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Ken Jennings (disambiguation)

Ken Jennings (born 1974) is an American game show contestant and Jeopardy! host.

Ken Jennings or Kenneth Jennings may also refer to:

 * Ken Jennings (actor) (born 1947), American actor
 * Kenneth Jennings (conductor) (1925–2015), American choral conductor and composer
 * Kenneth Jennings (cricketer) (born 1953), South African cricketer
 * Kenneth Jennings (priest) (1930–2007), Dean of Gloucester

title: Ken Jennings (disambiguation)


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Arabic poetry

Arabic poetry (الشعر العربي ash-shi‘r al-‘arabīyy) is one of the earliest forms of Arabic literature. Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry contains the bulk of the oldest poetic material in Arabic, but Old Arabic inscriptions reveal the art of poetry existed in Arabic writing in material as early as the 1st century BCE, with oral poetry likely being much older still.

Arabic poetry is categorized into two main types, rhymed or measured, and prose, with the former greatly preceding the latter. The rhymed poetry falls within fifteen different meters collected and explained by al-Farahidi in The Science of ‘Arud. Al-Akhfash, a student of al-Farahidi, later added one more meter to make them sixteen. The meters of the rhythmical poetry are known in Arabic as "seas" (buḥūr). The measuring unit of seas is known as "taf‘īlah," and every sea contains a certain number of taf'ilas which the poet has to observe in every verse (bayt) of the poem. The measuring procedure of a poem is very rigorous. Sometimes adding or removing a consonant or a vowel can shift the bayt from one meter to another. Also, in rhymed poetry, every bayt has to end with the same rhyme (qāfiyah) throughout the poem.

Al-Khalīl ibn ʿAḥmad al-Farāhīdī (711–786 CE) was the first Arab scholar to subject the prosody of Arabic poetry to a detailed phonological study. He failed to produce a coherent, integrated theory which satisfies the requirements of generality, adequacy, and simplicity; instead, he merely listed and categorized the primary data, thus producing a meticulously detailed but incredibly complex formulation which very few indeed are able to master and utilize.

Researchers and critics of Arabic poetry usually classify it in two categories: classical and modern poetry. Classical poetry was written before the Arabic renaissance (An-Nahḍah). Thus, all poetry that was written in the classical style is called "classical" or "traditional poetry" since it follows the traditional style and structure. It is also known as "vertical poetry" in reference to its vertical parallel structure of its two parts. Modern poetry, on the other hand, deviated from classical poetry in its content, style, structure, rhyme and topics.

Pre-Islamic poetry
One of the first major poets in the pre-Islamic era is Imru' al-Qais, the last king of the kingdom of Kinda. Although most of the poetry of that era was not preserved, what remains is well regarded as among the finest Arabic poetry to date. In addition to the eloquence and artistic value, pre-Islamic poetry constitutes a major source for classical Arabic language both in grammar and vocabulary, and as a reliable historical record of the political and cultural life of the time.

Poetry held an important position in pre-Islamic society with the poet or sha'ir filling the role of historian, soothsayer and propagandist. Words in praise of the tribe (qit'ah) and lampoons denigrating other tribes (hija') seem to have been some of the most popular forms of early poetry. The sha'ir represented an individual tribe's prestige and importance in the Arabian peninsula, and mock battles in poetry or zajal would stand in lieu of real wars. 'Ukaz, a market town not far from Mecca, would play host to a regular poetry festival where the craft of the sha'irs would be exhibited.

Alongside the sha'ir, and often as his poetic apprentice, was the rawi or reciter. The job of the rawi was to learn the poems by heart and to recite them with explanations and probably often with embellishments. This tradition allowed the transmission of these poetic works and the practice was later adopted by the huffaz for their memorisation of the Qur'an. At some periods there have been unbroken chains of illustrious poets, each one training a rawi as a bard to promote his verse, and then to take over from them and continue the poetic tradition. For example, Tufayl trained 'Awas ibn Hajar, 'Awas trained Zuhayr, Zuhayr trained his son Ka`b, Ka`b trained al-Hutay'ah, al-Hutay'ah trained Jamil Buthaynah and Jamil trained Kuthayyir `Azza.

Among the most famous poets of the pre-Islamic era are Imru' al-Qais, Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya, al-Nabigha, Tarafa, Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, and Antarah ibn Shaddad. Other poets, such as Ta'abbata Sharran, al-Shanfara, Urwa ibn al-Ward, were known as su'luk or vagabond poets, much of whose works consisted of attacks on the rigidity of tribal life and praise of solitude. Some of these attacks on the values of the clan and of the tribe were meant to be ironic, teasing the listeners only in order finally to endorse all that the members of the audience held most dear about their communal values and way of life. While such poets were identified closely with their own tribes, others, such as al-A'sha, were known for their wanderings in search of work from whoever needed poetry.

The very best of these early poems were collected in the 8th century as the Mu'allaqat (meaning "the hung poems", because they are traditionally thought to have been hung on or in the Kaaba) and the Mufaddaliyat (meaning "al-Mufaddal's examination" or "anthology"). The Mu'allaqat aimed to be the definitive source of the era's output with only a single example of the work of each of the so-called "seven renowned ones," although different versions differ in which "renowned ones" they chose. The Mufaddaliyat on the other hand contains a random collection of poetic material.

There are several characteristics that distinguish pre-Islamic poetry from the poetry of later times. One of these characteristics is that in pre-Islamic poetry more attention was given to the eloquence and the wording of the verse than to the poem as whole. This resulted in poems characterized by strong vocabulary and short ideas but with loosely connected verses. A second characteristic is the romantic or nostalgic prelude with which pre-Islamic poems would often start. In these preludes, a thematic unit called "nasib," the poet would remember his beloved and her deserted home and its ruins. This concept in Arabic poetry is referred to as "al-woqouf `ala al-atlal" (الوقوف على الأطلال / standing by the ruins) because the poet would often start his poem by saying that he stood at the ruins of his beloved; it is a kind of ubi sunt.

Islamic poetry
It was the early poems' importance to Islamic scholarship which led to their preservation. Not only did the poems illuminate life in the early years of Islam and its antecedents but they would also prove the basis for the study of linguistics of which the Qur'an was regarded as the pinnacle. Many of the pre-Islamic forms of verse were retained and improved upon. Naqa'id or flytings, where two poets exchange creative insults, were popular with al-Farazdaq and Jarir swapping a great deal of invective. The tradition continued in a slightly modified form as zajal, in which two groups 'joust' in verse, and remains a common style in Lebanon.

Arabic Andalusi poetry in al-Andalus, or Islamic Iberia (Islamic Spain), involved figures such as Ibn Abd Rabbih (the author of the Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd), Ziryab, Ibn Zaydun, Wallada bint al-Mustakfi, Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya, Ibn Tufail, Ibn Arabi, Ibn Quzman, Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi, and Ibn al-Khatib.

The rise of poetry in Al-Andalus occurred in dialogue with the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. Most Jewish writers in al-Andalus—while incorporating elements such as rhyme, meter, and themes of classical Arabic poetry—created poetry in Hebrew, but Samuel ibn Naghrillah, Joseph ibn Naghrela, and Ibn Sahl al-Isra'ili wrote poetry in Arabic.

Arabic poetry declined after the 13th century along with much of the literature due to the rise of Persian and Turkish literature. Andalusi literature flowered for a little longer, but ended with the expulsion of the Arabs in 1492. The corpus suffered large-scale destruction by fire in 1499 when Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros made a public auto-da-fé in Granada, burning 1,025,000 Arabic volumes.

Court poets
Ghaylan ibn 'Uqbah (c. 696 – c. 735), nicknamed Dhu ar-Rumma, is usually regarded as the last of the Pre-islamic poets. His works had continued the themes and style of the pre-Islamic poets particularly eulogising the harsh but simple desert life, traditionally recited round a campfire. Although such themes continued and were returned to by many modern, urban poets, this poetic life was giving way to court poets. The more settled, comfortable and luxurious life in Umayyad courts led to a greater emphasis on the ghazal or love poem. Chief amongst this new breed of poet was Abu Nuwas. Not only did Abu Nuwas spoof the traditional poetic form of the qasida and write many poems in praise of wine, his main occupation was the writing of ever more ribald ghazal many of them openly homosexual.

While Nuwas produced risqué but beautiful poems, many of which pushed to the limit what was acceptable under Islam, others produced more religiously themed poetry. It is said that Nuwas struck a bargain with his contemporary Abu al-Alahijah: Abu Nuwas would concentrate on wine and love poems whilst al-Alahijah would write homilies. These homilies expressed views on religion, sin and the afterlife, but occasionally strayed into unorthodox territory. While the work of al-Alahijah was acceptable, others such as the poet Salih ibn 'Abd al-Quddus were executed for heresy. Waddah al-Yaman, now the national poet of Yemen, was also executed for his verse, but this was probably due to his over-familiarity with the wife of the caliph Al-Walid I.

Court poets were joined with court singers who simply performed works included Ibrahim al-Mawsili, his son Ishaq al-Mawsili and Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi son of caliph al-Mahdi. Many stories about these early singers were retold in the Kitab al-Aghani or Book of Songs by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani.

The Sufi tradition also produced poetry closely linked to religion. Sufism is a mystical interpretation of Islam and it emphasised the allegorical nature of language and writing. Many of the works of Sufi poets appear to be simple ghazal or khamriyyah. Under the guise of the love or wine poem they would contemplate the mortal flesh and attempt to achieve transcendence. Rabia al-Adawiyya, Abd Yazid al-Bistami and Mansur al-Hallaj are some of the most significant Sufi poets, but the poetry and doctrine of al-Hallaj was eventually considered heretic for saying "I am the Truth," which came to be compared as literal incarnation. Al Hallaj was crucified and later became known as a Martyr.

The caliph himself could take on the role of court poet with al-Walid II a notable example, but he was widely disliked for his immorality and was deposed after only a year.

Badi' poetry
An important doctrine of Arabic poetry from the start was its complexity, but during the period of court poetry this became an art form in itself known as badi`. There were features such as metaphor, pun, juxtaposing opposites and tricky theological allusions. Bashshar ibn Burd was instrumental in developing these complexities which later poets felt they had to surpass. Although not all writers enjoyed the baroque style, with argumentative letters on the matter being sent by Ibn Burd and Ibn Miskawayh, the poetic brinkmanship of badi led to a certain formality in poetic art, with only the greatest poets' words shining through the complex structures and wordplay. This can make Arabic poetry even more difficult to translate than poetry from other languages, with much of a poet's skill often lost in translation.

Christian poetry
Already before the arrival of Islam, Arab Christians composed poetry with biblical or Christian topics, such as Adi ibn Zayd who wrote poetry on the creation narrative and other biblical or Christian motives. According to the church historian Sozomen, odes composed in Arabic celebrating the victory of queen Mavia over emperor Valens may not only be the earliest account of oral Christian poetry but also the earliest account of Arabic poetry in general.

Under Islamic rule, though forced to live with certain restrictions, Arab Christians such as Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi or Ibn al-Tilmidh continued to use Arabic for their poetry. However, these poets seldom addressed their personal Christian faith in their works.

Other ethnicities under Arab rule adapted Arabic poetry over the coming centuries. In ninth century Spain, Paulus Alvarus complained that Christian youths preferred Arabic poetry to Latin works. Hafs ibn Albar, who has been sometimes identified as Paulus' son, translated the psalms into Arabic in rhyme form, using rajaz verses as it resembled the metre used by Christians in the iambic verse. The translation and many other works enjoyed great popularity not only among Christians but also among Islamic and Jewish authors in Spain.

Arabic poetry was also used for apologetics. As such, the eleventh century Andalusi abu 'qasim ibn Al-Hayyat, originally a Muslim theologian, wrote a poem in defence of his conversion to Christianity.

The early eleventh-century bishop Sulayman al-Ghazzi holds a unique place in the history of Arab Christian literature as author of the first diwan of Christian religious poetry in Arabic. The collection consists of over 3,000 lines loosely structured in 97 qaṣīdas which deal with biblical, theological, ascetical, and personal themes such as the persecution Palestinian Christians suffered under caliph al-Hakim.

Romantic poetry
Another medieval Arabic love story was Hadith Bayad wa Riyad (The Story of Bayad and Riyad), a 13th-century Arabic love story written in al-Andalus. The main characters of the tale are Bayad, a merchant's son and a foreigner from Damascus, and Riyad, a well-educated girl in the court of an unnamed Hajib of al-Andalus (vizier or minister), whose equally unnamed daughter, whose retinue includes Riyad, is referred to as the Lady. The Hadith Bayad wa Riyad manuscript is believed to be the only illustrated manuscript known to have survived from more than eight centuries of Muslim and Arab presence in Spain.

There were several elements of courtly love which were developed in Arabic poetry, namely the notions of "love for love's sake" and "exaltation of the beloved lady" which have been traced back to Arabic literature of the 9th and 10th centuries. The notion of the "ennobling power" of love was developed in the early 11th century by the Persian psychologist and philosopher, Ibn Sina (known as "Avicenna" in English), in his Arabic treatise Risala fi'l-Ishq (Treatise on Love). The final element of courtly love, the concept of "love as desire never to be fulfilled," was also at times implicit in Arabic poetry.

The 10th century Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity features a fictional anecdote of a "prince who strays from his palace during his wedding feast and, drunk, spends the night in a cemetery, confusing a corpse with his bride. The story is used as a gnostic parable of the soul's pre-existence and return from its terrestrial sojourn."

Many of the tales in the One Thousand and One Nights are also love stories or involve romantic love as a central theme, including the frame story of Scheherazade, and many of the stories she narrates, such as "Aladdin," "Ali Baba," "The Ebony Horse" and "The Three Apples."

Satirical poetry
The genre of Arabic satirical poetry was known as hija. Biting satirical poetry was dreaded for its power to immortalize its subjects in insulting ways, and could include sexual, scatological, and religiously profane material. The only way to recover from a satirical insult delivered in poetry was to respond in kind, which meant naqa'id, or satirical duels involving exchanges of poems, were a distinctive part of early Arabic poetry.

In a tribal context, hija was often used to mock the poet's enemies or the virtue of rival tribes. Court poets like Abu Nuwas also employed satire, lampooning political figures like the vizier Ja'far ibn Yahya. After leaving Egypt, al-Mutanabbi mocked the eunuch ruler Abu al-Misk Kafur with a satirical poem: "Till I met this eunuch, I always assumed that the head was the seat of wisdom, but when I looked into his intelligence, I discovered that all his wisdom resided in his testicles."

In the 10th century, the writer al-Tha'alibi recorded satirical poetry written by the poets as-Salami and Abu Dulaf, with as-Salami praising Abu Dulaf's wide breadth of knowledge and then mocking his ability in all these subjects, and with Abu Dulaf responding back and satirizing as-Salami in return. Another 10th-century poet, Jarir ibn Atiyah, satirized Farazdaq by using the term "Farazdaq-like" to describe an individual who was a "transgressor of the Shari'a". Abu Nuwas, in the 9th century, once responded to an insult from Hashim bin Hudayj, a philosopher, by composing verses sarcastically praising his wisdom, then imploring him to use his knowledge to explain how the penis functions.

Poetic themes

 * Madih, a eulogy or panegyric
 * Hija, a lampoon or insult poem
 * Rithā', an elegy
 * Wasf, a descriptive poem
 * Ghazal, a love poem, sometimes expressing love of men
 * Khamriyyah, wine poetry
 * Tardiyyah, hunt poetry
 * Khawal, homiletic poetry
 * Fakhr, boasting
 * Hamasah, war poetry

Poetic forms
Poetry in Arabic is traditionally grouped in a diwan or collection of poems. These can be arranged by poet, tribe, topic or the name of the compiler such as the Asma'iyyat of al-Asma'i. Most poems did not have titles and they were usually named from their first lines. Sometimes they were arranged alphabetically by their rhymes. The role of the poet in Arabic developed in a similar way to poets elsewhere. The safe and easy patronage in royal courts was no longer available but a successful poet such as Nizar Qabbani was able to set up his own publishing house.

A large proportion of all Arabic poetry is written using the monorhyme, Qasidah. This is simply the same rhyme used on every line of a poem. While this may seem a poor rhyme scheme for people used to western literature it makes sense in a language like Arabic which has only three vowels which can be either long or short.

Mu'rabbah, literary Arabic

 * Qarid
 * Qit'ah, an elegy or short poem about an event
 * Qasidah, an ode, designed to convey a message. A longer version of qit'ah
 * Muwashshah, meaning "girdled," courtly love poetry
 * Ruba'i or dubayt, a quatrain
 * Rajaz, a discourse in rhyme, used to push the limits of lexicography

Malhunah, vernacular poetry

 * Kan ya ma kan, meaning "once upon a time"
 * Quma
 * Zajal, meaning "shout"
 * Mawwal or Mawaliya, folk poetry in four rhyming lines
 * Nabati, the vernacular poetry of the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and the Syrian Desert.
 * Humayni, the vernacular poetry of Yemen.

Poetry theory and analysis
Literary criticism in Arabic literature often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious traditions of hermeneutics and textual exegesis have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts. This was particularly the case for the literary traditions of Islamic literature.

Poetry analysis was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic poetry from the 9th century, notably, for the first time, by the Kufan grammarian Tha'lab (d. 904) in his collection of terms with examples Qawa'id al-shi'r (The Foundations of Poetry), by Qudama ibn Ja'far in the Naqd al-shi'r (Poetic Criticism), by al-Jahiz in the al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin and al-Hayawan, and by Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz in his Kitab al-Badi. There were four critic groupings: experts on ancient poetry, critics of new Arabic poets, Quranic scholars, and Aristotelian logicians.

Arab Renaissance
Beginning in the 19th century, as part of what is now called "the Arab Renaissance" or "revival" (al-Nahda), some primarily Egyptian, Lebanese and Syrian writers and poets Rifa'a at-Tahtawi, Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq, Butrus al-Bustani, and Francis Marrash believed that writing must be renewed towards modern style and themes The blind poet Francis Marrash wrote in poetic prose and prose poetry and can be considered the first modern Arabic writer. Within and after the Arabic Renaissance appeared several poetry movements and groups.

Neoclassicism
The "Neoclassical" movement (different from the western neoclassicism) advocated return to the purity of classical Arabic poetry and began in the turn of the 20th century to explore the possibility of developing the classical poetic forms. Some of these neoclassical poets were acquainted with western literature but mostly continued to write in classical forms. One of the first proponents of this was the Egyptian poet and stateman Mahmoud Sami el-Baroudi. Other notable figures include Ahmad Shawqi (the greatest of them) and Hafiz Ibrahim from Egypt, Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi and Maruf al-Rusafi from Iraq, and the Palestinian Ibrahim Tuqan.

A common genre in much of the neoclassical poetry was the use of the qasida, as well as ghazal or love poem in praise of the poet's homeland. This was manifested either as a nationalism for the newly emerging nation states of the region or in a wider sense as an Arab nationalism emphasising the unity of all Arab people. The poems of praise (madih), and the lampoon (hija) also returned. Ahmad Shawqi produced several works praising the reforming Turkish leader Kemal Atatürk, but when Atatürk abolished the caliphate, Shawqi was not slow in attacking him in verse. Political views in poetry were often more unwelcome in the 20th century than they had been in the 7th, and several poets faced censorship or, in the case of Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayyati, exile.

Romanticism
The "Romanticism" (partly coincident with western neo-romanticism) was another Arab literary movement from the early 20th century, floureshed during the 1930s–1940s, that sought inspiration from French or English romantic poetry. Romantic poets, denouncing blind imitation of one-rhime system in classical poetry and its recurring themes, imaged individual experiences via powerful love ghasal and other genres. The precursor to this style became the Lebanese-Egyptian poet and journalist Khalil Mutran, more in his crirical works.

Most famous part of Arab Romanticism or outstand movement related to it is the Mahjar ("émigré" school) that includes Arabic-language poets in the Americas Ameen Rihani, Kahlil Gibran, Nasib Arida, Mikhail Naimy, Elia Abu Madi, Fawsi Maluf, Farhat, and al-Qarawi. As their style example: "Give me the fluite and sing! Forget all that you and I have said Talk is but dust in the air, so tell me of your deeds."

The romantic movement also involved poets in every Arabian country: Abdel Rahman Shokry, Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad and Ibrahim al-Mazini in Egypt, Omar Abu Risha in Syria, Elias Abu Shabaki and Salah Labaki in Lebanon, Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi in Tunisia, and Al-Tijani Yusuf Bashir in Sudan.

Besides them, in Cairo in 1932, Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi formed the literary "Apollo Society" with the magazine Apollo, that members were also Ibrahim Nagi, Ali Mahmoud Taha, and mentioned Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi. This grouping absorbed some elements of literary modernism and avant-garde.

Symbolism
The Symbolist school of poetry, close to Romanticism, was represented in the Arab world by the Lebanese poets Adib Mashar (1889–1928), Yusuf Ghusub (b. 1900) and Said Akl, and also Bishr Faris in Egypt. Ghusub with Akl, both, preached the use of Latin script. The mentioned above Romantic poet Salah Labaki was associated with them, aspecially in his critic works on the French literary theory.

Modernism and avant-garde
The development of modernist poetry also influenced poetry in Arabic. After World War II, there was a largely unsuccessful modernist movement by several poets to write poems in free verse (shi'r hurr). Thus, in 1947 the two Iraqi poets, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Nazik al-Malaika initiated a break in the stanza form (bayt) for free verse. The closer the Arab poets approached to Western poetry, the more anxious they became to look for new media, themes, techniques, metaphors and forms to liberate themselves from conventional poetry.

More recently, poets such as Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Muhammad al-Maghut and Tawfiq Sayigh (d. 1971) have pushed the boundaries of stylistic experimentation even further in favour of prose poetry (qasidat al-nathr).

Avantgardist type prose poetry already took place among some romantics, such as Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi, but became the trend with Yusuf al-Khal and Adunis, who founded the magazine Shi'r ("Poetry") in Beirut in 1957 under the influence of al-Shabbi's style and the Apollo journal in whole. Another avantgardist literary magazine in Beirut was the long-lived Al Adab (1953). Adunis from 1968 published his own journal Mawakif for literary innovations as follows: "To a father who died, green as a cloud with a sail on his face, I bow."

Surrealism
Between the years 1938–1948, the Surrealist Cairo-based anti-fascist artistic Art et Liberté group was active, under the leadership of the poet Georges Henein. Shawqi's granddaughter, poet Ikbal El-Alailly, was also a member. The work of these authors did not have a direct effect on Arabic poetry, because they wrote poems in European languages.

Arabic language Surrealist experiments proper belong to Orkhan Muyassar (1911?–1965) and Adunis in some his works.

Contemporary poetry
Poetry as a part of contemporary literature retains a very important status in the Arab world. Besides that, poets of "commitment" (iltizam), among them Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati, Khalil Hawi, and Mahmoud Darwish, played an important role in politics of the Arabian people along with an establishment of national states, revolutions, and the 1967 Six-Day War.

Iraqi poet Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati faced exile, due to his revolutionary ideas and advocacy for oppressed people, as in the following poem: "Why are we Lord? Without a country, without love We die We die in terror Why are we in exile? Why are we lord?"

Mahmoud Darwish was regarded as the Palestinian national poet, and his funeral was attended by thousands of mourners. And here is an instance of political poetry of another Palestinian, Tawfiq Ziad: "In Lydda, in Ramla, in the Galilee, we shall remain like a wall upon your chest, and in your throat like a shard of glass a cactus thorn, and in your eyes a sandstorm."

The most widely read in the contemporary Middle East, Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani wrote during the 1950s and 1960s on social protest and politics, and even addressed less political themes in favour love poetry, but was regarded as a cultural icon and his poems provide the lyrics for many popular songs.

From the 1970s, there is a neo-Sufi trend within Arab poets, including some far left-wing figures.

Reality television poetry competitions like Prince of Poets and Million's Poet exist to promote classical Arabic poetry and Nabati poetry respectively. Notable contestants in these competitions include Tamim al-Barghouti, Hissa Hilal, and Hisham al-Gakh.

Anthologies

 * Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari. London: Saqi Books, 1999. ISBN 086356-047-4.
 * Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari. London: Saqi Books, 1999. ISBN 086356-047-4.

Other

 * Abdel-Malek, Zaki N. Towards A New Theory of Arabic Prosody: A Textbook For Students and Instructors.
 * Athamneh, Waed (2017). Modern Arabic Poetry: Revolution and Conflict. University of Notre Dame Press.
 * El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2005). "The Love of Boys in Arabic Poetry of the Early Ottoman Period, 1500–1800," Middle Eastern Literatures. Vol. 8.
 * Fakhreddine, Huda & Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Poetry, Routledge, 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arabic poetry


text:
Talk:Toxteth

Postcode
Your definition of Toxteth as Liverpool L8 is incorrect. You imply this by including Sefton Park ( L17) as being in Toxteth. The boundaries of Toxteth are not Ullet Rd to the south but much further along at Jericho Lane where Jeremiah Horrocks was born in the Lower Lodge.

Equally, those parts of L8 in the "Canning area" are NOT in Toxteth. This is clearly seen as they are north of the old Parliamentary boundary ( Parliament St/Upper Parliament St) between Liverpool and Toxteth, more correctly Toxteth Park. 213.122.164.105 (talk)

 * I deleted "Toxteth famously has the postcode L8." as it is not true in anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.253.72.212 (talk) 09:35, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Notable residents
(moved from User talk:Icairns)

I was wondering whether you could explain why you removed my entry about "drug dealers" in the "Famous people" section of this article. I admit that it was flippant and referred to drugs, but some of the other entries in that section were written in a similar vein and haven't been removed. And also, while "drug dealers" might not count as famous people, neither does "Toxteth O'Grady" in the same section.

I've read some of Wikipedia's rules concerning vandalism, specifically "silly vandalism" (which this seems to come close to). However, I do think there may be some inconsistencies in the implementation of those guidelines in this article. Finally, is it normal to remove text without having a discussion or at least explanation of why it's being removed? Cheers. --MackORell 07:09, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right - I thought the 'drug dealers' as 'famous people' text was vandalism at worst or ironic propaganda at best - see WP:NOT. As you saw, I was busy fixing links; this was an aside, and a no-brainer at that. Ian Cairns 07:38, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply and the link. I've had a chance to read through more of the Wikipedia guidlines and policies, but I still don't see the difference between my entry and other entries in that section in terms of propaganda and vandalism. In fact, the entry regarding the demolition of houses to make way for "abodes for well-off middle class people" is a clear case of propaganda and silly vandalism, yet it's still in the article. I see no reason why my entry was removed and others weren't. Therefore I don't see any reason for not re-entering my original comments into the article if other comments are to stay. Thanks, --MackORell 00:34, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In that case, I think it needs a tag. The idea here is continual improvement of this (and any other) article - not add more problems just because their were problems with the article. Ian Cairns 02:59, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I'd also suggest to anybody who wrote any "humorous" content in the article that we could move it to the Wikipedia bad jokes page. As the article stands, it will only encourage people to keep adding similar kinds of comments to it. I personally don't mind that as I think some of them are quite funny, but I realize that they go against what Wikipedia is about. Not only that but it gives extra work to people such as yourself, work which I imagine you could probably do without. Thanks.--MackORell 04:32, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

I thought Wayne Rooney was from Croxteth & robbie fowler was from Toxteth. Louise2212 (talk)

 * I've pulled both the photos, and trimmed the list of people; the photos do not directly add to the article, and the list of people - apart from failing the neutrality test - included people just passing through (literally, in the case of John Paul II). Mtpt 16:04, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Why is the Everton footballer Anichbei included???? As far as I know he was born in Nigeria (So not from Toxteth anyway) and grew up in Crosby (Which is not even in Liverpool never mind Toxteth!!!) Sounds to me like someone is just including him for no other reason than he happens to be black! Maybe someone should realise the vast majority of the population of Toxteth is white.

Next Sissoko, Babel and Yobo will be included!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.196.29.202 (talk) 02:08, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Anichebe did grow up in Toxteth before moving to Crosby. He mentions this on the Evertonian magazine on an interview. He's included because he did grow up there in his early youth and not because of the color of his skin. I put it on Wikipedia because I am an Evertonian living in Toxteth. 62.30.215.136 (talk)

Ghetto?
Would you say Toxteth is a Ghetto, and if so, why? Feddy (talk)

Helicopter
Loved the photo of the helicopter, it really sums up the Toxteth I knew and loved. --Salix alba (talk) 15:54, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Jewish community
The following was reciently deleted. Whilst flawed I think there was some material worth including, especially the presence of the synagogue so I pasting the deleted material here.

 * Was once a great area in Liverpool with houses bigger than average, yet still has low house prices. In the 1960's, it was considered the best area of Liverpool, but has gotten progressively worse over the years. Houses are grand and have many 'mansion' like qualities. Houses should be worth a lot more, however, crime prevents this from happenening.
 * Was home to a large Jewish community, but many left to London and other metropolitan business cities, however there is still a synagogue there which is still used by Jewish people.
 * When the Jewish people left, the houses were a high price, a lot higher than the national average, but a rise in crime made these houses cheaper and made them availabale for people of a lesser money income, mainly ethnics, who have now settled there and are living there peacefully.
 * One of the reasons of the sizes of the houses is actually because of the large numbers of people in a Jewish family, often 8-10 in a family, a lot higher than the national average.
 * The majority of remaining Jewish families left to Childwall.
 * Today, property developers are highly interested in the area because of the quality and size of the houses, which with a bit of refurbishment could be worth a lot more once again.

--Salix alba (talk) 14:53, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't speak for the other person who removed it, but frankly, combined with the lack of sources for the contents, the language is pretty questionable! If some of the facts can be supported, it should be rewritten and posted with citations. As for the reference to the synagogue, perhaps this could be fleshed out and added back in?Mtpt 16:04, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Might I add a point? As one who was raised in Toxteth from birth to the age of 24, I lived through the entire period of the post-war regeneration and eventually witnessed the first riots up close, although by then we had moved. It is incorrect to state "In the 1960's, it was considered the best area of Liverpool,".  By the '60s, Toxteth was already in steep decline, with high levels of anti-social behaviour, crime, and social disadvantage.  Social service records of Liverpool City Council will confirm this, as will the Liverpool Echo archives maintained on microfiche in the Liverpool Central Library, on William Brown Street. (CarneadesLocal) 26.7.09

There was also a Jewish community in the Greenbank area where the majority of houses are 3 or 4 bedroom so his/her statement makes no sense. Many "ethnics" "Peacefully" live there and it hasnt effected the house prices (If anything they have gone up) The statement further makes no sense due to the fact that the Jewish community were certainly not large enough to account for the size or numbers of houses in the area. The comments are almost as idiotic as claiming everyone who lives in Childwall is Jewish!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.196.29.202 (talk) 02:15, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Ali Mohammed Mahmoud
The article refers to him as the first local councillor of Somali origin, but no source is given for this. It's also not clear whether this means the first such councillor in Liverpool, or in the UK. Can anyone add a citation/clear this up? Mtpt 16:04, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's purely academic now since he lost his seat to a Labour Candidate in 2006. 213.121.151.174 (talk) 15:03, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Latest deletions
Fraid to say I don't like the latest deletion. This used to be a page of character which reflected the character of the place I knew from ten years ago. It is now as dull as dich water. The Toxky bird summed up the place so well, and resonated with anyone who has lived their. The riots were a defining character of the district setting the tone of the place and prompted much of there regeneration. Maybe it has changed in the last ten years since I lived their, but Toxteth is a place of joyrides being chased by police helicopters, the no go area of Gramby street, continuing tension between police and afro carabean youth. --Salix alba (talk) 16:38, 29 April 2006 (UTC) (one time resident)

Nice to see you have lived there for so many years but dont know that the majority of the black population of Toxteth are not Afro Caribian but African or mixed race. Maybe if you spent those years in Toxteth in a more constructive manner you would know this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.196.29.202 (talk) 02:20, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Salix, the point about the photographs is that either could have been taken anywhere - there was nothing in them that added to a non-resident reader's understanding of Toxteth. "Tokky birds" is a straight forward in-joke, which is likely to be pretty well incomprehensible to anyone outside of the UK (if not Merseyside). As for the riots, the content about them in this article simply repeated the content in the seperate article on the the riots. (We're rapidly going to get into "What Wikipedia is not" territory.) If you think there is something which should appear in this article - say the post-riot regeneration or ongoing tension - why not just add it in? Mtpt 17:07, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Gambier Terrace
I live on Gambier Terrace and can I point out that it is NOT in Toxteth, it is still considered to be in Liverpool city center because the postal code for Gambier Terrace is L1 and not L8. It is still in the Georgian quarter though if that was the confusion. Ribcaged (talk)

 * I live on Percy Street (parallel to Hope Street and, therefore, Gambier Terrace) I agree that it should not be included, except for a See also Toxteth definately starts on the other side of Upper Parliament Street. David Humphreys SPEAK TO MEABOUTTHE THINGS I MESSED UP 02:39, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

I've removed the reference to John Lennon and Gambier Terrace. Liverpool yes, Toxteth no. http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Gambier+Terrace,+Liverpool  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.69.214.14 (talk) 20:00, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Text interefered with
It would seem that this article has been damaged by nonsensical material being added.

eg However, Rob is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and at this time, it appears that he was good mate of History.

Toxteth was divided into two manors of equal size. One was owned by Rob and the other by various mates. After the fight part was granted by Count Roger of Poitou to the ancestor of the Earl of Sefton(Rob). From this fight to about 1604 the land formed part of West Derby forest.

Over the years various fights and brawls were lost and the park was shipped off to Weymouth by Adam, son of William de Liverpool (also a good mate of Rob's) in 1338.

The ancient township of Toxteth, contains the ancient village of Smeedon or Smithdown. It stretches over an area of seven-hundred miles along the River Mersey and two thousand miles inland,

--Machaethlon (talk) 07:03, 20 March 2009

Regeneration
The Regeneration section is dominated by the issue of Ringo Starr's birthplace, which I'm sure is very important to his fans but is only a small component of the wider questions around regeneration. The section also reads like a leaflet produced by a Save-Ringo's-Street campaign rather than an NPOV encyclopedia. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 01:24, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Toxteth Boundary
It appears many think Toxteth is just postal district Liverpool 8. Toxteth is roughly the block from Parliament St to Aigburth Vale, from the River Mersey to Smithdown Road. The borders of the ancient park of Toxteth are still its borders and have these borders have never been changed. The Boundary pub on the corner of Smithdown Rd and Lodge Lane tell you that was the boundary at that point. A part of Penny Lane is in Toxteth. Sefton, Princes and Greenbank Parks are all in Toxteth. Toxteth has these postal codes within its borders: L8, L3 (the docks in Toxteth are L3), L7, L17, L18, L15. L8 is the only postal code 100% inside Toxteth. Dingle is 100% inside Toxteth as is St. Michaels & Lark Lane.

If people only want L8 and not Toxteth, then an L8 wiki needs creating. There is one for Dingle which 100% inside Toxteth. A Toxteth wiki is for all of Toxteth. 79.66.31.133 (talk) 09:27, 5 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Please note Toxteth is different from Toxteth Park. Toxteth Park is confusing someone here. Toxteth Park is an old settlement and is much larger than the present district. This is very similar to other places like West Derby for example, which were much larger than they presently are. That said, there is reference to this already on the Toxteth page.

What needs to be pointed out is that the present Toxteth is NOT Toxteth Park. Do not confuse the two. Dingle is NOT a sub district of Toxteth etc. An editor appears to be confusing the ancient Toxteth with today, in the city of Liverpool, with which Toxteth is much smaller. The above user would be best creating a page from the ancient settlement of Toxteth Park for which he/she can cement all the locations within it, however it is entirely incorrect to refer to almost the entire south end as 'Toxteth this' and 'Toxteth that'. The user may be passionate about Toxteth and I admire that, but please bear in mind that the ancient Toxteth is not the present Toxteth Babydoll9799 (talk) 16:05, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

If the present Toxteth is "NOT" the same as Toxteth Park then when in time do you think the boundaries "present" Toxteth were defined. The argument about Toxteth and Toxteth Park is of course specious. Tocky Tech ( ie Toxteth Technical Institute)is of course outside your definition being in Aigburth Rd. So was of course the Toxteth Conservative Club on Aigburth Rd. Both these places were in existence within the last 30 years. There other examples I could quote like Toxteth Fire Station sited off Lark Lane etc etc.

This article really says as much about errors of Wikipedia as a valid source of information as it does about its own accuracy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Taffy wales (talk • contribs) 22:43, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
 * For the purposes of Wikipedia Toxteth is defined by Liverpool City Councils or HMG so finding the signs om major roads is one way. That the borders have changes over time is no surprise and it means that some places are no longer in the area but are named after it. Some places have never been in the area but keep the name. This is common for instance West Derby Cemetery is in Fazakerley. What you comment shows is that you have some idea of where Toxteth is and what defines it but have produced no documentation that shows that you delimiters are valid, lots of people have lots of ideas as to what defined something but often when pushed they cannot say why, are you different. It would be useful to have a map from the council but I cannot find one, do you know where one is?--Kitchen Knife (talk) 23:13, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Toxteth's borders have not changed.79.66.116.52 (talk) 22:35, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Unconstructive editing
Theres been a lot of unconstructive editing by the user from the IP address 79.66.116.52. It's down to editors trying to merge Dingle and other parts of south Liverpool in to Toxteth. I am well aware this may be because of the ancient place of Toxteth Park, which covered a larger area. I'm no historian and i'm not going to try give a history lesson but Toxteth Park is ancient and not part of Liverpool today, there are other places around the city, notably West Derby, that were much larger than they are today. I'm not from Dingle but I think anyone interested from Dingle should keep an eye on this. Babydoll9799 (talk) 19:49, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I would call it constructive editing. First you have define where Toxteth is. It is the boundaries set by by Griffith's book79.66.116.52 (talk) 18:54, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * They had some involvement with the Sefton Park article for the same purpose. At first I treated their addition with a citation-required tag, but having seen the activity here, I've reverted that article too. Worth keeping an eye on that one too in case they come back with a reference. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 19:51, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Glad to see someone taking my concern seriously. Just one other note for the page, the Toxteth notable people page seems intertwined with Dingle people, it needs someone with local knowledge to sort that one outBabydoll9799 (talk) 19:53, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Dingle is in Toxteth, so one and the same. 79.66.116.52 (talk) 18:45, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank for the well intentioned but inaccurate history lesson. Perception and fact are two separate things. Toxteth Park is ancient and is still a part of Liverpool today. There are still signs around denoting the boundaries. Someone on here a while back stated it was only L8, which is nonsense, The docks in the south-end are L3. The borders of Toxteth are still the borders of the ancient Toxteth Park, not a postcode or where some people think it is. The book, by Grifiths, History of Toxteth Park, clearly states the border.  Dingle is a sub district. It is only at the bottom of Park Rd/Aigburth Rd and down to the river, where the "Dingle" was. What does this mean? ..."Worth keeping an eye on that one too in case they come back with a reference". To me that is you will dismiss a reference. Once again. The borders ARE TOXTETH PARK.  Until someone comes up with something concrete to disprove that, the borders are Toxteth Park.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.66.116.52 (talk) 16:55, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, on Croxteth Drive there's a sign welcoming people to Toxteth -- AFTER (as heading into town) the entrance to the park. 81.178.67.229 (talk) 17:35, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The boundaries as per Griffith's book. Some on herer think Canning, on the north side of Upper Parliament St is in Toxteth. It is not as the road is the boundary. It gets a bit silly. The boundaries are as per Griffith's book.79.66.116.52 (talk) 18:50, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Hello, good to get this onto the talk page. :-) I have a concern about using Griffiths as the one reference here — it was published in 1907! Considering that we are talking about wards and boundaries that have evolved a lot over time (not just because we're comparing the historic park with modern de facto reality, but also because of new housing developments and the like), I think that's too far back. Not to mention that it's a private history, not any reference to the City Council (which didn't exist in its current form when he was writing) and its planning department and electoral ward boundaries (nor even Community Council / Parish Council / Parish boundaries). So it's great that we've a start in references, but it's not what I'd call a reliable source for this particular level of administrative data 103 years later. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 20:27, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Griffiths book is printed even today - it is for sale. It is the only book that maps out Toxteth. New housing estates wards ect, make no difference to the boundaries of Toxteth, as they come and go. I have seen the area change radically over my life, and it is still changing.  The boundaries have not moved. It appears to have moved inside many people's heads though. One here was saying Dingle is not in Toxteth, which is laughable. BTW, I was born and brought up in the place. Until someone proves otherwise, the Griffith book is the reference.  That is simple.  If you say Toxteth has moved to Birkenhead then prove it. If proven it is in Birkenhead.  Otherwise Griffith is the ref and the boundaries in the book stay. Toxteth's boundaries have been fixed fro many, many centuries and no new housing estates will affect that. Paul Christian who ran the now defunct Toxteth.net mapped it out and came to the same conclusion as Griffith. He had a wonderful map on the site showing the whole boundary in minute detail, like running through the back room of the Royal pub in Smithdown Rd.  The Boundary pub at Lodge Lane/Smithdown Rd was well...the boundary. The Book House is just in Toxteth and was at the brook which ran right through forming the lake at Sefton Pk.  Some tell tale give-aways. 79.66.116.52 (talk) 22:31, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

(resetting indent) Just because a book is still for sale is meaningless — Mein Kampf is still for sale. The boundaries of Toxteth, you say, but we still don't know what you mean by that: the article got very confusing with mentions of precise things like wards, imprecise things like districts, and then "Toxteth" with no explanation of what that is in this context and how it relates to city, ward, parish, etc. Really, if we can pin it down to an entity with meaning, rather than a colloquial term for a neighbourhood, that'll be an excellent advance. And regarding the brook... that was re-routed for the park (say the notices regarding recent renovations), so is of little use as a boundary. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 23:56, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * As it can be seen with recent edits, an editor is persisting with this suggestion that Toxteth is L3&L7. In particular Bedford Street. I dont believe these streets to be part of Toxteth or Edge Hill but some are L7 some are L8 they form part of the city centre. Even so if Bedford Street is L7 it is reasonable to suggest it is NOT Toxteth. Blimey. What does it take to stop these people behaving like this? As for suggesting Toxteth is L3, that is disputed. Dingle is the area by the waterfront. Babydoll9799 (talk) 22:53, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * You clearly have not a clue. I do not give a hoot about your opinion. I only go on fact. The boundaries of Toxteth are Toxteth Park  FULL STOP!!! Parts of L3 are in Toxteth that is how ignorant you are of the district. I was born and brought up there and know the place backwards. But, I only go on fact.  I will reverse the stupidity I have read here. Liverpool-8-boy (talk) 23:26, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

I've now protected this page for a week so that hopefully you can develop consensus without edit-warring on the article. Ged UK  14:40, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * No need for consensus. The boundaries are Toxteth Park unless the ignorant ones here can prove otherwise. It is called FACT!!!!  That is what we go on.Liverpool-8-boy (talk) 23:26, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not getting involved anymore. Leave it to othersBabydoll9799 (talk) 14:36, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Very wiseLiverpool-8-boy (talk) 23:29, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Unconstructive editing (part two)
Seems there has been changes to Toxteth to again have Toxteth turned in to some mini town in the south end obliterating the modern city of Liverpool. As above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Babydoll9799 (talk • contribs) 19:14, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
 * TOXTETH PARK update. In view of previous discussion i have started a Toxteth Park page. This should have been done a long time ago. This is not a "district" this is for the ancient Toxteth Park settlement. Feel free to update all Toxteth Park related text. My opinion is that Toxteth Park related stuff should be reduced on the Toxteth page. If possible. Babydoll9799 (talk) 12:50, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Unrest and Crime
Apart from Toxteth riots, is reference to a car incident fatality necessary? It isnt notorious or a unique incident. It's a little ott in my opinion that it is includedBabydoll9799 (talk) 08:31, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 00:45, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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I Missormiznotmissus (talk) 09:07, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Im surprised this article doesn't mention that Toxteth is home to the UK's oldest black community, 300 or 400 years old, descendants of African kings and wealthy merchants who sent their children to England for their education and descendants of African seamen who settled in Liverpool over the centuries. I can't remember the book where I first stumbled across this fact but I've since read some of Dr Ray Costello's work which also mentions African Americans who fought in the US Civil War and settled in Liverpool.  My family arrived in Liverpool from Ireland only 130 years ago. Missormiznotmissus (talk) 09:27, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toxteth


text:
Wonder (Embrace song)

"Wonder" is a song by English rock band Embrace, released on 20 August 2001. It was the first single from their third studio album, If You've Never Been (2001), and peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listings
UK CD1 and cassette single
 * 1) "Wonder"
 * 2) "Anywhere You Go"
 * 3) "Everyday"

UK CD2
 * 1) "Wonder"
 * 2) "Today"
 * 3) "Caught in a Rush"
 * 4) "Wonder" (video)

title: Wonder (Embrace song)


text:
User talk:Laura D

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 20:54, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Laura D


text:
List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922)

This is a list of regiments of the Indian Army as it was following the reorganisation of the Indian Armed Forces in 1922.

Regular

 * Governor General's Bodyguard
 * Governor General's Bodyguard, Madras
 * Governor General's Bodyguard, Bombay
 * Governor General's Bodyguard, Bengal
 * 1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse – renamed Skinner's Horse (1st Duke of York's Own) in 1927 – in 1947 went to India and became 1st Horse (Skinner's Horse) in 1950
 * 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) – renamed 2nd Royal Lancers (Gardner's Horse) in 1937 – in 1947 went to India and became 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) in 1950
 * 5th/8th Cavalry – formed from merger of 5th Cavalry and 8th Cavalry, became 3rd Cavalry later that year, in 1947 went to India
 * 9th/10th Cavalry – formed from amalgamation of 9th Hodson's Horse and 10th Duke of Cambridge’s Own Lancers (Hodson’s Horse), renamed 4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse in 1922, renamed again in 1927 as Hodson's Horse (4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Lancers) – in 1947 went to India and became 4th Horse (Hodon's Horse) in 1950
 * 11th/12th Cavalry – formed from amalgamation of 11th (King Edward's Own) Lancers (Probyn's Horse) and 12th Cavalry, renamed 5th King Edward's Own Horse later that year, renamed again as Probyn's Horse (5th King Edward's Own) in 1927, renamed once again as Probyn's Horse (5th King Edward VII's Own) in 1937 – in 1947 went to Pakistan and became 5th Horse in 1950
 * 13th/16th Cavalry – formed from amalgamation of 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse) and 16th Cavalry, renamed 6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers later that year, renamed again as 6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse) in 1927 – went to Pakistan in 1947 and became 6th Lancers in 1956
 * 7th Light Cavalry – formed by redesignation of 28th Light Cavalry – went to India in 1947
 * 26th/30th King George's Own Light Cavalry – formed from amalgamation of 26th King George's Own Light Cavalry and 30th Lancers (Gordon's Horse), renamed 8th King George's Own Light Cavalry in 1922, renamed again in 8th King George V's Own Light Cavalry in 1937 – went to India in 1947 and became 8th Light Cavalry in 1950
 * 20th/29th Horse – formed from amalgamation of 20th Deccan Horse and 29th Lancers (Deccan Horse), renamed 9th Royal Deccan Horse later that year, renamed again as The Royal Deccan Horse (9th Horse) in 1927 – went to India in 1947 and became The Deccan Horse in 1950
 * 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force) – formed by separation of the cavalry elements of Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) (Lumsden), renamed The Guides Cavalry (10th Queen Victoria's Own Frontier Force) in 1927 – went to Pakistan in 1947 and became The Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force) in 1956
 * 21st/23rd Cavalry – formed by amalgamation of 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse) and 23rd Cavalry (Frontier Force), renamed 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) in 1922, renamed again as Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (11th Frontier Force) in 1927 – went to Pakistan in 1947 and became 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force) in 1956
 * 22nd/25th Cavalry – formed by amalgamation of 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force) and 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force), renamed 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force) later that year, renamed again as Sam Browne's Cavalry (12th Frontier Force) in 1927 – amalgamated with the 15th Cavalry and 12th Armoured Regiment in 1940 [reformed as 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force) in the Pakistan Army in 1985]
 * 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Bombay Lancers – formed by amalgamation of 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers and 32nd Lancers, renamed as 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers in 1927 – went to Pakistan in 1947 and became 13th Lancers in 1956
 * 35th/36th Cavalry – formed by amalgamation of 35th Scinde Horse and 36th Jacob's Horse, renamed as 14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse later that year, renamed again as The Scinde Horse (14th Prince of Wales's Own Cavalry) in 1927 – went to India in 1947 and became 14th Horse in 1950
 * 17th/37th Lancers – formed by amalgamation of 17th Cavalry and 37th Lancers (Baluch Horse), renamed as 15th Lancers in 1922, amalgamated with 12th Cavalry in 1940 [reformed in both the Indian and Pakistan Armies in 1985 as the 15th Lancers]
 * 16th Light Cavalry – formed by redesignation of the 27th Light Cavalry – went to India in 1947
 * 33rd/34th Cavalry – formed by amalgamation of 33rd Queen's Own Light Cavalry and 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse, renamed as 17th Queen Victoria's Own Poona Horse, renamed again as The Poona Horse (17th Queen Victoria's Own Cavalry) in 1927 – went to India in 1947 and became 17th Horse in 1950
 * 6th/7th Cavalry – formed by amalgamation of 6th King Edward's Own Cavalry and 7th Hariana Lancers, renamed as 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry later that year, renamed again as 18th King Edward VII's Own Cavalry in 1936 – went to India in 1947 and renamed as 18th Cavalry in 1950
 * 18th/19th Lancers – formed by amalgamation of 18th King George's Own Lancers and 19th Lancers (Fane's Horse), renamed as 19th King George's Own Lancers in 1927, renamed again as 19th King George V's Own Lancers in 1937 – went to Pakistan in 1947 and renamed as 19th Lancers in 1956
 * 14th/15th Lancers – formed by amalgamation of 14th Murray's Jat Lancers and 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), renamed as 20th Lancers in 1922, disbanded by 1940 [reformed in 1955/56 in both the Indian and Pakistan Armies as 20th Lancers]
 * 38th/39th Cavalry – formed by amalgamation of 38th King George's Own Central India Horse and 39th King George's Own Central India Horse, renamed as 38th/39th King George's Own Light Cavalry later that year, renamed again as The Central India Horse (21st King George's Own Horse) in 1923, renamed once again as The Central India Horse (21st King George V's Own Horse) in 1937 – went to India in 1947 and renamed as The Central India Horse in 1950

Auxiliary

 * The Assam Valley Light Horse
 * The Bihar Light Horse
 * The Bombay Light Horse
 * The Calcutta Light Horse
 * The Chota Nagpur Regiment
 * The Punjab Light Horse
 * The Southern Provinces Mounted Rifles
 * The Surma Valley Light Horse
 * The United Provinces Horse (Northern Regiment)
 * The United Provinces Horse (Southern Regiment)

Regular

 * 1st Punjab Regiment – went to Pakistan in 1947 and in 1956 united with the 14th, 15th, and 16th Punjab Regiments to form the Punjab Regiment
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 62nd Punjabis
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 66th Punjabis
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 76th Punjabis
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Brahmans, disbanded in 1931
 * 5th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 82nd Punjabis
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 84th Punjabis
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1922, disbanded in 1941
 * 2nd Punjab Regiment – went to India in 1947 and consequently renamed as The Punjab Regiment
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 67th Punjabis, disbanded in 1952
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 69th Punjabis, disbanded in 1951
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 72nd Punjabis
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 74th Punjabis, disbanded in 1938
 * 5th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 87th Punjabis, disbanded in 1952
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 67th Punjabis
 * 3rd Madras Regiment – disbanded in 1928 due to recruiting and economic issues, reformed in 1941 and allocated to India in 1947 as The Madras Regiment
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 73rd Carnatic Infantry, disbanded in 1928
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 75th Carnatic Infantry, disbanded in 1926
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 79th Carnatic Infantry, disbanded in 1923
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 83rd Wallajahabad Light Infantry, disbanded in 1923
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 86th Carnatic Infantry, disbanded in 1926
 * 11th (Madras) (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1928, reformed in 1933 and disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Malabar) (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1928, reformed in 1933 and disbanded in 1941
 * 13th (Malabar) (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1928, reformed in 1933 and disbanded in 1941
 * 14th (Coorg) (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1928, reformed in 1929 and disbanded in 1941
 * 4th Bombay Grenadiers – redesignated as The Indian Grenadiers in 1947 – allocated to India in 1947 and became The Grenadiers in 1950
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 101st Grenadiers – disbanded in 1951
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 102nd King Edward's Own Grenadiers
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 108th Infantry – disbanded in 1930, reformed in 1940
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 109th Infantry – disbanded in 1923, reformed in 1941
 * 5th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 112th Infantry – disbanded in 1923, reformed in 1941 and disbanded again in 1946
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 113th Infantry – disbanded in 1942
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1942
 * 5th Mahratta Light Infantry – redesignated as The Mahratta Light Infantry in 1947 and allocated to India, became The Maratha Light Infantry in 1948
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 105th Mahratta Light Infantry, disbanded in 1942, reformed in 1946
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 110th Mahratta Light Infantry, disbanded in 1952
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 116th Mahrattas
 * 5th (Royal) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 117th Mahrattas
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 114th Mahrattas, disbanded in 1942
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1939 and disbanded in 1941
 * 6th Rajputana Rifles – redesignated as The Rajputana Rifles in 1945 and allocated to India in 1947
 * 1st Battalion (Wellesley's) – formed by redesignation of 104th Wellesley's Rifles, disbanded in 1949
 * 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 120th Rajputana Infantry
 * 3rd (Prince of Wales's Own) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 122nd Rajputana Infantry
 * 4th Battalion (Outram's) – formed by redesignation of 123rd Outram's Rifles
 * 5th Battalion (Napier's) – formed by redesignation of 125th Napier's Rifles
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1928 and disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1940 and disbanded in 1941
 * 7th Rajput Regiment – redesignated as The Rajput Regiment in 1945 and allocated to India in 1947
 * 1st (Queen Victoria's Own Light Infantry) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry
 * 2nd (Prince Albert Victor's) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 4th Prince Albert Victor's Rajputs
 * 3rd (Duke of Connaught's Own) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 7th Duke of Connaught's Own Rajputs
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 8th Rajputs
 * 5th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 11th Rajputs, disbanded in 1941
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment), disbanded in 1943
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1940 and disbanded in 1941
 * 8th Punjab Regiment – allocated to Pakistan in 1947 and merged with Baluch Regiment and Bahawalpur Regiment in 1956 to form the Baloch Regiment
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 89th Punjabis, disbanded in 1942, reformed in 1946
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 90th Punjabis
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 91st Punjabis (Light Infantry)
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 92nd Punjabis
 * 5th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 93rd Burma Infantry
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 89th Punjabis, disbanded in 1943
 * 9th Jat Regiment – redesignated as The Jat Regiment in 1945 and allocated to India in 1947
 * 1st (Royal) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 6th Jat Light Infantry
 * 2nd (Mooltan) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 119th Infantry (The Mooltan Regiment), disbanded in 1942
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 10th Jats
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 18th Infantry
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 6th Jat Light Infantry, disbanded in 1942
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1940 and disbanded in 1941
 * 10th Baluch Regiment – redesignated as The Baluch Regiment in 1945 and allocated to Pakistan in 1947 – merged with 8th Punjabs and The Bakawalpur Regiments to form The Baloch Regiment
 * 1st (Duchess of Connaught's Own) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 126th Baluchistan Infantry, disbanded in 1942, reformed in 1946
 * 3rd (Queen Mary's Own) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry
 * 4th (Duke of Connaught's Own) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis
 * 5th (King George's Own) Battalion (Jacob's Rifles) – formed by redesignation of 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles)
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, disbanded in 1943
 * 11th Sikh Regiment – redesignated as The Sikh Regiment in 1945 and allocated to India in 1947
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 15th Ludhiana Sikhs
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 45th Rattray's Sikhs
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 36th Sikhs
 * 5th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 47th Duke of Connaught's Own Sikhs
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 35th Sikhs
 * 12th Frontier Force Regiment – redesigned as The Frontier Force Regiment in 1945 and allocated to Pakistan in 1947 – merged with Frontier Force Rifles and Pathan Regiment to form Frontier Force Regiment
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force), disbanded in 1942, reformed in 1946
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 53rd Sikhs (Frontier Force)
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 54th Sikhs (Frontier Force), disbanded in 1948
 * 5th Battalion (Guides) – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Infantry (Frontier Force)
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Infantry (Frontier Force)
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 13th Frontier Force Rifles – redesignated as The Frontier Force Rifles in 1945 and allocated to Pakistan in 1947 – merged with Frontier Force Regiment and Pathan Regiment to form Frontier Force Regiment
 * 1st Battalion (Coke's) – formed by redesignation of 55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force)
 * —no 3rd Battalion was formed—
 * 4th Battalion (Wilde's) – formed by redesignation of 57th Wilde's Rifles
 * 5th Battalion (Vaughan's) – formed by redesignation of 58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force)
 * 6th (Scinde) Royal Battalion – formed by redesignation of 59th Royal Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force)
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 14th Punjab Regiment – allocated to Pakistan in 1947 – merged with 1st, 15th, and 16th Punjab Regiments to form The Punjab Regiment in 1956
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 19th Punjabis
 * 2nd (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Infantry (Brownlow's Punjabis)
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 22nd Punjabis
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 24th Punjabis
 * 5th (Pathans) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 40th Pathans
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 21st Punjabis
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1939 and disbanded in 1941
 * 15th Punjab Regiment – allocated to Pakistan in 1947 – merged with 1st, 14th, and 16th Punjab Regiments to form The Punjab Regiment in 1956
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 25th Punjabis
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 26th Punjabis, disbanded in 1942 and reformed in 1946
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 27th Punjabis
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 28th Punjabis
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 29th Punjabis, disbanded in 1943
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1939 and disbanded in 1941
 * 16th Punjab Regiment – allocated to Pakistan in 1947 – merged with 1st, 14th, and 15th Punjab Regiments to form The Punjab Regiment in 1956
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 30th Punjabis
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 31st Punjabis, disbanded in 1942 and reformed in 1946
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 33rd Punjabis, disbanded in 1942 and reformed in 1946
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 9th Bhopal Infantry
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 46th Punjabis
 * 17th Dogra Regiment – redesignated as The Dogra Regiment in 1945, allocated to India in 1947
 * Regimental Centre, in Jullunder, Punjab Province
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 38th Dogras, disbanded in 1942 and reformed in 1946
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 41st Dogras, disbanded in 1942 and reformed in 1946
 * —no 4th Battalion until 1940—
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 41st Dogras, disbanded in 1943
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1941
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1939 and disbanded in 1941
 * 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles – formed by redesignation of 39th Royal Garhwal Rifles, renamed as The Royal Garhwal Rifles in 1945, allocated to India in 1947 and 'Royal' title dropped in 1950
 * Regimental Centre, in Lansdowne, Princely State of Tehri Garhwal
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion – disbanded in 1942 and reformed in 1946
 * 3rd Battalion
 * —no 4th Battalion until 1940—
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – disbanded in 1942
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – disbanded in 1942
 * 19th Hyderabad Regiment – redesignated as The Kumaon Regiment in 1945, allocated to India in 1947
 * Regimental Centre, in Benares
 * 1st Battalion (Russell's) – formed by redesignation of 94th Russell's Infantry
 * 2nd (Berar) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 96th Berar Infantry
 * 3rd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 97th Deccan Infantry — disbanded in 1931
 * 4th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 98th Infantry — disbanded in 1942
 * 5th Battalion – formed by redesignation of 99th Deccan Infantry — disbanded in 1924, reformed in 1940 and disbanded again in 1946
 * 10th (Training) Battalion (Russell's) – formed by redesignation of 95th Russell's Infantry
 * 1st Kumaon Rifles – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 50th Kumaon Rifles
 * 2nd Kumaon Rifles – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 50th Kumaon Rifles — disbanded in 1923
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion – formed in 1922 and disbanded in 1941
 * 20th Burma Rifles — allocated to Burma on separation from India in 1937
 * Regimental Centre, in Maymyo
 * 1st Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 70th Burma Rifles — disbanded in 1942, reformed in 1945
 * 2nd Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 70th Burma Rifles
 * 3rd (Kachin) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 1st Battalion, 85th Burman Rifles
 * 4th (Chin) Battalion – formed by redesignation of 2nd Battalion, 85th Burma Rifles
 * 10th (Training) Battalion — disbanded in 1937, reformed in 1940 but disbanded again in 1942
 * 11th (Territorial) Battalion — disbanded in 1942
 * 12th (Territorial) Battalion — disbanded in 1942
 * 1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) — allocated to India in 1947, became 'Gorkha' in 1949, and finally 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) in 1950
 * Home Station, in Dharamsala
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion — raised in 1917 but disbanded in 1921, reformed in 1940 and disbanded again in 1946
 * 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) — allocated to the United Kingdom in 1947
 * Home Station, in Dehradun
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion — disbanded in 1942, reformed in 1946
 * 3rd Battalion — raised in 1917 but disbanded in 1920, reformed in 1940 and disbanded again in 1946
 * 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles — allocated to India in 1947, became 'Gorkha' in 1949, and finally 3rd Gorkha Rifles in 1950
 * Home Station, in Almora and Lansdowne
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion — raised in 1917 but disbanded in 1920, reformed in 1940
 * 4th Battalion — raised in 1916 but disbanded in 1922, reformed in 1941 and disbanded again in 1947
 * 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles — allocated to India in 1947, became 'Gorkha' in 1949, and finally 4th Gorkha Rifles in 1950
 * Home Station, in Bakloh
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion — formed in 1940
 * 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) — allocated to India in 1947, became 'Gorkha' in 1949, and finally 5th Gorkha Rifles in 1950
 * Home Station, in Abbottabad
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion — raised in 1916 but disbanded in 1921, reformed in 1940
 * 6th Gurkha Rifles — allocated to the United Kingdom in 1947, became 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles in 1959
 * Home Station, in Abbottabad
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion — raised in 1917 but disbanded in 1921, reformed in 1940 and disbanded again in 1948
 * 7th Gurkha Rifles — allocated to the United Kingdom in 1947, became 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles in 1959
 * Home Station, in Quetta
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion — raised in 1917 but disbanded in 1921, reformed in 1940 and disbanded again in 1943, reformed once more in 1946 but disbanded two years later in 1948
 * 8th Gurkha Rifles — allocated to India in 1947, became 'Gorkha' in 1949
 * Home Station, in Quetta and Shillong
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion — raised in 1917 but disbanded in 1921, reformed in 1940 and disbanded again in 1946
 * 9th Gurkha Rifles — allocated to India in 1947, became 'Gorkha' in 1949
 * Home Station, in Dehradun
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 10th Gurkha Rifles — allocated to the United Kingdom in 1947, became 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles in 1949
 * Home Headquarters, in Quetta
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion

Auxiliary Force (India)

 * The Allahabad Rifles
 * The Assam Bengal Railway Battalion
 * The Baluchistan Volunteer Rifle Corps
 * The Bangalore Contingent
 * The Bengal & North West Railway Battalion
 * The Bengal Nagpur Railway Battalion
 * The Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway Regiment
 * The Bombay Volunteer Rifles Corps
 * The Burma Railways Battalion
 * The Calcutta and Presidency Battalion
 * The Calcutta Presidency Battalion
 * The Calcutta Scottish
 * The Cawnpore Rifles
 * The Coorg and Mysore Company
 * The Delhi Contingent
 * The East Coast Battalion
 * The East Indian Railway Regiment
 * The Eastern Bengal Company
 * The Eastern Bengal Railway Battalion
 * The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Regiment
 * The Hyderabad Rifles
 * The Lucknow Rifles
 * The Lucknow Volunteer Rifles
 * The Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Rifles
 * The Madras Guards
 * The Mussourie Battalion
 * The Nagpur Rifles
 * The Naini Tal Volunteer Rifles
 * The Nilgiri Malabar Battalion
 * The Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles
 * The North Western Railway Battalion
 * The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway Battalion
 * The Poona Rifles
 * The Punjab Rifles
 * The Rangoon Battalion
 * The Simla Rifles
 * The Sind Rifles
 * The South Indian Railway Battalion
 * The Tenasserim Battalion
 * The Upper Burma Battalion

Indian Mountain Artillery
Following the absorption of the Presidency armies into the Royal Artillery and Royal Horse Artillery, there was no 'field' units of the Indian artillery. The Indian artillery only maintained mountain artillery units, while the Royal Artillery provided the other arms. The units below have their titles in 1922 or those used before if they were changed later;

Brigades (till 1938)/Regiments

 * 20th Indian Pack Artillery Brigade
 * 21st Indian Pack Artillery Brigade
 * 22nd Indian Pack Artillery Brigade
 * 23rd Indian Pack Artillery Brigade
 * 24th Indian Pack Artillery Brigade
 * 25th Indian Pack Artillery Brigade

Batteries (Separate)

 * 101 Royal (Kohat) Pack Battery (Frontier Force)
 * 102 (Derajat) Pack Battery (FF)
 * 103 (Peshawar) Pack Battery (FF)
 * 104 (Hazara) Pack Battery (FF)
 * 105 (Bombay) Pack Battery
 * 106 (Jacob's) Pack Battery
 * 107 (Bengal) Pack Battery
 * 108 (Lahore) Pack Battery
 * 109 (Murree) Pack Battery
 * 110 (Abbottabad) Pack Battery
 * 111 (Dehra Dun) Pack Battery
 * 112 (Poonch) Pack Battery
 * 113 (Dardoni) Pack Battery
 * 114 (Rajputana) Pack Battery
 * 115 (Jhelum) Pack Battery
 * 116 (Zhob) Pack Bty
 * 117 (Nowshera) Pack Battery
 * 118 (Sohan) Pack Battery
 * 119 (Maymyo) Pack Battery

Indian Territorial Force

 * University Training Corps
 * Urban Infantry

The Frontier Corps

 * Gilgit Scouts
 * Chitral Scouts
 * Kurram Militia
 * Tochi Scouts
 * South Waziristan Scouts
 * Zhob Militia
 * Pishin Scouts (1946–47)
 * Khyber Rifles

Military Police and North-East Frontier units

 * Malabar Special Police
 * Burma Military Police
 * Eastern Frontier Rifles (Bengal Military Police)
 * Assam Rifles

Services

 * The Army Bearer Corps
 * The Army Clothing Department
 * The Army Hospital Corps
 * The Army Remount Department
 * The Army Veterinary Corps
 * The Indian Medical Department
 * The Indian Ordnance Department
 * The Military Farms Department
 * Supply and Transport Corps

Support Arms

 * 1st King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners (numeral omitted 1923)
 * 2nd Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners (numeral omitted 1923)
 * 3rd Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners (numeral omitted 1923)
 * 4th Burma Sappers and Miners (numeral omitted 1923)
 * 1st Madras Pioneers
 * 2nd Bombay Pioneers
 * 3rd Sikh Pioneers
 * 4th Hazara Pioneers

Indian State Forces

 * (see separately)

Wartime Units and others formed between 1922 and 1947

 * Field Artillery
 * Women's Army Corps (India)
 * 42nd Cavalry
 * 43rd Cavalry
 * 44th Cavalry
 * 45th Cavalry
 * 46th Cavalry
 * 47th Cavalry
 * 48th Cavalry
 * Indian Long Range Squadron
 * 21st Regiment
 * 22nd Regiment
 * 23rd Regiment
 * 24th Regiment
 * 25th Ajmer Regiment
 * Kumaon Rifles
 * 151 (British) Parachute Battalion
 * 152 (Indian) Parachute Battalion
 * 153 (Gurkha) Parachute Battalion
 * 154 (Gurkha) Parachute Battalion
 * Indian Parachute Regiment
 * Indian Ordnance and Mechanical Engineers
 * Indian Hospital Corps formed by amalgamation of Army Hospital and Nursing Corps and the Army Bearer Corps
 * Indian Medical Service formed by amalgamation of the Bengal, Bombay and Madras Medical Services
 * Indian Army Medical Corps formed by amalgamation of the Indian Medical Service, Indian Medical Department, and Indian Hospital Corps


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Charles Merritt

Charles Cecil Ingersoll Merritt VC, ED (10 November 1908 – 12 July 2000) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross and Member of Parliament.

Early life
Merritt was born in Vancouver, British Columbia on 10 November 1908, the son of Captain Cecil Mack Merritt, who was killed in the Second Battle of Ypres, on 23 April 1915. He entered the Royal Military College of Canada, H1866 in 1925 at the age of 16 and graduated with honours.

Career
He was commissioned into the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada (a Militia regiment) in 1929. Merritt read for the Bar and became a barrister in 1932. He practised law in Vancouver until mobilized at the outbreak of World War II.

Military service
Merritt served as an officer in the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada. At the outbreak of war, Merritt was promoted to the rank of major and in December sailed for England. In the next two years he held a variety of staff and regimental appointments and attended the War Staff Course at Camberley in June 1941.

From GSO2 of the 3rd Canadian Division, in March 1942, he was promoted to command The South Saskatchewan Regiment, Canadian Army, (Canadian Infantry Corps). Two months later, they moved to the Isle of Wight to train for the Dieppe raid.

Merritt led his regiment in the Dieppe raid on 19 August 1942. Before being taken as a prisoner of war, Merritt was wounded twice. For his extreme bravery and inspirational leadership under fire, Merritt was awarded the Victoria Cross.

Two experienced British Commando units (Numbers 3 and 4) were assigned to land before dawn to destroy German heavy gun batteries on promontories east and west of the port, a task in which they were largely successful. Two Canadian battalions were scheduled to land at the same time to the immediate east and west of Dieppe to give land ward support to the attacks on the guns and to form a secure perimeter for the main force to land.

The right flank Canadian battalion assigned to Green Beach was the South Saskatchewan Regiment commanded by Merritt. His objectives were Pourville, west of the port, then the cliffs above the village.

His force crossed the Channel in Royal Navy destroyers, transferred to landing craft 10 miles offshore and reached Green Beach on time, in near darkness and unopposed. But the main part of the battalion was landed on the wrong side of the River Scie estuary and faced crossing a narrow bridge through Pourville in order to approach their objectives on the cliffs.

By then alert to the situation, the German defenders targeted the bridge with machine-gun and mortar fire. Initial Canadian attempts failed to storm the bridge, leaving it covered with dead and wounded. Merritt led the next rush forward, waving his steel helmet with the rallying shout, "Come on over. There's nothing to it!"

His audacity took the enemy by surprise; one group of men followed him over the bridge and others used the girders to cross. Merritt soon had most of his surviving men on the far bank, but shortage of mortar ammunition and lack of communications to the destroyers to call for supporting fire made any further advance impossible.

Meanwhile, the company landed on the west bank of the Scie had reached its objective and sent a success signal to the operation command ship. This and one from Lord Lovat's Number 4 Commando were the only two success signals sent in the entire operation.

Finding all moves towards his objectives blocked by concrete pillboxes, Merritt led an attack on each in turn, personally killing the occupants of one by throwing grenades through the enemy's firing ports. When the last enemy strong point had been silenced, Merritt had been twice wounded and his battalion reduced to fewer than 300 men.

He held on to an improvised perimeter nevertheless, and kept contact with his section positions by moving from one to another after his runners had been killed. When the time came to move back to the beach, Merritt coolly gave instructions for an orderly withdrawal and announced his intention to hold off the enemy from a rearguard position in a small bandstand near the beach to cover the re-embarkation.

The South Saskatchewan battalion left 84 dead on Green Beach and 89 more, including Merritt and eight other officers, were taken prisoner. His citation for award of the Victoria Cross concluded: "To this commanding officer's personal daring the success of his unit's operations and the safe re-embarkation of a large portion of it were chiefly due."

Merritt was sent to prison camp Oflag VII-B at Eichstätt in Bavaria. Together with 64 others, he escaped through a 120 ft tunnel during the night of 3–4 June 1943. All were recaptured after a massive manhunt. Merritt was sentenced to 14 days' solitary confinement before being transferred to Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle. He remarked after being freed: "My war lasted six hours. There are plenty of Canadians who went all the way from the landings in Sicily to the very end." He was dismissive of his time as a prisoner of war with the words: "It was an enforced idleness. It cannot be translated into virtue."

In recognition of Merritt being the Commanding Officer of The South Saskatchewan Regiment during Operation Jubilee, four streets in the Rosemont neighbourhood of Regina were named in his honour. Charles Crescent, Cecil Crescent, Ingersoll Crescent, and Merritt Crescent.

Merritt is also remembered by a road called Merritt Drive in the City of Windsor, Ontario - the city which provided the Essex Scottish Regiment who assaulted 'Red Beach', Dieppe, as the South Saskatchewans were assaulting 'Green Beach' It is next to Tilston Drive, which refers to Major Fred Tilston VC, of the Essex Scottish Regiment who received his VC in Germany in 1945.

Postwar
After taking his release from military service in 1945, Merritt served as a Member of Parliament, being elected to the House of Commons of Canada, serving the electoral district of Vancouver—Burrard from 1945 to 1949.

Returning from Ottawa, he resumed his law practice in Vancouver and served as Commanding Officer of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada from 1951 to 1954; he later was Honorary Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment from 1963 to 1966.

Merritt served on the board of directors of Mount Pleasant War Memorial Community Cooperative Association from 1950 to 1994.

He became a valued rugby player for the Meraloma Rugby Club. Brother officers spoke with awe of his skill at the informal hockey game shinny.

Family
In 1937, he married Grace Graham, the daughter of Jamieson Bone of Belleville, Ontario; they had two sons and a daughter.

Death and burial
LCol Merritt died at the age of 91 in Vancouver on 12 July 2000.

He was buried at Ocean View Cemetery, 4000 Imperial Street, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada in the Royal Section, Plot 49, Grave #5.

Medals
The LCol Merritt, V.C., medal set, which consists of the Victoria Cross, the 1939–45 Star, the Defence Medal, the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal with Overseas and Dieppe clasps, the British War Medal 1939–45 with Mentioned in Despatches (MID), the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1953, the Canadian Centennial Medal 1967, the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal 1977, the Canada 125th Anniversary Medal and the Efficiency Decoration with Canada Bar, was donated to the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, some time after his death on 12 July 2000.

Legacy
Merritt, a graduate of the Royal Military College of Canada, is listed on the Wall of Honour in Kingston, Ontario.

Four streets in the City of Regina, the capital of Saskatchewan, are named in honour of Merritt. Charles Crescent, Cecil Crescent, Ingersoll Crescent, and Merritt Crescent.

The bridge over the River Scie in Pourville, where Merrit earned the VC, was renamed in his honour for the 50th anniversary of the raid in 1992.

In 2017, the First Year Flight of Montcalm Squadron was renamed from Savage Flight to Merritt Flight, in honour of this most distinguished graduate.

title: Charles Merritt


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General Foods

General Foods Corporation was a company whose direct predecessor was established in the United States by Charles William Post as the Postum Cereal Company in 1895.

The company changed its name to "General Foods" in 1929, after several corporate acquisitions, by Marjorie Merriweather Post after she inherited the established cereal business from her father C. W. Post. In November 1985, General Foods was acquired by Philip Morris Companies (now Altria) for $5.6 billion, the largest non-oil acquisition at the time. In December 1988, Philip Morris acquired Kraft Foods Inc., and, in 1990, combined the two food companies as Kraft General Foods. The "General Foods" name was dropped in 1995 with the corporate name being reverted back to Kraft Foods; a line of caffeinated hot beverage mixes continued to carry the General Foods International name until 2010.

Background
General Foods background can be traced to the Post Cereal Company, founded by C. W. Post in 1895 in Battle Creek, Michigan. Post was a patient at the Battle Creek Sanitarium (run by John Harvey Kellogg, brother of Kellogg Company founder Will Keith Kellogg). Post was inspired by the diet there to start his food company (and become a rival to the Kellogg brothers, who sold their own breakfast cereals). He invested $78 in his initial equipment and supplies and set up manufacturing in a barn on what was known as the 'Old Beardsley Farm'. His first product was Postum, a "cereal beverage" alternative to coffee made from wheat and molasses. The first cereal, Grape-Nuts, was developed in 1897 followed by Elijah's Manna in 1904 which was renamed Post Toasties in 1908.

In 1907 Collier's Weekly published an article questioning the claim made in advertisements for Grape Nuts that it could cure appendicitis. C. W. Post responded with advertisements questioning the mental capacity of the article's author, and Collier's Weekly sued for libel. The case was heard in 1910, and Post was fined $50,000. The decision was overturned on appeal, but advertisements for Postum products stopped making such claims.

General Foods
C.W. Post died in 1914, and his daughter Marjorie Merriweather Post took over the company. The Postum Cereals company acquired others such as Jell-O (gelatin dessert) in 1925, Walter Baker & Company (chocolate) in 1927, Maxwell House (coffee) in 1928, and other food brands.

By far the most important acquisition in 1929 was of the frozen-food company owned by Clarence Birdseye, called "General Seafood Corporation". Birdseye (December 9, 1886 - October 7, 1956) was one of the most important entrepreneurs in the history of the food industry. Born in New York City, he became interested in the frozen preservation of food during the course of working as a fur trader in Labrador between 1912 and 1916. By 1923, he had developed a commercially viable process for quick-freezing foods using a belt mechanism, which he patented. In 1924, with backing from three investors, he formed the "General Seafoods Company" in Gloucester, Massachusetts to produce frozen haddock fillets packed in plain cardboard boxes.

The founder's daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, was the first to become excited about the prospects for the frozen foods business. In 1926, she had put into port at Gloucester on her yacht, Sea Cloud, and was served a luncheon meal which, she learned to her amazement, had been frozen six months before. Despite her enthusiasm, it took Post three years to convince Postum's management to acquire the company. Postum paid $10.75 million for a 51% interest and its partner, Goldman Sachs, paid $12.5 million for the other 49%. Following this acquisition, Postum, Inc changed its name to General Foods Corporation. Goldman sold its share back to General Foods in 1932, apparently at a slight loss.

Shortly after the acquisition, General Foods began test-marketing an expanded line of frozen foods, but the company quickly realized that a packaging process alone would not be sufficient to market frozen products in stores. To be sold, the packages had to be kept frozen while on display, so Birdseye engineers began development of a freezer cabinet designed specifically to hold frozen foods. The cabinet, which first appeared in 1934, required a great deal of space and electricity, which were not readily available in most grocery stores of the period. For those stores that could accommodate them, the payback was immediate. Housewives quickly realized that keeping packages of frozen food in the icebox could mean fresher meals and fewer trips to the market.

The company published a cookbook in 1932 called the General Foods Cook Book dedicated "To the American homemaker". Five editions were published between 1932 and 1937. The book includes photographs (among which is "General Foods offers over twenty famous products for your well-stocked pantry shelf") and a subject index.

General Foods was acquired by Philip Morris Companies (now Altria) in 1985. In 1989, Phillip Morris merged General Foods with Kraft Foods Inc., which it had acquired in 1987, to form the Kraft General Foods division. The cereal brands of Nabisco were acquired in 1993. In 1995 Kraft General Foods was reorganized, and the Kraft Foods name was restored. On November 15, 2007, Kraft announced it would spin off Post Cereals and merge that business with Ralcorp Holdings. That merger was completed August 4, 2008, at which time the official name of the company became Post Foods, LLC.

title: General Foods