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Master of Advanced Studies

A Master of Advanced Studies or Master of Advanced Study (MAS, M.A.S., or MASt) is a postgraduate degree awarded in various countries. Master of Advanced Studies programs may be non-consecutive programs tailored for "specific groups of working professionals with well-defined needs for advanced degree work" or advanced research degrees. With the exception of the several schools in the UK, advanced studies programs tend to be interdisciplinary and tend to be focused toward meeting the needs of professionals rather than academics. The Master of Advanced Studies is also often referred as Executive Master because it is aimed at working professionals (see the LSE in the UK programs for example or INSEAD and HEC programs in France)

United Kingdom
The University of Cambridge began offering the Master of Advanced Study in 2010 as a one-year master's degree in Mathematics as a replacement for the "Part III exam in Mathematics". Cambridge currently offers Master of Advanced Study degrees in four fields of study. The University of Warwick has approved the introduction of a Master of Advanced Study (MASt) degree in Mathematics for the 2013/2014 year.

United States
In the United States, the Master of Advanced Study or the Master of Advanced Studies degree is a post-graduate professional degree issued by numerous academic institutions, but most notably by the University of California. M.A.S. programs tend to "concentrate on a set of coordinated coursework with culminating projects or papers rather than emphasizing student research" and frequently are structured as interdisciplinary offerings.

France and francophone countries
A master of advanced studies exists in France. It is not to be confused with the Diplôme d'études approfondies (equivalent to Master 2 in France and a MPhil in the UK) program and the French MBA and Mastère which titles are not accredited by the State in France .The Master of Advanced Studies is open to people with a 4 years undergraduate degree (Master 1) and a minimum of 4 or 5 years of experience. It is usually taken by full-time workers. It is a selective degree. It is compliant with the Bologna ECTS and provides 60 ECTS. The majority of executive masters have full days (no more than a full week) of courses per month over a period of two to three years.

The Master of Advanced Studies is also known in France as Executive Master.

German-speaking countries

The degree of Master of Advanced Studies is awarded in Switzerland, Austria and Liechtenstein as a continuing education (Weiterbildung) degree. In Switzerland, the degree is recognized by federal law. Generally, a university degree is required for admission, but also work experience and non-formal education can be considered in addition to formal education. A MAS requires 60-120 ECTS. and usually consists of course work, independent study and a masters thesis.

Spain
This degree also exists in Spain under the name "Diploma de Estudios Avanzados". It confers a higher qualification credential than a Master of Philosophy or Master of Studies but lower than old doctorate prior to European Higher Education Area (EHEA), however equivalent to new (EHEA) doctoral degree. The so-called "DEA" was achieved in two years: one year of coursework, which included research methods and theoretical approaches of the discipline at stake (depending on the area of specialization) and one year of research. All the work of the first and second years was defended before a panel. The DEA was for the elaboration of the old PhD proposal and the commencement or a prerequisite of PhD research in Spain before European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and Bologna process.

European Union
Students of the College of Europe (an independent university institute of postgraduate European studies with its campuses in Bruges (Belgium) and Natolin (Poland) receive an advanced master's degree (formerly called Diploma and Certificat) following a one-year intense programme. The one-year study programme at the College of Europe leads to an accredited degree of 66 ECTS.

title: Master of Advanced Studies


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Talk:Front groups

 * Previous deletion debate

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Front groups


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Talk:Pericles

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Whatsthecity.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:24, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

An issue
Nice work on this article. One quibble: In the introductory paragraphs, the article says that Pericles "founded" the Athenian empire. This is not accurate. The empire, of course, developed over time and slowly from the Delian League. Themistocles gets some credit; so would Cimon for the work done in defeating Persia. Pericles is certainly one of the great proponents of the empire, but it should *not* be said that he "founded" the empire. Let's discuss this and then make an appropriate edit. Jim 19:48, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Critics
As a result of his efficient governance of Athens, the period from 461 BC to 429 BC is sometimes known as "The Age of Pericles" (Though this terminology can extend to as late as 379 BC).

Is it efficiency if he takes the money from the Delian League to finance Athens? I doubt it very much. Wandalstouring 13:27, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Aspasia is credited for lots of political influence on Perikles and perhaps making his speeches. Could we clarify her role in the life of Perikles a bit more? It is also mentioned that Perikles the younger received Athenian citizenship in 429 BC, but he was no Athenian on his mothers behalf and it was Perikles himself who had fought for a law prohibiting this.
 * I tranferred the initial edit about Pericles the younger in section "Personal life", in order to clarify and emphasize on it. I also mentioned and citated the antiphasis in Pericles' decisions first in 451 BC (initial law) and then 429 BC (amendment).--Yannismarou 10:47, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

I have to look it up, but didn´t Perikles also face ostracism once?

 * Pericles' name is found on ostracons. Nonetheless, this does not mean that Paricles was the main target of any procedure of ostracism. He never faced a serious danger of exile. Hence, he faced ostracism more than once, but he was never in danger. After his confrontation with Thucydides the conservatives desperately prompted his ostracism, but Pericles was too powerful at the moment and he prevailes. As a result, although his name was found on ostracons, he got much less ostracons than Thucydides, who was the one who got ostracized. Thereby, Pericles never faced (according to my research, at least) a serious contest in terms of a procedure of ostracism.--Yannismarou 09:02, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It was not ostracism, he was stripped of his office and fined says Plutarch. Here is an English version: http://www.e-classics.com/pericles.htm
 * "A plague broke out in Athens. In the crowded city, the plague spread quickly, and soon there were dead bodies everywhere. 8    The Athenians blamed Pericles for bringing this war and this plague upon them, so they voted him out of office and fined him.  As a bee leaves its stinger in the wound, the Athenians stopped bothering Pericles once he stepped down from his authority over them." Wandalstouring 10:30, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah...OK! But it is mentioned within the article! If you go to section "Last military operations and death", you'll see that I mention both the fining and the stripping of the generalship in 430 BC. I also mention Cleon's role and the volatile attitude of the Athenians who forgave him within a year. In 429 BC he was once again general. I donot think there is anything more to add!--Yannismarou 10:43, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I read you have it in the text. But why did you delete the part about Pericles the younger who also became a strategos? Aspasia`s role needs perhaps a little more attention. In her article it is pointed out she was possibly a leading figure and trained many orators. Sounds a bit different than running only a brothel. Wandalstouring 10:50, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I did not delete the part you say, because there was no such part edited by me at least! And I did not see it, while editing. It was just mentioned that Pericles the younger got the citizenship; not that he became a general. About Aspasia, it was not my intention to show that she was just running a brothel (After all she was not! She was making visits!!). I'll try to say a few things about her role. I just want to point out that, when Plato says that she trained many orators, he does not believe it! He is ironical and taunts both her and Pericles. He wants to undermine Pericles' fame as a great orator. This is the case of Menexenus! Read Menexenus in Perseus and you'll understand that Plato is just ridiculizing (in fact, very effectively!) both Pericles and Aspasia through a very sharp irony!--Yannismarou 11:08, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In Plato`s Menexenus Aspasia`s role is mentioned. Perhaps you could make a shortcut in Pericles to tell a bit about his "wife". Wandalstouring 10:55, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I mention Plato's ironical references in Menexenus for both Pericles and Aspasia in the section "Oratorical Skill". I'll see what more I should write about Aspasia. But let us not overestimate her role. The rumors mentioned by Plutarch say that she was the one who caused the war between Samos and Athens, but there is a huge difference between rumors and historical reality.--Yannismarou 11:11, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * After all I just noticed in Aspasia's article that there is a template, indicating that "the factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed". I agree with the notice and, hence, I point out that we should not take as granted whatever is written (and not citated!) in this article.--Yannismarou 11:15, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem, it is all from Plutarch. Your Plutarch source showed server problems several times, I used a different online transcript, where I can not link to specific parts of this short text. It is reference 40. Wandalstouring 11:28, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Your edit in the beginning (reverting efficient) was correct and I agree. Aspasia's role in oratory is mentioned in the section "Oratorical Skill". I donot think another reference of Menexenus is necessary. I'll modify a bit this edit of yours. Is it necessary to say that she was running a brothel? It is mentioned that she was a hetaira. Isn't that enough? Too many details I think.--Yannismarou 11:37, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Say she was a hetaira running a brothel (simply to point out she was a woman in an independent position leading an enterprise. I think this is an important detail. For example the courtesans of the French kings were not independent entrepreneurs nor the Hitler`s Eva Braun, etc. Wandalstouring 11:44, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * OK.--Yannismarou 11:46, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Absolutely not OK, you deleted important details and added things of minor importance. The problem is, this created statements which are wrong. Pericles had 3 legitimate sons. 2 from his wife, one from Aspasia who was later recognized as his legal heir and legitimate son.

It is of minor importance what for Phidias was put to trial (someone tried very hard, so there was a trial. enough), but of much greater importance what he was for Perikles. Otherwise we do not fully inform what the political persecution really was about, but tell all minor details of the trial.Wandalstouring 12:30, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * My friend, read again the whole article. I mentioned in "Oratorical Skill" that Aspasia is said to have been a trainer of orators and in "Personal Life" that she is said to have run a bordel and about her conversational virtues. I think these sections are better for these information than the section you chose. And I'll keep your edit about Phidias' role, athough your citation is inadequate. And I'll clarify how many legitimate sons Pericles had. But donot reedit already fixed things.--Yannismarou 12:51, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

While you point out his skull was deformed, he is always shown wearing a helmet. Was this his trick to hide it and make public appearance? Wandalstouring 14:12, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No. According to modern researchers Plutarch's explanation (in Pericles III) is regarded as naive. It is now believed that he wears a helmet as a symbol of his official rank as strategos. Check the edit I just did.--Yannismarou 10:03, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the critics. I just got back from vacations, but I'll soon start working in order to answer all the questions.--Yannismarou 06:55, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Let´s continue down here, otherwise it gets a mess. We have political persecution as motive for the personal attacks. It is in this case utterly unimportant what the trialcase was in detail, but who is attacked and what position he holds (architect, oratorteacher). The aim of these attacks is to crumble the direct support Pericles needs. I did not want to mess up your reference system, but you messed the content. Wandalstouring 13:02, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

The woman he really adored was Aspasia, a hetaera, who probably ran a brothel. Aspasia was spoken for her ability as a conversationalist than simply because of her physical attractions.

Were do you tell Aspasia`s role now? Being his mistress does not really qualify for her social importance if Socrates mentions her as teacher. Wandalstouring 13:28, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, we both messed everything, but anyway! ... I think my last edit could be satisfactory. I mention Aspasia's (her role as a political adviser as well as the ownership of the bordel) and Phidias' role in "Personal Attacks", according to your edits, but I keep Aspasia's alleged oratorical influence in "Oratorical Skill" (and I insist!). I also returned to the initial edits about Pericles' children in "Personal Life". I think they were clear enough and I decided no to change them.--Yannismarou 13:28, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is fine now. Wandalstouring 13:34, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hallelujah!--Yannismarou 13:35, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

My edits
A couple of points regarding the series of edits I just made. I noted in a couple of edit summaries that my changes need to be reviewed to make sure I didn't alter the sense of what was being said; this is important because I changed one statement that precedes a citation and one English translation of a Greek sentence, and I want to be sure that I'm not introducing inaccuracy with either of those changes. Second, at the places where I added material to the article, I sourced it to my "house source", as it were, the John Fine book; this is only because that was one of the few books I had ready to hand while I was making the edits. I don't want it to seem like I'm pushing 'my' source here, though, so if someone wants to change some of those citations to point to one of the sources more frequently used in the article, for the sake of consistency, I'm fine with that. --RobthTalk 06:17, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * As far I've checked until now you've not introduced any inaccuracy in both cases. The meaning of Vlachos' statement is preserved and the second statements stands fine and remains well-citated. For my part, I corrected some minor typos. I think you citation is fine; if I find anything better and replace any of your citations, I'll make a comment on that.--Yannismarou 07:53, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

i agree

Plutarch
Do we really need every statement that Plutarch makes, including the ones, like the Aspasian War, which no modern scholar sees reason to believe? Septentrionalis 16:41, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Yes, we do! It helps us understand the atmosphere of this tense period and the way Aspasia's influence was conceived by the ancient writers, the politicians, the public etc.--Yannismarou 17:46, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

If we are using Plutarch, is it worth mentioning Shakespeare's play, inspired by Plutarch's version of Pericles's life? Cariel 03:19, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

You mean the reference at the top? It is a disambiguation. Don't get confused.--Yannismarou 08:42, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Scholarship
At the moment, this article cites various opinions from various scholars, all cited as individuals. In principle, we should indicate where these are consensus, and where these are one side of a debate (and if so, include the other side). Doing this systematically would require expert knowledge of this particular field, and would require extreme care: getting this wrong would be worse than not doing it at all.

But please keep your eyes open, and if you see an opinion on one of the points in question, please note it either on the page, or on Talk. Especially this applies to the accuracy of Plutarch and Thucydides, which should probably, in the very long run, be articles on their own. Septentrionalis 18:48, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Urban legend?
I remember my Grade 11 history teacher telling us that Pericles was referred to as "He with the head of an onion" by his opponents...any truth? Sherurcij (Speaker for the Dead) 03:16, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I know and it is mentioned that the comic writers were taunting him for the unsusual size of his head.--Yannismarou 08:42, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

fugitive equals signs
This article is loaded with equals signs and "vvvv" which, on my Mac OS X Safari browser, look like equals signs and sets of v's. I sense it's some coding that works in some other context, and so I'm hesitant to remove it, but it should go so all contemporary browsers can present the article without error.--Mike Selinker 14:52, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind, it looks like it was just reverted. Looks fine now.--Mike Selinker 14:55, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I see the same thing as of 4.05 pm GMT

Pericles Jewish: unproved?
The article (as of Sep. 18, 15:40 UTC) says that Pericles was Jewish. This assertion seems highly improbable given the historical context, and no reliable source is given to support it. A rapid Google search I made fails as well to give any. Could the author of this part please document it in a better way? If no source is provided, and if no historian confirms the fact to me, I will remove the adjective in a few days. Jérôme Plût 16:05, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Man, this was a vandalism!--Yannismarou 16:12, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't know any Jew that would build a PAGAN temple dedicated to the Gods lolJanderVK (talk) 14:36, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Congratulations!
A stunning article!!! Kudos to all the people who made it the FA we have on the main page today!! This article is a perfect example of the strengths and quality that can be achieved in Wikipedia!! Thank you all for a wonderful article! --Michalis Famelis (talk)  16:15, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ευχαριστώ, Μιχάλη! But I'm tired of all these vandalisms today! If you check my userpage or the page of the article's FA nomination, you will find all the main contributors of this article.--Yannismarou 16:44, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Welcome to the joys of being an FA, vandalism aplenty. Wheee.... EVula 16:57, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That usually dies down after its day in the sun is over.  Durova  20:21, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I second that! Fantastically done! To all of you! When I saw this article (especially the references) I just wanted to yell "DA*M". Very nice article, 160 references is the most I have ever seen. Aaрон Кинни  (t) 15:09, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Alcibiades adopted nephew?
Does anyone have sources for Pericles adoption and hosting of Alcibiades? Haiduc 16:12, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * After the death of Cleinias at the Battle of Coronea in 447 BC, Pericles and Ariphron became his guardians. At this moment I remember a secondary source: Denyer, Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades, 88-89. But I'm sure there are more sources. It needs some searching.--Yannismarou 16:18, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Primary source: Alcibiades (Plato), 104b: "[104b] that there you have, through your father, very many of the best people as your friends and kinsmen, who would assist you in case of need, and other connections also, through your mother, who are not a whit inferior to these, nor fewer. And you reckon upon a stronger power than all those that I have mentioned, in Pericles, son of Xanthippus, whom your father left as guardian of you and your brother when he died, and who is able to do whatever he likes not only in this city but all over Greece and among many great nations of the barbarians."--Yannismarou 16:25, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Changing notes
I would suggest a change of the footnote style from to

and

a. text

to Any objections? Wandalstouring 03:12, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't have a problem. I don't think this is something important.--Yannismarou 07:41, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Extreme number of primary source citations
I'm frankly pretty horrified that a featured article of a subject with such widely available reliable secondary sources relies so much on primary sources. Shouldn't those facts and claims be attributed to secondary sources where possible, according to our standards? Thoughts? Vassyana 00:08, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Entire Article Misses the Point of New Scholarship
It should be noted that we essentially know nothing about the Athenian "empire" and Periclean policies. The idea of the Athenian empire is hinged on MANY uncertainties.

The Peace of Callias (ca. 449) which allegedly ended the Second Persian War is never mentioned by Herodotus or Thucydides. Why is this important? Because if a peace treaty was never signed between Persia and Greek city-states, then the war would be viewed as ONGOING. Why would Herodotus, who specifically wrote about the Persian Wars, and Thucydides omit such an important event? With this evidence, I submit the occurrence of the Peace of Callias is at best questionable. If Athens never signed a treaty with Persia ending the war, forcing and keeping Greek states in the Delian League should not be seen as a sign of imperialism

The dating of all the imperial decrees hinge on the 3-barred sigma doctrine. ATL, a team of Greek historians, set forth a doctrine suggesting all official Athenian documents switched styles of the letter "sigma" in 454 BC. Recent epigraphic studies of fragments of an alliance between a Greek city-state in Sicily suggest the "old" style of sigmas were used as late as 417 BC. Therefore, the dating of all repressive imperial decrees should be called into question. If Athens still used the old sigma as late as 417 BC, Pericles should be exonerated as the architect of an repressive empire, and Athens resorted to this tactics in desperation during the Peloponnesian War.

We cannot say for certain if Athens and Pericles strategically sought to build an empire. By doing so we are only perpetuating rumors, instead of admitting how little we know about this time period. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.122.58.60 (talk) 02:39, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have some sources that we could cite for this? I'm by far not an expert here but what you say sounds interesting. What do you think Yannis/Robth/anyone else?--203.173.139.220 12:56, 7 November 2007 (UTC) (aka the retired Konstable)
 * I think that provided sources are provided any improvement of the article could and should be discussed.--Yannismarou (talk) 12:23, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Its remarkable that such a well formed article has been created with such limited sources. If we are seeing through the eyes of two biased historians they have still revealed much about a Pericles we would never have known. When knowledge of a person comes from their enemies their is a degree of suspicion about the truth of the matter. Are there any scholars who can contribute sources for an alternate view of this great manBalius (talk) 12:47, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Herodotus was concerned with telling the heroic story of the war; Thucydides wasn't primarily concernd with the Persian war at all. And they were not systematic historians in the modern sense. The fact that they don't mention a peace treaty signed thirty years after the high point of the war can't possibly be taken as a strong atgument for the signing of the peace never having happened. Today we know of documents dating from AD 480, from the months between Thermopylae and salamis, that were absolutely vital to keeping up the unity of the Greeks, and which were made public at the time, but which are not mentioned by Herodotus. The "Edict of Themistocles" for isntance, recovered in a lter inscription and discussed by, for instance, oswyn Murray on the last pages of Early Greece (Fontana History of the Classical World, 1980). The Edict reaffirms the unity of purpose of the Greek states and sketches their strategy, but it's never mentioned or quoted by 5th century historians. Strausszek (talk) 21:24, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Picture question
Because this is an FA, and I assume there are people who are taking serious time to keep the article at its peak, I wanted to make a proposal here: the infobox photo is decent, but the statue is missing its nose. To the right are two other sculptures with the nose intact: one from the British Museum, the other from the Vatican. Would one of these be a better choice? --Bobak (talk) 17:14, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Found another good one, at left. There are a few variations of it in the Commons.--Bobak (talk) 17:23, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Picture in the infobox replaced.--Yannismarou (talk) 12:43, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Can I edit here?
Does this article have a length issue? In a recent incident on Charles Darwin, I made an edit for some perspective on his character, and it was relocated for length issues. Here is the short discussion on it. Like then, I've found some good information and perspective on Pericles' character. So, my question is: If you want to know what the info is, or where it comes from: The perspective on his character is coming from a quote by Plutarch. It talks about his refusal to be seen at casual social events because he wanted to be seen and respected as a dignified leader. This quote is coming from the 2nd edition of the 1975 People's Almanac. I use this book as a reference often, so you you'll see it here and here. Thanks for your time and patience, Leonard^Bloom (talk) 21:53, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Should I add it? I know there some editors who have slaved over this article and I wanna know what you guys think.
 * If I can't add it here, is there some place I could add it?

 * This article is also long (93 kbs, and more than 90 is sometimes an issue in FAC and FAR), but, at the same time, a FA should be continuously updated to keep up to the expected by its readers standards. So, we have to keep a balance between updating and proper length. Now, to the point, if your info is up-to-date, verifiable, reliable and properly cited, and if treats an interesting aspect not already analyzed, then it would probably be a "plus" for the article. Reading your comment, I see that your info seems to belong to "Political leadership", because we do not have a "character" section, and I do not think we should create. The problem is that, if you read the article, you'll realize that it tries all the time to summarize all these difficult assessments written about Pericles (it is indeed different to effectively manage this endless material written throughout the centuries!). Yesterday, I edited the article, adding a comment on the issue "Pericles and modern neocons" after reading a excerpt from Davis Hanson on the issue, believing that it offers an interesting and not yet analyzed in the article aspect of Pericles' legacy and influence on modern politics and political philosophy (as well as on the issue of the exploitation of both Thucydides and Pericles for modern political and military purposes). Therefore, personally (as the only active editor from the group of the FA contributors - I do not see often lately Robth and Konstable]), I'd welcome any edit that would add to the article, but I would kindly ask you to try to summarize it to one-two the most sentences, as I did with my above "neocons" addition. Respectfully,--Yannismarou (talk) 11:03, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Awesome. I'll get on that. Leonard^Bloom (talk) 17:00, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Eclipse
It was an eclipse of the sun, not the moon. See Plutarch, Pericles XXXV: "it happened that the sun was eclipsed, and it grew dark on a sudden, to the affright of all, for this was looked upon as extremely ominous." Aquila89 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.98.179.102 (talk) 11:35, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Conservative and Democratic factions? Come on, this is ridiculous.
In your article you wrote: '''Final battle with the conservatives In 444 BC, the conservative and the democratic' Italic text''

You know that those terms mean different things in modern times than they mean in their true context. Why not stick to naming Pericles on one side, and the current or former ruling class as his opponent? Some of this article seems meant to vent some frustrations in the current political climate in the United States concerning the Conservatives and the Democrats. You seem to be doing this by naming Pericles as a "democrat" who leads the way with change, and eventually gets credited with being the driving force behind a budding new form of government that is considered a crowning achievement in history, and political thought. The article is writtent to say that, 'this would not have happened if those 'conservatives' had not have been stopped by the democrats.' The word 'Democrat' in the context of Pericles has nothing to do with the modern coinage of that term. To use that term in this article is deceptive. I am sure the author of this article is fully aware of this, and will likely use the common excuse by deceivers of this sort by saying it is not his/her fault that the reader is not adequately educated to understand the true meaning. Some of this article is deceptive, and in the name of responsible writing it should be corrected so as not to cause confusion.
 * You've made your point extremely well. Perhaps some of this could be incorporated into the article to show a more neutral point of view.

 * Dear anonymous user, I think that you are extremely influenced by the modern US politics! The terms I use are found (I think - and, if I am wrong, do not hesitate to correct me) in most established readings on Pericles and the Athenian democracy, not only in English but in my maternal language (Greek) as well. Yes, they are modern terms, but scholars had to coin some terms in order to express and properly present these two distinct political factions of Athenian political life. It is not a personal feud; it is not Pericles vs Cimon. These two people represent and express two distinct waves of political thought and practice. From one side, we have a faction based on the aristocratic values, and supported by the traditional aristocratic class, which is hesitant to further democratization, and which keep (sometimes stronger; sometimes looser) ties with the Oligarchs of Sparta. That is why the established term for them is Conservative (or Aristocrat) faction. They adopt a conservative approach (and, sometimes, they were proved to be correct) towards the rapid democratization served by the opposite faction. From the other side, we have a faction based on the new emerging economically powerful classes of Athens (especially the merchants), which, at the same time, tries to attract the poorer parts of society. That is why, they try to limit the powers of the aristocrats (see what happens with Areios Pagos), draw poorer parts into democratic institutions and participation, and take populist measures of economic nature. This faction in more hostile towards Sparta, with which they have almost no ties. They embrace further rapid democratization (sometimes with populist aspects), and they do in order to satisfy and enlarge their electorate. They are thus called Democrats. So, there is nothing deceptive. The two terms adequately express the characteristics of the respective factions. And I do not believe that the reader cannot understand the true meaning. I have full confidence in the readers' capabilities, and I believe that she/he will fully understand the meaning of these terms within the context of the Athenian democracy. So, in the name of responsible writing what you propose (Pericles on one side, "former ruling class" (?!!) on the other) is the worst thing we could do. It is not just a ruling class succession. It is more than that. It is politics! Let the readers make their own conclusions, and do not be afraid that they are going to inteprete the article based on temporary US politics.--Yannismarou (talk) 08:19, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Calling Cimon aristocratic may be clearer; Pericles was conservative too, in the sense that he was trying to keep Athens stable, and prevent sudden or drastic change - like Solon. Whether this is the active sense in the United States is an American problem, not an Athenian one. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:40, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Oratory
When it comes to the three "speeches of Pericles", as given in Thucydides' history, and especially the famous graveside speech, it's an established fact that ancient historians used the convention of making up speeches for famous people and occasions in their works. They lived in a culture where the spoken word often took precedence over the written, and where communication was still defined and conceptualized by speaking, not by fixed writing, and inserting speeches was an established way to explain motivations, conflicts and attitudes to the readers. And to bring rethorical panache to one's prose.

Most modern researchers who are actually in the field of ancient history or ancient literature, not just general history or political punditry, take the view that you can't treat speeches in ancient historical writing as actual reports of the real thing, any more than you can say the Sermon on the Mount would be a report of what jJesus said on one single occasion. Thucydides may have incorportated some elements of what he had heard but he is not likely to have felt any obligation at all to reconstruct what Pericles actually said. The speeches are stylistic and expository devices and people who are familar with the age know this. if some people say Thucydides must have been faithful to what P. said or simply shorthand "Pericles said that..." it's probably because they want to grind an axe with some wording and that's so much easier if it's supposed to be genuine. Strausszek (talk) 23:24, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Strausszek, if you want to contribute to the article, please provide your sources. You should have noticed that this is a FA, and everything should be properly referenced. I'm sorry but without sources (properly formatted, please), your edits constitute nothing more than OR, and they are not acceptable. As regards Jebb's quote that you removed, I am sorry but I do not understand the reason! The fact that there are modern approaches that we should also treat does not mean that we should not keep other views as well. One of the things that makes this article charming is that it combines efficiently views from various scholars from various centuries! All of them have their importance adding to the building of a coprehensive Pericles' portrait. Thus, I am very reluctant to remove any sentence of this article, especially if it is sourced. As regards your edits, I repeat that they are welcomed as long as they are referenced per WP:V and WP:RS, and they add to the article's content.--Yannismarou (talk) 13:22, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

Kagan
I have a problem with this: "Kagan criticizes the Periclean strategy on four counts: first that by rejecting minor concessions it brought about war; second, that it was unforeseen by the enemy and hence lacked credibility; third, that it was too feeble to exploit any opportunities; and fourth, that it depended on Pericles for its execution and thus was bound to be abandoned after his death.[121] " It is trivial: If a strategy by the enemy unforeseen is, then it is good. If a strategy by the enemy foreseen is, it is bad. I have no possibility to reed the original text. Woult you that do? What is the ground for "lacked credibility"?--Klug Csaba Ferenc (talk) 16:18, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Translation of his name
A new edit has altered the English version of Pericles from 'surrounded by glory' to 'exceedingly glorious'. Such translations are very dodgy unless supported by a citation that says it is so. An editor's knowledge of Greek is not good enough - that is OR. Evidence for this is that two editors disagree. We need a proper ref for this putative translation. I have looked and haven't found one yet. The ref for LSJ is a poor citation. A general reader - like me - will know who or what is LSJ. I have looked in the 1996 edition of Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie: A Greek-English Lexicon, Ninth Edition with a Revised Supplement. The word 'Pericles' only seems to be included as part of the entry for Perikleios (p. 1376), but with no translation. Most of the words beginning with peri seems to have the meaning of all around. Myrvin (talk) 09:43, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Sense F. IV (p. 1367) does suggest "exceedingly", but F. III suggests "beyond", while F. I still says "all round". Why pick one rather than another? "Peri-kles" is not there as far as I can see. Myrvin (talk) 09:50, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Hamilton's A Greek-English Lexicon: Containing All the Words in General Use, with Their Significations, Inflections, and Doubtful Quantities, Volumes 1-2, 1871, p. 211 says "Perikleis, ès: far-famed". Myrvin (talk) 10:16, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

I suggested the change in translation. Note that in the LSJ entry, all the examples given for περι- meaning "all around" are verbs. Looking through the various entries of words that begin with περι- that have a sense of "around," I find some few that are adjectives, but these are derived from verbs already prefixed with περι-, e.g. περιαυγής, "beaming round about." In the great majority of such adjectives, the prefix simply serves to intensify the main root. Names that end in -κλής are derived from the noun κλέος, e.g. Ἡρακλής, "the glory of Hera," Πατροκλής, "his father's glory," etc. (Of course, κλέος ultimately derives from a verbal root as well, but that is at a further remove from the name formation. Most Greeks probably didn't recognize the relationship between κλέος and κλύω). At any rate, the meaning of "round about" is not the same as "surrounded in," which was the original translation given in the article. The Greek prefix to indicate this would be ἀμφι-, e.g. ἀμφιδεής, or ἀμφιθαλλής. As for Myrvin's question, the sense of "beyond" is not substantially different from "exceedingly." Both are simply intensifiers.

But these arguments, I gather, are moot. I suppose that I didn't quite understand the rules of editing on Wikipedia. I have a PhD in Classics (specialization in Greek) and have read a tremendous amount of Greek. From my vantage point, it is quite obvious what his name means. I suspect that this is the reason you can't find a reference that explicitly defines his name. No scholar would bother to explain his name. And I won't bother to reinsert my translation if it must have a reference to an explicit definition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.85.58.228 (talk) 14:36, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Of course scholars would - what a ridiculous statement.

Personal life
A host of maintenance tags was added to the section by IP in August 2016. Is there a genuine problem with the section or should the tags be removed? – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 02:38, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Pericle listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pericle. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Paul_012 (talk) 08:07, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

WP:URFA/2020
This older FA is not currently in great shape. The article is quite reliant on ancient sources, which is longer accepted at FAC, and more minor sources such as Dobson and Beloch are now quite dated. Hog Farm Talk 21:54, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Modern sources conspicuous by their absence include Azoulay's Pericles of Athens (mentioned as further reading), Mossé's Périclès: L’inventeur de la démocratie, and Samon's Pericles of Athens and the Conquest of History, all from the last 20 years.  Other obvious issues include a surprisingly short lead considering the article is over 7000 words long, some uncited claims (e.g. In that year, however, Pericles witnessed in the epidemic the death of both Paralus and Xanthippus, his legitimate sons from his first wife. His morale undermined, overwhelmed with grief, Pericles wept copiously for his loss and not even the companionship of Aspasia could console him.), and some stuff which is... questionable (scholars generally do not uncritically accept the story of Aspasia's supposed trial!)  Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 11:53, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

No In pop-culture section?
Not the biggest deal obviously but there are quite a few adaptations of various parts of his life if I'm not mistaken. Varying degrees of accuracy of course but I feel like it should still be included like for most other articles. 2600:6C4A:7E3F:D944:69F4:B03D:B497:11F8 (talk) 06:14, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Pericles
Pericles 2600:1700:4113:C010:A88D:F4E4:A6AE:6E67 (talk) 04:58, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pericles


text:
Mutulu Shakur

Mutulu Shakur (born Jeral Wayne Williams; August 8, 1950 – July 7, 2023) was a New African activist, and a member of the Black Liberation Army who was sentenced to sixty years in prison for his involvement in a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which a guard and two police officers were murdered.

Shakur was politically active as a teen with the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) and later the black separatist movement the Republic of New Afrika. He was the stepfather of rapper Tupac Shakur.

Shakur was paroled after serving nearly 37 years of imprisonment, and died about eight months later.

Early life and activism
Shakur was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 8, 1950, as Jeral Wayne Williams. At age seven, he moved to Jamaica, Queens, New York City, with his mother, who was blind, and younger sister.

By his late teens, Shakur was politically active with the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) and later joined the Republic of New Afrika.

In 1970, Shakur began working with the Lincoln Detox program, which offered drug rehabilitation for heroin addiction using acupuncture — instead of the FDA-approved drug methadone. Eventually, he became the program's assistant director and remained associated with the program until 1978. He became certified and licensed to practice acupuncture in the state of California in 1979. He went on to help found and direct the Black Acupuncture Advisory Association of North America (BAAANA) and the Harlem Institute of Acupuncture.

Brink's robbery, arrest, and incarceration
Shakur was one of several Black Liberation Army members to carry out the October 1981 robbery of an armored car in Nanuet, New York. Aided by the May 19 Communist Organization and former members of the Weather Underground, the BLA crew stole $1.6 million in cash from a Brink's vehicle at the Nanuet Mall. The robbers killed Brink's guard Peter Paige and seriously wounded another, Joseph Trombino. Soon after, they killed Nyack, New York police officers Edward O'Grady and Waverly Brown, who had stopped a getaway vehicle.

Shakur, the alleged ringleader of the group, evaded capture for more than five years and thus was the last one to go on trial on charges related to the robbery. In 1982, Shakur, Marilyn Buck, and others involved in the BLA and M19CO were indicted on Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) charges, encompassing the Brink's robbery and other similar robberies, as well as engineering the 1979 escape from a New Jersey prison of Assata Shakur. While at large, on July 23, 1982, he became the 380th person added to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

He was arrested on February 12, 1986, in California by the FBI. An order for Shakur's release on pretrial bail was overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Shakur and Buck were tried in 1987 and convicted on May 11, 1988. He received a 60-year sentence. The convictions and sentence were upheld on appeal.

Although federal parole was abolished in the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Shakur's convictions were exempt because the Act's provisions did not apply to crimes committed before November 1987. Under the rules in effect at the time of his offenses, Shakur was due for a mandatory parole determination after serving thirty of his original sixty-year sentence, which came in 2016.

However, the United States Parole Commission denied his release in 2016, 2018, and early 2022. In October 2019, Shakur renewed his quest for a reduction of sentence by applying to the sentencing court for compassionate release under the First Step Act, but relief was once again denied.

On November 10, 2022, the Parole Commission reconsidered his case and granted Shakur release on parole effective December 16, 2022, in light of his declining health. Shakur was freed on that date, and died about eight months later.

Personal life
In 1975, he married Afeni Shakur, the mother of Tupac. They had a daughter, Sekyiwa. They divorced in 1982.

In June 2022, it was revealed that Shakur had terminal bone marrow cancer with "six months to live". He died from the disease on July 7, 2023, at age 72, about eight months after being paroled.

title: Mutulu Shakur


text: User talk:216.74.127.98

title: User talk:216.74.127.98


text:
Category:Education in France

This category collects all articles about education in France. Please use the respective subcategories.

title: Category:Education in France


text:
Talk:Soirée

 * Previous deletion debate

title: Talk:Soirée


text:
Oare

Oare may refer to:

Places in England

 * Oare, Berkshire, near Newbury
 * Oare, Kent, near Faversham
 * Oare Marshes, internationally important nature reserve near Faversham
 * Oare Meadow, nature reserve in Oare managed by the Kent Wildlife Trust
 * Oare, Somerset, near Minehead
 * Oare, Wiltshire, near Marlborough

Other

 * Oare (song), in Romanian popular music
 * Oare Water, river in Somerset, England

title: Oare


text:
Mopreme Shakur

Maurice Shakur (né Harding; August 16, 1967), better known by his stage name Mopreme Shakur, originally known as Wycked, is an American rapper. He was a member of the hip-hop group Thug Life and is the stepbrother of rapper Tupac Shakur. He was also a member of the Outlawz (under the name Komani), but later dropped out because of a financial disagreement with Death Row Records.

Career
Mopreme made his recording debut as Mocedes on Tony Toni Toné's 1990 single "Feels Good". He appeared with his stepbrother Tupac on "Papa'z Song", a single from the 1993 album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., credited as 'Wycked'.

Mopreme and Tupac formed the group Thug Life in 1993, with Big Syke, Macadoshis, and Rated R. The group released one album, Thug Life: Volume 1 (1994), which went gold. Mopreme wrote many of the songs on this album. He was also an original member of Outlawz, but dropped out of the group.

In 2007, he released a mixtape with Assassin, "Black & Brown Pride". He performed on the soundtrack for the feature film Intoxicating, starring Kirk Harris, John Savage, and Eric Roberts. In 2008, Mopreme was a consulting producer for an episode about his father on the BET series American Gangster.

Collaboration albums

 * Thug Life: Volume 1 (with Thug Life) (1994)
 * Chart position: #6 R&B/Hip-Hop, #42 Billboard 200
 * RIAA certification: Gold

Compilation album

 * Black & Brown Pride (with Assassin) (2007)

Mixtapes

 * Thug Life: Demo Tape (with Thug Life) (1994)
 * Evolution of a Thug Life N.I.G.G.A. Vol. 1.1 (2005)
 * Evolution of a Thug Life N.I.G.G.A. Vol. 1.2 (2005)

title: Mopreme Shakur


text:
Talk:East–West Schism

Section on Hell
I significantly modified this section as it relates to Eastern Orthodoxy, since it contained blatant errors such as claiming that the Orthodox believe there "is no hell," and made sweeping generalizations and universal, doctrinal claims on behalf of Orthodoxy as a whole, when even the Wikipedia article on hell, in the Orthodox subsection, clearly states and explains the variety of opinion in this area, and the lack of a single, official doctrine, as is found in Catholicism.

67.42.97.177 (talk) 10:06, 2 September 2021 (UTC)

 * There is no reference to Hell in the Orthodox Liturgy or the Latin Mass, unlike with the Lutheran Liturgy and Eucharist of the Church of England. I am also uncertain as to whether there is a concept of eternal punishment in the Orthodox Church as God is stated in the Liturgy to be all loving, merciful and forgiving. Perhaps a reference is needed or possibly a different wording where it is presently stated that "there is damnation or punishment in eternity for the rejection of God's grace". Not being graced by the presence of God does not necessarily imply one is punished or damned by God. There is a good presentation in the Orthodox wiki: https://el.orthodoxwiki.org/Κόλαση - that the distancing from God's grace is a voluntary choice and not a punishment imposed by God as is made clear by a cited quote from St John of Damascus: "Και τούτο ειδέναι δει, ότι ο Θεός ου κολάζει τινά εν τω μελλόντι αλλ' έκαστος εαυτόν δεκτικόν ποιεί της μετοχής του Θεού. Εστίν η μεν μετοχή του Θεού τρυφή, η δε αμεθεξία αυτού κόλασις" - God does not punish but each one decides on his receiving of God, whose reception is joy and his absence a Hell. I am inclined to slightly change the current text to better reflect the Orthodox Christian view that God does not punish. Skamnelis (talk) 17:33, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

 * My comments on Hell which were backed up by references, were reverted by another editor, even though I had added this comment in the talk section several weeks before making the change and the change had remained for a year without discussion in the talk section. Unless I receive a good explanation I will refer the issue to the arbitration committee. Please explain.Skamnelis (talk) 18:34, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Reason and Orthodoxy
The statement that "Eastern Orthodox theologians argue that the mind (reason, rationality) is the focus of Western theology, whereas, in Eastern theology, the mind must be put in the heart, so they are united into what is called nous; this unity as heart is the focus of Eastern Orthodox Christianity" is based on a reference by the American Romanian Carpathian Church. I am not sure this interpretation (and the entire paragraph that follows it) is representative. Of course, it is in the nature of the Orthodox tradition that there are differences in interpretation of the sacred texts because their meaning depends somewhat on the education and understanding of the individual. However, the contrary position has many defendants: The opening of the Gospel of St John quotes Heraclitus: In the arche (first principle) there was Logos ... Through it everything came to be". Heraclitus by Logos meant Reason (in fact that is what the word means in Greek). The translation into Latin as "In the beginning was the Word" certainly does not reflect Heraclitus accurately and rather detracts from the position of Logos (Reason) in Christian thought. St John the Evangelist lived in Ephesus, the city where Heraclitus had lived, and the reference to Heraclitus could not have been accidental. See also https://orthodoxwiki.org/Logos and https://www.orthodox-theology.com/media/PDF/IJOT1-2010/12-popescu-trinity.pdf Skamnelis (talk) 12:57, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

 * OrthodoxWiki is a WP:SPS so it cannot be used as a source on Wikipedia articles. If you have a good source more authoritative than the current one to support the change you want (e.g. Kallistos Ware's The Orthodox Church or The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity), feel free to use it. Veverve (talk) 19:18, 17 May 2022 (UTC)
 * After the response that OrthodoxWiki is a WP:SPS so it cannot be used as a source on Wikipedia articles, I had added a reference from Kallistos Ware that seems to have been lost in favour of a statement from a publication attributed to the Romanian Carpathian Church. I do not see why the latter is more representative. At the very least the editor should have opted for presenting the range of views. Unless I have a good explanation, I will refer this issue to the arbitration committee. Skamnelis (talk) 18:47, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Comparison with the Protestant Reformation
Would this ariticle benefit from a comparison of the East-West schism with the Protestant Reformation, if there is credible historical literature which discusses the similarities between the two events? They were both events of Christianity splitting into Christian denominations, they both challenged and rejected the authority of the Pope and of the Roman Catholic Church and interestingly, both started in a state called "Roman Empire": The East-West Schism happened with the break of communion of the church of the Byzantine Empire, officially the Eastern Roman Empire, and Martin Luther started the Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire. Also, both new denominations of Christianity were confined approximately within regions of the same language family: the Schism was confined to the Greek East, the Byzantine Empire, whose major language was Greek, while most of the newly Protestant countries spoke Germanic languages. Meanwhile, in both events countries which spoke Romance languages remained traditionally Catholic. 2804:14D:8084:8B09:34C0:EFB5:C9FD:DDD (talk) 22:59, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:52, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Council of Constantinople of 1170
I am asking here if this page could mention, even briefly the 1170 synod held at Constantinople. It is listed in John McClintock and James Strong's Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature (where it is listed as a council of 1168 or 1170). According to them, the synod was "attended by many Eastern and Western bishops on the reunion of the Eastern and Latin Churches" (Volume 2, 1883, p. 491), and elsewhere they list this same council as being that at which "the Greek Church was entirely separated from the Roman" (Supplement Volume 2, 1887, p. 89). Horace Kinder Mann, quotes Macarius of Ancyra as saying the following about the council:

"The emperor, the council, and the whole senate gave their vote in favour of a total separation from the Pope... But it was not thought proper to consign (the Latins) a great and distinguished nation, to formal anathema, like other heresies, even while repudiating union and communion with them." (Nicholas Breakspear (Hadrian IV.) A.D. 1154-1159 The Only English Pope, p. 88)

I had added a brief entry on it, but it was deleted. I am sincerely wondering why it was deleted.

The Council was called by the Emperor Manuel and envoys of Pope Alexander III met in Constantinople along with Patriarch Michael III Anchialus. The Pope required that in all matters the Greeks adopt Latin practices and consent to the papal primacy, and so the Patriarch broke communion with Rome. Further information can easily be found online.

You can verify the quote by Macarius of Ancyra here: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nicholas_Breakspear/xLY-AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=horace+kinder+mann+nicholas+breakspear&printsec=frontcover — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:201:8E80:A9E0:129C:633E:6D7B:96FC (talk) 11:57, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:East–West Schism


text:
The Walking

The Walking is the fourth studio album by Jane Siberry. The album was released on Reprise Records internationally, but remained on the independent label Duke Street Records in Canada.

Critical reception
The album was initially poorly received by critics. It largely turned its back on the quirky new wave pop that Siberry had been known for; in its place was a surreal amalgam of progressive rock and Laurie Anderson-style performance art narratives, only one of which was shorter than six minutes.

Toronto progressive radio station CFNY, an early champion of Siberry's music, announced that it did not view any track on The Walking as viable for airplay on their station. Sales of the album were slow at first, although they improved when Siberry provided radio stations with a shorter edit of "Ingrid and the Footman".

With the benefit of passing time, the Allmusic review by Sean Carruthers does a little bit of belated justice to the caliber of composition and performance of this recording: "It's her most accomplished work to date, but it's bound to lose the casual listener quickly."

Track listing
All songs by Jane Siberry.
 * 1) "The White Tent the Raft" – 9:12
 * 2) "Red High Heels" – 7:19
 * 3) "Goodbye" – 4:17
 * 4) "Ingrid and the Footman" – 7:06
 * 5) "Lena is a White Table" – 6:41
 * 6) "The Walking (and Constantly)" – 6:16
 * 7) "The Lobby" – 6:19
 * 8) "The Bird in the Gravel" – 10:34

Personnel

 * Jane Siberry – vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards, backing vocals, bells
 * Al Cross – drums, percussion, tambourine, backing vocals
 * Anne Bourne – piano, organ, keyboards, backing vocals
 * John Switzer – bass, tambourine, percussion, backing vocals
 * Ken Myhr – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, backing vocals

Additional personnel

 * Rob Yale – keyboards on 1
 * Wendell Ferguson – electric guitar on 4
 * David MacVittie – backing vocals on 4
 * Bob Blumer – backing vocals on 4
 * Rebecca Jenkins – backing vocals on 4, 7
 * Gina Stepaniuk – backing vocals on 4
 * Cherie Camp – backing vocals on 4, 7
 * Sarah McElcheran – trumpet on 7
 * Steven Donald – trombone on 7

Charts
Album

title: The Walking


text:
Talk:Converb

Coverb

 * Topic moved back to Talk:Coverb after split. --Latebird (talk) 15:48, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Coverbs in Swiss German???

 * Topic moved back to Talk:Coverb after split. --Latebird (talk) 15:42, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Wrong Phenomenon
What is described in this Article is a coverb or serial verb construction (two quite similar phenomenons). a converb is something else (in english somethin like the 'going to' constructions e.g.)--Meikal 13:51, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. Though serial verb constructions differ somewhat typologically from coverb constructions. I'm gonna try to work on this. It's difficult though, because English doesn't have very coverbs, nor anything that resembles them. They are a part of speech particular to a the far northern australian languages, and perhaps some others. Turkish has coverbs by memory. I'll look into this at some point. Aidhoss 00:36, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

As a matter of fact, I suggest this entire article be moved to converb and coverb gets started afresh. Can anyone tell me the protocol for suggesting a move? Aidhoss 00:38, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

I'd agree with that. Coverbs and converbs are two rather different phenomena after all. But I have no clue how to do it either. I'll maybe have a look at the first part of the article in order to adapt it to CONVERBS. A few examples from Japanese, Mongolian and maybe Korean might be helpful as well. G Purevdorj 01:05, 28 December 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by G Purevdorj (talk • contribs)

 * Since Purevdorj asked me for help, I've done the mechanical part of the split, which should be correct. The current introduction of Coverb is a rough translation from de:Koverb. Since I'm not a linguist, please check the result carefully to make sure that I didn't introduce any gross factual errors. I also notice that the article here still contains two instances of the term "Coverb" in the text, which may or may not be correct. --Latebird (talk) 13:31, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Expansion
I've just added some data that should add to the information about converbs, but on the other hand, it also unbalances the article. I intend to fix this, but I shall not have access to the literature for almost two more weeks. Then, there are other things to do for me as well, thus it might take me (at the longest) until the mid of February to do so. Anyone else who'd like to present and explain some examples from Haspelmath and König would be welcome, of course. I also intend to use Martin on Korean and Japanese, Levin on Korean and Mattissen-Piaszenski on Japanese.

Hopefully, Aidhoss could do something similar for "coverbs" as my knowledge on this subject is not that good. G Purevdorj 13:43, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Deleting tag
I just deleted a tag that claimed that this article doesn't have sufficient inner citations. Now while page numbers may be missing, all material taken from secondary sources appears indeed to be attributed to these. A major part of the article is made up by an example from Mongolian which I had taken from some non-scientific internet source and commented upon to illustrate some points that are very well known in the field and could with a multitude of citations and examples be worked into this article as well. But it couldn't be presented with the same ease. On the other hand, a statement as basic as the one given here can hardly ever considered "original research" as there is nothing original or new about it. Of course, it would be easy to name just some book that treats -magc and -z (which should also hold for Ramstedt 1903) and reference to it. It would be about as meaningful as confirming that "I know it" is a sentence of English by referencing to some grammar of English.

There might be an additional point of relevance which is that the only source that really contrasts to the understanding of converbs from philology is Haspelmath, not even König. And of course, 1995 is not the last year with respect to research on converbs.

G Purevdorj (talk) 22:03, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Converb


text:
The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank

"The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank" is episode 88 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on February 23, 1962 on CBS.

Opening narration
Time, the mid-twenties. Place, the Midwest, the southernmost section of the Midwest. We were just witnessing a funeral, a funeral that didn't come off exactly as planned, due to a slight fallout - from the Twilight Zone.

Plot
In the mid-1920s in a small rural town in the "southernmost section of the Midwest," a man, Jeff Myrtlebank, returns to life at his own funeral, causing the grievers to flee the church. The townspeople believe that the man must be possessed by a haint (country people's pronunciation of haunt, meaning a ghost or demon), even though the town doctor declares it was more than likely a medical condition that imitated death; his heart stopped days prior after fighting influenza. Jeff seems normal enough, yet he has changed: he has suddenly become a hard worker with exceptional strength, yet consistently eats less since his return.

The townsfolk and doctor discuss it further, where the doctor reveals that Jeff's heart had completely stopped, and that he neither reacted to a pinprick nor fogged a mirror with his breath. Everyone seems as interested in what transpired during the days Jeff was dead as in how he came back to life.

When he goes to visit his girlfriend Comfort, he takes a bouquet of roses, but they are all dead by the time he gives them to her. Afraid, Comfort will not let him touch her after she sees them. As he leaves, her older brother confronts him and tells him to never come back, and they fight. Jeff defeats him readily, punching him in his jaw. This is the first time that Jeff has ever done so, after losing many past fights, and that gains Comfort's sympathy.

After the fight, the townsfolk gather and start saying they need to take care of this evil amongst them. Comfort races off to warn Jeff and to avow her love for him. He proposes to her, but before she can respond to his proposal, angry townspeople arrive to confront the demon they believe is possessing Jeff. They demand that he leave. He insists that Comfort answer his proposal first, and she tells him yes, and that she is willing to go anywhere to be with him. Jeff then makes an inspired speech in which he tells them that they are wrong and have nothing to fear from him. He also slyly threatens that if they are right, it might be in their best interests to be nice to him. They nervously accept the wisdom of this, and promise to attend Jeff and Comfort's wedding.

After the mob disperses, Comfort asks Jeff if he could really do the things he threatened them with, to which he replies that he was lying. As he speaks, he pulls out a pipe and a match, which lights by itself. When Comfort asks how he lit the match, he laughs and claims she is imagining things. He puts his arm around her shoulders to take her inside. As they walk toward the house, the fence gate closes behind them on its own.

Closing narration
Jeff and Comfort are still alive today, and their only son is a United States senator. He's noted as an uncommonly shrewd politician, and some believe he must have gotten his education - in the Twilight Zone.

Cast

 * James Best as Jeff Myrtlebank
 * Sherry Jackson as Comfort Gatewood
 * Edgar Buchanan as Doc Bolton
 * Lance Fuller as Orgram Gatewood
 * Dub Taylor as Mr. Peters
 * Ralph Moody as Pa Myrtlebank
 * Ezelle Poule as Ma Myrtlebank
 * Helen Wallace as Ma Gatewood
 * Vickie Barnes as Liz Myrtlebank
 * Jon Lormer as Strauss
 * James Houghton as Jerry
 * William Fawcett as Rev. Siddons

title: The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank


text:
Kawakawa, New Zealand

Kawakawa is a small town in the Bay of Islands area of the Northland Region of New Zealand. Kawakawa developed as a service town when coal was found there in the 1860s, but coal mining ceased in the early 20th century. The economy is now based on farming. The town is named after the kawakawa shrub.

History and culture
Kawakawa started developing as a town with the mining of coal, which was discovered there in March 1864. A horse-drawn tramway was opened in 1868 to carry coal from the mines to the Taumarere wharf. In 1871 two steam locomotives were acquired and the tramway was upgraded to railway standard. In 1884 a railway line from Kawakawa to Opua was opened, and this replaced the line to Taumarere wharf. The area was a location for the late 19th/early 20th century kauri gum digging trade.

By 1899 there were about 1,000 residents in the town, which was built mainly on the hillside. In 1899 a fire destroyed all but a few of the buildings. The town was rebuilt on the flat, alongside the railway tracks. The present railway station was built in 1911.

A railway line south to Whangārei was completed in 1911. Coal mining ceased at Kawakawa in the early 20th century.

The Bay of Islands County headquarters were in Kawakawa until the county was disestablished in 1989.

Marae
Kawakawa has four marae affiliated with hapū of Ngāpuhi, all based approximately 5 km south of the township in Waiomio. Mohinui Marae and its Hohourongo meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Hine and Ngāti Kahu o Torongare. Kawiti Marae and Te Tawai Riri Maihi Kawiti meeting house, Miria Marae and Te Rapunga meeting house and Te Kotahitanga and its meeting house of the same name are also connected to Ngāti Hine.

In October 2020, the Government committed $297,133 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Mohinui Marae, creating 3 jobs. It also committed $168,084 to upgrade Miria Marae, creating 14 jobs.

Demographics
Kawakawa covers 1.73 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Kawakawa had a population of 1,464 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 249 people (20.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 138 people (10.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 426 households, comprising 732 males and 732 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 31.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 405 people (27.7%) aged under 15 years, 297 (20.3%) aged 15 to 29, 606 (41.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 156 (10.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 41.6% European/Pākehā, 73.8% Māori, 8.2% Pacific peoples, 4.5% Asian, and 1.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 9.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 43.0% had no religion, 37.1% were Christian, 9.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 123 (11.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 231 (21.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $22,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 69 people (6.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 465 (43.9%) people were employed full-time, 156 (14.7%) were part-time, and 102 (9.6%) were unemployed.

Features
The town is known as "Train Town", because the Bay of Islands Vintage Railway runs down the middle of its main street on the former Opua Branch railway line. 8 km of the 17 km track reopened in 2008. At present trains cannot go over "Long Bridge" because rails have not been relaid since it was re-piled, and the track between this bridge at Taumarere and Opua is being used as part of the Twin Coast Cyclepath. When the rails have been relaid, the cyclepath will be moved next to the track.

The town is also famous for its Hundertwasser toilet block, designed by Austrian artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who was a resident of the town from 1975 until his death in 2000.

The Kawiti glowworm caves at nearby Waiomio are also an attraction.

Education
Kawakawa Primary School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of  students.

Bay of Islands College is a secondary (years 9–13) school with a roll of  students. It takes students from around the Bay of Islands and middle Northland, with 85% of its students travelling daily by bus to attend.

Te Mirumiru Early Childhood Education Centre, adjacent to the Kawakawa Office, includes bilingual units teaching in Māori language.

Te Kohanga Reo o Kawakawa, a whanau driven, early childhood centre immersed in the maori language

Both schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Karetu School is located nearby, in Karetu.

Notable people

 * Terryann Clark – professor
 * Kelvin Davis – politician
 * Jack Goodhue – rugby player
 * Pita Paraone – politician
 * Willow-Jean Prime – politician
 * Joe Schmidt – rugby coach
 * Noma Shepherd – community leader
 * Telusa Veainu – rugby player

title: Kawakawa, New Zealand


text:
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

In physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a spectroscopic technique in which the properties of matter are probed with short pulses of terahertz radiation. The generation and detection scheme is sensitive to the sample's effect on both the amplitude and the phase of the terahertz radiation.

Explanation
Typically, an ultrashort pulsed laser is used in the terahertz pulse generation process. In the use of low-temperature grown GaAs as an antenna, the ultrashort pulse creates charge carriers that are accelerated to create the terahertz pulse. In the use of non-linear crystals as a source, a high-intensity ultrashort pulse produces THz radiation from the crystal. A single terahertz pulse can contain frequency components covering much of the terahertz range, often from 0.05 to 4 THz, though the use of an air plasma can yield frequency components up to 40 THz. After THz pulse generation, the pulse is directed by optical techniques, focused through a sample, then measured.

THz-TDS requires generation of an ultrafast (thus, large bandwidth) terahertz pulse from an even faster femtosecond optical pulse, typically from a Ti-sapphire laser. That optical pulse is first split to provide a probe pulse whose path length is adjusted using an optical delay line. The probe pulse strobes the detector that is sensitive to the electric field of the resulting terahertz signal at the time of the optical probe pulse sent to it. By varying the path length traversed by the probe pulse, the test signal is thereby measured as a function of time—the same principle as a sampling oscilloscope (technically, the measurement obtains the convolution of the test signal and the time-domain response of the strobed detector). To obtain the resulting frequency domain response using the Fourier transform, the measurement must cover each point in time (delay-line offset) of the resulting test pulse. The response of a test sample can be calibrated by dividing its spectrum so obtained by the spectrum of the terahertz pulse obtained with the sample removed, for instance.

Components
Components of a typical THz-TDS instrument, as illustrated in the figure, include an infrared laser, optical beamsplitters, beam steering mirrors, delay stages, a terahertz generator, terahertz beam focusing and collimating optics like parabolic mirrors, and detector.

Ti:sapphire laser
Constructing a THz-TDS experiment using low temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) based antennas requires a laser whose photon energy exceeds the band gap of the material. Ti:sapphire lasers tuned to around 800 nm, matching the energy gap in LT-GaAs, are ideal as they can generate optical pulses as short as 10 fs. These lasers are available as commercial, turnkey systems.

Steering mirrors
Silver-coated mirrors are optimum for use as steering mirrors for infrared pulses around 800 nm. Their reflectivity is higher than gold and much higher than aluminum at that wavelength.

Beamsplitters
A beamsplitter is used to divide a single ultrashort optical pulse into two separate beams. A 50/50 beamsplitter is often used, supplying equal optical power to the terahertz generator and detector, though it is common to provide the terahertz generation path with more power given the inefficiency of the terahertz generation process compared to the detection efficiency of infrared (typically 800 nm wavelength) light.

Delay stage
An optical delay-line is implemented using a movable stage to vary the path length of one of the two beam paths. A delay stage uses a moving retroreflector to redirect the beam along a well-defined output path but following a delay. Movement of the stage holding the retroreflector corresponds to an adjustment of path length and consequently the time at which the terahertz detector is gated relative to the source terahertz pulse.

Purge box
A purge box is typically used so that absorption of THz radiation by gaseous water molecules is minimized. A dry air source is often used for this purpose, however, a nitrogen gas source may also be used.

Water is known to have many discrete absorptions in the THz region that are rotational modes of water molecules. Alternatively, nitrogen, as a diatomic molecule, has no electric dipole moment, and does not (for the purposes of typical THz-TDS) absorb THz radiation. Thus, a purge box may be filled with nitrogen gas so no unintended discrete absorptions in the THz frequency range occur.

Parabolic mirrors
Off-axis parabolic mirrors are commonly used to collimate and focus THz radiation. Radiation from an effective point source, such as from a low-temperature gallium arsenide (LT-GaAs) antenna (active region ~5 μm) incident on an off-axis parabolic mirror becomes collimated, while collimated radiation incident on a parabolic mirror is focused to a point (see diagram). Terahertz radiation can thus be manipulated spatially using optical components such as metal-coated mirrors as well as lenses made from materials that are transparent at THz wavelengths. Samples for spectroscopy are commonly placed at a focus where the terahertz beam is most concentrated.

Uses of THz radiation
THz radiation has several distinct advantages for use in spectroscopy. Many materials are transparent at terahertz wavelengths, and this radiation is safe for biological tissue being non-ionizing (as opposed to X-rays). Many interesting materials have unique spectral fingerprints in the terahertz range that may be used for identification. Demonstrated examples include several different types of explosives, dynamic fingerprinting of DNA and protein molecules using polarization varying anisotropic terahertz microspectroscopy, polymorphic forms of many compounds used as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in commercial medications as well as several illegal narcotic substances.

Since many materials are transparent to THz radiation, underlying materials can be accessed through visually opaque intervening layers.

Though not strictly a spectroscopic technique, the ultrashort width of THz radiation pulses allows for measurements (e.g., thickness, density, defect location) on difficult-to-probe materials like foam. These measurement capabilities share many similarities to those of pulsed ultrasonic systems as the depth of buried structures can be inferred through timing of their reflections of these short terahertz pulses.

THz generation
There are three widely used techniques for generating terahertz pulses, all based on ultrashort pulses from titanium-sapphire lasers or mode-locked fiber lasers.

Surface emitters
When an ultra-short (100 femtoseconds or shorter) optical pulse illuminates a semiconductor and its wavelength (energy) is above the energy band-gap of the material, it photogenerates mobile carriers. Most carriers are generated near the surface of the material (typically within 1 micrometre) because pulses are absorbed exponentially with respect to depth. This has two main effects. Firstly, it generates a band bending that has the effect of accelerating carriers of different signs in opposite directions (normal to the surface), creating a dipole. This effect is known as surface field emission. Secondly, the presence of a surface creates a break of symmetry that causes carriers to move (on average) only into the bulk of the semiconductor. This phenomenon, combined with the difference of mobilities of electrons and holes, also produces a dipole. This is known as the photo-Dember effect and is particularly strong in high-mobility semiconductors such as indium arsenide.

Photoconductive emitters
When generating THz radiation via a photoconductive emitter, an ultrafast pulse (typically 100 femtoseconds or shorter) creates charge carriers (electron-hole pairs) in a semiconductor material. This incident laser pulse abruptly changes the antenna from an insulating state into a conducting state. Due to an electric bias applied across the antenna, a sudden electric current transmits across the antenna. This changing current lasts for about a picosecond, and thus emits terahertz radiation since the Fourier transform of a picosecond length signal will contain THz components.

Typically the two antenna electrodes are patterned on a low temperature gallium arsenide (LT-GaAs), semi-insulating gallium arsenide (SI-GaAs), or other semiconductor (such as InP) substrate. In a commonly used scheme, the electrodes are formed into the shape of a simple dipole antenna with a gap of a few micrometers and have a bias voltage up to 40 V between them. The ultrafast laser pulse must have a wavelength that is short enough to excite electrons across the bandgap of the semiconductor substrate. This scheme is suitable for illumination with a Ti:sapphire oscillator laser with photon energies of 1.55 eV and pulse energies of about 10 nJ. For use with amplified Ti:sapphire lasers with pulse energies of about 1 mJ, the electrode gap can be increased to several centimeters with a bias voltage of up to 200 kV.

More recent advances towards cost-efficient and compact THz-TDS systems are based on mode-locked fiber laser sources emitting at a center wavelength of 1550 nm. Therefore, the photoconductive emitters must be based on semiconductor materials with smaller band gaps of approximately 0.74 eV such as Fe-doped indium gallium arsenide or indium gallium arsenide/indium aluminum arsenide heterostructures.

The short duration of THz pulses generated (typically ~2 ps) are primarily due to the rapid rise of the photo-induced current in the semiconductor and short carrier lifetime semiconductor materials (e.g., LT-GaAs). This current may persist for only a few hundred femtoseconds to several nanoseconds depending on the substrate material. This is not the only means of generation but is currently the most common.

Pulses produced by this method have average power levels on the order of several tens of microwatts. The peak power during pulses can be many orders of magnitude higher due to the low duty cycle of mostly >1%, which is dependent on the repetition rate of the laser source. The maximum bandwidth of the resulting THz pulse is primarily limited by the duration of the laser pulse, while the frequency position of the maximum of the Fourier spectrum is determined by the carrier lifetime of the semiconductor.

Optical rectification
In optical rectification, a high-intensity ultrashort laser pulse passes through a transparent crystal material that emits a terahertz pulse without any applied voltages. It is a nonlinear-optical process, where an appropriate crystal material is quickly electrically polarized at high optical intensities. This changing electrical polarization emits terahertz radiation.

Because of the high laser intensities that are necessary, this technique is mostly used with amplified Ti:sapphire lasers. Typical crystal materials are zinc telluride, gallium phosphide, and gallium selenide.

The bandwidth of pulses generated by optical rectification is limited by the laser pulse duration, terahertz absorption in the crystal material, the thickness of the crystal, and a mismatch between the propagation speed of the laser pulse and the terahertz pulse inside the crystal. Typically, a thicker crystal will generate higher intensities, but lower THz frequencies. With this technique, it is possible to boost the generated frequencies to 40 THz (7.5 μm) or higher, although 2 THz (150 μm) is more commonly used since it requires less complex optical setups.

THz detection
The electrical field of terahertz pulses is measured in a detector simultaneously illuminated with an ultrashort laser pulse. Two common detection schemes are used in THz-TDS: photoconductive sampling and electro-optical sampling. The power of THz pulses can be detected by bolometers (heat detectors cooled to liquid-helium temperatures), but since bolometers can only measure the total energy of a terahertz pulse rather than its electric field over time, they are unsuitable for THz-TDS.

Because the measurement technique is coherent, it naturally rejects incoherent radiation. Additionally, because the time slice of the measurement is extremely narrow, the noise contribution to the measurement is extremely low.

The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the resulting time-domain waveform depends on experimental conditions (e.g., averaging time). However due to the coherent sampling techniques described, high S/N values (>70 dB) are routinely observed with 1 minute averaging times.

Downmixing
The original problem responsible for the "Terahertz gap" (the colloquial term for the lack of techniques in the THz frequency range) was that electronics routinely have limited operation at frequencies at and above 1012 Hz. Two experimental parameters make such measurement possible in THz-TDS with LT-GaAs antennas: the femtosecond “gating” pulses and the < 1 ps lifetimes of the charge carriers in the antenna (effectively determining the antenna's “on” time). When all optical path lengths have fixed length, an effective dc current results at the detection electronics due to their low time resolution. Picosecond time resolution does not come from fast electronic or optical techniques, but from the ability to adjust optical path lengths on the micrometer (μm) scale. To measure a particular segment of a THz pulse, the optical path lengths are fixed and the (effective dc) current at the detector due to the particular segment of electric field of the THz pulse.

THz-TDS measurements are typically not single-shot measurements.

Photoconductive detection
Photoconductive detection is similar to photoconductive generation. Here, the voltage bias across the antenna leads is generated by the electric field of the THz pulse focused onto the antenna, rather than some external generation. The THz electric field drives current across the antenna leads, which is usually amplified with a low-bandwidth amplifier. This amplified current is the measured parameter that corresponds to the THz field strength. Again, the carriers in the semiconductor substrate have an extremely short lifetime. Thus, the THz electric field strength is only sampled for an extremely narrow slice (femtoseconds) of the entire electric field waveform.

Electro-optical sampling
The materials used for generation of terahertz radiation by optical rectification can also be used for its detection by using the Pockels effect, where particular crystalline materials become birefringent in the presence of an electric field. The birefringence caused by the electric field of a terahertz pulse leads to a change in the optical polarization of the detection pulse, proportional to the terahertz electric-field strength. With the help of polarizers and photodiodes, this polarization change is measured.

As with the generation, the bandwidth of the detection is dependent on the laser pulse duration, material properties, and crystal thickness.

Advantages
THz-TDS measures the electric field of a pulse and not just the power. Thus, THz-TDS measures both the amplitude and phase information of the frequency components it contains. In contrast, measuring only the power at each frequency is essentially a photon counting technique; information regarding the phase of the light is not obtained. Thus, the waveform is not uniquely determined by such a power measurement.

Even when measuring only the power reflected from a sample, the complex optical response constant of the material can be obtained. This is so because the complex nature of an optical constant is not arbitrary. The real and imaginary parts of an optical constant are related by the Kramers–Kronig relations. There is a difficulty in applying the Kramers-Kronig relations as written, because information about the sample (reflected power, for example) must be obtained at all frequencies. In practice, far separated frequency regions do not have significant influence on each other, and reasonable limiting conditions can be applied at high and low frequency, outside of the measured range.

THz-TDS, in contrast, does not require use of Kramers-Kronig relations. By measuring the electric field of a THz pulse in the time-domain, the amplitude and phase of each frequency component of the THz pulse are known (in contrast to the single piece of information known by a power measurement). Thus the real and imaginary parts of an optical constant can be known at every frequency within the usable bandwidth of a THz pulse, without need of frequencies outside the usable bandwidth or Kramers-Kronig relations.

title: Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy


text:
Whistling duck

The whistling ducks or tree ducks are a subfamily, Dendrocygninae, of the duck, goose and swan family of birds, Anatidae. In other taxonomic schemes, they are considered a separate family, Dendrocygnidae. Some taxonomists list only one genus, Dendrocygna, which contains eight living species, and one undescribed extinct species from Aitutaki of the Cook Islands, but other taxonomists also list the white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) under the subfamily.

Taxonomy and evolution
Whistling ducks were first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758: the black-bellied whistling duck (then Anas autumnalis) and the West Indian whistling duck (then Anas arborea). In 1837, William John Swainson named the genus Dendrocygna to distinguish whistling ducks from the other waterfowl. The type species was listed as the wandering whistling duck (D. arcuata), formerly named by Thomas Horsfield as Anas arcuata.

Whistling duck taxonomy, including that of the entire order Anseriformes, is complicated and disputed. Under a traditional classification proposed by ornithologist Jean Théodore Delacour based on morphological and behavioral traits, whistling ducks belong to the tribe Dendrocygnini under the family Anatidae and subfamily Anserinae. Following the revisions by ornithologist Paul Johnsgard, Dendrocygnini includes the genus Thalassornis (the white-backed duck) under this system.

In 1997, Bradley C. Livezey proposed that Dendrocygna were a separate lineage from Anserinae, placing it and its tribe in its own subfamily, Dendrocygninae. Alternatively Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist recommended placing Dendrocygna in its own family, Dendrocygnidae, which includes the genus Thalassornis.

Species
Eight species of whistling duck are currently recognized in the genus Dendrocygna. However, Johnsgard considers the white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) from Africa and Madagascar to be distinct ninth species, a view first proposed in 1960 and initially supported by behavioral similarities. Later, similarities in anatomy, duckling vocalizations, and feather proteins gave additional support. Molecular analysis in 2009 also suggested that the white-backed duck was nested within the whistling duck clade. In addition to the extant species, subfossil remains of an extinct, undescribed species have been found on Aitutaki of the Cook Islands.

Description
Whistling ducks are found in the tropics and subtropics. As their name implies, they have distinctive whistling calls.

The whistling ducks have long legs and necks, and are very gregarious, flying to and from night-time roosts in large flocks. Both sexes have the same plumage, and all have a hunched appearance and black underwings in flight.

After breeding and pairing with a female, male whistling ducks (especially within the Fulvous whistling duck species) will often help with the construction of nests and will take turns with the female incubating the eggs.

title: Whistling duck


text:
Talk:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

2 foot or 600 mm gauge?
Is the DHR at a gauge of 2 feet or 600 mm? This article claims the latter, but most references I find say the former. The two only differ by about 9 mm, so maybe it doesn't matter. —Morven 06:28, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * India seems to be metric so gauge references are now given in mm and lengths in km but I don't think there is any doubt that being built by the British it was 2ft. Having ridden it earlier this year, I don't think they start worrying until it is 29 to 39mm out of gauge! AHEMSLTD 19:06, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough it is a rickety outfit, but what is the gauge actually in use? Or are you saying that some of the rolling stock and/or the laid track is 600 mm exactly while the rest is 2 ft (=607 mm)? Seven milimeters is not negletable, especially in such a technically challenging line! --Tuvalkin (talk) 02:08, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

 * From a maintenance standpoint, I believe the gauge would be between a "not greater than" distance and a "not less than" distance. I don't know what those distances might be, but a reference citation would be a valuable addition to this article.  I wouldn't be surprised to find both 60 cm and 2 feet included between those two critical dimensions.Thewellman (talk) 04:42, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

New vehicles soon?
Those steam trains have been there for a long time, they suely will sooner or later reach the end of their useful working lives (the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is not (officially) a tourist/heritage service), and will need to be replaced (they won't last forever in regular service).Myrtone (the strict Australian wikipedian)(talk)

Max slope
Any idea of the max slope percentage ? IIRC a documentary say it was about 7-8 % (ie for 100 meters we climb 8 meters).
 * I've heard it's world's second steepest railway, & the steepest not to use a ratchet system like a roller coaster, rising 2257.7m in 88.5km, on a route with 906 bends & 6 switchbacks.
 * I've also heard its station at Gum, @2257.7m, is world's second highest railway station. Trekphiler 23:58, 27 December & 04:37, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ghum is certainly not the world's second highest railway station. The recently opened China-Tibet railway has several stations above 4500m, the highest being Tanggula at 5068m. There are several lines crossing the Andes over 4000m. As for the claim about being the steepest adhesion worked line, I doubt this and you'd need to cite several reliable sources for it. There are industrial railways that are steepr. The Hendre Ddu Tramway had a branch at over 20% gradient that was allegedly locomotive worked, just to give one example. Even if you restricted the list to passenger lines, the Pöstlingberg Railway runs on a 10.5% gradient and there are several others steeper than 8%. Gwernol 07:22, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Contradictory statements
The introduction section says: "Four modern diesel locomotives handle most of the scheduled services: however the daily Kurseong-Darjeeling return service and the daily tourist trains from Darjeeling to Ghum (India's highest railway station) are handled by the vintage British-built B Class steam locomotive, DHR 778." but the Authenticity and Integrity section says: "Most of the original steam locomotives are still in use". These two statements seem to contradict each other.--Roly (talk) 16:36, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

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Spelling
The route map shows all the stations ... shouldn't the spelling of the stations' names use the same spelling as on the route map (or at least one consistent version)? For example,

- the map shows Rongtong — but under Stations is Rangtong; and a photo of the station is labelled Rangtong, even though the name is clearly shown as Rongtong (though, to be fair, the fare table (called the 'Railway distance chart' for some strange reason) shows the station as "Rang Tong" (but that's because the vowel sound is 'uh', which is not easily transliterated into English ... Rungtung would be closer);

- the details for Rongtong mention 'Chunbatti', the track map shows 'Chunbhatti', and the earlier photo is captioned "The Choonbatty loop in 1925" — but the route map spells it 'Chunabhati';

- Jorebungalow is shown on the track map as 'Jor Bungalow', but is not listed in the fare table, nor is it shown on the route map; however, the Devanagari script suggests that it should be 'Jorbungla'.

Perhaps it's time for some consistency? Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 10:41, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Rolling stock list
Currently working on a Draft:List of rolling stock of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway for the DHR. —Sladen (talk) 17:05, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Sukna Train Station which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:55, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway