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RAID (French police unit)

Recherche, Assistance, Intervention, Dissuasion ("Search, Assistance, Intervention, Deterrence"), commonly abbreviated RAID (French: ), is an elite tactical unit of the French National Police. Founded in 1985, it is headquartered in Bièvres, Essonne, approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of Paris. RAID is the National Police counterpart of the National Gendarmerie's GIGN. Both units share responsibility for the French territory.

Since 2009, RAID and the Paris Search and Intervention Brigade (BRI), a separate National Police unit reporting directly into the Paris Police Prefecture (Préfecture de police de Paris), have formed a task force called National Police Intervention Force (Force d'intervention de la Police nationale) or FIPN. When activated, the task force is headed by the RAID commander. Thirteen regional units of the National Police, previously known as National Police Intervention Groups (GIPNs), have been created or permanently integrated into RAID and re-designated as "RAID branches" (antennes RAID) between 2015 and 2019.

Missions
Among the main missions of RAID are:
 * Counter-terrorism in coordination with UCLAT, the co-ordination unit for the fight against terrorism (Unité de coordination de la lutte anti-terroriste).
 * Hostage recovery situations
 * Close protection of VIPs
 * Protection of some of the French embassies in war-torn countries (a mission shared with the Gendarmerie's GIGN)
 * Site protection during special events
 * Resolution of prison riots
 * Assistance to other police departments fighting against organized crime
 * Surveillance and arrest of high-profile criminals
 * Arrest of dangerous deranged persons
 * Training and assistance to foreign police forces
 * Assessment of new equipment and techniques.

RAID reports to the director general of the National Police (DGPN), himself a direct report of the minister of the interior.

History
Before the creation of RAID, the National Police did not have a national unit comparable to the Gendarmerie's GIGN and relied instead on regional units: BRI in Paris and the GIPNs in the provinces. Minister of the Interior Pierre Joxe was the key decision maker who authorized the creation of the unit. RAID was founded by then-commissaires Robert Broussard and Ange Mancini in 1985. Broussard, one of the best known Police commissaires at the time, was one of the advisers who pushed the project. Mancini was chosen to be the unit's first commander. RAID's first mission - a hostage situation in a Nantes tribunal, took place soon afterwards in December 1985.

In 1987 RAID arrested the leaders of the terrorist group Action Directe in their Vitry-aux-Loges hideout. In May 1993, RAID solved a delicate hostage situation when a man named Erick Schmitt, calling himself "HB" (for "Human Bomb", in English), and carrying large quantities of explosives, took 21 hostages in a Neuilly-sur-Seine nursery school. The hostage taker was finally shot and the children were recovered safely, together with their teacher and a nurse. In 1996, in Roubaix, the unit neutralized the Gang de Roubaix, a 14-member terrorist group tied to the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA), suspected of several bank robberies, murders, and a failed attack against the Group of Seven (G7) meeting in Lille. The assault was very violent and resulted in the death of four terrorists. Two RAID operatives were also injured, one by a grenade blast, the other hit by a bullet in a lung. Christophe Caze, the head of the group, escaped the burning building, but was killed at a Belgian checkpoint during a gunfight with Customs agents. Several days later, thanks to an electronic device found on Caze's body, Fateh Kamel, head of a terrorist cell in Montreal, was arrested in Jordan and tried in France.

RAID operators saw action during the 2005 and 2006 riots in France, as well as in a hostage situation in Versailles, where an armed man was shot dead by RAID operators after coming under attack. On 21 and 22 March 2012, RAID was tasked to arrest Mohammed Merah, the main suspect for shooting sprees in Toulouse and Montauban. RAID surrounded the flat where Merah was entrenched. After 30 hours of siege, RAID stormed the flat to apprehend Merah who fought back. After a four-minute shoot out, Merah was shot by a RAID sniper while exiting the building.

On 9 January 2015 RAID, together with BRI, a unit of the Paris Metropolitan Police, ended the hostage situation at the kosher supermarket Hypercacher on the third day of the January 2015 Paris terrorist attacks. On 14 November 2015 RAID, again with the Paris BRI, took part in operations at the Bataclan theatre, where 90 people were killed during a series of bombings, shootings and hostage taking in Paris on 13 – 14 November. On 18 November RAID undertook a follow-up operation in Saint-Denis seeking Abdelhamid Abaaoud, the 'mastermind' of the attacks, who was killed.

RAID also provides close protection for foreign dignitaries traveling in France. During special events, RAID is also in charge of protecting French individuals abroad (For example, the French Delegation during the Olympic Games is under RAID protection during the whole event).

Three RAID officers have been killed in action: two in Ris-Orangis (near Paris) in 1989 and one in Corsica in 1996.

Organisation
RAID has a total strength of around 450 men and women, approx. 180 of which are in Bièvres, the rest in the regional branches located in Bordeaux, Guadeloupe, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Nancy, New Caledonia, Nice, Rennes, Réunion, Strasbourg and Toulouse. The Bièvres (Paris) unit is divided into three main sections with about 60 members each:

 * First Section: The first section deals with the usual tasks of special forces: intervention, monitoring, protection.

 * Second Section: The second section is the Research and Development unit of the RAID. It studies techniques and collects information. This section is divided into three groups:
 * Intelligence Group
 * Technical Group
 * Weaponry Group

 * Third section: The Third section deals with the psychological aspects of the interventions. It is in charge of negotiations and crisis management. It also provides psychological support for the policemen in the unit and in the whole French Police. It is composed of forensic experts, a psychologist and physicians.

The Negotiation group is on permanent alert. It deals with suicides, violent crises, mental disorders, hostage crises and other major troubles, independently from the rest of the RAID. It assesses the dangers of the situation, suggests possible solutions, and helps with the negotiations and the resolution of the crises. If the whole RAID has to intervene, the Negotiations section is used as a reconnaissance unit, and prepares the intervention of the other sections. To join the unit, an officer needs five years duty within the Police Nationale and after passing a thorough test he will serve in the RAID for five years. With a commendation he can expand it further five years. All members must leave the tactical unit after ten years. Candidates must be under forty to apply. Female officers are admitted in almost all positions.

Helicopter support is provided by Sécurité Civile and the National Gendarmerie. Tactical deployment of large groups is handled by GIH (Groupe interarmées d'hélicoptères) a joint army/air force special operations flight equipped with SA330 PUMA helicopters based in nearby Villacoublay air base. GIH was established in 2006, initially to support GIGN. Its role has been expanded to also support RAID in 2008.

Coordination between GIGN and RAID is handled by a joint organization called Ucofi (Unité de coordination des forces d’intervention). A "leader/follower" protocol has been established for use when both units need to be engaged jointly, leadership belonging to the unit operating in its primary area of responsibility.

RAID is also a member of the European ATLAS Network, an informal association consisting of the special police units of the 28 states of the European Union.

RAID Commanders

 * Ange Mancini: 1985-1990
 * Louis Bayon: 1990-1996
 * Gérard Zerbi: 1996-1999
 * Jean-Gustave Paulmier: 1999-2002
 * Christian Lambert: 2002-2004
 * Jean-Louis Fiamenghi: 2004-2007
 * Amaury de Hauteclocque: 2007-2013
 * Jean-Michel Fauvergue: 2013-2017
 * Jean-Baptiste Dulion: since 2017

Specialties

 * Assault Groups
 * Sniper
 * Parachutist
 * Diver
 * Demolition
 * Breaching
 * Group of Research and Information
 * Dog handlers
 * Logistics
 * Negotiators

Weapons

 * Benelli M3
 * Beretta M3P4
 * Colt M4A1
 * FN Herstal Five-seveN
 * FN Herstal P90
 * FN SCAR
 * FN Herstal Minimi
 * Franchi SPAS-15
 * Glock 17 / 17L / 18 / 19 / 26 / 34
 * Heckler & Koch G36
 * Heckler & Koch HK53
 * Heckler & Koch HK69A1
 * Heckler & Koch MP5K
 * Heckler & Koch PSG1
 * Manurhin MR 73
 * PGM Précision Hécate II
 * PGM Précision Ultima Ratio
 * Remington 870
 * Rheinmetall MG3
 * SIG Sauer SG553
 * Saiga-12
 * Kel-Tec KSG
 * Bastinelli Knives FIXED R.E.D V2
 * Bastinelli Knives Grozo

Vehicles

 * Nexter Titus
 * Petit Véhicule Protégé

Books

 * (DVD included)
 * (DVD included)
 * (DVD included)
 * (DVD included)
 * (DVD included)

title: RAID (French police unit)


text:
Del sol

Del Sol or del Sol may refer to:

 * Del Sol, Texas, a census-designated place in Texas
 * Del Sol-Loma Linda, Texas, a former census-designated place in Texas
 * Del Sol High School, a high school in Las Vegas, Nevada
 * Del Sol High School (California), a high school in Oxnard, California
 * Del Sol Press, a publishing company
 * Del Sol metro station, a station in Santiago, Chile
 * Luis del Sol, former Spanish footballer
 * Honda CR-X del Sol, a two-seat, targa top convertible manufactured by Honda in the 1990s
 * Del Sol Quartet, a San Francisco-based string quartet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Del sol


text: User talk:61.2.237.57

title: User talk:61.2.237.57


text: User talk:69.21.5.63

title: User talk:69.21.5.63


text:
Unibus

The Unibus was the earliest of several computer bus and backplane designs used with PDP-11 and early VAX systems manufactured by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard, Massachusetts. The Unibus was developed around 1969 by Gordon Bell and student Harold McFarland while at Carnegie Mellon University.

The name refers to the unified nature of the bus; Unibus was used both as a system bus allowing the central processing unit to communicate with main memory, as well as a peripheral bus, allowing peripherals to send and receive data. Unifying these formerly separate busses allowed external devices to easily perform direct memory access (DMA) and made the construction of device drivers easier as control and data exchange was all handled through memory-mapped I/O.

Unibus was physically large, which led to the introduction of Q-bus, which multiplexed some signals to reduce pin count. Higher performance PDP systems used Fastbus, essentially two Unibusses in one. The system was later supplanted by Massbus, a dedicated I/O bus introduced on the VAX and late-model PDP-11s.

Technical specifications

The Unibus consists of 72 signals, usually connected via two 36-way edge connectors on each printed circuit board. When not counting the power and ground lines, it is usually referred to as a 56-line bus. It can exist within a backplane or on a cable. Up to 20 nodes (devices) can be connected to a single Unibus segment; additional segments can be connected via a bus repeater.

The bus is completely asynchronous, allowing a mixture of fast and slow devices. It allows the overlapping of arbitration (selection of the next bus master) while the current bus master is still performing data transfers. The 18 address lines allow the addressing of a maximum of 256 KB. Typically, the top 8 KB is reserved for the registers of the memory-mapped I/O devices used in the PDP-11 architecture.

The design deliberately minimizes the amount of redundant logic required in the system. For example, a system always contains more slave devices than master devices so most of the complex logic required to implement asynchronous data transfers is forced into the relatively few master devices. For interrupts, only the interrupt-fielding processor needs to contain the complex timing logic. The result is that most I/O controllers can be implemented with simple logic, and most of the critical logic is implemented as a custom MSI IC.

Pinout
Type 1 lines are a normal multi-sender wired-OR bus with pull-up resistors at each end of the bus, typically on a terminator card.

Type 2 lines are selectively propagated by each card to the next slot – if the card wants to keep the request grant it will assert the SACK line and not propagate the request to the next slot. If a slot is empty, it is necessary to install a "grant continuity card" in the slot to propagate the four type 2 signals to the next card.

Type 3 signals are generated by the power supply and have only a single sender. They warn the devices on the bus when the power is about to fail, so those devices can execute an orderly shutdown, and disable operations to prevent spurious writes.

The two control lines (C0 and C1) allowed the selection of four different data transfer cycles:
 * DATI (Data In, a read)
 * DATIP (Data In/Pause, the first portion of a Read-Modify-Write operation. A DATO or DATOB operation completes this.)
 * DATO (Data Out, a word write)
 * DATOB (Data Out/Byte, a byte write)
 * During an interrupt cycle, a fifth style of transfer was automatically invoked to convey an interrupt vector from the interrupting device to the interrupt-fielding processor.

title: Unibus


text:
Talk:Ivan Pavlov

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jaguirre91019.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:57, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Mixed up links?
Are the links in references 30 and 31 switched, or am I looking at this wrong? Also, reference 31 refers to "Pavlov's rats." But the article title itself refers to "dogs." Can we fix this or am I missing something? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.61.219.6 (talk) 05:26, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

How does expirience change the behavior of worms ?

 * Habituation. If a bird flies over the worm's hole, and the worm sees the shadow, it will scurry back down. However, if this keeps happening, the worm will eventually stop scurrying whenever it sees the shadow. On the other hand, knowledgeable observers would conclude that worms are stupid, so don't try ringing bells and giving them food. Deltabeignet 03:14, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

217.234.36.51 changed a date from 1990's to 1890's. I believe the original date was correct, and reflects increased openness of the former USSR after the end of communism. Any thoughts?Dave 17:47, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

A few extras
Hi. Here are a couple of facts that maybe would be of secondary importance to this article (they could be acknowledged in small notes): 1) Singer Aimee Mann recorded a song called Pavlov's Bell — maybe this could be mentioned as part of the popular image of bell ringing to induce behavior in the original research; 2) Webster's dictionary acknowledges the existence of the adjective "Pavlovian" (as in "Pavlovian Conditioning"). Regards, Redux 07:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you're going to mention Aimee Mann, you might also want to add that Russian-American singer Regina Spektor recorded a song called Pavlov's daughter. Lunapuella 19:04, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

I believe there is a typo in the legacy section where it says "reflex at at distance", I'm not sure if this is what he said, but at at just seems weird... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.30.236.117 (talk) 16:31, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

There needs to be more about Claude Bernard and his inspiration to Pavlov. I will be editing and adding these changes. Jaguirre91019 (talk) 01:19, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Soviet or Russian
What ist the correct way to refer to Pavlov's nationality? Most of hist lifetime he was a citizen of the Russian Empire, in his last years he was a citizen of the USSR, according to his lifedates. How should he be called - Soviet or Russian?

 * In such cases, the Soviet usage was to use both adjectives together, e.g. "Ivan Pavlov, a prominent Russian Soviet scientist." Don't know if this will work in English. Trapolator 18:32, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Soviet refers to a political position and not to a nationality. That's like asking, "is Ron Paul an american or congressman?". To re-cap, soviet is a title and not a nationality.

-G —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.117.158.83 (talk) 08:25, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

That's not entirely true, the idea was that Soviet indeed was/would become a nationality - never really worked though. 2001:1C02:1901:ED00:7426:5BD3:56ED:D3FA (talk) 14:13, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

Pavlov's laboratory
The Wikimedia Help Desk received the following e-mail regarding his laboratory.

 * ''I am writing to you regarding the factual error on the page

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov was working in the Institute of Experimental Medicine St.Petersburg and didn't have the lab in Moscow. The Institute keeps Pavlov's lab and his office as museum. To find more information regarding the biography and Pavlov's lab please visit http://iemrams.spb.ru:8100/english/infoeng.htm.''

I have amended the article accordingly. Capitalistroadster 09:28, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

The types of Stimulus Pavlov used
I believe someone has given some highly spurious information:

However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of auditory stimuli, including whistles, metronomes, tuning forks and the bubbling of air through water by farting in the bath, in addition to a range of visual stimuli.

I have decided to delete the proposition that Pavlov used flatulence in his experiments.

JMJ

Leningrad of St Petersburg

 * ''He would sit down to lunch at exactly 12 o'clock, he would go to bed at exactly the same time each evening, would always feed his dogs at exactly the same time every night and he would always leave Leningrad for Estonia on vacation on the same day each year. This behavior changed when his son Victor died in the White Army.

If the sentence is talking about his habits prior to the formation of the White Army, surely he was leaving St Petersburg for Estonia? This would also fit better with his destination, since after St Petersburg became Leningrad, Estonia was an independent country with extremely frosty relations with the Soviet Union, and I'm not sure how simple it would have been for a Soviet citizen to make regular visits there. Binabik80 13:01, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Removed text
An anonymous editor added the following list under the heading "Some Accomplishments and Facts". Some of the points are already in the article (which make me think copyvio) and some are nonsense, but some of the statements are useful. If anyone can 1) put a realiable source with these statements and 2)assign a date to the non-dated items, please do so and insert them into the proper place in the article.

Discovery of enterokinase, an enzyme in the duodenum that activates trypsin • Discovery Of a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction that transfers salt of phosphoric acid from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP(a multifunctional chemical compound that consists of a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. primarily known in biochemistry as the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer), to specific target molecules (substrates released by the intestinal glands in the small intestine that activates the precursor form of the pancreatic enzyme trypsin, a inactive enzyme precursor, to trypsin. • Basically…an enzyme in the duodenum that activates trypsin • Description of the neural control of the pancreas and pancreatic control as a response to different foods • Basically… How much stomach prepares, How it reacts • Demonstration that chewing and swallowing alone would cause gastric secretion • Basically... Trick Stomach and body • Observation that the mere sight of food stimulates salivary and gastric secretion. • Basically… Body prepares

• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 at Ryazan

• His Father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a village priest

• He was educated first at the church school in Ryazan

• Inspired by the progressive ideas of D. I. Pisarev, and I. M. Sechenov, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science

• In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty to take the course in natural science.

• His first work was work on the physiology of the pancreatic nerves. This work was widely acclaimed and he was awarded a gold medal for it.

• In 1875 Pavlov completed his course with an outstanding record and received the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences.

• He decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the Academy of Medical Surgery to take the third course there.

• After a competitive examination, Pavlov won a fellowship at the Academy, and this together with his position as Director of the Physiological Laboratory at the clinic of the famous Russian clinician, S. P. Botkin.

• In 1883 he presented his doctor's thesis on the subject of «The centrifugal nerves of the heart».

• In 1890 Pavlov was invited to organize and direct the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.

• Under his direction, which continued over a period of 45 years to the end of his life, this Institute became one of the most important centers of physiological research.

• In 1890 Pavlov was appointed Professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy and five years later he was appointed to the then vacant Chair of Physiology, which he held till 1925.

• It was at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in the years 1891-1900 that Pavlov did the bulk of his research on the physiology of digestion.

• In 1903, at the 14th International Medical Congress in Madrid, Pavlov read a paper on «The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Anima

• In 1881, Pavlov married Seraphima (Sara) Vasilievna Karchevskaya, a teacher, the daughter of a doctor in the Black Sea fleet.

• Dr. Pavlov died in Leningrad on February 27, 1936.

Later removed content: Related link to a (somewhat acclaimed) hardcore porn parody of his research. Several recognized literary (and porographic) groups have given the text awards, so I figure we might as well keep the link in here for anyone who is interested. Online porographic novel parodying Pavlov's experiments ~ Bwagstaff 04:23, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Pavlovian types of nervous system - where's this legacy??
Whoever wrote this page - where is the description on the huge contribution to the temperament research, the types of nervous system and the properties of nervous system, which Pavlov described? User:69.157.3.52

 * Feel free to take a stab at it. That's what it's here for.  Rklawton 03:24, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

I will be editing this section as well, his contribution to the types of nervous system is very important, and should be written and explained more. Jaguirre91019 (talk) 01:12, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Experiments
It seems to me that the page lacks a good description of Pavlov's famous dog experiments. It does go into the "classical conditioning" knowledge that was gained, but there's hardly anything about the experiment itself. Would it be appropriate to include more about it on this page?

Also, I've heard that Pavlov actually decapitated some dogs and showed that they salivated with the conditioned reflex of a bell, even shortly after death. Anyone know if this is true?--Grant M 11:02, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

No, its actually part of an old joke.

 * Ah, but what about Pavlov's cats? Martinevans123 (talk) 22:10, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

Redirect
I think that Pavlov should redirect here. He must be the best-known person with that surname to English-speakers and is usually referred to by just his last name in academic discussions (plus, Pavlovian already directs here...). Am I right or what? 138.69.160.1 20:21, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Religious/Philosophical categorization
Per this edit, I did a quick Google search to try and establish Pavlov's religious views. (Note: I am not an expert in any sense of the word in this field). Several links (which appear to meet WP:RS from the first couple of Google hits (see here, here, and here) support Pavlov's ties to atheism. That said, I've restored the two categories. If other editors feel otherwise, feel free to undo that edit, but please comment here so we can work it out. -- MarcoTolo (talk) 22:37, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That seems sufficient to me. Though I wish that the missing pages were accessible in the third source.  I would just leave atheist though and not "former eastern orthodox christian" for the same reason that I would not add that tag to Alexander Kerensky or Lukashenko in Belarus.  Particularly given the political context of the USSR and its stance on religion. Tesla on the other hand, may well qualify for this label (he chose to be cremated, wasn't under any political pressure to distance himself from the church, etc.).

 * While it may seem silly, people who are atheists can be culturally Orthodox. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.226.114.227 (talk) 23:05, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I think removing the "former eastern orthodox christian" category might be reasonable in Pavlov's case (though, again, I do not profess expertise here) - this paper makes special note of the fact that defining Pavlov as "an atheist" is strictly true, but simplifies the situation too much. Thoughts? -- MarcoTolo (talk) 23:11, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

I think a case can be made for retaining the "former eastern orthodox christian" category in Pavlov's case. When the Bolsheviks began to crack down on the Orthodox clergy, Pavlov spoke out in their defense, making note of the fact that he was himself the son of a priest. I have also read that he took to wearing religious medals at this time, not because he necessarily identified with the theology those medals represented but because by doing he could piss off the Bolsheviks. JimFarm (talk) 19:13, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

 * It is a bit risky to claim a soviet scientist was definitively and provably atheist in that era, given the religious persecution, and active removal of religious persons from posts of science under the soviet regime at the time. At most one can claim that, if Pavlov *was* religious, then he wasn't 'strong' enough to proclaim it openly and be a martyr for it and chose to conform to the party line so as to continue his important scientific work instead. However, it would be controversial to claim he was atheist; there are reports from the BBC during the post-war era that there was a brief fad for French scientists to convert to orthodoxy, citing as important influences "the eminent Russian christian orthodox scientists Ivan Pavlov, Vladimir Filatov and Archbishop Luka (né Valentin Voyno-Yasenetsky)" (source: "Αρχιεπίσκοπος Λουκάς", auth: Αρχιμ. Νεκταρίου Αντωνοπούλου, publ: ΑΚΡΙΤΑΣ 1999, ISBN:960-328-112-3, pp.305). If Pavlov was openly and publically recognised as atheist to his peers at the time, at the very least one would expect his name would not be on that kind of list. -- Tpapastylianou (talk) 13:24, 16 April 2013 (UTC)
 * A very valid point. I think maybe this should be added to the article in the form of a footnote. But a reliable English translation of that Greek source might be required. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:34, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Pop culture
I think we need to remove this section entirely. It consists only of mentions within songs or videos - or a pro wrestler's nickname. All of these are trivial, and trivia have no place in an Encyclopedia's articles. Thoughts? Rklawton (talk) 00:53, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Nothing worth keeping, and it's attracting more. --Old Moonraker (talk) 09:24, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. ManfromButtonwillow (talk) 06:24, 25 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. --Old Moonraker (talk) 22:07, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Experiments on children
Apparently, Pavlov's experiments on the conditioned salivatory response extended to children, some of whom underwent surgical procedures for the collection of saliva - The Brain: A Secret History at bbc.co.uk. Should this "detail" not be added? Martinevans123 (talk) 23:23, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Hi, I got a message from old moonraker saying I haddn't refrenced the stuff about Pavlov doing experiments on children. I noted it had already been refrenced in the article. Anyway, I saw that on the BBC "Into the mind" series. Oh it was horroble. This guy pit in devices in their cheeks to collect saliva from their saliva glands. Really really horrible stuff. He also subjected them to electric shocks and taught chilfren to feed themselves by pushing a button, monkey like. Check out www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSOj7XaWqFs Awful stuff. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.124.74.42 (talk) 13:37, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I suppose that Pavlov had the highest scientific ideals at heart and I'm sure his experiments were not designed simply to make the chldren suffer. Things were very different in the 1890s, experimental ethics included. And of course things got very different in the Soviet era. But hasn't this particular detail been all but left out of he Psychology textbooks?

 * It wasn't clear to me from watching that documentary (a) exactly when the use of children took place, (b) if the procedures were performed personally by Pavlov or just overseen by him at his laboratory or (c) what became of the children - did they all return to perfectly good health. Perhaps the reference provided by Old Moonraker ((Reagan et al (2007)) might help to answer some of these questions. But the film record was indeed chilling and somewhat sinister. One thought - if this was what Pavlov had allowed to be flimed, what else may have been going on that he did not allow to be filmed? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:11, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry: I can't take this much further. That reference comes from a critique of Pavlov's movie of the experiment, which was promoted in the U. S.  by Walter Bradford Cannon as a  defence of vivisection! It doesn't describe the experiments themselves in any detail: presumably this would have defeated the object.--Old Moonraker (talk) 20:56, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I've just looked again at the YouTube link kindly provided by ip202. No, IPP didn't give the children electric shocks, only the dogs. And no, he didn't teach children "to feed themselves by pushing a button, monkey like". What the brief footage showed was that he did (1) operate on children to introduce a saliva-collecting fistula and then proceeded (or at least attempted) to train the conditioned salivatory reflex by means of spoon-feeding and (2) produce a conditioned mouth-opening reflex, in response to a pressure pad on the wrist (apparently restraining the child in some kind of straight-jacket device). Neither of the children shown looked particularly distressed, for whatever reason. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:23, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Let me get this straight, you people are defending a man who performed surgery on children in the same way that he did on dogs. Bravo to you. I bet you'd also defence Joseph Mengale? You must be proud of yourselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.124.72.32 (talk) 08:25, 10 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Am defending no-one, thanks. Just trying to get to the facts. I don't think 2 minutes of film footage on YouTube is really much to build a case either way. But I'm not sure that comparisons with Joseph Mengele will get us very far. Martinevans123 (talk) 08:40, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Where might I find more resources for this article, I'm looking into expanding it for a research project at school? Samuelnp (talk) 05:21, 1 November 2011 (UTC) Since no one's objected, I will proceed today with my research and post my finding in the next few days. Samuelnp (talk) 20:52, 1 December 2011 (UTC) After searching a few data bases at the library, thanks to JSTOR, it appears that the "British Medical Journal" has a lot of articles regarding Pavlov. Samuelnp (talk) 23:50, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * While it does seem from the YouTube video of "Mechanics of the Brain 1926" that at least one experiment was performed that involved inserting a tube into a child's cheek, I couldn't find any evidence for the claims that the children were homeless or orphans. 120.159.93.92 (talk) 11:42, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Varvara Ivanovna Pavlovna
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov's mother was Vervara Ivanova Palovna but I cannot find any data on her maiden name can someone find it ad add it?Undead Herle King (talk) 23:01, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
 * It seems her maiden name was Varvara Ivanovna Uspénskaya but if you can provide evidence to this it would be coolUndead Herle King (talk) 23:26, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It certainly would be cool as, currently, there is no ref to support any name at all, and the addition is at risk of being reverted as being unreliable. Martinevans123 (talk) 23:38, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Also the dates, for both parents, don't yet have any source. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:33, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Pavlov and Learning Theory
I have started looking into some literature that talks about classical conditioning and it's impact on learning/education. I plan to use this section to discuss how Pavlov's chief contribution to psychology affects education and learning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jasperro (talk • contribs) 20:09, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
 * You mean this section of the Talk Page, yes? Martinevans123 (talk) 20:29, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

 * yes, in hopes that it will be moved to the main page. Jasperro (talk) 04:00, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

Here is a list of collected resources I plan on drawing from for the Pavlov and Learning Theory section:

Bouton, M. E. (1993). Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of pavlovian learning. American Psychological Association, 114 (1), 80 –99. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80

Davey, G. (Eds.). (1987). Cognitive processes and pavlovian conditioning in humans. Chichester, ENG: John Wiley & Sons.

Gershman, S., Blei, D., Niv, Y. (2010). Context, leaning, and extinction. American Psychological Association, 117 (1), 197-201. DOI: 10.1037/a0017808

Mackintosh, N.J. (1974). The psychology of animal learning. New York, NY: Academic Press Inc.

Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and no reinforcement. In A. Black & W. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning ii: Current research and theory (pp. 64 –99). New York, NY: Appleton Century-Crofts

Tarpy, R. M. (1975). Basic principles of learning. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.

William Moore, J., Manning, S. A., Smith, W. I. (1978). Conditioning and instrumental learning. New Work, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Jasperro (talk) 03:59, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

I am proposing a new updated lead section on this article that includes a brief summary of Pavlov's contributions to learning theory. This new lead section is as follows:

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов; IPA: [ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf] ( listen); 26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning and physiology of digestion. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy which he named "the instinct for research".[1] Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course in natural science.[2] Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences, making several remarkable discoveries and developing ideas that contributed to the development of learning theory in psychology. [3] He won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904,[1][4] becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. In 1929, Pavlov received a second nomination for a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his groundbreaking research in of physiology of higher nervous activity. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.[5]

Jasperro (talk) 23:34, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The changes you are proposing seem to be the following additions:
 * ... and physiology of digestion.[1]
 * ... and developing ideas that contributed to the development of learning theory in psychology.[3]
 * ... In 1929, Pavlov received a second nomination for a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his groundbreaking research in of physiology of higher nervous activity[1].
 * with that new Samoilov source [1] in two places. I have no objection to those changes. But you might be advised to remember that the lede section should summarise the whole article. So any new material or sources should really be added to the main body first. There is no requirement to cite sources in the lede, provided they appear in the appropriate place later. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:12, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for the feedback! I plan to propose my new section in the coming weeks (Pavlov and Learning Theory), at that point the new material will be added to the main body under the new section I am developing and then the lead can be updated again if need be. Jasperro (talk) 19:08, 4 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Fine. As I said, it's usually wise to leave updating the lede section until last, after all new material has been agreed and added. Otherwise questions of WP:WEIGHT can arise. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:13, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

Hello everyone, I have added my section, Pavlov on Education, as well as a short sentence accounting for my addition in the lead. If you would like to take a look at where I've been working on it, here's a link to my sandbox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jasperro/sandbox

Thanks! Jasperro (talk) 13:15, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

Pavlovs Experimentation on children
This seems to have been missed for some reason. The "pavlos dogs" experiment was also done on children where they where surgically altered so their saliva could be collected as they where held in a device for hours on end waiting for the bell to ring before a piece of chocolate rolled down the tub and into their mouth...--PAVLOVSKIDS (talk) 07:05, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, sure. Sjö (talk) 07:08, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Also claimed by BBC - see the discussion thread above. Sounds unbelievable, doesn't it. But that doesn't mean it's not true. Martinevans123 (talk) 07:58, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, I jumped the gun there. I'd still like to see better sources, though. The Youtube and BBC link aren't available in my country. Sjö

Watch this BBC documentary https://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/11893827544/michael-mosley-into-the-mind-mind-control, starting at 07:30 it shows the children experiments. It's hard to find information on this aspect of Pavlov, to me it smacks of an attempt to cover up this unsavoury aspect of Pavlov's research. Nevertheless there should be a separate section on Pavlov's child experimentation. (talk) 17:06, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2019
TL;DR: unsubstantiated claim detected. Please change [He was inspired to forsake his Orthodox Christian background and pursue a scientific career..] to [He was inspired to pursue a scientific career..].

I have noticed an entirely unsubstantiated sentence in the article. "He was inspired to forsake his Orthodox Christian background and pursue a scientific career..." The only citation provided that was remotely related to this sentence is citation 11, and it does not make the claim at all that Pavlov abandoned Orthodox Christianity. If that claim is not substantiated, then certainly neither can the claim *that* he abandoned it *because* of a scientific career (which is an additional move that needs to be substantiated). To say that Pavlov abandoned religion in order to be a scientist is simply an unsubstantiated claim based on prejudice (I presume that the author probably thought that because he became a scientist, he must have abandoned religion).

I suggest it be replaced with "He was inspired to pursue a scientific career..." 2601:246:4E03:F711:F98D:3C16:76FE:1880 (talk) 04:11, 11 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done I assume the intention was to paraphrase "Pavlov abandoned his religious career" from the cite, but I've made the necessary correction. NiciVampireHeart 18:04, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

Stress
Charlie Munger in his book "Poor Charlie's Almanack" describes Pavlov's experiments on dogs and stress. Pavlov himself describes them in Lecture 18, Pathological disturbances of the cortex, result of functional interference of "Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex".

It would be good if the article could talk a bit more about this. However, it's not covered much in secondary sources. cagliost (talk) 18:45, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ivan Pavlov


text:
Talk:Lene Hau

Introduction text
I think it is weird that the introduction mentions her ph.d, but not that she is a professor. Further, it seems to me that her keynote speech is not as important as her scientific discoveries and therefore should not be part of the introduction. It is common for professors and academic staff to speak at international conferences and therefore it seems weird to mention it as a special thing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blaubaer99 (talk • contribs) 17:18, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

I agree! I've updated the first sentence to reflect her current academic position. ProboscideaRubber15 (talk) 03:08, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/01.24/01-stoplight.html

"In 1999, she led a team from Harvard University"! Is this right? I believe she was at the Rowland Institute at that time - fnielsen 00:16, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

How could she get a postdoc two years before she got her doctorate? Is this right? 211.225.32.200 05:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Frure (talk • contribs) 18:16, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Fnielsen - she was at Rowland, and switched to Harvard in 1999. User:211.225.32.200|211.225.32.200 - Doctorate from University of Aarhus, postdoc at Rowland, Professorship and tenure at Harvard Frure - citation from journal in Nature regarding light/matter, since it was a famous experiment and definitely required some explanationYbidzian (talk) 04:45, 22 January 2013 (UTC).

For further reference

 * Lene Vestergaard Hau, S.E. Harris, Zachary Dutton, Cyrus H. Behroozi, Nature v.397, p.594 (1999).

--Charles Gaudette (talk) 18:15, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

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This article needs serious cleanup
It has infelicitous phrases like "one of the few scientists capable of making Bose Einstein condensate,"  which is ridiculous. (You can pick up superconducting tape that works in liquid nitrogen for next to nothing, and liquid helium condensate isn't that hard to make.

Poor English
"As well as her own experiments and research, she is often invited to speak at international conferences,..." makes little sense. Is "As well as performing her own experiments and research, she often speaks at international conferences,..." meant? If so, it's hardly worth saying. 109.158.48.43 (talk) 06:46, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lene Hau


text: User talk:68.37.169.92

title: User talk:68.37.169.92


text:
J002E3

J002E3 is an object in space which is thought to be the S-IVB third stage of the Apollo 12 Saturn V rocket. It was discovered on September 3, 2002, by amateur astronomer Bill Yeung. Initially thought to be an asteroid, it has since been tentatively identified as the third stage of Apollo 12 Saturn V based on spectrographic evidence consistent with the titanium dioxide in the paint used on the rockets. The stage was intended to be injected into a permanent heliocentric orbit in November 1969, but is now believed instead to have gone into an unstable high Earth orbit which left Earth's proximity in 1971 and again in June 2003, with an approximately 40-year cycle between heliocentric and geocentric orbit.

Discovery
When it was first discovered, it was quickly found that the object was in an orbit around Earth. Astronomers were surprised at this, as the Moon is the only large object in orbit around the Earth, and anything else would have been ejected long ago due to perturbations with the Earth, the Moon and the Sun.

Therefore, it probably entered into Earth orbit very recently, yet there was no recently launched spacecraft that matched the orbit of J002E3. One explanation could have been that it was a 30 meter-wide piece of rock, but University of Arizona astronomers found that spectral observations of the object indicated a strong correlation of absorption features with a combination of human-made materials including white paint, black paint, and aluminum, consistent with Saturn V rockets. Back-tracing its orbit showed that the object had been orbiting the Sun for 31 years and had last been in the vicinity of the Earth in 1971. This seemed to suggest that it was a part of the Apollo 14 mission, but NASA knew the whereabouts of all hardware used for that mission; the third stage, for instance, was deliberately crashed into the Moon for seismic studies.

The most likely explanation appears to be the S-IVB third stage for Apollo 12. Photometric observations of J002E3 made in February 2003 from the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS) matched an S-IVB light curve model consisting of a diffuse cylinder tumbling with a period of 63.46 seconds and a precession of 79 ± 10°. NASA had originally planned to direct the S-IVB into a solar orbit, but an extra long burn of the ullage motors meant that venting the remaining propellant in the tank of the S-IVB did not give the rocket stage enough energy to escape the Earth–Moon system, and instead the stage ended up in a semi-stable orbit around the Earth after passing by the Moon on 18 November 1969.

It is thought that J002E3 left Earth orbit in June 2003, and that it may return to orbit the Earth in the mid-2040s.

Potential impact with Earth or Moon
The object's Earth orbital paths occasionally take it within the radius of the Moon's orbit, and could result in eventual entry into Earth's atmosphere, or collision with the Moon. The Apollo 12 empty S-IVB, Instrument Unit, and spacecraft adapter base, had a mass of about 30000 lb. This is less than one-fifth of the 169900 lb mass of the Skylab space station, which was constructed from a similar S-IVB and fell out of orbit on 11 July 1979. Objects with a mass of about 10 t enter Earth's atmosphere approximately 10 times a year, one of which impacts the Earth's surface approximately once every 10 years.

Ten essentially similar empty S-IVB stages from Apollo, Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project missions have re-entered the atmosphere from 1966 to 1975. In all cases (including the Skylab station), the objects burned in the atmosphere and broke into relatively small pieces, rather than striking the Earth as a single mass. On the other hand, these objects entered from low Earth orbit or a ballistic trajectory, with less energy than J002E3 might possibly have if it were to enter from solar orbit.

title: J002E3


text: User talk:70.19.88.119

title: User talk:70.19.88.119


text:
Talk:IBM 709

DYK
The IBM 709 did not include decimal instructions, per se. Only binary arithmetic was supported, primarily in 36-bit signed integer and 36-bit floating-point formats. For larger integers, the Accumulator and M-Q registers could be combined programatically to represent a 70-bit integer plus a 1-bit sign (represented twice.) The index-register functions additially provided limited 15-bit unsigned integer arithmetic (addition and subtraction only.) Decimal data required a programmed radix conversion to a binary representation before being processed.

The main article says arithmetic was two's complement. I am not sure what was intended to be taken literally (obviously arithmetic could be done in any system if it is eventually converted to the machine's representation), but the actual register and memory word formats were sign-magnitude. This is made clear in the 7090/7094 article, which gets it right. The previous paragraph seems (to me) confused. I don't believe the sign bit was replicated. Words were 36 bits (signed magnitude). The AC (accumulator) had two extra bits (P and Q) that were "high order" so carries were not lost (in the register). The MQ (multiplier quotient) register was an extension of the AC so it had 72 bits plus the extra two for P and Q. The Q in MQ had nothing to do with the Q-bit in the AC (at least I think it did not). There was an instruction (can't remember the mnemonic) whose name was "P bit test" that would check to see if the P-bit had been set, or perhaps overlowed, (not sure which) that could be used to ensure that no accuracy was lost if a programmer was willing to check every time after an arithmetic operation. All of the details would be in a 709 (or 7090) Principles of Operation manual. The 7090 article talks about the 7094, which added four extra index registers. It notes that this could cause problems with older programs that assumed only three and used the fact that that the three-bit field for index registers specified which of the three registers would be ORed (I think inclusive) to get the effective index. The 7094 has an Enter Multiple Tag Mode instruction (that enabled the OR functionality) and also an Exit MTM (not sure it was Exit, but probably). Interestingly, it had no instruction to test for multiple tag mode. So that had to be done in software. The trick was that the software had to do the right thing regardless of the mode the machine was in at the time. One way to accomplish this was to save the registers in the order 1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7 (the only thing that was important was to save 1, 2, and 4 in any order before the other four because whenever a registers was saved the hardware did a read-write cycle on it so if -- for example -- register 6 was saved, the new contents of BOTH register 2 and 4 would be the OR of the previous contents of those registers). After this was done, the rest was easy, something like zero register 1 then load register 3 with non-zero and check to see if register 1 was still zero, if it was, the machine was not in multiple tag mode, but if it was non-zero it was in multiple tag mode. Ksbooth (talk) 05:54, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The reference to twos-complement does sound fishy. Though I believe the easiest way to implement sign magnitude in hardware is to convert to ones complement, add or subtract, then convert back. You might even do this by combining the sign bit with the other bits of the adder, but the result is that you don't have to separate adding positive and negative values. That might be the meaning of replicating the sign bit. I think we should take out the reference to twos complement, unless it is somewhere in the 709 documentation. Gah4 (talk) 18:48, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

Vacuum tube details
How many valves\tubes in the CPU ? Was the tube logic/wiring like any of the other products ?

Was magnetic drum storage standard or usual
Some installations in the BRL report had magnetic drum memory. - Rod57 (talk) 06:20, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

Money
How much did it cost to lease or buy? (And how has the purchasing power of the dollar changed?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.152.73.25 (talk) 12:43, 2 July 2018 (UTC)

Suggestions for expansion
This is a great technical article. A background of its development (and motivation therefor), its reception and use in the marketplace, and current status (i.e. any existing models or emulators?) would turn this into a very nice piece, indeed! --Neopeius (talk) 00:24, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

More core storage than 704?
Article says: "The primary improvements of the 709 over the previous 704 involved more magnetic core memory..."

I don't think this is right. Both were limited to 32768 words, and both could be configured with that much. Rochkind (talk) 15:36, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:IBM 709


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taylor Sobey

Taylor Sobey
Love letter. --Wikimol 00:20, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete --Wikimol 00:20, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete preferably speedily. Someone confessing to voyeurism seems potentially libelous. Kappa 00:32, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Worse, it's a young boy's attempt to coerce a young girl into sex with dire threats. "Please don't refuse my offer of sex! If you do, I will tell the whole school that you asked me to have sex with you, and you will be expelled." Somebody please speedy this and wipe all mention off VfD ASAP, before it propagates, to save the poor girl any embarassment. Samaritan 00:33, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Deleted as libelous and insulting. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:03, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:66.215.78.227

title: User talk:66.215.78.227


text: User talk:68.54.190.164

title: User talk:68.54.190.164


text:
Talk:Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway

Still a stub?
Kudos to Slambo, for adding quite a bit of info to this page. I wonder, though, if this should still be considered a stub? -SwissCelt 00:24, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks but I didn't really add content to it, just formatted it and added the infobox. As to whether it should remain labeled as a stub, I think it should.  Compare this to New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (which itself could use some photos).  The Big Four was one of the more prominent railroads in the area for its time, and there's still a wealth of information that could be added. slambo 02:23, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

Revert comma edit
I reverted to the last edit by User:SPUI. This edit was correct, according to http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/commas.htm : "Use a comma to separate the elements in a series (three or more things), including the last two." Unfortunately, that means the title of this article is also incorrect; I'll be moving the page to the correct title shortly. SwissCelt 00:10, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oops!
Unfortunately, I didn't see Manual of Style until afterwards. My apologies to the Wikipedian whose edit I reverted: Apparently, you were correct after all. SwissCelt 00:16, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

map
Can some-one come up with a map of their lines? Kdammers 04:47, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from:. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Mackensen (talk) 15:52, 23 August 2015 (UTC)


text:
Non-homologous end joining

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. It is called "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template, in contrast to homology directed repair (HDR), which requires a homologous sequence to guide repair. NHEJ is active in both non-dividing and proliferating cells, while HDR is not readily accessible in non-dividing cells. The term "non-homologous end joining" was coined in 1996 by Moore and Haber.

NHEJ is typically guided by short homologous DNA sequences called microhomologies. These microhomologies are often present in single-stranded overhangs on the ends of double-strand breaks. When the overhangs are perfectly compatible, NHEJ usually repairs the break accurately. Imprecise repair leading to loss of nucleotides can also occur, but is much more common when the overhangs are not compatible. Inappropriate NHEJ can lead to translocations and telomere fusion, hallmarks of tumor cells.

NHEJ implementations are understood to have been existent throughout nearly all biological systems and it is the predominant double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), however, homologous recombination dominates when the organism is grown under common laboratory conditions.

When the NHEJ pathway is inactivated, double-strand breaks can be repaired by a more error-prone pathway called microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). In this pathway, end resection reveals short microhomologies on either side of the break, which are then aligned to guide repair. This contrasts with classical NHEJ, which typically uses microhomologies already exposed in single-stranded overhangs on the DSB ends. Repair by MMEJ therefore leads to deletion of the DNA sequence between the microhomologies.

In bacteria and archaea
Many species of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, lack an end joining pathway and thus rely completely on homologous recombination to repair double-strand breaks. NHEJ proteins have been identified in a number of bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Bacteria utilize a remarkably compact version of NHEJ in which all of the required activities are contained in only two proteins: a Ku homodimer and the multifunctional ligase/polymerase/nuclease LigD. In mycobacteria, NHEJ is much more error prone than in yeast, with bases often added to and deleted from the ends of double-strand breaks during repair. Many of the bacteria that possess NHEJ proteins spend a significant portion of their life cycle in a stationary haploid phase, in which a template for recombination is not available. NHEJ may have evolved to help these organisms survive DSBs induced during desiccation. It preferentially use rNTPs (RNA nucleotides), possibly advantageous in dormant cells.

The archaeal NHEJ system in Methanocella paludicola have a homodimeric Ku, but the three functions of LigD are broken up into three single-domain proteins sharing an operon. All three genes retain substantial homology with their LigD counterparts and the polymerase retains the preference for rNTP. NHEJ has been lost and acquired multiple times in bacteria and archaea, with a significant amount of horizontal gene transfer shuffling the system around taxa.

Corndog and Omega, two related mycobacteriophages of Mycobacterium smegmatis, also encode Ku homologs and exploit the NHEJ pathway to recircularize their genomes during infection. Unlike homologous recombination, which has been studied extensively in bacteria, NHEJ was originally discovered in eukaryotes and was only identified in prokaryotes in the past decade.

In eukaryotes
In contrast to bacteria, NHEJ in eukaryotes utilizes a number of proteins, which participate in the following steps:

End binding and tethering
In yeast, the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex is recruited to DSBs early and is thought to promote bridging of the DNA ends. The corresponding mammalian complex of Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) is also involved in NHEJ, but it may function at multiple steps in the pathway beyond simply holding the ends in proximity. DNA-PKcs is also thought to participate in end bridging during mammalian NHEJ.

Eukaryotic Ku is a heterodimer consisting of Ku70 and Ku80, and forms a complex with DNA-PKcs, which is present in mammals but absent in yeast. Ku is a basket-shaped molecule that slides onto the DNA end and translocates inward. Ku may function as a docking site for other NHEJ proteins, and is known to interact with the DNA ligase IV complex and XLF.

End processing
End processing involves removal of damaged or mismatched nucleotides by nucleases and resynthesis by DNA polymerases. This step is not necessary if the ends are already compatible and have 3' hydroxyl and 5' phosphate termini.

Little is known about the function of nucleases in NHEJ. Artemis is required for opening the hairpins that are formed on DNA ends during V(D)J recombination, a specific type of NHEJ, and may also participate in end trimming during general NHEJ. Mre11 has nuclease activity, but it seems to be involved in homologous recombination, not NHEJ.

The X family DNA polymerases Pol λ and Pol μ (Pol4 in yeast) fill gaps during NHEJ. Yeast lacking Pol4 are unable to join 3' overhangs that require gap filling, but remain proficient for gap filling at 5' overhangs. This is because the primer terminus used to initiate DNA synthesis is less stable at 3' overhangs, necessitating a specialized NHEJ polymerase.

Ligation
The DNA ligase IV complex, consisting of the catalytic subunit DNA ligase IV and its cofactor XRCC4 (Dnl4 and Lif1 in yeast), performs the ligation step of repair. XLF, also known as Cernunnos, is homologous to yeast Nej1 and is also required for NHEJ. While the precise role of XLF is unknown, it interacts with the XRCC4/DNA ligase IV complex and likely participates in the ligation step. Recent evidence suggests that XLF promotes re-adenylation of DNA ligase IV after ligation, recharging the ligase and allowing it to catalyze a second ligation.

Other
In yeast, Sir2 was originally identified as an NHEJ protein, but is now known to be required for NHEJ only because it is required for the transcription of Nej1.

 NHEJ and heat-labile sites

Induction of heat-labile sites (HLS) is a signature of ionizing radiation. The DNA clustered damage sites consist of different types of DNA lesions. Some of these lesions are not prompt DSBs but they convert to DSB after heating. HLS are not evolved to DSB under physiological temperature (370 C). Also, the interaction of HLS with other lesions and their role in living cells is yet elusive. The repair mechanisms of these sites are not fully revealed. The NHEJ is the dominant DNA repair pathway throughout the cell cycle. The DNA-PKcs protein is the critical element in the center of NHEJ. Using DNA-PKcs KO cell lines or inhibition of DNA-PKcs does not affect the repair capacity of HLS. Also blocking both HR and NHEJ repair pathways by dactolisib (NVP-BEZ235) inhibitor showed that repair of HLS is not dependent on HR and NHEJ. These results showed that the repair mechanism of HLS is independent of NHEJ and HR pathways

Regulation
The choice between NHEJ and homologous recombination for repair of a double-strand break is regulated at the initial step in recombination, 5' end resection. In this step, the 5' strand of the break is degraded by nucleases to create long 3' single-stranded tails. DSBs that have not been resected can be rejoined by NHEJ, but resection of even a few nucleotides strongly inhibits NHEJ and effectively commits the break to repair by recombination. NHEJ is active throughout the cell cycle, but is most important during G1 when no homologous template for recombination is available. This regulation is accomplished by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 (Cdc28 in yeast), which is turned off in G1 and expressed in S and G2. Cdk1 phosphorylates the nuclease Sae2, allowing resection to initiate.

V(D)J recombination
NHEJ plays a critical role in V(D)J recombination, the process by which B-cell and T-cell receptor diversity is generated in the vertebrate immune system. In V(D)J recombination, hairpin-capped double-strand breaks are created by the RAG1/RAG2 nuclease, which cleaves the DNA at recombination signal sequences. These hairpins are then opened by the Artemis nuclease and joined by NHEJ. A specialized DNA polymerase called terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), which is only expressed in lymph tissue, adds nontemplated nucleotides to the ends before the break is joined. This process couples "variable" (V), "diversity" (D), and "joining" (J) regions, which when assembled together create the variable region of a B-cell or T-cell receptor gene. Unlike typical cellular NHEJ, in which accurate repair is the most favorable outcome, error-prone repair in V(D)J recombination is beneficial in that it maximizes diversity in the coding sequence of these genes. Patients with mutations in NHEJ genes are unable to produce functional B cells and T cells and suffer from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

At telomeres
Telomeres are normally protected by a "cap" that prevents them from being recognized as double-strand breaks. Loss of capping proteins causes telomere shortening and inappropriate joining by NHEJ, producing dicentric chromosomes which are then pulled apart during mitosis. Paradoxically, some NHEJ proteins are involved in telomere capping. For example, Ku localizes to telomeres and its deletion leads to shortened telomeres. Ku is also required for subtelomeric silencing, the process by which genes located near telomeres are turned off.

Consequences of dysfunction
Several human syndromes are associated with dysfunctional NHEJ. Hypomorphic mutations in LIG4 and XLF cause LIG4 syndrome and XLF-SCID, respectively. These syndromes share many features including cellular radiosensitivity, microcephaly and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to defective V(D)J recombination. Loss-of-function mutations in Artemis also cause SCID, but these patients do not show the neurological defects associated with LIG4 or XLF mutations. The difference in severity may be explained by the roles of the mutated proteins. Artemis is a nuclease and is thought to be required only for repair of DSBs with damaged ends, whereas DNA Ligase IV and XLF are required for all NHEJ events. Mutations in genes that participate in non-homologous end joining lead to ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM gene), Fanconi anemia (multiple genes), as well as hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (BRCA1 gene).

Many NHEJ genes have been knocked out in mice. Deletion of XRCC4 or LIG4 causes embryonic lethality in mice, indicating that NHEJ is essential for viability in mammals. In contrast, mice lacking Ku or DNA-PKcs are viable, probably because low levels of end joining can still occur in the absence of these components. All NHEJ mutant mice show a SCID phenotype, sensitivity to ionizing radiation, and neuronal apoptosis.

Aging
A system was developed for measuring NHEJ efficiency in the mouse. NHEJ efficiency could be compared across tissues of the same mouse and in mice of different age. Efficiency was higher in the skin, lung and kidney fibroblasts, and lower in heart fibroblasts and brain astrocytes. Furthermore, NHEJ efficiency declined with age. The decline was 1.8 to 3.8-fold, depending on the tissue, in the 5-month-old compared to the 24-month-old mice. Reduced capability for NHEJ can lead to an increase in the number of unrepaired or faultily repaired DNA double-strand breaks that may then contribute to aging. (Also see DNA damage theory of aging.) An analysis of the level of NHEJ protein Ku80 in human, cow, and mouse indicated that Ku80 levels vary dramatically between species, and that these levels are strongly correlated with species longevity.

List of proteins involved in NHEJ in human cells

 * Ku70/80
 * DNA-PKcs
 * DNA Ligase IV
 * XRCC4
 * XLF
 * Artemis
 * DNA polymerase mu
 * DNA polymerase lambda
 * PNKP
 * Aprataxin
 * APLF
 * BRCA1
 * BRCA2
 * CYREN

title: Non-homologous end joining


text:
Joking Apart

Joking Apart is a BBC television sitcom written by Steven Moffat about the rise and fall of a relationship. It juxtaposes a couple, Mark (Robert Bathurst) and Becky (Fiona Gillies), who fall in love and marry, before getting separated and finally divorced. The twelve episodes, broadcast between 1993 and 1995, were directed by Bob Spiers and produced by Andre Ptaszynski for independent production company Pola Jones.

The show is semi-autobiographical; it was inspired by the then-recent separation of Moffat and his first wife. Some of the episodes in the first series followed a non-linear parallel structure, contrasting the rise of the relationship with the fall. Other episodes were ensemble farces, predominantly including the couple's friends Robert (Paul Raffield) and Tracy (Tracie Bennett). Paul Mark Elliott also appeared as Trevor, Becky's lover.

Scheduling problems meant that the show attracted low viewing figures. However, it scored highly on the Appreciation Index and accrued a loyal fanbase. One fan acquired the home video rights from the BBC and released both series on his own DVD label.

Inception
By 1990, Moffat had written two series of Press Gang, but the programme's high cost along with organisational changes at Central cast its future in doubt. As Moffat wondered what to do next and worried about his future employment, Bob Spiers, Press Gang's primary director, suggested that he meet with producer Andre Ptaszynski to discuss writing a sitcom. Moffat's father had been a headteacher and Moffat himself had taught English before writing Press Gang, so his initial proposal was a programme similar to what would become Chalk, a series that eventually aired in 1997.

As he was separating from his wife, Moffat was going through a difficult period and aspects of it coloured his creative output. He introduced a proxy of his wife's new partner into the Press Gang episode "The Big Finish?", the character Brian Magboy (Simon Schatzberger). Moffat scripted unfortunate situations for the Magboy character, such as having a typewriter drop on his foot. Moffat says that the character's name was inspired by his wife's: "Magboy: Maggie's boy".

During the pitch meeting at the Groucho Club, Ptaszynski realised that Moffat was talking passionately about his impending divorce and suggested that he write about that instead of his initial proposal, a school sitcom. Taking Ptaszynski's advice, Moffat's new idea was about "a sitcom writer whose wife leaves him". Speaking about the autobiographical elements of the show, the writer jokes that he has to remember that his wife didn't leave him for an estate agent; his wife was an estate agent. In 2003, Moffat told The New York Times that his "ex-wife wasn't terribly pleased about her failed marriage being presented as a sitcom on BBC2 on Monday nights". In an interview with Richard Herring, Moffat says that "the sit-com actually lasted slightly longer than my marriage". Conversely, his later sitcom Coupling was based on his relationship with his second wife, TV producer Sue Vertue. Moffat reused the surname 'Taylor', which is Mark's surname in Joking Apart, for Jack Davenport's character Steve in Coupling.

Recording
The pilot, directed by John Kilby, was filmed at Pebble Mill in Birmingham on 9–10 August 1990. It is practically identical to the first episode of the series proper; some scenes are even reused, notably the scene with Mark and Becky meeting when he accidentally turns up at a funeral. The reused footage gave rise to the first episode's shared director credit between Spiers and Kilby. The stand-up sequences were shot against a black background. Although this made it clearer that they were not "real", Moffat thought that it looked odd. The pilot was transmitted on BBC2 as part of its Comic Asides series of pilot shows on 12 July 1991.

Moffat had written all six episodes of the first series before recording commenced. With series two, he had written only the first four episodes by the time recording had commenced, only delivering the final episode by the first day of rehearsals.

All of the location shots were filmed at the beginning of the production block. Recording for the first series of six episodes began on location in the first half of April 1992 and were mainly filmed in Chelsea within a short distance from the director's home. The stand-up sequences were filmed in the Café Des Artistes on London's Fulham Road, now known as the Valmont Club, and were shot for the benefit of the studio audience, with the intention of reshooting them later for the broadcast version. Robert Bathurst has complained that, in order to save £5,000, this promised reshoot never materialised. The close ups of Bathurst were filmed in the studio for the second series, with stock footage of the club's audience reused.

After the exterior shots had been filmed, the episodes were recorded at BBC Television Centre in April and May 1992 for the first series, and 12 November until 18 December 1993 for the second. Studio recording sessions were normally completed quickly; Gillies recalls "an hour and a half, tops". To a large extent, the editing occurred live during the studio recording with only tightening later. At the end of the recording on Sunday evenings Spiers would review the show before retiring to the bar, with the bulk of the work complete. Moffat contrasts this with the editing of modern sitcoms, which, he says, are edited more like film.

Structure
Many of the first six episodes of Joking Apart were constructed non-sequentially, with scenes from the beginning of the relationship juxtaposed with those from the end. Moffat describes this non-linear technique as a "romantic comedy, but a romantic comedy backwards because it ends with the couple unhappy". Moffat had experimented with non-linear narrative in Press Gang, such as the episode "Monday-Tuesday". Various episodes of Coupling played with structure, such as the fourth series episode "9½ Minutes" which showed the same events from three perspectives.

All of the episodes open with Bathurst portraying Mark Taylor, a sitcom writer, apparently performing stand-up in a small comedy club. These performances are fantasy sequences, playing out in the character's mind and portraying his internal creative processes as comedic monologues; these monologues mainly employ material from the character's failing marriage and are intended to show that "he thinks in punchlines, in comedy". Episodes regularly cut back to these fantasy performances, which usually open with the signature line: "My wife left me ...". Moffat felt that audiences needed to know from the start that the relationship would not survive. However, it was unclear to some viewers that the fantasy sequences were set in the writer's mind; many journalists reported that the character Mark was a stand-up comic, not a sitcom writer.

In the fantasy sequences for the pilot, Bathurst was filmed against a completely black backdrop, which Moffat describes as "hell to look at". For the series, the sequences were filmed in a real club. Moffat describes this as the "wrong direction" as it became unclear that the fantasy sequences were "not real". Moffat observes that, like Seinfeld, an American sitcom that used a similar device, Joking Apart used less of the stand-up as the series progressed. In retrospect, Moffat regrets including the stand-up sequences. Bathurst, however, has considered refilming them as a video diary. Now with older features, he can portray a Mark Taylor reflecting on his earlier life. Both are very critical of the sequences in the DVD audio commentaries. The sequences have also drawn the sharpest criticisms from reviewers. The second series followed a more linear structure, although it retained the stand-up sequences.

Music and titles
"Fool (If You Think It's Over)", written by Chris Rea, was used for both the opening and closing credit sequences. The original Rea version was used for the pilot's closing credits, but for the series it was performed by Kenny Craddock, who arranged the incidental music with Colin Gibson. Beginning with a saxophone, only the chorus of the theme song accompanied the opening titles. These ran over legal imagery and a sequence of images of famous separated couples, including Arthur Miller and Marilyn Monroe; Winnie and Nelson Mandela; Princess Anne and Mark Phillips, and culminating in Mark and Becky. The closing credits featured a verse and chorus. The first part of the closing credits was usually over a still of the final frame, and faded to black with the line "All dressed in black."

Characters
Mark Taylor (Robert Bathurst) is a television sitcom writer. Other than episode one, where he is shown working on a script and references to a show of his that had aired during a dinner with Robert and Tracy the night before, his work is hardly mentioned. Mark is quick-witted, and the stand-up sequences indicate that he thinks in one-liners. However, this proves to be the downfall of his marriage with Becky, who says that she didn't sign on to become his "lawfully wedded straight man". In one episode, Mark jokes about worrying if his virginity will heal back; Becky articulates her frustration by responding "What page is that on?" Identifying his insecurities, she points out that the "thing about someone who uses humour as a weapon, is not the sense of humour, but the fact that they need a weapon". In interviews, Bathurst has compared Steven Moffat to his character: Mark is "a man whose wife leaves him because he talks in one-liners. And Steven Moffat's wife had just left him, because he talks in one-liners."

Robert Bathurst, a former Footlights president, was cast as Mark Taylor. He was performing on a live topical programme on BSB called Up Yer News. A fellow performer on that show also auditioned for the part at what is now the Soho Theatre, then the old Soho Synagogue in Dean Street, and claimed that he would break Bathurst's legs if the latter got the job. In a 2005 interview, Bathurst recalls that the threat seemed not to be entirely jocular. Bathurst speaks very highly of Joking Apart, identifying it as a "career highlight" and the most enjoyable job he has ever done. Retrospectively, he wishes that he had "roughened up" Mark, as he was "too designery".

Becky Johnson/Taylor (Fiona Gillies) meets Mark at a funeral and they eventually marry. Although irritated at being his comic foil, she is capable of her own quick-witted put-downs. In episode 3, for example, she wins an impromptu one-liner contest over Mark, whose put-downs fall flat. Becky is shown as an independent woman, meeting Mark on her terms. The first series revolves around her leaving Mark for estate agent Trevor, whom she subsequently cheats on in series two. This was Fiona Gillies' first major television role, having appeared in "The Hound of the Baskervilles", a 1988 episode of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, and the mini-series Mother Love. She was aware that some of her dialogue was based on what had been said to Moffat during his own separation.

Robert and Tracy Glazebrook (Paul Raffield and Tracie Bennett) are their "increasingly bizarre and totally dim friends". They are initially Becky's friends, but soon befriend Mark, comforting him on the night Becky leaves him. Tracy, as Tracie Bennett identifies, is a stereotypical Tracy—normally a dysphemism for an intellectually inadequate, usually blonde, female. However, "she's not a bimbo: she's quite clever in her own logic". Bennett jokes that she was quite offended that such a character was named Tracy. Tracy's catchphrase of "you're a silly" was originally Moffat's typographical error, which Bennett faithfully reproduced in her performance. They decided that the amended version worked well for the character.

They are both naive about sex and technology. Tracy, for example, attempts to telephone Robert to inform him that he's lost his mobile phone, and believes that she is a lesbian when she discovers her husband in women's clothing. They have a baby, who is seen or referred to occasionally. This reflects, as the writer observes, Moffat's inexperience of looking after children at the time.

Trevor (Paul Mark Elliott) is Becky's lover. His job as an estate agent regularly provokes derision from Mark. (Moffat's ex-wife was an estate agent.) He is himself cheated on in the second series, as Becky dates her solicitor Michael (Tony Gardner). Trevor's debut appearance is in the third episode where he and Becky go to Robert and Tracy's house for dinner, but he generally features less regularly than the main ensemble.

Series one
The first episode shows the couple meeting at a funeral, marrying, and going through the honeymoon phase. The last section of the episode features a confrontation between Becky and Mark, in which the former admits that she is an adulteress before realising that all of her friends are hiding around her living room in preparation for a surprise party for her. The story continues directly into episode two, when Robert and Tracy return to the flat to check on Mark after his wife's departure. The three recall the circumstances in which they had first met. After their first date, the couple go back to Becky's flat. While she is in the bathroom, he strips down to his boxer shorts and handcuffs himself to the bedpost. Unable to free himself, he is found by Robert and Tracy as they walk in on him. Moffat used a similar scenario for the Coupling episode "The Freckle, the Key, and the Couple who Weren't" and reveals in its audio commentary that it is based on a situation with one of his ex-girlfriends.

In the third episode, Mark arrives at Robert and Tracy's house on the wrong night for a dinner party. The couple are entertaining that night, but are instead expecting Becky and her new boyfriend Trevor. Hopeful of a reconciliation, Mark assumes that his friends are trying to smooth things over between them. They spend the evening trying to keep Mark and Trevor apart, each not knowing that the other is also there. Episode five makes extensive use of what Moffat labels "techno-farce", which uses technology, predominantly telephones, to facilitate the farcical situations. Moffat considers this episode the best of the show. Discussing the series as a whole, Moffat felt that the story ends after this episode. It begins when Mark attempts to return Robert's mobile phone and ends with Robert threatening to shoot Mark after the latter has slept with Tracy. The series ends with Becky and Trevor, and Robert and Tracy reconciling their relationships and Mark being left alone.

Series two
The format was changed for this series, with the dual timelines and many of the flashbacks dropped for a more linear narrative. Moffat felt that the relationship had already been sufficiently established in the first series so there was little point returning to the start. Set two months after the end of series one, Mark meets Becky in a newsagent, where he is purchasing pornographic magazines. He discovers the location of Becky and Trevor's house and breaks in using Tracy's keys. However, he is forced to hide under the bed when Becky and Trevor return home. Listening to them having sex, he becomes optimistic when he thinks that Becky is beginning to shout his name ("M..."). The name turns out to be Michael (Tony Gardner), Becky's solicitor, with whom she is now being unfaithful to Trevor.

Robert and Tracy are given more stories than in the first series. Their main story arc begins in the third episode when Robert is caught by all of the main characters and his parents in a maid's outfit being spanked by a prostitute. The couple temporarily separate while Robert experiments with cross-dressing, but they are reunited by the end of the series.

The fourth episode features a scene where Mark jams his dressing gown in the door and is forced to hide naked in his new neighbour's flat. This sequence was Moffat's revenge for Bathurst's late arrival at the series one press launch at the Café Royal in Regent Street, London. Moffat threatened that if they ever did a second series he would write a whole episode in which Bathurst was naked. After being mistaken for a flasher, Mark is punched by his neighbour's brother. When he awakens he is confronted by a man (Kerry Shale) in a red polo neck jumper who claims to be "his very best friend". In the fifth episode it transpires that the man, who identifies himself as Dick, is the personification of Mark's penis.

The final episode begins after Becky and Michael had slept together while Becky is house sitting for Tracy and Robert, and Michael hides in the bathroom when the latter couple return. Tracy phones a morning television phone-in show and when she realises that the show's divorce expert is hiding in her bathroom she takes on his role (with a heavy Northern accent, actually a slightly exaggerated version of Bennett's own voice) to give herself advice on the other line. Bennett says this was the hardest thing she has had to do in her career.

Scheduling
After the pilot was transmitted on 12 July 1991, the BBC were interested in a series. However, Moffat had signed on to write the third and fourth series of Press Gang as one twelve-episode block so it was not until 1992 that they produced the series. After being postponed from the autumn schedules, the first series was transmitted on Thursday evenings on BBC2 from 7 January until 11 February 1993.

The second series was filmed in late 1993. However, the controller of BBC2, Michael Jackson, had little faith in the project at the time, which, according to the writer, he now admits was wrong. Jackson felt that it was too mainstream for BBC2 and not mainstream enough for BBC1. The second series was scheduled to air from 11 June 1994, but was delayed many times. Bathurst articulates the group's frustration at the delay:

"Every so often, I'd get a call from the producer saying, it's going out at this time. The publicity people would be alerted, then we'd get a call saying no, it's not, it's been put back. That happened six times, I think, altogether – seven reschedules in a year or so ... It was extraordinary and inexplicable, and just one of these things that happen. I mean, a lot of shows are left on people's desks and they hardly get seen, and Joking Apart was certainly one of those. Meanwhile, they were making about four series of The Brittas Empire, and you thought, 'Bloody Hell! Come on, surely….?' To my mind, our show was a very superior product, and it upset me that other shows, which I, personally, felt were broader and less interesting, were getting precedence."

The first series was repeated in preparation for the six episodes of the second series, which began transmission on Tuesday evenings from 3 January until 7 February 1995. The second series was only transmitted once even though the BBC had paid to show it twice. Moffat feels that the delay damaged the series because such bad scheduling hinders returning audiences and that the two-year gap meant that it seemed as if Mark "had been banging on about this sodding divorce for an awfully long time!"

After winning the Montreux award it seemed inevitable that the show would get a third series. At a Christmas party, a BBC executive expressed a wish for the ratings of a third series "to go like Everest", indicating a steep slope with his hands. Bathurst replied, "But, Everest goes down the other side ..." The show was not recommissioned. Moffat says that he had no idea for a third series anyway, as it would have been difficult to contrive how a group of people who did not particularly like each other would get together so regularly.

Reception
The scheduling problems meant that the show did not get the momentum to achieve high viewing figures. Moffat jokes that "the eight people who saw it were very happy indeed". However, as Bathurst observes, "there's an underground of people who like it". The show rated highly on the Appreciation Index, meaning that viewers thought very highly of the programme. Bathurst says that drunks on the London Underground tell him in detail the plot of their favourite episode. The cast claim that the programme has a timeless, universal appeal as there are no time-specific references apart from the typewriter and the size of the mobile telephones. Gillies says that her accountant watches it to cheer himself up, while Bathurst recalls that a friend cheered so loudly when Mark pushes avocado into Trevor's face in the third episode that he woke his son.

Critical reception was generally positive. In his overview of Moffat's celebrated Press Gang, Paul Cornell said that the writer "continues to impress" with Joking Apart. The Daily Express said that it was "flavoured with a delicious bitterness about the perfidy of women and the conscious-less nature of the male orgasm, it was plotted with the intricacy of a French farce". Another reviewer for the Express commented that "it's quite funny and an acute analysis" of the modern divorce, and that the first episode was "distinctly promising". Similarly DVD Review comments that "Moffat's distillation of his marriage melting down is as precise a piece of comic writing as you're likely to find."

Not all reviews were completely positive. Criticising Bathurst for being too handsome to convey the frustrations of a writer, The Daily Telegraph said that the show had "its problems but possesses a dark, mordant wit". William Gallagher comments that "Press Gang was pretty flawless, but Joking Apart would veer from brilliance to schoolboy humour from week to week."

While the transmission of series two was being delayed by BBC 2 controller Michael Jackson, the show won the Bronze Rose of Montreux and was entered for the Emmys. The show was remade in Portugal but used a linear structure rather than the flashbacks. Moffat reflects that although the remake is "not as dark or ground-breaking" as the original, it is "probably more fun" because it ends happily.

Home media
Both series have been released on DVD. A fan of the show, Craig Robins, bought the rights from 2Entertain, BBC Worldwide's DVD publishing company, and released it on his own independent label, Replay DVD. Robins put up £30,000 of his own money to buy the rights and produced the series one disc. As a professional videotape editor, Robins was able to restore the video, and author the disc himself, using a piece of freeware to transcribe the dialogue for the subtitles. The first series was released on DVD on 29 May 2006. It contains audio commentaries on four of the episodes from Moffat, Bathurst, Gillies and Bennett. It also contains a featurette, "Fool If You Think It's Over", with retrospective interviews. The second series was released on 17 March 2008 as a two-disc set. It contains audio commentaries on all episodes: five featuring a mix of Moffat, Bathurst, Gillies, Bennett, Raffield and Ptaszynski, with episode two featuring Spiers, and production manager Stacey Adair that concentrates on the behind-the-scenes production. The pilot from Comic Asides is also included on Disc 2, along with a complete set of Series Two scripts in Portable Document Format (PDF) and a PDF article entitled "Joking Apart in the Studio". The release includes a companion booklet.

Replay DVD was commended in reviews for the quality of the disc. DVD Times reports that "Joking Apart looks much sharper than the average television show on DVD. The colours are also much richer and have obviously been fixed throughout to present a more uniform image while the picture is bright and clear." The featurette on the series 1 set is labelled "a great little feature", with Moffat particularly praised for his contribution. DVD Times identifies "a real sense of friendship and of a real liking for this show" within the commentaries, highlighting that Moffat "sounds really happy ... for Joking Apart to have finally gotten some recognition".

title: Joking Apart