text:
Template talk:Sandbox heading/Archive 1

= Pre-MW-1.3 Talk =

[Clueless Question based on Confusing Two Pages that could be named "Template:Sandbox]
The following is a cut and paste from MediaWiki:Sandbox.

The text
 * To use the sandbox, click on Edit this page, scroll down to find where to make your changes, and click Save page when you are finished.

not refers to an "Edit this page" link that does not exist (at least for non-sysops), and a "Save page" link they can't reach. The damage to my self-respect at not managing to make use of it is now restored; the time i spent trying is another thing. [shrug]

The fact that it does nothing i want to do, that i can't do alrady with the regular sandbox doesn't necessarily make protecting it a bad thing, but it should at least acknowledge that it is unsuitable for experiments by non-sysops, that require actually using the page in a subst or msg. Something about what further it can do for non-sysops might be worth the effort, just to reduce the number of scratch-trash pages that get added to the namespace. (As long as i don't get confused by the irrelevant names, i don't have the need to create them, since i created at least one addressable but otherwise useless page yesterday, and i know no one will try to use the useless redirect between the time i overwrite it to experiment and the time i revert it.) --Jerzy(t) 02:22, 2004 Mar 27 (UTC)

I liked the old version. - Woodrow 02:23, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This is not the sandbox
The sandbox is found here: Sandbox. This page contains the boilerplate text for the sandbox.

 * Oh, duh! "This is not the sandbox" (which i knew) but it's not even a sandbox. Sorry, i went looking for a page in the MW name-space that could serve for that namespace (which has importantly different properties) the function that Sandbox serves for the other name-spaces, and hey, i found it, or thot i had.  Maybe what i really want should exist, with a name like MediaWiki:Sandbox for MediaWiki-name-space tests.  Name critiques welcome before i create. --Jerzy(t) 03:20, 2004 Mar 27 (UTC)

Proposal

 * Ah, Sleep, that knittes upp the ravvelled sleave of Care; that washeth cleen the clouded ey of Insight!

--Jerzy(t) 13:24, 2004 Mar 27 (UTC)
 * 1) Change "use the sandbox" to "use this sandbox".
 * 2) Change "The sandbox is" to "The sandboxes are".
 * 3) Optionally, add " or one in another name space ".
 * 4) Move "MediaWiki:Sandbox" to "MediaWiki:Sandbox message".
 * 5) Protect MediaWiki:Sandbox message.
 * 6) Change the content of Sandbox to "".
 * 7) Overwrite the resulting redirect in Template:Sandbox to read "".
 * 8) Unprotect Template:Sandbox.

A mediawiki namespace sandbox is a great idea. I've wanted to experiment with them before and have created new ones, which was ok as I could delete them afterwards, but for non-sysops, a practice page is definitely needed. I think the title should be Mediawiki:sandbox, and this page should become something else. Maybe Mediawiki:sbox just so it's short and quick to type whenever the message needs to be re-added to the Sandbox. Angela. 17:32, Mar 27, 2004 (UTC)

slight change
"Feel free to try out your skills at formatting here" makes some new users think that they are supposed to try there skills at How to edit a page. Check out how many episodes of IP edits that we think are vandalism. It is most probably people coming from the Sandbox.

I am changing "the sandbox" to "this sandbox" to further the idea that THIS is the sandbox, not any other place. Secondly, I removed the embedded link in "skills at formatting." Lastly, I encouraged the users to come back to the sandbox to do their tests. Kingturtle 02:00, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Just a question:
 * "You can also visit a sandbox in another language. Note that content added here will not stay permanently."

Is this so? If you look at the page history you can find everthing even back to two years ago. -- Taku 02:14, Apr 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, it doesn't cover everything. The page was moved to Raqs al sharqi last November and deleted, removing 6055 edits from the history. Angela. 10:28, Apr 1, 2004 (UTC)

Small addition
Could an admin add this to the top of the message:

 Shorthand: WP:SB

Or, preferably, could an admin unprotect the page so I can add it? Or, even more preferably, could a beaureaucrat sysop me so I can add it?

Hoping for the latter option, Woodrow XXIIIII, Emperor of the United States, Minister of Ministry 21:17, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I carried out the first request. The second is a bad idea as the page is likely to be confused with the real sandbox and people will just put nonsense in it. No comment on the third request. :) Angela. 03:10, Apr 20, 2004 (UTC)

= MW 1.3 and on to the Future =

Two More Suggestions
I have two suggestions of changes to make to this template. First, I generally think the shortcut template is a good idea, but there are certain pages where I see it as more of a distraction than something helpful. For a newcomer to Wikipedia, I think the it would be more confusing than helpful (since understanding it would mean clicking on the shortcut link, reading through the redirects, understanding redirects, etc. -- more things to overwhelm them and scare them away). I propose removing it from this particular page. Second, is newcomer googlebombing on the sandbox really a big enough issue to be included in this template message? Again, I see that as more of a distraction than something the needs to be stated. Just my two cents... – Jrdioko (Talk)  17:15, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Sandboxing in the Template: Namespace
I had started to write:
 * I admit, from my now exalted [wink] perspective as an admin, that there might be something to the idea that only admins should be mucking about with Templates. [wink]

 * Despite that, and although no one has carried it out, i still think the idea of a Sandbox in the Template namespace is cleaner and more efficient than creating disposable sandboxes and then deleting them.

And then i recalled that the main thing that is special abt the Template: namespace is that it is the default when no namespace is specified inside a "transclusion operator" (which may or may not be the right term). So for anyone else who's slow at thinking it through: prototype templates in the WP namespace's Sandbox, or on a User: namespace subpage, and don't waste time worrying about having a Sandbox in the Template: namespace.

Thanks for your time. [smile] --Jerzy(t) 14:14, 2004 Jun 29 (UTC)

Proposed changes
I would like to propose a change to the Sandbox template. I'd like to see something like the following:

Proposed version start

''This page is for editing experiments. Feel free to try your skills at formatting here, where no one will criticize your edits. If you are new to Wikipedia, consider reading the tutorial to learn how to edit pages.''

''To use the Sandbox, click on edit this page, make your changes, and click Save page when you are finished. Note that content added here will not stay permanently.''

For more information about the Sandbox and testing, see About the Sandbox.

Proposed version end

Now, the changes I made and their justifications:
 * 1) Removed the shortcut message — I feel that the Sandbox (as well as other "newcomer pages") should be as user-friendly and simplified as possible. If a newcomer visits this page before they get used to working with the site (as they hopefully should), they won't be familiar with the system of shortcuts, and clicking on the shortcut link and viewing related pages, in my opinion, is likely to overwhelm them with information they don't need to see so early. While I think the WP:SB link should still exist and can be used by those familiar with the site, there's no need to introduce shortcuts to someone who just wants to test how the site works.
 * 2) Changed "This sandbox" to "This page" at the beginning ("This sandbox" as opposed to what other sandboxes? What is a sandbox? etc.)
 * 3) Replaced the second half of the first paragraph — The tutorial has a link to How to edit a page at the end, and is more of a user-friendly introduction to the site, so I feel that's the only link that's needed. The new wording emphasizes that the tutorial is used to learn how to edit pages, and is a good first stop for new users.
 * 4) In the second paragraph, "this sandbox" -> "the sandbox" — Again, "this sandbox" instead of what other sandboxes?
 * 5) Reword the "how to use the sandbox" section to sound better, reflect the Monobook changes, and allow a direct click on "edit this page"
 * 6) Removed the sentence regarding googlebombing — Unless we've had a major problem with the Sandbox being used for this before, I again feel it's not something that's necessary for all new users to see, since it almost suggests it's necessary for them to follow the googlebombing link and understand that concept before they can use the Sandbox. Also, if the community agrees, this information would be included on a separate page (see the last point in this list).
 * 7) Capitalized "Sandbox" — In my opinion, "sandbox" refers to a sandbox, and "Sandbox" refers to a Sandbox.
 * 8) Removed the last two paragraphs — I see more information being added to this Sandbox template every time I look at it, and each one is helping to make it more confusing and potentially frustrating for new users, in my opinion. I'd like to see the basic template contain only the text I proposed above. However, to explain the other concepts associated with it, I'd suggest creating a page entitled something like About the Sandbox or Sandbox/About (although I prefer the former because of Do not use subpages). This page would include all the encoding information as well as what is currently on the "International" page. I've created a suggestion of what this page would look like at User:Jrdioko/Wikipedia:About the Sandbox. For consistency, please put any comments about that page here rather than on that talk page.

Please put all comments below rather than under each point above to avoid confusion. Thanks! – Jrdioko (Talk)  23:54, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Good work.

I think Preview should be mentioned: its use is not needed on this page itself, but one should learn things correctly from the beginning.

"click on edit this page" is ambiguous, may be change to

"click on edit this page (this link or the one on the edge of the page)"

On the other page:

 * use skin-independent descriptions, not "on the side", but "on the edge".
 * links to other projects are possible, but work differently.

--Patrick 07:04, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Good! As a full-time tech writer, I know that people don't read much at all--they read a little and jump in, unless they're *very* inexperienced, n which case they read everything carefully and either die from info overload or give up because there's too much to read. And everyone pretty much knows about clicking buttons and such, so it's possible to label them too much. So I propose more simplification:

 * This page is for editing experiments. Feel free to try out your skills at formatting here, where no one will criticize your edits. If you are new to Wikipedia and haven't done so already, you might want to read consider reading the tutorial to learn how to edit pages.

 * To use the Sandbox, click on ::edit this page, make your changes, and click on the Save page button when you are finished. Note that content added here will not stay permanently.

Elf | Talk 20:54, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments so far. I made Elf's changes to the proposed version above, although I'm not sure if she was suggesting removing the "About the Sandbox" link (I still think that should be in there). As far as Patrick's ideas, I agree that preview is important, but disagree that it's important enough to be mentioned on this message. It is mentioned in the tutorial, and anyone who follows that link will learn about it. The same goes for the "edit this link" ambiguity. The first section of the tutorial has a nice description of that link, and I think it's fine if Sandbox users click directly on "edit this page" until they read the tutorial and learn about the other options for editing (again going on the philosophy that less is more). As for the other page, I agree with Patrick's suggestions and will head over there now to make those changes.    – Jrdioko  (Talk)  22:10, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right; I didn't include the last sentence because I wasn't suggesting any changes to it. Elf | Talk 23:10, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This has been here for awhile with no other comments, so I've made the change. – Jrdioko (Talk)  21:01, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sandboxpaste
I changed to  on Sandbox since I can't see why this change was made. It seems to defeat the purpose of having a protected template in the first place. However, if I'm missing something, feel free to revert/discuss. – Jrdioko (Talk)  21:21, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The point is you need to when you use it, not just leaving it as a transcluded message. If you do that, you get  AND a html comment asking not to remove the line. The header can then be replaced in one line. Dysprosia 06:59, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Eloquence's version
Hmm... interesting changes, but I'd have to say I don't like this wording at all. I think that the original version was much too long, but don't feel shortening it more and more will help any. As long as the template isn't taking up paragraphs and paragraphs, it's better to have a quality message rather than losing that just for the sake of shortening it. I personally think this version sounds much too intimidating for new users. The extra wording that was removed, in my opinion, makes the template sound more friendly. I also strongly feel the tutorial needs to be in the message itself rather than in a table on the side. It's much better to explain what the tutorial is and that it might be a good place to start for new users rather than having a link on the side. Finally, once again, I don't see the need for a link to the test wiki. The "About" link explains this already, and the vast majority of Sandbox users just want to edit a page, not create a new page (the ones that create new "test pages," I believe, are doing so because they want to practice editing and didn't know about the Sandbox, not because they saw the Sandbox and felt the needed to learn how to create a page as well). Also, at least on my computer, the table on the right extends down past the horizontal line, making the template less separated from the rest of the Sandbox. I think the current format is more likely to frustrate newcomers with excess information (clicking on the Test Wiki link and being overwhelmed with everything there) and could be a little more inviting.

Finally, perhaps I misunderstood. I thought the protected page guidelines instructed sysops to discuss any major proposed changes on the appropriate talk page and wait for comments before making changes to a protected page. I understand the concept of being bold, but I thought consensus was required to edit a protected page (since non-sysops can't just go in and make bold changes). The above comments are obviously just my opinion, but I'd like to see a little bit of community input before changing this. I don't mean to be overly passionate about this template, but I feel strongly about the impression Wikipedia gives to newcomers (that's why I've put welcome messages on the talk pages of hundreds of them). If this Sandbox is one of the first pages they visit (as it should be), this template is going to play a part in deciding what the user thinks of Wikipedia and whether they decide to stay. – Jrdioko (Talk)  04:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The longer the text, the less likely it is that people will actually read it. Furthermore, if it occupies too much screen space, newbies will get confused because their changes are not immediately visible.

 * "How do I start a new page" is one of the most frequent questions that people ask, and it's important to give them an easy way to explore this functionality - the sandbox alone is not sufficient for this purpose. That's what the Test-Wiki is for, and that's why it should be prominently linked. The "About" link, on the other hand, is rather pointless - most people don't follow such links because they are too vague.

 * The idea of the sandbox is for people to first of all play around with the basic wiki idea -- recognize that they can edit pages, create new pages etc. When they want to learn the details, the "Tutorial" and "Help" links are virtually everywhere.Eloquence* 15:46, Jul 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that many newcomers want to know how to start a new page, but I believe our response should be to actually answer that question; that is, to point out How to start a page, rather than directing them to another testing space. That's great if they go to the Test-Wiki, but that doesn't tell them how to create a page any more than going to our Main Page does (actually, I'd argue, less, because it lacks the appropriate links). If I were a newbie and followed the Test-Wiki link that would apparently let me test and create new pages, I believe my reaction would be: "Now what?" Nothing on the Test Main Page gets them any closer to knowing how to create pages or contribute to Wikipedia.

 * The purpose of the About link was to make that information available somewhere so that it could be deleted from the main template. The encoding explanation would be useful to many, but not to the newcomers who would be visiting the site for the first time.

 * The Tutorial link is on several pages, but that isn't really relevant. If someone finds Wikipedia, comes directly to the Sandbox, and makes a test, that's all of Wikipedia that they're going to see at that point. I think it's much better to clearly show them there how to continue the learning process with the next logical step rather than expecting them to go searching for a tutorial or a page that links there. Finally, just as most people don't follow "About" links because they are too vague, I'd argue that the same people wouldn't follow "Tutorial" links for the same reason if it's not clear that that tutorial is for new users who want to contribute and learn how to edit pages. I think having an inviting, clear message here is much more important than getting it so small that we satisfy the one-in-one-hundred who is so new to computers that they don't understand how to scroll down the page.

 * Finally, I would appreciate a response from you regarding the policy for editing protected pages. Protection policy states: For [semi-permanently protected pages], admins must be cautious about editing and do so in accordance with consensus and any specific guidelines on the subject. In many cases it is appropriate for a sysop to first raise the issue on the relevant talk page, as a non-sysop would have to do. I'm curious why you felt it wasn't appropriate to first discuss this on the talk page. Thanks!    – Jrdioko  (Talk)  17:32, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It is a fallacy that a long text will somehow be "clearer". I believe that in this case and in many similar ones, a prominent link -- which is clearly labeled "editing tutorial" -- will in fact be more useful. A tutorial is almost per definition directed at newcomers, so wrapping the link inside some additional text is going to do nothing but waste more screen space and possibly intimidate newbies.

 * The link to the Test-Wiki is important so people have a clearly designated space where they can experiment with creating new pages. Wikipedia proper is not that space, and if we only make people aware of that fact behind a vague "About" link, we can't complain if they go around creating nonsense pages from the sandbox which we have to clean up. In the current version, the text "creating new pages" points to the howto, so your criticism that users don't actually learn about how to do it is invalid.

 * As for editing protected pages, that's really only an issue if the page is in an edit war. This is not a sensitive page. I don't really see why it is protected in the first place, as it only used on one page and any vandalism can be quickly fixed.Eloquence* 18:34, Jul 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't say that making it longer would automatically make it clearer, but possibly more friendly. I liked the "where no one will criticize your edits," for example. I have no idea how text like this could possibly intimidate newbies. I see being taken to the Test-Wiki and being confused about how the two sites are related and how they both work as much more likely to intimidate and confuse than a line saying "If you are new, you might want to..." or "no one will criticize your edits." Unless you have a very small screen and giant font size, even adding an entire extra paragraph to the template won't "waste" a significant amount of screen space, and, again, I feel the quality of the message should be more important than an effort to squeeze it down to as minimal a description as possible.

 * I didn't notice that "creating new pages" link, so I see now how this makes more sense. However, there is still much lacking. For example, take a look at that howto itself. There are three ways listed to start a page. The first is to create it from an existing link which doesn't apply since any red links here would direct to en:, not the test wiki. The second is to directly edit the URL, but the http://www.wikipedia.org link explained on the howto would create an en: page, not a test: page. Finally, creating a link from the Sandbox would work if the user understood the distinction between the en: and test: Sandboxes, which I doubt they would at the first visit to the site. If we're afraid of intimidating new users by putting too much text on the screen, we should be even more worried about intimidating them by directing them to an entirely different Wikipedia and expecting them to understand how to use it. I can see how information on how to create a test page is important to include, but I don't feel your edit solves the problem. Perhaps a start would be to include the Test-Wiki information on How to start a page (perhaps at the top). Then the Sandbox template could link to that page alone (and not the Test-Wiki directly), with explanatory text like you already have along the lines of: "To experiment with creating new pages...." I think this would be much more helpful than a direct link to test:, since it would show at least a minimal explanation of what the Test-Wiki is an how to use it rather than throwing them in headfirst. In fact, the current version is probably more likely to result in "newbie tests" on en: since following the howto link will tell them how to create pages on en:, not test:.

 * If I understand correctly, this page was protected for several reasons. First, and most obviously, if the people that are testing in the Sandbox find this template message, they'd be likely to vandalize/test here as well. I think it's much easier to protect it than deal with constant vandalism. The other reason that I saw discussed above is the fact that some would think Template:Sandbox was a Sandbox for testing with templates rather than an in-use template itself. Lastly, I don't mean this in an accusative way, but have you read Protection policy? That page (which is linked to when you edit this page) makes it pretty clear in my opinion that editing protected pages isn't only an issue when there is an edit war. There are more strict rules when dealing with temporarily protected pages, but it states that sysops must still must be cautious about editing and do so in accordance with consensus and any specific guidelines on the subject when dealing with pages such as this. It seems that, to edit a semi-permanently protected page, a sysop should either discuss it on the talk page or have a good reason why that wasn't necessary.    – Jrdioko  (Talk)  20:00, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) I'm fine with moving the test-wiki link to the "How to start a page" tutorial, as long as that link itself is still prominently included in the sandbox. 2) I can agree with making the preface slightly more friendly, but I think we should set a limit for how long we want the whole thing to be. Right now without the sidebar links it's about 350 chars. I'd say a maximum of 400 chars would be fine. 3) The advice to be cautious is there to warn sysops against making controversial edits. This was not by any reasonable definition a controversial edit. This is a wiki, people will edit what you write. Get used to it.--Eloquence*

 * I'll make the change to How to start a page and see if there is a succint way to make the message more friendly when I have a bit. However I would like to respond to your criticism and comment on protected pages. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I've interpreted Protection policy as that, a policy, rather than simply advice to be cautious as you put it. I understand the concept of a Wiki, and I'm perfectly fine with people being bold and editing what I write. I disagree, however, with your interpretation of protection policy. In the section on editing semi-permanently protected pages (such as this), that policy states that sysops must edit in accordance with consensus and "in many cases" raise the issue on the talk page. I believed that this was a case when that was appropriate (since non-sysops can't be bold and make changes themselves, so proposing a change on the talk page is the only way they could contribute their points of view). Even if it is, as you say, only a warning against making controversial edits, I disagree that your edit was not "by any reasonable definition a controversial edit." My dictionary defines controversial as "marked by or capable of arousing a dispute where there is strong disagreement." I'd say your edit was capable of arousing strong disagreement (although the only part about which I can say I strongly disagree is the Test-Wiki link).

 * However, I think it's rather pointless for us to discuss such insignificant points since the important point has been resolved. I'd just like to pass along a suggestion. I feel that sysops and developers on Wikipedia should act as an example to their fellow editors. It is generally advisable to adopt a policy of kindness and gentle explanation towards those you disagree with or feel are incorrect. In my humble opinion, I feel it's a bit immature to resort to a response like, "people will edit what you write, get used to it." Thank you for your comments and explanation on the above issues.    – Jrdioko  (Talk)  23:58, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Even an absolutely literal reading of the policy (and Wikipedia policies, being changed daily by people like you and me, aren't meant to be taken literally but are supposed to be flexible, cf. Ignore all rules) does not allow for my actions to be interpreted as a violation. The policy specifically states that in many cases prior discussion is appropriate. It does not state in which cases, so we have to think for ourselves. We have to think about matters such: When is there any harm? How important is the page in question? How many people might be offended? How significant is the desired edit?

 * This is a sandbox template. The interest and stake in this page is minimal. My edit was a minor reorganization. This is exactly the kind of change a sysop is supposed to boldly make, in order to move Wikipedia forward. If we followed your advice, we'd still be stuck in the year 2001 - because we'd never get anything done, with people too afraid to step on anyone's toes over entirely trivial matters.

 * Matters like this can be discussed in order to reach a mutually acceptable solution. That's what talk pages are for. Compromise happens, it works, and we'd already have reached one to our mutual satisfaction if you had left out your entirely unjustifiable accusation. You yourself are a sysop and are as empowered to edit this page as I am. You can easily work with me to resolve any differences of opinion you have. Being anal and accusing others of violating rules which you evidently do not fully understand is not a good way to make friends. If you care so much about courtesy, then you should stop attacking people who share your goals and are trying to improve your work.--Eloquence*

 * I believe you misunderstood me if you viewed my discussion of Protection policy as a personal attack on you - I certainly didn't intend it as such. I suppose I just hold a different view of how policy should be interpreted. Obviously Ignore all rules can't be taken literally either, since it wouldn't be fine for me to go around vandalizing all protected pages just because I didn't feel like following the rules. I agree that they are meant to be flexible, but I saw that flexibility in a different way. I'm not trying to imply that all changes to all pages should be discussed for weeks. I just feel that, for a template such as this that is seen much more than other pages, non-sysops should get at least a chance to get their two cents in before a change. I think it's worth it to give them that chance beforehand, and you think people should edit boldly and discuss afterwards. I think these are both valid philosophies on editing, and we should leave it at that.    – Jrdioko  (Talk)  19:28, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Test wiki does not seem to exist anymore.
I get Wiki does not exist.--Patrick 23:52, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's only a temporary disappearance. It should be back soon. Angela. 18:38, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

Sandbox Message Disappearance
Please add something about not removing the message. It is REALLY annoying (or just a ginormic pet peeve). Also, can somebody stop the anon who's putting one three-mile long line of y's which are impossible to select completely forcing one such as me to go back at least 5 revisions (with other anons) to restore the sandbox to relative order. (Punctuation errors may ensue because this is a rant and I forgot which punctuation to place at the end.) Ilyanep (Talk) 19:05, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Use instead of this template. That includes the message about not removing it. Angela. 10:19, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, thanks. But I think people still like to move it even with that comment line. That's what I was here about Ilyanep (Talk) 12:31, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't forget you need to subst: it. Otherwise you don't get that benefit. Dysprosia 07:03, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

InterWiki's
si:Wikipedia:Peskovnik simple:Wikipedia:Sandbox sq:Wikipedia:Livadhi sv:Wikipedia:Sandldan th:Wikipedia:Sandbox zh:Wikipedia:& to the template and if possible links to other languages as well. Regards Gangleri 19:51, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)
 * Please add at least ar:Wikipedia:Sandbox & bn:Wikipedia:Sandbox ca:Viquipèdia:Pàgina de proves cy:Wicipedia:Bocs_swnd cs:Wikipedie:P%C3%ADskovi%C5%A1t%C4%9B de:Wikipedia:Spielwiese eo:Vikipedio:Testejo es:Wikipedia:Zona de pruebas el:Wikipedia:& Hiekkalaatikko fr:Wikipédia:Bac à sable ga:Vicipid:Clár dubh Tigh-cluiche hu:Wikipédia:Homokozó & ia:Wikipedia:Sabliera ja:Wikipedia:& & la:Wikipedia:Pagina experimentalis mg:Wikipedia:Fasika toerana Sandbox nl:Wikipedia:Zandbak no:Wikipedia:Sandkasse pl:Wikipedia:Brudnopis pt:Wikipedia:Caixa de Areia ro:Wikipedia:Cutia cu nisip ru:Wikipadia:&

 * This was done some time ago.

Instruction
I think it's starting to verge on instruction creep with having to keep asking users not to remove the message line from the sandbox. Either it's mentioned in the template, or in a comment when edited. It's a little too much otherwise,and it will encourage narky people to just delete the line anyway. Dysprosia 11:16, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't noticed the commented line in the sandbox. So either the commented line and/or the notice in the template is fine for me. Sorry for the revert. :) --Conti|✉ 22:03, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)

Message
I suggest we add this text to this template:

Also, please do not remove this template.

A common habit I've seen lately in Wikipedia is to remove this template. 66.245.3.195 17:17, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * should not be used directly. If you add instead, you'll get the sandbox message along with a  message. Angela. 10:46, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * You need to use, not just  .  —AlanBarrett 19:18, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Please add vi:
The Vietnamese Wikipedia now officially has a sandbox. Could a sysop please add the interwiki link? Since this wiki gets indigestion with Vietnamese Unicode characters, you'll need to add, instead of the normal HTML character entities. Thanks. – [[User:Mxn|Minh Nguyễn (talk, blog) ]] 00:57, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. Angela. 10:46, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

Please add nn
nn:Wikipedia:Sankasse --Dittaeva 14:10, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. 10:58, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Forbid redirection
It should be forbidden to create a redirect in the Sandbox. Gerritholl aka Topjaklont | Talk 16:27, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Please add da
The Danish Sandbox is located at Wikipedia:Sandkassen, hence please add  da:Wikipedia:Sandkassen  to the template. Thanks, ∫eb²+1[ talk ]  15:26, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * This has been done.

Edit link
Is it possible that changing the edit link in Template:Sandbox to action=edit&section=1 would decrease the no. of newbies messing up with the message? An appropriate section title could be added to Template:Sandboxpaste. -- Paddu 15:07, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Small layout change
I moved the grey box to below the shorthand box, instead of beside it. I think it looks better this way. ?Josh Lee 02:06, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem having it below, but on my screen, the grey box runs into the text about the Test-wikipedia and extends beyond the horizontal rule. I'll see if I can tweak it.  (FWIW, I'm using Firefox).  --Theodore Kloba 21:59, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hey cool that looks even nicer and cleaner. (BTW that question mark is the reason wikipedia should switch to UTF-8. I was aiming for an em dash.) --Josh Lee 04:51, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)

Games
Do they have to be subpages of the sandbox? Why not Games/Hangman, etc? Dysprosia 09:14, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think they should be user subpages. Wikipedia: is for infrastructure needed in creating an encyclopaedia, and I think it's rather hard to argue hangman is… --fvw *  18:32, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

Changes
I've changed the look of this, a bit. Sorry if you people don't like it. ✏ Oven Fresh ☺  01:59, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rename to Template:Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)
Introduction 2 is another sandbox-like place. I haven't measured carefully, but it appears to me that the page heading over there gets modified by newbie tests much less often than happens at Sandbox. I suspect that the more easily understandable heading is responsible for this; Introduction 2 uses a template called Template:Please leave this line alone, so people editing the page see: <!-- CHANGE THE TEXT BELOW THIS LINE --> whereas people editing Sandbox see: <!-- Do not remove this line -->

I suggest renaming Template:Sandbox to Template:Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading) in an attempt to get a similar benefit for Sandbox. —AlanBarrett 19:24, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Since there were no objections, I have renamed the page. —AlanBarrett 16:48, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Genius! --Theodore Kloba 21:08, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think Introduction 2 is going to have its header modified less for other reasons, as people who arrive at Introduction 2 will probably be more cautious and intent on contributing instead of just "ooh, can I edit this?". Still, this is worth a shot, and as long as we don't have to type out the template name when raking (but can instead just use sandboxpaste), I think it's worth a try. --fvw *  22:33, 2005 Jan 10 (UTC)

 * A novel idea. -- Itai 01:40, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

User:JarlaxleArtemis renamed it from Template:Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading) to Template:Sandbox. Was this move discussed anywhere? I didn't see any discussion, and am inclined to revert. —AlanBarrett 10:24, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, he moved it back (thanks). —AlanBarrett 11:19, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Modular use
I have changed the edit link so that it may be used on any sandbox within the Wikipedia namespace.
 * Additionally, for any other sandbox, you may use: Template:Please leave this line alone (personal sandbox heading)

-- AllyUnion (talk) 10:29, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Template:TemplateSandbox
I suggest that Template:Sandbox be redirected to the sandbox for templates: Template:TemplateSandbox Or is Template:Sandbox supposed to be used to label every sandbox page (how many are there?). I did not examine doing the rename myself because I do not know the behavior of the bot which automatically replaces the contents of Wikipedia:Sandbox and did not want the wrong default being copied. (SEWilco 14:49, 1 May 2005 (UTC))

Template:Please leave this line alone (tutorial sandbox heading)
Template:Please leave this line alone (tutorial sandbox heading) is a version without interwiki links. Please do not redirect that template to this template or include this template into Template:Please leave this line alone (tutorial sandbox heading). Template:Please leave this line alone (tutorial sandbox heading)'s primary purpose is to be placed on the Talk pages since interwiki links do not work on the Talk namespace. -- AllyUnion (talk) 01:41, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Notice! Wikipedia talk:Sandbox...
The Wikipedia talk:Sandbox will be using Template:Please leave this line alone (sandbox talk heading) due to the problems with interwiki links. Furthermore, it can not use Template:Please leave this line alone (tutorial sandbox heading) since Wikipedia talk:Sandbox is cleaned every 12 hours. Please do not include Template:Please leave this line alone (sandbox talk heading) into Template:Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading) due to technical reasons. See Meta-templates considered harmful -- AllyUnion (talk) 07:35, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Sandbox heading/Archive 1


text:
User:Abe Lincoln

According to the Famous Leader Test I'm supposedly an Abraham Lincoln type. That's why I dared to adopt his name for this project.

On my bookshelf

 * Immortality and the other novels and essays - Milan Kundera
 * Breakfast of Champions - Kurt Vonnegut
 * The Castle - Franz Kafka

In my cinema

 * Léolo - Jean-Claude Lauzon (1992)
 * Arizona Dream - Emir Kusturica (1993)
 * Brazil - Terry Gilliam (1985)
 * Rumble Fish - Francis Ford Coppola (1983)

de:Benutzer:Abe Lincoln es:Usuario:Abe Lincoln

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Abe Lincoln


text:
Category:Radio stations in North Dakota

Radio stations in the U.S. state of North Dakota.

title: Category:Radio stations in North Dakota


text: User talk:207.109.197.11

title: User talk:207.109.197.11


text:
Mys-Tech

Mys-Tech is a fictional organisation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They were depicted as a shadowy Faustian organisation who acted as the main villains in a range of initially successful but short-lived comics launched in the US by Marvel UK in the 1990s. Some of these stories also were published in anthology form in the UK in the Marvel UK comic Overkill.

They first appeared in Warheads #1 (June 1992) and were created by John Freeman, Nick Vince, Gary Erskine, and John Beeston.

Fictional origins
The board of Mys-Tech, a multinational corporation, were originally seven mages who in 987 sold their souls to the demon Mephisto in exchange for immortality. The Mys-Tech board members must provide a steady stream of souls to the demon otherwise they will breach their contract and their own souls will be forfeit. Over the years the board accumulated power and wealth and in the modern age this power and wealth became a business empire.

Board members
The seven mages who became the board of Mys-Tech were:
 * Algernon Crowe
 * Bronwen Gryffn
 * Ranulph Haldane
 * Eadmund Porlock
 * Brendan Rathcoole
 * Gudrun Tyburn
 * Ormond Wychwood

Headquarters
Mys-Tech operated as a respectable business but hidden beneath one of their front organisations, The Museum of Pagan Antiquities at Canary Wharf in London they had constructed a fantastic underground headquarters. These headquarters were used to house the arcane magical technologies the board used to increase their power and keep the supply of souls flowing to Mephisto. Chief amongst these was the Un-Earth, a macabre microcosm of the planet used in a similar fashion to a voodoo doll. The headquarters also housed extensive biotech labs. It was in one of these labs that the genetically engineered assassin named Julius Mullarkey, also known as Killpower, was created by Mys-Tech scientist Dr. Oonagh Mullarkey. The headquarters were also the base for the Warheads, Mys-Tech's mercenaries who travel through wormholes collecting sophisticated technology for their masters.

Enemies
Mys-Tech featured as villains in many of the titles launched by Marvel UK in their 1990s US expansion. The characters featured in these titles included Dark Angel (previously known as Hell's Angel), Death's Head, the partners Motormouth and Killpower, and the Knights of Pendragon. The Warheads Kether Troop also later went on to rebel against their masters.

The scarred cyborg Badhand has confronted Mys-Tech forces multiple times. Notably, he has spied on the Warheads, allied himself with Nick Fury and assisted Cable with a theft from Mys-Tech's vaults.

Mys-Tech also came up against other Marvel Universe characters such as the X-Men, although they never appeared outside of the Marvel UK imprint.

Mys-Tech Wars
In the mini-series Mys-Tech Wars (1993), by Dan Abnett and Bryan Hitch, their forces fought most of the Marvel Universe's assembled heroes. In the resulting demonic invasion, many of Earth's heroes (including a majority of the Avengers, Fantastic Four, X-Men, Spider-Man, Ghost Rider, and Nick Fury) were slaughtered. However, due to the surviving heroes' efforts, the entire event was erased from history. As such, only a few, such as Doctor Strange, Professor X, and Motormouth, actually remember what had happened.

In a later attempt to destroy all superheroes, the board transform themselves into younger versions. In the same issue, they cause the formation of a psychic being that is the result of their centuries of malice. It is called the 'Anti-Being'. They try to team up in a bid to dominate all reality but lose the being to the cyborg Death's Head.

Finally, they attempted to get out of their contract with Mephisto by sending all of Britain to Hell. The country's heroes fought them back at the Battle of London Bridge (later covered up) and took the Museum of Pagan Antiquities, sending the board to Hell instead and leaving the group seemingly gone for good. S.H.I.E.L.D. stepped in to handle the clean-up, keeping MI:13 out of the loop so they could hoard the technology for themselves.

Years later, various Mys-Tech bases became active again and it was believed the group was returning; it turned out instead to be a hell-warped Killpower leading a second demonic invasion, all an elaborate move by Mephisto to end all his Mys-Tech contracts and return all the energies he had tied up in abandoned bases and weaponry.

title: Mys-Tech


text:
Appolo Ohanga

Appolo Ohanga was the first black Kenyan cabinet minister in the Colonial Period.

Born in 1913 at Got Regea in Siaya, Nyanza Province, the late Benaiah Appolo Ohanga was the son of the late Ongewe Okelo and Alicia Obura.

Education
After passing his Common Entrance Examination in 1927 he joined Maseno School in 1928. At Maseno, the late Carey Francis recognized his unique ability and within two years, Mr Ohanga had taken his final exams for Secondary and teacher training education.

He then proceeded to Alliance High School in 1931 for Senior Secondary education and qualified for entrance to University in 1933.

However, he was prevailed upon by Carey Francis to join him in training teachers at Maseno Central School. He, therefore, returned to Maseno as a tutor and consequently taught some of his classmates.

He was a keen musician and an accomplished organist. In 1943, he was elevated to the same rank as graduate teachers in recognition of his outstanding ability. Whilst at Maseno, he got married in 1943 to Truphosa Margaret Okinyo, a school teacher, and they had ten children, Veronica, Victor, Jerusha, Hudson, Mildred, Catherine, Patricia, Christopher, David and Eric.

Political life
From 1946 to 1947, he was Secretary to the Language Committee of all Nilotic languages.

In 1947 he was nominated to the Kenya Legislative Council. He became the first African in Kenya to hold a Cabinet post when he rose to the position of Minister for Community Development and Rehabilitation in 1954, a post he held until 1957.

He then joined the Civil Service as an Education Officer in the Ministry of Education, and later moved to the Ministry of Home Affairs where he was in charge of approved schools. During his tenure in the Civil Service, he was very active in the Trade Union Movement and served as President of the Civil Servants Union and first President of Central Organization of Trade Unions(COTU).

Upon his retirement from the Civil Service in 1972, he became the Chief Executive of the Kenya Senior Civil Servants Association.

In the course of his career he visited many foreign countries including India, Germany, United States of America and, severally, Great Britain. In his various capacities he traveled extensively all over Kenya and East Africa, and, until his death, he could still recall vividly by name the various personalities he met in those areas.

He retired from the Senior Civil Servants Association in 1975 and dedicated his time to his family, farming, church and community matters.

In 1986, he was awarded the Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya by President Daniel Arap Moi.

Ohanga died on January 23, 1992, at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi.

title: Appolo Ohanga


text:
Let America be America Again

"Let America Be America Again" is a poem written in 1935 by American poet Langston Hughes. It was originally published in the July 1936 issue of Esquire Magazine. The poem was republished in the 1937 issue of Kansas Magazine and was revised and included in a small collection of Langston Hughes poems entitled A New Song, published by the International Workers Order in 1938.

The poem speaks of the American dream that never existed for the lower-class American and the freedom and equality that every immigrant hoped for but never received. In his poem, Hughes represents not only African Americans, but other economically disadvantaged and minority groups as well.

The title of this poem was used by Democratic United States senator John Kerry as a campaign slogan in his 2004 presidential campaign.

Let America Be America Again: Conversations with Langston Hughes, edited by Christopher C. De Santis and published by Oxford University Press in 2022, is a collection of speeches and conversational essays by, and interviews with, Langston Hughes.

title: Let America be America Again


text:
User:IJzeren Jan

Subpage: User:IJzeren Jan/List Of Conlang-Related Articles Welcome!

I'm not a person who likes talking about himself, so I will limit myself to the necessary. My real name is Jan van Steenbergen, I was born on June 3, 1970 (on the same day when Hjalmar Schacht died), and I live in Zaandam, near Amsterdam. Educated as a specialist on Eastern Europe, mainly Poland, I've worked as a journalist, as a translator, and (currently) as a software engineer in a bank. My main interests are: Poland and Ukraine; language, particularly constructed languages; Classical music; history. I am mostly active in the Dutch Wikipedia, under user name IJzeren Jan. Here I will probably mostly be dealing with interwiki links, and perhaps small modifications of existing articles. Also, I might dig up interesting stuff to translate into Dutch or Polish.

My user name, IJzeren Jan literally means Iron Jan. How so? Well, during my student years I used to play computer games from time to time, and "IJzeren Jan" was one of my favourite nicknames I used in highscores. Later I almost automatically used it in my e-mail address, and now as my Wikipedia user name. Only much later I learnt that IJzeren Jan was also the nickname of my famous countryman Jan Pieterszoon Coen, who also happens to be the symbol of my native town Hoorn.

I am the author of several constructed languages, two of which, Wenedyk and Interslavic, are listed in the English wiki. More about this and other things can be found on my home page, http://steen.free.fr/.

Best regards,

Jan

nl:Gebruiker:IJzeren Jan

title: User:IJzeren Jan


text:
Tenkiller Ferry Lake

Tenkiller Ferry Lake, or more simply, Lake Tenkiller, is a reservoir in eastern Oklahoma formed by the damming of the Illinois River. The earth-fill dam was constructed between 1947 and 1952 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers for purposes of flood control, hydroelectric power generation, water supply and recreation. It went into full operation in 1953. The lake and dam were named for the Tenkiller family, prominent Cherokees who owned the land and ferry that were bought for the project. This is the 6th largest lake in Oklahoma, based on water capacity.

Geography
The lake covers 12,900 acre and has a shoreline of over 130 mi in the Cookson Hills of the Ozark Mountains of Cherokee and Sequoyah counties, about 7 mi northeast of the town of Gore and 10 mi from the intersection of I-40 and the Muskogee Turnpike.

The distance from major cities include: 150 mi east of Oklahoma City, 50 mi west of Fort Smith, Arkansas, 75 mi southeast of Tulsa and 30 mi from Muskogee.

One of the townships bordering this lake is Paradise Hill, at the far southwestern edge of the lake. It is known for its violent drop-offs, some going from a grown man's waist level to over his head. This is the cause of many deaths in the lake.

Electric power generation
The hydroelectric power station is remotely controlled from the control center at Fort Gibson Lake. Two generators, each rated for 17 megawatts, provide a total capacity of 34 megawatts (MWe). The facility can handle 40 MWe for a short period of time. However, the amount of power that can actually be generated depends heavily on the lake elevation at any given time.

Water supply
Originally, the amount of water delivered by the project was considered incidental, although the quality of water was much higher than that of the Arkansas River (the closest alternative source). Much of this water was expected to be used by the Kerr-McGee Nuclear Fuel Plant. That plant closed in 1975. The cities of Muskogee and Sallisaw are now major consumers.

Recreation
Attractions near the lake include scuba diving, camping, hiking, fishing, golfing, water sports, scenic nature, fishing, and hunting. In addition there are 8 mi of trout fishing along the Illinois River. There are also ten marinas, fourteen parks, 24 boat launching ramps, five floating restaurants, and many islands including Goat Island which is famous for the goats that inhabit it. Scuba divers can even see the ruins of old communities that were flooded by the lake, such as the original town of Cookson. This lake is the venue of several fishing tournaments including the popular Bassmaster series championship.

Other than the goats, many other animals inhabit the area including Canada geese, white tail deer, ducks, monarch butterflies, warblers, otters, mink, beaver, bear, mountain lion, wild hogs, wild turkey and bald eagles.

Tenkiller State Park, Cherokee Landing State Park, and several Corps parks are among the parks bordering the lake.

Wildlife Management Area
The Tenkiller Wildlife Management Area consists of 2950 acre on the southwest shoreline of the lake, a mixture of upland and riparian habitat. The upland portion is covered with oak and hickory. The riparian portion contains mostly willow, sycamore, hackberry, elm, ash and birch.

title: Tenkiller Ferry Lake


text:
John Darnielle

John Darnielle (born March 16, 1967) is an American musician and novelist best known as the primary, and originally sole, member of the American band The Mountain Goats, for which he is the writer, composer, guitarist, pianist, and vocalist. He has written three novels: Wolf in White Van (2014), Universal Harvester (2017), and Devil House (2022).

Early life
Born in Bloomington, Indiana, Darnielle grew up in San Luis Obispo and then Claremont, California with an abusive stepfather. The Mountain Goats' 2005 album The Sunset Tree is dedicated to his stepfather and frequently references the dysfunction of his upbringing.

Darnielle often attended professional wrestling matches with his stepfather at the Grand Olympic Auditorium. There, he developed a passion for the sport and local wrestlers like Chavo Guerrero Sr. His childhood love of wrestling would go on to inspire The Mountain Goats' album Beat the Champ.

Darnielle attended Claremont High School, located in the Pomona Valley region of Southern California. For a short time after high school, he lived in Portland, Oregon, where he developed an addiction to intravenous methamphetamine and other hard drugs (as referenced in We Shall All Be Healed). Darnielle worked in the psychiatric ward at the Metropolitan State Hospital in Norwalk, California. Darnielle attended Pitzer College from 1991 to 1995, graduating as a double major in Classics and English.

Throughout his college education, he continued to record music. In 1992, Dennis Callaci, a friend of Darnielle's and owner of Shrimper Records, released a tape of Darnielle's songs called Taboo VI: The Homecoming. Around that time, the Mountain Goats were born and began touring with just Darnielle on guitar and a bassist, first Rachel Ware and then Peter Hughes.

Musical career
Darnielle is best known for his role in the band The Mountain Goats. Since starting the band in 1991, he has gained a cult following. Despite being dubbed a low fidelity artist, Darnielle has always dubbed his work "bi-fi", pointing out that recordings such as his couldn't be made without modern technology. He is known for his prolific output and literary lyrics. Sasha Frere-Jones, writing in The New Yorker, referred to him as "America's best non-hip-hop lyricist". In its June 2006 issue, Paste magazine named Darnielle one of the "100 Best Living Songwriters".

Darnielle has several series of songs with similar titles or storylines. A series entitled "Going To..." features small stories about various places and includes songs such as "Going to Cleveland", "Going to Maryland", "Going to Georgia", and "Going to Queens". This series explores the futility of running away from one's problems in stark and cryptic detail. There is no reoccurring main character or strong thematic subject linking these similarly titled tracks, and in a 1997 interview with KJHK-Lawrence, Darnielle has described the series as "real loose, though. it's real loose". His "Alpha" series predates his musical career and began as a collection of poems called 'Songs from Alpha Primitive'. It is about a distressed couple's marriage and history, with such song titles as "Alpha Incipiens", "Alphabetizing", and "Alpha Rats Nest". The band's 2002 album Tallahassee was exclusively about the couple. "Their broader story", Darnielle writes, "involved an alcohol-soaked trek from California through Nevada and then bottom-crawling across the country until they wound up in northern Florida". Unless otherwise specified in the lyrics, the songs are intended to be sung by either member of the couple. There are a number of songs, not all containing the word 'alpha', that are generally considered to be part of the series, and are explored in more detail on Kyle Barbour's site 'The Annotated Mountain Goats.

Darnielle has stated that all songs written up to and including those on Tallahassee are fictional, but that We Shall All Be Healed, The Sunset Tree, and other more recent works are partially autobiographical.

Collaborations
Darnielle is featured on Aesop Rock's song "Coffee" (from the hip-hop artist's 2007 album None Shall Pass) and appears in the corresponding music video. Additionally, Aesop Rock remixed The Mountain Goats' "Lovecraft in Brooklyn".

He collaborated with John Vanderslice on lyrics for the 2005 album Pixel Revolt, and in 2009, Darnielle released a collaborative recording titled Moon Colony Bloodbath, after a shared tour with Vanderslice. They toured under the collective name The Comedians, though their recording is attributed to "The Mountain Goats and John Vanderslice".

With Franklin Bruno, Darnielle formed The Extra Lens, originally named The Extra Glenns. They have released two albums: 2002's Martial Arts Weekend and 2010's Undercard.

In 2008, Darnielle collaborated with Kaki King on a six-track EP entitled Black Pear Tree. The project was jointly released under King's name, and the Mountain Goats moniker. The Mountain Goats and Kaki King subsequently embarked on a co-headlining tour, billed as the Last Happy Night of Your Life Tour, with the EP being sold as a tour-exclusive release throughout. On September 20, 2010, Darnielle appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon as a guest vocalist in a performance of the song "Digging for Something" with the band Superchunk (whose drummer, Jon Wurster, is also in The Mountain Goats).

Darnielle appeared on Kimya Dawson's 2011 album Thunder Thighs, featured on the song "Walk Like Thunder."

Writing
Darnielle's first book, Black Sabbath: Master of Reality, was published in April 2008 as part of the 33⅓ series. Unlike other entries in the series, which are non-fiction books that focus on an album's production or legacy, Darnielle's book on Master of Reality was instead a fictional narrative in the form of a novella, centering around a young man held in a psychiatric facility in the mid-1980s who is attempting to retrieve his confiscated Walkman and tape of the album.

Darnielle's first novel, titled Wolf in White Van, was published on September 16, 2014, and was nominated for the National Book Award for Fiction two days later. His second novel, Universal Harvester, was published on February 7, 2017. Darnielle's third novel, Devil House, was published on January 25, 2022. One year later, it was nominated for an Edgar Award for Best Novel.

From 2004 to 2011 Darnielle created and wrote the webzine Last Plane To Jakarta, citing other projects as the reason for its abandonment. He writes the "South Pole Dispatch" feature in Decibel Magazine every month. Darnielle also guest edited the poetry section of The Mays, an anthology of the best creative work coming out of Oxford and Cambridge.

Darnielle wrote the introduction to the June 2016 book The Empty Bottle Chicago: 21+ Years of Music / Friendly / Dancing, about the eponymous nightclub.

Podcasting
In 2012, Darnielle guest starred in John Hodgman's podcast Judge John Hodgman serving as an expert witness  and musical guest.

Since 2017 he has co-hosted the podcast "I Only Listen to The Mountain Goats" with Joseph Fink. Each episode of the podcast explores one Mountain Goats song in great detail.

In August 2022 Darnielle appeared as a guest on Margaret Killjoy's podcast "Cool People Who Did Cool Stuff". Darnielle appeared on the episodes "The Diggers, the Levelers, the Ranters and John Darnielle" part one and two.

In March 2023 John appeared on Conan Neutron's Protonic Reversal for a career-spanning interview.

Acting
In January 2023, Darnielle made his acting debut in "Rest in Metal", the fourth episode of Rian Johnson's television series Poker Face. He portrayed Al, a member of a one-hit-wonder metal band called Doxxxology.

Personal life
Darnielle has lived in Grinnell, Iowa; Colo, Iowa; Ames, Iowa; Chicago, Illinois; Portland, Oregon; and Milpitas, California. He currently resides in Durham, North Carolina with his wife Lalitree Darnielle, a botanist and photographer (who was featured playing the banjo in the band's 1998 EP New Asian Cinema ), and sons Roman and Moses.

Darnielle prays regularly and identifies as a Christian. His music often includes religious themes, including The Life of the World to Come, on which each song is named after a Bible verse; additionally, his work consistently analyzes meanings and interpretations of the text, often through the characters in his songs. He is a fan of Christian singers Amy Grant and Rich Mullins.

Darnielle is a frequent player of the card game Magic: The Gathering. In August 2023, game publisher Wizards of the Coast announced an upcoming collaborative release in which all the cards were designed by Darnielle.

Activism
Darnielle became a vegetarian in 1996 and by 2007 identified as a vegan. In the same year, he performed at a benefit for the animal welfare organization Farm Sanctuary in Watkins Glen, New York. He performed again at Farm Sanctuary in 2009.

In 2011, Darnielle performed solo in support of Planned Parenthood, at the Stand Up for Women's Health Rally in New York City. In an interview with BuzzFeed, Darnielle identified himself as a feminist, and was described as a "frequent Twitter commentator on women's issues, social justice, and heavy metal."

Bands in which Darnielle has played
Darnielle is also a member or former member of the following bands:

 * The Congress, Darnielle's first band, which he founded in high school with a classmate
 * The Extra Lens formerly known as The Extra Glenns (along with Franklin Bruno)
 * Releases: two full-lengths titled Martial Arts Weekend & Undercard, as well as a double sided 7-inch EP titled Infidelity
 * The Comedians (along with John Vanderslice). The band's only studio recording was credited to "the Mountain Goats and John Vanderslice"
 * Releases: Moon Colony Bloodbath
 * The Bloody Hawaiians (along with Joel Huschle (Furniture Huschle), Mark Givens (Wckr Spgt), Caroline)
 * Releases: The Magnificent Bloody Hawaiians, Bastard Son, The Threegos, "Lemon" on Cool Beans #4)
 * He is the founder (and was for a while the sole member of) the Mountain Goats since 1991.

Novels

 * Wolf in White Van (2014)
 * Universal Harvester (2017)
 * Devil House (2022)

Novellas

 * Black Sabbath: Master of Reality (2008)

title: John Darnielle


text:
HMS Avenger

Nine ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Avenger:

 * HMS Avenger was a sloop-of-war launched in 1778 as the 8-gun fireship HMS Lucifer (1778). She was renamed HMS Avenger on her conversion to a sloop in 1779 and was sold in 1783.
 * HMS Avenger (1794) was a 16-gun sloop-of-war, formerly the French Vengeur. She was captured in 1794 and sold in 1802.
 * HMS Avenger (1803) was a sloop-of-war, previously the civilian vessel Elizabeth. She was purchased in 1803 and foundered later that year.
 * HMS Avenger (1804) was an 18-gun sloop-of-war, formerly the collier Thames. She was purchased in 1804 and wrecked in 1812.
 * HMS Avenger (1845) was a wooden paddle frigate launched in 1845 and wrecked off North Africa in 1847.
 * HMS Avenger (1915) was an armed merchant cruiser torpedoed and sunk on 14 June 1917 by SMU U-69.
 * HMS Avenger (D14) was an Avenger-class escort carrier, laid down as the merchant vessel Rio Hudson but converted and launched in 1940. She was transferred to the Royal Navy under lend-lease and was sunk by GS U-155 (1941) in 1942.
 * HMS Avenger (LST 3011) was a Landing Ship, Tank launched in 1945 as LST 3011. She was renamed HMS Avenger in 1947 and was sold to the Royal Indian Navy in 1949, being renamed Magar in 1951.
 * HMS Avenger (F185) was a Type 21 frigate launched in 1975. She fought in the Falklands War, and was sold to Pakistan in 1994 and renamed PNS Tippu Sultan.

Battle honours
Ships named Avenger have earned the following battle honours:
 * Martinique, 1794
 * North Africa, 1942
 * Arctic, 1942
 * Falkland Islands, 1982

In fiction
The Alexander Kent novel "Midshipman Bolitho and the Avenger" features a 10 gun Royal Navy Cutter named Avenger.

HMS Avenger

title: HMS Avenger


text:
Talk:Digestion

Significance of pH in digestion
Very confusing or wrong : "The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5." From many other source it said that the small intestine content is slightly acid (makes very much sens compared to the more basic environment at the end), so if the content is acid I don't know how and why the mucosal tissue could have an instant Ph jump of 1,5 !!!! Anyway a clear difference should be made between the content Ph and the intestine walls ph, and it's variation within the walls.

So what must I believe? Mfanawami (talk) 01:29, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

Things to Add
Digestive Molecules

This site talks about how digestion is affected by the circadian rythm. It would be also good to address this notion of how digestion makes you sleepy. Lot of people think that tryptophan is only in turkey, but it also present in other foods.

The serotoninergic system is known to modulate mood, emotion, sleep, and appetite and thus is implicated in the control of numerous behavioural and physiological functions. Decreased serotoninergic neurotransmission has been proposed to play a key role in the aetiology of depression. http://www.biopsychiatry.com/serotonin.htm

The graph on the left shows how alertness varies through out the day in relation to the three circadian phase regulatory as molecules. Serotonin and SAM both start off in relatively high concentrations in the height of the day, while melatonin is almost no where to be found. As the sun begins to set, the pineal gland recognizes that there is less and less light. Norepinephrine begins to bind to β-receptors in the pineal gland, and the pineal gland used the day time store of SAM and serotonin to manufacture melatonin Understandably, while melatonin concentrations rise, SAM and serotonin concentrations fall. Once the concentration of SAM is to low to make any more melatonin, melatonin levels start to drop off, and SAM is free to rebuild. When the pineal gland senses the coming of light, SAM is produced again starting a new daily cycle. The graph on the right is almost identical to the one on the left. The difference is that sleepiness is show as the affect on the mammal instead of alertness. The purpose of having two graphs was to show that high melatonin levels correspond to feelings of sleepiness, while high serotonin and SAM levels correspond to high levels of alertness. http://dubinserver.colorado.edu/prj/jph/braincircadian.htm Even though you get energy from food, it also takes a lot of energy to DIGEST food so your body can use it. Energy use is called METABOLISM. When you eat, the rate of your metabolism goes up because of all that digestive activity in your gastrointestinal tract. (That's basically everything from your mouth to your anus.) So if you need energy to digest your food, it makes sense that there's LESS energy available for the REST of your body.

...

Finally, when you eat some foods--mainly carbohydrates--the level of "tryptophan," an amino acid in your blood, increases. Tryptophan is converted into "serotonin" in the brain. And guess what serotonin does. It makes you sleepy!

http://www.wsu.edu/DrUniverse/turkey.html

This last point is addressed in the tryptophan article. Maybe simply add a link then? --Moo 03:27, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Large intestine
What is the precise role of the large intestine in the process of digestion? --LostLeviathan 23:53, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Possible copyvio
This very large and detailed edit may be a copyright violation. The editor will only divulge that the source is "online" and has made numerous similar edits that are copyright violations. I recommend removing all that remains of this edit: Carbohydrate Digestion Discussion and Fat Digestion. Fat Digestion has been heavily vandalized which is why much is nonsensical. --Ronz 16:36, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, I removed the information in question November 20. --Ronz 02:45, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Confusing
It might help to rearange the digestive process section to make it easier to read and more logically laid out.

Stages of protein digestion would be good to add, along with the fat digestion.

Esophagus vs Oesophagus
The spelling of this word in the article is inconsistent. I believe the word with an "o" is British, while the one with just an "e" is American. I'm Canadian and I don't know (or care) which one we use. Does Wikipedia have a policy in cases like this? If so, someone please apply it. Baribeau 02:36, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

man....... I just editted it to oesphagus (im from UK, and technically we invented the word so lets just keep it that way :P)

 * SeeWP:ENGVAR. --Ronz 00:23, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * esophagus feces --Ronz 21:29, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

And to save anyone else checking, the original usage in this article had the American spelling, so that stands.  D b f i r s   07:16, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, the original article used "oesophagus". So this article should use the international spelling: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digestion&oldid=1699362 85.4.105.114 (talk) 13:08, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I am aware of the policy, and recognize that this is an old issue, but it simply seems silly that the spelling used here is Oesophagus, which redirects to Esophagus. It would be nice to see some cross-article consistency in addition to internal consistency. JoeSperrazza (talk) 01:37, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Strong Acid/Base
It's always been my understanding that a "strong" acid or base is one that completely dissociates in aqueous solution, yet in the article it defines it as an acid less than 5 in pH or a base greater than 8 in pH. Then in the 2 paragraphs later it says the small intestine is "weakly alkaline" at a pH of 8.5. Please, could someone more knowledgeable on the digestion tract than me make this segment comprehensible? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.130.137.158 (talk • contribs)

Stomach section
Changed to remove the false implication that Hydrochloric acid is an enzyme. David 13:44, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

This section and the section on gastric phase seems poorly written. A decrease (lowering) of pH is an increase of acidity, the stomach is normally around a pH of 1-3, the body/brain controls the amount of HCl secreted into the stomach. Parts of this article totally misstate this. Also, it is my understanding that acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter and only controls the amount of peristaltic activity not secretion of gastric acids. Could someone comment?Ecogreg2009 (talk) 17:33, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Definition
The article's definition of the term says: "Digestion is the breaking down of food in the body, into a form that can be absorbed. It is also the process by which the body breaks down food into smaller components that can be absorbed by the blood stream." I don't really understand this. To me, it sounds like the article defines two different meanings of the word - but are they not exactly the same? // habj (talk) 09:16, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

the easier version is the process by which food is broken down into simpler soluble substances by enzymes for absorbtion

Phases of gastric secretion
Overall this seems to be confusing and inaccurate. The original portion of the gastric phase misstate pH in stomach, said gastric acid increased pH, increase in acidic level is reflected by a decrease(lower pH number). The normal pH of a human stomach is 1-3 dependent on different types of food and quantity. Also I have never seen any literature that acetylcholine and histamine triggers secretion of HCl. References please.Ecogreg2009 (talk) 17:42, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

why is digestion important to our life?
what does digestion do for us? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 221.221.226.125 (talk) 03:57, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Digestion is important as it helps our body to absorb the useful nutrients. After the nutrients are absorbed by the body, mitochondria produces the energy that is required for us with those nutrients. 103.181.7.93 (talk) 08:44, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

Bile?
I was never taught that bile does anything other than emulsify fat.

If indeed it goes beyond this common knowledge, IMHO it should be cited.

66.189.205.253 (talk) 05:23, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Incorrect information on article
The article states the following:

"As protein enters the stomach, it BINDS to hydrogen ions, which LOWERS the pH of the stomach to around pH 1-3."

The information on the sentence above is incorrect. If anything binds to hydrogen ions, the environment becomes more alkaline, therefore the pH rises and not lowers. Acidity increases as the number of hydrogen ions in a given environment increase. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.100.156.230 (talk) 11:07, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Also, the current published article says "Food enters the ear". It has been fixed, but the change has not been approved? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.15.39.178 (talk) 17:18, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Energy conversion efficiency of (human) digestion
The human digestive system is one of many things, like light bulbs and steam engines, that have an input (from the mouth into the stomach) and a smaller output (from the small intestine into the blood).

The loss seems to be quite big, as anaerobic digestion of excrements is an economic way to get energy. Does anyone know the energy conversion efficiency of the human digestive system? It's a machine, created by the evolution for some purpose - so the question is legitimate, and the answer could be given in the article.

My question in different terms: If we replaced human digestion by parenteral nutrition - how much farming could we spare? Greetings, Lipedia (talk) 19:47, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Role of acidity - contradictions
There is a contradiction between parts of this page. The "Stomach" section says that:

"Food enters the stomach through the cardiac orifice where it is further broken apart and thoroughly mixed with gastric acid, pepsin and other digestive enzymes to break down proteins. The enzymes in the stomach also have an optimum, meaning that they work at a specific pH and temperature better than any others. The acid itself does not break down food molecules, rather it provides an optimum pH for the reaction of the enzyme pepsin"

Later, in the "Significance of pH in digestion" section, the following is stated:

"Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will not function in a low-pH environment like the stomach." and later "In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes"

pH activates pepsin only, or other digestive enzimes as well? what enzimes require low pH, what require neutral? Clarification needed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.92.58.250 (talk) 12:16, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Removed minor vandalism "santosh neupane wrote tish" 217.43.187.65 (talk) 15:49, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

"Invitation to edit" trial
It has been proposed at Wikipedia talk:Invitation to edit that, because of the relatively high number of IP editors attracted to Digestion, it form part of a one month trial of a strategy aimed at improving the quality of new editors' contributions to health-related articles. It would involve placing this:"You can edit this page. Click here to find out how."at the top of the article, linking to this mini-tutorial about MEDRS sourcing, citing and content, as well as basic procedures, and links to help pages. Your comments regarding the strategy are invited at the project talk page, and comments here, regarding the appropriateness of trialling it on this article, would be appreciated. Anthony (talk) 11:55, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The list of articles for the trial is being reconsidered, in light of feedback from editors, and should be ready in a day or two. If you have any thoughts about the Invitation to edit proposal, they would be very welcome at the project talk page. Anthony (talk) 14:41, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Bacterial secretion sections are too specialised
This is a very uneven article in its academic level. It should be a general overview of the biological principles of digestion. I think 99% of the readers coming here will want information on digestion in eukaryotes. The sections on bacteria under Secretion systems should be moved to a specialised article. The schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation looks out of place, particularly as the first illustration in an article on digestion. What would be more interesting and relevant regarding bacteria would be their role in digestion in multicellular animals. Strayan (talk) 05:42, 20 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed.--Taylornate (talk) 06:06, 20 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I think the whole section is out of place. It deals mainly with secretion in bacteria, not with digestion. Only the secretion of enzymes to digest external macromolecules to yield small molecules used for bacterial nutrition should be treated, but here a number of types of secretion not related with digestion are treated. Also, again the image is not related with digestion.--Miguelferig (talk) 23:19, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The section on bacterial conjugation, as well as the illustration should go. They're not part of any digestive processes.Wzrd1 (talk) 23:26, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Grammar
Grammar needs to be fixed. Xzaviur (talk) 21:07, 15 December 2012 (UTC) Xzaviur
 * If you can be more specific about what you would like to see changed, I'm sure someone can help edit the article accordingly. -- Ed (Edgar181) 21:40, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 March 2014
The start of the article on digestion has a redirect from the term Gastrointestinal tract which then adds its own redirect using the text 'For digestion in humans specifically, see Human gastrointestinal tract.' However the article on the Human gastrointestinal tract. does not deal with digestion instead focussing on the gross anatomy of the GI tract. Meanwhile the most specialized section of wikipedia on 'digestion in humans' is actually a subsection of the original digestion article in particular section 3 'human digestion process'... I would suggest the redirect to 'Human gastrointestinal tract' from this page either be removed or reworded.

101.119.26.191 (talk) 03:55, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Reworded it into the leading paragraph for that section. Thanks. Cannolis (talk) 04:21, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

Text about animal gut use moved to Gut (anatomy)
Section about animal gut use has been moved from here to the Gut (anatomy) page. -Ugog Nizdast (talk) 12:11, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 13 January 2019
Please change the sentence:

"Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent."

as follows:

"Lactose intolerance varies widely by genetic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent."

Reason: Ethnic heritage is defined by self-identification (e.g. Catholic vs Protestant in Northern Ireland), but the cited source [18] is a genetics source (in genetics you cannot choose your parents...). 86.159.191.11 (talk) 20:34, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done Gulumeemee (talk) 04:00, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 January 2022
Could you add two "the" to the following from the lede: "Mechanical digestion takes place in mouth through mastication and in small intestine through segmentation contractions." --2A02:908:5A4:B000:7DB3:851E:3F23:714D (talk) 18:39, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅, thanks for your request :) Actualcpscm (talk) 22:02, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I almost forgot: please make sure to use the appropriate template for edit requests in the future. Actualcpscm (talk) 22:04, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

Digestion in mouth
Voice 45.214.92.151 (talk) 17:25, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 November 2022
‘As the first two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus and bicarbonates are secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals like concentrated hydrochloric acid and mucus also helps in lubrication.[1]’

The last part of the sentence reads awkwardly, I had to double take. On a first pass it seems like ‘mucus’ falls under the same class of damaging chemicals as hydrochloric acid, or that hydrochloric acid helps in lubrication.

I propose an edit, to now read:

‘providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of chemicals like concentrated hydrochloric acid; mucus also helps in lubrication.[1]’ Emrye (talk) 20:12, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅, I rewrote it entirely to break it up into shorter sentences. Good catch, thanks for the request :) Actualcpscm (talk) 22:00, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Digestion


text:
Lee Felsenstein

Lee Felsenstein (born April 27, 1945) is an American computer engineer who played a central role in the development of personal computers. He was one of the original members of the Homebrew Computer Club and the designer of the Osborne 1, the first mass-produced portable computer.

Before the Osborne, Felsenstein designed the Intel 8080 based Sol-20 computer from Processor Technology, the PennyWhistle modem, and other early "S-100 bus" era designs. His shared-memory alphanumeric video display design, the Processor Technology VDM-1 video display module board, was widely copied and became the basis for the standard display architecture of personal computers.

Many of his designs were leaders in reducing costs of computer technologies for the purpose of making them available to large markets. His work featured a concern for the social impact of technology and was influenced by the philosophy of Ivan Illich. Felsenstein was the engineer for the Community Memory project, one of the earliest attempts to place networked computer terminals in public places to facilitate social interactions among individuals, in the era before the commercial Internet.

Life
Felsenstein graduated from Central High School in Philadelphia as a member of class 219. As a young man, Felsenstein was a New Left radical. From October through December 1964, he was a participant in the Free Speech Movement and was one of 768 arrested in the climactic "Sproul Hall Sit-In" of December 2–3, 1964. He also wrote for the Berkeley Barb, one of the leading underground newspapers.

He had entered University of California, Berkeley first in 1963, joined the Co-operative Work-Study Program in Engineering in 1964 and dropped out at the end of 1967, working as a Junior Engineer at the Ampex Corporation from 1968 through 1971, when he re-enrolled at Berkeley. He received a B.S. in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1972.

From 1981–1983, Felsenstein was employed at the Osborne Computer Corporation. At Osborne, he was the designer of the Osborne 1, the first mass-produced portable computer. He then returned to freelance consulting. In 1992, he joined Interval Research Corporation, where he worked until 2000. From then until 2005, he worked for Pemstar Pacific Consultants, an electronics design and contract manufacturing firm, which was subsequently acquired by Benchmark Electronics. Throughout, he acted as an occasional free-lance consulting designer or worked at his own design firm.

Many of his designs were leaders in reducing the costs of computer technologies for the purpose of making them available to large markets. His work featured a concern for the social impact of technology. The Community Memory project, begun as a project of Resource One, Inc. in 1972 and later incorporated in 1977 by Felsenstein with Efrem Lipkin, Ken Colstad, Jude Milhon, and Mark Szpakowski, was one of the earliest attempts to place networked computer terminals in such places as Berkeley supermarkets to attract casual use by persons from all walks of life passing through and facilitate social interactions among non-technical individuals, in the era before the Internet.

Felsenstein was influenced in his philosophy by the works of Ivan Illich, particularly Tools for Conviviality (Harper and Row, 1973). This book advocated a "convivial" approach to design which allowed users of technologies to learn about the technology by encouraging exploration, tinkering, and modification. Felsenstein had learned about electronics in much the same fashion, and summarized his conclusions in several aphorisms, to wit – "In order to survive in a public-access environment, a computer must grow a computer club around itself." Others were – "To change the rules, change the tools," and "If work is to become play, then tools must become toys." Felsenstein was one of the original members of the Homebrew Computer Club, which formed in 1975 in response to the appearance of the Altair 8800 computer kit. With a handy yardstick, Felsenstein "moderated" meetings at the SLAC Auditorium. He was less a chair than a keeper of chaos. In this heyday of the development of the first personal computers, Felsenstein designed the Intel 8080 based Sol-20 computer from Processor Technology, the Micro Expander computer, the Pennywhistle modem, and other early "S-100 bus" era designs. These existed in a market space with early generation hobbyist microcomputers from Altair, IMSAI, Morrow Designs, Cromemco, and other vendors. Felsenstein's shared-memory alphanumeric video display design, the Processor Technology VDM-1 video display module board, was widely copied and became the basis for the standard display architecture of personal computers.

Felsenstein was named a "Pioneer of the Electronic Frontier" in 1994 by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and in 2007, he was given the Editor's Choice Award for Creative Excellence by EE Times magazine. In 1998, Felsenstein founded the Free Speech Movement Archives as an online repository of historical information relating to that event, its antecedents and successors.

In 2003, while working with the Jhai Foundation of San Francisco, he designed an open-source telecommunications and computer system for installation in remote villages in the developing world. This system was dubbed "the Pedal-Powered Internet" by The New York Times Magazine due to its reliance on pedal power generation. Installation of the first system in Laos was unsuccessful, but the design has been tested on an Indian reservation in the US and continues in development in India. In 2003, Felsenstein was named a Laureate of The Tech Museum of Innovation (San Jose, California) for this work.

Felsenstein is the Founding Sensei of the Hacker Dojo in Mountain View, California, and was featured on a Fox News segment in late 2009 covering the non-profit facility.

Felsenstein's older brother is the evolutionary biologist Joseph Felsenstein, a National Academy of Sciences member whose PHYLIP system was one of the earliest examples of bioinformatics. Early versions of PHYLIP were developed on the Sol-20 and Osborne 1, computers designed by Felsenstein.

On April 16, 2016, Felsenstein was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum, "for his influence on the technical and social environment of the early personal computing era."

title: Lee Felsenstein


text:
Bell X-16

The Bell X-16 was a high altitude aerial reconnaissance jet aircraft designed in the United States in the 1950s. The designation of X-16 was a cover to try to hide the true nature of the aircraft mission from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Development
During the second half of 1953, Fairchild, Bell, and Martin Aircraft conducted high altitude reconnaissance aircraft design studies for the United States Air Force under project MX-2147. All three designs used Pratt & Whitney J57-19 turbojets. The Bell and Martin (B-57D) designs were chosen for further development. The Bell Model 67 design was designated the X-16. A full-scale mock-up was completed and one aircraft was partially completed. It was designed as a high altitude long-range reconnaissance aircraft.

The X-16 design was breaking new ground with its design. Its wing was long 114 ft with a high (11.9) aspect ratio. The structure was significantly lighter and more flexible than usual for jet aircraft wings. The entire aircraft was made as light as possible to achieve its intended 3,000-mile unrefueled range at 69,500 ft.

A total of 28 aircraft were ordered, but none were completed. The first X-16 was about 80 percent complete when the program was cancelled by the Air Force in favor of the Martin RB-57 in 1956. Although no X-16 was ever completed, it made contributions to aircraft design with its lightweight design. It was also a driving force behind the development of the high-altitude versions of the J57 that would later power the Lockheed U-2 and other aircraft.

title: Bell X-16