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Tony Martin (professor)

Tony Martin (21 February 1942 – 17 January 2013) was a Trinidad and Tobago-born scholar of Africana Studies. From 1973 to 2007 he worked at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, and over the course of his career published more than ten books and a range of scholarly articles.

Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Martin moved to the United Kingdom, where he studied law at Gray's Inn, London, and then economics at the University of Hull. Relocating to the United States, he completed a PhD on the Jamaican political activist Marcus Garvey at Michigan State University in 1973. That year, he was employed as an associate professor at Wellesley College, where he was a founding member of its Africana Studies Department. During the latter part of the 1970s and 1980s he published several books on Garvey and Garveyism. In 1987 he sued his employer for racial discrimination and in 1991 was accused of harassing female students, although he denied the allegation.

Among the subjects that Martin pursued was the place of Jews in the Atlantic slave trade. During the 1990s, he came under public criticism for encouraging his students to read The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, a book compiled by the Nation of Islam that was widely regarded as antisemitic. That decade, he also entered into a publicized argument with Classics scholar Mary Lefkowitz, a prominent critic of historical claims made by Afrocentric scholarship. Martin subsequently took Lefkowitz to court for libel, but the case was dismissed. In 1993 he self-published The Jewish Onslaught, a book that Wellesley distanced themselves from and which generated further accusations of antisemitism. In 2002 he spoke at a conference organized by a leading Holocaust denial organization, the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), alleging that Jewish organizations were trying to stifle free speech. Martin retired from Wellesley in 2007.

Life and academic credentials
Born Anthony Martin in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, he attended Tranquillity School, where he was a contemporary of Stokely Carmichael. After secondary school, Martin went to England to study law at Gray's Inn, London, where he was called to the Bar in 1966.

Martin subsequently received a B.Sc. honours degree in economics at the University of Hull (1968). He taught briefly in Trinidad at Cipriani Labour College and St. Mary's College, before moving to the United States in 1969 to pursue graduate studies in African History at Michigan State University, earning an M.A. and completing his Ph.D. in 1973. His doctoral dissertation, on Marcus Garvey and the UNIA, would be the basis for the book he later published as Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

Martin was founder and chair of the Africana Studies Department at Wellesley College, where he began teaching in 1973, became tenured in 1975, and became a full professor in 1979. He also taught at the University of Michigan-Flint and was a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota, Brandeis University, Brown University, and Colorado College, and also spent a year as an honorary research fellow at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. In November 1994 he spoke at Harvard University at the invitation of the Black Students Association and praised its president Kristen Clarke for her courage in inviting him.

Martin was a prolific author of scholarly articles on many aspects of Black History and lectured all over the world. He received awards and honors from the American Philosophical Society, the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations and many others.

In 1983, Martin founded The Majority Press, a publishing company that produced many of his own books, as well as work by other authors.

Martin wrote, compiled or edited 14 published titles, including Caribbean History: From Pre-Colonial Origins to the Present (2012) and Amy Ashwood Garvey: Pan-Africanist, Feminist and Mrs. Marcus Garvey No. 1, Or, A Tale of Two Amies (2007). He had been working on two further biographies of Trinidadian women, of Audrey Jeffers (who was his aunt) and Kathleen Davis (also known as “Aunty Kay”).

Martin died unexpectedly on 17 January 2013, aged 70, at Westshore Medical Hospital, Cocorite, Trinidad and Tobago. His funeral service was held on 25 January.

Marcus Garvey
Martin was a prolific Garvey scholar – he was considered by some "the world's foremost authority on Marcus Garvey" – one of his earliest works being Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, published in 1976.

He wrote a number of other books about Garvey, including Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography (1983), African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance (1991), Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts and the Harlem Renaissance (1983), The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey (1983), and The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (1984).

He co-authored, with Wendy Ball, Rare Afro-Americana: A Reconstruction of the Adger Library (1981).

Harassment of students
In October 1991, a Wellesley student, Michelle Plantec, while on hall duty, claimed that she saw Martin wandering in a female dorm in a restricted area, in violation of a rule requiring male guests to be escorted. When she asked him about his escort, Martin, she claims, responded using profanity, accused her of racism and bigotry, and positioned himself so as to physically intimidate her. Martin denied all these claims, and declared that a group of women "accosted him rudely, despite circumstances that in his view made the legitimacy of his presence obvious."

In an interview with a campus newspaper, Plantec said: "I stopped him and said, 'Excuse me, sir, who are you with?' He looked at me and said, 'What do you mean?' I said, 'What Wellesley student are you with?' and at that point he exploded and called me a fucking bitch, a racist, and a bigot, among other things...after all this, he went back into his meeting and said the only reason I had stopped him was because he was black."

Martin, in the same interview, agreed that there was an angry exchange, but denied that he used profanity. He also said he asked permission from the dormitory desk before going to the restroom. "Coming out of the restroom, I was rudely accosted by a group of women who were coming up the stairs behind me...I tried to ignore them for a short space of time...and eventually, when we got to the top of the stairs I became very annoyed, and expressed my annoyance to the people who were behind me."

Lefkowitz controversy, Wellesley course controversy, and lawsuit
Mary Lefkowitz was a classics professor at Wellesley, who taught courses on ancient Greek culture. In a 1992 article for The New Republic, she challenged what she felt were ahistorical Afrocentric claims, such as the claim that Greek philosophy was plagiarized from African sources. Following publication of the New Republic piece, she and Martin became engaged in a heated disagreement, with Martin criticizing her in his department's Africana Studies Newsletter, and she criticizing him in The Wall Street Journal, the Chronicle of Higher Education, The New Republic, and elsewhere.

As this controversy progressed, Lefkowitz discovered that students in Martin's class were assigned a book called The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, compiled by the Historical Research Department of the Nation of Islam. The book's thesis is that Jews had a disproportionately large role in the black slave trade relative to their numbers. This thesis has since been refuted by mainstream historians, including the American Historical Association (AHA). Lefkowitz ignited a controversy over the book's inclusion on the curriculum, and the controversy made national headlines in the spring of 1993. NPR, The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and the Associated Press, among others, covered the story. In Martin's view, "In January 1993, I was minding my own business and teaching my Wellesley College survey course on African American History when a funny thing happened. The long arm of Jewish intolerance reached into my classroom. Unknown to me, three student officers of the Jewish Hillel organization (campus B'nai B'rith stablemates of the Anti-Defamation League), sat in on my class and remained for a single period only. Their purpose was to monitor my presentation. As one of them explained in a campus meeting later, Jewish students had noticed The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews among my offerings in the school bookstore. The book documents the considerable Jewish involvement in the Transatlantic African Slave Trade, the dissemination of which knowledge they, as Jews, considered an 'anti-Semitic' and most 'hateful' act."

One of Lefkowitz's responses to this controversy was an article in the September/October 1993 issue of Measure, the journal of the University Centers for Rational Alternatives in Columbia University. In this article, Lefkowitz made several allegations that Martin deemed libellous. For instance, she alleged that during the October 1991 incident discussed above, Martin had called a student "a white, fucking bitch" and that "the young woman fell down as a result of his onslaught, and Martin bent over to continue his rage at her." Martin initiated a libel suit. Martin had already sued several undergraduates for libel, as well as Wellesley College itself. The dean of Wellesley College, Nancy Kolodny, declined to pay Lefkowitz's court costs, reportedly saying to Lefkowitz: "It's your problem. The college can't help you." In the end, the Anti-Defamation League provided for Lefkowitz's defense. Three other national Jewish organizations, the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, provided assistance. The case went through six years of appeals and counter-appeals, and was finally dismissed.

As the campus controversy wound down, Martin published a book telling his side of the story: The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches from the Wellesley Battlefront (1993). (See section below.) Lefkowitz published her own views three years later in the book Not Out of Africa (Basic Books, 1996). In 2008 she published another book, History Lesson: A Race Odyssey, giving her version of the story of the lawsuit and the controversy with Martin.

Libel lawsuit against Counterpoint
In the wake of the 1993 controversy, Counterpoint, a joint MIT-Wellesley student publication, asked MIT student Avik Roy to write a "retrospective chronicling the controversy surrounding Martin since his arrival as associate professor in 1973." According to Roy, he was asked to write the article because the staff felt he would be less biased than a Wellesley student. The article by Roy was published in the fall 1993 issue of Counterpoint. It alleged that Martin "gained tenure within the Africana Studies department only after successfully suing the college for racial discrimination," and that this explained a reluctance on the part of the college to censure Martin. Martin sued Roy for libel. Roy refused to disclose the confidential sources of his information even after the case was brought to court. A Massachusetts Superior Court Judge found that a lawsuit by Martin against Wellesley had in fact occurred, but "well after his tenure, and thus could not have caused it." The suit in question was filed in 1987 and alleged racial discrimination over a merit increase. However, the 1991 libel suit was eventually dismissed, with the judge ruling that Martin did not meet his burden of proof on four out of five necessary components for proving libel. The judge found that the offending statement was "partly false, but substantially true," though inaccurate in its "implication of timing and causation." The judge agreed that Roy's conclusion, that fear of litigation would cause Wellesley to exercise "particular restraint" when dealing with Martin, "follows at least as strongly from the actual facts as it would from the erroneous version."

The Jewish Onslaught
In 1993, Martin published The Jewish Onslaught: Dispatches from the Wellesley Battlefront. A week after the book's publication, it was criticized in a statement by the president of Wellesley College, who stated that it "gratuitously attacks individuals and groups at Wellesley College through innuendo and the application of racial and religious stereotype", and the majority of the Wellesley faculty signed a statement condemning Martin's work "for its racial and ethnic stereotyping and for its anti-Semitism." The Chair of Martin's department at Wellesley, Selwyn Cudjoe, labelled Martin's book "Gangsta history, meant to demean and to defame others and to bring them into disrepute, rather than to enlighten and to lead us to a more complex and sophisticated understanding of social phenomena. It ought to be labeled anti-Semitic." The book was praised by Molefi Asante of Temple University, who called it the best polemic by an African since David Walker's 1829 classic, An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, and Raymond Winbush of Vanderbilt University who compared it to W. E. B. Du Bois' Souls of Black Folk.

Martin and Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Chair of the African and African American Studies Department and Director of the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research at Harvard University, was critical of Martin's work, leading Martin to describe him as "Brer Gates" (an allusion to Brer Rabbit) and to write: "'Whenever the other folks have wanted anybody to beat the rest of the race over the head with, Brer Gates has been on the scene, like an HNIC ['Head Negro in Charge'] machine. They gave him an unprecedented full-page op-ed in The New York Times to attack the Nation of Islam's Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. This op-ed was actually typeset in the shape of a Star of David. There is no evidence that Gates even read the book, but he pulled together some platitudes attacking it anyway.'"

Institute for Historical Review
In June 2002, Martin presented a talk entitled "Tactics of Organized Jewry in Suppressing Free Speech" at the 14th IHR Conference sponsored by the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), in which he summarizes his experience of the controversy following his accusations about Jews as principal actors in the slave trade. The IHR is the world's leading Holocaust denial organization, publishing articles and holding conferences denying the extermination of European Jewry by the Third Reich.

Works

 * Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, The Majority Press, 1976, 421 pages (ISBN 0-912469-23-4)
 * Rare Afro-Americana: A Reconstruction of the Adjer Library (with Wendy Ball), 1981.
 * Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography, The Majority Press, 1983 (ISBN 978-0912469058).
 * Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts and the Harlem, The Majority Press, 1983 (ISBN 978-0912469010)
 * The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey (compiled and edited), 1983.
 * In Nobody's Backyard: The Grenada Revolution in Its Own Words, edited by Tony Martin with Dessima Williams. Vol. I, The Revolution at Home. Vol. II, Facing the World, 1984.
 * African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance, 1991 (ISBN 978-0912469096).
 * The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches from the Wellesley Battlefront, Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1993 (ISBN 978-0912469300).
 * The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond, The Majority Press (1983), 1998 (ISBN 978-0912469119).
 * The Progress of the African Race Since Emancipation and Prospects for the Future (pamphlet), Port of Spain: Emancipation Support Committee / Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1998 (ISBN 0-912469-35-8).
 * Amy Ashwood Garvey, Pan-Africanist, Feminist and Mrs Marcus Garvey No. 1, Or, A Tale of Two Armies, 2007.
 * Caribbean History: From Pre-Colonial Origins to the Present, Pearson Education, 2012 (ISBN 978-0-13-220860-4).

title: Tony Martin (professor)


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Anne Arundel Community College

Anne Arundel Community College (AACC) is a public community college in Arnold, Maryland. The college was founded in 1961 and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The community college offers letters of recognition, 46 associate degree programs, and 62 certificate programs through its five schools.

AACC's athletic teams compete in the Maryland Junior College Athletic Conference (MDJUCO) of the NJCAA. They are collectively known as the Riverhawks and have won four national championships. AACC Athletics has won the Dr. Jack Cistriano Sportsmanship Award six times. The award is presented annually by the MDJUCO to the member school whose teams have demonstrated the best sportsmanship throughout an academic year.

AACC was ranked #1 Community College in the Country by Academic Influence in 2021. It was previously named "Community College of the Year" by National Business Alliance in 2001, and has continued to receive accolades since then. It is the first higher education institution in Maryland to earn a rating from the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education and achieved a silver rating in 2012.

History
Anne Arundel Community College was founded as Anne Arundel Junior College on January 2, 1961, by the Anne Arundel County Board of Education. Classes commenced in September 1961 at Severna Park High School with 270 students enrolled. Dr. Andrew G. Truxal served as the first president during the school's transition to a 165 acre campus in Arnold, Maryland, in September 1967. The school was awarded full accreditation by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) in 1968.

In August 1968, Dr. Robert P. Ludlum was appointed AACC's second president. During his eight-year term, AACC began offering transfer, career and continuing education programs as well as tuition waivers and programs for senior citizens. Additionally, Dr. Ludlum attained voting representation for students serving on the AACC's board of trustees and founded the Servicemember's Opportunity College at Fort George G. Meade.

Upon Dr. Ludlum's retirement in 1976, his successor, Dr. Justus D. Sundermann, served until 1979. He is credited with the establishment of AACC's Weekend College, cable television (media production) courses and contract education services. AACC's first off-site location in Glen Burnie and the Child Development Center in Arnold were opened during Dr. Sundermann's administration. Also under Dr. Sundermann, there were staff factions in contention with one another and enrollment was in decline. In 1978, some of AACC's female faculty members filed lawsuits against the community college and insurer Continental Casualty Company for alleged pay discrimination. The lawsuits were consolidated and received news coverage while Dr. Sundermann was president. The board subsequently voted against renewing his contract 1979. (The case was settled in 1989 in favor of the female faculty members, who were awarded $550,000 in retroactive pay.)

From 1979 until his retirement in 1994, Dr. Thomas E. Florestano put AACC on a path to unprecedented growth as it fourth president. Within that period, Anne Arundel County developed, AACC's campus expanded to 230 acre and the Glen Burnie Town Center location opened. To further AACC's mission, Dr. Florestano supported the active recruitment of students, administrators and faculty members through marketing at mall booths, increased mail correspondence, a streamlined registration process and higher faculty wages. As a result of his efforts—including student retention programs and curriculum expansion through eight-week minimesters and more off-site program offerings—the community college saw enrollment grow from 13,000 to approximately 36,000 and the annual budget from $9 million to $33 million.

On August 1, 1994, Dr. Martha A. Smith became AACC's fifth president and focused on evolving the community college into one that would serve its community economically via the integration of academic and vocational education. AACC's senior administration was reorganized and the previously separate offices of academic affairs and workforce development were combined. During her tenure, tuition was kept affordable, AACC's number of degree programs grew twofold and the graduating class of 2012 was nearly double the size of that of 1996. AACC was nationally recognized as a leader in cybersecurity education, workforce training and for student excellence. Dr. Smith garnered state and county funding for campus construction and renovation projects, which led to the opening of additional off-site locations: a Sales and Service Training Center; the Regional Higher Education Center; the Hotel, Culinary Arts and Tourism Institute building and a Center for Cyber and Professional Training. After 18 years of service, Dr. Smith retired on August 1, 2012.

Dr. Dawn Lindsay was appointed the sixth president of Anne Arundel Community College in 2012.

Accreditation
AACC is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE). AACC's nursing programs have been accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing since 1970. The Maryland Board of Nursing awarded accreditation to the registered nursing program in 1966 and the practical nursing programs in 2006. The radiologic technology program has been nationally accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology since 1993. AACC's physical therapist assistant program has been accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education since 1998.

In 2008, AACC's Department of Public Safety was nationally accredited through the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA) and became the first two-year institution in the United States to receive such an accreditation. The department was reaccredited in 2011 and 2014.

Campus
The main campus is located in Arnold, Maryland, and spans 230 acre, making it the largest single-campus community college in the state. There are 10 academic buildings, a library, gymnasium, student services center, student union, 389-seat performing arts center, the Earl S. Scott Nature Trail and a 3,000-seat athletic field. AACC has more than 100 off-site locations across Anne Arundel County, including Arundel Mills; Fort Meade Army Education Center; Glen Burnie Town Center; the hotel, Culinary Arts and Tourism Institute; and the Sales and Service Training Center.

Anne Arundel Community College hosts Maryland's only statue of Martin Luther King Jr., which was rededicated in 2019.

In 2019, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Anne Arundel Community College Health and Life Sciences Building was held. The three-story, 175,000-square foot building, which opened in fall 2021, houses 19 biology labs, 11 health science labs, a 160-seat lecture hall, greenhouse, classrooms, computer labs, study/meeting rooms, tutoring and advising, and faculty and deans’ offices. It is one of a series of projects within AACC's 10-year plan to expand and host new programs.

In 2019, AACC received a $1 million donation to support the expansion of its skilled trades program. As of 2021, the newly constructed Clauson Center for Innovation and Skilled Trades is set to open on the Arnold campus in January 2022 and offer six programs and pre-employment services.

Administration and organization
AACC operates under five schools: the School of Business and Law; the School of Continuing Education and Workforce Development; the School of Health Sciences; the School of Liberal Arts; and the School of Science, Technology and Education.

A typical academic year is broken up into two 15-week terms during the fall (August–December) and spring (January–May) as well as two accelerated terms that last four to six weeks during the winter (December–January) and summer (May–August). Within the terms are sessions that span 13 weeks, eight weeks and weekends. An academic year begins on the first day of the fall term and ends on the last day of the summer term.

AACC runs a program for high school students known as the Early College Access Program (ECAP) (formerly known as Jump Start). The program allows current high school students at partnering schools to take college courses.

AACC's endowment had a market value of approximately $7.8 million in the fiscal year that ended in 2019. The community college's special academic facilities include an astronomy lab and two art galleries.

ROTC
AACC has crosstown agreements with the University of Maryland College Park (UMD) (Air Force and Army) and Bowie State University (BSU) (Army) for its Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program. The program is available to full-time AACC students in good academic standing. UMD and BSU's ROTC programs began in 1920 and 1974, respectively. They are home to Detachment 330 for the Air Force ROTC.

Academics and programs
AACC has an open admissions policy and accepts life experience as credits. In addition to its associate and certificate degree programs, AACC offers enrichment courses for people of all ages through its Continuing Education, Gifted and Talented, homeschool, Kids in College, online, and weekend programs. AACC also offers summer camp programs for children.

The Entrepreneurial Studies Institute's Business Pitch Competition awarded $50,000 to student businesses in 2021. The winners were Annapolis Social League, Baked + Brunched Bakery, Prepared4Tech, RacalRx, Clover Run Riding, Chow, Coach Alex Ray, Müted Biergarten and Powered Puff Protection.

Rankings

 * No. 1 Community College in the Country by Academic Influence in 2021.
 * Community College of the Year by National Business Alliance in 2001
 * Silver Rank, Association for Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2012.
 * Great College to Work For, The Chronicle of Higher Education’s annual report, 2010, 2011, and 2012.

Student body
As of fall 2020, AACC's student body consists of 35,362 students, including 3,188 full time and 8,760 part time students.

Organizations
More than 100 student clubs and organizations operate at AACC, including student government, special interest and service organizations.

Cultural groups on campus include: Black History Month Committee, the Coalition for Christian Outreach, Experience Apostolic Campus Ministries, Gay-Straight Alliance, Hispanic Heritage Month Committee, International Student Association, Japanese Language Club, Korean Culture Club, Latino Club and Students Out to Destroy Assumptions.

Publications
Amaranth Literary Magazine, a student-run journal published annually, features literary works by AACC students and alumni. The journal sponsors a weekly open mic event for students to share their work.

The Campus Current, AACC's independent student newspaper, originally circulated a monthly print edition, but has expanded to include a digital edition with daily posts available via its social media platforms.

Athletics
In 1961, former high school basketball coach and local YMCA basketball director Dr. Johnny Laycock founded AACC's athletics program. He served as the program's director and chairman of the physical education department until he retired in 1986. Dr. Laycock led volleyball, the program's first intramural sport, at Severna Park High School, where academic courses were initially held. Basketball, wrestling and baseball followed.

Dr. Laycock is credited with significantly expanding AACC athletics during his tenure. By the early 1980s, the program had gained 12 full-time faculty, chaired 22 varsity sports and had achieved NJCAA membership. AACC offered a sailing program for faculty and students. There were also continuing education programs for older adults: bicycling, rowing, aerobic dance, swimming and resistance training. Students were required to earn two physical education credits toward degree completion. With Dr. Laycock's input, the Arnold campus featured a newly constructed athletics complex with a gymnasium, outdoor stadium, tennis courts and fields for baseball, soccer, softball and lacrosse.

The AACC athletic teams, formerly known as the Fighting Pioneers, are collectively known as the Riverhawks. Because the mascot design for the Pioneers could not be decided, 1,000 AACC students, community members and alumni were presented with an online survey to select a new mascot. In December 2014, the majority of the votes cast determined that the AACC athletic teams would be called Riverhawks by fall 2015.

The AACC athletic association chairs 12 varsity athletic programs. The Riverhawks are members of the Maryland Junior College Athletic Conference (MDJUCO) and Region 20 of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Men's sports include: baseball, basketball, cross country, esports, golf, lacrosse and soccer. Women's sports include: softball, basketball, cross country, esports, lacrosse, soccer and volleyball.

AACC's teams have won four national championships in men's lacrosse (1998), women's softball (2003) and women's lacrosse (2006 and 2007).

Athletic facilities
Students and student-athletes are granted access to the on-campus fitness facilities in the David S. Jenkins Gymnasium at AACC's Arnold campus. Women's volleyball and men's and women's basketball home games are played at the gymnasium, which features a 650-seat capacity, six basketball hoops, two weight training facilities and the Riverhawk Athletic Training Facility. Siegert Stadium hosts men's and women's soccer and lacrosse home games. Softball home games are played at the Softball complex and baseball home games at “Skip” Brown Baseball Field. The three practice fields are available to the public during the day and for rent by external organizations when not in use by AACC. Student athletes and local cross-country high school students have access to the Riverhawk Cross Country Trails for meets, practice and conditioning.

Notable alumni

 * Brian Crecente, video game journalist, founder of Kotaku, podcaster
 * C. Edward Middlebrooks, attorney, former Maryland senator
 * David G. Boschert, former U.S. Marine and member of the Maryland House of Delegates
 * Diane Black, former United States Representative and registered nurse
 * Douglas B. Byerly, music director and founder of AACC's opera program
 * Edward Snowden, former CIA employee and computer analysis subcontractor (attended but did not graduate from AACC)
 * George F. Johnson, IV, former sheriff of Anne Arundel County
 * Robert A. Costa, former soldier, firefighter, EMT, real estate agent and member of the Maryland House of Delegates
 * Robert R. Neall, former sailor, member of the Maryland House of Delegates, Maryland senator and state health official
 * Robin P. Newhouse, dean of the Indiana University School of Nursing
 * Ronald Malfi, horror novelist
 * Travis Pastrana, motocross driver
 * Pamela Beidle, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and current member of the Maryland Senate
 * Toni Braxton, American R&B singer, songwriter, actress and television personality

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anne Arundel Community College


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South Street Park

South Street Park is a former baseball ground located in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. The ground was home to the Indianapolis Blues of the National League for the 1878 season and was also known then as National Park. The ground first hosted baseball for the city's International Association entry during 1876–1877. It was also a neutral site for some Chicago White Stockings games during 1878.

The ballfield was located on a block bounded by Delaware Street (west), South Street (south), and Alabama Street (east). The site was later occupied by Big Four freight houses. It is currently a parking lot for Gainbridge Fieldhouse, which is across the street to the west.

title: South Street Park


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User:Charon.sk

I am an IT student interested in science, philosophy and apologetics. I also produce electronic music and ambient. My discography, free mp3s and some photos and graphic works: charon

title: User:Charon.sk


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Supreme deity

A supreme deity, supreme god or supreme being is the conception of the sole deity of monotheistic religions or, in polytheistic or henotheistic religions, the paramount deity or supernatural entity which is above all others.

General

 * Creator deity, often also the supreme deity in many religions
 * King of the gods, the lead god of a polytheistic pantheon
 * Supreme god, the god exclusively worshipped by henotheists
 * God, the singular deity of monotheistic religions

Abrahamic religions

 * God in Abrahamic religions
 * God in Judaism
 * God in Christianity
 * The Trinity in most Christian traditions
 * Jesus in some Christian traditions
 * Yahweh
 * Allah in Muslim belief: see God in Islam
 * Bahá in Bahá'í belief: see God in the Baháʼí Faith

African religions

 * Amun-Ra in Ancient Egyptian mythology
 * Aten in Ancient Egyptian mythology
 * Chukwu in Igbo religion
 * Mwari in Shona religion
 * Nyambe in Bantu religion
 * Nzambi in Bakongo religion
 * Ọlọrun in Yoruba religion
 * Ruhanga in Rutara religion

Indian religions

 * Para Brahman, in Hinduism
 * Shiva, in hinduism
 * Vishnu, in Hinduism
 * Adi Parashakti, in Hinduism
 * Waheguru, in Sikhism

Ancient Roman and Greek religion

 * Zeus, in ancient Greek religion
 * Jupiter, in the religion of ancient Rome, often identified with Zeus

Other

 * Hayyi Rabbi in Mandaeism
 * Pangu, in Chinese folk religion
 * Radien-attje, the superior deity of the Sami
 * Rod (Slavic religion), in pre-Christian Slavic mythology
 * Tagroa Siria, in Rotuman society
 * Ukko, in Finnish mythology

title: Supreme deity


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Haywood

Haywood may refer to:

Canada

 * Haywood, Manitoba

United Kingdom

 * Haywood, Herefordshire
 * Great Haywood, Staffordshire
 * Little Haywood, Staffordshire

United States

 * Hayward, California, formerly Haywood
 * Haywood, Kentucky
 * Haywood, North Carolina
 * Haywood, Oklahoma
 * Haywood, Virginia
 * Haywood, West Virginia
 * Haywood City, Missouri
 * Haywood County, North Carolina
 * Haywood County, Tennessee

Other uses

 * Haywood (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Haywood (band), American indie rock band

title: Haywood


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/South Bay, Boston, Massachusetts

South Bay, Boston, Massachusetts was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

While not nonsense, the current article gives me no idea what is South Bay Boston. Apparently it is part of the Big Dig which has an extensive article. As this is now this in non notable. Just links to the big dig. Sortior 17:33, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, "South Bay" +Boston is the subject of 257k hits, so it's a legitimate community as a subject. Merge links into Big Dig, figure out whether South Bay, Boston (like Back Bay, Boston, South Bay, Los Angeles) or South Bay, Boston, Massachusetts (like Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts) would be the appropriate title, move/redirect as necessary, and link to it from Big Dig, Boston and South Bay so we at least have a canonical title established. Samaritan 19:12, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone is bold enough to merge brief descriptions of neighborhoods into the Boston article. —ExplorerCDT 19:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and hope that someone writes a decent article on the community in the future. There's nothing in here worth saving. (Even the URLs are out of date.) I take it back.  *Keep* Darkcore's updated article.  P Ingerson 20:29, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I tried to save it. I think it's a relatively decent stub now. Darkcore 21:21, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a genuine place in a fairly large city. The article just needs to be expanded. Gsd97jks 23:00, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep this great stub on the great Bay State. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Now that I know what South Bay is, and there is an article that makes sense...it is worth keeping. Sortior 23:28, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, nice work on the rescue Darkcore. --fvw *  23:36, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Keep and rewrite from scratch. Perhaps put it as a candidate for Collaboration of the Week?  It's a pretty significant area with a long (for the US) history and activity throughout the history.  However, the current contents are not helpful.  It needs the careful attention of helping hands. Geogre 02:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I tried to save it based on information that I could obtain. Sorry you didn't like it. Darkcore 05:18, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I looked at the nominated version. I do like your rewrite.  I still think it should be a COW, though, as the amount of stuff there is to say, the number of links there could be, etc. Geogre 12:23, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, thanks to Darkcore—Trevor Caira 02:55, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and congrats to Darkcore for a job well done. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:27, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: The current article does a good job of describing the present and future of the area. Something about its history would be useful. DCEdwards1966 06:33, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all real places. Been there, that makes it real enough to me. Alkivar 21:49, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems like more deletion trolling. Keep. Mark Richards 16:44, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ishikawa District

Ishikawa District can refer to two districts in Japan:
 * Ishikawa District, Ishikawa
 * Ishikawa District, Fukushima

title: Ishikawa District


text: Category:Pteridophyta

title: Category:Pteridophyta


text:
Herman Li

Herman Li (born 3 October 1976) is a Hong Kong-born British musician who is one of two lead guitarists for the power metal band DragonForce. Li has played with the band based in England since it was formed in 1999 by Li along with Sam Totman, both of whom are also the remaining original members of the band. Before DragonForce he was in the black metal band Demoniac.

Early life
Herman Li was born on 3 October 1976 in Hong Kong and moved to France, then to England during his teenage years. He speaks English, French and Cantonese fluently.

Playing style
Li draws influences from rock, all subgenres of metal as well as video game music and often mimics sounds from popular retro games from the late 1980s, early 1990s arcade, and PC games. His playing style consists of fast descending and ascending legato and staccato licks, exotic scale runs, making extensive use of the harmonic minor and Phrygian dominant scale, extreme use of his whammy bar, quick full ascending and descending sweep picking arpeggios, alternate picking and two-handed tapping on the higher frets as well as incorporating many other shred guitar style techniques. Li sometimes uses a device called the Hot Hand that sits on his right hand like a ring, which causes extreme vibrato when shaken, giving him a greater capacity to emulate certain video game sounds. Li has stated Joe Satriani, Steve Vai and Tony MacAlpine guitar playing heavily inspired his own style. Li is left-handed, but plays guitar right-handed.

Guitars
Li uses Ibanez E-Gen guitars, his signature Ibanez models based on his old Ibanez S Series, which was retired from stage at the end of the Inhuman Rampage tour. The EGEN18 has a "Transparent Violet Flat" finish (transparent purple on a flamed-maple top), and the EGEN8 has a "Platinum Blonde" finish (natural wood finish with a flamed-maple top). Both have a rosewood fingerboard and gold hardware. The E-Gen model has many unique features and improvements over a standard S, including its versatile tone selection with coil tap switching for both the bridge and neck pickups, Edge Zero bridge (the EGEN8 has Edge III), custom DiMarzio HLM pickups (the EGEN8 has Ibanez pickups) and an extended scoop on the lower horn of the body, as well as a "Kung-Fu grip" on the upper horn shaped by Li's hand. It is currently Ibanez's flagship model for S body style guitars.

On 9 May 2010 Li announced via Facebook that he had received a custom-made Ibanez 7-string guitar. No details are known yet about this guitar, other than it has seven strings, and it is unknown whether it will be mass-produced for his E-Gen signature line.

Before the E-Gen, he had been known to play Ibanez S Prestige guitars. An Ibanez S470SOL (Japanese build 1995), a seven string Ibanez 540S7 (Japanese build 1991) (used in Revolution Deathsquad, Storming the Burning Fields, before the second verse and in the outro of Heartbreak Armageddon and the bridge section of Operation Ground and Pound), and an Ibanez S540FMTTS (Japanese build 1995). He has also been seen playing an Ibanez S2170FB and an Ibanez S2170FW. He also owns an Ibanez Jem7BSB, which has been used on every DragonForce album for recording rhythm guitar parts, an Ibanez J Custom RG, an Ibanez RG2228 (8-string model), and a PRS Modern Eagle, which he received as a gift from Paul Reed Smith and can be seen in the studio.

Amplifiers and effects
Li is currently building a brand new rig, as stated on his official website.

Li uses a Kemper Profiler as his primary amplifier.

Popular culture
Li and fellow band member Sam Totman are featured as performing twin guitar solos of the power metal song "Through the Fire and Flames" which has appeared in several video games. In the Guitar Hero rhythm game series, the song first featured in Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock as an unlockable bonus song, and later appeared in Guitar Hero Smash Hits and Guitar Hero Live, as well as Rock Band 3 as DLC. The song also featured in Rocksmith 2014.

Notable awards and achievements
Li has won and featured in the following awards:

 * RIAA Certified Platinum Single "Through the Fire and Flames"
 * RIAA Certified Gold Record "Inhuman Rampage"
 * UK Silver Record "Inhuman Rampage"
 * Music Radar/Total Guitar 2017 – Best Metal Guitarists in the World
 * Metal Hammer Golden Gods 2009 – Best Shredder Award
 * Grammy Awards 2009 – Best Metal Performance "Heroes of Our Time" Nomination
 * Guitar World Reader's Poll 2007 – Best New Talent (winning by 70%)
 * Guitar World Reader's Poll 2007 – Best Metal
 * Guitar World Reader's Poll 2007 – Best Riff
 * Total Guitar Reader's Poll 2007 – Best Solo "Through the Fire and Flames"
 * Terrorizer Reader's Poll 2006 – Best Band "DragonForce"
 * Terrorizer Reader's Poll 2006 – Best Musician "Herman Li"
 * Terrorizer Reader's Poll 2006 – Best Live Act "DragonForce"
 * Metal Hammer Golden Gods 2005 – Best Shredder Award
 * Guitar World Magazine – 50 fastest guitarists

title: Herman Li


text:
German tanker Altmark

Altmark was a German oil tanker and supply vessel, one of five of a class built between 1937 and 1939. She is best known for her support of the German commerce raider, the "pocket battleship" GERMAN POCKET BATTLESHIP Admiral Graf Spee and her subsequent involvement in the "Altmark Incident". In 1940 she was renamed Uckermark and used as supply tanker for the battleships GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau during Operation Berlin before sailing to Japan on September 1942 as a blockade breaker.

Footage of Altmark appears briefly in the 1942 British wartime propaganda movie The Day Will Dawn.

The Altmark Incident
Altmark (Captain Heinrich Dau) was assigned to support Admiral Graf Spee during her raid in the South Atlantic between September and December 1939. Seamen rescued from the ships sunk by Admiral Graf Spee were transferred to Altmark. After Admiral Graf Spee was heavily damaged by British cruisers in Battle of the River Plate and subsequently scuttled by her crew, in the Río de la Plata in December 1939, Altmark attempted to return to Germany, steaming around the north of Great Britain and then within the Norwegian littoral. On 14 February 1940 Altmark, proceeding south within Norwegian territorial waters, was discovered by three British Lockheed Hudson Mk.II aircraft from RAF Thornaby and pursued by several British destroyers led by HMS Cossack (F03). Late on 16 February 1940 in Jøssingfjord she was fired upon while the Norwegian Navy stood by and took no action save for raising a protest flag. The German tanker then received a boarding party from HMS Cossack. During an attempted escape across the ice, seven of the Altmark crew were shot down. During the skirmish Altmark was run onto the rocks. It had been the British intention to tow the ship back to a Scottish port, but the damage to the tanker's stern frustrated this idea.

An attack by one belligerent upon its enemy in neutral waters is a breach of neutrality, in this case a breach of Norwegian neutrality by Britain. Because Hitler feared Norway would be insufficiently resolute to protect the German iron-ore traffic that passed legitimately along the Norwegian littoral and earlier had decided on 14 December 1939 on the invasion of Norway after discussions with Admiral Erich Raeder and Vidkun Quisling, ordered intensified planning on 19 February 1940 for attacks on Norway and Denmark, which eventually took place on 9 April 1940 under the code name Operation Weserübung.

The British justification for the attack on the Altmark was set out in a Note to the Norwegian Government from Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax dated 10 March 1940. The problem the British Government faced was the wording of The Hague Convention XIII of 1907 to which it was a signatory. Article 10 provides that: "The neutrality of a Power is not affected by the mere passage through its territorial waters of warships or prizes belonging to belligerents."

This meant that the Altmark was within its rights to sail through Norwegian waters with prisoners aboard providing that it did not come to a protracted stop longer than 24 hours. In the diplomatic letter, the British government confirmed that it was not contrary to the law of neutrality to sail a prison ship through neutral waters, and Britain often did this herself. In fact the British complaint had nothing to do with the prisoners. Altmark was a fleet tanker assimilated to a warship and was proceeding to Germany from the Atlantic by the north-about route. Instead of sailing down the North Sea as he would do in peacetime, the master of the Altmark had elected to sail the entire leg of the voyage southwards within Norwegian territorial waters in order to attract immunity from attack there under international law. There was no other reason for him to want to voyage through waters so dangerous to navigation. With no valid breach of international law, the British excused their violation of international law by contriving that the Altmark's course abused international law even without a violation, and since the Norwegians had declined to stop a voyage that was not in violation of international convention the British Admiralty decided it was justified in taking action contrary to law, essentially announcing that it had the right to determine what course an enemy ship must travel to be entitled to the protections of international law.

The question remains unresolved to this day as to whether, as the Hague Conventions stood in 1940, a warship could legitimately seek immunity from attack in neutral waters by widely varying its course to reach them.

Subsequent history
The ship, renamed Uckermark on 6 August 1940, then resumed the role for which she had been built. During Operation Berlin, which involved the battleships GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau between January and March 1941, Uckermark, under Captain Zatorski, was a supply ship and scout attached to the squadron. As the result of her reports the battleships were directed to various merchant vessels, which were then sunk.

On 9 September 1942 she left France for Japan with a cargo of vegetable oil and fuel, supplying the auxiliary cruiser GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Michel on the way, arriving at Yokohama on 24 November 1942. Uckermark was then intended as the replenishment ship for the German raider GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Thor, which was raiding merchant shipping in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean areas.

On 30 November 1942, Uckermark was anchored at Yokohama, Japan, next to Thor and the captured Australian passenger liner SS Nankin, carrying a load of explosives, which Thor had captured in March five days out from Fremantle, Australia, en route to Colombo, Ceylon. While the crew was at lunch, Uckermark suffered an explosion and fire which spread to Nankin, resulting in a larger explosion that sunk the Uckermark, Thor, and Nankin and destroyed a portion of the docks. The cause of the fire and explosions was thought to be a spark from tools used by a repair gang working near the cargo tanks igniting residual gasoline. The Uckermark had delivered 5000 tons of gasoline to Yokohama. It is unknown if the ship had an inerting system for its cargo tanks installed, but, as tanker vessels with inerting systems were uncommon at the time the ship was built, it is likely that combined with wartime stresses the lack of (or inoperability of) an inerting system contributed significantly to the power of the initial explosion. A comparable incident was the explosion of the MS Bidwell at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, in 1932. Fifty-three crewmen from Uckermark died in the explosion. The severely damaged ship was beyond repair and was scrapped.

Some of the survivors of the ship were sent to France on the blockade runner Doggerbank and perished when the ship was mistakenly sunk by the GS U-43 (1939) on 3 March 1943 with all but one of the 365-strong crew lost at sea.

title: German tanker Altmark


text:
Laurens

Laurens may refer to:

United States

 * Laurens County, Georgia
 * Laurens, Iowa, a city
 * Laurens (town), New York
 * Laurens (village), New York
 * Laurens, South Carolina, a city
 * Laurens County, South Carolina
 * Fort Laurens, an American Revolutionary War fort in what is now Ohio
 * Mount Laurens, a mountain in Alaska

Elsewhere

 * Laurens, Hérault, commune in the Hérault département, southern France
 * Laurens Peninsula, Heard Island, Indian Ocean
 * Cape Laurens, on the Laurens Peninsula

Other uses

 * Laurens (given name)
 * Laurens (surname)
 * USS Laurens (APA-153), a World War II attack transport ship
 * Laurens Railroad (1854-1881), a railroad in South Carolina
 * Laurens Railway (1881-1894), successor of the Laurens Railroad
 * Laurens (horse) (born 2015), thoroughbred racehorse

title: Laurens


text:
User talk:Charon.sk

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 17:37, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

questions about evolution
Hi Charon. Here's my answers to your questions: ''1.) Is outdated information that also evolutionists consider false still used in some school textbooks (eg. the embryos series or the horse evol.stages sequence)?''
 * Almost certainly yes. In the best of cases, even college-level textbooks are several years behind the current cutting-edge research, simply because it takes time to produce a textbook and it is impossible to keep it up-to-date before publication. In the case of high school texts, this will be exacerbated by the fact that the books are written by non-specialists and are small portions of a much larger text, and might be using older texts as a model. However, this failure is hardly a reflection on the quality of science in the field of evolution.

''2.) Did some parallel similar structures evolve independently? (eg. eyes of mammals and cephalopods or some microbiological structures)''
 * Yes - this is convergent evolution. A single problem may have a single optimal solution, and if it is easy to arrive at it may come up many times independently. I don't think convergence could be used as an argument either for or against evolution. However, divergence of function from form is more parsimoniously explained by evolution (e.g. the well-known vertebrate limb homology).

3.) Are similar homologic structures in related organisms sometimes encoded by groups of genes located in completely different places of the genome?
 * Yes, but we shouldn't find this surprising, since chromosomes rearrange themselves. In fact chromosome rearrangement is hypothesized to be a significant mechanism for speciation, since it would prove a fairly effective barrier to mating. Check out this image of the mouse genome labeled according to synteny (homology) of chromosome regions with the human genome to get an idea of how much rearrangement has occurred between the mouse and human genomes. Also in general the human genome doesn't have functional "operons" like yeast does, where related genes are transcribed as a single unit, so there's no reason for location to be conserved.

4.) respose to behe's arguments about irreducible complexity
 * Behe's arguments about irreducible complexity can be easily dismissed as lack of imagination. The general thrust of his argument is "this system could not have existed without every one of these components, and therefore the system could only have been constructed out of whole cloth, not through an evolutionary process." The obvious response is that scaffolding processes could exist; that is, an intermediate state may have existed previously that provided some other benefit. People have done this in detail for example for the flagellum, one of Behe's primary examples. See this, for instance.

''5.) isn't the design hypothesis just a call to the most reasonable explanation based just on our observation? (eg. what is the difference between claiming that the paintings in caves are painted by intelligent artists and claiming that the brain (or cell or any complex structure in nature) is designed by an intelligent designer?)''
 * Well, in the instance of the cave paintings, the hypothesis is consistent with a great many other facts. We believe that humans existed at the time, that humans have the capacity to create paintings and may have had the inclination. It's entirely plausible for us to believe that a cave painting was created by a human because it's consistent with everything else we know. "Sure, that makes sense. Humans like to paint, I can imagine a human painting this thing," is a reasonable shorthand. The same cannot be said for the designer. The design hypothesis is empty of framework; it does not bother to posit what the designer was or how it operated. It offers no model of the history of life, which would go a great way towards allowing its propositions to be tested. Since we can say nothing about the designer (while we can say a great deal about the cavemen painters) forming such a hypothesis is not the most reasonable course.

6.) are there any complete series of transitional fossils documenting all slight step-by-step changes found?
 * I'm not that familiar with the paleontological record, since this is not my area, but I wouldn't expect there to be a complete series of transitional fossils. Fossilization is a rare process and usually occurs only for specific tissue-types like bone which are prone to sedimentation replacement. If even in the case of bones, fossilization is rare, why would we expect to see a complete series of fossils documenting all changes in an evolutionary line? Furthermore, drastic evolutionary changes should occur in a shorter number of generations and in relatively small populations, making the probability of finding a complete series of fossils smaller. However, I think in some instances there is a pretty well-documented record and nearly complete, for example in the evolution of the modern horse's foot from its three-toed ancestor.

5.) are there any examples of imperfect not-fully-formed ancestors of the complete and fully formed fossils usually found? how did they survive if they were not fully formed?
 * This betrays an incorrect understanding of the way selection operates. Proto-forms most likely had purpose; just not the same purpose that modern forms (what you call "fully formed") may have. For example, the recently discovered feathers on dinosaurs like T. rex - since T. rex obviously didn't fly, why the feathers? Well, the simple answer is that the feathers could have provided some other benefit to T. rex, like cooling him down, or helping him to attract mates (which is a strong driving force behind a lot of natural selection) - only later did they also start to become useful for other things and develop into the pinions that enable modern birds to fly (as dinosaurs became smaller, more interested in running fast/leaping, etc.). Nature is inventive, and more to the point, re-inventive. It is constantly taking existing structures and adapting them to new uses. We are used to thinking in straight lines and imagining direct chains of progression. Evolution does not work this way. Graft 19:56, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi Charon - sorry I'm so slow at responding, I'm in California visiting my sister. 1.) I was not talking about missing cutting edge research, but including tens of years old information that causes informed evolutionists to hide in shame. The information in textbooks plays a vital role in the controversy because it keeps the public uninformed and might even be called by some brainwashing or propaganda.
 * Surely if evolutionists were interested in propagandizing the population, they'd want to present the best, cutting-edge information, not outdated material open to attack. In any case, it would be difficult to argue that they're successful, since the US population views evolution far more skeptically than other developed nations.

Ad 6.) Could you name the exact stages and specimen (location/date found) of horse evolution you referred to?
 * No - I don't know much about this. You can look it up if you like. talk origins has a page on it here:.

''Ad 7.) Now I see that I misnumbered my questions and you copied it :) It is true that some arguments of that sort are just a lack of imagination. The problem is that your objection would be valid in the area of philosophy, not science. In science, the proponen of the theory has to supply evidence and to say that "there must be some purpose for those not-fully formed structures" is similar to a "god of the gaps" explanation and would be circular reasoning in the big picture.''
 * Actually, no, this isn't how science operates. Science operates by developing models that explain the world and looking for things that contradict or support that model. So, if you've developed a model and there's good reason to disbelieve it, then that's something to stand up and take notice of. Science doesn't try to find explanations for everything, because some things simply can't be explained, for lack of evidence. Only things that fly in the face of your model, or large gaps, should cause interest. An interesting example is human evolution - the human line is presumed to have diverged considerably from the great ape line (e.g. erect posture, greater intelligence, no fur, etc. etc.), and there is as of yet no plausible explanation for what drove this event. Such a rapid transformation is obviously of interest to us in understanding our own species, but none of the models proposed (the aquatic ape theory, moving from the forest to the savannah, and recently, the "running ape") have really bourne out conclusively based on evidence. Some of them are circumstantially compelling (many find the aquatic ape theory to be one such), but not enough that anyone could say that this is definitively the case.
 * In any event, the feathered T. rex example is still relevant. Regardless of the purpose of feathers on T. rex, the fact is that it (or rather, its ancestor) had them. There was a proto-form of the modern feathers on birds, and we can safely assume that it was not used for flight. Thus, it seems obvious that evolution hijacked feathers for another purpose. I don't see where this deduction goes wrong.

''Ad the feathered Trex: Are you referring to a specific article or specimen? Could you give a reference?''
 * Look up articles on 'dilong paradoxus'

Graft 08:22, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi Charon - I'm curious to know, other than your faith (which, actually, I'm only assuming), what exactly convinces you that the theory of evolution is bunk? Graft 22:23, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I was interested in something more specific - i.e., what do you percieve to be lacking in mechanistic terms? Why do you feel the currently laid-out mechanisms are incorrect? What do you mean by "builds on the pre-darwinian knowledge"? What are the circular errors on which the theory is founded? Graft 19:32, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) no mechanism: it is a shear unproved speculation that mutation+selection could account for the changes that evolution requires. I would say that what has been experimentaly proved only strenghtens this point.
 * It's not unproved speculation - there's been a good amount of work done to demonstrate that mutation and selection CAN account for the changes that evolution requires. Mutation rates are well-characterized, the evolutionary changes in proteins on a sequence level are easy to determine by comparative sequence analysis, the effect of selective pressure on the distribution of allele frequencies in a population can be measured - these things together allow us to measure the strength of selective effects (in addition to many other methods). There are plenty of papers predicting where selection has operated on a per-gene basis, based on available evidence. A fair amount of simulation has been done showing that mutation and selection is enough to drive adaptive effects. There are models of speciation based on this understanding that are simple and robust. I'm not clear on why you would say it's unproved speculation.

 * 1) pre-darwinian knowledge: darwin built his theory whithout the knowledge of current genetics and cell microbiology and biochemistry. what we have today is only a sligtly modified darwinist theory trying to incorporate the new fact into an old structure based on old ways of thinking. For example in physics, Einstein did not simply add some formulas to the newtonian mechanics. It is completely rebuilt. However in the evolution case, there might be metaphysical implications which evolutionists are not willing to face, so they have to keep the old way of thinking. This way a big structure is being built on weak foundation and the more we know the more unstable it will be. The sad thing is that evolutionosists are balancing on the top, closing their eyes and ears and saying "there is no debate, the theory is not in crisis, etc."
 * Einstein started from the ground up because it was necessary to do so - that's not true in this case. Genetics and microbiology did not repudiate Darwin, they filled in the gaps and provided mechanistic confirmation for his theories - how variation occurs and is propagated from generation to generation, how new variation arises, etc... Also, why do you say the foundation is weak? Graft 17:37, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hi Charon,

All of this work IS publically available. You can read a number of books written about the subject. They're simply written for knowledgable audiences; that is, they are not accessible in the sense of language and ability. This is unfortunately true of a lot of fields; if you want detailed justification you must crawl through subtle arguments made in scientific papers that laymen will not appreciate. For example I am frustrated by the fact that many of the arguments over global warming are beyond my ken; they exist, they are written up in journals I can access at any college library. But they require a better understanding of the field.

If you DO want to read some stuff, as a single book I'd probably recommend John Gillespie's "The Causes of Molecular Evolution". If you're interested in understanding "macroevolution", check out "Speciation", by Jerry Coyne et al. Both of these are very dense and technical works, but if you can work through them you will have a much better idea of the mathematical and observational justifications underlying modern evolutionary theory.

On another note, I'm still interested in knowing WHY you think genetics and microbiology repudiate Darwin. Graft 20:51, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Charon.sk


text:
User talk:JetJon

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:37, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:JetJon


text:
John Davidson (entertainer)

John Hamilton Davidson (born December 13, 1941) is an American actor, singer, and game show host known for hosting That's Incredible!, Time Machine, and Hollywood Squares in the 1980s, and a revival of The $100,000 Pyramid in 1991.

Biography
Davidson was born to Dr. James Allie Davidson (1908–1984) and Elizabeth Emma Beck (1908–1996), both Baptist ministers, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He lived in West Bridgewater, Massachusetts, and graduated from White Plains High School (in White Plains, New York), then entered Denison University. He considered following in his parents' footsteps, but ultimately decided that he "would rather sing about love than preach it."

Davidson worked in situation comedies, game shows, variety shows, and talk shows. In 1964 he appeared in the Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation of The Fantastiks with Ricardo Montalbán and Susan Watson. In the summer of 1966, he was the host of two prime-time variety hour shows, The Kraft Summer Music Hall and The John Davidson Show, the latter of which included George Carlin and Richard Pryor. In the 1980s he became well known for co-hosting That's Incredible! (1980–84), a human-interest/stunt-themed series.

Career
In 1967 Davidson made his film debut in The Happiest Millionaire, alongside Lesley Ann Warren and Fred MacMurray. The following year he appeared with Warren again in The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band. He appeared as a guest singer on The Carol Burnett Show in 1967 and 1969, and as the Mystery Guest on What's My Line? in 1969. His career was managed by Alan Bernard, former manager of Andy Williams and one of the partners in BNB, the largest personal management firm in the 1970s.

In 1987, during an appearance on Scrabble he mentioned that he appeared as an underwear model in the 1959 Sears catalog, when he was seventeen. He made his Broadway debut in the 1964 production of Foxy, which starred Bert Lahr. He also appeared in State Fair in 1996.

He was a member of the repertory company on the short-lived CBS variety show The Entertainers (1964–65). He was a regular player on many anthology and variety series of the 1970s–80s, including The Ed Sullivan Show, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, Love American Style, The Love Boat, Fantasy Island, and Spenser: For Hire.

Davidson made numerous appearances on the original Hollywood Squares, from the game show's premiere in 1966 to its cancellation in 1981. He was known for his long-winded bluffs which often fooled contestants with his often ridiculous answers to questions the program's host, Peter Marshall, posed. Most times, Marshall could barely conceal a grin as Davidson began some far-fetched but plausible explanations for his answers, often prefaced with some misleading statement like "I just read about it in the New England Journal of Medicine, it was a fascinating study, and it said that..." Davidson put over these preposterous stories with such sincerity that many a contestant was fooled more than once.

In 1973 and 1974, he starred with Sally Field on the situation comedy The Girl with Something Extra. In 1974 he guest-starred on the television series The Streets of San Francisco, in the episode "Mask of Death", portraying a cross-dressing lounge singer who murders his/her fans. In the episode, Davidson sings in drag while impersonating such notables as Carol Channing, singing "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend". Also in 1974, the singer posed near-nude (with a discreetly placed towel) for the magazine Cosmopolitan.

In 1977, Davidson was present at the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire in Southgate, Kentucky. He was expected to appear onstage as the headline act the evening the fire broke out. Davidson helped others escape before fleeing through a back door. Davidson's music director, Douglas Herro, was among the 165 victims. Davidson was unharmed in the disaster and later participated in a charity concert to raise funds for the families of the victims.

In the late 1970s, the actor appeared 87 times as a regular guest host on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. In the early 1980s he hosted his own talk show, produced by Westinghouse Broadcasting/Group W, after it canceled The Mike Douglas Show. The John Davidson Show aired daily in syndication from 1980 to 1982. In 1985, he hosted the NBC daytime game show Time Machine.

Davidson appeared as a host on real estate promoter Dave Del Dotto’s paid programs during the late 1980s and early 1990s, which were notable for taking place in outdoor, scenic settings (such as Hawaii). These "infomercials", as they have come to be called, often appeared on late night television and were a staple for years on many cable channels till the FCC filed a complaint against Del Dotto in 1995, alleging that he had "made false and unsubstantiated representations" in his programs. Davidson hosted a revival of Hollywood Squares which ran from 1986 to 1989. He also hosted 170 episodes of a revival of The $100,000 Pyramid in 1991. He also appeared as a featured guest on The Carpenters' television specials Space Encounters (1977) and ''Music! Music! Music!'' (1980). Following his run on Hollywood Squares, he was one of six people who auditioned to host the CBS daytime version of Wheel of Fortune (in the end, Bob Goen was hired).

Recording career
Davidson was also a successful recording artist. He recorded twelve albums in the '60s and '70s. From 1966 to 1971, he recorded for Columbia Records, where he enjoyed his greatest success. Five of his albums reached the Billboard 200 album charts, with The Time of My Life! peaking at No. 19 in 1966. His albums usually consisted of covers of recent hit singles along with some new material.

As a singles artist, he placed seven records on the Adult Contemporary chart. "Everytime I Sing a Love Song", released in 1976, peaked at No. 7, his most successful single.

Film career
Davidson acted in many movies, including The Happiest Millionaire (1967), The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band (1968), Coffee, Tea or Me? (1973), The Concorde ... Airport '79 (1979), Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders II, (1980) and Edward Scissorhands (1990).

Stage work
Davidson has appeared in productions of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Kismet, State Fair, Man of La Mancha, Chicago, and The Will Rogers Follies, at the Surflight Theatre in Long Beach Island, New Jersey. He has also performed the autobiographical play Father/Son and Holy Ghost, about his relationship with his father, who was a minister.

In July 1991 Davidson appeared in summer stock with Sacramento Music Circus of Sacramento, California, in The Music Man alongside Susan Watson, Richard Paul, Carol Swarbrick, and the Delta Music Society Quartet of Sacramento.

Davidson performed daily in 1993–94 in Branson at a theater bearing his name.

In late 2011 Davidson was listed as a guest star with The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies at the Plaza Theatre in Palm Springs, California.

In June 2012 Davidson took on the role of Henry in the off-Broadway revival of The Fantasticks. In April 2013 he took on the role of the Wizard in the first North American tour of Wicked. In 2016, Davidson played Norman Thayer in On Golden Pond at Judson Theatre Company in Pinehurst, North Carolina. In June 2017, he took on the role of Charles Frohman/Captain James Hook in the North American tour of Finding Neverland.

Personal life
Davidson's first marriage was to Jackie Miller. He has two children: John Davidson Jr., who often appeared with his father on later versions of Hollywood Squares; and Jennifer (Davidson) Kane. Since 1983 Davidson has been married to former backup singer Rhonda Rivera, and they have a daughter Ashleigh Davidson. They live primarily in Tamworth, New Hampshire.

The son of two Baptist ministers, Davidson now identifies as an atheist, declaring himself "openly secular" in a video for the Openly Secular Coalition begun by the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, the Secular Coalition for America, and other humanist groups.

title: John Davidson (entertainer)


text: Category:Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

title: Category:Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha


text:
Heat (magazine)

Heat is an English entertainment magazine published by Bauer Media Group. Its mix of celebrity news, gossip, beauty advice and fashion is primarily aimed at women, although not as directly as in other women's magazines. It also features movie and music reviews, TV listings and major celebrity interviews.

History
Heat was launched in February 1999 as a general interest entertainment magazine, at a cost of more than £4m. However, unlike other Emap (now Bauer) magazine launches before and after, it was not an immediate success, with a circulation below 100,000. A series of revamps quickly repositioned the magazine as a less serious, more gossip-oriented magazine aimed at women, and circulation quickly grew. A series of high-profile celebrity relationships, such as Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt provided ample material, while reality shows such as Big Brother and Pop Idol grew popular at just the right time to help fill pages. Heat achieved record sale figures when Jade Goody had a make-over and was first on the front cover after her stint in Big Brother 3 (2002) and later when Nikki Grahame and Pete Bennett from Big Brother 7 split and Grahame was interviewed for Heat in 2006.

In 2009–10, Heat spearheaded a campaign alongside Girls Aloud's Nicola Roberts advocating the banning of sunbed use in the UK for under-18s. The campaign was a success and a bill was passed by Parliament shortly before the 2010 General Election.

The site crashed after the magazine was mentioned on Channel 4's The Million Pound Drop; it took up to eight days to restore the site.

Editors

 * Barry McIlheney (1999–2000)
 * Mark Frith (2000–08)
 * Julian Linley (2008–09)
 * Sam Delaney (2009–2010)
 * Lucie Cave (2011–2012); Editor-in-Chief across the heat brand (2012-)
 * Jeremy Mark (2012–15)
 * Suzy Cox (2015-)

An edition of the magazine is also published in South Africa.

Heatworld.com
Heatworld.com launched on 22 May 2007 and was edited by Julian Linley, who had been deputy editor of Heat magazine for five years. The site is an online interpretation of the magazine, emulating the mix of celebrity news, gossip and fashion. However, heatworld.com does not replicate magazine content and bases itself more on video and audio content and breaking news. The site is advertising funded.

Heat Radio
On 25 September 2007, Heat Radio was launched. The station is owned by Bauer Radio, a division of the company, Bauer, which owns Heat magazine. The station can be listened to across the UK on DAB Digital Radio, on their app or at heatradio.com.

Television channel
On 3 July 2012, Heat launched, featuring celebrity news and music. The channel comes from Box Television, a joint venture between Bauer and Channel Four. It replaced Q on Sky, Smallworld Cable and Virgin Media in the UK, in Ireland on Sky and UPC Ireland and in Iceland on Síminn.

In May 2016, the channel was rebranded as Box Upfront.

Heat merchandise
As Heat magazine grew in popularity, spin off merchandise was released to cash in on its success. Current items carrying the Heat brand name are an exercise DVD titled Heat: Get That Celeb Look which was released in 2003, an interactive DVD game featuring celebrity questions, an annual for the year 2007 and in 2003 a set of mini books titled Say What were released containing quotes from celebrities such as Gareth Gates.

Controversy
In an issue which was released on 27 November 2007, Heat used a photograph of Katie Price's disabled son, who suffers from septo-optic dysplasia, a rare condition which means he is visually impaired and suffers from hormonal deficiencies, causing him to easily gain weight and means he is partially blind, on a sticker which was included with the magazine, with the slogan "Harvey wants to eat me!" The magazine's editor Mark Frith made an apology for the offence caused by the sticker, and an apology was also posted on the magazine's website. A spokesperson for the Press Complaints Commission confirmed that Katie Price was planning to make a complaint about the matter. The magazine was also criticized in the press over the incident, with one editorial describing it as "the lowest point in British journalism".

In another issue released on 6–12 September 2014, Heat published a photograph of Justin Timberlake, husband to Jessica Biel, at a nightclub in Paris on the night after his performance. The star was photographed partying with women at the club as the title named it "Justin Timberlake gets flirty with another woman – That's not his wife!" Once the article, as well as the pictures surfaced it caused his marriage with Jessica to be manipulated. The singer and actor lodged a defamation claim in the courts in Ireland against the publishers of the celebrity title over an article, photographs and quotes attributed to Biel. In the agreed statement read in the high court, a lawyer for the Heat publisher Bauer group admitted the article headlined "The flirty photos that rocked Justin and Jessica's marriage" was based on an unfounded report. The article also included purported statements improperly attributed to Biel which the publishers said Heat now understands the actor never made. The Bauer media group later apologized on Heat magazine's behalf over these allegations, and a settlement was made in a hearing before the president of the High Court, Mr Justice Nicholas Kearns.

Heat's Twitter Awards
Heat launched heat's Twitter Awards in 2013 that it says will celebrate “the joyful collision of celebrities and social media”. Heat promoted its celebrity Twitter awards via Heat's TV, radio, magazine and social media platforms as well as a marketing campaign, which will include press, radio, digital, PR and retail activity.

Specially created videos for each category were released as the campaign progressed and designed to bring each category to life. The winners were announced via Heatworld.com and also its YouTube Channel.

Heat's Weird crush poll
Every year since 2006 (except for 2012), Heat opens a poll to find the nation's oddest celebrity crush. The winners of each year are:

 * 2006: Richard Hammond (Top Gear co-host)
 * 2007: James May (Top Gear co-host)
 * 2008: Jeremy Clarkson (Top Gear co-host)
 * 2009: Derren Brown (mind magician)
 * 2010: Karl Pilkington (An Idiot Abroad star)
 * 2011: Richard Osman (Pointless co-host)
 * 2013: Russell Howard (comedian)
 * 2014: Matt Richardson (comedian)
 * 2015: Jake Wood (EastEnders actor)
 * 2016: Jake Wood
 * 2017: Jake Wood
 * 2018: Jake Wood
 * 2019: Piers Morgan (journalist and television personality)
 * 2020: Piers Morgan
 * 2021: Perri Kiely (radio presenter for KISS Breakfast)

Heat's Unmissables Awards
Heat annually crowns the greatest achievements in pop culture, from films and TV to books and podcasts in its annual Unmissables Awards. The readers vote in the key category of Best TV Soap.

Categories

 * TV Comedy of the Year
 * TV Drama of the Year
 * Actor of the Year
 * Actress of the Year
 * TV & Radio Presenter of the Year
 * Reality TV Show of the Year
 * TV Entertainment Show of the Year
 * Book of the Year
 * Soap of the Year
 * Comedian of the Year
 * Podcast of the Year
 * TV Binge of the Year
 * TV Moment of the Year
 * Film of the Year
 * Album of the Year

title: Heat (magazine)


text:
National League Park

National League Park is the name of two former baseball grounds located in Cleveland, Ohio, US. The first ground was home to the Cleveland Blues of the National League from 1879 to 1884.

The Kennard Street Baseball Grounds (Kennard Street Park) was bounded by Sibley Street (present Carnegie Avenue) on the north, Cedar Avenue on the south, Kennard Street (present East 46th Street) on the west, and the eastern edge ended at the boundary of the back yards of the houses facing Willson Avenue (present East 55th Street). A contemporary plat map indicates the diamond was closest to the Kennard-Cedar intersection.

The second National League Park was the home of the Cleveland Spiders of the American Association from 1887 to 1888 and of the National League from 1889 to 1890. This ground was located a few blocks northwest of the Kennard site. After the 1890 season the Spiders moved to League Park.

title: National League Park


text:
Nationals

Nationals may refer to:

 * People of a given nationality
 * A tournament or convention of national scope
 * Washington Nationals, a Major League Baseball team based in Washington, DC
 * Potomac Nationals, a former minor league baseball team in Woodbridge, VA
 * Fredericksburg Nationals, a minor league Low-A baseball team in Fredericksburg, VA
 * Syracuse Nationals, a 1946-1963 professional basketball team
 * National Party of Australia, a political party
 * The Nationals (eSports), an eSports league based in the Philippines
 * New Zealand National Party, a political party
 * "Nationals" (Glee), an episode of Glee
 * The National, an indy band from Ohio

title: Nationals


text:
Lynwood

Lynwood can refer to:

Places

 * Australia
 * Lynwood, New South Wales
 * Lynwood, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia
 * United States
 * Lynwood, California
 * Lynwood Vikings, a Deputy Gang in Los Angeles
 * Lynwood, Illinois
 * Lynwood, Mississippi
 * Lynwood Park, a district of Brookhaven, Georgia, United States
 * Lynwood Theatre, a vintage theater and moviehouse in Kistap County, Washington

Other uses

 * Straight Outta Lynwood, 2006 album by Weird Al Yankovic

title: Lynwood


text:
Andrew Hampsten

Andrew Hampsten (born April 7, 1962) is an American former professional road bicycle racer who won the 1988 Giro d'Italia and the Alpe d'Huez stage of the 1992 Tour de France. Between 1986–1994 he finished in the Top 10 of eight Grand Tours.

Racing career
Andy Hampsten caught the public eye in 1985, when he won stage 20 of the Giro d'Italia. The following year, he was signed by Bernard Hinault's La Vie Claire team. In his first full season as a pro, 1986, he won the Tour de Suisse and helped his compatriot and team leader Greg LeMond to victory in the Tour de France. He also finished the Tour de France fourth overall and claimed the white jersey of best young rider.

Hampsten repeated his victory in the 1987 Tour de Suisse, this time for the 7-Eleven Cycling Team. He defeated multi-time Tour de France stage winner Peter Winnen by +0:01 and Fabio Parra by +0:07. His greatest moment came in the 1988 Giro d'Italia, on a short stage over the Gavia Pass. Attacking on the climb Hampsten overcame a severe snowstorm to take the Maglia Rosa, becoming the first American to do so; although he finished second on the stage to Dutchman Erik Breukink, who was considered a main favorite to win the Giro. The conditions during this stage were among the worst in cycling history. During and following this stage numerous cyclists abandoned and several had to be loaded into ambulances and taken to the hospital due to hypothermia like symptoms. After surviving this Gavia Pass stage, Hampsten was able to successfully defend his lead through the rest of the race, becoming the just the 2nd American to win a cycling Grand Tour and the 1st American to win the Giro d'Italia.

During the 1989 Giro d'Italia Hampsten performed at an elite level among the General Classification riders finishing on the podium in 3rd place overall. He was also among the elite riders for the majority of the 1990 Tour de France.

Hampsten's final highlight came in the 1992 Tour de France when he dropped his breakaway companions to win the stage to Alpe d'Huez. He again finished the race fourth, having lost his third place to Gianni Bugno in the final time trial.

Life after racing
Hampsten used to live in Grand Forks, North Dakota, and the 40 mi bikeway system there has been dedicated as the "Andy Hampsten Bikeway System." Hampsten now lives in Tuscany and Boulder, Colorado. In 1999, Andy Hampsten and his brother Steve started a bicycle company in Seattle, Washington, called Hampsten Cycles. Andy Hampsten also operates a bicycle touring company in Italy called Cinghiale Cycling Tours.

Major results
Source:

 * 1984
 * 2nd Overall Coors Classic
 * 9th Overall Grand Prix Guillaume Tell

 * 1985
 * 1st Stage 20 Giro d'Italia
 * 2nd Overall Coors Classic

 * 1986
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Prologue
 * 4th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Young rider classification
 * 4th Overall Coors Classic

 * 1987
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 3rd Overall Coors Classic
 * 1st Stages 9 & 12a (ITT)
 * 8th Trofeo Pantalica

 * 1988
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Giro d'Italia
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Mountains classification
 * 1st Jersey blue.svg Combination classification
 * 1st Stages 12 & 18 (ITT)
 * 1st Stage 3 Paris–Nice
 * 2nd Overall Coors Classic
 * 1st Stage 10a
 * 4th Overall Tour de Romandie
 * 9th Overall Critérium International

 * 1989
 * 1st Subida a Urkiola
 * 1st Schwabenbräu-Cup
 * 1st Stage 2 Tour of the Basque Country
 * 3rd Overall Giro d'Italia
 * 6th Milano–Torino
 * 7th Tre Valli Varesine
 * 8th Clásica de San Sebastián
 * 10th Overall Tour de Trump

 * 1990
 * 1st Subida a Urkiola
 * 3rd Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Stage 7
 * 8th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 9th Overall Tour de Trump

 * 1991
 * 3rd Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Jersey polkadot.svg Mountains classification
 * 5th Overall Paris–Nice
 * 7th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 8th Overall Tour de France
 * 9th Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 10th Overall Giro del Trentino

 * 1992
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Overall Tour de Romandie
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 4th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 14 (Alpe d'Huez)
 * 5th Overall Giro d'Italia
 * 5th Coppa Agostoni
 * 6th Giro dell'Emilia
 * 7th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
 * 7th Tre Valli Varesine
 * 10th Coppa Bernocchi

 * 1993
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Galicia
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 2nd Paris–Camembert
 * 3rd Overall Tour de Romandie
 * 3rd Subida a Urkiola
 * 7th Overall Paris–Nice
 * 8th Overall Tour de France

 * 1994
 * 3rd Overall Tour de Romandie
 * 3rd Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
 * 10th Overall Giro d'Italia

 * 1996
 * 6th Overall Tour DuPont

title: Andrew Hampsten


text:
Lebanon Township

Lebanon Township may refer to:

Illinois

 * Lebanon Township, St. Clair County, Illinois

Michigan

 * Lebanon Township, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Lebanon Township, Minnesota, now the city of Apple Valley

Missouri

 * Lebanon Township, Cooper County, Missouri
 * Lebanon Township, Laclede County, Missouri

New Jersey

 * Lebanon Township, New Jersey

North Carolina

 * Lebanon Township, Durham County, North Carolina

North Dakota

 * Lebanon Township, McHenry County, North Dakota, in McHenry County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Lebanon Township, Meigs County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Lebanon Township, Pennsylvania
 * North Lebanon Township, Pennsylvania
 * South Lebanon Township, Pennsylvania
 * West Lebanon Township, Pennsylvania
 * Mount Lebanon Township, Pennsylvania

title: Lebanon Township


text:
Category:Mexican Federal Highways

See also List of Mexican Federal Highways.

title: Category:Mexican Federal Highways