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Negril

Negril is a small, widely dispersed beach resort and town located in Westmoreland and Hanover parishes at the far western part of Jamaica, 80.8 km southwest from Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay.

Westmoreland is the westernmost parish in Jamaica, located on the south side of the island. Downtown Negril, the West End cliff resorts to the south of downtown, and the southern portion of the so-called seven mile (11 km) beach are in Westmoreland Parish. The northernmost resorts are along the Negril Beach and are nearer if not across the border where Westmoreland Parish meets the Hanover Parish. The nearest large town is Savanna-la-Mar, the capital of Westmoreland Parish if traveling South West. Whereas going in the opposite direction along the A1 highway is Lucea, the Capital Town of Hanover.

Spanish colonialism
The name Negril is a shortened version of Negrillo (Spanish: Little black one), as it was originally named by the Spaniards in 1494. A theory holds that because there was a vast population of black eels along Negril's coast, the Spaniards called the area Anguila Negra, which was shortened to Negrillo and then to Negril.

20th century
Negril's development as a resort location began during the late 1950s, though access to the area proved difficult as ferries were required to drop off passengers in Negril Bay, forcing them to wade to shore. Most vacationers would rent rooms inside the homes of Jamaican families, or would pitch tents in their yards. Daniel Connell was the first person to create more conventional vacation lodging for these "flower children" when he set up the first guest house in Negril - Palm Grove. The area's welcoming and hospitable reputation grew over time and the first of many resorts was constructed in the mid to late 1960s. The first hotel in Negril was the Yacht Club by Mary's Bay on the West End.

When the road between Montego Bay and Negril was improved in the early 1970s, it helped to increase Negril's status as a new resort location. It was a two-lane paved road that ran approximately 100 yards inland from two white coral sand beaches, at the southern end of which was a small village. The long paved road from the village ran north to Green Island, home to many of the Jamaican workers in Negril, and was straight enough to double as a runway for small airplanes. Lengths of railroad track stand on end along the side of the road to discourage drug smugglers from landing on the road to pick up cheap cargos of marijuana.

After Negril's infrastructure was expanded—anticipating the growth of resorts and an expanding population, a small airport, the Negril Aerodrome, was built in 1976 near Rutland Point, alongside several small hotels mostly catering to the North American winter tourists. Europeans also came to Negril, and several hotels were built to cater directly to those guests.

For years, Negril's beach was rated as one of the top ten beaches in the world by several travel magazines. The beach's length is significant — the two bays (Bloody Bay to the north, and Long Bay to the south) comprise the Seven Mile Beach. The beach is actually roughly 7 miles in length, with Bloody Bay being around 2 miles, and Long Bay being just under 5 miles. Bloody Bay is home to the large, all-inclusive resorts, and Long Bay has all-inclusives and smaller, family-run hotels.

South of downtown Negril is West End Road, known as the West End, which is lined with resorts that offer more privacy. These areas have access to waters used for snorkelling and diving, with jumping points reaching more than 40 ft high.

Many vendors and shops are located around the beach resorts; however, they are predominantly located on the south end of the beach, where there are fewer all-inclusive resorts.

A new highway from Montego Bay and an improved infrastructure may bring more tourists. As a result, more hotels and tour operators continue to develop new attractions and excursions in Negril. Since the 1980s, it has also become a popular location for U.S. college students to visit during spring break, or just a regular vacation in Jamaica.

The last few years have seen major development along the beach. The resorts include Couples Swept Away, Couples Negril, Sandals, Beaches, Samsara Hotel, Legends Resort, the Grand Lido, Riu Palace Tropical Bay, Riu Club Hotel, and Hedonism II. The Hedonism II resort is one enduring hotel and resort that remains an adult destination.

A franchise of Jimmy Buffett's chain restaurant and bar, Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville, and a duty-free zone have also been added. Currently under construction is the huge new Royalton Negril Resort.

In recent years, a large development has been constructed consisting of ocean front villas, 2 or 3 bed townhouse developments and studio apartments. This development is known as Little Bay Country Club and is home to some of the wealthiest Jamaican families.

The Reggae Marathon has been held yearly in Negril since 2001.

In April 2023, the government of Jamaica, announced its plans to build an international airport in Negril. Edmund Bartlett, the Minister of Tourism of Jamaica said that Negril, being a major tourist destination, needs resources and that the town will see development in the new fiscal year. Bartlett said that the development would include an international airport, a public beach park, and a craft village.

Geography and ecology
The geography of Jamaica is diverse. The western coastline contains the island's finest beaches, stretching for more than 6 km along a sandbar at Negril. It is sometimes known among tourists as the "7-Mile Beach" although it is only slightly more than 4 mi in length, from the Negril River on the south to Rutland Point on the north.

On the inland side of Negril's main road, to the east of the shore, lies a swamp called the Great Morass, through which runs the Negril River. Within the Great Morass is the Royal Palm Reserve, with protected wetlands and forest.

In 1990, the Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society was formed as a non-profit, non-governmental organization to address ongoing degradation of the coral reef ecosystem. The Negril Marine Park was officially declared on 4 March 1998 covering a total area of approximately 160 km2 and extending from the Davis Cove River in the Parish of Hanover to St. John's Point in Westmoreland.

Scuba diving and snorkeling are especially good in the protected reef areas.

The West End Road is also known as Lighthouse Road as there is a Belgian engineered lighthouse protecting seafarers from the cliffs. There are views from this western tip of Negril, near Negril Lighthouse.

Popular culture and media references

 * Negril is featured in Ian Fleming's 1965 novel The Man with the Golden Gun. One of the schemes of the novel's antagonist Francisco Scaramanga was to open a hotel called "Thunderbird" on a Negril beach.

 * Negril is mentioned in the lyrics of the 1976 Bob Seger song "Sunspot Baby", which is the first song on the second side of the album Night Moves.

 * Negril is mentioned in lyrics of the 1996 Jimmy Buffett's song "Jamaica Mistaica", which is the second song on the album Banana Wind.

 * Negril is mentioned in the 2008 Mad Men episode "The Jet Set"' (Season Two, Episode 11), which appeared on AMC.

Resorts

 * Beaches Resorts - Negril
 * Couples Negril
 * Couples Swept Away
 * Grand Lido
 * GreenLeaf Cabins Resort
 * Hedonism II
 * Little Bay Country Club (LBCC)
 * Royalton Negril
 * Sandals Negril
 * One Retreats

Notable people

 * Owen Beck, Jamaican heavyweight boxer
 * B. Denham Jolly, Jamaican-Canadian businessman and human rights activist
 * Joel Augustus Rogers, Jamaican author and Africa historian

title: Negril


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CNN/SI

CNN/Sports Illustrated (CNN/SI) was a 24-hour sports news network. Created when Time Warner merged its CNN and Sports Illustrated brands, it launched on December 12, 1996.

Other news networks like ESPNews provided 30-minute blocks of news and highlights in a similar fashion to CNN Headline News at the time, but CNN/SI was live daily from 7am to 2am. Its purpose was to provide the most comprehensive sports news service on television, bringing in-depth sports news from around the world, and integrating the internet and television.

Closure
CNN/SI's closure had been attributed to competition with other all-sports news networks and sports newscasts which started around the same time, such as ESPNews and Fox Sports Net's National Sports Report. Though CNN/SI aired exclusive content, such as the tape of former Indiana University coach Bob Knight choking player Neil Reed, the channel reached only 20 million homes, not adequate enough to receive a rating by Nielsen Media Research, which reduced sponsorship. ESPNews, in contrast, benefited from being bundled with ESPN (86.5 million homes). The news channel parent CNN did not have the same influence with cable operators for its all-sports news channel. CNN's cancellation of their flagship sports program, Sports Tonight (which had already been retooled to compete with SportsCenter) after the September 11 attacks contributed to the closure of CNN/SI, as it lost all connections to their mother network.

Near its closure, Sports Tonight was exclusive to CNN/SI. CNN/SI added NASCAR qualifying, Wimbledon matches, National Lacrosse League matches, and televised the now-defunct Women's United Soccer Association

CNN/SI shut down on May 15, 2002. On many cable systems, CNN/SI was replaced by NBA TV. NBA TV, which launched in 1999, eventually evolved into a joint venture between Time Warner and the NBA that officially launched on October 28, 2008.

Following the network's closure, its international sports program World Sport continues to air, and since 2002 has been produced by CNN International.

CNN itself would not produce another regular sportscast until 2024, when a new CNN-produced newscast, TNT Sports Tonight, debuted on TruTV as part of a plan to increase sports programming on that network.

Website
The CNN/SI name was maintained for Sports Illustrated's online presence at cnnsi.com. In January 2013, CNN acquired Bleacher Report and after Time Warner's spin-off of their publishing assets into Time Inc. (and subsequently sale to Meredith Corporation and later, to IAC's Dotdash), they dropped all use of the Sports Illustrated name.

Programming

 * Sports Tonight (1996–2001) hosted by various anchors
 * NFL Preview hosted by Bob Lorenz with analysts Trev Alberts, Irving Fryar and Peter King
 * College Football Preview hosted by Bob Lorenz with analyst Trev Alberts and Ivan Maisel
 * This Week in the NBA hosted by Andre Aldridge and Kevin Loughery
 * Sports Illustrated Golf Plus hosted by Bob Fiscella and Phil Jones
 * World Sport hosted by various anchors
 * Page One hosted by Laura Okmin
 * NASCAR Plus hosted by Johnny Phelps
 * Sports Illustrated - Cover to Cover
 * Trev Alberts' Full Tilt
 * The Sporting Life with Jim Huber

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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User talk:Ross Uber

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Proposed deletion of Drum Corps International World Class Champions

The article Drum Corps International World Class Champions has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "I'm not sure of a need for this?"

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Category:Chiba Prefecture

Chiba Prefecture (千葉県 Chiba-ken) is a prefecture located in the Greater Tokyo Area of Honshū Island, Japan. The capital is the city of Chiba.

title: Category:Chiba Prefecture


text: User talk:12.72.192.114

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Jackie Washington

Jackie Washington (November 12, 1919 – June 27, 2009 ) was a Canadian blues musician.

Biography
He was born and raised in Hamilton, Ontario, the grandson of an African American fleeing slavery, and one of fifteen children born to his parents, Rose and John Washington. Washington became Canada's first black disc jockey in 1948, at CHML in Hamilton. He had his own show on CHML from 1948 to 1950.

Washington came from a large family of musicians, including his brothers Reg (Hammond B3) and Dickie (drums). He began singing in public, at the age of five, with his brother Ormsby. In the 1930s, he was one of the Washington Brothers, who played clubs and nightspots until his brother's tragic death by drowning. Washington played in various coffeehouses while also working as a railroad porter and later at Fort Erie Race Track. Following a divorce he played far less and was an alcoholic. Following a recovery Washington played with saxophonist Freddie Purser for many years during the 1970s and 1980s at the Windsor and Royal taverns in Hamilton. As a solo artist he appeared at Hamilton`s Festival of Friends a record 29 years. In 1980 Washington played the part of the janitor in the film adaptation of the play: Hank Williams: The Show He Never Gave. He also appeared in the 2005 television documentary: I Want To Be Happy: The Jackie Washington Story.

His first release as a solo blues artist was Blues and Sentimental in June 1976. In addition to his own albums, Washington appeared on recordings by Duke Ellington, Lionel Hampton, Joni Mitchell and Gordon Lightfoot. He had also been a regular performer at many Canadian folk and blues festivals, several of which have named awards in his honour. Washington was well known for having a repertoire of some 1300 blues, folk and jazz songs. A diabetic, he lost a leg to amputation and suffered other health issues, yet continued to perform. His fellow musicians ultimately arranged a living trust starting with a tribute concert at the Tivoli Theatre in Hamilton. Featured artists were Jeff Healey, Garnet Rogers and Tom Wilson among others. Jackie then lived in a retirement home until his death. In accordance with his will, his vast music sheets, photographs and videos were donated to the music department at McMaster University. In 2003, a park in Hamilton was named in his honor. It was located near the neighborhood where he grew up.

He was nominated for a Juno Award in 1993 for Best Roots & Traditional Album, along with Ken Whiteley and Mose Scarlett, for their album Where Old Friends Meet. In 1995 Washington was inducted into Hamilton's Gallery of Distinction. In 2002, he was inducted into the Canadian Jazz & Blues Hall of Fame.

Canadian artist Colin Linden paid tribute to Washington with the song "Jackie Washington", released on the 2003 album BARK by Linden's band Blackie & The Rodeo Kings.

Jackie Washington Rotary Park in the North End of Hamilton was named in his honour in 2003.

Discography

 * Blues and Sentimental (Knight II, 1976, review)
 * Where Old Friends Meet (Borealis, 1991) (with Mose Scarlett and Ken Whiteley)
 * Jackie Washington and Friends in Concert on December 4, 1994 (Sound of Jazz Concerts, 1994)
 * Keeping Out of Mischief (Borealis, 1995, reviews)
 * Three by Three (Borealis, 1995; foregoing is one of the 3 CDs in this set) (with Mose Scarlett and Ken Whiteley)
 * Midnight Choo Choo (Borealis, 1998, reviews)
 * We'll Meet Again (Borealis, 1999) (with Mose Scarlett and Ken Whiteley)
 * Sitting on a Rainbow (Borealis, 2003) (with Mose Scarlett and Ken Whiteley)

Songs in other projects

 * Mariposa Folk Festival 1976, "In My Solitude" (Mariposa, 1976)

Awards

 * 1984 Hamilton Arts Award
 * 1986 The Jackie Washington Award: Northern Lights Festival Boreal (NLFB), Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
 * 1991 Lifetime Achievement Award, Ontario Arts Council
 * 1995 inducted into the Gallery of Distinction, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 * 1998 Blues with a Feeling Award: Maple Blues Awards (The Toronto Blues Society's Lifetime Achievement Award)
 * 2001 Estelle Klein Lifetime Achievement Award, Ontario Council of Folk Festivals
 * 2002 inducted into the Canadian Jazz & Blues Hall of Fame
 * 2003 honorary Doctorate in Humanities, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario

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Moerewa

Moerewa is a small town in the Northland Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located close to the Bay of Islands five kilometres to the west of Kawakawa.

Moerewa is a service town for the surrounding farming industry. Its main industry is the freezing works. During the economic slump of the 1980s, many of the town's industries were badly affected, and unemployment soared. For this reason, the town's population has dwindled in recent years, although there are signs of an economic revival in the district.

Demographics
Moerewa covers 4.26 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, the town had a smaller boundary, covering 1.88 km2. Using that boundary, Moerewa had a population of 1,632 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 288 people (21.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 222 people (15.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 432 households, comprising 810 males and 822 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female. The median age was 29.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 480 people (29.4%) aged under 15 years, 351 (21.5%) aged 15 to 29, 645 (39.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 159 (9.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 22.8% European/Pākehā, 90.4% Māori, 6.6% Pacific peoples, 1.1% Asian, and 0.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 4.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 32.0% had no religion, 42.8% were Christian, 13.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Hindu, 1.1% were Muslim, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 69 (6.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 366 (31.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 24 people (2.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 438 (38.0%) people were employed full-time, 120 (10.4%) were part-time, and 138 (12.0%) were unemployed.

Marae
Moerewa has three Ngāpuhi marae:

 * Horomanga Marae and meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Hine.
 * Ōtiria Marae and Tūmatauenga are affiliated with the hapū of Ngāti Hine, Ngāti Kōpaki and Ngāti Te Ara.
 * Tereawatea Marae and meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Hine.
 * Te Rito Marae and meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Hine.

In October 2020, the Government committed $362,468 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Te Rito Marae, creating 10 jobs.

Education
Moerewa School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of students as of  Moerewa School opened in 1913, and merged with Otiria School at the beginning of 2005.

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Taumarere is a coeducational composite (years 1–13) school with a roll of students as of  It is a Kura Kaupapa Māori school which teaches fully in the Māori language. The school was largely destroyed in an arson attack on 23 March 2008. Prefab buildings were used to keep the school running and a new block was built in 2010. A substantial redevelopment began in 2016.

Transport
Moerewa is on State Highway 1.

Moerewa was formerly served by the Opua Branch of the North Auckland Line railway. The line was originally built to link the Bay of Islands with Whangārei, and the complete route opened on 13 April 1911. From December 1925 until November 1956, the Northland Express train ran through Moerewa, providing a direct service to Auckland. After it ceased to run, passengers were served by mixed trains between Opua and Whangārei until 18 July 1976. In 1985, freight services ceased and the line from Moerewa to Kawakawa was dismantled. The line from Otiria, the present northern terminus, to Moerewa remains in place but is disused.

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George Müller

George Müller (born Johann Georg Ferdinand Müller, 27 September 1805 – 10 March 1898) was a Christian evangelist and the director of the Ashley Down orphanage in Bristol, England. He was one of the founders of the Plymouth Brethren movement. Later during the split, his group was called the Open Brethren.

He cared for 10,024 orphans during his lifetime, and provided educational opportunities for the orphans to the point that he was even accused by some of raising the poor above their natural station in British life. He established 117 schools which offered Christian education to more than 120,000.

Early work
In 1829, Müller offered to work with Jews in England through the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. He arrived in London on 19 March of that year, but by mid-May, he fell ill and did not think that he would survive. He was sent to Teignmouth to recuperate and, while there he met Henry Craik, who became his lifelong friend. Müller returned to London in September, but after ten days started to feel unwell again. He blamed his failing health on his having been confined to his house because of his studies. He asked the Society to send him out to preach but received no reply. By the end of November, he became doubtful whether the Society was the right place for him and on 12 December made the decision to leave but to wait for a month before writing. Müller returned to Exmouth in East Devon, England on 31 December for a short holiday and preached at various meetings while there. He wrote to the Society in early January, requesting that they might consider allowing him to remain with them if they would allow him "to labor in regard to time and place as the Lord might direct me". This they refused to do at a meeting on 27 January 1830, communicating this to Müller in writing, and thus bringing to an end his association with the London Society. He moved from Exmouth to Teignmouth and preached several times for Craik, which led to a number of the congregation asking him to stay and be the minister of Ebenezer Chapel in Shaldon, Devon, on a salary of £55 per annum. On 7 October 1830, he married Mary Groves, the sister of Anthony Norris Groves. At the end of October, he renounced his regular salary, believing that the practice could lead to church members giving out of duty, not desire. He also eliminated the renting of church pews, arguing that it gave unfair prestige to the wealthy (based primarily on James 2:1–9).

Müller moved to Bristol, England on 25 May 1832, to begin working at Bethesda Chapel. Along with Henry Craik, he continued preaching there until his death, even while devoted to his other ministries. In 1834, he founded the Scriptural Knowledge Institution for Home and Abroad, with the goal of aiding Christian schools and missionaries; distributing the Bible and Christian tracts; and providing Day-schools, Sunday-schools and Adult-schools, all upon a Scriptural foundation. By the end of February 1835, there were five Day-schools – two for boys and three for girls. Not receiving government support and only accepting unsolicited gifts, this organisation received and disbursed £1,381,171 – around £113 million in today's terms – by the time of Müller's death, primarily using the money for supporting the orphanages and distributing about 285,407 Bibles, 1,459,506 New Testaments, and 244,351 other religious texts, which were translated into twenty other languages. The money was also used to support other "faith missionaries" around the world, such as Hudson Taylor. The work continues to this day.

Orphanages
The work of Müller and his wife with orphans began in 1836, with the preparation of their own rented home at 6 Wilson Street, Bristol for the accommodation of thirty girls. Soon after, three more houses in Wilson Street were furnished, not only for girls but also for boys and younger children, eventually increasing the capacity for children who could be cared for to 130.

In 1845, as growth continued, the neighbours complained about the noise and disruption to the public utilities, so Müller decided that a separate building designed to house three hundred children was necessary, and in 1849, at Ashley Down, Bristol, the new home opened. The architect commissioned to draw up the plans asked if he might do so gratuitously. By 26 May 1870, 1,722 children were being accommodated in 5 homes, although there was room for 2,050 (No 1 House – 300, No 2 House – 400, Nos 3, 4 and 5 – 458 each). By the following year, there were 280 orphans in No 1 House, 356 in No 2, 450 in Nos 3 and 4, and 309 in No 5 House.

Through all this, Müller never made requests for financial support, nor did he go into debt, even though the five homes cost more than £100,000 to build. Many times, he received unsolicited food donations only hours before they were needed to feed the children, further strengthening his faith in God. Müller was in constant prayer that God touched the hearts of donors to make provisions for the orphans. For example, on one well-documented occasion, thanks was given for breakfast when all the children were sitting at the table even though there was nothing to eat in the house. As they finished praying, the baker knocked on the door with sufficient fresh bread to feed everyone, and the milkman gave them plenty of fresh milk because his cart had broken down in front of the orphanage. In his autobiographical entry for 12 February 1842, he wrote: A brother in the Lord came to me this morning and, after a few minutes of conversation gave me two thousand pounds for furnishing the new Orphan House ... Now I am able to meet all of the expenses. In all probability, I will even have several hundred pounds more than I need. The Lord not only gives as much as is absolutely necessary for his work, but he gives abundantly. This blessing filled me with inexplicable delight. He had given me the full answer to my thousands of prayers during the [past] 1,195 days.

Müller never sought donations from specific individuals and relied on the Almighty for all of his needs. He asked those who did support his work to give a name and address so that he could prepare a receipt. The receipts were printed with a request that the receipt be kept until the next annual report was issued so that the donor might confirm the amount reported with what he had given. The wording in the image reads: "Owing to the great increase of my work, I have found it necessary to authorize two of my assistants (Mr. Lawford and Mr. Wright) to sign receipts for donations, if needful, in my stead. Donors are requested, kindly to keep the receipts and to compare them with the "Supplement" to the Report, which records every donation received, so that they may be satisfied that their donations have been properly applied.-The "Supplement" is sent with the Report to every Donor who furnishes me with his or her name and address.-I would earnestly request all Donors (even those who feel it right to give anonymously) to put it in my power to acknowledge their donations at the time they come to hand; and should any Donor, after having done this, not receive a printed receipt within a week, they would much oblige me by giving me information at once. This interval must, of course, be extended in the case of Donors who send from places out of the United Kingdom. George Müller". Every single gift was recorded, whether a single farthing, £3,000, or an old teaspoon. Accounting records were scrupulously kept and made available for scrutiny.

Every morning after breakfast there was a time of Bible reading and prayer, and every child was given a Bible upon leaving the orphanage, together with a tin trunk containing two changes of clothing. The children were dressed well and educated – Müller even employed an inspector to maintain high standards. In fact, many claimed that nearby factories and mines were unable to obtain enough workers because of his efforts in securing apprenticeships, professional training, and domestic service positions for the children old enough to leave the orphanage.

Evangelism
On 26 March 1875, at the age of 71 and after the death of his first wife in 1870 and his marriage to Susannah Grace Sanger in 1871, Müller and Susannah began a 17-year period of missionary travel. The table below gives a list of the dates and destinations of their journey.

Müller always expected to pay for their fares and accommodation from the unsolicited gifts given for his own use. However, if someone offered to pay his hotel bill en route, Müller recorded this amount in his accounts.

He travelled more than 200,000 miles. His language abilities allowed him to preach in English, French, and German, and his sermons were translated into the host languages when he was unable to use the three languages which he spoke. In 1892, he returned to England, where he died on 10 March 1898 in New Orphan House No 3.

He was buried at Arnos Vale Cemetery in Bristol. His funeral was attended by 10,000 people, including 1,500 children from orphanages he established.

Theology

The theology that guided George Müller's work is not widely known, but was shaped by an experience in his middle twenties when he "came to prize the Bible alone as [his] standard of judgement".

He records in his Narratives "[...] That the word of God alone is our standard of judgment in spiritual things; that it can be explained only by the Holy Spirit; and that in our day, as well as in former times, he is the teacher of his people. The office of the Holy Spirit I had not experimentally understood before that time. Indeed, of the office of each of the blessed persons, in what is commonly called the Trinity, I had no experimental apprehension. I had not before seen from the Scriptures that the Father chose us before the foundation of the world; that in him that wonderful plan of our redemption originated, and that he also appointed all the means by which it was to be brought about. Further, that the Son, to save us, had fulfilled the law, to satisfy its demands, and with it also the holiness of God; that he had borne the punishment due to our sins, and had thus satisfied the justice of God. And, further, that the Holy Spirit alone can teach us about our state by nature, show us the need of a Saviour, enable us to believe in Christ, explain to us the Scriptures, help us in preaching, etc. It was my beginning to understand this latter point in particular which had a great effect on me; for the Lord enabled me to put it to the test of experience, by laying aside commentaries, and almost every other book, and simply reading the word of God and studying it. The result of this was, that the first evening that I shut myself into my room, to give myself to prayer and meditation over the Scriptures, I learned more in a few hours than I had done during a period of several months previously. But the particular difference was, that I received real strength for my soul in doing so. I now began to try by the test of the Scriptures the things which I had learned and seen, and found that only those principles which stood the test were really of value."

Müller also wrote of how he came to believe in the doctrines of election, particular redemption, and final persevering grace while staying in Teignmouth, Devon in 1829. George Müller was a founding member of the Plymouth Brethren movement. Doctrinal differences arose in the 1840s and Müller was determined to determine the truth by the "infallible standard of the Holy Spirit". At the time, he and Craik were pastors of the Bethesda and Gideon fellowships in Bristol. Membership at Gideon was open to all believers, while only believers who had been baptised could claim full membership of Bethesda, although all believers were welcome at Communion. Müller consulted Robert C Chapman on the issue of accepting unbaptised believers, and Chapman stated that distinction should be made between unbaptised believers who "walked disorderly" and those who lived according to the Bible. Müller and Craik independently contemplated the issue and decided that unbaptised believers, who otherwise lived according to Scriptural principles, should not be denied membership.

Dissension arose at Gideon regarding the presence of unbelievers at communion and the view held by some that pews were private property. Eventually, Müller and Craik withdrew from this fellowship on 19 April 1840, concentrating thereafter on the Bethesda Chapel.

John Nelson Darby and Benjamin Wills Newton became opposed concerning certain matters of doctrine and a discussion was held in Plymouth on 5 December 1845. A document entitled The Principles of Open Brethren stated: "Certain tracts issued by Mr. Newton were judged to contain error regarding the nature of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the question arose whether it was sufficient to exclude from the fellowship those who held the erroneous teaching, or whether all who belonged to a gathering where the error was tolerated were to be put outside the pale, even if they themselves had not embraced it. One party, led by Mr Darby, took the latter view. Others, in particular the Bethesda Church, in which Messrs Müller and Craik ministered, refused to admit any who were convicted of holding the evil doctrine themselves but did not exclude those who came from Mr Newton's meeting. The exclusive party thereupon declined to have any further fellowship with members of the Bethesda Church or others like-minded. The latter soon came to receive the title of 'Open Brethren'." The more exclusive side of the brethren movement became known as the Exclusive Brethren and was led by Darby. Darby called on Müller in July 1849 to discuss the split, but Müller had many prior engagements and could only receive Darby for 10 minutes. It was impossible to fully discuss the problem in such a short time, and the two men never met again.

Though the pre-tribulational rapture doctrine gained momentum as a result of the literature of the Brethren movement, Müller's church was wary of such teachings. George Müller held to a Post Tribulation Rapture doctrine along with others such as Benjamin Wills Newton and Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, and said that "scripture declares plainly that the Lord Jesus will not come until the Apostasy shall have taken place, and the man of sin shall have been revealed..."

Müller wrote frequently about the stewardship of money and the non-reliance on earthly riches, and how God would bless the man who kept to these principles and felt that laying his own experiences bare would prove the truth of his claims. His personal income, from unsolicited gifts (he refused any kind of salary) rose from £151 in 1831 to more than £2,000 in 1870. However, he retained only around £300 a year for himself and his family, the rest he gave away.

William Henry Harding said, "The world, dull of understanding, has even yet not really grasped the mighty principle upon which he [Müller] acted, but is inclined to think of him merely as a nice old gentleman who loved children, a sort of glorified guardian of the poor, who with the passing of the years may safely be spoken of, in the language of newspaper headlines, as a 'prophet of philanthropy.' To describe him thus, however, is to degrade his memory, is to miss the high spiritual aim and the wonderful spiritual lesson of his life. It is because the carnal mind is incapable of apprehending spiritual truth that the world regards the orphan Houses only with the languid interest of mere humanitarianism, and remains oblivious of their extraordinary witness to the faithfulness of God."

Personal life
His name is frequently spelled as "Mueller", particularly in the United States. Whilst "Mueller" is a possible substitute spelling for "Müller" in German, George Müller never changed his name from the original spelling and always took care to place the two dots over the letter "u" to form the umlaut. When asked by his nephew, Edward Groves, what difference this made to the pronunciation, Müller pronounced his name as though it was spelt "Meller".

Youth
Müller was born in Kroppenstädt (now Kroppenstedt), a village near Halberstadt in the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1810, the Müller family moved to nearby Heimersleben, where Müller's father was appointed a collector of taxes. He had an older brother, Friedrich Johann Wilhelm (1803 – 7 Oct 1838) and, after his widowed father remarried, a half-brother, Franz (b 1822).

His early life was not marked by righteousness – on the contrary, he was a thief, a liar and a gambler. By the age of 10, Müller was stealing government money from his father. While his mother was dying, he, at fourteen years of age, was playing cards with friends and drinking. While in seminary at the University of Halle in Germany, Müller described his status as one of

"wicked behaviour and unrepentant spirit ... Despite my sinful lifestyle and cold heart, God had mercy on me. I was as careless as ever. I had no Bible and had not read any Scripture for years. I seldom went to church; and, out of custom only, I took the Lord's Supper twice a year. I never heard the gospel preached. Nobody told me that Jesus meant for Christians, by the help of God, to live according to the Holy Scriptures." ...

Then Müller attended a prayer meeting in a private home in 1825 which so moved him that a swift transformation began in his behaviour. "I have no doubt ... that He began a work of grace in me. Even though I scarcely had any knowledge of who God truly was, that evening was the turning point in my life."

Müller's father hoped to provide him with a religious education that would allow him to take a lucrative position as a clergyman in the state church. He studied divinity at Halle and there met a fellow student, Beta, who invited him to the Christian prayer meeting which changed Müller's perspective. He was welcomed and began regularly reading the Bible and discussing Christianity with the others in attendance. After seeing a man on his knees praying to God, he was convinced of his need for salvation. He went to his bed, knelt and prayed, and asked God to help him in his life and to bless him wherever he went and to forgive him of his sins. He immediately stopped drinking, stealing and lying, and developed hope of becoming a missionary, rather than the comfortable clergyman that his father had envisioned for him. He began preaching regularly in nearby churches.

A Life of Prayer
Müller prayed about everything and expected each prayer to be answered. One example was when one of the orphan house's boiler stopped working; Müller needed to have it fixed. This was a problem because the boiler was bricked up and the weather was worsening with each day. So he prayed for two things; firstly that the workers he had hired would have a mind to work throughout the night, and secondly that the weather would let up. On the Tuesday before the work was due to commence, a bitter north wind still blew but in the morning, before the workmen arrived, a southerly wind began to blow and it was so mild that no fires were needed to heat the buildings. That evening, the foreman of the contracted company attended the site to see how he might speed things along and instructed the men to report back first thing in the morning to make an early resumption of work. The team leader stated that they would prefer to work through the night. The job was done in thirty hours.

In 1862, it was discovered that one of the drains was blocked. Being some 11 feet underground, workmen were unable to find the blockage despite several attempts. Müller prayed about the situation and the workmen at once found the site of the problem.

Strong gales in Bristol on Saturday 14 January 1865 caused considerable damage in the area and over twenty holes were opened in the roofs. About twenty windows were also broken and two frames damaged by falling slates. The glazier and slater normally employed had already committed their staff to other work so nothing could be done until the Monday. Had the winds continued, with heavy rain, the damage to the orphanage would have been much greater. After much prayer, the wind stopped in the afternoon and no rain fell until Wednesday, by which time most of the damage had been repaired.

Once, while crossing the Atlantic on the SS Sardinian in August 1877, his ship ran into thick fog. He explained to the captain that he needed to be in Quebec by the following afternoon, but Captain Joseph E. Dutton said that he was slowing the ship down for safety and Müller's appointment would have to be missed. Müller asked to use the chart-room to pray for the lifting of the fog. The captain followed him down, claiming it would be a waste of time. After Müller prayed a very simple prayer, the captain started to pray, but Müller stopped him; partly because of the captain's unbelief, but mainly because he believed the prayer had already been answered. Müller said, "Captain, I have known my Lord for more than fifty years and there is not one instance that I have failed to have an audience with the King. Get up, Captain, for you will find that the fog has gone." When the two men went back to the bridge, they found the fog had indeed lifted, and Müller was able to keep his appointment. The captain became a Christian shortly afterwards and was later known as "Holy Joe."

Müller's faith in God strengthened day by day and he spent hours in daily prayer and Bible reading. Indeed, it was his practice, in later years, to read through the entire Bible four times a year.

The George Müller Charitable Trust
After his life, his work was continued by The George Müller Foundation, which was renamed The George Müller Charitable Trust on 1 March 2009. The Trust maintains the key principle of seeking money through prayer alone – it actively shuns fund-raising activities. The charity works together with local churches in the Bristol area to enable them to reach out and care for their communities, especially children, young people and families with physical, emotional, social or spiritual needs; and encourages giving to support mission, social care, relief and development work across the world. From 1986 to September 2010, it also provided residential care for the elderly in Tilsley House, Weston-super-Mare. The Trust continued to maintain a sheltered accommodation unit for the elderly in Tranquil House, next-door to Tilsley House, until it was closed in 2012.

A small museum maintained by the Trust at its headquarters in Cotham Park, Bristol, is open by appointment only. Records of all children who passed through the orphanage are held and may be inspected by relatives for a modest fee.

In Media
A television docudrama was released in 2006 entitled Robber of the Cruel Streets, which presents the life and ministry of George Muller. Beginning with his unprincipled reprobate lifestyle, it relates his subsequent conversion to Christ and life-long mission to rescue street orphans in England during the time of Charles Dickens and Oliver Twist.

title: George Müller


text: User talk:70.20.73.235

title: User talk:70.20.73.235


text:
Talk:Smith criterion

Smith "winner"?
I think something's wrong in this article. "it picks the winner from the Smith set" So who's "the winner of the Smith set"? --Chealer 21:03, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)

 * I don't see the problem. The article doesn't say, "picks the winner of the Smith set" but "picks the winner from the Smith set".  For example, a trivial voting system meeting the Smith criterion: determine the Smith set, and choose as the winner the first alphebetical member of the Smith set. CRGreathouse 21:44, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Calculating the Smith set?
Is there an efficient method for calculating the Smith set given a Dodgson matrix? CRGreathouse 21:44, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, assuming a "Dodgson matrix" is a matrix from which all majorities of the round robin tournament can be calculated, and assuming "efficient" means an execution time bounded by a polynomial of the number of candidates (like n2). Here's an algorithm that suffices: Initialize C to be a list of all candidates and initialize S to be an empty list. Pick any ordering of the candidates (for efficiency, simply use the order in which the candidates are listed in C), calculate which candidate would win if that ordering were the agenda in Robert's Rules' sequential pairwise elimination method, and append that candidate to S. Then, for each candidate x in S and each candidate y in C-S, append y to S if a majority does not rank x over y. When done, S is the Smith set. SEppley (talk) 16:22, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Sincere Smith set versus strategically manipulated Smith set
The language used in the article defines the Smith set according to voters' preferences, not according to the votes. This is an important distinction because votes can misrepresent voters' preferences. (See the Gibbard-Satterthwaite "manipulability" theorem, which shows that sometimes some voters have an incentive to vote in a way that misrepresents their preferences.) The purpose of the Smith criterion is to elect a candidate in the sincere Smith set (the Smith set defined according to voters' sincere preferences). That's more desirable than electing a candidate in a set manipulated by strategic voting. So the article is misleading where it lists voting methods that "comply" with the Smith criterion, since they really only comply with a different criterion defined according to votes, not preferences. (The same issue exists with the Condorcet criterion. The purpose is to elect the sincere Condorcet winner when one exists. The problem is that there can be situations where a sincere Condorcet winner exists but there is no Condorcet winner according to the votes, due to voters who misrepresent their preferences.)

The difficulty is compounded because voters' sincere preferences depend indirectly on the voting method. Most comparisons of voting methods naively assume the set of candidates who compete and their positions on issues don't depend on the voting method. But they do, and since voters' preferences on candidates depend on the set of candidates and the candidates' positions on issues, it follows that voters' preferences depend on the voting method. (This may seem like a minor point, but it's possible that the most important criteria for comparing voting methods involve desirable or undesirable effects of voting methods on candidates' positions. Those criteria won't be discovered by people who assume candidates' positions are independent of the voting method.) Thus the sincere Smith set depends on the voting method, even though sincere preferences are not defined according to the votes.

I recommend revising the article so it discusses both the sincere set and the voted set, and also references related criteria (examples: truncation resistance, minimal defense) that help distinguish voting methods that are closer to the spirit of the sincere Smith criterion and the sincere Condorcet criterion. SEppley (talk) 00:18, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Merge with 'Smith set'
Wikipedia hardly needs both articles. I would suggest merging this one into Smith set, but the latter is a bit under-referenced so may need some work first. Colin.champion (talk) 13:01, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Agreed. –Maximum Limelihood Estimator 03:40, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smith criterion


text: User talk:68.100.174.34

title: User talk:68.100.174.34


text:
Flat Eric

Flat Eric is a puppet character, created by Quentin Dupieux (better known under his stage name Mr. Oizo), from Levi's commercials for Sta-Prest One Crease Denim Clothing, built by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. His name comes from an idea for a commercial that involved having a car run over his head and flattening it. The idea was not used, but the name stuck.

In the commercials, Flat Eric would ride with his friend Angel (played by Philippe Petit) around California, evading the police as a wanted criminal. As of 2023, Mr. Oizo still uses Flat Eric as a mascot.

Background
Flat Eric was based on a dog-like puppet called Stéphane that was similar, but with ears and the hands were fixed. Stéphane appeared in some short films by Mr. Oizo (including a video for the track M-Seq), and had a small cult following in the United Kingdom and France. In March 1999, Levi's decided to build a television commercial campaign around the puppet, to be directed by Oizo.

The character was renamed Eric, a more "international name", in contrast to the original French name Stéphane. The name Eric was chosen after Eric Morand, one of the founders of the record label F Communications.

He was made by Janet Knechtel for Jim Henson's Creature Shop, in the United Kingdom, and was performed by Drew Massey for all the Levi's commercials. The Levi's adverts took three days to shoot. The original short films made with Stéphane cost around 15,000 francs to produce. The two Levi's adverts cost around two or three million francs each. The rights to the character were retained by Oizo and production company Partizan.

Characteristics
Eric typically does not speak, communicating only through body language. He has only spoken in the music video for "Flat Beat", doing so through electronic squawks reminiscent of Miss Othmar in the Peanuts animated specials. These squawks are similar to the ones Stéphane did in M-Seq.

Appearances
He was featured in the music videos for "Flat Beat" and "Viandes Légumes Véhicules" by French musician Mr. Oizo and he also appeared as a prop in Series 1 of the 2001 to 2003 BBC Comedy, The Office. In August 2004, he co starred with David Soul, in a five million pound television advert for Auto Trader. He has also appeared on The Big Breakfast. The puppet also featured heavily as a prop for more than ten years on SIC Radical interactive chat show Curto Circuito, being usually named as "Boneco Amarelo" (Portuguese for "Yellow Puppet").

Flat Eric has also been featured in many magazines, including Arena, Cosmopolitan, Heat, Melody Maker, Ministry, Mixmag, Muzik, NME and The Face.

Flat Eric was introduced as an unlockable character in the mobile game Crossy Road in a 2016 update, being free for a limited time.

title: Flat Eric


text:
User talk:Bkobres

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Policy Library
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 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
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 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 21:05, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Swastika
It seems the text you have taken from that website was clearly a copyright violation (unless you are the author, of course). I have removed the verbatim quote for now, but feel free to summarize the information in you own words! [[User:Dbachmann|dab ( T ) ]] 22:04, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I am the author--Bob Kobres--and both of the images were created by me. The Han silk image is a very degraded bitonal of a portion of the artifact (academic fair use) and has been on my website for years--the other image is entirely my creation. http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/bronze.html

 * fine. In this case, of course, we are not dealing with copyright violation. I hope, however, that you realize that your text will be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will"; i. e. it will have to be wikified, and also rephrased to fit in the flow of the article, seeing that your article does not primarily deal with the swastika. I encourage you, however, to put the entire text on a new article, Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse, to which we could link from Swastkia. regards, [[User:Dbachmann|dab ( T ) ]] 15:39, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, I wonder if you have any comments to add to the discussion about your recent additions to this page. I for one think there is now too much bird-foot theory. Perhaps it could go in a spin-off article. The images from Schliemann are very useful and it might be desirable to discuss his reading of them as "swastikas" in realition to other possible accounts, but there's always been a tendency for this article to go off on tangents, and we have to keep that under control. Paul B 16:15, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Bearbirdcomet.gif. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. --Ellmist 05:09, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This image was created by me (Bob Kobres) as an illustration for this online article.

Copyright at Consumers' cooperative question
Please tag the long extract from Co-operation with a footnote explaining why you think it is public domain. I am concerned it may still be copyright its original author, as it is around 72 years old. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 15:35, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Consumers' Cooperative
Hi there. I was discouraged by your recent reversion of my edits on consumers' cooperative. I made a series of edits, some correcting spelling and grammar, others clarifying meaning, and others still deleting content I thought unnecessary. I placed a note on the talk page asking for some explanation beyond your edit summary - "reverted article to content that has, for the most part, been in place for over a year". Could you please give me some constructive feedback on my edits or explain what it was you didn't like specifically? Thanks, Gobonobo  T C 23:50, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the article had become sloppy but I think that piece from the 1934 periodical is important in that it rather succinctly distinguishes consumers' from producers' cooperatives as well as brings out the progressive democratic social values of consumer owned free (not state controlled or run) enterprise. In particular I think that it is important to emphasize that consumers' cooperatives are a form of free enterprise (a term you omitted from the first paragraph). Thanks for the feedback. Bkobres 01:32, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Comets and the swastika motif at WP:COIN
Hello Bkobres. An article that you have contributed to is being discussed here. You are welcome to join the discussion. EdJohnston 05:03, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello again. Thank you for joining the discussion at COIN. Can I ask you to consider reverting your own contribution, which greatly exceeds the 200-word limit? Please consider replacing it with a statement that fits within 200 words. See the top of the page for the rules.  EdJohnston 22:53, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

It seems that you have boxed up my reply. I have no problem with moving the discussion to the discussion page of the article in question. What I was trying to convey is that the article, which was originally added to the swastika article in December of 2004, is not only about the relation of the swastika to the foot of a bird and should not be deleted due to the quality of the SIS publication. I've also negated the OR aspect of the piece by providing earlier contentions that the swastika was associated with the foot of a bird as well as the Astika parva in Mahabharata. Bkobres 16:00, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Russell L. Ackoff
Thank you very much for uploading the very nice image of Russell L. Ackoff. I moved the image from Wikipedia to Wikicommons right away, so I could introduced the image in the Russian and Dutch article on Ackoff. Thanks again for making this possible. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 22:40, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

DjVu
Hello there! I have removed the external links from the DjVu article. Wikipedia's guidelines on external links, which can be found at WP:SPAM, say that "Adding external links to an article or user page for the purpose of promoting a website or a product is not allowed, and is considered to be spam." Leaving a link to a site that offers a service with the intention that people use that service is an attempt to promote that site and is a conflict of interest. The links I removed were not to sites which aid the explanation of the subject matter; they were to websites offering services. The fact that these links have remained un-noticed for a long period of time does not justify their inclusion. Please read WP:SPAM and WP:COI, and if you have any further questions then please don't hesitate to contact me. It is possible that some of the links justify inclusion; but if you add any, then do please make sure that they comply with WP:SPAM and WP:COI. Thank you. — Fly by Night  ( talk )  19:27, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:1947 co-op magazine poster.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:1947 co-op magazine poster.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hammersoft (talk) 15:48, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

December 2012
Please stop attacking other editors, as you did on Younger Dryas impact hypothesis. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. ''Your edit summary was uncivil. Stop it.'' SkepticalRaptor (talk) 18:44, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:BOET4.png or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 13:56, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Another one of your uploads, File:Boeotianhcrs.jpg, has also had some information automatically added. If you get a moment, please review the bot's contributions there as well. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 13:56, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Another one of your uploads, File:BOET2.png, has also had some information automatically added. If you get a moment, please review the bot's contributions there as well. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 13:59, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Dryas
Pursuant to the ongoing nonsense at that article, note that Gaba has accused you of edit-warring (as he did me recently, with an admin then swooping in to deliver a 24hr block without warning under curious circumstances). I've reported him here. As you could be the recipient of the next unfounded block, you might wish to defend yourself ahead of time.--Froglich (talk) 11:27, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Managing a conflict of interest
Hello, Bkobres. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Swastika, you may have a conflict of interest. People with a conflict of interest may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic. For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have a conflict of interest, see the conflict of interest guideline and frequently asked questions for organizations. In particular, please:

 * avoid editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, its competitors, or projects and products you or they are involved with;
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In addition, the Wikimedia Foundation's terms of use require disclosure of your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation.

Please familiarize yourself with relevant policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, sourcing, and autobiographies. Thank you. McGeddon (talk) 14:32, 4 December 2015 (UTC)

File:Boeotianhcrs.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Boeotianhcrs.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. McGeddon (talk) 14:37, 4 December 2015 (UTC)

May 2016
When adding links to material on external sites, as you did to Solutrean hypothesis, please ensure that the external site is not violating the creator's copyright. Linking to websites that display copyrighted works is acceptable as long as the website's operator has created or licensed the work. Knowingly directing others to a site that violates copyright may be considered contributory infringement. This is particularly relevant when linking to sites such as YouTube, where due care should be taken to avoid linking to material that violates its creator's copyright. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. If you believe the linked site is not violating copyright with respect to the material, then you should do one of the following:
 * If the linked site is the copyright holder, leave a message explaining the details on the article Talk page;
 * If a note on the linked site credibly claims permission to host the material, or a note on the copyright holder's site grants such permission, leave a note on the article Talk page with a link to where we can find that note;
 * If you are the copyright holder or the external site administrator, adjust the linked site to indicate permission as above and leave a note on the article Talk page;

If the material is available on a different site that satisfies one of the above conditions, link to that site instead. The YouTube link is an obvious copyright violation, and the article itself doesn't mention the Solutrean so we can't use it do discuss the Solutrean hypothesis Doug Weller  talk 20:49, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

PNAC
Please help me defend the truth from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Goethean, as he always tries to keep PNAC's statement about genocidal bioweapons targeting certain genotypes out of PNAC's article, so nobody can see their mass-murdering, racist intensions anymore. Goethean is already banned from editing anything related to the Tea Party due to his political bias, which tries to prevent factual evidence provided by PNAC's members themselves in their main report R.A.D. It doesn't get any more official than the official institution reporting in their own official main report on their official web presence, which is back online again, still he tries to bury it deep. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8388:1845:7400:ACBB:93F0:419E:D990 (talk) 12:52, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

Managing a conflict of interest
Hello, Bkobres. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about in the page Younger Dryas, you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a conflict of interest may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. We ask that you:

 * avoid editing or creating articles about yourself, your family, friends, company, organization or competitors;
 * propose changes on the talk pages of affected articles (see the request edit template);
 * disclose your conflict of interest when discussing affected articles (see WP:DISCLOSE);
 * avoid linking to your organization's website in other articles (see WP:SPAM);
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In addition, you must disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution which forms all or part of work for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation (see WP:PAID).

Also please note that editing for the purpose of advertising, publicising, or promoting anyone or anything is not permitted. Thank you. Doug Weller talk 22:10, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

February 2019
Your recent editing history at Younger Dryas impact hypothesis shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war; that means that you are repeatedly changing content back to how you think it should be, when you have seen that other editors disagree. To resolve the content dispute, please do not revert or change the edits of others when you are reverted. Instead of reverting, please use the talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. The best practice at this stage is to discuss, not edit-war. See BRD for how this is done. If discussions reach an impasse, you can then post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection.

Being involved in an edit war can result in you being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you don't violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly. Doug Weller talk 17:36, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

Project for the New American Century
You should really reconsider your addition of misleading, poorly-sourced, NPOV-violating material to Project for the New American Century. Read the source material which relates to the garbage content that this anonymous IP has added to the article. — goethean 13:05, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bkobres


text: User talk:69.138.222.255

title: User talk:69.138.222.255


text:
George Mueller

George Mueller may refer to:
 * George Mueller (engineer) (1918–2015), American engineer who served as an associate administrator at NASA
 * George Müller (1805–1898), Christian evangelist and coordinator of orphanages in England
 * George Mueller (Boardwalk Empire), the alias used by Nelson Van Alden in the TV series Boardwalk Empire

title: George Mueller


text:
Teen Angel

Teen Angel may refer to:

Film and TV

 * Teen Angel (1989 TV series), a 1989 drama starring Jason Priestley
 * Teen Angel (1997 TV series), a 1997 sitcom starring Corbin Allred
 * Teen Angel, a one-scene character in Grease (see "Beauty School Dropout")

Music

 * Teen Angels (American band), 1994–1996
 * Teen Angels, an Argentine pop music group

Songs

 * "Teen Angel", a 1958 song by Dion and the Belmonts Singer, Patrick, Dimucci
 * "Teen Angel" (song), a 1959 song performed by Mark Dinning, written by Red Surrey, Jean Surrey
 * "Teen Angel", a 1968 song by Donovan, from The Hurdy Gurdy Man

Comics

 * Angel from the Time-displaced X-Men, referred to as such to distinguish him from the adult character

title: Teen Angel


text:
Mikołajki

Mikołajki  is a resort town in Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in north-eastern Poland, with 3,852 inhabitants as of 2017. The town is located near the Śniardwy, the largest lake of both the Masurian Lake District and Poland. It is located in the center of the ethnocultural region of Masuria.

History
Mikołajki is an old Masurian church town first documented as Nickelsdorf (Sankt Niklas) in 1444 and Niklasdorf in 1493. The name refers to Saint Nicholas (Mikołaj in Polish). Early on, it was part of the State of the Teutonic Order. In 1454 Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation, and the Thirteen Years' War broke out. After the war ended in 1466 it was part of Poland, as a fiefdom held by the Teutonic Knights and, from 1525 on, the Duchy of Prussia, founded as a vassal state of Poland. Similar to all of Masuria, it was mainly inhabited by Poles, hailing from nearby Masovia. In 1539 the inhabitants of the settlement were almost entirely |Poles, who called it by its Polish name Mikołajki. First Protestant pastors were mentioned in 1552. The settlement, now within the Kingdom of Prussia, grew during the 18th century, receiving its town privileges as Nikolaiken in 1726. Because of its location on Śniardwy, the fishery of Nikolaiken ensured continued prosperity; the whitefish of the region were especially popular throughout the province of East Prussia.

From 1871 it was part of the German Empire, located within the Sensburg district (Landkreis Sensburg) within the province of East Prussia. However, in 1877, the population was still predominantly Polish, mostly of Protestant confession. In the 1898 German federal election, the Polish candidate of the Masurian People's Party, Zenon Eugeniusz Lewandowski, who originated from Poznań and was supported by the German Free-minded People's Party, received 50% of votes in Mikolajki. As a result of the treaty of Versailles the 1920 East Prussian plebiscite was organized on 11 July 1920 under the control of the League of Nations, which resulted in 1,800 votes to remain in Germany and none for Poland. During World War II it was one of the few Masurian towns not destroyed from the fighting, following the war it became again part of Poland under its Polish name Mikołajki. The German-speaking population was evacuated and expelled by Polish and Soviet soldiers in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement.

The town was a growing tourist center before the war, and is now one of the largest tourist sights in Masuria. The ice sailing in winter is an especially popular attraction.

Climate
Mikołajki has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the -3 C isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 C isotherm.

Sports
Since 2005, the Rally of Poland has been based in Mikołajki.

The local football team is Kłobuk Mikołajki. It competes in the lower leagues.

Twin towns — Sister cities
Mikołajki is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Villard-de-Lans, France
 * 🇱🇹 Varėna, Lithuania

title: Mikołajki


text:
Interstate 865

Interstate 865 (I-865) is an east–west auxiliary Interstate Highway northwest of Indianapolis, Indiana. It is a short connector between I-65 and I-465, running for 5 mi and completely concurrent with U.S. Route 52 (US 52). The highway was originally numbered as a branch of I-465 but was renumbered in 2002 to prevent I-465 from intersecting with itself. This section was previously known as the Dog Leg, and the mile markers ran from 900 to 905.

Route description
I-865 begins at an interchange with I-65 in the northwest outskirts of Indianapolis, near Zionsville. The interchange allows for traffic from southbound I-65 to continue east onto I-865 and connects traffic from westbound I-865 to northbound I-65 but prohibits other movements. US 52 is concurrent with the entire length of the four-lane freeway as it travels east across several farms and suburban neighborhoods on the south side of Zionsville. After 4.7 mi, I-865 terminates at a three-way interchange with I-465, which continues around Indianapolis as a beltway.

I-865 has interchanges only at its eastern terminus at I-465 and its western terminus at I-65. It is one of the few Interstates that have interchanges only at their termini and none in between. Other examples include I-587 in Kingston, New York; I-381 in Bristol, Virginia; the future I-222; and I-189 in Chittenden County, Vermont.

The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). In 2022, INDOT measured annual average daily traffic on I-865 at 34,304 vehicles.

History
I-865 was originally part of I-465. Original plans were for I-465 to run east from exit 129 of I-65 around the city to exit 123 of I-65. The north–south section of the current I-465 between I-65 and the current I-865 was originally not part of I-465. Instead, it was built to Interstate standards as State Road 100 (SR 100). In January 1970, seven months before it was completed, the federal government approved the request to make it part of I-465. This resulted in an unusual Y interchange of all three branches of I-465 at the current junction of I-865 and I-465. The stretch of I-465 that is now I-865 was given milemarkers starting with 900 to distinguish it from the main portion of the highway.

The unusual configuration caused confusion among motorists, being described as "the 465 connector", "the 465 extension", "the 465 dogleg", "465 second section", and "the 465 ramp to 65 north". The May 2002 redesignation of this branch of I-465 to I-865 fixed that problem. The renumbering was approved by the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in October 2002.

At the time of the redesignation, officials chose "I-865" rather than the also available "I-665" because they concluded that 9-1-1 operators would more easily understand the combination of "8" and "65".

title: Interstate 865


text:
Category talk:PC games

Mac Games?
Is Category:Mac OS games a subcategory of this category? --Ellmist 21:08, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It looks like the current contents need to be moved to Category:IBM PC compatible games, which doesn't exist, and those two categories (and Category:Amiga games) placed under this category. -Sean Curtin 02:11, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Category:Apple Macintosh games is removed from this category. The definition of PC used in the category's intro text makes it clear that Mac stuff don't belong here. 67.160.10.87 17:25, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

PC Booter Games
What the heck do we do with "PC Booter" games? Moby Games is listing Legacy of Llylgamyn as one. --PresN 16:46, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

A note
People, when the article itself states what category the game belongs in, it's just as quick to change it to the correct category as it is to add the PC Misnomer stub. If you don't know how, click Editing help - it's really easy. Kat, Queen of Typos 20:43, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Moving Category:Home computer games to be a subcategory of Category:PC games
I have moved Category:Home computer games to be a subcategory of this category. The following note on my reasoning behind the move is copied from the Category talk:Home computer games page:

I feel that home computers are a distinct sub-set of personal computers, as suggested by the hatnote on the Home computer article and also in its listing in Template:Computer sizes. The hatnote reads: The article Home computer "is primarily about a certain class of Personal computers from the late 1970s to mid-1980s. See home server and home automation or desktop computer for other uses of a computer in a home".

Hopefully this change will make it easier to decide where to put games for systems that are considered home computers but are also commonly known as PCs. Before the change, the system subcategory had to be placed in both this Category:Home computer games and Category:Video games by platform, for example Category:FM Towns games appeared in both (while Category:Apple II games did not appear in any subsection of Category:PC games). Communal t (talk) 16:25, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Category talk:PC games


text:
Samarium(III) chloride

Samarium(III) chloride, also known as samarium trichloride, is an inorganic compound of samarium and chloride. It is a pale yellow salt that rapidly absorbs water to form a hexahydrate, SmCl3.6H2O. The compound has few practical applications but is used in laboratories for research on new compounds of samarium.

Structure
Like several related chlorides of the lanthanides and actinides, SmCl3 crystallises in the UCl3 motif. The Sm3+ centres are nine-coordinate, occupying trigonal prismatic sites with additional chloride ligands occupying the three square faces.

Preparation and reactions
SmCl3 is prepared by the "ammonium chloride" route, which involves the initial synthesis of (NH4)2[SmCl5]. This material can be prepared from the common starting materials at reaction temperatures of 230 °C from samarium oxide:
 * 10 NH4Cl +  Sm2O3  →  2 (NH4)2[SmCl5]  +  6 NH3 + 3 H2O

The pentachloride is then heated to 350-400 °C resulting in evolution of ammonium chloride and leaving a residue of the anhydrous trichloride:
 * (NH4)2[SmCl5] →  2 NH4Cl  +  SmCl3

It can also be prepared from samarium metal and hydrochloric acid.
 * 2 Sm + 6 HCl → 2 SmCl3 + 3 H2

Aqueous solutions of samarium(III) chloride can be prepared by dissolving metallic samarium or samarium carbonate in hydrochloric acid.

Samarium(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid, which ranks as "hard" according to the HSAB concept. Aqueous solutions of samarium chloride can be used to prepare samarium trifluoride:
 * SmCl3 + 3 KF   →   SmF3 + 3 KCl

Uses
Samarium(III) chloride is used for the preparation of samarium metal, which has a variety of uses, notably in magnets. Anhydrous SmCl3 is mixed with sodium chloride or calcium chloride to give a low melting point eutectic mixture. Electrolysis of this molten salt solution gives the free metal.

In laboratory
Samarium(III) chloride can also be used as a starting point for the preparation of other samarium salts. The anhydrous chloride is used to prepare organometallic compounds of samarium, such as bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)alkylsamarium(III) complexes.

title: Samarium(III) chloride


text: Category:German violinists

title: Category:German violinists


text:
Freedom Beast

Freedom Beast (Dominic Mndawe) is a fictional comic book character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

The character made his live-action debut in the fourth season of the HBO Max series Titans, portrayed by Nyambi Nyambi.

Fictional character biography
Freedom Beast was born Dominic Mndawe in South Africa. His first appearance was in Animal Man #13 which occurs during the rule of apartheid in South Africa. Dominic was under arrest for taking pictures of racially motivated acts of violence being committed by white Afrikaner policemen. In a cell, Dominic was about to be killed by his captors when he is rescued by Animal Man and B'wana Beast (Mike Maxwell), Mndawe's predecessor and future mentor. After the rescue, Maxwell gives Mndawe the elixir and helmet that confer powers on their owner. The two briefly had a disagreement as Mndawe was adamant to continue his political resistance to the South African government and its policy of apartheid with while Maxwell was insistent that the calling is apolitical. However, they eventually reconciled on this point. Mndawe continued pursuing his political objectives which he justified with the personal maxim, "Today's politics is tomorrow's mythology". Animal Man and Freedom Beast then prevent the massacre of a group of peaceful demonstrators by Afrikaner police. Animal Man returns to the US, while Maxwell and Freedom Beast remain in South Africa.

Mike Maxwell returns where he was being controlled by an evil force called the Antagon and transformed into the Shining Man. He perishes in the ensuing battle.

Animal Man and Dominic team up once again during the Day of Judgement incident, protecting African wildlife from the murderous intentions of demon invaders.

Freedom Beast appears in the Day of Vengeance Infinite Crisis Special, in which he was possessed by Rage, one of the Seven Deadly Sins. He is also seen at the gathering of mystics at Stonehenge.

Freedom Beast reappeared as South Africa's representative in the reformed Global Guardians. He and his teammates were brainwashed by the Faceless Hunter and used as weapons against Green Lantern (Hal Jordan). The Global Guardians were eventually freed, and Freedom Beast returned with them.

During the "Final Crisis" crisis, Freedom Beast was seen fighting off Gorilla Grodd (who was turned into a Justifier) on Watchtower 4 in Gorilla City.

Freedom Beast is killed by minions of Prometheus. Dominic's partner Congorilla discovers his dying friend and vows to find justice for his murder. Prometheus is subsequently killed by Green Arrow who avenges his death.

Congorilla mentions that he still has Dominic's helmet and elixir in his possession. Seeking to honor the memory of his old friend, Congorilla ultimately resigns from the Justice League and goes to find a worthy candidate to become the new Freedom Beast. In Justice League International #1, a character alongside Congorilla appears wearing the mask, referencing Congorilla had found a successor. The identity of this character is unknown.

The New 52
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Freedom Beast is alive, making his debut when he comes to America to take down a hunting club that has created a synthetic version of his elixir. He teams with Midnighter to free the captured animals and bring down the hunters.

DC Rebirth
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Freedom Beast is visited by Killer Frost and the Atom when they came to Africa to ask him to help cure Killer Frost's condition.

Powers and abilities
Freedom Beast possesses super-strength, a healing factor, and mind-control. Like B'wana Beast, he can merge some animals into Chimeras.

In other media
Freedom Beast appears in the Titans episode "Dude, Where's My Gar", portrayed by Nyambi Nyambi. This version lost his sister and her children to a disease made by scientists that were associates of Chief. Freedom Beast pulled Beast Boy out of the Red and served as his guide about it while wanting him to embrace his destiny into aiding the Red. While introducing Beast Boy to a Chimera that he made from a lion and a bat, he tells Beast Boy about his powers when B'wana Beast gave him his helmet. He then takes Beast Boy into his flashback where he raided the facility where Freedom Beast's gorilla friend Djuba was held. When he confronted the scientist Dr. Myers, Freedom Beast put his dying Djuba out of his misery by fusing Dr. Myers with it. After the flashback, Beast Boy traverses the Red to get back to the Titans and sees Freedom Beast, who nods back at him.

title: Freedom Beast