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Powder River Basin

The Powder River Basin is a geologic structural basin in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming, about 120 mi east to west and 200 mi north to south, known for its extensive coal reserves. The former hunting grounds of the Oglala Lakota, the area is very sparsely populated and is known for its rolling grasslands and semiarid climate.

The basin is both a topographic drainage and geologic structural basin, drained by the Powder River, Cheyenne River, Tongue River, Bighorn River, Little Missouri River, Platte River, and their tributaries.

The major cities in the area include Gillette and Sheridan, Wyoming and Miles City, Montana.

In 2007, the region produced 436 million short tons (396 million tonnes) of coal, more than twice the production of second-place West Virginia, and more than the entire Appalachian region. The Powder River Basin is the largest coal-producing region in the United States. The region includes the Black Thunder Coal Mine, the most productive in the United States, and North Antelope Rochelle Mine, the second most productive. In recent years, the region has become a major producer of natural gas, both conventional natural gas and coal-bed methane.

Geologic history
The Powder River Basin contains a section of Phanerozoic rocks up to 17000 ft thick, from Cambrian to Holocene.

Cretaceous
The thickest section of the Powder River Basin is composed of Cretaceous rocks, an overall regressive sequence of mostly marine shales and sandstones deposited in the Western Interior Seaway.

Tertiary
The coal beds of the region began to form about 60 million years ago when the land began rising from a shallow sea. The rise of the Black Hills uplift on the east and the Hartville uplift on the southeast side of the basin created the present outline of the Powder River Basin.

When the coal beds were forming, the climate in the area was subtropical, averaging about 120 in of rainfall a year. For some 25 million years, the basin floor was covered with lakes and swamps. Because of the large area of the swamps, the organic material accumulated into peat bogs instead of being washed into the sea. Periodically the layers of peat were covered with sediments washed in from nearby mountains. Eventually the climate became drier and cooler. The basin filled with sediment and buried the peat under thousands of feet, compressing the layers of peat and forming coal. Over the last several million years, much of the overlying sediment has eroded away, leaving the coal seams near the surface.

Coal

Powder River Basin (PRB) coal is classified as "sub-bituminous" and contains an average of approximately 8,500 btu/lb, with low sulfur. Contrast this with eastern, Appalachian bituminous coal containing an average of 12,500 btu/lb and high sulfur. PRB coal was essentially worthless until air pollution emissions from power plants (primarily sulfur dioxide, or "SO2") became a concern. A coal-fired plant designed to burn Appalachian coal must be modified to remove SO2 at a cost estimated in 1999 to be around $322 per ton of SO2. If it switched to burning PRB coal, the cost dropped to $113 per ton of SO2 removed. Removal is accomplished by installing scrubbers.

The Powder River Basin is the largest coal mining region in the US, but most of the coal is buried too deeply to be economically accessible. The Powder River Basin coal beds are shaped like elongated bowls and as mines expand from east to west in the Powder River Basin, they will be going "down the sides of the bowl". This means that the overburden (rock lying over the coal) will increase as will the stripping ratio (the ratio of rock that needs to be moved to produce a ton of coal).

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has conducted a series of studies on the economic accessibility of coal in the major coal-producing regions of the country. The studies typically found that only a small fraction of the coal would be economically accessible at the price then of $10.47/ton. In August 2008, the USGS issued an updated assessment of coal in the Powder River Basin. After considering stripping ratios and production costs, the USGS concluded that at that time, only 6% of the original resource, or 10.1 billion short tons of coal, was economically recoverable. At a price of $60/ton, however, roughly half (48%) of the coal would become economic to produce. Increasing the price paid for coal can increase the amount of economically recoverable coal, but increasing the price of coal also increases its production cost. Because coal is a solid, it cannot be produced from many scattered wells like oil and gas can be. Rather, coal has to be produced from mines that expand slowly by moving massive quantities of overburden.

Coal mining
Fifteen mines operate in the Powder River Basin, with most of the active mining taking place in drainages of the Cheyenne River. The US uses about 600 million tons of coal a year, with about 40% of the coal coming from the Powder River Basin. The amount of coal coming from the Powder River Basin has been increasing over the last 20 years.

The mines in the Powder River Basin typically have less than 20 years of life remaining. Almost all of the coal in the Powder River Basin is federally-owned, and further mine expansions will require a series of federal and state approvals, as well as large investments in additional mine equipment to begin the excavations.

The majority of the coal mined in the Powder River Basin is part of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), with the low sulfur and ash content of the coal in the region making it very desirable. Coal supplies about one-fifth of the United States' electricity supplies. The Powder River Basin mines supply approximately 40% of the coal that fuels those stations (mainly east of the Rocky Mountains) for generating electricity.

The mines work in areas where the stripping ratio is between 1:1 (i.e. one ton of rock for one ton of coal) and 3:1. As the mines expand the stripping ratio will increase. As more rock must be moved (using large electrically powered draglines and diesel and electric mining trucks) the production cost will also increase.

The mines are largely non-union operations with a history of squelching labor activity. According to historian Ryan Driskell Tate, surface mining in remote areas happened to reduce some of the "occupational togetherness" typically associated with coal miners working shoulder-to-shoulder underground in Appalachia. The environmental impact of mining on grass and aquifers has been a concern for surrounding ranchers who organized to resist new mines in the 1970s.

Coal mining companies operating in the Powder River Basin
Southern Powder River Basin
 * Arch Coal (Black Thunder Mine, Coal Creek Mine)
 * Black Hills Corporation/Wyodak Resources Development (Wyodak Mine)
 * Contura Energy (Belle Ayr Mine, Eagle Butte Mine)
 * Navajo Transitional Energy Company (Antelope Mine, Cordero Rojo Mine)
 * Kiewit Corporation (Buckskin Mine)
 * Peabody Energy (North Antelope Rochelle Mine, Caballo Mine, Rawhide Mine)
 * Western Fuels Association (Dry Fork Mine)

Northern Powder River Basin
 * Lighthouse Resources (Decker Mine)
 * Navajo Transitional Energy Company (Spring Creek)
 * Westmoreland Coal Company (Absaloka Mine, Rosebud Mine)

In June 2019, Peabody Energy and Arch Coal announced a joint venture for their combined Powder River Basin assets.

Power plants fueled from Powder River Basin coal (incomplete list)

 * James H. Miller Generating Station (Jefferson, Alabama)
 * Flint Creek Power Plant – American Electric Power (Arkansas)
 * Independence Power Plant - Entergy (Newark, Arkansas)
 * White Bluff Power Plant - Entergy (Redfield, Arkansas)
 * Plum Point Energy Station, NRG Energy (Osceola, Arkansas)
 * Pawnee Station – Xcel Energy (Colorado)
 * Comanche Station – Xcel Energy (Colorado)
 * Rawhide Energy Station, Wellington, (Colorado)
 * Robert W Scherer Power Plant – Georgia Power (Georgia)
 * Newton Power Plant – Ameren, Newton, Illinois
 * Joppa Generating Station, Vistra Energy - (Joppa, Illinois)
 * Warrick Power Plant (Newburgh, Indiana)
 * Jeffrey Energy Center (Kansas)
 * Big Cajun II – (New Roads, Louisiana)
 * Eckert Power Plant – (Lansing, Michigan)
 * Erickson Power Plant – (Lansing, Michigan)
 * Monroe Power Plant – Detroit Edison (Monroe, Michigan)
 * St. Clair Power Plant – Detroit Edison – (East China, Michigan)
 * Allen S. King Plant – Xcel Energy (Minnesota)
 * Sherburne County (Sherco) Plant – Xcel Energy (Minnesota)
 * Sikeston Power Plant (Sikeston, Missouri)
 * Gerald Gentleman Station – Nebraska Public Power District (Nebraska)
 * Omaha Public Power District – (Omaha, NE) (Nebraska City, Nebraska)
 * GREC – Vinita, OK – (Chouteau, Oklahoma)
 * J. Robert Welsh Power Plant – American Electric Power (Texas)
 * Fayette Power Project – (La Grange, Texas)
 * Harrington Station – Xcel Energy (Texas)
 * Tolk Station – Xcel Energy (Texas)
 * W. A. Parish Station – NRG Energy (Texas)
 * Limestone Station – NRG Energy (Texas)
 * Centralia Power Plant (Centralia, Washington)
 * Edgewater Generating Station, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
 * Dry Fork Station - Gillette, Wyoming
 * Laramie River Station – (Wheatland, Wyoming)
 * Brandon Generating Station – Manitoba Hydro (Brandon, Manitoba)

Oil and gas
The Powder River Basin also contains major deposits of petroleum, including the giant Salt Creek Oil Field. The oil and gas are produced from rocks ranging from Pennsylvanian to Tertiary, but most comes from sandstones in the thick section of Cretaceous rocks.

There is a recent resurgence in oil and gas production as a result of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. This resurgence is occurring mainly in the Wyoming portion of the basin, which is historically known as the source of the basin's oil. In 2009, a low of 38,000 barrels of oil per day were produced in the basin. That number has risen dramatically to 78,000 barrels per day in the first quarter of 2014.

The Bell Creek Field is a Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic trap in the Muddy Sandstone. Discovered in 1967 by the Exeter Drilling Co. No. 33-1 Federal-McCarrell well, which found 27 feet of pay at a depth of 4500 ft.

Coalbed methane
Recent controversy surrounds the extensive coalbed methane extraction in the region. In the last decade, nearly 7000 such wells have been drilled. An extensive network of gas pipelines connecting these wells has been built, along with a series of pressurization plants, as well as power lines to provide electricity to operate the system. In addition, thousands of miles of new access roads have been constructed.

Extracting the gas requires that water be pumped to the surface to release gas trapped in the coal seam. While some of the water is successfully utilized in agriculture production such as livestock water and crop irrigation, some waters are naturally high in salinity and sodium adsorption ratio. There has been controversy on how to best manage these saline waters.

In 2007, Powder River Basin coalbed field produced 442 billion cubic feet of gas, making the field the 3rd largest source of natural gas in the United States.

Uranium
The region also contains major deposits of uranium, contained in sandstones. (See Uranium mining in Wyoming). The Wasatch Formation (Eocene) contains the uranium ore "roll front" type deposits found in the Pumpkin Buttes District. Cameco Corporation subsidiary Power Resources Inc. operates uranium mines in the basin.

Transportation
In Spring 2005, coal extracted from the mines would retail at the mines for around $5 a ton. However, power stations and plants in the eastern United States were paying over $30 a ton – the difference caused by the cost of transportation. (In October 2008, the mine-mouth price of Powder River Basin coal was closer to $15 per ton. ) To transport coal from the basin, there is a joint railway line owned by the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad running the length of the southern section of the Powder River Basin. A third railroad, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad, faced strong resistance from many parties for its attempts to extend its rail line into the coal mining area, but while the plan was eventually approved by regulating authorities, the project was abandoned after the railroad was purchased by the Canadian Pacific Railway.

In 2013, five coal export terminals were being proposed in the Pacific Northwest to export coal from the Powder River Basin to Asian markets. As of February 2016, some coal terminal proposals had been withdrawn, leaving two with pending applications. The withdrawals were ascribed to loss of demand and consequent lower coal prices.

History
Originally a single track Burlington Northern Railway line built in stages from 1972 to 1979, the rail line ran south from Donkey Creek Junction in the north 13 mi to Caballo, Wyoming; and then for 103 mi to Shawnee in Converse County. The Chicago and North Western Railway ran close to the northern section, as did the Union Pacific at Caballo.

In 1982 C&NW and the UP formed Western Railroad Properties, Inc. (WRPI), to acquire half interest in the Burlington Northern coal line from Shawnee Junction to Coal Creek Junction. On December 15, 1986 WPRI purchased 11 mi more of BN line from Coal Creek Junction to East Caballo Junction. Beginning June 27, 1983 WPRI constructed 6 mi of new railroad from Shawnee Junction. to Shawnee, rebuilt 45 mi of C&NW line from Shawnee to Crandall and 56 mi of new railroad from Crandall to Joyce, Nebraska. The first commercial train ran on August 16, 1984.

By 1985, the line was single track for almost its entire length, and it was handling 19 million tons of coal. The implementation of the second stage of the Clean Air Act (1990) caused demand for clean coal to rise quickly. The C&NW struggled to upgrade capacity to dual track, resulting in numerous failures on the line in 1994, and eventually Union Pacific's purchase of C&NW in 1995. The UP spent $855 million over the next five years expanding capacity over its entire network to handle coal shipments from the PRB. By 2005 the Joint Line capacity had grown to handle an all-time record 325 million tons, and was either dual or three track capacity for its entire length.

Due to various trackage and locomotive failures on the Joint Line in late 2004 and early 2005, the line failed to deliver the amount of contracted coal supplies, and electricity rates increased by 15 percent. Coal customers threatened to evaluate alternate sources of energy and transportation, including the Arkansas Electric Cooperative Corporation. As a result, the 280 mi expansion of the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad line was approved by the Surface Transportation Board. In 2006 UP and BNSF announced a $100 million investment to provide three track capacity for the entire length of the Joint Line plus a fourth track added over the steepest sections, including Logan Hill. These improvements will enable the Joint Line to handle over 400 million tons of coal.

In 2006, Union Pacific set a record by hauling 194 million tons of coal – an 8% increase compared with 2005 tonnage. The company achieved this by increasing train size, with trains averaging more than 15,000 tons, a 200-ton weight increase compared with fourth-quarter 2005's average. In early 2016 it was reported that 80 to 100 trains of coal were being shipped from the Powder river basin every day. In 2019 train loadings averaged about 50 per day.

title: Powder River Basin


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CHTG-FM

CHTG-FM is a Canadian radio station licensed to Haldimand, Ontario serving the Hamilton region broadcasting at 92.9 FM with a classic hits format branded as 92.9 The Grand.

Application for 92.9
The station was first licensed in 2005 with the call sign CKNS-FM. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved the application for a station serving Haldimand, but assigned the frequency for which the station initially applied, 106.7 FM, to another station in a nearby market (CIKZ). Bel-Roc Communications then applied for 92.9, from a transmitter location approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) east of the original, at lower effective radiated power, but from a higher tower. A contemporaneous competing application from CHCD in nearby Simcoe sought the adjacent frequency, 93.1, for a CHCD repeater in Haldimand.

CHCD alleged that while the parameters proposed for 106.7 would have put a signal into Hamilton sufficient to stay with Haldimand-to-Hamilton commuters and let the station to draw on revenues from the Hamilton radio market, those now proposed for 92.9 would put inadequate signals not only into Hamilton, but into much of Haldimand itself. CHCD contested the station could only survive on advertising revenue from Simcoe and Norfolk County, even in spite a condition of license barring it from soliciting local advertising in Simcoe (and also nearby Brantford).

Individually, CIWV (now CHKX-FM) in Hamilton and Standard Broadcasting, owners of CKLH, CKOC and CHAM in Hamilton, also opposed the application. They contended that the proposed signal into Haldimand was indeed impaired, but that the signal into the Hamilton area was actually significantly increased. Standard argued that CKNS would no longer focus uniquely on the Haldimand community; for a time in 2005, the proposed station's own website branded it a "Haldimand/Hamilton" station. CIWV – originally co-founded by Rae Roe, who had since sold his stake and gone on to co-found CKNS – suggested that CKNS perhaps be barred from soliciting advertising in Hamilton as well.

In response to these interventions, Bel-Roc agreed that they planned to solicit advertising in Hamilton, but insisted they would focus on Haldimand listeners; they disputed other details of the opposing interventions, and argued that the new parameters were necessary to meet Industry Canada requirements regulating the use of the broadcast spectrum.

The CRTC approved CKNS' application for 92.9, and denied CHCD's for 93.1 FM. This caused significant signal degradation for WBUF, the nearest station on 92.9, across the border in Buffalo, New York.

The application proposed a unique multi-genre Canadian format including a minimum 60% fully qualified Canadian content as defined by CRTC regulations. The balance of music would contain Canadian elements. This percentage was selected to enable the station to play popular music by Canadian artists that does not qualify under present rules as Canadian content.

The proposed format was inspired by Internet radio station LG73, which is in turn inspired by, and an unofficial tribute to, the former Vancouver broadcast station CKLG, when it was an AM station under that brand. CKLG was never exclusively or overwhelmingly devoted to Canadian content as the Internet station or the proposed Haldimand station.

Bel-Roc suggested that they would eventually apply to rebroadcast the station on available frequencies in many other Canadian cities.

Launch
After several weeks of test broadcasting, CKNS 92.9 FM officially went on the air at 6:00 a.m. on May 15, 2006, with an adult hits format. Former CKOC 1150 on-air DJ Bob Sherwin launched the station's morning show and hosted the morning show until his death on May 16, 2007, of a heart attack. Former FM 108 on-air DJ Burt Thombs launched the station's afternoon drive show. The station broadcasts from its offices and studios on Argyle Street South in Caledonia. Some of the station's content is also broadcast by live feed directly into the Caledonia studio from remote locations across the country, formerly including Phil Kushnir's show out of Vancouver.

Acquisitions
Haliburton Broadcasting Group became the controlling shareholder of Bel-Roc Communications in April 2007. That June, the station adopted the CKJN-FM call sign and adopted the brand name Jayne FM. In September, CKJN rebranded as Moose FM.

On April 23, 2012, Vista Broadcast Group, which owns a number of radio stations in western Canada, announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting, in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital. The transaction was approved by the CRTC on October 19, 2012. On May 26, 2014, CKJN flipped to country as Country 92.9.

On July 8, 2016, the CRTC approved the sale & acquisition of the station to Durham Radio. Since CHKX significantly overlaps with CKJN's music playlist, it was rumoured that CKJN would flip to an oldies/classic hits format that was last carried by CKOC in Hamilton, until that station flipped to sports talk in September 2015.

On September 1, 2016, the station changed its format to classic hits, branded as 92.9 The Grand and adopted new call letters CHTG-FM.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CHTG-FM


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Talk:Vinnie Paul

Was he the hostage?
http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/article.asp?ID=8352&type=NWS
 * no

Drum set-up
right, the drum setups wrong, he uses two floor toms and has since at least cowboys. also the cymbals are wrong, he uses 2 set of hats, and a lot of the cymbals mention he uses two of.

Poker
Vinnie Paul played poker on VH1 Classic with other influential artists like Ace Frehley and Scott Ian. It was on TV here recently. URFG 15:04, 29 March 2007 (UTC)URFG

Plagiarism?
Am concerned that, having spent some time looking up information about Vinnie Paul on the internet, large parts of this Wikipedia article seem to have been copied directly or paraphrased from an article at http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Vinnie_Paul.html As such, unless the author of that article and this article are one and the same and/or are the copyright holder of the article at Drummerworld.com, then large parts of this Wikipedia article need to be removed from the site.

--BarneyBuggle (talk) 15:54, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

recent edit war
Can I strongly suggest that editors on this article find a reliable source to verify and cite the disputed date? If you can't find one, then why not leave it out? This is an article about a living person, and we need to be careful to get the facts right and to prove that we have too. I for one would like to see many more citations and references throughout the article.--Slp1 (talk) 16:06, 26 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It is no use pointing this out to the editor adding the unsourced information, as he doesn't want to reason (Look at the other articles he's warring on). I completely agree though, and I will try to source as much as I can. Erzsébet Báthory(talk 18:18, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

I am new and thus am unable to edit on this could someone now do this?

He no longer plays his Pearl drum kits he is now with Ddrum. I will find his kit later in the day. Themyldeone (talk) 20:38, 10 December 2008 (UTC)Themyldeone

Error on Vinnie Paul's mothers name
Her name was Carolyn Abbott. This article has 'Carolina'. I know, because the site that has photos of Dimebag Darrell Abbott's grave also has his mother's grave, and it is Carolyn Abbott (deceased September 12, 1999). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tamarageil (talk • contribs) 23:01, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:00, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vinnie Paul


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Jerry Scoggins

Jerry Scoggins (September 30, 1911 – December 7, 2004) was an American country/western singer, guitarist, and band leader. He performed on radio, in movies, and on television from the 1930s thru the 1980s. He was noted for his work with Gene Autry and Bing Crosby and especially for singing "The Ballad of Jed Clampett", the theme song to the 1960s sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies.

Biography
Scoggins was born in Mount Pleasant, Texas in 1911. He sang and played guitar on Dallas radio stations in the early 1930s and in 1936 formed his own group, the Cass County Kids, with John Dodson and Fred Martin. Ten years later in 1946, country musician and cowboy Gene Autry changed their name to the Cass County Boys when he hired them to work on his Melody Ranch radio program. They appeared in 17 of his films and worked with him on radio and TV for 12 years while also appearing with Bing Crosby on early 1950s TV. In 1996 the Boys were inducted into Western Music Hall of Fame. They also received a Golden Boot Award from the Motion Picture and Television Fund.

In 1962, Scoggins was working as a stockbroker and singing on weekends when he was asked to sing the theme song for a new sitcom, called The Beverly Hillbillies. Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs played guitar and banjo while he sang the lyrics. "The Ballad of Jed Clampett" was a smash hit on the charts, with Flatt singing on the single.

In 1993, a retired Scoggins learned that 20th Century Fox was making a film version of the series. He called their offices only to be told that they'd had no idea he was still alive. The studio preferred Johnny Cash or Willie Nelson to sing the theme song, but the director, Penelope Spheeris, insisted on Scoggins getting the job, which he did. He figured he'd probably sung the ballad over 1,000 times since the original recording.

Scoggins appeared on-camera, singing the ballad, in the 1993 TV special, The Legend of The Beverly Hillbillies.

Death
Scoggins died in 2004, from natural causes, in his Westlake Village, California home. He was 93. Scoggins was interred at Pierce Brothers Valley Oaks Memorial Park, in Westlake Village, California.

title: Jerry Scoggins


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Talk:Urodon (plant)

Is this "plantcruft"?Dr Zen 04:12, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nope. Hesperian 00:15, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urodon (plant)


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User talk:Akaihyo

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:13, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
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Thanks for your contribution to the article on the Battle of Mlawa. Halibutt 13:45, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Romana Acosta Bañuelos Article
I have to say, "nice plagiarism" on the Romana Acosta Bañuelos article. I couldn't have cut-n-paste it any better from the U.S. Embassy website. I am supposing that you have heard and are aware of copyright laws... It was a long time ago (October 2007) when you did the cut-n-paste but it still leaves the article in serious jeopardy of being a candidate for deletion... Stevenmitchell (talk) 14:44, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Brenda Joyce Evans

A tag has been placed on Brenda Joyce Evans requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. ZLEA T\C 22:15, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Akaihyo


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42nd New Zealand Parliament

The 42nd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. Its composition was determined by the 1987 election, and it sat until the 1990 election.

The 42nd Parliament was the second (and final) term of the controversial fourth Labour Party government. Initially, the only other party in the 42nd Parliament was the National Party, with the Democratic Party having lost the two seats it held in the 41st Parliament. Later, a dissident Labour MP, Jim Anderton, would found the NewLabour Party in 1989. Due to internal disputes within the Labour Party, there were three Prime Ministers during the 42nd Parliament: David Lange, Geoffrey Palmer, and Mike Moore.

The 42nd Parliament consisted of ninety-seven representatives. At the time, this was the highest number of representatives that Parliament had had, although it would later be exceeded. All of these representatives were chosen by single-member geographical electorates, including four Māori electorates.

Overview of seats
The table below shows the number of MPs in each party following the 1987 election and at dissolution:

Notes
 * The Working Government majority is calculated as all Government MPs less all other parties.

Changes during term
There were no by-elections held during the term of the 42nd Parliament.
 * Jim Anderton, the Labour MP for Sydenham, quit the Labour Party in protest in 1989 over the economic reforms, known as Rogernomics, of Roger Douglas, the Minister of Finance. He established the NewLabour Party.

title: 42nd New Zealand Parliament


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User talk:TeamUnderhill

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Speedy deletion of PoetryVisualized.com
A tag has been placed on PoetryVisualized.com requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for web content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. BigDunc (talk) 19:44, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Your recent edits
Hi there. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. If you can't type the tilde character, you should click on the signature button located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your name and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you! --SineBot (talk) 22:28, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Rod Underhill
It always strikes me as odd, to say the least, when an article which has been around for years is speedily deleted. CSD A7 is quite narrow. It covers articles which do not "indicate why its subject is important or significant". Not "does not have references". It seems to pass that bar quite easily on a quick readthrough. In any case, if the article was to be deleted, I feel that after being there for four years it should only have been after a discussion at articles for deletion. Regards, Angus McLellan (Talk) 22:37, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

January 2015
Welcome to Wikipedia. Because we have a policy against usernames which give the impression that the account represents a group, organization or website, I have blocked this account; please take a moment to create a new account with a username that represents only yourself as an individual and which complies with our username policy. You should also read our conflict of interest guideline and be aware that promotional editing is not acceptable regardless of the username you choose. If your username does not represent a group, organization or website, you may appeal this username block by adding the text below this notice. You may simply create a new account, but you may prefer to change your username to one that complies with our username policy, so that your past contributions are associated with your new username. If you would prefer to change your username, you may appeal this username block by adding the text below this notice. Thank you. Drmies (talk) 04:12, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Tom Luth

The article Tom Luth has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No independent coverage in reliable sources"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. William Avery (talk) 11:24, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:TeamUnderhill


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ProfNet

ProfNet
This page appears to be spam. It describes a service of PR Newswire. The page was created and edited solely by two 199.230.26.* IP's, both of which resolve to domains under prnewswire.com and appear to be proxies for internal corporate use. Note that the text doesn't even completely hide the fact that it's advertising -- it uses the first person in "ProfNet is supported by our member institutions." Even if the text were re-written by a third party, it's not clear to me that this can become encyclopedic.

The same IP's seem to have edited a few other pages that describe PR Newswire and its services (and perhaps their clients?). I don't have the time to do so, but perhaps someone can go through their contributions (see: .51 and .52), and see whether the others should be deleted (or NPOV'ed). Zyqqh 04:16, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Evidence above supports theory that it is spam. Also, it's a copyright violation: Aerion 07:47, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Is it a copyvio if the same firm wrote both the Wikipedia page and the external page that it is a copy of? Anthony Appleyard 11:36, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, because it's not cited and the original author hasn't explicitly consented to its use. Aerion 21:20, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising/copyvio. I have a bad feeling that if it's listed on the copyvio page, all we'll get in return is a secretary writing a new ad just for us.  Geogre 13:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or tag as copyvio and then delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising. Gamaliel 01:05, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Definitely. It's an important service, widely used by journalists, especially in trade publications. I've used it myself a few times. The article does need to be rewritten. --LeeHunter 03:45, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I was about to amend my own comments to say also that it's a commonly used service. After I voted, the name kept ringing in my head.  It is a frequently used service, but I stand by my vote for the time being.  If it is rewritten to be NPOV and to discuss the service, I'll change my vote.  Geogre 04:34, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. The article needs to discuss the service, and in particular why the service is unique or important. Aerion 05:08, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 08:56, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've rewritten the opening of the article. I'm pretty sure it doesn't need to be deleted now. --LeeHunter 17:59, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've tagged it as a copyvio since it still needs to be deleted for that. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:53, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ProfNet


text:
User talk:JerDW

This is my talk page

This is a work in progress, that is why it is so boring

If you feel the need to contact me you can leave a message here, and I will try to respond.

JerDW

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello JerDW! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 04:35, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Francisco Mujika Garmendia -

title: User talk:JerDW


text:
Doug Galt

Doug Galt (born 1937 or 1938) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003, and an unsuccessful contender for the House of Commons of Canada in 2004.

Background
Galt was a veterinarian before entering political life. He was an overseas veterinary pathologist and project coordinator for CIDA in 1988 and 1992, and retired as head of the Brighton Veterinary Services Lab in 1994. In the late 1980s, he attended Queen's University and earned a Master's Degree in public administration. Galt currently lives in the hamlet of Salem, Ontario with his wife Catherine.

Politics
He began his political career at the municipal level, serving as a warden in Northumberland County, and as reeve of Cramahe Township. Galt was also a school trustee, and chaired the Colborne-Cramahe Community Economic Development Commission in 1994.

Galt was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1995 provincial election, defeating incumbent Liberal Joan Fawcett by over 6,000 votes in the Northumberland riding. The Progressive Conservatives won the election under the leadership of Mike Harris, and Galt sat as a backbench supporter. He became known for asking "softball" questions (i.e. inoffensive questions which praise the sitting government, and allow ministers to outline new policy initiatives).

Galt was re-elected in the 1999 provincial election, though by only 903 votes over Liberal Carolyn Campbell. He introduced a resolution in the Legislature to bring forward greater protection against cruelty to animals and tried to ban riding in the back of pick-up trucks. Galt also introduced a Private Member's Bill to create a Robert Baldwin Day in Ontario which was later endorsed by Andrew Redden in an article published in the Canadian Parliamentary Review. In 2000, Galt precipitated a minor crisis in the legislature by accidentally reading out the names of certain young offenders, whose identities were protected by law. Galt was actually praising the young offenders for graduating from a young offenders program while forgetting that they were still young offenders. Rob Sampson, the Minister of Correctional Services, had to temporarily resign from office to show ministerial accountability for Galt's error.

Galt served as chair of the Premier's Task Force on Rural Economic Renewal, which toured the province and consulted with other jurisdictions. Amongst other initiatives, the findings of this Task Force led to the creation of the O.S.T.A.R. program and Rural Economic Development funding initiative.

Galt supported Ernie Eves to replace Harris as party leader in 2002, and was named by Eves as a minister without portfolio and chief government Whip on August 22 of that year.

The Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the 2003 provincial election, and Galt lost his seat to Liberal candidate Lou Rinaldi by approximately 2,500 votes.

Federal politics
In early 2004, Galt supported Tony Clement's unsuccessful campaign to become leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.

Galt himself ran as a Conservative in the 2004 federal election, challenging Liberal incumbent Paul Macklin in the federal riding of Northumberland. Macklin defeated Galt by 313 votes.

title: Doug Galt


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Turtle Bayou Resolutions

In 1832, the Anglo-American settlers were involved in a conflict with Mexican commander John Davis Bradburn (also an Anglo-American) near the northern extent of Trinity Bay at Anahuac, Texas. The settlers were opposed to control of their daily affairs by the centralist government. They were primarily at odds with the administration over the subject of tariffs on imports and exports and over the presence of conscripted criminals in the Mexican garrison at Anahuac located at the confluence of the Trinity river and bay four miles south of the Turtle Bayou crossing, whom the colonists blamed for a number of local crimes. The simmering conflict reached a head when Bradburn took in two escaped enslaved people from Louisiana. Though slavery was officially illegal in Mexico, the Mexican authorities wanted to encourage Anglo-American colonization of the frontier and tolerated indentured servants for ten years, among the colonists. Among that population included three previously enslaved people who escaped from Louisiana and were given asylum by Bradburn. Two local lawyers, William B. Travis and Patrick C. Jack, attempted to return the freed people to the American who claimed to own them but were arrested and held in the Anahuac garrison after they had forged a letter to Bradburn threatening armed intervention from Louisiana militia.

The original site of "Fort Anahuac" is now part of a public park in Anahuac, Chambers County Texas.

The Anglo militia skirmished with Bradburn's troops before retreating north to the crossing on Turtle Bayou near James Taylor White's ranch house to await the arrival of artillery.

The settlers received word that the anti-administration Federalist army had won a significant victory under the leadership of Antonio López de Santa Anna.

Colonists react
Taking advantage of this favorable news, they verbally aligned themselves with the Federalist cause by composing the Turtle Bayou Resolutions, which explained their attack against the Centralist troops at Anahuac. They explained that they were not lawless Anglos attacking a Mexican garrison, but that they were Federalist sympathizers opposing a Centralist commandant as part of the civil war that had been in progress for two years between the Centralist administration of Anastasio Bustamante and those wanting to return to the Federalist Constitution of 1824.

The four resolutions condemned violations of the 1824 constitution by the Bustamante government and urged all Texans to support the patriots fighting under Santa Anna, who was at the time struggling to defeat military despotism. Though opinions varied among the colonists, few Texans were at that time willing to urge secession.

Federalist colonel José Antonio Mexía arrived in Brazoria, Texas, on July 16, 1832, with 400 troops and five ships to quell a supposed movement to sever Texas from Mexico. A copy of the Turtle Bayou Resolutions was included in the seven-point statement of causes for taking up arms that was presented to Mexía on July 18. The explanations offered by the Texas leaders satisfied the Federalist general, and he returned to the Rio Grande.

The document
No signatures are affixed to the extant copy of the resolutions themselves, but seven of the Texas leaders (Wyly Martin, John Austin, Luke Lesassier, William H. Jack, Hugh B. Johnston, Francis W. Johnson, and Robert M. Williamson) signed the combined document presented to Mexía.

The document was published in an extra edition of the Brazoria Constitutional Advocate on July 23, 1832, and appeared in Mary Austin Holley's Texas (1833).

Text of the Turtle Bayou Resolutions

First: By their repeated violations of the constitution and laws and the total disregard of the civil and political rights of the people.

Second: Jose G Granado fixing and establishing among us, in the time of peace, military posts, the officers of which, totally disregarding the local civil authorities of the State, have committed various acts evincing opposition to the true interest of the people in the enjoyment of civil liberty.

Third: By arresting the commissioners, especially Juan Francisco Madero, who, on the part of the State government, was to put the inhabitants east of Trinity River in possession of other lands, in conformity with the laws of colonization.

Fourth: By the imposition of military force, preventing the Alcalde of the jurisdiction of Liberty from the exercise of his constitutional functions.

Fifth: By appointing to the revenue department of Galveston, a man whose character for infamy had been clearly established, and made known to the Government, and whose principles are avowedly to the true interest of the people of Texas; and that, too, when their character for infamy had been repeatedly established.

Sixth: By the military commandant of Anahuac advising and procuring servants to quit the service of their masters, and offering them protection; causing them to labor for his benefits, and refusing to compensate them for the same.

Seventh: By imprisonment of our citizens without lawful cause; and claiming the right of trying said citizens by a military court for offense of a character cognizable by the civil authority alone.

RESOLVED That we view with feelings of the deepest regret, Tori Tercero manner in which the Government of the Republic of Mexico is administered by the present dynasty - The repeated violations of the constitution - the total disregard for the law - the entire prostration of the civil authority; and the substitution in the stead of military despotism, are grievances of such a character, as to arouse the feelings of every freeman, and impel him to resistance.

RESOLVED That we view with feelings of deepest interest and solicitude, the firm and manly resistance which is made by those patriots under the highly and distinguished chieftain Santa Anna, to the numerous encroachments and infractions which have been made by the present administration upon the laws and constitution of our beloved and adopted country.

RESOLVED That as freemen devoted to a correct interpretation and enforcement of the Constitution, and laws, according to their true Spirit - We pledge our lives and fortunes in support of the same, and of the distinguished leader, who is now gallantly fighting in defence of Civil Liberty.

RESOLVED That all the people of Texas be united to co-operate with us, in support of the principles incorporated in the foregoing resolutions.

title: Turtle Bayou Resolutions


text:
User:BMWman

Don't have much to say here...Go to my talk page.

title: User:BMWman


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Frozen (Madonna song)

"Frozen" is a song by American singer and songwriter Madonna from her seventh studio album, Ray of Light (1998). Maverick and Warner Bros. Records released it as the album's lead single on January 23, 1998. The song was also included on the compilation albums, GHV2 (2001) and Celebration (2009). "Frozen" was written by Madonna and Patrick Leonard, who both produced it in collaboration with William Orbit. The downtempo electronica ballad, which has a layered sound enhanced by synthesizers and strings, lyrically addresses a cold and emotionless man.

"Frozen" received acclaim from music critics, some of whom deemed it as a highlight from Ray of Light. The song was described as being a masterpiece, and its melodic beat and sound were defined as "cinematic". "Frozen" was also a global commercial success. In the United States, it became Madonna's sixth single to peak at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. In the United Kingdom, "Frozen" became Madonna's first single to debut at number one on the UK Singles Chart, while also reaching number one in Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Scotland and Spain, and the top-five elsewhere.

The accompanying music video for "Frozen", directed by Chris Cunningham, was filmed at Cuddeback Lake in California, and features Madonna as an ethereal, witch-like, melancholy persona, who shapeshifts into a flock of birds and a black dog. The music video won a Moonman for Best Special Effects in a Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards. To promote Ray of Light, Madonna performed the song live in several occasions, including its first world premiere on Sanremo Music Festival in Italy and on Wetten, dass..? in Germany. Additionally, it was performed in several of her concert tours. "Frozen" has been covered by many artists, such as Swedish hard rock band Talisman, and Polish industrial metal band Thy Disease.

In 2021, a trap remix of "Frozen", made by Canadian DJ Sickick, became viral on TikTok. On December 3, 2021, it was officially released as the first single from Madonna's entire-catalog reissue project. Madonna and Sickick released three further renditions of the remix—the version featuring Nigerian singer Fireboy DML, the version featuring American rapper 070 Shake, and the version featuring vocals from Sickick himself titled "Frozen on Fire"—all of which were supported by music videos. The Sickick remix charted within the top ten of the Billboard Dance/Electronic Songs chart, and was certified Gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) in France.

Background and release
By the mid to late 1990s, Madonna was in a more mature and introspective mood, after giving birth to her daughter Lourdes, gaining interest in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah, and earning the title role in the film adaptation of the musical Evita (1996). In 1997, Madonna began working on Ray of Light, her seventh studio album and wrote songs with William Orbit, Patrick Leonard, Rick Nowels and Babyface. The album would reflect the singer's changed perspectives about life. Author Carol Benson noted that it was a "deeply spiritual dance record", with the crux of it based on Madonna's career, her journey and the many identities she had assumed over the years. Motherhood had softened the singer emotionally, which was reflected in the songs. She started talking about ideas and used words which implied deep and personal thoughts, rather than the regular dance-floor anthemic tunes she had composed. The singer began introspecting herself with motherhood being a "big catalyst for me. It took me on a search for answers to questions I'd never asked myself before", she said to Q magazine.

Madonna worked primarily with Orbit after Guy Oseary, Maverick Records' partner, phoned Orbit and suggested that he send some songs to the singer. He sent a 13-track digital audio tape (DAT) to Madonna, and "Frozen" was among these tracks. "I was a huge fan of William's earlier records. [...] I also loved all the remixes he did for me and I was interested in fusing a kind of futuristic sound but also using lots of Indian and Moroccan influences and things like that, and I wanted it to sound old and new at the same time", Madonna said. The singer drew inspiration from Bernardo Bertolucci's 1990 British-Italian drama film, The Sheltering Sky, which dealt with a couple trying to save their marriage during a trip to Africa. She wanted to have the "whole Moroccan/orchestral/super-romantic/man-carrying-the-woman-he-loves-across-the-desert vibe" for the track. Still continuing work with Leonard on some of the tracks, Madonna asked him to give her a composition with "tribal feel, something really lush and romantic". They composed the melody on the DAT and recorded the demo, which stretched to over 10 minutes due to Madonna continuing to write the track.

A low quality snippet of "Frozen" was leaked by fans on January 23, 1998, after it debuted on radio in Singapore, and posted it on the Internet. They said they knew what they were doing was wrong, but that they hoped it would simply generate interest from Madonna. The song was played on US radio, including WKTU New York radio. Warner Bros. Records enlisted the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)'s Anti-Piracy Unit to delete the Internet downloads of the song. Erik Bradley, musical director of Chicago B96, classified "Frozen" as a "the mark of a smash. Clearly, American pop radio needs Madonna", after he played the track on his station. According to Jon Uren, marketing director of Warner Music Europe, the song also had "fantastic" early support across Europe, where the song was added to radio the same day that the snippet was leaked. Shortly after the leak, a remix version of "Frozen" was broadcast by the BBC website, and was also previewed on the soundtrack at the 1998 Versace fashion spring parade. In the United Kingdom, "Frozen" was issued as a CD single, a 12-inch vinyl single, and a cassette single on February 23, 1998. The track was officially serviced to radio in the United States on February 19, 1998, and was released commercially on March 3, 1998.

Composition and recording
"Frozen" is a downtempo electronica ballad which has a layered sound enhanced by synthesizers and strings,   arranged by Craig Armstrong. It was composed using common time in the key of F minor, with a moderate tempo of 102 beats per minute. "Frozen" has a basic sequence of Fm–E♭–D♭–E♭ as its chord progression. The chorus, however, has the chord progression of Fm–B♭m–D♭–A♭. Madonna's vocals range from the lower octave of F3 to the higher note of A♭4.

The song begins with austere, classical strings while the chord progression emphasizes tonic, submediant and flattened leading-tone chords. For the second phrase, which includes a dramatic crescendo, rhythm and ambient electronic effects are added gradually. Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors from Madonna's Drowned Worlds, commented that the song is strongly inspired by different forms of classical music, notably contemporary classical music such as neoromanticism, as well as Italian opera composers and pieces such as Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly and Giuseppe Verdi's Aida. Madonna's vocals have drawn comparisons to medieval music.

Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger described Orbit's drum and electronic programming as "extraordinarily abstract for a global smash – a kind of cold, bassless dub approach, where the gaps, echoes and drop-outs matter as much as the beats, which spread sharply, like sudden cracks on a frozen surface. They need Armstrong's strings to hold the song together. And those strings in turn – a dark, Arctic sea of swells and crests – need the beats to sound more perilous than comforting."

Lyrically, the song is about a cold and emotionless man. In the first verse, Madonna enters in a medium range, 'You only see what your eyes want to see'. In the chorus, dance rhythm and ambient sounds are added. In the second verse, more visceral lyrics are added, like 'Love is a bird, she needs to fly'. During the bridge, a broad, string lines provide instrumental commentary on the lyrics. The song ends with a string ostinato that simply fades away, without fully resolving to the tonic chord. In an interview with The New York Times, Madonna commented that the lyrics to "Frozen" are built around "Retaliation, revenge, hate, regret, that's what I deal with in "Frozen". Everyone's going to say, 'That's a song about Carlos' [her ex-boyfriend], but it's not really; it's just about people in general".

"Frozen" was recorded along with the rest of the album at Larrabee North Studio in North Hollywood, California. It was mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Studios in New York. The DAT contained the main portion of the song recordings, as well as preliminary demo sessions in Madonna's house in New York, as well as Hit Factory Studios where Madonna first sang the song. Like most of the album, "Frozen" was recorded on a Roland Juno-106. Madonna and Orbit had conducted a drummer session in Los Angeles, but it did not work out. So he contacted Fergus Gerrand who played drum samples for him in London. Orbit fed them in his workstation and cut them manually, instead of using auto-editing software like ReCycle.

Critical reception
"Frozen" received critical acclaim from music critics. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine complimented the track's production and deemed it "one of the great pop masterpieces of the late 1990s", adding "Its lyrics are uncomplicated but its statement is grand." Billboard's Paul Verna described the song as "smashing". In a separate review, Larry Flick called it a "stunning foray into the realm of electronica [which] [...] underground purists and unwavering popstars will equally applaud". Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone commented positively about the "arctic melancholy" of the song. The Baltimore Sun's J.D. Considine called it a word-focused, emotionally nuanced ballad.

Music Week named it Single of the Week, giving it five out of five and praising the song as "inspirational", "classic Madonna" and "surely guaranteed the top spot." Jon Pareles from The New York Times was impressed how Madonna, dulcet and careful, performed the song. Joan Anderman from The Boston Globe said that on Ray of Light, only "Frozen" achieves a "state of divine balladry", recalls the "emotional pitch" and simmers the "beauty of 1986's 'Live to Tell' with a dark, lush string section, the smash and patter of a lone drum, and an ominous, pulsing buzz". In his review of Ray of Light, Neil Spencer of The Observer commented, "it's sensuous songs such as [...] 'Frozen' that stand out; music for the chill-out room." The New Rolling Stone Album Guide agreed that the song was appropriate for chilling out. Elysa Gardner, writing in the Los Angeles Times, said "Madonna's enduring knack for incorporating hip and exotic textures into accessible pop tunes is evident on the plaintive single 'Frozen'". Sputnikmusic viewed the track as the singer "at her soothing best", highlighting its "interesting percussion backing" and "beautiful use of strings with techno effects".

David Browne of Entertainment Weekly described the song as a "wuthering-beats melodrama that's often breathtaking." Also from Entertainment Weekly, Chuck Arnold wrote: "sounding unlike anything Madonna had ever done before, and creating a mystical forest of sonic wonder — sweeping strings and all — 'Frozen' possesses an almost operatic grandeur that never fails to give you chills". Stephen Thompson from The A.V. Club wrote, "the atmospheric 'Frozen' is a great first single despite lyrics like, 'Love is a bird / She needs to fly.'" Conversely, NME called the song "another pile of her usual weepy old bollocks". Jim Farber of the Daily News wrote that "Frozen" compromises its electronic style with "too much tepid pop". The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan regarded it as a tremulous song Ray of Light could have done without. Jose F. Thomas from AllMusic rated the song two stars out of five, describing it as "chilly".

Accolades
In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their "Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time", by Q magazine. "Frozen" was allocated the number ten spot on the list. Billboard also ranked "Frozen" at number 25 on a list containing Madonna's 40 hits, stating that the song marked a sonic change in Madonna's career. Rolling Stone also ranked the song as Madonna's sixth best song of all time according to a readers' poll, saying that the song strikes "the perfect balance of pop accessibility, sophisticated balladry and cutting-edge electronic textures". VH1's Mark Graham included "Frozen" on his list of his favorite songs from Madonna at number 36 during a list compiled in honor of the singer's 53rd birthday.

In May 2018, Billboard ranked the top songs of 1998, ranking "Frozen" at number 31. Frank Digiacomo from the publication asserted that the composition showed "a wiser, more mature Madonna, one still at the top of her game". While ranking Madonna's singles, in honor of her 60th birthday, The Guardian's Jude Rogers placed "Frozen" at number 7. She wrote: "Dark, orchestral ambient is a mood at which Madonna excels. 'Frozen' marries the different temperatures of 90s pop stunningly – the faltering chill of William Orbit's electronica with the dusty, cinematic heat of North African melodies and strings". Finally, in August 2018, Entertainment Weekly listed it as the singer's 18th best single.

Commercial performance
In the United States, "Frozen" debuted at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 with 42,000 units, and reached the number two position on the chart in the issue dated April 4, 1998. The song became the sixth single by Madonna to peak at the number two position, surpassing Elvis Presley and the Carpenters for the most number-two songs at the time. "Frozen" topped the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, while reaching number eight on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart. "Frozen" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in April 1998, and was ranked at number 32 on the Hot 100 year-end chart of the same year. In Canada, the song reached a peak of number two on the RPM Singles Chart in its seventh week, being held off from the top position by Natalie Imbruglia's "Torn".

In the United Kingdom, "Frozen" entered the UK Singles Chart at number one on March 7, 1998. It was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). According to Official Charts Company, the song has sold 560,000 copies, as of 2018. In Belgium's region of Flanders, the song debuted at number 23 on February 22, 1998, and reached a peak of number three. Similarly in Wallonia, "Frozen" debuted at number 29 and later reached number two. In the Netherlands, the track debuted at number 27 on the Dutch Top 40, and reached a peak of number two on March 7, 1998. The song reached a peak of number two in Germany, where it remained for six weeks, before spending a total of nineteen weeks on the chart. In Italy, with just one day in the stores it already had 30,000 ordered copies. On the Swiss Singles Chart, "Frozen" debuted at number four in the issue dated March 1, 1998. After one week, the song reached number two, remaining there for eight weeks. The song peaked at number one in Spain.

In Australia, "Frozen" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at its peak of number five on March 1, 1998. The next week it descended at number nine, returning to its peak on March 15, 1998, and stayed there for another three weeks. It was present for a total of 16 weeks on the chart, and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In New Zealand, the song had a similar run as in Australia, by debuting at its peak of number five on the RIANZ Singles Chart. It was present for a total of 12 weeks on the chart.

Music video

Directed by British artist Chris Cunningham, the music video for "Frozen" was filmed at Cuddeback Lake in the Mojave Desert in California during January 7–11, 1998. In an interview with Kurt Loder on the set of the video, Madonna described herself as a "mystical creature in the desert". It was inspired by the 1996 film The English Patient and Martha Graham's work. The music video premiered on February 16, 1998, on MTV at 4 p.m. The black dress Madonna wears on the video was designed by Jean Paul Gaultier. In an interview with MTV News, Cunningham stated about his work with Madonna that she became interested in working with him after seeing his Aphex Twin-directed music video, "Come to Daddy" (1997).

Madonna stated that she and her team initially thought of filming the video in Iceland, as the idea of the video was to go someplace cold with snow, but decided against the idea. She said she thought: "'You know what, I'm going to be freezing. I'm going to be miserable, I'll be complaining all day, I'll be sorry that I ever chose a cold place. So I said, 'Let's do it in the desert, it'll be warm,' and it would be sort of the opposite, because even though you think of deserts as being hot, they're still sort of frozen in terms of there's no vegetation and they're very desolate. I thought that that would still work as a visual, but then we got there and it was like 20 degrees below zero, it was bitterly cold, and I was barefoot. I was barefoot for the entire video, and then it started pouring rain and everyone got really sick, and it just actually turned out to be a really miserable experience."

The video introduces a sober, contemplative Madonna, revealing a mature mysticism. It begins with the camera skimming along a cracked, desiccated desert floor, and within seconds Madonna appears, hovering just above the ground in the distance. Her hands are covered with mehndi and an Om symbol on one palm. In the video, she slowly gestures and sways her arms towards the sky, desperately pleading to her cold lover cited in the song. At one point, she falls backward, hits the ground, and transforms into a flock of large, dark birds. Later, she transforms into a black dog. Three Madonnas also appear walking and crawling amidst the desert throughout the video. As the song progresses, the sky darkens, and the singer levitates from the ground. Her form then changes to a shiny black liquid, which runs along the desert floor and appears to be absorbed by the tattooed hands of another version of herself, curled up on the crenellated ground. The video ends with a desperate and melancholy Madonna.

Jim Glauner from MTV News commented that from the first scene of the video, the viewer discovers that this is not "Holiday" (1983). Matthias Groß of Madonna On the Couch: A psychoanalytic view on Madonna's music videos, argued that it is interesting to look at the video as a dream, and noted that in the video, Madonna was presented as a witch or an uncanny creature, by the technique of the central perspective. He concluded that the viewers find themselves in control of their view, of the situation in general, and are conveyed the impression to follow a realistic depiction of a mere melancholic woman in the desert, according to him. Henry Keazor and Thorsten Wübbena of Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video said that the large panels of cloth that gather and wind around Madonna gain an even more obvious independent movement quality. Billboard considered it Madonna's third-best video noting that it "conveys the song's bleak heartbreak perfectly" with Madonna's persona in the video. Steve Murgatroyd, Dan Williams, Steve Hiam, and Anthony Walsham received the MTV Video Music Award for Best Special Effects for "Frozen". The video can be found on the Madonna compilations, The Video Collection 93:99 (1999) and Celebration: The Video Collection (2009).

Sickick remixes
On March 30, 2021, Canadian producer Sickick posted a video of him in a mask remixing "Frozen" on a video sharing app TikTok. This rendition has been used in over 1.5 million TikTok clips as of December 2022, based around cooking and hair-pulling challenges; and has been watched over 26 million times. On December 3 of the same year, the remix was officially released on digital and streaming music platforms, as the first release of Madonna's plan of re-releasing of her entire catalogue. This rendition impacted Italian radio airplay next month, on January 24, 2022. In March 2022, two additional remixes were released, the first one featuring Nigerian singer Fireboy DML, and American rapper and singer 070 Shake on the second; both of them received visuals. On May 19, fourth rendition of the remix was pushed to the digital retrailers and streaming media. Titled "Frozen on Fire", it features Sickick vocals, while Madonna re-recorded some parts of the song. This iteration was supported by a lyric video.

Sickick's rendition of "Frozen" is predominantly a trap song, but it also has been described as EDM, minimal, and electro. It consists of Madonna's chopped up vocals taken from the original version of the track, which has been called "now-iconic" by The Fader's Raphael Helfand. The remix begins with a line "How can life be what you want it to be? You're frozen, when your heart's not open." Billboard's Gil Kaufman called the rendition "slowed-down" and "gauzy". Shaad D'Souza of The Fader and Sebas Alonso of Jenesaispop criticized Madonna for releasing too many renditions of the remix, the former's problem was over-promotion, while the latter's point was that they were short.

Commercial performance
Commercially, "Frozen (Remix)" debuted at number 20 on Billboard's Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, gathering 496,000 U.S. streams and 1,800 units. On April 16, 2022, the rendition ascended to number ten on the chart, becoming Madonna's third top ten song on the survey, while being first for Sickick. In the week, it gained 2.3 million streams―which is a 45% gain―and 1,000 paid downloads―gain of 15%. Additionally, the remix peaked at number 5 on Dance/Electronic Digital Song Sales chart. Until May 2022, the song received over 125 million global streams across all streaming platforms, with 8.4 million of them coming from the United States, until March 2022.

Fireboy DML remix
On March 1, 2022, Madonna shared a picture of her and Nigerian singer Fireboy DML on her Instagram, announcing new remix. Two days later, aforementioned remix has been released for digital download and streaming through Artist Partner Group and Warner Records. On the same day, both artists teased a music video on Instagram calling each other "fire", whilst Fireboy DML wrote: "Love to the queen for having me on this classic." This rendition starts with Madonna vocals, later featuring new lyrics performed by the featured artist, which talk about heartbreak: "Don't make me waste my time / I've been waiting all my life". He later croons "I thought you loved me / I thought you trusted me / I tried to take care of your heart / but it's frozen." For the outro, the song returns to Madonna's vocals.

Writing for Variety, Mike Wass commented that Fireboy DML "laments over Sickick's sweeping trap beats" and takes the song to "soulful direction, plunging deeper into heartbreak territory". George Griffiths of Official Charts Company called the rendition "TikTok friendly" and additionally wrote: "The song morphs from Madonna's ice-cold, electronica-influenced vocals, shifting into something of trap beat for Fireboy DML's verse." Hannah Dailey from Billboard described Firboy DML's vocals as "smooth". Kaufman of the same publication called the rendition "hypnotic". Jenesaispop's Iker Oroz called this remix "insubstantial" while Sebas Alonso writing for the same publication, opined that the performers are lacking chemistry on the track.

The music video for the rendition has premiered on Madonna's YouTube channel on March 10, 2022. It has been directed by Ricardo Gomes and spans for almost three minutes. During the shooting, Madonna jokingly mentions being drunk and called herself "Merdonna". First 25 seconds of the clip focus on Madonna's eye and road imagery. When the beat kicks in, a shot of black doberman from the original video appears. Madonna is seen wearing long straight hair, black leather corset with black long sleeves, black short shorts, and black gloves, complemented by Madame X cross jewelry. Multiple shots of her are shown next, taken from different angles, and projecting her smoking among other shots mixed with flashing lights and scenery taken from the original "Frozen" visual. After that, Fireboy DML appears; he is being seen kneeling down next to Madonna's leg and singing his verses in front of background displaying flames. The pair is also dancing with each other. At the end of the clip, Madonna blows her hair in the wind and reaches her arms out. Kenna McCafferty from Paper called the visual "captivating", and said that it presents "the perfect combination of Fire & Ice". Yohann Ruelle of Pure Charts opined that the clip is "hot"; whilst Jenesaispop writers were not keen of the video, describing it as "insubstantial" and "not difficult".

070 Shake remix
On March 25, 2022, Madonna announced another Sickick remix of "Frozen" through Instagram, this time featuring American rapper and singer 070 Shake. In the post, she called 070 Shake "one of [her] favorite artists". For days, the singer teased the remix, showing off snaps of its music video. This rendition was released six days later, on March 31. Following the remix's release, Madonna posted a statement about the featured artist, saying: "070 Shake is indescribably mysterious and alluring. There are very few women in the trap music world that aren't pandering to men. Her lyrics are deep and unique – there is no one like her. I'm excited for the world to discover her!" In Variety magazine, she wanted to ensure that this remix incorporated LGBTQ representation.

070 Shake's remix of "Frozen" has been described as an "emotional ballad", where she "chant[s] hoarsely over Madonna's quavering coo and Sickick's deep bass rumbles." Jenesaispop reported that the chorus line, "I feel close enough to heaven / To go, to stay, to leave, to pray", might be a reference to Dua Lipa's 2020 song "Levitating", whose the Blessed Madonna remix featured Madonna. Kat Bouza from Rolling Stone said that this rendition is "haunting" and 070 Shake's delivery is "ethereal". Stereogum's Tom Breithan opined that the featured artist "sounds cool as hell", while the remix itself "sounds like a complete song". Daniela Avila of People labeled the track a "vibey tune". Kaufman called the remix "moody" and "chopped-and-screwed", while 070 Shake's verses have been described as "sleepy eyed".

An accompanying music video was released on the same day as the remix and was directed by Ryan Drake and Ricardo Gomes. Madonna wears a blonde wig, black sunglasses, a leather jacket, and platform boots, while on some shots, her look is complemented by fishnets and a mini dress. The video starts with the singer driving to 070 Shake in the night, which she encounters behind a wired fence. Later, the visual features clips of the performers in "various dark, hypnotic angles", before the video ends with the scene of them driving away together. Breithan suggested that the music video might be video game-inspired. Alonso likens this clip to Madonna's 2001 visual for "What It Feels Like for a Girl", due to the usage of a remix in the video and cars.

Frozen on Fire
The fourth rendition of Sickick's remix, titled "Frozen on Fire", features vocals by the DJ himself. Madonna re-recorded some of her lines with intention to "remind people that [she] wrote this song." "Frozen on Fire" is reminiscent of the version that Sickick uploaded to his YouTube channel in December 2021, with him having his own verse." When Sickick initially presented that version to Madonna, she was "blown away by his musicianship, by his sense of musicality, by his melody, his singing," and felt the similarity of his voice to the Weeknd.

The first verse of "Frozen on Fire" makes reference to Sickick "popping Molly", a seemingly subtle nod to Madonna's twelfth studio album, MDNA (2012). For this version, the original ending of the second verse was shortened to fit Madonna's vocals. According to D'Souza, this iteration is a trap-pop song evoking pop spirit of the original. He later elaborated that it "is the platonic ideal of a 2022 Madonna update. It’s alien and icy and kind of intoxicating."

"Frozen on Fire" was released on May 19, 2022, for digital download and streaming through Warner Records and Artist Partner Group, whereas the song was sent to Italian radio airplay next day. This version's music video premiered on YouTube on May 19, which is a collective montage of all her three music videos for the song, whilst its lyric video was uploaded five days later.

Live performances
Before the release of Ray of Light, Madonna appeared on several television shows and events to promote the album, and would sometimes perform the song. Madonna first performed "Frozen" on February 21, on BBC 1's The National Lottery Show. Additionally, that same month, she appeared and performed the song at the Sanremo Music Festival 1998 on February 24 and on the German TV show Wetten, dass..?. On April 29, 1998, Madonna made an unannounced appearance at the 9th annual Rainforest Foundation Benefit Concert at New York City's Carnegie Hall, where she performed "Frozen" with the East Harlem Violin Project, while wearing a Versace dress. Jon Pareles from The New York Times felt that during this performance Madonna had "turned herself into America's answer to Björk". Later that occasion, she wore a cowboy hat and joined various artists in a rendition of the Beatles' "With a Little Help from My Friends" and "Twist & Shout".

"Frozen" has also been included on four of Madonna's concert tours. For the 2001 Drowned World Tour, "Frozen" was included on the show's second segment known as Geisha–Anime. As the "Paradise (Not for Me)" video interlude ended, Madonna appeared on stage as a kabuki-like figure, wearing a short black wig and dressed in a red and black, hand-painted kimono created by designer Jean-Paul Gaultier, with enormous sleeves creating a span of about fifty feet (4.5 m). As the song progresses, she gradually breaks loose from the sleeves and dances, with synchronized karate moves distributed along all sides of the stage, by herself and with her dancers. A samurai dancer also appeared on a raised platform above her during the performance while the backdrops displayed silhouettes of burning trees against racing, blood-red clouds. MusicOMH praised the performance for "having a recognisable beat unlike the studio recording". The performance of the song on August 26, 2001, at the Palace of Auburn Hills was recorded and released in the live video album, Drowned World Tour 2001.

On the Re-Invention World Tour in 2004, "Frozen" was performed as the last song of the tour's French Baroque–Marie Antoinette Revival opening segment. After an energetic performance of "Nobody Knows Me", Madonna performed the song standing alone on the middle of the stage, wearing a gold jewel-encrusted corset created by designer Christian Lacroix, as the backdrop screens displayed the video of a naked male and a naked female wrestling, caressing and intertwining in water, with their faces and genitals darkened by shadows so as to preserve their androgyny. Sal Sinquemani from Slant Magazine gave the performance a negative review, commenting that Madonna should never do a performance like this.

For the second European leg of Madonna's Sticky & Sweet Tour in 2009, the performance of "Hung Up" was removed from the setlist and was replaced by an up-beat version of "Frozen". This performance was included on the show's fourth and final Rave segment, where it was set between the performances of "Like a Prayer" and "Ray of Light". The video backdrops used for this performance featured outtakes from the song's original music video directed by Chris Cunningham. Madonna sampled DJ Calvin Harris' 2009 single "I'm Not Alone" into the performance. Harris praised the version saying, "I never imagined when I made it in my little purple room in Glasgow in my flat that it would reach far and wide as it has – it's always a privilege." Six years later, on October 1, 2015, Madonna performed an acoustic version of "Frozen" on the Detroit stop of her Rebel Heart Tour. She repeated the performance for the San Jose and San Antonio shows of the tour. On the 2019–20 Madame X Tour, Madonna performed "Frozen" as her daughter Lourdes appeared on screen projections. Chuck Arnold from the New York Post called it the show's highlight. The performance was included on the live album Madame X: Music from the Theater Xperience.

On January 11, 2024, Madonna added the Sickick remix of the track to the setlist of The Celebration Tour (2023-2024), in replacement of "Rain" (1992); Tom Beedham of Exclaim! opined that the remix "gave Madonna's track more gravitational pull as she sang under the spotlight from the centre of the arena".

Covers and usage in media
A rock cover was recorded by Jeff Scott Soto with the Talisman band for their 1998 album Truth. A reviewer from Melodic Rock was positive about the version and called it a "moody version with the backing vocals and accompanying keyboards intact." Polish industrial metal band Thy Disease used parts of the original strings and vocals in a cover on their 2001 album, Devilsh Act of Creation. Doom Kounty Electric Chair gave the song a "dark rock" feel with their cover, released in 2004.

Italian rock band Absinth Effect recorded a cover version of "Frozen" for their debut album in 2009. In May 2013, contestant Olympe sang the song on the second season of the French version of The Voice: la plus belle voix, allowing him to reach the show's semi-final. His coach, Jenifer, welcomed the performance warmly. Jérôme Vermelin from Metronews.fr said "Without piano, but in a spectacular setting, the young singer from Amiens shows his pitched voice with disconcerting facility. And his look? The mixture of great and pure sincerity? Although the formula may seem repetitive, it is not difficult to be captivated". Hanane Abdelouahed from TF1 commented that with the rendition, he "has taken the track from the queen of pop".

Plagiarism case
In November 2005, a Belgian judge in Mons ruled that the opening four-bar theme to "Frozen" was plagiarized from the song "Ma vie fout le camp" ("My Life's Getting Nowhere"), composed by Salvatore Acquaviva. Victor Vicent Dehin, Acquaviva's lawyer, said: "We tried to reach a friendly agreement... but they didn't want to negotiate so I sued for plagiarism. They have stolen a song, so they have to pay the value of the song." No award damages for the song were granted. Acquaviva had explained to the court that the singer heard "Ma vie fout l'camp" during a trip to Mouscron in the late 1970s. She had been recruited to be a dancer on a tour with French singer Patrick Hernandez, whose discs were produced in Mouscron. Dehin also stated that the lawsuit was just the first step, and the next discussion would be about the copyright gains Madonna obtained with "Frozen".

The judge subsequently ordered the withdrawal from sales of all remaining discs of Ray of Light, and forbade any further playing of the song on Belgian TV and radio. Warner Bros., EMI and Sony were also ordered to spread the decision within fifteen days to media outlets on pain of a penalty of €125,000 for non-compliance with the court order. While the case was still going on, Madonna performed "Frozen" during the Sticky & Sweet Tour in Werchter on July 11, 2009. Bert Bieseman, marketing manager of Belgian branch of Warner Bros., stated that "Madonna is not afraid of a more or less riot". Acquaviva responded to the performance: "The court's decision is subject to various interpretations. The song can't be played on the radio or be sold, but have we arguments enough for the concert to be over? We won't bring additional spectacle to the show." The song was later omitted from the track listing on the Belgian pressings of Celebration (2009).

In February 2014, a Belgian court repealed the verdict on the case and proclaimed that Madonna did not plagiarize Acquaviva's work. The court spoke of a "new capital offense" in the file: composer Edouard Scotto Di Suoccio and societies Tabata Atoll Music and Music in Paris had also filed a complaint for plagiarism. According to them, both "Ma vie fout le camp" and "Frozen" originated in the song "Blood Night" which they composed in 1983. After all three tracks in the case were compared, the final ruling was that the songs were "not sufficiently 'original' to claim" that any plagiarism had taken place. This ruling ended the eight-year ban of the song in place in Belgium since 2005.

Track listings and formats
US 7-inch and CD single; Japanese CD single
 * 1) "Frozen" (LP version) – 6:10
 * 2) "Shanti/Ashtangi" (LP version)  – 4:29

US 12-inch vinyl and CD maxi-single
 * 1) "Frozen" (LP version) – 6:10
 * 2) "Frozen" (Stereo MC's Remix) – 5:49
 * 3) "Frozen" (extended club mix) – 11:21
 * 4) "Frozen" (Meltdown Mix) – 8:13

Digital single (2021)
 * 1) "Frozen" (LP version) – 6:10
 * 2) "Frozen" (Stereo MC's Remix) – 5:49
 * 3) "Frozen" (extended club mix) – 11:21
 * 4) "Frozen" (Meltdown Mix – long version) – 8:13
 * 5) "Frozen" (Widescreen Mix) – 6:36
 * 6) "Frozen" (edit) – 5:08
 * 7) "Frozen" (Stereo MC's Remix edit) – 4:53
 * 8) "Frozen" (extended club mix edit) – 4:37
 * 9) "Frozen" (William Orbit Drumapella) – 5:15
 * 10) "Frozen" (Victor Calderone Drumapella) – 5:10

Digital single – Sickick remix
 * 1) "Frozen" (Sickick remix) – 2:00

Digital single – Sickick & Fireboy DML remix
 * 1) "Frozen" (Sickick & Fireboy DML remix) – 2:13

Digital single – Sickick & 070 Shake remix
 * 1) "Frozen" (Sickick & 070 Shake remix) – 2:19

Digital single – "Frozen on Fire"
 * 1) "Frozen on Fire" – 3:12

Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel are adapted from the Ray of Light album liner notes.
 * Madonna – songwriter, producer
 * Patrick Leonard – songwriter, producer, remixer, arranger
 * William Orbit – producer
 * Marius de Vries – keyboard, programming
 * Craig Armstrong – string arrangement

title: Frozen (Madonna song)