text:
User talk:Bedders

User page edit
Hi Bedders, thanks for the spelling correction on User:CmdrObot, I must say I got a laugh out of it. Perhaps we should subtitle this site "Wikipedia: Who spellchecks the spellcheckers?"

Cheers, Cmdrjameson 13:27, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

George Edwin Collins
I noticed on Talk:Dictionary_of_National_Biography that you have access to the DNB on CD and wondered if Mr. Collins was in there, at least 3 books published, born 1868ish in London, South Belgrave. He was 33 on 1901 census and living in Great Grimsby parish, described himself as an "Agricultural Sporting Journalist". I have an interest in him as he was a former captain of my cricket club, but I have less than a stubsworth of info on him atm. Bedders 09:27, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi Bedders, I've had a look and there's nothing there - sorry! Shout if you need any more help!

Brookie :) - a will o' the wisp ! (Whisper...) 09:45, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi, Bedders
British Library Catalogue list the following by COLLINS:

COLLINS, George Edwin. ''An Undistinguished Sportsman. The story of a humble follower of the sport of kings and a very gal'' 1934  126 COLLINS, George Edwin. The Brocklesby Hound Lists, 1746-1925. Compiled by G. E. Collins. 1904  [MISSING] COLLINS, George Edwin. Farming and Fox-Hunting, etc. [With plates, including portraits.] 1935 COLLINS, George Edwin. The Foxhounds of Lincolnshire. 1907 COLLINS, George Edwin. History of the Brocklesby Hounds, 1700-1901. [With a preface by the Earl of Yarborough, and a map 1902 COLLINS, George Edwin. Tales of Pink and Silk ... Illustrated by G. H. Jalland. 1900 Seems to have been a fox-hunting man. Check details on www.bl.uk - integrated catalogue.

Vernon White 16:30, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your acknowledgement. Your local public library MAY be able to locate lending copies and obtain them for you from other Library Authoroities to borrow. Alternatively, the BL may supply pghotocopies. Pity G.E. Collins is not in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Does you local Public Library give you online access, like ours in Surrey does? If so, you can suggest that he is included through their feedback link. They will need some indication of his national importance. Best Vernon White 08:31, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Sorry...
I just re-uploaded the picture under the correct name. It is just one of those things. I should have done it immediately. I just forgot all about it. Thanks very much for the reminder, By the way, I will be uploading a few more photos this weekend: St Cuthbert's Church, Brattleby; All Saints Church, Ingham; St Michael's Church, Glentwoth; St Alkmund's Church, Blyborough; St Radegund's Church, Grayingham; Mount Pleasant Mill, Kirton. Cheers, -- E   Asterion  u talking to me? 00:09, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * My wife pointed it out, so I thought I'd nudge you again :) Looking forward to the Ingham pic, two of my grandparents are buried there, I'll have to see if I can tart the Ingham, Lincolnshire up a bit Bedders 06:55, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Bedders, hope you are doing well. I added the pics for the Ingham and Blyborough churches and started a stub for Grayingham (plus the photo for St Radegund's too). I have quite a lot of Lincs images to sort out, including Cleethorpes and a few more for Gainsborough (I already added a couple for the Old Hall). Hopefully if I get some time this weekend. I'll drop you a line later on. Cheers, E    Asterion  u talking to me? 23:31, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Allen family
Nice work. Dweller 09:54, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you, made my day :) Bedders 10:01, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Kalala
Since when did JPK leave? Where did you read this? TheMightyMariner 15:05, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Rodger's Marinersworld interview unfortunately Bedders 15:38, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

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Keith Warn
Hullo! I looked up Warn in Trefor Jones' Watford Who's Who, which is pretty damn accurate. The information on Warn is...

Keith Donald Warn Born: Croxley Green, Herts 20/3/1941 Appearances for Watford: Football League 3 (-) 1960

Career: London Schools; Croxley Boys Club; Fulham youth team; Watford (am 8/57, pro 3/59); Dover (free, 7/61); Kettering Town; Stevenage Town (by 2/64); Elizabeth City, Australia (by 2/67); Modbury, Australia, manager; Sun Sports (by 1972/73); Dickinsons (Croxley) manager (6/73); Bedmond social manager (until 1977)

After his success as a goalkeeper at Durrants School (one of Watford's secondary schools - Mike), he went on to play for the county youth team. His three league appearances were in a Watford team on the verge of winning promotion from the Fourth Division, and he began with two clean sheets. He also played occasionally in the forward line, for both the youth team and the reserves.

And that's what I have on him. I've put in italics the teams that are local clubs in the Watford vicinity. They're not even non-league teams, they play in county leagues and so forth. Seems a rather strange person to be interested in, if I might say so. What's your interest in him?

Cheers, HornetMike 16:11, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Olympics capitalization
Thanks for help in this project. :) --Sue Anne 21:07, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem, glad to help :) Seems to be a big problem with "sub" pages like Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Men's High Jump --Bedders 14:48, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Hey you couldn't start Athletics at 1948 olympics could you. I started the 1932. James Janderson 13:50, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, but it'll be after I've finished all the cycling pages. I've only got a few to go. --Bedders 14:48, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Paul Groves
There was an opera singer named Paul Groves who attended LSU, and that linked (incorrectly) to the footballer. Thanks for catching that. —  Sampo Torgo  [talk]   @ 05:28, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Cricket/Quiz
Well done. You now have to ask the next question. Tintin (talk) 11:37, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

George Tweedy
Hi Bedders, thanks a bunch for the article George Tweedy as your modifications really enhance the quality of the article. Hope you are stalking me and copyediting all my articles as there is nothing like not being involved with an article to see the real mistakes. Lincher 11:15, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not stalking you I'm afraid, I started the article and put it up as a GA candidate, so I'm quite involved in it :) --Bedders 15:39, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Leeds City F.C.
Hi, firstly, thanks for the update on this article secondly, I'm not disputing the info and I'm not going to remove it but I just wondered where you got the information from? as I feel information as exact as that should really be referenced on the page. Thanks. Chappy84 16:20, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Ta for letting me know, I've been to that page loads of times so it shows how observant I am, lol. --Chappy84 17:44, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Bristol City F.C.
Hi Bedders, Good job on helping the re-edit of Bristol City's article. I think we need to ban Baz13 from future editing. Might need a bit of help re-editing them still. Cheers Matt101

WP:CRIQ
Sorry for the silliness. I'm happy for once. In the unlikely circumstances that one of my guesses is right, please choose a question-setter, as I may be tied up for a few hours. --Dweller 16:42, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Billy Walsh
Point of note. Walsh played for the Ireland national football team (IFA) as distinct from Northern Ireland national football team. It is a common error to mix these two teams up. If you read the former article it will help clarify any confusion. Djln. --Djln 23:14, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

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hello
have a look at what i put on the RAF Woodhall Spa talk page, you might find it interesting since you edited it last

bye

James Milner Career section
Not really asking for full feedback on this article (although I wouldn’t mind it). I’d just like to know what you feel the best way the divide up the Career section is, by Club, by season, not at all or some other way. Please leave your reply under the section in my talk page named “Milner Career section”. Buc 16:32, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

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Little context in Category:Competitors at the 1974 Commonwealth Games
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Ian Thompson
Hi! Maybe Ian Thompson (Bahamian athlete) and Ian Thompson (English athlete)? Also a disambiguation pages would be good as there is also a Western Australian politician mentioned? I tried to bring all "athletes" in line especially to avoid the term "athletics". Kind regards and thanks for being interested Doma-w (talk) 15:40, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

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East Lincolnshire Railway
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title: User talk:Bedders


text:
User:Matsurika/Tightlacing rewrite

This page was created because of the difficulties with the Tightlacing page. I wanted to rewrite that page; hopefully it will be more organized and agreeable to everyone. Feel free to work on this page, and leave feedback in the talk section.

Tightlacing (also called corset training and waist training) is the practice of wearing a tightly-laced corset to achieve extreme modifications to the figure and posture. Those who practice tightlacing are called tightlacers.

Description
The most frequent aim of tightlacing is waist reduction. Depending on the silhouette desired (hourglass, wasp waist, and pipe-stem waist are the most common), the shape of the ribcage may be altered as well. Wearing a corset can also improve the bustline, by raising the breasts upwards and shaping them, flattening the stomach, and improving posture. However, these effects are only temporary and will be lost on removing the corset. One possible permanent effect of tightlacing is a change in the shape of the ribcage. However, this can only happen with consistent years of tightlacing.

History
Tightlacing has its roots in the nineteenth century, when improvements in technology allowed the mass manufacture of corsets that were stronger than before. The Victorian and Edwardian ideal of female beauty emphasised a small waist, and it was widely accepted that corsets be used to reduce the size of the natural waist.

However, it is important to note that although some nineteenth century women had waist measurements that today's tightlacers would envy, they cannot easily be classified as tightlacers.

 * Firstly, women's bodies have increased in size since the nineteenth century, so waist measurements that seem small today might not have been considered so by Victorians.

 * Secondly, as corset wearing was the norm in the nineteenth century it is possible that women tolerated proportionally greater reductions as a matter of course, without thinking of themselves as tightlacers.

There were also factors that put women off tightlacing. In the late years of the Victorian era, medical reports and rumors claimed that tightlacing was fatally detrimental to health (see Victorian dress reform). Women with small waists were condemned for their vanity and being slaves to fashion, and it was frequently claimed that too small a waist was actually ugly, rather than beautiful.

Tightlacing today
Modern tightlacing is a minority interest, often associated with fetishistic interest in the corset and BDSM. The majority of tightlacers are women, although some men do tightlace - corsetier Mr Pearl has a nineteen-inch waist.

Tightlacers typically wear a corset for at least 12 hours a day, every day, when they are most active, although some tightlacers wear corsets for up to 23 hours a day, taking the corset off only in order to bathe.

Tightlacers usually have a partner, called a trainer, to help and support them. However, it is possible—although difficult—for somebody to tightlace without a partner. (Tightlacers are often—but not necessarily—in a sexual and/or loving relationship with their trainer.)

A partner might take on any of the following tasks:

 * help the tightlacer put on and take off the corset
 * help him or her follow through with the training schedule
 * monitor the tightlacer's health
 * monitor body changes and keep a log

Contemporary tightlacers claim that tightlacing does not adversely affect the health, as was believed in the later Victorian era. Certainly, there are no contemporary medical sources condemning tightlacing, and the continued good health of modern day extreme tightlacers would seem to demonstrate that the practice is not dangerous—if properly done.

A safe training routine begins with the use of a well-fitted corset (most serious tightlacers have at least one custom–tailored corset) and very gradual decreases in the waist circumference—it will take a tightlacer at least eight months (and possibly up to eighteen) to achieve reductions of more than a few inches. Attempting large reductions in waist circumference before properly accustomed to torso constriction can cause extreme discomfort and as digestive and respiratory volume is decreased, possibly difficulties with indigestion and respiration.

Some tightlacers call the corsets they wear training corsets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Matsurika/Tightlacing rewrite


text:
Surrey Hills

Surrey Hills may refer to:

 * Surrey Hills National Landscape, a conservation area in Surrey, England
 * Surrey Hills (TV series), a reality TV show
 * Surry Hills, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Surrey Hills, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
 * Surrey Hills railway station, in Victoria, Australia

title: Surrey Hills


text: File:Surviving Christmas poster.JPG

title: File:Surviving Christmas poster.JPG


text:
Surviving Christmas

Surviving Christmas is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Mike Mitchell, written by Harry Elfont, Deborah Kaplan, Jennifer Ventimilia, and Joshua Sternin, based on a story by Elfont and Kaplan. It stars Ben Affleck, James Gandolfini, Christina Applegate, and Catherine O'Hara.

The film was panned by critics and performed poorly at the box office, as it earned $15.1 million worldwide against a budget of $45 million. At the Golden Raspberry Awards, the film received nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Actor, and Worst Screenplay, winning neither.

Plot
Just before Christmas, wealthy advertising executive Drew Latham surprises his girlfriend Missy with first-class tickets to Fiji, but she is horrified that he would want to spend Christmas away from his family. Citing the fact that Drew has never even introduced her to his family, she concludes that he will never get serious about their relationship and dumps him. Drew has his assistant send her a Cartier bracelet to apologize. Desperate not to spend Christmas alone, Drew calls all his contacts to find a place to stay on Christmas, but he is not close enough to anyone to be invited.

Drew tracks down Missy's therapist Dr. Freeman at the airport, hoping for a therapy session. The hurried doctor tells him to list all of his grievances and burn them at his childhood home, which is now occupied by the Valcos.

As Drew is acting suspiciously when he sets his grievances on fire, Tom Valco sneaks up behind him and knocks him out with a shovel. When he comes to, they let him come in to look around. He is thrilled to see his old room, so he impetuously offers Tom $250,000 to let him spend Christmas with them. He accepts, and Drew's lawyer draws up a contract that requires the Valcos to pose as his family.

The next day, Drew forces the family to go out and buy a tree together, requiring Tom to wear a Santa cap in public. While they are trimming the tree, their daughter Alicia arrives for the holidays and is stunned by Drew's presence. He suggests that she could portray the maid since she is an unexpected addition to the scenario.

Drew writes a script for the family to read at the table at dinner. He hires a local actor to play the part of his grandfather, whom he calls Doo-Dah, and Tom agrees to let Doo-Dah stay with them for the holidays for an extra $25,000. Drew takes Alicia and her brother Brian sledding the next day. After crashing at the bottom of a hill, he moves in to kiss Alicia, who sneezes instead.

As they recover at home from their colds, Alicia shares a childhood memory with Drew about an old tree that was coated in ice during a storm. Tom asks Drew to leave because he plans to divorce his wife Christine, but Drew encourages the couple to indulge themselves. Tom buys a Chevelle SS, which he had in high school, and Christine goes to a photographer for some glamour shots.

Drew takes Alicia to the old tree of her childhood, which he has covered in ice again. The gesture touches her, but he overdoes it, bringing in a full pageant production to surround the tree. Disgusted by his lack of restraint, Alicia demands that he leave, which he decides to do, and he ends their agreement and is set to write them a check.

Meanwhile, Missy is won over by the bracelet, and when Drew's assistant informs her that he is spending Christmas with his family, she phones Tom to tell him she's outside the house with her parents. Drew quickly promises the Valcos an extra $75,000 if they keep playing along for the evening, and they agree.

The visit between the two families steadily descends into chaos, culminating with everyone seeing Christine's glamour shots manipulated into pornography on Brian's computer. Missy's parents storm out, and Drew informs her that their relationship is over, as Alicia had kissed him a bit earlier.

Drew tells Alicia the truth about his family: his father left them when he was just four, and his mother, a waitress, who would give him an adult stack of pancakes on Christmas until he was 18, died when he was in college.

Drew returns to his apartment to spend Christmas alone. Tom visits him to collect his money, and the two decide to go watch the actor who played Doo-Dah perform in the local production of A Christmas Carol as he'd given the whole family tickets. At the play Tom and Christine decide not to divorce. Drew and Alicia make up outside the theater, and everyone then eats in the diner where Drew's mother worked double shifts to make extra money at Christmastime.

Production
In May 2001, it was announced that Ben Affleck was in talks to star in Surviving Christmas when the project was at Columbia Pictures.

Box office
Surviving Christmas opened theatrically on October 22, 2004, in 2,750 venues, earning $4,441,356 in its opening weekend and ranking seventh in the North American box office and second among the week's new releases. The film ended its run on November 23, 2004, with $11,663,156 domestically and $3,457,644 overseas for a worldwide total of $15,120,800.

Home media
The film was released on DVD on December 21, 2004, two months after its theatrical release.

Critical response
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Writing in Entertainment Weekly, Lisa Schwarzbaum said, "Really, critics and audiences ought to turn thoughts and wallets discreetly away from Surviving Christmas, ignoring the sight as if Santa had just stepped in droppings from Donner and Blitzen." In The New York Times, Stephen Holden concluded, "This is a film that perversely refuses to trust its own comic instincts. Perhaps out of a fear of not having enough jokes, it throws in extra subplots and unnecessary characters to keep the pace frantic, and the action muddled."

Accolades
The film was nominated for three Golden Raspberry Awards at the 2005 ceremony:
 * Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture (lost to Catwoman)
 * Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor (Affleck; lost to George W. Bush in Fahrenheit 9/11)
 * Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay (lost to Catwoman)

title: Surviving Christmas


text:
Zouérat

Zouérat (الزويرات) is the largest town in northern Mauritania and the capital of the Tiris Zemmour region, with an approximate population of 44,649 (2013). It lies at the eastern end of the Mauritania Railway to Nouadhibou.

History
The town developed from its importance to iron ore mining. It is surrounded by the hematite mines of Fderîck, Tazadit and Rouessa. The town houses the regional administration and military for Tiris Zemmour. Most of the town's population are employed directly and indirectly in the mining industry. A sizeable number of foreign workers from other African countries live in the town. Amenities include a medical clinic, social club, pool, school and shop.

Since 2006, a shanty town has grown around the town. In response authorities have begun construction of a wall, nicknamed locally as the "mur de la honte" (wall of shame), to separate the two areas.

Mining
Mining at the mountain was first recorded from the Kediet ej Jill in the 11th century, but it was not until 1952 that iron ore deposits were first commercially extracted on an industrial scale. Beginning in 1958, the first concessions on iron ore extraction were given to Miferma, Société des mines de fer de Mauritanie. At the time it was majority-controlled by European-based mining interests, however, in 1974 Miferma was nationalized by the Mauritanian government.

In 1981 a new iron ore deposit was discovered at Guelb el Rhein, 35 km north of Zouérat. Almost a decade later, another was found in 1990 at Guelb Mhadaouat about 65 km from Zouérat. Other companies exploring for iron ore in the region include Xstrata and Arcelor Mittal. The reserves at the SNIM's Tazadit mine are estimated to be 200 million tonnes of hematite.

Transport
Zouérat is connected to the port of Nouadhibou by the Mauritania Railway. Freight trains that transport the iron ore to the coast can be as long as 2.5 km in length. The line is also used to bring in all the town's drinking water from Boulenoir.

Tazadit Airport is served by regular flights from/to Nouadhibou and seasonally from/to Casablanca using Mauritania Airlines International Boeing 737-500 and Boeing 737-700 planes.

Outside the mines, traffic drives on the right side of the road like the rest of Mauritania. However, all vehicles within the mining areas drive on the left. Traffic switches sides at the mine entrances.

Climate
Zouérat has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). The climate is hot and dry throughout the year, a description accredited to the town's location within the extremes of the Sahara.

title: Zouérat


text:
1871 in rail transport

February events

 * February 10 – Launceston & Western Railway opens as the first line in Tasmania, Australia, 45 mi gauge between Deloraine and Launceston.

June events

 * June 8 – Devon & Somerset Railway opens its line to Wiveliscombe.
 * June 18 – The canton of Basel-Landschaft grants a concession for the construction of a narrow gauge railway from Liestal to Waldenburg, Switzerland and eventually further to Langenbruck.

July events

 * July 12 – The first narrow gauge railway in North America, the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, using a track gauge of, opens to Uxbridge.
 * July 22 – The Canada Central Railway holds an official groundbreaking ceremony at Renfrew for the railroad's section between there and Sand Point, Ontario.

August events

 * August 5 – The New Haven & Derby Railroad, a predecessor of the New Haven Railroad in Connecticut, opens between New Haven and Derby Junction (Ansonia).
 * August 21 – The Valley Railway in Ohio in the United States is founded.
 * August 24 – Hans Gløersen publishes the first documented idea of building a railway between Norway's two largest cities, Bergen and Oslo, in the newspaper Bergensposten.
 * August 26 – The Eastern Railroad An express train crashes into the rear of a local at the tiny Revere station, killing 29 and injuring 57. Either a station-to-station telegraph system, or the Westinghouse air braking system, could have prevented this accident. Public outrage, lawsuits and regulations after this crash finally forces most railroads in America to install both.

September events

 * September 17 – The Fréjus (or Mont Cenis) Tunnel (13.7 km) is opened carrying the Fréjus railway beneath Mont Cenis in the Alps and connecting Modane, France and Bardonecchia, Italy.
 * September 18 – The second narrow gauge railway in North America, the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway, using a track gauge of, opens to Orangeville, Ontario.

October events

 * October – Portland gauge European & North American Railway is completed linking New England to the Maritimes.

November events

 * November 2 – The Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway opens a spur line from Beloostrov to Sestroretsk railway station in the Russian Empire.

Unknown date events

 * The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company, which owns the assets of the first railroad built in New Jersey (the Camden & Amboy Railroad), is merged into the Pennsylvania Railroad
 * The Richmond and Danville Railroad acquires the North Carolina Railroad.
 * The owners of the Wilmington & Raleigh Railroad and the Wilmington & Manchester Railroad begin using the name Atlantic Coast Line in advertising to describe the two railroads.
 * The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad reaches Dodge City, Kansas.
 * The Portland gauge Maine Central Railroad converts to a standard gauge mainline from Portland to Bangor after leasing the standard gauge Portland and Kennebec Railroad.
 * Mason Bogie locomotive introduced in the United States by William Mason (locomotive builder).
 * Ensign Manufacturing Company, later to become part of American Car & Foundry, is founded in Huntington, West Virginia.
 * Swiss Locomotive & Machine Works established in Winterthur by English engineer Charles Brown.
 * Rebuilding of Zürich Hauptbahnhof in Switzerland completed.

October births

 * October 7 – Robert Whitelegg, locomotive superintendent for London, Tilbury & Southend Railway 1910–1912, and for Glasgow & South Western Railway 1918–1923, general manager of Beyer, Peacock & Company 1923–1929 (d. 1957).

September deaths

 * September 6 – John A. Poor, American entrepreneur, advocate of the Portland gauge (b. 1808).
 * September 8 – Robert B. Dockray, civil engineer on the London and Birmingham Railway in England (b. 1811).

October deaths

 * October 18 – Joseph Hamilton Beattie, locomotive engineer for London and South Western Railway 1850–1871 (b. 1808).

November deaths

 * November 5 – Edmund Morel, English-born civil engineer in Japan (b. 1840).

December deaths

 * December 14 – George Hudson, English railway financier, "The Railway King" (b. 1800).

title: 1871 in rail transport


text:
Kaédi

Kaédi (كيهيدي) is the largest city and administrative center of the Gorgol Region of Southern Mauritania, located on the border with Senegal. It is approximately 435 km from Mauritania's capital, Nouakchott.

Overview
The city sits within the "Chemama" Riverine zone along the north bank of the River Senegal where it connects with the Gorgol River. This region is one of the few areas of settled agriculture in the country. Culturally, the city is among the most diverse in Mauritania, consisting of ethnic "White Moors" (Arabic: البيضان) and "Black Moors" (Arabic: السودان), as well as Pulaar, and Soninke communities.

It is known as a market town, a medical center, and a center for local farmers. The market reflects the sub-Saharan culture of neighboring Senegal somewhat more than the Moorish-Arabic culture found further north in the country.

Most of the architecture consists of brown, flat-roofed buildings, undistinguished except that most are surrounded by "dutch brick" enclosures. The one exception is the unusual architecture of the Kaédi Regional Hospital, which was constructed in 1989 and features multiple beehive-style domes. The award-winning architecture was designed by the Association for the Development of Traditional African Urbanism and Architecture (ADAUA), which aims to develop indigenous African urban architectural designs using local materials and technologies.

title: Kaédi


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Staminode

In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen. Staminodes are frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of the flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla.

Sometimes, the staminodes are modified to produce nectar, as in the witch hazel (Hamamelis).

Staminodes can be a critical characteristic for differentiating between species, for instance in the orchid genus Paphiopedilum, and among the penstemons.

In the case of Cannas, the petals are inconsequential and the staminodes are refined into eye-catching petal-like replacements.

A spectacular example of staminode is given by Couroupita guianensis, a tropical tree growing in South America also known as the cannonball tree.

title: Staminode


text:
Alan Ameche

Alan Ameche (June 1, 1933 – August 8, 1988), nicknamed "the Iron Horse", or simply "the Horse", was an American football fullback who played for six seasons with the Baltimore Colts in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Wisconsin Badgers and won the Heisman Trophy during his senior season in 1954. He was elected to the Pro Bowl in each of his first four seasons in the league. He is often remembered for scoring the winning touchdown in overtime in the 1958 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants, labeled "The Greatest Game Ever Played".

With colleague and former Colts teammate Gino Marchetti, Ameche founded the Gino's Hamburgers chain. He also founded the Baltimore-based Ameche's Drive-in restaurants.

Early life
Ameche was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, as Lino Dante Amici to Italian immigrant parents who came to the United States in the late 1920s, although they returned for a year to Italy during his childhood. The family then returned to Kenosha, where he attended Bradford High School. Ameche was a cousin of actor brothers Don and Jim Ameche.

College career
Ameche earned unanimous All-America honors at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he played linebacker as well as fullback in single-platoon days. In four years as a Badger, he gained 3,212 yards, then the NCAA record, scored 25 touchdowns, and averaged 4.8 yards per carry. He played in the program's first bowl game, the 1953 Rose Bowl, as a sophomore, rushing for 133 yards on 28 carries. Ameche won the Heisman Trophy in 1954, the first for the Badger program.

Ameche is one of six Wisconsin football players to have a number retired by the program (35) and enshrined on the Camp Randall Stadium façade as of 2008: fellow Heisman winner and current career rushing record holder Ron Dayne (33), Elroy Hirsch (40), Dave Schreiner (80), Allan Schafer (83), and Pat Richter (88) are the others. Ameche was inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1967, the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975, and the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 2004.

NFL career
Ameche was the third overall selection of the 1955 NFL Draft and played fullback for the Baltimore Colts from 1955 until 1960. Named NFL Rookie of the Year in, he was a four-time Pro Bowler (1955–58), and the only rookie named to the Associated Press All-Pro team in 1955. Ameche averaged 4.2 yards per carry over his career, and held the record for most rushing yards in his first three NFL games (410) until Carnell "Cadillac" Williams broke the record by gaining 434 yards in 2005.

Ameche may be best remembered for his role in the 1958 NFL Championship Game at Yankee Stadium, often cited as "The Greatest Game Ever Played." Ameche scored the winning touchdown for the Colts on a one-yard run with 6:45 left in overtime as the Colts beat the Giants, 23–17. It was his second touchdown of the day as he also scored a touchdown on a 2-yard run in the second quarter. His overtime touchdown was the last in championship history until Super Bowl LI in February 2017, when James White scored at 3:58 of overtime as the New England Patriots beat the Atlanta Falcons, 34–28.

Due to an Achilles tendon injury in December 1960,  Ameche finished a relatively short six-season NFL career with 4,045 rushing yards, 101 receptions for 733 yards and 44 touchdowns. He is one of only four players named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team not elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The others are Joe Fortunato, Dick Barwegen and Bobby Walston. In 2015, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Ameche to the P.F.R.A. "Hall of Very Good" Class of 2015.

Business career
Ameche's Drive-in was a fast-food restaurant chain based in Baltimore, founded by Alan Ameche. Ameche's had five locations, all located in Baltimore or its suburbs:
 * Governor Ritchie Highway and 5th Avenue, Glen Burnie
 * 5800 Reisterstown Road, Baltimore City
 * Loch Raven Boulevard and Taylor Avenue
 * 7700 Wise Avenue, Dundalk
 * York Road and Timonium Road, Timonium

The restaurants were known for "no charge" carry out service, signature "Powerhouse" hamburgers ("A banquet on a bun"), akin to today's Big Mac or Whopper sandwiches, and "Cheerleader" sandwiches (hot ham and Swiss cheese with mustard) and their onion rings. The Loch Raven and Taylor location was open during the Summer of 1960. There is a McDonald's on the location today. The restaurants were typical drive-ins, with car side order boxes. Orders were delivered by a carhop who attached a tray to the lowered window. The company trademark was a Big Boy-like football player (#35) running through the uprights carrying a hamburger. In addition, Ameche's secret sauce was sold in many local grocery stores. The company slogan was "Meetcha at Ameche's!" Ameche's restaurants were informally known by many teenaged patrons as "UM-cheez."

Death
Ameche had undergone triple bypass surgery at age 46 in 1979. He died of a heart attack in 1988 at age 55 at Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, a few days after undergoing another heart bypass surgery, under the care of Dr. Michael DeBakey. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.

title: Alan Ameche


text:
Boutilimit

Boutilimit (بوتلميت) lies 164 km southeast of Mauritania's capital of Nouakchott.

The estimated population in 2013 was 26,926.

The town is also well known in the region for its production of handicraft items, particularly rugs made from camel or goat hair, as well as silver crafts.

Notable people
Notable people from the town include Moktar Ould Daddah, the nation's first President following independence from France, the writers Aïchetou Mint Ahmedou and Moussa Ould Ebnou, the deputy L’Malouma Said, and the journalist Naha Mint Seyyidi.

Mohammad Al-Hasan Al-Dido was born in Boutilimit, he is a Mauritanian Muslim scholar, author, writer, and poet.

title: Boutilimit


text:
Talk:Surrey Hills, Victoria

Page move
(from WP:RM)

Surrey Hills → Surrey Hills, Victoria

 * Currently Surrey Hills, Victoria is a redirect to Surrey Hills, which is not uniform with all the other , Victoria pages. Could Surrey Hills be renamed to Surrey Hills, Victoria and Surrey Hills made a redirect to Surrey Hills, Victoria? Somebody in the WWW 23:50, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Surrey Hills, England
Surrey Hills AONB is also an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty near Dorking in Surrey, England. Perhaps the redirect Surrey Hills should become a disambiguation page? Our Phellap 20:50, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Surrey Hills Primary con tect
I removed this content as it was not referenced and is possibly contentious:

"Surrey Hills Primary is the local primary school and has been a testament to the community and its strength for over 250 years. However, my experience was one of extreme suffering. In 1972 Headmaster Smith viciously attacked a young man who was in first form with a large leather implement. That young man was me, Stu. It was not uncommon for him to readily announce over the PA system the names of students who were to be inflicted with grevious bodily harm by the evil strap."

Peter Campbell Talk! 09:41, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Surrey Hills Workforce
The section on Chatham Station says: "Most working residents of Surrey Hills commute to Melbourne either by car or train."

I'm not sure that "most working residents commute to Melbourne" is actually borne out by the figures. I can't find the workforce travel figures at the moment so I have left the entry. If it is correct then it should be changed to CBD as the term Melbourne is also used as a general wide reference to the entire city and not just Melbourne City Council area. --Tim O'Leary (talk) 04:59, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surrey Hills, Victoria


text:
Stick-fighting

Stick-fighting, stickfighting, or stick fighting, is a variety of martial arts which use simple long, slender, blunt, hand-held, generally wooden "sticks" for fighting, such as a gun staff, bō, jō, walking stick, baston, arnis sticks or similar weapons. Some techniques can also be used with a sturdy umbrella or even with a sword or dagger in its scabbard.

Thicker and/or heavier blunt weapons such as clubs or the mace are outside the scope of "stick-fighting" (since they cannot be wielded with such precision, so sheer force of impact is more important), as are more formed weapons such as the taiaha used by the Māori people of New Zealand, and the macuahuitl used by the Aztec people of Mesoamerica in warfare.

Although many systems are defensive combat techniques intended for use if attacked while lightly armed, others such as kendo, arnis, and gatka were developed as safe training methods for dangerous weapons. Whatever their history, many stick-fighting techniques lend themselves to being treated as sports.

In addition to systems specifically devoted to stick-fighting, certain other disciplines include it, either in its own right, as in the Tamil martial art silambam, or merely as part of a polyvalent training including other weapons and/or bare handed fighting, as in Kerala's kalaripayattu tradition, where these wooden weapons serve as preliminary training before practice of the more dangerous metal weapons.

Stick-fights between individuals or large gatherings between sub-tribes where men fight duels were an important part of the anthropological heritage of various cultures. On tribes such as the Surma people of Ethiopia, donga stick-fighting is an important cultural practice and the best means of showing off to look for a bride, nude or nearly so, and their more warlike neighbors, the Nyangatom people, Pokot people, Turkana people who fight duels bare-chested, the aim being to inflict visible stripes on the back of the adversary, using not plain staffs but sticks with a flexible, whipping tail-end.

Styles

Traditional European systems of stick-fighting included a wide variety of methods of quarterstaff combat, which were detailed in numerous manuscripts written by masters-at-arms. Many of these methods became extinct but others adapted and survived as folk-sports and self-defence systems. Examples include Portugal's jogo do pau, the related juego del palo of the Canary Islands, France's canne de combat or la canne, Poland's palcaty and Italy's scherma di bastone. Giuseppe Cerri's 1854 manual Trattato teorico e pratico della scherma di bastone is influenced by masters of the Italian school of swordsmanship, Achille Marozzo and perhaps Francesco Alfieri.

The French system of la canne is still practiced as a competitive sport. A self-defense adaptation of la canne developed by Swiss master-at-arms Pierre Vigny in the early 1900s has been revived as part of the curriculum of bartitsu.

In the US during the early years of the 1900s, fencer and self-defense specialist A. C. Cunningham developed a unique system of stick-fighting using a walking stick or umbrella, which he recorded in his book The Cane as a Weapon.

Singlestick was developed as a method of training in the use of backswords such as the cavalry sabre and naval cutlass. It was a popular pastime in the UK from the 18th to the early 20th century, and was a fencing event at the 1904 Summer Olympics. Although interest in the art declined, a few fencing coaches continued to train with the stick and competitions in this style of stick-fighting were reintroduced into the Royal Navy in the 1980s by commander Locker Madden. The art continues to gain a small following amongst the martial art community in the UK, Australia, Canada and the US.

Latin America also has its share of martial arts devoted to stick-fighting, including Venezuela's juego del garrote, Brazil's palo do Brasil and Maculelê, Trinidad's calinda and the South Americans' Eskrima Kombat.

Sticks and staves of various sizes are common weapons in Asian martial arts, in which they vary in design, size, weight, materials and methodology, and are often used interchangeably and alongside open-hand techniques. For example, eskrima or arnis of the Philippines uses sticks traditionally crafted from rattan or from butterfruit tree and may be wielded singly or as a pair.

title: Stick-fighting


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East Meon

East Meon is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 4.4 mi west of Petersfield.

The village is located in the Meon Valley approximately 31 km north of Portsmouth and 98 km southwest of London, on the headwaters of the River Meon. The parish has an area of 11370 acre. The boundaries of the present parish of East Meon date back to 1894.

About a mile to the west rises the prominent hill of Henwood Down (201 m). The South Downs Way passes over the southern spur of the hill. Petersfield railway station is the nearest station, 4 mi east of the village.

History

There are Bronze Age burial barrows within the parish of East Meon which date back to around 2000 BC. There is also an Iron Age fort, situated just outside the parish boundaries on Old Winchester Hill, constructed approximately 500 years before the Romans invaded Britain. There is also evidence of Roman occupation in and around the village.

East Meon itself may have started life somewhere between 400 and 600 AD. Then it was part of a Royal Manor belonging first to King Alfred the Great who left it in his will to his youngest son Æthelweard (c.880-922). The Domesday Book of 1086 shows that the Manor then belonged to William the Conqueror; it records six mills and land for 64 ploughs.

About 1280 a family from East Meon, who changed their name to de Meones, moved to Dublin, where they became substantial landowners and gave their name to the suburb of Rathmines.

Opposite the church is the old Court House, with a mediaeval hall dating from the late 15th century. At this time, and for many centuries, East Meon belonged to successive Bishops of Winchester. The Court House was its administrative centre and home to a number of monks who played host to the Bishop when he visited East Meon. They also recorded all manorial imports and exports.

East Meon played its part in the English Civil War of the 1640s. The Parliamentarians camped near the village before the Battle of Cheriton in 1644, and it is said that they stole the lead lining from the font to make their bullets. The battle turned out to be a turning point in the war. During the Second World War, Hitler's Luftwaffe dropped 38 high explosive bombs and an estimated 3,500 incendiary bombs in the Parish; the only loss of life, however, was a pig.

In 1986, the 900th anniversary of the Domesday Book, East Meon was chosen as "The Domesday Village", with a model in Winchester Castle's Great Hall depicting the village as it was then – the model can still be seen alongside the famous tapestry at Bayeux in Normandy.

All Saints' Church
The village church, named "All Saints," was built after the Norman Conquest, and dates between 1075 and 1150. It resembles Winchester Cathedral in style, and like the cathedral, it contains a black marble baptismal font created at Tournai, in what is now Belgium, c. 1130–40. The Tournai font is one of four such fonts in the county of Hampshire. Inside the church, there is a stone, which has the words "Amens Plenty" carved into it, which is said to sit atop the graves of four men buried in the standing position.

Community
There are groups for a variety of interests within the local area. There are also charitable organisations which work in and around the village.

Groups

 * The East Meon Garden Club is a society which organises two East Meon Gardens Open Days, in April and June, seven evening meetings, two visits to gardens and the opportunity to buy seeds and plants, fertilisers and bulbs at discounted prices. It runs a Plant Sale and the annual Flower Show.
 * The Care Group work arranging transport to local surgeries and hospitals for people who are unable to get there by themselves.
 * There is a weekly lunch held in the Village Hall which is open to local residents over the age of 60. The meat is provided by a local butcher.

Local Charity

 * Forbes Almhouses are perhaps the longest-established institution in East Meon for administering help to the poor and elderly, the Forbes Almshouses are administered and funded by a Charitable Trust, whose aim is to provide basic housing for those of very limited means.
 * The Sexton is an independent organisation, registered with The Charities Commission, which funds work on the more unruly sections of the graveyard of All Saints. It also has a mandate to protect the natural habitats of the Church grounds. The Sexton has no direct links to the church itself.
 * The Good Causes fund is responsible for considering requests for funding, and ensuring that they are within the guidelines laid down by The Charities Commission. Numerous causes have benefited from the £29,000 donated since the Fund's inception including the Village Hall, youth organisations, the Luncheon Club, East Meon School, Meon Matters, junior sports activities and the Queen's Golden Jubilee and Millennium celebrations.

Village Hall
The Village Hall is a venue with one large hall and a smaller room attached, together with a kitchen, toilets and a stage.

There is an annual May Fair.

Cricket
The Cricket Club is a village affair, with its team rooted firmly in East Meon. The club is a Sunday side mainly playing timed matches.

Its ground is located at the South East of the village where the team plays a mixture of local sides and travelling sides from the middle of April to the end of September, the annual sixes competition and village party takes place at the end of June with local sides competing for the East Meon Sixes trophy, and a tour of the Isle of Wight follows in the middle of July.

Needle matches are those against nearby villages, particularly Steep and West Meon. More social events include the games played against the Court House XI, Captain Scott's XI, XIIth Men, IBM, Stoke Makers and the Izaak Lions.

title: East Meon


text:
Anandyn Amar

Anandyn Amar (Анандын Амар; 1886 – July 10, 1941) was the head of state of the Mongolian People's Republic from 1932 to 1936 and twice served as prime minister from 1928–1930 and again from 1936–1939. A widely respected politician, Amar was known for his eloquent defense of Mongolian independence in the face of increasing Soviet domination. Despite this, he proved powerless in preventing Minister of Interior Khorloogiin Choibalsan and the Soviet NKVD from carrying out mass purges of nearly 30,000 Mongolians during his second term as prime minister between 1937 and 1939. Amar's popularity ultimately led to his purge by the pro-Soviet Choibalsan, who had him charged with counterrevolution in 1939. Amar was sent to Moscow for trial and executed on July 10, 1941.

Early life and career
Amar (literally meaning "peace/peaceful" in the Mongolian language) was born in 1886 in the present-day Khangal district of Bulgan Province (then called Daichin Van Khoshuu in Tüsheet Khan Province) in north-central Mongolia. The son of a poor nobleman, the "khokhi taij" or "impoverished prince" Anand, Amar studied Mongolian, Manchu, and Classical Tibetan in the Khoshuu school. He then worked his way up from being a local official to a position in the foreign ministry of Autonomous Mongolia from 1913 to 1919.

He joined the Mongolian People's Party in 1923, and was elected to the Presidium (Politburo) of the MPRP Central Committee in August 1924. He also served concurrently as a member of the 1st through 7th Small Hurals. From 1923 to 1928, Amar served as deputy prime minister while also holding various other government portfolios at different times, including minister of foreign affairs, minister of internal affairs, and president of the economic council.

Prime minister (first term)
Amar was appointed prime minister on February 21, 1928, following the death of Balingiin Tserendorj. The Soviets, already suspicious of the prestige he enjoyed in Mongolia, curtailed his authority by promptly assigning him to work in the Institute of Manuscripts. Amar's first term as prime minister ended on April 27, 1930.

From 1930 to 1932, he was chairman of the science committee, during which time he authored two books: The Tenth Anniversary and Scientific Production (1931) and On the Development of the Mongolian National Script (1933). From 1932 to 1936, he served as chairman of the presidium of the Small Hural (titular head of state).

Short History of Mongolia
In 1934, he authored the Short History of Mongolia. In the prologue, he wrote:

"It is truly unbearably sad that the Mongol ethnicity, despite having since ancient times and especially in the time of Genghis Khan run a glorious path of development among the countries of Asia and Europe, should in these latter days have been divided into many parts, with some unable to protect and safeguard their ethnic roots, customs, land and property, revering a powerful foreign entity while not having any power or policy to carry out their own affairs or accomplish pertinent actions, not only subjecting themselves to others' authority but actually striving to accomplish the policies and interests of foreign entities. Imperialist nations such as the Manj (Manchus) and Khyatad (Chinese), who have historically tried to convert the Mongol nation into their trading shops and establish their own sole hegemony while fixing prices at their own whim for exploitative purposes, are now at this very moment fighting amongst each other to convert our own nationally identical Inner Mongolia into their trading shop. And so it is that the Mongol nation of animal husbandry (Inner and Outer Mongolia) has fallen so low as to meet the fate of becoming a trading shop of other nations."

Prime minister (second term)
Amar was appointed prime minister for the second time (and concurrently foreign minister) on March 22, 1936, following Peljidiin Genden's removal from both offices. Genden had resisted Soviet pressure to destroy Mongolia's Buddhist churches and had publicly scolded Joseph Stalin at a Mongolian Embassy reception. Although Amar was the new prime minister, Khorloogiin Choibalsan became Stalin's new favorite and, as head of the newly created Internal Affairs Ministry, was the de facto most powerful person in Mongolia. Choibalsan increased his power in May 1936 when he had the Internal Affairs Committee rules amended to facilitate the detention of high-ranking politicians without first consulting political superiors.

Shortly after becoming prime minister in 1936, Amar and Dansranbilegiin Dogsom, the chairman of the presidium of the Small Hural, aggravated Choibalsan and Moscow alike when they pardoned prisoners implicated in the Lkhümbe Affair in honor of the fifteenth anniversary of the revolution. Amar's enemies, particularly Choibalsan, used the event to connect him to the fictitious Lkhümbe spy ring. Amar was increasingly accused of participating in counterrevolutionary activity, causing Choibalsan to exclaim, "We must get rid of this feudal trouble maker Amar!"

Stalinist repressions
Amar was powerless to prevent the large-scale purges that Choibalsan and NKVD advisers embedded within the interior ministry unleashed on the country from 1937 to 1939. At the first show trial, staged at the Central Theater from October 18 to 20, 1937, Amar openly wept as close friends were sentenced to death.

Purged
Because of Amar's continued popularity among Mongolians, Stalin was eager to eliminate him. He instructed Choibalsan to have party leader Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav launch a propaganda campaign against the popular prime minister. On March 6, 1939, Luvsansharav denounced Amar at an enlarged meeting of the MPRP Central Committee, saying he "had helped anti-government plotters, opposed their arrest, and neglected the defense of the borders. He betrayed his own country and was a traitor to the revolution." Once Choibalsan seconded the condemnation, opinions within the Central Committee rapidly turned against Amar.

When Amar took the floor in his own defense he said:

"Although I believe in religion, the one thing that I believe in even more is that Mongolia should stand firmly on her feet to become an independent country. I love my country. I have shown this with my work. I have been among the first to devote myself to the cause of my country's development, and my heart is breaking to finally witness myself being called a traitor and being subjected to castigation."

Amar was found guilty at the end of the one-day trial. He was removed from the office of prime minister, expelled from the MPRP, and then arrested by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In July 1939, Amar's case passed to the NKVD, and Amar was sent to the Siberian town of Chita and then on to Moscow. With Amar's removal, Choibalsan was named prime minister and became Mongolia's uncontested leader, simultaneously holding the offices of prime minister, minister for internal affairs, minister of war, and Commander in Chief of the Mongolian armed forces.

Trial and execution
Ironically, while awaiting trial in Moscow, Amar was jailed with Luvsansharav, the very same person who had arrested him and who had also fallen victim to Choibalsan's purges shortly thereafter.

On July 10, 1941, Amar was tried by a Soviet troika and sentenced to death. Throughout the trial, Amar insisted that, if the Mongolian People's Republic were really an independent nation, he should be tried by a Mongolian court. His last recorded words were, "It is typical that when a big power colonizes a small country, its leaders are arrested and persecuted. My personal experience demonstrates this attitude of the USSR towards Mongolia."

He was immediately executed at the Kommunarka shooting ground near Moscow; his body is buried there.

Rehabilitation
On December 15, 1956, after reviewing Stalin's purges, military collegiums found no evidence of Amar's guilt. On January 25, 1962, he was rehabilitated, and on September 26, 1989, his membership in the MPRP was restored.

title: Anandyn Amar


text:
Category:Words

Note that the subject of an article in the Wikipedia should very typically be about a concept and not primarily the usage of a word. Per Wikipedia is not a dictionary, such articles are usually better being moved to Wiktionary.

title: Category:Words


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Jedi Mind Tricks

Jedi Mind Tricks (JMT) are an American underground hip hop group from Philadelphia, founded in 1996 by two high school friends, rapper Vinnie Paz (Vincenzo Luvineri) and producer Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind (Kevin Baldwin). In 1999, rapper Jus Allah joined the group to record their second studio album, Violent by Design. Jus left the group shortly after, but returned in late 2006 and began working on the sixth studio album, A History of Violence. In 2011 Stoupe left the group because "his heart wasn't in making JMT records anymore". In 2013, Jus split from the group indefinitely, and Stoupe returned in 2015.

DJ Kwestion mainly scratches choruses on the turntable. Kwestion is also a part of the group Skratch Makaniks. Kwestion, who is the tour DJ, was a replacement for JMT's previous DJ, Drew Dollars, who is no longer affiliated with the group due to creative differences.

JMT has collaborations with both regional MCs and rap veterans, including GZA, Kool G Rap, 7L & Esoteric, Sean Price, Ras Kass, Canibus, Percee P, Killah Priest, Immortal Technique, Block McCloud, Virtuoso, Louis Logic, R.A. the Rugged Man, Tragedy Khadafi, Chief Kamachi, Necro, and Ill Bill. The group has sold over 250,000 albums in the United States and 450,000 albums worldwide, all of which were released independently.

1996–97: Amber Probe EP and Psycho-Social
Jedi Mind Tricks officially debuted with the Amber Probe EP.

The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness, known as "The Psycho-Social CD" for short, was released by Superregular Recordings and was JMT's first full-length LP. It featured 12 tracks and the 2002 re-issue featured 6 bonus tracks, and included all the tracks that had appeared on the Amber Probe EP.

1998–2000: Five Perfect Exertions EP and Violent by Design
Prior to the release of their first LP, Vinnie Paz had conceived the idea of forming a rotating, collaborative super-group of underground East Coast artists called the Army of the Pharaohs (AotP). 1998 saw the first result of these efforts in The Five Perfect Exertions EP. The release featured Virtuoso, 7L & Esoteric, Chief Kamachi and Bahamadia as well as Vinnie Paz himself. The EP was later remixed for JMT's next LP, Violent by Design (2000), albeit without Chief Kamachi's verse.

The LP was originally titled "Polymatrix: Reincarnation of the Hologramic Christ". Vinnie Paz's style became noticeably more aggressive, abandoning his cosmic, paranoid rhyme style from The Psycho-Social CD for more violent lyrics. The LP also introduced Jus Allah, a founding member of JMT who had left for college but dropped out a short while after. A self-proclaimed Five-Percenter, Jus was present on every non-AotP track on Violent by Design as JMT's unofficial third member. Violent By Design contained a mix of braggadocio and horrorcore lyrics, combining hardcore/gangsta rap styles with mythological and fantasy imagery. According to Vinnie Paz, JMT used the proceeds from The Amber Probe to buy equipment to produce Violent by Design, which was recorded entirely in Stoupe's bedroom, without a mic booth or soundproofing.

The list of guest artists on this album was also their longest, including Mr. Lif, Planetary of OuterSpace, Louis Logic, Diamondback, Philip King Rappah, Coffee Gangsta Child L-Fudge, B.A. Barakus, J-Treds, Killa Sha, C-Baz and Tragedy Khadafi, plus a couple of odd phone-call interludes by Mr. Len.

During the course of Violent by Design's 1999–2000 recording period, Paz changed his alias from Ikon the Verbal Hologram to Vinnie Paz, inspired by the boxer of the same name. The reason for this has been reported to be the result of a short-lived rivalry instigated by fellow Philly underground rapper iCON the Mic King. Vinnie Paz decided to settle on his new moniker in order to prevent any further confusion. It was also around this time that he formally declared himself to be a follower of Islam, alluding to this fact several times on record.

2003: Visions of Gandhi
In 2003, JMT released their third LP, Visions of Gandhi. In an interview, Vinnie Paz said the title was inspired by Foxy Brown's verse in Nas's song "Affirmative Action", and expresses the need for a prominent figure of non-violent social change such as Gandhi in a post-9/11 world. Stoupe, now supplied with a professional studio in New York, also expanded his variety of production, incorporating grand orchestral samples and a stronger Latin feel. In response, some longtime fans felt let down by Vinnie Paz's lyricism and delivery, as well as the abundance of slick, upbeat loops adopted by Stoupe. Nevertheless, the album helped expand the group's audience as its popularity and commercial success continued to grow. Despite the album's reference to Gandhi, its lyrics were violent and homophobic, with Pitchfork panning the album as "an awkward mix of murder rap and the shiniest boom-bap money can buy." The review also criticized Stoupe's production, claiming that the "mysteriously upbeat" tracks clashed with Vinnie Paz's horrorcore lyrics.

2004–06: Legacy of Blood and Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell
A little over a year after Visions of Gandhi, JMT released Legacy of Blood, this time intentionally keeping guest artists to a minimum. Vinnie Paz also added a more personal aspect to his lyrics, most notably in the last song "Before the Great Collapse," which was written as a suicide note to his mother.

In February 2005, Babygrande announced that Jus Allah had signed on to the label after reconciling with his former partners. Babygrande released his long-awaited debut LP, All Fates Have Changed, in May of that year. However, after a dispute with label CEO Chuck Wilson soon after the album's release, Jus left Babygrande and denied any new association with JMT.

In March 2006, a reunited Army of the Pharaohs released The Torture Papers LP. The crew now consisted of Vinnie Paz, Chief Kamachi, 7L & Esoteric, Apathy, Celph Titled, Planetary & Crypt the Warchild of Outerspace, King Syze, Faez One, Reef the Lost Cauze, and new Jedi Mind Tricks hype-man Des Devious. This time, however, Virtuoso and Bahamadia were not featured and were no longer associated with AotP.

The fifth Jedi Mind Tricks album, titled Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell, was released on September 19, 2006. The release coincided with the beginning of a tour to promote the album, which kicked off in New York City's Times Square. The album was widely acclaimed, unlike the group's two previous albums. A large part of the acclaim was due to the album's lyrical and musical diversity, both missing from their previous efforts. The album featured the single "Heavy Metal Kings" with Ill Bill, the Shara Worden-assisted "Razorblade Salvation", and the storytelling track "Uncommon Valor: A Vietnam Story" with R.A. the Rugged Man. A day after the release of the album, Vinnie Paz of Jedi Mind Tricks did an interview with The Breakdown, a show on ItsHipHop.tv where he discussed the album and his thoughts on Jus Allah.

In early 2006, rumors spread that the group had reunited with estranged member Jus Allah, and that he would be featured on Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell, but no collaboration appeared. However, on September 20, 2006 a newly recorded Jedi Mind Tricks/Jus Allah collaboration, produced by Brods and entitled "The Rebuilding," appeared online. In a January 2007 interview, Paz stated that Jus would be featured on the group's upcoming sixth album, titled A History of Violence. Jus Allah, Doap Nixon and Demoz were added to the AotP roster in 2007, and contributed verses to the group's second studio album Ritual of Battle, which was released on September 25, 2007. Also, in summer 2008, Jedi Mind Tricks' Label, Babygrande, released a JMT DVD called "Divine Fire: The Story of Jedi Mind Tricks".

2007–09: Reunion with Jus Allah and A History of Violence
In an interview conducted in September 2007 on the Art of Rhyme website, Jus Allah announced that he has rejoined Jedi Mind Tricks. In the interview, he stated "I'm back in the group [and that] I'm focused on... putting out the next Jedi Mind Tricks album... a History of Violence." A History of Violence was released on November 11, 2008. It would be the last JMT album released on Babygrande Records.

2010–13: Enemy Soil, Violence Begets Violence, departure of Stoupe and Jus Allah
After a long time dispute with Babygrande Records, JMT decided to part ways and form their own record label entitled Enemy Soil. Enemy Soil features artists such as JMT, Reef the Lost Cauze, Dutch (the side group of Stoupe The Enemy of Mankind), and Army of the Pharaohs.

Vinnie Paz released his first solo album Season of the Assassin on June 22, 2010. Jus Allah is in the works of releasing his second solo album entitled MMA (Meanest Man Alive). Stoupe released the album for his group, Dutch, (which features Liz Fullerton on vocals) entitled A Bright Cold Day on June 8, 2010. Army of the Pharaohs released their third album as well entitled The Unholy Terror on March 30, 2010.

It was announced that JMT would be creating a new title called Violence Begets Violence. This album marks the first album without Stoupe behind production. Vinnie Paz stated in a blog on the JMT website that Stoupe has lost the inspiration for Hip-Hop and decided to focus on other things in his career, such as his sidegroups, and that Stoupe would not be producing any of the tracks on the new JMT album. Vinnie Paz stated that there is no conflict between the two and if Stoupe wants to be part of the next album, Paz would welcome him back. JMT has since gotten numerous producers to fill in the slot and released a new single from the album entitled "Target Practice". The new album was released on October 25, 2011.

In November 2013, one of the first acts on Stoupe's new production company, Bad Tape Music, Red Martina released their debut Intransit with Stoupe as the producer on all thirteen tracks. Other band members are rapper Noesis (from Philadelphia Slick), multi-instrumentalist Ish Quintero, and vocalist Hayley Cass.

Jus Allah had left the group along with leaving the supergroup Army of the Pharaohs. The reason for his departure has not been disclosed.

2014–18: Return of Stoupe, The Thief and the Fallen and The Bridge and the Abyss
On November 7, 2014, JMTHIPHOP.com confirmed Stoupe's return to Jedi Mind Tricks. On November 27, 2014, a post on jmthiphop.com revealed that Vinnie Paz and Stoupe would be returning as Jedi Mind Tricks in 2015.

Their album The Thief and the Fallen was released on June 2, 2015.

Vinnie Paz mentioned numerous times in 2016 on his podcast, "Broad Street Breakdown", that he and Stoupe were working on another Jedi Mind Tricks record.

The ninth studio album The Bridge and the Abyss was released on June 22, 2018.

2019–now: Vinnie Paz albums and The Funeral and the Raven
From 2019, Vinnie Paz released several studio albums, including Camouflage Regime with Tragedy Khadafi.

On November 19, 2021, Jedi Mind Tricks released their tenth studio album, The Funeral and the Raven, which was fully produced by Stoupe.

Current members

 * Vinnie Paz – vocals (1996–present)
 * Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind – DJ (1996–2011, 2014–present)
 * DJ Kwestion – DJ (1997–present)

Former members

 * Jus Allah – vocals (1998–2001, 2006–2013)
 * DJ Drew Dollars – DJ (1996–1997)

Discography

 * The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness (1997)
 * Violent by Design (2000)
 * Visions of Gandhi (2003)
 * Legacy of Blood (2004)
 * Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell (2006)
 * A History of Violence (2008)
 * Violence Begets Violence (2011)
 * The Thief and the Fallen (2015)
 * The Bridge and the Abyss (2018)
 * The Funeral and the Raven (2021)

title: Jedi Mind Tricks


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Bootee

A bootee (also bootie or booty) is a short soft sock or bootlike garment used for warmth or protection. Bootees for babies are usually thick and knitted, to keep the baby's feet warm. Dog booties for dogs such as sledge dogs in very cold Arctic conditions (see Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race) protect the animal from the cold and sharp ice. Booties worn over the shoes in cold-weather biking similarly protect cyclists.

Disposable socks, such as those worn for hygiene by surgical teams, are also called bootees.

title: Bootee


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Koumbi Saleh

Koumbi Saleh, or Kumbi Saleh, is the site of a ruined ancient and medieval city in south east Mauritania that may have been the capital of the Ghana Empire. It is also a commune with a population of 11,064 (census 2013).

From the ninth century, Arab authors mention the Ghana Empire in connection with the trans-Saharan gold trade. Al-Bakri who wrote in eleventh century described the capital of Ghana as consisting of two towns 6 mi apart, one inhabited by Muslim merchants, and the other by the king of Ghana. The discovery in 1913 of a 17th-century African chronicle that gave the name of the capital as Koumbi led French archaeologists to the ruins at Koumbi Saleh. Excavations at the site have revealed the ruins of a large Muslim town with houses built of stone and a congregational mosque but no inscription to unambiguously identify the site as that of capital of Ghana. Ruins of the king's town described by al-Bakri have not been found. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the site was occupied between the late 5th and 14th centuries.

Arabic sources and the capital of the Ghana Empire

The earliest author to mention Ghana is the Persian astronomer Ibrahim al-Fazari who, writing at the end of the eighth century, refers to "the territory of Ghana, the land of gold". The Ghana Empire lay in the Sahel region to the north of the West African gold fields and was able to profit from controlling the trans-Saharan gold trade. The early history of Ghana is unknown but there is evidence that North Africa had begun importing gold from West Africa before the Arab conquest in the middle of the seventh century.

In the medieval Arabic sources the word "Ghana" can refer to a royal title, the name of a capital city or a kingdom. The earliest reference to Ghana as a town is by al-Khuwarizmi who died in around 846 AD. Two centuries later a detailed description of the town is provided by al-Bakri in his Book of Routes and Realms which he completed in around 1068. Al-Bakri never visited the region but obtained his information from earlier writers and from informants that he met in his native Spain:

"The city of Ghāna consists of two towns situated on a plain. One of these towns, which is inhabited by Muslims, is large and possesses twelve mosques, in one of which they assemble for Friday prayer. ... In the environs are wells with sweet water, from which they drink and with which they grow vegetables. The king's town is 6 mi distant from this one and bears the name of Al-Ghāba. Between these two towns are continuous habitations. The houses of the inhabitants are of stone and acacia wood. The king has a palace and a number of domed dwellings all surrounded with an enclosure like a city wall. In the king's town, and not far from his courts of justice, is a mosque where Muslims who arrive in his court pray. Around the king's town are domed buildings and groves and thickets where the sorcerers of these people, men in charge of the religious cult, live."

The descriptions provided by the early Arab authors lack sufficient detail to pinpoint the exact location of the town. The much later 17th-century African chronicle, the Tarikh al-fattash, states that the Malian Empire was preceded by the Kayamagna dynasty which had a capital at a town called Koumbi. The chronicle does not use the word Ghana. The other important 17th-century chronicle, the Tarikh al-Sudan mentions that the Malian Empire came after the dynasty of Qayamagha which had its capital at the city of Ghana. It is assumed that the "Kayamagna" or "Qayamagha" dynasty ruled the empire of Ghana mentioned in the early Arabic sources.

Contested identification
In recent years, the identification of Koumbi Saleh with the 'city of Ghana' described in the sources has been increasingly disputed by scholars. No inscription has been found to unambiguously link the ruins with the Muslim capital of Ghana described by al-Bakri. Moreover, the ruins of the king's town of Al-Ghaba have not been found.

al-Idrisi, a twelfth-century writer, described Ghana's royal city as lying on a riverbank, a river he called the "Nile." This followed the geographic custom of his day, which confused the Niger and Senegal Rivers and believed that they formed a single river often called the "Nile of the Blacks". Whether al-Idrisi was referring to a new and later capital located elsewhere, or whether there was confusion or corruption in his text is unclear. However, he does state that the royal palace he knew was built in 510 AH (1116–1117 AD), suggesting that it was a newer town, rebuilt closer to the river than Koumbi Saleh. This has led to the suggestion that at some point the capital may have been moved south to the Niger River.

In the French translation of the Tarikh al-fattash published in 1913, Octave Houdas and Maurice Delafosse include a footnote in which they comment that local tradition also suggested that the first capital of Kayamagna was at Koumbi and that the town was in the Ouagadou region in Mali, northeast of Goumbou on the road leading from Goumbou to Néma and Oualata.

Ann Kritzinger, relying on a re-reading of ibn Battuta and other Arabic writers, has argued that the archaeological site of Koumbi Saleh in fact represents the Berber town of Awdaghost, and that the capital of the Ghana Empire was Djenne.

Dig history
The extensive ruins at Koumbi Saleh were first reported by Albert Bonnel de Mézières in 1914. The site lies in the Sahel region of southern Mauritania, 30 km north of the Malian border, 57 km south-southeast of Timbédra and 98 km northwest of the town of Nara in Mali. The vegetation is low grass with thorny scrub and the occasional acacia tree. In the wet season (July–September) the limited rain fills a number of depressions, but for the rest of the year there is no rain and no surface water.

Beginning with Bonnel de Mézières in 1914, the site has been excavated by successive teams of French archaeologists. Paul Thomassey and Raymond Mauny excavated between 1949 and 1951, Serge Robert during 1975-76 and Sophie Berthier during 1980–81.

Site description
The urban planning of Koumbi Saleh was complex and well-organized. Connah (2008) notes that the city was divided into two main areas: the royal palace and the commercial district. The palace was located on a raised platform and was surrounded by a moat. The commercial district consisted of a large central market and numerous smaller markets that specialized in specific goods. Insoll (1997) suggests that the layout of the city was influenced by Islamic urban planning principles, such as the use of mosques and the orientation of streets towards Mecca.

The main section of the town lay on a small hill that nowadays rises to about 15 m above the surrounding plain. The hill would have originally been lower as part of the present height is a result of the accumulated ruins. The houses were constructed from local stone (schist) using banco rather than mortar. From the quantity of debris it is likely that some of the buildings had more than one storey. The rooms were quite narrow, probably due to the absence of large trees to provide long rafters to support the ceilings. The houses were densely packed together and separated by narrow streets. In contrast a wide avenue, up to 12 m in width, ran in an east–west direction across the town. At the western end lay an open site that was probably used as a marketplace. The main mosque was centrally placed on the avenue. It measured approximately 46 m east to west and 23 m north to south. The western end was probably open to the sky. The mihrab faced due east. The upper section of the town covered an area of 700 m by 700 m. To the southwest lay a lower area (500 m by 700 m) that would have been occupied by less permanent structures and the occasional stone building. There were two large cemeteries outside the town suggesting that the site was occupied over an extended period. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments from a house near the mosque have given dates that range between the late 5th and the 14th centuries.

Interpretation
The archaeology of Koumbi Saleh provides insight into the urbanization process of one of the earliest West African states. According to Es'andah (1976), the city was either founded or greatly expanded upon in the 8th century AD with recent estimates in the last 2 decades of a possible foundation period as far back as the 2nd century to 1st century BCE and as of the 8th century AD served as the primary epicenter of a vast trade network that spanned the Sahara Desert. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city was a hub for the exchange of gold, iron, salt, ivory, and other commodities. One of the most significant archaeological discoveries at Koumbi Saleh was the uncovering of large numbers of Islamic coins, ceramics, and glassware. This suggests that the city had extensive trading links with other Islamic regions such as North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. The coins were minted in locations as far away as Baghdad, providing evidence of the far-reaching trade networks that once existed in West Africa.

The French archaeologist Raymond Mauny estimated that the town would have accommodated between 15,000 and 20,000 inhabitants, acknowledging that this is an enormous population for a town in the Sahara with a very limited supply of water ("Chiffre énorme pour une ville saharienne").

The archaeological excavations at Koumbi Saleh have provided valuable insights into the political, economic, and social structures of the Ghana Empire. The city's ruins and ancient artifacts have been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, and ongoing research continues to shed light on the rich history of West Africa's ancient kingdoms.

Architecture
Believed to have been built between the ninth and fourteenth centuries, the Kumbi Saleh mosque is one of the earliest recognised structures among its counterparts, such as the Awdaghust, found in the Adrar and Hodh regions. Despite the limited historical documentation, these mosques are of great importance in understanding the architectural heritage of the region. In particular, in the eleventh century, Al-Bakri identified Kumbi Saleh as the capital of the Kingdom of Wagadu, also known as the Kingdom of Ghana.

Situated in what was probably a Sahelian steppe environment, the Mosque of Kumbi Saleh has undergone numerous transformations and extensions throughout its history. Original measurements suggest that the building spanned approximately 46 metres on the east-west axis and 23 metres on the north-south axis, making it one of the larger structures of its time.

First observations by Raymond Mauny and Paul Thomassey in 1950 led to extensive excavations between 1979 and 1982 by Serge Robert, which provided important insights into its architectural development. The mosque, built primarily of dry stone and decorated with a plaster of red mud, featured decorative slabs of slate with intricate painted designs, including epigraphic, geometric and floral motifs.

Throughout its existence, the Kumbi Saleh mosque has undergone several phases of expansion and renovation. Later extensions raised the height of the prayer hall to about 3 metres, supported by columns with stone drums on top. Architectural excavations revealed a series of mihrabs, demonstrating the mosque's continuous adaptation to the changing needs of its community.

The urban vitality of Kumbi Saleh is exemplified by the successive additions and alterations to the mosque, demonstrating the historical importance of the area as a cultural and religious centre. Similarly, the mosque of Awdaghust shares many architectural characteristics with the mosque of Kumbi Saleh, with stone construction and decorative elements, albeit with unique variations reflecting its own historical context and development.

World Heritage Status
The archaeological site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on June 14, 2001 in the Cultural category.

title: Koumbi Saleh


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User talk:Arsenio

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[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 18:44, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Kosovo map
Please see Image talk:Kosovo 1913-1992 CIA.jpg. Cheers. --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 16:40, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arsenio


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Hamiota, Manitoba

Hamiota is an unincorporated urban community in the Hamiota Municipality within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. It is located on Provincial Trunk Highway 21 (PTH 21) midway between the Trans-Canada Highway and the Yellowhead Highway. It is located in Western Manitoba, 84 kilometers northwest of Brandon. The trading area radius of 20 kilometres has approximately 10,000 people. First known as Hamilton, for Thomas Hamilton, one of the first settlers, the town name was changed to avoid confusion with Hamilton, Ontario. The new name contracted Hamilton with the Sioux word ota, "much".

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hamiota had a population of 856 living in 393 of its 438 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 841. With a land area of 3.35 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Culture
Hamiota is known for its local sports teams, arts and culture community, and health care. Hamiota was the home of Dr. John E. Hudson ("Dr. Ed": 1917–2003), a member of the Order of Canada (2001) and recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Anniversary Medal (2003). Dr. Hudson led Hamiota District Health Center to become the model rural health care facility in Manitoba. A memorial statue of Dr. Hudson was erected near the hospital in 2004. MP Inky Mark was the main force behind the statue project. The community offers arts/cultural opportunities through the new Heritage Arts Center. Formerly known as the Royal Bank Building, the Heritage Arts Center was constructed as the Union Bank in 1905. Now occupied by the Mid-West Arts Council, the building provides a space for exhibiting of art, serving as the only exhibition space within the district.

Hamiota Pioneer Club Museum features artifacts relating to the settlement and development of the district, including a taxidermy display, the former McConnell railway station and their most recent addition, the Oakner Church.

Economy
The agriculture, healthcare and education sectors are the major employers within the area. Within the last four years, the region has seen growth in the agriculture sector. Over 100 new jobs have been created in Hamiota and area in the last three to four years with many of these in the expanding livestock sector.

Education and health
Hamiota District Health Care Centre embraced the "community health care concept in the early 1970s.

The Pope National Wildlife Reserve was used as a water storage area for the railway during the age of steam locomotives, these parcels of land were returned to the federal government with the advent of the diesel engine. The area was designated as a national wildlife reserve in 1972. It is one of the few federally-owned parcels of land remaining in Manitoba, and is an important water source for the wetlands and marshes located downstream.

Biodiversity
Hamiota has one of the few known nesting sites for the Western Plains garter snake a species once thought to be extinct. A hibernaculum was built for the snakes 6.5 kilometres west of the community.

Leisure
The Pitlockery Trail takes walkers east of Hamiota to view the marsh life and enjoy the sounds of the bird population. Spring brings warblers, blackbirds and ducks; many stay to raise their young for the summer, only to migrate south in the fall season. Chickadees keep watch over the frozen marsh during winter, awaiting the return of spring. The trail is located along the former railway line.

The Chumah Trail allows outdoor enthusiasts west of Hamiota to enjoy the prairie grasslands and native vegetation. A viewing platform for birds has been constructed at the end of the trail branching off to the north. With more tree and bush cover, this trail is better situated for cross country skiing in the winter and is groomed regularly. The trail is located along the former railway line.

Hamiota Municipal Park was established in 1967 as part of Canada's centennial celebrations. It is home to seven ball diamonds, an outdoor equestrian arena, horse and cattle barns, soccer pitch, beach volleyball, children's playground, 28 site serviced campground, Hamiota Municipal Museum and the Hamiota Aquatic Centre. Located next to the Hamiota & District Sports Complex and the 9-hole Hamiota Golf Course, the park is the host for sports.

Notable people

 * Sandra Birdsell, writer
 * Grahame Budge, rugby player
 * Beth Cochran, basketball player and educator
 * Dallas Smith, hockey player
 * John Marks, hockey player

title: Hamiota, Manitoba


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Secret Samadhi

Secret Samadhi is the fourth studio album by American alternative rock band Live. It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 upon its release on February 18, 1997. It includes the singles "Lakini's Juice", "Rattlesnake", "Turn My Head", and "Freaks". The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA on July 8, 1999.

This is the first Live recording to be produced by Jay Healy since their 1990 cassette EP Divided Mind, Divided Planet.

The US release uses HDCD encoding, but the package is not labeled as HDCD.

Personnel
Live
 * Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Patrick Dahlheimer – bass
 * Chad Gracey – drums

Additional musicians
 * Tim Bauber – engineering
 * Jon Carin – keyboards
 * Jennifer Charles – vocals on "Ghost"
 * Jay Healy – engineering, production
 * Femio Hernandez – engineering, production
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * Doug Katsaros – string arrangements on "Lakini's Juice" and "Turn My Head"
 * Gerardo Lopez – engineering, production
 * Tom Lord-Alge – mixing
 * Greg Thompson – engineering, production

title: Secret Samadhi


text: User talk:208.31.154.102

title: User talk:208.31.154.102


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User:Biodun

I think the concept of a "free" encyclopedia is wonderful.

title: User:Biodun