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São Tomé and Príncipe national football team

The São Tomé and Príncipe national football team is the national association football team of São Tomé and Príncipe and is controlled by the São Toméan Football Federation. It is a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and FIFA.

History
São Tomé and Príncipe's first ever match was a friendly against Gabon in May 1976. They lost by a score of 6–1. Their next game, during the 1976 Central African Games, was a horrendous 11–0 loss to Congo, São Tomé's largest loss to date. São Tomé rounded off the competition with a 2–1 loss to Central African Republic and a 5–0 loss to Chad.

The following year, São Tomé picked up their first win, in a friendly versus Rwanda. In both 1978 and 1987 they achieved a draw at home to Angola.

The Green and Yellows took an eleven year break, before a string of matches including their first entry to a FIFA sanctioned tournament. At the UNIFAC Cup in 1999, they achieved their second win, 2–0 against Equatorial Guinea. They won the next game after that, against Sierra Leone, 2–0. This two-in-a-row streak accompanied with a draw a few matches later placed them at their highest FIFA ranking to date, 179.

In 2003, São Tomé lost to Libya 1–0 and 8–0, which was a major blow to their previous success. São Tomé did not participate in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup, withdrawing before their first match, leaving them unranked in the FIFA rankings because they did not play any matches for four years.

On 11 November 2011, after an eight-year hiatus, São Tomé and Príncipe participated in the qualification for the 2014 World Cup, losing to Congo 5–0, then drawing 1–1 with the same team four days later. São Tomé were reinstated in the FIFA rankings on 23 November 2011, entering at number 192.

In January 2012, in the preliminary round of 2013 AFCON Qualifiers, São Tomé achieved their first ever aggregate win, defeating Lesotho 1–0 at home then successfully defending a 0–0 draw in Maseru seven days later. In the next round, São Tomé only narrowly lost 5–4 on aggregate to Sierra Leone. In the following years, São Tomé continued to show promise with impressive wins at home to Ethiopia and Libya but poor away results prevented them from advancing again.

On 9 October 2019, São Tomé defeated Mauritius 1–3 away from home in the first leg of their preliminary round tie of 2021 AFCON Qualifiers. This was São Tomé and Príncipe's first away win in a competitive match ever. Four days later, São Tomé won 2–1 at home to advance 5–2 on aggregate and enter Group C, facing Ghana, South Africa and Sudan, where they finished bottom with zero points.

During the 2023 AFCON qualifiers, São Tomé faced Mauritius, winning the first leg 1–0 before drawing the second leg 3–3 to advance to the group stages. Following the fixtures CAF sanctioned São Tomé for their first leg victory as they hadn't followed COVID protocol for Luis Leal, giving Mauritius a 3–0 victory and eliminating São Tomé from the competition. São Tomé appealed the decision and, following an initial unsuccessful ruling, they were reinstated by CAF a week before the first qualifying group game.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * Rudi Gutendorf (1984)
 * 🇸🇹 Juvenal Correia (1998)
 * 🇸🇹 Eduardo de Sousa (2000)
 * 🇧🇷 Antônio Dumas (2000–2001)
 * Jose Ferraz (2003–2005)
 * 🇸🇹 Osvaldo Lima (2011)
 * 🇨🇲 Gustave Clément Nyoumba (2011–2015)
 * 🇸🇹 António do Rosário (2015–2017)
 * 🇨🇲 Gustave Clément Nyoumba (2017–2019)
 * 🇸🇹 Adriano Eusébio (2019–present)

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Malawi and Liberia on 6 and 9 June 2024.

Caps and goals correct as of 9 June 2024, after the match against Liberia

Recent call ups
The following players were also named to a squad in the last 12 months.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with São Tomé and Príncipe.


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The North Face

The North Face is an American outdoor recreation products company. The North Face produces outdoor clothing, footwear, and related equipment. Founded in 1968 to supply climbers, the company's logo draws inspiration from Half Dome, a distinct rock formation rising over 8,700 ft above sea level in Yosemite National Park. By the late 1990s, the label had expanded beyond outdoor enthusiasts by focusing on street couture and since the 2000s it is regarded as a streetwear style symbol label. In 2000, it was bought by VF Corporation.

History
In 1964, Douglas Tompkins and his wife, Susie Tompkins borrowed $5,000 from a bank to found The North Face, Inc., in San Francisco, as a mail order and retail company, selling rock climbing and camping equipment. Tompkins designed tents that avoided a pole in the middle, by using bendable rods threaded through exterior sleeves instead. This widely copied design also increased the strength of the tent because the domed shape allowed the wind to roll over it.

On October 26, 1966, the first The North Face store was opened, at 308 Columbus Ave, and the band, The Grateful Dead, played at the grand opening.

On November 14, 1967, for "Rite of Winter", Steve Miller Blues Band and Jesse Fuller, played, at 308 Columbus, to celebrate, the opening of the second store in the Old Stanford Barn, near the Stanford Shopping Center, near Stanford University.

On November 15, 1967, for "Rite of Winter", Steve Miller Blues Band and Jesse Fuller, played, at the Old Stanford Barn, to celebrate, the opening of the second store in the Old Stanford Barn, near the Stanford Shopping Center, near Stanford University.

In 1967, Tompkins sold out his stake to Kenneth "Hap" Klopp for $50,000, and set off on a six month road trip to climb Mount FitzRoy in the wilds of Patagonia.

Tompkins joined his wife in co-founding Esprit, a fashion house. Tompkins sold The North Face with the intention of a focus on adventure film making.

In 2000, The North Face was acquired by VF Corporation in a deal worth US$25.4 million and became a wholly owned subsidiary.

In December 2008, The North Face filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri against The South Butt, its creator James A. Winkelmann Jr., and a company that handled the firm's marketing and manufacturing. In the legal action, The North Face alleged trademark infringement and sought injunctive relief. After the court ordered mediation in the case, the parties reached a closed settlement agreement on April 1, 2010; however, in October 2012, Winkelmann admitted in court that he and his father violated the settlement agreement with The North Face and agreed to pay US$65,000, an amount that will be reduced by US$1,000 for every month of compliance.

In 2019, The North Face faced consumer backlash and apologized after its marketing agency surreptitiously added photos featuring its apparel to Wikipedia articles on popular outdoor destinations.

The company was previously headquartered in Alameda, California, co-located with its corporate sibling, JanSport. In 2020, the company's headquarters relocated to Denver, Colorado.

A credential stuffing attack against The North Face's website began on July 26, 2022. However, the administrators of the website discovered the "unusual activity" on August 11 and were able to stop it by August 19. The breach compromised 194,905 customer accounts.

In March 2024, The North Face began offering a 20% discount to customers who watch a four-part, one-hour "racial inclusion" course, titled the "Allyship in the Outdoors" programme which aims to "foster a deeper understanding of the unique challenges that people of colour face when accessing the outdoors". The questionnaire covers topics such as white privilege, acknowledging "lived experiences", and different types of racism. The course begins by asking the customer "How many people of color do you see on the slopes, on the hills, or on the trails?", and at the end asks the customer to become an ally to their cause. The company faced a backlash from right-wing commentators who accused the program of being "woke capitalism at its worst".

Fashion
By 1997, purchasers of North Face attire had expanded beyond those looking for technical clothing for skiing, climbing, and other outdoor pursuits to rappers in New York City, but remained only a small part of the company's business.

In 2005, wearers of the North Face attire became the targets of robbery in Prince George's County, Maryland. A similar trend occurred in South Korea in the early 2010s where it became a status symbol, resulting in children being bullied or having their North Face apparel stolen.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The North Face


text:
Talk:Gruyères

"Areal View" Picture
I removed the following image from the page:

This is a picture of the village of Épagny, See here, apparently taken from the Gruyere castle, not of the village of Gruyere itself. Smerdis (talk) 16:39, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

-

Removed this image, moved to talk in case anyone wants it to stay:

Ojw 20:51, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You replaced a color image with nondescript monochrome closeups with less-desirable licenses? That's going backwards. There's nothing wrong with including all the images in any case, we don't have a rule restricting the number. Stan 05:29, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * My impression from the image upload page was that all wikipedia contributions are GNU FDL, regardless of any additional license offered by the creator

 * "By uploading a file to which you hold the copyright, you agree to licence it under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License."

 * OK, I see what you were getting at (didn't realize that "Oliver White" and "Ojw" were supposed to be the same person :-) ). Still a good idea to add the "GFDL" tag too, makes the situation completely clear - the two licensing boxes one on top of the other will tell everybody that this is a dual-licensed image. Stan 20:18, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Regarding "the museum has been turned into an HRG gallery" edit, I seem to recall there's a lot of art in there in addition to HR Giger's, and I'd certainly be interested to know who else is on display (if nothing else, my sister wants some posters of one of the abstract artists!)

From memory, there's: Can anyone confirm the artists' names for some of these other displays at Gruyere castle? Ojw 22:39, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * H R Giger sculptures
 * An abstract detailed painter, whose pictures are playing with conceptions of "which surface is which" verging on Escher-style optical illusions, e.g. the town apparently built on the underside of a rocky arch.
 * A photographer, working with modified images (maybe photographs blended with photorealistic painting?), backlit transparencies and on display in one of the spiral staircases
 * An anti-war sculptor and painter, and I don't think this was HRG. There were some fairly blunt and gruesome studies of the effects of war on display in a ground-floor room near the entrance
 * Displays which presumably came from the old castle, e.g. some impressive carpets and tapestries hanging in one of the upper rooms

External links modified
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I have just modified 8 external links on Gruyères. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Gruyères


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Flavia Caesariensis

Flavia Caesariensis (Latin for "The Caesarian province of Flavius"), sometimes known as Britannia Flavia, was one of the provinces of the Diocese of "the Britains" created during the Diocletian Reforms at the end of the 3rd century. It was probably created after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in AD 296 and was mentioned in the c. 312 Verona List of the Roman provinces. It seems to have been named after Chlorus's family and was probably located beside Maxima Caesariensis, but their positions and capitals remain uncertain. At present, most scholars place Flavia Caesariensis in the southern Pennines, possibly reaching the Irish Sea and including the lands of the Iceni. Its capital is sometimes placed at Lindum Colonia (Lincoln).

History
Following the Roman conquest, Britain was administered as a single province from Camulodunum (Colchester) and then Londinium (London) until the Severan Reforms following the revolt of its governor Clodius Albinus. These divided the territory into Upper and Lower Britain (Britannia Superior and Inferior), whose respective capitals were at Londinium and Eboracum (York). During the first phases of the Diocletian Reforms, Britain was under the control of the Allectus's Britannic Empire as part of the Carausian Revolt. At some point after the territory was retaken by Constantius Chlorus in AD 296, the Diocese of the Britains (with its vicar at Londinium) was formed and made a part of Prefecture of Gaul. The Britains were divided among three, four, or five provinces, which seem to have borne the names Prima, Secunda, Maxima Caesariensis, and (possibly) Flavia Caesariensis and Valentia.

The placement and capitals of these late British provinces are uncertain, although the Notitia Dignitatum lists the governor (praeses) of Flavia being of equestrian rank, making it unlikely to have been based in Londinium. The list of bishops who attended the 314 Council of Arles is patently corrupt but generally assumed to have mimicked the Roman administration: the identification of Lindum Colonia as a provincial capital rests on proposed emendations of one or the other of the bishops from the cities Londinensi and colonia Londinensium. Those emendations are highly speculative: Bishop Ussher proposed Colonia, Selden Camaloden or Camalodon, and Spelman Camalodunum (all various names of Colchester); Camden took it as Caerleon, with Bishop Stillingfleet and Thackery proposing that a scribal error created ''Civ. Col. Londin. from an original Civ. Col. Leg. II'' (Caerleon).

Describing the metropolitan sees of the early British church established by SS Fagan and "Duvian", Gerald of Wales placed Flavia around London, extending into Mercia. Bertram's highly-influential forgery The Description of Britain placed it similarly: although not including London, it included central England and was bound by the Severn, the Thames, the North Sea, and the Humber and Mersey; this was accepted for a century from the 1740s to the 1840s before being revealed as a forgery. Modern scholars usually place Londinium in Maxima rather than Flavia. Birley has argued that Maxima and Flavia originally consisted of a single province, which received the name Britannia Caesariensis as a mark of favour for support against the rebel Allectus in 296. Although Flavia is usually thought to have been formed from the old province of Lower Britain, Birley proposes that Upper Britain was divided in two (between Prima and Caesariensis) and then three (Prima, Maxima, and Flavia). This repeats Camden's earlier theory (relying on Sextus Rufus) that Maxima was formed first and Flavia followed sometime after. Supporters of a later creation of Flavia note that it need not refer to Constantius Chlorus himself: instead, it may have honored any of Constantine, Valentinian, or Theodosius.

title: Flavia Caesariensis


text:
Talk:Capital asset pricing model

Page Needs to be Rewriten
This page is (1) unduly negative toward the capital asset pricing model and (2) unduly technical. (1) Undue negativity: The imperfections that researchers assign to the CAPM tend to be explained by its assumptions or by data mining. For example, tax and lending produce the expectation of a flatter capital market line than the model predicts, as observed. The "error" that the real returns tend to be a tad flatter has been known for decades but people have not been able to profit from it. Other imperfections tend to be a result of data mining and disappear as soon as the research is published and traders act on it. The CAPM is quite accurate. (2) Excess technical nature: One does not need to know higher probability theory to understand the CAPM. The beta is a metric of how much each asset moves given a market move. Instead of being explained as the ratio of the covariance to the variance (which has no intuitive meaning), it should be explained as the beta of the linear regression of the returns of the asset against the returns of the market, approximated in practice by those of the S&P500. Generally, I explain the CAPM without referring to the optimal portfolio frontier, but by showing that if assets are not on the capital market line, then they give rise to an arbitrage opportunity. The trading to implement those arbitrage opportunities pushes the price of assets to the capital market line. For example, if the CML indicates that an asset with beta of .5 should have a return of 4% but we see such assets returning 5% (i.e., they are cheap), traders can buy the assets and synthesize beta half portfolios from the index and the risk-free asset to sell and reap the rewards. Vice verse if such assets returned 3% (being expensive) or beta 1.5 assets that should return 12% are expected to return 13% or 11%. In the real world the error or those expectations precludes traders from making those trades in great quantities but the logic is inescapable. In other words, the page should be rewritten without the focus on imperfections and with an explanation of the CAPM that is more intuitive. I'd be happy to do that or help do it but I do not know how or where to start. Ngeorgak (talk) 21:31, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Comments
I am concerned about a recent edit. There is an article showing that there is a math error in the derivation of the CAPM that was deleted as an irrelevant criticism. How could a math error in the proof be irrelevant on a model filled with empirical failures? The error is that the CAPM violates the rules of general summation. This is not a trivial or irrelevant argument. Suggestions? Winning a Nobel prize cannot be a reason to hide its problems. The possibility that the left hand side does not equal the right hand side is serious. Wikipedia isn't the place to argue this out, but a lot of people use Wikipedia and the problems are serious. Laypersons need to be adequately warned. It doesn't pass muster empirically or mathematically. It needs to go the way of luminiferous ether.

Response: Dear David, I will refer to you by name because the user "entpdave" who added the (subsequently removed) section here also shows up as a user on the INET website, which David Harris, the author of the criticizing article, is associated with. Further, the Facebook page of the arguably same David Harris has a URL also featuring "entp.dave". While somebody could have faked the Wikipedia username to mimic David Harris' credentials, it seems as very unlikely.

Therefore, before I get to the factual criticism of your paper titled "Why heavy tails?", let me suggest that it is rather unethical to promote your own work here while pretending to be a third person, referring to your own article as "There is an article showing ...", rather than "I wrote an article showing...". That's just for starters.

And now to the factual criticism of your own work, which, I believe, can be made using arguments from Section 3.1 of your paper, section titled "Intuition behind the proof". In this section, you commit a standard logical fallacy. You make a set of assumptions different from those in standard (and numerous) derivations of the CAPM model, then you show that your set of assumptions leads to ill-defined objects of interest, which leads you to conclude that the CAPM model must be wrong.

But of course, there is nothing wrong with the CAPM model. It is your own assumptions that are poorly chosen. What you argue in Section 3.1 is the following. Assume that the value of an investment at time $$t+1$$ is $$w_{t+1} = \mu_R w_t + \epsilon_{t+1}$$, where $$\epsilon_{t+1}$$ is normally distributed. Then the gross return $$R_{t+1} = w_{t+1}/w_t$$ conditional on time t information is normally distributed. You are already running into some troubles here because your normality assumption implies that the value of the investment $$w_{t+1}$$ is negative with positive probability at time $$t+1$$ but that can still be worked around.

The critical problem arises when you try to express the distribution of $$R_{t+1}$$ conditional on time time t-1 information in your equations (5) and (6). The problem now is that conditional on time t-1 information, not only the numerator of the return $$R_{t+1}$$ but also its denominator can be negative with a strictly positive probability. Therefore, you have a strictly positive probability of an event that your investment has a negative value at time t, but a positive value at time t+1. This of course violates no-arbitrage and does not make any economic sense.

From this point on, you can still try to express the distribution of such a ratio, but it is economically completely meaningless. The Cauchy distribution that is derived as the distribution of the ratio takes on both positive and negative values, and the negative values are generated by combinations of a negative numerator and a positive denominator, and vice versa (and this vice versa is economic garbage).

It simply does not make sense to even start talking about CAPM in such an environment. And in no way do your assumptions constitute a good model of returns in financial markets.

Your analysis is thus a clear example of "garbage assumptions in, garbage results out". But it simply does not disprove anything about CAPM.

To be constructive, let me suggest to you a modification of your model. A much better assumption (one that is also much closer to the empirical distribution of returns) is that the logarithm of the return is normally distributed. Make this assumption and you will see that your whole analysis goes through without a glitch. Your return $$R_{t+1} = w_{t+1}/w_t$$ will be lognormally distributed conditional both on information at time t, as well as information at time t-1. Problem solved. CAPM survives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.6.166.198 (talk) 06:48, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

Comments
I think the last point of the shortcomings should be explained better, or be removed:

Because CAPM prices a stock in terms of all stocks and bonds, it is really an arbitrage pricing model which throws no light on how a firm's beta gets determined.

I understand all other points, but do not know what is meant by the last point...128.130.51.88 16:21, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

-

I think two of the shortcomings are not quite right.

"The model assumes that all investors are risk averse. Some investors (e.g., some day traders), however, can not be considered to be risk averse."
 * A central idea of the model is that a day trader and a retiree can use the same pricing model, because they can assemble a portfolio that matches their different risk objectives and they can observe the market price for risk.
 * All the model assumes is that 1) higher returns are preferred to lower returns and 2) lower risk is preferred to higher risk.
 * In other words, if you offer a day trader two assets -- one highly risky asset and one lower risk asset -- with the same expected return, the day trader will pick the lower risk asset.
 * One can argue that the model assumes that investor behavior is rational (and that that is a shortcoming).

--->The above is not said clearly. What he/she means to say is that: (i) for a given risk level, an investor will always prefer a higher return, and (ii) for a given expected return level, an investor will always prefer lower risk.

"The model assumes that all investors create mean-variance optimized portfolios. However, there are many investors who don't know what a mean-variance optimized portfolio is."
 * Again, the only thing the model assumes is that 1) higher returns are preferred to lower returns and 2) lower risk is preferred to higher risk.
 * Variance is used as a measure of observed risk. There is no assumption that investors are using the model.
 * Like gravity, you don't need to know :$$F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$$ for it to work.

If no objections, I will remove these shortcomings. Thoughts? -Chris vLS 20:52, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I agree with you, especially about the day traders. Whoever wrote this sentence confused willingness to accept risk with an actual DESIRE for risk. Evel Knievel was not a day trader. Furthermore, its been 2 weeks since you asked this question and nobody has sought to defend these passages yet, so ... let's roll! --Christofurio 00:43, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

Done! Thanks for the encouragement! --Chris vLS 16:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi there. Although your point is well taken, I'm not sure that you should have removed the part of about investors preference for mean-variance optimized portfolios. That actually IS one of the assumptions of the model. This isn't physics, it's not a model that the market must follow. It's a model that assumes that investors always choose the market portfolio, together with the risk-free asset. This is inherent in the definition of the market portfolio, that it's defined by investor choices, is completely diversified, and has no non-systematic risk. The market portfolio has a beta of exactly 1, and CAPM assumes that investors can choose more or less risk by buying or selling the portfolio and borrowing or lending the risk-free asset. This is known as the separation theorum of capm: that every investor can participate with their own risk preference by buying just a market index fund and the risk free asset. --Tristan Reid 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Actually, let me amend what I said: investors don't prefer mean-variance optimized portfolios, investors choices in aggregate (as contributing parts of the market portfolio) are mean-variance optimized. --Tristan Reid 09:46, Apr 06, 2005 (UTC)

--->Tristan, I'm not sure what you mean when you talk of aggregation. All investors are mean-variance optimisers in that they will prefer, for a given risk level, MAXIMUM returns. that is all. This is THE fundamental assumption of the CAPM.-Ben
 * Hi Ben. Not all markets are accessible to all people (such as 144a assets, or restrictions on foreign markets).  The given risk level is only defined by the covariance of the assets in the portfolio, but some investors are also concerned with other risks, e.g. liquidity.  Investors can add these different constraints on the mean-variance objective function without breaking CAPM.  That's what I mean by 'in aggregate'.  If you model that everyone is chasing the same assets, the liquity constraint will only be satisfied if investors either hold non-zero weighted chunks of the entire market, or that they hold enough of the market to be locally diversified.  By considering all investors together, both of these problems are solved and CAPM is satisfied.  It's very much like a Nash equilibrium. Tristanreid 21:55, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Risk free rate
There appears to be a contradiction in the article regarding the risk free rate. At one point it is referred to as "such as interest arising from government bonds", later on as "cash (either borrowed or invested)". There are online references for optimal asset allocation, e.g., which suggest (subject to an individual's different short-term needs for cash) that the optimal allocation of the non-risky part of an individual's assets should be about three quarters bonds and a quarter cash. What I am hoping is that someone has done some research to reconcile these.Dan88888 (talk) 13:39, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Typically the risk free rate is the interest rate from government bonds (when the government is economically stable, for instance US T-Bills are usually used whereas Greek bonds would not be right now). I believe this is mentioned in risk-free bond.  As for saying it is "cash", that is because in (simpler) financial math models it is assumed you can always borrow or invest at the risk free rate (with any time maturity).  So from that point of view these are thought of as the same number in theory.  In practice you won't be able to borrow at the risk-free rate because you have a risk of default so a premium is included.  As for how to optimally allocate the riskless assets, I don't think that has a part in this page as that goes much beyond the CAPM model.  I hope this helps. Zfeinst (talk) 14:13, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
 * OK, I found a piece of original research I could cite (which explains my point better than I could!). So I was bold an edited the article. Do please let me know if you disagree with the edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dan88888 (talk • contribs) 16:22, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Think it is time to delete this section. My question was answered we decided not to edit the page further. In fact I did delete, but had my edit rolled back. Please reply here if you think this section continues to have merit. Dan88888 (talk) 14:04, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

The CAPM graph is wrong for negative betas.
The CAPM graph looks wrong for negative betas. You cannot get an expected return less than the risk-free interest rate. -> YEs you can -if you buy an asset with a negative beta (i.e. an asset that moves against the market portfolio most of the time). THe benefit is having an asset with a negative beta. but then again you get a lower return than a risk free asset. _______________________________

I agree with you, the graph isn't really showing the main points of CAPM. Just for the fun of discussion, though: You can buy insurance (or an option) that reduces your risk below the risk-free interest rate. Also, what if you just don't invest at all? Isn't that a return below the risk-free rate? And if you consider the US Treasury bond to be risk free, how much risk does an inflation-protected US Treasury bond have? Even less? TIPS have smaller coupons than TSY bonds. Tristanreid 20:08, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Gold gives you lower than risk free rates of return because it has a negative beta (one of the few real assets that behaves this ways). As mentioned above, insurance gives you a negative return and a negative beta. There's no reason the graph can't extend even farther than shown into negative rates of return. Kjm 20:58, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

The perfect example of a negative beta, less than risk free rate asset is your homeowner's insurance which is priced to yield negative absolute returns yet freely trades.

Cash. Usually less than the risk free rate (but not always). 76.219.79.2 (talk) 17:11, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

For Dummies?
Isn't the expression "for dummies" in this kind of usage copyrighted? And do we really need this section? If its explanations are better than those of the rest of the article, they should be put there, not in an addendum. --Christofurio 15:50, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Article removed from Good articles
This article was formerly listed as a good article, but was removed from the listing because the intro is just a bit impenetrable. If you could just explain a few terms a bit more I think it would certainly qualify. Imagine your reader is intelligent but totally ignorant! Worldtraveller 00:56, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Should article include empirical estimation of CAPM?
Hello -- all --- reading this article offers a pretty good intro CAPM. Congrats to all. It explains the structure and assumptions of the model. Some extenstion suggestions to improve this excellent article and make it more comprehensive. Should this article include a brief review of the mail empirical issues in estimating CAPM? Or rather, should a new article, different from this entry, focus on the emprical issues of "correctly" estimating CAPM? Finally, should International CAPM (a la Solnik) be included in this entry or anchor a new one? Psw2xx

Formula is insufficient for the model
The formula is now given for the expected rates, as is done in most introductory texts, but this is not a sufficient assumption for the model. It should be in the form of a linear regression equation Y = a + bX + e, where Y is the excess return of the portfolio and X is the excess return of the benchmark. In the original, strict form of the CAPM the equation is Y = bX + e. The difference with the formula in the article is that the regression equation applies to each individual return, albeit with an error e, not only for the expected returns. The regression equation is necessary to estimate alpha and beta. It is logically impossible to do that from the formula with the expectations alone. JulesEllis 01:20, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Formula is OK but tests should be mentioned
The most widely used tests such as the Sharpe Ratio, Traynor Ratio and Jensen Alpha should be incorporated within this topic as they ALL measure the efficiency of a portfolio manager using the CAPM as a reference model. The regression equation suggested before is infact the basis for Jensen's Alpha. Abh1984

 * I agree with that too. JulesEllis 05:13, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

What about location-scale?
It states that returns are assumed to be normally distributed. However, recent developments have shown that location-scale returns with constant skewness across location-scale choices are sufficient. In fact, this skewness restriction can be removed under some assumptions on the utility function. In fact, location-scale returns are not necessary. This can be generalized to spherical distributions. (see articles by Grootveld/Hallerbach (1999) and Bawa (1975)) Shouldn't there be a note about some of this? --TedPavlic 20:15, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Formula: Arithmetic vs. Geometric average?
In the two notes about measuring the expected market rate of return and the risk-free rate of return arithmetic average is mentioned. Would the geometric average not give a better calculation? -- LJG59 (talk) 13:06, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

I don't think geometric for a one period model like CAPM. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.61.99.187 (talk) 04:46, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Link Sharpe/Mossin
Mossin (1966) did not write his article independently of Sharpe (1964), but based on it. Cf. the references of his article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NecSpe (talk • contribs) 00:02, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Asset pricing correction?
Perhaps I'm misunderstanding the model, but I believe "undervalued" and "overvalued" should be reversed in the following sentence from the Asset Pricing section: "If the observed price is higher than the CAPM valuation, then the asset is undervalued (and overvalued when the estimated price is below the CAPM valuation)."

If observed price is HIGHER than the price the model suggests for the given beta, doesn't that indicate the asset is OVER-valued? In terms of expected returns, the model associates an expected return with the given beta, which may be used to discount future cash flows to derive an expected price. An observed price HIGHER than the expected price implies a future return lower than the CAPM-generated expected return, placing the asset below the Security Market Line, which indicates the asset is OVER-valued. This matches what is written in the Security Market Line section.

If I am wrong, perhaps someone can add language to clarify this matter, because it seems (at least to me) the Security Market Line and Asset Pricing sections contradict each other.

- Mike — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.43.223.157 (talk) 16:47, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

Black CAPM
The article currently seems to be discussing Sharpe-Lintner CAPM, but it appears common in the literature to refer to an extention of it by Fischer Black as CAPM (at least from some papers I saw by Fama, et al). An extension to the article, or at least clarification, seems warranted. --C S (talk) 03:36, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Problems
I am willing to add some references to the CAPM variants developed in insurance. For instance, there are demand-supply (econ) approaches described by, e.g., Borch (1986) [Risk theory and serendipity. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 5, 103 - 112], and also computational ones (math), e.g., Furman and Zitikis (2017). [Beyond the Pearson correlation: Heavy-tailed risks, weighted Gini correlations, and a Gini-type weighted insurance pricing model. ASTIN Bulletin: the Journal of the International Actuarial Association 47(3), 919 - 942.] Would there be any objections to inserting a few references? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Efurman (talk • contribs) 12:45, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Bear in mind that this is an encyclopedia. So, if you want to add citations, you need to show that the citations are relevant and significant. Significance comes from others, secondary sources, who quote your paper. For example, if there are numerous notable reviews (in peer reviewed journals) of CAPM variants that says that your approach is an important variant, then, perhaps, it can be included. Merely noting the existence of the paper, even if in peer reviewed journals, is not enough. Best. --regentspark (comment) 13:03, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

Many thanks for your quick reply. I agree with your note of `recognition by others'. Please note however that such recognition can come from distinct sources, e.g., citations - if the paper has been long enough around/also depending on how numerous the relevant scientific community is, or, alternatively, interest of practitioners (when you cite barclay wealth in your present article, I suppose this is what you pursue). The paper on insurance variant of the CAPM I am suggesting, has drawn interest of the Casualty Actuarial Society - one of the main bodies governing the profession. A version of the paper was published in their CAS E-Forum in addition to the pee-reviewed ASTIN Bulletin (btw, considered a top journal in insurance). So, isn't this sort of recognition sufficient? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Efurman (talk • contribs) 14:15, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I would say no. The mere fact that a paper has been published is insufficient for inclusion. If that were sufficient, there would likely be many hundreds of candidate peer review papers that could be included here and that's obviously not going to work. It would be preferable to see a survey paper, in a good peer reviewed journal, that states that this paper makes a significant contribution to the field. --regentspark (comment) 14:59, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

Then why are you citing a research by Barclays Wealth, which is - I suspect - not even peer reviewed. If you remove Barclays Wealth's citation, then your `heavy-tailedness' part of the Problems section - however important and indeed a shortcoming of the CAPM - misses references. As to your note about a review paper, here you go: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10920277.2009.10597570 in which Section 6 reviews an insurance variant of the CAPM - nothing about heavy-tailedness, I admit. This review paper is published in North American Actuarial Journal - a top-tier peer-reviewed journal in Actuarial Science. The paper itself was sponsored by the Society of Actuaries - one of the main bodies that governs the profession. The paper is well--cited (for a small actuarial community). If you feel that this discussion has to involve more participants, please let's do it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Efurman (talk • contribs) 17:45, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Well written, but violates Wikipedia's policy on verifiability
Greetings Wikipedians! I commend all the contributors for their efforts. But sadly, this article lacks inline citations to reliable, verifiable sources. As such, it contains multiple violations of Wikipedia's policy on verifiability, which states: "Even if you are sure something is true, it must be verifiable before you can add it....The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material, and it is satisfied by providing an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports the contribution." The policy is set forth here.

In my view, this means we'd rather have a sparse article in which every important statement (including all these equations) is supported by an inline citation to a reliable source. There are no citations - none at all - in the following sections:
 * Formula;
 * Modified beta;
 * Security market line;
 * Asset-specific required return;
 * Risk and diversification; and
 * Efficient frontier.

I hope someone will step forward to remedy this problem, which crops up in a distressing number of articles about financial mathematics. Unsourced material is subject to being removed. My qualifications for this subject are set forth in my user profile. Cordially, BuzzWeiser196 (talk) 14:10, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

Missing significant poor assumption
The Assumptions section does not mention that CAPM math uses variances and covariances. Given that financial instruments generally have statistics governed by stable distributions rather than Gaussian, neither variance nor covariance exist, and the math is thus entirely invalid. Also, see "heavy-tailed" discussion above, which is the same issue.

76.219.79.2 (talk) 17:07, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Capital asset pricing model


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PointServe

Non-notable company. Advertisement. Andries 20:53, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As it only had the link as contents it's a speedy deletion candidate - I just deleted it. andy 20:54, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Librarian

Top picture
The top picture does not reflect a librarian. It's not even a person and would be better in the section about librarians in popular culture (which I also think needs an update). I think the article would be better served by showing librarians doing actual librarianship. I'm looking into more pictures. There's quite a few nice ones of librarians "in action" on commons. I hope others weigh in, otherwise, I'll be bold and pick something out. :) Megalibrarygirl (talk) 18:31, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree! This photo shows two librarians from San Francisco Public Library "in action" but honestly I'd be happy with anything you pick out. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Librarians_at_Bay_Area_WikSalon_-_2.jpg Merrilee (talk) 19:04, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I do like that picture. I think we could use it in the article (which I think needs a lot of work!). But for the top picture, I really want to see an "action shot" of people in a library doing library stuff, and bonus for diversity! I haven't found the pic I'm "in love with" yet. :) Megalibrarygirl (talk) 02:13, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I also just noticed that there's no section about librarians and Wikipedia! This article needs major work!!! Megalibrarygirl (talk) 02:15, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * No thanks. ElKevbo (talk) 06:18, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Except that librarians have helped improve Wikipedia through #1lib#1ref. It's not navel gazing if it's noteworthy. :) Megalibrarygirl (talk) 22:57, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

Objections to recent additions
LibraryTea recently added two paragraphs to this article and I have objections to them.

The first paragraph was added in a new "COVID-19" section:
 * Librarians and other library workers in the United states who weren't stationed inside the library due to library closures were deployed as work from home COVID-19 contact tracers to aid in contacting individuals believed to have contracted Covid-19, encouraging them to self-quarantine, while also educating them about safety during the pandemic.

I object to this material because it implies that many or all "librarians and other library workers" were employed as contact tracers. The supporting reference doesn't support that claim; it only describes a couple of libraries.

The second paragraph was added in the "Popular culture" section:
 * In popular culture, it has become a trend to say, "Librarian, the original search engine." It was has gained quite a lot of traction in social media and among librarians but some simply loathe the slogan or comparison.

The cited source is a blog post entirely insufficient to support the broad claims made in the paragraph. We need much stronger sourcing to support claims made in an encyclopedia article. ElKevbo (talk) 02:29, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * According to the CDC Librarians were one of the choices for use as contact tracers. I found other articles that mention Librarians as contact tracers in Denver and Massachusetts but as you can imagine, mentioning librarians becoming contact tracers is probably not at the top of the list for most news articles. The work of librarians has been largely changed as they have been temporarily displaced from their usual jobs and asked to have chosen to volunteer in other areas where their skills could be used. I do agree wording could be edited but I don't think it should be entirely thrown out. I figured the temporary change in work for librarians during the pandemic should be mentioned here that is why I added it.

 * As for the second edit, it is a phrase often seen in popular librarian gifs. I agree it can be reworded. I have seen it on shirts, bags, and even mugs used by librarians. It was just a fun addition and I figured it fit under pop culture. The Library of Congress even sells a shirt, mug, and journal in their online shop with the quote.

 * Again I apologize, this is my first time editing and I am only doing this for a class. I'm being graded for editing articles and am still learning to use the interface. It was not my intention to step on anyone's toes. I sincerely thought they were being removed because I was editing them wrong.

 * --LibraryTea (talk) 03:26, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * No apologies necessary! This is an active project with tens of thousands of users so it has a rather complex and weird culture and set of norms that aren't always consistent or visible. ElKevbo (talk) 14:34, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Public Librarians are being asked to help with contact tracing and PPE provision in many jurisdictions. Libraries are being reduced in staffing due to closures and this has been a feature of the current scope of work since the pandemic. Thank you for reviewing and explaining your point of view. I have taught 3 classes since the pandemic began and at least 35% of enrolled students who work in libraries have been reassigned. The Public Library Association survey, Public Libraries Respond to COVID-19: Survey of Response & Activities. There is a frequently updated list of resources about librarian response to the pandemic at the American Library Association website that provides analysis of librarians' roles during these times.
 * Kmccook (talk) 13:12, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Those - and the additional sources provided above by LibraryTea - look like excellent sources that could be incorporated into a much more refined section that is more strongly supported by reliable sources. My primary concern with the previous material was that it made large claims or implications that did not appear to be supported by the handful of sources that were cited.
 * (I'm not a librarian but I do wonder if it would also be appropriate to mention the growth of controlled digital lending during the pandemic. The most visible instance is the controversial - at least to the publishers who have sued - work at the Internet Archive but my sense is that this has become much more widespread. However, that may be a better fit for a different article...) ElKevbo (talk) 14:34, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you and you are right, the digital lending is a real challenge and the current librarian journals are sorting it out. I will try and synthesize in the future. Librarianship is crazy these days.Kmccook (talk) 03:00, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

I added the COVID-19 section again edited and with the additional sources. I'm still working on it but I didn't want to lose my progress. As to my reasoning for adding digital lending, it was more to highlight how librarians work has moved from physical librarianship to digital work for those of us who were still working inside the library. I added sources to show how one librarian has done this via digital programming. Digital lending is kind of just a part of the entire librarian gig these days. Thank you for your input and guidance. I hope my new edit is more up to par. --LibraryTea (talk) 20:56, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Better, non-military photo of a librarian?
The main article's photo illustrating a librarian shows a librarian at a military base, "helping an airman". Librarians are not a topic one usually associates with the military, and while the military obviously have librarians, maybe this is not the best or most "general" photo to use? I vote we provide a better photo, of a librarian in a civilian context (I don't have such a photo or I would make the edit myself) The andf (talk) 23:50, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the observation. The photo generally shows a librarian helping a patron and that patron happens to be on a military base. I think the photo helps to usefully illustrate that librarians are everywhere, not just at the stereotypical public library. Merrilee (talk) 04:15, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Librarian


text:
User:Stuuf

Hello, world!

HIIIII

Dating back to late 2008, stuuf's origins lie in Jayson and Christine.

Over time, it has become a staple of the couple's culture and ethics and has increased steadily in popularity throughout the United States and parts of Europe.

'Stuuf' is another form of 'stuff' but it is more acceptable for encompassing all the world's terminology. For example, you can stuuf stuuf in stuuf, refer to your children as your 'stuuf' or just say 'and stuuf.'

Used in a sentence (question):

"Can I stuuf my stuuf in your stuuf?"

A common response:

"Yes and stuuf."

My homepage

title: User:Stuuf


text:
Altamont Pass

Altamont Pass, formerly Livermore Pass, is a low mountain pass in the Diablo Range of Northern California between Livermore in the Livermore Valley and Tracy in the San Joaquin Valley. The name is actually applied to two distinct but nearby crossings of the range. The lower of the two, at an elevation of 741 ft, carries two railroad rights-of-way (ROWs) and Altamont Pass Road, part of the old Lincoln Highway and the original alignment of US 50 before it was bypassed in 1937. The bypass route travels over the higher summit, at 1009 ft, and now carries Interstate 580, a major regional highway heavily congested by Central Valley suburbanization.

Of the two railroad lines through the old pass, one is still in use: the ex-Western Pacific line built in 1908 over the pass, which is sometimes known as the Altamont Corridor, now owned by Union Pacific. It carries freight trains as well as the Altamont Corridor Express, which gives its occasional name (ACE) and operates between Stockton, Livermore, Pleasanton, Fremont, and San Jose. The other and older right-of-way was the line built in 1869 with a 1,200 ft summit tunnel by the original Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) as part of the transcontinental railroad. After 1879, when a sea level ferry crossing at the Carquinez Strait replaced the 1869 route, it remained in use for other purposes by the Southern Pacific. In 1984 it was abandoned and deeded to Alameda County by Southern Pacific Railroad in favor of trackage rights on the aforementioned ex-Western Pacific line.

From 1966 to 2008, the Altamont Pass area was home to the Altamont Speedway, which became famous as the site of the 1969 Altamont Free Concert, a large outdoor concert featuring The Rolling Stones and marred by violence. The pass is also known for the Altamont Pass Wind Farm, one of the largest concentrations of wind turbines in the world.

History
From the time of the California Gold Rush, what is now Altamont Pass was called Livermore's Pass after Robert Livermore, the owner of the Rancho Las Positas and a way station near the pass. After the transcontinental railroad was built through the pass by Chinese laborers in 1869, Altamont, formerly The Summit, became a critical stopping point where helper engines pushed heavy trains over the steep grades of the pass.

A narrow road, the Altamont Pass Road (once called the Stockton Road), was an early stagecoach route and formed part of the transcontinental Lincoln Highway. In 1938, Highway 50, a four lane freeway (now called Interstate 580) was built through Altamont Pass, replacing the two-lane Altamont Pass Road and bypassing Altamont. Four westbound lanes were later constructed in 1970.

title: Altamont Pass


text:
User:MarkSweep/JPE

Keeping an eye on Just Plainly Egregious vandals.

Benign

 * User:A2X A2X contribs
 * SP

 * Aries31 talk contribs
 * Appears (based on almost identical contributions) to also have posted from 198.70.70.250 talk contribs

 * Arnold1 talk contribs

 * Torah talk contribs
 * SP

 * 68.63.32.7 talk contribs

 * 68.106.135.32 talk contribs Cox cable customer, Atlanta based(?), benefit of the doubt

 * 81.7.58.122 talk contribs

 * 216.211.57.110 talk contribs

 * 172.201.162.247 talk contribs (minor comments, immediately reverted by same user)

Less benign

 * 64.191.63.213 talk contribs "Nasrallah", IP belongs to burst.net
 * anonymous proxy
 * link-spammed Nostradamus; note that one addition was exactly the same one that 208.54.95.129 had tried to add earlier

 * 65.161.65.104 talk contribs 161.65-104.adsl.ij.net
 * blanked Talk:Sollog

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 * 69.105.108.169 talk contribs
 * blanked Sollog multiple times

 * 69.240.249.153 talk contribs calling himself "Mark Foster"
 * vandalized Template:Deletiontools

 * 167.230.38.115 talk contribs
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 * 203.79.112.60 talk contribs
 * posted personal attacks on Votes for deletion/Sollog

 * 222.152.16.118 talk contribs 222-152-16-118.jetstream.xtra.co.nz
 * blanked Votes for deletion/Sollog

Repeat offenders
Repeated acts of vandalism, link-spamming, and/or blanking, typically noted on their talk pages.

 * NDC777 talk contribs (blocked until 11 Jan 2005)

 * 63.164.145.85 talk contribs Kinko's (blocked until 13 Dec 2004)
 * posted personal attack against User:Hoary on Talk:Sollog

 * 65.34.173.202 talk contribs JPE's home computer (blocked until 10 Jan 2005)

 * 208.54.95.129 talk contribs, address belongs to T-mobile, probably at a Starbucks (blocked until 13 Dec 2004)
 * spammed Fibonacci number
 * spammed Nostradamus
 * spammed prime number
 * spammed Titius-Bode law
 * posted profanity and personal attacks against User:Wyss
 * posted personal attacks against User:Hoary

 * 216.74.127.98 talk contribs domainnewsnet.com, JPE's corporate network (blocked until 9 Jan 2005)

Proxies
Anonymous/open proxies, blocked indefinitely.

 * 62.132.1.121 talk contribs
 * 65.110.6.35 talk contribs
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 * 216.127.68.137 talk contribs

title: User:MarkSweep/JPE


text:
Countdown with Keith Olbermann

Countdown with Keith Olbermann is a weekday podcast that originated as an hour-long weeknight news and political commentary program hosted by Keith Olbermann that aired on MSNBC from 2003 to 2011 and on Current TV from 2011 to 2012. The show presented five selected news stories of the day, with commentary by Olbermann and interviews of guests. At the start of Countdown, Olbermann told television columnist Lisa de Moraes: "Our charge for the immediate future is to stay out of the way of the news. ... News is the news. We will not be screwing around with it. ... As times improve and the war [in Iraq] ends we will begin to introduce more and more elements familiar to my style."

The show was known for Olbermann's fast-paced rhetoric, historical and pop culture references, and liberal commentary. Olbermann melded news stories, both serious and light, with commentary, much of it critical of Republicans and conservative politics. The show has been the source of controversy owing to these criticisms, as well as the host's ongoing commentary against Fox News and his feud with its leading primetime personality Bill O'Reilly.

During the January 21, 2011, edition of Countdown, Olbermann announced that it would be his last appearance on the show, but he gave no explanation why. The New York Times reported the following day that Olbermann had negotiated his exit from MSNBC with a secret deal. After being hired by Current TV, Olbermann announced on April 26, 2011, that his nightly news program on the new network would begin June 20, 2011, and would also be called Countdown with Keith Olbermann. On March 30, 2012, Current TV abruptly terminated its relationship with Olbermann and replaced his show with a program hosted by Eliot Spitzer.

On August 1, 2022, Olbermann began producing and hosting a weekday podcast also titled "Countdown with Keith Olbermann", for iHeart Media.

MSNBC period
Countdown with Keith Olbermann debuted as Countdown: Iraq on March 31, 2003, hosted by NBC News anchor Lester Holt; the program featured live updates on the then-unfolding War in Iraq. Countdown was broadcast at 8:00 p.m. on weekday nights, having replaced a cancelled talk show hosted by Phil Donahue. Olbermann, who left MSNBC in the late 1990s, returned to the network around this time and replaced Holt, becoming the permanent host for the renamed Countdown with Keith Olbermann. The show did not feature political commentary in its first few years, simply recapping the news of the day in a "5-4-3-2-1" format as the title suggested.

Countdown began to attract liberal and progressive viewers in 2005 when Olbermann began critiquing and satirizing conservative media commentators, specifically Fox News and its main primetime anchor Bill O'Reilly. He criticized Fox and O'Reilly for purportedly deceiving their viewers in service to their alleged right-wing biases, frequently including the latter in Countdown "Worst Person in the World" segment. O'Reilly, while not directly mentioning Olbermann, launched an online petition implicitly asking MSNBC to fire him, and, in conjunction with a call-in campaign organized by Mike Stark, threatened Stark for mentioning Olbermann by name after phoning in to O'Reilly's radio show. O'Reilly and other Fox personalities accused MSNBC of facilitating a liberal media bias, in what Olbermann described as a war of attrition intended to force him into silence.

In 2006, Olbermann started delivering occasional "Special Comments" in which he has expressed sharp criticisms of members of the George W. Bush administration, including then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Vice President Dick Cheney and President George W. Bush. While further Special Comments were directed at members of the Republican Party, Olbermann occasionally targeted Democrats as well. Issues addressed in the Special Comments dealt with the Bush Administration's foreign and domestic policies, mainly the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. One of the Special Comments spoke out against the passage of Proposition 8 in California on November 4, 2008, for which he was awarded the 2009 GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding TV Journalism Segment". Olbermann's Special Comments were compared to Edward R. Murrow's signature essays.

On two occasions, guest hosts for Countdown proved popular enough to be given their own MSNBC shows, contributing to a widespread perception of MSNBC being a left-leaning network. In 2008, Air America Radio personality Rachel Maddow hosted Countdown in Olbermann's absence, leading to the debut of her own program, The Rachel Maddow Show. In 2009, left-wing political analyst Lawrence O'Donnell hosted Countdown for an extended period, leading to the eventual launch of his show The Last Word. Subsequent guest hosts included progressive radio hosts Cenk Uygur and Sam Seder, Obama biographer Richard Wolffe, journalist Chris Hayes, and DNC chairman Howard Dean.

Hiatus and first cancellation
On October 28, 2010, five days before the 2010 U.S. elections, Olbermann donated $2,400 each to three Democratic candidates for Congress: Kentucky Senate candidate Jack Conway and Arizona Democratic Representatives Raul Grijalva and Gabby Giffords. In response, MSNBC President Phil Griffin suspended Olbermann indefinitely without pay on November 5 for violating a network policy regarding political contributions which required prior approval from management. An online petition calling for his reinstatement received over 250,000 signatures, and two days after the suspension began, Griffin announced that Olbermann would return to the air starting with the November 9 program.

On the January 21, 2011, episode of Countdown, Olbermann abruptly announced that the show would be his final MSNBC broadcast. Olbermann thanked viewers, producers, and technical staff for his show's eight-year success. However, he did not thank Griffin or NBC News president Steve Capus. Neither MSNBC nor Olbermann divulged the reason for his departure. Many liberal bloggers and commentators blamed the cable operator Comcast for Olbermann's firing, accusing the company of silencing the host for political purposes just days after Comcast acquired NBC Universal on January 18. Statements from MSNBC and Comcast denied this allegation. Media critic Howard Kurtz, former MSNBC anchor David Shuster, and an anonymous NBC News executive said that Olbermann's 2010 suspension was a more likely precipitating factor in Countdown cancellation.

In subsequent interviews, Olbermann went into greater detail about the circumstances surrounding his exit from MSNBC. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter published on June 7, 2011, Olbermann said he had faced increasing opposition from network management after the death of Tim Russert in June, 2008; Russert, the NBC Washington news bureau chief and moderator of Meet the Press, had been Olbermann's  advocate and a peacemaker at the network. Olbermann further stated that "there were lots of people who were forced to choose sides" over his presence at MSNBC, including Maddow. Olbermann further claimed that he was not informed of his dismissal from MSNBC until less than a half-hour before his on-air farewell.

However, Olbermann's 2012 breach-of-contract lawsuit against Current TV indicated that Olbermann had been moved to leave MSNBC by Current founders Al Gore and Joel Hyatt. The lawsuit alleged that Gore and Hyatt had attempted to court Olbermann, despite being informed that he had two years remaining on his MSNBC contract, and reached an agreement for him to join the network the same month as his departure from MSNBC, according to court documents acquired by Warner Bros.-owned TMZ.

Current TV period
On February 8, Olbermann announced that he had been hired as the host of a new primetime show on Current TV, the cable television network founded by former vice president Al Gore and businessman Joel Hyatt; in April it was announced that the show would retain the Countdown title. Olbermann also became Current TV's "Chief News Officer" and bought an equity stake in the network. On May 11, Olbermann announced that Daily Kos founder Markos Moulitsas, filmmakers Michael Moore and Ken Burns, and comedian Richard Lewis would become contributors to the new Countdown. During a June 16 interview on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Olbermann further announced that journalists Matt Taibbi and Jeremy Scahill, former Nixon administration official and author John Dean, actor Donald Sutherland, and astronomer Derrick Pitts would also be contributors.

On June 20, Countdown debuted on Current TV, concluding with an abbreviated "Special Comment" in which Olbermann outlined his mission statement, quoting Harriet Beecher Stowe. The program drew 179,000 viewers, a significant increase from Current TV's typical 30,000 viewership; it drew more viewers than CNN in the key 25-54 audience demographic. Countdown continued to beat CNN in the 25-54 demo throughout its first week on Current TV. Countdown saw a drop in ratings in its second week, but sustained an audience of 310,000 total viewers by September. The show was taped at NEP Studio 33.

For the first two weeks of its Current TV run, Countdown ran slightly longer than an hour at sixty-three minutes in a covert effort to erode MSNBC's viewership. However, Olbermann changed his mind and reverted the running time to the usual sixty minutes, realizing the move "would only serve to annoy fans of" both Countdown and Rachel Maddow's MSNBC show while doing nothing to improve the ratings for his own program. By the fall of 2011, Olbermann came into conflict with Current TV management over production values and creative control and nearly left the network.

Second cancellation
On March 30, 2012, Current TV terminated its contract with Olbermann, thereby cancelling Countdown for a second time. In its statement, Current TV cited Olbermann's implied lack of "respect, openness, collegiality, and loyalty to our viewers." Internal sources reported that Olbermann's repeated absences, his failure to promote Current TV, and disparaging public comments he had made about the network contributed to the decision to fire him. Olbermann called Current TV's claims "untrue" and sued the network for breach-of-contract, demanding $50 million in damages. A counter-suit by Current TV cited Olbermann's work absences, as well as his allegedly abusive treatment of executives and staff. In March 2013, Olbermann and Current TV reached a settlement, with Olbermann receiving an undisclosed amount.

On April 3, 2012, Olbermann appeared on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman and voiced concern for his viewers and the production crew on Countdown, stating: "I screwed up. I screwed up really big on this." Olbermann referred to production issues, in-fighting, and key absences during political events as the primary reasons Current TV decided to pull Countdown from the network lineup.

Podcast
The daily podcast Countdown with Keith Olbermann launched on August 1, 2022, airing on iHeartMedia. It contains features from Olbermann's previous tv show of the same title, such as current events, political analysis, and sports, as well Olbermann’s career anecdotes and his “Worst Person in the World” segment.

About the show
The show's theme music was the opening bars of the second movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, a nod to NBC's Huntley-Brinkley Report and NBC Nightly News themes from the 1960s and 1970s. During the opening sequence of each nightly episode, Olbermann, in voice-over, previewed upcoming stories after asking: "Which of these stories will you be talking about tomorrow?" On MSNBC, the stories featured in the show's "countdown" were introduced by a "5-4-3-2-1" format; this format, however, was downplayed after Countdown move to Current TV.

Musical commentary on the podcast is often provided by Nancy Faust on the "Stadium Organ." Olbermann frequently refers to her in closing credits as "the best baseball stadium organist ever".

"Worst Person in the World" segment
The "Worst Person in the World" segment was a nightly feature in which Olbermann recounts three news stories involving people saying or doing things that offended Olbermann. "Nominees" for the "Worst Person in the World" award were declared "worse", "worser", and "worst", which Olbermann refers to as bronze, silver, and gold levels, respectively. On a few occasions, during the show's MSNBC run, the segment was either briefly suspended or renamed in response to concerns that it contributed to an atmosphere of political divisiveness.

Based on this segment of the show, a book titled The Worst Person in the World was published in September 2006. It includes transcripts of segments that aired from this feature's inception on July 1, 2005, through May 31, 2006, as well as some original material. Another such book, Pitchforks and Torches—named after Olbermann's catchphrase in introducing the segment—was released in 2010.

A modified version, focused on sports, was featured on Olbermann's self titled ESPN2 sports show during its run. In this iteration the segment was preceded by a disclaimer that the nominations weren't meant entirely seriously and that those nominated were not literally the worst people in the sports world.

On October 7, 2020, Olbermann revived the "Worst Person in the World" branding for a current-events webseries, delivering an extended commentary on one selected individual (either Donald Trump or someone associated with his administration) followed by a brief rundown of other news headlines. Beginning with the fifteenth episode, dated October 27, the series was renamed "Olbermann vs. Trump".

"Time Marches On" segment
In the "Time Marches On" segment, another nightly feature, Olbermann showed footage of strange news stories from around the world. The segment was originally called "Oddball", a reference to the MSNBC program Hardball with Chris Matthews.

The "Keith number"
During the 2008 U.S. Presidential Primary season, Olbermann began using the term "Keith number" in reference to the sum of a pre-election opinion poll's margin of error and the percentage of respondents who are undecided. Olbermann believes this value tends to be predictive of the extent to which a poll may vary from actual election results, and also of the volatility of the electorate's leanings.

To summarize:
 * The greater the poll's margin of error, the farther the results may be from the current views of the voters.
 * The more undecided voters, the more likely voters are to change their views in the future.

On the January 11, 2008, episode of Countdown, Olbermann described the number as follows: What, you ask, is the 'Keith number'? This is the margin of error plus the percentage of undecided — in this case, four-and-a-half margin of error plus five percent undecided. I thought of it, so I named it after myself. You think of a better caveat for polls from now on and we'll name it after you.

Olbermann's "Keith number" is unrelated (mathematically or otherwise) to the more traditional use of the term.

Criticism and response
Olbermann has addressed the assertions of liberal bias by stating that he would be equally critical of a Democratic president who had invited criticism by his actions: "I mean, no one in 1998, no one accused me of being a liberal in 1998 because I was covering the Lewinsky scandal. And whatever I had to do about it, I tried to be fair and honest and as accurate and as informed as possible, and allow my viewer to be the same way. And nowadays it's the same thing. And now all of a sudden I'm a screaming liberal." However, Howard Kurtz has written that Olbermann departed MSNBC the first time as a result of the Clinton-Lewinsky coverage, which he did not personally agree with. Elsewhere, Los Angeles Times TV critic Howard Rosenberg commented on the show's absence of guests who challenged Olbermann's views, writing: "'Countdown' is more or less an echo chamber in which Olbermann and like-minded bobbleheads nod at each other."

On November 25, 2006, Fox News Watch panelist Cal Thomas named Olbermann as his choice for 2006's "Media Turkey Award" for what Thomas alleged were Olbermann's "inaccuracies" and "hot air". Olbermann in turn gave the show the Bronze for "Worst Person in the World", not for naming him "Turkey of the Year" but for misspelling his last name as "Olberman" on the onscreen graphic.

Guests
Regular contributors featured on the show in its Current TV run included:
 * David Shuster, former MSNBC anchor and "primary substitute anchor" since June 7, 2011
 * Matt Taibbi, Rolling Stone journalist
 * Michael Moore, filmmaker
 * Ken Burns, documentarian
 * Richard Lewis, comedian and actor
 * Sam Seder, host of The Majority Report and occasional substitute anchor.
 * Markos Moulitsas, creator of Daily Kos
 * John Dean, former White House Counsel to Richard Nixon—political
 * Heather McGhee, Director of the Washington office of Demos
 * Jonathan Turley, law professor at The George Washington University School of Law
 * Maysoon Zayid, comedian and activist
 * Kate Sheppard, Mother Jones energy and environmental reporter
 * Jeremy Scahill, investigative journalist and author
 * Donald Sutherland, actor
 * Mark Ruffalo, actor
 * Derrick Pitts, astronomer
 * Nicole Lamoureux, the executive director of the National Association of Free Clinics

Regular contributors in the show's broadcast history on MSNBC included:
 * Jonathan Alter, senior editor for Newsweek magazine—political
 * Margaret Carlson, Time columnist and author of Anyone Can Grow Up: How George Bush and I Made it to the White House
 * Chris Cillizza, blogger for The Washington Post
 * Howard Fineman, editor and correspondent for Newsweek and The Huffington Post
 * Christian Finnegan, comedian—tabloid/entertainment
 * Christopher Hayes, Washington, D.C. editor for The Nation
 * Chris Kofinis, Democratic political strategist
 * Howard Dean, former Democratic National Committee chairman
 * David Corn, political journalist and Washington D.C. bureau chief of Mother Jones
 * Eugene Robinson, newspaper columnist for The Washington Post
 * Joan Walsh, political pundit and journalist
 * Paul F. Tompkins, comedian—tabloid/entertainment
 * Richard Wolffe, political journalist and author
 * Lynn Woolsey, chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus
 * Melissa Harris-Perry, professor of politics and African-American studies, Princeton University
 * Jason Bateman, actor
 * Shannyn Moore, contributor to The Huffington Post
 * Wesley Clark, retired four-star general—military analyst for MSNBC
 * E. J. Dionne, columnist for The Washington Post
 * John Harwood, The New York Times writer and CNBC contributing reporter—political
 * Richard Justice, Sports Writer for the Houston Chronicle
 * Rachel Maddow, who also served as a substitute anchor from April through August 2008, prior to the launch of her own program on MSNBC, The Rachel Maddow Show.
 * Ron Reagan, political commentator and author who also served as a substitute anchor
 * Arianna Huffington, columnist and co-founder of The Huffington Post
 * General Barry McCaffrey, Ret. — military
 * Joel McHale, host of the E! show The Soup - pop culture
 * Maria Milito, New York disc jockey — American Idol
 * Michael Musto, editor of The Village Voice— tabloid/entertainment
 * Lawrence O'Donnell, MSNBC political analyst and host of The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell
 * Tom O'Neil, editor of Entertainment Weekly—entertainment
 * Clarence Page, columnist and member of the editorial board of the Chicago Tribune
 * Nate Silver, founder of FiveThirtyEight.com - for 2008 presidential election prediction
 * Jon Soltz, Iraq War Veteran, co-founder and chairman of VoteVets.org
 * Chuck Todd, political director for NBC News
 * Clint Van Zandt, former FBI profiler—abductions/murders
 * Robin Wright, diplomatic correspondent for The Washington Post —terrorism and international events

Interviews with comedians were featured regularly during the final segment of the show; notable appearances have included George Carlin, Lewis Black, Mo Rocca, and John Cleese.

title: Countdown with Keith Olbermann


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title: User talk:81.157.223.109


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Alexander Kutepov

Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov (Алекса́ндр Па́влович Куте́пов; 28 September 1882 – 26 January 1930) Russian military officer in the Imperial Russian Army and later an officer in the anti-communist Volunteer Army during the Russian Civil War. From 1928 to 1930 he chaired the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS). He was assassinated after being abducted by OGPU agents in Paris in 1930.

Early life and military career
Alexander Kutepov was born into the family of a personal nobleman, Konstantin Mikhailovich Timofeev, and his wife, Olga Andreevna, in Cherepovets, Novgorod Governorate. In 1890, Konstantin died. In 1892, Olga Andreevna married hereditary nobleman Pavel Aleksandrovich Kutepov, an official for peasant affairs of the Foresters' Corps; after the Stolypin reform, he became chairman of the Land Survey Commission. On 9 March 1893, by a ruling from the Novgorod District Court, children born by Olga Andreevna in her first marriage (including Alexander) were legally adopted by her second husband, Pavel.

Alexander Kutepov was educated at the Arkhangelsk gymnasium (graduated from 7th grade). In 1902 he entered the Junker Infantry School in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in the 1st category. A year later, the younger clerk-junker Kutepov had been noticed at the parade by the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, who appointed him right away to sergeant-major, bypassing the rank of senior caravan-junker.

Participation in the Russo-Japanese War
As a young infantry officer, he fought in the Russo-Japanese War, where he was severely wounded in action and decorated for valor. On 9 August 1904 he was promoted to lieutenant of the 85th Vyborg Infantry Regiment, one of the oldest formations within the Russian Army.

Upon arrival at the regiment, Kutepov asked for the appointment into the survey corps — the group that was entrusted with the most dangerous missions. Soon he led a night-time raid on a Japanese outpost in which Russian scouts captured rich trophies, including machine guns and rifles.

The Order of St. George was awarded to the head of the survey corps, who had not participated in the raid. When the details of the operation became known after the war, efforts were made to ensure that Kutepov also received the order. Kutepov was ultimately awarded the order of the German Crown with swords and on the ribbon of the Iron Cross through the intervention of German emperor Wilhelm, after whom the Regiment was named.

Alexander Pavlovich was returning from Manchuria to the capital separately from his regiment after being appointed to a special team sent to Russia to train new recruits. Here Kutepov first encountered a revolution: en route to Saint Petersburg, they stopped in a community where the local revolutionaries had declared a republic, the administration was confused, and he had to break through, taking full responsibility for the echelon and arresting the strike committee of the railway station. Upon arrival in Saint Petersburg, on a presentation to the emperor, Kutepov received from the Tsar's hands the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree with swords and a bow for his front-line services.

Officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment
In 1906, he was transferred to the Preobrazhensky Regiment, an elite guards regiment. Beginning as a lieutenant in 1907, he became a captain in 1911, serving as an assistant to the head of the training team, head of the machine gun team, head of the survey team, commander of the 15th company, and head of the training team.

With the beginning of mobilization, the training team was disbanded, and Kutepov accepted the 4th company of the Preobrazhensky Life-Guard Regiment, with which he went to the front in the First World War. He was wounded in a battle near Vladislavov on 20 August 1914. In 1915 he was promoted to captain with seniority from 19 July 1915. He was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree: "For the fact that on July 27, 1915, in the battle near the village of Petrilov, when the Germans, after intensifying the preparation of heavy guns with artillery fire, captured the trenches of one of the companies, he, being in private support, not being able to receive instructions on the terms of the battle, on his own initiative, he went over to the counter-attack and, despite significant losses, knocked out the enemy from their position and restored his position, and although he was badly wounded, he continued to lead the battle until the evening."

As a result of this counterattack, the German offensive was delayed for several hours. After the 4th company, he commanded a company of His Majesty and the 2nd battalion. Granted by George's Arms
 * "Because being in the rank of captain in the battle on September 7, 1916 near the Svinukh forest, commanding the 2nd battalion and having advanced under hurricane fire from the right flank of the division over its left combat area, from the battle captured enemy trenches north of the Svinukh forest, restrained them by repulsing a series of fierce counter-attacks by the Germans, filling a dangerous breakthrough between the Life Guards Izmailovsky and Semenovsky regiments, thereby contributing to the successful outcome of the entire battle."

During the course of the war, he rose from company, to battalion to commander of the Preobrazhensky Regiment when he was promoted to colonel on 25 November 1916 with seniority from 26 September 1916. As such, he became the last commander of this historic regiment.

In December 1916, Colonel Kutepov was elected by the general meeting of officers of the regiment to the court of honor and to his administrative team. 1 April 1917, already in the context of the ongoing "democratization" of the army, was re-elected to the court of honor. He was awarded the Order of Saint Anna of the 4th degree with the inscription "For Courage" and the St. Stanislav of the 3rd degree with swords.

The February Revolution
During the February Revolution, Colonel Kutepov, who was on short leave in Petrograd, turned out to be the only senior officer who tried to organize effective resistance to the rebels by leading, on behalf of the commander of the Petrograd Military District, General S.S. Khabalov, a combined detachment aimed at suppressing the revolution. However, his detachment was not supported by other military units located in Petrograd, and part of the officers sent to his disposal showed no desire to fight for the monarchy. In this situation, Kutepov's detachment could not have a serious impact on the development of events and was forced to stop resistance.

After the victory of the revolution, he returned to the front as the commander of the Preobrazhensky Life-Guard Regiment, which was one of the few units of the army that retained combat effectiveness in conditions of active anti-war agitation. He was recommended for the award of the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree for distinctive service in the battles near the village of Mshany during the Tarnopol breakthrough, on 7 July 1917, but did not receive it because of the recommendation did not reach the government in the post-revolutionary chaos. According to his fellow officer V. Deutrich:
 * "Kutepov’s name has become an eyesore. It means fidelity to duty, calm determination, intense sacrificial impulse, cold, sometimes cruel will and ... clean hands — and all this is brought and given to the service of the Motherland".

Russian Civil War
After the October Revolution, Kutepov joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army, part of the White Movement, at the very outset of the Russian Civil War. At the start of the Ice March in early 1918, Kutepov was a company commander of an officer's regiment. (In the beginning of the Russian Civil War the small Volunteer Army had a surplus of officers, which meant that many of them had to serve as common soldiers. These formations soon became the crack units of the White Army.)

After the death in battle of Colonel Nezhentsev, Kutepov took over the command of the Kornilov Shock Regiment, and after the death of the commander of the 1st Infantry Division, he became its commander. After the Volunteer Army captured Novorossiysk, Denikin assigned Colonel Kutepov as governor.

Starting in January 1919, 36-year-old Lieutenant General Kutepov became the commander of the 1st Army Corps of the White Army. Throughout his career, Kutepov had a reputation for being a decisive, direct and no-nonsense military leader. During the chaotic times of the Russian Civil War, order was usually rapidly restored after Kutepov's arrival. He accomplished this, however, by means of the swift and ruthless application of capital punishment on suspected looters and pogrom perpetrators. At the same time, however, Kutepov ordered mass executions of hundreds of Red Army soldiers and thousand of workers suspected of sympathizing with the Bolsheviks.

In exile
After the White Army's final defeat in the Crimean Peninsula in November 1920, Kutepov and the remnants of his corps evacuated to Gallipoli. Despite very unfavourable and demoralizing circumstances, the troops in Gallipoli kept up their morale thanks to Kutepov's leadership. In the beginning of the Gallipoli period, Kutepov was disliked by many of the troops because of his disciplinary measures, but by the end, he was warmly regarded by most of them. When the Gallipoli camp was disbanded, Kutepov moved to Bulgaria in late 1921.

In May 1922, he was expelled from Bulgaria during the upheavals of the Aleksandar Stamboliyski era and resided in Serbia until 1924, when he and his wife settled in Paris. After General Pyotr Wrangel's death in April 1928, he became the commander of the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS). In this position, he abandoned the ROVS' strategy of waiting for Western powers' intervention in Russia; instead he stepped up sabotage and terrorist activities by ROVS inside the USSR. He is credited with setting up a counter-intelligence branch of ROVS, the Inner Line.

Abduction and death
On 26 January 1930, Kutepov was kidnapped in Paris by OGPU agents. According to Pavel Sudoplatov, "This job in 1930 was done by Yakov Serebryansky, assisted by his wife and an agent in the French police. Dressed in French police uniforms, they stopped Kutepov on the street on the pretext of questioning him and put him in a car. Kutepov resisted the kidnapping, and during the struggle, he had a heart attack and died, Serebryansky told me. They buried Kutepov near the home of one of our agents near the outskirts of Paris."

The operation was also led by deputy head of the counterintelligence department of the OGPU Sergei Puzitsky.

Kutepov was believed by French police of having been smuggled to the Soviet Union. Former White Army general Nikolai Skoblin, a senior operative in the Inner Line, was suspected of being a key accomplice to the kidnapping. Walter Laqueur alleges, however, "Skoblin had nothing to do with this affair, because he was recruited only after Kutyopov's disappearance." KGB General Sudoplatov confirms this allegation in his own memoirs.

According to the declassified UDBA documents compiled in early 1955, shortly prior to his abduction, Kutepov received 7 million francs from his French sponsors meant for the ROVS' activity.

His body was never found. There is a cenotaph memorial for Alexander Kutepov in the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery in Paris.

Distinctions

 * Order of Saint Stanislav 3rd art. with swords and bow (1905)
 * Order of Saint Anna, 4th art. with the inscription "For courage" (1905)
 * Order of Saint Anna, 3rd art. with swords and bow
 * Order of Saint Vladimir 4th art. with swords and bow (1905)
 * Order of Saint Stanislav, 2nd art.
 * Order of Saint Anna, 2nd art. with swords (VP 28.10.1914);
 * swords for the Order of Saintt Stanislav, 2nd art. (VP 09.04.1915);
 * Order of Saint George 4th Art. (VP 09/26/1916)
 * Golden Weapon for Bravery (PAF 03/14/1917)
 * Cross of Saint George 4 tbsp. No. 1216556 with a laurel branch (for the battle on 07/07/1917 at the village of Mshany)
 * Badge of the 1st Kuban (Ice) campaign
 * Order of Saint Nicholas Thaumaturgus Ave. VSYUR (07/11/1920) No. 167
 * Medal "In memory of the Russo-Japanese War"
 * Medal "In memory of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava"
 * Medal "In memory of the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812"
 * Medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty"
 * Medal "In memory of the 200th anniversary of the naval battle of Gangut"
 * Medal "For the works on the excellent performance of the general mobilization of 1914"

Foreign:
 * Order Crown of the 4th Class with swords on the Iron Cross ribbon (for military distinctions in the Russo-Japanese War)
 * Swedish Order of the Sword
 * Romanian Order of the Crown of Romania
 * Montenegrin Order of Prince Danilo I of the 1st 4th degree

Personal life
Alexander Kutepov was married to the daughter of a college adviser Lydia Davydovna, née Kut (Kutt) (1888-1959). The son of General Kutepov, Pavel Aleksandrovich (1925-1983) in 1944 crossed the front line in Yugoslavia and joined the Red Army, served as a translator in SMERSH, but was soon arrested and taken to the USSR, where he was interned in the Vladimir Central Prison. He was released in 1954, in 1960-1983 he worked as a translator in the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate.

Grandchildren - Alexander and Alexey.

In the research literature there are references to the general's niece, Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schulz, while the historian P. N. Bazanov wrote that this was a nickname, explaining his appearance by the fact that Zakharchenko-Schulz was a distant relative of Kutepov. The historian G.Z. Ioffe also wrote that it is incorrect to call Zakharchenko-Schulz a niece, since "niece" was her code name in correspondence with persons who collaborated with "Trust".

Мemorial
In 1921, near the Russian cemetery of the Turkish city of Gelibolu, on the European shore of the Dardanelles, the memorial in the form of a stone mound was opened by Kutepov leadership together with the other ranks of the Russian Army and blessed by the Russian Orthodox Church. When the army left the Gallipoli camp, the cemetery and memorial were solemnly transferred to the care of the local administration. After the earthquake of 1949, the mound was severely destroyed and later demolished. In 1961, a copy of the Gallipoli monument was restored at the Russian cemetery of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois, near which the symbolic grave of General Kutepov is located. When the remains of General Kutepov are found, according to one version located near Paris, they will be buried in the grave reserved for the general. In 2008, the memorial was restored and again solemnly consecrated by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Movies

 * Gregory Gai — Operation Trust (1967)
 * Vladimir Ferapontov — Going through the throes (1977)
 * Stanislav Govorukhin — Marshal of the revolution (1978)
 * Pyotr Shcherbakov — Shores in the Fog (1985)
 * Konstantin Stepankov — Two knew the password (1985)
 * Vitaliy Kishchenko — Wings of the Empire (2017)

External sources

 * Biography
 * Нож в спину… Александр Кутепов: жизнь отдана долгу
 * Барон Врангель. Осторожный авантюрист.

title: Alexander Kutepov


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Karol Ferdynand Vasa

Prince Charles Ferdinand Vasa (Karol Ferdynand Waza; 13 October 1613 in Warsaw – 9 May 1655 in Wyszków), was a Polish prince, priest, Bishop of Wrocław from 1625, bishop of Płock from 1640 and Duke of Opole from 1648 to 1655.

Biography
Charles Ferdinand was the fourth son of King Sigismund III Vasa and his wife Constance of Austria and the brother of John Casimir, John Albert, Alexander Charles and Anna Catherine Constance. Charles Ferdinand spent his childhood and youth in the care of his mother at the royal court in Warsaw. On 23 March 1624 he received dispensation from Pope Urban VIII, allowing him to take the dignity of being a canon in Wrocław. In this case, cardinal-protector Cosmo de Torres intervened with the pope.

On 3 May 1625, through the political efforts of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, he was appointed the Bishop of Wrocław. On 22 October 1625 he received papal approval for the post. On 18 January 1626, despite being a minor (12 years old) and not having a proper ordination ceremony he was officially installed as bishop.

In 1629, he added the Prudnik district to the Archdiocese of Wrocław (before that, Prudnik was a part of the Olomouc Archdiocese). After the death of his mother in 1631, together with his brother John Casimir he inherited the wealthy city of Żywiec in Lesser Poland. During the reign of Władysław IV, Charles Ferdinand resided mainly in Warsaw. Being a close relative of the royal court, however, he was not interested in politics and had no ambition to acquire the secular authorities. Between 1632 and 1648 he devoted his time mostly to administrative work, financial affairs and accumulation of ecclesiastical benefice. In 1640 he was appointed the Bishop of Płock. After his coming of age, Charles Ferdinand decided never to accept the ordination of priesthood and gave the control of the Archdiocese of Wrocław to other influential bishops and priests that would be in charge like Bishop John von Balthasar Liesch Hornau and Archdeacon Peter Gebauer. Similarly, with the Archdiocese of Płock, he gave control over the sect to Stanisław Starczewski and Wojciech Tolibowski

After the death of King Władysław IV Vasa in 1648, he was a candidate to the Polish throne, together with his brother John Casimir whom he supported. Later he has launched a tough policy and decisive steps to quell the civil war in Polish occupied Ruthenia and Ukraine. He received the support of two-thirds majority of senators and bishops in the Polish Sejm (Parliament). Most notably he was supported by the Ruthenian nobles led by Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, however, his policies were opposed by the Protestants, Lutherans and by the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which feared the tightening of the Counter-Reformation. At the forefront of opposition to Charles Ferdinand Vasa stood Janusz Radziwiłł and his brother Bogusław Radziwiłł, who even threatened to break the Polish-Lithuanian union.

After losing the election, Charles Ferdinand received, from his brother and newly elected king, the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz. He then retired from public life. He settled on the estates of the bishops in Płock, in Mazovia. His main residence was a large renaissance castle in Brok. In 1651, he took care of the orphaned and deprived of estates in Ruthenia, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki (later King Michael I). Vasa financed his travels abroad and provided thorough education and studies in the best schools of Europe.

Charles Ferdinand Vasa died on 9 May 1655 in Wyszków. He was buried in the Jesuit Church in Warsaw.

Charles Ferdinand Vasa left a huge fortune and the majority of it was spent on various foundations of churches in the country. The rest was inherited by his brother John II Casimir. Money and estates inherited from the king's brother helped to finance the troops and the military during the Polish-Swedish War (known as the "Deluge"), and the Duchy of Silesia provided the king with shelter when he had to flee Poland in 1655.

Charles Ferdinand was a great patron of art and supporter of the Society of Jesus (he had an enormous silver altar built for the Jesuit Church in Warsaw ). In the 1640s, royal architect, Giovanni Battista Gisleni built for him a palace situated on the northern bastion of the Warsaw Royal Castle fortifications. It was later ransacked and destroyed by Swedes and Germans of Brandenburg in 1650s, during the Deluge. He also had a large wooden palace in Wyszków.

title: Karol Ferdynand Vasa


text: User talk:24.85.76.98

title: User talk:24.85.76.98