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Function of a real variable

In mathematical analysis, and applications in geometry, applied mathematics, engineering, and natural sciences, a function of a real variable is a function whose domain is the real numbers $$\mathbb{R}$$, or a subset of $$\mathbb{R}$$ that contains an interval of positive length. Most real functions that are considered and studied are differentiable in some interval. The most widely considered such functions are the real functions, which are the real-valued functions of a real variable, that is, the functions of a real variable whose codomain is the set of real numbers.

Nevertheless, the codomain of a function of a real variable may be any set. However, it is often assumed to have a structure of $$\mathbb{R}$$-vector space over the reals. That is, the codomain may be a Euclidean space, a coordinate vector, the set of matrices of real numbers of a given size, or an $$\mathbb{R}$$-algebra, such as the complex numbers or the quaternions. The structure $$\mathbb{R}$$-vector space of the codomain induces a structure of $$\mathbb{R}$$-vector space on the functions. If the codomain has a structure of $$\mathbb{R}$$-algebra, the same is true for the functions.

The image of a function of a real variable is a curve in the codomain. In this context, a function that defines curve is called a parametric equation of the curve.

When the codomain of a function of a real variable is a finite-dimensional vector space, the function may be viewed as a sequence of real functions. This is often used in applications.

Real function
A real function is a function from a subset of $$\mathbb R$$ to $$\mathbb R,$$ where $$\mathbb R$$ denotes as usual the set of real numbers. That is, the domain of a real function is a subset $$\mathbb R$$, and its codomain is $$\mathbb R.$$ It is generally assumed that the domain contains an interval of positive length.

Basic examples
For many commonly used real functions, the domain is the whole set of real numbers, and the function is continuous and differentiable at every point of the domain. One says that these functions are defined, continuous and differentiable everywhere. This is the case of:
 * All polynomial functions, including constant functions and linear functions
 * Sine and cosine functions
 * Exponential function

Some functions are defined everywhere, but not continuous at some points. For example
 * The Heaviside step function is defined everywhere, but not continuous at zero.

Some functions are defined and continuous everywhere, but not everywhere differentiable. For example
 * The absolute value is defined and continuous everywhere, and is differentiable everywhere, except for zero.
 * The cubic root is defined and continuous everywhere, and is differentiable everywhere, except for zero.

Many common functions are not defined everywhere, but are continuous and differentiable everywhere where they are defined. For example:
 * A rational function is a quotient of two polynomial functions, and is not defined at the zeros of the denominator.
 * The tangent function is not defined for $$\frac\pi 2 + k\pi,$$ where $k$ is any integer.
 * The logarithm function is defined only for positive values of the variable.

Some functions are continuous in their whole domain, and not differentiable at some points. This is the case of:
 * The square root is defined only for nonnegative values of the variable, and not differentiable at 0 (it is differentiable for all positive values of the variable).

General definition
A real-valued function of a real variable is a function that takes as input a real number, commonly represented by the variable x, for producing another real number, the value of the function, commonly denoted f(x). For simplicity, in this article a real-valued function of a real variable will be simply called a function. To avoid any ambiguity, the other types of functions that may occur will be explicitly specified.

Some functions are defined for all real values of the variables (one says that they are everywhere defined), but some other functions are defined only if the value of the variable is taken in a subset X of $$\mathbb{R}$$, the domain of the function, which is always supposed to contain an interval of positive length. In other words, a real-valued function of a real variable is a function

 * $$f: X \to \R $$

such that its domain X is a subset of $$\mathbb{R}$$ that contains an interval of positive length.

A simple example of a function in one variable could be:

 * $$ f : X \to \R $$
 * $$ X = \{ x \in \R \,:\, x \geq 0\} $$
 * $$ f(x) = \sqrt{x}$$

which is the square root of x.

Image
The image of a function $$f(x)$$ is the set of all values of $f$ when the variable x runs in the whole domain of $f$. For a continuous (see below for a definition) real-valued function with a connected domain, the image is either an interval or a single value. In the latter case, the function is a constant function.

The preimage of a given real number y is the set of the solutions of the equation y = f(x).

Domain
The domain of a function of several real variables is a subset of $$\mathbb{R}$$ that is sometimes explicitly defined. In fact, if one restricts the domain X of a function f to a subset Y ⊂ X, one gets formally a different function, the restriction of f to Y, which is denoted fundefined. In practice, it is often not harmful to identify f and fundefined, and to omit the subscript undefined.

Conversely, it is sometimes possible to enlarge naturally the domain of a given function, for example by continuity or by analytic continuation. This means that it is not worthy to explicitly define the domain of a function of a real variable.

Algebraic structure
The arithmetic operations may be applied to the functions in the following way:
 * For every real number r, the constant function $$(x)\mapsto r$$, is everywhere defined.
 * For every real number r and every function f, the function $$rf:(x)\mapsto rf(x)$$ has the same domain as f (or is everywhere defined if r = 0).
 * If f and g are two functions of respective domains X and Y such that X∩Y contains an open subset of $$\mathbb{R}$$, then $$f+g:(x)\mapsto f(x)+g(x)$$ and $$f\,g:(x)\mapsto f(x)\,g(x)$$ are functions that have a domain containing X∩Y.

It follows that the functions of n variables that are everywhere defined and the functions of n variables that are defined in some neighbourhood of a given point both form commutative algebras over the reals ($$\mathbb{R}$$-algebras).

One may similarly define $$1/f:(x)\mapsto 1/f(x),$$ which is a function only if the set of the points (x) in the domain of f such that f(x) ≠ 0 contains an open subset of $$\mathbb{R}$$. This constraint implies that the above two algebras are not fields.

Continuity and limit
Until the second part of 19th century, only continuous functions were considered by mathematicians. At that time, the notion of continuity was elaborated for the functions of one or several real variables a rather long time before the formal definition of a topological space and a continuous map between topological spaces. As continuous functions of a real variable are ubiquitous in mathematics, it is worth defining this notion without reference to the general notion of continuous maps between topological space.

For defining the continuity, it is useful to consider the distance function of $$\mathbb{R}$$, which is an everywhere defined function of 2 real variables: $$d(x,y)=|x-y|$$

A function f is continuous at a point $$a$$ which is interior to its domain, if, for every positive real number $ε$, there is a positive real number $φ$ such that $$|f(x)-f(a)| < \varepsilon $$ for all $$x$$ such that $$d(x,a)<\varphi.$$ In other words, $φ$ may be chosen small enough for having the image by f of the interval of radius $φ$ centered at $$a$$ contained in the interval of length $2ε$ centered at $$f(a).$$ A function is continuous if it is continuous at every point of its domain.

The limit of a real-valued function of a real variable is as follows. Let a be a point in topological closure of the domain X of the function f. The function, f has a limit L when x tends toward a, denoted
 * $$L = \lim_{x \to a} f(x), $$

if the following condition is satisfied: For every positive real number ε > 0, there is a positive real number δ > 0 such that
 * $$|f(x) - L| < \varepsilon $$

for all x in the domain such that
 * $$d(x, a)< \delta.$$

If the limit exists, it is unique. If a is in the interior of the domain, the limit exists if and only if the function is continuous at a. In this case, we have
 * $$f(a) = \lim_{x \to a} f(x). $$

When a is in the boundary of the domain of f, and if f has a limit at a, the latter formula allows to "extend by continuity" the domain of f to a.

Calculus
One can collect a number of functions each of a real variable, say

 * $$y_1 = f_1(x)\,,\quad y_2 = f_2(x)\,,\ldots, y_n = f_n(x) $$

into a vector parametrized by x:

 * $$\mathbf{y} = (y_1, y_2, \ldots, y_n) = [f_1(x), f_2(x) ,\ldots, f_n(x)]  $$

The derivative of the vector y is the vector derivatives of fi(x) for i = 1, 2, ..., n:

 * $$\frac{d\mathbf{y}}{dx} = \left(\frac{dy_1}{dx}, \frac{dy_2}{dx}, \ldots, \frac{dy_n}{dx}\right) $$

One can also perform line integrals along a space curve parametrized by x, with position vector r = r(x), by integrating with respect to the variable x:

 * $$\int_a^b \mathbf{y}(x) \cdot d\mathbf{r} = \int_a^b \mathbf{y}(x) \cdot \frac{d\mathbf{r}(x)}{dx} dx $$

where · is the dot product, and x = a and x = b are the start and endpoints of the curve.

Theorems
With the definitions of integration and derivatives, key theorems can be formulated, including the fundamental theorem of calculus, integration by parts, and Taylor's theorem. Evaluating a mixture of integrals and derivatives can be done by using theorem differentiation under the integral sign.

Implicit functions
A real-valued implicit function of a real variable is not written in the form "y = f(x)". Instead, the mapping is from the space $$\mathbb{R}$$2 to the zero element in $$\mathbb{R}$$ (just the ordinary zero 0):

 * $$\phi: \R^2 \to \{0\} $$

and

 * $$\phi(x,y) = 0 $$

is an equation in the variables. Implicit functions are a more general way to represent functions, since if:

 * $$y=f(x) $$

then we can always define:

 * $$ \phi(x, y) = y - f(x) = 0 $$

but the converse is not always possible, i.e. not all implicit functions have the form of this equation.

Formulation
Given the functions, , ..., all of a common variable t, so that:

 * $$\begin{align}

r_1 : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} & \quad r_2 : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} & \cdots & \quad r_n : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \\ r_1 = r_1(t) & \quad r_2 = r_2(t) & \cdots &  \quad r_n = r_n(t) \\ \end{align}$$

or taken together:

 * $$\mathbf{r} : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n \,,\quad \mathbf{r} = \mathbf{r}(t) $$

then the parametrized n-tuple,

 * $$\mathbf{r}(t) = [r_1(t), r_2(t), \ldots, r_n(t)] $$

describes a one-dimensional space curve.

Tangent line to curve
At a point for some constant t = c, the equations of the one-dimensional tangent line to the curve at that point are given in terms of the ordinary derivatives of r1(t), r2(t), ..., rn(t), and r with respect to t:

 * $$\frac{r_1(t) - a_1}{dr_1(t)/dt} = \frac{r_2(t) - a_2}{dr_2(t)/dt} = \cdots = \frac{r_n(t) - a_n}{dr_n(t)/dt} $$

Normal plane to curve
The equation of the n-dimensional hyperplane normal to the tangent line at r = a is:

 * $$(p_1 - a_1)\frac{dr_1(t)}{dt} + (p_2 - a_2)\frac{dr_2(t)}{dt} + \cdots + (p_n - a_n)\frac{dr_n(t)}{dt} = 0$$

or in terms of the dot product:

 * $$(\mathbf{p} - \mathbf{a})\cdot \frac{d\mathbf{r}(t)}{dt} = 0$$

where are points in the plane, not on the space curve.

Relation to kinematics

The physical and geometric interpretation of dr(t)/dt is the "velocity" of a point-like particle moving along the path r(t), treating r as the spatial position vector coordinates parametrized by time t, and is a vector tangent to the space curve for all t in the instantaneous direction of motion. At t = c, the space curve has a tangent vector dr(t)/dt, and the hyperplane normal to the space curve at t = c is also normal to the tangent at t = c. Any vector in this plane (p − a) must be normal to dr(t)/dt.

Similarly, d2r(t)/dt2 is the "acceleration" of the particle, and is a vector normal to the curve directed along the radius of curvature.

Matrix valued functions
A matrix can also be a function of a single variable. For example, the rotation matrix in 2d:

R(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix} \cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\ \sin \theta & \cos \theta \\ \end{bmatrix}$$

is a matrix valued function of rotation angle of about the origin. Similarly, in special relativity, the Lorentz transformation matrix for a pure boost (without rotations):

\Lambda(\beta) = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta ^2}} & -\frac{\beta }{\sqrt{1-\beta ^2}} & 0 & 0 \\ -\frac{\beta }{\sqrt{1-\beta ^2}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta ^2}} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$

is a function of the boost parameter β = v/c, in which v is the relative velocity between the frames of reference (a continuous variable), and c is the speed of light, a constant.

Banach and Hilbert spaces and quantum mechanics
Generalizing the previous section, the output of a function of a real variable can also lie in a Banach space or a Hilbert space. In these spaces, division and multiplication and limits are all defined, so notions such as derivative and integral still apply. This occurs especially often in quantum mechanics, where one takes the derivative of a ket or an operator. This occurs, for instance, in the general time-dependent Schrödinger equation:

 * $$i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Psi = \hat H \Psi$$

where one takes the derivative of a wave function, which can be an element of several different Hilbert spaces.

Complex-valued function of a real variable
A complex-valued function of a real variable may be defined by relaxing, in the definition of the real-valued functions, the restriction of the codomain to the real numbers, and allowing complex values.

If $f(x)$ is such a complex valued function, it may be decomposed as

where $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ are real-valued functions. In other words, the study of the complex valued functions reduces easily to the study of the pairs of real valued functions.

Cardinality of sets of functions of a real variable
The cardinality of the set of real-valued functions of a real variable, $$\mathbb{R}^\mathbb{R}=\{f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\}$$, is $$\beth_2=2^\mathfrak{c}$$, which is strictly larger than the cardinality of the continuum (i.e., set of all real numbers). This fact is easily verified by cardinal arithmetic:

$$\mathrm{card}(\R^\R)=\mathrm{card}(\R)^{\mathrm{card}(\R)}= \mathfrak{c}^\mathfrak{c}=(2^{\aleph_0})^\mathfrak{c}=2^{\aleph_0\cdot\mathfrak{c}}=2^\mathfrak{c}. $$

Furthermore, if $$X$$ is a set such that $$2\leq\mathrm{card}(X)\leq\mathfrak{c}$$, then the cardinality of the set $$X^\mathbb{R}=\{f:\mathbb{R}\to X\}$$ is also $$2^\mathfrak{c}$$, since

$$2^\mathfrak{c}=\mathrm{card}(2^\R)\leq\mathrm{card}(X^\R)\leq\mathrm{card}(\R^ \R)=2^\mathfrak{c}.$$

However, the set of continuous functions $$C^0(\mathbb{R})=\{f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}:f\ \mathrm{continuous}\}$$ has a strictly smaller cardinality, the cardinality of the continuum, $$\mathfrak{c}$$. This follows from the fact that a continuous function is completely determined by its value on a dense subset of its domain. Thus, the cardinality of the set of continuous real-valued functions on the reals is no greater than the cardinality of the set of real-valued functions of a rational variable. By cardinal arithmetic:

$$\mathrm{card}(C^0(\R))\leq\mathrm{card}(\R^\Q)=(2^{\aleph_0})^{\aleph_0}=2^{\aleph_0\cdot\aleph_0}= 2^{\aleph_0}=\mathfrak{c}.$$

On the other hand, since there is a clear bijection between $$\R$$ and the set of constant functions $$\{f:\R\to\R: f(x)\equiv x_0\}$$, which forms a subset of $$C^0(\R)$$, $$\mathrm{card}(C^0(\R)) \geq \mathfrak{c}$$ must also hold. Hence, $$\mathrm{card}(C^0(\R)) = \mathfrak{c}$$.

title: Function of a real variable


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Talk:Howard Thurman

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The text of article on Howard Thurman was obtained from public domain site. So, please move it back from temp page. Thanks.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Howard Thurman


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Real variable

Real variable may refer to:
 * A variable taking real values, see Function of a real variable
 * A free variable (archaic)
 * Real versus nominal value (economics)

title: Real variable


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Mariana, Minas Gerais

Mariana is the oldest city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is a tourist city, founded on July 16, 1696, and retains the characteristics of a baroque city, with its churches, buildings and museums. It was the first capital of Minas Gerais.

Other historical cities in Minas Gerais are Ouro Preto, São João del-Rei, Diamantina, Tiradentes, Congonhas and Sabará.

It has an area of 1194.208 km2.

The municipality contains a very small part of the 31,270 ha of Serra do Gandarela National Park, created in 2014.

In 2015, it suffered a major dam disaster.

title: Mariana, Minas Gerais


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Rabbit Songs

Rabbit Songs is the debut album by Hem. It was released on June 11, 2002, on DreamWorks Records. The album was featured on NPR's All Songs Considered following its release, and the song "Half Acre" was later used in a Liberty Mutual commercial.

Track listing
All songs written by Dan Messé, except when noted.

 * 1) "Lord, Blow the Moon Out Please" (Traditional) - 0:26
 * 2) "When I Was Drinking" - 3:44
 * 3) "Half Acre" - 3:23
 * 4) "Burying Song" - 1:13
 * 5) "Betting On Trains" - 2:44
 * 6) "Leave Me Here" - 3:50
 * 7) "All That I'm Good For" - 3:24
 * 8) "Idle (The Rabbit Song)" - 3:44
 * 9) "Stupid Mouth Shut" - 3:24
 * 10) "Lazy Eye" (Messé/Gary Maurer) - 2:26
 * 11) "Sailor" - 3:00
 * 12) "Polly's Dress" - 1:12
 * 13) "Night Like a River" (Steve Curtis) - 3:47
 * 14) "The Cuckoo" (Traditional) - 2:57
 * 15) "Waltz" - 2:41
 * 16) "Horsey" (Messé/Maurer) - 3:34

Personnel

 * Sally Ellyson - vocals
 * Dan Messé - piano, accordion, glockenspiel
 * Gary Maurer - guitar, mandolin
 * Steve Curtis - guitar, mandolin, banjo, back-up vocals
 * Catherine Popper - double bass, back-up vocals
 * Mark Brotter - drums
 * Bob Hoffnar - pedal steel guitar
 * Heather Zimmerman - violin

title: Rabbit Songs


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Talk:Holland national football team

What should we do with this article? Sven-Göran Eriksson is the manager of the English national team, not the Holland national team. Also, we already have a substantial article about the Netherlands national football team; can we just do a redirect or is the "Holland national football team" something different? Oh, also Argentina and Uruguay are the only two countries that have won exactly 2 world cups. Dave6 11:51, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holland national football team


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Gili

Gili may refer to:

People

 * Gili Cohen, Israeli Olympic judoka
 * Gili Haimovitz (born 1993), Israeli taekwando fighter
 * Gili Landau (born 1958), Israeli footballer and manager
 * Gili Sharir (born 1999), Israeli Olympic bronze medalist judoka

Other

 * Gili, Iran
 * Gili Islands, an archipelago of three small islands off the northwest coast of Lombok, Indonesia.

title: Gili


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Gili Islands

The Gili Islands (Tiga Gili [Three Gilis], Kepulauan Gili [Gili Islands]) are an archipelago of three small islands or Gili island triplets — Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno and Gili Air — just off the northwest coast of Lombok, Indonesia. The local name of these three islands is Gili Indah which means "small beautiful islands".

The islands are a tourist destination. Each island has several resorts, usually consisting of a collection of huts for tourists, a small pool and restaurant. The largest Indonesian settlement is located on Gili Air, however due to the amount of western expatriates who live on Trawangan together with the locals, it has become the more densely populated island, concentrated in a township stretching along its east side (this is also where the majority of tourist development has taken place). Automobiles and motorized traffic are prohibited on the islands by local ordinance, so the preferred method of transportation is by foot and bicycle or the horse-drawn carriage called a cidomo. Scuba diving and free diving in and around the Gilis is also common due to the abundance of marine life and coral formations. Most famous diving spots are Shark point, Manta point and Simon's reef.

Etymology
The name "Gili Islands" is somewhat tautological, because Gili simply means "small island" in Sasak. Most of the small islands around the coast of Lombok have Gili in their names, and to avoid confusion with the three islands of the Gili Islands, the other Gilis around the Lombok coast should be referred to in English by their full proper names.

The Indonesian word for water is Air and Gili Air was so-named as it is the only island of the three to have subterranean fresh water. Since this fresh water is a finite resource on the island, some resorts and restaurants in the island ship in water from the mainland.

Geography and climate
The Islands are located in the Lombok Strait, to the immediate northwest of Lombok. They extend outward from a tiny peninsula called Sire near to the village of Tanjung on Lombok. Bali lies about 35 km to the west of Gili Trawangan, the islands' most westerly member. Both Bali and Lombok are easily visible from the Gilis in clear weather. Mount Rinjani, Indonesia's second highest volcano, is close by on neighbouring Lombok, and dominates the views towards the east.

Due to their close proximity to the Equator, the Islands have a warm, tropical climate with a dry and wet season. With Mount Rinjani to the immediate east on Lombok, and Mount Agung to the west on Bali, the Gilis are somewhat sheltered and actually enjoy a slightly drier microclimate when compared to the surrounding archipelago. Dry Season usually lasts from May until October, with monsoon season starting in November and continuing through to April. Temperatures range between 22 °C to 34 °C, with an average annual temperature of around 28 °C.

History
Due to their small size and population, and relatively recent settlement of the islands, published sources are limited. Where local knowledge has been used, those cited are elected local officials whose details are listed in the references section. For more detailed regional historical information, visit the Lombok article.

For a brief period during the Second World War, occupying Japanese forces used the islands as a lookout post and prisoner of war camp. Relics from this period include the remains of a bunker on the hill of Gili Trawangan, and the wreck of a patrol boat submerged at a depth of 45 m in the bay to the south of Gili Air (now a popular dive site). Permanent settlement only began in the 1970s, mainly due to the lack of fresh water sources before that time. Prior to human settlement, these islands remained pristine wildlife mangrove habitats.

Initially, Bugis fishermen used the islands as a stop off location for their voyages around the archipelago. In 1971 the governor of Lombok, Wasita Kusama, began to establish coconut plantations and gave land rights to private companies. Some 350 inmates from the overcrowded prison in Lombok’s largest city Mataram, were sent to help with the first harvests between 1974 and 1979; many of the inmates remained on the islands as permanent settlers. Following various difficulties with coconut harvests, the private efforts to exploit the islands' plantations were abandoned. The local population grew beyond their allocated bounds (100 hectares) and began to erect homes and businesses on the private, abandoned land. This led to a land dispute that continues to the present.

In the 1980s, the islands started to be discovered by backpacker tourists. This was influenced by the exponential rise of tourism in neighbouring Bali. At first, Gili Air (having the most infrastructure at the time) began to transform to cater to this new economy. However, Gili Trawangan soon surpassed it, due mostly to its proximity to better dive locations.

As the prospects for tourism on the islands began to rise in the late 1980s and early ‘90s, the government and investors whose abandoned land had been settled on by an expanding population, began to regain interest in the potential for development. This resulted in a series of evictions and demolishing of local homes and businesses, followed each time by inaction on the part of the developers and the rebuilding of destroyed homes by residents who opposed the eviction.

The first tourist accommodation on Gili Trawangan was a small homestay called Pak Majid, built in 1982, by Pak ("polite Mr") Majid. This was eventually taken over in 2007 and transformed into Pesona Resort and Restaurant (the first Indian restaurant on the Gilis). Most of the locally owned businesses from the 1980s have been acquired by westerners. The longest standing locally owned and operated business is "Goodheart" resort, originally built in 1987 and rebuilt three times following demolition relating to the ongoing land dispute.

Gili Trawangan gained a reputation from the late 1980s to the late 1990s as a party island. Drugs were freely available on the island and its low population and remoteness required no police presence at the time.

During the 1990s, the diving industry grew swiftly and the islands began to develop into a world class diving instruction location. This fed local tourism and in the new millennium a wider spectrum of accommodation and entertainment began to be developed that catered to a broader range of visitors.

In 2000, a non-profit organisation by the name of Gili Eco Trust was established to help protect the coral reefs surrounding the islands and improve environmental education. It originated as a co-operative venture between influential members of the local community (Satgas) and the dive shops on Gili Trawangan; and was initiated by the owners of Manta Dive. Many projects have since been organised to protect and restore coral reefs, improve waste management, struggle against erosion, treat animals, raise awareness and educate. This was needed as damage had occurred due to a particularly warm El Niño and unsustainable local fishing methods.

In 2005, fast boat operations began from neighbouring Bali. Since then, many other fast boat services have come and gone, from various points around Bali and Nusa Lembongan, to the islands.

, the islands continue to experience rapid growth and development related to the tourism industry. Efforts are being made to preserve marine habitats and remain culturally distinct from neighbouring Bali in this process. The aforementioned land dispute remains unresolved.

Gili Trawangan
Gili Trawangan, or colloquially Gili T, is the largest of Lombok's Gili Islands and the only one to rise significantly (30 m) above sea level. Measuring 3 km long and 2 km wide, it has a population of around 1500 (see demography). The name Trawangan originates from the Indonesian word Terowongan (Tunnel) due to the presence of a cave tunnel built there during Japanese occupation in World War 2. Japanese presence during the second world war was on elevated topography in the South of the island, where anti-aircraft guns were housed. Only the base of the AA guns remains at the end of the tunnel. Of the Gilis, Trawangan is the most developed and geared towards tourism. The main concentration of settlement, recreation, accommodation and diving business is situated on the eastern side of the island. A local pub, Tír na Nóg claims that Trawangan is the smallest island in the world with an Irish pub. It was previously administered under Lombok Barat Regency along with Senggigi until 2010 when the Gili islands came under the jurisdiction of the new North Lombok Regency (Kabupaten Lombok Utara).

On Gili Trawangan (as well as the other two Gilis), there are no motorised vehicles. The main means of transportation are bicycles (rented by locals to tourists) and cidomo (a small horse-drawn carriage). For travelling to and from each of the Gilis, locals usually use motorised boats and speedboats.

Some of the first inhabitants of Gili Trawangan were fishermen and farmers from Sulawesi. Previous to human settlement Gili Trawangan was covered in forest and deer lived on the island. (Source: Inhabitants of Gili Trawangan — no printed source available).

The economy of Gili Trawangan centres on tourism, as the island is too small to support any broad scale agriculture, and too remote to allow economically viable industry or commerce. There is a mosque and a lighthouse on the island.

On 26 March 2014 Will Goodman set a depth record on a closed circuit mixed gas rebreather with 290 m. During the dive all his computers froze. His actual – but unrecorded – depth is estimated to be a shade over 300 m. The dive in total took nine hours and 57 minutes.

Drug tourism
Gili Trawangan has had a reputation since the 1980s as a location where drugs are freely available. Psilocybin mushrooms are openly advertised on the island, and a range of harder drugs have been known to be in circulation. Though police presence is low, Indonesian drug laws are extremely harsh and thus strictly speaking drug possession and use is prohibited and carries potentially grave risk (up to and including the death penalty). Although the 'drug tourism' (and tourism in general) began on Gili Trawangan, in the last 10 years finding drugs on Gili Air and Gili Meno has become very open and easy as well. Especially on Gili Air which has more intense psychedelics being sold openly to tourists for beach parties. Gili Trawangan is also the only island out of the 3 Gili Islands that has any active law enforcement. This makes it much more difficult for harder drugs (such as cocaine or ecstasy) to be sold, and deters drug dealers from staying there. Gili Meno and Gili Air have no police and any issues need to be dealt with at the police station in Lombok.

Over tourism
Since 2009, the number of tourists visiting Gili Trawangan has doubled each year, from 35,000 to over one million in 2015, overwhelming infrastructure and contributing to the destruction of surrounding coral reefs.

The increase in tourism has also led to an increase in migrant workers, causing issues with waste management. According to Thomas Egli – a photographer who travelled to Gili Trawangan in 2015 to document the overtourism problem – there is a huge rubbish tip in the centre of the island that is kept out of sight of visiting tourists. He also describes overwhelmed septic tanks leading to unfiltered waste entering the sea, unregulated building, and culture clashes between the predominantly-Muslim local population and hedonistic, mostly Western, tourists.

Gili Meno
Gili Meno is the middle of Lombok's three northwest coast Gilis. Gili Meno has a population of about 500, mainly concentrated on the centre of the island (see section on demography). The main income comes from tourism, coconut plantation and fishing. On the west side of the island there is a small shallow lake that produces salt in the dry season. Until a few years ago there was also a small production of seaweed on the reef at the north end of the island. Gili Meno has swimming beaches all around the island, and a turtle sanctuary.

The island attracts fewer tourists than Gili Trawangan and is the quietest and smallest of the islands. However, honeymooners are often drawn to the crystal clear water and idyllic, secluded white beaches.

Since early 2017 fresh water was installed on the island and is supplied by underwater pipes from Lombok. Electricity is supplied by underwater cables from Lombok. There are no cars or motorbikes.

Gili Air
Gili Air is the second smallest of the islands and the closest to mainland Lombok, making it popular with honeymoon couples and travellers seeking a quiet retreat. It has a population of about 1,800. The island offers excellent snorkelling and scuba diving off its east coast, and turtles can be seen along the coral reef. Other water sports such as Stand Up Paddleboarding and Kitesurfing are also now available. An Indonesian cooking school has opened its door on the harbour in 2015 Gili Cooking Classes. Gili Air also has two public gym: one indoors as well as an outdoor gym set on the beach.

Continued investment in tourism is resulting in rapid development of the islands, and each year sees new resorts and accommodation on the islands while attempting to retain their individual character. Proximity to Gili Meno, the smallest and most secluded of the islands and to Gili Trawangan the largest island, known for its many restaurants and parties, makes Gili Air a destination that combines relative seclusion with adequate services. Both other Islands are a quick boat ride away.

Transport
There is no motorised transport on the Islands apart from electric scooters. The short distances on land are traversed on foot, by bicycle or Cidomo. The Islands can only be reached by sea, and are frequented by a variety of fast boats operating various routes from Bali.
 * There are direct boat services from Bali and Lombok to the Gili Islands.
 * Flights from Ngurah Rai International Airport to Lombok International Airport  take about 40 minutes followed by a 2 h taxi ride to Bangsal harbour in Northwest Lombok and a Local boat to the Gili Islands for a further 20-30mins.
 * Public Ferries depart from Padang Bai (Southeast Bali) every hour, taking a minimum of 4–5 hours to reach Lembar (Southwest Lombok), after which a taxi can be taken for a 2 h drive to Bangsal harbour where local boats to the Gili Islands await during daylight hours.
 * Fast boats depart daily from Padang Bai (Southeast Bali), Serangan (South Bali) and Amed (North East Bali) with an average crossing time between 1.5 and 2.5 hours.

Earthquake disaster
The August 2018 Lombok earthquake killed 20 people and injured hundreds more, the earthquake caused significant damage to Lombok island and was the foreshock of a larger earthquake that followed 8 days later. The August 2018 Lombok earthquake occurred on August 5, 2018 and had a moment magnitude of 6.9 and caused catastrophic damage to North Lombok and also caused damage to nearby Bali, The earthquake caused up to 563 deaths and injured hundreds more.

The Gili Islands escaped the worst of the damage, which was mostly concentrated in the North of Lombok, however there was significant structural damage to property on the islands causing debris and wounding many. Many of the tourism businesses on the Gili Islands had commuting employees, living in Lombok, who were severely affected, losing family members, homes and more. Once the dust had settled, it took a while for the Indonesian Government to prepare and send aid. The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management refused international aid, claiming "earthquakes did not constitute a national emergency" and that they were capable enough to respond without help. However, the infrastructure for disaster management and relief was not adequately in place in and around Lombok, resulting in acute delays during the aftermath. Therefore, the first responders to the disaster were stretched local government agencies such as police & military personnel, domestic volunteers and business owners in the Gili islands and the parts of Lombok that were less affected by the quakes. These organised small scale international fundraising initiatives through social networks and the web to help source & acquire much needed basic resources such as food & clean water, and shortly thereafter begin assisting with temporary and permanent shelter. This was vital in the early stages of the disaster, before larger scale government assistance arrived.

title: Gili Islands


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Karamanlides

The Karamanlides (Καραμανλήδες; Karamanlılar), also known as Karamanli Greeks or simply Karamanlis, are a traditionally Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox people native to the region of Karaman in Anatolia.

Many scholars traditionally regard Karamanlides as Turkish-speaking Greeks, though their exact ethnic origin is disputed; they could either be descendants of Byzantine Greeks who were linguistically Turkified, or of Christian Turkic soldiers who settled in the region after the Turkic conquests, or even both. The Karamanlides were forced to leave Anatolia during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. Today, a majority of the population live in Greece and have fully integrated into Greek society.

Language

Writers and speakers of Karamanli Turkish were expelled from Turkey as part of the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923. Some speakers preserved their language in the diaspora.

A fragment of a manuscript written in Karamanli was also found in the Cairo Geniza.

Origins
The origin of the Karamanlides is disputed; they are either descendants of Byzantine Greeks who were linguistically Turkified after being pressured through a gradual process of assimilation by the Ottomans, or of Turkic soldiers who settled in the region after the Turkic conquests and converted to Christianity. Greek scholars incline to the view that the Karamanlides were of Greek descent and adopted Turkish as their vernacular, either by force or as a result of their isolation from the Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians of the coastal regions. Turkish scholars regard them as the descendants of Turks who had migrated to Byzantine territories before the conquest or had served as mercenaries in the Byzantine armies and who had adopted the religion but not the language of their new rulers. Another theory supports that the Karamanlides may have been a mixture of Anatolian Greeks and Christian Turks. There is not enough evidence to prove how the early Karamanlides identified themselves.

Partial or full Turkification of Anatolian Greeks dates back to the early 1100s, as a result of living together with neighboring Turks. Oriental and Latin sources indicate that Greek-Turkish bilingualism was common in Anatolia in the 13th and 14th centuries, and by the early 15th century it was very widespread. Furthermore, an anonymous Latin account from 1437 states that Greek bishops and metropolitans in Anatolia, were "dressed in the Muslim style and spoke Turkic"; "although the liturgy was still read in Greek the sermons were pronounced in Turkic." Daniel Panzac elaborates that 'Karaman Greeks' became fully linguistically and culturally Turkified during the reign of Murad III ((r. 1574 – 1595)), and some of them had also converted to Islam. Karamanlides could be descendants of those Turkified Greeks.

The Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi, who visited the Karamanlides and experienced their lifestyle, wrote that they spoke with an authentic Turkish accent but used Greek and Latin words as well. They printed books, particularly the bible, in Turkish language and chanted hymns in Karamanlidika, despite their neighborhoods also having Greek-speaking communities. The British historian Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975) emphasized that there was no definite answer to the question of their origins.

The German traveler Hans Dernschwam (1494–1568/69) encountered the Karamanlides living in Istanbul during his travel throughout Anatolia in 1553–1555; he described them as "a Christian folk of the Greek faith whom Selim I had transplanted from the emirate of Karamania." The Armenian historian Eremya Çelebi Kömürciyan (1637–1695), also stated that Karamanlides lived around and within the city walls of Istanbul, and despite being Greek, they did not know Greek and spoke only Turkish. A Karamanlis author named Mauromates (1656–1740) wrote that the Greek language was replaced by Turkish in Anatolia, and were thus unable to read the "masterpieces of Greek literature." Another Karamanlis author named Iosepos Moesiodax, wrote in his Paedagogy (1779) that "the need of our public demands good Turkish, because it is the dialect of our Rulers." The English writer William Martin Leake (1777–1860), who travelled in Konya in 1800, wrote: "[...] the generality of the Cappadocian Greeks is ignorant of their own language and use the Turkish in the church service [...] at Konia we are comfortably accommodated in the house of a Christian belonging to the Greek church, but who is ignorant of the language, which is not even used in the church service: they have the four Gospels and the Prayers printed in Turkish. [...] it is an indisputable fact [...] that in a great part of Anatolia even the public worship of the Greeks is now performed in the Turkish tongue." The German orientalist Franz Taeschner (1888–1967) observed that the Karamanlides were completely Turkified, with the exception of their religion. The British historian Edwin Pears (1835–1919), who lived in Turkey for approximately 40 years, wrote that the Karamanlides were originally Greeks, who had lost their native language and spoke Turkish. Robert Pinkerton (1780–1859) stated that the Turkish oppression had made them adopt the Turkish language: "[…] The result of my inquiry shows that there still remains much to be done by Bible Societies for the poor, ignorant, and oppressed Christians of Lesser Asia, the majority of whom, in the language in the present day, have almost entirely lost the knowledge of their native language, and speak and understand nothing but Turkish. The two Christian nations which I have particularly in view are the Greek and Armenian. The cruel persecution of their Mahomedan masters have been the cause of their present degraded state of ignorance, even in regard to their native tongue. For that there was a time when their Turkish masters strictly prohibited the Greeks in Asia Minor even from speaking the Greek language among themselves, and that they cut out the tongues of some, and punished others with death, who dared to disobey this their barbarous command. It is an indisputable fact, that the language of their oppressors has long since almost universally prevailed, and that in a great part of Anatolia even the public worship of the Greeks is now performed in the Turkish tongue." Similarly, the British scholar David George Hogarth (1862–1927) attributed the Turkification of the Karamanlides to oppression; in 1890 while visiting Lake Eğirdir, he wrote that "the Moslems were eating them up."

British Archaeologist Richard MacGillivray Dawkins traveled between the Karamanlides and Bithynia between 1909–1911. Dawkins came to İzmit and Bursa regions after this trip and stated that there are Turkish-speaking Greek villages here. According to him, the Greek spoken here was very close to the language spoken by the Karamanlides. Even Dawkins stated that their language was Asiatic and showed different features from Greek. It is known that some Karamanlides lived in İznik as well as Bursa, İzmit and Yalova, and they left Turkish inscriptions written in Greek letters.

Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
Many Karamanlides were forced to leave their homes during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. Early estimates placed the number of Turkish-speaking Orthodox Christians expelled from central and southern Anatolia at around 100,000. Stevan K. Pavlowitch says that the Karamanlides were numbered at around 400,000 at the time of the exchange.

The Turkish government considered cutting a deal for Turkish-speaking Christians to be exempt from the population exchange. At the end however, it was decided that religion would be the only criterion of the exchange. Greek political elites saw no harm in taking in more Greek Orthodox Christians, but Turkish political elites remained fearful that the Karamanlides' loyalty to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate would eventually undercut efforts to consolidate state control in the poor and underdeveloped region of Karaman. Only Papa Eftim (born ), who was an ardent Turkish nationalist and the creator of the Turkish Orthodox Church was allowed to remain in Anatolia. Upon their arrival in Greece, Karamanlides faced many instances of discrimination by the local Greek population "because they spoke the language of the age-old enemy of Hellenism"; sometimes even taunted with the allegation that they were of Turkish background. By the 1980s, they were well integrated into Greek society.

Culture
The distinct culture that developed among the Karamanlides blended elements of Orthodox Christianity with a Turkish-Anatolian culture that characterized their willingness to accept and immerse themselves in foreign customs. From the 14th to the 19th centuries, they enjoyed an explosion in literary refinement. Karamanlides authors were especially productive in philosophy, religious writings, novels, and historical texts. Their lyrical poetry in the late 19th century describes their indifference to both Greek and Turkish governments, and the confusion which they felt as a Turkish-speaking people with a Greek Orthodox religion.

title: Karamanlides


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Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor

Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor or Isaac Elhanan Spector (יצחק אלחנן ספקטור; 1817 - March 6, 1896) was a Russian rabbi, posek and Talmudist of the 19th century.

Early life
Spektor was born in Ros', Belarus (Yiddish: Rosh), then part of the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire. His father, Israel Issar, rabbi of Resh and Yitzchak Elchanan's first teacher, leaned toward Hasidism. Yitzchak Elchanan studied Talmud and at the age of thirteen he married, and settled with his wife's parents in Vilkovisk, where he remained for six years. He was for a short time the pupil of Elijah Schick, and later he studied under Benjamin Diskin, rabbi of Vilkovisk and was the fellow student of Diskin's son Joshua Leib Diskin, afterward rabbi of Brisk.

Spektor received his semikhah (rabbinic ordination) from Benjamin Diskin and from R. Isaac Ḥaber of Tiktin (later of Suwałki). His wife's 300 rubles dowry was lost in the bankruptcy of his debtor. In 1837 Spector became rabbi of the small adjacent town of Sabelin, with a weekly salary of five zlotys. He remained there for about two years, when he went to Karlin and introduced himself to R. Jacob of that town (author of "Mishkenot Ya'aḳob"), who recommended him to the community of Baresa (Biaroza), where Spektor became the town's rabbi in 1839 with a salary of one ruble a week.

Rabbinical positions
In 1846, Spektor was chosen as rabbi of Nishvez, Minsk Governorate, but the community of Baresa was unwilling to let him go, and he left the town at night. He was paid four rubles a week, and when he accepted the rabbinate of Novohrodok (Kovno Governorate) in 1851 he secretly fled Nishvez at night, as he had left Baresa. He stayed in Novohrodok until 1864, when he was appointed chief rabbi of Kovno, a post he held until his death.

In 1857 he was the youngest member of a committee of rabbis chosen to regulate the management of the Volozhin yeshiva. In 1868, he headed a committee to help the poor during a drought which almost produced a famine, and he allowed the temporary use of peas and beans that year during the Passover, when they are normally forbidden by Ashkenazic rabbis. In 1875, he decided against the use of the Corfu Citron as Etrog, because of the high price at the time. In 1879 he arranged, through Prof. A. Harkavy, his former pupil, that three rabbis, Reuben of Dünaburg, Lipa Boslansky of Mir, and Elijah Eliezer Grodzenski of Vilna, should be added to the official rabbinical commission, which had hitherto consisted entirely of men of affairs and secular scholars.

Relations with the Russian government
Together with Yisrael Salanter, he was active in opposing the anti-semitic decrees of the Russian government. Spektor visited St. Petersburg twice to take part in conferences held there on the situation of the Jews after the riots of 1881. He successfully opposed the proposed establishment of a new rabbinical school like those in Vilna and Zhitomir, but failed to induce the government to recognize the synagogue rabbis instead of the government rabbis as the heads of Jewish communities.

In 1889, Spektor was elected an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Culture Among the Jews of Russia, whose philosophy he said was compatible with traditional Judaism. He identified with the traditional rabbinate but refrained from any confrontation with the young Haskala movement.

In 1889, Spektor opposed the proposed celebration of his rabbinical jubilee. He failed to save the Volozhin yeshiva from being closed by the government, but sponsored the "Kovnoer Perushim" as a substitute. He participated in the Kovno kollel and the Hovevei Zion movement. He was the anonymous friend who induced Samson Raphael Hirsch to write Ueber die Beziehung des Talmuds zum Judenthum (an 1884 defense of Talmudic literature against anti-Semitic slanders in Russia).

Spektor died at Kovno on 6 March 1896. Institutions named after him include Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS, part of Yeshiva University) and the Knesses Beis Yitzchok Kaminetz of Baruch Ber Leibowitz. He had a daughter and three sons including Hirsch Rabinovich, who was maggid (preacher) of Vilna and later succeeded his father as rabbi of Kovno.

Works

 * Be'er Yitzchak, (Königsberg, 1858), responsa
 * Ein Yitzchak, (part i., Wilna, 1889; part ii., ib. 1895), responsa
 * Nachal Yitzchak, (part i., Wilna, 1872; part ii., ib. 1884), on parts of the Shulchan 'Aruk, Choshen Mishpat

title: Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor


text: User talk:64.53.208.61

title: User talk:64.53.208.61


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Sleep hygiene

Sleep hygiene is a behavioral and environmental practice developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate insomnia. Clinicians assess the sleep hygiene of people with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment. Sleep hygiene recommendations include: establishing a regular sleep schedule; using naps with care; not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime; limiting worry; limiting exposure to light in the hours before sleep; getting out of bed if sleep does not come; not using bed for anything but sleep and sex; avoiding alcohol as well as nicotine, caffeine, and other stimulants in the hours before bedtime; and having a peaceful, comfortable and dark sleep environment. However,, the empirical evidence for the effectiveness of sleep hygiene is "limited and inconclusive" for the general population and for the treatment of insomnia, despite being the oldest treatment for insomnia. A systematic review by the AASM concluded that clinicians should not prescribe sleep hygiene for insomnia due to the evidence of absence of its efficacy and potential delaying of adequate treatment, recommending instead that effective therapies such as CBT-i should be preferred.

Assessment
Assessing sleep hygiene is important to determine whether an individual has inadequate sleep hygiene disorder. The diagnostic assessment is usually conducted using clinical interview and supplemented by self-report questionnaires and sleep diaries, which are typically kept from one to two weeks, to record a representative sample data. There are also computerized assessments such as the Sleep-EVAL system, which can be employed in the diagnostic process. It features 1,543 possible questions automatically selected according to the individual's previous answers.

Practice of sleep hygiene and knowledge of sleep hygiene practices can be assessed with measures such as the Sleep Hygiene Index, Sleep Hygiene Awareness and Practice Scale, or the Sleep Hygiene Self-Test. For younger individuals, sleep hygiene can be assessed by the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale, the Children's Sleep Hygiene Scale, or Tayside children’s sleep questionnaire.

Recommendations
Clinicians choose among recommendations for improving sleep quality for each individual and counselling is presented as a form of patient education.

Sleep schedule
One set of recommendations relates to the timing of sleep. For adults, getting less than 7–8 hours of sleep is associated with a number of physical and mental health deficits, and therefore a top sleep hygiene recommendation is allowing enough time for sleep. Clinicians will frequently advise that these hours of sleep be obtained at night instead of through napping, because while naps can be helpful after sleep deprivation, under normal conditions naps may be detrimental to nighttime sleep. Negative effects of napping on sleep and performance have been found to depend on duration and timing, with shorter midday naps being the least disruptive. There is also focus on the importance of awakening around the same time every morning and generally having a regular sleep schedule.

Activities
Exercise is an activity that can facilitate or inhibit sleep quality; people who exercise experience better quality of sleep than those who do not, but exercising too late in the day can be activating and delay falling asleep. Increasing exposure to bright and natural light during the daytime and avoiding bright light in the hours before bedtime may help promote a sleep-wake schedule aligned with nature's daily light-dark cycle.

Activities that reduce physiological arousal and cognitive activity promote falling asleep, so engaging in relaxing activities before bedtime is recommended. Conversely, continuing important work activities or planning shortly before bedtime or once in bed has been shown to delay falling asleep. Similarly, good sleep hygiene involves minimizing time spent thinking about worries or anything emotionally upsetting shortly before bedtime. Trying purposefully to fall asleep may induce frustration that further prevents falling asleep, so in such situations a person may be advised to get out of bed and try something else for a brief amount of time.

Generally, for people experiencing difficulties with sleep, spending less time in bed results in deeper and more continuous sleep, so clinicians will frequently recommend eliminating use of the bed for any activities except sleep or sex.

Foods and substances
A number of foods and substances have been found to disturb sleep, due to stimulant effects or disruptive digestive demands. Avoiding nicotine, caffeine (including coffee, energy drinks, soft drinks, tea, chocolate, and some pain relievers), and other stimulants in the hours before bedtime is recommended by most sleep hygiene specialists, as these substances activate neurobiological systems that maintain wakefulness. Alcohol near bedtime is frequently discouraged by clinicians, because, although alcohol can induce sleepiness initially, the arousal caused by metabolizing alcohol can disrupt and significantly fragment sleep. Smoking tobacco products before bed is also thought to reduce one's quality of resting by decreasing the time spent in deep sleep, leading to sleep fragmentation and nocturnal restlessness. Both consumption of a large meal just before bedtime, requiring effort to metabolize it all, and hunger have been associated with disrupted sleep; clinicians may recommend eating a light snack before bedtime. Limiting intake of liquids before bedtime can prevent interruptions of sleep due to urination.

Sleep environment
Arranging a sleep environment that is quiet, very dark, and cool is recommended. Noises, light, and uncomfortable temperatures have been shown to disrupt continuous sleep. Other recommendations that are frequently made, though less studied, include selecting comfortable mattresses, bedding, and pillows, and eliminating a visible bedroom clock, to prevent focusing on time passing when trying to fall asleep.

Light exposure when sleeping has been shown to cause ocular fatigue.

In 2015, a systematic review of studies on mattresses concluded that medium-firm, custom-inflated mattresses were best for pain and neutral spinal alignment.

Effectiveness
Sleep hygiene studies use different sets of sleep hygiene recommendations, and the evidence that improving sleep hygiene improves sleep quality is weak and inconclusive. Most research on sleep hygiene principles has been conducted in clinical settings, and there is a need for more research on non-clinical populations.

The strength of research support for each recommendation varies; some of the more robustly researched and supported recommendations include the negative effects of noisy sleep environments, alcohol consumption in the hours before sleep, engaging in mentally difficult tasks before sleep, and trying too hard to fall asleep. There is a lack of evidence for the effects of certain sleep hygiene recommendations, including getting a more comfortable mattress, removing bedroom clocks, not worrying, and limiting liquids. Other recommendations, such as the effects of napping or exercise, have a more complicated evidence base. The effects of napping, for example, seem to depend on the length and timing of napping, in conjunction with how much cumulative sleep an individual has had in recent nights.

There is support showing positive sleep outcomes for people who follow more than one sleep hygiene recommendation. There is however no evidence that poor sleep hygiene can contribute to insomnia.

While there is inconclusive evidence that sleep hygiene alone is effective as a treatment for insomnia, some research studies have shown improvement in insomnia for patients who receive sleep hygiene education in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy practices.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine released in 2021 a meta-analysis on behavioral therapies concluding that they "did not favor the use of sleep hygiene as a stand-alone therapy for chronic insomnia" since "recent evidence shows that it is no longer supported as a single-component therapy". They further recommend educating clinicians and patients to avoid the recommendation of sleep hygiene as this can cause a "delayed implementation of effective therapies with continued or worsening insomnia symptoms" and furthermore may demotivate patients from "undergoing other treatments based on their experience using an ineffective intervention". It was also impossible to conduct a network analysis of the efficacy of specific items of sleep hygiene due to the wide heterogeneity and lack of systematic reporting of content and delivery methods.

Special populations
Sleep hygiene is a central component of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Specific sleep disorders may require other or additional treatment approaches, and continuing difficulties with sleep may require additional assistance from healthcare providers.

College students are at risk of engaging in poor sleep hygiene and also of being unaware of the resulting effects of sleep deprivation. Because of irregular weekly schedules and the campus environment, college students may be likely to have variable sleep-wake schedules across the week, take naps, drink caffeine or alcohol near bedtime, and sleep in disruptive sleeping environments. Because of this, researchers recommend sleep hygiene education on college campuses. Harvard University, for example, requires all incoming first-year undergraduates to take a short online course on the subject before the fall semester begins.

Similarly, shift workers have difficulty maintaining a healthy sleep-wake schedule due to night or irregular work hours. Shift workers need to be strategic about napping and drinking caffeine, as these practices may be necessary for work productivity and safety, but should be timed carefully. Because shift workers may need to sleep while other individuals are awake, additional sleeping environment changes should include reducing disturbances by turning off phones and posting signs on bedroom doors to inform others when they are sleeping.

Additionally, Socioeconomic status often determines access to care leading to a downward trajectory in health. Those with lower SES have limited access to quality living conditions. Economic status can contribute to tremendous stress. Sleep is the primary mechanism in biological and psychosocial stressors that can help one recover from moderate stress. However, the stress level will affect the brain by disrupting the circadian cycle, meaning that more stress will lead to more sleep disturbances. The data points to an inverse relationship: lower SES will result in insufficient sleep and a decline in sleep quality compared to high SES. Light and noise will significantly impact one's sleeping patterns. Exposure to light will disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythm. In low SES populations, irregular and long work hours may force an individual to attempt to sleep during the day. This will significantly disrupt the physiological benefits that come from sleep. Additionally, urban neighborhoods will likely have greater night noise, crime, and violence. In these neighborhoods, the body will be in a constant state of survival, releasing cortisol and adrenaline, which interfere with sleep.

Due to symptoms of low mood and energy, individuals with depression may be likely to have behaviors that are counter to good sleep hygiene, such as taking naps during the day, consuming alcohol near bedtime, and consuming large amounts of caffeine during the day. In addition to sleep hygiene education, bright light therapy can be a useful treatment for individuals with depression and circadian rhythm disturbances. Not only can morning bright light therapy help establish a better sleep-wake schedule, but it also has been shown to be effective for treating depression directly, especially when related to seasonal affective disorder.

Individuals with breathing difficulties due to asthma or allergies may experience additional barriers to quality sleep that can be addressed by specific variations of sleep hygiene recommendations. Difficulty with breathing can cause disruptions to sleep, reducing the ability to stay asleep and to achieve restful sleep. For individuals with allergies or asthma, additional considerations must be given to potential triggers in the bedroom environment. Medications that might improve ability to breathe while sleeping may also impair sleep in other ways, so there must be careful management of decongestants, asthma controllers, and antihistamines.

Implementation
Sleep hygiene strategies include advice about timing of sleep and food intake in relationship to exercise and sleeping environment. Recommendations depend on knowledge of the individual situation; counselling is presented as a form of patient education.

As attention to the role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health has grown, there has been an increase in the number of resources available in print and on the internet. Organizations running public health initiatives include the National Sleep Foundation and the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, both of which have created public websites with sleep hygiene resources, such as tips for sleep hygiene, instructional videos, sleep hygiene self-assessments, poll statistics on sleep hygiene, and tools to find sleep professionals. A cooperative agreement between the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine was established in 2013 to coordinate the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project, with one of their aims being to promote sleep hygiene awareness.

Long and irregular work hours contribute to the sleep health disparity in the US. Local governments could regulate business hours for those that employ high rates of low-income families. Additionally, access to care is often determined by that individual's occupation. Clinicians in the communities should advocate insurance coverage and access to care for sleep-related services. Telemedicine is a promising approach proposed to reduce barriers to sleep health care. This eliminates transportation challenges for underserved populations and is more cost-effective. Actigraphy can provide a cost-effective method to diagnose sleeping disorders. Neighborhoods can be improved by updating urban planning. Noise population can be reduced by promoting walkability among communities. Walkability is only possible when neighborhood safety is optimized.

History
While the term sleep hygiene was first introduced in 1939 by Nathaniel Kleitman, a book published in 1977 by psychologist Peter Hauri introduced the concept within the context of modern sleep medicine. In this book Hauri outlined a list of behavioral rules intended to promote improved sleep. Similar concepts are credited to Paolo Mantegazza who published a related original book in 1864. The 1990 publication of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) introduced the diagnostic category Inadequate Sleep Hygiene. Inadequate sleep hygiene was a subclassification of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in the ICSD-II published in 2005; it was removed from the 2014 ICSD-III along with two other classifications. The term “chronic insomnia disorder” is used for all subtypes of chronic insomnia and inadequate sleep hygiene is no longer required to diagnose any sleep disorder, including insomnia and insufficient sleep syndrome.

Specific sleep hygiene recommendations have changed over time. For example, advice to simply avoid sleeping pills was included in early sets of recommendations, but as more drugs to help with sleep have been introduced, recommendations concerning their use have become more complex.

title: Sleep hygiene


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Category:History of economic thought

History of economic thought deals with the history of economics. Do not confuse this category with Category:Economic history, which is about economic history.

title: Category:History of economic thought


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The Chronicle Herald

The Chronicle Herald is a broadsheet newspaper published in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, owned by SaltWire Network of Halifax.

Early years
Founded in 1874 as The Morning Herald, the paper quickly became one of Halifax's main newspapers. The same company also owned the Evening Mail, which was published in the afternoon. Its main competitors were the Chronicle in the morning, and the Star in the afternoon. By 1949 the papers had merged to become The Chronicle-Herald and Mail-Star respectively.

Graham Dennis era
Graham W. Dennis took over as publisher of the newspaper in 1954, at age 26, after the death of his father, senator William Henry Dennis, who in turn had succeeded senator William Dennis in running the paper. He led the newspaper for the next half century. Dennis was proud of the paper's independence and rebuffed numerous offers to buy it. He was known as a humanistic employer interested in the welfare of his employees, stating that his proudest moment was the introduction of a pension plan for Herald staff. He had a reputation as an "old-school media baron" who set up bureaus across Canada and even one in London, England. Dennis considered the paper essential to effecting positive change in Nova Scotia and ensured that it was available across the province.

In 1998 the company began producing a Sunday edition called The Sunday Herald, which ran until April 20, 2013. In 2004 The Chronicle-Herald and Mail-Star were merged to form the single The Chronicle Herald. In January 2004, The Chronicle Herald became the first newspaper in Canada, and one of only several in the world, to operate a WIFAG offset press. This development led to an increased use of colour, and changes in font and styling.

In 2002 the historic Herald headquarters on Argyle Street was listed for sale for $15 million and sold by the Dennis family to the cable TV mogul Charles Keating. Keating died in 2005. In 2007 Argyle Developments Ltd. purchased the property from his estate. The Chronicle Herald moved in 2008 to one of the buildings on the ex-Maritime Life campus in Armdale. The former Herald buildings were demolished and the site was redeveloped as the Nova Centre, which houses the new Halifax Convention Centre. In October 2008, The Chronicle Herald was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine.

On February 3, 2009, the paper laid off 24 employees, the first layoffs in the paper's 136-year history. The cuts represented approximately one quarter of its newsroom staff, but it remained the largest newsroom east of Montreal. These cuts impacted the production department where nine employees were laid off. The company stated that these layoffs were the result of a decline in advertising due to the distress of the current economic situation. In 2014, the Herald issued layoff notices to another 20 newsroom employees.

New management
Sarah Dennis, daughter of owner Graham Dennis and vice-president since the 1990s, took over as CEO of the newspaper in November 2010. She married Mark Lever in August 2011. Graham Dennis, who ran the newspaper for more than 57 years, died on December 1, 2011, at the age of 84. Sarah Dennis inherited the paper. Lever took over as president and CEO in 2012.

Though the newspaper is profitable, Dennis and Lever have aggressively cut costs in recent years. Dennis holds a "far less romantic view of the newspaper" than her father did, a characteristic that journalist Stephen Kimber said has made cost-cutting easy. Dennis stated: "It's a business, and you have to run it like a business. The history is important, but you can't let that determine what you do."

Shortly after taking over as CEO, Dennis championed the newspaper's independence, stating: "The fact that we're not controlled by someone in Ontario makes a big difference in what we can do." She stated that the newspaper would remain independent as long as possible. However, following her father's death Dennis stated that she would entertain offers from potential buyers.

Discord erupted in 2011 after the Herald wrote a new contract for freelance journalists that gave the newspaper rights to freelancers' work forever, without any payment for signing over the copyright. Numerous freelancers, including Ralph Surette and Silver Donald Cameron, refused to sign. Dennis stated that the newspaper was simply emulating what other newspapers across the country were doing.

The newspaper purchased Bounty Print, a commercial printing company, in 2011. In 2012 they purchased The Casket, a weekly newspaper published in Antigonish, through a Herald sister company, Brace Publishing Limited. The company also launched the glossy Herald Magazine in February 2012. It launched the Cape Breton Star, a weekly newspaper, in Cape Breton in May 2014.

Circulation has been in decline. In 2012 the Audit Bureau of Circulations reported circulation of 108,389 weekdays, 112,306 Saturdays and 97,190 Sundays In April 2012 the Sunday edition was discontinued as a cost-cutting measure and the Saturday paper was renamed Weekend. Still, in 2013, Sarah Dennis stated that the newspaper was profitable and that readership was at an all-time high. In September 2014, weekday circulation was estimated at 70,000, with the weekend edition selling 72,000. On-line subscriptions totaled 1,862.

In February 2015, the Herald locked out its 13 unionized printing press workers, causing the first work stoppage in the company's history. The lockout ended about a month later, after the union agreed to major concessions.

Strike and bargaining
On January 23, 2016, 61 members of the Halifax Typographical Union's newsroom and news bureau staff went on strike. The Herald hired "scab" reporters as replacements. The Chronicle Herald refused any concessions offered by the union, and later on the striking staff launched a competing online newspaper called Local Xpress. By September 2016, the number of striking workers was down to 56 as some had sought new employment for financial reasons.

The union criticized the Herald for spending more than $400,000 on security (as at September 2016) while demanding cuts in the newsroom, and stated that the real intention of management was to bust the union. The typographical union also accused Sarah Dennis of hiring private investigators to tail and intimidate picketers.

In September 2016 the Herald announced that it was shutting down the Cape Breton Star due to "a prevailing headwind of union sympathy in industrial Cape Breton".

The union agreed to wage cuts and increased working hours equating to an hourly pay decrease of 17 per cent, layoffs of a third of unionized staff, a cap on severance pay, reductions in vacation time and mileage allowance, a 25 per cent lower starting wage, and elimination of the defined benefit pension plan founded by Graham Dennis. However, the dispute dragged on with no agreement being reached between the two parties. The newspaper was accused of making unreasonable demands with the aim of breaking the union, and hired lawyers advertising services in union-busting.

During a round of bargaining in October 2016, Herald made numerous additional demands, including further cuts to the union's bargaining power, reduced sick leave pay, a further four per cent wage cut, eight more layoffs (amounting to a total of 26 layoffs), and the closure of Local Xpress and the signing-over of all Local Xpress content to the Herald. In November 2016 the union filed a complaint with the Nova Scotia Labour Board accusing the Herald management of "bargaining in a manner designed to end union representation", preventing an agreement from being reached.

As a result of this strike, CEO Mark Lever won rankandfile.ca's annual Scumbag of the Year award for 2016. It was the second time in three years a Nova Scotian won this award.

Strikebreakers and quality issues
Throughout the strike, the Halifax Typographical Union used social media to draw light to typographical and factual errors that plagued the paper since the strike began, and alleged that these quality issues were a result of using inexperienced "scab" staff. In addition, the union and others lambasted the strikebreakers for questionable journalistic practices.

The use of strikebreakers is banned in many countries, but Quebec is the only jurisdiction within Canada that outlaws the practice. Several faculty members at the University of King's College, which is well-regarded for its journalism program, advised graduating students against crossing the picket line. The Herald approached several King's students and were rebuffed.

Investigative journalist Tim Bousquet, of the Halifax Examiner, questioned the newspaper's practice of printing advertorial content nearly indistinguishable from regular news. Similarly, the union pointed out instances of the "scab Herald" reprinting press releases nearly verbatim. Of the quality of the newspaper during the strike, Bousquet wrote: "Without the professional journalists, the paper is crap [...] The Herald has zero credibility. And the complete abandonment of any journalistic standards is showing in spades."

Alex Boutilier of the Toronto Star spoke out after the Herald reprinted one of his articles and attributed it to his name only, with no mention of the Star, making it appear as though he was writing as a strikebreaker. Boutilier stated that he could not find the piece on The Canadian Press news wire while Bousquet commented that aside from the Star, the Herald appears to have been the only other newspaper to print the story. The Herald subsequently removed his byline from the online edition.

Chebucto Heights controversy
Controversy surrounding an article published 8 April 2016 online (appearing in print on 9 April) made national headlines. The story alleged that Syrian refugee children attending Chebucto Heights Elementary School were "choking, pushing, slapping and verbally abusing their fellow classmates". The paper was widely condemned as the story was unverified, having been based on a sole anonymous source, and was written with a highly sensational tone that alleged acts of "brutality" by children as young as five. It was published anonymously, lacking any byline, and was picked up by right-wing media abroad to bolster anti-refugee sentiment.

The superintendent of the Halifax Regional School Board, Elwin LeRoux, stated that he was "deeply offended to see the school represented so inaccurately". LeRoux stated that the school board had investigated the allegations and had come up empty-handed.

In the face of public outcry the newspaper tweaked the article online, removing some details before deleting it from the Herald website altogether on Monday morning. The paper published an editor's note that admitted the story "needed more work". In the wake of the controversy award-winning non-union columnist Lezlie Lowe quit the newspaper in protest, stating in her farewell column that "The story lays bare the worst of the worst xenophobia in our city and our province. It lacks all proportion. Balance eludes it, start to finish."

Regional expansion
On 13 April 2017, Transcontinental announced that it had sold all of its newspapers in Atlantic Canada to SaltWire Network, a newly formed parent company of the Herald.

The Halifax Typographical Union called the purchase evidence that the Herald's claim of impending financial collapse was a "total fabrication". The president of CWA Canada also weighed in, stating of the ongoing labour dispute: "This has never been about money. It has been about power and union busting."

Government inquiry and conclusion
On 13 July 2017, the Department of Labour and Advanced Education announced that it was setting up an Industrial Inquiry Commission, under the provisions of the province's Trade Union Act, to force mediation between the union and the Herald management from 4 August 2017. A union spokesperson called the move "long overdue" while the Herald's chief operating officer called the announcement "puzzling".

The dispute finally ended in August 2017 when the union voted to ratify a new eight-year deal. The agreement included an increase in the work week from 35 to 37.5 hours, the dismissal of 26 union staff (with 25 returning to the newspaper and one moving to Cape Breton), and wage cuts.

Circulation
The Chronicle Herald has seen like most Canadian daily newspapers a decline in circulation. Its total circulation dropped by 0 percent to 91,490 copies daily from 2009 to 2015. The Chronicle Herald is the highest circulation newspaper in the Atlantic provinces, although it briefly lost that title to the now-defunct StarMetro Halifax (formerly Metro Halifax).

 * Daily average

Editors

 * William Dennis
 * Robert McCleave
 * Jane Purves

Journalists

 * Linden MacIntyre
 * Judi McLeod
 * Walter D. O'Hearn (Halifax Herald, 1929–1932)

Columnists

 * George Bain
 * Silver Donald Cameron
 * Scott Taylor (current)
 * Jan Wong
 * Sylvain Charlebois (researcher, current)

Cartoonists

 * Bob Chambers
 * Michael de Adder (current)
 * Bruce MacKinnon (current)
 * Owen McCarron

title: The Chronicle Herald


text:
Goals against average

Goals against average (GAA) also known as "average goals against" or "AGA" is a statistic used in field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, and water polo that is the mean of goals allowed per game by a goaltender or goalkeeper (depending on sport). GAA is analogous to a baseball pitcher's earned run average (ERA). In Japanese, the same translation (防御率) is used for both GAA and ERA, because of this.

For ice hockey, the goals against average statistic is the number of goals a goaltender allows per 60 minutes of playing time. It is calculated by taking the number of goals against, multiply that by 60 (minutes) and then dividing by the number of minutes played. The modification is used by the NHL since 1965 and the IIHF since 1990. When calculating GAA, overtime goals and time on ice are included, whereas empty net and shootout goals are not. It is typically given to two decimal places.

The top goaltenders in the National Hockey League have a GAA of about 1.85-2.10, although the measure of a good GAA changes as different playing styles come and go. The top goaltenders in the National Lacrosse League however, have a GAA of about 10.00, and the top 2005 Western Lacrosse Association goaltenders had a GAA of about 9.00. At their best, elite NCAA water polo goalies have a GAA between 3.00 and 5.00.

Since the statistic is highly dependent on the team playing in front of a goalie, save percentage is usually considered a more accurate measure of a goaltender's skill, especially in ice hockey and lacrosse, as it takes into account the number of shots the goaltender has faced. In soccer, since it is considered a part of the goalkeeper's job to coach defenders on proper positioning to prevent opponents' shots, GAA is more commonly used to evaluate goalkeepers than save percentage.

title: Goals against average


text:
Talk:Ertar

Nonexistent image?
Removing the following, file does not appear to exist.

Kapitán Kid

- Meersan 02:59, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:38, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ergea3b.jpg

title: Talk:Ertar


text:
Talk:Costas Simitis

Is Simitis Jewish?
If he is, wouldn't that make him the first Jewish Prime Minister of Greece?

Why, because his same is "Simitic"? ROFL. Adam 10:38, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

That's funny. I heard the same thing.... On, the other hand if it were true, the opposition would've used it against him, capitalizing on the antisemitic feelings in certain circles in Greece. --Kimonandreou 14:14, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Well, notorious antisemite Georgios Karatzaferis has repeatedly pinned an alleged Jewish origin on Simitis. But, then again, there's hardly a single political opponent --right or left-- whom Karatzaferis has not characterised a "freemason", a "jew", a "homosexual", or simply a plain old "traitor". 212.251.122.169 08:59, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

The same thing is said about the Panadreous on the grounds of George senior's Polish wife. Adam 15:58, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

No, he is not. Stupid people will believe anything that suits their pathetic view of the world and explains their unimportance. 205.142.197.33 (talk) 23:02, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

Tagging this article as POV
...considering the fact there is barely a whiff of the critiques on Simitis's policies (going by the article, you would think that the left-wing never criticized Simitis), nor any mention of the Greek macroeconomic data falsification scandal. Biased wording such as "he was accused without any evidence" and distortions such as the translation of διαπλοκή into corruption, do not help, either.

Karatzaferis
George Karatzaferis is well respected?? You got to be kidding! also, Chrysi Aygi is a fascist, far-right movement. not just simply patriotic. thanks

It is an obvious vandalism and was reverted.

 * does the KKE pay well for its propagandists these days?--NeroDrusus 23:23, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Criticism of Simitis from politicians such as Georgios Karatzaferis should be noted but, with a NPOV. Adjectives such as "patriotic" and "well respected" should not be used as they carry a heavy POV. Also, mentioning that Hrisi Avgi is the only organization commemorating the deaths of those 3 Greek servicemen, is irrelevant, and the use of "murder" is POV.
 * But, in general, why is someone's ethnic/religious/racial background an issue? The guy was elected PM and has had a long tenure in government. He should be judged and criticized on what he did. Anything else can be considered a personal attack. -- Kimon talk 23:42, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Simitis was bad news for Greece, he was monstrously corrupt and attempted no structural reform whatsoever.--NeroDrusus 13:16, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That is indeed criticism. Of course, you'll need to cite your reputable sources for that criticism but, it's of the type that can indeed be included. Notice how you didn't mention anything about his background. You are free to add such criticism to the article, provided that you can adequately cite your sources, especially since this is the bio of someone that is still alive. -- Kimon talk 14:07, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

I agree Mr. Karatzaferis shouldnt be mentioned as a source, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.131.200.224 (talk) 07:51, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

spoonerism or malapropism?
Simitis' oral errors, I believe, fall in the category of "malapropisms" rather than "spoonerisms" since spoonerisms are simple erroneous misplacements of first letters, such as in the examples given by wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonerism) one of which is "Three cheers for our queer old dean!" (dear old queen, referring to Queen Victoria)Solowords (talk) 01:04, 26 April 2009 (UTC)George TheodoridisSolowords (talk) 01:04, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I've deleted the notable malapropisms section. They are hardly notable for an English language encyclopedia. Besides you have to actually know the Greek language to understand anything found in that section. Shadowmorph (talk) 12:43, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * All of the notable malapropisms had translations, so your statement that someone needs to know greek to understand them is not true. They also had sources that supported them, which makes them notable enough. Since Costas Simitis is greek, I believe that it is natural to acquire more sources about this matter on greek media. Given all these, the topic is presumed to satisfy the inclusion criteria within the Costas Simitis article, as per WP:GNG and in accordance to WP:BLP.--81.103.162.59 (talk) 10:12, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Costas Simitis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/California secessionists

California secessionists
California secessionists was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was '''delete." Article was deleted while discussion was underway.

A bizarre cross between extreme POV, original research and made-up stuff. Seriously claims that a "majority" of Californians support secession from the United States. A "California secession" movement exists, but it isn't any more notable than, say, "Arkansas secession" or "Fresno secession." --Szyslak 12:06, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: The CA secessionist movement is more active and notable, IMO, than others, but an article on them would exist at another title (Bear State Republic? Golden State Republic? Californians...what is the name of the group?). Since that's true, the question for this is whether to move this article or merge and redirect.  Well, there's nothing in the article worth saving, nothing to merge, and no big need to redirect.  Therefore, just delete. Geogre 14:55, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. And the only links I could turn up were for a livejournal with the name, some tripod pages, other free sites, and a low-activity yahoo group.  There is no large-scale, organized secessionist movement in California, apparently. hfool 15:38, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "Delete.' I've heard enough of a news buzz about the movement to think it could warrant an article, but I don't find any useful information in this particular one to make me think it's salvageable. Katefan0 15:43, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not good at present. But perhaps it's a worthy topic; we ought to have good information on political topics of all kinds. I'd probably vote to keep an article on California secessionism. This, though, I'm not sure if it's worth keeping unless radically cleaned up. Everyking 06:58, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with Katefan0. Tempshill 22:59, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Heh, Californinans, Orginize? That will be the day Neo2256
 * Ha, looks like we've fooled you all! And you thought we were all just medical-marijuana users! The conspiracy is proven once again to be successfully hidden from non-techies the world over! Definitely delete this page or someone might begin to suspect... -Secretly a Californian
 * Not to mention the fact that we native Californians organize quite well. I've never heard of such a movement, the article at present is hopelessly POV and...oops!  I'm late for my encounter group!  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 00:13, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete A2Kafir 03:31, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as incomplete. Breaking away from the US is one thing, but most California secessionist groups support parts of the state seceding from others, such as the Bay Area (wants to take Northern California and sucede from Southern California, cause, dammit, they stole our water), non-Bay Area Northern California (wants to secede from the Bay Area and Southern California, cause, dammit, they stole our water), Nevada County (hey, they named the state after us, the lest we can do is join them; besides, everyone in California is stealing our water), and of course Berkeley (they don't want to secede but many other parts of California would like to kick them out and impose strict immigration controls and a large border fence, and, of course, reallocate their supply of stolen water). Of course, what do I care, San Francisco is forcing Oakland to name their half of the bridge after me. Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico 23:37, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Cleanup. Please. While the current article is clearly soapboxing, that doesn't IMO make the notion of U.S. state sucession movements unencyclopedic. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ] ]] 19:29, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Durham Wasps

The Durham Wasps were an ice hockey team located in Durham and was one of England's most well-known names in ice hockey. The team was bought by Sir John Hall and moved to the neighbouring city of Newcastle Upon Tyne in August 1996. The Newcastle team, after several changes became known as the Newcastle Jesters.

The History of the Wasps
The Durham Wasps began their prosperous start to hockey just after the war, and were started by Michael Davey of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, along with a few other Canadians, who after the war made their homes in Durham.

Ice hockey remained popular in the sixties and seventies, but it exploded with popularity between the eighties and nineties, and the period from around 1982 to 1992 was one to remember for the Wasps. In this period alone they won the Heineken Championship four times, the league championship six times, the Norwich Cup three times, and other trophies like the Autumn and Castle Eden Cups on many other occasions. The Durham Wasps dominated the British League for over 10 years. There was an intense local rivalry with both the Whitley Warriors and the Billingham Bombers. It was a golden period for hockey in the North East with derby matches against the Warriors often resulting in crowds which exceeded the stated capacity of the rink by a considerable margin.

With the rise of teams such as the Cardiff Devils and Sheffield Steelers, the Wasps started to struggle to fund a competitive team. At the same time, the rink was in need of significant investment. Around this time, John Hall, then owner of Newcastle United Football Club, laid plans to form a centre of sporting excellence in Newcastle. As part of this he purchased the team with the intention of moving them to a new ice rink in Newcastle. In the meanwhile, the team temporarily played out of the Crowtree Leisure Centre in Sunderland.

This proved very divisive amongst Wasps fans with many to this day refusing to watch ice hockey in Newcastle. A replacement team was established in Durham called the Durham City Wasps who played in the English League. This featured some players who the new Wasps owners decided not to retain, as well as players from the junior teams. Unfortunately the team only lasted one season before the costs of maintaining the rink came to a head and the rink was sold to be redeveloped.

The plans for a new rink in Newcastle came to nothing so a deal was made which resulted in the Whitley Warriors being evicted from the Telewest Arena to make way for the team. After a season of playing out of Crowtree, Wasps were taken to Newcastle and renamed the Newcastle Cobras. In the next few years they changed owners and names from the Cobras, to the Riverkings, to the Jesters, however, the franchise folded soon after.

A new unrelated team, the Newcastle Vipers were founded in 2002 to keep the city's ice hockey heritage alive, but due to low crowds and problems getting regular ice time at the Arena, in November 2010 the Vipers were forced to move in with the 'old enemy' and play for part of their final season out of the Hillheads rink in Whitley Bay. It proved impossible to keep the team going and the 2010/11 season was the last featuring a Newcastle team.

Revival Games
Originally a one-off game, former Durham Wasps players from the 80s and 90s reformed to play former local rivals Whitley Warriors on 4 May 2008 at Whitley Bay Ice Rink, commemorating the 60th anniversary of the formation of the club, and in support of the ongoing campaign to bring back an ice rink. Over 2,300 fans turned up to witness this encounter which saw Wasps players icing once again including the Johnson brothers, Mario Belanger, Ivor Bennett, Stephen Foster, John Hutley and Karl Walker. The reformed Wasps team won the game 8–4.

A second 'Legends' game was played with Whitley Warriors, Sunday 6 May 2012, again at Whitley Bay, and in memory of former Durham Wasps manager Kenny Swinburne. The Wasps won 5–2 with Mario Belanger scoring within 30 seconds in the first period.

Honours
Heineken Premier League Champions Heineken British Championship Winners Autumn Cup Winners Castle Eden Cup Winners British Ice Hockey Association Cup Northern Ice Hockey League Champions
 * 1985, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992
 * 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992
 * 1984, 1988, 1989, 1991
 * 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995
 * 1950
 * 1950

title: Durham Wasps