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Order of Victory

The Order of Victory (Орден «Победа») was the highest military decoration awarded for World War II service in the Soviet Union, and one of the rarest orders in the world. The order was awarded only to Generals and Marshals for successfully conducting combat operations involving one or more army groups and resulting in a "successful operation within the framework of one or several fronts resulting in a radical change of the situation in favor of the Red Army." The Order of Victory is a standalone decoration awarded specially for service in World War II; unlike other awards such as the Hero of the Soviet Union, it does not belong to any order of ranking. In the history of the Soviet Union, the award had been awarded twenty times to twelve Soviet leaders and five foreign leaders, with one revocation. The last living recipient was King Michael I of Romania, who died on 5 December 2017.

History
The order was proposed by Colonel N. S. Neyelov, who was serving at the Soviet Army Rear headquarters around June 1943. The original name that Colonel Neyelov suggested was Order for Faithfulness to the Homeland; however, it was given its present name around October of that year.

On October 25, 1943, artist A. I. Kuznetsov, who was already the designer of many Soviet orders, presented his first sketch to Stalin. The sketch of a round medallion with portraits of Lenin and Stalin was not approved by the Supreme Commander. Instead, Stalin wanted a design with the Spasskaya Tower in the centre. Kuznetsov returned four days later with several new sketches, of which Stalin chose one entitled "Victory". He asked Kuznetsov to slightly alter the design, and on the 5th of November a prototype was finally approved. The order was officially adopted on November 8, 1943, and was first awarded to Georgy Zhukov, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, and Joseph Stalin. All three were awarded a second order a year or more later.

The order was also bestowed to top commanders of the Allied forces. Every order was presented during or immediately after World War II, except for the controversial 1978 award to Leonid Brezhnev, who was not given a personal award, but an older one, originally awarded to Leonid Govorov, Marshal of the Soviet Union. (Govorov was already deceased, with his award returned to the state) Brezhnev's award was revoked posthumously in 1989 for not meeting the requirements for the award.

Like other orders awarded by Communist nations, the Order of Victory could be awarded more than once to the same individual. In total, the order was presented twenty times to seventeen people (including Brezhnev).

Unlike all other Soviet orders, the Order of Victory had no serial number on it, the number was only mentioned in the award certificate. After a holder of the Order of Victory died, the award was to be given back to the state. Most of awards are now preserved by the Diamond Fund in the Moscow Kremlin. Notable exceptions are King Michael I of Romania's Order of Victory, which is held in the collection of the Romanian Royal Family, Dwight D. Eisenhower's Order of Victory, which is on display at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum in Abilene, Kansas, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Order of Victory, which is on display at the Imperial War Museum in London, and Josip Broz Tito's Order of Victory, which is kept in the Museum of Yugoslav History in Belgrade.

Construction details

Against the sky, the letters "СССР" (USSR) appear in gold centered on the top of the medallion, while the word "Победа" (Victory) in white, is displayed on the red banner at the bottom, made with enamel. The total mass of the order is 78g, which consists of 47g of platinum, 2g of gold, 19g of silver, 25 carats of ruby and 16 carats of diamond. The medal is estimated to be worth $10 million.

Instead of being made at a mint, each Order was made in a jeweler's workshop.

Dwight D. Eisenhower had his star valued by an American jeweler; according to Bernhard, Prince Consort of the Netherlands (who, having been Commander of the Dutch Armed Forces during the war, was interested in receiving such a prestigious award himself but never got it), Eisenhower told him that his stones were "fakes".

Ribbon
The ribbons of various Soviet orders have been combined to create the Order Ribbon. The total length of the ribbon is 44 mm and it is mostly worn on the field uniform. The following featured orders are depicted on the ribbon (read from outside towards the center):
 * Order of Glory (Орден Славы/Orden Slavy). Orange with black center stripe
 * Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Орден Богдана Хмельницкого/Orden Bogdana Khmelnitskogo). Light blue stripe
 * Order of Alexander Nevsky (Орден Александра Невского/Orden Aleksandra Nevskogo). Dark red stripe
 * Order of Kutuzov (Орден Кутузова/Orden Kutuzova). Dark blue stripe
 * Order of Suvorov (Орден Суворова/Orden Suvorova). Green stripe
 * Order of Lenin (Орден Ленина/Orden Lenina). Large Red stripe (center section)

List of recipients

Brezhnev's receipt of the Order of Victory was controversial. Brezhnev was a young political officer during the war who did reach the rank of lieutenant general, but did not command responsibility close to the other recipients of the Order. He only received the decoration after he was Head of State and thus able to essentially award the medal to himself. As a result of general hostility to Brezhnev after his death and belief that this award had been done out of vanity rather than earned from merit, the Order of Victory was posthumously revoked in 1989.

Fate of the Orders
After the death of the recipient of the Order of Victory, it was to be given back to the state.

 * All orders awarded to Soviet commanders are in Russia.
 * The Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow has five orders: two of A. Vasilevsky, two of G. Zhukov and one of R. Malinovsky.
 * The State Precious Metals and Gems Repository (Gokhran) in Russia has two orders: K. Rokossovskiy, and M. Rola-Żymierski.
 * All other orders that are in Russia are stored in the Moscow Kremlin, preserved by the Diamond Fund.
 * King Michael I of Romania (d. 2017) was for 28 years the only living holder, following the death in 1989 of M. Rola-Żymierski; his order is held in the Royal Collection of the Romanian Royal Family.
 * Tito's order is at the Museum of Yugoslavia, Belgrade (former the May 25th Museum)
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower's Order is on display at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum in Abilene, Kansas.
 * Bernard Montgomery's Order is in the Imperial War Museum in London.

title: Order of Victory


text:
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title: Talk:Buildering


text: Wikipedia:Featured article review/archive/August to October 2004


text:
Süper Lig

The Süper Lig (, Super League), officially known as Trendyol Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons, is a Turkish professional league for association football clubs. It is the top-flight of the Turkish football league system and is run by the Turkish Football Federation. In the 2023-2024 season, twenty clubs compete, where a champion is decided and three clubs are promoted from, and another four relegated to the 1. Lig. The season runs from August to May, with each club playing 38 matches. Matches are played Friday through Monday.

The league succeeded the Turkish Football Championship and the National Division, both being former top-level national competitions. The Süper Lig is currently 9th in the UEFA coefficient ranking of leagues based on club performances in European competitions over the last five years. A total of 75 clubs have competed in the Süper Lig, but only six have won the title to date: Galatasaray (24), Fenerbahçe (19), Beşiktaş (16), Trabzonspor (7), Başakşehir (1) and Bursaspor (1).

History
Football in Turkey stems back to the late 19th century, when Englishmen brought the game with them while living in Salonica (then part of the Ottoman Empire). The first league competition was the Istanbul Football League, which took place in the 1904–05 season. The league went through several variations until the creation of the Millî Lig (Süper Lig) in 1959. Between the creation of the Istanbul League and Millî Lig, several other regional leagues took place: Adana (1924), Ankara (1922), Eskişehir (1924), İzmir (1924), Bursa (1924), and Trabzon (1922), to name a few. The first competition to bring forth a national champion was the former Turkish Football Championship, which began in 1924 and continued until 1951. The championship format was based on a knockout competition, contested between the winners of each of the country's top regional leagues. The National Division (Turkish: Millî Küme) was the first national league competition in Turkey. Started in 1937, the National Division consisted of the strongest clubs from the Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir leagues. The championship lasted until 1950. The Federation Cup was established in 1956 to decide a national champion. This champion would go on to participate in the European Cup. The competition was held for two seasons until it was replaced by the Millî Lig. Beşiktaş won both editions and qualified for the European Cup during the two-year span. However, since the TFF failed to register their name for the draw in time, Beşiktaş could not participate in the 1957–58 season after all.

The top clubs of Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir competed in the 1959 Turkish National League. The first season took place in the calendar year of 1959, instead of 1958 to 1959, since the qualifying stages took place in 1958. The 16 clubs who competed in the first season were: Adalet (Istanbul), Altay (İzmir), Ankaragücü (Ankara), Ankara Demirspor (Ankara), Beşiktaş (Istanbul), Beykoz (Istanbul), Karagümrük (Istanbul), Fenerbahçe (Istanbul), Galatasaray (Istanbul), Gençlerbirliği (Ankara), Göztepe (İzmir), Hacettepe Gençlik (Ankara), İstanbulspor, İzmirspor, Karşıyaka (İzmir), and Vefa (Istanbul). The first champions were Fenerbahçe and the first "Gol Kralı" (top scorer) was Metin Oktay. No clubs were promoted or relegated at the end of the first season. The 2. Lig (Second League) was created at the start of the 1963–64 season and the Millî Lig became known as the 1.Lig (First League). Before the foundation of a second division, the bottom three clubs competed with regional league winners in a competition called the Baraj Games. The top three teams of the group were promoted to the Süper Lig. After the foundation of a new second division in 2001, known as the 1. Lig, the formerly titled 1. Lig was rebranded as Süper Lig. The Süper Lig is home of the Fenerbahçe–Galatasaray derby, the most watched football game in Turkey. It is considered to be one of the best and most intense in the world, being ranked among the greatest football rivalries of all time by various international sources.

On 12 December 2023, the Turkish Football Federation suspended all league games indefinitely following an incident during a match between MKE Ankaragucu and Caykur Rizespor which involved fans being able to successfully invade the pitch and people, including recent MKE Ankaragucu president Faruk Koca, being arrested after attacking referee Halil Umut Meler. Koca would resign from MKE Ankaragucu as well. However, on 13 December, the same day Meler was discharged from the hospital it was soon agreed that Super Lig matches would resume on 19 December.

Format
There were 18 clubs in the Süper Lig until 2020. 20 Clubs are competing in the Süper Lig starting from 2020. During the course of the season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then head-to-head record, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the head-to-head record and then goal difference determine the winner. The three lowest placed teams are relegated to the 1. Lig and the top two teams from the 1. Lig, together with the winner of play-offs involving the third to seventh placed 1. Lig clubs are promoted in their place.
 * 16 clubs: 1959
 * 20 clubs: 1959–1962
 * 22 clubs: 1962–1963
 * 18 clubs: 1963–1964
 * 16 clubs: 1964–1966
 * 17 clubs: 1966–1968
 * 16 clubs: 1968–1981
 * 17 clubs: 1981–1982
 * 18 clubs: 1982–1985
 * 19 clubs: 1985–1987
 * 20 clubs: 1987–1988
 * 19 clubs: 1988–1989
 * 18 clubs: 1989–1990
 * 16 clubs: 1990–1994
 * 18 clubs: 1994–2020
 * 21 clubs: 2020–2021
 * 20 clubs: 2021–2022
 * 19 clubs: 2022–2023
 * 20 clubs: 2023–2024
 * 19 clubs: 2024–present

Qualification for European competitions
The champions and runners-up qualify for the second qualifying round of the Champions League. The third place and the Turkish Cup winners qualify for the second qualifying round of the Europa Conference League. If the Turkish Cup winner has already qualified for European competition through their league finish, then the team that finishes fourth in the league takes their place.

Domestic
On March 2, 2024, Turkish Football Federation stated that Qatari media group BeIN has renewed its rights to broadcast Turkey's top flight matches for three more years, until 2027. BeIN will pay $182 million-a-year to broadcast Turkey's Süper Lig and TFF First League. As such, Süper Lig will become the 6th most valuable football league after the Big Five leagues in Europe.

UEFA ranking
Süper Lig ranks 9th in UEFA Country Rankings 2024. The league made a big breakthrough in the early 90s and became one of the most valuable leagues in Europe. Süper Lig achieved the best ranking in its history in 2001 by rising to 7th place. In 1982, the league dropped to 28th place, achieving the worst ranking in its history.

Champions
Only six clubs have been champions since the introduction of the Super League: Galatasaray 24 times, Fenerbahçe 19 times, Beşiktaş 16 times (see note below), Trabzonspor 7 times, and Bursaspor and Başakşehir once each.

Teams in bold compete in the Süper Lig as of the 2023–24 season.

1 Beşiktaş formally requested that championships won in the 1956–57 and 1957–58 editions of the Turkish Federation Cup be counted as Turkish Professional First Division championships to the Turkish Football Federation. The Cup was established in 1956 to find a national champion to represent Turkey, after UEFA decided that only national champions could participate in the European Cup. Beşiktaş had therefore earned the right to represent Turkey in the European Cup in the 1957–58 and 1958–59 seasons. The ruling on this matter was announced in a press release on March 25, 2002, which indicated that the championships won by Beşiktaş in the Federation Cup would be counted as national league championships.

Star rating system
The honor of Golden Stars was introduced in football to recognize sides that have won multiple championships or other honours by the display of gold stars on their team badges and jerseys. In Turkey, clubs are permitted to place a golden star above their crest for every five national championships won. As of the 2023–24 season season Galatasaray are permitted four golden stars, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş are permitted three golden stars, and Trabzonspor are permitted one golden star to be placed above their crest on their jerseys.

League participation
As of 2024, 75 clubs have participated. Note: The tallies below include up to the 2023–24 season. Teams denoted in bold are current participants.

 * 66 seasons: Galatasaray, Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe
 * 54 seasons: Ankaragücü
 * 50 seasons: Bursaspor, Trabzonspor
 * 48 seasons: Gençlerbirliği
 * 42 seasons: Altay
 * 31 seasons: Gaziantepspor, Samsunspor
 * 30 seasons: Eskişehirspor, Göztepe
 * 28 seasons: Antalyaspor
 * 25 seasons: İstanbulspor
 * 23 seasons: Konyaspor
 * 22 seasons: Adanaspor, Rizespor
 * 21 seasons: Denizlispor
 * 20 seasons: Boluspor, Kocaelispor, Adana Demirspor, Kasımpaşa
 * 19 seasons: Kayserispor
 * 18 seasons: Sivasspor
 * 16 seasons: Başakşehir, Karşıyaka
 * 15 seasons: Mersin İdman Yurdu
 * 14 seasons: Vefa, Zonguldakspor
 * 13 seasons: Ankara Demirspor, Kayseri Erciyesspor, Sarıyer
 * 12 seasons: PTT
 * 11 seasons: Diyarbakırspor, Malatyaspor, Orduspor, Sakaryaspor
 * 10 seasons: Altınordu, İzmirspor, Kardemir Karabükspor, Şekerspor, Fatih Karagümrük
 * 9 seasons: Ankaraspor, Feriköy
 * 8 seasons: Beykozspor, Giresunspor, Hacettepe Gençlik, Alanyaspor
 * 7 seasons: Akhisarspor
 * 6 seasons: Manisaspor
 * 5 seasons: Vanspor, Yeni Malatyaspor, Zeytinburnuspor, Gaziantep
 * 4 seasons: Elazığspor, Hatayspor
 * 3 seasons: Aydınspor, Bakırköyspor, Çanakkale Dardanelspor, Erzurumspor,
 * 2 seasons: Yozgatspor, Adalet, Akçaabat Sebatspor, Balıkesirspor, Beyoğluspor, Büyükşehir Belediye Erzurumspor,  Hacettepe, Yeşildirek
 * 1 season: Bucaspor, Kahramanmaraşspor, Kırıkkalespor, Petrolofisi, Siirtspor, Ümraniyespor, Pendikspor

Most goals
As of 15 May 2021

Most appearances
As of 15 May 2021

 * Bold denotes players still active in the league.
 * All players are Turkish unless otherwise indicated.

Official match ball

 * 2008–2010: Nike T90 Omni
 * 2010–2011: Nike T90 Tracer
 * 2011–2012: Nike Seitiro
 * 2012–2013: Nike Maxim
 * 2013–2014: Nike Incyte
 * 2014–2015: Nike Ordem 2
 * 2015–2016: Nike Ordem 3
 * 2016–2017: Nike Ordem 4
 * 2017–2018: Nike Ordem 5
 * 2018–2020: Nike Merlin
 * 2020–2021: Adidas Uniforia
 * 2021–2022: Adidas Conext 21 Pro
 * 2022–present: Puma Orbita

title: Süper Lig


text:
Bruce Bellas

Bruce Harry Bellas (July 7, 1909 – July 1974) was an American photographer. He was influential in his work with male physiques and nudes. Bellas was well known under the pseudonym Bruce of Los Angeles.

History and influence
Bruce Harry Bellas was born in Alliance, Nebraska on July 7, 1909. He worked as a chemistry teacher there until 1947, when he began photographing bodybuilders in Los Angeles, California, beginning with taking pictures of bodybuilding competitions. In 1956, Bellas launched his own magazine, The Male Figure. Among physique photographers, Bellas' work was noted for having a distinctly campy, tongue-in-cheek sensibility. Bellas also produced a number of early homoerotic 8 mm films with titles such as Cowboy Washup and Big Gun for Hire.

Bellas was known to travel around the country, finding new models to photograph and also personally delivering nude photographs to customers, since they were liable to be seized by postal inspectors if sent through the mail.

An extensive archive of Bellas' nude male physique photographs exists today, largely intact. His impact on physique photography is largely felt and recognized, and the works of Robert Mapplethorpe, Herb Ritts, and Bruce Weber are widely considered to be influenced by Bellas' pioneering style. In 1990, the Wessel O'Connor Gallery in New York and the Jan Kesner Gallery in Los Angeles both exhibited a wide array of Bellas' work, furthering modern recognition of his impact.

Bellas died while on vacation in Canada in July 1974. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills on August 9. Bellas was in a long-term relationship with favorite model Scotty Cunningham, to whom he left his estate.

title: Bruce Bellas


text: Template:NewZealand-geo-stub

title: Template:NewZealand-geo-stub


text:
Category:New Zealand geography stubs

If possible, instead use one of the following regional templates:

 * Auckland-geo-stub
 * BayofPlenty-geo-stub
 * CanterburyNZ-geo-stub
 * Gisborne-geo-stub
 * HawkesBay-geo-stub
 * ManawatūWhanganui-geo-stub
 * Marlborough-geo-stub
 * Nelson-geo-stub
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 * Taranaki-geo-stub
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 * WestCoastNZ-geo-stub
 * Wellington-geo-stub

...or OutlyingNZ-geo-stub for the New Zealand outlying islands

title: Category:New Zealand geography stubs


text:
User:Alkarex

Welcome!

I am Alkarex from the French Wikipedia.

About me
I am French, but I currently live in Denmark.

I am an informatics engineer from Montpellier 2 and Toulouse 3 universities, and I defended in December 2007 a PhD in informatics at Risø National Laboratory and Roskilde University. I then got a position as a senior researcher at the Technical University of Denmark. I now work as a the Alexandra Institute in Copenhagen.
 * More information on my Web site

Wikipedia & others

 * I have started to contribute anonymously on the French Wikipedia from May 26 2003.
 * My first contributions were the creation of fr:Longitude then fr:Latitude articles, to put this information in fr:Montpellier article.
 * I have created my French Wikipedia account on March 31 2004.
 * First contribution on fr:Pâques article.
 * I have created my English Wikipedia account on December 20 2004.
 * First contribution on Matford article.
 * I have created my Wikimedia Commons account on April 3 2005.
 * First contribution on commons:Avignon article.
 * I have created my Danish Wikipedia account on April 10 2005.
 * First contribution on da:Kategori:Rovdyr category.
 * I have created my French Alkarex wiktionary account on May 30 2006.
 * I have created my English Alkarex wiktionary account on June 10 2006.

Contacts

 * Emmilinette
 * Greiteler

My pictures
I try to take some nice photos for Wikipedia:
 * Gallery on my French Wikipedia user page (fr:)
 * Gallery on my Wikimedia Commons user page (commons:)
 * Gallery on my Web site (en, fr)

da:Bruger:Alkarex fr:Utilisateur:Alkarex

title: User:Alkarex


text:
Dental sealant

Dental sealants (also termed pit and fissure sealants, or simply fissure sealants) are a dental treatment intended to prevent tooth decay. Teeth have recesses on their biting surfaces; the back teeth have fissures (grooves) and some front teeth have cingulum pits. It is these pits and fissures that are most vulnerable to tooth decay because food and bacteria stick in them and because they are hard-to-clean areas. Dental sealants are materials placed in these pits and fissures to fill them in, creating a smooth surface which is easy to clean. Dental sealants are mainly used in children who are at higher risk of tooth decay, and are usually placed as soon as the adult molar teeth come through.

Background
Dental caries is an upset of the balance between loss and gain of minerals from a tooth surface. The loss of minerals from the teeth occurs from the bacteria within the mouth, fermenting foods and producing acids, whereas the tooth gains minerals from our saliva and fluoride that is present within the mouth. When this balance is skewed due to frequent intake of fermentable carbohydrates, poor oral hygiene, and lack of fluoride consumption, there is a continuous loss and little gain of minerals over a long period of time, which can ultimately cause what is known as tooth decay.

Dental sealants are a preventive treatment that is part of the minimal intervention dentistry approach to dental care. These sealants are a plastic material placed in the pits and fissures (the recesses on the chewing surfaces) of primary (baby) or permanent (adult) molar and premolar teeth at the back of the mouth. These molar teeth are considered the most susceptible teeth to dental caries due to the anatomy of the chewing surfaces of these teeth, which inhibits protection from saliva and fluoride and instead favours plaque accumulation. This approach facilitates prevention and early intervention, in order to prevent or stop the dental caries process before it reaches the ends stage of the disease, which is also known as the "hole" or cavitation of a tooth. Once the tooth is cavitated, it requires a dental restoration in order to repair the damage, which emphasizes the importance of prevention in preserving teeth for a lifetime of chewing.

Preventing tooth decay from the pits and fissures of the teeth is achieved by dental sealants providing a physical barricade to protect natural tooth surfaces and grooves, inhibiting build-up of bacteria and food trapped within such fissures and grooves. Dental sealants also provide a smooth surface that is easily accessible for both the natural protective factor, saliva and the toothbrush bristles when cleaning the teeth. As dental sealants are clear or white, they are only visible upon close inspection.

Multiple oral health care professionals including dentists, dental therapists, dental hygienists, oral health therapists and dental assistants (in some states in the US) are able to apply dental sealants to teeth.

History
There have been many attempts made within past decades to prevent the development of caries, in particular occlusal caries as it was once generally accepted that pits and fissures of teeth would become infected with bacteria within 10 years of erupting into the mouth. G.V. Black, the creator of modern dentistry, informed that more than 40% of caries incidences in permanent teeth occurred in pits and fissures due to being able to retain food and plaque.

One of the first attempts to prevent occlusal caries occurred as early as 1905 by Willoughby D. Miller. Miller, a pioneer of dentistry, was applying silver nitrate to surfaces of teeth, chemically treating the biofilm with its antibacterial functions against both Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii, which are both carious pathogens. Silver nitrate, which was also being practiced by H. Klein and J.W. Knutson in the 1940s, was being used in attempt to prevent and arrest occlusal caries.

In 1921, T.P. Hyatt, a pioneer researcher, was the first person to recommend prophylactic odontotomy (preventive operation). This procedure involved creating Class 1 cavity preps of teeth that were considered at risk of developing occlusal caries, which included all pits and fissures. The widening of the pits and fissures were then filled with amalgam.

C.F Bödecker, a dentist and researcher, also made attempts to prevent occlusal caries. Initially, in 1926 Bödecker would use a large round bur to smooth out the fissures. 1929, Bödecker attempted to prevent occlusal caries by cleaning the pit and fissures with an explorer and then sealing the pits and fissures with dental cement, such as oxyphosphate cement. Bödecker then later became an advocator for prophylactic odontotomy procedures (preventive operations).

It was in 1955, that M.G. Buonocore gave insight to the benefits of etching enamel with phosphoric acid. His studies demonstrated that resin could be bonded to enamel through acid etching, increasing adhesion whilst also creating an improved marginal integrity of resin restorative material. It was this bonding system that led to the future successful creation of fissure sealants.

In 1966, E.I. Cueto created the first sealant material, which was methyl cyanoacrylate. However, this material was susceptible to bacterial breakdown over time, therefore was not an acceptable sealing material. Bunonocore made further advances in 1970 by developing bisphenol-a glycidyl dimethacrylate, which is a viscous resin commonly known as BIS-GMA. This material was used as the basis for many resin-based sealant/composite material developments in dentistry, as it is resistant to bacterial breakdown and forms a steady bond with etched enamel.

In 1974, glass ionomer cement fissure seals (GIC) were introduced by J.W. McLean and A.D. Wilson.

Modern sealant materials
Modern dental sealants generally are either resin based or glass ionomer based.

Resin based sealants
It is customary to refer to the development of resin based sealants in generations:

 * 1) First generation: set with UV curing. They are no longer marketed.
 * 2) Second generation: chemical-curing (autopolymerized).
 * 3) Third generation: visible light-cured.
 * 4) Fourth generation: contain fluoride.

As part of the wider debate over the safety of bisphenol A (BPA), concerns have been raised over the use of resin based sealants. BPA is a xenoestrogen, i.e. it mimics the relative bioactivity of estrogen, a female sex hormone. Pure BPA is rarely present in dental sealants, however they may contain BPA derivatives. There is very little research about the potential estrogen-like effects of BPA derivatives. A transient presence of BPA in saliva has been reported immediately following placement of some resin based sealants. The longest duration of salivary BPA was 3 hours after placement, so there is little risk of chronic low-dose BPA exposure. The currently available evidence suggests that there is no risk of estrogen-like side effects with resin based sealants. Several national dental organizations have published position statements regarding the safety of resin based dental materials, e.g. the American Dental Association, the Australian Dental Association, the British Dental Association, and the Canadian Dental Association.

Glass ionomer sealants
GIC materials bond both to enamel and dentine after being cleaned with polyacrylic acid conditioner. Some other advantages GICs have is that they contain fluoride and are less moisture sensitive, with suggestions being made that despite having poor retention, they may prevent occlusal caries even after the sealant has fallen out due to their ability to release fluoride.

There is evidence that GIC sealant that were exposed to thermo-light curing with a LED polymerization unit (60 s) had comparable sealing ability and superior sealing characteristics compared to the conventional resin-based sealant.

Resin based sealants versus glass ionomer sealants
It was shown that GIC materials were more effective in prevention of development of caries despite the higher non-successful rate compared to resin based sealants. This may be accounted for due to the fluoride-releasing property of GIC which increases salivary fluoride level that may aid in preventing dental caries.

Resin-based sealants are normally the preferred choice of material for denture sealants. GIC material may be used as a provisional protective material when there are concerns regarding adequate moisture control.

Effectiveness
Dental sealants are accepted as an effective preventive method for cavities and as long as the sealant remains adhered to the tooth, cavities can be prevented. It is for this reason that sealant success is now measured by the length of time a sealant remains on the tooth, rather than the decay experienced in sealed and unsealed teeth. The ability of a pit and fissure sealant to prevent dental caries is highly dependent on its ability to retain on the tooth surface.

It has been demonstrated that the use of adhesive systems before applying dental sealants improves retention. Traditional retention of a sealant on tooth surface is through acid etching.

The most common reason for sealant failure is salivary contamination during sealing placement. Other factors include clinician inexperience, lack of client co-operation, and less effective sealant material used.

Sealants may be applied in conjunction with fluoride varnish as a preventive method which is shown to be more successful (low certainty evidence) than fluoride varnish alone.

Various factors can help contribute to the retention of fissure sealants. These include:
 * Isolation of teeth from saliva
 * Not placing sealants on partially erupted teeth as there is gingival tissue on the crown
 * Good operator techniques
 * Preparation of the fissure by cleaning out plaque and debris prior to placement

Longevity
Although dental sealants do wear naturally and may become damaged over time, they usually last for around five to ten years, despite the heavy pressures endured by teeth during chewing each day. Longevity of dental sealants is also dependent on the type of material used. It is not uncommon for dental sealants to be retained well into adulthood. It is believed that bacteria and food particles may eventually become entrapped under dental sealants, and can thus cause decay in the very teeth intended to be protected. Dental sealants are inspected during routine dental visits to ensure that they are retained in the fissures of the teeth. Damaged sealants can simply be repaired by adding new sealant material. One of the major causes of the loss of sealants in the first year is salivary contamination.

On the basis of limited evidence both GIC and resin materials are equally acceptable in caries prevention, however retention rates between GIC and Resin have been shown to differ. Resin has been shown to be the superior product for retention. A 2-year clinical trial comparing GIC and Resin for dental sealants demonstrated that the GIC had a total loss rate of 31.78%, in contrast to the resin which had a total loss rate of 5.96% The study did acknowledge that GIC had its therapeutic advantages other than retention, this included the benefit of fluoride release and its use on partially erupted teeth. Though GIC has poorer retention rates, the fact that they release active fluoride in the surrounding enamel is very important. They can exert a cariostatic effect and increased release of fluoride, and for these reasons GIC is more of a fluoride vehicle rather than a traditional fissure sealant. All three materials are as effective as each other if the correct techniques are used to complete the procedure.

Indications and contraindications
Although dental sealants are recommended to be placed in all children as soon as possible following eruption of permanent molars there are specific indications for when they are required to be placed. These indications mainly stem from issues that would cause a patient to be considered high caries risk, in order to prevent dental caries.

These indications are:

 * Patients who are at increased risk of caries due to factors such as poor oral hygiene, lack of exposure to fluoride, previous and present caries experience, any current orthodontic treatment
 * High sugar diet which increases the patient's susceptibility to dental caries
 * Teeth with enamel defects such as MIH, although the enamel defects may make it difficult to bond dental sealants to the tooth it is still essential that these teeth are sealed as the poor quality enamel makes then more susceptible to dental decay
 * Patients with complicated medical history e.g. patients with underlying systemic diseases as these could increase the patient's caries risk possibly due to having dry mouth as a result of medications or having prolonged treatment which could affect a patient's ability to undertake adequate oral hygiene and maintain a low sugar diet
 * Early carious lesions can be treated with dental sealants in order to prevent invasive dental restorations. Dental sealants as treatment would be appropriate for occlusal caries which extend no more than a third of the way through dentine in the primary dentition and enamel lesions in the permanent dentition
 * Dental sealants can also be indicated for dental defects such as dens in dente, amelogenesis imperfecta and deep fissures on lateral incisors

There are no specific contraindications to placing dental sealants. For resin fissure sealants to be successful excellent moisture control is needed during placement of the fissure sealant. In cases where moisture control cannot be achieved then Glass Ionomer fissure sealants should be placed until a time where moisture control is adequate enough to place resin fissure sealants.

Clinical procedure
The exact technique depends on the material used and a good application technique will increase retention, which means sealants can last longer on the teeth. Generally, each quadrant is treated separately by using four-handed technique with an assistant and to follow the manufacturer's recommendations. The patient should wear safety glasses for protection from chemicals and curing light. Once the patient is prepared, the surface of the tooth must be cleaned to allow maximum contact of the etch and the dental sealant with the enamel surface. A rubber dam may be used to prevent saliva from contaminating the intended site to be sealed, although often these are not used, especially for younger children. Moisture control is more of an issue with resin based sealants than with glass ionomer sealants. The surface is cleaned and dried.

Resin sealants require a phosphoric acid solution ("etch") to create microscopic porosity into which the sealant material can flow thereby increasing retention, increasing surface area and improving the strength of the bond between the sealant and the tooth surface. Etching time varies from 15 to 60 seconds, depending on the product. After that, the tooth must be rinsed and dried thoroughly for 15 to 20 seconds. Chalky appearance on the dried tooth means the tooth has been properly etched. If the tooth does not have this chalky appearance, the etching process must be repeated. The sealant is then applied to the tooth by carefully placing the sealant material into the prepared pits and fissures by using a disposable instrument provided by the manufacturer. Overfilling on the tooth should be prevented to minimize occlusal adjustment. The material is left for 10 seconds after the placement prior to curing to allow optimum penetration of the sealant material into the pores created by the etching procedure. Finally, the sealant is hardened by a curing light, which usually takes 20 to 30 seconds. Glass ionomer does not require light curing, however it will set faster with the usage of a curing light.

Resin-based sealants require an absolutely dry surface until polymerization is complete, so it is essential to avoid salivary contamination of the sealant site. A rubber dam or cotton roll isolation technique can be used to isolate the sealant site from saliva which is the common reason for sealant failure. Glass ionomer sealants have the advantage of not needing a dry field to be effective. In fact, the application procedure for glass ionomers can involve pressing a saliva-moistened finger onto the occlusal surface to push the sealant material into the pits and fissures.

Compared to a typical dental filling, where an injection of local anesthetic and the use of a dental drill may be involved, the application of dental sealants is significantly less invasive and generally considered quick and easy. The procedure is entirely painless, although a minor level of discomfort may be experienced by the patient. The etching gel may temporarily leave a sour taste in the mouth.

Pits and fissure sealants are used as effective controls in preventing caries. Sealants create a barrier which removes the biofilm from the occlusal surface. There are 4 sealant materials that can be used for the purpose of sealing pits and fissures. The materials are:

Resin-based sealant

 * Often made up of bis-GMA
 * Polymerised by light
 * These sealants can be colourless, tinted or white

Glass-ionomer (GI)

 * Has fluoride releasing properties

Polyacid-modified resin sealants

 * Combination of resin based materials found in resin sealants and fluoride-releasing adhesive properties of GI

Resin-modified glass ionomer sealants

 * Longer working time that GI

Historically methods such as; zinc phosphate cement, mechanical fissure eradication, prophylactic odontotomy, or chemical treatment with silver nitrate, were used to seal pits and fissures. These techniques are no longer used in modern-day practice. Placement techniques for sealants rely on the type of material being used. However a common factor for all is that moisture control must be achieved. The maintenance of moisture control increases the treatment time and could be counter productive.

Resin Based Sealants Application Technique

 * Ensure the tooth is free from any debris using a toothbrush or cotton wool roll.
 * Isolate the tooth from any moisture - this can be done using whatever the clinician finds appropriate; cotton wool rolls, dry guard, saliva ejector. Using cotton wool rolls, dry guards or a saliva ejector will give optimum isolation of the site. A rubber dam may be used to prevent saliva from contaminating the intended site to be sealed, although often these are not used, especially for younger children. Moisture control is more of an issue with resin based sealants than with glass ionomer sealants
 * Dry the tooth and etch the surface of the tooth that will be carrying the sealant - resin sealants require a phosphoric acid solution ("etch") to create microscopic porosity into which the sealant material can flow thereby increasing retention, increasing surface area and improving the strength of the bond between the sealant and the tooth surface. Etching time varies from 15 to 60 seconds, depending on the product.
 * Wash the etch with water and once again dry the tooth aiming to avoid any moisture contamination. A chalky appearance of the dried tooth means the tooth has been properly etched. If the tooth does not have this chalky appearance, the etching process must be repeated.
 * Apply the resin to the surface ensuring sufficient material has been applied to cover all areas
 * The sealant should now be light cured, this hardens the sealant
 * Check the integrity of the sealant with a probe. May need to check occlusion with articulating paper and reduce sealant height.
 * If the sealant cannot be picked off, application is successful. These sealants should be checked at recall appointments and re-applied as required.

GI Sealant Technique
For partially erupted teeth which are difficult to isolate some will use GIC (doesn't need etching) as an interim option. GIC may have an advantage of fluoride release.

 * Ensure the tooth is free from any debris using a toothbrush or cotton wool roll.
 * Isolate the tooth from any moisture
 * Dry the tooth
 * Etch is not required for this technique
 * Have the GI sealant mixed
 * GI can be applied into fissures in several ways: using an excavator or using a finger
 * Following the application of sealant in the clinicians chosen way, a small amount if petroleum jelly should be applied to the sealant. Glass ionomer does not require light curing, however it will set faster with the usage of a curing light.
 * Ensure the sealant is not high in occlusion and removes any visible excess. These sealants should be checked at recall appointments and re-applied as required

Prevalence
In the US, 42% of children aged 6–11 and 48% of adolescents aged 12–19 had fissure sealants on permanent teeth during 2011–2016.

In Greece, in a study from 2011, 8.3% of 12 year olds and only 8% of 15 year olds had at least one dental sealant on a molar tooth. When sealants were applied, DMFS scores were reduced by 11% in the 12 year olds and 24% in the 15 year olds.

In other European countries, such as Portugal, a study has shown that over half (58.8%) of adolescents had a fissure sealant applied on at least one tooth.

In Denmark, 66% of 15-year-old children had at least one sealed molar.

In the UK in 2003, 13% of 8 year olds, 25% of 12 year olds and 30% of 15 year olds had at least one fissure sealant. In Ireland, the rates were 47%, 70% and 69% comparatively.

Around 25% of Japanese children have at least one sealed molar.

A study surveying fissure sealants and dental caries in primary school girls in Saudi Arabia in 2017 found that only 1.3% of the children had at least 1 fissure sealant applied, but in another study, the overall figure was 9%.

Summary
Dental sealants have been around us for a very long time and have been proven in research to be a safe and effective technique for preventing dental caries, especially on occlusal surfaces where teeth are particularly susceptible to decay. Through acting as a physical barrier to food and bacteria, dental sealant can prevent food from sticking to grooves in teeth and providing a place for bacteria to colonize. This is how dental sealants prevent that initial carious lesion. The materials used are resins, glass ionomers and hybrids; the effect of the materials used and retention rate depend on the type of material you use. But they are all effective in doing what they are used for, which is to prevent caries. Additionally, proper application, such as the tooth preparation, acid etch and adhesive also needs to be considered, otherwise, if they are applied incorrectly, it might resulted in unexpected and unfavorable clinical outcomes.

title: Dental sealant


text:
Kimberly Caldwell

Kimberly Ann Caldwell-Harvey is an American singer and television hostess. She rose to fame when she was a finalist on the second season of American Idol. After her American Idol stint, Caldwell was an entertainment correspondent and hosted various shows on the TV Guide Network. She released her debut album Without Regret on April 19, 2011.

Early life
Caldwell first sang publicly at age five in beauty pageants. She was a five-time junior vocalist winner on Star Search, and she also performed at the Grand Ole Opry. In 1995, she sang at the 50th wedding anniversary of former President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush. Caldwell also appeared on the second and final season of Popstars: USA, where she was rejected from the group and told she would do better as a solo vocalist.

Following her run on the second season of American Idol, Caldwell started working as a correspondent for the entertainment/extreme sports program 54321 on FOX Sports Network. She covered various events and movie premieres for the show before joining her fellow Season 2 Idol finalists on the road for the American Idols LIVE! tour, which played in 44 cities across the United States.

Recent projects
In 2008, Caldwell released two singles, "Fear of Flying" and "Gave Yourself Away". She also began filming a television series in 2010, Twentysixmiles aka Catalina Island miniseries, with John Schneider, and hosting a television game show called Jingles.

Caldwell hosted the television series, P. Diddy's Starmaker, that premiered in January 2009. On the 2009 New Year's Day edition of Deal or No Deal, Caldwell was a supporter for her hometown friend Tunde Oyeneyin.

In 2012, Caldwell hosted the television series, Best Ink.

Personal life
In 2006 her first single "Who Will You Run To" was released. A song written by Diane Warren and originally recorded by the band Heart. This single was released on Story Road Records.

In May 2008, Caldwell was asked out on a date by American Idol winner David Cook while on the red carpet before the show's seventh-season finale. Their relationship lasted until January 12, 2009, when rumors of a breakup with Cook were confirmed by Caldwell's rep, who stated in In Touch magazine: "Kimberly and David ended their relationship just before the holidays. The couple remain good friends and being very private people, appreciate their privacy at this time."

Caldwell was featured on the August 25, 2010 episode of LA Ink, where she received a tattoo on her back of lyrics from her song "With You I Can".

On June 18, 2011, Caldwell was crowned "Queen of Don't H8" at Nashville Pride, a title handed to her in honor of her work with the LGBT community.

Caldwell got engaged to professional soccer player Jordan Harvey, having met him in Philadelphia when he played for the Philadelphia Union. They were married on December 31, 2014, in Palm Springs, California. Their daughter was born on October 7, 2015. Their second daughter was born on February 18, 2020.

Without Regret (2010–present)
On May 21, 2009, Caldwell announced she had just signed a record deal, and her debut album Without Regret would hit stores on April 6, 2010. She later announced that the album would be delayed until July due to the addition of new songs. It was later announced that Without Regret would be delayed yet again with the release date being set for December 31. The album was finally released on April 19, 2011, over a year after the original release date. Caldwell co-wrote the song Tacking Back My Life with Brett Epstein.

In December 2009, she released her first single "Mess of You", and in December 2010, she released "Desperate Girls & Stupid Boys". The video for "Desperate Girls & Stupid Boys" premiered on January 18, 2011, on VEVO.

title: Kimberly Caldwell


text:
Talk:Walter Salles

Pronunciation?
How should we say his name? Thanks. 207.35.33.162 (talk) 21:07, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walter Salles


text:
Frontenac station

Frontenac station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Ville-Marie in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Green Line. It is located at 2570 Ontario Street East in the Sainte-Marie neighbourhood, part of the Centre-Sud.

Overview
Although part of the original network of the Metro, it opened two months after the rest of the system, on December 19, 1966. It served as the eastern terminus of the Green Line until the extension to Honoré-Beaugrand was completed in 1976. It is also the only station on the original Green Line not located under De Maisonneuve Boulevard.

Designed by Robillard, Jetté et Beaudoin, it is a normal side platform station built in tunnel. A transept provides access via several long escalators to the entrance, which was recently rebuilt according to a design by Christian Bisson.

Renovations occurred in November–December 2005, when the station was closed during weekends.

Origin of the name
Frontenac station takes its name from nearby Rue Frontenac, which in turn is named for Louis de Buade, sieur de Frontenac et de Palluau. The godson of King Louis XIII of France, he was governor-general of New France between 1672 and his death in 1698. Frontenac is famous for repelling the attack of Sir William Phips, saying, "I will not respond to your general but through the mouths of my cannons and with gunfire."

Nearby points of interest

 * Place Frontenac
 * Maison de la culture et bibliothèque Frontenac
 * Éco-quartier de Sainte-Marie
 * Parc Médéric-Martin
 * Centre Jean-Claude Malépart
 * Bain Mathieu - Société pour promouvoir les arts gigantesques (SPAG)
 * Maison Norman Bethune

title: Frontenac station


text:
Ethyl acetate

Ethyl acetate (systematically ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc, ETAC or EA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CO2CH2CH3, simplified to C4H8O2. This colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell (similar to pear drops) and is used in glues, nail polish removers, and the decaffeination process of tea and coffee. Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent.

Production and synthesis
Ethyl acetate was first synthesized by the Count de Lauraguais in 1759 by distilling a mixture of ethanol and acetic acid.

In 2004, an estimated 1.3 million tonnes were produced worldwide. The combined annual production in 1985 of Japan, North America, and Europe was about 400,000 tonnes. The global ethyl acetate market was valued at $3.3 billion in 2018.

Ethyl acetate is synthesized in industry mainly via the classic Fischer esterification reaction of ethanol and acetic acid. This mixture converts to the ester in about 65% yield at room temperature:
 * CH3CO2H + CH3CH2OH → CH3CO2CH2CH3  +  H2O

The reaction can be accelerated by acid catalysis and the equilibrium can be shifted to the right by removal of water.

It is also prepared in industry using the Tishchenko reaction, by combining two equivalents of acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkoxide catalyst:

 * 2 CH3CHO → CH3CO2CH2CH3

Silicotungstic acid is used to manufacture ethyl acetate by the alkylation of acetic acid by ethylene:

 * C2H4 + CH3CO2H → CH3CO2C2H5

Uses
Ethyl acetate is used primarily as a solvent and diluent, being favored because of its low cost, low toxicity, and agreeable odor. For example, it is commonly used to clean circuit boards and in some nail varnish removers (acetone is also used). Coffee beans and tea leaves are decaffeinated with this solvent. It is also used in paints as an activator or hardener. Ethyl acetate is present in confectionery, perfumes, and fruits. In perfumes it evaporates quickly, leaving the scent of the perfume on the skin.

Ethyl acetate is an asphyxiant for use in insect collecting and study. In a killing jar charged with ethyl acetate, the vapors will kill the collected insect quickly without destroying it. Because it is not hygroscopic, ethyl acetate also keeps the insect soft enough to allow proper mounting suitable for a collection. However, ethyl acetate is regarded as potentially doing damage to insect DNA, making specimens processed this way less than ideal for subsequent DNA sequencing.

Laboratory uses
In the laboratory, mixtures containing ethyl acetate are commonly used in column chromatography and extractions. Ethyl acetate is rarely selected as a reaction solvent because it is prone to hydrolysis, transesterification, and condensations.

Occurrence in wines
Ethyl acetate is the most common ester in wine, being the product of the most common volatile organic acid – acetic acid, and the ethyl alcohol generated during the fermentation. The aroma of ethyl acetate is most vivid in younger wines and contributes towards the general perception of "fruitiness" in the wine. Sensitivity varies, with most people having a perception threshold around 120 mg/L. Excessive amounts of ethyl acetate are considered a wine fault.

Reactions
Ethyl acetate is only weakly Lewis basic, like a typical carboxylic acid ester.

Ethyl acetate hydrolyses to give acetic acid and ethanol. Bases accelerate the hydrolysis, which is subject to the Fischer equilibrium mentioned above. In the laboratory, and usually for illustrative purposes only, ethyl esters are typically hydrolyzed in a two-step process starting with a stoichiometric amount of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide. This reaction gives ethanol and sodium acetate, which is unreactive toward ethanol:
 * CH3CO2C2H5 + NaOH → C2H5OH + CH3CO2Na

In the Claisen condensation, anhydrous ethyl acetate and strong bases react to give ethyl acetoacetate:
 * [[Image:Claisen ethyl acetate.png|400px|left|Preparation of ethyl acetoacetate.]]

Physical Properties

Under normal conditions, ethyl acetate exists as a colorless, low-viscosity, and flammable liquid. Its melting point is -83 °C, with a melting enthalpy of 10.48 kJ·mol−1. At atmospheric pressure, the compound boils at 77 °C. The vaporization enthalpy at the boiling point is 31.94 kJ·mol−1. The vapor pressure function follows the Antoine equation:

$$\log_{10}(p) = A - \frac{B}{T + C}$$

where:
 * $$p$$ is the vapor pressure in bars,
 * $$T$$ is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, and
 * $$A = 4.22809$$, $$B = 1245.702$$, and $$C = -55.189$$ are constants.

This function is valid within the temperature range of 289 K (16 °C) to 349 K (76 °C).

The enthalpy of vaporization in kJ/mol is calculated according to the empirical equation by Majer and Svoboda

$$\Delta H_\text{vap} = A\exp(-\beta\,T_r)\,(1 - T_r)^\beta $$

where:
 * $$T_r = T/T_c$$ is the reduced temperature, and $$T_c$$ = 523.2 K is the critical temperature.
 * $$A$$ = 54.26 kJ/mol and $$\beta$$ = 0.2982 are constants.

The table above summarizes the most important thermodynamic properties of ethyl acetate under various conditions.

Safety
The for rats is 5620 mg/kg, indicating low acute toxicity. Given that the chemical is naturally present in many organisms, there is little risk of toxicity.

Overexposure to ethyl acetate may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Severe overexposure may cause weakness, drowsiness, and unconsciousness. Humans exposed to a concentration of 400 ppm in 1.4 mg/L ethyl acetate for a short time were affected by nose and throat irritation. Ethyl acetate is an irritant of the conjunctiva and mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Animal experiments have shown that, at very high concentrations, the ester has central nervous system depressant and lethal effects; at concentrations of 20,000 to 43,000 ppm (2.0–4.3%), there may be pulmonary edema with hemorrhages, symptoms of central nervous system depression, secondary anemia and liver damage. In humans, concentrations of 400 ppm cause irritation of the nose and pharynx; cases have also been known of irritation of the conjunctiva with temporary opacity of the cornea. In rare cases exposure may cause sensitization of the mucous membrane and eruptions of the skin. The irritant effect of ethyl acetate is weaker than that of propyl acetate or butyl acetate.

title: Ethyl acetate


text:
User talk:Nltoh

Toh member in NL
Hello, me Toh member from NL.

 * Hallo, welkom in Wikipedia en leuk dat je Nederlands spreekt.
 * Mag ik vragen wat je interesses zijn in Wikipedia? Heb je ook bijgedragen aan de Nederlandse Wikipedia. Dat lijkt me voor jou beter geschikt want het lijkt erop dat je wat moeite hebt met Engels.
 * Hoe kan ik eigenlijk in contact komen met leden van de tempel van Hayah in Nederland? Ik vind hun denkbeelden soms wel wat vreemd maar misschien dat dat komt omdat ik ze nog niet goed begrijp.
 * Bij voorbaat dank voor je antwoord. Andries 20:00, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nltoh


text:
Bilitis

Bilitis can refer to:
 * The Songs of Bilitis, 1894 collection of French erotic poetry attributed to the fictional Bilitis, a purported contemporary of Sappho
 * Trois chansons de Bilitis (Three Songs of Bilitis), a song cycle by Claude Debussy composed in 1897, based on the poems
 * Daughters of Bilitis, the first lesbian civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1955
 * Bilitis (film), 1977 romantic drama directed by David Hamilton

title: Bilitis


text:
Karl Heinrich Graf

Karl Heinrich Graf (February 28, 1815 – July 16, 1869) was a German Old Testament scholar and orientalist. He was born at Mülhausen (now Mulhouse) in Alsace and died in Meissen in Saxony.

He studied Biblical exegesis and oriental languages at the University of Strassburg under Édouard Reuss, and, after holding various teaching posts, was made instructor in French and Hebrew at the Landesschule of Meissen, receiving in 1852 the title of professor.

Graf was one of the chief founders of Old Testament criticism. In his principal work, Die geschichtlichen Bücher des Alten Testaments (1866) he sought to show that the priestly legislation of Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers is of later origin than the book of Deuteronomy. He still, however, held the accepted view, that the Elohistic narratives formed part of the Grundschrift and therefore belonged to the oldest portions of the Pentateuch.

The reasons urged against the contention that the priestly legislation and the Elohistic narratives were separated by a space of 500 years were so strong as to induce Graf in an essay, Die sogenannte Grundschrift des Pentateuchs, published shortly before his death, to regard the whole Grundschrift as post-exilic and as the latest portion of the Pentateuch. The idea had already been expressed by Reuss, but since Graf was the first to introduce it into Germany, the theory, as developed by Julius Wellhausen, has been called the Graf–Wellhausen hypothesis.

Graf also wrote, a study of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (Strassburg, 1842), ''Der Segen Moses Deut. 33 (1857) and Der Prophet Jeremia erklärt'' (1862). See T. K. Cheyne, Founders of Old Testament Criticism (1893); and Otto Pfleiderer's book translated into English by J. F. Smith as Development of Theology (1890).

title: Karl Heinrich Graf


text:
User:Nltoh

Welcome

Me new wiki member from NL.

I am also a Toh member see www.TempleOfHayah.com

Welcome and shalom,

NLTOH

Please do not put funny pictures on my page. Thanks you again.

title: User:Nltoh


text:
Préfontaine station

Préfontaine station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Green Line. It is in the district of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. It opened on June 6, 1976, as part of the extension of the Green Line to Honoré-Beaugrand station.

Overview
Designed by Henri Brillon, it is a normal side platform station, built partly in tunnel with a large open cut containing an entrance, the mezzanine and admitting natural light. A secondary entrance is located to the north of rue Hochelaga.

In 2019, work began to install elevators at the station. On November 8, 2021, the station became accessible with the opening of three elevators, becoming the 18th accessible station in Montreal.

Origin of the name
The station is so named because it lies under the west side of parc Raymond-Préfontaine, close to rue Préfontaine. These were named for Raymond Préfontaine (1850–1905), mayor of the former city of Hochelaga, and subsequently mayor of Montreal (1898–1902).

Nearby points of interest

 * Centre hospitalier J-Henri-Charbonneau
 * Centre commercial Maisonneuve
 * Héma-Québec
 * Parc et aréna Raymond-Préfontaine
 * Teccart Institute
 * Technopôle Angus
 * Ligne Verte Tattoo

title: Préfontaine station


text: Category:Bulgarian astronomers

title: Category:Bulgarian astronomers


text:
Cirrus (interbank network)

Cirrus is a worldwide interbank network that provides cash to Mastercard cardholders. As a subsidiary of Mastercard, it connects all Mastercard's credit, debit, and prepaid cards, as well as ATM cards issued by various banks worldwide bearing the Mastercard/Maestro logo.

Founded in 1982, prior to its acquisition by Mastercard in 1987, Cirrus System, LLC was owned by Bank of Montreal, BayBanks Inc., First Interstate Bancorp, Mellon Bank, NBD Bancorp Inc., and Norwest Corp.

By default, Mastercard and Maestro cards are linked to the Cirrus network, but very often all three logotypes will be shown. Canadian, American and Saudi Arabian ATMs use this network alongside their local networks, and many banks have adopted Cirrus as their international interbank network alongside either a local one, the rival Plus ATM network owned by Visa, or both. In countries such as India and Bangladesh, the Cirrus network also serves as a local interbank network as well as an international one.

Logo history
The first logo, advertised from 1982 until 1992, was then changed to match those representing the other subsidiaries of Mastercard, which acquired Cirrus in 1987. The only exception is the colour pattern change. This can also be noticed through the re-branding in 2016, since all the logos of Mastercard, Maestro and Cirrus have been equally modified.

title: Cirrus (interbank network)


text: User talk:207.35.123.34

title: User talk:207.35.123.34


text:
Bibi Besch

Bibi Besch (born Bibiana Maria Köchert; February 1, 1942 – September 7, 1996) was an Austrian-American film, television, and stage actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Dr. Carol Marcus in the science fiction film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982). Her other notable film roles were in Who's That Girl (1987), Steel Magnolias (1989), and Tremors (1990). Besch also appeared in a number of television productions, including the television film The Day After (1983) and The Jeff Foxworthy Show, and received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations.

Early life
Bibiana Maria Köchert was born in Vienna in 1942, the younger of two daughters born to theater actress Gusti Huber, who starred in German films during World War II, and Gotfrid Köchert, an Austrian racing driver, who served in the Wehrmacht. She had an elder sister, Christiana Barbara Köchert. Gusti and her two daughters remained in Vienna throughout World War II, immigrating to the United States after the war ended.

Joseph Besch, a radio executive and former U.S. Army captain, married Huber, a divorcee, in 1946, and became Huber's daughters' stepfather; his stepchildren took his surname. Huber and Besch later had two children, born in the United States, Drea and Andrew, the half-siblings of Bibiana and Christiana. She had a daughter, Samantha Mathis, also an actress.

Career
Most of Besch's early TV experience came from years spent on New York-based daytime soap operas — The Secret Storm (1966), The Edge of Night (1969), Love Is a Many Splendored Thing (1973) and Somerset (1974). In later years she was seen in primetime soaps, such as Secrets of Midland Heights (1980), The Hamptons (1983), Dynasty (1984), Dallas (1985), Falcon Crest (1985-1986), Knots Landing (1989) and an episode of Melrose Place which aired on September 9, 1996, two days after her death.

Besch guest starred in a variety of television series, including Street Hawk, The Rockford Files, The Golden Girls, Murder, She Wrote, Backstairs at the White House, and It's Garry Shandling's Show. Having appeared on a 1979 episode of James Arness' western series, How the West Was Won, she reunited with him in the 1981 made-for-TV film McClain's Law which served as the two-hour debut episode of Arness' 1981–82 same-named police detective series.

She played Dr. Carol Marcus, the early love of Admiral James T. Kirk in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982). Her other films included Victory at Entebbe (1976), The Pack (1977), The Promise (1979), Meteor (1979), The Beast Within (1982), The Lonely Lady (1983), The Day After (1983), Mrs. Delafield Wants to Marry (1986), He's My Girl (1987), Who's That Girl (1987), Date with an Angel (1987), Steel Magnolias (1989), Tremors (1990), and Betsy's Wedding (1990).

In 1992, she received an Emmy Award nomination for her performance in Doing Time on Maple Drive, which starred William McNamara and Jim Carrey as her sons. She received another Emmy nomination in 1993 for her recurring-character role as the neurotic mother of Janine Turner's character on Northern Exposure. She continued to act until her death in 1996, having amassed well over 100 television and film credits.

Death
Bibi Besch died of breast cancer at Daniel Freeman Hospital in Los Angeles on September 7, 1996. She was 54 years old.

title: Bibi Besch


text:
Plus (interbank network)

Visa Plus is a worldwide interbank network that provides cash to Visa cardholders. As a subsidiary of Visa Inc., it connects all Visa credit, debit and prepaid cards, as well as ATM cards issued by various banks worldwide bearing the Visa / Electron logo.

Plus System, Inc. started out as a consortium formed by 34 major U.S. banks to build a national network of automated teller machines (ATM). It initially was composed of 2,000 ATMs linking 1,000 banks and their customers in 47 states. As the booming ATM industry outgrew regional networks and began to go nationwide in the mid-1980s, credit-card giant Visa sought entry in the lucrative ATM network business and acquired a third of Plus System in 1987. Currently, there are over one million Plus-linked ATMs in 170 countries worldwide.

By default, Visa / Electron cards are linked to the Plus network, but very often all three logotypes will be shown.

Plus is widely used as a local interbank network most common in the United States where networks such as STAR, NYCE and Pulse also compete. It is also used in Canada, though it is significantly smaller than Interac there, and in India and Indonesia where there are numerous competing interbank networks. The main competitor of Plus System is the Cirrus network, which is owned by Mastercard, Visa's longtime rival.

title: Plus (interbank network)


text:
User talk:Charles Matthews/Weimar

You have a link to R. C. Sheriff; should that be R. C. Sherriff? I'm asking to make sure we don't need to merge them later on. — Jeandré, 2004-12-20t20:49z

Hello. There is an Alfred Lichtenstein on your user-page, I think it's the German writer (Alfred Lichtenstein (writer)), note the American philatelist (Alfred Lichtenstein (philatelist). I don't edit your page directly, because I dislike doing so on the other's page. Sebjarod 10:48, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Charles Matthews/Weimar


text:
Labradford

Labradford is a U.S. post-rock musical group from Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1992. They have released six full albums from 1993 to 2001. Though not disbanded, its members have since been active with separate projects.

Biography
Founded in 1991, Labradford consists of bassist Robert Donne, guitarist/vocalist Mark Nelson, and keyboardist Carter Brown. Their music style is experimental ambient and post-rock, although their first releases were much more related to dark drone rock.

After a début single in 1992, they were signed by Kranky (which has remained their home since) who issued their début album Prazision LP in 1993. The group's music mostly drifts on the guitar effects and the keyboard passages, with the vocals, when present, in the background.

In 1999, they started a tour with Godspeed You! Black Emperor and their Festival of Drifting series, which featured appearances from Pole, Robin Guthrie, Matmos, Papa M, and Sigur Rós.

Though the group has not officially disbanded, they have not released another album since 2001's critically acclaimed Fixed::Context, and the band members have apparently moved away from their former base of Richmond, Virginia. Robert Donne has joined the slow-core group Spokane, and is currently joining Gregor Samsa for their European tour. Mark Nelson continues to release records on Kranky under the name Pan American.

Full albums

 * 1993: Prazision LP
 * 1995: A Stable Reference
 * 1996: Labradford
 * 1997: Mi Media Naranja
 * 1999: E Luxo So
 * 2001: Fixed::Context
 * 2023: Accelerating On A Smooth Road '93-'01

Other releases

 * 1992: "Everlast", U.S. 7", Retro 8 (now collected on Prazision LP: A-side since the 1993 CD, B-side since its 2007 remaster)
 * 1995: "Julius", U.S. 7", Merge
 * 1996: "Scenic Recovery", UK 10", Duophonic
 * 1996: The Kahanek Incident, Vol. 3, U.S. 12" (split with Stars of the Lid), Trance Syndicate
 * 2000: Ene, 10" LP split with Surfers of Romantica, Eerie Materials

Compilation appearances

 * 1992: Repugnating The Wombat US CS Retro 8
 * 1994: Dixie Flatline (Wilson Interrupt Mix), Skyliner (live) US CD Radioactive Rat
 * 1994: Ambient 4: Isolationism Air Lubricated Free Axis Trainer UK 2CD Virgin AMBT 4
 * 1994: The Church Song (remix of a Jim O'Rourke track) US CD Astralwerks ASW6153
 * 1995: Excursions In Ambience IV: The Fourth Frontier
 * 1996: Newman Passage, Pico / Elec. Security UK CD Blast First bffp141cde
 * 1996: Volume 16, The Window UK CD Volume 16 VCD16
 * 1996: Monsters, Rugrats and Bugmen, Sedr 77 UK 2CD Virgin ambt111
 * 1998: The Wire Tapper 2 [given away free with The Wire issue 177, November 1998] V (Harold Budd Remix) UK CD WIRECD002
 * 1999: Drifing A.F.U. [limited edition CD given away free at Labradford's Second Festival of Drifting, 1999]
 * 2000: The Wire Tapper 5 [given away free with The Wire issue 193, March 2000] So Remix (Matmos Remix), UK CD WIRECD005
 * 2016: By Chris Johnston, Craig Markva, Jamie Evans (Original Version), The Young Pope Soundtrack, WB CD 5054197508028

title: Labradford


text:
NYCE

The New York Currency Exchange (NYCE) is an interbank network connecting the ATMs of various financial institutions in the United States and Canada. NYCE also serves as an EFTPOS network for NYCE-linked ATM cards.

NYCE is based in Secaucus, New Jersey. Rivals of the network include STAR and Discover Card's Pulse. It is owned by Fidelity National Information Services.

Origins
"NYCE" originally started as a local ATM network of banks located in the New York Metropolitan area, debuting in March 1985 with a network of 800 ATMs at six banks, including Bank of New York, Barclays Bank Chemical Bank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company and Marine Midland Bank. It was one of the first networks of its kind, originating shortly after the invention of the ATM (automatic teller machine). Membership was open to all banks, credit unions and savings banks, and as use of ATMs grew, the network spread beyond its original New York Metro area; by the early 1990s, NYCE was the largest regional ATM network in the United States, with a network of 9,600 ATMs in 24 state available to its 17 million customers.

The public brand name, "NYCE", is an acronym for "New York Cash Exchange"; the original corporate name was the New York Switch Corporation.

The banks which founded and originally owned the network were: National Westminster Bank USA, Chase Manhattan, Manufacturers Hanover, Chemical Bank, Barclays Bank, Marine Midland Bank and the Bank of New York; in later years both BayBank and Fleet Bank from Boston became owners as well. The original Chairman of the Board was Edward Coakley of National Westminster Bank; some of the other members of the Board of Directors were Donald L. Boudreau and Ron Braco of Chase Manhattan, Gary Roboff and Michael Hegarty of Chemical Bank, Stu Segal and Roger Goldman of National Westminster, Robert Muth of Marine Midland, Bob Shay and Lindsey Lawrence of BayBank, and Dennis Lynch of Fleet.

Current status
At present, NYCE is the primary network of 301,500 ATMs with a customer base of 89 million users. NYCE is no longer owned by New York and Boston banks; it was wholly owned by Metavante Corporation, formerly a subsidiary of M&I Bank and based in the Milwaukee suburb of Brown Deer, Wisconsin. On October 1, 2009, Metavante officially became a subsidiary of Fidelity National Information Services.

title: NYCE


text:
Talk:John Jacob Astor IV

Estate/Net Worth
I have edited some numbers regarding his net worth and his sons inheritance to reflect a 1914 New York Times article. I am not sure if the dollar amounts given in the article include the value of his stocks.

Links are broken (2004-12-20)

Removed line:

"Astor’s body was found partially crushed and mangled. He is believed to have been hit by a collapsing funnel" This oft repeated factoid appears to be inaccurate when compared to accounts from persons who actually saw Astor's body. Historian George Behe has written an online article regarding the issue --Wurmis 18:28, 9 April 2006 (UTC) John Jacob Astor IV is the owner of Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City

Comment
Because I recently edited this article and Madeleine Force's article, I was just asked via e-mail if the photo of the Astors was Photoshopped because it looks unrealistic. Strangely, I know the answer to this, and it's "no": it was manipulated, but decades before Photoshop was invented. It wasn't unusual in the 1910s for developers working for newspapers to edit photos in the darkroom; although their techniques were primitive (and usually obvious to us), the changed photos often went unnoticed at the time. This image is specifically mentioned as having been manipulated in two books on the Titanic I own. It's not the only Titanic-related photo to be manipulated in such a way, either. There's a photo of the ship itself out there that's been just as badly manipulated - it's supposed to be an image of the ship at Cherbourg with all its lights blazing, but in reality the ship reached Cherbourg long before sunset - the "lights" were created in some newspaper darkroom, I suppose to make it seem more dramatic.

I thought I'd mention this on this talk page and on Madeleine Astor's in case anyone else was wondering. --NellieBly (talk) 00:42, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

The following section has almost been completely been copied directly from "I Survived the Sinking of the Titanic," published in the "Awake" magazine, October 22 issue, p. 6. Published by Jehovah's Witnesses: "A middle-aged gentleman was with his very young, pregnant wife. He helped her into the lifeboat, then looked back to the deck and saw others wanting to get aboard. He kissed his wife good-bye, and, returning to the deck, grabbed the first person in his path. Fortunately, the young boy (12 years old at the time) was there in the right place at the right time and was put into the lifeboat." I'd like to edit the page to add the reference but don't know how. Can someone else do this to give where credit is due? --pstazaki, 21:23, 6 May 2010 JPN time —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pstazaki (talk • contribs)

Children
John Jacob Astor IV married 1st 1891 (div.1910) Ava Lowle Willing (1868-1958), married 2nd 1911 Madeleine Talmadge Force (1893-1940). He had 2 children from his 1st and one son from his 2nd marriage:

1. (William) Vincent Astor (1891-1959) (no issue) m.1st 1914 (div) Helen Dinsmore Huntington, m.2nd 1940 (div 1953) Mary Benedict Cushing, m.3rd 1953 Mary Brooke Russell Marshall (1905-2007)

2. Alice Ava Muriel Astor (1902-1956) m.1st 1924 (div.1932) Sergei Platonovitch, Prince Obolensky-Neledinsky-Meletzky (1890-1978), m.2nd ca.1933 (div.before 1939) Raimund Hoffmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal, m.3rd 1940 (div.before 1946) Philip Harding, m.4th 1946 (div.1952) David Pleydell-Bouverie, of the earls of Radnor (*1911) She had 2 children from the 1st, one daughter from the 2nd and 3rd marriage each: 1. Iwan Sergeievitch, Prince Obolensky-Neledinsky-Meletzky (*1925) (4 children from the 1st marriage) m.1st 1949 (div 1956) Claire McGinnis (*1929), m.2nd 1959 Mary Elizabeth Morris (*1934) 2. Princess Sylvia Sergeievna Obolensky (1931-1997) (3 children from the 2nd marriage) m.1st 1950 (div 1957) Jonkheer Jean Louis Ghislain Pierre Walter Ganshof van der Meersch (1927-1982), m.2nd 1957 (div 1963) Azamat Kadir Sultan Guirey (1924-2001) 3. Romana Hoffmann, Edle von Hofmannsthal (*1936), m.1958 Roderick [of the baronets] McEwen (1932-1982) (4 children) 4. Edwina Harding (* ca 1942)

3. John Jacob Astor VI (1912-1992). m.1st 1934 (div 1943) Ellen Tuck French (*1916), m.2nd 1946 (div 1954) Gertrude Gretsch, m.3rd 1954 Dolores Fullman (*1929), m.4th Sue Sandford; who predeceased him, circa 1985. He had one son from the 1st, and one daughter from the 2nd marriage: 1. William Backhouse Astor III (*1935), married Charlotte Fisk (2 children) 2. Jacqueline Astor (*1949), m.1984 John Nicholas Drexel IV (*1945) (1 son)

Death
According to Children on the Titanic (2014) - a TV Documentary starring Holly Steel, Lord Astor was about to board the life boat with his wife, but he saw two children scared on deck so stepped aside for them and subsequently died as the life boat involved was the last. Is anybody able to find a citation for this? Grez868 (talk) 02:36, 1 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Edit - the documentary is available on Hulu Plus if anybody wants to see it for verification.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:14, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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J J Astor IV - Science Fiction Author
The main article states - "Among Astor's accomplishments was A Journey in Other Worlds (1894), a science-fiction novel about life in the year 2000 on the planets Saturn and Jupiter.[7]" Footnote 7 states - "Foster, John Wilson (2002). The Age of Titanic: Cross-Currents in Anglo-American Culture. In Arthur C. Clarke's "The Ghost from the Grand Banks"ISBN 0-575-04906-5 published in 1990, in its Chapter 9, in the supposed text of a letter to the Editor of The Times (penned at some time in reply to another letter published on 7 April 1915) Clarke's presumably fictional correspondent refers to J.J. Astor IV as "certainly the richest writer of science fiction who ever lived - a fact which may well mortify admirers of the late L. Ron Hubbard, should any exist." By way of my commentary, WHO was the richest such author attributable to their books' income, will remain a completely different matter. (Entirely coincidentally, and arguably irrelevantly, at this time, in December 2020, Saturn and Jupiter are visually juxtaposed closely, viewed from Earth.)49.195.225.225 (talk) 04:38, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

Failed Citation
Source 34, which consists of 4 pages from Titanic: End of a Dream and is the source for much of the Legacy section, does not verify the statements in Legacy.

"Astor's prominence led to the creation of many exaggerated and unsubstantiated accounts about his actions during the sinking of the Titanic. One story alleges that he opened the ship's kennel and released the dogs, including his own beloved Airedale, Kitty; in another, he placed a woman's hat on a boy to make sure the child was able to get into a lifeboat. Another legend claims that after the ship hit the iceberg, he quipped, "I asked for ice, but this is ridiculous." These stories appeared in newspapers, magazines, and even books about the sinking. In reality, none of the claims about Astor's actions were substantiated, as nobody who recognized him survived other than the women who boarded lifeboats relatively early on.(34) Wade wrote that the ice joke is almost certainly apocryphal, as Astor was not known for making jokes, and that the story about the hat (like many other "survivor stories" published shortly after the sinking) may have been invented by the reporter.(34)"

p. 70-73 do not verify this. They scarcely mention John J. Astor and do not confront the rumors about his behavior before death. The ice joke is not mentioned, nor is it said that unsubstantiated rumors "appeared in newspapers, magazines and even books."

You can see for yourself here: https://archive.org/details/titanicendofdrea00wade/page/70/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/titanicendofdrea00wade/page/72/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/titanicendofdrea00wade/page/74/mode/2up

Until a proper citation is found, I'm removing the unsourced statements from the Legacy section. Woozybydefault (talk) 14:13, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Jacob Astor IV


text:
Bankhead, Atlanta

Bankhead is a neighborhood located west of downtown Atlanta, Georgia. It is surrounded by Grove Park to the west, Washington Park and Hunter Hills to the south. To the east and northeast are Hills Park, Knight Park, English Avenue and Blandtown. It is also flanked by Rockdale to the northwest. At its center is MARTA's Bankhead station and the city's Maddox Park. The neighborhood schools are The B.E.S.T. Academy, Grove Park Elementary, A.D. Williams Elementary School, Carter G. Woodson Elementary School, Alfred Blalock Elementary School, and Frederick Douglass High School. The neighborhood's name comes from Bankhead Highway, a thoroughfare that has since been renamed the Donald Lee Hollowell Parkway (for a civil rights attorney who lived near Bankhead in the nearby affluent and historic Collier Heights neighborhood).

The boundaries of Bankhead are Jefferson Street to the north (a few blocks North of Donald Lee Hollowell Parkway), Joseph E. Boone Blvd to the south, Joseph E. Lowery Blvd to the east and Chappell Rd to the west.

Culture
Bankhead is also the former home to artists T.I., Young Dro, P$C, Dem Franchize Boyz, Shop Boyz, Lil Nas X and D4L. Shawty Lo also claims he is from Bankhead in the Bowen Homes housing projects which is located in the Brookview Heights neighborhood.

The 1990s Bankhead Bounce dance, performed by Michael Jackson at the 1995 MTV Music Video Awards, was named after the neighborhood.

title: Bankhead, Atlanta


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Battle of Hampton Roads/archive1

Battle of Hampton Roads
I think this one is good. --Gamingboy 20:47, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Support This is a good topic of broad interest. I will be glad to help address concerns which may be raised to help improve it. Vaoverland 22:23, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've uploaded a few public domain color paintings for use in the article.  Check the talk page for details.  Use them where you feel they would be best.  One of them would probably look good as a replacement for the first picture in the article.  --[[User:Brian0918|brian0918 talk]] 02:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. Needs battlebox . Neutrality/talk 05:56, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I added a battlebox, but it's not complete. Can someone fix/finish it?  --[[User:Brian0918|brian0918 talk]] 14:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Battlebox is now complete and includes a newly created campaignbox. Done and done. --[[User:Brian0918|brian0918 talk]] 17:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Support.
 * Comment: I don't think this is grounds for an objection. Not every article about a battle needs a battlebox. Gdr 01:46, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)
 * Of course it's a valid objection. See featured article criteria: "A featured article should...Comply with the standards set by any relevant WikiProjects." User:Neutralitytalk 03:19, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * But where in WikiProject Battles does it say that every article about a battle needs a battlebox? Gdr 09:05, 2004 Dec 28 (UTC)

 * Support Sayeth 19:54, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * the article has been spruced up by several contributors, with a public domain map from the Library of Virginia and 2 color paintings (also PD) added. The companion articles on USS Monitor and CSS Virginia (aka Merrimack or Merrimac) have also been improved. Suggestions for improvement folks? Vaoverland 23:14, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. I just put the article in the proper category names (and noticed that all the civil war battles are in the wrong categories...)  --Brian0918 05:12, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC
 * Support. Jacob1207 01:04, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Niteowlneils 05:42, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Support: The objections I had earlier have been addressed, and I've wanted to support it all along. Geogre 14:02, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)