text:
Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice

The Society of Priests of Saint-Sulpice (Compagnie des Prêtres de Saint-Sulpice; PSS), also known as the Sulpicians, is a society of apostolic life of Pontifical Right for men, named after the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, where it was founded. The members of the Society add the nominal letters PSS after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. Typically, priests become members of the Society of the Priests of St. Sulpice only after ordination and some years of pastoral work. The purpose of the society is mainly the education of priests and to some extent parish work. As their main role is the education of those preparing to become priests, Sulpicians place great emphasis on the academic and spiritual formation of their own members, who commit themselves to undergoing lifelong development in these areas. The Society is divided into three provinces, operating in various countries: the Province of France, Canada, and the United States.

In France
The Society of Priests of Saint Sulpice was founded in France in 1641 by Father Jean-Jacques Olier (1608–1657), an exemplar of the French School of Spirituality. A disciple of Vincent de Paul and Charles de Condren, Olier took part in "missions" organized by them.

The French priesthood at that time suffered from low morale, academic deficits and other problems. Envisioning a new approach to priestly preparation, Olier gathered a few priests and seminarians around him in Vaugirard, a suburb of Paris, in the final months of 1641. Shortly thereafter, he moved his operation to the parish of Saint-Sulpice in Paris, hence the name of the new Society. After several adjustments, he built a seminary next to the current church of Saint-Sulpice. The Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice thereby became the first Sulpician seminary. There the first seminarians got their spiritual formation, while taking most theology courses at the Sorbonne. The spirit of this new seminary and its founder caught the attention of many leaders in the French Church; and before long, members of the new Society staffed a number of new seminaries elsewhere in the country.

Sulpician priests contributed to the parish community during the day, but at night they would return to their institutions. Jean-Jacques Olier attempted to control diverse social groups by having laymen of the community give reports on family life, poverty, and disorder. The Sulpicians were very strict in regards to women and sexuality to the extent that they were eventually banned from the seminary unless it was for short visits in the external area with appropriate attire. The Sulpicians accepted aspirants to the company as long as they were priests and had permission from their bishop. The Sulpicians would thus recruit wealthy individuals since Sulpicians did not take vows of poverty. They retained ownership of individual property and were free to dispose their wealth. The Sulpicians soon came to be known for the revival of the parish life, reform of seminary life, and the revitalization of spirituality.

In the 18th century they attracted the sons of the nobility, as well as candidates from the common class, and produced a large number of the French bishops. The Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice was closed during the French Revolution, and its teachers and students scattered to avoid persecution. That Revolution also led to the secularization of the University of Paris. When France stabilized, theology courses were offered exclusively in seminaries, and the Sulpicians resumed their educational mission. Sulpician seminaries earned and maintained reputations for solid academic teaching and high moral tone. The Society spread from France to Canada, the United States and to several other foreign countries, including eventually to Vietnam and French Africa, where French Sulpician seminaries are found even today.

New France
The Sulpicians played a major role in the founding of the Canadian city of Montreal, where they engaged in missionary activities, trained priests and constructed the Saint-Sulpice Seminary.

The Société Notre-Dame de Montréal, of which Jean-Jacques Olier was an active founder, was granted the land of Montreal from the Company of One Hundred Associates, which owned New France, with the aim of converting the indigenous population and providing schools and hospitals for both them and the colonists. The Jesuits served as missionaries for the small colony until 1657 when Olier sent four priests from the Saint-Sulpice seminary in Paris to form the first parish. In 1663, France decided to substitute direct royal administration over New France for that hitherto exercised by the Company of One Hundred Associates, and in the same year the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal ceded its possessions to the Seminaire de Saint-Sulpice. Just as in Paris, the Montreal Sulpicians had important civil responsibilities. Most notably, they acted as seigneurs for the island of Montreal.

The Sulpicians served as missionaries, judges, explorers, schoolteachers, social workers, supervisors of convents, almsmen, canal builders, urban planners, colonization agents, and entrepreneurs. Despite their large role in society and their influence in shaping early Montreal, each night they would all return to the Saint-Sulpice Seminary. The administration of the Séminaire de Montreal was modeled on that of the Séminaire de Paris, in which the company was run by the superior, the four-man Consulting Council, and the Assembly of Twelve Assistants. According to the rules of the seminary in 1764, the superior, during his five-year renewable term, was to act like a father and was to be respected. The seminary kept careful records of all employees including birthday, place of birth, marital status, and salary. Female employees posed a particular problem since although a cheap source of labour, their presence in a male religious community was problematic. The superior of the Séminaire de Montréal was inherently also the Island of Montreal's seigneur. In the case of M. Vachon de Belmont, who was responsible for the mission of La Montagne, sixth superior of the Montreal Sulpicians, the master designer of the fort and  Sulpicians' residential château, and who was independently wealthy, was very well educated and had trained as draughtsman and architect, M. Belmont had a more than passing interest in military strategy and architecture. M. Belmont's military strategy stamp is also evident in the implementation of the Sault-au-Récollet's fr:Fort Lorette and the seigneurie Lac-de-Deux-Montagnes' fort.

Early missionary work
In 1668, several Sulpicians went to evangelize the Haudenosaunee in the Bay of Quinte, north of Lake Ontario, the Mi'kmaq in Acadia, the Haudenosaunee on the present site of Ogdensburg in the State of New York and, finally, the Algonquins in Abitibi and Témiscamingue. François Dollier de Casson and Brehan de Gallinée explored the region of the Great Lakes (1669), of which they made a map. In 1676 the mission of La Montagne was opened on the site of the present Séminaire de Montréal, where M. Belmont built a fort (1685). Alcohol traffic, major loss of mission housing by fire in 1694, and other factors necessitated the move of the first mission to one on the edge of the rivière des Prairies, near the Sault-au-Récollet rapids, in north end Montreal island. In 1717, the Compagnie de Saint-Sulpice de Paris was granted. a concession (~10.5 miles of frontage, ~9 miles deep) named seigneurie du Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes. In 1721, the Sulpicians moved the Sault-au-Récollet mission to two villages on seigneurie Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes territory; a first village to the west, which was their former hunting grounds and came to be called Kanesatake, was assigned to the Mohawks, and, later, a village to the east was assigned to the Algonquins and the Nipissings.

After the Conquest
On April 29, 1764, the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice de Paris executed an act of donation giving all Canadian property to the Séminaire de Montréal making possible the survival of the Sulpicians to become British subjects, loyal to the Crown. In the wake of the Conquest of 1760, the Séminaire de Montreal thus became independent from the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice de Paris. By contrast, since 1763, other male-affiliated religious orders deemed to be too dependent on France and Rome, that is, the Récollets and Jésuit orders, were prevented from recruiting members and these religious orders properties were confiscated to become British Crown property.

In 1794 after the French Revolution, twelve Sulpicians fled persecution by the National Convention and emigrated to Montreal, Quebec. According to Pierre-Auguste Fournet, the Sulpicians of Montreal would have died out had not the British Government opened Canada to the priests persecuted during the French Revolution.

After lengthy negotiations, in 1840 the British Crown recognized the possessions of the Sulpicians, the status of which had been ambiguous since the Conquest, while also providing for the gradual termination of the seigneurial regime. This enabled the Sulpicians to keep their holdings and continue their work, while allowing landowners who so desired to make a single final payment (commutation) and be relieved of all future seigneurial dues. Inauguration in 1825 of the Lachine Canal opened up markets to the United States' interior via the Erie Canal (opened in 1822), which in turn provided the impetus for the rapid sudden development of North America's largest industrial park in the area known as Pointe-Saint-Charles, named after Charles le Moyne. A large part of Pointe-Saint-Charles was occupied by the Sulpicians' Saint-Gabriel Farm established in 1659 and named after the first superior, Gabriel de Queylus.

At the request of Bishop Ignace Bourget, in 1840 the Sulpicians took over the diocesan school of theology, creating the famous Grand Séminaire de Montréal. Since 1857 it has been located on Sherbrooke Street near Atwater Avenue. This operation enabled the Montreal Sulpicians to expand their primary work, the education of priests. They have trained innumerable priests and bishops, Canadian and American, down to the.

Canadian Sulpicians may be found operating in seminaries in Montreal and Edmonton. In 1972 the Canadian Province established a Provincial Delegation for Latin America, based in Bogotá, Colombia. In Latin America, the Society functions in Brazil (Brasilia and Londrina) and Colombia (Cali, Cucuta and Manizales). They have also served in Fukuoka, Japan since 1933.

In 2006, the Society of St. Sulpice of Montreal created Univers culturel de Saint-Sulpice, a non-profit organization whose mission is to ensure the preservation, accessibility and outreach of the archives, movable heritage assets and old and rare books of their community.

The rare book collections situated at the Grand Séminaire de Montréal Library (now Institut de formation théologique de Montréal), and the Séminaire Saint-Sulpice located in Old Montreal, host different collections from different institutions Sulpicians created from the 17th century to the 20th century (Séminaire Saint-Sulpice, Collège de Montréal, Grand Séminaire de Montréal, Séminaire de Philosophie, Collège pontifical canadien de Rome, and Collège André Grasset). These books span from the late Middle Ages to the mid 20th century. The works in these libraries were used for teaching and for the enrichment of knowledge on various subjects, allowing the Sulpicians to fulfill their mission as educators. These collections are an expression of scholarly culture. They provide information on the social and intellectual concerns of Québec's elites, on the evolution of ideas in many fields between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, and on the value of the education provided at the time. In 2021, these collections (including archives and moveable heritage assets) were added to the Cultural Heritage Act of Quebec.

In the United States
Sulpicians set foot in what is now the United States as early as 1670 when Fathers Dollier de Casson and Brehan de Galinee from Brittany landed in what would later become Detroit, Michigan. In 1684 Robert de la Salle headed an ill-fated expedition from France to what is now Texas, taking with him three priests, all Sulpicians. These were Fathers Dollier de Casson, Brehan de Galinee, and Jean Cavelier, the explorer's older brother. This expedition ended in failure, and the vessel carrying the three Sulpicians was shipwrecked in what is now the state of Texas. Among the survivors were the three Sulpicians, two of whom returned to France on the next available vessel. The third, Dollier de Casson, decided to remain to catechize the natives. This, after all, was a major motive for his coming. He met with little success in this endeavor, however, and finally decided to return to France as had his companions. His missionary zeal unslaked, he soon found a vessel to transfer him to the Sulpician enterprise in Montreal, which was quite successful and has endured down to the present day. In July 1791, four Sulpicians, newly arrived from France, established the first Catholic institution for the training of clergy in the newly formed United States: St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore. They were Francis Charles Nagot, Anthony Gamier, Michael Levadoux, and John Tessier, who had fled the French Revolution. Purchasing the One Mile Tavern then on the edge of the city, they dedicated the house to the Blessed Virgin. In October they opened classes with five students whom they had brought from France, and thereby established the first enduring community of the Society in the nation.

In March, 1792 three more priests arrived, Abbé Chicoisneau, Abbé John Baptist Mary David, and Abbé Benedict Joseph Flaget. Two seminarians arrived with them, Stephen T. Badin and another named Barret. They were joined in June of that same year by the Abbés Ambrose Maréchal, Gabriel Richard and Francis Ciquard. Many of these early priests were sent as missionaries to remote areas of the United States and its territories. Flaget and David founded the Catholic Seminary of St. Thomas, at Bardstown, Kentucky. It was the first seminary west of the Appalachians. Their St. Thomas Catholic Church, built there in 1816, is the oldest surviving brick church in Kentucky. In 1796, Louis William Valentine Dubourg arrived and became the president of Georgetown University. Later he became the first bishop of the Louisiana Territory.

A decade later, Dubourg was instrumental in the transfer from New York City of the widow and recent convert Elizabeth Seton, who had been unsuccessful in her efforts to run a school, in part to care for her family. With his encouragement, she and other women drawn to the vision of caring for the poor in a religious way of life came to found the first American congregation of Sisters in 1809. The Sulpicians served as their religious superiors until 1850, when the original community located there chose to merge with another religious institute of Sisters. In 1829, Sulpician Fr. James Joubert worked with Mary Lange, a Haitian immigrant, to establish the first community of black sisters in the United States, the Oblate Sisters of Providence.

The Society helped to found and staff for a time St. John's Seminary, part of the Archdiocese of Boston (1884–1911). In that same period, for a brief time they also staffed St. Joseph Seminary, serving the Archdiocese of New York (1896–1906). The Sulpicians who staffed that institution chose to leave the Society and become part of the archdiocese. Among their number was Francis Gigot.

In 1898, at the invitation of the Archbishop of San Francisco, Patrick William Riordan, the Sulpicians founded what was, until 2017, their primary institution on the West Coast, Saint Patrick Seminary, Menlo Park, California. From the 1920s until about 1971, the Society operated St. Edward Seminary in Kenmore, Washington. The grounds now form Saint Edward State Park and Bastyr University. For a brief period in the 1990s, the Sulpicians were also involved in teaching at St. John's Seminary in Camarillo, the college seminary for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

In 1917, the construction of the Sulpician Seminary began in Washington, D.C., next to The Catholic University of America. The seminary, which became an independent institution in 1924, changed its name to Theological College in 1940. It has graduated over 1,500 priests, including 45 bishops and four cardinals. American Sulpicians gained a reputation for forward-thinking at certain points of their history, to the suspicion and dissatisfaction of more conservative members of the hierarchy. They were on the cutting edge of Vatican II thinking and thus gained both friends and enemies. A constant in the Sulpician seminaries has been an emphasis on personal spiritual direction and on collegial governance.

In 1989, U.S. Sulpicians began a collaborative approach to priestly formation with the bishops of Zambia. the American Province has several seminary placements in Zambia and a number of new Zambian Sulpicians and Candidates.

The American Province has also distinguished itself by producing several outstanding scholars and authors in the field of theology and scriptural studies. Among the most well-known is Scripture scholar Raymond E. Brown, S.S., whose fame goes well beyond Catholic circles.

Sulpicians today
The 2012 Annuario Pontificio gave 293 as the number of priest members as of 31 December 2010.

List of superiors general
The following is a chronological list of superiors general of the Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice: • # Jean-Jacques Olier (1641–1657)

• # Alexandre Le Ragois de Bretonvilliers (1657–1676)

• # Louis Tronson (1676–1700)

• # François Leschassier (1700–1725)

• # Charles-Maurice Le Peletier (1725–1731)

• # Jean Cousturier (1731–1770)

• # Claude Bourachot (1770–1777)

• # Pierre Le Gallic (1777–1782)

• # Jacques-André Emery (1782–1811)

• # Antoine du Pouget Duclaux (1814–1826)

• #Antoine Garnier (1826–1845)

• #Louis de Courson (1845–1850)

• #Joseph Carrière (1850–1864)

• #Michel Caval (1864–1875)

• #Joseph-Henri Icard (1875–1893)

• #Arthur-Jules Captier (1893–1901)

• #Jules Lebas (1901–1904)

• #Henri Garriguet (1904–1929)

• #Jean Verdier (1929–1940)

• #Pierre Boisard (1945–1952)

• #Pierre Girard (1952–1966)

• #Jean-Baptiste Brunon (1966–1972)

• #Constant Bouchaud (1972–1984)

• #Raymond Deville (1984–1996)

• #Lawrence B. Terrien (1996–2008)

• #Ronald D. Witherup (2008–2022)

• #Shayne Craig (2022-present)

List of Canadian Province Superiors
• #Gabriel de Thubières de Queylus (1657-1661, 1668-1671)

• #Gabriel Souart (1661-1667)

• #Dominique Galinier (1667-1668)

• #François Dollier de Casson (1671-1674, 1678-1701)

• #François Joseph Lefebvre (1676-1678)

• #François Vachon de Belmont (1701-1732)

• #Louis Normant du Faradon (1732-1759)

• #Étienne Montgolfier (1759-1791)

• #Jean Brassier (1791-1798)

• #Jean-Henry-Auguste Roux (1798-1831)

• #Joseph-Vincent Quiblier (1831-1846)

• #Pierre-Louis Billaudèle (1846-1856)

• #Dominique Granet (1856-1866)

• #Joseph-Alexandre Baile (1866-1881)

• #Frédéric-Louis Colin (1881-1902)

• #Charles Lecoq (1902-1917)

• #Narcisse-Amable Troie (1917-1919)

• #René Labelle (1919-1931)

• #Roméo Neveu (1931-1938)

• #Eugène Moreau (1938-1947)

• #Mgr Henri Jeannotte (1947-1949)

• #Maximilien Lacombe (1949-1954)

• #Jean-Paul Laurence (1954-1966)

• #Mgr Édouard Gagnon (1966-1970)

• #Roland Dorris (1970-1982)

• #Émilius Goulet (1982-1994)

• #Lionel Gendron (1994-2006)

• #Jacques D’Arcy (2006–2018)

• #Jorge Pacheco (2018-) Source: https://sulpc.org/devenir-formateur/

Notable members

 * Raymond E. Brown
 * John Francis Cronin
 * Étienne-Michel Faillon
 * Joseph Martin
 * Georges Morand
 * Marc Ouellet
 * Emmanuel Célestin Suhard
 * Joseph Tixeront, Theologian of the late 19th and early 20th Century
 * François du Plessis de Grenédan (1921–2013), a chaplain of the FTP and FFI maquisards of the Saint-Nazaire Pocket during World War 2.

title: Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice


text:
Hyperbolic metric space

In mathematics, a hyperbolic metric space is a metric space satisfying certain metric relations (depending quantitatively on a nonnegative real number δ) between points. The definition, introduced by Mikhael Gromov, generalizes the metric properties of classical hyperbolic geometry and of trees. Hyperbolicity is a large-scale property, and is very useful to the study of certain infinite groups called Gromov-hyperbolic groups.

Definitions
In this paragraph we give various definitions of a $$\delta$$-hyperbolic space. A metric space is said to be (Gromov-) hyperbolic if it is $$\delta$$-hyperbolic for some $$\delta > 0$$.

Definition using the Gromov product
Let $$(X,d)$$ be a metric space. The Gromov product of two points $$y, z \in X$$ with respect to a third one $$x \in X$$ is defined by the formula:

 * $$(y,z)_x = \frac 1 2 \left( d(x, y) + d(x, z) - d(y, z) \right).$$

Gromov's definition of a hyperbolic metric space is then as follows: $$X$$ is $$\delta$$-hyperbolic if and only if all $$x,y,z,w \in X$$ satisfy the four-point condition

 * $$ (x,z)_w \ge \min \left( (x,y)_w, (y,z)_w \right) - \delta$$

Note that if this condition is satisfied for all $$x,y,z \in X$$ and one fixed base point $$w_0$$, then it is satisfied for all $$$$ with a constant $$2\delta$$. Thus the hyperbolicity condition only needs to be verified for one fixed base point; for this reason, the subscript for the base point is often dropped from the Gromov product.

Definitions using triangles
Up to changing $$\delta$$ by a constant multiple, there is an equivalent geometric definition involving triangles when the metric space $$X$$ is geodesic, i.e. any two points $$x, y \in X$$ are end points of a geodesic segment $$[x,y]$$ (an isometric image of a compact subinterval $$[a,b]$$ of the reals). Note that the definition via Gromov products does not require the space to be geodesic.

Let $$x, y, z \in X$$. A geodesic triangle with vertices $$x,y,z$$ is the union of three geodesic segments $$[x,y], [y,z], [z,x]$$ (where $$[p,q]$$ denotes a segment with endpoints $$p$$ and $$q$$).

If for any point $$m \in [x,y]$$ there is a point in $$[y,z] \cup [z,x]$$ at distance less than $$\delta$$ of $$m$$, and similarly for points on the other edges, and $$\delta \ge 0$$ then the triangle is said to be $$\delta$$-slim.

A definition of a $$\delta$$-hyperbolic space is then a geodesic metric space all of whose geodesic triangles are $$\delta$$-slim. This definition is generally credited to Eliyahu Rips.

Another definition can be given using the notion of a $$C$$-approximate center of a geodesic triangle: this is a point which is at distance at most $$C$$ of any edge of the triangle (an "approximate" version of the incenter). A space is $$\delta$$-hyperbolic if every geodesic triangle has a $$\delta$$-center.

These two definitions of a $$\delta$$-hyperbolic space using geodesic triangles are not exactly equivalent, but there exists $$k > 1$$ such that a $$\delta$$-hyperbolic space in the first sense is $$ k \cdot \delta$$-hyperbolic in the second, and vice versa. Thus the notion of a hyperbolic space is independent of the chosen definition.

Examples
The hyperbolic plane is hyperbolic: in fact the incircle of a geodesic triangle is the circle of largest diameter contained in the triangle and every geodesic triangle lies in the interior of an ideal triangle, all of which are isometric with incircles of diameter 2 log 3. Note that in this case the Gromov product also has a simple interpretation in terms of the incircle of a geodesic triangle. In fact the quantity $(A,B)_{C}$ is just the hyperbolic distance $p$ from $C$ to either of the points of contact of the incircle with the adjacent sides: for from the diagram $c = (a – p) + (b – p)$, so that $p = (a + b – c)/2 = (A,B)_{C}$.

The Euclidean plane is not hyperbolic, for example because of the existence of homotheties.

Two "degenerate" examples of hyperbolic spaces are spaces with bounded diameter (for example finite or compact spaces) and the real line.

Metric trees and more generally real trees are the simplest interesting examples of hyperbolic spaces as they are 0-hyperbolic (i.e. all triangles are tripods).

The 1-skeleton of the triangulation by Euclidean equilateral triangles is not hyperbolic (it is in fact quasi-isometric to the Euclidean plane). A triangulation of the plane $$\mathbb R^2$$ has a hyperbolic 1-skeleton if every vertex has degree 7 or more.

The two-dimensional grid is not hyperbolic (it is quasi-isometric to the Euclidean plane). It is the Cayley graph of the fundamental group of the torus; the Cayley graphs of the fundamental groups of a surface of higher genus is hyperbolic (it is in fact quasi-isometric to the hyperbolic plane).

Hyperbolicity and curvature
The hyperbolic plane (and more generally any Hadamard manifolds of sectional curvature $$\le -1$$) is $$2$$-hyperbolic. If we scale the Riemannian metric by a factor $$\lambda > 0$$ then the distances are multiplied by $$\lambda$$ and thus we get a space that is $$\lambda\cdot\delta$$-hyperbolic. Since the curvature is multiplied by $$\lambda^{-1}$$ we see that in this example the more (negatively) curved the space is, the lower the hyperbolicity constant.

Similar examples are CAT spaces of negative curvature. With respect to curvature and hyperbolicity it should be noted however that while curvature is a property that is essentially local, hyperbolicity is a large-scale property which does not see local (i.e. happening in a bounded region) metric phenomena. For example, the union of an hyperbolic space with a compact space with any metric extending the original ones remains hyperbolic.

Invariance under quasi-isometry
One way to make precise the meaning of "large scale" is to require invariance under quasi-isometry. This is true of hyperbolicity.

 * If a geodesic metric space $$Y$$ is quasi-isometric to a $$\delta$$-hyperbolic space $$X$$ then there exists $$\delta'$$ such that $$Y$$ is $$\delta'$$-hyperbolic.

The constant $$\delta'$$ depends on $$\delta$$ and on the multiplicative and additive constants for the quasi-isometry.

Approximate trees in hyperbolic spaces
The definition of an hyperbolic space in terms of the Gromov product can be seen as saying that the metric relations between any four points are the same as they would be in a tree, up to the additive constant $$\delta$$. More generally the following property shows that any finite subset of an hyperbolic space looks like a finite tree.

 * For any $$n, \delta$$ there is a constant $$C$$ such that the following holds: if $$x_1, \ldots, x_n$$ are points in a $$\delta$$-hyperbolic space $$X$$ there is a finite tree $$T$$ and an embedding $$f : T \to X$$ such that $$x_i \in f(T)$$ for all $$i = 1, \ldots, n$$ and
 * $$\forall i, j : d(f^{-1}(x_i), f^{-1}(x_j)) \le d(x_i, x_j) \le d(f^{-1}(x_i), f^{-1}(x_j)) + C $$

The constant $$C$$ can be taken to be $$\delta \cdot h(n)$$ with $$h(n) = O(\log n)$$ and this is optimal.

Exponential growth of distance and isoperimetric inequalities
In an hyperbolic space $$X$$ we have the following property:

 * There are $$\mu, K > 0$$ such that for all $$p, x, y \in X$$ with $$d(p, x) = d(p, y) =: r$$, every path $$\alpha$$ joining $$x$$ to $$y$$ and staying at distance at least $$r$$ of $$p$$ has length at least $$e^{\mu \cdot d(x,y)} - K$$.

Informally this means that the circumference of a "circle" of radius $$r$$ grows exponentially with $$r$$. This is reminiscent of the isoperimetric problem in the Euclidean plane. Here is a more specific statement to this effect.

 * Suppose that $$X$$ is a cell complex of dimension 2 such that its 1-skeleton is hyperbolic, and there exists $$C$$ such that the boundary of any 2-cell contains at most $$C$$ 1-cells. Then there is a constant $$\lambda > 0$$ such that for any finite subcomplex $$Y \subset X$$ we have
 * $$ \operatorname{area}(Y) \le \lambda \cdot \operatorname{length(\partial Y)} $$

Here the area of a 2-complex is the number of 2-cells and the length of a 1-complex is the number of 1-cells. The statement above is a linear isoperimetric inequality; it turns out that having such an isoperimetric inequality characterises Gromov-hyperbolic spaces. Linear isoperimetric inequalities were inspired by the small cancellation conditions from combinatorial group theory.

Quasiconvex subspaces
A subspace $$Y$$ of a geodesic metric space $$X$$ is said to be quasiconvex if there is a constant $$C$$ such that any geodesic in $$X$$ between two points of $$Y$$ stays within distance $$C$$ of $$Y$$.

 * A quasi-convex subspace of an hyperbolic space is hyperbolic.

Asymptotic cones
All asymptotic cones of an hyperbolic space are real trees. This property characterises hyperbolic spaces.

The boundary of a hyperbolic space
Generalising the construction of the ends of a simplicial tree there is a natural notion of boundary at infinity for hyperbolic spaces, which has proven very useful for analysing group actions.

In this paragraph $$X$$ is a geodesic metric space which is hyperbolic.

Definition using the Gromov product
A sequence $$(x_n) \in X^{\mathbb N}$$ is said to converge to infinity if for some (or any) point $$p$$ we have that $$(x_n, x_m)_p \rightarrow \infty$$ as both $$n$$ and $$m$$ go to infinity. Two sequences $$(x_n), (y_n)$$ converging to infinity are considered equivalent when $$\lim_{n\to +\infty}(x_n, y_n)_p = +\infty$$ (for some or any $$p$$). The boundary of $$X$$ is the set of equivalence classes of sequences which converge to infinity, which is denoted $$\partial X$$.

If $$\xi, \eta$$ are two points on the boundary then their Gromov product is defined to be:

 * $$ (\xi, \eta)_p = \sup_{(x_n)=\xi, (y_n)=\eta} \left( \liminf_{n, m\to +\infty} (x_n, y_m)_p \right)$$

which is finite iff $$\xi \neq \eta$$. One can then define a topology on $$\partial X$$ using the functions $$(\cdot, \xi)$$. This topology on $$\partial X$$ is metrisable and there is a distinguished family of metrics defined using the Gromov product.

Definition for proper spaces using rays
Let $$\alpha, \beta$$ be two quasi-isometric embeddings of $$[0, +\infty[$$ into $$X$$ ("quasi-geodesic rays"). They are considered equivalent if and only if the function $$t \mapsto d(\alpha(t), \beta(t))$$ is bounded on $$[0, +\infty[$$. If the space $$X$$ is proper then the set of all such embeddings modulo equivalence with its natural topology is homeomorphic to $$\partial X$$ as defined above.

A similar realisation is to fix a basepoint and consider only quasi-geodesic rays originating from this point. In case $$X$$ is geodesic and proper one can also restrict to genuine geodesic rays.

Examples
When $$X = T$$ is a simplicial regular tree the boundary is just the space of ends, which is a Cantor set. Fixing a point $$x \in T$$ yields a natural distance on $$\partial T$$: two points represented by rays $$\alpha, \beta$$ originating at $$x$$ are at distance $$\exp(-\operatorname{Length}(\alpha \cap \beta))$$.

When $$X$$ is the unit disk, i.e. the Poincaré disk model for the hyperbolic plane, the hyperbolic metric on the disk is

 * $$ ds^2 = {4|dz|^2\over (1-|z|^2)^2}$$

and the Gromov boundary can be identified with the unit circle.

The boundary of $$n$$-dimensional hyperbolic space is homeomorphic to the $$n-1$$-dimensional sphere and the metrics are similar to the one above.

Busemann functions
If $$X$$ is proper then its boundary is homeomorphic to the space of Busemann functions on $$X$$ modulo translations.

The action of isometries on the boundary and their classification
A quasi-isometry between two hyperbolic spaces $$X, Y$$ induces a homeomorphism between the boundaries.

In particular the group of isometries of $$X$$ acts by homeomorphisms on $$\partial X$$. This action can be used to classify isometries according to their dynamical behaviour on the boundary, generalising that for trees and classical hyperbolic spaces. Let $$g$$ be an isometry of $$X$$, then one of the following cases occur:

 * First case: $$g$$ has a bounded orbit on $$X$$ (in case $$X$$ is proper this implies that $$g$$ has a fixed point in $$X$$). Then it is called an elliptic isometry.
 * Second case: $$g$$ has exactly two fixed points $$\xi_+, \xi_-$$ on $$\partial X$$ and every positive orbit $$\{g^n\xi : n \ge 0\}, \xi \not= \xi_-$$ accumulates only at $$\xi_+$$. Then $$g$$ is called an hyperbolic isometry.
 * Third case: $$g$$ has exactly one fixed point on the boundary and all orbits accumulate at this point. Then it is called a parabolic isometry.

More examples
Subsets of the theory of hyperbolic groups can be used to give more examples of hyperbolic spaces, for instance the Cayley graph of a small cancellation group. It is also known that the Cayley graphs of certain models of random groups (which is in effect a randomly-generated infinite regular graph) tend to be hyperbolic very often.

It can be difficult and interesting to prove that certain spaces are hyperbolic. For example, the following hyperbolicity results have led to new phenomena being discovered for the groups acting on them.

 * The hyperbolicity of the curve complex has led to new results on the mapping class group.
 * Similarly, the hyperbolicity of certain graphs associated to the outer automorphism group Out(Fn) has led to new results on this group.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hyperbolic metric space


text:
1844 in rail transport

February events

 * February 7 – The South Eastern Railway (England) is officially opened throughout from London to Dover.

March events

 * March 16 – Boston and Maine Railroad Extension is incorporated due to a dispute with the Boston and Lowell Railroad over trackage rights rates between Wilmington and Boston.
 * March 29 – Atmospheric railway opened between Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire) and Dalkey in Ireland.

May events

 * May 1 – The Bristol and Exeter Railway extension to Exeter in England opens.
 * May 6 – J. M. W. Turner's painting Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway is first exhibited, at the Royal Academy in London.
 * May 10 – The Midland Railway in England is formed by a merger of the Midland Counties Railway, the North Midland Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway.

June events

 * June 15 – Opening of first railway in Switzerland, from Basel to St Ludwig (modern-day Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin) in France (6.4 km).

July events

 * July 4 – South Devon Railway in England obtains its authorising Act of Parliament.

August events

 * August 9 – In the United Kingdom, the Railway Regulation Act 1844 (officially: An Act to attach certain Conditions to the Construction of future Railways) requires every railway company to run at least one passenger train a day in both directions along the length of each of its lines, calling at every station. The maximum fare for journeys by these trains (soon to become known as Parliamentaries) is fixed at one penny per mile (1.6 km), and it is a further requirement of the Act that the carriages used on these trains be provided with seats and afford passengers protection from the weather.

October events

 * October – Eleazer Lord succeeds Horatio Allen for a third term as president of the Erie Railroad.

Unknown date events

 * Egide Walschaerts of the Belgian State Railways originates Walschaerts valve gear for steam locomotives.

March births

 * March 6 – Frederick J. Kimball, American civil engineer instrumental in formation of Norfolk and Western (d. 1903).

April births

 * April 5 – R. J. Billinton, English Locomotive, Carriage, Wagon and Marine Superintendent of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway 1890–1904 (d. 1904).

June births

 * June 21 – Ernest F. Cambier, Belgian colonial pioneer, establishes the first Congo railway (d. 1909).

August births

 * August 6 – James Henry Greathead, English inventor of the tunnelling shield used for the London Underground (d. 1896).

October births

 * October 21 – Albert Alonzo Robinson, vice president and general manager of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, is born (d. 1918).

title: 1844 in rail transport


text:
Gideon Ouseley

Gideon Ouseley (24 February 1762 – 13 May 1839) was born into an Anglican gentry family in Dunmore, County Galway.

Biography
His father, although a deist, intended that his son enter the clergy, but Ouseley spent much of his childhood in the cabins of peasant neighbours. He was tutored with his cousins Gore and William, and all three had notable careers.

Married at age 20, Ouseley led a wild life that dissipated both his own and his wife's fortunes. After losing an eye when shot in a tavern brawl, a loss that reputedly left him with a frightening appearance, Ouseley left his wild ways behind him. In 1791 he was converted to Methodism by English soldiers stationed in Dunmore, and he set out in turn, to convert and reform others. Ouseley preached the gospel, mostly in Ulster, until his death, preaching up to 20 sermons a week. His knowledge of the Irish language and of peasant mores— not to mention his eccentric preaching astride a white horse— won him renown as Methodism's 'apostle to the Irish'.

Works

 * A Short Defence Of The Old Religion (1812, 2nd Ed. 1829)
 * Rare discoveries (1823)
 * Old Christianity (1827)
 * Four letters (1829)

Oliver St. John Gogarty wrote an autobiographical novel Tumbling in the Hay and two plays under the pseudonym Gideon Ouseley, A Serious Thing and The Enchanted Trousers.

The writer John Mulvey Ousley was of a later generation of the same family.

title: Gideon Ouseley


text:
Bukhara magazine

Bukhara magazine is a Persian-language magazine published in Tehran and edited by Ali Dehbashi. The magazine began publication in 1998 and is published on a monthly basis. The content consists of scholarly articles on Persian history, art, philosophy, literature, culture, and Iranology. The magazine has published several special issues on great world authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Günter Grass, Osip Mandelstam, Umberto Eco and Virginia Woolf.

Ali Dehbashi was the editor of the monthly magazine KELK, a prominent literary publication on Iranian Studies with a considerable number of readers, mostly Iranian university professors and world Iranologists. Ninety-four issues of the magazine comprising more than twenty thousand pages have been published, with contributions from notables such as Shafiee Kadkani, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob, Ahmad Mahdavi Damghani, Saeed Hamidian, Djalal Khaleghi Motlagh, Ali Ravaghi, Fereydoon Moshiri, Ghamar Aryan, Ezatollah Fouldvand, Bahram Beyzai and others.

Bukhara′s official representative/distributor in North America is the Toronto-based weekly publication Salam Toronto.

title: Bukhara magazine


text:
Sol Hurok

Sol Hurok (Solomon Israilevich Hurok; born Solomon Izrailevich Gurkov, Russian Соломон Израилевич Гурков; April 9, 1888 – March 5, 1974) was a 20th-century American impresario.

Early life
Hurok was born in Pogar, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire (in present-day Bryansk Oblast, Russia) in 1888. His father, Israel Hurok, was a hardware merchant. At age 17, he was sent to Kharkiv to learn the trade. Shortly thereafter, in 1906, he immigrated to the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1914.

Career
During Hurok's long career, S. Hurok Presents managed many performing artists, including Marian Anderson, Irina Arkhipova, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Grace Bumbry, Feodor Chaliapin, Nestor Mesta Chayres, Van Cliburn, Victoria de los Ángeles, Manuela del Río, Isadora Duncan, Katherine Dunham, Michel Fokine, Margot Fonteyn, Emil Gilels, Alexander Glazunov, Horacio Gutiérrez, Daniel Heifetz, Jerome Hines, Isa Kremer, Moura Lympany, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, David Oistrakh, Anna Pavlova, Jan Peerce, Sviatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich, Arthur Rubinstein, Andrés Segovia, Isaac Stern, Galina Vishnevskaya, Ralph Votapek, Efrem Zimbalist, and many others.

In 1935, Rubinstein introduced Hurok to singer Marian Anderson, who retained Hurok as her manager for the rest of her career. A few years later, with Walter White of the NAACP and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Hurok was instrumental in persuading U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes to arrange Anderson's Easter Sunday open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on April 9, 1939.

Beginning in the late 1930s Hurok managed Colonel W. de Basil's Original Ballet Russe, as well as its offshoot rival company, Sergei J. Denham's The Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. They often performed near each other, and Hurok hoped to reunite the companies, but ultimately was unsuccessful.

In 1959, after 35 years of effort, Sol Hurok brought the Soviet Bolshoi Ballet to the United States for an eight-week performance tour. In 1961, he brought the Kirov Academy of Ballet and the Igor Moiseyev Ballet Company to the U.S. In 1962, he again brought the Bolshoi to the U.S. for a tour at the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The First Moog Quartet, the first to perform electronic music in Carnegie Hall, was formed in 1970 in response to Hurok's request to hear the Moog synthesizer in a live concert.

In honor of Hurok's influence on American music, on December 4, 1971, he was awarded the University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit. Beginning in 1964, this award was "established to bring a declaration of appreciation to an individual each year that has made a significant contribution to the world of music and helped to create a climate in which our talents may find valid expression."

In 1972, a bomb planted in Hurok's Manhattan office exploded, killing employee Iris Kones and injuring several others, including Hurok. While many people believe the bombing had been arranged by the Jewish Defense League, a far-right terrorist organization which opposed the U.S. tours of artists from the Soviet Union, no one was ever convicted of the crime.

Death
In 1974, en route to a meeting with David Rockefeller to discuss a Rudolf Nureyev project, Hurok died of a heart attack. More than two thousand people nearly filled Carnegie Hall for his funeral, where Marian Anderson delivered the final eulogy.

"'He didn't have the musical understanding of a scholar or specialist,' Russian pianist Alexander Slobodyanik, another Hurok discovery, told me. 'But he had a sixth sense for the aura surrounding an artist, the aura of success or the ability to interest an audience. And after all, most people in a concert audience don't have any special education either. Like Hurok, they just have hearts.'"

Cultural depictions

 * Tonight We Sing, musical biopic film by Mitchell Leisen; portrayed by David Wayne (1953)
 * Anna Pavlova, film by Emil Loteanu; portrayed by John Murray (1983).

title: Sol Hurok


text:
Talk:Laurie R. King

Comments
The sentence "Her family moved from England to California, U.S., at the beginning of the 20th century." is unclear to me. Apparently it refers the the authors ancestors, otherwise she's over 100 years old. My first thought was it meant 21st century rather than 20th.

 * What's more, it's not exactly true, since it implies the move was directly from England to California. And it's out-of-place in the article. You know what, I think I'll just delete it. --Paul A 03:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Awards
I got the list of awards from her web site bio page at http://www.laurierking.com/bio.html. However, several of these awards don't seem to have wikipedia entries.

Edgar Award for best first novel from the Mystery Writers of America does.

John Creasey award from the Crime Writers' Association (Britain doesn't (yet).

Macavity award from Mystery Readers International and the Anthony awards don't.

Agatha best novel award doesn't.

The Nero Wolfe award, best novel doesn't.

--

I added an entry for the presenters of the Macavity and I'm researching the Nero now. RJFJR 05:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Laurie R. King. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20170121111008/http://www.malicedomestic.org/agathaawards.html to http://www.malicedomestic.org/agathaawards.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060829/http://www.bouchercon.info/nominees.html to http://www.bouchercon.info/nominees.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:18, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Laurie R. King. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131115071720/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/newblood.html to http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/newblood.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:02, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laurie R. King


text:
Peter Winterbottom

Peter James Winterbottom  (born 31 May 1960 in Otley, West Yorkshire), is a former England rugby union footballer who played as an openside flanker. He was England's most-capped openside (with 58 caps) until being overtaken by Neil Back in 2003. He made his England debut on 2 January 1982 against Australia, and his final appearance on 20 March 1993 against Ireland.

Winterbottom was known for his work rate, durability, hard tackling and courage. He was selected on two British and Irish Lions tours in 1983 and 1993, both to New Zealand, where he impressed the locals with his fine play, albeit on losing sides. Overall, he played 19 games for the Lions including 7 tests and scored one try. He was the second England player to reach 50 caps, after Rory Underwood, and was inducted onto the Twickenham "Wall of Fame" in November 2005.

Winterbottom played club rugby for Headingley, Harlequins and also for Hawkes Bay in New Zealand and Transvaal in South Africa

After rugby
Since his playing career ended, Winterbottom carved out a career in finance. He worked as a Corporate bond broker for Tullett & Tokyo Ltd and BGC Partners alongside Ben Clarke, but left BGC in 2008 to join interdealer broker Creditex. Peter is currently Director Rugby at Esher Rugby Football Club.

Personal life
Winterbottom is the uncle of Swiss-born James Leuzinger, who represented Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

title: Peter Winterbottom


text:
Ravinder Kumar (historian)

 * For the BSP politician, see Ravinder Kumar Molhu.

Ravinder Kumar (1933 – 6 April 2001 ) was an Indian historian of Kashmiri descent.

He was for many years the Director of the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in Delhi. He was also the Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi.

Partial list of publications

 * The Bombay Textile Strike, 1919
 * The Leopard and the Tail
 * The Rowlatt Satyagraha in Lahore
 * From Swaraj to Purna Swaraj: Nationalist politics in the city of Bombay, 1920-32

title: Ravinder Kumar (historian)


text:
Rudolf Bing

Sir Rudolf Bing, KBE (January 9, 1902 – September 2, 1997) was an Austrian-born British opera impresario who worked in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, including as General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1950 to 1972. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1946 and was knighted in 1971, although he spent decades living in the United States, where he died.

Early years
Born Rudolf Franz Joseph Bing in Vienna, Austria-Hungary to a well-to-do Jewish family (his father was an industrialist). Bing was an apprentice to a bookseller at the prestigious Viennese shop of Gilhofer & Ranschburg before moving on to Hugo Heller, who also ran a theatrical and concert agency. He then studied music and art history at the University of Vienna. In 1927, he went to Berlin, Germany, and subsequently served as general manager of opera houses in that city and in Darmstadt.

While in Berlin he married a Russian ballerina, Nina Schelemskaya-Schlesnaya. In 1934, with the rise of Nazi Germany, the Bings moved to the United Kingdom, where, in 1946, he became a naturalised British subject. There, together with Fritz Busch and Carl Ebert, he helped to found the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. After the war in 1947, he co-founded and was the first director of the Edinburgh International Festival in Scotland.

Metropolitan Opera
In 1949, he moved to the United States, and became General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera the following year, a post he held for 22 years. During the 1960s, he supervised the move of the old Metropolitan on Broadway and 39th Street, to its new quarters in Lincoln Center and presided over one of the most prominent eras of the Met. It was summed up in 1990 by James Oestreich in The New York Times as follows: "'Wielding his powerful position at the Metropolitan Opera with intense personal charisma over two decades, Sir Rudolf Bing ruled much of the operatic universe in autocratic fashion, nurturing young artists and cutting superstars down to size with equal enthusiasm. He oversaw the abandonment in 1966 of the stately but somewhat dilapidated old Metropolitan Opera House [which he then had razed] and the construction of a grand monument to his regime, the building the company now occupies, which dominates Lincoln Center. His conservative musical and dramatic bent, preference for Italian opera and concern for theatrical values yielded an identifiable artistic legacy.'"

During Bing's tenure the Met's artist roster became integrated for the first time. Marian Anderson became the first African American to sing a leading role in 1955. She was soon followed by Robert McFerrin, Gloria Davy, Mattiwilda Dobbs, Leontyne Price, George Shirley, Grace Bumbry, Shirley Verrett, Reri Grist, and many others. He was noted for his preference for European singers and an apparent lack of interest in some leading American performers. Beverly Sills had to wait until after Bing's retirement to make her Met debut in 1975, although Bing later said that not engaging Sills earlier was a mistake. He fostered the careers of many American artists. Roberta Peters, Leontyne Price, Anna Moffo, Sherrill Milnes, and Jess Thomas are just a few that flourished during his time.

Bing is also remembered for his stormy relationship with the era's most famous soprano, Maria Callas. After hiring her for the Met with a debut as Norma on opening night in 1956, he famously canceled her contract in 1958 when they could not come to terms regarding the roles she would sing. Bing invited Callas to return to the Met for two performances of Tosca in 1965, the year that turned out to be her final season in opera.

After leaving the Met, Bing wrote two books of memoirs, 5000 Nights at the Opera (1972) and A Knight at the Opera (1981).

Personal life
While living in Berlin, Bing married the Russian ballerina Nina Schelemskaya-Schlesnaya in 1928. They remained together until her death in 1983. They had no children. In January 1987, when Bing was suffering from Alzheimer's disease, he married Carroll Douglass, a 45-year-old woman with a history of mental illness, who then took him, in violation of a court order, on a 10-month-long excursion to Florida, then Anguilla, and eventually to Italy and the United Kingdom, where she had sought to buy Rolls-Royce automobiles and a helicopter to give to the Pope, for whom she had a fixation. The couple were found living in a homeless shelter in Leeds, England, before being coaxed to return to New York by Sir Rudolf's lawyers. By 1989, a lawyer for Bing reported that his estate had been reduced during the marriage from $900,000 to less than $200,000, much of it spent on bodyguards hired to keep Douglass from spiriting him out of New York.

For this reason, and owing to Bing's mental impairment, a New York state court in September declared him incompetent to enter into a marriage contract and annulled the union. Douglass was a patient in the psychiatric ward of Bellevue Hospital at the time and received no settlement except $25,000 to cover hospital expenses.

Final years
In May 1989, Roberta Peters and Teresa Stratas arranged for Bing to be admitted to the Hebrew Home for the Aged in the Riverdale section of the Bronx, New York, where he resided until his death. Bing died from respiratory failure as a complication of Alzheimer's disease on September 2, 1997, aged 95, at St. Joseph's Hospital in Yonkers, New York. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

Honors
In New Year Honours List of 1956, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Bing a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for "services to music." In 1971, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for "services to Anglo-American relations," becoming Sir Rudolf Bing. Throughout his years in America, Bing had remained a British citizen. In 1973, Bing received the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria.

Publications

 * Bing, Rudolf, 5000 Nights at the Opera: The Memoirs of Sir Rudolf Bing, New York: Doubleday, 1972. ISBN 0-385-09259-8
 * Bing, Rudolf, A Knight at the Opera, New York: Putnam, 1981. ISBN 0-399-12653-8

title: Rudolf Bing


text:
Gozaresh (magazine)

Gozaresh is a Persian-language magazine published in Tehran, Iran. The magazine is published on a monthly basis. It is about politics, economics and society. Its editor-in-chief is Abolghasem Golbaf.

title: Gozaresh (magazine)


text:
1949 in rail transport

January events

 * January 22 - The American Freedom Train tour, carrying the original versions of the United States Constitution, Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights, officially ends in Washington, DC. See also American Freedom Train - 1947-1949 station stops.

February events

 * February - General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD F7.

March events

 * March 19 - The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and Western Pacific Railroad jointly launch the California Zephyr between Chicago, Illinois, and San Francisco, California, as the first train to include Vista Dome cars in regular service.
 * March 20 - The first eastbound California Zephyr departs San Francisco at 9:20 AM, bound for Chicago.

April events

 * April 24 - Rail service on the San Diego Electric Railway comes to an end at 5:45 AM as Car number 446 pulls into the Adams Avenue car barn, making San Diego the first major Southwestern United States city to eliminate streetcars and convert to an all-bus transit system.

May events

 * May 5 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad introduces new lightweight streamlined Pullman-Standard consists for its Columbian passenger service between Baltimore, Washington and Chicago. The two eight-car trains will be the only all-new consists built for the B&O in the postwar period and the first trains in the eastern U.S. to be equipped with dome cars.
 * May 13 - Lima Locomotive Works ships Nickel Plate Road 2-8-4 #779, Lima's last steam locomotive.

June events

 * June - General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD FP7.
 * June 1 - Japanese National Railways is organized.
 * June 29 - The final day of steam locomotive service on the Monon Railroad as the Monon becomes one of the first Class I railroads in America to fully convert to diesel motive power.

August events

 * August - General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD E8.
 * August 1 - Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway absorbed by Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway.

September events

 * September 7 - Deutsche Bundesbahn in Germany is formed as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft.
 * September 19 - the Budd Company unveils its first Rail Diesel Car (RDC) at Union Station in Chicago, Illinois.

October events

 * October 7 - Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad converts completely to diesel locomotive power.
 * October - General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD GP7.
 * October - Paul W. Johnston succeeds Robert E. Woodruff as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * October - Interfrigo set up to manage stock of refrigerated vans on European railways.

Unknown date events

 * Budd Rail Diesel Car introduced.
 * First of final steam locomotive class to be built for Soviet Railways, express passenger class P36 4-8-4 П36-001, is turned out of Kolomna Locomotive Works. There will be 251 examples, the most of this wheel arrangement outside the United States.
 * Summer - Construction starts on the ill-fated Salekhard-Igarka Railway in Siberian Arctic.

January births

 * January 19 - David Laney, Chairman of the Board of Directors for Amtrak 2003–2007.

March deaths

 * March 31 - Grant Stauffer, president of Chicago Great Western Railway 1948–1949, dies.

May deaths

 * May - Nathaniel Lamson Howard, president of Chicago Great Western Railway 1925-1929 (born 1887).

title: 1949 in rail transport


text:
Shek Tong Tsui

Shek Tong Tsui ( or 石塘嘴) or Belcher Point is an area in Sai Wan on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. Administratively, it belongs to the Central and Western District.

This area is bounded north by the Victoria Harbour, south by Pok Fu Lam Road and Third Street, and west by the intersection of Queen's Road West and Belcher's Street. To the east lies Sai Ying Pun and to the west is Kennedy Town. To the south are the slopes of Victoria Peak, Lung Fu Shan and High West. While the boundaries are not de jure drawn, they are nevertheless de facto defined by Collinson Street to the west and

History
The name Shek Tong Tsui derives from an old stone pond nearby, or "Shek Tong" in Cantonese. It was located around modern-day Hill Road and The Belcher's, and was used by the Hakka people since the 17th century. The area was first settled in 1880 by granite miners. In the early 1900s, Hong Kong Island's brothels were moved from Possession Point in Sheung Wan to this area under orders from the Hong Kong Governor Matthew Nathan. The place thus flourished as a red light district and came to its golden period. During this period, affluent Chinese in Hong Kong came to Shek Tong Tsui for entertainment, and numerous Cantonese opera theatres and Cantonese restaurants were founded in the area. It was known locally in the Cantonese phrase "tong sai fung yuet", which literally means "good times west of the pond". Brothels in this area inspired numerous novels and Hong Kong films, most notably Rouge (1987), starring Anita Mui and Leslie Cheung.

This golden period lasted until the banning of prostitution by the Hong Kong Government in 1935. However, during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese military government relocated all Chinese brothels to the area, which they renamed Kuramae. Again the area boomed, with about 500 brothels, which served only Japanese.

After the Japanese defeat, the area reverted to its Chinese name, like the rest of Hong Kong. The prostitution ban returned, and Shek Tong Tsui began urbanisation for decades.

Constituency
A constituency in the Central and Western District is called Shek Tong Tsui, extending as far as Water Street and into Sai Ying Pun. With a population of 17,170 (2011), the constituency returns one representative to the district council. Chan Choi-hi was elected in 1999, and 2003. The major housing developments in the ward are: Chong Yip Centre, Dragonfair Garden, Elegant Garden, Kong Chian Tower, Kwan Yick Building Phase I, and Wah Ming Centre.

The Belcher constituency also covers part of Shek Tong Tsui, south of Queen's Road West. Yeung Sui Yin was elected in 2003. Wong Chit Man was elected in 1999. The Water Street constituency also lies within Shek Tong Tsui.

Transport
The tram terminus near Whitty Street is one of the termini of Hong Kong Tramways. Bus and minibus services are also available along the main streets. HKU station of the West Island line, an extension of the existing MTR Island line, serves this area.

The major roads in Shek Tong Tsui are the western ends of Des Voeux Road West and Queen's Road West, Hill Road and part of Pok Fu Lam Road. Connaught Road West is the major access road. Hill Road is a "double decker" road taking traffic downhill from Pok Fu Lam Road to Connaught Road.

There are also a number of smaller terrace roads, including Yat Fu Lane, Woo Hop Street, Clarence Terrace, Po Tuck Street and South Lane.

Education
Shek Tong Tsui is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 11. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and the following government schools: Bonham Road Government Primary School and Li Sing Primary School (李陞小學).

title: Shek Tong Tsui


text:
User talk:J-Star

Honeypots
Hey, thanks for the note on honeypots - I wasn't aware of the other usage of the term. :) Kasreyn 21:26, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Asia Carrera
Could you explain to me what part of WP:BLP covers the removal of the financial info in the Asia Carrera article? You used it as a reason for the removal of that section but it's a pretty big guideline. Thanks, Dismas|(talk) 10:17, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow! Thanks for your response!  I was unaware that I was being such an ignorant piece of crap who dares ask you a question.  My apologies for ever questioning your actions!  I think I'm going to follow your example and go be just as arrogant to someone else as you have been to me.  Dismas|(talk) 07:58, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I didn't say I disagreed with the removal of the section. If you can show me where I disputed your edit, please do.  I just asked what part of the roughly 7 page view long guideline you were using as justification to reject it.  Also, you are probably more knowledgable about the guideline since at the time I hadn't even read it and you knew which part of it you were using as justification.

 * I agree that there were some rather thinly veiled accusations of murder. I never disputed that.  (Though I find it intersting that the user aconline, who is supposedly Carrera herself, edited the section without removing the accusations)  If I had the time I'd cut it down to just a few sentences which is basically all it would become after taking the accusations and trivial details out.  Dismas|(talk) 09:24, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Liebeck
Thanks for looking at the article. I agree with you; I mindlessly conserved the language from earlier drafts. The article was much, much worse a few months ago (worse than the very first draft of the article—popularly-misunderstood topics are often edited to hell).

Anyhow, I just wanted to give you a note of encouragement. I browsed through your history, and you do good work. Keep it up! Cool Hand Luke 01:48, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Gun Safety
Um, is there any reason why the extra comments about gun handling the media were cut? Sadly, Hollywood is one of the reasons why quite a few people are dangerously ignorant about firearms (i.e. people who know a lot less about firearms than they think they do). Resting your finger on the trigger of a DA-only or an uncocked DA/SA gun is relatively safe because the trigger pulls tend to be much longer and heavier compared to a weapon in a cocked state. I can't count the number of times I've seen movies where someone cocks a semi-auto gun and then uses the trigger as an ad hoc grip extension. As far as Hollywood's spreading of dangerous misrepresentation of firearm operation is concerned, I think it's VERY relevant to the subject of gun safety. Anecdotally, all of the ranges I've been to (FYI, this is in California) forbid things like headshots and rapid fire because too many people come to the range with 95% of their firearms experience gleaned from Hollywood films and make a mess when they find out the hard way that rapid-firing a .45 is a lot more difficult than it looks.

As far as the section on the importance of keeping the gun pointed in the safe direction is concerned, that's the explanation I was given by the instructor who taught me to shoot, and I fail to see any errors in its reasoning aside from the fact that it could be rewritten in a somewhat less opinionated way (perhaps the nearby bystanders would applaud you for doing at least something right). NDs do happen, but following (or not) the rule of always pointing the weapon in the safe direction is what makes the difference between the bullet making a hole in the floor or dinging the fireplace and the same bullet penetrating several walls before striking your neighbor. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.164.78.240 (talk) 01:34, 17 December 2006 (UTC).
 * You are free to add them again... but I'd prefer if they were in another form than what what posted before. The "alternate 3 rules" were close to the orginal ones plus that they were NRA specific (i.e. not general... the NRA is not the entire world). The only rule not common was that about not loading the weapon until time to use. I myself have never heard of it, I can think of plenty of situations where it doesn't apply, plus that it wasn't in the original article before the 2004 re-write. It clutters up the article.

 * The expanded comment about faulty handling in Hollywood productions adds no value. If Hollywood doesn't understand basic gun safety, why would we expect them to know the difference between SA/DA weapons and the different nuance in risks? And even if they did it doesn't matter ebcause no matter how easy the gun is to fire you should not keep your finger on the trigger so it's a moot point anyway.

 * Adding opinions about which rule is by some concidered more important is also unnecessary and doesn't add anything to the article. All rules should be respected and grading them is counterproductive.--J-Star 16:33, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Bernoulli's principle
Hi J-Star. I was disappointed to read your recent additions to the sub-heading A common misconception about wings. As well as being aerodynamically unsound your recent additions appear to me to be incompatible with what has been written elsewhere at Lift (force).

I have added my thoughts to the page Talk:Bernoulli's principle under a new heading - "A common misconception about wings". I would appreciate it if you would read what I have written and other linked WP articles, and make any changes you think are appropriate to your recent work. Happy editing. Dolphin51 (talk) 05:02, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Demi-Lee Brennan
G'day,

I'm Demi's step father, I just changed the term anti-inflammatory medication to immunosuppressant medication .. you are correct of course in your comments about inflammation, however it's not the common name used for these drugs. We plan to expand this section on Demi with more detail shortly. Cheers Vk2him (talk) 05:08, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

SAAB vs. Saab
I know it's written SAAB in the report, but this is wikipedia. If we capitalize SAAB in this instance, shouldn't it we do it everywhere in the article? And in the Gripen article itself? And the Saab article? If you take a look at the Gripen homepage, you'll see that it isn't capitalized there. Who's right, Saab or SHK? LarRan (talk) 11:05, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Has the report been translated to English, or do you read Swedish? Just curious. Nice summary, by the way. LarRan (talk) 19:17, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Wikimania 2010 could be coming to Stockholm!
I'm leaving you a note as you may be interested in this opportunity.

People from all six Nordic Wiki-communities (sv, no, nn, fi, da and is) are coordinating a bid for Wikimania 2010 in Stockholm. I'm sending you a message to let you know that this is occurring, and over the next few months we're looking for community support to make sure this happens! See the bid page on meta and if you like such an idea, please sign the "supporters" list at the bottom. Tack (or takk), and have a wonderful day! Mike H. Fierce! 09:06, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

High-level radioactive waste management
What geologic formation where has been stable for 17 million years? Please provide verifiable reference instead of mere profanity. Your comment appears to be uncivil. Please see WP:Civility.

Mervyn Emrys (talk) 19:20, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It is unclear how a study of "The applicability and limitations of the geochemical models and tools used in sumulating radionuclide behavior in natural waters" (the study linked above) demonstrates the stability of any geologic formation for 17 million years. Geochemical modeling of the migration of radionuclides in a future radioactive waste repository does not demonstrate geologic stability.
 * Moreover, discussion in this report of the two sites you mention, Oklo and Cigar Lake, does not demonstrate stability of any geologic formation for 17 million years. The discussion of Oklo does discuss "fracture fillings," and fractures are a pretty good indicator of historic instability, not stability. The discussion of Cigar Lake suggests the geologic structure there may have been somewhat stable for a period of 10,000 years, but not 17 million. Mervyn Emrys (talk) 21:11, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Um, you appear to be pushing POV. Please try not to be insulting. It's uncivil and may get you blocked from Wikipedia. See WP:Civility. Mervyn Emrys (talk) 00:34, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:J-Star


text:
User talk:Dramatist

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia. Are you the same person who was previously contributing as 143.229.131.46? It seems very likely because after I asked 143.229.131.46 to include edit summaries, there was only one summarized edit by 143.229.131.46 since then, and then your first edits started to appear in the same articles. If you are the same person, then you can ask for changing attribution for your edits, so you will be properly credited for all of the work you have done—and that would be a lot of work. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me either here on your talk page, or later on my talk page. Posting a comment is just like editing articles, but at the end of your comment you add ~ (four tildes) which is converted to your signature and a timestamp. You can freely experiment in the test area. For more informations, please see: Welcome, newcomers and Tutorial. Good luck. Rafał Pocztarski 15:07, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Shortened plot for Memoirs of a Geisha
Just wanted to say good work! :-)

Seraphim Whipp 14:43, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dramatist


text:
2003 in rail transport

January events

 * 🇺🇸 January 1 – E. Hunter Harrison, former president of Illinois Central Railroad (now a subsidiary of CN), succeeds Paul Tellier as president of Canadian National Railway.
 * 🇸🇬 January 18 – Singapore's second LRT line, Sengkang LRT line, is opened.
 * 🇬🇧 January 21 – The first segment of High Speed 1 in England is completed.

March events

 * 🇯🇵 March 19 – In Tokyo, the northern section of the Hanzomon Line is opened between Suitengumae and Oshiage.
 * 🇦🇺 March 21 – Official launch of M>Train's new Siemens Nexas trains in Melbourne, Australia.

April events

 * 🇦🇺 April 3 – First revenue run of M>Train's new Siemens Mo-Mo train.
 * 🇵🇭 April 5 – The third rapid transit line of the Philippines which is the Manila Line 2, began partial operations from Santolan Station to Araneta Center–Cubao Station.
 * 🇦🇺 April 11 – M>Train withdrew fleet of Siemens Mo-Mo trains due to braking and traction issues.
 * 🇮🇳 April 26 – DLW completed construction of the first WDP-4 locomotive to be built entirely within India.

June events

 * 🇸🇬 June 20 – North East MRT line in Singapore opened. It is the world's first fully underground, automated and driverless rapid transit line.
 * 🇮🇪 June 21 – The IE 29000 Class Diesel Multiple Unit commuter train enters service in the Dublin Suburban Area.
 * 🇺🇸 June 22 – Bay Area Rapid Transit opens its extension to Millbrae, where trains interchange with Caltrain services, as well as to San Francisco International Airport.

July events

 * 🇺🇸 July 15 – L. Stanley Crane, twice the Railroader of the Year, died of pneumonia at a hospice in Boynton Beach, Fla.
 * 🇺🇸 July 21 – A tornado knocked down most of the former Erie Railroad's Kinzua Bridge.
 * 🇺🇸 July 25– David Laney was promoted to Chairman of the Board of Directors for Amtrak.
 * 🇺🇸 July 26 – The original Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Gold Line opens for revenue service between Los Angeles Union Station and Sierra Madre Villa.
 * 🇬🇧 July 30 – Eurostar train number 3313/14 established a new speed record in England at 334.7 km/h (208 mph) on High Speed 1.

August events

 * 🇮🇳 August 9 – Indian Railways began passenger train service between Hyderabad and Secunderabad with 13 trains between Lingampally and Hyderabad, and 11 between Lingampally and Secunderabad.
 * August 10
 * 🇦🇺 M>Train (Melbourne, Australia) returned fleet of Siemens trains to service.
 * 🇯🇵 Okinawa Urban Monorail (Yui Rail), Naha Airport Station to Shuri Station route open in Okinawa Island, Japan.
 * 🇺🇸 August 22 – Sound Transit connected to Tacoma, Washington.
 * 🇲🇾 August 31 – Opening of KL Monorail in Kuala Lumpur.

September events

 * 🇩🇪 September 1 – Deutsche Bahn took over operations of shipping company Stinnes Group in Germany.
 * 🇺🇸 September 25 – James J. Dermody became President of Long Island Rail Road in New York.

October events

 * 🇦🇺 October 1 – M>Train (Melbourne, Australia) withdrew its fleet of Siemens trains for the second time.
 * 🇪🇸 October 7 – RENFE opened the Madrid–Lleida section of the system's new standard gauge AVE Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line via Zaragoza in Spain.
 * 🇦🇺 October 27 – Fleet of Siemens trains returned to M>Train (Melbourne, Australia) service, some minus livery.

November events

 * 🇺🇸 November 3 – NYC Subway's "Redbird" R36 trains make final run from 42nd Street Times Square to Willets Point Shea Stadium.
 * 🇫🇷🇮🇹 November 4 – A new intermodal service was inaugurated between Aiton, France, and Orbassano (near Turin), Italy, to transport complete trucks (both the tractor and trailer) and their loads. The trains include coach seating for the truck drivers.
 * 🇫🇷 November 28 – SNCF (France) celebrates the one-billionth passenger on its TGV.

December events

 * 🇯🇵 December 1 – JR West discontinued service on the Kabe Line between Kabe and Sandankyō stations.
 * December 5 – Opening of 15.34 km Severomuysky Tunnel on Baikal Amur Mainline after twenty-seven years’ construction.
 * 🇬🇧 December 9 – The European Commission approved the franchise of the Trans-Pennine Express JV between Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle and other northern England locations as a joint operation of FirstGroup and Keolis.
 * 🇺🇸 December 17 – AirTrain JFK opened in New York City.
 * 🇭🇰 December 20 – The KCR West Rail in Hong Kong started services.
 * 🇬🇧 December – Great North Eastern Railway, operators of services on the East Coast Main Line between England and Scotland, began trials of 802.11b wireless LAN access to the Internet on their Mallard InterCity 225 trains.

Accidents

 * 🇮🇳 January 3 – Ghatnandur train crash: A passenger train travelling from Secunderabad to Manmad, crashed into the rear end of a heavy goods train near Ghatnandur in Maharashtra, India, killing 18 people.
 * January 27
 * 🇮🇹 A head-on collision between an Italian and a French train in the Tende line's Biogna tunnel left two dead and four seriously injured.
 * 🇮🇳 2003 Mumbai bombing: A bicycle bomb exploded near Vile Parle railway station in Mumbai, India, killing one person.
 * 🇦🇺 January 31 – The Waterfall rail accident occurred near Waterfall, New South Wales, Australia. A train derailed, killing seven people on board.
 * 🇿🇼 February 1 – The Dete train crash killed 50 people in the Zimbabwean town of Dete in the Western part of the country about 90 mi from Victoria Falls.
 * 🇰🇷 February 18 – An arsonist caused the Daegu subway fire when he set fire to a train stopped at the Joongang-ro (or Jungang-ro) station of the Daegu Metropolitan Subway in Daegu, South Korea.
 * 🇮🇳 March 13 – 2003 Mumbai train bombing: A bomb in a ladies' compartment exploded as a train pulled into Mulund station, killing 10 people.
 * 🇮🇳 May 15 – The Ladhowal rail disaster was a flash fire on the Frontier Mail train service in India, which engulfed three carriages. 39 people lost their lives.
 * 🇮🇳 June 23 – The Vaibhavwadi train crash killed 53 people near the village of Vaibhavwadi in Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra in India.
 * 🇮🇳 July 2 – The Warangal train crash killed 22 people in the town of Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, in India.
 * 🇮🇪 October 7 – The Cahir viaduct on the Limerick–Rosslare railway line partly collapsed under a cement train travelling to Waterford. No one was hurt but the line remained closed until the following September for repairs to the bridge.
 * 🇷🇺 December 5 – 2003 Stavropol train bombing: A suicide bomb blast on a Kislovodsk–Mineralnye Vody commuter train in Stavropol Krai as it was leaving Yessentuki killed at least 46 people and injured more than 170.

June deaths

 * 🇦🇷 June 10 – Livio Dante Porta, Argentinian steam locomotive mechanical engineer (born 1922).

Japan

 * Awards presented by Japan Railfan Club
 * 2003 Blue Ribbon Award: Kintetsu 21020 series Urban Liner Next EMU
 * 2003 Laurel Prize:
 * Okayama Electric Tramway 9200 series "Momo" tramcar
 * Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau 1000 series "U-tram" tramcar

North America

 * 2003 E. H. Harriman Awards:

 * Awards presented by Railway Age magazine:
 * 2003 Railroader of the Year: Richard K. Davidson (UP)
 * 2003 Regional Railroad of the Year: Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
 * 2003 Short Line Railroad of the Year: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

United Kingdom

 * Train Operator of the Year:
 * 2003: Anglia Railways

title: 2003 in rail transport