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Hamartia

The term hamartia derives from the Greek ἁμαρτία, from ἁμαρτάνειν hamartánein, which means "to miss the mark" or "to err". It is most often associated with Greek tragedy, although it is also used in Christian theology. The term is often said to depict the flaws or defects of a character and portraying these as the reason of a potential downfall. However, other critics point to the term's derivation and say that it refers only to a tragic but random accident or mistake, with devastating consequences but with no judgment implied as to the character.

Definition
Hamartia as it pertains to dramatic literature was first used by Aristotle in his Poetics. In tragedy, hamartia is commonly understood to refer to the protagonist's error that leads to a chain of actions which culminate in a reversal of events from felicity to disaster.

What qualifies as the error or flaw varies, and can include an error resulting from ignorance, an error of judgment, an inherent flaw in the character, or a wrongdoing. The spectrum of meanings has invited debate among critics and scholars and different interpretations among dramatists.

In Aristotle's Poetics
Hamartia is first described in the subject of literary criticism by Aristotle in his Poetics. The source of hamartia is at the juncture between character and the character's actions or behaviors as described by Aristotle.

"Character in a play is that which reveals the moral purpose of the agents, i.e. the sort of thing they seek or avoid."

In his introduction to the S. H. Butcher translation of Poetics, Francis Fergusson describes hamartia as the inner quality that initiates, as in Dante's words, a "movement of spirit" within the protagonist to commit actions which drive the plot towards its tragic end, inspiring in the audience a build of pity and fear that leads to a purgation of those emotions, or catharsis.

Jules Brody, however, argues that "it is the height of irony that the idea of the tragic flaw should have had its origin in the Aristotelian notion of hamartia. Whatever this problematic word may be taken to mean, it has nothing to do with such ideas as fault, vice, guilt, moral deficiency, or the like. Hamartia is a morally neutral non-normative term, derived from the verb hamartanein, meaning 'to miss the mark', 'to fall short of an objective'. And by extension: to reach one destination rather than the intended one; to make a mistake, not in the sense of a moral failure, but in the nonjudgmental sense of taking one thing for another, taking something for its opposite. Hamartia may betoken an error of discernment due to ignorance, to the lack of an essential piece of information. Finally, hamartia may be viewed simply as an act which, for whatever reason, ends in failure rather than success."

In a Greek tragedy, for a story to be "of adequate magnitude" it involves characters of high rank, prestige, or good fortune. If the protagonist is too worthy of esteem, or too wicked, their change of fortune will not evoke the ideal proportion of pity and fear necessary for catharsis. Here Aristotle describes hamartia as the quality of a tragic hero that generates that optimal balance.

Tragic flaw, tragic error, and divine intervention
Aristotle mentions hamartia in Poetics. He argues that it is a powerful device to have a story begin with a rich and powerful hero, neither exceptionally virtuous nor villainous, who then falls into misfortune by a mistake or error (hamartia). Discussion among scholars centers mainly on the degree to which hamartia is defined as tragic flaw or tragic error.

Critical argument for flaw
Poetic justice describes an obligation of the dramatic poet, along with philosophers and priests, to see that their work promotes moral behavior. 18th-century French dramatic style honored that obligation with the use of hamartia as a vice to be punished Phèdre, Racine's adaptation of Euripides' Hippolytus, is an example of French Neoclassical use of hamartia as a means of punishing vice. Jean Racine says in his Preface to Phèdre, as translated by R.C. Knight:

"The failings of love are treated as real failings. The passions are offered to view only to show all the ravage they create. And vice is everywhere painted in such hues, that its hideous face may be recognized and loathed."

The play is a tragic story about a royal family. The main characters' respective vices—rage, lust and envy—lead them to their tragic downfall.

Critical argument for error
In her 1963 Modern Language Review article, The Tragic Flaw: Is it a Tragic Error?, Isabel Hyde traces the twentieth-century history of hamartia as tragic flaw, which she argues is an incorrect interpretation. Hyde draws upon the language in Butcher's interpretation of Poetics regarding hamartia as both error and "defect in character". Hyde points out a footnote in which Butcher qualifies his second definition by saying it is not a "natural" expression to describe a flaw in behavior. Hyde calls upon another description from A.C. Bradley's Shakespearean Tragedy of 1904 which she contends is misleading:

"...the comparatively innocent hero still shows some marked imperfection or defect, irresolution, precipitancy, pride, credulousness, excessive simplicity, excessive susceptibility to sexual emotion and the like...his weakness or defect is so intertwined with everything that is admirable in him..."

Hyde goes on to elucidate interpretive pitfalls of treating hamartia as tragic flaw by tracing the tragic flaw argument through several examples from well-known tragedies including Hamlet and Oedipus Rex.

Hyde observes that students often state "thinking too much" as Hamlet's tragic flaw upon which his death in the story depends. That idea does not, however, offer explanation for the moments when Hamlet does act impulsively and violently. It also embarks down a trail of logic that suggests he ought to have murdered Claudius right away to avoid tragedy, which Hyde asserts is problematic.

In Oedipus Rex, she observes that the ideas of Oedipus' hasty behavior at the crossroads or his trust in his intellect as being the qualities upon which the change of fortune relies is incomplete. Instead, to focus on his ignorance of the true identity of his parents as the foundation of his downfall takes into account all of his decisions that lead to the tragic end. Rather than a flaw in character, error, in Oedipus' case based upon lack of information, is the more complete interpretation. In his 1978 Classical World article Hamartia, Atë, and Oedipus, Leon Golden compares scholarship that examines where to place hamartia's definition along a spectrum connecting the moral, flaw, and the intellectual, error. His goal is to revisit the role, if any, Atë, or divine intervention, plays in hamartia. The Butcher translation of "Poetics" references hamartia as both a "single great error", and "a single great defect in character", prompting critics to raise arguments.

Mid-twentieth-century scholar Phillip W. Harsh sees hamartia as tragic flaw, observing that Oedipus assumes some moral ownership of his demise when he reacts excessively with rage and murder to the encounter at the crossroads. Van Braam, on the other hand, notes of Oedipus' hamartia, "no specific sin attaching to him as an individual, but the universally human one of blindly following the light of one's own intellect." He adds that a defining feature of tragedy is that the sufferer must be the agent of his own suffering by no conscious moral failing on his part in order to create a tragic irony.

O. Hey's observations fall into this camp as well. He notes that the term refers to an action that is carried out in good moral faith by the protagonist, but as he has been deprived of key pieces of information, the action brings disastrous results. J.M. Bremer also conducted a thorough study of hamartia in Greek thought, focusing on its usage in Aristotle and Homer. His findings lead him, like Hyde, to cite hamartia as an intellectual error rather than a moral failing.

Critical arguments on divine intervention
J.M. Bremer and Dawe both conclude that the will of the gods may factor into Aristotelian hamartia. Golden disagrees. Bremer observes that the Messenger in Oedipus Rex says, "He was raging - one of the dark powers pointing the way, ...someone, something leading him on - he hurled at the twin doors and bending the bolts back out of their sockets, crashed through the chamber,". Bremer cites Sophocles' mention of Oedipus being possessed by "dark powers" as evidence of guidance from either divine or daemonic force.

Dawe's argument centers around tragic dramatists' four areas from which a protagonist's demise can originate. The first is fate, the second is wrath of an angry god, the third comes from a human enemy, and the last is the protagonist's frailty or error. Dawe contends that the tragic dénouement can be the result of a divine plan as long as plot action begets plot action in accordance with Aristotle.

Golden cites Van Braam's notion of Oedipus committing a tragic error by trusting his own intellect in spite of Tiresias' warning as the argument for human error over divine manipulation. Golden concludes that hamartia principally refers to a matter of intellect, although it may include elements of morality. What his study asserts is separate from hamartia, in a view that conflicts with Dawe's and Bremer's, is the concept of divine retribution.

In Christian theology
Hamartia is also used in Christian theology because of its use in the Septuagint and New Testament. The Hebrew (chatá) and its Greek equivalent (àμaρtίa/hamartia) both mean "missing the mark" or "off the mark".

There are four basic usages for hamartia:
 * 1) Hamartia is sometimes used to mean acts of sin "by omission or commission in thought and feeling or in speech and actions" as in Romans 5:12, "all have sinned".
 * 2) Hamartia is sometimes applied to the fall of man from original righteousness that resulted in humanity's innate propensity for sin, that is original sin. For example, as in Romans 3:9, everyone is "under the power of sin".
 * 3) A third application concerns the "weakness of the flesh" and the free will to resist sinful acts. "The original inclination to sin in mankind comes from the weakness of the flesh."
 * 4) Hamartia is sometimes "personified". For example, Romans 6:20 speaks of being enslaved to hamartia (sin).

title: Hamartia


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Józef H. Przytycki

Józef Henryk Przytycki (, ; born 14 October 1953 in Warsaw, Poland), is a Polish mathematician specializing in the fields of knot theory and topology.

Academic background
Przytycki received a Master of Science degree in mathematics from University of Warsaw in 1977 and a PhD in mathematics from Columbia University (1981) advised by Joan Birman. Przytycki then returned to Poland, where he became an assistant professor at the University of Warsaw. From 1986 to 1995 he held visiting positions at the University of British Columbia, the University of Toronto, Michigan State University, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of California, Riverside, Odense University, and the University of California, Berkeley.

In 1995 he joined the Mathematics Department at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., where he became a professor in 1999. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, he has supervised 16 PhD students (as of 2022).

Research
Przytycki co-authored more than 100 research papers, 25 conference proceedings and 2 books.

In 1987, Przytycki and Pawel Traczyk published a paper that included a description of what is now called the HOMFLY(PT) polynomial. Postal delays prevented Przytycki and Traczyk from receiving full recognition alongside the other six discoverers. Przytycki also introduced skein modules in a paper published in 1991; see also his entry in the online Encyclopedia of Mathematics.

Przytycki has co-organized the conference Knots in Washington each semester since 1995. He also co-organized several international Knot Theory conferences in Europe, for example Knots in Poland (1995, 2003 and 2010), Knots in Hellas (1998 and 2016), and the Advanced School and Conference on Knot Theory and its Applications to Physics and Biology, Trieste, Italy (2009).

Personal life
Józef Przytycki is married to computational biologist and mathematician Teresa Przytycka (born 1958). They have two sons.

title: Józef H. Przytycki


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User:Wave Music

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text: Talk:Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere

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Talk:After the Gold Rush

I'm taken aback
No Talk on a "masterpiece" album. 74.60.161.158 (talk) 13:24, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

Lofgren
The sentences about Nils Lofgren were a mess - I had to do research to deyermne to whom all the "he's" were referring to. Cleaned it up.--Daveler16 (talk) 16:30, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

Release date
The stated release date of September 19, 1970 can't be right. This is the date of the Billboard issue in which it first appeared on the top albums chart; so it must have been released at least a couple of weeks before that. This is a common error - using the debut Billboard issue date as an album's release date. The RIAA Gold and Platinum Certifications page shows August 29 as the release date. Many web sites say it was August 31. PatConolly (talk) 08:50, 16 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Although I should note that the RIAA Gold and Platinum Certifications site has some pretty unreliable dates in there - sometimes off by several months. And even when "correct", I'm not sure if they mean retail release to customer, or release from record company to retailers/distributors. PatConolly (talk) 23:29, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Screenplay
The screen play was written by Dean Stockwell and Dennis Hopper. 2603:8000:A601:426E:D11A:FE38:473A:3837 (talk) 01:54, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:After the Gold Rush


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Runology

Runology is the study of the Runic alphabets, Runic inscriptions, and their history. Runology forms a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics.

History
Runology was initiated by Johannes Bureus (1568–1652), who was interested in the linguistics of the Geatish language (Götiska språket), i.e. Old Norse. However, he did not look at the runes as merely an alphabet, but rather something holy or magical.

The study of runes was continued by Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630–1702) and presented in his collection Atlantica. The physicist Anders Celsius (1701–1744) further extended the science of runes and traveled around Sweden to examine the bautastenar (megaliths, today termed runestones). Another early treatise is the 1732 Runologia by Jón Ólafsson of Grunnavík. The sundry runic scripts were well understood by the 19th century, when their analysis became an integral part of the Germanic philology and historical linguistics. Wilhelm Grimm published his Über deutsche Runen in 1821, where among other things he dwelt upon the "Marcomannic runes" (chapter 18, pp. 149–159). In 1828, he published a supplement, titled Zur Literatur der Runen, where he discusses the Abecedarium Nordmannicum.

Sveriges runinskrifter was published from 1900. The dedicated journal Nytt om runer has been published by the "Runic Archives" of the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo from 1985. The Rundata project, aiming at a machine-readable catalogue of runic inscriptions, was initiated in 1993.

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Tax increment financing

Tax increment financing (TIF) is a public financing method that is used as a subsidy for redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community-improvement projects in many countries, including the United States. The original intent of a TIF program is to stimulate private investment in a blighted area that has been designated to be in need of economic revitalization. Similar or related value capture strategies are used around the world.

Through the use of TIF, municipalities typically divert future property tax revenue increases from a defined area or district toward an economic development project or public improvement project in the community. TIF subsidies are not appropriated directly from a city's budget, but the city incurs loss through forgone tax revenue. The first TIF was used in California in 1952. By 2004, all U.S. states excepting Arizona had authorized the use of TIF. The first TIF in Canada was used in 2007.

Use
Tax increment financing subsidies, which are used for both publicly subsidized economic development and municipal projects, have provided the means for cities and counties to gain approval of redevelopment of blighted properties or public projects such as city halls, parks, libraries etc. The definition of blight has taken on a broad inclusion of nearly every type of land including farmland, which has given rise to much of the criticism. "

To provide the needed subsidy, the urban renewal district, or TIF district, is often drawn around additional real estate beyond the project site to provide the needed borrowing capacity for the project or projects. The borrowing capacity is established by committing all normal yearly future real estate tax increases from every parcel in the TIF district (for 20–25 years, or more) along with the anticipated new tax revenue eventually coming from the project or projects themselves. If the projects are public improvements paying no real estate taxes, all of the repayment will come from the adjacent properties within the TIF district.

Although questioned, it is often presumed that even public improvements trigger gains in taxes above what would occur in the district without the investment. In many jurisdictions yearly property tax increases are restricted and cannot exceed what would otherwise have occurred.

The completion of a public or private project can at times result in an increase in the value of surrounding real estate, which generates additional tax revenue. Sales-tax revenue may also increase, and jobs may be added, although these factors and their multipliers usually do not influence the structure of TIF.

The routine yearly increases district-wide, along with any increase in site value from the public and private investment, generate an increase in tax revenues. This is the "tax increment." Tax increment financing dedicates tax increments within a certain defined district to finance the debt that is issued to pay for the project. TIF was designed to channel funding toward improvements in distressed, underdeveloped, or underutilized parts of a jurisdiction where development might otherwise not occur. TIF creates funding for public or private projects by borrowing against the future increase in these property-tax revenues.

History
Tax increment financing was first used in California in 1952 and there are currently thousands of TIF districts operating in the US, from small and mid-sized cities to large urban areas. As of 2008, California had over four hundred TIF districts with an aggregate of over $10 billion per year in revenues, over $28 billion of long-term debt, and over $674 billion of assessed land valuation. The state of California discontinued the use of TIF financing due to lawsuits in 2011, and enacted the California Fiscal Emergency Proclamation 2010, thereby ending the diversion of property tax revenues from public funding, including the use of TIFs for the funding of the nearly 400 redevelopment agencies in the state. The RDAs appealed that decision, though they were eventually eliminated in February 2012 after the passage of the 2011 state budget.

However, in 2015, the California Community Revitalization and Investment Authority Act was made law, providing for the creation of Community Revitalization and Investment Authorities (CRIAs), funded by Tax-Increment Financing. The primary purposes of CRIAs are the development or preservation of affordable housing for low and moderate income households (a minimum of 25% of TIF funding must be placed in an affordable housing fund) and creation or upgrading of public infrastructure in economically disadvantaged areas as defined under the provisions of the law. Additionally, Enhanced Infrastructure Financing Districts (EIFDs) may be created and financed by TIFs in California.

With the exception of Arizona, every state and the District of Columbia has enabled legislation for tax increment financing. Some states, such as Illinois, have used TIF for decades, but others have only recently embraced TIF. The state of Maine has a program named TIF; however, this title refers to a process very different than in most states.

Since the 1970s, the following factors have led local governments (cities, townships, etc.) to consider tax increment financing: lobbying by developers, a reduction in federal funding for redevelopment-related activities (including spending increases), restrictions on municipal bonds (which are tax-exempt bonds), the transfer of urban policy to local governments, State-imposed caps on municipal property tax collections, and State-imposed limits on the amounts and types of city expenditures. Considering these factors, many local governments have chosen TIF as a way to strengthen their tax bases, attract private investment, and increase economic activity.

Urban regeneration
In a 2015 literature review on best practices in urban regeneration, cities across the United States are seeking ways to reverse trends of unemployment, declining population and disinvestment in their core downtown areas, as developers continue to expand into suburban areas. Re-investment in downtown core areas include mixed-use development and new or improved transit systems. With successful revitalization comes gentrification with higher property values and taxes, and the exodus of lower income earners.

"Successful city revitalization can't be achieved by megaprojects alone—signature buildings, stadiums or other such concentrated development efforts. Instead, 'it must be multifaceted and encompass improvements to the cities' physical environments, their economic bases, and the social and economic conditions of their residents."

Unintended consequences
Like any economic tool, TIF comes with drawbacks. Organizations such as Municipal Officials for Redevelopment Reform (MORR) use to hold regular conferences on redevelopment abuse, as well as local organizations like Chicago's 33 Ward Working Families.

 * As efficient market theory predicts, and now empirical evidence from economic studies suggests cities that adopt TIF grow more slowly than those that do not. A literature review by David Merriman, a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago found TIF "may be moving development from one part of the city to another, and changing the timing of the development, but there's not more development than would have otherwise been made."
 * TIF increases the property taxes of the areas next to a TIF district by reducing the [Total Taxable Property Value]. Congressman Mike Quigley simplified the math and showed if a [Tax Rate] = [Revenue to be Raised] / [Total Taxable Property Value], then reducing the denominator, [Total Taxable Property Value], increases the [Tax Rate].  A property owner's [Tax Bill] is typically [Tax Rate] x [Assessed Property Value], thus as a new TIF district reduces the [Total Taxable Property], the [Tax Rate] and [Tax Bill] increases for property owners near the TIF district.   State Representative Keneth Nordtvedt of Montana paraphrased the scheme this way, "All property taxes --- city, county, school, state --- are exempted on TIF districts’ incremental properties, and then districts put a monetarily equal fee on those properties.  Though collected by county treasurer as a tax, that fee is given to TIF district development boards to spend. The adversely affected taxing jurisdictions like school districts, county government, even city government's general fund, are then quietly directed by law to make themselves whole by raising their levies on properties outside of the TIF districts so as to compensate for revenues lost from the TIF district incremental properties."
 * As investment in an area increases, it is not uncommon for real estate values to rise and for gentrification to occur.
 * Although generally sold to legislatures as a tool to redevelop blighted areas, some districts are drawn up where development would happen anyway, such as ideal development areas at the edges of cities. California has passed legislation designed to curb this abuse.
 * The designation of urban areas as "blighted," essential to most TIF implementation, can allow governmental condemnation of property through eminent domain laws. The famous Kelo v. City of New London United States Supreme Court case, where homes were condemned for a private development, arose over actions within a TIF district.
 * The TIF process arguably leads to favoritism for politically connected developers, implementing attorneys, economic development officials, and others involved in the processes. However, most Urban Renewal Authorities require public notice and have competitive bidding requirements.
 * In some cases, school districts within communities using TIF are experiencing larger increases in state aid than districts not in such communities. This may be creating an incentive for governments to "over-TIF," consequently taking on riskier development projects. Local governments are under no obligation to recognize when TIF designation would adversely affect a school district's financial condition, and consequently the quality of some schools can be compromised.
 * Normal inflationary increases in property values can be captured with districts in poorly written TIFs, representing money that would have gone into the public coffers even without the financed improvements.
 * Districts can be drawn excessively large thus capturing revenue from areas that would have appreciated in value regardless of TIF designation.
 * Approval of districts can sometimes capture one entity's future taxes without its official input, i.e. a school districts taxes will be frozen on action of a city.
 * Capturing the full tax increment and directing it to repay the development bonds ignores the fact that the incremental increase in property value likely requires an increase in the provision of public services, which will now have to be funded from elsewhere, often from subsidies from less economically thriving areas. The use of tax increment financing to create a large residential development means that public services from schools to public safety will need to be expanded, yet if the full tax increment is captured to repay the development bonds, other money will have to be used.  For example, a study in Saint Louis Missouri found low-income students lost 91 times more than wealthier students in the suburbs due to TIF,  and students with disabilities as the second hardest hit group.

Chicago
The city of Chicago, in Cook County, Illinois, has a significant number of TIF districts and has become a prime location for examining the benefits and disadvantages of TIF districts. The city runs 131 districts with tax receipts totaling upwards of $500 million for 2006. Lori Healey, appointed commissioner of the city's Planning and Development department in 2005 was instrumental in the process of approving TIF districts as first deputy commissioner.

The Chicago Reader, a Chicago alternative newspaper published weekly, has published articles regarding tax increment financing districts in and around Chicago. Written by staff writer Ben Joravsky, the articles are critical of tax increment financing districts as implemented in Chicago.

Cook County Clerk David Orr, in order to bring transparency to Chicago and Cook County tax increment financing districts, began to feature information regarding Chicago area districts on his office's website. The information featured includes City of Chicago TIF revenue by year, maps of Chicago and Cook County suburban municipalities' TIF districts.

The Neighborhood Capital Budget Group of Chicago, Illinois, a non-profit organization, advocated for area resident participation in capital programs. The group also researched and analyzed the expansion of Chicago's TIF districts.

In April 2009, the "TIF Sunshine Ordinance" introduced by Alderman Scott Waguespack and Alderman Manuel Flores (then 1st Ward Alderman) passed City Council. The ordinance made all TIF Redevelopment Agreements and attachments available on the city's website in a searchable electronic format. The proposal intended to improve the overall transparency of TIF Agreements, thereby facilitating significantly increased public accountability.

According to an article published in the Journal of Property Tax Assessment & Administration in 2009, the increase in the use of TIF in Chicago resulted in a "substantial portion of Chicago's property tax base and the land area" being subsumed by these levy zones—"26 percent of the city's land area and almost a quarter of the total value of commercial property is in TIF districts" by 2007. The study notes the difficulties in establishing how effective TIF are.

Albuquerque
Currently, the 2nd largest TIF project in America is located in Albuquerque, New Mexico: the $500 million Mesa del Sol development. Mesa del Sol is controversial in that the proposed development would be built upon a "green field" that presently generates little tax revenue and any increase in tax revenue would be diverted into a tax increment financing fund. This "increment" thus would leave governmental bodies without funding from the developed area that is necessary for the governmental bodies' operation.

Detroit
In July 2014, Detroit's Downtown Development Authority announced TIF financing for the new Red Wings hockey stadium. The total project cost, including additional private investments in retail and housing, is estimated at $650 million, of which $250 million will be financed using TIF capture to repay 30-year tax exempt bonds purchased by the Michigan Strategic Fund, the state's economic development arm.

California
In an article published in 1998 by Public Policy Institute of California, Michael Dardia challenged the governing redevelopment agencies' (RDAs) assumption "that redevelopment pays for itself through tax increment financing. The claim is that RDAs "receive any increase in property tax revenues (above a two percent inflation factor) in project areas because their investment in area improvements is responsible for increasing property values." Dardia argued that property tax revenues channeled to tax increment financing results in revenues lost to "other local jurisdictions—the county, schools, and special districts" and if the RDAs "are not largely responsible for the increase in property values, those jurisdictions are, in effect, subsidizing redevelopment, with no say in how the revenues are used."

"In fiscal year 1994–1995—the most recent year for which figures are available—redevelopment agencies (RDAs) received 8 percent of the property tax revenues collected in the state of California, amounting to $1.5 billion. These are revenues that, absent the RDAs, would have gone to other public agencies such as the state and counties."

By December 6, 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger issued a fiscal emergency which was reaffirmed by Governor Jerry Brown in December 2011 to underscore "the need for immediate legislative action to address California's massive budget deficit." Governor Brown enacted measures to stabilize school funding by reducing or eliminating the diversion of property taxes from the public sector including, school districts, to RDAs. New legislation including Assembly Bill 26 and Assembly Bill 27 were passed, which led to the elimination of California's nearly 400 redevelopment agencies thereby stopping the diversion of property tax revenues from public funding. The RDAs appealed the decision, however they were eventually eliminated. The state reintroduced the option of tax-increment financing for the funding of Community Revitalization and Investment Authorities (CRIAs) in 2015, the latter being authorities created by local governments to create or upgrade infrastructure and create or preserve affordable housing for low and moderate income households. Enhanced Infrastructure Financing Districts (EIFDs) in the state are also financed by a tax-increment bond and their purposes are largely similar, though the requirement for use and the projects covered are somewhat different.

Alameda
In 2009, SunCal Companies, an Irvine, California-based developer, introduced a ballot initiative that embodied a redevelopment plan for the former Naval Air Station Alameda and a financial plan based in part on roughly $200 million worth of tax increment financing to pay for public amenities. SunCal structured the initiative so that the provision of public amenities was contingent on receiving tax increment financing, and on the creation of a community facilities (Mello-Roos) district, which would levy a special (extra) tax on property owners within the development. Since Alameda City Council did not extend the Exclusive Negotiation Agreement with Suncal, this project will not move forward. In California, Community Redevelopment Law governs the use of tax increment financing by public agencies.

Iowa
In 2002 economists at Department of Economics Iowa State University, claimed that "existing taxpayers, its householders, wage earners, and retirees are aggressively subsidizing business growth and population" TIF designated zones in Iowa.

Wisconsin
TIFs were established in Wisconsin in 1975. In 2001 critics argued that TIF supported developers to develop in green spaces citing a 2000 1,000 Friends of Wisconsin report which stated that 45% of tax incremental financing districts were used to develop open space land.

Denver
From 1995 through 2005 Denver tax payers were able to leverage over $5 billion in private investment by committing to over half a billion dollars of TIF subsidies. At that time new TIF subsidized projects under consideration included the "redevelopment of the old Gates Rubber Factory complex at I-25 and Broadway, and the realization of Denver's ambitious plans for the downtown Union Station area." Denver's urban landscape was transformed from 1995 through 2005 through TIF-subsidized projects such as "the landmark resurrection" of the Denver Dry Goods building, the Adams Mark hotel, Denver Pavilions, and REI flagship store, Broadway Marketplace shopping area and the demolition of the old Woolworth's building, the relocation and expansion of Elitch's into the Six Flags Elitch Gardens Amusement park, the redevelopment of Lowry Air Force Base and the redevelopment of the old Stapleton airport – "the largest urban infill project in the nation."

By 2005 the City Denver had already "mortgaged over $500 million in future tax revenue to pay off existing TIF subsidies to private developers" and was preparing to "increase that sum substantially with several new TIF projects in the next five years." In 2005 the "diversions of tax revenue to pay for TIF subsidies [represented] an annual cost of almost $30 million to Denver taxpayers, and [were] rising rapidly." By 2007 TIF tax expenditures in the form of forgone tax revenue totaled nearly "$30 million annually – equal to almost 7% of Denver's entire annual General Fund revenues" and at that time the amount was rapidly increasing. In a 2005 study it was revealed through wage surveys at TIF projects "that jobs there pay substantially less than Denver average wages, and 14%-27% less even than average wages for comparable occupational categories."

In part 1 of a three part series researchers "explained the history and mechanics of TIF, and analyzed the total cost of TIF to Denver taxpayers, including "hidden" costs from increased public service burdens that TIF projects do not pay for." In "Who Profits from TIF Subsidies?" researchers "examined the types of businesses Denver attracts through TIF, and the profit rates of developers with whom Denver partners to bring TIF projects into existence, and the transparency of the TIF approval process." In part three of the study researchers examined "quality and housing affordability at TIF-subsidized projects."

Applications and administration
Cities use TIF to finance public infrastructure, land acquisition, demolition, utilities and planning costs, and other improvements including sewer expansion and repair, curb and sidewalk work, storm drainage, traffic control, street construction and expansion, street lighting, water supply, landscaping, park improvements, environmental remediation, bridge construction and repair, and parking structures.

State enabling legislation gives local governments the authority to designate tax increment financing districts. The district usually lasts 20 years, or enough time to pay back the bonds issued to fund the improvements. While arrangements vary, it is common to have a city government assuming the administrative role, making decisions about how and where the tool is applied.

Most jurisdictions only allow bonds to be floated based upon a portion (usually capped at 50%) of the assumed increase in tax revenues. For example, if a $5,000,000 annual tax increment is expected in a development, which would cover the financing costs of a $50,000,000 bond, only a $25,000,000 bond would be typically allowed. If the project is moderately successful, this would mean that a good portion of the expected annual tax revenues (in this case over $2,000,000) would be dedicated to other public purposes other than paying off the bond.

Community revitalization levy (CRL) in Canada
By 2015 major Canadian cities had already implemented community revitalization levies (CRL)—the term used for TIFs in Canada.

Alberta
In April 2012, it was proposed that the Alberta government change regulations so that the Community Revitalization Levy (CRL) could be applied to remediation costs "incurred by a private developer."

"The CRL does not currently allow the levy to be used for remediation costs incurred by a private developer. While the CRL is quite a comprehensive approach that is not widely used, it is suggested that a change in regulation to allow the levy to apply to remediation costs would provide incentive to brownfield redevelopment in applicable circumstances."

The Calgary Municipal Land Corporation (CMLC)—an arms-length a subsidiary of the City of Calgary, established in 2007, to revisit land use in the longtime deserted chunk of land in the east downtown core along the Bow River —used a CRL to develop Downtown East Village, Calgary making Calgary the first Canadian city to use the CRL. The CMLC "committed approximately $CDN 357 million to East Village infrastructure and development" and claims that it "has attracted $CDN 2.4 billion of planned development that is expected to return $CDN 725 million of revenue to the CRL." The designated levy zone for the Rivers District CRL is wider than the East Village, making it financially sound since it collects taxes for twenty years on its anchor building, the 58-storey Bow tower, and from developments in nearby Victoria Park (Calgary).

In an interview with the Calgary Sun in February 2015, Michael Brown, CRL president and CEO said they were looking into a CRL for the development of the West Village similar to that used to finance the remediation of the East Village. In August CalgaryNEXT sports complex was proposed as a potential anchor to the levy zone. Local politicians expressed concern about the funding model, which proposed that the city would front between $440 and $690 million of the projected cost, most which would only be recouped over a long period of time. Mayor Naheed Nenshi commented that one of a number of challenges to the CalgaryNEXT proposal was the requirement of a community revitalization levy, along with the need for a land contribution from the city, "and significant investments in infrastructure to make the West Village a complete and vibrant community." Edmonton, Alberta creating a CRL to revitalize the downtown with a massive development project including a new arena, park development and upgrades including sewers which total approximately $CDN 500 million. The city hopes to "generate approximately $941 million in revenue in a medium-growth scenario."

Ontario
As of 2015, Toronto's mayor John Tory plans on creating a levy zone to finance a C$2.7 billion SmartTrack surface rail line project spanning 53 kilometres.

title: Tax increment financing


text:
Talk:Tonight's the Night (Neil Young album)

Unclear Sentence
I removed the below sentence because I find it awkwardly written and I'm unsure what it means; perhaps someone can clarify this sentence and reinstate it in the article?

Lynyrd Skynyrd frontman Ronnie Van Zant was known for frequently appearing with a black shirt on, with this album cover pictured.

--Skb8721 (talk) 19:09, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:01, 26 June 2016 (UTC)


text:
User talk:67.19.84.148

Please do not sign your posts "fvckyou". I don't know if this is used as an insult or intended to be your username or signature, but either way it is inappropriate. We do not allow either personal insults or offensive usernames on Wikipedia. Gamaliel 08:40, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

John, is it really necessary to post the same two links over and over again? We get the point. Gamaliel 08:49, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've reverted your posting spree but I posted the two links you wanted us to see. There's no reason for you to post them another 19 times. I'll let you continue to post if you play nicely, but if you continue your previous behavior I'll have no choice but to block you. Gamaliel 09:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As I suspect you're well aware, making legal threats is not considered acceptable behaviour here. In light of Gamaliel's warning above, I'm blocking your IP for 24 hours. --Rlandmann 13:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.19.84.148


text:
Talk:American Stars 'n Bars

All Music Guide
The second paragraph of this review is a copy-paste of William Ruhlmann's AMG review. Isn't this some sort of copyright violation?

I referenced the info and gave Ruhlmann credit. Patman2648 16:20 25 December 2005

I've put Ruhlmann's part into quotes. Without them, the paragraph is not only plagiarism, but POV.

''American Stars'n'Bars (1977) is a rock album by Neil Young, the most popular track being "Like A Hurricane". The album was produced by Neil Young and David Briggs with Tim Mulligan except "Star Of Bethlehem" by Elliot Mazer. The album cover was designed by Young's friend, the actor Dean Stockwell, and features images of Young and Malibu neighbor Bob Dylan (in drag) with faces pressed against glass.''

Uh, that's NOT Bob Dylan in drag. According to Shakey, it is Connie Moskos, who, as far as I can tell, was a groupie.

Name change/page move
I moved from American Stars'n'Bars to American Stars 'N Bars. The lack of spaces seemed wrong (and had recently been changed in the opening line). The new version matches NY's official site, and how the album appeared in the main NY article and discography. -- Beardo 02:32, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Though maybe American Stars 'n Bars is more per Wiki style ? Whilst American Stars 'n' Bars is probably more grammatically correct. -- Beardo 05:19, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Stars 'n Bars


text:
Talk:DNS root zone

Interest-Group_Slant
I hope my concern's reasoning is self-evident, but if not, I'll elaborate a tiny bit.
 * Ultimate Authority

There is no explanation as to the origin of 'ultimate authority', or even recognition of disputes with this authority.
 * Utility vs Law

The necessity or inadequacy of current DNS management is a healthy debate, and should at least be linked to.
 * Legislation and Jurisdiction

Even if it is assumed that current management is ideal and most effective, it is not universal, and stretches well beyond national borders. There should be links to conversation on information exportation and jurisdiction.

This is the most disappointing wikipedia article I've read. Please look into my complaints. I'll return. 64.6.141.115 (talk) 19:59, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

 * This article does read a bit like ICANN wrote or edited the bulk of it. 107.8.126.73 (talk) 19:54, 5 July 2011 (UTC), aka MilquetoastCJW

The article seems to me like a reasonable technical overview. This seems like an attempt to introduce a debate where none exists. The article is not about who controls the system, it is about the system. Concerns about ICANN managing the root system belong in the ICANN page. Generalcp702user talk 23:28, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

thirteen root server names
"There are thirteen root server names that are authoritative for queries to the global DNS root zone, the maximum number possible." "... the maximum possible using the DNS protocol with the minimum guaranteed IP datagram size." A more detailed explanation would be good. Mr. Jones 08:41, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, how's this: A UDP DNS packet can only be 512 bytes in size. This means we can fit only 15 answers to the question "Name servers for ." Since DNS packets are of variable size, they made the number 13, to give a bit of a cushion before hitting the 512 byte DNS limit.

 * In more detail:
 * The header of a DNS packet takes up 12 bytes. The question length is variable, but I will assume that it takes up five bytes--the shortest a question can be (The question "dig @somewhere . -q=ns" generates)  We have 495 bytes to play with at this point.  At this point, an answer, because of DNS' clunky design, needs to be two records: An NS record and an A record.
 * So, the first NS answer for "." will take up one bytes (the length of that question) followed by 10 bytes of stuff followed by "a.root-servers.net." (19 bytes): 30 bytes in total.
 * This answer also needs an IP. The IP will take up 2 bytes for the name (pointing back to "a.root-servers.net." using DNS' weird compression), 10 bytes for other DNS overhead, and four bytes for the IP.  This is 16 bytes, and each IP uses this number of bytes.
 * The first root server, in total, takes up 46 bytes.
 * The second root server will take up one (name) + ten (DNS stuff) + four bytes "b.<2 byte backreference to 'root-servers.net.'>" 15 bytes total. The required A reference is another 16 bytes.  So each subsequent root server reference takes up 31 bytes.
 * Now, in this compact format, we could fit up to 15 total answers to an A request for a root server (DNS headers: 17 bytes; first answers 46 bytes, 14 subsequent answers of 31 bytes each = 497 bytes, leaving us with 15 bytes: Not enough space to fit another record).
 * So, the hard limit is 15. The reason why the number is 13 is to give a bit of a cushion, since other factos can make a DNS packet bigger.
 * That's more than you ever wanted to know about DNS, I'm sure Samboy 08:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) (Revised by Samboy 22:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) to fix error that doesn't affect 15 records conclusion)

 * The above calculations assume that the root name servers always have had a common name (e.g. root-servers.net), which was not the case early on. IIRC, 13 was the maximum that could fit back in the mid 1990s. Wrs1864 (talk) 12:52, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Merger with Root nameserver
SHOULD this page be merged with Root nameserver ?
 * Well.. to my opinion some information here seems to belong better in Root nameserver.
 * The root zone deserves there own page if there's enough content, but that should only mention "The root zone is served by the root nameservers". It should not tell "The root zone is served by a-m.root-servers.net." or other details.
 * UsrBin 06:41, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

DNS System?
isn't saying DNS system redundent? It's like saying "Domain Name System system" Clyde frogg 07:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just like the "p" in http protocol just happens to stand for protocol (but is part of the name of a protocol), the "s" in dns just happens to stand for system (but is a part of the name of a system) --froth T C  20:09, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

First sentence (section renamed)
It makes not sense. Twas Brillig & the slithy toves did gyre & gimbol in the wabe. The article starts out obtusely: "A DNS root zone is the top-level DNS zone in a hierarchical namespace using the Domain Name System (DNS)." Does the writer realize that the sentence is nonsense? It says, "A DNS root zone is" and then proceeds to use DNS & zone in its definition! (EnochBethany (talk) 03:39, 3 February 2012 (UTC))
 * Please do not use all-caps (it's considered to be shouting) I don't see how the statement could be clearer. You would do better to read Domain Name System first.Jasper Deng (talk) 04:39, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Cybercrime, GDPR, and the Integrity of DNS
On May 25th 2018, the EU is attempting to enforce its GDPR, effecting ANYONE holding data on "Europeans", based on the idea of protecting privacy from infringements or cybercrime. The DNS has been referenced as a source, but several wikipedians have tarred its integrity (date entry, and the historical and unique changes made to the DNS are certified and verified; so they say the DNS WHOIS is being abused by using alias or post office box addresses, drawing the attention of the Eurocrats as a source of possible fines), and to top it all off, ICANN could be targeted. EU-based users (theres millions!) of several platforms have been notified that they cannot access the services as a result of this GDPR; other services, wikipedia included, have amended their policy. It is a possibility that the EU tries the crowbar option if ICANN does not "comply", commandeering the sectors of DNS of concern to the EU, throwing ICANN under the bus. *******The integrity of the DNS is unquestionable********, one has it from good sources. If the DNS is brought into disrepute by wikipedians seeking to OBSCURE good sources, how do we prevent them from driving away others with integrity? The mass media (and to be honestly critical, ICANN) have been overly-oriented towards the representation of "commercial" corporate entities (persons), rather than representing PEOPLE and persons, thus the reporting of the rollout of the GDPR will inevitably reflect the bias. GDPR is geared toward PEOPLE rather than commerce. The UK`s ICO even moreso. HUGE changes to this article are in the works. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.161.188.201 (talk) 13:03, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:DNS root zone


text:
Talk:Energy shield

Random Non Sequitur?
Does this statement have anything to do with the paragraph, much less the article? --SunWuKong 06:16, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * According to Newton's laws of motion, every action must have an equal and opposite reaction. The second law states that force equals mass times acceleration. One of the equations for energy in pgysics is E=1/2 M V^2 where E is energy, M is mass and V is velocity.

 * Yes. It says that if a projectile of mass M and velocity V will need the energy E to be absorbed by the shield. -- Tomcat 10:01, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

How a deflector shield could be made
If you emit a powerful magnetic field around a ship, and then fire "alpha" and "beta" radiation through, this would ionise all matter entaring, and would be deflected by the shield.

Contact me about this idea at aphirst@hymers.hull.sch.uk

 * Posted by User:212.50.183.100 on the article page -- Tomcat 08:41, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Merge from Shield (science fiction)
I felt this articles title was better than the clumsy 'Shield (science fiction)' Orange Goblin 18:44, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

How to make such shield?
I have a question about that theory. How bulky would that be and how smaller could become throught 15-20 years? P.S. Sorry if I made some mistakes. I'm not speaking english very well. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.29.75.28 (talk • contribs) 19:07, 18 December 2005 (UTC).

 * Deflector shields don't exist. They're fictional.  So individual authors (screenwriters, whatever) decide how bulky they are, and how much they can be made compact. —Simetrical (talk • contribs) 06:27, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Shields that the gungans used in Star wars?
If Star treck has a section than star wars definitely needs one. -greg (67.183.107.251) 07:01, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure. Why don't you start writing it? :-) -- Tomcat 09:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

If every science fiction movie's version of deflector shields were to go up here, this would be a huge article... --Dmfallak 19:29, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Still, you might be able to get away with a few citations exploring the evolution of the fictional concept. The The Skylark of Space series is one early appearance of the concept, in the form of the "repeller effect" in the first novel and the "zone of force" in the second.
 * Also, should this article be merged with deflector shield and force field (science fiction)?
 * --68.44.13.236 23:20, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Don't forget those polygonal personal shields used in Dune.. --unsigned
 * Holtzman effect - apparently predated by a novel called The Paradox Men, and possibly earlier. --68.44.13.236 23:20, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

UFO Case
I have found a UFO case in which someone shot at a UFO, only that the projectile had hit the UFO's Deflector shields and disintergrated. The subject used a 12 ga. shotgun loaded with deer slugs or Bernudi slugs. The latter can destroy a car's engine block. Martial Law 23:47, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Deflector shield.jpg
The image Image:Deflector shield.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --22:29, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Energy shield


text:
420 (dinghy)

The International 420 Dinghy is a sailing dinghy popular for racing and teaching. The hull is fiberglass with internal buoyancy tanks. The 420 has a bermuda rig, spinnaker and trapeze. It has a large sail-area-to-weight ratio, and is designed to plane easily. The 420 is an International class recognised by World Sailing. The name refers to the boat's length of 420 cm.

History
The International 420 was designed by Christian Maury in France in the year 1959. The class developed rapidly in France, being adopted nationally as a youth trainer for the larger Olympic class International 470. By the late 1960s the class was adopted by a few UK university sailing clubs for training and team racing.

Construction
The class adopted a policy of "prudent evolution" so as to allow development without making existing dinghies obsolete. The hull's seaworthiness and stability at speed proved to be better than most of its contemporaries, and this together with its modest sail area make it fun to sail in heavy weather and thus an excellent youth trainer, qualities that led to its adoption for that role by the Royal Yachting Association in the mid-1970s. In addition, the international 420 is known for its inherent lightness. The floatability of the boat made for a safer training vessel.

With its trapeze and spinnaker it provides the capability for advanced sailing techniques for international standard sailors, while still remaining affordable and accessible to beginners. The International 420 maintains a large multinational class association. The combination of effective class management, the boat's inherent sailing qualities, and prudent evolution have contributed to the class's continuing success.

Club 420
The Club 420, or C420, is a derivative of the 420 and is not recognized by World Sailing or the International 420 Class Association. Designed by Vanguard boats in the 1970s, it has a heavier hull, reinforced for durability in institutional sailing, and a stiff, untapered mast. The boat is much more simple to sail, yet lacks the performance of the original dinghy due to its extra weight. The Club 420 is used extensively on the youth race circuit in the US, with over 5,000 boats in North America, but is not sailed in most other countries. It cannot be used at I420 class events.

Z420
The Z420 is a transformation of the Club 420. The Z420 hull is 50 lb lighter and 40 percent stiffer than the C420. Whereas a C420 hull is composed of six pieces, the Z420 has only three molded components: the hull, the deck, and the mast partners. Unlike the C420, the Z420 does not include a spinnaker or trapeze in its rigging. Z420 boats are specially designed for college sailing and were used at the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2014 for the first time.

420 Team Racing World Championships
The boat has been used for team racing in both the ISAF Team Racing World Championship and the ISAF World Sailing Games however the class established its own team racing competition in 2015. Only the International 14 and Optimist (dinghy) class association hold a team racing based World Championships in addition to the two discipline led events.

World Sailing – Youth Sailing World Championships
The class has been used extensively at the Youth Sailing World Championships which run by World Sailing this is different to the Class Worlds by way that equipment is supplied and entries are limited to one entry per nations but often from more nations.

title: 420 (dinghy)


text:
User talk:Kousu

CNN
* blush* Why thank you! And welcome to Wikipedia, and enjoy your stay. :) Samaritan 08:42, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kousu


text:
Category:Years in India

For older years, see Category:Centuries in India

title: Category:Years in India


text: User talk:198.97.67.59

title: User talk:198.97.67.59


text:
C8H8

The molecular formula C8H8 may refer to:

 * Barrelene
 * Benzocyclobutene (BCB)
 * Cubane
 * Cuneane
 * Cyclooctatetraene
 * Semibullvalene
 * Polystyrene
 * Styrene
 * Xylylene
 * Heptafulvene

title: C8H8


text:
Talk:Black Hundreds

Proposed merge
Union of the Russian People as it is now must be merged/redirected into this article. Mikkalai 08:50, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Removed phrase
Removed: ...on the basis of the so called great-power chauvinism (великодержавный шовинизм) Right out of Communist textbook. This phrase refers to Russian colonialism (russification), rather than to black hundreds. Mikkalai 08:54, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Origin of the name
I think it would be good to include this in the article. The name Black Hundred ( Chornaya Sotnya, in Russian Черная Сотня ) shows the patriotic ideology and background of the movement. Back in 1380, the Prince of Muscovy Dmitriy asked the head of a sacred monastery, named Sergey Radonezhskiy ( who later became a major saint in the Russian Orthodox religion ) to bless him for the war against the Golden Horde invading Russia. The monk gave him his blessing, and has sent 100 of his monk-warriors to fight alongside the Prince' army. When the two armies faced each other on a decisive battle at the Kullekovo Pole, near the Don river, the battle started with a duel between the best Mongol horseman and Peresvet, one of the warriors Sergey Radonezhskiy has sent to defend the Russian land. It is believed that the hundred men showed deeds of courage and devotion, which inspired their compatriotes. That story is well known among the Russian folk, and the movement of Black Hundred chose to carry the name of those monk warriors - a symbol of their " devotion and patriotism ". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.9.184.122 (talk) July 2007

 * I agree that the origin of the name should be explained. Can anyone supply a reliable source? — Lawrence King ( talk ) 22:43, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Black Hundred vs. The Black Hundred
Which is it? Yours truly, --Ludvikus 23:48, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Russian history, Pogroms, and Antisemitism
Unfortunately, the above three phenomena are fundamentally linked. To the credit of the United States, it now acknowledges both Slavery and Racism as intrinsic parts of its history. It remains to be seen if the same is true for Russia and its nationals and nationalists.
 * Yours truly, --Ludvikus 00:02, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Removed Anti-Semitism catergory, the Black Hundreds are a part of Russian History, not strictly about anti-semitism. This implies that anti-semitism was the only platform of the black hundred movement which it certainly was not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.43.227.18 (talk) 01:56, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * One should not whitewash this article. This was - whatever else - an antisemitic movement. And antisemitism is an essential part of Russian history. --Ludvikus (talk) 04:26, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

 * and one should not make an aspect of a movement the central platform of a movement in a historical article. The main policy of the Black Hundred's was strict monarchism, not anti-semitism. Anti-Semitism was unfortunately a major part of the platform, but not its central focus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.43.227.18 (talk) 04:39, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Was there really any non-russian members in the Black Hundred organization? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.89.115.40 (talk) 03:24, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Rename this aricle
Because Russian plural "Black Hundreds" (Чёрные сотни) are no equal to singular The Black Hundred ("Чёрная сотня"), and have nothing in common with the content of this article. Black Hundreds were a common name for city suburbs in Russian Empire. It's not an idiom or name of organization, it's a part of administrative-territorial system. -- George Serdechny 13:16, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The Black Hundreds seems to have been the English translation used in Soviet publications, see http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/aug/29b.htm, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/sep/26.htm. Interestingly, 'Black Hundred' or 'Black-Hundred' is used as an adjective. --Soman (talk) 13:28, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * All mistakes (even those which are done by V.I.Lenin) and mistranslations should be described in the article, but not in the title of it. I agree, that Wikipedia is free. But it still remains an encyclopædia. -- George Serdechny 14:47, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * However, this is an English encyclopedia, and it reflects anglophone usage, which may or may not be different from the russophone.-Galassi (talk) 16:58, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * And... -- George Serdechny 17:54, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * A-a-and... -- George Serdechny 17:48, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Boris Brasol
Brasol came to the US as a representative of the Tsar with the Anglo-Russian Purchasing Committe in 1916. He is believed to have provided the English translation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and introduced Henry Ford to the work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.111.20.66 (talk) 09:26, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

Ukrainophobia?
The Black Hundreds could not have possibly been Ukrainophobic back in the day - that is a jarring anachronism. They were active back in the times where the majority of them would consider Ukrainians to be Little Russians - I suppose even if we concede that they were hostile against Ukrainian nationalists, they were not so due to xenophobia but due to their intent to keep the triune Russian nation whole. Hell, I've heard somewhere long time ago that some fringe parties associated with the Black Hunders were an active cause of Little Russian nationalist movement. Their racism against Jews is well-known, some claim that they were racist against Poles, but this is the first time I am hearing that they were racist against Ukrainians. Can somebody with that book in the source confirm that this is what it is saying and that this is a reliable source of information? Otherwise this needs to be removed from the lead section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PatientCompote (talk • contribs) 11:21, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Not racist per se, just antiUkrainian. All the sources are legit.--Galassi (talk) 11:39, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

Prove to me that the sources are legit. PatientCompote (talk)

Pogroms
The article only briefly mentions that the organization incited Pogroms. This should be extended. Its members were organized and executing many Pogroms themselves, killing thousands of Jews. דב ט. (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 04:35, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

Do not confuse with the black guards
I think this should included a note about a different revolutionary group called “the black guards” which later had grown into “ Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine” or “Black army” from Nestor Makhno’s movement Makhnovshchina.

Which is the opposite of what the whole movement he had stood for compared to the “Black Hundreds”

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Guards

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhnovshchina Shelly098 (talk) 03:48, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Hundreds


text:
USS Plaice

USS Plaice (SS-390), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the plaice, one of the various American flatfish; summer flounder. She participated in the Pacific War campaign of World War II, receiving six battle stars for her service. The United States later transferred her to Brazil in a joint cooperation program.

Construction and commissioning
Plaice was laid down by the Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine, on 14 July 1943; launched on 15 November 1943, sponsored by Miss Eleanor Fazzi; and commissioned on 12 February 1944.

United States Navy
Following shakedown and training, Plaice got underway for the Panama Canal Zone on 15 April, and arrived Pearl Harbor on 13 May. She departed on her first war patrol in the Bonin Islands area on 3 June. Plaice torpedoed and sank Hyakufuku Maru on 30 June; Kogi Maru on 5 July; and Submarine Chaser No. 50 on 18 July, before returning to Midway Island.

The submarine was off on her second war patrol on 17 August, this time in the Nansei Shoto area. In the early afternoon on 7 September, Plaice scored one torpedo hit on a Kongō Maru-class liner converted to an auxiliary cruiser. On 24 September, Plaice launched four torpedoes at a Fusō-class battleship, briefly stopping its screws.

Three days later she sank Coast Defense Vessel No. 10., and put three torpedoes into the side of a transport, which blossomed a bright orange flame. The patrol ended as Plaice drew into Midway on 7 October and got underway the following day for Pearl Harbor with USS Thresher (SS-200).

Plaice departed Pearl Harbor on 9 November for her third patrol in the Southwestern Japanese Empire off the coast of Shikoku and Kyūshū. On 9 December, she damaged JAPANESE DESTROYER Maki. She patrolled the traffic lanes east of Van Diemen Strait and pulled into Guam 20 December without having sunk any ships on the patrol.

The undersea raider departed Guam on her fourth patrol in the Luzon Straits-Formosa areas. Plaice was part of a coordinated attack group which included USS Archer-Fish (SS-311), USS Batfish (SS-310), USS Blackfish (SS-221), USS Scabbardfish (SS-397), and USS Sea Poacher (SS-406). This long patrol in the face of enemy antisubmarine measures resulted in but one contact worthy of torpedo fire, a convoy of a small freighter, a medium freighter and three escorts. Three attacks resulted in but one hit. On 23 March 1945, Plaice moored at Midway.

The fifth patrol originated from Midway on 26 April and took Plaice to the Kuril Islands-Okhotsk Sea area. The first enemy contact was made on 13 May, when the submarine trailed four sea trucks and four small luggers until she opened a surface engagement with her 5 in and 40 mm guns, sinking all four sea trucks and two luggers.

When all her larger ammunition had been expended, she drove the remaining two luggers toward the beach and damaged them by 20 mm and small arms fire. On 18 May, seven fishing boats came into view. The staccato of 20 mm and .50 caliber guns tore into two of the boats and damaged them visibly. Plaice ended her patrol at Pearl Harbor 13 June.

The sixth patrol - commencing on 18 July - took Plaice to the East China Sea area, but she made no enemy contacts. She picked up five survivors from an Army B-25 Mitchell, and transferred them to a Navy patrol bomber the following day. On 15 August, Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and nine days later Plaice pulled into Midway.

After the war was over, Plaice operated in the Pacific until, by directive dated November 1947, she was placed out of commission, in reserve, at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Plaice was reactivated 18 May 1963 in preparation for a five-year loan to Brazil on 7 September 1963 under the Military Assistance Program.

Brazilian Navy
Capitão-de-Fragata (Commander) Abílio Simões Machado of the Brazilian Navy took command of the submarine at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 September 1963. Commissioned in the Brazilian Navy as Bahia (S-12), she was the first Balao-class submarine to undergo alterations at the Brazilian Navy Arsenal in Rio de Janeiro; her hydrodynamic shape was modified with the installation of a new conning tower and periscope guide. After the completion of the modifications, Bahia's underwater speed increased by one knot and she was quieter when submerged.

Bahia took part in UNITAS naval exercises and assisted in surveillance in the South Atlantic Ocean during the Cold War. She logged 140,503 nautical miles (260,212 kilometers), spending 2,863 hours submerged and 836 days at sea. Her loan to Brazil was extended beyond its original five-year term at regular intervals.

Bahia was decommissioned on 19 January 1973. She was sold to the Technology Museum of São Paulo, which intended to tow her to Santos, Brazil, and convert her into a museum ship. However, these plans were not realized, and instead Bahia was scrapped following a ceremony on 27 March 1973.

Awards
Plaice received six battle stars for her World War II service.

title: USS Plaice


text:
Talk:Bedford Basin

Does Bedford, Nova Scotia take its name from the Bedford Basin, or does the basin get its name from the community? Fix what I put in if you know the correct answer. Cheers,Plasma east 08:53, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bedford Basin


text: User talk:67.126.180.108

title: User talk:67.126.180.108


text:
Jan Baalsrud

Jan Sigurd Baalsrud, MBE (13 December 1917 – 30 December 1988) was a commando in the Norwegian resistance trained by the British during World War II.

Early life
Jan Baalsrud was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway and moved with his family to Kolbotn in the early 1930s. He lived there until the 1950s. He graduated as a cartographical instrument-maker in 1939.

World War II
During the German invasion of Norway in 1940, Baalsrud fought in Vestfold. He later escaped to Sweden, which was neutral, but he was convicted of espionage and expelled from the country.

In 1941, Baalsrud reached Great Britain after having travelled through the Soviet Union, Africa and the US. He joined the Norwegian Company Linge. In early 1943, he, three other commandos, and a boat crew of eight, all Norwegians, embarked on a mission to destroy a German airfield control tower at Bardufoss, and recruit for the Norwegian resistance movement.

This mission, Operation Martin, was compromised when Baalsrud and his fellow soldiers, seeking a Resistance contact, accidentally made contact with a civilian shopkeeper who had taken over the store run by their intended contact and had the same name. Fearing for his life and suspecting it was a test by the Germans, he reported them to the local police office, which notified the Germans.

The morning after their blunder, on 29 March, their fishing boat Brattholm – containing around 100 kilograms of explosives intended to destroy the air control tower – was attacked by a German vessel. The Norwegians scuttled their boat by detonating the explosive using a time-delay fuse and fled in small boats, but they were promptly sunk by the Germans.

Baalsrud and others swam ashore in ice-cold Arctic waters. Baalsrud was the only commando to evade capture and, soaking wet and missing one sea boot, he escaped into a snow gully, where he shot and killed a German Gestapo officer with his pistol.

Kolker summarises what happened next as follows: "What happened over those nine weeks remains one of the wildest, most unfathomable survival stories of World War II. Baalsrud's feet froze solid. An avalanche buried him up to his neck. He wandered in a snowstorm for three days. He was entombed alive in snow for another four days and abandoned under open skies for five more. Alone for two more weeks in a cave, he used a knife to amputate several of his own frostbitten toes to stop the spread of gangrene. He spent the last several weeks tied on a stretcher, near death, as teams of Norwegian villagers dragged him up and down hills and snowy mountains."

He evaded capture for approximately two months, suffering from frostbite and snow blindness. His deteriorating physical condition forced him to rely on the assistance of Norwegian patriots.

It was during this time, that he hid in a wooden hut at Revdal, which he called Hotel Savoy. Baalsrud operated on his feet with a pocket knife, as he suspected he had gangrene in two toes, resulting from the frostbite. Fearing it would spread, he cut off his big toe and the infected bit of the index toe.

Not long after that, Baalsrud was left on a high plateau, on a stretcher in the snow, where he was supposed to be collected by the Norwegian resistance. Due to weather and German patrols in the town of Manndalen, Kåfjord, he was there for 27 days and was close to death for lack of food. It was during this time, while he lay behind a snow wall built around a rock to shelter him, that Baalsrud amputated nine of his toes to stop the spread of gangrene. This action saved the rest of his feet.

Fellow Norwegians transported Baalsrud by stretcher toward the border with Finland. He was put in the care of some Sami (the native people of northern Fenno-Scandinavia). While driving their reindeer on spring passage, they pulled him on a sled across Finland and into neutral Sweden. From Kilpisjärvi, in northern Finland, Baalsrud was collected by a Red Cross seaplane and flown to Boden.

Baalsrud spent seven months in a Swedish hospital in Boden before he was flown back to Britain in an RAF de Havilland Mosquito aircraft. He soon went to Scotland to help train other Norwegian patriots, who were going to enter Norway to continue the fight against the Germans.

After a long struggle to learn to walk without his toes, Baalsrud eventually was sent to Norway as an agent at his request. He was still in active service at the time of the war's end, in 1945. That ended German occupation, and Baalsrud traveled to Oslo to reunite with his family, whom he had left five years before.

Baalsrud was appointed honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire by the British. He was awarded the St. Olav's medal with Oak Branch by Norway. He was a Second Lieutenant (Fenrik).

Later years and death
After the war, Baalsrud contributed to the local scout and football associations. In addition, he was chairman of the Norwegian Disabled Veterans Union from 1957 to 1964. In 1962, he moved to Tenerife, Canary Islands, where he lived for most of the remainder of his life. He returned to Norway during his final years.

He lived there until his death on 30 December 1988, aged 71. His ashes are buried in Manndalen, in a grave shared with Aslak Aslaksen Fossvoll (1900–1943), one of the local men who helped him escape to Sweden.

Legacy
An annual remembrance march in Baalsrud's honour takes place on 25 July in Troms, where the participants follow his escape route for nine days.

A street in Kolbotn, Norway is named Jan Baalsruds plass (Jan Baalsrud's Place) in his honor.

In 2020, a bust in bronze created by sculptor Håkon Anton Fagerås on commission was unveiled.

Films

 * Ni Liv (En. Nine Lives) – 1957
 * Den 12. mann (En. The 12th Man) – 2017

title: Jan Baalsrud


text:
Ebele Okoye

Ebele Okoye also known as "Omenka Ulonka," is a Berlin-based Nigerian/German independent Animation producer/director, designer, and multi-media artist. She was born on October 6, 1969 in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. She is recognized as one of the pioneers of African animation and is often referred to as the "mother of African Animation." With over 16 years of experience in the animation industry, Ebele has made significant contributions to the field and is an influential figure in both the animation and poetry film communities. She has lived in Germany since the year 2000

Early life and education
Okoye studied Fine and Applied Arts (Graphic Design/Illustration) with a Higher National Diploma from the Institute of Management and Technology in Enugu from 1985 to 1989. Between 1990 and 1995, she worked as a Graphic designer, Copywriter, and Branding specialist as well as a cartoonist for several Agencies, Tabloids, and newspapers in Nigeria including the defunct posh "Classique magazine" ran by May Ellen Mofe-Damijo and Richard Mofe-Damijo.

On arriving in Germany in 2000, she did a guest program in African Studies at the University of Cologne, She continued with a study-stint in Communication Design at the University of Applied Sciences in Düsseldorf with a traineeship at the West German Broadcasting Corporation (WDR) From 2003 to 2004, she trained in traditional 2D cartoon animation at the Internationale Filmschule Köln. She is a fluent speaker of Igbo, English, and German.

Career
Before migrating to Germany in 200, Ebele Okoye was active in fine and media arts and constantly showed her works in both one-man and group exhibitions (see section). Upon graduation from the Animation school in 2004, Ebele briefly worked as a key animator in animation studios before venturing into independent animation production in 2006.

Earlier in 2009, she founded Shrinkfish Animation Studios in Abuja Nigeria, which aimed to operate with a remote working model. Though this model was ahead of its time, it inspired the development of her subsequent successful studio, Jolly Squid Ltd (Jolly Squid Media). This studio has thrived, particularly after the adoption of remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Between 2007 and 2013, Ebele contributed as a writer in some relevant publications and journals including (compiling the Nigerian Chapter for ) the book in the book “Animation: A World History”, by the Italian historian Giannalberto Bendazzi. Also, Ebele contributed to the early editions of the (now defunct) Journal "Nigerian Brands, where she wrote animation-relevant articles.

In 2010, Ebele Okoye founded "The Animation Club" Africa, a networking platform on Facebook.

In 2013, she founded the Shrinkfish Media Lab (smedLAB) which was Nigeria's pioneer animation course. After that, she went on to modify the course for further editions but the Ebola Epidemic that lasted till 2016 disrupted these plans.

In 2015, The Legacy of Rubies won the Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Animation. In her acceptance speech for the award in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, Okoye stated "I did not make this film to chase awards," "I made this film, to inspire every African animator who wants to make animation films." The Legacy of Rubies had its Canadian premiere at the Toronto Black Film Festival in 2016.

In 2016 she announced plans for a feature-length film, hinting that it might be "like Chronicles of Narnia and Pocahontas put together." Later in 2023, Okoye published a social media article explaining why this film never came to fruition as it was marred by several life occurrences and announced that it is back to the slate for development

In 2019, Okoye began creating virtual reality (VR) art and animation in Oculus Quill

In 2021, Ebele introduced "Motion to the Sound(MTTS)", a "sustainable" version of smedLAB, with special subprograms "AniJolly Girls" (targeting only women) and MTTS Quick Slice (targeting young people)

In 2022, Ebele founded Spunky Toonz, a branded animation and EdTech startup that creates audio-visual materials aimed at shaping healthy, communal, and ecology-friendly mindsets in preschoolers and young children.

Throughout her career so far, Ebele has produced animation films and led international co-productions, collaborating with diverse clients and partners, including Universal Music Group for whom she animated the Motown Hit "Dancing in the Street" by Martha and the Vandellas, Universal Pictures, Nickelodeon, Deutsche Welle Documentary, ZDF/ARTE, Robert Bosch Foundation, BMZ/GIZ, Focus Features, Deutsche Aidshilfe, and more.

Ebele's work has earned her numerous awards and recognitions, including the Robert Bosch Foundation Promotional Prize for Animation (for Anna Blume, based on a 1919 poem by Kurt Schwitters, ), DEFA Foundation Research Prize, Africa Movie Academy Awards (2x), the Redefreiheit of Amnesty International for "Outstanding media work in human rights issues," and the Focus Features Africa First Short Film Programme, (for The Legacy of Rubies) among many others.

Initiatives
Animation Club Africa - 2010

Shrinkfish Media Lab (smedLAB) - 2013

Open Toonz Animation Lab - 2015

Motion to the Sound - 2021

Teaching, Speaking, Jury, Curation & Industry Writing
Ebele has taught animation at the Bauhaus University Weimar and collaborated as an animation and design instructor with various organizations, including the city of Hamburg, Nollywood Germany, Zanzibar International Film Festival, Goethe Institut Nigeria and Tanzania, Afrika Festival Warsaw, Prirodoslovno grafička škola Zadar and more.

Ebele is a sought-after voice in film curation, selection committees and juries as well as speakers for animation and film industry-related events, markets and festivals. These include Africa International Film Festival, the Oscar Qualifying Festival Interfilm Berlin, Durban International Film Festival, Zebra Poetry Film Festival, "SCHLiNGEL" Children's and Youth Festival, Festival of Animation Berlin, Poetry Film Prize Weimar, Chitrakartha17’ Students‘ Animation festival, Ahmedabad, Madagassy Talent Film Residence, Interfilm Berlin and many others.

Okoye also curates African animation screenings around spaces in Germany.

Brands
Ebele is also involved in branding, design, and art. She founded the art and ethnic fusion labels "Kalodei Berlin ®" and "Olomenka ®."

Filmography

 * 2023 Spunky TALES | The Lion, the elephant and the Giraffe [03 min | Director, Voice over]
 * 2022 Jurassic World Dinos De Facto _ Trainhopper [A promo animation commissioned by Universal Pictures]
 * 2021 The world in my head [A compilation of several VR animation projects]
 * 2020 Martha and the Vandellas, Dancing in the Street [A Motown Hit music video | Commissioned by Universal Music | Scriptwriter, Director | Animator]
 * 2020 Oil Promises [120 min, DW Documentary | Co-director, Animator, Voice over]
 * 2019 Summer trance [Immersive VR Animation]
 * 2017 Marcas de amor [2D Short, Germany, Spain | Writer, Animator, Director, Producer]
 * 2016 The Man who fell up [2D Short, Germany | Writer, Animator, Director, Producer]
 * 2016 Three Wise Women [2D Short, Germany | Writer, Animator, Director, Producer]
 * 2015 Red Fruits [Music Video | Germany, Austria | Scriptwriter, Animator, Director, Producer]
 * 2015 The Legacy of Rubies [2D Mid length, Germany, Nigeria, USA | Writer, Animator, Director, Producer]
 * 2014 Die Liebe in den Zeiten der EU [2D Short, Germany | Writer, Animator, Director, Co-Producer]
 * 2013 Closer N' Closer [Music video, Nigeria, Germany | Scriptwriter, Director, Animator, Co-producer]
 * 2012 Meine Heimat [2D Short, Nigeria, Germany | Writer, Animator, Director, Co-Producer]
 * 2011 Footy My Love [An abstract on Chi-Chi Igbo, the Nigerian female football player]
 * 2010 The Essence [2D Short, Nigeria, Germany | Animator, Director, Co-Producer]
 * 2009 Anna Blume [2D Short, Germany, Bulgaria | Co-Writer, Animator, Co-Director, Producer]
 * 2009 Patterns [2D Short, Nigeria, Germany | Writer, Animator, Director, Producer]
 * 2008 Papermouse [2D Short, Nigeria, Germany | Writer, Animator, Director, Producer]
 * 2007 The Lunatic [2D Short, Nigeria, Germany | Writer, Animator, Director, Co-Producer]
 * 2004 Tag Attack - 05.00 mins. 2D animation. Ifs Cologne (co-director/animator)
 * 2002 Once upon a dance - 04.00 mins. digital collage (director/animator)

Selected solo exhibitions

 * 2012 Tears of the Invisible - Organ kritischer Kunst, Berlin, Germany
 * 2008 Nomadic Diaries - Zimt & Koriander Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 * 2003 Between Territories - Galerie Haus 23 Cottbus, Germany
 * 2002 Nomadic Diaries (A travelling pictorial storytelling) - Munich, Cologne, Halle; Germany & Neulengbach, Austria
 * 2001 Woman about Women - Cologne Germany
 * 1999 New Culture - Didi Museum, Lagos Nigeria
 * 1998 Selected Paintings and Portraits in Oil - Lagos. Nigeria
 * 1996 Realities - Didi Museum Lagos. Nigeria
 * 1995 Storms of the Heart - National Museum, Lagos Nigeria

Selected group exhibitions

 * 1995 Mirrors of Society - National Museum, Lagos (Nigeria)
 * 1996 Nigeria/China Co-operative exhibition, Lagos (Nigeria)
 * 1996 Selected Nigerian artists as chosen by the National Gallery of Modern Art, Nigeria (South Korea)
 * 1997 Small-Small Things - National Museum, Lagos (Nigeria)
 * 1998 The Rape of Nature - Brazilian Embassy, Lagos (Nigeria)
 * 2000 Threshold of Peace - African First-ladies' Peace-Summit exhibition, Abuja (Nigeria)
 * 2001 Women about Women - Goethe Institut, Lagos (Nigeria)
 * 2003 Ipade Begegnung - Afroasian Institute Gallery Vienna (Austria)
 * 2004 Globalia - Frauenmuseum (Women's Museum), Bonn (Germany)

title: Ebele Okoye