text:
Talk:WinFS

Where the article fails searchers: WHAT FOREST?
-- there are all these TREES in the way! The article should be structured with less emphasis on MS esoterica and more on practical ALTERNATIVES that are in the marketplace (if Microsoft hasn't driven EVERY LAST ONE OUT of the marketplace by using this "just wait till" tactic for the past 12 years) in order to accomplish the basic KM workflow that the MS people have implemented in very limited fashion via VISTA DETAIL (e.g. tagging, and reviewing) ONLY for office docs and JPEGS.

To me you look at this history and you see that MS is constitutionally NOT CAPABLE of creating an open-system filing system without destroying some sense of proprietary control. It's that simple. Therefore they HAVE TO HAVE demented, inpenetrable technologies, so that they can retain control and simply say "well, you don't understand." This article as it is, is a poster child for MS dementia. If I wanted to be insane I would drop acid and read this and actually try to understand it -- much less as a developer to worry about mastering this kind of pure crap. TELL US WHAT WORKS. How do we get from what is solid (the mechanical file system) ACROSS THE RIVER STICS HERE to the shore of Okay, now I can do this complicated job of mine. Heh?

FOLLOW UP: (Told you so!) For the record Win7' s Library system is a snazzy implementation of the technology that would be very easy to back-implement into a universal advanced file system. For that matter the original SHORTCUTS technology implements just such a feature by linking the file system U.I. to the file index -- something apparently no 2nd party developer has direct access to, making self-healing links native to our daily applications 'difficult.' Why am I not surprised that after 12 years of this BS we still do not have a simple piggy-back Db system that could be local-file based (like the Win7 Libraries) to give us the meta data that can be saved in-file on MP3, JPG, and Office files? Having looked I can find only semi-obsolete developments of a "file note" technology -- the most modern of which is in PowerDesk Pro 6 & 7 -- another being "FNO" - File Notes Organizer that is apparently abandonware. PD however still works well, and has enough of the Advanced File System feature to get me by on my very demanding UUNIS.org project. The page of notes I can take is more than sufficient and I can just use ***** as a pattern in the front of the thing and you can have a rating system that isn't as HOKEY as the one in Explorer that takes up three times the space -- and you can change the font -- get a popup look instantly at the entire first line of text that can be quite long -- very cool. Integrates directly into details view and on the properties / details tab. Move the file with PD and you keep the notes intact. I don't know if there's a hidden file or a small Db being used. And in spite of the serious work potential, PD (Avanquest) doesn't even know it exists or how to sell it. DORKS. There's exactly ONE LINE about it anywhere -- and (pay attention) IT ISN'T IMPLEMENTED BY DEFAULT (add "Notes" to the detail view the usual way.)

I probably just sold ten thousand five hundred packages by mentioning this -- hey fella's -- where's my check? Damn it doesn't work that way. When I figure out how it does work I MIGHT back-engineer the previous paragraph to let you in on it.

--Xgenei (talk) 20:31, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

 * If you are able to have a civilized conversation in sane English about how to improve the article, please post. If all you want is rant, go elsewhere. WP Talk pages aren't designed for that. And btw, if it were so easy to implement, why is it that no general-purpose file system does so? And FYI, if metadata is all you care about, Vista onwards, the entire platform is in place. Just plug in your filetype-specific metadata reader/writer and you are good to go. --soumtalk 03:41, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Other impls
Didn't BeOS have something similar with the now ~11 year old Be_File_System? Beos495 (talk) 02:34, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Not really. BFS supported metadata via alternate streams and had an indexer as a part of the file system. So it supported querying the file system, and those could be more capable that a grep-like search. That was it. There wasnt much support for relationships as a first class citizen. From that perspective, these things (BFS, WinFS, Reiser4 etc) could be considered of the same lineage. --soum talk 05:38, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

I have added a link to an old F/OSS project which implemented a similar system on top of GNU/Linux to the "External Links" section. Edit as you see fit. 68.174.119.68 23:48, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Originally scheduled for longhorn? Come on! It was promised at least as early as 1994, well before Microsoft had any concept of Longhorn. Anyone have any reference from that long ago, I'd like to update this page. --Yamla 00:04, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Yes, WinFS was originally scheduled for longhorn. What was promised earlier (for Cairo), was called OFS, not Longhorn. And that is properly covered in dev section. --soum talk 15:05, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Should we link to similar technologies such as Reiser4?

 * Does Reiser4 have anything to do with database concepts, metadata? I couldn't tell from the existing article.  i.e. how are they similar technologies? Jeff schiller 20:01, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Done, made the changes as discussed. May come back and rewrite slightly. --Yamla 15:47, 2004 Dec 30 (UTC)

I question if vaporware really merits an article. Does anyone have any good whitepapers to provide some scientific background to give this article some value? Gmaxwell 23:28, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't the links in the reference section provide you with enough scientific background? -- soum সৌমো yasch  14:01, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Page move?
I heard mentioned that WinFS is now called Windows Storage Foundation. Should the article name be changed? --Cumbiagermen 08:39, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd say wait. Microsoft will probably change their minds a few times before the thing is actually released. WinFS is better for now, because that is what most people use to refer to it.  AlistairMcMillan 15:55, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Rewrite
I rewrote pretty much everything. Notably: Less speculative, more details; a section on "why WinFS?"; revised release schedule timeline; links to OS X components that are comparable to parts of WinFS; information about prior PDC release. In time, it'd be nice to see this article gain the kind of detailed explanation that similar API articles (e.g. MDAC) have. Warrens 19:17, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

"Architecture" section
The first paragraph of Architecture needs some help. Some of it is unclear (e.g., "like the thing we names as file system") and it shifts to first person. I've copied it here but haven't modified the original.

"WinFS is built on top of NTFS which provides journaling. WinFS works like the thing we names as file system. We can place standard files into it, but also WinFS is the place where we can store information that is not placed in files but is a representation of the related tables. Yes, WinFS is built from Yukon code. Most parts of WinFS are written in C++. The set of managed APIs are surely written on C#, and as APIs WinFS Services are also written in C# such as WinFS Sync, WinFS Rules. But core parts are written in C++ as they interact on down-level with Windows OS Kernel to get an access to memory and so on."

Near complete rewrite
The article was not comprehensive enough. It felt like some random notes taken in a presentation. Nor was all of WinFS' capabilities covered. I rewrote it exhaustively. Please comment.

I just rewrote the long article. My fingers are numb with exhaustion. Please help wikify.--Soumyasch 04:04, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * If someone feels the new version is not good enough, let's have a discussion before it is undone. --Soumyasch 04:05, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, nice one, Soumaysch! WinFS There is some refinement and flow work to be done, but having the information in there to work with gives us a good starting point. I'm really not a fan of advertising words like "rich" to describe API's, so I may go in and neutralise some of the descriptive language a bit over the next few days.  It's one of my favourite subjects... I kinda got this ball rolling back in December, because the subject definitely deserved a good article and I was getting tired of explaining the real WinFS to people. :-)  Warrens 06:05, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks Warrens. The article now just needs to be refined. --Soumyasch 08:36, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Backporting
Will WinFS be made avaidable for free to previous operating systems through Windows Update? mastodon 16:10, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Desktop Search?
I oppose WinFS being categorized as a Desktop-Search environment. It goes much beyond that. I agree, initially the most prominent use will be for searching, but its usage is not limited to that. It is a full blown relational database, plus includes a replicator. A lot many things can be done. I myself made a p2p search engine (using WinFS, MS Rave and some others), which, despite not having any centralized index, searched info from all over the network. So, how can it be called just a Desktop search. -- so U  m  y  a  S  ch  05:14, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Criticism of necessity
This essay, famously includes the following passage regarding WinFS:

But Microsoft needs to give you a reason to buy Longhorn, and what they're trying to pull off is a sea change, similar to the sea change that occurred when Windows replaced DOS. The trouble is that Longhorn is not a very big advance over Windows XP; not nearly as big as Windows was over DOS. It probably won't be compelling enough to get people to buy all new computers and applications like they did for Windows. Well, maybe it will, Microsoft certainly needs it to be, but what I've seen so far is not very convincing. A lot of the bets Microsoft made are the wrong ones. For example, WinFS, advertised as a way to make searching work by making the file system be a relational database, ignores the fact that the real way to make searching work is by making searching work. Don't make me type metadata for all my files that I can search using a query language. Just do me a favor and search the damned hard drive, quickly, for the string I typed, using full-text indexes and other technologies that were boring in 1973.

I am not saying I think that this article needs a Criticism subsection, but if there is a good reason to implement this whole database system, rather than just doing what Google does in making search work, the article should explain it and cite this seminal article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.105.251.160 (talk • contribs).

 * He wrote that article two years ago -- before most of this Wikipedia article could have been written, because the information simply wasn't out there. WinFS is about creating relationships between data, not searching for it.  Microsoft didn't do a good job of explaining any of this until mid-2005. Warrens 15:25, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The whole section, starting with the title, is blatantly POV. I've fixed the title.  I don't have time at the moment to fix the section, i.e. by making the "this is why this is good" stuff into "here is the perceived problem and here is how it was addressed (and probably a pointer or two to other reasonable approaches) -Dmh 15:26, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Windows to Drop WinFS
see http://blogs.msdn.com/winfs/archive/2006/06/23/644706.aspx for details

Motivation
I was thinking about changing the "pictures which have person X" example because it can be confused with "face recognition" which I think it's not the feature. Maybe it should be changed to "documents which have X word(s) on them" David Morón 19:01, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * They aren't the same things though... "pictures which have person X" suggests a relationship between two different types of data. "documents with have X words in them" is not a relationship in this nature; it's just a matter of full-text search... it doesn't demonstrate the concept being discussed.   -/- Warren 05:43, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Then another example should be used because of the reason stated above, i.e. confusion with face recognition which it's not the feature. Any suggestions? David Morón 21:04, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I dont think it is necessary to update the example. Suppose, it is changed to something like "a video which contains sting rays", then also your question is valid. Or something like "a document that refers the 'P' hotel" also raises the question how is it identified. However, according to me, the context makes it pretty clear that WinFS is not about how is it identified - whether pattern recognition is used, or manual tagging, or some other rocket science technique - rather it is about what is done when things have already been identified. Also your suggestion doesnt hold, because WinFS is not interested in which document what words are there. Rather, it is bothered about the semantic structure of the document, i.e., what information does it provide. In that sense, the example is perfectly valid, because "a picture containing a person X" also has this info in a sequence of words only, but that is not essenced by WinFS, rather it deals with the fact that the picture is of person X. -- soum সৌমো yasch  11:39, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

ReiserFS
You might want to mention that Linux already has this with ReiserFS, although ReiserFS isn't used by many people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JeffBurdges (talk • contribs)
 * There are some overlap in functionality between WinFS and ReiserFS 4. But ReiserFS 4 is only in development and not mainstream. Reiser3 doesn't have these. A better comparison would be Storage, but that is also in development. -- soum সৌমো yasch  10:19, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

"Failed Microsoft initiatives"?
I'd question WinFS's inclusion in the category "Failed Microsoft initiatives". It's still in development & hasn't been released yet, so it can hardly have said to have failed. Delayed, maybe; but that hardly puts it alongside Microsoft Bob. In accordance with Be Bold, I'm removing it from that category. Simxp 03:41, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

WinFS as Data Storage backend
"Microsoft plans to release all of these products [Windows Mail in Windows Vista, Windows Calendar, Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Media Player, and Microsoft Office applications such as Microsoft Office Outlook]with WinFS as the data storage sub-system in the next 3 years"? :O Am I dreaming? -- soum সৌমো yasch  08:04, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

GA Notes (failed)
Again this article needs citations. Gutworth 02:03, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The motivation section drags on and on. What this section gives you for this article could be summarized in a paragraph. The rest of it would do better in and article named Comparison of WinFS and NTFS.
 * The use section states " [Integrated Storage] will be of great use for businesses, by allowing it to automatically aggregate data from different departments" with no citation.
 * The development section could use citations.
 * The Data Storage section and the Architecture seem too related to deserve different sections. (Most of the stuff in Architecture could be merged to Data Storage.)
 * Many of these sections could use more links to standards (eg. XML schema).
 * Perhaps take a look at Explain jargon.
 * The article has been streamlined since last nom, references inlined (rather than having them in a generic refs secn), wikilinked and descriptions added and redundancy reduced. Overall, its in a much better shape. I am nominating again. --soum talk 15:02, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Only works with NTFS?
I keep reading that WinFS runs on top of NTFS. I know this is true, but does it not also work with FAT and FAT32? Josh the Nerd 17:35, 26 June 2007 (UTC) Josh

 * No, the only beta release that ever came out worked on top of NTFS. (Even Vista can use only NTFS for its boot volume). --soum talk 18:13, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

pre GA review comments
GB 11:22, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Some of those sentences are a bit dense. Where there is a sentence that goes over three lines, it would be a good idea to chop it into smaller pieces.
 * 2) The introductory paragraph is a bit dry.
 * 3) It would look good to have some kind of picture near the top to grab interest. Or possibly an infobox of some sort.
 * 4) related together by Relationships — no capital R.
 * 5) The applications all just seem to be support programs. Are there any real applications, or any intention by Microsoft to put a critical operating system function in it - eg the registry?
 * 6) One of the references has an error: Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
 * 7) An excessive number of sources are blogs - are these reliable?

 * Thanks for your comments. I would have to take a look at long sentences. As for the lead, I actually toyed with a lot of variants, but any more description was getting full of jargon.

 * As for applications, WinFS is primarily a developer API, not an end user application. As such, all tools released (at least around Beta 1) will be developer tools only. As for, "Are there any real applications, or any intention by Microsoft to put a critical operating system function in it?", well, the plan was to move entire data organization system to WinFS (replacing Explorer and its file management capabilities). But WinFS got cancelled before it could happen in Windows Vista timeframe. Since the technology is still under active development, we have to wait till Microsoft loosens up a bit on the next iteration of Windows before we know what how they are going to integrate the capabilities into Windows.

 * As for images at the top of the article, well what can be added? Its a storage subsystem which can store structured data items (think XML and relational data) which are related with each other. How can this be shown in a screenshot. Even if a schematic representation of the association is shown, it will look more like a relational schema). I dont think that can be of interest to users.

 * However, I think, screencaps of the IWish concept video, which was shown by MS as user experiences that could be possible with shared data schema and relationships, could be used here. That gives me an idea - in the lead, we can explore this vision to show what WinFS could achieve without jargonning the hell out of readers.

 * As for the blogs, yes they are reliable. The blog entries are the official blog entries of the team developing WinFS at Microsoft. Its canonical, at least for technical details. --soum talk 11:48, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for you efforts in replying soum.

GB 12:03, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) So on the applications front, are there any other companies that have made used of the API or WinFS to do something?
 * 2) For a picture on the top - a diagram along the lines of what you mentioned would be good: supplied support tools/ on top of API/ over the top of winFS / over thje top of NTFS(s).
 * 3) A timeline of announcements, delivery, or failure to deliver could be included. There is special support for timelines in wikipedia.
 * 4) A screen dump of something could be good, as long as you dont pinch it from the microsoft video!

 * The API was still incomplete when WinFS, at least in its last known incarnation, was scrapped. As such, third party support was limited. As such, most technologies using WinFS moved to other technologies (as an example, Internet Explorer 7 in Windows Vista was supposed to use WinFS to store its history and bookmarks and include a media player like organization capability. But due to lack of WinFS, that feature got cut out. Also MS Office 2007 was supposed to use WinFS, but they moved to a different platform. And no, I do not have source for this, this is based on leaked info and stuff. Thats why it is not in the article :) ). Because the applications were also half-baked, its best they are left out.

 * A diagram of the architecture stack may be included. And the timeline sounds a damn good idea. A screenshot of the StoreSpy application will probably be a good idea. But the main problem is that the preview release they made available was time-limited and my copy has already expired. They are not allowing further downloads of it either. So, it has to be taken off the net. I think this makes a very good Fair Use justification - it is not available publicly, it has been cancelled, and it is a solution that works at a very abstract level and no other market alternatives exixts. So, a picture is very essential as to understand how interaction with the system is done. The same rationale applies for screenshots of the concept video. The video played an important part in building the hype around WinFS and it was used extensively by MS for demonstrations. So, I think it can and should be used. I will add text regarding the use of the video and the concepts in it. --soum talk 12:29, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Changes have been made. --soum talk 15:50, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The pictures and diagrams look good with good fair use rationale! GB 21:48, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks. --soum talk 08:19, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

GA Review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b (lack of images does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

PGWG 16:47, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

WinFS does NOT work on top of FAT32
The article states that WinFS is implemented as a database on top of FAT32 and cites a reference. I thought it was pretty odd that they would use FAT32 instead of NTFS, so I looked at the reference, and the term "FAT32" doesn't occur anywhere in it. It does, however, say that WinFS is built atop NTFS. Someone earlier in this discussion page also mentioned that the only beta release used NTFS. Inhahe (talk) 04:27, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It was an artefact of this vandalism edit. --soum talk 10:23, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge
I do not think that reFS should be emerged at this point as it is unclear that it is the same thing. If it becomes certain then merge. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 20:36, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose strongly. The two are not even remotely related. Just because they have *FS in their name, people think they should be merged? This is nothing to merge - xpclient  Talk 18:40, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It's not only uncertain, but complete speculation. - Josh (talk | contribs) 20:45, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * If WinFS and ReFS were the same thing, then should not the WinFS entry (old term) point to ReFS (new term) and not the other way round? --85.179.254.120 (talk) 21:49, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

What's to merge? ReFS is mentioned briefly in the Win8 article - essentially nothing (reliable and verifiable) is known about ReFS so far. There's nothing to merge (yet) - Meewam (talk) 06:09, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

protogon. refs
searching it will reveal that win8 pre-release builds had a file system that seems to be a continuation of winfs. protogon was it's name and then refs. don't have time at time of writing but they should be in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.134.223.11 (talk) 20:13, 21 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Despite some early speculation that Protogon/ReFS was a reincarnation of WinFS, the two are unrelated. - Josh (talk | contribs) 22:58, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

Project Start
About 1994 or 1995 Microsoft (in Vienna, Austria, Europe) offered a web-survey with just a very small text-field for general propositions. So I sent a brief concept to them, which covered the principles of an object-orientated (non-redundant) information management, as described in this article. I had been starting developing it in 1988 - the first version was a simple non-restricted database with a suggest-search-field for item-names, similiar to nowadays Wikipedia (but without social functions, as there was no public internet at that time). I never received a feedback and wondered if the messages had been evaluated by departments who understood them and thought about or if the survey mainly covered people's opinion about existing software or maybe the idea was seized and adapted to Microsoft concepts. Does anyone know about the origin of the project within Microsoft? -- 77.119.128.68 (talk) 07:43, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:WinFS


text:
Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (etmonas) were the highest-ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The title of hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army and until 1581 it was awarded only for a specific campaign or war. Later it became a permanent title, as did all the titles in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven (from 1585). Hetmans were not paid for their services by the Royal Treasury.

Field and Great Hetmans
From the end of 16th century there were two hetmans in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and two hetmans in the Crown: a Field Hetman and a Great Hetman (sometimes translated as Grand Hetman). As a result, there were in total four hetman titles: Great Crown Hetman, Field Crown Hetman, Great Lithuanian Hetman and Field Lithuanian Hetman. During joint military operations of the Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies, the Grand Crown Hetman usually was considered superior to others hetmans and served as commander-in-chief if the war actions ran along the borders of the Grand Duchy and vice versa.

Grand Hetmans were usually in command of the professional and mobilised army and during peace stayed at the capital involving themselves in politics, guarding the interests of the army and planning campaigns.

Polish Field Hetman was subordinates of Grand Hetman and when on the same battlefield commanded the mercenaries and artillery. During peace they usually were deployed on the eastern and southern borders of the Commonwealth, and commanded all local forces against constant skirmishes and small invasions of the Ottoman Empire and its vassals. Field Hetman were also called Frontier Hetman, since they did the same job as commanders of frontier garrisons before the title of hetman was introduced.

Lithuanian Field Hetman initially was called Court Hetman and commanded the guard of the Grand Duke, while Land Hetman commanded militia. Later this difference disappeared and they were renamed Field and Great Hetmans accordingly. Contrary to Polish practice Lithuanian Field Hetman had full control on army under his command and wasn't subordinated to the Great Hetman.

For a short period there was also an office of Royal Court Hetman, but it never gained much influence.

Responsibilities and privileges
Hetman's competences and privileges, first officially described in 1527 in the act of nomination for Jan Tarnowski included:
 * planning and carrying out of military campaigns
 * enlistment and organisation of professional army (wojsko kwarciane) and mercenaries
 * supervision of registered Cossacks and atamans, who were chosen by hetmans for two-year terms
 * nomination and promotion of officers at will
 * choosing locations where the army units were to draw supplies from (that could become a severe burden of cities/nobles that were disliked by a hetman)
 * supervising the flow of the army's finances (including the soldiers' wages)
 * full control over military judiciary (with capital punishment during wars), they could also issue laws and regulations for the army (known as hetman's articles)
 * hearing complaints of all civilian personnel against the army and issuing compensation
 * hetmans had certain competencies in foreign policy, they could send their own emissaries to countries such as the Ottoman Empire, Moldavia, Crimean Khanate and Wallachia. It was reasoned that the distance to capital was too large and situation in that regions was always too volatile for all decisions to be made in the capital (Kraków, later Warsaw)

The hetman had no right to order the forces of the royal court, the royal guard, units equipped by the cities and towns, or private individuals, although during wars those units often voluntarily pledged their obedience to hetmans. Hetmans had no control over the navy, although the Polish Navy was always of very limited importance. Hetmans usually had no direct control over the levy (pospolite ruszenie), but they could give orders to the regimentars who commanded it.

While hetmans were considered to be among the highest-ranking officials in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, their hetman status gave them no right to sit in either the Senate or Sejm, unless they held another office that automatically carried with it a seat or were elected as a representatives of local szlachta during sejmiks. Each hetman received a hetman's ceremonial mace, the bulawa, as the symbol of his position (it was added to his coat of arms). Less common was a horse-tail ensign and hetman's sign.

In some of the never realised plans of reconstruction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from dual into triple state (Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth), the hetman was to be a head of the Ruthenian part, consisting of three Ukrainian voivodeships (see Treaty of Hadiach).

The reforms of 1776, stimulated by the first Partition of Poland, limited the powers of the hetmans.

Hetman's aides
A hetman's chief aides and officers included:
 * pisarz polny – field chancellor, responsible for the archives, chancery, finances, accounting of people, equipment and fortifications, and paying soldiers' wages
 * straznik – guardian; security; supervised the scout forces during movement and camping and commanded the front guard (however, if both hetmans were present, the Field Hetman acted as Great Guardian (Polish: Wielki Straznik)).
 * obozny – camp leader; camp and transport organisation; responsible for choosing a suitable camping place for an army, setting up the camp, logistics and security inside the encampment.
 * szpitalny – medic; medical services
 * profos – military juridiciary
 * brabanmajster – logistics
 * regimentarz – second-in-command in the event a hetman was killed or taken prisoner; the regimantrz could also be chosen by the king for a given period when a hetman was not available, or informally assumed this function of the commander-in-chief when no hetman or monarch was present nearby (for example, the commander of a levee en masse was usually called a regimentarz.

Most of those aides also had a Field/Great and Crown/Lithuanian add-ons to their titles, depending on which hetman they were serving under.

Several new military titles were created after the 1635 by king Władysław IV Vasa, changing some of hetman's responsibilities:
 * 1637 – General of Artillery (responsible for artillery forces, their logistics and such)
 * 1670s – General of Logistics, General of Medics, General of Finances
 * The Generals of Inspections controlled the combat readiness of troops, however it is unclear when they were created (besides the phrase ‘in 17th century’).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:24.164.229.150

title: User talk:24.164.229.150


text:
KUPS

KUPS (90.1 FM) is a non-commercial college radio station in Tacoma, Washington located at 90.1 MHz FM. KUPS began operations in 1968 as an experiment in closed-circuit AM broadcasting. At that time, the station was available only in buildings on the campus of the University of Puget Sound.

KUPS broadcasts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to the greater Tacoma area on 90.1 FM and to the rest of the world online. The station is administered by the Associated Students of the University of Puget Sound, and is run by over 120 student volunteers and paid staff members. KUPS features many shows, such as Milo Hensley and Hayden Smith's "Middle School Sleepover" blanketing many genres, including: Alternative, Loud Rock, Hip-Hop, Electronic, and Jazz programs with listeners in the Tacoma, Washington area. KUPS has earned national accolades, and frequently appears on The Princeton Review Best College Radio Station list, placing #5 in 2023.

History
Additional information on the 1968 Carrier Current station for KUPS can be found at www.engineer-exchange.com

In 1975, KUPS moved from being a carrier current AM station to a 10 Watt FM station.

In 1983, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) declared that the minimum operating power for a station be at least 100 Watts. KUPS increased its output to 100 Watts.

In 1999, KUPS began streaming its programming on the internet through a third party website.

In 2001, the KUPS studios were remodeled. The studios are located in Wheelock Student Center on the University of Puget Sound campus.

In 2002, KUPS started streaming its programming on the internet via its website,.

Awards
In 2004, KUPS DJ David Conger was recognized by Collegiate Broadcasters Inc. (CBI) as one of the nations best DJ's as one of four finalists in the Best DJ category of the 2004 CBI National Production Awards.

In 2005, KUPS was named by The Princeton Review as one of the best college radio stations in the country (#12). Then-music director China Bialos was nominated as ‘’Music Director of the Year’’ by CMJ. KUPS was nominated as the station with the Biggest Improvement in 2005 by CMJ. When nominated for the Biggest Improvement award, station was under the leadership of Chief of Operations: Adam Gehrke, General Manager: Jean Gibb, Programming Director: David Conger, with Music Directors China Bialos, Aub Driver, Jason Miller, Blaire Notrica and John Dugan, and Promotions Director: Brenden Goetz and Production Director: Brian Coleman.

In 2007, KUPS was recognized by ''the Princeton Review in the TOP TEN Best College Radio Stations in the Country, ranked number 9. Additionally in 2007, KUPS music director Kathleen Perez was nominated for the Most Honest Feedback award by CMJ.

In 2009, KUPS won the Woodie Award for best college radio station in the country, a contest organized by the Princeton Review, and CMJ, based on thousands of online votes and record label feedback. The award was bestowed upon KUPS by mtvU and broadcast on mtvU, MTV, MTV2, and Palladia.

In 2011, KUPS was recognized by The Washington Post as 3rd in a list of "10 great college radio stations."

In 2011, KUPS was recognized by The Princeton Review as the 8th best college radio station in the country, moving up from 12th in the 2005 and 9th in 2007.

title: KUPS


text:
Talk:Renato M. E. Sabbatini

Autobio
Professor Sabbatini sounds like a great person, but wikipedia has a policy against writing autobiographies. Auto-biography This article should be converted into a userpage. -Willmcw 00:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Is this policy unclear? -Willmcw 04:34, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I assume that question isn't directed toward me? --allie 19:32, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Not unless you are user:Rsabbatini or article subject "Renato M.E. Sabbatini". Cheers, -Willmcw 19:43, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Neither, and deleted his name as "author" of the Cesare Lombroso page. Put in a vanity vfd yesterday, hence the query. Best regards, --22:39, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Notice, of course, that WP:AUTO is not a policy, but an (overused) guideline. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 15:52, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

— J I P | Talk 06:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Even so it seems somehow unethical to use the Wikipedia for personal advertising. Notice that not only this but several other pages related to it were basically written by user:Rsabbatini. For instance: Center_for_Biomedical_Informatics, Edumed Institute for Education in Medicine and Health, Brazilian Society for Health Informatics and several more. Tsf (talk) 19:43, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Troll?
This article was nominated for deletion by editor GoOdCoNtEnT who has been seemingly randomly asking people to nominate someonne for deletion and then arguing not to delete them, see here. I've removed the deletion notice. Nrets  20:29, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Almost completely unsourced
Almost everything in this article is unsourced, or the sources cited are organization's websites saying nothing about Sabbatini or what's asserted in the article. Most of these statements are true no doubt, but that's not good enough -- for inclusion they must be verified by reliable, independent sources (not websites of defunct magazines founded by Sabbatini, or other Wikipedia articles written by Sabbatini and also unsourced). This will mean some things must be omitted, but quite bluntly if there's no independent source for a given thing Sabbatini did -- if there's been no independent comment on it -- then it's probably not worth mentioning anyway. This doesn't mean Dr. Sabbatini himself isn't notable, but all this talk of "first" and "pioneering" and so on is completely out of place on Wikipedia, particularly since the subject himself wrote most of such text. A much, much scaled-down article is needed, relating notable activities, not everything Sabbatini ever did (such as being secretary of some organization, with no particular accompolishment being called out -- and verified -- as being achieved via his efforts in that position). Sabbatini can put additional material on his user page if he wants; see Auto-biography which, yes, is a guideline not a policy, but which people ignore at significant cost to all of us, as it well explains. Upsala (talk) 17:59, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Unknowm user totally spoiling stable article
Please Upsala, identify yourself or I will report you to Wikipedia editors and remove all your remarks. You have no user page. R.Sabbatini (talk) 23:19, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm a Wikipedia editor, so you can report me to me. You're a Wikipedia editor too, so you could report me to yourself while you're at it.  But you would be extremely ill-advised to remove the tags, except when and as the sourcing each tag calls for is verified to be present in the article.  That would get someone "reported" -- with embarassing consequences.

 * The detailed tagging may seem excessive at first glance, but in light of your unexplained removal (see ) of the whole-article tags (stating, quite correctly, that the article reads like a CV and contains almost no sources, and that where there are sources, they often do not support the assertions made, or are either self-published by you or closely associate with you) it seemed necessary to demonstrate just how littered the article is with those problems.

 * Several editors have encouraged you to review AUTO. Some highlights you should consider (all of these are quotes from that guideline, with emphasis added in places):

 * Writing an autobiography on Wikipedia is strongly discouraged, unless your writing has been approved by other editors in the community. Editing a biography about yourself should only be done in clear-cut cases.
 * [Autobiographies] are often biased, usually positively...
 * Unconscious biases can and do exist, and are a very common cause of the problems with autobiographies—which is why we discourage autobiographies themselves and not just active, deliberate self-promotion....
 * If your life and achievements are verifiable and genuinely notable, someone else will probably create an article about you sooner or later.
 * Many people exaggerate their own significance or notability above what third parties would think.
 * Note that anything you submit will be edited mercilessly by others. Many autobiographical articles have been a source of dismay to their original authors after a period of editing by the community...
 * If you create an autobiography you must have no promotional intent and must be willing to accept it being neutralized if it is not neutral... [A]ll encyclopedic topics are fair game for Wikipedia.
 * One thing which you can do to assist other Wikipedia editors is, if you already maintain a personal website, please ensure that any information that you want in your Wikipedia article is already on your own website. As long as it's not involving grandiose claims like, "I was the first to create this widget..."
 * [O]ne should also make considerations of time and effort upon the Wikipedia community, as well as one's reputation. ... [Writing an autobiography and editing an article about yourself] may also result in a reputation hit not only because you violated the guideline but also because you may have wasted someone's effort.
 * The proper way to get your own writing about yourself...is to make a proposal containing the text you want, instead of just putting it up directly, [which by your doing indicates] that you are willing to put the interests of Wikipedia first instead of standing in a position of conflict of interest.

 * Instead of worrying about who I am, I suggest you start adding neutral, third-party (non-self-published) citations for everything you wish to see remain in the article. I've made it easy for you to track your progress with the handy  and similar tags, which you can remove as you go (or in the instance here or there where a tag was added inappropriately, you should explain that on Talk). Since you are the article's subject, you are in an especially good position to do this work and further, since essentially the entire article personally written by you, I believe you have a positive duty to do it, instead of asking others to do it for you. I'm confident it won't be long before most of the tags are gone (or explained on Talk).  Whatever's left after that is going to have to be removed from the article.

 * Upsala (talk) 01:12, 6 January 2010 (UTC)
 * This "stable" article has been stable, but Upsala has done nothing inappropriate. I've reviewed the article history and the previous deletion debate, and I don't think this article has much going for it based on Upsala's review of the numerous non-English references.  The ones in English don't actually establish notability.  There is a Portuguese Wikipedia - perhaps editors there will have a different opinion, but I am going to renominate this for deletion.  If additional sources establishing notability are found, I have no doubt that the community will again choose to keep this article.--otherlleft 16:58, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Since it's been almost a week and Sabbatini has done nothing to add sources to the article (though he's been active on other articles) I'm going ahead and removing the unsourced material. If Sabbatini insists on continuing to edit his own bio (which he really should not) he can restore material if and as he finds appropriate, verifiable cites. Upsala (talk) 21:58, 10 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I've now done as I said. I did it in little steps so that, should any one removal of material turn out to be inappropriate (i.e. the statement is in fact sourced) it can be easily restored. Upsala (talk) 04:14, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Self-description by Sabbatini
Upsala, did you re-add the citation to an old version of his userpage?--otherlleft 22:58, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, and I think we've had a miscommunication. Either the quote and accompanying cite can remain, or they both can go, but the quote can't stay without the cite.  That's why I didn't understand what you did, because you kept the quote and killed the cite.  Your edit summary said "eliminate circular ref" but I didn't understand that either: I thought you were saying that Wikipedia can't cite Wikipedia in general (which is true, of course).  But this is a bit different: this is an article on Sabbatini, and something he himself said can be cited, as long as it's verifiably something he said, even if the original place he said it is his Wikipedia talk page -- that's not a circular ref.  Since you left the quote in, I figured you were OK with its being in the article, you just wanted the cite to be appopriate.  My subsequent edit summary tried to show that the old cite was OK, and restored it.  (And by the way, it's a not a ref to an old version of Sabbatini's user page, but just a diff which zooms in on where his comment is on his very long User Talk -- the comment is still there in the current version so I wasn't dredging up some old deleted material, if that's what you thought.)
 * Anyway, I hope this clears things up, or maybe I'm missing the point somewhere. I really don't care whether the quote stays or goes -- you decide -- but if it stays, the cite has to stay too. Upsala (talk) 04:16, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes I see the confusion. I wasn't clear, but I left the quote itself in with the hopes that a better source could be found.  I think citing a person's own userpage really strains the tenets of WP:SPS.--otherlleft 22:37, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Renato M. E. Sabbatini


text:
Mediumwave transmitter Lopik

The Mediumwave transmitter Lopik was a medium wave broadcasting facility near Lopik in the Netherlands. It was constructed in 1938 and closed down on 1 September 2015. Its last use was to transmit the Dutch language edition of Radio Maria on 675 kHz. The aerial consisted of a 196-metre (643') guyed steel framework mast, which was insulated against ground.

On 24 July 2015, Radio Maria Netherlands announced the closedown of its transmissions on 675 kHz Medium wave as of 1 September 2015.

Originally, there was also a second, 165 metre (541') guyed steel framework mast for the mediumwave frequency 1332 kHz, but this was taken down on 21 August 2004.

On 4 September 2015, the remaining 196 metre (643') mast was also taken down, marking the end of 75 years of Medium wave transmissions from the Lopik site.

This mast should not be confused with the Gerbrandy tower in the nearby town of IJsselstein, which is used for FM- and TV-broadcasting. The Gerbrandy Tower used to be in the municipality of Lopik as well before an administrative change, and is often referred to as the "Lopik tower".

title: Mediumwave transmitter Lopik


text:
Henry Richard

Henry Richard (3 April 1812 – 20 August 1888) was a Congregational minister and Welsh Member of Parliament between 1868–1888. Richard was an advocate of peace and international arbitration, as secretary of the Peace Society for forty years (1848–1884). His other interests included anti-slavery work.

Early life
Born in 1812 in Tregaron, Ceredigion, he was the second son of Ebenezer Richard (1781–1837), a Calvinistic Methodist minister. He was educated initially at Llangeitho grammar school, and attended Highbury College, near London, to obtain qualifications for the ministry.

In 1835, after ordination Richard was appointed pastor at the Congregational Marlborough Chapel, in the Old Kent Road, London. Its foundation stone had been laid by Thomas Wilson in 1826. Richard succeeded Thomas Hughes, and raised sufficient funds to pay off the chapel's building loans and establish a school (British School, Oakley Place).

Secretary of the Peace Society
Richard resigned in 1850 to devote himself full-time as secretary to the Peace Society, it was a post he had undertaken two years earlier on a part-time basis. He helped organize a series of congresses in the capitals of Europe, and was partly instrumental in securing the insertion of a declaration in favour of arbitration in the treaty of Paris in 1856. Through this work he became universally known in Europe and the United States until his resignation in 1885.

Early political career
During the early 1860s, Richard became a leading figure in the Liberation Society, whose main aim was the disestablishment of the Anglican Church. The Society increasingly focused its attentions on Richard's native Wales and sought to contest parliamentary elections. While Richard's published writings were critical of the landed gentry's influence over political life in Wales, he did nevertheless recognize that the deferential attitudes of those who held the vote at parliamentary elections would be a barrier to any potential political breakthrough. Indeed, in Cardiganshire, levels of support for the Liberation Society (at least in terms of financial contributions) were low. The lack of a political aspect to the county's nonconformity was illustrated at the 1865 general election when Richard briefly emerged as a potential Liberal candidate for Cardiganshire.

1865 general election
The sitting member for Cardiganshire, William Thomas Rowland Powell, had indicated some twelve months prior to the election that he would retire and Sir Thomas Lloyd of Bronwydd had been selected as the Liberal candidate. However, when Powell reversed his decision, Lloyd issued an address stating that he would not oppose the sitting member. As a result, both Richard and David Davies Llandinam offered themselves as candidates. On his arrival in Cardiganshire, Richard immediately visited Gogerddan to seek the views of the Pryse family and, as a result announced his candidature. The influence of Gogerddan was very strong in Aberystwyth and throughout the north of the county, and also particularly hostile to David Davies. Their support for Richard was influenced by their hostility towards Davies.

A selection meeting was arranged to be held at Aberaeron, but shortly before this took place, Powell again announced his retirement. Richard's agents visited Bronwydd to ascertain Lloyd's intentions and, on understanding that Lloyd would now fight the seat after all, Richard withdrew in his favour. David Davies, however, did not withdraw and in his speech accepting nomination was particularly critical of Richard's decision to withdraw. Davies came within 361 votes of victory.

1868 general election
In 1868 Henry Richard was elected Liberal member of parliament for the Merthyr boroughs in South Wales.

Member of Parliament
Following his election, Richard become known as one of the foremost nonconformists in the House of Commons. Here he was a leading member of the party which advocated the removal of Nonconformist grievances and the disestablishment of the church in Wales.

Chairman of the Congregational Union
In 1877, Richard was appointed chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales.

Author and journalist
Among Richard's writings may be mentioned:
 * Defensive War (1846 and 1890)
 * The Recent Progress of International Arbitration (1884) on the subject of peace and conflict
 * Memoirs of Joseph Sturge (1864) in memory of the abolitionist and founder of the mid-nineteenth century Anti-Slavery Society, the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade;
 * Letters on the Social and Political Condition of the Principality of Wales (1866 and 1884) reflecting his love of Wales;

He also prepared some of the material for the life of his friend and associate, Richard Cobden, which was written by John Morley, later Lord Morley.

In the field of journalism he contributed to the Morning Star and the Evening Star.

Abolitionist
Less well known for his anti-slavery work and unable to support the American Civil War as an appropriate means to end slavery, Henry Richard was nevertheless respected in this field. Indeed, a few weeks after his death, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (now Anti-Slavery International), published an obituary in their journal, the Anti-Slavery Reporter.

Death and memorials
Richard died suddenly of heart disease on 20August 1888 at the home of the Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey in Treborth, near Bangor. His body was brought to his London residence in Bolton Gardens, South Kensington, where it lay in state until his funeral on 31August.

His imposing white stone and marble tomb in the form of a shrine with its own gabled roof, replete with his carved portrait, was erected by public subscription in 1891 over his grave at the Congregationalist model non-denominational garden cemetery, Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington, London. The grave lies on an eastern path not far from the southern entrance. His wife Augusta Matilda lies with him.

The equally imposing Henry Richard Memorial statue which dominates the Square at Tregaron was designed by Albert Toft and unveiled by Sir George Osborne Morgan on 18 August 1893. The inscription on the plinth reads: "Born here in Tregaron, he was educated for the Christian ministry, and in 1835 he was ordained in London. In 1848 he was appointed Secretary to the Peace Society, gaining an international reputation as "The Apostle of Peace." In 1868 he became M.P. for the Merthyr constituency: and such was his concern for Welsh affairs that he became known as "the Member for Wales." He was also a prominent pioneer in education: he served on several commissions of enquiry and in 1883 he became the first vice-president of Cardiff University College."

"I have always been mindful of three things:--Not to forget the language of my country; and the people and cause of my country; and to neglect no opportunity of defending the character and promoting the interests of my country."

"My hope for the abatement of the war system lies in the permanent conviction of the people, rather than the policies of cabinets or the discussions of parliaments."

Books and journals

 * Miall, Charles S. (1899), Henry Richard, M.P. : a biography, London:Cassell'
 * Appleton, L. (1899), Memoirs of Henry Richard, London:Trubner
 * Articles in Cymru Fydd The Anti-Slavery Reporter for 1888.
 * D. Ben Rees The Life and Work of Henry Richard Nottingham, 2007.
 * Gwyn Griffiths Henry Richard, Apostle of Peace and Welsh Patriot, 2012
 * Appleton, L. (1899), Memoirs of Henry Richard, London:Trubner
 * Articles in Cymru Fydd The Anti-Slavery Reporter for 1888.
 * D. Ben Rees The Life and Work of Henry Richard Nottingham, 2007.
 * Gwyn Griffiths Henry Richard, Apostle of Peace and Welsh Patriot, 2012
 * Gwyn Griffiths Henry Richard, Apostle of Peace and Welsh Patriot, 2012

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Henry Richard


text: User talk:64.53.212.134

title: User talk:64.53.212.134


text:
Mental Models

Mental Models is a book published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., in 1983 ISBN 0-89859-242-9. It was edited by Dedre Gentner and Albert L. Stevens, both employees of Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. at the time. It appeared at about the same time as a book by the same name by Philip Johnson-Laird. According to the acknowledgment of the book, it resulted from a workshop on mental models held at the University of California, San Diego in October 1980, that was jointly sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and the Sloan Foundation.

Chapters

 * 1) Some Observations on Mental Models — Donald A. Norman, UCSD
 * Dr. Norman describes the properties of mental models — that they can be contradictory, incomplete, superstitious, erroneous, and unstable, varying in time. So the job of system designers is to help users form an accurate and useful mental model of a system.  And the job of researchers is to set up experiments to learn to understand actual mental models, even though they may be messy and incomplete.
 * 1) Phenomenology and the Evolution of Intuition — Andrea diSessa, MIT
 * 2) Surrogates and Mappings: Two Kinds of Conceptual Models for Interactive Devices — Richard M. Young, Medical Research Council, Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England
 * 3) Qualitative Reasoning About Space and Motion — Kenneth D. Forbus, MIT
 * 4) The Role of Problem Representation in Physics — Jill H. Larkin, Carnegie Mellon University
 * 5) Flowing Waters or Teeming Crowds:Mental Models of Electricity — Dedre Gentner, Bolt Beranek and Newman, and Donald R. Gentner, UCSD
 * 6) Human Reasoning About a Simple Physical System — Michael D. Williams, Xerox PARC, James D. Hollan, and Albert L. Stevens, Bolt Beranek and Newman
 * 7) Assumptions and Ambiguities in Mechanistic Mental Models — Johan de Kleer and John Seely Brown, Xerox PARC
 * 8) Understanding Micronesian Navigation — Edwin Hutchins, Navy Personnel Research and Development Center
 * 9) Conceptual Entities — James G. Greeno, University of Pittsburgh
 * 10) Using the Method of Fibres in Mecho to Calculate Radii of Gyration — Alan Bundy, University of Edinburgh
 * 11) When Heat and Temperature Were One — Marianne Wiser and Susan Carey, MIT
 * 12) Naive Theories of Motion — Michael McCloskey, Johns Hopkins University
 * 13) A Conceptual Model Discussed by Galileo and Used Intuitively by Physics Students — John Clement, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Reception
Upon release, Mental Models received reviews from journals such as American Anthropologist. The American Journal of Psychology reviewed the work, stating that it would be of interest to "those who are concerned with what is new in cognitive science". Instructional Science also wrote a review, writing "Mental Models succeeds as an introduction to the vigorous, multidisciplinary attack on the ethereal problems surrounding knowledge representation. Whether mental models will prove their mettle in the earthly settings of instructional applications remains an open question."

title: Mental Models


text:
Kents Hill School

Kents Hill School (also known as Kents Hill or KHS) is a co-educational, independent college-preparatory school for boarding and day students. Kents Hill is located in Kents Hill, Maine, 12 miles west of the state capital of Augusta. It is the 30th oldest boarding school in the United States and one of the oldest continuously operating co-educational college preparatory schools. One of the three oldest Methodist academies in the United States (with Cazenovia Seminary and Wilbraham Academy), the school is now a member of the Association of Independent Schools in New England (AISNE) and accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC).

Origins
Kents Hill was founded in 1824 as the Maine Wesleyan Seminary by Luther Sampson, a Duxbury, Massachusetts native and a veteran of the American Revolution. According to an early publication of the Kents Hill Breeze, a defunct school periodical, Luther "was of the fifth generation in lineal descent from Henry Sampson, one of the Pilgrim band that landed on Plymouth Rock, December 22, 1620." A carpenter who had not had a formal education, Sampson wanted to use the wealth he had earned in his profession and the government-granted assignment of land he earned as a Colonial soldier to benefit society and to glorify God. Sampson, his wife Abigail Ford, and their children lived in Duxbury and, later, Marshfield, before relocating to over two hundred acres in Readfield, Maine, around the turn of the century. In 1821, Sampson incorporated there the "Readfield Religious and Charitable Society", whose original charter contained no mention of a school, but rather laid a plan to support area Methodist belief and practice. Sampson deeded the society over one hundred acres of land on Kents Hill.

Failing financially and seeking a more efficacious means of performing his mission, by 1823 Sampson had begun to explore the possibility of changing the society's identity into one rooted in the education of youths. Together with Elihu Robinson, a carpenter-schoolmaster in the nearby city of Augusta, and his wife, they opened the Seminary in order to better society through education. Boys and girls appeared on the school's roster from the day the school opened in 1825. It was originally founded as a manual labor school, part of a school movement in which academics were paired with mechanical and agricultural labor.

Developments
Later headmaster, Henry P. Torsey, oversaw the construction of Sampson Hall which was opened in 1860 and is still serving students today. Dr. Torsey also opened a female collegiate institute - the "Female College" - one of the first of its kind to offer degrees to women at the time. Dr. Torsey is also credited with introducing baseball to the school in 1861.

During the Second World War, Headmaster Bill Dunn inaugurated a ski program next to nearby Torsey Lake. The students cleared the land, and Kents Hill established an alpine racing program that endures to this day. The O'Conner Alpine Center boasts alpine racing and snowboarding facilities, complete with digital timing, night lights, snow-making equipment, and a ski lodge.

In the fall of 2008 the school opened the Harold Alfond Turf Fields, one of the largest turf field complexes in New England.

Historic register
The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Five buildings were included: Newton Gymnasium (1932), Blethen Hall (1883–84), Bearce Hall (1873), Ricker Hall (1893–94), and Sampson Hall (1858–60). Francis H. Fassett, Maine's leading architect in the middle of the 19th century and an important figure in the rebuilding of Portland after the 1886 fire, designed Bearce and Ricker halls.

Academics
The student-to-faculty ratio at Kents Hill School is 6:1, with an average class size of 11. 85% of the faculty live on campus.

Kents Hill offers a college-preparatory curriculum on a semester schedule. Curricular offerings include 14 Advanced Placement courses and honors-level courses available in most academic disciplines. Kents Hill offers independent study options for direct-guided coursework outside of its course prospectus offerings. Kents Hill also provides a three-level ESL curriculum for non-native English speakers.

The school currently offers exchange programs with four international schools: Kent College Pembury, Tunbridge Wells, England; Montaigne School, France; Colegio Estudio, Spain; and Bishops Diocesan College, Cape Town, South Africa.

Recognition
Kents Hill School was voted "Best Private School in Maine" in 2013 and 2014 by Down East, The Magazine of Maine. In 2003, the school received the Siemens Foundation Award for Advanced Placement programs in math and science. In 2007, social studies teacher, David Pearson, was awarded a Harvard Singer Prize for Excellence in Secondary School Teaching.

==Campus facilities ==

Academic facilities

 * Akin Learning Center (1979, re-housed in 2012), formerly the Waters Learning Center, is home to the Learning Skills Program.
 * Bearce Hall (1873) is Kents Hill's iconic bell-tower structure. It is home to school Administration (Head of School, Assistant Head of School, Director of Studies, and dean of students), Admissions, and Communications, as well as the Social Studies Department, several classrooms, and Deering Chapel.
 * Dunn Science Center (1966) houses Science, Environmental Studies, Mathematics, and Modern Languages Departments.
 * Ricker Hall (1893) houses the English and Performing Arts Departments. Historic Ricker Theater is located on the third floor and the KHS Bookstore and Student Center are on the first floor.
 * Sampson Hall (1860) houses the James R. Cochrane Library, Bass Visual Arts Center and KHS Art Department, and the Technology Department (IT), in addition to student residences and faculty housing.
 * Williams Woodworking Studio

Athletic facilities

 * The Alfond Athletics Center (2001) contains the Bonnefond Ice Arena (dedicated 2011), the Hawley Gymnasium, a fitness center, and locker room facilities, in addition to housing the Athletics Department.
 * The Harold Alfond Athletic Complex (2008) is a single major, divisible turf field including area designations for football, soccer, field hockey, baseball, and softball.
 * The O'Connor Alpine Training Center offers on-campus alpine racing and snowboarding facilities, complete with lights, snow-making equipment, and digital timing.
 * The Liz Cross Mellon Lodge (1998) sits atop the ski hill.
 * In addition to grass playing fields and tennis courts, acres of woods contain maintained cross-country running, mountain biking, and Nordic skiing/snow-showing trails. All these facilities are not only used by the Kents Hill students but support many clubs and youth athletic teams from surrounding communities.

Performance and Leisure facilities

 * Bibby and Harold Alfond Dining Commons (2016) — Dining hall; Gruss-Bard Art Gallery
 * Newton Hall (1932), formerly Newton Gymnasium, is home to the Bodman Performing Arts Center, including an auditorium, recording studio, school band practice room, and offices.

Dormitories

 * Davis Hall — Senior and Postgraduate Boys' Residence Hall, with faculty housing
 * Maine Hall (1982) — Freshmen and Sophomore Girls' Residence Hall, with faculty housing
 * Reed Hall (2007) — Junior, Senior, and Postgraduate Girls' Residence Hall, with faculty housing
 * Sampson Hall (1860) — Freshman, Sophomore, and Junior Boys’ Residence Hall, with faculty housing
 * Wesleyan Hall — Senior and Postgraduate Boys' Residence Hall, with faculty housing

Historic houses

 * 1821 House (1821) - Faculty family Housing
 * Blethen House (1883) - Residence of the Head of School
 * Jollity Manse - Faculty family housing
 * Maxim House - Faculty family housing
 * Weld House - Faculty family housing

Notable alumni

 * Harold Alfond, billionaire American businessman and philanthropist
 * Ted Alfond, billionaire investor and philanthropist
 * William H. Allen, President of Girard College
 * David Hartley Armstrong, member of the Maine House of Representatives; United States Senator from Missouri
 * Leon Leonwood Bean, inventor, founder of L.L.Bean Company
 * Alden J. Blethen, co-owner and editor-in-chief of Seattle Daily Times
 * Del Bissonette, Major League Baseball first baseman, manager, and coach
 * Dorothy Donnell Calhoun, author, scriptwriter, and editor of Motion Picture Magazine and Motion Picture Classic
 * Joseph Cummings Chase (1878–1965), American portraitist
 * Charles Collins, President of Dickinson College
 * Joseph Cummings, President of Genesee College (now Syracuse University), Wesleyan University, and Northwestern University
 * Aaron S. Daggett, last surviving general of the American Civil War
 * Daniel F. Davis, 37th Governor of Maine
 * James R. Day, Chancellor of Syracuse University
 * Charles Deering, American businessman and philanthropist
 * Annie Hamilton Donnell, American author
 * Ray Eliot, American football and baseball player, former football coach of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 * Charles H. Fernald, entomologist, naturalist, first professor of economic entomology
 * Maria Elizabeth Smith Fernald, entomologist
 * Ethel Bailey Higgins, botanist, author, and former curator of botany at the San Diego Natural History Museum
 * Timothy Howe, United States Senator from Wisconsin and Postmaster General of the United States
 * John Huard, National Football League player and Canadian Football League coach
 * Blair Lent, illustrator and author of children's books; wrote often under the name 'Ernest Small'
 * Hudson Maxim, inventor of smokeless gunpowder
 * Emma Huntington Nason (1845–1921), poet, author, and musical composer
 * John Orville Newton, principal
 * Ephraim K. Smart, United States Representative from Maine
 * Mary Richardson Walker, missionary and one of first six white women to cross the Rocky Mountains
 * Elihu B. Washburne, United States Representative from Illinois, Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant, and Minister to France
 * Hempstead Washburne, Mayor of Chicago 1891–1892
 * Stephanie Welsh, 1996 Pulitzer Prize winner in Feature Photography
 * Horace Wilson, member of the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame, credited with introducing the sport of baseball to Japan.

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kents Hill School

Kents Hill School
Kents Hill School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Yet another school. Looks like a copyvio, but I can't find a source. --fvw *  00:09, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Quote: "Established originally as Maine Wesleyan Seminary in 1824, Kents Hill is one of the oldest co-educational schools in the United States."
 * As is evidenced here:

 * Yet another keep. I'm fed up of the deletionists flooding vfd with obvious keeps. [[User:Norm|Norman Rogers\talk]] 00:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Dr Zen 00:45, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's not a reason, that's an assertion: one that I notice that you've converted into a boilerplate template: ( --Calton 09:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keen eye, Calton. Take note that User:Improv is doing the exact same thing, and has been, for quite some time.  I think this was a reactionary gesture to demonstrate just how rediculous voting templates are, but I'm sure Dr. Zen can speak for himself.  Personally I think it horrendously detracts from the spirit of the VfD process.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:42, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Er... isn't a reason merely an assertion that supports a perticular action (such as voting "keep")? Dr. Zen clearly believes all schools are notable, but wishes to save time on typing.  I don't see how this is any more against "the spirit of vfd" than keyboard shortcuts.  Should we avoid using copy and paste in the future, just because you have somethig against convenience?  And he is speaking for himself; he wrote that template!  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:35, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * It certainly shows he's taking the flip-side of a "zero tolerance" policy, which amounts to a "zero intelligence" policy: no judgement, no refelction, no consideration of the issue, no question of actual notability -- just push the keep button. And stating that a truly great encyclopedia needs to list all schools, everywhere, as if it were a fact comes awfully close to begging the question. --Calton 02:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Dude, if you want to go six rounds of "what makes a truly great encyclopaedia?, since that is the question you feel I'm begging, you have a standing invite to my talk page! I advise you to read my user page first, where I give my "zero-intelligence" views on related issues.Dr Zen 07:19, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish that this school is notable. WP is an encyclopedia not a directory of all the schools in the world. --LeeHunter 01:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, the last paragraph, now removed, was about a stunt pulled by one of the students, so I doubt this is a copyvio. - SimonP 02:00, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Encyclopedia's were always intended to be repositories of all human knowledge. Emphasis on the all. It follows from that that anything that is real - and quite a lot that isn't - is notable. Keep. --Centauri 02:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I vehemently disagree: libraries, as far as I'm concerned, are "intended to be repositories of all human knowledge", and encyclopedias are digests of human knowledge. Somewhere on the knowledge spectrum between a card catalog and the British Library, if that makes any sense. --Calton 10:15, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Encyclopedias have covers on them.  David Pearson is notable.  This school is a mid-level private prep.  The taunting, hectoring "ALL SCHOOLS MUST BE KEPT" and all who disagree, who have standards, being "deletionists" and "deletionist trolls" only poisons the debate and sways people who sometimes vote keep, sometimes delete, to vote delete. Geogre 02:28, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll pay a lot more attention to this ranting when it's aimed at deletionists who vote to delete all schools without reasons or by template. Dr Zen 04:25, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course you will, because only then will you agree with it. Otherwise, you're entirely content to do the same thing and to show yourself without any principles whatever by voting to delete Hodge the Cat to make a point, willing to jump into a vanity article deliberation to scold everyone about biting the newbie, when you have no vote to cast, and then, in fact, not even noticing that the poor, tender "newbie" was a known AOL vandal.  If you don't like voting by template, don't do it.  Geogre 20:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I got lost in the screeching there. I'll try to give you a reasoned answer. I voted against Hodge the Cat because I genuinely believe there is nothing to say about the cat. I do from time to time vote to delete articles. I think people should be scolded for biting the newbies. If you do that, you won't hear a word from me, Geogre. Did I say I didn't like voting by template? No. I said you would be taken more seriously if you directed your ranting at deletionists, among whose sins is voting without reason and by template, which is, after all, what you accuse me and others of doing, mindlessly. You do not suggest that they are "taunting" or "hectoring" voters.Dr Zen 07:19, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see any notability, so why choose this as a keeper? 132.205.15.43 03:21, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Neither do I. The article has 1 non-VfD link. Delete. Alphax (talk) 04:23, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've seen the new article, and the first paragraph makes a decent stub. The other two are questionable. Keep. Alphax (talk) 04:39, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete I lived in Augusta 3 years ago and i can say with certainty that this school is entierly NOT notable Fledgeling 04:45, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The irony is killing me!

 * Delete. Notability is not established. Abstain. I am still not entirely convinced as to notability, but I am willing to wait and see. Indrian 06:47, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

(talk)]] 15:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 06:49, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Should be merged into Kents Hills, Maine, if there was an article and deleted - Skysmith 09:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete; has age (good) but nothing else. Dunc|☺ 11:01, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think the precedents have been established: schools only get articles if there is something notable about them. Abstain. Dbiv 13:01, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - no evidence of notability Cdc 15:45, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable; there are millions of high schools in the world, and they all don't need articles. Spangineer 15:50, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Possibly notable, changing vote to keep until proven non-notable. --Spangineer 06:44, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence yet presented of notability. Encyclopedia means "comprehensive course of study;" encyclopedic "knowledge" means "knowledge" in the sense of "4. Learning; erudition." It does not mean knowledge in sense "3. The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned," any more than it means knowledge in sense "6. Carnal knowledge." (Refs to AHD4). Although Wikipedia is not paper, Wikipedia is and should be selective in what it contains. Maybe it should contain individual articles on non-notable schools, but that is a legitimate subject for continuing discussion, and requires presentation of good reasons for specially including schools, not simply assertions that Wikipedia should include anything that happens to be a truthful fact.  [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:08, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) OK, abstain. Might be the oldest continuously operating coeducational school in the U. S. = might be notable. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neither interesting, notable, special or relevant.  Might as well include an article on my toothbrush. -- GWO
 * Strong keep, yet another school. One's own toothbrush is usually not notable.  Educational instutions are.  Considering this school is one of the oldest co-ed schools in the U.S.A. makes it even more so.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:53, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see some follow-up and verification if that's its claim to notability. The school's site includes that same vague "one of the oldest..." claim, but no date, and the picture illustrating that claim... well, I'm not a costume expert so I won't say any more. Lowell, Massachusetts supposedly had a coeducational high school back in the days of the mill girls (1830s), and Wesleyan Academy in then-Newmarket, NH was coeducational in 1817. It would be interesting to know why the Methodists apparently pioneered co-education. If someone establishes that this school was coeducational when it was founded and provides more details I'll change my vote to "keep." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It clearly says 1824 all over the place. What are you disputing or implying exactly, that the school is trying to perpetuate some sort of a hoax, dressing up kids in clothing from the early 1800s and posting mock-vintage school photographs? [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 21:32, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I haven't found a place where it says it was founded as coeducational. The picture is obviously an old picture, but it doesn't say it's an 1824 picture. I'm saying I'd like a see a bit of fact-checking and research and verification. Question #1: on what date did it become co-educational? Reading their website I can assume it was 1824, I can guess it was 1824, I can interpret an ambiguous sentence to mean that it was 1824... but I don't see anything that says it was 1824. Question #2. Assuming it was co-educational in 1824, does that make it notable? Does "one of the oldest" mean one of a handful? Or does it just mean "part of the first wave?" I'm prepared to change my vote to keep, but not on the basis of a vague statement about its being one of the oldest. If it was founded as co-educational and there were less than ten coeducational high schools in the U. S. in 1824, I'll say it's notable. If it became co-educational after the Civil War and if most states had a couple of coeducational high schools by then (don't know, this is hypothetical) than I'd say that doesn't make it notable. The facts matter, and the article in its present state does not yet present facts that convince me that it's notable. Yes, I understand that the same facts convince you that it is notable. Difference of opinion is what makes horseraces... [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Try harder. It says so here  and in the main article.  If being the oldest continuously operating co-ed school in the United States doesn't make a school notable to you, then I can't help you, sorry. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Since Deerfield Academy was founded coeducationally in 1797 and has been continously operating, there would seem to be some room for debate here. (Nota Bene--while Deerfield Academy is presently and was founded as coeducational it has at times excluded women and has at other times been all female due to the enrollment at a particular time (wars and harvest seasons and such).--Samuel J. Howard 00:58, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * (Replying to GRider) OK, I'll abstain, but, no, it does not say in either of those places that the school was coeducational when it was founded in 1824. You use the word "is" to mean "one alumnus says 'maybe.'" There's no doubt it was founded in 1824. There are vague statements that it is "one of the oldest" and "might be the oldest continuously operating." The Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh has a longish article on "co-education" that does not mention Kent Hill or the other early Methodist schools, and does say that "Meriden, Connecticut, seems to have made common provision for the elementary education of boys and girls in 1678. Northampton, Mass., did the same in 1680. Deerfield, Mass., in 1698 voted that all families having children either male or female between. the ages of six and ten years shall pay by the poll for their schooling presumably in the common school." With all the "mights" and "seems" and "presumablies" that doesn't mean much either, of course.
 * (Replying to Dpbsmith) Thank you for withdrawing/abstaining while this is discussed. The question is now raised though: Where do we, the Wikipedia community, draw the line?  Clearly, without a doubt, this is a historical school.  It is a fact that it was founded in 1824.  It is a fact that they believe they are the longest continually operating co-educational institution in the U.S.  Not even Samuel J. Howard's excellent research refutes this given that Deerfield Academy has excluded both sexes throughout their operation, even if due to mitigating circumstances. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:33, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * History suggests we're not going to be able to draw any bright policy line. I'd like to see us all "agree to disagree" and just take those school articles which land on VfD—most high school articles do not, by the way—and vote our opinions based on what we personally think is best for Wikipedia. Preferably without flaming, or overstating our cases. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 21:26, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * In my opinion any public institution that has existed for more than a few years is "notable" (I'm seeing that word used a lot around here). If it's important enough to be mentioned in a local newspaper then its important enough to be recorded in a global electronic encyclopedia like Wikipedia, because you can bet your bottom dollar someone, somewhere, sometime, somehow is going to look it up - even if its just a journo from the local paper checking facts for a story featuring his local high school. --Centauri 22:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, well that's just the point, isn't it? For a lot of the school articles—especially the kind that land on VfD—that "journo" is likely to find that the basic database-type facts are much better obtained from a school database site like like http://www.greatschools.net/, while the blather about encouraging individual potential in every school can usually be found at greater length from the school's own website. This wouldn't be a problem if high-school articles really were in a state of continuous expansion, improvement, and fact-checking by devoted editors with intense interest in schools. But the evidence suggests this is not the case. We do get good school articles: the good school articles don't land on VfD. I think a journalist would be unwise to "fact-check" a school by consulting Wikipedia, since I don't think most of these school articles get much fact-checking when they go into Wikipedia.  [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith
 * BTW, I'm not against keeping the article, just against their wierdly ahistorical claim.--Samuel J. Howard 16:31, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and mark for cleanup. Wyss 19:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep with the new revisions, i suppose. im still not really entierly convinced... but a lingering doubt shouldnt stop me from voting. Fledgeling 21:59, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously - David Gerard 23:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - worthy of inclusion - Timrollpickering 00:36, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --JuntungWu 00:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep' Yuckfoo 07:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I say keep The Steve  08:12, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Provisional Keep Being founded in 1824 does convey some notablity, the historical ambiguity needs to be ironed out. --Calton 09:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are inherently notable. --Andylkl 11:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep older ≠ wiser 19:10, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Masterhomer 21:09, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is notable.  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:36, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for sure. Interesting school.  This encyclopædia has more articles than I care to count detailing the particularities of the Ewoks and Wookiees, yet a school of 180 year old pedigree is deemed unfit for inclusion.  It is all very srange.  [[User:Juicifer|Juicifer\talk]]
 * Keep, with thanks to Grider for demonstrating notability and expanding the article. Juicifer also speaks well immediately above. Samaritan 02:50, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Most schools are notable. bbx 06:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I nearly attended this school. It is extremely well known throughout New England. Alkivar 21:58, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup—Trevor Caira 23:31, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 21:01, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.