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Talk:Gippsland V/Line rail service

This is a redirector to Gippsland Railway, another page I have classified for deletion. The page it redirects to is confusing and is not in the same format as all the other "[line name] railway line, [Melbourne/Victoria]" pages. I vote it should be deleted. Somebody in the WWW 23:33, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Do H sets need to be referred to as operating on the line, as they are not usually scheduled and only run during shortages? Somebody in the WWW (talk) 16:40, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Also another thing - a line table like the Bairnsdale line article has would be good :). I might work on that when it is not almost 3am. Somebody in the WWW (talk) 16:47, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Merger?
Would anybody oppose merging Traralgon railway line, Victoria with Bairnsdale railway line, Victoria, or both into the Orbost railway line, Victoria article? The one railway line doesn't need five articles (including the Pakenham and Dandenong triplification ones), and the Traralgon/Bairnsdale articles are just a basic list of stations which passenger services run to and some basic details. --Somebody in the WWW (talk) 09:21, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Last time I tried to do that this happened! Working out how to slice and dice everything seems to take up more time than actually creating and expanding articles sometimes. You get into the 'they are all crap stubs so merge them into one' vs the 'there is enough to fill out an article just no-one has done it so leave them as they are' and then the middle ground 'merge them and split out later when they are big enough of their own articles'. I'll just sit back with popcorn for now. Wongm (talk) 09:39, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd say the individual articles seem to be developing very well, although Wongm bears a lot of the responsibility for getting that done. In this case, though, I've got no problem with redirecting this particular article (which is just a closer terminus for the Bairnsdale line).

 * I'm less keen on merging the Bairnsdale line into the Orbost line because it would be an anachronism: the line, today, is known as the Bairnsdale line, and talking about Bairnsdale services as part of the Orbost line would get a bemused reaction from an average person on the street, since there hasn't actually been a line there in a long time. I think it would be rather more logical to have the majority of the content that is current at the Orbost line article in the Bairnsdale line article, and have a shorter Orbost article detailing in a historical sense how the line used to go there (and the same for similar situations elsewhere in the state). It just doesn't make any sense to merge the Bairnsdale line (which is open) into an article on the Orbost line (which is closed) or at least it wouldn't make any sense to anyone without an interest in railway history. Rebecca (talk) 06:38, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Seymour railway line, Victoria which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 10:46, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
It has been more than 10 years since this merger was last proposed. In the meantime, Ararat V/Line rail service has been successfully merged into Warrnambool are the only two long-distance destinations with distinct articles from their "parent" line.

There is significant overlap between the two articles as it stands. In this particular case, there are regular services scheduled to terminate at the intermediate Sale, which is confusing in the current structure, and indicates that the decision to treat these as separate "services" is inappropriate original research.

In that spirit, what reliable sources we do have on this issue favour the "five line" approach. V/Line themselves describe patronage statistics in five lines only and incorporate long-distance services into their "parent" lines. See page 12. Similarly, the Victorian Auditor-General describes the network as being made up of five "corridors" with multiple destinations on each. See page 4.

In my view, merging these articles is a step towards adhering to the principle of least astonishment and making our articles on this topic as informative and navigable as possible. Triptothecottage (talk) 09:19, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Pinging, , as previous participants in the merge discussion. Triptothecottage (talk) 09:23, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * If the other lines have been merged, then no objections here to merge this one as well. Wongm (talk) 02:08, 29 April 2019 (UTC)

 * From what can gather the proposal is to merge Bairnsdale V/Line rail service into Traralgon V/Line rail service. Should it not be the the other way around, i.e. the shorter being merged into the longer? Portafing (talk) 04:09, 30 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, I should perhaps have been clearer in this discussion section: I am proposing that the Bairnsdale article be merged into the Traralgon one. If you take a look at the sources I have provided, the convention is to refer to the "long-distance" services as branches/extensions of the "commuter" services, not the other way around. It should be clear why this is so when considering the Ballarat and Bendigo cases, each with two long-distance services branching from the commuter town. If there are reliable sources suggesting otherwise, please offer them here. Triptothecottage (talk) 04:48, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

It's probably worth noting that in the case of Geelong, Ballarat, and Bendigo, even these "line names" no longer the actual terminus of many commuter services – as they go beyond to Waurn Ponds, Wendouree, Eaglehawk and so on – lending weight to the argument that these major towns are conventional designations for the services rather than simply arbitrary. Triptothecottage (talk) 04:48, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Potential merge to Gippsland railway line
This isn't an official merge proposal but i believe that there isn't much of a reason for the services and line article to remain as seperate article. I suggest putting the main content in this article at the services section of the railway line article. If there is a conseus to potentially move i will start an official merge discussion NotOrrio (talk) 11:12, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

 * There are already discussions re "Gippsland V/Line rail service" and "Gippsland railway line"...
 * Possible splitting this into "Traralgon V/Line rail service" and "Bairnsdale V/Line rail service" (as there are separate Geelong V/Line rail service & Warrnambool V/Line rail service - this page is inconsistent to the other V/Line services)
 * Renaming Gippsland railway line to the correct name of "Orbost railway line" which will cover the full physical track from Southern Cross/Flinders Street to Orbost
 * -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 12:06, 19 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @NotOrrio (and @ThylacineHunter) once I get round to rebuilding the article, I'll split them and significantly expand on them to provide notability. I'd support splitting and renaming. HoHo3143 (talk) 10:45, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

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Talk:Ovum

Untitled
New research (Nature, around March? 2004) doubts if all ova are already present at birth. In case of a mouse, they found that also bone marrow can provide predecessors of ova. When they destroyed all ova, and provided new bone marrow of a donor, the mice could recover the ovary and new ova appeared. Probably they moved through the blood. It is unclear if the same is possible for human beings. Also it is unclear of these ova can become embryo's. -- July 2005

Is it just me, or is the latin origin of the word ovum explained twice in the first paragraph? --IronChris 03:35, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is. Someone should do something about that. --Romarin 04:37, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. --Romarin 04:46, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Ova (120 micron) are not the largest cells in humans, the anterior horn cell (135 micron) is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lobstercake1 (talk • contribs) 00:58, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Added more specific details about how ova form (i.e. meiosis). Please help! 68.173.113.106 (talk) 23:53, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

Simpler
Would it not be smarter to make the introduction simpler?--Filll 10:36, 10 December 2006 (UTC) --- An ovum (plural ova) is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete.

 * haploid? awkward definition of gamete.

The word is derived from Latin, meaning egg or egg cell.

 * could be worded better

Both animals and embryophytes have ova.

 * embryophyte?

The term ovule is used for the young ovum of an animal.

 * not quite sure what this means.

In some plants, such as algae, it is also called oosphere.

 * what about trees? This sentence is awkward.

These are my comments for whatever they are worth,--Filll 18:14, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

And, uhh... A womaqn is born with exactly how many ovums? Mike (Talk)/(Cont) 00:08, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

EXCUSE ME! This is interesting and all but do they have YOLKS?!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.186.176.94 (talk) 03:25, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

I would be very grateful if somebody could write a "Structure" section...--Bkkenny (talk) 17:49, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

augo from gk (anglisized as avgo) alpha, ipsilon, gamma, omicron means egg and predate ovum from latin? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.163.81.226 (talk) 01:59, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:30, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge to Egg (biology)
I'm a little troubled that this article exists side by side with Egg. Any thoughts on merging this article into that one? arkuat (talk) 06:06, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Or perhaps, as an editor suggests on Talk:Egg (biology), that article ought to be renamed Egg (bird) or Shelled egg or something like that, and more general material in that article that is not specific to that topic removed to this article. arkuat (talk) 06:23, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

I now think (based on the categories that Ovum has been assigned to) that part of this page ought to be split to a new article Human egg or Human ovum. Unfortunately, WP:Split doesn't make it clear how to suggest this with a tag. arkuat (talk) 06:50, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

science:
how do u do this homework —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.10.101.7 (talk) 09:25, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

I was under the impression that it is called an secondary oocyte until the moment of fertilization with a sperm cell, and then it becomes an ovum??

Luring out the egg cell
There are proteins which sort-of home-in sperm cells to the ovum, right? Is it possible to make a protein which propagates trough mucus inside vagina, reaches the ovum and propagates it out of body? (just an idea...)

Is calling the ovum an "egg" a misnomer?
It's a cell, not a true egg, right? 64.184.253.134 (talk) 04:57, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

Human ovum mass
What is the mass of the average human ovum? We've got size but not weight in this article. The mass is quoted (without reference) as 2 kg over at Orders of magnitude (mass). tschwenn (talk) 14:57, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Ovum vs. Secondary oocyte
In humans, fertilization occurs before a haploid female gamete is formed. It's not entirely clear in this article whether ovum refers to a diploid female cell that is fertilized or a haploid cell produced after fertilization. Is there a definitive consensus for which it refers to? Do other animals have the same timing for these events? Also, the text I'm using (Larsen's Human Embryology, 4th ed.) refers to the haploid cell as a "definitive oocyte". I think there someone should clarify the distinction between these terms: (secondary, definitive) oocyte, ootid, ovum, zygote. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.104.40.18 (talk) 20:47, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

What about chromosomes in ova
In the article that describes the spermatozoon, it says about X & Y chromosomes. Why it doesn't say anything here? Don't ova have chromosomes, too? Այնշախոր (talk) 07:39, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm not involved with editing this page any. I just saw your question and read the article. My only guess is that since the ova only has the X chromosome ( and, therefore, doesn't determine the gender of the offspring, the X or Y chromosome of the spermatozoon does), the other editors didn't feel it necessary to note this. But I would agree that having something indicating this or wikilinking to another page regarding it would indeed improve the article. JoannaSerah (talk) 04:55, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Ovum vs. egg cell
I'd prefer to call this page "Egg cell" in order to cover all female gametes of any organism group in one article. Now the disambiguation page for "Egg cell" redirects those in search of information on plant egg cells to "Gametophyte", which is misleading. In my opinion, this article should start with a general description of the function and characteristics of all egg cells, irrespective of organism group. Additional information for specific organism groups could then be given in separate sections labeled by the organism group name. Cricetus (talk) 11:53, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:03, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Egg cell which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:18, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

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Ecclesfield

Ecclesfield is a village and civil parish in the City of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, about 4 miles (6 km) north of Sheffield City Centre. Ecclesfield civil parish had a population of 32,073 at the 2011 Census. Ecclesfield wards of the City of Sheffield had a population of 35,994 in 2011 (Ecclesfield West and Ecclesfield East wards). The population of Ecclesfield village stood at 7,163 in the most recent census.

History
Evidence of early settlement in the Ecclesfield area include remnants of Romano-British settlements and field systems in Greno Wood. The earliest known written record of Ecclesfield is from the Domesday Book of 1086, where it is referred to as "Eclesfeld". The meaning of the name is uncertain. Traditionally it has been derived from the Celtic egles, meaning a church, specifically a Romano-British one, and the Old English feld, meaning a woodland clearing. Thus the name could mean "Open land near a Romano-British Christian church". However, an alternative suggestion is that the first element eccles- derives from a Saxon personal name or an association with water.

The Domesday Book does not mention a church at Ecclesfield. The present Church of St Mary, one of only five Grade I listed buildings in Sheffield, largely dates from the late 15th century, but incorporates features from about 1200. It was the centre of the ancient parish of Ecclesfield, which was one of the most extensive in England before it was broken up in the 19th century. Its style is Perpendicular, with a central tower, and it formerly bore the title of the "Minster of the Moors."

The Benedictine Ecclesfield Priory, established in the 12th century, served as a cell of St Wandrille's Abbey in Normandy until the 14th century, when it passed to the Carthusians. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Ecclesfield had a paper mill in the 1800s.

During the First World War the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) established a Relief landing Ground just outside the eastern boundary of the village, on land that is now largely given over to an industrial estate, near to the current M1 motorway. 'A' flight of 33 Squadron used the site during 1916 as part of a Home Defence scheme to protect against Zeppelin raids, but as the threat of raids diminished the Ecclesfield landing site, along with several others in the area were de-commissioned. No further flying has been recorded as having taken place.

Governance
Local government in Ecclesfield civil parish is in the hands of Ecclesfield Parish Council, which since the election of May 2019 consists of 10 Ecclesfield Parish Independent Councillors and 5 Liberal Democrats.

Before 1974 Ecclesfield Parish was part of Wortley Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Some southern parts of the parish were annexed to Sheffield City Council in 1968, which has sole control over them. The remainder of the parish was transferred to Sheffield in 1974, as part of local government reorganisation throughout England. The part to the east of the M1 motorway (mainly part of Thorpe Hesley) was subsequently transferred to Rotherham Metropolitan District in 1994 and no longer belongs to Ecclesfield Parish.

The civil parish includes the West Ecclesfield and most of the East Ecclesfield ward of Sheffield. These belong to the Penistone and Stocksbridge parliamentary constituency, whose member since the general election in December 2019 is Miriam Cates.

Amenities and setting
Ecclesfield lies in the north of Sheffield, about 7 km north of the city centre. The suburb of Ecclesfield is in the south-east of the civil parish with the suburbs Chapeltown and High Green to the north, and Grenoside to the west. Its altitude is 60 m to 120 m above mean sea level. At the 2001 census the civil parish—which also includes the Sheffield suburbs of Chapeltown, Grenoside, High Green, and formerly Thorpe Hesley (now a suburb of Rotherham)—had a population of 31,609.

Near Ecclesfield's old village is Whitley Hall, a 16th-century mansion property now converted into a four-star hotel and restaurant. It is a Grade II* listed building. Ecclesfield also has an old square, a cricket club, a large park, the Gatty Memorial Hall, a cemetery, various shops and other civic amenities. There are two schools, Ecclesfield Comprehensive School, previously Ecclesfield Grammar School, and Ecclesfield Primary School.

On the border of Ecclesfield Parish is Greno Wood, a forested area listed as Grade B on the English Nature Invertebrate Site Register, as of special archaeological and geological significance. The wood is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Sheffield and Rotherham.

Demography
The population of Ecclesfield civil parish was recorded as 31,609 in the United Kingdom 2001 Census That of the suburb itself, which extends beyond the civil parish, was about 7,000. The ethnic mix was put at 98.3 per cent white (White British, White Irish, or White Other), 0.4 per cent Asian, 0.4 per cent Black British, 0.1 per cent Chinese, and 0.8 per cent mixed race. In 2011, Ecclesfield was described as being 96.1 per cent White British, 1.0 per cent Asian, 0.4 per cent White Irish, 0.5 per cent Other White and 0.7 per cent Black.

Table of the population change of the parish in 50-year periods since 1801:

Gradings
The Church of St. Mary is a Grade I listed building. It was once the church for the whole of Hallamshire, incorporating the parishes of Sheffield (now Sheffield cathedral) and Bradfield. The remains of Ecclesfield Priory and the Whitley Hall Hotel are Grade II* listed. Greno Wood is listed as Grade B on the English Nature Invertebrate Site Register, as being of special archaeological and geological significance.

Transport
The main road routes are the A61, running north–south, and the M1 motorway, skirting the eastern edge. Bus services by First South Yorkshire, Stagecoach Sheffield, Powells Bus Co. and TM Travel link with Sheffield City Centre, Barnsley, Rotherham, Meadowhall Centre and surrounding suburbs. Chapeltown railway station, in the Chapeltown suburb, connects with central Sheffield, Huddersfield and Leeds.

Sport
Ecclesfield F.C. was a prominent football team in the area from the 1880s, and Ecclesfield United also represented the area in the FA Cup. Ecclesfield Red Rose FC now represents the area in the Sheffield & Hallamshire County Senior Football League. Whitley Hall Cricket Club plays at Cinder Hill Lane in Ecclesfield.

The Ecclesfield Carols
Ecclesfield retains some local, traditional Christmas carols sung in villages, particularly pubs around Sheffield. They are older than today's generally known carols and differ from them. They can be heard at the Ecclesfield Black Bull on the six Thursdays before Christmas. The repertoire consists of around 30 carols and other songs, some unique to the village, some popular throughout the Sheffield area, some local variants, and some with familiar words to different tunes. (There is a vast number of tunes to "While Shepherds Watched".) They are often referred to collectively as the Sheffield Carols.

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Tengiz Kitovani

Tengiz Kitovani (თენგიზ კიტოვანი tengiz k’it’ovani; 9 June 1938 – 13 November 2023) was a Georgian politician and military commander with high-profile involvement in the Georgian Civil War early in the 1990s when he commanded the National Guard of Georgia.

Kitovani also served as a minister of defense until being gradually sidelined by Eduard Shevardnadze who had earlier been invited to lead the nation after a successful coup d'etat launched by Kitovani and his allies against President Zviad Gamsakhurdia.

Early life and career
Born in Tbilisi on 9 June 1938, Kitovani graduated from the Tbilisi Fine Arts Academy and taught at a boarding school in the town of Tetritsqaro.

Kitovani entered national politics early in 1990 when the independence movement reached its climax in then-Soviet Georgia. Elected to the Supreme Council of Georgia the same year, he was closely associated with Zviad Gamsakhurdia, a Soviet-era dissident who went on to become the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council and eventually the President of Georgia in 1991.

In December 1990, Gamsakhurdia decreed the creation of the National Guard of Georgia and appointed Kitovani as its head. However, the two men feuded in August 1991, when Gamsakhurdia sacked him as National Guard commander. Kitovani subsequently claimed that Gamsakhurdia was intending to disband the National Guard, and had been ordered to do so by the leaders of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, but did not produce the documents he claimed to possess confirming this. Kitovani refused to accept his dismissal and left Tbilisi with most of his troops to entrench himself in the Rkoni Gorge. This was the beginning of the end for Gamsakhurdia, whose inflexible politics forced many of his former supporters into opposition.

Military coup and civil war
The confrontation between pro- and anti-Gamsakhurdia factions quickly degenerated into a series of strikes and armed clashes, and eventually, Kitovani, joined by Gamsakhurdia's former Prime Minister Tengiz Sigua and the paramilitary leader Jaba Ioseliani, launched a violent coup in December 1991. Ioseliani, as well as Gamsakhurdia's supporters and some independent observers, claimed that Kitovani hired some Soviet/Russian troops stationed in Tbilisi to join the attack on the government.

On 2 January 1992, the deposition of Gamsakhurdia and the formation of the Military Council was announced with Kitovani and Ioseliani as its leaders. Gamsakhurdia was forced into exile on 6 January 1992, and the coup leaders invited the former Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze to head the post-coup provisional government – the State Council – in March 1992. As a result of the power-sharing arrangement that was eventually struck between Ioseliani, Kitovani, Sigua and Shevardnadze, Kitovani remained the commander of the National Guard and retained a considerable influence on decision-making. In May 1992, Shevardnadze appointed Kitovani Minister of Defence and Deputy Prime Minister in an effort to bring the National Guard under central control. However, both Kitovani and Ioseliani were reluctant to concede power to Shevardnadze and tended to engage in unilateral actions, and in doing so frequently conflicted with each other.

The first and most obvious of such actions were taken by Kitovani during a planned military operation against Gamsakhurdia's supporters who had formed pockets of armed resistance in western Georgia and had taken Georgian government officials hostage. On the night of 13 August 1992, Kitovani's force entered the autonomous republic of Abkhazia, whose leadership had taken a series of steps towards secession from Georgia, in order to establish control over the region's railways sabotaged by Gamsakhurdia's loyal militias. Although this operation and show of force resulted in the eventual release of the hostages, Kitovani, acting most probably on his own initiative, proceeded towards Abkhazia's capital of Sukhumi and forced the Abkhaz leaders into flight. Shevardnadze failed to have Kitovani's force withdrawn from Abkhazia and the country became involved in a thirteen-month-long war which would end in Georgia's loss of control over most of Abkhazia. Another version of these events, often quoted in Georgia, says that Russia, while supporting the Abkhaz, also instigated Kitovani to trigger the conflict and perhaps even promised support for his leadership ambitions in Georgia after a successful operation. Later, Shevardnadze would accuse Kitovani of provoking an armed conflict in Abkhazia, claiming that Kitovani disavowed his order and advance with his military to Sukhumi. Kitovani however blamed Shevardnadze for preventing him from following up an offensive on Sukhumi with an attack on the Abkhaz stronghold in Gudauta, home to a Russian military base which supplied the secessionist forces with instructors and munitions.

Conflict with Shevardnadze
During the war in Abkhazia, Kitovani developed a power centre rivalling Shevardnadze's and on several occasions challenged Shevardnadze, now Head of State, on defence matters, suggesting that he should be responsible only for foreign policy. Kitovani stood as a candidate in Georgia's parliamentary elections of 11 October 1992 and was elected in the single-mandate constituency of Bolnisi. In the aftermath of the elections, Shevardnadze attempted to replace him as Minister of Defence with a professional soldier, General Anatoli Kamkamidze but was unable to do so. Amid persistent rumours that he was planning a new military coup, Kitovani was finally forced into resignation in May 1993 – though a protégé, Gia Karkarashvili, was named as his replacement, and he was able to retain some of his power – partly, according to widespread rumours in Tbilisi, through his control over Georgia's "energy mafia" and his "special relationship" with Russian defence minister Pavel Grachev.

However, Shevardnadze was able to exploit the military setback in Abkhazia to embark on a crackdown on the paramilitary groups and ultimately their leaders. After the pro-Gamsakhurdia rebellion had been quashed with Russian aid by December 1993, Shevardnadze was able to increasingly consolidate his power and deprive both Kitovani and Ioseliani of influence over national security policy.

After spending some time in Russia, Kitovani returned to Tbilisi and, together with Tengiz Sigua and Boris Kakubava, leader of a faction of ethnic Georgian IDPs from Abkhazia, founded the National Front for the Liberation of Abkhazia in the autumn of 1994.

On 13 January 1995, Kitovani, with the support of Tengiz Sigua, led a force of some 700 lightly armed supporters in a march against Abkhazia. They were stopped by Georgian police and arrested. Kitovani was tried for having organized an unlawful armed force and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment in October 1996. He served four years of his eight-year term and was pardoned by Shevardnadze on medical grounds on 22 May 1999.

Emigration and return
From the early 2000s, Kitovani lived in Moscow from where he harshly criticized the Shevardnadze government on several occasions. In February 2002, he responded scandalously to the mysterious suicide of Nugzar Sajaia, Shevardnadze's close ally and an influential Chairman of Georgia's National Security Council, making allegations that Sajaia was a homosexual and had ordered the 2001 murder of journalist Giorgi Sanaia. Later that year, Kitovani accused Shevardnadze of being behind the 2002 assassination of Kakhi Asatiani, a businessman and former football star. He also upheld Russia's claims that some 700 Chechen fighters had spent that winter in Georgia's Pankisi Gorge. He further claimed that Russian General Gennady Shpigun, abducted and killed in Chechnya in 1999/2000, was in fact held captive and put to death in Pankisi, with the body then taken to southern Chechnya. Georgia dismissed all these claims.

Georgian Prosecutor-General Nugzar Gabrichidze claimed that Kitovani had been in close contact with National Guard veterans who staged a failed mutiny on 23 March 2003. Kitovani, however, denied any links with the mutiny.

Kitovani returned to Tbilisi, in December 2012, after the change of government in the aftermath of the October 2012 parliamentary election. In early 2014, President Giorgi Margvelashvili stripped him of his Georgian citizenship.

Kitovani died on 13 November 2023, at age 85.

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Moonlight Graham

Archibald Wright "Moonlight" Graham (November 12, 1876 – August 25, 1965) was an American professional baseball player and medical doctor who appeared as a right fielder in a single major league game for the New York Giants on June 29, 1905. His story was popularized by Shoeless Joe, a novel by W. P. Kinsella, and the subsequent 1989 film Field of Dreams, starring Kevin Costner, and featuring Burt Lancaster and Frank Whaley, respectively, as older and younger incarnations of Graham.

Biography
Graham was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, the second of ten children born to Alexander (September 12, 1844 – November 2, 1934) and Katherine B. Sloan Graham (March 8, 1855 – January 1, 1939). His brother, Frank Porter Graham, was president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was later a U. S. Senator. Every one of Graham's siblings also finished college. He played baseball at UNC, where he was also a member of the Dialectic Society, a debating organization.

Professional baseball career
Graham went on to play baseball in the minor leagues for seven seasons, starting with the Charlotte Hornets in the Class C North Carolina League in 1902. The following year, he played with Nashua, New Hampshire's team in the Class B New England League. Graham also played for the Lowell, Massachusetts and Manchester, New Hampshire teams that season, eventually batting .240 in 89 games with seven triples. In 1904, he spent the entire season with Manchester, hitting .272 in 108 games.

Graham started the 1905 season with the Binghamton Bingoes in the Class B New York State League. He was purchased by the Giants, who had won the National League pennant the previous year (and had refused to play the Boston Americans in a World Series), reporting to the team on May 23, 1905. On June 29, the Giants were the visiting team against the Brooklyn Superbas at Washington Park. At the conclusion of the eighth inning, Graham replaced right fielder George Browne. In the top of the ninth inning, Graham was on deck when Claude Elliott flied out, resulting in the third and final out. Graham played the bottom of the ninth in right field, recording no putouts or assists. That game turned out to be his only appearance in the major leagues.

Graham returned to the New York State League, appearing with the Scranton Miners for the rest of the season and in 1906. For the 1905 minor league season, playing for two teams, he hit .288 in 64 games. The following season, he hit a career-best .329, split between two teams: Scranton, where he hit .336 in 124 games; and the Memphis Egyptians of the Class A Southern Association, where he hit .262 in a dozen games. He returned to Scranton for the 1907 and 1908 seasons, where he hit .285 and .263 in 131 and 130 games, respectively. Graham ranked second in batting average for the New York State League, losing the 1906 batting title by four points. However, according to "The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 2nd Edition" (Lloyd Johnson, Miles Wolff editors), he led the league in batting with an average of .336.

Medical career
Graham completed his medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1905. While there, he had also played on the school's 1904 and 1905 baseball teams. Graham had also added some weight to his 5’ 10" frame and resumed his collegiate football career. He played halfback for Maryland's football team in 1904 and 1905. He obtained his license the following year and began practicing medicine in Chisholm, Minnesota.

"Doc" Graham, as he became known after his career as a ballplayer, served the people of Chisholm for fifty years. From 1909 to 1959, Graham was the doctor for the Chisholm schools. For many years, "Doc" Graham made arrangements to have used eyeglasses sent to his Chisholm office. On Saturdays, he would have the children of the Iron Range (Minnesota) miners, from Grand Rapids to Virginia, come to his office, have their eyes checked and then fit them with the proper set of glasses, all free of charge.

Death
Graham died in Chisholm in 1965. He is buried in Rochester, Minnesota. The Graham Scholarship Fund, established in his honor, provides financial assistance to two Chisholm High School graduating seniors each year. The award is given to one boy and one girl, $500 to each.

A biography of Graham, Chasing Moonlight: The True Story of Field of Dreams' Doc Graham, was written by sportswriter Brett Friedlander and college professor Robert W. Reising in April 2009.

In fiction
In 1975, author W. P. Kinsella happened to notice Graham's entry in The Baseball Encyclopedia. He made note of his unusual career, and then incorporated Graham as a character in his 1982 novel Shoeless Joe, on which the movie Field of Dreams was based. Much of the description of Graham's life in the novel came from the people of Chisholm as Kinsella visited seeking information on him.

In the novel, the dates of Graham's big-league appearance and death are kept as in real life, making the 1905 appearance 74 years prior to the book's 1979 timeframe, and the Ray Kinsella character quickly finds out that Graham has been dead since 1965. The time-travel scene has Kinsella meeting Graham in 1955, ten years prior to Graham's death.

In the movie, the Fenway Park scoreboard shows Graham's appearance as having taken place in 1922, 66 years prior to the film's 1988 time frame. A woman in Chisholm, a long-time friend of Graham's who wrote his obituary in the newspaper on the day of his death, later tells Ray Kinsella (Kevin Costner) and author Terrance Mann (James Earl Jones) that Graham had died in 1972. In the time-travel sequence of the movie, lead character Ray Kinsella goes back to the year of Graham's death, and is told by "Doc" Graham (Burt Lancaster) that his appearance was on the final day of the season, rather than the middle.

Also from the movie, Graham does not play professional baseball at all after his one appearance in the major leagues. In real life, Graham played three additional seasons in the minor leagues (1906 through 1908) after the one major league game that he played in 1905.

In the film, Graham, played by Whaley, is seen batting right-handed, but he in fact batted left-handed.

title: Moonlight Graham


text:
Betty's Bunch

Betty's Bunch was a television drama/adventure series from New Zealand, produced in 1989. Aimed at a young audience, the story revolved around four foster kids living with Betty. Though things are not always easy financially for the family, they keep the spirit up. Things quickly become more difficult when they attract the attention of the two thieves Arthur and The Charmer. Soon afterwards, Betty is kidnapped and her foster children are forced to search for her, as well as avoid being separated by social services.

The series was repeated on New Zealand afternoon television in 1993 and screened in the UK on Channel Four.

The music and theme tune was performed by Dave McArtney of Hello Sailor.

Main

 * Maggie Kirkpatrick as Betty
 * Sarah Ford as Megan
 * Anthony Samuels as Mick
 * Jessica Cardiff-Smith as Chrissie
 * Clayton Spence as Billy
 * Paul Chubb as Arthur "the Con" Quinter
 * Ken Blackburn as the Charmer

Guest

 * Rena Owen as Shirley Gardner
 * Ian Watkin as Sgt. Meadows
 * Frank Whitten as Eagleton
 * Tina Grenville as Amanda

title: Betty's Bunch


text:
Archibald Graham

Archibald Graham may refer to:

Sports

 * Archibald Wright "Moonlight" Graham or Moonlight Graham (died 1965), US baseball player
 * Archibald Graham (cricketer) (1917-2000), New Zealand cricketer
 * Archibald Graham (golfer) in United States Amateur Championship (golf)
 * Archie Graham (rugby union), Namibian player in 2003 Rugby World Cup squads

Others

 * Archibald Graham (bishop) (died 1702), Scottish prelate
 * Archie Graham (city councillor), husband of Johann Lamont

title: Archibald Graham


text:
Broccolini

Broccolini, Aspabroc, baby broccoli or tenderstem broccoli, is a green vegetable similar to broccoli but with smaller florets and longer, thin stalks. It is a hybrid of broccoli and gai lan (which is sometimes referred to as "Chinese kale" or "Chinese broccoli"), both cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea. The name Broccolini is a registered trademark of Mann Packing.

History
Broccolini was originally developed over eight years by the Sakata Seed Company of Yokohama, Japan as a hybrid of broccoli and gai lan, rather than being the product of genetic modification. It was developed to create a milder-tasting vegetable which could grow in hotter climates than broccoli, to expand Sakata's broccoli market.

Sakata partnered with Sanbon Incorporated in 1994 to begin growing the product commercially in Mexico under the name Asparation, implying a similarity to asparagus due to its slim, edible stem. After first becoming available in US markets in 1996, in 1998, Sakata began a partnership with Mann Packing Company in Salinas, California and marketed the product as Broccolini. New forms of Broccolini continue to be developed, including purple broccolini.

Description
Broccolini has a similar structure to sprouting-type broccoli. It grows to 80 cm, with a slender elongated stem that is 15 – long. It is annual or biennial, herbaceous, and glabrous.

Culinary use
The entire vegetable (leaves, young stems, unopened flower shoots, and flowers) is edible. Its flavor is sweet, with notes of both broccoli and asparagus, although it is not closely related to the latter.

Common cooking methods include sautéing, steaming, boiling, and stir frying. According to a 2005 study assessing how Australians cooked broccolini, the majority used steaming, with less stir-frying, and a small minority ate it raw or in a salad.

Nutrition
Broccolini is a source of vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin K, folate and glucosinolates.

Broccolini contains a similar profile of phenolic acids to other vegetables in the Brassica family, most notably containing flavonoids. Research into flavonoids in broccolini leaves has suggested they can inhibit the growth of some cancers. Such research has found that common cooking methods reduce broccolini's phenolic acid content, particularly boiling.

Climate
Broccolini grows in cool climates and is intolerant of extreme climates. It is more sensitive to cold temperatures than broccoli but less sensitive to hot temperatures.

Growth and distribution
Broccolini takes 50–60 days to grow after being transplanted. It is harvested when the heads are fully developed but are not flowering. By cutting off the head, the harvest time is extended as new side shoots of smaller heads will grow. Unlike other cruciferous vegetables, which are harvested once per growth cycle, broccolini is harvested 3-5 times in a growth cycle, depending on growing conditions. Further unlike broccoli, the stalk is inedible, rather, the side shoots are harvested and consumed.

After being harvested, the produce is cooled to 0 °C, preventing the flower heads developing to maintain quality. Shelf life can be further extended with the use of modified atmosphere packaging.

In the US, broccolini is grown in California during the summer and Arizona during the winter.

Produce reference
The International Federation for Produce Standards assigns it the price look-up code 3277, "baby broccoli". It is also known as asparation, asparations, "sweet baby broccoli", broccoletti, and broccolette "Italian Sprouting broccoli". It is sold under the registered trademarks Bimi and Tenderstem.

title: Broccolini


text:
Metric Martyrs

The Metric Martyrs was a British advocacy group who campaigned for the freedom to choose what units of measurement are used by traders. The group believed that vendors should have the freedom to mark their goods with imperial weights and measurements alone. This opposes the current legal position that imperial units may be used so long as metric units are also displayed.

The advocacy group was formed by individuals who had been accused of offences related to selling loose produce using imperial measures, including not displaying metric signage, and for using unstamped weighing machines (which had had their stamps removed by the authorities). Newspapers dubbed the group the "metric martyrs" after Chris Howell, then weights and measures spokesman for the Institute of Trading Standards Administration (today the Trading Standards Institute), said that they could martyr themselves if they wanted to.

Legal cases
In 2001 Steve Thoburn, a greengrocer in Sunderland, the main defendant in the original case, was convicted of two offences under the Weights and Measures Act 1985 of using weighing equipment that was not stamped by a Weights and Measures Inspector. The stamps had been obliterated because the scales were not capable of weighing in the metric system as well as imperial, and hence were no longer permitted for commercial use. He was initially convicted and given a six-month conditional discharge. In Thoburn v Sunderland City Council the fines were challenged in court; the verdict was in favour of Sunderland City Council, upholding the imposition of the fines. The challenges were made on the grounds that British law does not prohibit the use of imperial units when selling loose goods, but metric units must also be displayed.

The magistrates' court's decision was upheld on appeal by a divisional court. A petition for leave to appeal to the House of Lords was refused, as was an application to the European Court of Human Rights (alleging a breach of the right to a fair trial).

Thoburn died of a heart attack in March 2004.

Colin Hunt, who runs a fruit and veg stall in Hackney, was convicted in 2001 of six offences under the Price Marking Order 1999 for failing to display a unit price per kilogram.

John Dove a fishmonger, and Julian Harman, a greengrocer were also convicted in Cornwall in 2001 of two offences under the Price Marking Order 1999 of failing to display a unit price per kilogram, and of two offences of using a scale that was only capable of weighing in the imperial system.

Peter Collins, a fruit seller in Sutton who was prosecuted in 2000, was not convicted of any criminal offence. Collins appealed to a Magistrates' court to have limits on his street trading licence removed. These limits, to which all traders are subject, allowed him to label his goods in imperial quantities only if metric quantities were also displayed no less prominently.

In 2008, Nic Davison was served with an infringement notice for selling draught beer by the litre rather than pints, at his Polish restaurant in Doncaster. Trading Standards officers threatened Davison with prosecution, and called on him to change the glasses used in his restaurant. Davison refused, stating the supremacy of EU law in UK law in matters of weights and measures. The case against him was dropped. Davison had sought the help of then Prime Minister Gordon Brown and of his MP Ed Miliband.

Pardon campaign
UK regulations drawn up in response to EEC/EU weights and measures directives had required the use of metric units for certain activities, including sale by weight or measure in the retail trade of certain produce. Prior to 1 January 2000, these regulations applied to most pre-packaged food but on that date, they were extended to cover selling transactions where the product was weighed in front of the customer. The regulations permitted the equivalent imperial unit to be displayed alongside the metric unit as a "supplementary indicator". In 2007 the European Commission announced that for the cases where metric units were required, it had extended the option to also use imperial units indefinitely. These changes followed from public pressure, and concerns that phasing out dual-labelling would create a trade barrier with the United States, where dual-labelling is required.

In response to the European Commission's announcement, there have been calls for a posthumous pardon for Steve Thoburn, who died after having his petition to the European Court of Human Rights denied. Despite an early day motion by Philip Davies MP, the pardon was denied on the grounds that an offence had been committed under the law which was in force at the time. The 2007 EU announcement was not about a change to existing (2001) legal requirements, but rather abandoned plans for a change in 2009. Moreover, the Office for Criminal Justice Reform claimed that even if the law were to be changed, there would still be no case for a pardon "as citizens are expected to comply with the law as it is at the time".

Regulation and units of measure
In the original case, several statutes were cited including Magna Carta, the Acts of Union 1707 and European Communities Act 1972.

Since medieval times, The Crown has asserted the right to regulate weights and measures in the market place. Even though the barons forced King John to accept Magna Carta in 1215, it was issued in the name of the king. Article 35 stated:

"Let there be one measure for wine throughout our kingdom, and one measure for ale, and one measure for corn, namely 'the London quarter'; and one width for cloths whether dyed, russet or halberget, namely two ells within the selvedges. Let it be the same with weights as with measures."

Prior to England and Scotland uniting in 1707, each kingdom enforced their own system of weights and measures. Article 17 of the Act of Union ensured that there was a single system of weights and measures across the newly created United Kingdom by requiring that both nations adopted the English system.

The concept of a single system of measures under government control continues. In 2003 the summary of a government report stated:

"To maintain the confidence of consumers and businesses in weights and measures the Government regulates the units and standards of measurement for trade; the design and use of weighing and measuring equipment; the provision of quantity information; and the sale of goods by quantity."

title: Metric Martyrs


text:
Chachapoyas

Chachapoyas may refer to:

 * Chachapoya culture, existed until the 15th century in the highlands in northern Peru
 * Chachapoya language
 * Chachapoyas, Peru, the capital of the province with the same name and the Amazonas Region
 * Chachapoyas Province, Amazonas Region, Peru

title: Chachapoyas


text:
Fisher (comics)

Fisher is a Canadian comic strip, which ran daily exclusively in The Globe and Mail from 1992 to September 2012. On 8 September 2012, the last strip was published in the Globe after the paper decided to drop the comic as part of a reorganization of the page. After its cancellation it restarted as a web only comic. In May 2013 the first book collection of Fisher strips was published by Nestlings Press in Toronto. Titled "When Tom Met Alison", it details the courtship of the two leading characters in the strip.

Fisher is drawn by Philip Street and first appeared in the Globe and Mail on 24 June 1992. The strip's central character is Tom Fisher, an advertising copywriter and follows his life and friends. Other notable main characters are Fisher's wife Alison, a former art student who currently draws her father's comic strip The Snugglebunnies, Ruth, a school teacher, and Eugene, a business consultant.

Tom and Alison married in June 2002, and Ruth and Eugene followed suit in August. It was not long after that Tom and Alison moved into a home of their own, and recently they've had a baby, Paul. After the move the comic strip changed focus from the four in the household and shifted it to Alison, Tom, and their new family.

Ruth and Eugene were also trying to have a baby, but ran into some difficulties. As a result, while they are still friends with Alison and Tom, they do not seem to be as close as they used to be. This is possibly due to feelings of jealousy, but it could just be because they now live in different houses. Ruth and Eugene are an interracial couple; Ruth is black and Eugene is white.

Tom's established career at Waverly & Mogul came to an abrupt end when J.B. Mogul informed Tom of his dismissal. Tom theorizes he was terminated because he had "lost touch" with today's youth.

Recurring characters include Fisher's former ad agency boss J. B. Mogul, Fisher's sister Marion and her husband Biff, Alison and Tom's pets Newcombe (a cat) and Bixby (a sentient robotic personal assistant), a trendy beatnik-type character named Comrade Black and a panhandler/street poet named Homer with whom the characters sometimes interact with on the street.

The strip often carries a layer of social commentary. Strips set in Fisher's workplace satirize office politics and corporate bureaucracy; strips set in Fisher's home lean to relationship humour, with a strong focus on Tom's tendency to be introspective. With Paul's arrival the wry satirical observations have an added perspective, since baby Paul seems to have wisdom beyond his age.

title: Fisher (comics)


text: User talk:204.126.64.254

title: User talk:204.126.64.254


text:
Talk:Corporation tax/to do

 * History
 * Assessment
 * Future

title: Talk:Corporation tax/to do


text:
National War Museum

The National War Museum is a museum dedicated to warfare, which is located inside Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. Opened in 1933 in a converted 18th-century ordnance storehouse, the museum is run by the National Museums Scotland and covers 400 years of Scotland at war from the 17th century through permanent exhibits and special exhibitions.

It was formerly known as the Scottish United Services Museum, and prior to this, the Scottish Naval and Military Museum.

Location and description
The museum is located in the Hospital Square of Edinburgh Castle, within the Old Town area of Edinburgh, Scotland. The building, which has been category-B listed since 1970, comprises two storeys with a ten-bay rectangular-plan. It is managed by National Museums Scotland. Admission to the museum is included in the entry charge for the castle.

The museum's collection includes items used by Scotland's armed forces over many centuries. These include broadswords from the Scottish Highlands, protection against chemical warfare, and letters sent home from combat by personnel. It also houses a gallery, with works such as The Thin Red Line by Robert Gibb, and a library.

History
Various movements proposing museums dedicated to warfare arose during World War I, and the consensus amongst those involved was that they should be regional in nature. Preliminary ideas for a Scottish museum were drawn up in 1917 by Alexander Ormiston Curle, curator of the National Museum of Scotland, under advice from organisers in London, as well as a civic committee of the Edinburgh council, set up by Lord Provost John Lorne MacLeod. John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, was also a supporter of the idea. The committee worked through 1918 and 1919 on ideas for the museum, including plans for procuring exhibits. After the end of the war, however, priority was given to the construction of the Scottish National War Memorial, which opened in 1927, and the museum project was put on hold.

The museum project was resurrected in the late 1920s by the Duke of Atholl, utilising a building inside Edinburgh Castle which was built in the 1748 by William Skinner as a storehouse for ordnance. Construction took more than three years, and the museum was opened by Lord High Commissioner John Buchan on 23 May 1933 as the Scottish Naval and Military Museum.

In 1949, recognising the importance of the Air Force to the war effort in World War II, the museum was renamed to the United Services Museum. The museum was refurbished in 2000, and upon reopening was renamed to its present name of the National War Museum.

title: National War Museum


text:
Category:Aichi Prefecture

Aichi Prefecture (愛知県 Aichi-ken) is a prefecture located in the Chūbu region, Chūkyō region of Japan. The capital is Nagoya.

title: Category:Aichi Prefecture


text:
User:Samely

Sam
The name is Sam. Sam's the name. My name... is Sam. Thanks. check my website: SAMstudios

title: User:Samely


text:
Joseph Tainter

Joseph Anthony Tainter (born December 8, 1949) is an American anthropologist and historian.

Biography
Tainter studied anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley and Northwestern University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1975. he holds a professorship in the Department of Environment and Society at Utah State University. His previous positions include Project Leader of Cultural Heritage Research, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico.

Tainter has written and edited many articles and monographs. His best-known work, The Collapse of Complex Societies (1988), examines the collapse of Maya and Chacoan civilizations, and of the Western Roman Empire, in terms of network theory, energy economics and complexity theory. Tainter argues that sustainability or collapse of societies follow from the success or failure of problem-solving institutions and that societies collapse when their investments in social complexity and their energy subsidies reach a point of diminishing marginal returns. He recognizes collapse when a society involuntarily sheds a significant portion of its complexity.

With Tadeusz Patzek, he is author of Drilling Down: The Gulf Oil Debacle and Our Energy Dilemma, published in 2011.

Joseph Tainter is married to Bonnie Bagley and they have one child, Emmet Bagley Tainter.

Social complexity
As described in Tainter's Collapse of Complex Societies, societies become more complex as they try to solve problems. Social complexity can be recognized by numerous differentiated and specialised social and economic roles and many mechanisms through which they are coordinated, and by reliance on symbolic and abstract communication, and the existence of a class of information producers and analysts who are not involved in primary resource production. Such complexity requires a substantial "energy" subsidy (meaning the consumption of resources, or other forms of wealth).

When a society confronts a "problem," such as a shortage of energy, or difficulty in gaining access to it, it tends to create new layers of bureaucracy, infrastructure, or social class to address the challenge. Tainter, who first identifies seventeen examples of rapid collapse of societies, applies his model to three case studies: The Western Roman Empire, the Maya civilization, and the Chaco culture.

For example, as Roman agricultural output slowly declined and population increased, per-capita energy availability dropped. The Romans "solved" this problem by conquering their neighbours to appropriate their energy surpluses (as metals, grain, slaves, other materials of value). However, as the Empire grew, the cost of maintaining communications, garrisons, civil government, etc. grew with it. Eventually, this cost grew so great that any new challenges such as invasions and crop failures could not be solved by the acquisition of more territory.

Intense, authoritarian efforts to maintain cohesion by Domitian and Constantine the Great only led to an ever greater strain on the population. The empire was split into two halves, of which the western soon fragmented into smaller units. The eastern half, being wealthier, was able to survive longer, and did not collapse but instead succumbed slowly and piecemeal, because unlike the western empire it had powerful neighbors able to take advantage of its weakness.

It is often assumed that the collapse of the western Roman Empire was a catastrophe for everyone involved. Tainter points out that it can be seen as a very rational preference of individuals at the time, many of whom were actually better off. Tainter notes that in the west, local populations in many cases greeted the barbarians as liberators.

Diminishing returns
Tainter begins by categorizing and examining the often inconsistent explanations that have been offered for collapse in the literature. In Tainter's view, while invasions, crop failures, disease or environmental degradation may be the apparent causes of societal collapse, the ultimate cause is an economic one, inherent in the structure of society rather than in external shocks which may batter them: diminishing returns on investments in social complexity. Finally, Tainter musters modern statistics to show that marginal returns on investments in energy (EROEI), education and technological innovation are diminishing today. The globalised modern world is subject to many of the same stresses that brought older societies to ruin.

However, Tainter is not entirely apocalyptic: "When some new input to an economic system is brought on line, whether a technical innovation or an energy subsidy, it will often have the potential at least temporarily to raise marginal productivity". Thus, barring continual conquest of your neighbors (which is always subject to diminishing returns), innovation that increases productivity is – in the long run – the only way out of the dilemma of declining marginal returns on added investments in complexity.

And, in his final chapters, Tainter discusses why modern societies may not be able to choose to collapse: because surrounding them are other complex societies which will in some way absorb a collapsed region or prevent a general collapse; the Mayan and Chacoan regions had no powerful complex neighbors and so could collapse for centuries or millennia, as could the Western Roman Empire - but the Eastern Roman Empire, bordered as it was by the Parthian/Sassanid Empire, did not have the option of devolving into simpler, smaller entities.

His paper Complexity, Problem Solving, and Sustainable Societies (1996) focuses on the energy cost of problem solving, and the energy-complexity relation in manmade systems.

title: Joseph Tainter


text:
College Cup

College Cup may refer to:
 * NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship
 * NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship

title: College Cup


text:
Carl Pohlad

Carl Ray Pohlad (August 23, 1915 – January 5, 2009) was an American financier from Minnesota. Pohlad is best known as the owner of the Minnesota Twins baseball franchise from 1984 (succeeding Calvin Griffith) until his death in 2009.

In 2009, Pohlad had an estimated net worth of $3.6 billion, placing him 102nd on the annual Forbes 400 list of the wealthiest Americans.

Early life and education
Carl Pohlad was born on August 23, 1915, in Valley Junction, Iowa, to poor parents of Slovak descent, Mary M. (Sodak) and Michael Pohlad. He grew up in West Des Moines, Iowa and graduated from Valley High School in West Des Moines in 1934. He attended and played football for Compton Junior College in Southern California for a short time. Bing Crosby saw him play football and recruited him to play for his alma mater, Gonzaga University in Washington. Pohlad attended Gonzaga but dropped out after the football season of his senior year.

Pohlad was drafted in World War II and served from 1943 to 1946. During his service, he fought in Europe, spending time in France, Germany, and Austria. Pohlad was scheduled to participate in the Normandy Invasion (D-Day), but a case of poison oak kept him out of the invasion's early stages. He was wounded in battle, and was awarded the Purple Heart and a Bronze Star Medal.

After the war, Pohlad returned to Iowa and met Mary Eloise O'Rourke. They married and later moved to Edina, Minnesota. Eloise died in 2003. They had three sons during their 56-year marriage: James, Robert, and William, who all serve as Executive Board Members of the Minnesota Twins.

Career
Pohlad got his start in the banking business by foreclosing farms during the Great Depression. After the Depression, he began investing in community banks. Over several decades, he built a banking empire. He bought deposits from The Midwest Federal Savings & Loan after its collapse in 1989. In late 1991 he sold his bank, Marquette Bank, which was owned by the Bank Shares, Inc. holding company, to First Bank System (now US Bank), with the deal finally closing in 1993. In 2006 Forbes ranked him tied for the 107th richest person in the United States, with a net worth of $2.6 billion.

Pohlad became president of the Twin City Rapid Transit (the Minneapolis St. Paul bus and streetcar company), saving it from Fred A. Ossanna (who was convicted in 1960 of illegally taking personal profit from the company). Pohlad was also the Vice President of Pohlad Companies, which owns several companies large and small, including Marquette Financial Companies, United Properties, River Road Entertainment, Stanton Group Holdings, Arcadia Solutions, KTWN FM (96.3 FM) Radio Station (through Northern Lights Broadcasting, a holding company), and JB Hudson's Jewelers in the Twin Cities, as well as a controlling interest in PepsiAmericas, the second-largest bottling group in the United States.

Minnesotan sports
Pohlad purchased the Minnesota Twins baseball franchise in 1984. The Twins won their first World Series in 1987, and a second World Series in 1991. Pohlad claimed he was close to selling the Twins in 1997 to North Carolina businessman Don Beaver, who would have moved the team to the Piedmont Triad area of the state. The defeat of a referendum for a stadium in that area and a lack of interest in a move to Charlotte killed the deal.

In 2001, he offered to sell the team for a reported $150 million to Major League Baseball as part of a contraction plan by the league, in effect eliminating the Twins. The deal was not completed due to a court order binding the Twins to their lease with the Metrodome, and the team continued to play.

Pohlad also owned a part of the Minnesota Vikings from the mid-1980s to 1991.

Death
Pohlad died of natural causes on January 5, 2009, at the age of 93. His funeral was held at the Basilica of Saint Mary, Minneapolis. His son Jim took over day-to-day operations of the Twins organization.

Honors

 * 1984, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 2005, Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame

title: Carl Pohlad


text:
MediaWiki talk:Clearyourcache

Protected edit request on 20 August 2020
Please change "Google Chrome" to "Chromium-based browsers" as the instructions also work for Microsoft Edge and other browsers that are based on Chromium. Aasim 07:27, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ❌ this is a very user-friendly message, and it certainly could be improved - but its safe to think that more users will know what a "Google Chrome" is, and not a "Chromium-based browser" - got a different suggestion? (I'm all for taking the word "Google" out of there though!). (Reactivated the answered=yes to =no if you reply to requeue this) —  xaosflux  Talk 11:20, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , maybe add "Microsoft Edge" to the list instead of "Chromium-based browsers" and remove "Internet Explorer" as many people don't use that browser anymore. Aasim 18:34, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ I replaced IE with ME. — xaosflux  Talk 18:38, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 8 November 2023
Please change  to. The reason is internationalization - int: will adjust the messages according to the language selected, but this won't. Awesome Aasim 20:02, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌ Given that the English warning includes significantly more information than the translated warnings I'm not convinced this is a good idea. * Pppery * it has begun... 00:33, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 26 January 2024
Please change to.

This pulls out script doc auto out of the namespace switch, making it show up on both user and mediawiki namespaces. (This interface message is only used on NS2 and NS8 so other namesapces aren't in the picture).

Right now, script doc auto doesn't give any sensible output on MediaWiki namespace but I've requested an edit to change that, which should ideally be implemented first. – SD0001  (talk) 09:25, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ * Pppery * it has begun... 16:10, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Clearyourcache


text:
Talk:Australia national cricket team

Finals
opening is over. good.

middle and close. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.205.191.34 (talk) 16:53, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

 * hicaptain 42.105.204.20 (talk) 04:50, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

Squad Change: Maybe Add Last Test, Last ODI and Last T20I Like Others Have?
Hi. Could we add a "Last Test", "Last ODI" and "Last T20I" of each and every player in the Australian cricket team like how it is in the other teams (England, India, etc.)? 60.254.12.149 (talk) 04:15, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 20 January 2022
Can I please have permission as I want to update the Australian squad as its over a year old and missing several players. Cheers. Therlinsideman (talk) 22:15, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. If you can describe the specific changes you'd like to make, another editor will add them provided they fit our guidelines. Pupsterlove02  talk • contribs 22:26, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 26 March 2022
Hi, can I please have permission to update the ICC Test team ranking for Australia from 3rd to 1st? This was recently updated on the ICC's website. Thanks for your consideration. SirWellsy99 (talk) 10:39, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone may add them for you. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:55, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 19 September 2022
Change to the description of the coaching staff Kenjiag788 (talk) 14:48, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. – Recoil (talk) 20:19, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Update title/link to identify as "Australia men's national cricket team"
For fairness and equality, this article should be titled "Australia men's national cricket team" to mirror the women's article/link which is "Australia women's national cricket team". The men's page currently has a link to the women's page, indicating that some people may go to the Australia national cricket team link thinking that it would be either 1) discussing both teams, or 2) potentially the women's page. With all the improvements to women's sport, this would be a great step towards showing parity (and not that women are 'an addition' to the men's game. :) Jayeelle (talk) 08:16, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed , Both the Mens and womens teams have been exceptional throughout their history and both deserve equal recognition of their contributions as national cricket teams. TheDataStudent (talk) 23:21, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * To add more justification - Social media branding for the team says "Australian Men's Cricket Team" https://www.facebook.com/AustralianCricketTeam TheDataStudent (talk) 23:26, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * This team is neither gender nor sex restricted. To call it the ‘men’s team’ suggests that women are prohibited from playing in it, which is false.
 * This is an unrestricted Open team available to the best players in the country - regardless of their gender or sex - and it is therefore correctly referred to as the Australian National Cricket Team. Oddsockz (talk) 11:32, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Cricket Australia can only have its matches recognised as official cricket matches if the teams it fields comply with the International Cricket Council's (ICC) determinations on nationality and gender recognition: https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/04/13/8e207483-9809-4919-9c09-598f47738464/ICC-Player-Eligibility-Regulations-amended-effective-12-April-2021-.pdf
 * As a function of this, all International cricket teams are restricted to their respective genders. TheDataStudent (talk) 08:01, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Specifically Article 3, section 3.1.1.2 implies that male and female competitions are different, and that players in those teams must comply with the associated gender rules. TheDataStudent (talk) 08:04, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose:  See discussion on Talk:India national cricket team. @Jayeelle@TheDataStudent
 * Pharaoh496 (talk) 04:03, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Although if you want a productive discussion, please start a move discussion Pharaoh496 (talk) 04:04, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

T20I World Cup
The article currently lists Australia as the reigning champions, but England has recently taken the title. Parkie314 (talk) 10:30, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Has been addressed by another editor. Thanks for letting us know. --David Biddulph (talk) 11:12, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Yep, got distracted into tidying other stuff I saw before circling back to reply here! Spike 'em (talk) 11:26, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 December 2023
Venues fit Australian cricket team should include Burswood Stadium, Perth WA 1st Test vs Pakistan played there in 2023. Test players kit should include”Baggy Green” cap. Every new Test player has a presentation ceremony when he is given his Test Match cap.Robert Davis 2001:8003:8038:B001:D58C:B60A:37BD:B031 (talk) 04:26, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Mattdaviesfsic (talk) 12:18, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 31 December 2023
Toyota is displayed on the front of home playing uniforms not Alinta Energy 124.170.100.139 (talk) 21:28, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. – 64andtim  ( talk ) 21:30, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 January 2024
The Australian uniform now sports Toyota, HCLtech and ASICS on the home uniform, with Qantas and ASICS on the away uniform. Alinta Energy is no more! Bednutler (talk) 02:59, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Rusty4321  talk contribs 20:22, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Captaincy
Hello. Myself and User:Therlinsideman have a dispute over the captains listed. To summarise the problem, Australia’s current captain in the ODI format is Pat Cummins. He is being rested from the next series that Australia play and Steve Smith is acting as stand-in captain. Generally, we have the permanent captain listed on Wikipedia, however, Therlinsideman has constantly been adding Steve Smith as the current Australia ODI captain, which is untrue as he is not the permanent captain. I have attempted to discuss this with them on their talk page (diff), however, I got no reply. They left a message for me on my talk page, but when I replied to it, there was no further response (diff). Their only justification given has been that Cummins is missing the next series, however, when I explain the problem in their edits, I have received no reply. There have also been discussions on the Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. I have also given them warnings on their edits but they have continued reverted since their final warning. Hamza Ali Shah  Talk 22:02, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Happy to hear opinions but Australia wont be playing ODIs til September 2024... Cummins last ODI appearance came in November 2023 and hasn't been named in any squads since for ODIs... Smith will be the incumbent captain until late Sep 2024... Therlinsideman (talk) 13:03, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello. I would just like to request that the vice-captains are not unnecessarily added in to the article. They have never been listed on any cricket team article before and there is absolutely no need to add it in here. Thanks,  Hamza Ali Shah   Talk 13:07, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Until we have reached a verdict on whether Smith should be listed given Marsh is also listed as a stand in we will keep these. You can now add them to other pages if you want Therlinsideman (talk) 13:18, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * You have given no justification for your edits. There is no need to add in vice-captains. They were not part of the article before and there isn't any need to make them a part of it.  Hamza Ali Shah   Talk 13:22, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * well you have added in Marsh as acting captain, disagreeing with Smith being mentioned as acting captain, so this will serve for now Therlinsideman (talk) 13:26, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I have added in Marsh as interim in T20Is because currently, there is no permanent T20I captain. That is not a justification for your changes.  Hamza Ali Shah   Talk 13:30, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hamza Ali Shah. This is a very trivial content dispute that isn't worth the effort you're putting into it. If this happens to me i unwatch the page, and that's problem solved. Desertarun (talk) 22:12, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

MItch or Mitchell Marsh
USER:Therlinsideman has been edit skirmishing with me over Mr Marsh's first name, and ignoring the point I have repeatedly made in my Edit summaries. Our article on him is called Mitchell Marsh. USER:Therlinsideman insists that it should be Mitch here, not Mitchell, and keeps reverting my changes. This means every mention of him in this article is now a redirect. I don't care what we call him, but we need to be consistent. Either we say Mitchell in this article, or his own article should be renamed to Mitch Marsh. HiLo48 (talk) 07:55, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Australia national cricket team


text:
Claudette Boyer

Claudette Boyer (January 9, 1938 – February 16, 2013) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. She was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1999 as a Liberal, but was later forced to leave the party as a result of legal difficulties. She retired from politics in 2003.

Background
Boyer was born and raised in Ottawa, Ontario. She attended the University of Ottawa, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Teacher's Certificate. She worked as a teacher for thirty years, and was actively involved in the Association des enseignantes et des enseignants franco-ontariens (Franco-Ontarian teachers association), the Ontario Teachers' Federation and the Canadian Teachers Federation. She and her husband, Jean-Robert Boyer, raised three children, Pierre, Michel and Julie.

Politics
In 1982, Boyer was elected as a school trustee for the Ottawa Board of Education. She represented Vanier separate school supporters. She remained as a trustee until 1986 when new legislation created a French language school board in Ottawa. She decided not to run for the new board. Soon after she joined the board of the l'Association Canadienne-Francaise de l'Ontario.

In 1990 she became the president of the riding association for Ottawa-Vanier. She stayed as president until 1994 when she resigned to compete for the nomination as federal Liberal candidate when Jean-Robert Gauthier resigned to accept a senate appointment. She was narrowly beaten by Mauril Belanger who became the MP in a subsequent by-election. She maintained her ties to the Liberal party as campaign manager for several local politicians including Jean-Robert Gauthier, Bernard Grandmaitre and Guy Cousineau.

In the provincial election of 1999, Boyer was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the redistributed riding of Ottawa—Vanier, successor to Ottawa East. She easily defeated her Progressive Conservative opponent by almost 9,000 votes in what is considered a safe Liberal seat. She became the first Franco-Ontarian woman to be elected to Queen's Park. She served as the party's critic for Francophone Affairs and Women's Issues.

In December 1999, she was charged with obstruction of justice. In August, her husband was involved in an incident where he accidentally backed his car into Denis Grandmaitre, the son of former area MPP Bernard Grandmaître. He suffered a broken leg. An investigation resulted since several versions of the accident were given to police. During the investigation she was asked to step down from her legislative role as critic. It was revealed that Boyer asked three other people to claim they were driving instead of her husband. Her niece agreed to tell this version. In March 2001 Boyer and her husband pleaded guilty to one charge each of obstruction of justice to which they were granted a conditional discharge. As a result of this, Liberal leader Dalton McGuinty suspended her from the caucus. In September 2001, McGuinty said that she would not be allowed back into caucus and that she would have to serve the remainder of her term as an independent. Boyer was bitter about the rejection. She said, "It was very harsh... I made an error of judgment and as far as I'm concerned, I'm clear. I paid my dues. I cannot accept the way this went."

In 2003, Boyer put her name forward to be re-nominated as the Liberal candidate but McGuinty intervened and used his executive powers to appoint Madeleine Meilleur as the candidate. Boyer was rueful about the situation. She said, "I'm not bitter, I'm not frustrated either. I'm just sad about what is going on." Boyer elected not to run as an independent and retired from politics. Meilleur easily won the 2003 election.

Later life
In 2004, she was awarded the Prix anniversaire by the Association des enseignantes et des enseignants franco-ontariens in recognition of her years of service to the community. In 2007 she became the President of the Ottawa chapter of the Francophone Assembly of Ontario. In August 2011 she was hospitalized due to a stroke.

She died at Montfort Hospital in Ottawa in 2013 of an intracranial hemorrhage. She was 75.

title: Claudette Boyer


text:
Thom space

In mathematics, the Thom space, Thom complex, or Pontryagin–Thom construction (named after René Thom and Lev Pontryagin) of algebraic topology and differential topology is a topological space associated to a vector bundle, over any paracompact space.

Construction of the Thom space
One way to construct this space is as follows. Let

 * $$p: E \to B$$

be a rank n real vector bundle over the paracompact space B. Then for each point b in B, the fiber $$E_b$$ is an $$n$$-dimensional real vector space. Choose an orthogonal structure on E, a smoothly varying inner product on the fibers; we can do this using partitions of unity. Let $$D(E)$$ be the unit ball bundle with respect to our orthogonal structure, and let $$S(E)$$ be the unit sphere bundle, then the Thom space $$T(E)$$ is the quotient $$T(E) := D(E)/S(E)$$ of topological spaces. $$T(E)$$ is a pointed space with the image of $$S(E)$$ in the quotient as basepoint. If B is compact, then $$T(E)$$ is the one-point compactification of E.

For example, if E is the trivial bundle $$B\times \R^n$$, then $$D(E) = B \times D^n$$ and $$S(E) = B \times S^{n-1}$$. Writing $$B_+$$ for B with a disjoint basepoint, $$T(E)$$ is the smash product of $$B_+$$ and $$S^n$$; that is, the n-th reduced suspension of $$B_+$$.

The Thom isomorphism
The significance of this construction begins with the following result, which belongs to the subject of cohomology of fiber bundles. (We have stated the result in terms of $$\Z_2$$ coefficients to avoid complications arising from orientability; see also Orientation of a vector bundle.)

Let $$p: E\to B$$ be a real vector bundle of rank n. Then there is an isomorphism, now called a Thom isomorphism
 * $$\Phi : H^k(B; \Z_2) \to \widetilde{H}^{k+n}(T(E); \Z_2),$$

for all k greater than or equal to 0, where the right hand side is reduced cohomology.

This theorem was formulated and proved by René Thom in his famous 1952 thesis.

We can interpret the theorem as a global generalization of the suspension isomorphism on local trivializations, because the Thom space of a trivial bundle on B of rank k is isomorphic to the kth suspension of $$B_+$$, B with a disjoint point added (cf. .) This can be more easily seen in the formulation of the theorem that does not make reference to Thom space:

In concise terms, the last part of the theorem says that u freely generates $$H^*(E, E \setminus B; \Lambda)$$ as a right $$H^*(E; \Lambda)$$-module. The class u is usually called the Thom class of E. Since the pullback $$p^*: H^*(B; \Lambda) \to H^*(E; \Lambda)$$ is a ring isomorphism, $$\Phi$$ is given by the equation:

 * $$\Phi(b) = p^*(b) \smile u.$$

In particular, the Thom isomorphism sends the identity element of $$H^*(B)$$ to u. Note: for this formula to make sense, u is treated as an element of (we drop the ring $$\Lambda$$)

 * $$\tilde{H}^n(T(E)) = H^n(\operatorname{Sph}(E), B) \simeq H^n(E, E \setminus B).$$

The standard reference for the Thom isomorphism is the book by Bott and Tu.

Significance of Thom's work
In his 1952 paper, Thom showed that the Thom class, the Stiefel–Whitney classes, and the Steenrod operations were all related. He used these ideas to prove in the 1954 paper Quelques propriétés globales des variétés differentiables that the cobordism groups could be computed as the homotopy groups of certain Thom spaces MG(n). The proof depends on and is intimately related to the transversality properties of smooth manifolds—see Thom transversality theorem. By reversing this construction, John Milnor and Sergei Novikov (among many others) were able to answer questions about the existence and uniqueness of high-dimensional manifolds: this is now known as surgery theory. In addition, the spaces MG(n) fit together to form spectra MG now known as Thom spectra, and the cobordism groups are in fact stable. Thom's construction thus also unifies differential topology and stable homotopy theory, and is in particular integral to our knowledge of the stable homotopy groups of spheres.

If the Steenrod operations are available, we can use them and the isomorphism of the theorem to construct the Stiefel–Whitney classes. Recall that the Steenrod operations (mod 2) are natural transformations

 * $$Sq^i : H^m(-; \Z_2) \to H^{m+i}(-; \Z_2),$$

defined for all nonnegative integers m. If $$i=m$$, then $$Sq^i$$ coincides with the cup square. We can define the ith Stiefel–Whitney class $$w_i(p)$$ of the vector bundle $$p: E\to B$$ by:

 * $$w_i(p) = \Phi^{-1}(Sq^i(\Phi(1))) = \Phi^{-1}(Sq^i(u)).$$

Consequences for differentiable manifolds
If we take the bundle in the above to be the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold, the conclusion of the above is called the Wu formula, and has the following strong consequence: since the Steenrod operations are invariant under homotopy equivalence, we conclude that the Stiefel–Whitney classes of a manifold are as well. This is an extraordinary result that does not generalize to other characteristic classes. There exists a similar famous and difficult result establishing topological invariance for rational Pontryagin classes, due to Sergei Novikov.

Real cobordism
There are two ways to think about bordism: one as considering two $$n$$-manifolds $$M,M'$$ are cobordant if there is an $$(n+1)$$-manifold with boundary $$W$$ such that

 * $$\partial W = M \coprod M'$$

Another technique to encode this kind of information is to take an embedding $$M \hookrightarrow \R^{N + n}$$ and considering the normal bundle

 * $$\nu: N_{\R^{N+n}/M} \to M$$

The embedded manifold together with the isomorphism class of the normal bundle actually encodes the same information as the cobordism class $$[M]$$. This can be shown by using a cobordism $$W$$ and finding an embedding to some $$\R^{N_W + n}\times [0,1]$$ which gives a homotopy class of maps to the Thom space $$MO(n)$$ defined below. Showing the isomorphism of

 * $$\pi_nMO \cong \Omega^O_n$$

requires a little more work.

Definition of Thom spectrum
By definition, the Thom spectrum is a sequence of Thom spaces

 * $$MO(n) = T(\gamma^n)$$

where we wrote $$\gamma^n\to BO(n)$$ for the universal vector bundle of rank n. The sequence forms a spectrum. A theorem of Thom says that $$\pi_*(MO)$$ is the unoriented cobordism ring; the proof of this theorem relies crucially on Thom’s transversality theorem. The lack of transversality prevents from computing cobordism rings of, say, topological manifolds from Thom spectra.

title: Thom space


text:
Philip Street

Philip Street (born 1959) is a Canadian cartoonist and animator who lives in Toronto. He lived in Blyth, Ontario during his childhood and studied English at St. Michael's College in Toronto, as well as classical animation at Sheridan College. He lived in Kingston, Ontario, before moving to Toronto.

From 1990 to 1997 he was art director of Compass, and subsequently became the founding art director of Voices Across Boundaries.

He drew the comic strip Fisher, which appeared daily in The Globe and Mail until 8 September 2012. An earlier strip, Rip Trousers, ran in the Kingston Whig-Standard in 1993 and 1994.

Since 1998 he has also been a graphic designer at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, where he has worked on Sesame Park, CBC Kids and The Nature of Things. He has also directed 76 episodes of Peter Puck for Hockey Night in Canada.

title: Philip Street


text: Template:PBS-stub

title: Template:PBS-stub


text:
Sophonisba

Sophonisba (in Punic, 𐤑𐤐𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋 Ṣap̄anbaʿal) (fl. 206 - 203 BC) was a Carthaginian noblewoman who lived during the Second Punic War, and the daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco. She held influence over the Numidian political landscape, convincing king Syphax to change sides during the war, and later, in an act that became legendary, she poisoned herself rather than be humiliated in a Roman triumph.

Name
The form of the name Sophonisba is not known until the fifteenth century, in a few late manuscripts of Livy, but it is the better known form because of later literature. She is also called Sophonisbe and Sophoniba. However, her true name might be unclear. Her story is told in Livy (30.12.11–15.11), Diodorus (27.7), Appian (Pun. 27–28), and Cassius Dio (Zonaras 9.11), but Polybius, who had met Masinissa, never refers to Sophonisba by name in his allusions to her (14.4ff.). Nevertheless, it has been proposed that Polybius' account provides the basis for the Sophonisba story.

Race
As a native Carthaginian woman, Sophonisba's race has been the subject of some discussion. Ancient and medieval sources make little reference to her race, focusing instead on the African origins of her husband. Sophonisba herself, in Petrarch's later Renaissance telling, is described as blonde-haired, with milky skin. This interpretation is adopted by later authors, like the playwrights Thomas Nabbes and Nathaniel Lee, who conversely emphasize the North African, Berber origins of Masinissa and Syphax.

Biography
In 206 BC, Sophonisba had been betrothed to the King Masinissa, a leader of the Massylii or eastern Numidians who served along with Gisco against Rome in Hispania, in order to conclude the diplomatic alliance between Carthage and the Massylii. However, the Carthaginian Senate prohibited the wedding and ordered Sophonisba to marry Syphax, chieftain of the western Masaesyli, who up to that point had been allied to Rome. Cassius Dio suggests that this was because Syphax was considered a better ally, while Appian says that Syphax was in love with Sophonisba and actively pressed for the marriage, harassing Carthage with revolts and threatening attacks alongside Roman forces until they conceded. In any case, Sophonisba married Syphax in 206 BC, turning him into Carthage's greatest ally in African terrain. Meanwhile Masinissa, disgruntled by the circumstances, secretly allied himself with Scipio Africanus and returned to his lands. Some believe those accounts might be embellished, as Livy implies Masinissa met her for the first time after the Battle of Cirta, but this is not entirely incompatible with the previous.

Classical chroniclers praise Sophonisba for her virtues and skill. Diodorus Siculus called her "comely in appearance, a woman of many varied moods, and one gifted with the ability to bind men to her service," while Cassius Dio states she had a high education in music and literature and was "clever, ingratiating, and altogether so charming that the mere sight of her or even the sound of her voice sufficed to vanquish every one, even the most indifferent." Polybius also emphasizes her youth, calling her a "child" bride, something which Diodorus also mentions. Nevertheless, those traits have led modern historians to consider her a true political agent for Carthage instead of a mere pawn of the war. Loyal to her city, Sophonisba managed to make Syphax join forces with Hasdrubal and face Scipio and Masinissa in the battles of Utica and the Great Plains, but the Punic forces ended up ultimately defeated. Syphax was then defeated and captured himself in 203 BC in the Battle of Cirta. When Sophonisba fell in Masinissa's hands, he freed her and married her, accepting that she had been forced to marry Syphax against her will. However, after hearing claims (confirmed by Gaius Laelius's inquiries) that Syphax had acted against Rome under the influence of Sophonisba, Scipio refused to agree to this arrangement, fearing she would turn Masinissa against him as well. He insisted on the immediate surrender of the princess so that she could be taken to Rome and appear in the triumphal parade. On the other hand, Plutarch considers Scipio asked for Sophonisba's delivery for safety reasons, fearing Masinissa could torment her in revenge for her marriage to Syphax.

Although Masinissa loved Sophonisba, he agreed to leave her to avoid being declared an enemy to Rome, and went to Sophonisba. He told her that he could not free her from captivity or shield her from Roman wrath, and so he asked her to die like a true Carthaginian princess. With great composure, she drank a cup of poison that he offered her and died, berating Masinissa for making their marriage short and bitter. Afterwards, Masinissa handed Scipio her corpse. His kingdom and Rome remained allied for long after Masinissa's death in 148 BC. (Masinissa survived his wife by 55 years.)

In literature, art and film
Petrarch elaborated her story in his epic poem Africa, published posthumously in 1396.

The playwright John Marston wrote The Wonder of Women, a Roman tragedy based on the story of Sophonisba, in 1606 for the Children of the Queen's Revels.

There are a number of paintings of Sophonisba drinking her poison, but the subject is often very similar to that of Artemisia II of Caria drinking her husband's ashes, and the Rembrandt in the Prado (now known as Judith at the Banquet of Holofernes) and a Donato Creti in the National Gallery are examples of works where the intended subject remains uncertain between the two. A 17th century tapestry, showing the meeting of Sophonisba and Masinissa, is preserved from Brussels, following a painting by Rubens.

Sophonisba became the subject of tragedies (and later operas) from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and, along with the story of Cleopatra, furnished more dramas than any other. The first tragedy is credited to the Italian Galeotto Del Carretto (c. 1470–1530) which was written in 1502, but issued posthumously in 1546. The first to appear, however, was Gian Giorgio Trissino's play of 1515 which, "in codifying the forms of Italian classical tragedy, helped consign Del Carretto's Sofonisba to oblivion." In France, Trissino's version was adapted by Mellin de Saint-Gelais (performed in 1556), and may have served as the primary model for versions by Antoine de Montchrestien (1596) and Nicolas de Montreux (1601). The tragedy by Jean Mairet (1634) is one of the first monuments of French "classicism", and was followed by a version from Pierre Corneille (1663).

The story of Sophonisba also served as subject for dramatic works by John Marston (1606), David Murray (1610), Nathaniel Lee (1676), Daniel Caspar von Lohenstein (1680), James Thomson (1729), François Joseph Lagrange-Chancel, revised by Voltaire (1770), Vittorio Alfieri (1789), Emanuel Geibel (1869), Jeronim de Rada (1892), (1904), Vasco Graça Moura (1993), and others.

Sophonisba was also the subject of vocal musical works by composers including Henry Purcell (1685), Antonio Caldara (1708), Leonardo Leo (1718), Luca Antonio Predieri (1722), Niccolò Jommelli (1746), Baldassare Galuppi (1747, 1764), Maria Teresa Agnesi (1747-49), Tommaso Traetta (1762), Antonio Boroni (1764), Christoph Gluck (1765), (1766), Christian Gottlob Neefe (1776), António Leal Moreira (1783), Joseph Joaquín Mazuelo (1784), Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi (1802), Marcos Portugal (1803), Ferdinando Paer (1805), Vincenzo Federici (1805), Luigi Petrali (1844), and Dimitrie Cuclin (1945).

Sophonisba also appears in film, first in Giovanni Pastrone's 1914 silent film Cabiria and again in Carmine Gallone's 1937 epic movie Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal.

Lastly, she appears as an estranged lover of the East Numidian Prince Masinissa married to Syphax against her will in the manga Ad Astra – Scipio to Hannibal.

title: Sophonisba


text:
User talk:Agriffin

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 23:56, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Agriffin


text: User talk:James Thompson

title: User talk:James Thompson


text: User talk:69.70.168.163

title: User talk:69.70.168.163


text:
User talk:Kapszi

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 23:56, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kapszi