text:
Shukhov Tower

The Shukhov Radio Tower (Шуховская башня), also known as the Shabolovka Tower (Шаболовская башня), is a broadcasting tower deriving from the Russian avant-garde in Moscow designed by Vladimir Shukhov. The 160 m free-standing steel diagrid structure was built between 1920 and 1922, during the Russian Civil War.

Design
Vladimir Shukhov invented the world's first hyperboloid structure in the year 1890. Later he wrote a book, Rafters, in which he proved that the triangular shapes are 20-25% heavier than the arched ones with a ray grating. After that, Shukhov filed a number of patents for a diagrid. He aimed not only to achieve greater strength and rigidity of the structure, but also ease and simplicity through the use of as little building material as possible.

The first diagrid tower was built for the All-Russia Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896, and later was bought by Yury Nechaev-Maltsov, a well-known manufacturer in the city. Shukhov was responsible for constructions of a new types of lighthouses, masts, water towers and transmission towers.

The broadcasting tower at Shabolovka is a diagrid structure in the form of a rotated hyperboloid. The Khodynka radio station, built in 1914, could no longer handle the increasing amount of radiograms. On July 30, 1919, Vladimir Lenin signed a decree of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense, which demanded "to install in an extremely urgent manner a radio station equipped with the most advanced and powerful devices and machines", to ensure the security of the country and allow constant communication with other republics. Tower designing was started immediately across many bureaus. Later that year Shukhov's Construction Office won a competition.

The planned height of the new nine-sectioned hyperbolic tower was 350 m (15 m taller than the Eiffel Tower, which was taken into consideration when creating the plan) with an estimated mass of 2,200 tons (the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons). However, in the context of the Civil War and the lack of resources, the project had to be revised: the height was reduced to 148.5 m, the weight to 240 tons.

Installation
Tower construction was carried out without any cranes and scaffolding, but only with winches. 240 tons of metal that was required for construction, was allocated by Lenin’s personal decree from the stocks of the Military Department. For lifting five wooden winches were used, which were moved to the upper sections.

The tower is composed of six sections, one above the other. Each section is an independent hyperboloid based on a larger one.

The sixth section was installed and finally secured on February 14, 1922.

Structure
The Shukhov tower is a hyperboloid structure (hyperbolic steel gridshell) consisting of a series of hyperboloid sections stacked on one another to approximate an overall conical shape. The tower has a diagrid structure, and its steel shell experiences minimum wind load (a significant design factor for high-rising buildings). The tower sections are single-cavity hyperboloids of rotation made of straight beams, the ends of which rest against circular foundations.

Location
The tower is located a few kilometres south of the Moscow Kremlin, but is not accessible to tourists. The street address of the tower is "Shabolovka Street, 37".

Possible demolition
As of early 2014, the tower faced demolition by the Russian State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting, after having been allowed to deteriorate for years despite popular calls for its restoration. Following a concerted campaign calling for the preservation of the tower, on July 3 the Ministry of Culture of Russia announced that the tower will not be demolished, and in September 2014 that Moscow City Council had placed a preservation order on the tower in order to safeguard it.

In January 2017 the RTRS placed a request for tender for a plan to renovate and preserve the monument.

Models
There is a model of Shukhov's Shabolovka Tower at the Information Age gallery at the Science Museum in London. The model is at 1:30 scale and was installed in October 2014.

In popular culture

 * In 1922 one of the members of ASNOVA Vladimir Krinsky made a "Radio speaker of the Revolution" mural with a picture of a tower.
 * A science fiction novel by the Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy The Garin Death Ray was inspired by the public reaction towards construction of the tower.
 * Shukhov Tower was a logo of a "L'art de l'ingénieur" exhibition in Centre Georges-Pompidou.
 * In the novel A Gentleman in Moscow by Amor Towles, set in 1922, the character Mikhail Fyodorovich Mindich declares the Shukhov tower a thing of beauty, "a two hundred foot structure of spiraling steel from which we can broadcast the latest news and intelligence - and, yes, the sentimental strains of your Tchaikovsky ..." (Windmill Books, p.85)

Literature

 * P.Gössel, G.Leuthäuser, E.Schickler; "Architecture in the 20th century"; Taschen Verlag; 1990; ISBN 3-8228-4123-4.
 * Elizabeth C. English, “Arkhitektura i mnimosti”: The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition”, a dissertation in architecture, 264 p., University of Pennsylvania, 2000.

 * “Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.”, Rainer Graefe und andere, 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, ISBN 3-421-02984-9.
 * Jesberg, Paulgerd  Die Geschichte der Bauingenieurkunst, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany), ISBN 3-421-03078-2, 1996; pp. 198–9.
 * Ricken, Herbert  Der Bauingenieur, Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (Germany), ISBN 3-345-00266-3, 1994; pp. 230.

 * Picon, Antoine (dir.), "L'art de l'ingenieur : constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur", Éditions du Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1997, ISBN 2-85850-911-5
 * Fausto Giovannardi "Vladimir Shukhov e la leggerezza dell'acciaio" at giovannardierontini.it

title: Shukhov Tower


text:
Towednack

Towednack (Tewydnek) is a churchtown and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish is bounded by those of Zennor in the west, Gulval in the south, Ludgvan in the west and south, and St Ives and the Atlantic Ocean in the north and east. The church is about two miles (3 km) from St Ives and six miles (10 km) from Penzance.

Towednack lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park.

Towednack gold hoard
In December 1931 a hoard of gold ornaments was found in the parish. A sunken lane, known locally as Badger's Lane, leads down from Lady Downs onto the road to Amalveor. Here at SW4794 3759, concealed in an ancient stone hedge, was found a collection of beautiful gold objects, including two twisted neckrings, four armrings and two lengths of unfinished gold rod. One necklet consists of a single twisted strand of gold, and the other consists of three strands loosely twisted together. The gold is very fine, and probably came from Ireland. These ornaments date from the late Bronze Age and they now reside in the British Museum. A replica of the hoard can be seen at the Penlee House Museum in Penzance. In 2007 there were calls in the local Cornish press for the gold hoard to be returned to Cornwall from the British Museum.

Parish church
The church is dedicated to St Tewennocus and did not become parochial until 1902. It was built in the 13th century and has a plain tower. A south aisle was added in the 15th century. The font is of granite, 1720, and stands on a base which is an inverted Norman font. Towednack church is claimed to be the last church in which services were conducted in the Cornish language (in 1678), though the claim is also made for Ludgvan. The parish saint disguised under the name 'Tewennocus' is almost certainly St Winwalo (pet-form: Winnoc), also commemorated at Gunwalloe and Landewednack, as well as Landevennec, Brittany: the place-name being derived from Old Cornish "te-Winnoc" (thy St Winnoc [Winwalo]), now represented as Late Cornish Te Wydnek. The aisle, chancel and nave was restored under the direction of Mr Sedding in 1870 and in 1880 the tower and its roof restored. The cost of the 1880 building work was paid for by money from the weekly offertory. The Cornishman newspaper described the parish thus,

"The parish is poor; the people are only a few hundreds; many (probably most) of them are Dissenters who never enter a Church; and the Church itself is small; and yet the offertory has been the means of doing more than Church-rates ever did. When the two broken bells are re-cast (will any rich man do this for poor Towednack?) this parish will process the most thoroughly restored Church in West Cornwall."

One of the bells has the inscription ″Baragwanath″ (wheat bread), a name which was still common in this part of Cornwall at the time of the visit of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society, in September 1882. They noted, ″a true chancel-arch″, which was described as the church's ″peculiar and rare feature″. Also seen was the benchends and their medallion-portraits of the 1633 bearded and hatted churchwardens. Their inscriptions are ″James Trewhela, warden″ and ″Master Matthew Trenwith, warden″.

Further restoration work was carried out in 1884 with the replacement of the wooden floor of the nave, which was destroyed by dry rot. The new floor was cement, covered with a wooden platform between the benches and red tiles replaced the ″rough″ slate floor of the aisle.

Until 1902 Towednack was a chapelry of Lelant; right of sepulture was only obtained in 1532. The early incised cross on a stone in the porch and the altar slab suggest that the subordination to Lelant only began after the Norman Conquest. The stone in the porch forms a bench; the cross shaft has crosses at both ends. Over the porch is a typical sundial of a wide class of Cornish church dials from 1720. The inscription reads ″''Bright Sol and Luna Time and Tide doth hold. Chronodix Humbrale''″.

There was a Cornish cross at Tredorwin; it was found in use as a building stone in a cottage at Coldharbour in 1880. It is now in the churchyard (illustrated right).

The Gorsedh Kernow was held in the parish in 1933, and the church was the first to hold a service, in Cornish, in modern times.

Mining
In the early part of the 19th-century Towednack was one of the richest tin-producing districts in west Cornwall. Mines included Wheal Reeth, Wheal Margaret, Reeth Consols and Georgia, and Conquer Downs.

Notable people

 * John Quick (1852–1932) – Australian lawyer, politician and judge.

Local government
For the purposes of local government Towednack is a civil parish electing a parish council every four years. The principal local authority in this area is Cornwall Council.

Folklore
A story told by the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, to a group of antiquarians from the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society, was the legend of the tower:
 * ... the tower was never completed as during the night the 'Evil One' would knock down what the men had built the previous day. This went on for some time until the men gave up and the tower remains as it is today (1882). Similar legends also refer to nearby Lelant church and Brent Tor on Dartmoor.

Popular media
In 1975 the church was the scene for the marriage and burial services in Poldark, a BBC series based on the novels of Winston Graham. It was also used as a location in the 1979 BBC series Penmarric.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Towednack


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Talk:Optimized Link State Routing Protocol

Untitled
what is olsr? how olsr works ? what about ad-hoc ?

Small computers - problems or not?
The article suggests that OLSR doesn't work on smaller computers because of the overhead of continuously checking routing etc. Yet it is part of the Freifunk firmware that has been designed to run on Linksys WRT54G's, and seems to do so successfully. Can any experts offer some more information? --mgaved 21:44, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

While OLSR can have issues with limited computer resources in large networks with fast update rates, OLSR should work fine on less powerful machines within smaller networks (~10-15) without issues. The TC and HELLO interval rate can be slowed down in slower moving networks to reduce the computational power and overhead needed to maintain network connectivity. The biggest differences with OLSR when compared to AODV is overhead distribution. OLSR's, and other proactive protocols, overhead is relativity fixed based upon number of MANET nodes, and TC/HELLO timer intervals. AODV, and other reactive protocols, overhead depends almost exclusively on application traffic patterns. Bebemaster 14:00, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

I found this article hard to follow. It needs more basic information before the detailed discussion of critiques and responses. Any objection to my reorganizing it? Thefamousmred (talk) 20:03, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

I agree. To me a reorganization with more details/history and less its good/no it sucks content would be helpful. I would be willing to contribute to some sections but don't have time to rework the layout. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.250.93.60 (talk) 17:09, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

The OLSR-NG section must go
The article is about the OLSR routing algorithm. The OLSR-NG section is about a particular implementation of OLSR (the unik-olsrd daemon). This section must go.Jec (talk) 03:40, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

It's been almost four months since I made this comment, and nobody has replied. I'm removing the OLSR-NG section, which is irrelevant to this article. --Jec (talk) 18:37, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Jec: I would like to have you rephrase the OLSR-NG section instead of removing it altogether. The OLSR-NG project has shown that it does run with hundreds of nodes on linksys WRT54GL. So instead of denying it (by deleting the section) I would have rather seen a rephrasing of the article that a particular implentation can indeed withstand the regularly repeated criticism and therefore it is not a fundamental flaw of the protocol but rather of prior existing implementations that led people to the critique. Can you rephrase the OLSR-NG section so that you feel happy with it? thx! --83.136.33.3 (talk) 17:05, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I stand by my opinion that the OLSR-NG section doesn't belong in this article. OLSR-NG is just an implementation of OLSR that doesn't use completely brain-damaged data structures, and hence scales moderately well (a few hundred nodes in a single routing domain is really not that big a network, and a WRT54-GL has a fairly powerful processor). --Jec (talk) 22:03, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I would agree with 83.136.33.3. OLSR-NG is a massive improvement of OLSR and should have it's space in this lemma. In many other cases, "new implementations" of a pre-existing thing even get their own lemma. Please bring OLSR-NG back. Ds77 (talk) 21:48, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

MPR vs. MPR selector
Can anyone state it clearly that what is the difference between MPR and MPR selector??--Gqqnb (talk) 21:53, 16 November 2013 (UTC)


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Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) is the world's first professional body of Chartered Accountants (CAs).

ICAS act as a voice of the professional business community. Although other British accounting bodies use the title Chartered Accountant, the CA designation is unique to ICAS in the UK.

ICAS has more than 21,000 members and students worldwide. ICAS members are business advisors, business owners and entrepreneurs. They play roles in 80% of the FTSE 100 companies. Half of ICAS members are based in Scotland; the other half work in England and around the globe.

History
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) is the world's first professional body of accountants, receiving its Royal Charter in 1854. The institute originated from:

 * 1) The Institute of Accountants in Edinburgh, formed in 1853;
 * 2) The  Institute of Accountants and Actuaries in Glasgow, formed in 1853;
 * 3) The Aberdeen Society of Accountants, formed in 1867.

These three bodies merged to form the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland in 1951. It was the first to adopt the designation "Chartered Accountant" and the designatory letters "CA" are still an exclusive privilege in the UK for ICAS members.

Anton Colella was the chief executive of the ICAS for about ten years, until retiring in 2018.

Membership and Qualification
In addition to the CA qualification, ICAS delivers the ICAS Tax Professional (ITP) qualification in partnership with Tolley Tax Training. Those completing the qualification are awarded the designiation 'ITP'.
 * ICAS has over 20,000 members worldwide working in public practice, industry, commerce, the public sector and education. Membership is generally obtained by entering a training contract with an accountancy firm (although it is possible to train within industry), during which the student gains experience and sits a number of exams. The CA designation is reserved exclusively for their use in the UK. ICAS is the only UK chartered accountancy body to provide professional education and training, as well as examinations, for all its students.
 * Since the mid-1990s, ICAS has trained students located in England & Wales, and in that respect competes with ICAEW.

Admission to membership
It takes generally 3 years to qualify as a CA during which students will combine structured work experience with classroom-based study of relevant education syllabus. The training programme enables students to develop the professional knowledge, skills and attributes essential to qualify as a CA.

In order to be eligible to enter training to become a chartered accountant, prospective CA students must hold a UK degree (or overseas equivalent). The UK NARIC provides a service to individuals seeking confirmation on comparability between international qualifications and UK qualifications. In addition prospective CA students must obtain a training contract with an authorised employer.

Mutual recognition
The institute has mutual recognition agreements in place with:

 * Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland
 * Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Australia
 * New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants
 * South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
 * Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants
 * American Institute of Certified Public Accountants

ICAS members may admit to full memberships of the above institutions after passing an aptitude test or subject to other specific requirements.

Members of equivalent bodies in other European Economic Area member states and Switzerland may also be admitted to membership after passing an aptitude test, provided they are a citizen of an EEA state or Switzerland.

A mutual recognition arrangement between the Institute and the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) was put in place in 1996, but was terminated by ICAS in 2005.

Role of ICAS
Under the Royal Charter, ICAS works in the public interest. The objective of ICAS is to uphold the integrity and standing of the profession of chartered accountancy in the interests of society and the membership, through excellence in education and the development of accountancy and through service to members and the enforcement of professional standards.

ICAS is a Designated Professional Body under the Financial Services and Markets Act, licensing firms of CAs to conduct a range of incidental investment business activities. It is a Recognised Professional Body under the Insolvency Act to issue permits to individual CAs to conduct insolvency appointments. ICAS is also a Recognised Qualifying Body and Recognised Supervisory Body in relation to company auditing under the Companies Act 1989.

ICAS is able to authorise members to conduct audit, insolvency and investment business work in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and Luxembourg. This right is held in common with ACCA, ICAEW and the ICAI.

ICAS is a member of The Global Accounting Alliance (GAA) – an alliance of the world's leading professional accountancy bodies, which was formed in 2005. The GAA is intended to promote quality services, share information and collaborate on important international issues. It works with national regulators, governments and stakeholders, through member-body collaboration, articulation of consensus views, and working in collaboration, where possible with other international bodies, especially IFAC.

ICAS is a founding member of Chartered Accountants Worldwide (CAW), an initiative by the leading chartered institutes to support, develop and promote the vital role that chartered accountants play throughout the global economy. It creates a community of hundreds of thousands of chartered accountants and students who share a commitment to the highest standards of professional and ethical practice.

Disciplinary process
ICAS was hesitant to join the Accountancy & Actuarial Discipline Board when it was first set up (as the AIDB), but joined after approval by a special general meeting in October 2004.

The AADB only hears matters considered to be in the public interest. The institute conducts its own hearings into less substantial allegations. These used to be held in private, but ICAS resolved at a further special meeting in 2009 to follow the example of other bodies such as ICAEW to make the hearings public.


text: User talk:69.198.153.106

title: User talk:69.198.153.106


text:
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales

The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) is a professional membership organisation that promotes, develops and supports chartered accountants and students around the world. As of December 2023, it has over 208,000 members and students in 146 countries. ICAEW was established by royal charter in 1880.

Overview
The institute is a member of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB), formed in 1974 by the major accountancy professional bodies in the UK and Ireland. The fragmented nature of the accountancy profession in the UK is in part due to the absence of any legal requirement for an accountant to be a member of one of the many Institutes, as the term accountant does not have legal protection. However, a person must belong to ICAEW, ICAS or CAI to hold themselves out as a chartered accountant in the UK (although there are other chartered bodies of British qualified accountants whose members are likewise authorised to conduct restricted work such as auditing).

The institute is also a founder member of Chartered Accountants Worldwide (CAW), an international network of accountancy bodies which represents over 1.8 million members and students in more than 190 countries.

ICAEW has two offices in the United Kingdom; at their headquarters, Chartered Accountants' Hall in Moorgate, London and in Central Milton Keynes at the Hub:MK complex. It also has offices in Belgium (Europe Region), China (Beijing, Shanghai), Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates (Middle East, Africa and South East Asia Region).

History
Until the mid-nineteenth century, the role of accountants in England and Wales was restricted to that of bookkeepers, in that accountants merely maintained records of what other business people had purchased and sold. However, with the growth of the limited liability company and large scale manufacturing and logistic in Victorian Britain, a demand was created for more technically proficient accountants to deal with the increasing complexity of accounting transactions dealing with depreciation of assets, inventory valuation and the Companies legislation being introduced.

To improve their status and combat criticism of low standards, accountants in the cities of Britain formed professional bodies. ICAEW was formed from the five of these associations that existed in England prior to its establishment by royal charter in May 1880.

 * 1) The Incorporated Society of Liverpool Accountants, formed in January 1870;
 * 2) The Institute of Accountants in London was formed in November 1870, comprising 37 members under the leadership of William Quilter.  In 1871, standards for membership were established with new members having to show knowledge and aptitude through successfully passing an oral examination. Initially the London Institute restricted its membership to that city, but as other institutes were established elsewhere (for example, in Manchester and Sheffield) it was decided to remove this restriction and as such in 1872 it simply became known as the Institute of Accountants to reflect its new national coverage;
 * 3) The Manchester Institute of Accountants, formed in February 1871;
 * 4) The Society of Accountants in England (1872);
 * 5) The Sheffield Institute of Accountants (1877).

In 1920, following the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, the organisation admitted Mary Harris Smith, who became the first woman chartered accountant in the world.

The headquarters of the institute, Chartered Accountants' Hall, in the City of London, which was designed in the Italian Renaissance style by John Belcher and built by Colls & Sons, was completed in 1892. It is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of Victorian Baroque architecture. Sir William Whitfield designed the 1964–70 extension and new entrance.

In 1948, the institute received a Supplemental Charter. In 1957, ICAEW merged with the Society of Incorporated Accountants (founded in 1885 as the Society of Incorporated Accountants and Auditors).

In 2019, as part of their celebration of 100 years of women being able to work as Chartered Accountants, ICAEW published a booklet on 100 years of women in Chartered Accountancy and launched a campaign to collect the stories of women members in chartered accountancy. In 2020, ICAEW announced the commissioning of a blue plaque to honour their first female member Mary Harris Smith.

Membership and qualifications
In order to become an ICAEW Chartered Accountant, it is necessary to achieve the ACA qualification.

ACA qualification
The ACA comprises four core elements that must be successfully completed. These are; professional development; ethics and professional scepticism; accountancy, finance and business modules; and practical work experience.

Professional development prepares students to successfully handle a variety of different situations they encounter throughout their career, improving their ability and performance in areas such as communication, decision-making, problem-solving and technical competence.

Ethics is embedded throughout the ACA qualification, developing students’ ethical capabilities to make suitable decisions, This is through an online programme based on the ICAEW Code of Ethics, the integration of ethical issues into all ACA exams and the practical application of ethical skills and behaviours within students’ work experience.

Practical work experience is undertaken as part of a training agreement with an authorised training employer or principal. Students must complete 450 days, which normally takes between three and five years. Experience can be completed in at least one of six categories: accounting; audit and assurance; financial management; information technology; insolvency; taxation.

ACA exams
There are 15 exams which are all computer based, spread across the Certificate level, the Professional level, and the Advanced level. Certificate level exams can be sat throughout the year at either dedicated test centres or at the candidate's own location via remote invigilation. Results of the Certificate level exams are provided to candidates within 24 hours of sitting the exams. The Professional and Advanced level exams are long-form scenario and case based exams, consisting of 2.5-4 hour examinations. Results of Professional and Advanced level exams are provided to candidates some several weeks after sitting the exams, and are published online, although candidates can choose to remain anonymous and have their name excluded from publishing. All of the Certificate level exams are closed book. The Professional level exams are a mixture of fully open book, fully closed book, or permitting approved texts (such as IFRS publications or tax tables). All of the Advanced level exams are fully open book, with two of the exams having advanced information.

ACA exam prizes
ICAEW awards prizes to high-scoring candidates in the ACA exams, including the Certificate level. There are subject-specific prizes for the best performance in a particular exam, and annual prizes for the highest marks across all the exams for a particular level. The subject-specific prizes can be awarded multiple times per year, reflecting the multiple sittings of exams each year; for the Professional level, there are 3-4 sittings per year for each exam, whilst for the Advanced level, there are 2 sittings per year for each exam. Prizes can be awarded jointly to multiple candidates.

Other ways to membership and affiliations
Some members of professional accountancy bodies within the European Union are eligible to apply for ICAEW membership under either the Statutory Audit Directive or the Recognition of Professional Qualifications (RPQ) Directive.

In 2010, ICAEW introduced its "Pathways to Membership" programme, which allows fully qualified members from certain professional bodies to apply for membership based on their experience.

There are also various other routes to membership, including reciprocal arrangements, advanced credit arrangements and common content arrangements with other professional accountancy bodies around the world.

Membership categories
Members have the designation ACA (Associate Chartered Accountant) or FCA (Fellow Chartered Accountant) after their name.

Fellowship is intended to designate those who have achieved a higher level of professional experience. It is awarded on application, and at no additional cost, to those members who have attained at least ten years of membership and who, at the date of application, have complied with the institute's requirements on continuing professional development in the preceding three years and have no outstanding disciplinary charges against them.

Regulation and discipline
As an improvement regulator, ICAEW works to protect the public by making sure ICAEW Chartered Accountants, firms that are regulated by ICAEW and students studying with ICAEW maintain the highest standards of professional competency and conduct. An improvement regulator works to educate as well as monitor the quality of its firms and members’ work and enforce change (change can include restrictions, penalties, exclusion from membership or from working in a regulated area) when needed. To ensure impartiality, the regulatory and disciplinary roles of ICAEW are carried out by a separate department, the Professional Standards Department. All of this work is overseen by several layers of independent governance; an independent board, the (IRB) and regulatory and disciplinary committees (at least half of each board must be lay members (non-accountants)) and oversight bodies including the Financial Reporting Council and the Insolvency Service.

Faculties
ICAEW has seven faculties, each run by an in-house team working together with members who are experts in their particular sector:

 * 1) Audit and Assurance
 * 2) Corporate Finance
 * 3) Corporate Reporting
 * 4) Financial Services: Banking
 * 5) Financial Services: Insurance
 * 6) Financial Services: Investment Management
 * 7) Tax

The Tax Faculty was the first to be formed in 1990. The monthly TAXline publication started in 1991, and an annual Technical Review (now Tax Planning) was first published in October 1992. The Tax Faculty joined the Confédération Fiscale Européenne (CFE) in 2001.

District Societies
ICAEW has 25 local member networks and societies across the UK and the Crown Dependencies. These local networks and societies play a crucial role in supporting ICAEW members in their respective local areas providing: Local networks help members connect, learn, and contribute to their local economies while upholding the reputation of the chartered accountant qualification.
 * Support and engagement with a range of activities and events to help members stay up to date with industry trends and regulations
 * Engagement with local economies, including actively engaging with key local stakeholders such as businesses, local policy makers and other professional organisations
 * Professional networking providing opportunities for career development, knowledge sharing, and building professional relationships
 * Knowledge sharing to help members stay informed about industry developments and best practices
 * Advocacy - represent the interests of ICAEW and its members who are working in the business community at the local level.

Student Societies
There are 26 UK Students’ societies, some of which have existed for over 100 years, as well as international student networks. Further information can be found here.

The work of the student societies is key to encouraging the active engagement of ACA students with ICAEW at a local level. More specifically, this is achieved by: The student societies run a range of programmes and activity over the course of a year all of which complement the students’ ACA studies.
 * Advancing members’ education continuously.
 * Acting as a channel of communication between students, ICAEW, the Student Council, and any other relevant bodies.
 * Providing opportunities for networking, which enable students to develop intellectually, socially and professionally.

Events and activities are varied and typically cover revision sessions, career development seminars and a range of networking events such as annual dinners and quiz nights.

The ICAEW Student Council (ISC) is the representative body for student societies, bringing together representatives from each of the student societies to provide a voice and a feedback mechanism for the students.


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Drop tube

In physics and materials science, a drop tower or drop tube is a structure used to produce a controlled period of weightlessness for an object under study. Air bags, polystyrene pellets, and magnetic or mechanical brakes are sometimes used to arrest the fall of the experimental payload. In other cases, high-speed impact with a substrate at the bottom of the tower is an intentional part of the experimental protocol.

Not all such facilities are towers: NASA Glenn's Zero Gravity Research Facility is based on a vertical shaft, extending to 510 ft below ground level.

Typical operation
For a typical materials science experiment, a sample of the material under study is loaded into the top of the drop tube, which is filled with inert gas or evacuated to create a low-pressure environment. Following any desired preprocessing (e.g. induction heating to melt a metal alloy), the sample is released to fall to the bottom of the tube. During its flight or upon impact the sample can be characterized with instruments such as cameras and pyrometers.

Drop towers are also commonly used in combustion research. For this work, oxygen must be present and the payload may be enclosed in a drag shield to isolate it from high-speed "wind" as the apparatus accelerates toward the bottom of the tower. See a video of a microgravity combustion experiment in the NASA Glenn Five Second Drop Facility at.

Fluid physics experiments and development and testing of space-based hardware can also be conducted using a drop tower. Sometimes, the ground-based research performed with a drop tower serves as a prelude to more ambitious, in-flight investigation; much longer periods of weightlessness can be achieved with parabolic-flight-path aircraft or with space-based laboratories aboard the Space Shuttle or the International Space Station.

The duration of free-fall produced in a drop tube depends on the length of the tube and its degree of internal evacuation. The 105-meter drop tube at Marshall Space Flight Center produces 4.6 seconds of weightlessness when it is fully evacuated. In the drop facility Fallturm Bremen at University of Bremen a catapult can be used to throw the experiment upwards to prolong the weightlessness from 4.74 to nearly 9.3 seconds. Negating the physical space needed for the initial acceleration, this technique doubles the effective period of weightlessness. The NASA Glenn Research Center has a 5 second drop tower (The Zero Gravity Facility) and a 2.2 second drop tower (The 2.2 Second Drop Tower).

Much of the operating cost of a drop tower is due to the need for evacuation of the drop tube, to eliminate the effect of aerodynamic drag. Alternatively the experiment is placed inside an outer box (the drag shield) for which, due to its weight, during its fall the reduction of acceleration due to air drag is less.

Historical uses
Though the story may be apocryphal, Galileo is popularly thought to have used the Leaning Tower of Pisa as a drop tower to demonstrate that falling bodies accelerate at the same constant rate regardless of their mass.

Drop towers called shot towers were once useful for making lead shot. A short period of weightlessness allows molten lead to solidify into a quasi-perfect sphere by the time it reaches the floor of the tower.

List of drop towers

 * The vacuum-dynamic stand in Academician V.P.Makeyev State Rocket Centre
 * NASA Glenn Research Center 2.2 Second Drop Tower
 * NASA Glenn Research Center Zero-G Research Facility
 * Micro-Gravity Laboratory of Japan (MGLAB) (Closed June 2010)
 * HASTIC 50m Drop Tower, Sapporo
 * Fallturm Bremen
 * Applied Dynamics Laboratories drop tower for spinning spacecraft
 * Experimental drop tube of the metallurgy department of Grenoble
 * NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility is currently mothballed
 * Dryden Drop Tower, Portland State University, Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science
 * National Microgravity Laboratory (China)
 * The pagoda at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew was used during the Second World War as a drop tower for testing bomb designs.
 * Queensland University of Technology drop tower, Brisbane (Closed 2014)

title: Drop tube


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Rose of Viterbo

Rose of Viterbo, TOSF (Rosa da Viterbo; c. 1233 – 6 March 1251), was a young woman born in Viterbo, then a contested commune of the Papal States. She spent her brief life as a recluse, and was outspoken in her support of the papacy. Otherwise leading an unremarkable life, she later became known for her mystical gifts of prophecy and having miraculous powers. She is honoured as a saint by the Catholic Church.

Life
The chronology of her life remains uncertain, as the acts of her canonization, the chief historical sources, record no dates. Most scholars agree she was probably born around the year 1233.

Born of poor and pious parents, even as a child Rose had a great desire to pray and to aid the poor. She prayed much for the conversion of sinners. Rose was not yet 10 years old when the Blessed Virgin Mary is said to have instructed her to take the habit of the Third Order of St. Francis and to preach penance in Viterbo, at that time under the rule of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

She lived a life of prayer, penance and solitude in her father's home. Every now and then she would emerge from her solitude to entreat the people to do penance. Her mission seems to have lasted for about two years. In January 1250, Viterbo, her native city, was then in revolt against the pope. When she was 12, she began preaching in the streets against Frederick's occupation of Viterbo. She and her family were exiled from the city and took refuge in Soriano nel Cimino. When the pope's side won in Viterbo, Rose was allowed to return.

On December 5, 1250, Rose allegedly foretold the speedy death of the emperor, a prophecy fulfilled on December 13. Soon afterwards she went to Vitorchiano, whose inhabitants, according to surviving reports, were affected by a supposed sorceress. Rose secured the conversion of all, even of the sorceress, reportedly by standing unscathed for three hours in the flames of a burning pyre.

Rose wished to enter the Poor Clares of St. Mary in the city, but was refused because of her poverty, as she was not able to provide the dowry required for admission. She accepted her rejection, nonetheless foretelling her admission to the monastery after her death.

Rose died on March 6, 1251, in her father's home. It was long believed that Rose had died of tuberculosis. In 2010, however, researchers examining her remains concluded that she had died of complications due to Pentalogy of Cantrell.

Veneration
The process of Rose's canonization was opened in the year of her death by Pope Innocent IV, but was not definitively undertaken until 1457. Originally buried at the parish church of Santa Maria in Poggio, in 1257 Pope Alexander IV ordered it moved to the monastery she had desired to enter, at which time it was renamed in her honor.

When the liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church was reformed after the Second Vatican Council, her feast day was transferred to the date of her death. September 4 is the date of the translation of her relics to the Monastery of St. Damian. It is this latter date on which her feast is celebrated in Viterbo and by the Franciscans.

On September 3, the eve of the feast of St. Rose, the people of Viterbo follow the transportation of La Macchina ("the Machine of St. Rose") a massive 28 m tower, illuminated with 3,000 tiny electric lights and 880 candles, and topped off with a statue of her, which is carried for 1,200 metres through the darkened streets of the old medieval town on the backs of around 100 volunteers called "facchini". The tradition goes all the way back to September 4, 1258, when the body of the saint was exhumed and transported to the Monastery of Saint Damian; but it was not until 1664, following seven years of plague in the city, that a "machine" first appeared. In gratitude for having survived such a terrible pestilence the citizens voted to renew the veneration of their saint every year.

St. Rose of Viterbo Convent, named for her, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, is the motherhouse of the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration. The convent is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Viterbo University is a Catholic, Franciscan university in the liberal arts tradition, founded by these Franciscan Sisters, also located in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Rose of Viterbo is one of the religious figures featured in the award-winning series of saint plays by Erik Ehn. The play celebrating her life premiered in October 2008 at Goshen College.

title: Rose of Viterbo


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Talk:Central Region

"Central Region" can be about anything. We should never use such a common name if there is no common meaning

 * Disagree. This page should instead become a disambiguation page, incorporating the material below. Andrewa 18:05, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that the examples below are made up, fx there is no specific central region of Mars, and no Urduba philosophy at all. But I do believe there should be a disambiguation page here with the specific nontriviel meanings, such as Central Region (Singapore), which is an actual name. Thue | talk 18:50, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Central Region of Dublin city in Ireland is in between the Royal Canal and the Grand Canal. It has, surprisingly enough, some shops, some houses, some offices, some buses, some green parks like Phoenix park, some streets, some roads, some taxis and many amazing things for a city!

The Central Region of planet mars is mostly dry dusty rock. The Path Finder mission in 2002 did not find traces of life as it was expected.

The Central Region of human brain is the place of locomotion control function.

The Central Region in Urduba philosophy is a concept. It identifies the disability shown by a human being to make decision under conflictual constraints. It places decision in a central position, which is kind of a dead lock.

About generating missplaced information
The Central Region of misunderstanding Wikipedia is in between users User:Huaiwei and User:Chan Han Xiang. Both users added or created misseplaced information, non general interest informations, ultra localy specific data. They use commom names like City Square, Central Region to make articles about local stuff. They ignore or did not see the many discussions which hapend on vote for deletion notices , suggesting there is a problem with this shoal of articles. See especialy here and here to uderstand that there is a consensus existing about many of those articles.

I have been talking so much about it, cleaning up the mess in so many places, suggested so many times to do general interest articles. This has been confirmed ten's of times on vote for deletion, vandalisme in progress, cleanup notices, by many different users. I am desperate to see a progress on that front.

It has been suggested (not by me) to perform general merge on those kind of informations. It would be much more interesting for everyone from a reading point of view. Why not try to collaborate together for a doing a fantastic Wikipedia ?

Gtabary 10:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hold on there. I dont remember anyone ever coming to me and telling me a word about the above. If the above conduct has problems, then why am I not told of this earlier until this blatant accusation as thou I am consciously ignoring orders? Anyone can, of coz, add a (Singapore) behind the above article if they see it fit to do so.

 * i created this page with intentions to expand it further, afterall it is a stub now. The "Central Region" is a formalised term by the Singaporean planning authority in demarcating the country into several regions, and each are planned accordingly as such. Increasingly, other governmental departments, such as the Statistics Department of Singapore, are also adopting this sub-division standard.--Huaiwei 18:55, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Ok. I have to smoth my talk. I am sorry. Am apparently becomming hot. So let's phrase it simply. Central Region is a common place name, and must not be used for an article entry. Every country has a central region. See Votes for deletion/City Square to hopefullty realise that a common place name just can't be used. Whether it is formalised by Singaporean planning authority doesn't make it a Singapore specific entry. So it make no sens to create en entry for that. Now about the content of article. Let's phrase it simply: we learn nothing. The first point mentionned is good enough to delete the article whatever the content. Please take time to read the two "here" link above. Best regards. :-) Gtabary 20:11, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem. Will renaming it as "Central Region (Singapore)" solve the problem? About the contents, of coz I dont expect anyone to learn anything in its current state. Its a work in progress! ;)--Huaiwei 20:52, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Central Region


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Dandiya Raas

Raas or Dandiya Raas is the socio-religious folk dance originating from Indian state of Gujarat and popularly performed in the festival of Navaratri. The dance is performed in the Marwar region of Rajasthan too. The etymology of Dandiya-Raas is in Sanskrit. Dandiya-raas exists in the different forms, including the collegiate competitive form. The dance style is now in a competitive format and a traditional format.

Etymology
The word "Raas" comes from the Sanskrit word "Rasa", an aesthetic Indian concept related to emotions and feelings. Kapila Vatsyayan argued that the aesthetic theory of the Rasa gives the underlying unity to the Indian arts.

Forms of Raas
Dandiya Raas, Gopgunthan Solanga Raas and Mer Dandiya Raas are the popular forms of Raas. In Saurashtra, Raas is performed by the men and the dance performed by women is called as Raasda. Element of dance is more prominent in the Raas while music is more prominent in Raasda.

Collegiate Garba-Raas
Garba-Raas, more commonly known as Raas, is a combination dance style consisting of mainly Dandiya-Raas and some Garba. Garba-Raas emerged as a competitive dance style due to the efforts of the Federation of Gujarati Associations of North America (FOGNA). The Garba-Raas competitive dance style was further developed in the early 2000s by first generation Indian-American college students. Furthermore, a cohesive national organization for Garba-Raas was established in 2009 called Raas All-stars (RAS). As of 2023, the organization consists of almost 50 actively competing collegiate Garba-Raas teams nationwide, out of a total of 66 recorded teams.

Comparing the traditional dance style to the competitive dance style
Garba-Raas is traditionally a recreational social dance form that is done in large groups. The competitive form is described as “...competitive sport, rather than an inclusive, ritualistic dance form, the need to "entertain" has become increasingly paramount” by Falcone. In order to turn this social dance into a competitive activity, many aspects of the dance, such as the formations, the moves, and structures, have changed. The new evolved style is described in further detail below under “ The Garba-Raas Competitive Dance Style”.

Similarities between the traditional and competitive styles are the clothing, the music, and the basics moves. Jessica Falcone points out that dancers prefer to identify the new dance style as a branch of Garba and Dandiya-raas but in reality, she states that intercollegiate Garba-Raas is transforming into its own dance style.

The Garba-Raas competition dance
The structure competition dance consists of 12-16 dancers who perform 8-9 continuous dances which are a combination of Garba, dandiya-raas, and tran tali. All dancers are required to be college students but may attend a different college from which they represent. Teams are expected to be in traditional Garba-Raas clothing. Routines are commonly constructed with a theme presented throughout the dance through props and special effects. On stage the dance is described as "very intense and high-energy: (1) the music is usually at a faster tempo than the other forms of Garba-Raas discussed previously, (2) dancers are taught a form of fast head-bobbing, (3) manic smiles are pasted on each dancer in order to emphasize enthusiasm to judges".

RAS
Raas All-Stars (RAS) is the national organization under which the collegiate Garba-Raas competitions and teams function. RAS was established in 2009. They are responsible for certifying eligible competitions and hosting the national championship at the end of each season.

The structure of RAS competitions
The competition season for Garba-Raas takes place at the beginning of each calendar year (January to April). In order to compete under the RAS organization, teams must submit applications to the certified competitions, known as Bid Competitions, by a set deadline. The application commonly includes an audition video of the team displaying a dance to three songs. Eight teams are then selected and invited to compete by the board of each individual competition. Each competition awards the top three teams, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place with 4 bid points, 2 bid points, and 1 bid point, respectively. The 8 teams with the highest cumulative bid point total are invited to the national RAS competition.

Judging of RAS competitions
Garba-Raas performances are judged on three elements: Artistic Elements, Choreography and Execution. Bid competitions are required to have at minimum five judges (two Choreography, two Execution and one Artistic Element) but ideally have more than one judge per category, with the highest number of judges being nine per panel (three per category). All three elements are judged on their respective "WOW" factors (term coined by the rubric), and team captains receive comments on their team's performances from the judges after every team has competed and been ranked.

During the competition itself, there are strict guidelines the judges must follow: "During the show, the judges will sit separately to avoid any discussion of performances. This means that judges from the same category cannot sit next to each other. (For example, choreography and execution may be next to each other, but two choreography judges must be sitting separately.) The judges will also avoid any use of electronic devices, such as cell phones or laptops. During competing performances, the judges will score teams using the Raas All-Stars judging rubric. The judges may consider writing any qualitative notes on scratch paper for use in deliberation." Judging rubrics for all RAS Bid Competitions are created and curated by the Executive Board of Raas All-Stars. All three rubrics are standardized each year so that judging criteria across all competitions and teams are consistent.

Judging Criteria
Artistic Elements include many elements of the performance that do not involve choreography, but are crucial nonetheless and ranked by judges using a rubric standardized by the RAS organization. "As the regulatory body, RAS creates and executes the criteria for choosing and judging these competitions". The theme of the competing team's performance is assessed, including the creativity of the theme and the execution in regards to the set, props and various gimmicks a team may perform. The rubric includes prompts such as: "Does the theme incorporation seem to naturally fit with the team's performance without taking away from the dance or does it seem forced?" Additionally, music is assessed regarding its tempo, rhythm and appeal within the performance. Historically, thematic judging is more nuanced than other elements because of personal opinions a judge or elder members of the Garba-Raas community may have.

Choreography is judged via a similar rubric, however the judges for this element are required to have significant experience and are vetted properly by the RAS Executive Board prior to being given the position. A team's choreography is judged by the opening and closing sequences, formations, originality, musicality, proximity to traditional Garba-Raas, complexity, structure and pacing. Execution is judged by a third rubric, which includes categories such as recovery, synchronization, transitions, energy, grace and overall impression.

Men and women traditionally play dandiya-raas and the dance operates in pairs, meaning the group must contain an even number. Generally, two lines are formed, with partners facing each other:"The lines move clockwise, and each person steps forward to hit sticks with their partner, then moves on two people. At the end of the line, each turns and joins the line opposite, so the movement is continuous. The music starts very slowly […] It is an eight-beat time cycle called Kaherva and performed in the following manner: on the first beat, your own sticks are hit together, followed by right sticks with your partner, then left sticks (or the same stick if using one). Each one then turns away to the left to hit their own sticks together before turning back to the partner to hit the right sticks again, and before moving on two places to a new partner."

Collegiate Garba-Raas
Male and female students typically perform competitive Garba-raas with 12-16 dancers on stage at a time and always in even numbers if possible, even though the routine itself is not completely based on partner interactions. Dancers take up an entire auditorium stage with different types of formations and movements throughout an approximately six-minute dance piece. Throughout the piece, dancers either do choreography facing the audience or interact with other partners on stage for short periods of time in a reference to the traditional roots of Garba-raas. Unlike traditional dandiya-raas or Garba, collegiate Garba-raas do not have a set centre focal point.

title: Dandiya Raas


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Fixed asset

A fixed asset, also known as long-lived assets or property, plant and equipment (PP&E), is a term used in accounting for assets and property that may not easily be converted into cash. Fixed assets are different from current assets, such as cash or bank accounts, because the latter are liquid assets. In most cases, only tangible assets are referred to as fixed.

While IAS 16 (International Accounting Standard) does not define the term fixed asset, it is often colloquially considered a synonym for property, plant and equipment. According to IAS 16.6, property, plant and equipment are tangible items that: (a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes and

(b) are expected to be used during more than one period.

Fixed assets are one of two types:
 * Freehold Assets: assets which are purchased with legal right of ownership and used, and
 * Leasehold Assets: assets used by owner with temporary ownership rights for a particular period of time.

A fixed asset can also be defined as an asset not directly sold to a firm's consumers or end-users.

Non-current assets
In modern financial accounting usage, the term fixed assets can be ambiguous. Instead, the term non-current assets (used by the IFRS and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) XBRL reporting taxonomies) is preferred when referring to assets that will not be liquidated in the current fiscal period. Specific non-current assets (Property, plant and equipment, Investment property, Goodwill, Intangible assets other than goodwill, etc.) should be referred to by name.

A baking firm's current assets would be its inventory (flour, yeast, etc.), the value of sales owed to the firm from credit extended (i.e. debtors or accounts receivable), and cash held in the bank. Its non-current assets would be the oven used to bake bread, motor vehicles used to transport deliveries, and cash registers used to handle cash payments. While these non-current assets have value, they are not directly sold to consumers and cannot be easily converted to cash.

Non-current (fixed) assets are items of value that the organization has bought and will use for an extended period of time, typically including land and buildings, motor vehicles, furniture, office equipment, computers, fixtures and fittings, and plant and machinery. These often receive a favorable tax treatment (in the form of a depreciation allowance) in contrast to short-term assets.

Note that the cost of a fixed asset is its purchase price including import duties, after subtracting any deductible trade discounts and rebates. It also includes the cost of transporting and installing the asset on-site and an estimate of the cost of dismantling and removal once it is no longer needed due to obsolescence or irreparable breakdown.

Accounting treatment
The primary objective of a business entity is to be profitable and increase the wealth of its owners. To do so, management must exercise due care and diligence by matching the expenses for a given period with the revenues of the same period. The period of use of revenue generating assets is usually more than a year, i.e. long term. To accurately determine the Net Income (profit) for a period, incremental depreciation of the total value of the asset must be charged against the revenue of the same period. Doing so is necessary for determining Net Revenue.

Net book value of an asset is the difference between the historical cost of that asset and its associated depreciation. Under most financial accounting standards (Standard Accounting Statement (SAS) 3 and IAS 16), the value of fixed assets are recorded and reported at net book value. Also, carrying assets at net book value is the most meaningful way to capture asset values for the owners of the business and potential investors.

Depreciating a fixed asset
Depreciation is the expense generated by using an asset. It is the wear and tear and thus diminution in the historical value due to usage. It is also the cost of the asset less any salvage value over its estimated useful life. A fixed asset can be depreciated using the straight line method which is the most common form of depreciation. Tax depreciation is commonly calculated differently than depreciation for financial reporting.

title: Fixed asset


text:
General Jackson

General Jackson may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Alexander Cosby Jackson (1773–1827), British Army major general commanding Ceylon
 * Arnold Jackson (British Army officer) (1891–1972), British Army brigadier general
 * George Jackson (British Army officer) (1876–1958), British Army major general
 * Henry Jackson (British Army officer) (1879–1972), British Army general
 * James Jackson (British Army officer) (1790–1871), British Army general
 * Mike Jackson (British Army officer) (b. 1944), British general
 * Richard Downes Jackson (1777–1845), British Army lieutenant general
 * William Jackson (British Army officer) (1917–1999), British Army general

U.S. Army

 * Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), U.S. Army general in the War of 1812 and seventh president of the United States
 * Charles Douglas Jackson (1902–1964), U.S. Army general
 * Conrad Feger Jackson (1813–1862), Union Army brigadier general
 * Dennis K. Jackson (born 1946), U.S. Army major general
 * Henry Jackson (Continental Army general) (1747–1809), Continental Army brevet brigadier general
 * James S. Jackson (1823–1862), Union Army general, American Civil War
 * Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn (1824–1901), Union Army brigadier general
 * Michael Jackson (American soldier) (1734–1801), Continental Army brevet general from Massachusetts
 * Nathaniel J. Jackson (1818–1892), Union Army brigadier general and brevet major general
 * Stonewall Jackson (20th century general) (1891–1943), U.S. Army major general
 * William Payne Jackson (1868–1945), U.S. Army brigadier general

Confederate States Army

 * Alfred E. Jackson (1807–1889), Confederate States Army brigadier general
 * Henry R. Jackson (1820–1898), Confederate States Army major general
 * John K. Jackson (1828–1866), Confederate general, American Civil War
 * Stonewall Jackson (1824–1863), Confederate general in the United States Civil War
 * William Hicks Jackson (1835–1903), Confederate States Army brigadier general
 * William Lowther Jackson (1825–1890), Confederate States Army brigadier general

Others

 * Gilder D. Jackson Jr. (1893–1966), U.S. Marine Corps brigadier general
 * James F. Jackson (born 1947), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
 * Joel D. Jackson (fl. 1990s–2020s), U.S. Air Force major general

Others

 * Robert Jackson (general) (1886–1948), Australian Army major general

Other uses

 * General Jackson (riverboat)

title: General Jackson


text:
Aleksandr Khanzhonkov

Aleksandr Alekseevich Khanzhonkov (Александр Алексеевич Ханжонков; 8 August 1877 — 26 September 1945) was a pioneering Russian cinema entrepreneur, film director and screenwriter. He is known for producing Defence of Sevastopol, Russia's first feature film, as well as Ladislas Starevich's ground-breaking stop motion animation. Most of his career was in Russian Empire. During 1923-1926 he worked in the Soviet Union, where his career ended with a financial scandal, however his past achievements earned him a personal pension and an apartment from the state.

Early years
Khanzhonkov was born in the small village of Khanzhonkova of the Don Host Oblast (modern-day Makiivka, Donetsk Oblast) into a noble family of Don Cossacks. His father Alexei Petrovich Khanzhonkov was a landlord who went bankrupt. His mother Paraskeva Sergeevna Khanzhonkova (née Dmitrieva) came from a colonel's family who owned a Singer shop in Moscow. The noble title was first granted to Aleksandr's great-grandfather Vasily Khanzhonkov.

He studied in the Novocherkassk Cossack School and was sent to serve in the Moscow host after his graduation in 1886. He took part in the Russo-Japanese War which undermined his health. In 1905, upon a discharge from military training due to health issues, Khanzhonkov sat in on a screening of Train Pulling into a Station by the Lumiere Brothers.

Career
In 1906 Khanzhonkov founded Russia's first cinema factory, A. Khanzhonkov and Co., whose main financial backer was Ivan Ozerov, an influential banker and member of the Russian State Council. Initial productions were shot on stage in the vein of Melies and were overshadowed by the work of Alexander Drankov. Known for his unabashed commercialism, Drankov would remain a competitor up to the revolution of 1917.

It wasn't until 1911 that Khanzhonkov's factory would receive widespread acclaim with the release of Defence of Sevastopol. One of the earliest full length Russian feature films, it was equally notable for its technical aspects. By the end of 1912, Khanzhonkov had established a permanent studio in Moscow and went on to produce over a hundred films over the course of the next several years. Much of Khanzhonkov's work during this time period went "virtually unseen by the Russian masses" and often took aim at aristocratic sensibilities or adapted great Russian novels of the 19th century. Nonetheless, Khanzhonov helped create many standards in Russian cinema production; the first confirmed use of artificial light in the Russian film industry takes place in a Khanzhonkov documentary piece.

During the Russian Revolution, Khanzhonkov fled Russia to Constantinople and Vienna, and, despite previous affiliation with the royal family, returned upon invitation to the USSR in 1923 and was appointed director of the new Soviet studio Proletkino and later as a production consultant for Goskino. His career in the Soviet Union ended in 1926: he was forced to abdicate after a corruption scandal struck Proletkino, and never worked in cinema again. Khanzhonkov spent the rest of his life in Yalta, living on a personal pension from the state. There he survived the Nazi occupation of Crimea in 1941–1944, and died in Yalta after many years of declining health on September 26, 1945.

title: Aleksandr Khanzhonkov


text:
Thornbury, Herefordshire

Thornbury is a village in Herefordshire, England, 5.5 km north of the town of Bromyard. The population of the village as taken at the 2011 census was 197. The village has one church. To the north of Thornbury is Thornbury Court. Two tributaries of the River Frome surround the village.

Hill forts
There are two hill forts near the village. Nine hundred metres east of the village is Wall Hills Camp, an oval enclosure about 484 m long by 322 m wide, covering 9 hectares. The bank is up to 12.5 m high with an outer ditch.

Two kilometres north of the village and just over the border in Worcestershire is Garmsley Hill fort, enclosing an area about 330 m long and 150 m wide. The walls are about 10 m wide, up to 5 m high from the interior and about 11 m higher than the land outside. Roman bricks marked with the Roman numeral V have been found there.

title: Thornbury, Herefordshire


title: File:Ramoncrater4.jpg


text:
Bay, Laguna

Bay, officially the Municipality of Bay , and colloquially known as Bae , is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 67,182 people.

It is situated 20 km from Santa Cruz and 67 km southeast of Manila. It is also located at the east of Los Baños, west of Calauan, northeast of Santo Tomas and northwest of Alaminos. The patron saint of Bay is Saint Augustine of Hippo, whose Feast Day is celebrated during August 28.

Laguna de Bay, the country's largest freshwater lake, is named after the town.

Etymology
In the old Tagalog language, the name Bay derives from the same phonetic roots as "baybay" (shore) and as "babae" (woman) and "babaylan" (priestess). The name can thus be thought of either as a reference to the shore of the lake, or to a great lady (cf. Sanskrit bai). In the case of the latter, it has been suggested that the great lady might be the same as Maria Makiling, as her mountain was within the scope of Bay's original territory.

History
Just like the rest of the archipelago, the town of Bay has no record before the coming of Spaniards in the 18th century. Bay existed long before the coming of Spaniards. The Chinese must have come to the lakeshore towns to trade as early as the 9th century. The earliest account of Bay appeared in the conquest of island of Luzon published in April 20, 1572. It was described a great lake of fresh water, 12-league wide and very deep. The villages around the lake had about 25,000 inhabitants when Captain Juan de Salcedo arrived in the area.

Bay is one of the oldest towns in Laguna province, and was the province's first capital. Its original territory covered the areas that are now known as Los Baños, Calauan, Alaminos and San Pablo (in addition to its current territory). The Spaniards pronounced the name of the town "Bah-ee" while the natives called it "Bah-eh." Either way, the similarity in spelling has led to the misconception that the town was named after Laguna de Bay. Instead, the Spaniards named the lake after this ancient Tagalog community.

The "official" recorded history of Bay, may be gleaned from Gaspar de San Agustin's Conquestas de las Islas Filipinas of 1963 and Fr. Joaquin Martines de Zuniga's status of the Philippine Islands in 1800. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, after establishing the city of Manila on June 24, 1571, ordered the exploration and pacification of the surrounding villages and settlements. Martin de Goiti led a contingent towards Pampanga while Juan de Salcedo Legaspi's 22-year-old grandson led a contingent up to the Pasig River towards the inter lands of Laguna de Bay.

With him was Fr. Alonzo Alvarado, an Augustinian who was very zealous in converting the natives. From Taytay and Cainta in Manila, Salcedo proceeded to Bay, Liliw, Nagcarlan and Majayjay and to other towns where up-on Fr. Alvarado's intercession, the natives surrendered peacefully with Fray Diego de Espinar and 60 men. He followed the rugged trails of the mountainous village of Sampaloc towards the Bicol Region to look for gold which he found in the gold mines besides the Bicol River.

In 1571, Fr. Martin de Rada, the superior of the Augustinian religious order who came with the Legaspi expedition in 1565, started to build a bamboo and nipa church under the patronage of Saint Augustine along the lakeshore of Bay (i.e. Aplaya, now San Antonio). He became the first parish priest of Bay. On April 30, 1578, Fr. Joaquin de Zuniega stated in the Historical view of the Philippine Island that Bay was organized both as a town and a parish with Fray Juan Gallegos as the parish priest. On the same day, the village of Sampaloc (now San Pablo) was made a visita of the lake side village where it was believed that the tribunal of Ecclesiastical visitors of Bay was held. Fray Gaspar de San Agustin further wrote that in 1586, the Augustinian Fathers organized the visita into a convent with a priest. The provincial Fr. Diego Alvarez to handle the administration of the Christian natives. Thus, Sampaloc which came to be known as San Pablo de los Montes, ceased to be part of the Bay parish.

The powerful Gat Pangil was Datu of this already thriving community in 1571 when 18-year-old Spanish Capitan Juan de Salcedo landed with Augustinian missionaries Alfonso de Alvarado and Diego Espinar came to claim the territories for Spain. It was salcedo who took the name of the town and named the lake after it – Laguna de Bay (the Lake of [the town of] Bay). Eventually, the Spanish came to call the whole province "La Provincia de la Laguna de Bay."

In 1581, San Antonio de Bay became the capital of the Province of Laguna de Bay and remained so until 1688 when the capital was moved to Pagsanjan.

Barangays
Bay is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Bitin
 * Calo
 * Dila
 * Maitim
 * Masaya
 * Paciano Rizal
 * Puypuy
 * San Antonio
 * San Isidro
 * Santa Cruz
 * Santo Domingo
 * Tagumpay
 * Tranca
 * San Agustin (Poblacion)
 * San Nicolas (Poblacion)

Bitin
Bitin is in the boundary of the provinces of Laguna and Batangas. The word "bitin" is the Tagalog translation of the English word "short." It is also known for its contribution to the harnessing of geothermal energy as a source of electricity in the Philippines, being the site of the Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant.

Calo
The history of Barangay Calo started during the Spanish era, where the native Filipino folks lived in the jungle. The Barangay Calo is known for their bird, Kalaw or the Philippine hornbill (Buceros hydrocorax). The Barangay Calo is a place where people often see this Kalaw bird and it is pronounce by the Spanish authorities as Calo.

Dila
Its name came from Tagalog word "dila" meaning tongue because it looks like a tongue if viewed from the map of Bay. It is the end eastern part of Bay. This is the barangay where the first Jollibee in Bay was built, the "JolliBay Highway".

Maitim
History of barangay Maitim was from the Spanish colonial era. The land and soil of this barangay is colored black, hence people called it "maitim" (Tagalog for black).

Someone said the reason why Maitim is called Maitim because before Maitim is a forest that was burned so they called it Maitim because of coal and ashes left.

Masaya
The Barangay name Masaya means happy. Masaya was part of Tranca and Puypuy during the early times; the upper part from the railway was part of Tranca, while the lower part toward the town was part of Puypuy. When the railroad was built in the early half of the twentieth century, a train station was built in Masaya making it the center of commerce in the upland of Bay, catering five barangays. Grocery stores, dress shops, hardware and sari-sari stores sprouted surrounding the train station where people shopped their primary needs, making it a festive place. When somebody was leaving home to go to the place and another person asked "Where are you going?", he/she will answer "doon sa masaya" and barangay Masaya was born.

Paciano Rizal
Named after Paciano Rizal, the eldest brother of national hero Dr. José Rizal who was said to have owned and lived at a farm in this barangay formerly known as Barrio Mainit.

Puypuy
History of Barangay Puypuy it was told that a big meteor fall in this Barangay and native people here told to the Spanish authorities that there is a fire falling (meteors) but in a native Tagalog word "apoy" means fire. The Spanish authorities pronounced as Puypuy that is why people in the Spanish colony times called it Puypuy and became a barangay of Bay.

In 2010, jars estimated by experts to date as far back as 800 B.C were found in Puypuy. University of the Philippines anthropologist Dr. Bonifacio Comandante, who headed the team who helped unearth the finds, suggested that the find indicates that "there was a community here and they used the pots and jars for jar-burial", essentially confirming a human presence in Barangay Puypuy as early as 800 B.C.

San Antonio
Named after St. Anthony, this is where the original and first church of the town was situated. Old folks says that the church submerged on the lake (Laguna Lake) when a Super Typhoon hit the town causing massive flooding within the town area. Saint Anthony's feast day is on June 13

San Isidro
Named after St. Isidore the Laborer, the patron of farmworkers known for his piety toward the poor and animals. His Feast Day is on May 15.

Santa Cruz
Named after the Holy Cross.

Santo Domingo
Name after St. Dominic and Don Domingo Ordoveza, who once owned a large part of what is then sitio Tabon. The name was given by Donato Ople who served as a long time school principal in the town of Bay.

The patron of the barangay is St. Isidore the Labrador, the patron of farmworkers known for his piety toward the poor and animals. His Feast Day is on May 15.

The barangay also celebrates annual foundation day and tilapia festival in honor to its well-known tilapia cultivation within the area.

It is one of the fast-growing economy barangays on Bay. The land area is almost covered with commercial buildings and subdivisions (Bay Garden Homes, The Cambria, and soon Camella Homes) that contribute to the income growth of the barangay alone. This is also the barangay where the first mall in town "CityMall Bay" will be soon to rise.

San Agustin (Poblacion)
Named after St. Augustine, it is one of the barangays that make up the towns proper.

This is where the St. Augustine of Hippo Parish and town's Municipal Hall are situated. It is also one of the busiest barangays since a lot of convenience stores can be found here and it is near to the town's new public market, "Pamilihang Bayan ng Bay".

This is the home of the Tenorio's Bakery, widely famous for their Monay Bay (Monay Bae).

San Nicolas (Poblacion)
Named after St. Nicolas, it is one of the barangay that makes up the town proper.

Tagumpay
Located in the shores of Laguna de Bay, the barangay is formerly a part of San Antonio which became a separate barangay the moment it became independent. Tagumpay is one of the barangays in town which does not have a school that offers secondary education. Both Tagumpay and San Antonio share the same Patron saint, Saint Anthony.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Bay, Laguna, was 67,182 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2. Voter population as of 2016 is estimated to be 34,195, according to the COMELEC.

Local government
Like other local government units in Laguna, the town of Bay holds election every three years.

Transportation
Tricycles and jeepneys are popular modes of transportation in Bay. Buses are available to Santa Cruz, Calamba, and Metro Manila.

title: Bay, Laguna


text:
Talk:IBiquity

From article
(comment moved from article -- Ferkelparade π 10:45, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC))

In my view the reduction in fidelity to the existing analog FM stereo broadcasts created by piggybacking this technology is simply unacceptable. The treble fidelity is noticably degraded especially in fringe areas. Another problem is that the interference from adjacent channels using this technology is made worse.

HD acronym
According to a WIRED article dated 13 Feb, 2007, the "HD" term does indeed stand for "Hybrid Digital". (http://blog.wired.com/music/2007/02/add_hd_radio_to.html) This article should accurately reflect the company's trademark without regard to whether it is "appropriate" or simply marketing lingo. Fanblade 01:01, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

The problem is that after some recent decisions, nobody seems to acknowledge that any letter/number trademark "means anything" at all.

Intel was denied trademark protection for "486" (even after they pointed out that Boeing was granted protection for things like "747"), and Microsoft stopped saying that "NT" stood for "New Technology" (if it did, it would not be protectable as a trademark). After the courts established that rationale, "NT" didn't stand for anything at all -- it was "just a trademark." Shortly after that, they released "CE" which likewise didn't stand for anything.

"The law" and "logic" often manage to avoid intersecting.

Unless the courts reverse direction, and allow acronyms to be given trademark protection, it's pointless to expect any company to assign meaning to their "letter" trademarks. They may deny meaning with a wink and a nudge, but deny it they must, if they intend to protect it.

209.124.55.236 (talk) 01:27, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

CD Quality?
All the ads on the radio currently promise CD Quality radio. After reading the article here I'm not sure on this. The article says that HD Radio offers 96 kbit/s audio. Isn't that pretty poor quality?

I'm just wondering —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JustinXXVII (talk • contribs) 19:00, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

The codec is more comparable to AAC than MP3. So 96kb should sound as good as better as a 128k MP3. Again, that's not CD quality unless you're only comparing raw bit depth, sampling rates and signal to noise levels. As soon as you turn on HD multicast, you break that 96kb channel up - either to 64kb for the main channel and 1 32kb HD2 channel, or 3 HD channels of 32k each, as some stations are doing now.

76.191.139.200 (talk) 23:15, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Acronym
Wired magazine reported that the "HD" in HD Radio stands for "hybrid digital" because its editors read that it did on Wikipedia or some other mistaken source. Unlike your Microsoft example (about which i know nothing), the HD has never stood for anything specific; it was intended as a consumer-friendly, point-of-reference brand for the next-generation digital radio technology: in-band, on-channel(IBOC) technology, which is the only system approved by the FCC for AM/FM in the US.

Thanks for listening. Happy Thanksgiving. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hdradiopr (talk • contribs) 21:09, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

HD is not CD-quality
I recently purchased a Sony XDR-F1HD tuner and compared it with a Parasound T3 on KING FM, a classical station. No way. HD is audibly inferior to analog. And KING doesn't have the best analog signal.

The issue of sound quality ought to be discussed, but I don't know how to go about it.

WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 16:19, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

DTS bought iBiquity
A recent news article from DTS, inc. states that it bought iBiquity for $172 million and they are planning to merge. 166.172.191.198 (talk) 19:48, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:IBiquity


text:
Hetzel

Hetzel may refer to:

 * Hetzel (surname)
 * Hetzel, West Virginia
 * The Hetzel Union Building, the student union building of Pennsylvania State University
 * The ACCO Brands brand for Office equipment and accessories

title: Hetzel


text: User talk:202.149.45.11

title: User talk:202.149.45.11


text:
Fear (John Cale album)

Fear is the fourth solo studio album by the Welsh rock musician John Cale, released on 1 October 1974 by Island Records.

Recording and content
Fear is the first of Cale's three studio albums for Island Records, all of which were released in a period of just over a year. During this time Cale was also producing records for other artists, working on albums such as Horses (1975) by Patti Smith, one of the most influential of all proto-punk records.

In addition to his lead vocals on Fear, Cale also played keyboards, guitars, viola, violin and bass, and was joined by Fairport Convention's Richard Thompson, Roxy Music's Brian Eno and Phil Manzanera, and other artists who were signed to Island at the time.

"Gun" features an unusual two-man guitar solo from Manzanera and Eno, with the latter using a synthesizer to process the former's guitar playing in real-time. The promotional album for Fear released by Island Records contained an interview with Cale. He announced an adaption of the William Blake poem "Jerusalem", and cover versions of the songs "Girl from the North Country" by Bob Dylan, "Eight Miles High" by the Byrds and "I Can See for Miles" by the Who.

The cover photography was by Keith Morris.

Release
Fear was released on 1 October 1974. "The Man Who Couldn't Afford to Orgy" b/w "Sylvia Said" was released as a single.

The album was remastered in 1996 as part of the 2CD release The Island Years, containing also both Slow Dazzle (1975) and Helen of Troy (1975). It contained "Sylvia Said (Remix)" as a bonus track. The single version of "Sylvia Said" remained unissued on CD as of 2018.

Critical reception
Mick Brown of Crawdaddy said Fear was "in many ways a patchwork of [Cale's] past. His motif, as defined on Paris 1919, remains clean, compact, clever melodies, written and produced with a clear understanding of the subtle nuances of mood the simplest of chord structures and breaks can evoke. But the extravagant orchestration which characterized the last solo album has been largely abandoned in favor of a sparser, more barren sound, with just the barest backing essentials augmenting Cale's vocals."

Writing in Let It Rock, Mick Gold said: "Cale has the voice of a chameleon. It's never great singing but his deadpan Welsh-American accent gives it just the right edge. His music has broadened its range whilst also sounding more pared-down. And at least five songs on this album stand equal to the best songs of the 70s. I think it's self-evident from Paris and Fear that Cale's work is more original and more enjoyable than the albums being put out by a dozen better-known artists."

Trouser Press called Fear "a brilliant record full of neat surprises and great, unsettling songs."

Personnel
Adapted from the Fear liner notes.

Musicians
 * John Cale – lead vocals; bass guitar; guitar; keyboards; viola
 * Phil Manzanera – guitar; slide guitar on "Momamma Scuba"
 * Fred Smith – drums
 * Brian Eno – synthesizer; effects
 * Archie Legget – bass guitar
 * Michael Desmarais – drums on "Momamma Scuba" and "Fear"
 * Richard Thompson – slide guitar on "Momamma Scuba"
 * Bryn Haworth – slide guitar on "Momamma Scuba"
 * Brian Turrington – bass guitar on "Momamma Scuba"
 * Doreen Chanter – backing vocals
 * Irene Chanter – backing vocals
 * Liza Strike – backing vocals; girl's choir
 * Judy Nylon – lead vocals on "The Man Who Couldn't Afford to Orgy"

Production and artwork
 * John Cale – producer
 * Brian Eno – executive producer
 * Phil Manzanera – executive producer
 * John Wood – engineer; mixing
 * George Peckham – mastering
 * Keith Morris – photography

title: Fear (John Cale album)


text: Category:Volcanoes of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines


text: User talk:220.233.78.219

title: User talk:220.233.78.219


text:
User talk:Andreicio

Image:Romania presidentia2004 Run-off by county.png is a very nice map, but could you please put the colour coding key (i.e. who is represented by orange/blue/grey) into the image itself? -- ChrisO 10:56, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andreicio