license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:AS/400


text:
User:Beneisenstein

Hello,

My name is Ben and I live in Glenview, Cook County, Illinois.

I am a database administration consultant by trade.

My interests and hobbies (that I can declare on a public forum) include the civil war, early music, Jewish history, genealogy and science fiction.

I was doing resarch on Anthony Holborne and found that nobody had written an article about him. That invitation to write an entry was too irresistable. So now I am hooked!

 * Manual of Style
 * Cheatsheet
 * Citing sources
 * Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations

title: User:Beneisenstein


text:
User:DanielHolth

I enjoy photographing things in Florida along with occasional wiki-editing. I'm an alumnus of Stetson University in De Land, Florida. I currently live in Gainesville, Florida; my website is http://dingoskidneys.com/

In Spanish
Playing with contributing un poco to the Spanish wikipedia. es:Usuario:DanielHolth

Audio Contributions
I have just discovered Spoken Wikipedia. Neat idea. My contributions so far:

Spaghetti tree Fictional tree

Sealed crustless sandwich Patented food

Chai Delicious beverage

Fair use day "Fair use day". DELETED!!! (good)

Palace of Westminster Reading of the introduction to Wikipedia's Palace of Westminster article

Gauss-partial.ogg http://dingoskidneys.com/~dholth/Gauss-partial.ogg -- Reading of Carl Friedrich Gauss up until the "Later life" section. 7:26

The Spaghetti tree audio does not have Audacity's noise removal applied to it but the rest do. The Palace of Westminster article was recorded in the basement. Spaghetti tree and Sealed crustless sandwich were recorded in the closet. Which sounds the best to you?

Recorded with a laptop that is sometimes quiet (I try to start recording when the fan is inaudible) with a very cheap labtec microphone < $10, but I would prefer to have a nicer directional mic. Linux & Audacity. The touchpad provides a very quiet way of scrolling through the article.

Licensing
I do not think the GFDL is a good license. I support using better ones, so I agree to license all my content as described below:

Interesting 4rt1c10rz
w00t Braille Amaranth

Other patented foods
http://www.sptimes.com/2002/02/27/Columns/United_foes__patented.shtml -- the second portion of the article 'Fabioloso' -- they have decided to both copyright the recipe (but it could be reverse engineered) and patent the food (which protects it from reproduction for twenty years)

More serious than patents on sandwiches are patents on the plant that produces the food, for example a farmer could be sued for producing an engineered variety of corn, even if the patented gene in that corn cross-pollinated into his crop from an adjacent farm.

http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/basmati.htm

Location
Why not put geo tags on user pages? I'm usually within walking distance of 29.61514°N, -82.41566°W

title: User:DanielHolth


text:
Bridge (graph theory)

In graph theory, a bridge, isthmus, cut-edge, or cut arc is an edge of a graph whose deletion increases the graph's number of connected components. Equivalently, an edge is a bridge if and only if it is not contained in any cycle. For a connected graph, a bridge can uniquely determine a cut. A graph is said to be bridgeless or isthmus-free if it contains no bridges.

This type of bridge should be distinguished from an unrelated meaning of "bridge" in graph theory, a subgraph separated from the rest of the graph by a specified subset of vertices; see bridge in the Glossary of graph theory.

Trees and forests
A graph with $$n$$ nodes can contain at most $$n-1$$ bridges, since adding additional edges must create a cycle. The graphs with exactly $$n-1$$ bridges are exactly the trees, and the graphs in which every edge is a bridge are exactly the forests.

In every undirected graph, there is an equivalence relation on the vertices according to which two vertices are related to each other whenever there are two edge-disjoint paths connecting them. (Every vertex is related to itself via two length-zero paths, which are identical but nevertheless edge-disjoint.) The equivalence classes of this relation are called 2-edge-connected components, and the bridges of the graph are exactly the edges whose endpoints belong to different components. The bridge-block tree of the graph has a vertex for every nontrivial component and an edge for every bridge.

Relation to vertex connectivity
Bridges are closely related to the concept of articulation vertices, vertices that belong to every path between some pair of other vertices. The two endpoints of a bridge are articulation vertices unless they have a degree of 1, although it may also be possible for a non-bridge edge to have two articulation vertices as endpoints. Analogously to bridgeless graphs being 2-edge-connected, graphs without articulation vertices are 2-vertex-connected.

In a cubic graph, every cut vertex is an endpoint of at least one bridge.

Bridgeless graphs
A bridgeless graph is a graph that does not have any bridges. Equivalent conditions are that each connected component of the graph has an open ear decomposition, that each connected component is 2-edge-connected, or (by Robbins' theorem) that every connected component has a strong orientation.

An important open problem involving bridges is the cycle double cover conjecture, due to Seymour and Szekeres (1978 and 1979, independently), which states that every bridgeless graph admits a multi-set of simple cycles which contains each edge exactly twice.

Tarjan's bridge-finding algorithm
The first linear time algorithm (linear in the number of edges) for finding the bridges in a graph was described by Robert Tarjan in 1974. It performs the following steps:
 * Find a spanning forest of $$G$$
 * Create a Rooted forest $$F$$ from the spanning forest
 * Traverse the forest $$F$$ in preorder and number the nodes. Parent nodes in the forest now have lower numbers than child nodes.
 * For each node $$v$$ in preorder (denoting each node using its preorder number), do:
 * Compute the number of forest descendants $$ND(v)$$ for this node, by adding one to the sum of its children's descendants.
 * Compute $$L(v)$$, the lowest preorder label reachable from $$v$$ by a path for which all but the last edge stays within the subtree rooted at $$v$$. This is the minimum of the set consisting of the preorder label of $$v$$, of the values of $$L(w)$$ at child nodes of $$v$$ and of the preorder labels of nodes reachable from $$v$$ by edges that do not belong to $$F$$.
 * Similarly, compute $$H(v)$$, the highest preorder label reachable by a path for which all but the last edge stays within the subtree rooted at $$v$$. This is the maximum of the set consisting of the preorder label of $$v$$, of the values of $$H(w)$$ at child nodes of $$v$$ and of the preorder labels of nodes reachable from $$v$$ by edges that do not belong to $$F$$.
 * For each node $$w$$ with parent node $$v$$, if $$L(w) = w$$ and $$H(w) < w + ND(w)$$ then the edge from $$v$$ to $$w$$ is a bridge.

Bridge-finding with chain decompositions
A very simple bridge-finding algorithm uses chain decompositions. Chain decompositions do not only allow to compute all bridges of a graph, they also allow to read off every cut vertex of G (and the block-cut tree of G), giving a general framework for testing 2-edge- and 2-vertex-connectivity (which extends to linear-time 3-edge- and 3-vertex-connectivity tests).

Chain decompositions are special ear decompositions depending on a DFS-tree T of G and can be computed very simply: Let every vertex be marked as unvisited. For each vertex v in ascending DFS-numbers 1...n, traverse every backedge (i.e. every edge not in the DFS tree) that is incident to v and follow the path of tree-edges back to the root of T, stopping at the first vertex that is marked as visited. During such a traversal, every traversed vertex is marked as visited. Thus, a traversal stops at the latest at v and forms either a directed path or cycle, beginning with v; we call this path or cycle a chain. The ith chain found by this procedure is referred to as Ci. C=C1,C2,... is then a chain decomposition of G.

The following characterizations then allow to read off several properties of G from C efficiently, including all bridges of G. Let C be a chain decomposition of a simple connected graph G=(V,E).
 * 1) G is 2-edge-connected if and only if the chains in C partition E.
 * 2) An edge e in G is a bridge if and only if e is not contained in any chain in C.
 * 3) If G is 2-edge-connected, C is an ear decomposition.
 * 4) G is 2-vertex-connected if and only if G has minimum degree 2 and C1 is the only cycle in C.
 * 5) A vertex v in a 2-edge-connected graph G is a cut vertex if and only if v is the first vertex of a cycle in C - C1.
 * 6) If G is 2-vertex-connected, C is an open ear decomposition.

title: Bridge (graph theory)


text:
List of double concertos for violin and cello

This is a list of musical compositions for violin, cello and orchestra, ordered by surname of composer

Please see the related entries for concerto, cello and cello concerto for discussion of typical forms and topics.

The orchestra in each case is a standard symphonic orchestra unless otherwise indicated.

A

 * Kurt Atterberg
 * Concerto in G minor and C major for violin, cello and string orchestra, Op. 57 (1959–60)

B

 * Johann Christian Bach
 * Symphonies concertantes in A major (C.34) and B-flat major (C.46)
 * Alexander Bakshi
 * Winter in Moscow; Ice-covered ground … for violin, cello and string orchestra (1994)
 * Four Elements from Hedmark, Op.85 (2011)
 * Rainer Bischof
 * Double Concerto (1980)
 * Konrad Boehmer
 * Il combattimento (1989–90)
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Double Concerto in A minor (1887)
 * Johann Evangelist Brandl
 * Sinfonia Concertante, Op. 20 (1801)
 * Cesar Bresgen
 * Concertino, for violin, cello and small orchestra

C

 * Cristian Carrara
 * Machpela, dialog for violin, cello and orchestra (2015)
 * Bernard Cavanna
 * Shanghai Concerto (2009)
 * Friedrich Cerha
 * Double Concerto (1976)
 * Francisco Coll
 * Double Concerto 'Les Plaisirs Illuminés' (2018)
 * Gordon Shi-Wen Chin
 * Double concerto (2006)

D

 * Richard Danielpour
 * A Child's Reliquary (2000)
 * In the Arms of the Beloved (2001)
 * Johann Nepomuk David
 * Concerto for Violin, Cello and Orchestra, Op. 68 (1971)
 * Frederick Delius
 * Double Concerto (1915–16)
 * Gaetano Donizetti
 * Double Concerto (Concertino) in D minor (reconstruction by J. Wojciechowski)
 * Pascal Dusapin
 * At Swim-Two-Birds (2017)

E

 * Thierry Escaich
 * Miroir d'ombres (2006)

F

 * Mohammed Fairouz
 * Double Concerto States of Fantasy (2010)

G

 * Pierre Gaviniès
 * Concerto for Violin, Cello and Orchestra (c. 1760 - 1770)
 * Philip Glass
 * Double Concerto (2010)
 * Jorge Grundman
 * Concerto Sentido for Violin, Viola, Cello and String Orchestra (2007)

H

 * Daron Hagen
 * Masquerade (2007)
 * John Harbison
 * Double Concerto for Violin and Cello (2009)
 * Lou Harrison
 * Double Concerto for Violin, Cello and Gamelan (1982)
 * Leopold Hofmann
 * Concerto in G major for violin, cello and string orchestra
 * James Horner
 * Pas de Deux (2014)

J

 * David Johnstone
 * Double Concertante for Violin, Cello and Chamber Orchestra (2009)

K

 * Leon Kirchner
 * Concerto for Violin, Cello, 10 Winds and Percussion (1960)
 * Julius Klengel
 * Concerto for Violin, Cello and Orchestra, Op. 61 (1924)

L

 * Ezra Laderman
 * Concerto (Edition - Schirmer) (1986)
 * Henri Lazarof
 * Partita di Madrigal (25 min) (2001)

M

 * Tigran Mansurian
 * Double Concerto for violin, cello and string orchestra (1978)
 * Marko Mihevc
 * Fidlfadl for Violin, Cello and string orchestra (2003)
 * Romance for Violin, Cello and string orchestra (2003)
 * Norbert Moret
 * Double Concerto (1981)
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Sinfonia Concertante in E flat major, K. 364 (1779) arranged
 * (original for violin, viola and orchestra)

O

 * Mark O'Connor
 * Double Concerto (For the Heroes)

P

 * Hans Pfitzner
 * Duo for Violin, Cello and Small Orchestra (or piano)
 * Ignaz Pleyel
 * Nocturne (Serenade) in D major, Ben.201a
 * André Previn
 * Double Concerto for Violin, Violoncello, and Orchestra (2014)

R

 * Josef Reicha
 * Concerto in D major, Op.3
 * Wolfgang Rihm
 * Duo Concerto (2015)
 * Robert Xavier Rodríguez
 * Favola Concertante, Ballet and Double Concerto for Violin, Cello, and String Orchestra (1975)
 * Julius Röntgen
 * Double Concerto (1927)
 * Ned Rorem
 * Double Concerto (1998)
 * Miklós Rózsa
 * Theme and Variations
 * Sinfonia Concertante, Op. 29
 * Tema con Variazoni, Op. 29a (1958; Op. 29a is a version of the slow movement for smaller orchestra.)

S

 * Camille Saint-Saëns
 * La Muse et le Poète, Op. 132 (1910) - A symphonic poem with violin and cello solo
 * Alfred Schnittke
 * Concerto Grosso No. 2 (1981–82)
 * Percy Sherwood
 * Concerto for Violin, Cello and Orchestra (early 1900s)
 * Roger Sessions
 * Double Concerto (1970–71)
 * David Soldier
 * Ultraviolet Railroad (1992)
 * Carl Stamitz
 * Sinfonia Concertante in D major

T

 * Josef Tal
 * Double Concerto for violin, cello & chamber orchestra (1969)
 * Ivan Tcherepnin
 * Double Concerto (1996)

V

 * Henri Vieuxtemps
 * Duo brilliant, Op. 39
 * Antonio Vivaldi
 * Double Concerto ("Il Proteo, o sia Il mondo al rovescio") for Violin, Cello, Strings and continuo in F major, RV 544
 * Double Concerto ("All'inglese"), for Violin, Cello, Strings & Continuo in A major, RV 546
 * Double Concerto for violin and cello and strings and continuo in B flat major RV 547
 * Antonín Vranický (also spelled Anton Wranitzky)
 * Two Concertos

W

 * Robert Ward
 * Dialogues (1983)

Y

 * Eugène Ysaÿe
 * Poème nocturne, Op. 29 (1927)

Z

 * Ellen Taaffe Zwilich
 * Concerto for Violin, Violoncello and Orchestra (1991)

Other Double Concertos

 * Hans Abrahamsen
 * Concerto for Violin, Piano, and Strings (2011)
 * Elliott Carter
 * Concerto for Harpsichord and Piano with Two Chamber Orchestras (1961)
 * Edison Denisov
 * Concerto for bassoon, cello and orchestra (1982)
 * Witold Lutosławski
 * Concerto for Oboe, Harp and Chamber Orchestra (1980)
 * Michael Nyman
 * Double Concerto for saxophone, cello and orchestra (1996–99)
 * Antonio Vivaldi
 * Concerto for bassoon, cello and orchestra in E minor RV 409


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Phantom Cruisers

Phantom Cruisers
Band vanity. Must have an entirely different definition of household than the rest of us. --fvw *  04:02, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * Delete Not worthy of article. Johntex 04:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Notable in their household alone, I guess. Cdc 04:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not Notable. utcursch 09:50, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)


text:
1956 United States Senate elections

The 1956 United States Senate elections were elections for the United States Senate that coincided with the re-election of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and three special elections were held to fill vacancies. Although Democrats gained two seats in regular elections, the Republicans gained two seats in special elections, leaving the party balance of the chamber unchanged.

Democrats defeated incumbents Herman Welker (R-Idaho), George H. Bender (R-Ohio), and James H. Duff (R-Pennsylvania), as well as winning a Republican-held seat in Colorado. Republicans defeated incumbent Earle C. Clements (D-Kentucky) as well as winning Democratic-held seats in Kentucky, New York, and West Virginia. Thus, this election caused Kentucky's Senate delegation to flip from two Democrats to two Republicans.

During the next Congress, Republican John D. Hoblitzell Jr. was appointed to the seat of deceased Senator Matthew M. Neely (D-WV), while Democrat William Proxmire won a special election for the seat of deceased Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin). Also, Democrat Ralph Yarborough won a special election for the seat of Price Daniel (D-Texas), who had resigned from the Senate after being elected Governor of Texas. The net result was to leave the party balance unchanged.

Results summary
Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.

Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives

Retirements
One Republican and five Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.

Defeats
Three Republicans and one Democrat sought re-election but lost in the general election.

Post-election changes
One Republican was appointed to the seat of a deceased Democrat. Two Democrats won special elections, one seat was previously held by a Democrat and another by a Republican. One Democrat was appointed to replace another Democrat.

Special elections during the 84th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1956 or in 1957 before January 3; ordered by election date, then state.

Races leading to the 85th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1957; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

Closest races
Fifteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:

Kentucky
Two elections in Kentucky converted both seats from Democratic to Republican. As a result, this marked the first time since 1916 that both Senate seats in a state flipped from one party to the other in a single election cycle.

Kentucky (special)
Following the death of Alben Barkley on April 30, 1956, Robert Humphreys was appointed June 21, 1956 to continue the term, pending a special election. Humphreys did not run in the special election to finish the term that would end in 1961.

Republican former-senator John Sherman Cooper, who had twice won special elections to that seat in 1946 and 1952, was again elected to finish the term.

This time, however, Cooper would be re-elected in 1960 and again in 1966, serving until his 1973 retirement.

Kentucky (regular)
First-term Democrat Earle Clements lost re-election to Republican Thruston B. Morton, who was Eisenhower's Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs.

New York
In New York, the Republican state convention met on September 10 at Albany, New York, and nominated New York State Attorney General Jacob K. Javits. The Democratic state convention met on September 10 at Albany, New York, and nominated Mayor of New York City Robert F. Wagner Jr., for the U.S. Senate. The Liberal Party endorsed the Democratic nominee, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr., for the U.S. Senate. On October 1, a movement was launched to vote for General of the Army Douglas MacArthur as a write-in candidate for the U.S. Senate. On October 2, MacArthur disavowed the campaign, and stated that he was not a candidate.

The Republican candidate was elected.

North Dakota
In North Dakota, the incumbent, Republican Milton Young, sought and received re-election to his third term, defeating North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate Quentin N. Burdick, son of North Dakota congressman Usher L. Burdick.

Only Young filed as a Republican, and the endorsed Democratic candidate was Quentin Burdick, the son of well-known politician Usher Burdick, and former candidate for Governor of North Dakota. Young and Burdick won the primary elections for their respective parties.

One independent candidate, Arthur C. Townley, also filed before the deadline. Townley would later seek the state's other senate seat in 1958, and was known for creating the National Non-Partisan League.

Oregon
In Oregon, Republican-turned-Independent-turned-Democrat Wayne Morse decided to seek re-election for his first full term as a Democrat. Morse defeated Republican candidate Douglas McKay in the hotly contested general election.

Pennsylvania
In Pennsylvania, incumbent Republican U.S. senator James H. Duff sought re-election to another term, but was defeated by the Democratic nominee, Joseph S. Clark Jr.

South Carolina
In South Carolina the regular election was held simultaneously with the special election.

South Carolina (regular)
Incumbent Democrat Olin D. Johnston handily defeated Republican mayor of Clemson Leon P. Crawford. Olin D. Johnston, the incumbent Senator, faced no opposition from South Carolina Democrats and avoided a primary election. Leon P. Crawford, the mayor of the town of Clemson in the Upstate, faced no opposition from South Carolina Republicans and avoided a primary election. Crawford campaigned as a defender of states' rights and denounced Johnston for backing the New Deal and the Fair Deal. The state Republican Party believed that Crawford could have a chance in the election if he galvanized the 128,000 registered black voters, although they were weary of being labeled as the black party. In the end, Johnston remained highly popular with the voters who were still leery of the Republican party and he easily defeated Crawford in the general election.

South Carolina (special)

The special election resulted from the resignation of Senator Strom Thurmond on April 4, 1956, who was keeping a campaign pledge he had made in the 1954 election. Thurmond was unopposed in his bid to complete the remaining four years of the term. Senator Strom Thurmond faced no opposition from South Carolina Democrats and avoided a primary election. There was a possibility that Governor George Bell Timmerman Jr. might enter the race, but Thurmond was held in such high regard by the voters that there would have been no chance of defeating Thurmond. With no challenge to the remainder of the term, Thurmond did not conduct a campaign and rejoined his old law firm in Aiken until he returned to the Senate after the general election.

Vermont
In Vermont, incumbent Republican George Aiken ran successfully for re-election to another term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic challenger Bernard G. O'Shea.

West Virginia (special)
Following the death of Harley M. Kilgore on February 28, 1956, William Laird III was appointed to fill this seat and assumed office on March 13, 1956. Laird did not opt to run in the special election to fill the remainder of Kilgore's term through the end of the 85th Congress on January 3, 1959. , this is the last time the Republicans have won West Virginia's Class 1 seat. This was also the last time until 2014 that the Republicans won a U.S. Senate election in the state.

Wisconsin
Incumbent Republican Senator Alexander Wiley easily won reelection to a fourth and final term, defeating the Democratic candidate, Henry W. Maier, by a margin of 17.4%. This would be the last time a Republican would win a Senate race in Wisconsin until Bob Kasten in 1980, and the last time a Republican would win more than 2 terms until Ron Johnson's victory in 2022.

title: 1956 United States Senate elections


text: Category:Alpes-Maritimes

title: Category:Alpes-Maritimes


text:
Talk:Chris Paluska

This article was proposed for deletion December 2004. The archived discussion is available at Votes for deletion/Chris Paluska.

title: Talk:Chris Paluska


text:
Jota Quest

Jota Quest is a Brazilian pop rock band. The band was founded in 1993 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais as J. Quest, but due to trademark issues with Hanna-Barbera, they renamed themselves Jota Quest (jota being the Portuguese name for the letter j). The band members include: Rogério Flausino (vocals), Marco Túlio Lara (guitar), Márcio Buzelin (keyboards), PJ (bass) and Paulinho Fonseca (drums). Jota Quest initially stood apart from Minas Gerais' musical tradition by garnering national success with pop rock and blue-eyed soul-tinged pop. Eventually the band exposed its Clube da Esquina influences, including collaborations with Minas Gerais exponents Paulinho Pedra Azul and Milton Nascimento in Oxigenio as well as jams with 14 Bis and a collaboration with Roberto Carlos over his hit single "Alem do Horizonte". Jota Quest sold over 4,000,000 copies in Brazil, Latin America and Portugal.

Biography
The group played their first show as J. Quest inspired by the cartoon Jonny Quest, the idea of bassist PJ. At the time, the group played the bar circuit and schools of Belo Horizonte and gathered more than 2,000 people per show. With this, the band was gaining ground. Next the contract with Sony Music came, and then the first official CD was released in August 1996. The bar band's most successful song is their rendition of "As Dores do Mundo", a huge hit by Bahian soulman Hyldon in the '70s. It quickly entered the charts, followed by other singles, while the band toured Brazil. On this first tour, the band members came on stage wearing "black power" wigs. Another hit from their first album was "Encontrar Alguém", a very disco. Even with the success, it took a while for them to get on television. On 11 January 1997, they were invited by the presenter Xuxa to perform at what was then called "Xuxa Hits", which belonged to Rede Globo television. It was the first performance of Jota Quest on TV.

The band's second release was De Volta ao Planeta, more conventionally pop rock, spawning more hit singles, especially the signature song "Fácil". The album's title song was "De Volta ao Planeta" with monkey noises backgrounding its chorus. The album became a Brazilian best-seller. This tour was marked for the first Brazilian Solar Energy supplied live show, a project with Greenpeace. In 2009, the title track of the album was used in the hugely successful telenovela Caras & Bocas, resulting in the song receiving moderate airplay on Brazilian radio and a short stay on the national charts.

A relative commercial failure, due to the band's previous sales figures, their association with an Internet provider as well as advertising for Fanta. The band tried a new direction on its third record, an ecological oriented and experimental release called Oxigênio. It moved away from the dance floor, with increased production values, experimental songwriting and sponsored by the greatest Coca-Cola marketing campaign in Latin America. The Brazilian Grammy winner singer Milton Nascimento recorded with the band on this album the song "Destes Tantos Modos". Although the album went Platinum it is largely considered a hodgepodge.

In 2001, they returned to their original formula with bass guitar grooves, funk rock guitar riffs and beautiful lyrics with Discotecagem Pop Variada, their fourth album. Jota Quest recapped the bar band feeling with hits like "Na Moral" and the ballad "Só Hoje". In 2002, Rogério Flausino was invited by Disney to sing the Brazilian version of the Treasure Planet's soundtrack. The song is called Estou Aqui. With the success of the last record, the Jota Quest recorded on days 1 and 2 May 2003, the CD/DVD MTV ao Vivo: Jota Quest at the Praça do Papa, in Belo Horizonte, broadcast by MTV Brasil. First live record of the group, gathered the biggest hits of the band and also had the special participation of Arnaldo Antunes and Thaíde. In the same year, they were the only ones in Latin America to be invited to participate in the soundtrack of the movie Spider-Man 2, that also had a version for the cartoon. The lyrics were made by Rogério Flausino.

Ten years after launching the first CD, the band was consolidated in the Brazilian pop rock's scenario. Altogether there were five CDs, thousands of shows and attendance records all over Brazil, presentations in the U.S. and recently in Europe, where they attended the opening of the Rock in Rio Lisboa, sharing the stage with Carlos Santana and Roger Waters. After four years without releasing a CD with new material, the group got isolated in his studio in Belo Horizonte to record the album Até Onde Vai, which arrived at the stores in October 2005, and since then, remains between the country's best-selling CDs. The album fused rock and funk elements and contained their cover version of Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos's "Além do Horizonte" which became a major hit. The album produced a further string of hit singles, all receiving heavy rotation on Brazilian radio stations, including: "O Sol", "Palavras de Um Futuro Bom" at the tail-end of 2006, and most recently "Já Foi" in the first half of 2007. This album was a 7th Annual Latin Grammy nominated. Lead singer Rogerio Flausino was also invited to sing in English on electronic dance act Layo and Bushwacka's 2006 album. In 2007, Rogério Flausino received the Multishow Award for being the best singer in Brazil. In the same year on 13 August, he became a father, having her first daughter, Nina. The "Até Onde Vai" toure were the longest one of Jota Quest.

In 2008, the band released the album La Plata, recorded in the studio Minério de Ferro, three years after their last record. The CD quickly became successful on the radio with the songs "La Plata", which was on the soundtrack of TV Globo's soap opera "Cama de Gato", and the ballad "Vem Andar Comigo", very well played, and theme of the Soap Opera "Caras e Bocas",

In late July, the third single "Seis e Trinta" was released on the radio and the music video came out in September. At the end of November 2009 the ballad "Único Olhar" was released, the seventh track of La Plata. In 2010 "Tudo Me Faz Lembar Você" was also released as the soundtrack of the film "Muita Calma Nessa Hora".

In the second half of 2010, the Jota Quest launched to the Hispanic market their first Spanish album, entitled "Dias Mejores". The album was released first in Argentina. In early March 2011, the Jota Quest announced a tour commemorating their 15-year career. The "J15 - 15 Anos na Moral" is a kind of five-hour-long party, where the band will present a three-hour show with three new tracks. The project will be released on CD/DVD. The Quinze compilation was released in May and has two CDs and 30 tracks, among three hits and new songs. In early 2012, Quinze was awarded a Latin Grammy for Best Brazilian Contemporary Pop Album, the first Grammy award in the group's career.

Members

 * Rogério Flausino: lead vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Marco Túlio Lara: electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
 * Marcio Buzelin: keyboards
 * PJ: bass
 * Paulinho Fonseca: drums

title: Jota Quest


text:
Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament

Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament is a video game for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) home game console. Based on the popular manga and anime series YuYu Hakusho created by Yoshihiro Togashi, Dark Tournament follows the protagonist Yusuke Urameshi, a rebellious teenager who dies and is brought back to life in order to serve as a "Spirit Detective", solving cases involving apparitions and demons within the living world. The game covers the Dark Tournament story arc in which Yusuke and his allies are invited by a powerful demon named Toguro to participate in a deadly martial arts tournament.

Dark Tournament is a 3D versus fighting game where the player progresses by completing specific objectives tied to a combat system. These objectives range from following simple commands to full-out battles with opponent characters. Each unique character can utilize a number of basic moves as well as stronger "spirit" attacks. Dark Tournament was developed by Digital Fiction and published by Atari in North America and Europe as part of a distribution deal for the latter. Both the animation company Pierrot and English licensor Funimation (currently Crunchyroll) had limited involvement in the game's production. Dark Tournament is the second Yu Yu Hakusho game that never saw the release in Japan.

Critical reception for Dark Tournament has been average or mixed. While most reviewers appreciated the game as visually and audibly appealing to fans of the anime series, they judged it as falling short within the fighting genre due to flaws with its controls and certain gameplay mechanics.

Plot and gameplay
Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament is based on the successful manga and anime series YuYu Hakusho created by Yoshihiro Togashi. The plot follows protagonist Yusuke Urameshi, a teenage delinquent who is struck by a car and killed while trying to save a young child. After completing a number of afterlife tasks presented to him, Yusuke is revived and appointed as a "Spirit Detective", a protector of the human world from various apparitions and demons. Dark Tournament retells the story arc of the same name. After accepting an invitation by a seemingly invincible demon named Toguro, Yusuke and his companions travel to a deadly, demon martial arts tournament where the winners may claim any prize desired. Dark Tournament is a fighting game that relies on a proprietary combat system. The player is able to move within a straight line on a 3D arena. The purpose of each battle is to deplete an opponent's health while maintaining one's own, although a participant may win by forcing an opponent out of the ring. Each of the game's 25 player characters has a specific set of basic punches, kicks, blocks, throws, and combo moves. In addition, a meter located below each fighter's health will fill as they exchange hits with each other; characters have access to powerful "spirit" attacks once this meter fills to capacity. Dark Tournament features a story mode which is divided into 31 chapters, progressing linearly through the plot of the manga and anime. The mode features different objectives relating to the narrative. For instance, one chapter requires the player to trade blows with the drunken master Chu in a match that restricts either character from moving or dodging. Other chapters allow the player to use multiple characters in battle with a tag team system.

Other, optional gameplay modes include a training mode for learning each character's moves; an arcade mode, where the player fights through a series of chosen opponents; a multiplayer Skirmish mode; and a token minigame, which plays like a modified version of the card game War. Initially, only five characters (Yusuke, Kuwabara, Kurama, Hiei, and The Masked Fighter) are playable in these modes. However, as the player advances through the story mode, other characters are added to playable roster, alternate costumes are made available, more tokens can be used in the token game, and two extra modes (Survival and Dark Tournament Plus) are unlocked.

Development
Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament was developed by Digital Fiction and published by Atari. The YuYu Hakusho anime adaptation by Studio Pierrot had begun airing in North America on Cartoon Network in 2002, where it proved popular on the afternoon Toonami block. In July 2003, Atari established a publishing agreement with Funimation Entertainment, the English licensor of the anime adaptation series. Prior to this deal, games based on the series had never been made available to English-speaking audiences in North America, Europe or Australia. Atari had previously published games based another successful Funimation property, Dragon Ball Z. Atari released its first game Yu Yu Hakusho: Spirit Detective for the Game Boy Advance in December 2003 and announced Dark Tournament just before the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 2004.

According to Atari senior producer Mark Flitman, Dark Tournament was in development for about a year and a half. Despite a comparable visual appearance to the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai series, Dark Tournament does not share the same technology as those titles. The game uses Digital Fiction's own PS2 technology, which they optimized with more lighting and special effects. Flitman elaborated that their similar aesthetics were intentional in order to appeal to fans of the show. Dark Tournament was intended to be "a YuYu Hakusho game first, a fighting game second". The game utilizes animated sequences from the English dub of the anime series and voice clips from the Funimation voice cast. The developer, composed of "big fans of YuYu Hakusho and Dragon Ball Z", attempted to add a large amount of variety to the game with unlockables and the token minigame for added replay value. Digital Fiction also included a newly animated, two-minute summary of the Dark Tournament arc, produced by Fuji Creative, Pierrot, and Funimation. The game was released in North America on September 28, 2004 and later in Europe on July 15, 2005.

Reception
Atari reported "reasonable" sales of Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament, despite an overall net loss for the company during the game's release quarter. Dark Tournament received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Although most reviewers agreed that the aesthetic features of the games are appropriate for fans of the manga of anime, they denoted Dark Tournament as a poor fighting game overall, mainly faulting its controls and certain gameplay mechanics. 1UP.com's David Beaudoin noticed little difference in the characters themselves, each offering similar movesets and insignificant specials, and noted the game's sluggish time response and slow animation. Jeremy Dunham of IGN and Tom Orry of VideoGamer.com were also unimpressed, stating that the game's combination attacks are lethargic and inaccurate. Both reviewers berated the way an opponent can attack during the long periods it takes to perform more complex actions. Dunham noted an unbalanced level of challenge in the story mode, in which enemies are "both ruthless and clueless simultaneously". GameSpot writer Ryan Davis contrarily found the controls to be simple and responsive, but respectively agreed with Beaudion on the lack of move diversity between characters and with Dunham on its slow pace.

Dunham praised the variety of objectives in the story mode chapters as the game's "saving grace", and positively compared the team battle option in skirmish mode to Marvel vs. Capcom and Tekken Tag Tournament. Beaudoin was indifferent about the extra diversionary modes, while Davis called the additional fighting modes "predictable" and the token game "rather out of place in the context of a simple fighting game". Beaudoin, Dunham, and Orry all credited the cel-shaded graphics, sound effects, and music as faithful to the anime series. Beaudoin enjoyed the "bright and detailed" visuals, the interjection of FMV sequences straight from the anime, the use of the Funimation voice cast, and destructible backgrounds. For the most part, Davis appreciated the translation of the 3D from their 2D counterparts and the effects used for the spirit attacks. Though he felt there was an "air of authenticity" from the new dialogue, he considered the game characters' acting as "silly". Davis additionally felt the sound design and "rather understated music" was aimed for consistency with the source material rather than a strive for high-quality.

title: Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament


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Talk:Clitoris

Semi-protected edit request on 24 February 2024
Removal of the term sex organ. The clitoris is NOT an organ. It is like a nipple or urethra. It is a raised region of nerve endings that cause sexual arousal when stimulated. Even check Wikipedia sex organ definition. This is NOT an organ, as in heart, stomach, lungs. It is a feature of the vulva with the function of sexual arousal & pleasure. Wikipedia should not be this bad. Fix this ! RoseEatsRice (talk) 23:54, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: here's a source that describes it as a sex organ. M.Bitton (talk) 00:19, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The clitoris is uniquely involved in arousal & orgasm, characteristics of a secondary sex organ. As per your statement Even check Wikipedia sex organ definition, in the MOS:LEAD of sex organ it states that the female sex organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva. That article also states Secondary sex organs are the rest of the reproductive system, whether internal or external. The Latin term genitalia, sometimes anglicized as genitals, is used to describe the externally visible sex organs: [...] in female mammals, the vulva.
 * In the vulva article, the lead states The human vulva includes the mons pubis (or mons veneris), labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, vulval vestibule, urinary meatus, the vaginal opening, hymen, and Bartholin's and Skene's vestibular glands.
 * I have added bold to certain terms & italics for emphasis so that you may better understand. To state that the is an obviously inaccurate claim. Peaceray (talk) 20:50, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The logic for maintaining the status quo does not follow. Your argument summarizes:
 * "The clitoris is part of the vulva, and the vulva is a sex organ, therefore the clitoris is a sex organ."
 * That's akin to saying "A wheel is part of a car, and a car is a vehicle, therefore a wheel is a vehicle."
 * Which is silly.
 * You also referred to the clitoris as a "secondary sex organ". If there exists a well-sourced definition of "secondary sex organ" that includes the clitoris then the wording should change to clearly say "secondary sex organ", not "sex organ", linked as appropriate.
 * An edit is warranted in either case. 24.137.93.163 (talk) 20:10, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clitoris


text:
Category:Archaeological sites in Switzerland

pt:Categoria: Povoações romanas na Suíça


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Agnes of Babenberg

Agnes of Babenberg (Agnieszka austriacka; c. 1108/13 – 24/25 January 1163) was a scion of the Franconian House of Babenberg and by marriage High Duchess of Poland and Duchess of Silesia.

Family and personality
Agnes was a daughter of Leopold III, Margrave of Austria, and Agnes, daughter of Emperor Henry IV. Through her mother, Agnes was a descendant of the Salian dynasty, which ruled the Holy Roman Empire since 1024 until her maternal uncle, Emperor Henry V, died without issue in 1125. She was the half-sister of Duke Frederick II of Swabia and King Conrad III of Germany, both born from her mother's first marriage with Duke Frederick I of Swabia. Of her full siblings, one sister, Judith, married Marquess William V of Montferrat, and one brother was Bishop Otto of Freising, a renowned medieval chronicler.

According to Wincenty Kadłubek, Polish chronicler and bishop of Kraków (and this opinion is shared by other sources), Agnes was a very ambitious, energetic woman, and proud of her origins. It is no wonder the bishop called her "Tigress" in his Chronica Polonorum.

Marriage
The ruler of Poland, Duke Bolesław Wrymouth, in order to hold his ground against the Empire wanted to obtain a powerful ally against King Lothair III of Germany. He therefore forged an alliance with the Babenbergs and the Hohenstaufen families, who, as relatives of the extinct Salian dynasty, were the natural rivals of Lothair. In order to seal this alliance, a marriage between Bolesław III's eldest son Władysław and Agnes was agreed. The wedding took place around 1125; according to some historians, the couple had already received the Duchy of Silesia from Bolesław III as a gift.

High Duchess of Poland
Bolesław III died on 28 October 1138. In his will, he divided Poland between his sons. As the oldest son, the supreme authority in the country was assigned to Władysław II with the title of high duke (princeps). In addition to Silesia, he received the Seniorate Province (which included Lesser Poland, eastern Greater Poland and western Kuyavia) and the authority over Pomerania. His half-brothers Boleslaw IV, Mieszko III and Henry received hereditary fiefs as junior dukes. In addition, Władysław II would also receive the lands of Łęczyca, then granted by Bolesław III to his widow, Salomea of Berg, for life as her dower and to revert to the Seniorate Province upon her death.

Almost immediately, the high duke began his efforts to unify the country under his rule. Wincenty Kadłubek stated that the confrontation between Władysław II and his half-brothers was mainly instigated by Agnes, who believed that her husband, as the eldest son, had the right to be the sole ruler of the whole country.

In order to strengthen the authority of the high duke, it is believed that Agnes took part in the downfall of one of the most powerful nobles in the country, the voivode Piotr Włostowic, who supported the junior dukes. According to a legend, the capture of Włostowic was thanks to Agnes, because she sent her own retainers to his castle and they captured him during the night. This event was recorded in German contemporary historiography; however, since this story is not confirmed, it not generally accepted by modern historians. Agnes demanded Włostowic's death, but her husband decided instead to make an example of him. Włostowic was blinded, muted and sentenced to exile.

Deposition and exile
The tyrannical rule of Władysław II and Agnes led to many of their subjects switching their allegiance to the junior dukes. In early 1146 the high duke's forces were finally defeated near Poznań. Władysław II escaped to Bohemia, while Agnes and her children remained in Kraków, where for some time they maintained resistance against the junior dukes from the Wawel Castle. However, the attempts to defend the city were unsuccessful and, in the end, the whole family was reunited in exile.

After a short time at the Bohemian court of Duke Vladislaus II, Agnes' half-brother, King Conrad III of Germany, offered his hospitality to the Polish ducal family, who settled at the Kaiserpfalz of Altenburg. At first, it seemed that Władysław II would soon regain power in Poland. A German expedition against the junior dukes was launched in 1146, but due to flooding of the Oder River and the pressures on the German king by the margraves Albert the Bear and Conrad of Meissen, the campaign failed.

The failure of the expedition did not discourage Agnes, who continued with her attempts to restore her husband. She asked for the intervention of Pope Eugenius III, who decided to raise the question in the 1148 Council of Reims, and sent his legate Guy to Poland to obtain the submission of the junior dukes. However, they refused to accept the return of Władysław II, and the pope declared a ban over Poland. The pope's actions had few repercussions thanks for the united support of the Polish church hierarchy for the junior dukes.

In 1152 King Conrad III died and was succeeded by his nephew Frederick Barbarossa. With the accession of this energetic ruler, the hopes of Agnes and Władysław II of returning to Poland were rekindled. With the encouragement of his aunt, the new German king launched an expedition against Poland in 1157. The campaign was a success but unexpectedly Barbarossa did not restore Władysław II to the Polish throne. Instead High Duke Bolesław IV was declared a vassal of Emperor Frederick and was compelled to pay tribute to him. In compensation to Władysław II, he forced Bolesław to promise the restitution of the Silesian duchy to Władysław's sons.

Death and aftermaths
Both Agnes and Władysław II knew that their battle was finally lost. They remained in Altenburg, where Władysław II died on 30 May 1159. Agnes' day of death is generally placed by sources between 24 and 25 January, but the year remained disputed among historians and sources. Certainly she survived her husband, and it is known that she did not return to Silesia with her sons when they were finally restored in their heritage in 1163. Thus, it is believed that Agnes died between 1160 and 1163. She was buried in the Cistercian abbey of Pforta near Naumburg on the Saale river.

Children
Agnes and Wladyslaw had the following children:

 * 1) Bolesław I the Tall (1127 – 8 December 1201).
 * 2) Mieszko I Tanglefoot (1131 – 16 May 1211).
 * 3) Richeza (1140 – 16 June 1185), married firstly in 1152 to Alfonso VII, King of Galicia, Castile and León, secondly in 1162 to Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Provence and thirdly by 1167 to Count Albert III of Everstein.
 * 4) Konrad Spindleshanks (1146/57 – 17 January 1180/90).
 * 5) Albert (c. 1156 - c. 1168/78).

title: Agnes of Babenberg


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Kaçanik

Kaçanik (Kaçaniku) or Kačanik (Качаник, ), is a town and municipality located in the Ferizaj District of southern Kosovo. According to the 2024 census, the town of Kaçanik has approximately 10,000, while the municipality has 27,742 inhabitants.

The municipality covers an area of 220 km2, including the town of Kaçanik and 31 villages.

Name
The founder of the town Koxha Sinan Pasha called the town Kaçaniku. In 1660, Ottoman writer and traveller Evliya Çelebi visited Kosovo and wrote that the town's name derived from the Ottoman Turkish word kaçanlar in reference to a group of Albanian bandits that operated in Üsküb and used the region of Kaçanik as a hideout.

Early history
The region of Kaçanik was one of the pathways, which were employed during Central European (akin to the Lusatian culture) migrations in the southern Balkans between 1200 and 1150 BCE. Roman era monuments include an altar that dates to 158–9 CE and is dedicated to a deity named Andinus (Deo Andino). The name Andinus appears among the central Illyrian and Dalmatian names, but the worship of Andinus seems to have been a local cult of southwestern Dardani as it doesn't appear in other parts of Illyria or the Roman Empire.

Middle Ages
After 9th century part of kingdom Raška and empire Serbia. Kaçanik was captured by the Ottomans in the 1420s. At that time Kaçanik was only a village registered by the Ottomans in 1455 defter as nahiyah.

Kaçanik was founded by Koca Sinan Pasha, who erected a tower, the town mosque which exists even today, a public kitchen for the poor (imaret), a school near the mosque, two hane (inns similar to caravanserais), one Turkish bath (hammam), the town fortress called Llanishta Fortress and a few mills on the Lepenci river.

Kaçanik became known administratively as a town by the end of the 16th century, and up to year 1891 it was a part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Üsküb, which again belonged to the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.

Modern
On January 2, 1690 Albanian insurgents participated in a battle on the side of the Austrian forces fought against the Ottomans at the Valley of Kaçanik.

In 1878, Kaçanik was intended to become a part of the Principality of Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano, but per the Treaty of Berlin it was returned to the Ottomans.

During the Albanian Revolt of 1910, the area of Kacanik was the battlefield between Ottoman and Albanian forces.

After 1912 the town became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, and after 1918 part of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the first incarnation of Yugoslavia). From 1929 to 1941 Kaçanik was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

During World War II, from 1941 to 1945, the town became part of the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

In 1990, after the suspension of Kosovo's autonomy, the members of the Kosovan assembly gathered in the town and adopted the Kaçanik Constitution, based on which the Republic of Kosova was proclaimed in 1991.

During the Kosovo War, Yugoslav forces including the army, police and paramilitary groups carried out operations in the town that led to high numbers of civilian casualties and mass flights of civilians from Kaçanik.

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the municipality of Kaçanik has 33,409 inhabitants. Based on the population estimates from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics in 2020, the municipality has 34,420 inhabitants.

With the exception of eight Roma and 30 Bosniaks, the municipality is ethnically homogeneous Albanian.

Economy
The municipality is known for the production of construction materials at several area companies. There are also many cultivated farmlands and areas suited for the development of farms, apiculture, arboriculture as well as various craftsman and artisans. The area is well suited for the development of winter and summer tourism. The downtown area is home to a bus station, a small radio station, the remains of a Turkish fort, several streets lined with shops, banks, several restaurants, and a weekly farmers market for produce, livestock and housewares.

Kaçanik has an old tradition in private manufactures, especially when it comes to the production of calcareous stone, wood for construction purposes and other services and artisan skills.

Sports teams
KF Lepenci is the men's football club in the town and they play their home matches at Besnik Begunca Stadium. KFF Bazeli 2015 is the women's football club in the town and they play in the top level of the women's football league in Kosovo.

Notable people

 * Ag Apolloni, writer.
 * Adem Salihaj, politician.
 * Arben Zharku, film producer.
 * Jeton Neziraj, playwright.
 * Jetmir Topalli, footballer.
 * Triumf Riza, police officer.
 * Veton Tusha, footballer.
 * Ylber Hysa, historian.
 * Ramize Gjebrea (1923–1944), World War II partisan, mother from Kaçanik.

title: Kaçanik


text: Category:Aromatherapy

title: Category:Aromatherapy


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Amazônia Legal

Amazônia Legal, also known as Brazil's Legal Amazon (BLA), is the largest socio-geographic division in Brazil, containing all nine states in the Amazon basin. The government designated this region in 1948 based on its studies on how to plan the economic and social development of the Amazon region.

Area
The official designation Amazônia Legal encompasses all seven states of the North Region (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins), as well as most of Mato Grosso in the Center-West Region and the western part of Maranhão in the Northeast Region. Amazônia Legal is a 5,016,136.3 km2 region with around 24 million inhabitants; in other words 59% of the geographic territory of Brazil is part of Amazônia Legal, but only 12.34% of the Brazilian population lives there. The administrative unit was initially established by Federal Law No. 5.173 (Art. 2).

Although called Amazônia Legal, the region overlaps three different biomes: all of Brazil's Amazon biome, 37% of the Cerrado biome, and 40% of the Pantanal biome. The main characteristic of the region is the abundant and tropical vegetation, including large sections of rainforest.

Amazônia Ocidental comprises the states of: Acre, Amazonas, Roraima and Rondônia.

Demographics
A total population of 24.7 million inhabitants lives in the area, including more than 300,000 indigenous people belonging to more than 170 ethnicities. Among these are many traditional extractive communities.

Because of its remoteness, this region was the last to be colonized by Brazilians of European descent. It still has a very low population density.

title: Amazônia Legal


text:
File:MahavishnuOrchestraInnerMountingFlamealbumcover.jpg

Summary
Cover for the Mahavishnu Orchestra's album The Inner Mounting Flame


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Klina

Klina (Albanian: Klinë or Klina) is a town and municipality located in the District of Peja of north-western Kosovo. According to the 2011 census, the town of Klina has 5,542 inhabitants, while the municipality has 38,496 inhabitants. It is located at the confluence of the river Klina into the White Drin. A symbol of Klina are the Mirusha Waterfalls.

History
During early Middle Ages, Porphyrogenitus mentions the urban center of Desstinik, today Dresnik, where important archeological discoveries of Roman period were made in August 2013, described as: ...the most important discovery of the past few decades to have been made in Kosovo in the area of archaeology. In the village lies the Archaeological Site of Dresnik.

Economy
There is one bauxite mine operating on the territory of Klina - Grebnik mine.

Demography
According to the last official census done in 2011, the municipality of Klina has 38,496 inhabitants. Based on the population estimates from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics in 2016, the municipality has 39,759 inhabitants.

The ethnic composition of the municipality:

In September 2014, 12 Egyptian families returned to Klina having spent the last 15 years displaced in Podgorica, Montenegro. The families moved straight into a newly constructed neighbourhood as part of project helping refugees from the Kosovo War return to Kosovo.

Notable people

 * Anton Berisha, Kosovo-Albanian folklorist and scholar
 * Sadik Rama Gjurgjeviku, Kosovo-Albanian guerrilla fighter
 * Mujë Krasniqi, Kosovo Liberation Army

title: Klina


text: Category:Books about World War II

title: Category:Books about World War II


text:
Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign

The 1988 presidential campaign of Al Gore, U.S. Senator of Tennessee and former House Representative began on April 11, 1987. He campaigned for President of the United States as a Democratic candidate in the 1988 presidential election, against Democratic candidates Joe Biden, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Jesse Jackson, and Michael Dukakis (who eventually won the Democratic nomination). Despite eventual defeat, Gore, who came in a third place, was one of the front-runners that year. Al Gore, at that time, represented the Southern Democrats and some of the Conservative Democrats in 1980s.

Announcement
On April 11, 1987, Senator Gore of Tennessee announced his candidacy. He stated that he believed he could offer, "clearer goals" than the other candidates.

Gore was further described by The New York Times as: "solidly built, dark and indisputably handsome. He has a powerful sweet tooth but keeps his weight under control by running several miles a day at dawn. His stump speaking is erratic, one night spirited and evocative and the next flat and routine. He is an indifferent platform joke-teller but can be a raconteur and mimic of some skill in the privacy of his chartered campaign plane. National analysts make Senator Gore a long-shot for the Presidential nomination, but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates: a young, attractive, moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South. He currently denies any interest, but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand."

At the time of the announcement, Senator Gore was 39 years old, making him the "youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F. Kennedy."

Campaign
According to CNN, Gore ran his campaign as, "a Southern centrist, [who] opposed federal funding for abortion. He favored a moment of silence for prayer in the schools and voted against banning the interstate sale of handguns." In addition, CNN notes, "in 1988, for the first time, 12 Southern states would hold their primaries on the same day, Super Tuesday.

As the only other Southern candidate, Gore chose to criticize Jackson often. Gore began to criticize Jackson for his Mid-East policies. In particular, "Albert Gore Jr. assailed Mr. Jackson's foreign policy views and said he was 'dismayed' by Mr. Jackson's 'embrace of Arafat and Castro'." Jackson responded by stating that, "The issue is not whether the Israelis and Palestinians are moral equivalents. Both of them are human beings and both are trapped in the cycle of death and pain. And they are trapped in the cycle of mutual annihilation. I wanted to offer leadership that will move from mutual annihilation to coexistence to break the cycle of death." Gore was heavily criticized for his attacks against both Jackson and Dukakis. Jackson also retracted some of his previous statements. It was Gore who first mentioned the Massachusetts furlough program Dukakis had supported as Governor by asking him questions in a debate right before the 1988 New York primary, about "weekend passes for convicted criminals"; this later developed into the Willie Horton pro-George H. W. Bush attack ad. However, unlike commonly believed, Gore did not mention Horton by name.

During the Democratic debate, Gore argued that his foreign policy platform was different from his rivals, but they disagreed. "'I reject Gore's efforts to try to pin labels,' Representative Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri told reporters after the event."

Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina Primary, winning, "more than half the total vote, three times that of his closest rival here, Senator Albert Gore Jr. of Tennessee." Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote: Jackson winning Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia; Gore winning Arkansas, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nevada, Tennessee, and Oklahoma.

Dropping out
The Gore campaign came to a close after Dukakis won the New York primary with 51% of the vote, followed by Jackson at 37%, and Gore only received 10%. The New York Times argued that he lost support due to his attacks against Jackson, Dukakis, and others, as well as for his endorsement by Koch.

Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jesse Jackson, who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and who also campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election. According to some, Gore's policies had changed in 2000, reflecting his eight years as Vice President.

Statewide contests won
South: Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, Arkansas, Oklahoma

Outside the South: Nevada, Wyoming

Popular vote position

 * Dukakis - 9,898,750 (42.51%)
 * Jackson - 6,788,991 (29.15%)
 * Gore - 3,185,806 (13.68%)
 * Gephardt - 1,399,041 (6.01%)
 * Simon - 1,082,960 (4.65%)

Endorsements
47th Texas Governor, Republican Rick Perry, who at the time was a Democrat in the Texas State House, campaigned for Gore during the primaries.

Gore was later endorsed by New York Mayor Ed Koch, who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson. These statements further cast Gore in a negative light. The endorsement led voters away from Gore who only received 10% of the vote in the New York Primary.

Governors

 * Governor of Louisiana Buddy Roemer
 * Former Governor of North Carolina Jim Hunt

United States Senators

 * Senator Howell Heflin of Alabama
 * Senator Terry Sanford of North Carolina
 * Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia
 * Senator J. Bennett Johnston of Louisiana
 * Senator David Boren of Oklahoma
 * Former Senator Ralph Yarborough of Texas

Lieutenant Governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Alabama Jim Folsom, Jr.
 * Former Lieutenant Governor of Alabama Bill Baxley

State House Speakers

 * Georgia House of Representatives Speaker Tom Murphy
 * Alabama House of Representatives Speaker James S. Clark

Others

 * Mayor of New York Ed Koch
 * Texas State Representative Rick Perry
 * Alabama State Senator Ryan DeGraffenried

title: Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign


text: Category:Australian classification system


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ceciliantas

Ceciliantas was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE (having discounted the multiple sockpuppet votes on either side)

Not notable. --fvw *  04:12, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC) The fark thread is at http://forums.fark.com/cgi/fark/comments.pl?IDLink=1271835. It has a link to the relevant thread, if you decide to keep this topic. This is a piece of internet history, at least as famous as All Your Base Are Belong To Us, or Homestarr Runner, which both have Wiki entries (Please note that the last sentence was added by a different person later. To say that it is bigger than either of those two is absurd.)
 * Delete junk. Cdc 04:29, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gwimpey 05:07, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 05:52, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. utcursch 09:50, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No useful content. Andrewa 16:44, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to vote here, (mainly because I'd have to make an account). But please note this has become famous on the internet. I found this from Fark, but as I understand it, it's drawn attention from all sorts of sites. I suggest a clean-up.
 * Comment: All unsigned comments on VfD are absurd, 220.240.179.85 and 220.240.179.187, there's little chance that experienced Wikipedians will regard them as anything but amusement value, inconvenience, or a bit of both. But comments signed by anons are fine. Please sign your posts, and I hope you had a nice Christmas. Andrewa 18:25, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Fifteen minutes of e-fame is not what Wikipedia is about. Technogeek 20:05, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not qualified to discuss what wikipedia is about. And it may be 15 minutes of fame. But the vfd was put up because of it's notability, and this is notable.

Your opinion it is a non even, and a flimsy opinion it is. Some might say that "all your base" was a non-issue too--but arent you by extension saying that internet trends are inherently non-issues by saying so? ... posted anonymously on 27 December by Jimmyjimjam -- his/her first ever contribution to Wikipedia
 * Comment: Thank you for the link. Please sign your posts, and observe the normal format. Disagree regarding notability, as we use the term. No change of vote. Andrewa 20:38, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not notable in the encyclopedic sense, and not likely to become so either. Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:34, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup It's notable because it's famous. Certanly it's a story that pretty much everyone knows about by now from the guys in WOW to the Hello Kitty forums and recetly to Usenet. --Rastilin 04:13, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please sign your posts, User:Rastilin. I notice this vote is your only edit to date. Have you contributed anonymously, before this? Andrewa 14:00, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Apologies for my oversight, I generally edit things without logging on since my connection from School is being monitored by the administration. --Rastilin 04:13, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. It's at least as notable as half the things linked to from internet phenomenon. taion 05:41, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. This page is roughly as valuable as the page for Star Wars Kid, and denotes the exact same thing--someone makes an ass of themselves, and compounds it with behaviour that incites a worldwide flamefest.  It really is an internet phenomenon, with all the hallmarks. JJ 07:35, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The article has now improved a great deal, and while it still doesn't IMO establish notability it has me wondering. The question in my mind is: Is this article merely an attempt to spread this story further (a task which many people obviously have found a source of much amusement), or does it also describe an encyclopedic current event? No change of vote, not yet anyway. Andrewa 14:12, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * See also Votes for deletion/Cecilier, speedied once and now on VfD, contributed by three different anons in all. That doesn't make it a phenomenon, just a fad, but it's hard to draw the line. I think that we should err on the side of caution here, to reduce the danger of Wikipedia being used by these faddists for their hobby. Andrewa 20:23, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cecilier warrants deletion for redundancy if nothing else, since it really is just a reference to the same thing. Anyway, this is spreading fairly quickly among the internet gaming community, and it's still spreading fairly quickly. I'm willing to bet that in a week or two, it'll be as well-known as badger badger badger was in its prime. Deleting it now as a fad would be a tad hasty. taion 00:47, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this crap. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 04:17, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing vote to Keep, as the article has been cleaned up a lot further since my earlier vote and seems a bit more worth having. Technogeek 04:44, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - --Elix 08:56, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: This userid has no article edits, but does have a talk page edit which takes credit for an edit that needs some cleaning up and which was made by a a proxy IP also used by known and self-confessed vandals. Andrewa 04:00, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Assuming it is a fad isn't that worth recording for the future? An encyclopedia is supposed to retain information of past events, with over 300,000 readers it is becoming very notable. --Rastilin 11:04, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I note that you have already voted above. Perhaps this could have been made clearer? No change of vote. Andrewa 04:04, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not every random internet event should be an entry. datl
 * Keep just as good as AYB.
 * Comment: Please sign your posts, user 142.179.188.169, even if not logged in. Andrewa 23:02, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep
 * Please sign your posts, User:MBCMichaelB, and I notice this is your first contribution. Please understand that on that basis, it won't carry a lot of weight anyway. Andrewa 03:41, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. Hey everyone, long time Wikipedia reader, first time poster. This event is massive, very much worth keeping, however the article in its present form is a very loose account of the event. If you go to the Fark thread mentioned above, and search in the page for posts from "akarand", "kesherz", and "ciberido", they've provided excellent "Cliff's Notes" versions of how it all went down, which should be incorporated into the article. --Plasmadis 23:59, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Plasmadis, I notice that this remains your only contribution to Wikipedia. -- Hoary 03:47, 2004 Dec 26 (UTC)
 * Comment: Whoa, a whole 2 days have passed since my initial posting (not to mention yesterday was Christmas), and I still have yet to make my name known far and wide throughout the esteemed Wikipedia community. Man, tough crowd here! --Plasmadis 23:53, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as a hyped non-event. -- Hoary 06:13, 2004 Dec 25 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. This is just as valuable a piece of internet culture and history as AYB or the Wazzap craze. Admittedly this particular instance is not as far-reaching or powerful as those movements however it should be cleaned up and kept as any part of history should. Such an event, if recorded properly (hence the cleanup vote) would be a great 'slide' in what could be called Intarweb 101 for all the non-geeks out there. --Superslash (hope i did that right)
 * Comment: Quite right, but do be as brief as possible. I also notice this is your first contribution, so it won't carry much weight. But welcome! Andrewa 03:42, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. As strange as this whole event is, it raises some interesting issues about MMORPG's, specifically gamers who use MMORPG's for sexual activities and online (or in-game) relationships. This is an intereting documentation of how the internet can be used, and what can result from it. That said, this page needs to be developed more.  --Echidnae 02:16, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I notice your contributions have so far just been to this page. Andrewa 03:42, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think what this page still lacks is hard data. We are told that the story spread rapidly and later that it spread like wildfire, but there are no figures as to the time this took, or of the number of posts to the individual threads and forums mentioned. At the risk of arguing from the silence, I suspect that the article's authors and supporters don't know or care. They are part of this claimed phenomenon, and in no position to assess it or motivated to try to. It has sucked them in (and many others). Prove me wrong, put some verifiable, attributed data into the article, supporting the hype. Then and only then I'll change my vote. Andrewa 04:17, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Pardon my oversimplification, but "Prove that there's excitement, and we'll grant that it's worthy of encyclopedic coverage" seems weak. Let's have the URLs of discussions of this Amazing Phenomenon in some sites that don't normally deal with such gossip. ("All Your Bases Are Belong To Us" would have passed that test.) Meanwhile, what is this about, really? The article seems to insinuate that our hero was surreptitiously photographed wanking while playing the game, and that photos (edited, natch) were distributed. My reaction: big wanking deal. If indeed "This event is massive", as alleged above, it suggests to me that the players must be desperate for things to talk about, making it perhaps deserving of a part-paragraph in some article on the psychopathology of online gaming. And if indeed "Ceciliantas replied with a number of threats of both in-game retaliation and real-life legal action" then let's wait for the real-life legal action to become, well, real-life. -- Hoary 05:10, 2004 Dec 26 (UTC)
 * Comment: I agree with what you said. The problem I see with this whole thing is that most of the "hard facts" are scattered throughout 23+ pages of the original thread.  The thread has now over 370,000 views and 1131+ replies, as you can see here.  There is also a thread in those same forums that is dedicated to where people have been linked to it (What sites did Cecil's cyber thread make it to?).  As you pointed out in a reply to my vote above, I have only contributed so far to this page under this username.  I have contributed before at Wikipedia, but I recently decided to create a username after reading through your comments to someone else about posting without a username.  And judging by the reply to my comment above, you sound suspicious about my intentions here.  I don't blame you for thinking that, but that is not what I am trying to do here, and I did not get "sucked in" by all this.  I'm not a long time user of Wikipedia, so I'm not familiar with the ettequite here a great deal, but I do realize that people like you have more say about what is acceptable here than I do.  I have also been around here months before this whole Ceciliantas thing took place.  I am not trying to "support" the hype, although this page may lean towards that.  Anyway, you know more about this place than I do, so your word is better than mine. --Echidnae 05:37, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please see User talk:Echidnae for my replies. Andrewa 15:24, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Although it seems that voting is over and the page has been kept... I'd like to show the following explaination of the set-up as told by bobmarle. Da Post If you read through it (and if you are using Firefox you can block out the images stretching the page), you'll see why this became so famous. Corporal 17:25, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The vote is about to close, certainly, but it hasn't yet AFAIK, and it appears to me we may have a sufficient consensus to delete. Saying something is famous doesn't always make it happen (I imagine it's a great feeling of power when it does). Andrewa 21:05, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of long-term noteworthiness. —Korath会話 11:31, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-event. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:47, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep!
 * Made by Anon 68.254.111.137 Ambush Commander 02:43, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: What I find funny is that this VfD page is 2nd on the Google Search for this term. Surely the whole thing is overblown... Ambush Commander 02:58, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Brilliant observation, Ambush Commander! One that IMO identifies exactly what is going on here. See Internet phenomena. Andrewa 17:26, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup It's a current event and deserves to be here. It's not much different from, say, a story about a celebrity's cheating on a spouse. Corporal 06:34, Dec 27 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The vote of Corporal (who seems only to have contributed to one other article) moved here from the top. Corporal, how is "a story about a celebrity's cheating on a spouse" encyclopedic? (National Enquirer material, yes.) -- Hoary 06:48, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)
 * Comment: Well, you got me there. However, being as how this person is now famous regardless, doesn't he deserve an entry of his own? This is, after all, a free, user-edited encyclopedia on the Internet, and if the users feel that this person has gained enough fame to have an informative, pseudo-encyclopediatic summary/timeline of the events pertaining to him posted, then we should allow this page to be kept, or at least cleaned up. Corporal 06:59, Dec 27 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I question your premiss that he's famous. -- Hoary 07:33, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)
 * Keep As long as this database covers topics like AYB and other essentially meaningless phenomenon, Ceciliantas deserves his space. No, it's not the moon landing or anything of that magnitude, but it is still significant. Sauzer 7:09, Dec 26 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: This is the only contribution of Sauzer to Wikipedia so far. Well, Sauzer, AYB is indeed just about as meaningless as "Ceciliantas", but AYB was a genuine (if silly) "phenomenon"; whereas, as Ambush Commander points out, "Ceciliantas" is an extremely minor "phenomenon", possibly now centering on this very web page. -- Hoary 07:24, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)
 * Comment: And who are you to determine whether or not this will remain a minor phenomenon? It's already shown up on thousands of forums and even SomethingAwful, and it could easily turn into an ongoing joke much like Star Wars Kid or AYB. Also, stop pointing out single-contribution users. Sauzer used the correct syntax, leave him alone. Corporal 17:29, Dec 27 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: See my replies at User talk:Echidnae to similar concerns he raised. Pointing out single-contribution users is a welcome timesaver for others, and especially useful to the admin who will soon need to sort this all out. No change of vote. Andrewa 18:34, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: But pointing out single-contribution users does not make comments any more or less valid.  In fact, it puts your own wisdom into question for judging others comments based on that.  King Bahamut 23:11, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: reality check: when an administrator comes to tally up the votes, he/she pays little or no value to those of first-time and single-issue voters. Again, the only contributions of "King Bahamut" have been to this one article and its VfD page. Incidentally I've no objection whatever to having my wisdom questioned. Go ahead, question it. Meanwhile, my intuition says Sock puppets! -- Hoary 01:54, 2004 Dec 28 (UTC)

 * Keep I'm sure I've remember seeing far more useless entries remain, so if everyone is not willing to clean up the whole site of those entries, this should stay - besides, it is already being used as a proper noun in reference to the thread and background story, so it is fitting that it should have an entry. King Bahamut 23:11, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep This thing has spread like wildfire across the net. It deserves a page. Revolos55 20:47, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment Why am I not surprised to discover that this is the sole contribution of "Revolos55"? -- Hoary 01:54, 2004 Dec 28 (UTC)
 * Comment user 137.201.242.130 has now twice deleted the VFD tag. I'm still new around here, but I'm guessing he's not supposed to be doing that? Shouldn't it stay there so people will see it and get a chance to vote? --Plasmadis 02:06, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rape hawk

Rape hawk was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

 * Delete. Nonexistent bird. Also tasteless and unfunny. 160 04:13, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonesxistent bird. Tastless, unfunny, stupid.  Johntex 04:18, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Murinae

The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. Members of this subfamily are called murines. In terms of species richness, this subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae and Muridae, and is larger than all mammal orders except the bats and the remainder of the rodents.

Description
The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are terrestrial placental mammals. They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica, and are serious pest animals. This is particularly true in island communities where they have contributed to the endangerment and extinction of many native animals.

Two prominent murine species have become vital laboratory animals: the brown rat and house mouse are both used as medical subjects.

The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.

Fossils
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus Antemus. Antemus is thought to derive directly from Potwarmus, which has a more primitive tooth pattern. Likewise, two genera, Progonomys and Karnimata, are thought to derive directly from Antemus. Progonomys is thought to be the ancestor of Mus and relatives, while Karnimata was previously thought to lead to Rattus and relatives, although it is now thought to be a member of the extant tribe Praomyini. All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan. The transition from Potwarmus to Antemus to Progonomys and Karnimata is considered an excellent example of anagenic evolution.

Taxonomy
Most of the Murinae have been poorly studied. Some genera have been grouped, such as the hydromyine water rats, conilurine or pseudomyine Australian mice, or the phloeomyine Southeast Asian forms. It appears as if genera from Southeast Asian islands and Australia may be early offshoots compared to mainland forms. The vlei rats in the genera Otomys and Parotomys are often placed in a separate subfamily, Otomyinae, but have been shown to be closely related to African murines in spite of their uniqueness.

Three genera, Uranomys, Lophuromys, and Acomys, were once considered to be murines, but were found to be more closely related to gerbils through molecular phylogenetics. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, Deomyinae.

Molecular phylogenetic studies of Murinae include Lecompte, et al. (2008), which analyzes African murine species based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and two nuclear gene fragments. Lecompte, et al. (2008) estimates that African murines colonized Africa from Asia approximately 11 million years ago during the Miocene.

The following phylogeny of 16 Murinae genera, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) gene, is from Jansa & Weksler (2004: 264).

Distribution
The following is a list of Murinae genus divisions ordered by the continents that they are endemic to. Most of the diversity is located in Southeast Asia and Australasia.

 * Africa
 * Aethomys division – 1 genus
 * Arvicanthis division – 6 genera
 * Colomys division – 3 genera
 * Dasymys division – 8 genera
 * Hybomys division – 3 genera
 * Malacomys division – 1 genus
 * Oenomys division – 5 genea
 * Otomyini division/tribe – 3 genera
 * Eurasia
 * Apodemus division – 2 genera
 * Micromys division – 6 genera
 * Genus Mus
 * South Asia
 * Golunda division – 1 genus
 * Millardia division – 4 genera
 * Southeast Asia
 * Dacnomys division – 8 genera
 * Hadromys division – 1 genus
 * Maxomys division – 1 genus
 * Pithecheir division – 6 genera
 * Rattus division – 21 genera
 * Philippines
 * Chrotomys division – 5 genera
 * Crunomys division – 2 genera
 * Phloeomys division – 4 genera
 * Genus Musseromys
 * Sulawesi
 * Crunomys division – 2 genera
 * Echiothrix division – 1 genus
 * Melasmothrix division – 2 genera
 * Moluccas
 * Halmaheramys division – 1 genus
 * New Guinea
 * Hydromys division – 6 genera
 * Lorentzimys division – 1 genus
 * Pogonomys division – 11 genera
 * Uromys division – 5 genera
 * Xeromys division – 3 genera
 * Genus Mirzamys
 * Australia
 * Pseudomys division – 8 genera

List of species
As of 2005, the Murinae contained 129 genera in 584 species. Musser and Carleton (2005) divided the Murinae into 29 genus divisions. They treated the Otomyinae as a separate subfamily, but all molecular analyses conducted to date have supported their inclusion in the Murinae as relatives of African genera. In a recent expedition in the Philippines, seven more Apomys mice were added and the genus was proposed to split into two subgenera - Apomys and Megapomys, based on morphological and cytochrome b DNA sequences. In 2021, a major revision was taken of Praomyini.

The tribes are based on the classification by the American Society of Mammalogists. Some of the division placement is based on Pages et al., 2015 and Rowe et al., 2019.

SUBFAMILY MURINAE - Old World rats and mice
 * Tribe Apodemini
 * Genus Apodemus - Old World field mice
 * Genus Rhagamys †
 * Genus Tokudaia - Ryūkyū spiny rats
 * Tribe Arvicanthini
 * Aethomys division
 * Genus Aethomys - bush rats
 * Genus Micaelamys
 * Arvicanthis division
 * Genus Arvicanthis - unstriped grass mice
 * Genus Desmomys
 * Genus Lemniscomys - striped grass mice
 * Genus Mylomys (African Groove-toothed Rat)
 * Genus Pelomys - groove-toothed creek rats
 * Genus Rhabdomys (Four-striped Grass Mouse)
 * Dasymys division
 * Genus Dasymys - shaggy swamp rats
 * Golunda division
 * Genus Golunda (Indian bush rat)
 * Hybomys division
 * Genus Dephomys - defua rats
 * Genus Hybomys - hump-nosed mice
 * Genus Stochomys (target rat)
 * Genus Typomys
 * Oenomys division
 * Genus †Canariomys - Canary Islands giant rats
 * Genus Grammomys
 * Genus Lamottemys
 * Genus †Malpaisomys
 * Genus Oenomys - rufous-nosed rats
 * Genus Thallomys - acacia rats
 * Genus Thamnomys - thicket rats
 * Tribe Hapalomyini
 * Genus Hapalomys - marmoset rats
 * Tribe Hydromyini
 * Chiropodomys division (alternately considered a distinct tribe, Chiropodomyini)
 * Genus Chiropodomys - pencil-tailed tree mice
 * Chrotomys division
 * Genus Apomys
 * Genus Archboldomys (Mount Isarog shrew rats)
 * Genus Chrotomys - Luzon striped rats
 * Genus Soricomys
 * Genus Rhynchomys - shrew-like rats
 * Conilurus division
 * Genus Conilurus - rabbit rats
 * Genus Leporillus - Australian stick-nest rats
 * Genus Mesembriomys - tree rats
 * Haeromys division
 * Genus Haeromys - pygmy tree mice
 * Hydromys division
 * Genus Baiyankamys (formerly in Hydromys)
 * Genus Crossomys (earless water rat)
 * Genus Hydromys - water rats
 * Genus Leptomys
 * Genus Microhydromys
 * Genus Mirzamys
 * Genus Parahydromys
 * Genus Paraleptomys
 * Genus Pseudohydromys - New Guinea false water rats
 * Genus Xeromys (false water rat)
 * Mallomys division
 * Genus Abeomelomys
 * Genus Mallomys - giant tree rats
 * Genus Mammelomys
 * Genus Pogonomelomys - Rummler's mosaic tailed rats
 * Genus Xenuromys (white-tailed New Guinea rat)
 * Pogonomys division
 * Genus Anisomys (powerful-toothed rat)
 * Genus Chiruromys
 * Genus Hyomys - white-eared rats
 * Genus Lorentzimys (New Guinea jumping mouse)
 * Genus Macruromys - New Guinean rats
 * Genus Pogonomys - prehensile-tailed rats
 * Pseudomys division
 * Genus Leggadina
 * Genus Mastacomys
 * Genus Notomys - Australian hopping mice
 * Genus Pseudomys - Australian native mice
 * Genus Zyzomys - thick-tailed rats
 * Uromys division
 * Genus Melomys - banana rats
 * Genus Paramelomys
 * Genus Protochromys
 * Genus Solomys - naked-tailed rats
 * Genus Uromys - giant naked-tailed rats
 * Unknown division
 * Genus Brassomys
 * Genus Coccymys
 * Tribe Malacomyini
 * Genus Malacomys - big-eared swamp rats
 * Tribe Millardini
 * Millardia division
 * Genus Cremnomys
 * Genus Diomys (Manipur mouse)
 * Genus Madromys
 * Genus Millardia - Asian soft-furred rats
 * Pithecheir division
 * Genus Pithecheir - monkey-footed rats
 * Genus Pithecheirops
 * Tribe Murini
 * Genus Mus - true mice
 * Tribe Otomyini
 * Genus Myotomys - African karoo rats (now classified in Otomys)
 * Genus Otomys - groove-toothed or vlei rats
 * Genus Parotomys - whistling rats
 * Tribe Phloeomyini
 * Genus Batomys - Luzon and Mindanao forest rats
 * Genus Carpomys - Luzon rats
 * Genus Crateromys - cloudrunners
 * Genus Musseromys - tree mice
 * Genus Phloeomys - slender-tailed cloud rats
 * Tribe Praomyini
 * Genus Chingawaemys - Chingawa forest rat
 * Genus Colomys (African wading rat)
 * Genus Congomys
 * Genus Heimyscus
 * Genus Hylomyscus - African wood mice
 * Genus Mastomys - multimammate mice
 * Genus Montemys
 * Genus Myomyscus
 * Genus Nilopegamys
 * Genus Ochromyscus - rock mice
 * Genus Praomys - African soft-furred rats
 * Genus Serengetimys
 * Genus Stenocephalemys - Ethiopian narrow-headed rats
 * Genus Zelotomys - stink mice
 * Tribe Rattini
 * Berylmys division
 * Genus Berylmys - white-toothed rats
 * Bunomys division
 * Genus Bullimus
 * Genus Bunomys
 * Genus Eropeplus (Sulawesian soft-furred rat)
 * Genus Halmaheramys
 * Genus Komodomys
 * Genus Lenomys (trefoil-toothed rat)
 * Genus Papagomys - Flores giant rats
 * Genus Paruromys (Sulawesian giant rat)
 * Genus Paulamys
 * Species "Rattus" timorensis
 * Genus Sundamys - giant Sunda rats
 * Genus Taeromys
 * Dacnomys division
 * Genus Chiromyscus (Fea's tree rat)
 * Genus Dacnomys (Large-toothed giant rat)
 * Genus Lenothrix (grey tree rat)
 * Genus Leopoldamys - long-tailed giant rats
 * Genus Margaretamys - margareta rats
 * Genus Niviventer - white-bellied rats
 * Genus Saxatilomys
 * Genus Tonkinomys
 * Echiothrix division
 * Genus Echiothrix
 * Genus Hyorhinomys
 * Genus Melasmothrix (lesser Sulawesian shrew rat)
 * Genus Paucidentomys
 * Genus Sommeromys
 * Genus Tateomys - greater Sulawesian shrew rats
 * Genus Waiomys - Sulawesi water rat
 * Maxomys division
 * Genus Crunomys - Philippine and Sulawesian shrew rats
 * Genus Maxomys (rajah rats)
 * Micromys division (alternately considered a distinct tribe, Micromyini)
 * Genus Micromys (Old World harvest mice)
 * Rattus division
 * Genus Abditomys
 * Genus Bandicota - bandicoot rats
 * Genus Diplothrix
 * Genus Kadarsanomys
 * Genus Limnomys
 * Genus Nesokia (short-tailed bandicoot rat)
 * Genus Nesoromys
 * Genus Palawanomys (Palawan rat)
 * Genus Rattus - typical rats
 * Genus Tarsomys
 * Genus Tryphomys (Mearn's Luzon rat)
 * Srilankamys division
 * Genus Srilankamys (Ceylonese rats)
 * Unknown division
 * Genus Anonymomys (Mindoro rat)
 * Tribe Vandeleurini
 * Genus Vandeleuria - long-tailed climbing mice
 * incertae sedis
 * Genus †Alormys
 * Genus †Coryphomys
 * Genus Hadromys
 * Genus †Hooijeromys
 * Genus †Milimonggamys
 * Genus †Rakasamys
 * Genus Vernaya (Vernay's Climbing Mouse)
 * Genus †Spelaeomys

title: Murinae


text:
Françoise David

Françoise David (born January 13, 1948) is a former spokesperson of Québec solidaire – a left-wing, feminist, and sovereigntist political party in the province of Quebec, Canada. She was elected to serve as the Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Gouin in the 2012 Quebec election, and then again in the 2014 Quebec election. Quebec Solidaire was born from the merger of Option Citoyenne with l'Union des Forces Progressistes. She is the author of the book/manifesto Bien commun recherché – une option citoyenne (over 7,000 copies sold in Quebec) which attempts to combine the concepts of "common good", social justice, ecology and economic democracy into a coherent political doctrine. On January 19, 2017, Françoise David announced her immediate retirement as both party spokesperson and as a Member of the National Assembly due to her health.

Biography
In 1987, Françoise David became coordinator for the Regroupement des centres de femmes du Québec. Seven years later, she was named president of the Fédération des femmes du Québec (FFQ). In this capacity, she ensured that women's issues, including poverty and violence against women, remained at the forefront in Canada. She was president of the FFQ from 1994 to 2001.

She is the daughter of cardiologist and Progressive Conservative Senator Paul David. Her grandfather Athanase David was a Liberal Senator. She is also the sister of political science professor and director of Raoul-Dandurand Chair, Charles-Philippe David.

Two of her best-recognised public successes have been the 1995 Women's March against Poverty and the 2000 World March of Women against Poverty and Violence.

In addition to her work experience, Françoise David is a member of numerous community organizations. In January 2000, she participated in the non-governmental observation mission to Iraq, and in December 2001 she traveled to Mali with the Canadian University Service Overseas.

In 1999, she was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. In 2002, she was awarded the Governor General's Award in Commemoration of the Persons Case.

David ran in the riding of Gouin in central Montreal in the 2007 Quebec election, finishing second to the PQ incumbent Nicolas Girard. David received 7913 votes, amounting to 26% of the vote in her riding, behind Girard's 11,318 votes (37%). Quebec Solidaire received 3.7% of the vote provincewide.

David ran in Gouin a second time in the 2008 Quebec election, receiving 7987 votes, or approximately 32% of the total, but again losing out to Girard, who received 10,276 votes (41%). Quebec Solidaire received 3.8% of the vote provincewide and David's co-leader Amir Khadir won the party's first seat in the National Assembly of Quebec in the neighbouring riding of Mercier.

In the 2012 Quebec election, David was elected for the first time. She was re-elected in 2014, her party winning the most seats in its history.

Her younger sister, Hélène David, was elected as a Liberal MNA for the provincial riding of Outremont in the 2014 Quebec election. David holds a PhD in psychology and since 1984 she was an instructor and vice-rector at the University. From 2008 to 2010 she was Assistant Deputy Minister for higher education in the Quebec Ministry of Education, Recreation & Sport under Premier Jean Charest. When asked if her sister Françoise tried to persuade her to join Québec solidaire, Hélène said that the two have "known for a long time that we're not necessarily from the same political family." Unlike Françoise, Hélène is a federalist.

Françoise David is married to François Larose, with whom she had one child.

Electoral record
* Result compared to Action démocratique

* Result compared to UFP

title: Françoise David


text: User talk:203.22.71.37

title: User talk:203.22.71.37


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Ursids

The Ursid (URS) meteor activity begins annually around December 17 and runs for over a week, until the 25th or 26th. This meteor shower is named for its radiant point, which is located near the star Beta Ursae Minoris (Kochab) in the constellation Ursa Minor.

History
The Ursids were probably discovered by William F. Denning, who observed them for several years around the start of the 20th century. While there were sporadic observations after, the first coordinated studies of the shower didn't begin until Dr. A. Bečvář observed an outburst of 169 per hour in 1945. Further observations in the 1970s and ongoing to current have established a relationship with comet 8P/Tuttle. Peter Jenniskens and Esko Lyytinen discovered that outbursts could happen when comet Tuttle was at aphelion because some meteoroids get trapped in the 7/6 orbital resonance with Jupiter.

Technical information
Earlier observations described an average radiant of RA=217°, DEC=76°, with maximum occurring at a solar longitude of 270.66 deg (about December 22), with the duration being established as December 17–24.

The Ursids have a particularly narrow stream, prompting veteran meteor observer, Norman W. McLeod, III (Florida) to comment that the Ursids "must be a compact stream like the Quadrantids. You have to be within 12 hours of maximum to see much."

title: Ursids


text: User talk:69.104.178.90

title: User talk:69.104.178.90


text:
P. F. Chang's

P. F. Chang's China Bistro is an American-based, casual dining restaurant chain founded in 1993 by Paul Fleming and Philip Chiang that serves Asian fusion cuisine. Centerbridge Partners owned and operated Chang's until acquired by the private equity firm TriArtisan Capital Advisors on March 2, 2019. P. F. Chang's is headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona.

The chain specializes in American Chinese cuisine, plus other Asian dishes. P.F. Chang’s operates 300 locations in 22 countries and U.S. airports, including P.F. Chang’s To Go takeout locations.

The name "P. F. Chang's" is derived from those of Paul Fleming (P. F.) and Philip Chiang (whose surname was simplified to Chang).

History
The chain was founded in 1993 by Paul Fleming and Philip Chiang - son of restaurateur Cecilia Chiang. The first restaurant was opened at the Scottsdale Fashion Square in Scottsdale, Arizona. In 1993, P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Inc. was formed from the acquisition of the original four bistro restaurants.

In 2010, "P.F. Chang's Home Menu" was introduced in supermarkets. The brand represents a group of frozen appetizers and meals that were sold under license by Unilever.

In 2012 Chang's accepted an offer from private investment firm, Centerbridge Partners in a deal valued at $1.1 billion.

ConAgra Foods, Inc. acquired the P.F. Chang's Home Menu license from Unilever in August 2012.

In 2015, P.F. Chang's filed for bankruptcy for its Canadian division.

In December 2017, Chang's announced that they would open a location in Shanghai during the first part of 2018, Chang's first location in China.

In January 2019, Chang's announced it was in talks to be sold to TriArtisan Capital Partners and Paulson & Co. for approximately $700 million from its previous owner, Centerbridge Partners.

In January 2020, Chang’s announced its first P.F. Chang’s To Go take-out only location will be in Chicago, Illinois. Chang's obtained more than $5 million in small-business loans as part of the Paycheck Protection Program (coronavirus relief).

2004 restatement
On March 15, 2004, Chang's reported that it had modified its partnership accounting, which resulted in a restatement of its financial results for prior years. On March 17, 2005, the company adjusted its accounting for leases in order to conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, management and the audit committee determined that the company's previously issued consolidated financial statements, including those in the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2003, and those in the company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the first three fiscal quarters of 2004, should no longer be relied upon.

Menu
The chain specializes in Asian fusion cuisine. Special items on their menu include their Chang's Lettuce Wraps, Chang's Spicy Chicken, Peking duck, and various types of sushi. Wine, specialty drinks, Asian beers, sake, cappuccino, and espresso are available outside standard beverage offerings.

2013–14 credit card breach
In mid-2014, information regarding credit card breaches at P.F. Chang's restaurant was brought to light by various sources, and later confirmed by P.F. Chang's.

2018 security vulnerability
On April 9, 2018, independent security researcher Akshay 'Ax' Sharma demonstrated a security flaw in P.F. Chang's Rewards program which enabled leakage of members' information, due to a poorly implemented API.

title: P. F. Chang's