevator – Portland Street
 * Queen's Wharf – Bathurst Street
 * Sylvester Brothers and Hickman's Wharf – Church Street
 * Taylor's Wharf – George Street
 * Tinning's Wharf – York Street
 * Toronto and Northern Railway Wharf – Berkeley Street
 * Walsh and Love's Wharf – Simcoe Street

Ships of Toronto Harbour
Vessels found or associated with Toronto Harbour include:

title: Toronto Harbour


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File:Blacksmoke Post-terrorism DIY EP cover.jpg

Summary
Cover art for the free-to-download EP by Blacksmoke. This artwork was made freely available at the artists' website, blacksmoke.org.

Fair use in Blacksmoke
Although the picture is subject to copyright I (Kingboyk) feel and assert that it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * it is a low resolution copy of an LP cover;
 * the recording and cover were offered for free download, but not under any recognised free licence;
 * it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the LP in any way, and the LP was never offered for sale;
 * no free alternative is available;
 * it is being used to illustrate an article on the recording in question.


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User talk:Kaerondaes

Hi, I'm Kaerondaes. If you do a search on the internet for Kaerondaes, there is likely only one Kaerondaes to be found. Me. But I could be wrong. My real name is almost as crazy as this one. Almost. On most days. ;)

Where the heck did this outrageous name come from? Well, when I was a kid it was my Dungeons and Dragons character. I think I'd seen too much pseudoWelsh and the idea stuck in my head. It's continued to be my "name" for many things.

Welcome to Wikipedia
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Nomination of Black Hat and Mirror Shades for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Black Hat and Mirror Shades is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Black Hat and Mirror Shades until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Northamerica1000(talk) 08:22, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kaerondaes


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Talk:Massively multiplayer online game

Same-world requirement needs better justification
Currently the only source to support the "MMOs are about the same world" claim is Techopedia (which is at the very best is a tertiary source, and even it being WP:RS is arguable). Moreover, Techopedia does not really require the action to happen within one single world instance (the wording in Techopedia definition does allow for different interpretations, and "usually" is a very weak modifier to make bold statements based on it - making it a pretty bad case of WP:OR here). Overall - answer to the question of "whether games such as DOTA or CS qualify as MMOs" desperately needs MUCH better justification. Ipsign (talk) 06:14, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Moreover, if using current definition, we'd need to exclude WoW etc. too (as they do run multiple instances of their game worlds). Doubleplusungood. Ipsign (talk) 06:23, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * FWIW, a link (not really supporting any position, but still of potential use): . Ipsign (talk) 06:32, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't think "simultaneously in the same instance" is meant to state "one single instance". An MMO can have many instances, each supporting large numbers of players. -- ferret (talk) 15:31, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I think the definition needs to be looked into, as you have sources (like Extra Credits on YouTube) that call Warframe an MMO (see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERepKk7dZSc&feature=youtu.be&t=117 ), despite Warframe not being recognized by Wikipedia as an MMONahoward (talk) 20:52, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

Title Casing
Why are the words "multiplayer online game" not capitlaized in the title? Alexander Baconilton (talk) 22:51, 19 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Why would they be? It's not a proper noun. -- ferret (talk) 23:15, 19 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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The first graphical MMO
Currently the article names "the multiplayer flight combat simulation game Air Warrior by Kesmai" as the first graphical MMO in 1986. But Air Warrior was published in 1988. Meanwhile, Lucasfilm's Habitat was published in first half of 1986. Either Air Warrior is not the first graphical MMO, or the dates on it's own wikipedia article (and MobyGames) are wrong. -- Mozai (talk) 21:55, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The 1986 may be wrong, but Air Warrior would still be considered first for publication. Habitat was in beta in 86-88, and not officially released till 89. -- ferret (talk) 23:05, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Massively multiplayer online game


text:
Rationing in the United Kingdom

Rationing was introduced temporarily by the British government several times during the 20th century, during and immediately after a war.

At the start of the Second World War in 1939, the United Kingdom was importing 20 million long tons of food per year, including about 70% of its cheese and sugar, almost 80% of fruit and about 70% of cereals and fats. The UK also imported more than half of its meat and relied on imported feed to support its domestic meat production. The civilian population of the country was about 50 million. It was one of the principal strategies of the Germans in the Battle of the Atlantic to attack shipping bound for Britain, restricting British industry and potentially starving the nation into submission.

To deal with sometimes extreme shortages, the Ministry of Food instituted a system of rationing. To buy most rationed items, each person had to register at chosen shops and was provided with a ration book containing coupons. The shopkeeper was provided with enough food for registered customers. Purchasers had to present ration books when shopping so that the coupon or coupons could be cancelled as these pertained to rationed items. Rationed items had to be purchased and paid for as usual, although their price was strictly controlled by the government and many essential foodstuffs were subsidised; rationing restricted what items and what amount could be purchased as well as what they would cost. Items that were not rationed could be scarce. Prices of some unrationed items were also controlled; prices for many items not controlled were unaffordably high for most people.

During the Second World War rationing—not restricted to food—was part of a strategy including controlled prices, subsidies and government-enforced standards, with the goals of managing scarcity and prioritising the armed forces and essential services, and trying to make available to everyone an adequate and affordable supply of goods of acceptable quality.

First World War 1914–1918
In line with its business as usual policy during the First World War, the government was initially reluctant to try to control the food markets. It fought off attempts to introduce minimum prices in cereal production, though relenting in the area of control of essential imports (sugar, meat, and grains). When it did introduce changes, they were limited. In 1916, it became illegal to consume more than two courses while lunching in a public eating place or more than three for dinner; fines were introduced for members of the public found feeding the pigeons or stray animals.

In January 1917, Germany started unrestricted submarine warfare to try to starve Britain into submission. To meet this threat, voluntary rationing was introduced in February 1917. Bread was subsidised from September that year; prompted by local authorities taking matters into their own hands, compulsory rationing was introduced in stages between December 1917 and February 1918 as Britain's supply of wheat decreased to just six weeks' consumption. To help the process, ration books were introduced in July 1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat, and sugar. Each consumer was tied to a retailer. The basic ration of sugar, butter or margarine, tea, jam, bacon and meat came to about 1,680 calories. It was adjusted for vegetarians, children and workers performing strenuous labour. Nutritional programmes for nursing mothers and young children were established by many local authorities. Unlike most of Europe bread was not rationed. It was argued that the civilian population's health improved under rationing, though tuberculosis increased. During the war, average energy intake decreased by only 3%, but protein intake by 6%. Controls were not fully released until 1921.

General strike of 1926
The government made preparations to ration food in 1925, in advance of an expected general strike, and appointed Food Control Officers for each region. In the event, the trade unions of the London docks organised blockades by crowds, but convoys of lorries under military escort took the heart out of the strike, so that the measures did not have to be implemented.

Food rationing
Emergency supplies for the 4 million people expected to be evacuated were delivered to destination centres by August 1939, and 50 million ration books were already printed and distributed.

When World War II began in September 1939, petrol was the first commodity to be controlled. On 8 January 1940, bacon, butter, and sugar were rationed. Meat, tea, jam, biscuits, breakfast cereals, cheese, eggs, lard, milk, canned and dried fruit were rationed subsequently, though not all at once. In June 1942, the Combined Food Board was set up by the United Kingdom and the United States to coordinate the world supply of food to the Allies, with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain. Almost all foods apart from vegetables and bread were rationed by August 1942. Strict rationing created a black market. Almost all controlled items were rationed by weight; but meat was rationed by price.

Fruits and vegetables

Fresh vegetables and fruit were not rationed, but supplies were limited. Some types of imported fruit all but disappeared. Lemons and bananas became unobtainable for most of the war; oranges continued to be sold, but greengrocers customarily reserved them for children and pregnant women. Apples were available from time to time.

Many grew their own vegetables, encouraged by the "Dig for Victory" campaign. In 1942, many young children, questioned about bananas, did not believe they were real. A popular music-hall song, written 20 years previously but sung ironically, was "Yes! We Have No Bananas".

Game
Game meat such as rabbit and pigeon was not rationed. Some British biologists ate laboratory rats.

Bread
Bread was not rationed until after the war ended, but the "national loaf" of wholemeal bread replaced the white variety. It was found to be mushy, grey and easy to blame for digestion problems. There were four permitted loaves and slicing and wrapping were not permitted. In May 1942, an order was passed that meals served in hotels and restaurants must not cost over five shillings per customer, must not be of more than three courses, and not more than one course may contain meat, fish or poultry. This was partly in response to increasing public concerns that "luxury" off-ration foodstuffs were being unfairly obtained by those who could afford to dine regularly in restaurants.

Fish
Fish was not rationed, but prices increased considerably as the war progressed. The government initially did not ration fish, for fishermen, at risk from enemy attack and mines, had to be paid a premium for their catch in order to fish at all. Prices were controlled from 1941. Like other foods, fish was seldom available in abundance. During the war, the Royal Navy requisitioned hundreds of trawlers for military use, leaving primarily smaller vessels thought less likely to be targeted by Axis forces to fish. Supplies eventually dropped to 30% of pre-war levels. Wartime fish and chips was often felt to be below standard because of the low-quality fat available for frying.

Honey
Due to the vital role beekeeping played in British agriculture and industry, special allotments of sugar were allowed for each hive. In 1943, the Ministry of Food announced that beekeepers would qualify for supplies of sugar not exceeding ten pounds per colony to keep their beehives going through the winter, and five pounds for spring feeding. Honey was not rationed, but its price was controlled - as with other unrationed, domestically produced produce, sellers imposed their own restrictions.

Alcohol
All drinks except beer were scarce. Beer was considered a vital foodstuff as it was a morale booster. Brewers were short of labour and suffered from the scarcity of imported barley. A ban on importing sugar for brewing and racking made beer strengths weaker.

Fuel
On 13 March 1942 the abolition of the basic petrol ration was announced, effective from the 1 July (Ivor Novello, a prominent British public figure in the entertainment industry, was sent to prison for four weeks for misusing petrol coupons). Thenceforth, vehicle fuel was only available to official users, such as the emergency services, bus companies and farmers. The priority users of fuel were always the armed forces. Fuel supplied to approved users was dyed, and use of this fuel for non-essential purposes was an offence.

Subsidies
In addition to rationing and price controls, the government equalised the food supply through subsidies on items consumed by the poor and the working class. In 1942–43, £145 million was spent on food subsidies, including £35 million on bread, flour and oatmeal, £23 million on meat and the same on potatoes, £11 million on milk, and £13 million on eggs.

Restaurants
Restaurants were initially exempt from rationing but this was resented, as people with more money could supplement their food rations by eating out frequently. In May 1942, the Ministry of Food issued new restrictions on restaurants:
 * Meals were limited to three courses; only one component dish could contain fish or game or poultry (but not more than one of these)
 * In general, no meals could be served between 11:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. without a special licence
 * The maximum price of a meal was 5 shillings . Extra charges allowed for cabaret shows and luxury hotels.

Public catering

About 2,000 new wartime establishments called British Restaurants were run by local authorities in schools and church halls. Here, a plain three-course meal cost only 9d and no ration coupons were required. They evolved from the London County Council's Londoners' Meals Service, which began as an emergency system for feeding people who had had their houses bombed and could no longer live in them. They were open to all and mostly served office and industrial workers.

Cooking depots were set up in Sheffield and Plymouth, providing roast dinners, stew and pudding. Hot sweet tea was often distributed after bombing raids.

Health effects
In December 1939, Elsie Widdowson and Robert McCance of the University of Cambridge tested whether the United Kingdom could survive with only domestic food production if U-boats ended all imports. Using 1938 food production data, they fed themselves and other volunteers one egg, 1 lb of meat and 4 oz of fish a week; 1/4 imppt of milk a day; 4 oz of margarine; and unlimited amounts of potatoes, vegetables and wholemeal bread. Two weeks of intensive outdoor exercise simulated the strenuous wartime physical work Britons would likely have to perform. The scientists found that the subjects' health and performance remained very good after three months; the only negative results were the increased time needed for meals to consume the necessary calories from bread and potatoes, and what they described as a "remarkable" increase in flatulence from the large amount of starch in the diet. The scientists also noted that their faeces had increased by 250% in volume.

The results – kept secret until after the war – gave the government confidence that, if necessary, food could be distributed equally to all, including high-value war workers, without causing widespread health problems. Britons' actual wartime diet was never as severe as in the Cambridge study because imports from the United States avoided the U-boats, but rationing improved the health of British people; infant mortality declined and life expectancy rose, excluding deaths caused by hostilities. This was because it ensured that everyone had access to a varied diet with enough vitamins. Blackcurrant syrup and later American bottled orange juice was provided free for children under 2, and those under 5 and expectant mothers got subsidised milk. Consumption of fat and sugar declined while consumption of milk and fibre increased.

Standard food rationing during the Second World War
The standard rations during the Second World War were as follows. Quantities are per week unless otherwise stated.

Army and Merchant Navy rations
1s 2d bought about 1 lb of meat. Offal and sausages were rationed only from 1942 to 1944. When sausages were not rationed, the meat needed to make them was so scarce that they often contained a high proportion of bread. Eggs were rationed and "allocated to ordinary [citizens] as available"; in 1944 thirty allocations of one egg each were made. Children and some invalids were allowed three a week; expectant mothers two on each allocation.
 * 1 egg per week or 1 packet (makes 12 ersatz eggs) of egg powder per month (vegetarians were allowed two eggs)
 * plus, 24 points for four weeks for tinned and dried food.

Arrangements were made for vegetarians so that other goods were substituted for their rations of meat.

Milk was supplied at 3 imppt each week with priority for expectant mothers and children under 5; 3.5 imppt for those under 18; children unable to attend school 5 imppt, certain invalids up to 14 imppt. Each person received one tin of milk powder (equivalent to 8 imppt) every eight weeks.

Special civilian rations
Persons falling within the following descriptions were allowed 8 oz of cheese a week in place of the general ration of 3 oz:
 * vegetarians (meat and bacon coupons must be surrendered)
 * underground mine workers
 * agricultural workers holding unemployment insurance books or cards bearing stamps marked "Agriculture"
 * county roadmen
 * forestry workers (including fellers and hauliers)
 * land drainage workers (including Catchment Board workers)
 * members of the Auxiliary Force of the Women's Land Army
 * railway train crews (including crews of shunting engines but not including dining car staffs)
 * railway signalmen and permanent way men who have no access to canteen facilities
 * certain types of agricultural industry workers (workers employed on threshing machines, tractor workers who are not included in the Agricultural Unemployment Insurance Stamp Scheme, hay pressers and trussers).

Clothing
As the war progressed, rationing was extended to other consumable commodities including clothing, which was controlled on a system of points allocated to different garments. Following the depletion of raw materials and redirection of labour towards wartime manufactures (such as uniforms), alongside rising inflation, and the inclusion of purchase tax on clothing in October 1940, prices of garments and textiles increased. As a result, civilian access to clothing was tightening. Government regulation was required in order to ensure the ability to buy clothing was maintained across the civilian population.

The rationing of cloth, clothing, and footwear was introduced in June 1941, and remained in place until March 1949. Clothes rationing also aimed to restrict the amount of new clothes the public could buy, and therefore reduce the amount of clothing produced for civilians.

Reported in local and national newspapers, clothes rationing came as a surprise to the public, in order to avoid panic-buying. Coupons were to be presented on purchase of clothing, shoes, and fabrics alongside cash payment. Until the issuing of Clothing Coupon books for 1942-43, consumers were to surrender unused margarine coupons from their food ration coupon book when buying clothing. Initially people were allocated 66 points for clothing per year; in 1942, this was cut to 48, in 1943 to 36, and in 1945–1946 to 24. Different types of clothes were ascribed different coupon values, determined by how much material and labour went into each item's manufacture. For example, an adult's skirt would require seven coupons and a pair of child's pyjamas six coupons. As well as being used for clothing, coupons could be used for wool, cotton and household textiles. Clothing sized for children under the age of four did not require coupons for purchase.

The prices of second-hand clothing and fur coats were fixed, but no coupons were required to buy them. People were allocated extra coupons for work clothes, such as overalls for factory work. Manual workers, civilian uniform wearers, diplomats, performers and new mothers also received extra coupons.

Garments of the same description but different quality would have different prices but require the same number of coupons; the more affordable clothing would often be less robust and wear out sooner, even with repair. This, therefore, led the Government to implement the Utility Clothing Scheme in September 1941, which was introduced alongside other measures, such as the civilian population being encouraged to repair and remake old clothes; pamphlets were produced by the Ministry of Information with the slogan "Make Do and Mend" in 1943 which gave ideas and instruction as part of a larger campaign which was put in place through collaboration with voluntary organisations.

Clothes rationing ended on 15 March 1949.

Soap
All types of soap were rationed. Coupons were allotted by weight or (if liquid) by quantity. In 1945, the ration gave four coupons each month; babies and some workers and invalids were allowed more. A coupon would yield:
 * 4 oz bar hard soap
 * 3 oz bar toilet soap
 * 1/2 oz No. 1 liquid soap
 * 6 oz soft soap
 * 3 oz soap flakes
 * 6 oz powdered soap

Fuel
The Fuel and Lighting (Coal) Order 1941 came into force in January 1942. Central heating was prohibited in the summer months. Domestic coal was rationed to 15 long cwt for those in London and the south of England; 20 long cwt for the rest (the southern part of England having generally a milder climate). Some kinds of coal such as anthracite were not rationed, and in coal-mining areas waste coal was eagerly gathered, as it had been in the Great Depression.

Petrol
Petrol rationing was introduced in September 1939 with an allowance of approximately 200 mi of motoring per month. The coupons issued related to a car's calculated RAC horsepower and that horsepower's nominal fuel consumption. From July 1942 until June 1945, the basic ration was suspended completely, with essential-user coupons being issued only to those with official sanction. In June 1945, the basic ration was restored to allow about 150 mi per month; this was increased in August 1945 to allow about 180 mi per month.

Paper
Newspapers were limited from September 1939, at first to 60% of their pre-war consumption of newsprint. Paper supply came under the No 48 Paper Control Order, 4 September 1942, and was controlled by the Ministry of Production. By 1945, newspapers were limited to 25% of their pre-war consumption. Wrapping paper for most goods was prohibited.

The paper shortage often made it more difficult than usual for authors to get work published. In 1944, George Orwell wrote:

"In Mr Stanley Unwin's recent pamphlet Publishing in Peace and War, some interesting facts are given about the quantities of paper allotted by the Government for various purposes. Here are the present figures:

A particularly interesting detail is that out of the 100,000 tons allotted to the Stationery Office, the War Office gets no less than 25,000 tons, or more than the whole of the book trade put together. ... At the same time paper for books is so short that even the most hackneyed 'classic' is liable to be out of print, many schools are short of textbooks, new writers get no chance to start and even established writers have to expect a gap of a year or two years between finishing a book and seeing it published."

Other products
Whether rationed or not, many personal-use goods became difficult to obtain because of the shortage of components. Examples included razor blades, baby bottles, alarm clocks, frying pans and pots. Balloons and sugar for cakes for birthday parties were partially or completely unavailable. Couples had to use a mock cardboard and plaster wedding cake in lieu of a real tiered wedding cake, with a smaller cake hidden in the mock cake. Houseplants were impossible to get and people used carrot tops instead. Many fathers saved bits of wood to build toys for Christmas presents, and Christmas trees were almost impossible to obtain due to timber rationing.

Post-Second World War 1945–1954
On 8 May 1945, the Second World War ended in Europe, but rationing continued for several years afterwards. Some aspects of rationing became stricter than they were during the war. Bread was rationed from 21 July 1946 to 24 July 1948. Average body weight fell and potato consumption increased. Certain foodstuffs that the average 1940s British citizen would find unusual, for example whale meat and canned snoek fish from South Africa, were not rationed. Despite this, they did not prove popular. In 1950 4000 tonnes of whale meat went unsold on Tyneside.

When sweets were taken off ration in April 1949 (but sugar was still rationed), there was, understandably, a rush on sweetshops, and rationing had to be reintroduced in August, remaining until 1953. At the time, this was presented as necessary to feed people in European areas under British control, whose economies had been devastated by the fighting. This was partly true, but with many British men still mobilised in the armed forces, an austere economic climate, a centrally-planned economy under the post-war Labour government and the curtailment of American assistance (in particular, the closure of the Combined Food Board in 1946), resources were not available to expand food production and food imports. Frequent strikes by some workers (most critically dock workers) made things worse.

A common ration book fraud was the ration books of the dead being kept and used by the living.

Political reaction
In the late 1940s, the Conservative Party used and encouraged growing public anger at rationing, scarcity, controls, austerity and government bureaucracy to rally middle-class supporters and build a political comeback that won the 1951 general election. Their appeal was especially effective to housewives, who faced more difficult shopping conditions after the war than during it.

1945

 * 27 May: Bacon ration cut from 4 to 3 oz per week. Cooking fat ration cut from 2 to 1 oz per week. Soap ration cut by an eighth, except for babies and young children. The referenced newspaper article predicted that households would be grossly hampered in making food items that included pastry.
 * 1 June: The basic petrol ration for civilians was restored.
 * 19 July: In order to preserve the egalitarian nature of rationing, gift food parcels from overseas weighing more than 5 lb would be deducted from the recipient's ration.

1946

 * Summer: Continual rain ruined Britain's wheat crop. Bread and flour rationing started.

1947

 * January–March: Winter of 1946–1947 in the United Kingdom: long hard frost and deep snow. Frost destroyed a huge amount of stored potatoes. Potato rationing started.
 * Mid-year: A transport and dock strike, which among other effects caused much loss of imported meat left to rot on the docks, until the Army broke the strike. The basic petrol ration was stopped.

1948

 * 1 June: The Motor Spirit (Regulation) Act 1948 was passed, ordering a red dye to be to put into some petrol, and that red petrol was only allowed to be used in commercial vehicles. A private car driver could lose their driving licence for a year if red petrol was found in their car. A petrol station could be shut down if it sold red petrol to a private car driver.
 * June: The basic petrol ration was restored, but only allowed about 90 miles per month.
 * Bread came off ration.

1949

 * May 1949: Clothes rationing ended. According to one author, this was because attempts to enforce it were defeated by continual massive illegality (black market, unofficial trade in loose clothing coupons (many forged), bulk thefts of unissued clothes ration books).
 * June, July and August 1949: The basic petrol ration was temporarily increased to allow about 180 miles per month.

1950

 * 23 February 1950: 1950 general election fought largely on the issue of rationing. The Conservative Party campaigned on a manifesto of ending rationing as quickly as possible. The Labour Party argued for the continuation of rationing indefinitely. Labour was returned, but with its majority badly slashed to 5 seats.
 * March 1950: The Ministry of Fuel and Power announced that the petrol ration would again be doubled for the months of June, July and August.
 * April 1950: The Ministry of Fuel and Power announced that the petrol ration would be doubled for 12 months from 1 June.
 * 26 May 1950: Petrol rationing ended.

1951

 * 25 October 1951: 1951 United Kingdom general election. The Conservatives came back into power.

1953

 * 4 February 1953: Confectionery (sweets and chocolate) rationing ended.
 * September 1953: Sugar rationing ended.

1954

 * 4 July 1954: Meat and all other food rationing ended in Britain.

Although rationing formally ended in 1954, cheese production was affected for decades afterwards. During rationing, most milk in Britain was used to make one kind of cheese, nicknamed Government Cheddar (not to be confused with the government cheese issued by the US welfare system). This wiped out nearly all other cheese production in the country, and some indigenous varieties of cheese almost disappeared. Later government controls on milk prices through the Milk Marketing Board continued to discourage production of other varieties of cheese until well into the 1980s, and it was only in the mid-1990s (following the effective abolition of the MMB) that the revival of the British cheese industry began in earnest.

1958

 * Coal rationing ends in July.

Suez Crisis 1956–1957
During the Suez Crisis, petrol rationing was briefly reintroduced and ran from 17 December 1956 until 14 May 1957. Advertising of petrol on the recently introduced ITV was banned for a period.

Oil crises of 1973 and 1979
Petrol coupons were issued for a short time as preparation for the possibility of petrol rationing during the 1973 oil crisis. The rationing never came about, in large part because increasing North Sea oil production allowed the UK to offset much of the lost imports. By the time of the 1979 energy crisis, the United Kingdom had become a net exporter of oil, so on that occasion the government did not even have to consider petrol rationing.

title: Rationing in the United Kingdom


text:
User:Afshar

Shahriar S. Afshar

 * Professor of Physics & Principal Investigator at Rowan University in NJ
 * Chief Scientist at IRIMS, Boston.
 * Performed a demostration experiment at Harvard University in March of 2004, originally conducted at IRIMS in 2001. The experiment, briefly discussed in Afshar experiment, puts the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics in doubt. Specifically, his experiment violates Bohr's Complementarity Principle, and has important implications for better understanding Measurement in quantum mechanics.

Shahriar Afshar's experiment
In March 2004, Shahriar S. Afshar announced at Harvard University the results of a variation on the similar two-pin-hole "which-way" experiment, in which he claims to have disproved Bohr's Principle of Complementarity, also reported in the July 24 edition of New Scientist.

Using his experiment, it is possible to detect interference fringes even when observing the path of a photon stream, indicating that the wavefunction does not collapse. If his results are verified, it has far-reaching implications for the understanding of the quantum world, and invalidates the Copenhagen interpretation. It would also seem to falsify the Many-worlds interpretation, which predicts that there should be no interference between wave functions in universes that are physically distinguishable, although some physicists explain this by saying the wave functions interfere as long as the quantum state of the photon remains coherent, which is the case in the Afshar's experiment. However, it lends support to the Transactional interpretation, which is consistent with the results.

Unruh's rebuttal and Afshar's response
On August 7, 2004, Bill Unruh presented an argument in which he claims to disprove Afshar's results. Because of this, some in the scientific community question the validity of Afshar's experiment.

Unruh offers a simplified version of Afshar's experiment using a series of half-silvered mirrors, a setup which he claims to be equivalent to Shariar Afshar's. He demonstrates that his experiment is consistent with the Copenhagen interpretation and, on that basis, argues that Afshar's results are incorrect.

However, there is a major difference between Unruh's experiment and Afshar's experiment. Whereas Afshar uses a lens to focus two light sources onto two detectors in a way that allows him to exactly identify the path of any photon, the design of Unruh's experiment destroys the path information at the second mirror.

Although Unruh demonstrates that he can detect the path of a photon when one path is blocked, this is tautological: if photons are admitted on only one path, the detectors the beam reaches will agree with the path of the beam. When light travels along both paths, two beams are combined into a single beam with a single direction, and so Unruh's argument is invalid.

Afshar's response, found in his FAQ, compares Unruh's experiment to one in which the wings are removed from an airplane. The experimenter might find that a wingless airplane cannot fly, but such an experiment would not prove anything about the flight capabilities of an intact plane.

External links, references, and resources

 * "The Double Slit Experiment". [physicsweb.org]

 * Analog: A Farewell to Copenhagen?

 * Shahriar S. Afshar, "Waving Copenhagen Good-bye: Were the founders of Quantum Mechanics wrong?"
 * "Variation on the (similar two-pin-hole "which-way" experiment". (reported in New Scientist; July 24)
 * www.irims.org/quant-ph/030503/ (Preprint)

Category:Wave mechanics Category:Quantum mechanics Category:Physics experiments

Doppelspaltversuch Fentes de Young &

title: User:Afshar


text:
Jean-Baptiste Abessolo

Jean-Baptiste Nguema Abessolo, also seen as '''J.-B. Abessolo-Nguema''', (born 15 February 1932) is an educator and writer from Gabon.

Born at Oyem, he was educated there and at Libreville, then studied educational administration at École des Cadres Superieures in Brazzaville and the École Normale Supérieure at Mouyondzi.

He was a school administrator and inspector of primary schools from 1952 to 1982, interrupted only by a year in Paris (1960–61). In December 1982 he became director-general of the International Center for Bantu Civilizations in Libreville.

Abessole has published a number of short stories in both Gabon and France.

Books

 * Les Aventures de Biomo (IPN, 1975) ISBN 2-211-91774-7
 * Contes de gazelle. Les Aventures de Biomo. L'Arbre du voyageur (Paris: L'Ecole, 1975) ISBN 978-2-211-91774-2
 * Contes du Gabon (Paris: Cle International, 1981, 1991) ISBN 978-2-85319-229-3

title: Jean-Baptiste Abessolo


text: Category:Wikipedia categories in need of attention


text: User talk:24.221.153.117

title: User talk:24.221.153.117


text:
Taddle Creek

Taddle Creek is a buried stream in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that flowed a southeasterly course about six kilometres long, from St. Clair Avenue west of Bathurst Street through the present site of Wychwood Park, through the University of Toronto, into the Toronto Harbour near the Distillery District. During the 19th century, it was buried and converted into an underground sewer, but traces of the creek can still be found today. The scenic footpath known as Philosopher's Walk follows the ravine created by the creek from the Royal Ontario Museum to Trinity College. Taddle Creek is also the name of a Toronto literary magazine and of a local Montessori school.

History
In the 1790s, the original town site of the Town of York was established along its south bank. Its waters would be used by its first industries. The disappearance of the creek came in phases in the 19th century:
 * east of Church Street - before 1860
 * Elizabeth Street to Church Street - early 1866
 * University of Toronto sections including McCaul's Pond - 1886

There is no exact origin for the creek's name but there are three possible theories:
 * named for the Tattle family of Toronto
 * named for the tadpoles that filled the creek
 * onomatopoeic link of an English northcountry dialect variant of toddle meaning "to move with a gentle sound, as a stream or river"

Taddle Creek had other names during the 19th Century:
 * Little Don River
 * Brewery Creek - named for Enoch Turner's brewery
 * Goodwin Creek
 * University Creek
 * Wolz Creek - east of Jarvis after brewer Mr. Woltz

title: Taddle Creek


text:
Rodovia dos Imigrantes

The Rodovia dos Imigrantes (official designation SP-160) is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The highway connects the city of São Paulo to the Atlantic coast and with the seaside cities of São Vicente and Praia Grande. It follows the route of the Rodovia Anchieta and is also one of Brazil's busiest highways, especially on weekends.

The Rodovia dos Imigrantes has 44 viaducts, seven bridges, and 11 tunnels, along its 58.5 km stretch. The highway has recently been expanded, in one of the most audacious feats of Brazilian highway engineering, with extremely long tunnels and high strutting six-lane bridges constructed over the tropical rain forest, which covers the steep faces of the Serra do Mar, the cliff range that separates the São Paulo plateau from the seaside lowlands. During sunny weekends, more than one million automobiles commonly cross its near 60 km run, separating the city of São Paulo from the sea.

The Rodovia dos Imigrantes was inaugurated on Monday, 28 June 1976, by President Ernesto Geisel, due to traffic saturation on the Rodovia Anchieta. Although longer than the Anchieta, the Imigrantes is nowadays busier due to its building standards, which permit higher speed limits, and its more direct path to the cities of Santos and Guarujá, the northern coast (with Bertioga), as well as the southern coast (with cities Praia Grande, Mongaguá, and Itanhaém). Its south lane was inaugurated on Tuesday, 17 December 2002.

Meaning "immigrants' highway" in Portuguese, the Rodovia dos Imigrantes was so named as a way to remember the contribution of immigrants to the cultural, economic, and social development of Brazil.

It is managed by a state concession to the private company, Ecovias, which also maintains the Rodovia Anchieta; it is, therefore, a toll road.

The two carriageways of the Rodovia dos Imigrantes are both fully reversible and traffic is managed to flow either bidirectionally (uphill on one carriageway and downhill on the other) or unidirectionally (uphill or downhill on both carriageways), depending on demand. In the unidirectional mode, the opposing traffic is diverted to the Rodovia Anchieta.

Directions
The path of the Immigrant Road crosses the following municipalities, all in the state of São Paulo: São Paulo, Diadema, São Bernardo do Campo, Cubatão, São Vicente and Praia Grande.

Tolls
The Rodovia dos Imigrantes has been tolled since its inauguration. As in all the highways that suffered concessions, the tolls of the Imigrantes suffered strong readjustments, even after discounting inflation, considered excessive by significant users. Currently, the toll of the Imigrantes is the most expensive in the state, at R$ 35.30, valid for a round trip by car. In the stretch of plateau, the Imigrantes presents three tolls of blockade to the access to the bordering localities.

title: Rodovia dos Imigrantes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zhenrong Chen

Zhenrong Chen was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Zhenrong Chen
This page is a Vanity Page. While I'm certain Zhenrong Chen is a superb dancer, to allow a Wikipedia page for every performer at his level would be counter to Wikipedia's policies. The somewhat crude (though recommended) Google test for Mr. Chen produces 22 results. Mikhail Baryshnikov has over 100,000. Though lack of fame does not per se qualify a page as a vanity page, the list of ballet dancers featured on Wikipedia (Mikhail Baryshnikov, Erik Bruhn, Darcey Bussell, Fanny Cerito, Anton Dolin, Fanny Elssler, Suzanne Farrell, Margot Fonteyn, Lucile Grahn, Carlotta Grisi, Sylvie Guillem, Karen Kain, Pierina Legnani, Alicia Markova, Vaslav Nijinsky, Rudolf Nureyev, Anna Pavlova, Marie Taglioni) is undenialy exclusive. This exclusivity protects the "encyclopedia" aspect of Wikipedia. Were the thousands of ballet dancers (and opera singers and orchestral members, etc.) who perform at Mr. Chen's level to be featured by Wikipedia, the presence of the true geniuses would be lessened and Wikipedia's ability to share knowledge diluted. Burdettekevin 05:09, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure I understand all of the above argument, but the page is an orphan and needs cleanup. Excellent engrish though. I'll vote keep if any reputable users agree with me. Alphax (talk) 05:31, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Investigating his notability, he's one of five principal dancers for the Shanghai Ballet company and his Chinese name 陳真榮 + 芭蕾 (ballet) gets 60 google hits. He also seems to be the only Chinese ballet dancer wikipedia has. If a Shanghai Ballet Company article showed up, maybe he could be merged with that. Kappa 06:21, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. To: Burdettekevin. You seem notable so I created a page about you. --JuntungWu 02:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Very cool. Thanks!  The difficult part now is I'm going to have to add my page to VfD! Burdettekevin 22:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * " He appears to be one of the most well-known ballet dancers in China. Keep. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 06:51, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, reading Kappa's comment, I went searching, and it looks like he's up for VFD on the Chinese wikipedia as well. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]]
 * Very weak keep at the moment; I agree with Jpgordon to a certain extent, but I wish somebody could tell me what his entry on zh says.... [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 07:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What of the scores of "minor" actors with writeups throughout the site? Acting and ballet are both sections of the performance realm and as such do not not deserve equal respect, in principle?  Who is to determine the quantifiable measure of "significance"?  As to diluting a subject, remember that cream always rises to the top regardless of the volume of content added. netkinetic
 * Comment: My suggestion for removal comes from personal experience.  I am an opera singer; I've been a principal bass at New York City Opera for a number of years, as well as on the roster at the Met.  Google me and you'll get over 500 hits.  And I KNOW I am not notable enough to be a Wikipedia entry.  There's a line; I don't know where it is.  I just know that I fall way short.  And if I do, I have to think Chen does. Burdettekevin 07:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I was led to Chen's page because someone (presumably he or a friend) added his name to the famous dancers list on the Ballet page.  He (or whoever) did the same thing on Unipedia [].  I removed his (unalphabetized) name from the Wikipedia list [].  Somehow, the addition of his name to that list seemed the quintessense of vanity. Burdettekevin 07:28, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. He is not very notable it seems. But this is not a paper encyclopedia and in my opinion the bar for notability should be low. I shuffled the info on the page around a bit, in an effort to make it look a bit more encyclopedic. I did not try to validate any of the claims made in the article. (And yes, if you feel like it Burdettekevin, I would welcome an article on you ;-) Sander123 12:30, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Due to the way that the story is not written on living persons, the notability bar on living people should be set very high. Imagine how the article on Hitler's Diary would have looked, if we had been around then, or Howard Hughes's will, or the poet Ossian.  I agree with the bass singer, above:  being a lead dancer at a ballet is not sufficient, although I'm sure he's a very accomplished and gifted dancer. Geogre 14:17, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep to counter the bias toward trivial geek-centricity. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 16:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is not paper (and no, it's not toilet paper either).  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:51, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, insufficient evidence of notability. Wyss 19:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * i think it should be deleted because almost no one in the world will care, and it takes up space. if wikipedia was paper and had articles like this id use it as Toilet Paper 206.176.103.66 19:28, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) (anonymous vote)
 * I would be okay with a mention of him in at article about the Shanghai Ballet Company but, based on the evidence available, he does not yet meet my understanding of the recommended criteria for inclusion of biographies. Delete.  (Comment: anon votes should be noted and are steeply discounted when the discussion period ends.  However, striking them out while the discussion is still in progress just tends to start flamewars.  Please let the process work.)  Rossami (talk) 21:41, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I think Kevin should have an article too. Dr Zen 00:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think he meets the criteria for inclusion of biographies. Barely. --JuntungWu 00:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 02:02, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, merge if you must. --fvw *  19:13, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Keep. I concur with the proponent that there is no evidence Chen is a "true genius"; he also doesn't appear enormously famous. But quite a few (uncontested) Wikipedia biography subjects do not meet either criterion. He appears notable enough. Samaritan 02:33, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Australian Gas Light Company

The Australian Gas Light Company (AGL) was an Australian gas and electricity retailer, operated entirely by McCarthy Hanlin. It was formed in Sydney in 1837 and supplied town gas for the first public lighting of a street lamp in Sydney in 1841. AGL was the second company to list on the Sydney Stock Exchange. The company gradually diversified into electricity and into a number of different locations. After a combination of a merger and demerger with Alinta in 2006, it was replaced by AGL Energy.

History
In 1837, AGL was given a royal charter charged with the responsibility of lighting Sydney's streets. The lights were lit on 24 May 1841 to celebrate the birthday of Queen Victoria. Town gas was first stored in holder tanks hewn out of solid sandstone at Darling Harbour. Later, a large gas works at Mortlake supplied gas which was used over an area of 600 square kilometres and piped up to 25 kilometres away. The Mortlake Ferry was constructed with the express purpose of delivering workers who lived on the north side of the harbour to their workplace. By 1925, the company was the seventh largest gas undertaking in the British Empire.

In 1976, AGL converted from town gas to natural gas following the opening of the Moomba to Sydney Pipeline. In the later part of the 20th century, the company diversified into electricity generation, buying a stake in the Loy Yang Power Station and ownership of the Kiewa Hydroelectric Scheme, the Wattle Point Wind Farm, and a peak load gas-powered power station near Hallett in South Australia. The company also had significant ownership of gas pipelines plus electricity and gas distribution networks in Australia.

In late 2006, AGL merged with Alinta and then demerged to create separate retail and infrastructure companies. The transactions were executed on 25 October 2006 via two schemes of arrangement, resulting in a revised Alinta holding both companies’ combined infrastructure and asset management businesses, and AGL Energy, which holds AGL’s energy business as well as approximately one third of Alinta’s West Australian retail and cogeneration business (AlintaAGL).

title: Australian Gas Light Company


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John Northampton

John Northampton (also known as John Comberton) (died 1398) was a reformist Lord Mayor of London in 1381 and 1382, during dissension in favour of reform of its Common Council in the early years of Richard II's reign. When the oligarchic leaders of London were able to engineer the overthrow of his faction, even the book of records of reform legislation was burned, known as the Jubilee Book. The radical movements' mob politics heightened public reluctance to permit people's engagement in politics.

He had also served as Sheriff of London in 1376-77.

Family
Northampton was raised in London, son of Thomas and Mariota Northampton. He is known to have had two brothers, William and Robert, and two sisters, Petronilla and Agnes.

He was twice married. His first wife, living in 1371, was named Johanna, his second, to whom he was married by 1375, Petronilla, daughter of John Preston and Margaret Constantine (also spelt Constantyn). By one of those marriages he left a son named James.

Northampton became alternatively known as John Comberton in the writings of chroniclers playing on the word comber (trouble) in reflection of the trouble that opponents thought his policies caused London.

Career to 1383
Northampton came early into business in the city, being named as one of four 'upholders' of the Drapers' Guild in 1361. Outside his work he may have gained a turbulent reputation for he was bound over the keep the peace and refrain from affrays in the streets in 1365, 1369 and 1371.

He entered city politics in the Common Council as Alderman for the Cordwainer Street Ward from 1375 to 1377, and became Sheriff of the city in 1376. He became leader of the faction in the city that supported John of Gaunt and John Wycliffe, in contrast to the other party led by William Walworth and John Philipot who supported the opposition to Gaunt.

Following the Good Parliament of 1376, he was one of a cohort of Londoners who ousted Richard Lyons and others from city offices and introduced the rule that Common Council members be chosen according to craft guild affiliations rather than by city ward. In 1378 he was elected as Member of Parliament for the City in that year's parliament.

He served two terms as Lord Mayor from 1381 to 1383, characterized by measures to help London's less prosperous citizens. He was opposed to the monopoly of the fishmongers, and broke this by enacting ordinances to open the markets to non-resident tradesmen and forbidding the wholesale purchase of fish for profit. He later applied such measures to trade in bread, ale, wine and poultry. He increased the circulation of farthings by reminting £80 into 76,000 coins, ordered bakers to make farthing measures of bread for sale, and ordered that traders, mass priests and others accept payments in the coin or give their services free. There were also moralistic ordinances made against prostitution, misrepresentation and false practices in business.

A servant of Northampton's during his mayoralty was Thomas Usk who, after being arrested in 1384 by Northampton's rival Nicholas Brembre, gained release by informing on his former master through a legal appeal.

Arrest, imprisonment, pardon
At the election in 1383 Northampton was ousted by Brembre, who packed the Guildhall with armed support and got himself elected. Brembre had Northampton arrested on charges of sedition on 7 February 1384, and provoking an 'insurrection' in the city on the 11th, involving shop closures by supporters. His kinsman, John Constantine, was executed for his part in leading this. Northampton and two associates, John More and Richard Norbury, were sentenced to death in trial before the King at Reading, Berkshire but this was commuted to 10 years' imprisonment, each man to be held in a separate prison at least 100 leagues outside London. Northampton, possibly through the influence of Cornish judge Sir Robert Tresilian, was confined at Tintagel.

In 1386 the King pardoned Northampton but he remained banished from the city. Following the Merciless Parliament, as a result of which Brembre and Usk were executed in 1388, his situation improved with a full pardon granted in December 1390 and a full restoration of his citizenship in 1395.

Last years
Northampton died in 1398 and was buried in the church of the Hospital of St Mary de Elsyngspital, Cripplegate. He had prospered to the extent of leaving property valued about £5,000, enabling him to be a benefactor to the Charterhouse monastery, to whose monks he made gifts of dates, figs and raisins during Lent.

title: John Northampton


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Wa'el Hamza Julaidan

Wa'el Hamza Julaidan (وائل حمزة جليدان, kunya: Abu al-Hasan; born 22 February 1958 in Medina, Saudi Arabia ) is one of the original founders of al-Qaeda in August 1988.

He had previously (1984) established "the Service Office" or Maktab al-Khidamat  in Afghanistan, along with bin Laden and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. Many of the supporters of al-Qaeda were trained in the Afghan military camps this trio set up in support of the mujahideen resistance movement against the Soviet occupation.

He was the president of the Tucson Islamic Center from 1984 to 1985. In 1986 he left Tucson to fight the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In 1987, he traveled to Hijaz, and was expected to return to Karachi.

For his suspected role in al-Qaeda, Julaidan was placed under worldwide embargo by the United Nations, in 2002. His UN embargo was lifted in 2014.

title: Wa'el Hamza Julaidan


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Johnny Dawkins

Johnny Earl Dawkins Jr. (born September 28, 1963) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the UCF men's basketball team. From 2008 to 2016, he was the head coach of Stanford. He was a two-time All-American and national player of the year as a senior in 1986 while at Duke from 1982 to 1986. Dawkins subsequently played nine seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the San Antonio Spurs (1986–1989), Philadelphia 76ers (1989–1994), and Detroit Pistons (1994–1995). From 1998 to 2008, he served as an assistant basketball coach at his alma mater, Duke.

College
Dawkins was born and raised in Washington, D.C. He played basketball at Mackin Catholic High School in Washington, D.C. before enrolling at Duke University. At Duke, he became the team's all-time leading scorer with 2,556 points, which stood until 2006 when JJ Redick surpassed it. In Dawkins' senior year at Duke, the 1985–86 season, the Duke Blue Devils attained a win–loss record of 37–3, which was an NCAA record for both games played and games won in a single season. They reached the 1986 NCAA championship game, where they lost to Louisville, 72–69. In his senior season, Dawkins averaged 20.2 points per game and won the Naismith College Player of the Year Award, presented to the nation's top Collegiate Basketball Player. He also served as alternate on the 1984 United States Olympic basketball team. He graduated with a degree in political science.

His jersey number 24 was later retired. Dawkins has received a number of honors, including selection to the ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team honoring the 50 greatest players in Atlantic Coast Conference history and being named the 78th greatest player in college basketball history by The Sporting News' book, Legends of College Basketball, in 2002.

NBA
In the 1986 NBA draft, Dawkins was selected by the San Antonio Spurs as the 10th pick overall. He appeared in the 1987 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, where he finished sixth out of eight. He ended up playing in the NBA for nine seasons, also appearing for the Philadelphia 76ers and the Detroit Pistons. In his NBA career, he averaged 11.1 points, 5.5 assists and 2.5 rebounds.

Coaching career
Following his NBA career, Dawkins went back to Duke University in 1996, where he worked as an administrative intern in the athletic department and was on the air as an analyst for Duke's home basketball games. He joined the Duke coaching staff in 1998, working alongside head coach Mike Krzyzewski. He was promoted to associate head coach in charge of player development in 1999.

In April 2008, he was named head coach at Stanford University, succeeding Trent Johnson. During his time with the Cardinal, he became known as "the king of the NIT" (with crowns in 2012 and 2015). But Dawkins could not get over the hump in the NCAA tournament, with only one appearance (2014) in 8 seasons.

On March 14, 2016, at the conclusion of his eighth season, and after a disappointing one NCAA Tournament appearance in eight seasons as head coach, Dawkins was fired.

On March 23, 2016, Dawkins was hired as head coach by the University of Central Florida. Shortly thereafter, his son, Aubrey Dawkins, transferred from Michigan to play for his father.

On March 2, 2019, UCF defeated (#8 AP Poll/#6 Coaches Poll) Houston at Fertitta Center, stopping the nation's longest home winning streak at 33. With the win UCF entered the AP Poll for the first time since the 2010–11 Knights spent four weeks in the poll, peaking at 19.

title: Johnny Dawkins


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Click! Network

'''Click! Network''' is an open access broadband cable system owned by Tacoma Power, a part of Tacoma Public Utilities in Tacoma, Washington. It provides cable television and Internet connectivity for residents and businesses in Tacoma, University Place, Fircrest, Lakewood and Fife.

Back in the late 1990s there was talk of deregulation of the power industry, much like the banking and airlines industries flourished shortly after their deregulations. Utility companies are traditionally a very conservative business with relatively little change or innovation since the beginning of the century. Tacoma Power's management team had the foresight to look into the future and predict some of the results that would come from deregulation of power companies. Deregulation would mean that power companies would no longer have their protected monopolies and they would be forced into more of a delivery business since they would still own the wires. To strengthen Tacoma Power's position in this type of a business environment Steven Klein, then Superintendent, suggested that they invest in an innovation in their power delivery system, i.e. the "SmartMeter".

When Tacoma Power started drawing up plans to develop a 100 million dollar fiber-optic network to link its power substations, and saw potential value for its customers at little additional cost to the utility to expanding the network to offer cable television, high-speed Internet and high-speed data services to the community. After originally approaching TCI Cable to be the cable television service provider and being turned down, Tacoma Power decided to create their own cable company. These services compete with the existing Comcast service providers in the area. Commercial high-speed data services began in 1997, cable TV in 1998, and high-speed Internet services over cable modem in 1999. Click! is one of the largest municipal telecommunications systems in the United States.

In 2000, the State of Washington passed RCW 54.16.330, effectively preventing further research and development of Click! Network until its repeal in 2021 during the COVID-19 Pandemic, a period of over 20 years.

In 2020, Click! Network was sold by the Tacoma Public Utilities to Rainier Connect. The utilities would continue to own the lines, but Rainier Connect would run all operations and provide maintenance. The contract was for 20 years with two extensions. The transfer of day to day operations was highly controversial amongst the Tacoma population, but was ultimately supported due to the restrictions imposed by the State of Washington nearly 20 years prior. Controversies arose again after the state level restrictions were repealed in 2021.

After six months, Rainier Connect started migrating legacy set top box TV customers to an IPTV system. This move was also controversial among the Tacoma population, much of whom had limited technical skills and would have significant trouble adapting to an IPTV system.

Click! Network remains a highly political topic within local politics in the City of Tacoma because of its implications for the city, region, state of Washington, and implementation specifics of the federal Build Back Better Plan.

title: Click! Network


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Southdale (electoral district)

Southdale is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created in the provincial redistribution 1999, mostly out of Niakwa and part of St. Vital. The riding is located in the southeastern section of the City of Winnipeg.

Southdale is bordered on the east by the rural ridings of La Verendrye and Springfield, to the south by Seine River, to the north by Radisson and St. Boniface, and to the west by Riel and St. Vital.

The riding's population in 1996 was 19,029. Its character is mostly middle class. In 1999, the average family income was $68,944, and the unemployment rate was 5.00%. Twelve per cent of Southdale's residents are francophone. Health and social service work accounts for 14% of Southdale's industry.

From 2003 to 2007, Southdale was the only riding in southeastern Winnipeg to be represented by a Progressive Conservative, following historical breakthroughs by the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP) in surrounding ridings in the 2003 provincial election. The NDP proceeded to oust incumbent MLA Jack Reimer in the 2007 provincial election, completing their sweep of Southeast Winnipeg. The seat remained NDP from 2007 until 2016 when it returned to the PCs.

title: Southdale (electoral district)