text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martin Austin Stormoen

Martin Austin Stormoen
Vanity page, encouraging vanity edits. --Ben Brockert 15:42, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete – Would probably have made it as a speedy candidate [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 16:45, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. And it seems User:Jpgordon has speedied it as nonsense. Good call IMO. Andrewa 17:16, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

While I think that articles like that should fall under Speedy, they currently don't. It wasn't nonsense, it was just vanity; perhaps the validity of speedying vanity pages should be put up to vote. --Ben Brockert 17:59, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, I dunno. "He is the only person in the world witch can breeth in and out at the same time." -- sounds like nonsense to me. Without that, it's a one-liner with no potential for expansion. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 21:12, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I assumed that he independently discovered circular breathing and though he was unique. Either way, it would be good to have vanity pages fall under speedy guidelines. --Ben Brockert 23:30, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)


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FTPS

FTPS (also known as FTP-SSL and FTP Secure) is an extension to the commonly used File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that adds support for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and, formerly, the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL, which is now prohibited by RFC7568) cryptographic protocols.

FTPS should not be confused with the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), a secure file transfer subsystem for the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol with which it is not compatible. It is also different from FTP over SSH, which is the practice of tunneling FTP through an SSH connection.

Background
The File Transfer Protocol was drafted in 1971 for use with the scientific and research network, ARPANET. Access to the ARPANET during this time was limited to a small number of military sites and universities and a narrow community of users who could operate without data security and privacy requirements within the protocol.

As the ARPANET gave way to the NSFNET and then the Internet, a broader population potentially had access to the data as it traversed increasingly longer paths from client to server. The opportunity for unauthorized third parties to eavesdrop on data transmissions increased proportionally.

In 1994, the Internet browser company Netscape developed and released the application layer wrapper, Secure Sockets Layer. This protocol enabled applications to communicate across a network in a private and secure fashion, discouraging eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. While it could add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections, such as TCP, it was most commonly used by Netscape with HTTP to form HTTPS.

The SSL protocol was eventually applied to FTP, with a draft Request for Comments (RFC) published in late 1996. An official IANA port was registered shortly thereafter. However, the RFC was not finalized until 2005.

Methods of invoking security
Two separate methods were developed to invoke client security for use with FTP clients: Implicit and Explicit. While the implicit method requires that a Transport Layer Security is established from the beginning of the connection, which in turn breaks the compatibility with non-FTPS-aware clients and servers, the explicit method uses standard FTP protocol commands and replies in order to upgrade a plain text connection to an encrypted one, allowing a single control port to be used for serving both FTPS-aware and non-FTPS-aware clients.

Implicit
Negotiation is not supported with implicit FTPS configurations. A client is immediately expected to challenge the FTPS server with a TLS ClientHello message. If such a message is not received by the FTPS server, the server should drop the connection.

In order to maintain compatibility with existing non-FTPS-aware clients, implicit FTPS was expected to listen on the IANA well known port 990/TCP for the FTPS control channel, and port 989/TCP for the FTPS data channel. This allowed administrators to retain legacy-compatible services on the original 21/TCP FTP control channel.

Note that implicit negotiation was not defined in RFC 4217. As such, it is considered an earlier, deprecated method of negotiating TLS/SSL for FTP.

Explicit
In explicit mode (also known as FTPES), an FTPS client must "explicitly request" security from an FTPS server and then step up to a mutually agreed encryption method. If a client does not request security, the FTPS server can either allow the client to continue in insecure mode or refuse the connection.

The mechanism for negotiating authentication and security with FTP was added under RFC 2228, which included the new FTP command AUTH. While this RFC does not explicitly define any required security mechanisms, e.g. SSL or TLS, it does require the FTPS client to challenge the FTPS server with a mutually known mechanism. If the FTPS client challenges the FTPS server with an unknown security mechanism, the FTPS server will respond to the AUTH command with error code 504 (not supported). Clients may determine which mechanisms are supported by querying the FTPS server with the FEAT command, although servers are not necessarily required to be honest in disclosing what levels of security they support. Common methods of invoking FTPS security included AUTH TLS and AUTH SSL.

The explicit method is defined in RFC 4217. In the later versions of the document, FTPS compliance required that clients always negotiate using the AUTH TLS method.

General support
FTPS includes full support for the TLS and SSL cryptographic protocols, including the use of server-side public key authentication certificates and client-side authorization certificates. It also supports compatible ciphers, including AES, RC4, RC2, Triple DES, and DES. It further supports hash functions SHA, MD5, MD4, and MD2.

Scope of use
In implicit mode, the entire FTPS session is encrypted. Explicit mode differs in that the client has full control over what areas of the connection are to be encrypted. Enabling and disabling of encryption for the FTPS control channel and FTPS data channel can occur at any time. The only restriction comes from the FTPS server, which has the ability to deny commands based on server encryption policy.

Secure command channel
The secure command channel mode can be entered through the issue of either the AUTH TLS or AUTH SSL commands. After such time, all command control between the FTPS client and server are assumed to be encrypted. It is generally advised to enter such a state prior to user authentication and authorization in order to avoid the eavesdropping of user name and password data by third parties.

Secure data channel
The secure data channel can be entered through the issue of the PROT command. It is not enabled by default when the AUTH TLS command is issued. After such time, all data channel communication between the FTPS client and server is assumed to be encrypted.

The FTPS client may exit the secure data channel mode at any time by issuing a CDC (clear data channel) command.

Reasons to disable encryption
It may not be advantageous to use data channel encryption when performing transfers under the following scenarios:
 * Files being transferred are of a non-sensitive nature, making encryption unnecessary,
 * Files being transferred are already encrypted at the file level or are passing over an encrypted VPN, making encryption redundant,
 * Available TLS or SSL encryption modes do not meet desired level of encryption. This is common with older FTPS clients or servers that may have been limited to 40-bit SSL due to previous United States high-encryption export laws.

It may not be advantageous to use control channel encryption under the following scenarios:
 * Use of FTPS when the client or server reside behind a network firewall or network address translation (NAT) device. (See Firewall Incompatibilities below.)
 * Repeated use of AUTH and CCC/CDC commands by anonymous FTP clients within the same session. Such behavior can be used as a resource-based denial of service attack as the TLS/SSL session must be regenerated each time, using server processor time.

SSL certificates
Much like HTTPS, FTPS servers must provide a public key certificate. These certificates can be requested and created using tools such as OpenSSL.

When these certificates are signed by a trusted certificate authority, this provides assurance that the client is connected to the requested server, avoiding a man-in-the-middle attack. If the certificate is not signed by a trusted CA (a self-signed certificate), the FTPS client may generate a warning stating that the certificate is not valid. The client can choose to accept the certificate or reject the connection.

This is in contrast to the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), which does not present signed certificates, but instead relies on Out-of-band authentication of public keys.

Firewall incompatibilities
Because FTP uses a dynamic secondary port (for data channels), many firewalls were designed to snoop FTP protocol control messages in order to determine which secondary data connections they need to allow. However, if the FTP control connection is encrypted using TLS/SSL, the firewall cannot determine the TCP port number of a data connection negotiated between the client and FTP server. Therefore, in many firewalled networks, an FTPS deployment will fail when an unencrypted FTP deployment will work. This problem can be solved with the use of a limited range of ports for data and configuring the firewall to open these ports.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: FTPS


text:
Elias Dayton

Elias Dayton (May 1, 1737 – October 22, 1807) was an American merchant and military officer who served as captain and colonel of the local militia and in 1783 rose to become a brigadier general during the American Revolutionary War. Afterward, he became the Mayor of Elizabethtown, New Jersey and served in the New Jersey General Assembly. He was the father of U.S. Constitution signer Jonathan Dayton.

Early and family life
Dayton was born in Elizabeth, Union County, New Jersey. He married Hannah Rolfe in 1757, and they had two sons, Jonathan Dayton (1760-1824), who would become the youngest signatory of the U.S. Constitution, and Elias Bayley Dayton (1764-1846).

Career
During the French and Indian War, Dayton served first as a lieutenant and then as a captain in the New Jersey militia. During Pontiac's War, in 1760, he served as a commander in the Detroit region. After the wars, Dayton returned to Elizabethtown, New Jersey, where he became a mechanic, merchant and colonial official.

In 1774 the First Continental Congress called on the colonies to resist Parliament's recent tax policy by joining in an association to boycott goods imported from Britain. Dayton allied himself with the local revolutionary movement and served on Elizabethtown's enforcement committee. When the state turned against Royal Governor William Franklin in 1775, the New Jersey's Provincial Congress chose Dayton to lead the 3rd New Jersey Regiment. In July 1775 he and William Alexander, Lord Stirling, led militia forces which captured a British transport off Elizabethtown. In the spring of 1776 Dayton (as colonel) and his 3rd New Jersey troops (including his young son Jonathan, who would become the regimental paymaster by August) were sent to support an invasion of Canada. However, they were diverted to New York's Mohawk Valley where Colonel Dayton constructed fortifications to protect the colonists from Loyalist and Indian insurrections. These fortifications included Fort Dayton in what is now Herkimer, New York and Fort Schuyler (now called Fort Stanwix but was allowed to go to ruin after the French and Indian War) in what is now Rome, New York.

In 1777, Dayton set up a spy network for George Washington on Staten Island to work in parallel with an established American intelligence agent, John Mersereau.

In December 1778, New Jersey named Dayton as a delegate to the Continental Congress, but he remained with the army and did not attend the Congress. He helped suppress a mutiny of the New Jersey line in 1781, and was promoted to brigadier general in the Continental Army in 1783, and later to major general of militia. He had a prominent role in the battles of Springfield, Monmouth, Brandywine and Yorktown, and had horses shot under him at Germantown (outside Philadelphia), at Springfield, and at Crosswick's Bridge.

Dayton helped establish The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of New Jersey as an original member, and served as the President of the New Jersey Society from its foundation until his death. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1791–1792 and 1794–1796, and was mayor of Elizabethtown from 1796-1805.

Death and legacy
He died at age 70 and was interred at the First Presbyterian Churchyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey. The city of Dayton, Ohio would be named after his son Jonathan Dayton.

title: Elias Dayton


text:
1904 in rail transport

February events

 * February 8 – Service begins on Canadian Pacific Railway's Maniwaki line between Hull, Québec, and Maniwaki, Québec.

March events

 * March 8 – The Southern Pacific Railroad opens the Lucin Cutoff across the Great Salt Lake, bypassing Promontory, UT for the railroad's mainline.
 * March 12 – Surface electric trains begin running from Liverpool to Southport on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in the north of England.
 * March 20 – The Southern Pacific Railroad completes the Coast Line between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, CA.

May events

 * May 9 – Great Western Railway locomotive number 3440, City of Truro, becomes the first steam locomotive in Europe to travel at a generally recognised speed of over 100 mph (160 km/h) when it hauls an Ocean Mails special from Plymouth to London Paddington.
 * May 18 – New Haven Railroad reorganizes its subsidiary streetcar lines as the Consolidated Railway.
 * May 25 – New Haven Railroad acquires control of Worcester and Southbridge Street Railway.

July events

 * July 1 – The Great Western Railway of England introduces the express train between London Paddington and Penzance in Cornwall which becomes known as the Cornish Riviera Express.
 * July 10 – Albula Railway in Switzerland opens throughout for passengers from Thusis to St. Moritz.
 * July 21 – The Trans-Siberian railway is completed.
 * July 30 – New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad acquires control of New London Street Railway.
 * July 31 – The Stubaitalbahn, a metre gauge interurban at Innsbruck in Austria becomes the first to operate commercially on single-phase electric power when it is electrified at 2500 V 42 Hz.

August events

 * August 7 – Eden train wreck in Colorado: a bridge is washed away by a flash flood as a train crosses, resulting in at least 88 deaths.
 * August 15 – The Grand Trunk Railway and Canadian Atlantic Railway sign an agreement that will place the Canadian Atlantic under Grand Trunk's control.
 * August 25 – The New Long Railroad Bridge across the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., opens.

September events

 * September 12 – Indianapolis Traction Terminal opens, the largest interurban terminal in the world.
 * September 24 – New Market train wreck in Tennessee: two trains collide head-on at speed, resulting in at least 56 deaths.
 * September 29 – New Haven Railroad completes the property acquisition of New London Street Railway.

October events

 * October 25 – The first 200 km section of the Baghdad Railway opens.
 * October 27 – The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company between City Hall and 145th Street at Broadway. The car fleet available includes the first production all-steel passenger cars in the world from an order of 300 placed with American Car and Foundry. It is fed from the IRT Powerhouse.

December events

 * December 1 – Mount Washington Transit Tunnel opens for use by Pittsburgh Railways.
 * December 31 – Rail line from Kerma to Wadi Halfa in Sudan officially abandoned.

Unknown date events

 * The Tidewater Railway is chartered in Virginia.
 * American Locomotive Company purchases the Locomotive and Machine Company of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, which soon becomes Montreal Locomotive Works.
 * First Mallet locomotive built in the United States, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Class O 0-6-6-0 helper #2400, by Alco.
 * The Federal government of the United States purchases the Panama Railway from the French canal company Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique.
 * Lucius E. Johnson succeeds Frederick J. Kimball as president of the Norfolk and Western Railroad.
 * American Car and Foundry acquires Southern Car and Foundry of Memphis, Tennessee.
 * The Seebach-Wettingen Railway in Switzerland becomes the first to put into service a locomotive operating on high voltage alternating current single-phase electric power, at 15,000 V, 15 Hz.
 * 2 ft (600 mm) gauge Hornos Railroad (Ferrocarril de Hornos) begins service for Coahuila's Hacienda de Hornos.
 * Laconia Car Company completes the last passenger car commercially manufactured for Maine narrow gauge railroads.

July births

 * July 30 – Buck Crump, president of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited 1955–1964 and 1966 (died 1989).

April deaths

 * April 16 – Samuel Smiles, British engineering biographer and railway manager (born 1812).

October deaths

 * October 4 – Henry C. Payne, president of Milwaukee and Northern Railroad, The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company and the Milwaukee and Cream City Traction Company, and receiver for Northern Pacific Railway in 1893 (born 1843).

November deaths

 * November 7 - R. J. Billinton, Locomotive, Carriage, Wagon and Marine Superintendent of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway 1890-1904, dies (b. 1844).

title: 1904 in rail transport


text:
AFD

AFD or AfD may refer to:

Organizations

 * Alexandria Fire Department, in Alexandria, Virginia
 * Austin Fire Department, in Austin, Texas
 * French Development Agency (Agence française de développement), French agency for international development

Politics

 * Alliance for Freedom and Democracy, political party in Ethiopia
 * Alliance of Democratic Forces, political alliance in Ivory Coast
 * Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland, AfD), a far-right political party in Germany
 * Alliance for Germany (Allianz für Deutschland, AfD), a centre-right coalition formed for the East German general election, 1990

Technology

 * Active Format Description, set of codes for television or set-top-box decoders
 * Advanced Format Drive, computer storage device
 * Adjustable-frequency drive, to control AC motor speed
 * AF-D, model designation for Nikon F-mount camera lenses

Transport and military

 * Admiralty Floating Dock, British Navy floating drydock
 * Auxiliary floating drydock of the US Navy
 * Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), US Federal Aviation Administration
 * Port Alfred Airport in South Africa, IATA code

Other uses

 * Adult Film Database
 * Andai language ("AFD" in ISO code), of Papua New Guinea
 * Australian Faunal Directory
 * April Fools' Day, annual custom
 * Articles for deletion, a process used on Wikipedia

title: AFD


text:
Camp Marlboro

Camp Marlboro was a U.S. Military Camp in Sadr City, Baghdad. It was built to facilitate military and peacekeeping operations in the densely populated Shia ghetto.

Camp Marlboro was named as such because it was located on the premises of a cigarette factory, run by one of Saddam Hussein's cousins until the US forces occupied the compound. Marlboro is an American cigarette brand.

title: Camp Marlboro


text:
Safdar Hosseini

Safdar Hosseini (born 1954) is an Iranian academic and politician, who has served in various cabinet posts. He was chairman of the National Development Fund of Iran from 2013 until 2016.

Early life and education
Hosseini was born in 1954. His family is from the province of Khuzestan. He holds a bachelor's degree in agriculture from Shiraz University and also, received a PhD in the same field from University of Saskatchewan of Canada.

Career
Hosseini was the minister of labour and social affairs in the cabinet of the president Mohammad Khatami from 2001 to 2004. Then he served as the minister of economy and finance affairs in the same cabinet. He was appointed in 2004, replacing Tahmasb Mazaheri in the post. Hosseini was replaced by Davoud Danesh-Jafari on 24 August 2005 when Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected president.

Personal life
His daughter, Fatemeh Hosseini, is the youngest member of Parliament of Iran.

Controversy
In 2016, while serving as the head of National Development Fund of Iran, it was leaked that Hosseini received more than $23,000 per month (dozens of times what the lowest-paid government workers earn). As a result of the scandal, Safdar Hosseini and his colleagues at the board of the Fund were forced to resign from the office.

title: Safdar Hosseini


text:
Chavin

Chavin may refer to:

Places

 * Chavín de Huantar, an archaeological site in Peru built by the Chavín culture
 * Chavín District, Chincha, Peru
 * Chavín de Huantar District, Huari, Peru
 * Chavín de Pariarca District, Huamalies, Peru
 * Chavin, Indre, a commune of the Indre département in France
 * Chavin, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran
 * The Chavín parish belonging to the municipality of Viveiro, Spain

Other uses

 * Chinga Chavin, U.S. musician
 * Chavín culture, an early culture of the Andean region, pre-dating the Moche culture in Peru
 * Operation Chavín de Huántar, a Peruvian military operation that ended the 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis
 * Rhinella chavin (R. chavin), a species of toad

title: Chavin


text:
Afterglow Live

Afterglow Live is a 2004 live CD and DVD package by Sarah McLachlan.

DVD track listing
All songs written by Sarah McLachlan, except where noted.

 * 1) "Fallen" – 4:19
 * 2) "World on Fire" – 5:07 (McLachlan, Pierre Marchand)
 * 3) "Adia" – 4:01
 * 4) "Hold On" – 5:55
 * 5) "Perfect Girl" – 4:36 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 6) "Drifting" – 6:04
 * 7) "Push" – 4:12
 * 8) "I Will Remember You" – 4:16 (McLachlan, Seamus Egan, Merenda)
 * 9) "Ice" – 4:43
 * 10) "Wait" – 4:51
 * 11) "Witness" – 6:15 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 12) "Answer" – 3:59
 * 13) "Angel" – 5:45
 * 14) "Fear" – 5:15
 * 15) "Train Wreck" – 3:41
 * 16) "Building a Mystery" – 4:52 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 17) "Sweet Surrender" – 4:19
 * 18) "Possession" – 6:32
 * 19) "Blackbird" – 3:02 (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)
 * 20) "Ice Cream" – 3:28
 * 21) "Stupid" – 5:52
 * 22) "Fumbling Towards Ecstasy" – 7:03 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 23) "Dirty Little Secret" – 5:53

CD track listing

 * 1) "Fallen" – 3:51
 * 2) "World on Fire" – 4:13 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 3) "Adia" – 4:03
 * 4) "Hold On" – 5:53
 * 5) "Perfect Girl" – 4:36 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 6) "Push" – 4:04
 * 7) "I Will Remember You" – 3:37 (McLachlan, Seamus Egan, Merenda)
 * 8) "Witness" – 6:02 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 9) "Answer" – 3:46
 * 10) "Angel" – 5:30
 * 11) "Train Wreck" – 3:54
 * 12) "Building a Mystery" – 4:06 (McLachlan, Marchand)
 * 13) "Sweet Surrender" – 3:59
 * 14) "Stupid" – 3:35
 * 15) "Dirty Little Secret" – 6:32

Personnel

 * Sarah McLachlan – vocals, guitar, piano
 * Ashwin Sood – vocals, drums, percussion
 * Luke Doucet – vocals, guitar
 * Sean Ashby – vocals, guitar
 * Vincent Jones – vocals, keyboards
 * Brian Minato – vocals, bass guitar
 * Dave Kershaw – keyboards, bass guitar
 * Kathryn Rose – vocals

Certifications and sales
!colspan=3|DVD

!colspan=3|Album

Afterglow Remixes Digital EP
Afterglow Remixes Digital EP was a free, download-only EP released simultaneously with Afterglow Live. Customers who bought the album in stores were invited to visit www.download-disc.com and use a unique code to download rare remixes from the Afterglow album. Each track was available in Windows WMA audio format only and included DRM which limited the redistribution of the tracks, although burning the tracks to a CD was encouraged. Customers were given an empty CD slipcase in which to place the CD they burned.

Track listing

 * 1) "World on Fire" (Junkie XL Mix)
 * 2) "Stupid" (Dusted Mix) – 3:51
 * 3) "Fallen" (Gabriel & Dresden Anti-Gravity Mix) – 10:26
 * 4) "World on Fire" (Solarstone "Afterhours" Mix) – 8:42

Track 1: Written by Sarah McLachlan and Pierre Marchand. Remix & additional production by Junkie XL. Track 2: Written by Sarah McLachlan. Remix & additional production by Rollo & Mark Bates (Dusted). Track 3: Written by Sarah McLachlan. Remix & additional production by Josh Gabriel & Dave Dresden. Track 4: Written by Sarah McLachlan and Pierre Marchand. Remix & additional production by Rich Mowatt & Andy Bury.

title: Afterglow Live


text:
Talk:Barrie

55 Stitches
Does anyone else get the impression that the band themselves added this? They're not signed and aren't even really locally known... I'm deleting this soon unless someone provides a good reason to keep it in the town's article.
 * I live and have lived for my whole life in Barrie and must say, who are the 55 Stitches???? [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|17px]]  Wikada  - Talk  Contributions 00:06, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Not notable - delete. PKT 02:32, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Metropolitan Barrie
Does anyone know what constitutes Metro. Barrie? I've lived just outside Barrie my whole life and I've never heard of the term. I assume (based on the fact that there is an exact population) that it is an offical region, and I'm just curious if anyone knows what it includes/where i could find this info. Thanks Priester 17:42, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm from Barrie and I'm pretty sure that Barrie isn't part of a metropolitan area. — [[Image:Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]]  nath a  nrdotcom  ( T •  C  • W) 07:48, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

That's just a term that is used by statistics Canada for Barrie and surrounding cities and areas70.78.209.64 (talk) 06:22, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Barrie's neighborhoods
I've lived in the Barrie area all my life (Barrie since I was 19) and I have have never heard of a neighborhood called Tall Trees --Jbfraser 21:07, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Tall Trees" is used to describe the Northern Central section of Barrie, primarily around Cundles P.S.

Tall Tress is the general area of Springdale Drive including Deerpark, Virgilwood, Fosestdale and the other courts. Tall Trees spans from Cundles East to where Birchwood was extended (Up to Stanley) along Deerpark (up to Cardinal) all of the courts/roads that begin and terminate on Springdale are also included. Tall Trees gained its name from the many trees in the area. Tall Trees park is the central item of the neighbourhood but has become quite unsavoury as of late. - Conor.anderson 00:37, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Barrie as Part of GTA / Suburb of Toronto
A contributor known only by an IP address, edited the following passage on the grounds that Barrie could not in any way be considered part of the GTA.
 * Several manufacturers are currently located in Barrie and Canadian Forces Base Borden is nearby. In recent years Barrie has become an outer suburb of Toronto and is unofficially considered part of the Greater Toronto Area.

Well, heck, while whether Barrie is part of the GTA is open to debate it seems to me that being described as an "outer suburb" of Toronto is a closer relationship than merely being part of the GTA. Geo Swan 16:00, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The only people who live in Barrie that believe or propagate the myth that Barrie is or will ever be part of the greater Toronto area are those who have reciently moved to Barrie from Toronto. These said people are still a minority within the city and live primarily in the southern end. Every other person who thinks this way is misinformed of trying to capitilize politically on Barrie's massive growth and land needs.

B-Town? In 16 years of living in Barrie, I have never heard anybody call it that...

- the amount of time you've spent there indicates your age. the youth call it b-town. You call it "stucksville". 16 years? sheesh... time to move.

- Actually, I moved to Barrie when I was young, grew up there, and am currently attending University in Waterloo.

I am 17, have lived in Barrie all my life and I must confirm that I have NEVER heard anyone refer to Barrie as B-Town. From time to time I hear B-Dot, but simply as a joke. I think it is safe to say that no one (or at least very few people) would seriously call this town "B-Town". - Conor.anderson 00:39, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've never heard that either and I grew up there.
 * As a helpful tip, new comments go to the end of the page. — Natha  n  ( talk ) 18:27, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

- I was looking at the Barrie article today and noticed it says it's considered an unofficial part of the GTA / an extension of TO, etc. Is this really true? I'll admit, I don't live in Barrie anymore but my family still does and I haven't ever heard anybody consider Barrie anything remotely part of the GTA. I'm more inclined to agree with the comment above from a few years ago that this would only be believed by the commuters in the South End. At the very least, I think I will add a citation needed tag. MatttK (talk) 11:23, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I live in Holland Landing, Ontario, about mid-way between Toronto and Barrie. While there are people who live in Barrie and work in Toronto, I find it a hard stretch to label Barrie a suburb of T.O. I would suggest that by Wikipedia's own definition of the Greater Toronto Area we ought to avoid the "suburb" label for Barrie, and exclude it from the GTA.   PK  T (alk)  12:21, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I took out the GTA bit, since nobody has come up with a source or disputed our points. MatttK (talk) 17:05, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Switch around some pages...
Why didn't we make Barrie have the Barrie page and create a disambiguation page for other cities. eg. ''This article is about the City of Barrie. For other articles named Barrie, see Barrie (disambiguation).''

If you see what links to Barrie (the page, not the city), most of it is related to Barrie, Ontario. Just my thoughts... Wikada - Talk  Contributions 00:11, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure that we're the only Barrie in the world... Doodledoo 13:24, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah thats my point.. when you look at the "What links here", almost ALL of it links to Barrie, Ontario. I meant that the surname and other articles should be on the disambiguation page. Wikada - TALK CONT ISU 12:30, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Hick-ville!
Why did somebody get rid of the breakdown of people in Barrie? :( It used to say there was a high-90s percentage of white people, proving our ultimate hickishness! :'(

Edit: Ah, it was done here http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrie%2C_Ontario&diff=89939213&oldid=89562026

In all seriousness, these were actually interesting stats, even if they weren't sourced.. it'd be nice if something similar (and sourced) could be put in its place, instead of just deleting it all.

 * It'll be over a year before Statistics Canada releases anything from the 2006 Census for such things but from the 2001 Census, Community Highlights, City of Barrie, see the Immigration Characteristics table (scroll down, 8th table on the page) and "Canadian-born population" 89,790, "Foreign-born population" (states nothing about "whitishness") at 12,165 means that 12,165 * 100 / 89,790 ("Canadian-born population") = 13.548279318409622 or 13.5% of Barrie's population weren't born in Canada as of the 2001 Census — if StatsCan't managed to sum the "Immigrated before 1991" and "Immigrated between 1991 and 2001" numbers properly. 9,975 + 2,190 = 12,165. Wow. They actually got that right; it's rare.

 * I wouldn't use the above method though. Knowing that 12,165 is the number of people in visible minority groups (means "not of white skin" in the Ontarios) the Barrie CSD, according to the 2001 Census, that number should be applied to the total population of the Barrie CSD in the first table, fist row: "Population in 2001" was 103,710. So what percentage is 12,165 ("Foreign-born population") of the total population?  12,165 * 100 / 103,710 = 11.729823546427538 or 11.7% of those residing in Barrie immigrated from 2001 back to forever ("Immigrated before 1991" means what again?  Since the first known appearances of homosapien in what is now the City of Barrie, from 1991 to the 1981 Census, from 1991 to when?  Click on the footnote to find out nothing then email infostats@statcan.ca to point out their stupidity), not 13.5%.  Ask StatsCan't why.  It shouldn't be so and wouldn't be so if the whole population of the Barrie CSD were included in "Canadian-born population" and the two Foreign born (for what?) columns, but it doesn't include the whole population, none of the data does, and they don't bother to address that either; leading to many incorrect percentages based on totally incorrect StatsCan't totals with no column for "Unaccounted", "Lost", "Went missing", "Evaporated", etc. to account for what is missed in every one of these tables that never account for the entire population.  But for proper percentages the real total population is the number that has to be used.

 * The Visible Minority Status table below that gets into ethnicity but StatsCan't can't add two numbers and get the right answer with no rounding involved so the total in the "Visible minority population" column has to be checked (sum the numbers below it other than what isn't indented under it; "All others") then take the number from the top table, first row, "Population in 2001" 103,710.

 * If the actual sum of Chinese to but not including "All others" is actually correct then the percentage of maybe "white" people would be 4,960 (but the actual total of all visible minority groups) * 100 / 103,710 (2001 Census Barrie CSD pop) = 4.782566772731656 or 4.8% rounded, as in only 4.8% of the City of Barrie's total population were visible minorities as of the latest/only verifiable information available as yet and for another year or so. To inverse a percentage, subtract it from 100. E.g. 100 - 4.8 = 95.2% "whities."  :)

 * ...I just imported the data into Excel (there's a "Download file" button at the top-right of the page cited above that uses comma-separated value (.csv) files that import into any spreadheet/database app) and the actual sum of "Visible minority population" is 4,960 as StatsCan't claims (first time ever around these tables): as of the 2001 Census.

 * So the above percentages are correct out to 15 decimal points if anyone wants to add them to the article. To round either of the percentages above, just pick however decimal points you want (1 or 2) in the percentage, look to the immediate right at the number you're chopping and if it's 5 or over then the number you're chopping at is bumped up by 1.  E.g. 4.782566772731656% of the City of Barrie's population belonged to a visible minority (non-white) group, so to round to two decimals you'd look after 4.78 and if the next number to the right had been 5 or more then it would have been rounded to 4.79%.  But since a 2 follows the second decimal number (8), the 8 stays as is.

 * This reference can be copied/pasted in to back it up:

 * If the above is copied/pasted in for verification, don't forget to change the accessdate= to the year-month-day (use 0 prior to any day/month under 9, as in 2007-04-02 for it to expand to the proper date format given the user's settings) if/whenever any of the above is used in the article and the reference above is used to back it all up.

 * You can also get the Barrie CA (2001 Census, same tables as for the CSD/municipality but with different data) or most any other geographical region from Statistics Canada, 2001 Census of Population, 2001 Community profiles. Try it, enter Barrie (or whatever), select Ontario (or whatever is appropriate for the name entered if not in Ontario), click on the "Search" button and just in "Most common matches" you'll get this:

 * Barrie, Ontario (City)

 * Barrie Island, Ontario (Township)

 * Barrie, Ontario (Census Agglomeration)

 * Dissolved (community(ies) having undergone an amalgamation/dissolution)

 * Barrie, Ontario (Township / Dissolved)

 * I'm from Toronto so won't be documenting any "hickishness" in the Barrie article. :) —S-Ranger 02:02, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Maple Grove Public School
Can somebody add Maple Grove to the list of schools it is located in the livingstone area and cundles area. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.13.45.120 (talk) 15:52, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

Geography and climate
this section needs to be fixed highways 27 and 11 no long run with in Barrie's city limits and highway 90 is no more --JB {{flagicon|Canada}} 08:36, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Notable People Brent Burns John Madden Ric Jackman —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.248.156.177 (talk) 07:19, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

The fire of 2007
Somebody at 76.69.123.114 added that the downtown Barrie fire of Dec/07 took place a week after the fire in Wasaga Beach. While it is factually accurate, the comment drew a connection between the two fires that shouldn't be made. I therefore undid the edits. PKT (talk) 01:29, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Rename pages
move.
 * Rename: Barrie → Barrie (disambiguation)
 * Rename: Barrie, Ontario → Barrie

The term Barrie seems to be overwhelmingly associated with this city. Per WP:CANSTYLE and WP:PRIMARYUSAGE, the main article title should be used for this page, instead of as a disambiguation page. All entries currently listed on the dab page are either associated with the city (eg - electoral districts), or are part of an individual's name (that is, not the whole name). There is also one band, but it's called Little Barrie, and has its own primary title - a mention on the dab page is essentially a tangential link. Mind matrix  17:25, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Support as nominator. Mind  matrix  17:25, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While it may be the best known city, many of the author's on the list are better known than the city. Like James M. Barrie. GreenJoe 18:36, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * In fact, while many of the early results on Google, Canada are for the city, the first Wikipedia result is for J.M. Barrie. GreenJoe 18:39, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Sure, but none of those things are actually named Barrie, they simply contain it as part of their name. The city is the only topic on Wikipedia with the name Barrie. That was my original point above, and why I state that WP:PRIMARYUSAGE applies here. Mind  matrix  18:43, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't really understand what the problem is here. Unless one of those authors only goes by their last name and the article would most appropriately be moved to that one-word title, somewhat akin to Cher, there is no conflict between article titles.  The purpose of dismabiguation is to resolve conflicts where two or more articles would qualify for the same title, not to guard against the unlikely scenario where there is a reader that can't tell the difference between Barrie and James M. Barrie. Skeezix1000 (talk) 19:48, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Dab pages aren't meant to serve as search indices for any and all titles which have the word that's being disambiguated in their name; they're meant to distinguish between articles which might otherwise qualify for the same title. If no other article on Wikipedia could ever be moved to the plain title "Barrie", then the plain title doesn't need to be a dab page. Bearcat (talk) 20:31, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Support. Conforms to WP:CANSTYLE and subject is clearly the primary use of the Barrie title.  Skeezix1000 (talk) 19:48, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. The primary meaning of "Barrie" by far is the city and the others have "Barrie" only as part of their name. A hat note to the new dab page will be sufficient to direct readers to those meanings. Double Blue  (Talk) 22:42, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per CANSTYLE and WP:PRIMARYUSAGE. DigitalC (talk) 06:43, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per CANSTYLE reasons, and per Bearcats reasoning on why DAB pages exist. -Royalguard11 (T·R!) 16:30, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Notable (?) people
I removed Alinka Chambers from the list of notable people because a Canadian Idol semi-finalist is not notable, and furthermore I can't find her name in the articles about the Canadian Idol series.  PK T  16:34, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

City Hall Photo
Can someone please upload a better pic of city hall under "Politics"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.75.179.145 (talk) 15:14, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Picture of Barrie
Just couldn't help but notice that the panorama picture of Barrie in the box on the right side of the page is very small. It's very hard to make out any detail in the picture and could it be replaced with a better one? Thanks. 99.238.239.91 (talk) 04:52, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * There aren't many photos of Barrie to choose from on Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons. The category for Barrie on Commons has no current viable alternate to use for the infobox, in my opinion. Mind  matrix  14:44, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Education/Schools
I would like to either move the list of schools under the Education category or remove it to a List of Schools page and link to that under Education. I'm thinking this because it is a big list and is somewhat distracting in the article. Any preferences before I do this? Slapmaster3000 (talk) 00:01, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

Economy/ Major Employers
What is the source of the major employers? The city of Barrie lists major public and private sector employers on their website and the list on the article includes only some of them, and includes others, which presumably are less major employers.Mandinder (talk) 14:57, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101122070201/http://www.fairgrowth.ca:80/pdf/Barrie-Innisfil-Adjustment-Act2009.pdf to http://www.fairgrowth.ca/pdf/Barrie-Innisfil-Adjustment-Act2009.pdf
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External links modified
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 * Replaced archive link x with https://web.archive.org/web/20101122070201/http://www.fairgrowth.ca/pdf/Barrie-Innisfil-Adjustment-Act2009.pdf on http://www.fairgrowth.ca/pdf/Barrie-Innisfil-Adjustment-Act2009.pdf

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Barriefolk listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Barriefolk. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 22:45, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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Barrian Denonym
On the Denonym part of the Article, the word "Barrian" is claimed to be it. I have lived in Barrie for years and I can confidently say that I haven't heard of the word "Barrian" used as slang or officially I've never heard anyone outside of Barrie say "Barrian" in Toronto, Orillia, etc. I understand that Anecdotal evidence is not allowed on Wikipedia, but I tried to look for sources and none came up. I put a Citation Needed on it, but would it be considered okay if I went bold and deleted the Denonym altogether? I'm a new editor. ITooPie (talk) 13:47, 24 April 2022 (UTC)

Mentioning of Prominent Business and Development Figures
I have mentioned a few prominent business and development figures from the mid 1800s, some of whom established bank branches, hotels, breweries and so on, all well sourced. I did so as it adds some weight to the section discussing Barrie's expansion and growth. It also emphasizes the community aspects. Edwardmayfield (talk) 16:25, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barrie


text:
R18

R18, or R-18, may refer to:

Media content ratings

 * R18 (British Board of Film Classification)
 * R18+ issued by the Australian Classification Board
 * R18 issued by the New Zealand Classification Office
 * R18+ issued by Eirin in Japan
 * R-18 issued by the Philippine Movie and Television Review and Classification Board

Other uses

 * R18 (drone), a Ukrainian unmanned combat aerial vehicle
 * Audi R18, a Le Mans prototype racing car
 * BMW R18, a cruiser motorcycle made by BMW during the COVID-19 pandemic
 * R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture, a risk phrase
 * R18.com, a Japanese English-language adult website created by Hokuto Corporation
 * R-18 regional road (Montenegro)
 * Renault 18, a French automobile
 * Rubik R-18 Kánya, a Hungarian light aircraft
 * USS R-18 (SS-95), a submarine of the United States Navy

title: R18


text: User talk:216.20.25.1

title: User talk:216.20.25.1


text: User talk:66.189.183.222

title: User talk:66.189.183.222


text:
USS Puffer

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Puffer, named in honor of the pufferfish, which inflates its body with air.

 * USS Puffer (SS-268) was a Gato-class submarine, commissioned in 1943 and struck in 1960.
 * USS Puffer (SSN-652) was a Sturgeon-class submarine, commissioned in 1969 and struck in 1996.

title: USS Puffer


text:
Jonathan David Katz

Jonathan David Katz (born 1958) is an American activist, art historian, educator and writer. He is currently Associate Professor of Practice in Art History and Gender, Sexuality & Women's Studies at the University of Pennsylvania.

Biography
Katz is a founding figure in queer art history, responsible for the very first queer scholarship on a number of artists beginning in the early 1990s. His scholarship spans a period from the late 20th-century to the present, with an emphasis on the US, but with serious attention to Europe, Latin America and Asia as well. He has written extensively about gender, sexuality and desire, producing some of the key theoretical work in queer studies in the visual arts. Katz has curated more queer art exhibitions than anyone else in the world.

He is also the former executive coordinator of the Larry Kramer Initiative for Lesbian and Gay Studies at Yale University. He is a former chair of the Department of Lesbian and Gay studies at the City College of San Francisco, and was the first tenured faculty in gay and lesbian studies in the United States. Katz was an associate professor in the Art History Department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where he also taught queer studies. He received his Ph.D. from Northwestern University in 1996.

Katz is the founder of the Harvey Milk Institute, the largest queer studies institute in the world, and the Queer Caucus for Art of the College Art Association.

Katz co-founded Queer Nation San Francisco. He has made scholarly contributions to queer studies the focus of his professional career. He was the first artistic director of the National Queer Arts Festival in San Francisco and has published widely in the United States and Europe.

His forthcoming book, The Homosexualization of American Art: Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg and the Collective Closet, will be published by the University of Chicago Press. An internationally recognized expert in queer postwar American art, Katz has recently published "Jasper Johns' Alley Oop: On Comic Strips and Camouflage" in ''Schwule Bildwelten im 20. Jahrhundert, edited by Thomas Roeske, and "The Silent Camp: Queer Resistance and the Rise of Pop Art," in Plop! Goes the World'', edited by Serge Guilbaut. In 1995, Katz was kicked out of Rauschenberg conference at the Guggenheim for mentioning Rauschenberg's relationship with Johns.

Katz was co-curator with David C. Ward and Jenn Sichel of the exhibition "Hide/Seek: Difference and Desire in American Portraiture" at the National Portrait Gallery, Washington. This was the first major museum exploration of the impact of same-sex desire in the creation of modern American portraiture. David Wojnarowicz's video A Fire in My Belly was removed from the exhibition on November 30, 2010, causing controversy. Katz was not consulted before the work's removal.

His recent Chicago About Face: Stonewall, Revolt and New Queer Art, at 500 works the largest queer exhibition yet mounted, was one of the rare art shows that featured a majority of artists who were neither male nor white, and was favorably reviewed on the front page art section of the New York Times.

Works

 * "Re-viewing the Field: Queer Studies in Art History", Art History, 1999
 * "John Cage's Queer Silence or How to Avoid Making Matters Worse", GLQ, Duke University Press, April, 1999. Reprinted in Here Comes Everybody: The Music Poetry and Art of John Cage, ed. David Bernstein, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999
 * "Performative Silence and the Politics of Passivity," in Making a Scene, ed. Henry Rogers, Birmingham University Press, 1999
 * "Dismembership: Jasper Johns and the Body Politic", Performing the Body/Performing the Text, eds. Amelia Jones and Andrew Stephenson, New York: Routledge Press, 1999
 * Difference/Indifference: Musings on Duchamp and Cage, coauthored with Moira Roth, New York: Gordon and Breach, 1998
 * "Lovers and Divers: Picturing a Partnership in Rauschenberg and Johns", Frauen/Kunst/Wissenschaft, Berlin, June 1998
 * "Rauschenberg and the Guggenheim", Out Magazine, April 1998
 * "Rauschenberg's Honeymoon", Art & Text, no. 16 (May–July), 1998

title: Jonathan David Katz


text:
Talk:Part

Untitled
This shouldn't be in Wikipedia, more like Wikitionary.

 * I'm not sure about that. The first section is a basic definition, which is perhaps better suited to Wiktionary, but the second part is encyclopedic, and the third could become encyclopedic if expanded upon. --HappyDog 02:13, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Drinks?
What about the "parts" in drinks? Eg: One part Malibu Mango rum, one part Irish Cream, etc. --12.162.215.130 13:06, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

New York City Court system
What about the parts in the NYC court system which have been immortalized in the show Law and Order?

Part (music)
There should be a separate article called Part (music). This would explain the meaning of "part" as an individual line in a polyphonic piece of music with explanation of terms such as "4-part fugue" and "part-writing", the fact that it can also be called "voice" (as, indeed, it is in many other languages). It can also mention the meaning of the piece of music that an orchestral player puts on his/her music stand containing just the notes for his/her instrument. And finally that "part" can also mean "section" (of a composition). I am planning such an article for Simple English, and would be happy to write one here for English wiki (with big words) when time permits.Hikitsurisan 17:05, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * PS Just found exactly that in German wiki (Stimme (Musik))Hikitsurisan 17:09, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Part


text:
James Burnell-Nugent

Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent, (born 20 November 1949) is a retired Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief Fleet from 2005 to 2007.

Early life and education
Burnell-Nugent was educated at Stowe School, then an all-boys private school in Buckinghamshire. He studied mathematics at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree: as per tradition, his BA was later promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree.

Naval career
Burnell-Nugent joined the Royal Navy in 1971. He was appointed an acting lieutenant on 1 November 1972, and confirmed in this rank in June 1974.

He was given command of the diesel submarine HMS Olympus (S12) in 1978, and was promoted to lieutenant-commander on 1 November 1980. Appointed in command of the nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror (S48) in 1984, he carried out many Cold War patrols. He was promoted to commander on 30 June 1985. He became commanding officer of the frigate HMS Brilliant (F90) as well as captain of the 2nd Frigate Squadron in 1992, and in that capacity was involved in the early stages of the Bosnia Crisis. He was in command of the aircraft carrier HMS Invincible (R05) and made two joint operational deployments to the Gulf for air operations over Iraq and then conducted further air operations during the Kosovo War. He became Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff in 1999. As Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces from 2001 to 2002, he was Maritime Commander of the UK Joint Force and the Deputy Maritime Commander of the Coalition for the first 6 months of the War in Afghanistan.

On promotion to vice admiral, Burnell-Nugent took up the post of Second Sea Lord and Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command in 2003. On 15 November 2005, he was promoted to admiral and took up his position as Commander-in-Chief Fleet. He also held the honorary position of Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom from 2005 to 2007. Burnell-Nugent stood down from this position in November 2007, and was replaced by Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope. He retired in 2008.

Burnell-Nugent was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1999 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 2004.

Later life
Burnell-Nugent served as High Sheriff of Devon for 2015 to 2016. Burnell-Nugent currently runs Orchard Leadership.

Personal life
In 1973, Burnell-Nugent married Mary, a medical doctor and the daughter of the Rt Revd Robin Woods, an Anglican bishop. Together, they have four children: three sons and one daughter. His grandfather was Frank Burnell-Nugent, a brigadier-general in the British Army.

Burnell-Nugent is an Anglican Christian. He is a churchwarden and a local worship leader.

title: James Burnell-Nugent


text:
Gilbert (lunar crater)

Gilbert is a large lunar impact crater that lies near the eastern limb of the Moon. Due to its location this feature appears foreshortened when viewed from the Earth, limiting the amount of detail that can be observed. The crater lies to the northwest of the similar-sized walled plain Kästner, to the west of the Mare Smythii.

Several satellite craters in the vicinity have since been given names by the IAU. Nearly attached to the north-northeastern rim of Gilbert are the craters Weierstrass (Gilbert N) and Van Vleck (Gilbert M), two somewhat similar formations. In the northeastern part of Gilbert's interior floor is the small, bowl-shaped Geissler (Gilbert D).

Gilbert is a somewhat degraded walled plain, with an outer rim that has been somewhat reshaped by nearby impacts. The southern rim has almost completely disintegrated, and forms a rolling surface that flows toward the south as an extended depression. The crater pair of Weierstrass and Van Vleck have formed an indented rim along the northeast face, while the northwest rim is overlain by Gilbert S. The interior floor is relatively level with some low ridges running down the center toward the southern end.

Having a highly eroded rim, estimating the depth of Gilbert is somewhat arbitrary, but topographic data obtained during the Apollo missions allows estimation of a depth of at least 1.7 km around most of the rim.

The crater's name was approved by the IAU in 1964.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gilbert.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Gilbert D — See Geissler.
 * Gilbert M — See Van Vleck.
 * Gilbert N — See Weierstrass.
 * Gilbert U — See Avery.

title: Gilbert (lunar crater)


text:
Lighttpd

lighttpd (prescribed pronunciation: "lighty") is an open-source web server optimized for speed-critical environments while remaining standards-compliant, secure and flexible. It was originally written by Jan Kneschke as a proof-of-concept of the c10k problem – how to handle 10,000 connections in parallel on one server, but has gained worldwide popularity. Its name is a portmanteau of "light" and "httpd".

Premise
The low memory footprint (compared to other web servers), small CPU load and speed optimizations make lighttpd suitable for servers that are suffering load problems, or for serving static media separately from dynamic content. lighttpd is free and open-source software and is distributed under the BSD license. It runs natively on Unix-like operating systems, with experimental support for Microsoft Windows.

Application support
lighttpd supports the FastCGI, SCGI and CGI interfaces to external programs, allowing web applications written in any programming language to be used with the server. As a particularly popular language, PHP performance has received special attention. Lighttpd's FastCGI can be configured to support PHP with opcode caches (like APC) properly and efficiently. Additionally, it has received attention from its popularity within the Python, Perl, Ruby and Lua communities. Lighttpd also supports WebDNA, the resilient in-memory database system designed to build database-driven websites. It is a popular web server for the Catalyst and Ruby on Rails web frameworks. Lighttpd does not support ISAPI.

Features

 * Load balancing, CGI, FastCGI, SCGI, HTTP proxy, Servlet AJP, WebSocket tunnel support
 * support
 * Web server event mechanism performance –,  , and
 * Support for more efficient event notification schemes like  and
 * Conditional URL rewriting (mod_rewrite)
 * TLS/SSL with SNI support, via OpenSSL, GnuTLS, Mbed TLS, NSS, WolfSSL.
 * Authentication against an LDAP or DBI server
 * RRDtool statistics
 * Rule-based downloading with possibility of a script handling only authentication
 * Server Side Includes support (but not server-side CGI from SSI)
 * Flexible virtual hosting
 * Modules support
 * Lua programming language scripts via mod_magnet
 * WebDAV support
 * HTTP compression using mod_deflate (zlib, brotli, zstd)
 * Light-weight (less than 1 MB)
 * Single-process design with only several threads. No processes or threads started per connection.
 * HTTP/2 support since lighttpd 1.4.56
 * HTTP/2 WebSocket support since lighttpd 1.4.65

Limitations

 * Versions below 1.4.40 do not officially support sending large files from CGI, FastCGI, or proxies unless X-Sendfile is used. This limitation has been removed in lighttpd 1.4.40.
 * No HTTP/3 support

Usage
Lighttpd was used in the past by several high-traffic websites, including Bloglines, xkcd, Meebo, and YouTube. The Wikimedia Foundation also once ran Lighttpd servers. Due to relatively small size it's often used in embedded devices like GL.iNet and Turris Omnia.

It's also used by git as a HTTP server daemon.

title: Lighttpd


text:
ANO

Ano or ANO may refer to:

 * A. N. Other, a placeholder name or pseudonym used by a person wishing to be anonymous
 * ANO 2011, a Czech political party
 * Abu Nidal Organization (or Fatah), a Palestinian nationalist militant group
 * Akhurian River or Ano Jur, in the South Caucasus
 * Alliance of the New Citizen, a Slovak political party
 * Anoctamins or ANOs, a calcium-activated chloride channel family
 * Arkansas Nuclear One, a nuclear power plant near Russellville, Arkansas
 * "Un Año", a 2019 song of Sebastian Yatra and Reik
 * Ano, wife of Jeroboam, according to the Septuagint

title: ANO


text:
Basil Wolverton

Basil Wolverton (July 9, 1909 – December 31, 1978) was an American cartoonist and illustrator known for his intricately detailed grotesques of bizarre or misshapen people. Wolverton was described as "Producer of Preposterous Pictures of Peculiar People who Prowl this Perplexing Planet." His many publishers included Marvel Comics and Mad magazine.

His drawings have elicited a wide range of reactions. Cartoonist Will Elder said he found Wolverton's technique "outrageously inventive, defying every conventional standard yet upholding a very unusual sense of humor. He was a refreshing original." But Jules Feiffer stated, "I don't like his work. I think it's ugly."

He was posthumously inducted into the comic book industry's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1991.

Early life and career

Born in Central Point, Oregon, he later moved to Vancouver, Washington, and worked as a vaudeville performer and a cartoonist and reporter for the Portland News. At age 16 he sold his first nationally published work and began pitching comic strips to newspaper syndicates. His comic strip, Marco of Mars, was accepted by the Independent Syndicate of New York in 1929 but never distributed because it was deemed too similar to Buck Rogers, which debuted that year.

Disk-Eyes the Detective and Spacehawks were published in 1938 in Circus comics. In 1940, Spacehawk (a different and improved feature) made its debut in Target Comics, published by Novelty Press. It ran for 30 episodes (262 pages) until 1942.

Other Wolverton characters include Scoop Scuttle, a newspaperman who ran as a backup feature in Lev Gleason Publications' Daredevil Comics and Silver Streak Comics; and Mystic Moot and his Magic Snoot in Fawcett Publications' Comic Comics and Ibis The Invincible. "Bingbang Buster and his Horse Hedy" was a three-page backup story in Lev Gleason's Black Diamond Western #16–28 (1950–1952).

Powerhouse Pepper and Lena the Hyena
Wolverton's humor feature Powerhouse Pepper, about a superstrong if none-too-bright boxer, appeared in various comic books published by Timely Comics, the 1930s and 1940s precursor of Marvel Comics, from 1942 through 1952. The strip was characterized by alliterative, rhyming dialogue, screwball comedy and throwaway gags in background. The Timely titles, such as Joker Comics, Gay Comics and Tessie the Typist, debuted a number of his spin-off characters and features, including Flap Flipflop, The Flying Flash (who later appeared in Charlton Comics' Jack in the Box #13), Leanbean Green, "Cartoon Crime Mystery" featuring Inspector Hector the Crime Detector, Doc Rockblock, "Picture Poems about Peculiar People", "Funny Boners", Dauntless Dawson, "Hothead Hotel", "Bedtime Bunk", "Foolish Faces" and more.

Five issues of a Powerhouse Pepper comic book were released in 1943 and 1948 by Timely, but not all the covers were by Wolverton and many interior pages were also not devoted to Wolverton strips.

In 1946, Wolverton won a contest to depict "Lena the Hyena", the world's ugliest woman, a running gag in Al Capp's Li'l Abner newspaper strip where Lena remained unseen beneath an editorial note stating her face had been covered to protect readers. Capp, responding to popular demand, announced a contest for artists to submit their interpretations. Among 500,000 entries, Wolverton's was the winner; it appeared in a Li'l Abner daily and Life magazine. Wolverton's fame briefly led to Life and Pageant printing his caricatures. The Lena portrait typified the unique "spaghetti-and-meatballs school of design" style he employed regularly thereafter.

In the 1950s, Wolverton produced 17 comic-book horror and science-fiction stories for Marvel and other comic-book publishers, including one story by author Daniel Keyes, which led to him being "hailed for creating uniquely grotesque monsters". Among these tales were "The Brain Bats of Venus" for Mister Mystery #7 and "Where Monsters Dwell" in Marvel's Adventures into Terror #7, the title of which was later used for a 1970s Marvel reprint series.

Mad
Wolverton first appeared in Mad with a single panel in #10, drew Mad Reader! for #11 and also contributed an iconic Lena-like image to the cover of #11, which was billed as the "Beautiful Girl of the Month". Although Wolverton contributed sporadically to the title—appearing in just nine issues over two decades—his work was memorable enough that, in 2009, The New York Times dubbed him "The Michelangelo of Mad Magazine". E.C.'s other humor title, Panic, edited by Al Feldstein (who later became Mad's editor for 30 years) also used Wolverton's art on a Panic cover, though publisher William M. Gaines was not a fan of Wolverton's work. Other humor magazines from other companies such as Cracked, From Here to Insanity and Cockeyed also featured Wolverton's work, as did an issue of Ballyhoo.

Later career
In 1968, Wolverton did the Ugly Posters series of trading cards for Topps, displaying his trademark twisted headshots.

In 1973, he returned to mainstream comics, illustrating several covers for Joe Orlando's satiric Plop! at DC Comics. Comix Book, a joint production of Marvel Comics and Denis Kitchen's Kitchen Sink Press, featured two strips by Wolverton, "Calvin" and "Weird Creatures".

Personal life
In 1934, Wolverton married his Vancouver High School classmate Honor Lovette (class of 1927). They remained married until his death.

Wolverton was baptized into Herbert W. Armstrong's Radio Church of God in 1941 and was ordained as an elder in 1943. As a board member of that church, he was one of the six people, including Armstrong and his wife, who reincorporated the church in 1946 when it moved from its original headquarters in Oregon to California.

Wolverton died on December 31, 1978, at age 69.

Wolverton's son, editorial cartoonist Monte Wolverton, has worked for The Plain Truth and contributed to Mad.

Books
Books by Wolverton or collecting his work include:
 * The Bible Story (1961)
 * Wolvertoons: The Art of Basil Wolverton (1990) (ISBN 1-56097-022-7)
 * Wolverton in Space (1997) (ISBN 1-56971-238-7)
 * Basil Wolverton's Powerhouse Pepper (2001) (ISBN 1-56097-148-7)
 * The Basil Wolverton Reader Vol.1 (2003) (ISBN 1-56685-017-7)
 * The Basil Wolverton Reader Vol.2 (2004) (ISBN 1-56685-027-4)
 * Basil Wolverton: Agony & Ecstasy (2007) (ISBN 1-56685-041-X) (reprints from The Bible Story)
 * The Original Art of Basil Wolverton (2007) (ISBN 978-0-86719-687-0)
 * The Wolverton Bible (2009) (ISBN 978-1-56097-964-7)
 * The Culture Corner (2010) (ISBN 978-1-60699-308-8)
 * Spacehawk (2012) (ISBN 978-1-60699-550-1)
 * Creeping Death from Neptune: The Life and Comics of Basil Wolverton Vol. 1 (2014) (ISBN 978-1-60699-505-1)
 * Brain Bats of Venus: The Life and Comics of Basil Wolverton Vol. 2 (2019) (ISBN 978-1-68396-214-4)
 * Scoop Scuttle and His Pals: The Crackpot Comics of Basil Wolverton (2021) (ISBN 978-1-68396-397-4)

title: Basil Wolverton


text:
The Cotton District

The Cotton District is a community located in Starkville, Mississippi. It was founded by Dan Camp, who was the developer, owner and property manager of much of the area. It is significant for its use of traditional architecture and as an example of traditional neighborhood development practices in the 1960s.

The Cotton District has elements of Greek Revival mixed with Classical or Victorian. Many of these ideas came from Camp's own travels to Europe and parts of the United States, like Charleston and New Orleans. The Cotton District is a walkable neighborhood that contains some restaurants and bars in addition to hundreds of unique residential units, many which are filled by college students and young professionals.

The area is home to the annual Cotton District Arts Festival which now boasts as many as 40,000 attendants each year. It also hosts the annual Bulldog Bash, which draws over 20,000 people for the festival's free concerts and has featured artists such as Third Eye Blind, Gavin Degraw, Sister Hazel, Howie Day, Will Hoge, Hardy, and Edwin McCain among others.

Starkville is adjacent to the campus of Mississippi State University and is also a registered retirement community.

title: The Cotton District


text:
Talk:Landscape ecology

What is the difference between Biogeography and Landscape Ecology? The articles as written don't seem to be all that different from each other. They should probably reference each other and explain the differences or be merged into one. Jmeppley 16:28, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Biogeography and Landscape Ecology are very different - Biogeography deals with a very different spatial scale, and also deals with species, rarely with populations, energy flows, or interactions. There are some similarities, but they are quite distinct.  As soon as I have the time I will edit the articles to make that distinction  Guettarda 17:07, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Landscape ecology


text:
Raymond Arrieta

Ramón Emilio "Raymond" Arrieta Vázquez (born March 26, 1965), is a Puerto Rican actor, comedian, host and philanthropist. Starting his career as a comedian in various local shows, Arrieta gained popularity in the 1990s when he hosted a string of successful comedy shows where he showcased his various characters and personifications. Since 2007, Arrieta has been hosting the mid-day variety show Día a Día, along with Dagmar. Arrieta is also a radio show host and a theater actor.

Arrieta has gained prominence for his philanthropic endeavors. After his friend and co-host, Dagmar, was diagnosed with cancer in 2008, Arrieta has performed a yearly charity walk around various parts of the island while also raising awareness. Because of his commitment to the cause, Arrieta has received numerous recognitions, including from the Senate of Puerto Rico.

Early years
Raymond Arrieta was born in Hato Rey, one of the main barrios of San Juan, Puerto Rico. His parents were Ramón Arrieta and Carmín Vázquez. Arrieta went to school at the Academy Nuestra Señora de la Providencia. When he was in the third grade, Arrieta volunteered to play the part of "Ramoneta Cienfuegos", a character of popular Puerto Rican comedian Shorty Castro, in a school play. After that he continued to participate in many other plays at school, even organizing his own. One of the works he wrote and directed was Mundo Loco, which told a story about a war between fans of Salsa music and fans of Rock music. Arrieta has mentioned that José Miguel Agrelot has always been his main inspiration.

After Arrieta graduated from high school, he enrolled in the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón of San Juan, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Radio and Television Production in 1987. There, he also joined Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity.

On one occasion, Arrieta and some friends visited the café theater "El Punto del Coquí" located in Old San Juan. He sat down and played the piano while doing imitations. The owner of the club was impressed and asked Arrieta to prepare an act for his club. Arrieta prepared an act called "Black and White" which was a success and he was soon traveling around the island with his "show". In 1983, Our Lady of the Providence Academy established the "Raymond Arrieta Award" which is annually awarded to the student with the best artistic qualities.

Career as a comedian
In 1988, Arrieta already had his own radio show and was also participating in Telemundo's "Estudio Alegre" (Happy Studio);"El Show del Medio Día" (The Noon Show) for WAPA among others. He landed a role in the Spanish version of the play "The Diary of Anne Frank".

In 1991, Arrieta went to Mexico where he participated in the play "Mama ama el Rock" (Mother loves Rock) with Mexican stars Angelica María and Angélica Vale. In 1995, he replaced George Ortuzar as the host of Lente Loco (Crazy Lens), a Candid Camera-style show, co-hosting with Cuban model Odalys García.

Later in the nineties, he had his own show "Que Vacilón" which aired in prime time through WAPA. In this comedy show of sketches and stand-ups, he brought to life, along with other local talents, which also included Rene Monclova, Jorge Castro, and Tita Guerrero, a bunch of peculiar characters who gained immense popularity in the Puerto Rican pop culture, like the clown Trompetilla, a grumpy clown with a kind of fraudulent circus; and Andresito a kind of Dennis the Menace little boy. Many consider this period to be the peak of his career.

Arrieta had his own weekly TV show in Puerto Rico called "El Show de Raymond". Which was transmitted through Televicentro and WAPA TV. In 2007 he switched to Telemundo and WKAQ-TV, where he currently stars in his own daytime daily show, "Día a Día con Raymond y Dagmar". Puerto Rican comedian, José Miguel Agrelot once said, that Raymond Arrieta was the greatest comedian of the "new" generation.

In 2014, Raymond returned to comedy television with the WKAQ-TV sketch comedy "Raymond y sus Amigos", which also reunites him with "Que Vacilon" cast members Monclova and Castro.

Da Vida Caminando con Raymond (Walk-A-Thon)

On Friday, May 15, 2009, Arrieta began a Walk-A-Thon to raise funds for cancer patients in Puerto Rican institutions, the city of Ponce to San Juan arriving in Telemundo Puerto Rico. The Walk-A-Thon which ended on May 19, 2009. This hike was named the 2nd Hike Ramón Rivero "Diplo," the first man to hold a walka-a-thon in the world to raise funds for a cause, in 1953—for the Oncological Hospital, in San Juan. On October 23, 2009 Fi Sigma Alfa honored Raymond Arrieta by bestowing upon him the "Medalla de Caballero Sigma" a medal only four other members have been honored with.

Arrieta walked again for cancer patients in 2010 from Aguadilla to San Juan arriving in Telemundo Puerto Rico with the name "Da Vida Caminando con Raymond". On June 4, 2010, on the very morning of the start of the Walk-A-Thon, Caguas mayor, William Miranda Marín died from pancreatic cancer. The 2010 edition of the Walk-A-Thon was dedicated to "Willie" first thing in the morning after in 2009 the Walk-A-Thon passed by through Caguas and he told Arrieta he would participate again the next year.

In 2011, Raymond walked for a third time from Vieques to San Juan in six days and raised money for the Puerto Rico Oncologist Hospital patients, which had no money to pay employees or. He walked 12 miles through the island of Vieques, then boarded a ferry back to Fajardo and continued to walk in a treadmill completing 2 miles in about an hour and a half. After reaching Fajardo everyone rested for the next day. In 3 days he reached San Juan, near the facilities of Telemundo. However, before arriving to San Juan, he followed the route which led to Caguas and he attended a memorial service held in honor of the memory of the late Caguas mayor William Miranda Marín, at the Caguas Botanical Garden, As stated before, Miranda Marín died on June 4, 2010, the first day of Arrieta's Walk-A-Thon from Mayagüez. The Walk-A-Thon continued to Río Piedras, then back to San Juan. The goal for this fund-raiser was $1 Million and, according to statistics, a record has been set with an unknown quantity of money at the moment. The route he completed was Vieques-Fajardo, Fajardo-Río Grande, Río Grande-San Juan, San Juan-Caguas, Caguas-Río Piedras and Río Piedras-San Juan.

Filmography
Source

title: Raymond Arrieta


text:
Talk:Biogeography

Biogeography - Possible Sources
Emily Kookogey ENST 244 Professor Stuhl February 25, 2014

Topic: Biogeography

Cook, D. C. "Human Biogeography." Choice 50, no. 3 (11, 2012): 529. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1173416895?accountid=9784.

Goldblum, D. "Comparative Biogeography: Discovering and Classifying Biogeographical Patterns of a Dynamic Earth." Choice 47, no. 9 (05, 2010): 1714. http://search.proquest.com/docview/356761958?accountid=9784.

MacArthur, Robert H. and Edward O. Wilson. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, 1967.

Posadas, Paula, Mariana A. Grossi, and Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar. "Where is Historical Biogeography Going? the Evolution of the Discipline in the First Decade of the 21st Century." Progress in Physical Geography 37, no. 3 (06, 2013): 377-396. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313478316. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1356442071?accountid=9784.

Sanmartín, Isabel. "Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, 7th Edition." Systematic Biology 55, no. 2 (04, 2006): 361-363. http://search.proquest.com/docview/194796098?accountid=9784.

Simberloff, Daniel. "Parasitology and Recent Developments in Biogeography." Bioscience 61, no. 11 (11, 2011): 925-927. http://search.proquest.com/docview/906002949?accountid=9784.

Waters, Jonathan M. "Biogeography in a Changing World." Systematic Biology 56, no. 5 (10, 2007): 871-3. http://search.proquest.com/docview/194800320?accountid=9784.

Waters, Jonathan M. "Historical Biogeography: An Introduction." Systematic Biology 54, no. 2 (04, 2005): 338-340. http://search.proquest.com/docview/194770668?accountid=9784.

Eak016 (talk) 18:26, 24 February 2014 (UTC)Emily Kookogey

Lindsey Nourse Possible Sources:

Brooks, Daniel. "Scaling Effects in Historical Biogeography: A New View of Space, Time, and Form." Systematic Zoology. no. 3 (1988): 237-244.

Brown University, "Biogeography." Accessed February 24, 2014. http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/29.Biogeography.HTML.

Cox, C Barry, and Peter Moore. Biogeography : an ecological and evolutionary approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publicastions, 2005.

Crisci, Jorge. "The Voice of Historical Biogeography." Journal of Biogeography. no. 2 (2001): 157-168.

Crisp, Michael, Stephen Trewick, and Lyn Cook. "Hypothesis testing in biogeography." Trends in Ecology and Evolution. no. 2 (2011): 66-72.

Dansereau, Pierre. Biogeography; an ecological perspective.. New York: Ronald Press Company, 1957.

Fosberg, F. "Geography, Ecology, and Biogeography." Annals of the Association of American Geographers. no. 1 (1976): 117-128.

Losos, Jonathan, Robert Ricklefs, and Robert MacArthur. The theory of island biogeography revisited. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.

Lgn006 (talk) 22:16, 24 February 2014 (UTC)Lgn006 February 24th, 2014

Biogeography vs. Landscape Ecology
What is the difference between Biogeography and Landscape Ecology? The articles as written don't seem to be all that different from each other. They should probably reference each other and explain the differences or be merged into one. Jmeppley 16:26, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Landscape ecology for answers to this.  Jmeppley 17:45, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Biogeography is much broader in scope covering all distribution of life. I believe landscape ecology focuses on a particular scale (think about the size of a valley) and with processes associated with that scale Threelovemonkeys (talk) 11:21, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Paleobiogeography
What is Paleobiogeography? Tug201 06:01, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Paleobiogeography is the study of the geography of life in the past usually with organisms remains Threelovemonkeys (talk) 11:21, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Classification
The list under the Classification section are processes and not the actual classification of Biogeography. Is there any reason for the title classification? If there is none, I will change it to Processes leading to patterns or something by that line. Thanks! ώЇЌĩ Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 12:45, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

History Section
I feel as though the history section could be improved. It opens mentioning that biogeography is based off the work of several scientists that include Alexander von Humboldt, Hewett Cottrell Watson, Alphonse de Candolle, Alfred Russel Wallace, and Philip Lutley Sclater. The article then only goes into detail on how the work of Sclater and Wallace played a role in biogeography. I feel that a little bit of information on the work of the others could be beneficial. Rory.Bonner (talk) 01:05, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Carly Downs' Bibliography for Biogeography - History of Ecology 2014
Browne, E. J. 1983. The secular ark: studies in the history of biogeography. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Crisci, Jorge. "The Voice of Historical Biogeography." Journal of Biogeography 28, no. 2 (2001): 157-168. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2656094 (accessed February 21, 2014).

Dansereau, Pierre. 1957. Biogeography; an ecological perspective. New York: Ronald Press Co.

Hengeveld, R. 1992. Dynamic biogeography. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press.

Hill, A. R.. " Biogeography as a Sub-Field of Geography." Area 7, no. 3 (1975): 156-161. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20000996 (accessed February 21, 2014).

Lomolino, Mark V., and Lawrence R. Heaney. 2004. Frontiers of biogeography: new directions in the geography of nature. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates

MacArthur, Robert H., and Edward O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island 	biogeography. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Simmons, I. G. 1982. Biogeographical processes. London: Allen & Unwin. Ced015 (talk) 03:01, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Outline for Article Changes
To Wikipedia Community Members: Three Bucknell students have come up with these possible ideas for changes to this article. Please let us know what you think we encourage all feedback!!!

Biogeography describes the combination of concepts that come from ecology, evolutionary biology, geology, and geography. It is the study of the distribution of organisms and their ecosystems in a certain geographic place in a particular time in history. There are two main applications of biogeography: historical biogeography, which describes long-term, evolutionary periods of time for broader classifications of organisms. The second application of biogeography is ecological, which is described by short-term interactions within a habitat and the specific species or subspecies of organisms.

The first discoveries that contributed to the development of biogeography as a science began in the mid-18th century, as Europeans explored the world and discovered the biodiversity of life. Carl Linnaeus, in the mid-18th century, initiated the ways to classify organisms through his exploration of undiscovered territories. When he noticed that species were not as perpetual as he believed, he developed the Mountain Explanation to explain the distribution of biodiversity. When Noah’s ark landed on Mount Ararat and the waters receded, the animals dispersed throughout different elevations on the mountain. This showed different species in different climates proving species were not constant. Linnaeus’ findings set a basis for ecological biogeography. Closely after Linnaeus, George Louis Buffon observed shifts in climate and how species spread across the globe as a result. Buffon believed there was a single species creation event, and that different regions of the world were homes for varying species, which is an alternate view than that of Linnaeus. Buffon’s Law eventually became a principle of biogeography by explaining how similar environments were habitats for comparable types of organisms. Following this period of exploration came the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, which attempted to explain the patterns of biodiversity observed by Buffon and Linnaeus. At the end of the 18th century, Alexander Von Humboldt developed the concept of physique generale to demonstrate the unity of science and how species fit together. As one of the first to contribute empirical data to the science of biogeography through his travel as an explorer, he observed differences in climate and vegetation. This ultimately enabled him to create the isotherm, which allowed scientists to see patterns of life within different climates. Agustin de Candolle was yet another contributor to the field of biogeography in that he observed species competition and the several differences that influenced biodiversity.

In the 19th century, several additional scientists contributed new theories to further develop the concept of biogeography. Charles Lyell, being one of the first contributors in the 19th century, developed the theory of uniformitarianism after studying fossils. This theory explained how the world was not created by one sole catastrophic event, but instead from numerous creation events and locations. Additionally, the Earth was now considered significantly older than previously accepted and Lyell concluded that it was possible for species to go extinct. Since he noted that earth’s climate changes, he realized that species distribution must also change accordingly. Charles Darwin was a natural theologist who studied around the world but most importantly in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin introduced the idea of evolution and went against earlier ideas that species were static. He was different than other explorers because he came up with a mechanism on which species changed. His influential ideas that of the struggle for existence and natural selection. Darwin’s theory started a biological segment to biogeography and empirical studies. Further on in the 19th century, Alfred Russel Wallace was commonly known as the father of biogeography. Wallace participated in fieldwork researching the habits, breeding and migration tendencies, and feeding behavior of thousands of species. Using these factors, he studied their influence on the survival of species. Wallace believed species were dynamic by responding to biotic and abiotic factors.

Moving on to the 20th century, Alfred Wegener introduced the Theory of Continental Drift in 1912, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s. This theory was revolutionary because it changed the way that everyone thought about species and their distribution around the globe. The theory explained how continents were formerly joined together in one large landmass, Pangea, and slowly drifted apart due to the movement of the plates below Earth’s surface. The evidence for this theory is in the geological similarities between varying locations around the globe, fossil comparisons from different continents, and the jigsaw puzzle shape of the landmasses on Earth. Though Wegener did not know the mechanism of this concept of Continental Drift, this contribution to the study of biogeography was significant in the way that it shed light on the importance of environmental and geographic similarities or differences as a result of climate and other pressures on the planet. In addition to what the article already explains about Robert MacArthur’s contributions, and Edward O. Wilson, his Theory of Island Biogeography describes how large islands have greater biodiversity than smaller islands.

In terms of applications of biogeography as a science today, technological advances have allowed satellite imaging and processing of the Earth. Current scientists also use coral reefs to delve into the history of biogeography through the fossilized reefs. GIS or general information sensing can show certain processes on the earth’s surface like whale locations, sea surface temperatures, and bathymetry.

Lgn006 (talk)Lindsey Nourse, Emily Kookogey, Carly Downs — Preceding undated comment added 15:06, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

Article Peer Editing
Biogeography- Overview- The introduction does a very good job of briefly explaining the definition of biogeography, and then including the various fields that it is applicable, ending with a solid synopsis of the origins of the use of biogeography and its importance in describing and understanding long term evolutionary periods. You could possibly add one more sentence explaining Humboldt’s importance in the development of biogeography.

Introduction- The first sentence in the introduction seems to be rather long, although it includes a lot of informative information. If possible, I would break it up into two slightly more comprehensible sentences to make it easier for the reader to understand.

History- In the first part of the history section, you illustrated the development of biogeography very well by introducing and explaining the mountain explanation, and how it allowed Linnaus to study science and biogeography while maintaining his faith in Christianity. Perhaps reword the last sentence of the second paragraph because it ends with ‘it” to: Buffon also studied fossils, which led him to believe that the world was tens of thousands of years old, and that humans had not lived there long in comparison to the age of the earth. Later in the history section, the first sentence in the paragraph before the 19th century part I found a bit confusing and I think it could possibly be reworded. In the first paragraph in the 19th century section of history, I think you could separate this sentence into two sentences because it contains two separate ideas. One idea being that the world was considered older as a result of Charles Lyell’s contributions, and the second being the idea that species could go extinct: “Additionally, the Earth was now considered significantly older than previously accepted and Lyell concluded that it was possible for species to go extinct”. I think that you did a very good job explaining how all of the important ecologists in the 18th and 19th century were influential to the development, and influenced by the study of biogeography. I also thought that the information you provided on islands was important to the contribution of biogeography and you did a good job at demonstrating this. In the beginning of the 20th century section I noticed there was not many references tagged and I just wanted to point this out! Overall I thought the history section was very informative and concise while including all of the most important historical information regarding biogeography.

Paleobiogeography- The first sentence in this section does a very good job at explaining the definition of paleobiogeography; however, the last sentence I thought could potentially be seen as subjective/ speculative especially because it does not have a reference at the end. Overall I thought this section was very helpful in relating biogeography back to ecology as it explains the inclusion of ecological beings in the study of biogeography through the study of plate tectonics and paleographic data. Eeb017 (talk) 22:18, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your feedback. We are in the process of making changes and are considering all of your advice. Thanks again Ced015 (talk) 14:46, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

 * It would be great if you guys could develop stub articles for the sub-topics systematic biogeography and evolutionary biogeography, that are cited in the article. The Portuguese wiki has an article for the latter: pt:Biogeografia evolutiva. Regards, —capmo (talk) 15:54, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Peer Review
Lead in section - I think that your introduction is very well formatted, but it may include too much technical information. I think the more complicated explanations of biogeography would be better suited later in the article. The first part of the introduction that includes the basic definition and the last part that includes some of the origins of the term would be sufficient.

The introduction section is very well written and allows for a more technical overview of the subject. Maybe some of the more technical information from the lead in section could be added in this section. I think that doing that would create a more accessible article and readers won't be alienated by a complicated lead in.

I enjoyed the paleobiogeography section because it displayed a very specific use of biogeography and how it can be used in practical applications. I was wondering if there were any other specific examples of biogeography that you could mention, or even add a section of similar to the paleobiogeography section. The Paleobiogeographic section also seems like it would be a very controversial subject and I think it may be appropriate to add information on whether or not there are controversies surrounding it. baldwinwt (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 19:10, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your feedback! We are in the process of making our final changes and these suggestions were very helpful!  134.82.167.55 (talk) 13:21, 28 April 2014 (UTC)Emily Kookogey

Further comments on content
The recent additions and revisions to this article have been very useful! Thank you to the editors working on this. I notice you have been drawing extensively from Browne's Secular Ark, which many historians of science recognize as one of the most comprehensive and rigorous treatments of the history of biogeography. That said, your bibliographies listed above and on the Further Reading section offer readers and editors other sources to explore for more information or to corroborate Browne's research. So, good choice there. I also know there are plans to expand a section on modern applications of biogeography. For that I recommend consulting Cox and Moore's textbook, which I also see listed in your bibliographies. Overall, this is significant work on a broad and important topic in the history of ecology. --Enstandrew (talk) 15:58, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

Draft outline
There is a proposed outline for this topic at WikiProject Outlines/Drafts/Outline of biogeography. Please note that there's a link on the talk page to a RM request suggesting moving it to draftspace. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 08:56, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Biogeography


text:
Personal aide to the President of the United States

A personal assistant who accompanies the president of the United States virtually everywhere is generally referred to as a body man or body woman, but in some cases may be referred to as a personal aide. These personal aides to the president are often responsible for arranging and providing: lodging; transportation; interactions with media, public, and family; meals; personal briefings and briefing papers; logistical instructions; speech cards; snacks; cell phones; and any other necessary assistance. Such personal aides exist for many politicians aside from presidents, but the most famous have included personal aides to the president, as described below.

History
Upon taking office in 1969, Richard Nixon expanded and professionalized the White House Office staff. A new position was created, Personal Aide to the President. Previously this role had largely been filled by a White House valet. This role remained, but unlike the valet, the Personal Aide to the President travels wherever the president goes whereas the valet always remains stationed at the White House.

President Richard Nixon

 * Stephen Bull

President Gerald Ford

 * Terrence O’Donnell
 * Gregory Willard

President Jimmy Carter

 * Timothy Kraft
 * Phil Wise

President Ronald Reagan

 * David Fischer
 * Jim Kuhn

President George H. W. Bush

 * Timothy McBride
 * Michal Dannenhauer
 * David Bates
 * Tom Frechette

President Bill Clinton

 * Douglas Band
 * Kris Engskov

President George W. Bush

 * Logan Walters
 * Blake Gottesman
 * Jared Weinstein
 * Freddy Ford
 * Sam Sutton
 * Fidel Medina

President Barack Obama

 * Reggie Love
 * Marvin Nicholson

President Donald Trump

 * John McEntee
 * Jordan Karem
 * Nick Luna
 * Walt Nauta (post-presidency)

President Joe Biden

 * Stephen Goepfert (2021-2022)
 * Jacob Spreyer (2022-present)

In popular culture
This role has been portrayed in fiction:

 * Dulé Hill as Charlie Young, in The West Wing
 * Tony Hale as Gary Walsh, in Veep


text: Category:103 deaths

title: Category:103 deaths