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Talk:Asbestos and the law

The whole "Online Battle" thing is a myth
The whole "Online Battle" thing is a myth, has no truth to it at all - mesothelioma and asbestos actually have very average cost per click in online advertising - and was probably put there simply to give a free link and traffic to the supposed reference site, which has no real verifiable information (a simple search using the google tool shows that the conclusions are fake) and is full of pay-per-click advertising ITSELF, which I find hilarious.

Serious NPOV issues still exist. No data is provided to support the validity of such asbestos class action suits, but rather only their legitimacy is questioned.
 * I absolutely agree with this statetment. Moreover, a BBC article was completely misrepresented, in an effort to claim the "World's largest insurance companies" were being threatened by asbestos litigation.  IN fact, the article stated that investors were suing Lloyd's for fraud.  Therefore, if Lloyd's was being financially threatened, it was because of its own fraud, and not because of asbestos litigation.MollyBloom 04:24, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Asbestosis - Compensation and Liability Disputes

It has been commented that this item is (was? - already modified) uduly biassed. The topic is important, and I feel would benefit from a wider input, to guarantee an appropriate NPOV. The proposed summary deletion seems rather "unWiki-like". - Please contribute !

 * Done. JFW | T@lk  23:57, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the formatting.

Asbestosis_-_Compensation_and_Liability_Disputes Deletion/Keep/Merge Debate page
 * SIGNIFICANT REVISION OF THE ARTICLE HAS BEEN INCORPORATED SINCE THE ORIGINAL COMPLAINT, PLEASE EXAMINE THE HISTORY CAREFULLY BEFORE EVALUATING. (20/12/04)

 * Hmm. You can't get enough, can you? :-) JFW | T@lk  01:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * JFW...Your Asbestosis article is excellent. I just wanted to offer an unbiassed sub-item. Your criticism is, I feel, undoubtedly helping greatly in provoking revisions to eventually produce a more balanced item. My sincere - really ! and not   ;-)) - thanks

 * The issue is important and someone should address it in Wikipedia. Clearly, my submission is by no means perfect, and if it comes to be completely changed, to offer something factually better, I'll be the first to applaud. (I did make a point of marking my submission as a "stub" and inviting modifications! as did you at the stage at which I offered a contribution, - see history of asbestosis "Revision as of 20:06, 17 Dec 2004")

 * Thanks to all who are contributing.

Removed from article body
Proposed new Title': Asbestos-Related Diseases: Industrial Health and Safety Issues

 * When the VFD debate is finished, I think this page should get a new title. Suggestions? The above is a bit long. JFW | T@lk  13:49, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Decision on deletion request
The request for deletion debate resulted in a vote NOT to delete, but rather to undertake a "clean-up" of the item in question, the deletion debate itself is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please contribute on article clean-up Wikityke

 * I'm not sure why I was asked to comment, but here's my two cents. Speaking as a contributor, I'd like to see the article renamed to "Campaign to ban asbestos". I'm of the opinion that (a) people have over-played the risk of inhaling asbestos fibers and (b) many asbestos "abatements" have increased the contamination of indoor air with asbestos fibers.
 * What?? I don't mean to be insulting, but do you really beleve that people have 'over-played' the risk of inhaling asbestos fibers?  Every health agency and government in the world accept that asbestos causes the (always) fatal mesothelioma, as well as other diseases.  The EPA website says that the only known cause of mesothelioma is asbestos.  Asbestos fibers are found in the lungs and toxicology textbooks describe how the fibers are trapped, and cause disease.  There is NO medical debate about this, and the "Junk Science" pundits who claim there is are out of their collective minds.  If asbestos is safe, then so are cigarettes.  But maybe those pundits would say cigarettes are safe, too.  It is inconceivable to me that any thinking human being would even consider that the dangers of asbestos are 'overblown'.  That is not rational.

Hundreds of thousands have died from asbestos related diseases. I can also tell you what it was like to watch my robust wonderful father die a hideous death. Before you start touting 'exaggerations' of the danger of asbestos, I suggest you read about why 60 countries banned it. MollyBloom 04:17, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * As to your other comment - abatements increase contamination indoors.... That depends on the competence of the company/person removing the asbestos.  There are strict guidelines and laws which must be followed.  The problem with leaving asbestos in a building, is that asbestos flakes as it ages.  This is what is dangerous.  The oncologist who treated my father (before he died from mesothelioma) explained that he had treated former execs at Johns-Manville who had NO exposure other than the ventilation system.  And for these men, it was enough to kill them.  The men died from mesothelioma, and asbestos was found in their lungs.  As mentioned below, the fact is that there is no defined threshold below which asbestos is considered safe.  Any amount has evidently been sufficient to cause harm, because the lungs cannot expel the material.MollyBloom 01:51, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * A related issue is the linear no-threshold hypothesis (LNT), which argues that if any harm is found at any level then there cannot be any level below which no harm will be found. LNT adherents refuse to examine any research which contradicts their pre-conceived belief. The controversy over levels of arsenic in drinking water even got into the 2000 US Presidential Campaign, with anti-Bush forces accusing the Texas governor of deliberately and knowingly trying to poison people.
 * Please see the above discussion on mesothelioma. The fact is that scientists don't know if there is a 'minimum' threshold, because very little exposure can cause this disease.  I'm not even going to discuss the arsenic issue, because it is entirely different.  Furthermore, I don't know anyone, no matter how much they disliked Bush, who would ever say that Bush deliberately and knowingly tried to poison anyone.  That kind of political nonsense is irresponsible, and untrue.MollyBloom 03:38, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As an admin, I'd suggest of course that the controversy over asbestos and disease be described fairly. Perhaps research studies should be cited, along with their conclusions. I hope you all will trust me to do two very different things at the same time: (1) hold an "extreme" POV and (2) write fairly about the controversy between that POV and all others. If not, I can always bow out - no use trying to mediate if it only adds fuel to the fire. --user:Ed Poor (talk) 21:27, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * No responsible encyclopedia or any other book would present a 'controversy' about the dangers of asbestos. There is no medical controversy.  The dangers are well known and have been for half a century or more.  I have included many citations from textbooks, the EPA, the WHO, and others.  I surely hope that cooler minds will prevail and not political pundits.  This should not be a political issue.  It is a health issue.  However, because there was litigation, it has become political, which is why the "Junk Science" junkmen are making outrageous statements about asbestos.  They would call safe any product that was the subject of litigation, regardless of how dangerous it is.MollyBloom

 * Fraid I know little to nothing about the subject- but I don't see why the article should be deleted provided it's written in an encyclopedic stylee, etc. Keep but maybe reword? (I only gave the page a cursory scan but seemed Ok to me)... I try to only edit 'safe' pages and steer clear of controversial subjects on wiki these days- life's too short... (contributing here cos I was asked to)

quercus robur 00:13, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is important, but it should (and now is) factual, and not a political soapbox.MollyBloom 03:38, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

NPOV and CLEANUP Tags
What do you think JFW? I've made a few changes myself, over on this "compensation" page, paraphrasing some quotes and removing some of the more emotional language. I've also included a few references to research in this field (hopefully a "balanced mix"), as suggested by Ed. Should the NPOV and CLEANUP be maintained, or is it ready to have these tags removed? Thanks for any suggestions. Wikityke 11:40, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Reply included at User_talk:Wikityke

Many thanks to Ed, for his excellent "cleanup" work on the article. Wikityke 23:40, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * If there are no more comments, let's try removing the clean-up and npov-dispute tags now. --user:Ed Poor|Uncle Ed (talk) 20:27, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * As there were were no further comments or edits other than my own, in the past week, I followed your suggestion, Ed, and deleted the NPOV and CLEANUP tags, ok? Wikityke 17:55, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Minimum Exposure Limit?
I'm not so sure about your latest edit, Ed (20:27, 27 Jan 2005). Ok, they admit that there's still no universal consenus (frankly I doubt there ever will be!!) but the HSE are generally very conservative from what I've seen (hence their admission of lack of consensus). Maybe we should at least keep something on the fact that the evidence shows ("seems to indicate"?) that any minimum "cut-off" must really be at a very low level. What do you think?

With, or without a partial revert along these lines, I vote to remove the NPOV and CLEANUP.

Wikityke 22:02, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Needs updating
The US Senate is now considering the trust fund bill. I'll try to keep this current. --Christofurio 01:27, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Misrepresenting references & POV
This was what was stated in the article: ..."settlements have also threatened some of the World's largest insurance companies." (BBC report on Lloyds).

This statement is not only unsubstantiated, but the article it references says nothing about the "world's largest insurance companies" being threatened. This is an article about Lloyd's investors suing Lloyds for fraud, over the pending losses. If Lloyd's is threatened, it is because of its own misrepresentation and fraud, not because of asbestos lawsuits. MollyBloom 04:23, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Aside from which, Lloyd's isn't a "company." It's a "market," as the BBC accurately said in the third graf of that story. Which is precisely why such lawsuits have problems. --Christofurio 18:34, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I reported what the article stated. But yes, you are correct.  Lloyd's is not a 'corporation' in the sense that the initial sentence of the article implied.  Corporations are not the only legal entities capable of being sued.  Here is an interesting court summary of the complexity of legal entities of Lloyd's:

The Names sued four defendants: the Corporation of Lloyd's, the Society of Lloyd's, the Council of Lloyd's, (collectively, "Lloyd's") and Lloyd's of London, (the "unincorporated association"). Lloyd's is a market in which more than three hundred Underwriting Agencies compete for underwriting business. Pursuant to the Lloyd's Act of 1871-1982, Lloyd's oversees and regulates the competition for underwriting business in the Lloyd's market. The market does not accept premiums or insure risks. Rather, Underwriting Agencies, or syndicates, compete for the insurance business. Each Underwriting Agency is controlled by a Managing Agent who is responsible for the financial status of its agency. The Managing Agent must attract not only underwriting business from brokers but also the capital with which to insure the risks underwritten. I suspect the news article did not make the legal differentiation. But the cause of action was undoubtely accurate.jgwlaw 20:12, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Facts & Junkscience
Self-proclaimed 'experts' who proclaimed the dangers from asbestos are 'junk science' are themselves the junk scientists. The term 'junk science' is a political soundbite, not a term about the merits of science. These arbiters of junk science are political pundits. I was astonished to read that one announced in 2001 that lives would have been saved on 9-11 if more asbestos had been used. Of course, that was ludicrous at the time, and is even more so now that we know more about the levels of asbestos inhaled by firemen etc.

There is NO doubt whatsoever that asbestos causes mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung and other types of cancer. None. Zero. Zip. Nada. Asbestos is also found in the lungs upon atopsy. There is no 'he said' or 'she said' about this. The science documents and has for 100 years the dangers of asbestos. I can only presume that anyone who thinks there should be 'balance' in a discussion about the dangers of asbestos either does not understand the problem, or they have listented to people who know nothing. I have included citations from the EPA, various internet sites, and toxicology textbooks. There are many more references available, and one can check at any medical library. There is not even a scintilla of medical dispute about the dangers of asbestos. Now, there is discussion about how dangerous one size of fiber is versus another, but NO legitimate doctor or scientist disputes that people die from asbestos exposure. Every government in the industrialized world has acknowledged the dangers.

But you seem to have missed the point about the "junk science" charge. It concerns the forensic use of science, i.e. its use to try to establish that A's death or injury was caused by X, in whole or in part (and if in part, how much). It isn't enough to say: Defendant was doing X, we know that X can cause death, plaintiff died, the death was consistent with causation by X, so let us find the defendant liable. What is missing there is actual causation, and that is exactly where the junk sneaks in. After all, a given plaintiff's decedent could have been around asbestos, and/or various forms of radiation, and could have been a smoker besides. Likewise, I might be pushed out a window, and then while I am falling to the ground, somebody might shoot me through the heart. Real science can determine which I died of ... the bullet or the fall. Phony science says, "both the pusher and the shooter did something bad, so charge them each 100% as if he had died twice." No ... don't. Justice isn't vindictiveness, and science isn't in itself either of those. --Christofurio 00:22, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * These are all fun tricks on a torts or criminal law exam. ;-)

If you were pushed out of the window, and while falling to the gorund, someone shot you, there would be culpability for both malfeasors- but a different culpability. THe person shoving you out the window would be charged with attempted murder. The shooter would be charged with murder (or involuntary manslaughter depending on the intent). In this scenario, it was not foreseeable that a someone would shoot you after you were pushed. However, if you were pushed off a building to the street below, survived only to be run over by a truck....well the pusher would be liable for murder. Why? It is foreseeable that pushing you off a bulding onto a street would place you in a position to be run over by a truck.

Junk science has nothing to do with this at all. But back to the pusher & shooter... Now if you hit the ground, and the shot combined with the fall caused the death, then both the pusher and the shooter would be liable for murder, understandably, because both were a 'cause in fact' - both substantially contributed to your untimely demise. The law is very fair and logical when allocating fault.

Turning to a third scenario....3 people shoot and the victim dies from the wounds. Suppose for sake of argument, that it cannot be ascertained which person shot the fatal bullet. In that case, all 3 would be culpable. All three had the mens rea (intent) and all three committed the 'actus rea' - the criminal act. The causation here would be split, or the burden shifted to the defendant to show his shot did not cause the fatality.

None of this is junk science. None of this is vindictiveness. It is our legal justice system, and it works pretty well. There has to be some policy driven decisions in any legal system, but ours (in the US) is pretty reasonable.

Turning to asbestos....and I will only address mesothelioma. Mesothelioma by itself is a fatal disease. It kills whether a person smoked, or didn't smoke. The fibers can be found in the lungs. My father died of mesothelioma and never smoked, or was around smoking. Had he smoked, it is likely that he might have died sooner, but that is just speculation. Had he smoked, the cause of his death would still have been mesothelioma attributable to asbestos. Radiation does not cause mesothelioma, either. In all cases, mesothelioma would be the cause of death (unless the person died from lung cancer typical of smoking, or emphezema etc. before succombing to mesothelioma). Mesothelioma is not the kind of lung cancer one acquires from smoking. Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelial lining of the lung. The cause of death is very clear and well documented. It is crystal clear, in fact. Asbestos is the only known cause of mesothelioma. Causation here is very clear cut. There is no 'junk science' at all. jgwlaw 18:15, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe you meant only known cause; that there may be other causes is pretty clear. If you examine SEER data, or data from some of the state registries that underly SEER, you will find that women are diagnosed with meso about 400 - 500 times a year in the US.  The increase in incidence among women is small, on the order of 10% over the period 1972 to present, compared to 400 - 500% for men.  I think the neutral thing to say is that asbestos is the only known occupational cause of mesothelioma, which is the position taken by at least some of the professional asbestos forecasters (Bert Price, for example).  --Bob Herrick 17:46, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Bob, there is no dispute in the scientific community that asbestos exposure is the only cause of mesothelioma in the United States. The fact that women contract mesothelioma doesn't mean that there is another cause. Women who did not work with asbestos occupationally can be exposed para-occupationally (e.g. a woman who was married to an insulator and washed his work clothes), or through premises exposure (e.g. working in a building with high levels of environmental asbestos). Men and women can also be exposed to asbestos non-occupationally; somebody who did work with asbestos-containing brake pads on his own cars could be exposed to asbestos.

 * I stand by what I said. Asbestos is the only known cause of meso.  You will find that sort of language in most medical journals.  I can provide citations to studies in CT (meso incidence in women living in the top half of the state cannot be associated with any exposure to asbestos), in MS (black women have a baseline rate of meso despite (1) little black employment in asbestos and (2) essentially no female employment at the same time in the same place), and in the work of Dr. Bertram Price (who notes that about 25% of all mesos, mostly women, have no known exposure to asbestos).  That is to say, it may still be asbestos that is the cause, but no one actually knows.  This is all supported, sort of, by the fact that while 90%+ of all male mesos make a claim in tort, very few, literally a handful, women meso victims make claims despite a 400 - 500 per year incidence.  To say that they could be exposed is a claim made in the absence of proof.  There is no proof, either way, so the best you can say, which, by the way, is still a pretty strong claim, is that no other cause is known.  It's important becuase if some portion of meso results, say, from exposure to asbestos in the ambient, then it will always be with us regardless of occupational and product controls.

Bob Herrick 23:04, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to tie this minor issue down, I will quote several bits from the first page of Maule, Magnani, Dalmasso, Mirabelli, Merletti & Biggeri, "Modeling Mesothelioma Risk Assoicated with Environmental Asbestos Exposure," Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 115, No 7, July 2207, pg 1066:

 * Asbestos is the only established causal factor for pleural and peritoneal malignant mesothelioma.

 * In the 1980s Enterline (1983) hypothesized that one-third of all mesotheliomas in the United States could have been due to nonoccupational exposure. These cases could be linked to domestic and neighborhood exposures to asbestos (Garnder and Saracci 1989; Hansen et al. 1998; Hillerdal 1999; Magnani et al. 2000, 2001) or environmental exposure to naturally occurring asbestos or asbestiform fibers (Baris et al. 1987; Luce et al. 2000; Marabelli and Cadum 2002, Pan et al. 2005; Paoletti et al. 2000; Mirabelli and Cadum 2002; Pan et al. 2005; Paoletti et al. 2000; Sakellariou et al. 2000).

 * Pan et al. (2005) have recently calculated that the odds of mesothelioma decreased approximately 6.3% with every 10 km of distance from the nearest source of naturally occurring asbestos.

 * The most recent study conducted in Casale [, Italy] (Magnani et al. 2001) showed that environmental exposure caused a greater risk than domestic exposure.

 * Bob Herrick 18:01, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

It's true that there may be no way to pinpoint exactly where exposure came from--but saying "we don't know where you were exposed to asbestos" is not the same thing as "therefore something else caused your mesothelioma". Khazeh 20:19, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Epidemiology works by showing a link between exposure and indcidence.  Asserting that since no other cause is known, only a given cause can exist is a fallacy, unless you can show that you can really exclude all other causes.  You cannot.  There literally are cases where there is just no evidence of any occupational asbestos exposure.  Living among exposed granite, however, ensures that you will unavoidably get some exposure to asbestos in much of North America.  The GC of T&N (Once the world's leading producer of asbestos products), whom I met over a decade ago, once claimed in my presence that there were more asbestos fibers in the air in Central Park from the granite there, than could be found in one of his comapany's shops.  Now, I have no idea how he knew that, or if he was just blowing smoke, but I doubt that it is out of the question that it might be true.  Certainly studies in California of ambient air around serpentine formations makes it pretty clear that there is some amount that is 'just there.'

 * I am not saying that there is another cause, just that you cannot prove, so far, that there is not. So "asbestos is the only known cause" works for me, but "asbestos is the only cause" does not.

Bob Herrick 21:44, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Not to necropost my own comment, but recent findings demonstrate a second cause for mesothelioma:
 * "A major study published in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes -- a poster child for the "nanotechnology revolution" -- could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities.
 * "The study used established methods to see if specific types of nanotubes have the potential to cause mesothelioma -- a cancer of the lung lining that can take 30-40 years to appear following exposure. The results show that long, thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes that look like asbestos fibers, behave like asbestos fibers.
 * This has the potential for being quite interesting, particulary as such Fullerenes can form in nature in the soot from fires."

--Bob Herrick (talk) 21:33, 5 August 2008 (UTC) Oh and one more thing. The term 'junk science' is a highly charged, political term that has little meaning except to pundits. jgwlaw 19:50, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Obviously it's intended as a derogatory term. Nobody calls their own views junk science, just as no government calls itself a tyranny. But that doesn't make the charge itself meaningless. It might be right or wrong in a particular instance, but it has meaning. As a simple matter of tort law, the shooter in the case I referenced would be liable for my death, in a wrongful death action. Not the one who pushed me off the roof, since that didn't in this hypothesis cause my death. (Criminal charges are another matter.) The charge of "junk science" is generally made in the tort context and I believe I have shown that it does have a meaning there, whether one is a pundit or not. A "junk" scientist is anybody who would take the stand to bolster the tort case against the pusher rather than the shooter. --Christofurio 15:36, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I suppose one could always argue one side or the other, and call each other 'junk scientists'. I personally think it is a purely political term, and not appropriate to use.  And I hope you read the scenario I described above.  That applies to tort.  A shooter would be an independent intervening event, which would release the liability of the pusher.  In that scenario, anyone arguing for liability for the pusher would be wrong legally, not a junk scientist.  It doesn't apply in this scenario, because it is a legal matter (of foreseaability v. independent intervening event).  I described that above.  If the facts were slightly changed, and a car ran over the victim after he was pushed into the street, the pusher would have liability, under the law because it was a foreseeable result of the pusher's actions.  Again, it has nothing to do with 'science' in this case, junk or otherwise.  It has to do with legal constructs of tort law. Now, that aside, I personally think the term 'junk science' is an ideological, and not a valid term.  It was designed to be ideological, to promote an agenda,  So even if there arguably were an issue of incorrect science, the term does not promote resolution or correction.  It promotes politics.  And in the case you describe, it is irrelevant.  Now all THAT said, I'm not sure your reason for bringing it up, and continuing to discuss it.  It has nothing to do with this article.jgwlaw 06:45, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

ONe final comment. If you are trying to make some analogy to asbestos cases, it doesn't fit. Same tort laws would apply. I suspect you are thinking of smoking. THat is actually a logically different issue. If someone smokes and it can be proven that smoking contributed to the injury, as well as asbestos, it does not clear the defendant. It may reduce the award, but it wouldn't clear him. In most jurisdictions, in a wrongful death suit, it is not necessary that the defendant's action be the sole cause of death. That is not 'junk science'. And with mesothelioma, of course, it is irrelevant, because mesothelioma is fatal with or without smoking.jgwlaw 07:01, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't "bring it up" so the question of my reason for doing so doesn't arise. My reason for 'continuing to discuss it' is the same as yours, I reckon. And there isn't a sharp distinction between "legal" and "factual" aspects of foreseeability and such. One could well apply the label "junk science" to an effort to get into evidence testimony at the expense of the pusher. And, yes, its an ideological term. What isn't? In this case, it is a term that expresses a negative judgment. It doesn't prove a negative judgment, just as labels never prove their own validity just by virtue of the fact that someone puts them where there do. On the other hand, that fact doesn't make such labels meaningless, either. I have continued to discuss these matters become some people here have written as if the label is a meaningless one, and it isn't. There is no equation of "ideological" equals "meaningless." One other point: one cigarette company did include asbestos fibers within its cigarettes for a period in the 1950s. --Christofurio 05:25, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * As for the term "junk science" itself, it was popularized by Peter Huber, a columnist for Forbes magazine, in his book Galileo's Revenge, published in 1991. As the subtitle of Huber's book, "Junk Science in the Courtroom," suggests, his emphasis was on the use or misuse of expert testimony in civil litigation. One example prominent in the book was litigation over alleged casual causes of the spread of AIDS. A California school district sought to prevent a young boy with this condition, Ryan Thomas, from attending kindergarten. The school district produced an expert witness, Dr. Steven Armentrout, who testified that there is a possibility that AIDS could be transferred to schoolmates through yet undiscovered "vectors." But five experts testified on behalf of Thomas that AIDS isn't tranferred casually, and the court affirmed the "solid science" (as Mr. Huber called it) against Armentrout's sort.

Asbestos and the Law
This is not a forum for bashing lawyers. It is not a political forum. To make this a rant on tort reform, or an article by political pundits on alleged fraud is wrong. Instead, it should be a discussion of the legal issues related to asbestos. This includes regulation, civil litigation (existing and proposed) and criminal prosecution. Corporate losses from asbestos are not only attributable to civil litigation,. Corporations are being indicted on criminal charges, as well. There also is a section on Environmental law & criminal prosecution. The environmental issues surrounding asbestos removal are huge. I said 'dozens' of cases have been prosecuted...it's probably many more than that. This is a health issue, as evidenced by the WR Grace prosecution. Please people, lets stop with the lawyer bashing. I couldn't believe the article as it was when I first saw it. That's not informative; it's a rant. Let's keep it clean, factual and informative.MollyBloom 02:24, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Adding a Reference List
I added a reference list, and am starting the process of adding proper citations for the references. IT will take some time, and I welcome any help available. I am still a little inexperienced at the Wiki formatting but am getting the hang of it. Still, help would be nice! ;-)  jgwlaw 18:38, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

AdSense
This could be an interesting paragraph - Could the author clarify, please? What were the payouts - lawsuits over key words, or payments, or what? To whom by whom, and for what? A citation that might explain would be helpful. Thank you! Jance 21:41, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

That was my edit, its actually because I help manage the pay per click accounts for a major asbestos lawyer. I will try to add some more information to the article when I can Boston2austin 21:24, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I may be able to shed some light on this. In the interest of transparency, my work brings me into frequent contact with defendants and their attorneys, and occasional contact with attorneys for plaintiffs, among other interested groups.  The payoff is obtaining a new client for a lawfirm.  A meso is worth around $1 million in settlements and judgements, so represents a fair bit of revenue.

 * Purely annecdotal, and certain not for the main article, but I can recall discussing this topic with some defendant or some defendant's attorney. The number tossed around in this conversation was $50/click although I have no idea if that was really per click or per 100 or ??.  It was the group's feeling that the number was high since someone made a joking suggestion to hire an army of clickers to help increase the cost of litigating.  I have no reason to believe, by the way, that such a tactic was ever employed.

 * Bob Herrick 20:53, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think this adds anything to the article, and I the website linked from the 'online battle' section probably doesn't qualify as a WP:RS. 74.79.161.1 02:39, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Wall Street Journal
A front page story in yesterday's Wall Street Journal suggests there is a developing scandal over insider trading in the asbestos context. Apparently, somebody in Congress or working for a member of Congress told investors or the agents of investors that there would be some movement soon in the tort claims relief bill re: asbestos, and the investors loaded up on the instruments of the corporations that would benefit. Anybody want to tackle this? --Christofurio 16:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you have a copy of the article?  I could look for it at the library, but it would be easier if someone had a copy.  WSJ is one that is not obtainable online.  It sounds like something surely that would be in other news articles, but I did not see anything.  I am not surprised, but my guess also is the recent changes in Congress may also affect the way the bill proceeds, or individual provisions in it.  That, of course, does not affect a possible insider trading that already occurred.  You have got me most interested now, and if there isn't anymore info by next weekend, I will look it up.Jance 05:47, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

POV tag
I have added a POV tag; legitimate criticism of asbestos litigation is entirely absent from the article. See also Baron & Budd Script Memo controversy.

I attach here a partial list of links to problems with asbestos litigation for future editors to address.,, , , , , , , , , , -- TedFrank 17:05, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Ted, I hope my addition to the "background" section begins to address the point you make. You are, of course welcome (indeed, encouraged) to add further "legitimate criticism of asbestos litigation" yourself as you see fit, to help acheive a balanced article. Thanks for your contribution. Wikityke 13:27, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Are there any objections to any of the links I've listed above? If not, I'll incorporate them into the article.  THF 13:15, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I hope you were not the one who added a reference to Lester Brinkman as though he were a neutral commentator on this issue, rather than a professional expert witness and commentator for the asbestos-defense bar. 71.116.113.195 07:21, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * A bit harsh in your characterization of Brickman (note spelling). He is Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law of Yeshiva University.  Granted, his congressional testimony was in support of one or more defendant groups, but you might like to read what he has to say, perhaps in L. Brickman, "On the Theory Class's Theories of Asbestos Litigation:  The Disconnect between Scholarship and Reality", Pepperdine Law Review, Vol 31:33, 2004, pp 33 - 170.  After reading that, read Judge Jack's subsequent extremely long and detailed ruling in the Federal Circuit court related to silica litigation.  Professor Brickman's opinion appears, broadly and in large part, to have been correct.

 * Here is what Goodwin Procter (a defense oriented lawfirm) had to say about the Jack's ruling in its July 14, 2005 Client Alert entitled Products Liability & Mass Torts - Multidistrict Litigation Order Criticizes Thousands of Silicosis Claims; Potential Implications for Other Areas of Mass Tort Litigation:

 * In a 249-page order intended to “serve notice . . . that truth matters in a courtroom no less than in a doctor’s office,” a federal district court has found that the vast majority of approximately 10,000 silicosis claims consolidated in multidistrict litigation (“MDL”) “were essentially manufactured on an assembly line” run by plaintiffs’ lawyers, screening companies and doctors. U.S. District Judge Janis Graham Jack’s June 30 order sharply criticized the plaintiffs’ diagnoses, granted a motion for sanctions against a plaintiff law firm and concluded that most of the MDL cases should be remanded to state court for further proceedings. In re: Silica Products Liability Litigation, MDL Docket No. 1553 (S.D. Texas).

 * Judge Jack’s conclusion that the MDL cases “were driven by neither health nor justice” but instead “were manufactured for money” could become a watershed moment not only in the silica litigation nationwide, but also in other areas of mass tort litigation based upon a similar model.

 * All in all, it seems fair to me that Professor Brickman be given at least some time in the discussion and that he not be branded as a gun for hire.

 * Bob Herrick 21:21, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sure someone working for insurance company would appreciate that particular professor's comments.  I find it interesting that a POV tag was added to the "civil litigation section" but the section quoting only Brickman is deemed NPOV.   I am glad to see that Ted Frank's inflammatory article showing his less than NPOV slant was modified by cooler heads.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.126.14 (talk) 21:59, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Who works for an insurance company?Bob Herrick (talk) 21:35, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

I randomly choose a source listed above, and added a criticism section. NPOV tags removed. - RoyBoy 03:56, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Dalekozor.com Spam
I have noticed many asbestos/mesothelioma related pages have been spammed with links to dalekozor.com. Just an FYI. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Boston2austin (talk • contribs) 22:40, August 27, 2007 (UTC)

The first lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers were brought in 1929
Does anyone have a primary source for this assertion? I have found evidence of workers' compensation claims starting in 1927, and there may be some tort action at about the same time (particularly if employer's liability before the workers' comp law began to cover occupational disease) but the cited source http://www.1-stop-mesothelioma-asbestos.com/html/history.html has the look of a site that is used to feed plaintiffs into lawyers (just a suppostition on my part). It would be nice to cite a more direct source. Bob Herrick 21:51, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

When my dad was diagnosed in 1987 with mesothelioma, I read the Reports to the Senate Subcommittee on Asbestos Related Diseases. In that I found the first lawsuits were in 1929. I can not now find this report. I agree, if anyone can find a direct source, it would be helpful. Partisan or sites like that are not great sources, although I do know that this fact is correct. Oh, and my dad died of mesothelioma in 1987, 5 months after his diagnosis. He was not a smoker, and worked only 6 weeks cutting asbestos shingles in 1941, before he went overseas in WWII. He was also a conservative geologist, who once said environmentalists would be the death of business. Sadly, it seemed that business was the death of him.

One of the doctors from England editing Wikipedia said something about mesothelioma studies showing problems very early - earlier than the 1920s, but again, I do not have any source info. I no longer have his email, but his comments were very interesting.

I no longer edit Wikipedia, and have noted that there were some people associated with various political groups who made it a bully pulpit, and went out of their way smearing editors with whom they disagreed. I find that unfortunate. One such "article" written by one of those guys was an attack on Baron or Budd, who are/were mesothelioma lawyers. I don't know that firm, or the lawyer, but I do note the vehemence with which those lawyers were used as an example of why all lawyers and the mesothelioma lawsuits were fraudulent. I don't doubt that some unscrupulous lawyers exploited the asbestos litigation. However, the suggestion that all or most cases were fraudulent is equally untrue. There were also reasons why those who had not yet been diagnosed with mesothelioma or asbestos were attempting to protect their rights, given the statute of limitations they had to deal with. The American Bar Association had recommended a remedy to these problems, but I suppose that too was considered biased by those attacking all litigation.

Has anyone considered adding anything about Haliburton's interest with the asbestos cases? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.126.14 (talk) 21:05, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

"Regulation and government action:United States" section needs a better starting line
I would like to see the "United States" subsection under "Regulation and government action" section to begin with a line like, "United States has not joined the ranks of the many advanced countries that have banned asbestos". This is the biggest subsection with a lot of clutter with the ASTM stuff, but does not clearly and concisely state the fact that asbestos is NOT banned in US. Of course it says there have been calls for a ban. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.175.225.22 (talk) 02:38, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Many uses of asbestos are banned in the US, including most "consumer" uses. Other countries (eg, France) have implemented "total" bans, but with exceptions… I'm collecting references on the point for other articles, which could equally well be used here. Still, I think it is important not to take a "political" line, but merely try to give information as to what has happened in various countries in response to this (in my mind obvious) health risk. Physchim62 (talk) 17:45, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

asbestos ban in usa being canceled and why
(so I guess if you want safe and healthy indoor air quality today, you'd have to move to france?)

"A. July 1989 EPA rule commonly known as the "Asbestos Ban and Phaseout Rule" (40 CFR 763 Subpart I, Sec. 762.160 - 763.179)

NOTE: Much of the original rule was vacated and remanded by the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1991. Thus, the original 1989 EPA ban on the U.S. manufacture, importation, processing, or distribution in commerce of many asbestos-containing product categories was set aside and did not remain in effect." (ref, from http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/asbbans2.pdf)

I just learned about this, but this article needs this information in it- and information about how and why the ban was vacated by who in what court in 1991! (can one biased judge with a personal agenda really have the power to change everything?) - — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gawdsmak (talk • contribs) 23:25, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Two sections: One on litigation and one on regulation
This page seems to be getting rather lengthy and confusing. Perhaps it should be split into (a) a page on the asbestos litigation and (b) a page on governmental regulation and worldwide bans. The former is a law-related page and it seems like the later is an occupational or public health related page? Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.100.199.219 (talk) 22:14, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose a) is civil law and b) is criminal law. Both are the law. There is no need to split at this time. There may be a case for having 2 substatial sections within the article, one for each. A split would be very confusing.

Geographic bias
The section about regulation is quite fair and pays attention on many countries. On the contrary, the litigation section is focused on America. In other countries too we had big trials against companies because of asbestos damage. Often they are the most important trial against a company and took headlines on mass-medias. Lele giannoni (talk) 19:26, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

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Introductory paragraph
Greetings, thank you for this entry. Very informative. The introductory paragraph of this article is U.S based and focuses on asbestos & law in the US however, the article is a general title and includes international content. This introduction seems inappropriate and better suited for the Abestos and the law (United States) page rather than this page. Please clarify and correct. Thobeka-77 (talk) 18:17, 31 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree, the introduction is very poor. Be WP:BOLD and feel free to make any improvements you see fit. Greenman (talk) 20:01, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Asbestos and the law


text:
Willy Voet

Willy Voet (born 4 July 1945) is a Belgian sports physiotherapist. He is most widely known for his involvement in the Festina affair in the 1998 Tour de France (often dubbed the "Tour of Shame").

Biography
Voet was born into a working-class family, with a father who worked as a train driver and who had been a semi-professional footballer and a mother who was an upholsterer. Voet started racing bicycles at the age of 15 and enjoyed some success as a junior, winning around 20 races in total, and scoring a win against Herman Van Springel. Voet's first encounter with drugs was at the age of 18 when a friend and club team-mate persuaded him to take amphetamines for a race. He continued racing as an amateur until the age of 23, and returned to cycling as a soigneur six years later. After initially freelancing, he obtained his first contract as a soigneur with the Flandria team. Through his work as a soigneur Voet came to learn about the range of drugs used by riders and the techniques used to evade drug testing. Voet worked for a number of other teams, including Marc Zeep Centrale, Daf-Trucks and RMO, before joining Festina in 1993.

On 8 July 1998, Voet was stopped by French Customs agents on the Chemin du Dronckaert as he tried to cross the French-Belgian border close to Neuville-en-Ferrain, near Lille in northern France. In his Festina team car, the agents found large quantities of syringes and controlled substances including narcotics, erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormones, testosterone and amphetamines. He was arrested and the Festina cycling team was suspended from the race. Further investigation led to the suspension, arrest and prosecution of numerous Festina and TVM team riders and staff. In 2000, Voet went on trial. He was convicted, given a 10-month suspended sentence and (the equivalent of) a US$4,200 fine.

Voet's book Prikken en slikken (translated as "Breaking The Chain") was released in 1999. In it, he claims to have revealed all that he knew regarding doping practices in the cycling world. The book also includes photographs of the written doping records he used to keep track of the different performance-enhancing drugs and dosages he had given to each of the team's cyclists. Those records were used in court as evidence during the trials of the Festina affair. Voet says he worked with the Festina team doctor, Eric Rijkaert, whose opinion was that drug-taking could not be eliminated from cycling and that it would be better therefore to see that doping happened with medical supervision. Rykaert died soon after the Festina trial and Voet left the sport to become a bus driver. He has been declared persona non grata by the Tour de France management and been asked to stay away from the race even as a private individual. He does maintain contact with cycling, however, and sometimes appears at seminars aimed at a greater understanding and greater restriction of drug-taking in cycling.

In 2002 Union Cycliste Internationale (then led by Hein Verbruggen) sued Voet over specific claims in his book. In 2004 the UCI won the case, and in 2006 won the appeal. Voet had made various claims about UCI and Verbruggen's behavior related to the Laurent Brochard Lidocaine case at the 1997 UCI Road World Championships.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Willy Voet


text:
Junín

Junín may refer to:

Argentina

 * Junín Partido
 * Junín, Buenos Aires
 * Junín Airport
 * Junín Department, Mendoza
 * Junín, Mendoza
 * Junín Department, San Luis
 * Junín de los Andes, Neuquén

Colombia

 * Junín, Cundinamarca
 * Junín, Nariño

Ecuador

 * Junín Canton, in Manabí Province

Peru

 * Department of Junín
 * Junín Province
 * Junín, Peru
 * Junín District
 * Lake Junin, also known as Chinchayqucha
 * Junín National Reserve

Venezuela

 * Junín Municipality, Táchira

title: Junín


text: Category:Bridges in Minnesota

title: Category:Bridges in Minnesota


text:
Fintry

Fintry is a small riverside village in Stirlingshire, central Scotland. It is located 16 mi south-west of Stirling and around 19 mi north of Glasgow.

Landscape
The village of Fintry sits by the Endrick Water in a strath between the Campsie Fells and the Fintry Hills.

The village of Fintry is overlooked by Stronend, the 511 m culmination of the Fintry Hills, which forms the western end of a range of hills which stretch east to the city of Stirling, Scotland.

The Loup of Fintry, is a notable 94ft waterfall on the Endrick Water around 2 miles to the east of a Fintry. This is best seen after prolonged rain or snowfall. The total height of the waterfalls is 28.6 m (94 ft) Lowp or "Loup" means leap in Scots.

Local Landscape Area (LLA)
The name Fintry is said to have derived from the Old Gaelic for "Fair Land" and is designated as a Local Landscape Area (LLA) (formally called a Special Landscape Area or Area of Great Landscape Value). This designation is with the aim of protecting the village and its surroundings outstanding natural environment.

Conservation Area
Stirling Council has classified Fintry as a Conservation Area in order to preserve the settlement's particular historical shape and character.

Fintry Conservation Area is centred on its long Main Street, which is located on the river's south bank, across the Fintry Bridge from the historic Culcreuch Mill site. 150 of the 700 strong population living within the Fintry Conservation area.

Schools
The village has a local primary school, which was opened on 22 September 1961 by the Rt. Hon. Thomas Johnston. There is also an attached council run nursery, Fintry Nursery. Both the nursery and primary school serve Fintry and the surrounding rural district.

Fintry Nursery
The Nursery has two rooms and a kitchen, it recently underwent major refurbishment and was awarded a five star inspection in February 2023.

Fintry Primary School
Fintry Primary School is at the foot of Dunmore Hill, and has five classrooms, one of which is adapted into a library, with and an assembly hall. The school has grounds, incl. a school garden, an all-weather pitch, a trim trail and a woodland area. There is a "School Taxi" provided by the council to pick up and drop off children from the surrounding rural areas.

Balfron High School
Fintry is within the catchment area of Balfron High School, for which a school bus is provided.

Sport & Strathendrick RFC
The village has a Sports Club, which includes a 4-rink indoor bowling hall, squash club and gym.

The rugby pitches adjacent are home to Strathendrick Rugby Football Club, a rugby union side founded in 1975 and based in the village. Strathendrick RFC 1st XV play in West Division One and has a tradition of touring; and it has toured in Kansas (1992) and Toronto (2001).

They have an active mini and midi set up which works closely with local schools, including Fintry Primary School.

Fintry Public Hall
Fintry resident Sir Walter Menzies MP built the Menzies Hall to celebrate the coming of age of his son, James, in 1907. On the 9th October 1908, Fintry Public Hall opened to the public. The building still operates under its current name ‘Menzies Hall’ in dedication to the man who gave it to the village.

Menzies Hall is a community building run by local residents for the benefits of the village and surrounding area. The hall is still used as a village hall and hosts events, and clubs, including Fintry Amateur Dramatic Society.

Fintry Kirk
The Village of Fintry is served by Fintry Kirk, a Church of Scotland Parish in the Presbytery of Stirling. The kirk is located to the East of the village, in "Old Fintry". The parish minister for Fintry is shared with Balfron with the Manse located there.

Public Transport
There is no regular bus or train service in Fintry. Public transport is provided by the Stirling Council Demand-responsive transport (DRT) "Taxi" Service.

The Fintry Development Trust
The Fintry Development Trust (FDT) was created in 2003 by residents who wanted to "do something with renewable energy" in their community. When plans to establish a wind farm in the area were announced, they created Fintry Renewable Energy Enterprise (FREE) in 2003 and secured the addition of one community-owned wind turbine.

In efforts to move the village towards zero-carbon and zero-waste, FDT has established several energy-saving activities, including a car-sharing programme, as well as a farming initiative and a communal orchard.

FDT is doing energy surveys on properties around the village and insulating every home surveyed. To improve energy efficiency, the Trust installed a biomass heating system at Fintry Sports Club and a new heating system at Menzies Village Hall.

FDT prioritises sustainable development, local jobs, youth housing, and skill development; sharing wind turbine benefits throughout the town and compensating village residents who are unable to benefit directly.

Fintry Inn
Fintry has been served by the village pub the Fintry Inn for over 250 years, barring a period of closure during the pandemic. It is owned and operated by a local family and home to their micro-brewery, Mosaik Brewing.

The Inn is said to be haunted by a non-threatening female ghost.

Fintry Sports Club
As well as being home to Strathendrick RFC, Fintry's Sports Club has a restaurant/cafe and bar, a shop (for essentials) and a gym with sauna.

Knockraich Farm
Home to The Courtyard Cafe, Katy Rodgers Artisan Dairy and The Tin Shed wedding venue, Knockraich Farm has been owned and managed by the Rodgers family since 1955.

Neolithic & Bronze age
There is evidence of people living in the area as early at the Bronze age, up to 4,000 years ago.
 * Todholes Cairn, Fintry Hills - double ring cairn of the late Neolithic/earlier Bronze Age (3500 to 4500 years old)
 * Machar/Waterhead Stones - pair of neolithic standing stones

"Old Fintry"
"Old" Fintry was formed around the Church area or Clachan of Fintry in the early 13th century.

Culcreuch Castle
Culcreuch Castle was also built in Fintry around this period, in 1296, and was the historic seat of the chiefs of the Galbraith clan until 1624 when a series of scandals lost them their status under Scots Law.

From 1699, the Barons of Culcreuch resided there. The castle was converted into a hotel in the 1980s and operated as such until early 2020, bringing its 700-year lifespan to an end. Until 2020, it was Central Scotland's longest-inhabited castle.

Culcreuch is a three-story, attic-topped rectangular tower house with a parapet and slate roof. The Napier family built the north and east expansions to the old tower about 1721, which match the original tower in style. The Castle is accessible by path from the village and is a popular local walk.

"New Fintry"
The small industrial ‘new town’ of Fintry (or "Newton of Fintry") developed north-west of the original clachan following the establishment of the Culcreuch cotton spinning mill by Peter Spiers in 1795. The mill and two small settlements were recorded in the mid-eighteenth century. the village had retained examples of former mill workers’ housing alongside traditional buildings from the later eighteenth and turn of the nineteenth centuries.

Notable people

 * Sir Daniel Macnee (artist) (1806–1882)
 * Sir Walter Menzies MP (politician) (1856–1913)
 * Tom Johnston MP (politician) (1881–1965)
 * Victor Carin (actor) (1933–1981)
 * Eric McCredie (musician) (1945–2007)
 * Right Hon Julian Smith MP (politician) (born 1971)
 * Stewart Campbell (sportsman) (born 1972)

Democracy
The 2011 census results report that Fintry and the surrounding rural area had a population of 717.

Local Government
The village is within the Forth and Endrick ward of Stirling Council. The Stirling Council Council Ward (Forth and Endrick) representatives are: Rosemary Fraser (SNP), Gerry McGarvey (Labour), Paul Henke (Conservative)

Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament elects representatives under an additional member system (AMS). Fintry is in the Stirling Scottish Parliamentary Constituency, and the Mid Scotland and Fife Scottish Parliamentary region.

This means that Fintry has one Stirling MSP, Evelyn Tweed MSP (SNP), and seven Mid Scotland and Fife Scottish regional list MSPs.

House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Fintry is also in the Stirling constituency for House of Commons of the United Kingdom, where they are represented by Alyn Smith MP

title: Fintry


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Cinchophen

Cinchophen (trade names Atophan, Quinophan, and Phenaquin) is an analgesic drug that was first produced by Doebner & Gieskel in 1887, it was commercially introduced in 1908 as a treatment for gout. This drug is still used, in combination with Prednisolone, by veterinarians to treat arthritis in animals. It can be prepared starting from anilin, benzaldehyde and pyruvic acid in absolute ethanol. Use of this drug in humans ceased in the 1930s due to the discovery that cinchophen can cause serious liver damage. There is some evidence that it stimulates C-Fos.

History
Cinchophen was first introduced in 1908 as 'Atophan' and used for the treatment of gout and arthritis. It was efficacious at reducing the buildup of uric acid and became a popular medicine. Further studies in 1911 and 1912 were successful in isolating metabolites of cinchophen from human urine. During the 1920s, cases of severe adverse effects such as liver damage and cirrhosis had been clinically observed; the first case of jaundice was recorded in 1923 and the first fatality occurred in 1925. Approximately half of all patients experienced toxic effects and by 1932 there were 32 drugs available that contained cinchophen or its derivatives as their active ingredients, experiments were conducted to determine the drugs pharmacology but the mechanism of drug induced liver injury remained unclear. Cinchophen was considered to be too dangerous for human use in most countries but has applications in veterinary medicine as a treatment for osteoarthritis in dogs.

Available forms
Cinchophen can be administered orally in tablet form or intravenously in liquid form.

Toxicity and side-effects
Cinchophen toxicity may present 6 to 12 hours after administration. Symptoms can include hyperventilation, hyperthermia (fever), gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhoea, hives, vomiting, delirium, hepatitis, jaundice, anorexia, convulsions, coma and death. Fatty degeneration of the heart and kidneys, necrosis of hepatic cells in addition to yellow atrophy of the liver have been recorded in autopsy findings.

Treatment
Cinchophen administration should be immediately ceased if symptoms occur. There is no cure for acute cinchophen poisoning but early diagnosis and symptomatic treatments may be effective. Calcium lactate may be used to treat hives and oral or intravenous glucose can relieve gastrointestinal symptoms. If glucose is given, insulin may be needed to protect the liver from further damage. Oral alkali treatments can combat acidosis and anti-emetics may be required to manage nausea and vomiting.

Veterinary medicine
Cinchophen is the main active ingredient in prednoleucotropin (PLT), a medication used in the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs. PLT may produce analgesic and anti-pyretic effects at higher doses. Osteoarthritic dogs treated with PLT have shown significant improvement of joint mobility, stiffness, lameness and weight bearing capacity. When administered correctly, PLT has shown similar clinical efficacy to phenylbutazone. The effects of PLT toxicity in dogs are similar to cinchophen toxicity in humans and include hepatotoxicity and gastric ulceration.

title: Cinchophen


text:
User talk:ImpactWOLF

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam]] Spade wishes you a merry Christmas! 22:56, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:35, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:ImpactWOLF


text:
Lambayeque

Lambayeque originates from "Llampayec", an idol that was worshipped in northern Peru, and can refer to:

 * Lambayeque, Peru, a city
 * Lambayeque District
 * Lambayeque Province
 * Lambayeque Region
 * Lambayeque or Sican culture

title: Lambayeque


text:
Robbins

Robbins may refer to:

People

 * Robbins (name), a surname

Fictional characters

 * Al Robbins, medical doctor in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * Arizona Robbins, surgeon in Grey's Anatomy
 * Ashley Mizuki Robbins, protagonist in the video games Another Code: Two Memories and Another Code: R – A Journey into Lost Memories
 * Jack Robbins, character on EastEnders television series
 * Lily Robbins, character in The Lily Series
 * Parker Robbins, comic book character

Places
Antarctica
 * Robbins Hill, a hill at the terminus of Blue Glacier

Australia
 * Robbins Passage and Boullanger Bay Important Bird Area, Tasmania

USA
 * Robbins, California, town in Sutter County
 * Robbins, Illinois, village in Cook County
 * Robbins, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Robbins, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Robbins, North Carolina, city in Moore County
 * Robbins, Tennessee, unincorporated community in Scott County
 * Robbins, Virginia, ghost town

Other

 * Baskin-Robbins, American chain of ice cream parlors
 * Bernie Robbins Stadium, Atlantic City, New Jersey, US
 * Robbins Entertainment, American dance music record label
 * Robbins v. Lower Merion School District, case concerning alleged school spying through students' laptop webcams, USA
 * Robbins, a 1986 British TV programme featuring Kate Robbins and her siblings

title: Robbins


text:
Schoolcraft Township

Schoolcraft Township may refer to:

Places in the United States:
 * Schoolcraft Township, Houghton County, Michigan
 * Schoolcraft Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan
 * Schoolcraft Township, Hubbard County, Minnesota

title: Schoolcraft Township


text:
Johnson Wax Headquarters

Johnson Wax Headquarters is the world headquarters and administration building of S. C. Johnson & Son in Racine, Wisconsin. Designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright for the company's president, Herbert F. "Hib" Johnson, the building was constructed from 1936 to 1939. Its distinctive "lily pad" columns and other innovations revived Wright's career at a point when he was losing influence. Also known as the Johnson Wax Administration Building, it and the nearby 14-story Johnson Wax Research Tower (built 1944–1950), also by Wright, were designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 as Administration Building and Research Tower, S.C. Johnson and Son. The Tower portion currently serves as a museum of Wright's design and company history, periodically open for public tours.

Design
The Johnson Wax Headquarters were in an industrial zone, and Wright decided to create a sealed environment lit from above, as he had done with the Larkin Administration Building. The building features Wright's interpretation of the streamlined Art Moderne style popular in the 1930s. In a break with his earlier Prairie School structures, the building features many curvilinear forms and required over 200 different curved "Racine Red" bricks to create the sweeping curves of the interior and exterior. The mortar between the bricks is raked in traditional Wright style to accentuate the horizontality of the building. The warm, reddish hue of the bricks was used in the polished concrete floor slab as well; the white stone trim and white dendriform (tree-like) columns create a subtle yet striking contrast. All of the furniture, manufactured by Steelcase, was designed for the building by Wright and it echoed many of the building's design features.

The entrance is within the structure, penetrating the building on one side with a covered carport on the other. The carport is supported by short versions of the steel-reinforced dendriform concrete columns that appear in the Great Workroom. The low carport ceiling creates a compression of space that is released when entering the main building, where the dendriform columns rise over two stories tall; the interior space thus appears larger than it is. Compression and release of space were concepts that Wright used in many of his designs, including the playroom in his Oak Park Home and Studio, the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, and many others.

Throughout the Great Workroom, which has no internal walls, the thin, white dendriform columns rise to circular "lily pad" tops that form the ceiling, with the spaces between the circles consisting of skylights made of Pyrex glass tubing. At the corners, where the walls usually meet the ceiling, the glass tubes continue up and over and connect to the skylights, creating a clerestory effect and admitting a soft light. The Great Workroom is the largest expanse of space in the building, and was intended for the secretaries of the Johnson Wax company, with a mezzanine for administrators.

Construction
In the Great Workroom, the columns expand from 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter at the bottom to "lily pads" 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter at the top; skeptical building inspectors required that a test column be built and loaded with twelve tons of material. After the test column proved capable of supporting the specified load, Wright had the load progressively increased. Only at sixty tons load did any crack appear.

The building was completed in 1939, considerably over-budget. It proved very difficult to properly seal the glass tubing of the clerestories and roof, and leaks occurred. The problem was not solved until the company replaced the top layers of tubes with skylights consisting of angled sheets of fiberglass and specially molded sheets of Plexiglas with painted dark lines to resemble the original joints in a trompe-l'œil when viewed from the ground.

Wright designed not only the building but its furniture. His chair design originally had only three legs, supposedly to encourage better posture (because one would have to keep both feet on the ground at all times to sit in it). However, the chair proved unstable, tipping very easily. Purportedly, Wright redesigned the chairs after Herbert Johnson asked him to sit in one, and he fell out of it. Johnson Wax has continued to use Wright's furniture. Despite these problems, Johnson was pleased with the building and later commissioned the Research Tower and a house (known as Wingspread) from Wright.

Research Tower
The Research Tower was added in 1950 to the Administration Building, and provides a vertical counterpoint to its horizontality. It is one of only two existing high-rise buildings by Wright. Cantilevered from a giant stack, the tower's floor slabs spread out like tree branches, providing for vertical segmentation of departments. Elevator and stairway channels run up the reinforced concrete core, which Wright called a tap root. This single core was based on an idea that he had proposed in 1929 for the St. Mark's Tower, and which he used again in 1952 in the Price Tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Freed from peripheral supporting elements, the tower rises from a garden and three fountain pools that surround its base while a court on three sides provides parking for employees.

The Research Tower was taken out of use in 1980 because it no longer met fire safety codes; it only has a single 29-inch wide twisting staircase, and originally had no sprinklers because Wright thought they were ugly. SC Johnson considered proposals to retrofit the tower to meet these codes, including one submitted by apprentices from Taliesin, but all were ultimately rejected out of concern it would mar the appearance of the tower. The company is committed to preserving it as a symbol of its history. In 2013, an extensive 12-month restoration was completed. The tower was relit on December 21, 2013, to mark the winter solstice, and S.C. Johnson & Son announced that it would be opened for public tours for the first time in its history. The research labs shown on the tour have been set up to appear frozen in time, including beakers, scales, centrifuges, archival photographs and letters about the building.

Legacy
The Johnson Wax buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places, and the Administration Building and the Research Tower were chosen by the American Institute of Architects as two of seventeen buildings by the architect to be retained as examples of his contribution to American culture. In addition, in 1974 the Administration Building was awarded a Twenty-Five Year Award by the American Institute of Architects and in 1976, both were designated National Historic Landmarks.

Literature

 * Lipman, Jonathon: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Johnson Wax Building. New York. Rizzoli. 1986.
 * Storrer, William Allin: The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006. ISBN 0-226-77621-2

title: Johnson Wax Headquarters


text:
Madre de Dios

Madre de Dios may refer to:
 * Spanish for Mother of God, Christian title for Mary, the mother of Jesus
 * Madre de Dios Province, Bolivia
 * Madre de Dios Island, Chile
 * Madre de Dios Terrane, Chile
 * Madre de Dios Mine, Chile
 * Madre de Dios Department, Peru
 * Madre de Dios River, Peru
 * Madre de Dios (album), a 2001 album by Dozer

title: Madre de Dios


text:
Naryn

Naryn (Нарын, نارىن) is the regional administrative center of Naryn Region in central Kyrgyzstan. Its area is 84 km2, and its estimated population was 41,178 as of January 2021. The town was established as a fortress on the caravan route in 1868. It is situated on both banks of the river Naryn (one of the main headwaters of the Syr Darya), which cuts a picturesque gorge through the town. The city has two regional museums and some hotels, but is otherwise residential.

History
Naryn was established as a fortress on the important caravan route between Kashgar and Zhetysu (Semirechye) at the direction of the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann in 1868.

Overview
From Naryn, the main road (one of the branches of the ancient Silk Road) runs south through the sparsely settled central Kyrgyz highlands to the Torugart Pass and China. At present, this is the main transport link from Kyrgyzstan to China. Naryn hosts one of three campuses of the University of Central Asia (UCA). The university was founded in 2000 by the governments of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, and His Highness the Aga Khan. It is the world's first internationally chartered institution of higher education. The UCA currently operates a School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPCE), with a School of Undergraduate Studies and a Graduate School of Development in the process of being established. Undergraduate classes at the University of Central Asia’s (UCA) Naryn, Kyrgyz Republic campus commenced on 5 September 2016.

The city has a bandy club.

Demographics
Naryn is the tenth largest city by population in Kyrgyzstan. Its resident population, according to the Population and Housing Census of 2009, was 34,822. According to the National Statistical Committee the population of Naryn amounted to 41,178 as of January 2021.

Economics
The economy of the Province is dominated by animal husbandry such as horse, sheep and yak, and wool and meat being the main products. Today, the district is the poorest region in the country. The mineral mines developed during the Soviet period were largely abandoned after the fall of communism as they were not profitable.

Climate
Naryn has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with strong continental tendencies.

title: Naryn


text:
San Martín

San Martín or San Martin may refer to:

Saints

 * Saint Martin (disambiguation), name of various saints in Spanish

Political leaders

 * Vicente San Martin (1839 -1901), Military, National hero of Mexico.
 * Basilio San Martin (1849 -1905), Military, Commander of the Fortress of San Juan De Ulua, Veracruz, Mexico
 * José de San Martín (1778–1850), national hero of Argentina, a 19th-century general and the main leader of the southern part of South America's struggle for independence from Spain
 * Manuel San Martin (1881-1965), Military, Mexican Revolution
 * Joaquín de San Martín (1770–1854), President of El Salvador
 * José María San Martín (1811–1857), President of El Salvador
 * Ramón Grau San Martín (1881–1969), doctor and twice President of Cuba
 * Alejandro Zorrilla de San Martín (1909–1987), Uruguayan political figure

Sportspeople

 * Andrés San Martín (born 1978), Argentine footballer
 * Carlos Aníbal San Martín (born 1971), Argentine footballer
 * Horacio San Martín (born 1982), Argentine rugby footballer
 * Nelson San Martín (born 1980), Chilean footballer
 * Sylvia Iannuzzi-San Martín (born 1947), Argentine fencer

Others

 * Fray Thomas de San Martín (1482–1555), founder of the National University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru
 * Juan Zorrilla de San Martín (1855–1931), Uruguayan epic poet

Argentina

 * General San Martín Partido
 * San Martín, Buenos Aires
 * San Martín, Catamarca
 * San Martín Department, Corrientes
 * San Martín Department, Mendoza
 * San Martín, Mendoza
 * San Martín Department, San Juan
 * San Martín Department, Santiago del Estero
 * San Martín Department, Santa Fe
 * San Martín de los Andes
 * General San Martín Department, La Rioja
 * General San Martín Department, Salta
 * Libertador General San Martín Department, Misiones
 * Libertador General San Martín Department, Chaco
 * Libertador General San Martín Department, San Luis
 * Parque San Martín, Buenos Aires Province a city located in Merlo, Buenos Aires Province

Colombia

 * San Martín, Meta
 * San Martín, Cesar
 * San Martín Territory

El Salvador

 * San Martín, San Salvador

Malta

 * San Martin, San Pawl il-Baħar, St. Paul's Bay
 * Ġebel San Martin, Żejtun

Mexico

 * San Martín Chalchicuautla, San Luis Potosí
 * San Martín de Bolaños, Jalisco
 * San Martín de Hidalgo, Jalisco
 * San Martín de las Pirámides, State of Mexico
 * San Martín de los Cansecos, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Huamelulpam, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Itunyoso, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Lachilá, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Peras, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Tilcajete, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Toxpalan, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Zacatepec, Oaxaca
 * San Martín Texmelucan, Puebla
 * San Martín Totoltepec, Puebla

Panama

 * San Martín, Panama

Peru

 * Department of San Martín, also known as San Martín Region
 * San Martín Province, in San Martín Region
 * San Martín District, in El Dorado Province, San Martín Region
 * San Martín de Porres District, In Lima Province, Lima Region

Spain

 * San Martín de Unx, Navarre
 * San Martín de Valdeiglesias, Madrid
 * San Martín del Río, a town in the province of Teruel, Aragón
 * San Martín del Tesorillo, Andalusia
 * San Martín (Proaza), a parish of Proaza, Asturias

United States

 * San Martin, California, a census-designated place and an unincorporated town

Antarctica

 * San Martín Base

Infrastructure

 * San Martin (1580), a Portuguese Navy galleon
 * San Martín station, a Lima Metro station
 * San Martín (Mexibús), a BRT station in Ecatepec de Morelos, Mexico
 * San Martín (TransMilenio), a bus station in Bogotá, Colombia
 * Línea San Martín (Buenos Aires), an Argentine commuter rail line

Football

 * Club Atlético San Martín de Tucumán, 3rd tier football club from Argentina (2011)
 * Club Atlético San Martín de San Juan, 1st tier football club from Argentina (2011)
 * San Martín de Mendoza, 4th tier football club from Argentina (2011)
 * San Martín de Burzaco, 5th tier football club from Argentina (2011)
 * Universidad San Martín de Porres, 1st tier football club from Peru
 * San Martín de Porres de Pucallpa, a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Pucallpa

Fiction

 * San Martín: El Cruce de los Andes, 2010 movie about José de San Martín

title: San Martín


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Martin of Opava

Martin of Opava, O.P. (died 1278) also known as Martin of Poland, was a 13th-century Dominican friar, bishop and chronicler.

Life
Known in Latin as Frater Martinus Ordinis Praedicatorum (Brother Martin of the Order of Preachers), he is believed to have been born, at an unknown date, in the Silesian town of Opava, at that time part of the Margraviate of Moravia.

From the middle of the 13th century, Martin was active in Rome as confessor and chaplain for Pope Alexander IV and his successors, Urban IV, Clement IV, Gregory X, Innocent V, Adrian V and John XXI (d. 1277), the last pope to appear in his chronicles. On 22 June 1278, Pope Nicholas III, while in Viterbo, appointed him archbishop of Gniezno.

While travelling to his new episcopal see, Martin died in Bologna, where he was buried at the Basilica of San Domenico, near the tomb of the founder of his Order.

Works
Martin's Latin chronicle, the Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum, was intended for the school-room. It is mostly derivative in content and is therefore of limited value to modern historians. However, its importance is in the way the material is presented, which is a quantum leap forward in didactic method. The genius lies in its layout: each double page covers fifty years with fifty lines per page. The left-hand pages give the history of the papacy, with one line per year, and the right-hand pages give the history of emperors, the two accounts being kept strictly parallel. This was a revolutionary approach in graphic design, which was not appreciated by all his contemporaries: many manuscripts simply copy the text without retaining the page layout, which results in a rather chaotic chronology. The chronicle was enormously influential; over 400 manuscripts are known, and the influence on many dozens of later chroniclers is palpable. Translations were made into many medieval vernaculars, including Middle English, as well as an Old French translation by Sébastien Mamerot in the late 15th century. Martin's Chronicon is the most influential source for the legend of "Pope Joan". It was also a source for Rashid al-Din Hamadani's Jami al-Tawarikh.

Other of his works include the Promptuarium Exemplorum.

title: Martin of Opava


text:
User talk:Cosal

Line Breaks
I see you have again removed all the line breaks from Henri Lafond. I will restore them. See User:Aymatth2. My vision and coordination are poor. You may simulate the effect by holding the mouse in your non-dominant hand and wearing eyeglasses lightly smeared with Vaseline. I often rearrange sentences while starting an article until the most natural sequence emerges. It is easier to do so if each sentence ends with a single line break. I click in the white space to the right of the sentence, drag the mouse to the left margin to select it, then cut and paste using the keyboard. It is much harder to position the cursor precisely at a point within the text, then drag to another point within the text. I am not the only one with poor vision and coordination. This is why the Manual of Style says "a single line break may follow a sentence, which may help some editors." Single line breaks make it easier for physically handicapped people to edit text, and are invisible to readers. Thanks, Aymatth2 (talk) 17:21, 25 January 2018 (UTC) I ask that you do not remove them.

Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët
I've reverted your move of this article as my sources use this name consistently. Why do you believe otherwise? Even the French article on the company refers to a book with this name --Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 18:40, 25 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, I have just extensively researched the history of this shipyard (in French sources), and the name of the town Saint-Nazaire was NOT part of the name of the shipyard. --Cosal (talk) 18:48, 25 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Saint-Nazaire was part of the predecessor shipyard's name that operated from 1862 to about 1870 under the management of John Scott. You may wish to see, for instance, in the French Wiki-article about the Compagnie générale transatlantique, this statement and the attendant source citation: Les deux entrepreneurs font l'acquisition de terres près de Saint-Nazaire et y fondent les Chantiers et Ateliers de Saint-Nazaire (mieux connus ensuite sous le nom de Chantiers de Penhoët). (Charles Offrey, Cette grande dame que fut la Transat, MDV, 1994, 207 p. (ISBN 9782910821005)). Greetings, --Cosal (talk) 19:02, 25 January 2018 (UTC)
 * John Jordan & Jean Moulin in their French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956 and Jordan and Robert Dumas in their French Battleships 1922–1956 consistently refer to the company with the name that I gave above. Jordan is fluent in French while Moulin and Dumas are two of the most prominent French naval historians around. I find it hard to believe that they'd screw up the company name when it had to be all over the original source documents which they'd accessed for the books. Right now I'm wondering if the CGT was responsible for the passenger ships and AC St-Nazaire Penhoët for the warships with some sort of weird cross-ownership or subsidiary relationship between them because Jordan and Dumas say that the battleship Strasbourg was launched from the same slipway that had built Normandie.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 20:04, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

I will try to look again into this matter in the next few days. --Cosal (talk) 22:58, 27 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The issue of the name aside, the shipyard began in 1862 as an operation of Charles C. Scott of Greenock and his son John, under contract to the CGT for which they built four liners. I think the yard was called "Scott et Cie." They declared bankrupcy in 1866, when CGT due to its own liquidity problems could/did not pay them, and closed down in 1870. CGT then reopened the yard in 1881 as a wholly owned subsidiary and ran it until 1900, when it went public under the name "Societe Anonyme des Chantiers et Ateliers de Saint-Nazaire (Penhoët)" - note the parentheses! - but with CGT still as majority owner. In 1955 it merged with the adjacent "Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire" into "Chantiers de l'Atlantique". Throughout this time it was, so it appears, generally referred to as "Chantiers de Penhoët", and until 1900 this may in fact have been its actual designation (but I am not certain about that). They did indeed build the big liners "Paris" (1921), "Île de France" (1927) and "Normandie" (1935), and in addition they built in cooperation with the neighboring Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, established in 1882, the battleships "Strasbourg" and the unfinished "Jean Bart". Greetings, --Cosal (talk) 23:20, 27 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that's very helpful. That also would explain Offley's comment above that Chantiers de Penhoët was a popular name.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 00:15, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

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I have sent you a note about a page you started
Hi Cosal. Thank you for your work on Elmira Sultanovna Ibraimova. Another editor, SunDawn, has reviewed it as part of new pages patrol and left the following comment:

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✠ SunDawn ✠   (contact)   01:02, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Ermek Sultanovich Ibraimov

The article Ermek Sultanovich Ibraimov has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Insufficient WP:SIGCOV in secondary, independent, reliable sources to demonstrate notability under WP:GNG, WP:NBIO, or WP:NPOL."

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Dclemens1971 (talk) 14:15, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cosal


text:
Moquegua

Moquegua (, founded by the Spanish colonists as Villa de Santa Catalina de Guadalcázar del Valle de Moquegua) is a city in southern Peru, located in the Department of Moquegua, of which it is the capital. It is also capital of Mariscal Nieto Province and Moquegua District. It is located 1144 kilometers south of the capital city of Lima.

History
This region was occupied for thousands of years by successive cultures of indigenous peoples. The Wari culture built numerous monuments, and developed terraced fields to support crop cultivation on hillsides hundreds of years before the Inca conquered them and expanded their territory into this area. Cerro Baúl is the remains of a Wari monumental site, on top of a hill outside of Moquegua.

Numerous Tiwanaku sites are also in the area. It was an important colonial center for the Tiwanaku state. The valley is the only area of Peru to house both Wari and Tiwanaku ruins.

The Chiribaya culture flourished in the Moquegua area and near the Pacific island coast from about 1000 until 1360.

According to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, the Inca Emperor Mayta Cápac organized the military expedition that extended the Inca domains to the shore of the Pacific. They overcame other indigenous peoples in the 15th century; in the next century they were conquered by the Spanish.

There is no definite information about the year of the city's founding by the Spanish. Tradition holds that the colonial city was founded on 25 November 1541, by Pedro Cansino and his wife Josefina de Bilbao.

Tourism
This city is located in the mountains of the region of the same name. It has many gardens and other tourist attractions, which make it a popular destination in Peru.

The Plaza de Armas, is the Main Square and center of the city. It was designed in the 19th century by the French architect, Gustave Eiffel, who designed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. In this main square the Jose Carlos Mariategui Museum and the Contisuyo Museum, are located.

The Casa del Regidor Perpetuo de la Ciudad, is a house built in the 18th century. It has a front of carved stone. Operated as a house museum, it is furnished with high quality antiques.

The district of Torata, located 24 km away from the city, has traditional houses with mojinete roofs. The parish church has beautiful wood carvings.

The Pan-American Highway passes through the city.

Economy
Moquegua's economy is largely based on mining. Resources include copper, silver, gold and molybdenum. Cuajone and part of Toquepala Mine are located in the Mcal. Nieto Province. A copper smelter and refinery to treat copper concentrates from those mines is located in Ilo province.

title: Moquegua