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A. A. Allen

Asa Alonso Allen (March 27, 1911 – June 11, 1970), better known as A. A. Allen, was an American Pentecostal evangelist known for his faith healing and deliverance ministry. He was, for a time, associated with the "Voice of Healing" movement founded by Gordon Lindsay. Allen died of alcoholism and liver failure in a coma at the age of 59 in San Francisco, California, and was buried at his ministry headquarters in Miracle Valley, Arizona.

Early life
A. A. Allen's early life was lived in an often unpleasant environment. Having been born of mixed race to white and Native American parents, his family was very poor and his father was an alcoholic.

At the age of 23, Allen became a Christian at the Onward Methodist Church in Miller, Missouri. Later, he learned of the Baptism with the Holy Spirit from a Pentecostal preacher who was conducting meetings in his home. Allen soon felt the call to preach and affiliated himself with the Assemblies of God, subsequently obtaining ordination from them in 1936. He then began to pastor a small church in Colorado. By 1947, Allen was pastoring a large Assemblies of God church in Corpus Christi, Texas.

After attending a tent revival meeting hosted by Oral Roberts in 1949, Allen testified that as he left that meeting he hoped to form a divine healing ministry. Allen asked his church board to allow him to start a radio program, but they refused. Allen soon resigned from his church and began holding healing revival meetings.

Revivalist
Stemming in part from many reported healings, Allen established a large following. He became one of the first ministers to develop a national television ministry, which frequently included excerpts from his "healing line" ministry. By the late 1960s, however, music formed an increasingly dominant part of Allen's programs, which was generally performed by African-American singer and choir leader Gene Martin.

In 1955, Allen purchased a large tent for $8,500. He was soon one of the major healing evangelists on the healing revival circuit. Allen's revival meetings were similar to the other leading evangelists of the time (such as Roberts, Jack Coe, and William Branham) in that meetings were typically characterized by preaching, testimony, music, and praying for the sick. As was the case with other ministers of the time, Allen's healing ministry was facilitated by the use of "prayer cards" obtained in advance by those requesting prayer for healing.

In 1955, Allen was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving after a controversial incident in Knoxville, Tennessee. He resigned from the Assemblies of God shortly afterward. After paying a fine without contest in order to avoid terminating his Knoxville meetings which were then in progress, Allen was re-ordained by his "Miracle Revival Fellowship." His associate Don Stewart claimed that Allen was occasionally drunk after Knoxville, and that his staff covered for him.

Allen continued on the revival circuit, and in 1958 he purchased a tent previously used by Coe that could seat over 22,000. He became one of the first evangelists to propagate the prosperity gospel, calling poverty a "spirit" and expounding God's ability to perform miracles financially. At his peak, Allen appeared on fifty-eight radio stations daily, as well as forty-three television stations. At the time of his death, his headquarters in Miracle Valley, Arizona was 2400 acre with its own airfield.

At that time, A. A. Allen Revivals, Inc. was publishing "well over" 60 million pieces of literature a year. The circulation of Miracle Magazine, published monthly by the Allen ministry, was 450,000 at the time of his death. The magazine included, at times, accounts of healings, but gave a disclaimer that the magazine does not "assume legal responsibility" of its accuracy. Gerald W. King, the business manager of Miracle Valley, was quoted in 1969, shortly before Allen's death, as saying, "We take in $2 million a year, and our expenses are $2 million a year." He added that Miracle Valley's annual payroll was $84,000.

Few of Allen's supposed miracles ever underwent "scrutiny of physicians" and at his revivals in small print his disclaimer read: "A. A. Allen Revivals, Inc. assumes no legal responsibility for the veracity of any such report." One source, The Encyclopedia of American Religions, claims that Allen did not like press coverage, which "resulted in his hiring of 'goon squads' to punch out anyone who showed up for Allen's tent revivals with a notepad or camera."

"Eventually, most of the evangelists had wheelchairs available for people who had bad backs and couldn't stand in a healing line for hours. But when the evangelist got to them and pulled them up out of the wheelchair, some in the audience thought they were walking for the first time or that they had come to the revival in that wheelchair."

In his television programs, Allen or his ministry associates made frequent mention of the fact that his meetings were racially integrated. African-Americans sat alongside whites in the choir, the ministers' section, and the congregation. African-American musical talent was frequently highlighted in Allen's television programs, especially in the 1960s. This racial attitude also found its expression in Allen's sermon record album titled, Did God Call the Apostle Paul to Preach the Gospel to the Black Man? The album cover refers to Allen as "no doubt the first evangelist on a great national or international scale to preach integration to huge crowds in the North and the South..." This was something of an exaggeration, though perhaps in keeping with Allen's personality. Mainstream revivalist Billy Graham, while not always consistent, had desegregated many of his revivals as early as 1953 in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and integrated all his revivals following the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954.

Another major theme in Allen's ministry was his unrelenting attacks on what he characterized as dead, formal, denominational religion. This was a theme of a number of his televised messages and of such Miracle Valley publications as Allen's book titled Let My People Go! This was also the theme of a book authored by Clarence G. Mitchell and published by Allen's ministry, titled Starving Sheep and Overfed Shepherds (1963). Allen regarded "denominationalism" as a sin. This is reflected in the subtitle of Mitchell's book: "Takes the Cover Off! Brings the Sin of Denominationalism Out into the Open!"

At a revival meeting on January 1, 1958, in Phoenix, Arizona, recent convert Urbane Leiendecker approached Allen and offered him 1280 acre of land. This property, later expanded, was then named "Miracle Valley." As such, it served as the ministry headquarters for A. A. Allen Revivals, Inc. This location housed Miracle Valley Bible College and its dorms and classrooms; a domed church; administrative buildings; a large warehouse; a residential neighborhood called Miracle Valley Estates; a publishing and printing plant; a four-press phonograph record plant; and Miracle Valley Fellowship, which served as a ministerial fellowship with about 10,000 ministers as members. In spite of the presence of its own print shop, however, Miracle Valley business manager Gerald King said in 1969 that the ministry spent $27,000 per month "farming out" jobs to other print shops that could not be handled on site.

In 1963, A. A. Allen Revivals, Inc. successfully sued the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in an attempt to get the government to refund collections of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes for 1958–59.

In 1967, Allen and his wife, Lexie E. (Scriven) Allen, were divorced. They had four children. One of them, Paul Asa Allen, is the author of In the Shadow of Greatness – Growing Up Allen.

Death
Allen died at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco, California, on June 11, 1970, at the age of 59. He died after a heavy drinking binge. Don Stewart, his successor, was accused of attempting "to clean up evidence of his mentor's alcoholic binge in a San Francisco hotel before the police arrived". Stewart says he was not trying to cover up anything but was trying to protect Allen. Nonetheless, police found his body in a "room strewn with pills and empty liquor bottles".

However, following a twelve-day investigation and an autopsy, the coroner's report concluded Allen died from liver failure brought on by acute alcoholism. The coroner reported that when Allen died, he had a blood alcohol content of .36 which was "enough to ensure a deep coma".

Stewart says that Allen's problems with alcohol followed his problems with depression associated with extreme pain from arthritic bone spurs for which he was reluctant to seek medical attention because of his faith in divine healing and preaching that relying on doctors was a failure to trust in God.

In 2022, Allen's granddaughter, Cheryl Bryan made a claim that the coroner's report had in fact been falsified.

Allen was buried at Miracle Valley, Arizona, on June 15, 1970.

Legacy and property
After Allen's death, Stewart gained possession of Allen's organization, including his Miracle Valley property, which he renamed the Don Stewart Evangelistic Association (and later the Don Stewart Association). Stewart "went from pounding tent stakes at Allen's revivals to driving a truck to preaching". In addition, Stewart "was hit with allegations of embezzlement by Allen's brother-in-law, of pocketing offerings from the revivals" in the wake of Allen's death. Nonetheless, the activities of the Don Stewart Association were moved to Phoenix, and the Bible college continued to operate in Miracle Valley until 1975. Stewart then leased the campus to the Hispanic Assemblies by a twenty-year lease agreement for merely $1 per year. They opened the Spanish-speaking Southern Arizona Bible College.

Between 1979 and early 1983, the Christ Miracle Healing Center and Church (CMHCC) operated on the subdivision property on the north side of Highway 92 across from the bible church. CMHCC, which consisted of approximately 300 African-American members, was led by Allen followers Frances Thomas and her son "Bishop" William Thomas Jr. Initially relations between locals and CMHCC members relocated from Mississippi – both of whom were followers of Allen – were peaceful and in keeping with Allen's theme of racial harmony and integration; however, once the Thomases and the Chicago-based followers moved to Arizona, relations quickly deteriorated, and church members began to isolate themselves and started professing what locals said was an "anti-white doctrine." CMHCC's doctrine of exclusive use of faith healing resulted in the death of six-year-old Therial Davis, and as many as four additional children.

In 1979, Miracle Valley closed after bankruptcy hearings. In September 1982, the Southern Arizona Bible College's main administration building and vast warehouse were destroyed by arson. The main building was valued at $2 million. Stewart sent multiple donation requests to some people on his 100,000 person mailing list "even though his ministry is not associated with the college and the fire damage was insured." According to the press, one of his letters "gave the impression ... the fire had crippled Stewart's ministry" and another purported to include the building's ashes with a request for $200 donations. Stewart's church had issues over his financing and "questioned Stewart's fundraising techniques" before. In addition, Stewart was accused by his church of arson, something he denies.

The insurance company offered to either pay $1.5 million for the reconstruction of the administration building or $1 million for a "cash-out." Stewart was not interested in rebuilding and intended to take the cash-out; however, the Spanish Assemblies of God (Central Latin American District Council of the Assemblies of God) wanted the facilities to be rebuilt. Subsequently, Stewart accepted the insurance money of $1 million for Miracle Valley, and the Assemblies of God would receive the Miracle Valley campus consisting of fifteen buildings and nearly 80 acre of land for $6 which equated to $1 per year for the previous six years. However, Stewart forced the Assemblies of God to maintain a Bible college for a minimum of twenty years, or the property would revert to his ministry. In 1995, exactly twenty years later, the Assemblies of God closed Southern Arizona Bible College and put the campus up for sale.

In 1982, the group had several confrontations with utility workers, neighbors, and eventually law enforcement, culminating in what became known as the Miracle Valley shootout in October 1982, during which two members of the church were killed and multiple sheriff's deputies were injured.

Miracle Valley Bible College was purchased by Harter Ministries in August 1999, and the school continued under the administration of Melvin Harter. As the Miracle Valley Bible College and Seminary, the institution taught students in classical Pentecostal theology. However, in January 2009 a Phoenix-based mortgage firm foreclosed on the property, which currently contains several dilapidated buildings. Before the previous owner left the property, the entire north section of Sanctuary roof was removed.

On December 20, 2011, the purchase of the property by the Langevin family was approved by the State of Arizona. The Langevins operate a non-denominational ministry called Miracle Valley Arizona Ministries. In 2014, another group purchased the property with plans to re-establish a Bible college.

By A. A. Allen

 * 1953 – Demon Possession Today and How to Be Free
 * 1953 – God Will Heal You
 * 1953 – How to Renew Your Youth Without Medicine, Drugs, or Surgery
 * 1953 – The Man Whose Number is 666!
 * 1954 – God's Last Message to a Dying World
 * 1954 – How to Have Freedom from Fear, Worry, Nerves
 * 1954 – How to Have Power Over the Devil
 * 1954 – My Vision of the Destruction of America Atop the Empire State Building
 * 1958 – If I Make My Bed in Hell
 * 1964 – Command Ye Me!
 * 1967 – Bargain Counter Religion
 * 1967 – Is It Religion or Racket? Faith or Fear?
 * 1968 – God's Guarantee to Bless and Prosper You Financially
 * 1968 – Witchcraft, Wizards and Witches
 * 1970 – Born to Lose, Bound to Win, autobiography written with Walter Wagner

 * Undated
 * America's Sore Evil
 * Can God?
 * Divorce and the Lying Demon
 * Does God Heal through Medicine?
 * Except it Be for Fornication
 * God's Guarantee to Heal You
 * Let My People Go!
 * My Besetting Sin!

Published by A. A. Allen Publications

 * 1954 – God's Man of Faith and Power: The Life Story of A. A. Allen by his wife, Lexie E. Allen
 * 1963 – Starving Sheep and Overfed Shepherds by Clarence G. Mitchell

 * Undated
 * Demons Are Real Today!, a collection of drawings by a young girl
 * Meet your Evangelist, by Rev. Kent Rogers

Discography
Allen formed Miracle Revival Recordings to sell recordings of his singing and preaching, his demon exorcism, and the musical artists who were featured in his tent meetings. Since his death a number of audio and video recordings of his tent revivals and his meetings at Miracle Valley have been released in various formats. The following is a partial list of phonograph recordings featuring Allen:
 * 1971 Indian Camp Meeting
 * Born to Lose, Bound to Win (EP)
 * Did God Call the Apostle Paul to Preach the Gospel to the Black Man? (sermon by Allen, LP)
 * Do Your Thing for God (sermon by Allen, LP)
 * God is a Killer! (sermon by Allen, LP, 1965)
 * God's Last Message (sermon by Allen, LP)
 * Harvest Time (music sung by Allen and others, LP, Miracle Revival #139)
 * He Died As a Fool Dieth (sermon by Allen, LP)
 * The Healer of Broken Hearts (LP)
 * Miracle Camp Meeting
 * Reach Out and Touch the Lord (Allen and others, LP)
 * Restoration Revival Alive (music by Allen and others, LP)
 * Sounds of Revival (by Allen and others, LP)
 * Sudden Destruction, No Remedy!/Spiritual Suicide! (sermons by Allen, LP)
 * Talking Bible: Healing-Health Edition (scriptures read by Allen, LP)
 * What Then (sermon by Allen, LP)

title: A. A. Allen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Salj

Salj
Vanity about a "livejournal troll collective." —tregoweth 02:44, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, "livejournal" again. Delete as unnotable. Incidentally, the original article was further dehanced twice by 63.136.113.198 (Cable & Wireless), whose contributions so far suggest that he and Wikipedia could benefit from a little cooling-off period. -- Hoary 03:47, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not Notable enough. utcursch 08:57, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable. Geogre 14:54, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Let's keep these trolls on Livejournal where they belong! P Ingerson 11:46, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity ad for a blog (or something like that). Wyss 13:08, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Cdc 02:11, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This vote is invalid. User dtabraha exists, but this is an IP edit by 199.5.150.66. utcursch 09:08, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, This isn't about journals, it's about trolls, and is a good leaf from *Troll organization, . dtabraha 17:15, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Salj


text: User talk:Handofra

title: User talk:Handofra


text:
Political Science Quarterly

Political Science Quarterly is an American double blind peer-reviewed academic journal covering government, politics, and policy, published since 1886 by the Academy of Political Science. Its editor-in-chief is Robert Y. Shapiro (Columbia University). Each issue consists of five or six articles as well as up to 40 book reviews.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.675, ranking it 60th out of 183 journals in the category "Political Science." According to the SCImago Journal Rank, the PSQ has a score of 1.025, ranking it 159 out of 1316 journals in the category "Sociology and Political Science."

History
Political Science Quarterly was established in 1886 by John W. Burgess (Columbia University), the Academy's first president, with the active involvement of New York publisher George A. Plimpton.

Demetrios James Caraley, political scientist at Columbia University, served as the editor of the journal for 43 years from 1973 to 2020.

title: Political Science Quarterly


text:
Germ plasm

Germ plasm (Keimplasma) is a biological concept developed in the 19th century by the German biologist August Weismann. It states that heritable information is transmitted only by germ cells in the gonads (ovaries and testes), not by somatic cells. The related idea that information cannot pass from somatic cells to the germ line, contrary to Lamarckism, is called the Weismann barrier. To some extent this theory anticipated the development of modern genetics.

History
The term Keimplasma (germ plasm) was first used by the German biologist, August Weismann (1834–1914), and described in his 1892 book Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung (The Germ Plasm: a theory of inheritance). His theory states that multicellular organisms consist of germ cells that contain and transmit heritable information, and somatic cells which carry out ordinary bodily functions. In the germ plasm theory, inheritance in a multicellular organism only takes place by means of the germ cells: the gametes, such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body do not function as agents of heredity. The effect is one-way: germ cells produce somatic cells, and more germ cells; the germ cells are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or any ability the body acquires during its life. Genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation. This is referred to as the Weismann barrier. This idea, if true, rules out the inheritance of acquired characteristics as proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, like others before him, and accepted by Charles Darwin both in On the Origin of Species and as part of his pangenesis theory of inheritance.

However, a careful reading of Weismann's work over the span of his entire career shows that he had more nuanced views. He insisted, like Darwin, that a variable environment was necessary to cause variation in the hereditary material. Because genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm, these external conditions, he believed, caused different effects on the soma and the germ plasm. Thus, the historian of science Rasmus G. Winther states, Weismann was not a Weismannian, as he, like Darwin, did believe in the inheritance of acquired characteristics, which later came to be known as Lamarckian.

The part of Weismann's theory which proved most vulnerable was his notion that the germ plasm (effectively, genes) was successively reduced during division of somatic cells. As modern genetics developed, it became clear that this idea is wrong in most cases. Cases such as Dolly, the cloned sheep, proved via somatic cell nuclear transfer that adult cells retain a complete set of information – as opposed to Weismann's increasingly determined gradual loss of genetic information – putting this aspect of Weismann's theory to rest as a general rule of metazoan development. However, genetic information is readily lost by somatic cells in some groups of animals through somatic genome processing. The best known example are the nematodes, in which the phenomenon of chromatin diminution was first described by Theodor Boveri in 1887.

The idea was to some extent anticipated in an 1865 article by Francis Galton, published in Macmillan's Magazine, which set out a weak version of the concept. In 1889 Weismann wrote to acknowledge that "You have exposed in your paper an idea which is in one essential point nearly allied to the main idea contained in my theory of the continuity of germ-plasm".

Modern view
The idea of the Weismann barrier, namely that changes acquired during an organism's life cannot affect its offspring, is still broadly accepted. This has been extended into molecular terms as the central dogma of molecular biology, which asserts that information written in the form of proteins cannot be fed back into genetically transmissible information encoded in nucleic acids.

The Weismannian notion that the germ cells are unaffected by somatic cells or their environment is however proving not to be absolute. Chemical modification of the nucleotide bases that constitute the genetic code such as methylation of cytosines as well as modifications of the histones around which DNA is organized into higher-order structures are influenced by the metabolic and physiologic state of the organism and in some cases can be heritable. Such changes are called epigenetic because they do not alter the nucleotide sequence.

title: Germ plasm


text:
Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble

Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble is an action puzzle video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color handheld video game console. It was released in Japan on August 23, 2000, and in North America on April 9, 2001. Due to the cartridge having a built-in accelerometer, it has a unique shape, as well as a unique transparent pink color in reference to Kirby. The game received its first official re-release on the Nintendo Switch Online service on June 5, 2023.

Plot
The game begins with Kirby napping on a cloud, when he is awakened as a Waddle Dee walks by, carrying a round pinball-like bumper. He then sees King Dedede, carrying a long bumper. Suspicious of the King's intentions, Kirby hops on a warp star and follows him, determined to find out what he is up to. Soon, Kirby discovers that Dream Land has lost its stars and sets off to get them back.

Gameplay
Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble uses a series of accelerometers to control Kirby. The goal of the game is to guide Kirby to the level's goal within the allotted time by tilting the Game Boy in the direction in which the player wishes to move him. The game registers a "pop" action when the player quickly jerks the Game Boy, rotating the game toward the user (as if flipping a pancake); doing so will fling Kirby into the air. The game revolves around the collection of the numerous stars strewn about the levels. To beat the game entirely, the player must collect each level's red star. This will unlock the bonus worlds, where they are slightly harder versions, and players start with less time.

The timer counts down until the player has reached the level's end. The player can increase the timer by rolling Kirby over clock tiles, stopping the roulette on the timer, picking up clocks that add ten seconds, or by passing checkpoints. When the timer drops below 50 seconds, an alarm sounds, warning the player to hurry up and finish the level, and the music that was previously playing changes to a more fast-paced version. The player starts with five lives, and will lose one if Kirby loses all of his health from enemy or hazard damage, falls off the level, sinks in quicksand or water, or runs out of time. The game ends prematurely when all lives are lost, although the player can continue the game from the beginning of the current stage by selecting "Continue".

Development
Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble started development in April 1999. It was originally titled Koro Monkey (Monkey Tilt 'N Tumble) and starred a monkey. After discussing with Shigeru Miyamoto, the developers then switched the character to Kirby. The game was released in Japan on August 23, 2000. It was then released in North America on April 9, 2001. It was not released outside Japan and North America.

Reception
Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. It debuted at number four by the American market research company NPD TRSTS for the month of April 2001.

Game Informer wrote that while the game's concept "sounds simple enough, it actually results in one of the most dramatic, high-tension game scenarios seen on any system." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 30 out of 40.

It was listed as one of the best games for the Game Boy by Game Informer in 2014. Ranking the Kirby games for its 25th anniversary, the USGamer staff ranked it as the worst spin-off game in the series. Staff writer Caty McCarthy opined it as "kinda awful", adding that this wasn't one of the enjoyable games in the series released for the Game Boy and Game Boy Advance.

It was the sixth best selling Game Boy Color game in Japan, with 563,914 copies sold.

Legacy
A planned sequel to the original game, titled Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble 2, was shown at Nintendo Space World 2001, which was being developed for the GameCube and was planned to require Game Boy Advance connectivity. Video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto demonstrated the gameplay, showing Kirby falling off a ledge on the television screen to the Game Boy Advance screen. He also mentioned that the player could write "programs", such as minigames, into the game cartridge. Originally planned for release in May 2002, the game was retitled as Roll-O-Rama, replacing Kirby with a marble ball. While shown at E3 2002, it was never released.

title: Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble


text:
User talk:Jasco

Your submission at Articles for creation: Loch Coire an Lochain has been accepted
 Loch Coire an Lochain, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created.

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Lochan a' Garbh Coire moved to draftspace
Thanks for your contributions to Lochan a' Garbh Coire. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it has no sources. I have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while.

Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page. When the article is ready for publication, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. ✠ SunDawn ✠   (contact)   21:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Lochan Buidhe moved to draftspace
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 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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title: User talk:Jasco


text:
Wellington (Manitoba provincial electoral district)

Wellington was a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was first created by redistribution in 1957, and formally came into being in the provincial election of 1958. The riding was eliminated in 1979, but was re-established in 1989. It was eliminated again for the 2011 election. It is located in the northwestern section of the city of Winnipeg, and is named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.

Wellington was bordered on the east by Point Douglas, to the south by Minto and St. James, to the north by Inkster and Burrows, and to the west by the rural riding of Lakeside.

The riding's population in 1996 was 20,283. In 1999, the average family income was $32,907, with 43% of the riding's residents listed as low-income (the third highest in the province). The unemployment rate is 16%. Over 45% of the riding's dwellings are rental units, and one family in four is single-parent. Wellington's ethnic base was diverse. Seventeen per cent of its residents were aboriginal, 15% Filipino, 7% Portuguese, 3% Chinese and 2% East Indian. Manufacturing accounted for 27% of Wellington's industry, with a further 16% in services.

The riding was held by the Progressive Conservatives from 1958 to 1966. The NDP won the seat in 1966, and held it until the riding's dissolution in 1981. They also won every election since the riding's re-emergence in 1990. It was considered a safe seat for the party. In 2003, veteran MLA Conrad Santos was re-elected for the riding with almost 75% of the vote.

Following the 2008 electoral redistribution, the riding was dissolved into St. James, Minto, and the new ridings of Tyndall Park (electoral district) and Logan. This change took effect for the 2011 election.


text:
Talk:Summer and Smoke

Comment
(undated; pre-April 2024)

what is the plot of this play?

title: Talk:Summer and Smoke


text:
Goin' Band from Raiderland

The Goin' Band from Raiderland is the 418-member marching band of Texas Tech University.

History

The Goin' Band from Raiderland, originally known as The Matador Band, is nearly as old as Texas Tech itself. Under the direction of W. Waghorne, it performed at the opening football game in October 1925, fielding between 21 and 25 members.

In 1926, Harry Lemaire (1862–1963) was appointed director of the marching band. Following his service in the British Army, Lemaire had been bandmaster under Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish–American War and was a friend and colleague of John Philip Sousa. Under his leadership, the band earned its name when it became the first college band to travel to an away game. Also during Lemaire's tenure, the band became the first one to have its halftime show broadcast over the radio.

American humorist Will Rogers once aided in financing a trip to Fort Worth, Texas, so the band could perform at a game against the TCU Horned Frogs, becoming the first band to travel to an away game. Rogers also helped purchase new uniforms.

In 1934, Dewey O. "Prof" Wiley (1898–1980) became director and expanded the band from 60 members to more than 200 over the next few years.

In 1938 Texas Tech became the first university in Texas to house a chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi. Kappa Kappa Psi's "sister" organization, Tau Beta Sigma, originated at Texas Tech in 1937. However, due to legal complications, the sorority could not apply for a national charter. The Alpha chapter of Tau Beta Sigma was given to the band club at Oklahoma A&M University (now Oklahoma State University), with Texas Tech accepting the Beta chapter.

Dean Killion (1926–1997) came to the Goin' Band in 1959. As his predecessor had done, Killion generated another expansion, this time doubling the ranks to over four hundred members.

To ensure that all individual listeners would hear the same quality performance no matter where they sat in the stadium, Killion arranged shows so that equal instrumentation was always on both sides of the 50-yard line, and that the band played more or less equally to both halves of the stadium. This mirrored instrumentation has become known as Band 1 and Band 2, such that Band 1 performs on the right side of the 50 yard line and Band 2 on the left. Members have fierce pride in their band and thus, a rivalry exists between Band 1 and Band 2.

In 1981, Keith Bearden became the first Texas Tech alumnus to become director of the Goin' Band. He continued the style and traditions of previous directors as well as leading the band to the prestigious Sudler Trophy in 1999. Bearden also opened new venues for the Goin' Band, such as when the band traveled to Ireland in 1998 to take part in Saint Patrick's Day parades in both Dublin and Limerick.

The Goin' Band also received another honor when one of its members, Armen Williams, became the first homecoming king representing the Goin' Band and Kappa Kappa Psi in the fall of 2004.

Dr. Keith Dye and Duane Hill served as Interim Co-Directors of the Goin' Band from Raiderland while Director Christopher M. Anderson was on temporary leave. He was expected to return for the 2011–12 season but has since resigned his position and has accepted the position of Director of Bands at Arkansas Tech University. Hill subsequently took on the role of Goin' Band director, and remained in that role until his departure in 2018.

On March 19, 2018, Duane Hill resigned as associate Directors of Bands after allegations of sexual harassment and assault and a subsequent investigation. On April 26, 2018, the School of Music announced that Dr. Eric Allen, Joel Pagán, and Dr. Ryan Smith would be filling the role as interim Goin' Band directors in Fall 2018. Dr. Joel Pagán was appointed director of the Goin' Band in Fall, 2019.

The Goin' Band notably played in the 97th annual Macy's Thanksgiving day parade on November 23, 2023.

The Goin' Band Today

In keeping with the campus' Spanish Renaissance architecture, the uniforms of the Goin' Band are styled after the trajes of matadors, complete with cape and a flat-brimmed "gaucho" hat. The traditional style of these uniforms has been in place for nearly twenty years. The Goin' Band, through many generous private gifts, along with the help of the University and the Goin' Band Association, received brand new uniforms in the fall of 2008.

The Goin' Band's repertoire of performance music varies widely, ranging from traditional marches to jazz pieces to the works of Elton John and Carlos Santana.

The Goin' Band makes use of both traditional-style marching (formations moving goal-line to goal-line) and corps-style (formations while playing to the sidelines) in its performances. The Goin' Band also incorporates some of the tactics of scramble bands.

Like most other schools' bands, the Goin' Band is open to all Texas Tech students, regardless of major or course of study. In fact, a significant portion of the band's membership are not music majors. Practically every single department and course of study available at Texas tech University is represented in the Goin' Band's membership. For this reason, the Goin' Band implements a fast but efficient method of learning new performances that often does not require practices outside of normal class time ("Marching Band" is an actual course at Texas Tech). This allows a wide variety of students to participate without putting extra strain on their other obligations. Six, and sometimes seven different shows are performed by the Goin' Band over the course of a season. It is not unusual for the band to learn a new show from scratch in only five days, and have it ready for performance on Saturday, then start again with a new drill the following Monday.

Traditional music of Texas Tech University

 * "Cotton Fields" Huddie Ledbetter (1940) Arranged by Joel Leach
 * "Fight On For Texas Tech" Thornton W. Allen
 * "Fight Raiders, Fight" Carroll McMath and James Nevins (1936)
 * "Macarena" Bernardino B. Monterde (1944)
 * "Malaguena" Ernesto Lecuona y Casado (1927)
 * "March Grandioso" Roland F. Seitz (1909)
 * "Red Raider Fanfare" Richard E. Tolley
 * "Ride, Raider, Ride" Richard E. Tolley (1961)
 * "Texas, Our Texas" William J. Marsh and Gladys Yoakum Wright (1924)
 * "Texas Tech On Parade" Edward S. Chenette
 * "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" William Steffe and Julia Ward Howe (1861)
 * "The Matador Song" (Alma Mater of Texas Tech University) R.C. Marshall and Harry Lemaire (1931)
 * "The Star-Spangled Banner" Francis Scott Key (1814) adapted by Henry Fillmore (1934)
 * "Visitor's Fight Song" (since 2024)

Directors

 * 1925–1926: W. Waghorne (Chairman of the Department of Music; the position of Director did not yet exist)
 * 1926–1934: Harry Lemaire
 * 1934–1959: D. O. "Prof" Wiley
 * 1959–1981: Dean Killion
 * 1981–2003: Keith Bearden
 * 2003–2010: Christopher M. Anderson
 * 2010–2011: Dr. Keith Dye and Duane Hill
 * 2012–2017: Duane Hill
 * 2018–Present: Dr. Eric Allen
 * 2019–Present: Dr. Joel Pagán

title: Goin' Band from Raiderland


text:
Pleasant Valley

Pleasant Valley may refer to:

Nova Scotia

 * Pleasant Valley, Antigonish County
 * Pleasant Valley, Colchester County
 * Pleasant Valley, Halifax Regional Municipality
 * Pleasant Valley, Pictou County
 * Pleasant Valley, Yarmouth County

Ontario

 * Pleasant Valley, Manitoulin District, Ontario
 * Pleasant Valley, Renfrew County, Ontario
 * Pleasant Valley, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Counties, Ontario

Saskatchewan

 * Rural Municipality of Pleasant Valley No. 288, Saskatchewan

New Zealand

 * Pleasant Valley, New Zealand

United Kingdom

 * Pleasant Valley, a settlement in the community of Amroth, Pembrokeshire, Wales

Alaska

 * Pleasant Valley, Alaska

Arkansas

 * Pleasant Valley, Carroll County, Arkansas
 * Pleasant Valley, Pope County, Arkansas
 * Pleasant Valley (Little Rock), a neighborhood

California

 * Pleasant Valley, California

Colorado

 * Pleasant Valley (Colorado)

Connecticut

 * Pleasant Valley, Connecticut

Illinois

 * Pleasant Valley, Illinois

Indiana

 * Pleasant Valley, St. Joseph County, Indiana
 * Pleasant Valley, Martin County, Indiana

Iowa

 * Pleasant Valley Township, Scott County, Iowa

Kansas

 * Pleasant Valley, Lincoln County, Kansas

Maryland

 * Pleasant Valley (Maryland), a valley in Washington County
 * Pleasant Valley, Allegany County, Maryland
 * Pleasant Valley, Calvert County, Maryland
 * Pleasant Valley, Carroll County, Maryland
 * Pleasant Valley, (Cooksville, Maryland)

Michigan

 * Pleasant Valley, Antrim County, Michigan, a former settlement in Echo Township
 * Pleasant Valley, Berrien County, Michigan, a settlement and former post office in Pipestone Township
 * Pleasant Valley, Livingston County, Michigan, a former settlement and post office in Brighton Township
 * Pleasant Valley, Midland County, Michigan, a settlement and former post office in Jasper Township

Minnesota

 * Pleasant Valley, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Pleasant Valley, Missouri

Nebraska

 * Pleasant Valley, Nebraska

Nevada

 * Pleasant Valley, Nevada a small unincorporated community in Washoe County.
 * Pleasant Valley, White Pine County, Nevada former populated place

New Jersey

 * Pleasant Valley, Mercer County, New Jersey
 * Pleasant Valley, Monmouth County, New Jersey
 * Pleasant Valley, Warren County, New Jersey
 * Pleasant Valley Crossroads, New Jersey

New York

 * Pleasant Valley (town), New York
 * Pleasant Valley (CDP), New York

Oregon

 * Pleasant Valley, Baker County, Oregon, an unincorporated community
 * Pleasant Valley, Josephine County, Oregon, an unincorporated community
 * Pleasant Valley, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood
 * Pleasant Valley, Tillamook County, Oregon, an unincorporated community

Pennsylvania

 * Pleasant Valley, Berks County, Pennsylvania
 * Pleasant Valley, Bucks County, Pennsylvania

Texas

 * Pleasant Valley, Texas
 * Pleasant Valley, Potter County, Texas, now part of Amarillo

Virginia

 * Pleasant Valley, Buckingham County, Virginia
 * Pleasant Valley, Rockingham County, Virginia

West Virginia

 * Pleasant Valley, Hancock County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Pleasant Valley, Marion County, West Virginia, a city
 * Pleasant Valley, Marshall County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community

Wisconsin

 * Pleasant Valley, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Pleasant Valley, Grant County, Wisconsin, a former unincorporated community
 * Pleasant Valley, St. Croix County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Pleasant Valley, Vernon County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Valleys

 * Pleasant Valley, Arizona, now known as the Tonto Basin site of the Pleasant Valley War
 * Pleasant Valley (Power and Bingham counties, Idaho), located west of the American Falls Reservoir in southeastern Idaho
 * Pleasant Valley (Nevada-Utah), a valley, located in White Pine County, Nevada and Juab County, Utah
 * Pleasant Valley (Fresno County, California), located on the western side of California

Other uses

 * Pleasant Valley State Prison, in Coalinga, California
 * Pleasant Valley War, fought in Navajo and Apache counties, Arizona

title: Pleasant Valley


text: Template:WikimediaMediaLicensing

title: Template:WikimediaMediaLicensing


text: Template:WikimediaAllLicensing

title: Template:WikimediaAllLicensing


text:
Formal and material principles of theology

Formal principle and material principle are two categories in Christian theology to identify and distinguish the authoritative source of theology (formal principle) from the theology itself, especially the central doctrine of that theology (material principle), of a religion, religious movement, tradition, body, denomination, or organization. A formal principle tends to be texts or revered leaders of the religion, while a material principle is its central teaching. Paul Tillich believed the identification and application of this pair of categories in theological thinking to have originated in the 19th century. As early as 1845 the Protestant theologian and historian Philip Schaff discussed them in his The Principle of Protestantism. They were utilized by the Lutheran scholar F. E. Mayer in his The Religious Bodies of America in order to facilitate a comparative study of the faith and practice of Christian denominations in the United States. This is also treated in a theological pamphlet entitled Gospel and Scripture by the Commission on Theology and Church Relations of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod.

Eastern Orthodoxy

 * Formal Principle – the Bible and the "sacred tradition."
 * Material Principle – Jesus Christ's work of theopoiesis or theosis (θέωσις), the ultimate deification of man. They cite Athanasius of Alexandria from his Incarnation of the Word: "Christ assumed humanity that we might become God."

Roman Catholicism

 * Formal Principle – the Bible, Tradition, Reason, the Pope, and the Magisterium.
 * Material Principle – "Man's soul, since it comes directly from God, is good and strives for reunion with God, realized in the beatific vision of God. Man's body is subject to sin and is alienated from God. Therefore man must be progressively justified, i.e., be made just. This result is effected when through the sacraments man enters into the 'state of grace' and observes the commandments which the church... by her 'divine commission,' imposes upon the 'faithful.'"

Lutheranism

 * Formal Principle – the Bible alone (sola Scriptura)
 * Material Principle – "a synopsis and summary of the Christian truth" that people are justified by God's grace through faith in Christ alone.

Anglicanism

 * Formal Principle in general—The Bible, the authority of the church, and reason. Specifically, for individuals of different churchmanship:
 * Low Church—the Bible as the only source and the all sufficient norm of religious truth.
 * High Church – "doctrinal authority rested successively in Christ, in the teaching church, in the Scriptures, and in the councils." This is called the consensus fidelium ("agreement of the faithful").
 * Broad Church—along with the Bible and the consensus fidelium is included "God's self-disclosure in the religious and moral development of the human race as a whole, in the religion of Israel, the person of Christ, and the life of His mystical body, the church."

 * Material Principle:
 * Low Church – "the doctrine of God's grace which faith apprehends without the addition of human works."
 * High Church—the worship of the church and apostolic succession.
 * Broad Church—a life which conforms to the ethical teachings of Jesus.

Zwinglianism

 * Formal Principle – the Bible and direct revelation from the Holy Spirit.
 * Material Principle – absolute divine causality.

Calvinism

 * Formal Principle – the Bible as the sole standard of all truth (sola scriptura).
 * Material Principle – sinful man is justified by faith alone (sola fide).

Methodism

 * Formal Principle – the Bible, reason, teachings of the ancient church.
 * Material Principle – the perfected man, i.e. entire sanctification.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nintendo DS launch titles

Nintendo DS launch titles
The list has been merged back into the main article Nintendo DS, and this article is hardly worth an entry by itself, instead it is better as part of the main Nintendo DS article. 132.205.15.43 02:56, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * anons are not allowed to nominate VfD. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Policy page does not ban anons from nominating VFDs. This attitude towards anon users as a categorical denial of existence is a very biased stance, showing none of the impartiality and fair judgment that policy requires of admins. It's an elitist and exclusionary attitude. If anons can CREATE and MODIFY articles, then there is no reason why anons cannot nominate to delete articles. I'm sure you'd just as happily ban non-registered users from modifying or creating articles, considering this stance. Ofcourse having a username means nothing, in relation to the appropriateness of comments or actions. 132.205.45.148 15:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * RaD Man, where does it say that anons are not allowed to make VFD nominations? Paul August ☎ 05:03, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep as a redirect. - SimonP 03:12, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Anybody searching for Nintendo DS launch titles will get Nintendo DS in the search results. utcursch 08:59, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ditto. Mdchachi|Talk 19:24, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep content. Merge and redirect as appropriate to Nintendo DS.  Article already contains the appropriate merge tag.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * someone already merged it, see the history on Nintendo DS 132.205.45.148 15:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If the merge has already been done, delete and remove the link on Nintendo DS. - Andre Engels 10:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is this or isn't this still a VfD? RaD Man declared it invalid and removed its deletion notice, yet he voted at the same time and Andre voted later.  Having valid users vote delete would seem to be a renomination.  Mrwojo 20:27, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 08:32, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Grizzly (disambiguation)

The grizzly or grizzly bear (Ursus arctos ssp.) is the great brown bear of North America.

Grizzly may also refer to:

Bears

 * California grizzly (U. a. californicus), the recently extinct subspecies of CLADE IV in the Far West and symbol of the State of California
 * Kodiak bear (U. a. middendorffi), the grizzly of Alaska's ABC islands, hybrid with the polar bear
 * Mainland grizzly (U. a. horribilis), representing most of North America
 * Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos; formerly Ursus arctos nelsoni) is an extinct population of grizzly native to Mexico
 * Peninsular grizzly (U. a. gyas), indigenous to Alaska's southwestern peninsula

Geography

 * Grizzly Mountain (disambiguation)
 * Grizzly Peak (disambiguation)
 * Grizzly Butte, a volcano in British Columbia, Canada
 * Grizzly Bay, San Francisco, California, United States
 * Grizzly Creek (disambiguation)

Military

 * AVGP Grizzly, a Canadian armoured personnel carrier
 * Grizzly combat engineering vehicle, a combat engineering vehicle variant of the M1 Abrams tank
 * Grizzly APC, an American armored personnel carrier
 * KMW Grizzly, a German armored vehicle produced beginning 2007
 * Yamaha Grizzly 600, a large utility all-terrain vehicle
 * Grizzly I cruiser tank, a Canadian-built M4A1 Sherman tank variant
 * Airbus A400M "Grizzly", a military transport aircraft
 * Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly, a prototype World War II ground attack aircraft
 * Boeing EA-18G Growler, American carrier-based electronic warfare aircraft, whose radio name during flight operations is "Grizzly"
 * Buk missile system, the versions Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2 had the NATO reporting name of SA-17 "Grizzly"
 * Grizzly, the nickname of the 40th Armored Division (United States)
 * Forward Operating Base Grizzly, a former US Army base within Camp Ashraf, Iraq

Arts and entertainment

 * Grizzly (film), a 1976 horror film
 * Into the Grizzly Maze, a 2014 action film briefly called Grizzly during production
 * Grizzly (We Bare Bears), fictional grizzly bear character
 * Grizzly (comics), four unrelated Marvel Comics characters
 * Grizzly (novel), a novel in Gary Paulsen's World of Adventure series
 * The Grizzly (novel), a 1964 coming-of-age young adult adventure novel by Annabel and Edgar Johnson
 * Grizzly (studio), a Japanese animation studio
 * The Grizzly, a minor musical side project of Adam Young
 * Task Force Grizzly, a USMC Force Recon task force in the video game Medal of Honor: Warfighter

Roller coasters

 * Grizzly (Kings Dominion), a wooden roller coaster at Kings Dominion, Doswell, Virginia
 * The Grizzly, a wooden roller coaster at California's Great America
 * Grizzly, the previous name of the Timber Terror, a wooden roller coaster at Silverwood Theme Park

People

 * James "Grizzly" Adams (1812–1860), American mountain man
 * Rick "Grizzly" Brown (1960-2002), American participant in the 1985 and 1986 World's Strongest Man competitions

Other uses

 * Grizzly (tobacco)
 * LAR Grizzly Win Mag, a handgun
 * Grizzly (.22-caliber rifle), a 3D printed rifle
 * Rutan Grizzly, a tandem-wing STOL research aircraft designed by Burt Rutan, first flown in 1982
 * Project Grizzly (software), a webserver component of the GlassFish Java EE Server
 * Grizzly screen, a grid used for separating rocks of different size

title: Grizzly (disambiguation)


text:
File:KatamariDamacybox.jpg

This image is the front cover art of the North American version of Katamari Damacy, and is copyrighted by Namco.

Fair use rationale for Katamari Damacy

 * The cover is used to represent a well known and significant video game
 * This image has been used in several websites, and so use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is
 * The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the game
 * The use of the image does not limit Namco's ability to sell the game

title: File:KatamariDamacybox.jpg


text:
Wellington (federal electoral district)

Wellington was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1979.

This riding was created in 1966 from parts of Wellington South and Wentworth ridings. It consisted of the City of Guelph and the Townships of Eramosa, Guelph and Puslinch in the County of Wellington; and the Township of Beverly in the County of Wentworth. It was abolished in 1979 when it was merged into Guelph riding.

title: Wellington (federal electoral district)


text:
Talk:NOP (code)

Talk
Note: NOOP Protocol Commands section is based off a section I wrote, original article noop. --Rgb9000

i++ statement
The i++ statement does have a net effect- therefore making it a bad candidate for an example of NOOP. This has been replaced with i + 1; which does not change any values in memory, and simply returns its value into nothingness.
 * Indeed it does, but here it was followed by, which means that there is no net effect unless there's something weird going on in the background that I don't know about. --Aurochs
 * No, the person above is absolutely right. Either operation,   or   will affect the value of  ! These are not the same as a NOOP, this are the same as " " where   would be an increment operator in the CPU. Like you said in your edit comment,   effectively does nothing. (Actually, without optimization, it LOADS the value of   into a register, increments it by one, and then forgets about the value. Optimizing compilers see this, ignore the operation, and replace it with a NOOP.)    is STILL valid c++! Much in the same way   is!  Try it! You'll see that it will compile and everything. More to the point, if i have a function , i can just call   and ignore the return value because c/c++ allows this for all functions.   is such a function.--Stux 15:33, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you're missing the point. The following code: has no net effect. It incerments   and then immediately decrements it, so   has returned to its original value and there was no intervening code to use the incermented variable. It is effectively an nop, though the amount of time it takes to execute differs from your   example. --Aurochs
 * Oh! My apologies! Now I understand what the example was saying! At first I thought (and I'm sure the user that originally changed the  to an   probably thought as well), that the example was listing two individual statements. Upon more careful reading (of the text and of your comments) I realized now what it meant.  Since it seemed rather easy for passers-by to misinterpret that example (much in the same way I did), I changed the example back to the original, but added brackets and wording to make it clear that it is meant to be understood as one group of instructions.  I also added the   example back in as an alternative.  If you feel the wording needs to be improved, please do so! Again, thanks for pointing out the error. (Thank you for your politeness and understanding as well! It seems nowadays that is lacking from the users of this wiki.) --Stux 22:08, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to remove this example. As i++; i--; changes values in memory, it's not really a no-op. (I realize the probability is unlikely, but what happens if another thread raises an exception before i--; gets called? - Chardish 16:11, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No,  is not a NOP. Let's assume the compiler translates it to this pseudo-assembly code:

1: INC i 2: DEC i

 * On most (all?) CPUs, these two instructions are not atomic. Let's assume the program containing this code is running two threads and a context switch occurs between instructions 1 and 2. The value of  is now one more than the original value. If the second thread attempts to read   at it point, it will read the wrong value. — 71.155.235.243 00:39, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * can cause an overflow trap depending on the type of .  An   will never trap, but a plain    or a   may do so.  If adding the declaration is deemed too distracting, I suggest changing the example to   or similar. Kjetilho 07:51, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

NOPs that aren't really
I think that this article should cover the fact that not all processors have an opcode that is truly set aside as a NOP. The most obvious example is the x86. Opcode 90 really means "xchg eax, eax". MIPS's NOP is really "sllv zero, zero, zero" if I remember right.

Of course, this can change over time. When the x86 became pipelined, "nop" stopped being "xchg eax, eax". It's special cased for performance reasons; "xchg" is a somewhat expensive instruction. Also, "xchg eax, eax" implies to the instruction scheduler that the instruction depends on the previous value of EAX.

x86-64 further differentiates it. "xchg eax, eax" actually does something - it now truncates RAX to 32 bits, as in "movzx rax, eax". Assemblers don't encode "xchg eax, eax" as 90. -- 68.228.65.220 06:48, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that `xchg eax,eax` does something does not matter in this case, since it only translates to `0x90` in `32bit` x86 CPU's.
 * The base opcode for `xchg` is `0x87`. Thus, when translating `xchg eax,eax` we get `0x87c0`, which `does` indeed truncate `rax`, since it operates on `0b11 000 000`, i.e. operating on 2 registers with the magical value 0(eax is the first register internaly).
 * `xchg rax,rax` would usually still be translated as `0x4890`, i.e. REX prefix plus `NOP` operation.
 * When instructing the assembler to `literally` translate `xchg rax,rax`, of course `0x4890` does not equal `xchg rax, rax`, instead, we get: `0x4887c0`(64 bit operation on the 2 registers of index 0).
 * This *does* still do the same though, not truncating the `rax` value.
 * Hence, there is no `xchg rax,rax` instruction in modern x86_64 assembly anymore. Instead, when using it, your compiler is going to `infer`you wanted just a `NOP`.
 * Hence, `0x90` is technically REALLY `NOP`, which `does` exist, quite in contrast, it is `xchg rax,rax`, which seems not to exist anymore, since your assembler is usually smart enough to figure out that what you wanted was a 64-bit `NOP`.
 * This technically means that the posts of the people before mine are `ALL` more or less wrong.
 * `xchg eax,eax` gets interpreted as `NOP` when assembling 32-bit programs, of course it `does` something in `long` mode. You wouldn't use `xchg ax,ax` in 32bit environments as NOP's either.
 * Ans anyway. xchg has the base-opcode of `0x87`, which is true for all x86 based processors.
 * Hence, whoever believes there is no `NOP` instruction, must be `wrong`, even though your assembler knows what you're trying to do when using `xchg rax,rax`, and will hence not assemble it literally, instead replacing it with the `NOP` instruction, same goes for `xchg eax, eax` in32bit and, probably `xchg ax,ax` in 16bit mode.
 * Technically, that does NOT mean that `xchg rax,rax` or `xchg eax,eax` are the same as `NOP`!
 * 0x87 != 0x90.
 * Q.e.d. 2001:9E8:C7E7:600:F552:1A8A:91A1:C082 (talk) 19:09, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Note that I forgot signing in before posting this & my edits. Don't be confused, both changes were made by me :D FelixHx (talk) 19:28, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Not quite sure what your point is here? Opcode 0x87 is not the only way to encode XCHG in the x86 instruction set - opcode 0x90+r is in general a 1-byte XCHG where one argument is (E)AX and the other argument is a register. E.g. in 32-bit mode, opcode 0x91 is a single-byte encoding of "XCHG EAX,ECX" and 0x97 is a single-byte "XCHG EAX,EDI" - as such, describing the r=0 case (opcode 0x90 "NOP") as an alias of "XCHG AX,AX" or "XCHG EAX,EAX" for 16/32-bit x86 seems perfectly fine to me? I mean, it pretty much *is* how both Intel and AMD are describing it in their official reference documentation for the x86 "XCHG" and "NOP" instructions  (although they do note that the opcode is treated specially in 64-bit mode when used to exchange EAX with itself.) Punpcklbw (talk) 03:06, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Optimising compilers
I recently added the following text to the NOP code section:
 * Note that in code which is compiled using an optimizing compiler, it is likely that any such redundant statements will be removed before they get a chance to be executed.

It was removed with the edit comment "There are no redundant statements in the example given". Perhaps the intent of this sentence was not clear, so I'll explain it here and perhaps we can work out a better way of putting it. My point is that in a non-optimising compiler, the given instructions may well be compiled into the binary (e.g. the source code  might result in machine code that performs an ADD and discards the results), but in an optimising compiler the whole instruction will be recognised as redundant and removed. Therefore in an optimising compiler,  and   should produce exactly the same binary code. --HappyDog 08:54, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Firstly compiler optimization is a continuum, all that can be said is optimizing compilers do more optimizations than non-optimizing compilers. In the context of the code fragment it was not clear that that optimization of dead code was being discussed.  But my main point is that this article is about NOP, not compilers removing unnecessary code.  Ok, unnecessary code may be regarded as effectively a nop, but that is a rather indirect connection for an article like this to make.  Derek farn 10:59, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That's all true, but reading that section, the implication is that the example code will compile into NOP instructions. The paragraph begins An example of a single C statement that would also produce a NOP:, which is not true in optimising compilers that (as you rightly qualified) detect this kind of redundancy.  However, as this is such a basic optimisation to make, I would suspect (based on no actual research :-)) that most such compilers would manage this.  Perhaps the introduction to this section needs rewording, because it is unclear whether you are saying that this kind of instruction is called a NOP by C programmers (which in my experience it never is - 'void' is a more common term, if anything) or whether it compiles to a NOP, in which case a note about optimising compilers is required, imho. --HappyDog 11:30, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I recently added something to this effect, which was reverted. Two points. There is no compiler I'm aware of, which at any optimisation level, ever, added in NOPs for empty lines of C code. That just isn't how compilers work. Why would they want to put in the extra work to output a NOP, when instead they could simply output nothing? Just because a compiler doesn't optimise well, doesn't mean it goes around purposefully spending extra work slowing things down. I think we do need a line which says that the NOPs of code are not directly related to NOPs of assembler itself, as too many people (including some people here, no offense), think that C compilers might output NOPs for empty instructions which isn't true at any optimisation level Mrjeff 09:55, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * For some architectures, a compiler will generate a NOP for some occurrences of a null statement. For instance, it may be necessary to fill the delay slot of a branch instruction on a MIPS processor.  This is a rather unusual edge case and mentioning it will only complicate the issue.  Do people actually think that in normal operation, a compiler goes round purposely generating NOPs when it detects redundant code?. Derek farn 10:40, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * In this instance the compiler is inserting its own NOPs where necessary. It still won't convert null statements into NOPs. --HappyDog 14:19, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Behaviour/output.
The word 'behaviour' was changed to 'output' in this edit with the edit summary Behavior can include things other than output. However, surely the point of NOP is that it has no effect, whether to behaviour or output, so I am unsure why the change was made. Perhaps I misunderstand the purpose of the sentence. Can you explain what you are trying to say with it? --HappyDog 17:06, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * A construct considered to be a NOP can exhibit behavior if actual instructions are generated/executed. Time and power (electrical) will be consumed.  Yes, this behavior will require sensitive equipment to detect, but it is still behavior.  You are right in that it is a rather picky point.  But in many cases the essence of a NOP is that it is often something that happens (in other cases nothing at all happens) that has no consequences at the human level (I use the term program output when perhaps "no external effect noticeable human level" might be technically more accurate, if somewhat long winded). Derek farn 19:33, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Null statements and style
Another use of a null statement in C is for a goto label at the end of a block, e.g.: if (a_condition) {    for {        if (some_condition) goto endloop; ...    } endloop: ; } I should point out that using the continue statement is a better way to write empty loop bodies in C: while (ReadChar != '\n') continue; Except for a few rare exceptions, the use of null statements is generally considered bad programming style, especially in languages like C where a single ";" character can be easily misplaced or overlooked. A more visible approach is to use an empty block: if (condition_1) { }   // Do nothing else if (condition_2) do_something; else do_something_else; — Loadmaster 17:11, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Let's not be C specific. Are there any kinds of NOP 'statements; that appear in other languages and perhaps are not found in C? Derek farn 17:30, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Comments
Does a comment count as a NOP? --HappyDog 02:36, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * A comment is not intended to be an operation. A NOP is an instruction that looks like it might do something (of course it does, it wastes cpu time and takes up storage).  Derek farn 11:15, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * A C compiler will discard a null statement and a comment in the same way - neither will be converted into executable code. Both are lines in the source code that do nothing.  I don't quite see the distinction. --HappyDog 12:05, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I am being overly keen to create a distinction. I guess one definition of NOP is something that is not an operation (or a vegetable, or a rock, or a etc...)  The usage I am familiar with is when a construct is normally an operation, but for some reason it is written in such a way that no operation actually takes place.  Now this may just be splitting hairs, but to me a comment is obviously not a NOP.  Perhaps somebody else can describe it better than me (or perhaps people do regard a comment as a NOP and I am just out of touch). Derek farn 15:38, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I meant that a null statement in C is not something I would consider a NOP - I wasn't trying to imply that a comment was. My point was that in a compiled language the whole concept of a NOP is somewhat nebulous, and that in C the relationship between a null statement or a comment and the resulting source code is the same - they are both discarded by the compiler.  Therefore defining a NOP in terms of the resulting machine code does not work. --HappyDog 23:37, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Comments are known to execute very fast. ;-) — Loadmaster 23:35, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't read the text as defining NOP in terms of the resulting machine code. I think it reads as being in terms of intent. Derek farn 10:33, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

NOP-outing of IV
In Watermark attack article there's statement that IV is "NOP-outed", referencing to NOP. Why is it called NOP-outing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.98.185.58 (talk) 17:13, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Very early copy prevention systems for software could be defeated by overwriting part of the executable instructions with NOP instructions -- the instructions that decided whether this was a validly-licensed copy (and so continue) or not (and so branch to an error handler). Slightly more sophisticated systems checked their own code -- both the above license-detection code, and the code-checking code itself -- with a checksum to detect such NOP overwriting. Those systems could be defeated by a slightly more sophisticated attack that overwrote the code with NOPs, and then adjusted the checksum value to directly cancel out; or other parts of the program to indirectly cancel out; the effect of those modifications -- an attack continuing to be called "NOP-outing". The watermark attack would be easy if it could simply zero-out all the IVs -- even though it can't directly cancel them out, some early FDE software was vulnerable to a carefully crafted a chosen plaintext file designed to indirectly cancel out some of the effects of those IVs. That indirect-cancellation attack is apparently mathematically similar enough to the above "NOP-outing" attack that some people called it "NOP-outing", even though it doesn't actually involve NOP instructions or any other executable instructions. Merely the *idea* of one thing cancelling out another thing, so net effectively no-effect, much like the NOP instruction effectively has no effect.
 * Should a few more details be mentioned in this NOP (code) article or the watermark attack article or both? --DavidCary (talk) 18:51, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

Not "nothing at all"
I take issue with the statement at the top of the page that says NOP "effectively does nothing at all." Some processors drop to a lower power state on NOPs (saving power while they have "nothing" to do). The 2nd section also talks about how NOP takes a specific number of clock cycles to execute, which means NOP could be used to synchronize code between multiple cores or CPUs, etc. Call me a pedant, but these things matter in computer science Fry-kun (talk) 22:42, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

NOPs with side-effect
Usually NOPs do "nothing". Well, there is some discussion as what actually is something and what's nothing, but well, they usually don't change registers or memory or something like that. Well, that's what I thought until I had to work on a TI TMS320C28x CPU. NOP has two optional parameters there:

nop *, ARP2 ; set arp pointer to xar2

So that's actually not a no-op. Source: http://www.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?baseLiteratureNumber=spru430&track=no See page 407 for a description of NOP, and 135 for an example using it that way. --212.18.210.70 (talk) 16:40, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

Java return?
The Java language has a  statement, which does nothing.

In the Java I learned, this exits from the function in which it appears, just as it does in C and other derived languages. As such, I'm removing it. — Smjg (talk) 23:27, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

x86 PAUSE instruction
The PAUSE instruction is encoded as "F3 90", so it is like a "REP NOP" but is handled differently on CPUs that supports the special PAUSE command, but I do not know how "different".

I think the PAUSE command should be mentioned here. What do you think? --RokerHRO (talk) 12:22, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

 * The  instruction has been encoded as   because that combination—although technically invalid—had the same effect as a   instruction on previous chips.   behaves like a   with a hint to the processor that this is a spin-lock and the processor should divert resources to other threads running on the same core (e.g. with hyperthreading) or slow down and safe energy. I think it might be a good idea to write something about hinting nops in general. --16:58, 30 April 2015 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by FUZxxl (talk • contribs)

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title: Talk:NOP (code)