text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Italian colonization of the Americas

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was procedural close. AfD from 2004 that somehow got lost and was never properly closed. Non-admin closure. Safiel (talk) 01:35, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Italian colonization of the Americas
Italy did not ever have any American colonies. No article needed. Rmhermen 01:11, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. See above... P Ingerson 01:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. To quote the article: "Italy did not play a part in the colonization of the Americas." Enough said. --MarkSweep 07:10, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A poor excuse for an article, that doesn't even mention the island of Santo Prosciutto in the Italian West Indies. JamesMLane 07:42, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Bad title, but I can imagine a perfectly good article on Italian role in the colonization of the Americas. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:15, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Same thing I said in the Irish one, its not even a day old. It is better having this small piece then the void which was there before. As I said on creation of it someone who knows about such things should wright about Italian Americans. To Mark (also applies to the Irish one)- the title is Italian colonization which is meaning Italians not Italy the country. --Josquius 19:27, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * We should indeed have an article on Italian-Americans -- and we do. People from Italy moving to another country's colony or to an independent country doesn't constitute Italian colonization. JamesMLane 19:52, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The topic is valid enough to be expanded upon, perhaps as part of Immigration to the United States of America or a link therefrom, but the title is horrible. Colonization is commonly understood to mean conquest by a state. Immigration is the proper phraseology, if I'm understanding your intent correctly.  Delete, then start again with a better title and more information. Katefan0 19:59, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Excuse me, "to the United States"? The country in which the Italians had the most impact is Argentina. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:43, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Excuse ME, but I think the spirit of my comment was clear. Take the U.S. as one example. And feel free to apply this to the other spot where you took offense.  Katefan0 22:55, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - no Italian colonies in the Americas, title makes no sense. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:07, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonexistent. The word colonization has a meaning. Gazpacho 02:20, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rename into something less strange. Italian immigration into the Americas? History of Italian people in the USA? Mikkalai 08:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you didn't want this article why was is was it on the list? I simply saw it as a evil red link whilst reading another article in the group and went and made the stub to draw attention to it. For colonization vs. immigration. The Italians colonized the USA and Argentina due to the large numbers in which they went there establishing little Italys. Colonization is immigration en mass creating new communities which many people going to the Americas did --Josquius 17:51, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thats not what colonization is. the italians had no colonies in the americas, nor did italy clame any settelments as their own "aka colonies" Fledgeling 05:13, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That is what colonization is. Take leper colonies, they aren't created by a country called Leperland were they? And when insects colonise a new area they aren't doing it as part of some grand insectoid world domination scheme, they are doing it for themselves. What you are speaking of is imperialism, the creation of colonies as part of a greater empire. Looking at the wikipedia article I see how you've got it wrong, that has it totally wrong. --Josquius 12:36, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Josquius is right that the dictionary definition of colonization can mean when any homogeneous group of people move en masse to a place and settle. But I don't think that's commonly understood enough to use this way in this context.  People commonly equate colonization with claims by a state and so I don't think it's really a proper usage. Katefan0 14:50, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * and i forgot Strong Delete - 05:16, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. See above. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:37, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. See below. --Mononoke 21:20, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no need to have articles about things that did not happen. Martg76 00:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Mairuth Sarsfield

Mairuth Hodge Sarsfield, CQ (6 March 1930 – 7 May 2013) was a Canadian activist, diplomat, journalist, researcher and television personality, as well as an accomplished broadcaster, civil servant, and best-selling author.

Biography
Sarsfield was born in the Little Burgundy neighbourhood of Montreal to parents Anne Packwood and Dan Vaughan and raised by her mother. She received her degree from Sir George Williams College and McGill University, and later studied at Columbia University and the University of Ghana. She worked as host for the CBC, CTV, and TVOntario. For Canada's External Affairs Department, she worked on projects such as Expo 67 in Montreal and Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan, where she organized the Canadian pavilion, for the respective world Expos. As a senior information officer for the United Nations Environment Programme in Nairobi, Kenya, she developed and launched a worldwide campaign known as "For Every Child a Tree". She was also posted to Washington and New York. She returned to Canada in 1984, and served on the board of governors at the CBC.

Her novel No Crystal Stair was chosen for inclusion in Canada Reads 2005, championed by Olympic fencer Sherraine MacKay.

Mairuth was the mother of Jeremy Hodge (deceased 1979) and noted Canadian pioneering film-maker Jennifer Hodge de Silva (deceased 1989).

Awards and honours
She won numerous awards for theme coordination at World's Fair pavilions for Canada, and has been awarded with the Chevalier a L'Ordre National du Quebec in 1986, the National Congress of Black Women Foundation's First Literary Award, for No Crystal Stair, as well as 'Mairuth Sarsfield Day' by the city of Cleveland for her work with the United Nations in Nairobi.

Publications

 * No Crystal Stair (1997)
 * My Friend and I
 * The Fourth Wise Man (1961 Television adaptation of The Other Wise Man)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mairuth Sarsfield


text:
Auerbach, Upper Austria

Auerbach is a town in Upper Austria, Austria. Its length from north to south is 4.3 km and from east to west is 5 km; its area is 10.78 km2. In 2015, it had 565 inhabitants.

Subdivisions
Auerbach consists of two Katastralgemeinden: Auerbach and Irnprechting. It contains the following settlements:

 * Auerbach
 * Holz
 * Höring
 * Oberirnprechting
 * Oberkling
 * Riensberg
 * Rietzing
 * Unterirnprechting
 * Unterkling
 * Wimpassing

History
Auerbach was part of the Duchy of Bavaria until 1779, when it passed to Austria with the rest of the Innviertel as a result of the Treaty of Teschen, that ended the War of the Bavarian Succession. During the Napoleonic Wars, it became Bavarian again until 1814, when it rejoined Upper Austria.

title: Auerbach, Upper Austria


text:
Reginald VelJohnson

Reginald VelJohnson (born Reginald Johnson; August 16, 1952) is an American actor. He is best known for playing police officer characters, such as Carl Winslow on the sitcom Family Matters, which ran from 1989 to 1998, and LAPD Sergeant Al Powell in the films Die Hard and Die Hard 2.

Early life
VelJohnson was born Reginald Johnson, the son of Eva, a nurse’s aide, and Dan, a hospital attendant, on August 16, 1952, in the Queens borough of New York City. His father left the family, which included Reginald's brother Barry, when Johnson was 13 years old. Their mother subsequently married John Reilly, and Johnson attended Benjamin N. Cardozo High School.

He obtained a Bachelor of Fine Arts in theater from New York University, where he had a chance to work with Joseph Papp's Black/Hispanic Shakespeare Company, in which Morgan Freeman and CCH Pounder were among his fellow actors. Early in his acting career, he changed his name from Reginald Johnson (his birth name) to Reginald VelJohnson. He later said he changed the spelling "because I wanted a name people would remember".

Career
VelJohnson is known for playing police officers in films and on television. His early career included a brief appearance in Ghostbusters (1984) as a municipal corrections officer, and an appearance in Crocodile Dundee (1986) as a limo driver. VelJohnson played alongside Tom Hanks, as Det. David Sutton, in Turner & Hooch (1989). He played an ambulance driver in Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (1985) in which he was credited by the stage name Ivory Ocean.

VelJohnson had his breakthrough role as Sgt. Al Powell in the 1988 film Die Hard. VelJohnson was hired after Gene Hackman, originally hired to play the role, became unavailable, and producers decided to hire a relatively unknown actor for the part. He came from New York to California to film it for nine months, which was so long that he ended up residing in California permanently thereafter. He later reprised the character in the 1990 sequel Die Hard 2. VelJohnson again portrayed Sgt. Powell in the GameCube video game titled Die Hard: Vendetta in 2002.

In 1989, VelJohnson was cast as the memorable police officer and family patriarch Carl Winslow in the ABC (later CBS) sitcom Family Matters, alongside Jo Marie Payton, who played his wife Harriette Winslow. It was a spinoff of the popular show Perfect Strangers on which he appeared only once, though Harriette appeared as a re-occurring guest star. He starred on the show until it ended in 1998. Since the end of Family Matters, VelJohnson has done mostly voice and guest star work. VelJohnson has made guest appearances in several TV shows, including The Equalizer, Diagnosis: Murder, Twice in a Lifetime, Will & Grace, Monk, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Eve, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Crossing Jordan, The Parkers, That's So Raven, and Bones. He had a minor role in the 2002 film Like Mike and a recurring role as Pastor/Brother Haywood on Mike & Molly. In 2007, he appeared in the short films Reverse, Nerve Endings, and Time Upon A Once which were made during the reality show On the Lot. In 2008, he appeared as the "Sgt. Al Powell" character from the Die Hard series in an episode of NBC's Chuck titled "Chuck Versus the Santa Claus", as the cousin of Big Mike (Mark Christopher Lawrence). In 2010, VelJohnson started a recurring role as Principal, later Superintendent, Strickland on the Disney sitcom I'm in the Band and Funnyordie.com's short HBO film titled Just 3 Boyz starring Tim Heidecker, Eric Wareheim, and Zach Galifianakis. He has appeared in the comedy film, The Formula, starring alongside Brandon Baker and Sasha Jackson. He played air traffic controller Bob Abbot in the 2012 film Air Collision.

In 2021, VelJohnson voiced Principal Winslow in the animated adaptation of the comic Invincible. In both the comic and the television series, the main character attends a high school named after the actor, and the character itself is named after his previous role of Carl Winslow from Family Matters. VelJohnson also voices several minor characters in the series. He later reprised his role as David Sutton on Disney's Turner & Hooch.

In January 2023, VelJohnson began appearing in advertisements for Progressive as "TV Dad," a parody of his previous Carl Winslow role.

Personal life
As of 2009, VelJohnson had homes in Raleigh, North Carolina, and Los Angeles, and resided primarily in Oceanside, New York. He has never married and has no children.

title: Reginald VelJohnson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Polish colonization of the Americas

Polish colonization of the Americas
Poland never had any colonies in the Americas. No article needed. Rmhermen 01:13, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I want to retract my nomination (or at least, my vote to delete as Poland

 * Delete. See above...  P Ingerson 01:54, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article is about the Polish, and about colonization, and somewhat about the Americas, but it is not about Polish colonization of the Americas (primarily because there wasn't any). The content of this article might belong somewhere, though. Aerion 02:03, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Some speculative remarks; for the most part off-topic. --MarkSweep 07:12, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. JamesMLane 07:58, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Bad title, but I can imagine a perfectly good article on Polish role in the colonization of the Americas. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:15, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with above -- it is misleading and muddled, but content is worthwhile to reuse under another name - perhaps Polish settlement in the Americas . --mervyn 12:01, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Misleading title but to me the contents seems to be worth keeping. Jeltz 13:10, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * Indeed; it's a decent though short article, under a bad title to shoehorn it into this framework - and I guess we have to put Courland somewhere, since they did have colonies... Shimgray 14:04, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The Tobago colony (1652-1658) could go under Courland colonization of the Americas or Polish-Lithuanian colonization of the Americas, perhaps even Latvian colonization of the Americas. It seems wrong to give credit to modern Poland for actions of an independent fief of Poland-Lithuania located in present-day Latvia.Rmhermen 15:29, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * The topic is valid enough to be expanded upon, perhaps as part of Immigration to the United States of America or a link therefrom, but the title is horrible. Colonization is commonly understood to mean conquest by a state. Immigration is the proper phraseology, if I'm understanding your intent correctly.  Delete, then start again with a better title and more information. Katefan0 20:05, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * The United States is not "the Americas". -- Jmabel | Talk 20:45, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Cyrius|✎ 01:06, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonexistent or merge into some article about British colonization or US expansion. Gazpacho 02:21, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or move. No Polish colonies per se in the Americas. --LeeHunter 04:05, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rename into something less strange. Polish immigration into the Americas? History of Poles in the USA? Mikkalai 08:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. See two entries up. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:37, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or rename. Look in the leading article. The polish didn't have an own colony but they and many other europeans colonized America in the meaning "act where life forms move into a distant area where their kind is sparse or not yet existing at all and set up new settlements in the area". --Mononoke 19:49, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no need to have articles about things that did not happen. However, the information in the article might warrent an article about Kurlandish colonization of the Americas. Martg76 00:25, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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User:Trick

Trick

Name: Patrick Graham

Location: Berlin, DE

Wikipedia is the embodiment of a childhood dream. I used to wake up early in the morning to read my family's World Book encyclopedia and was always frustrated at its static nature. Now I can be the dilettante I always knew I could be!

title: User:Trick


text:
Backplate and wing

A backplate and wing (often abbreviated as BP&W or BP/W) is a type of scuba harness with an attached buoyancy compensation device (BCD) which establishes neutral buoyancy underwater and positive buoyancy on the surface. Unlike most other BCDs, the backplate and wing is a modular system, in that it consists of separable components. The core components of this system are:
 * The backplate, a plate, usually made from stainless steel, sometimes aluminium or carbon fibre composite, which is held against the diver's back by the harness, and to which the diver's primary cylinder or cylinders are attached.
 * A harness, which attaches the system to the diver, and may support other accessories.
 * An inflatable buoyancy bladder known as a wing, between the backplate and the cylinder(s), used for adjusting the buoyancy of the diver when in the water.
 * A set of cambands or cylinder bands, to hold the cylinder(s) in place.

Function
The backplate and wing combination is a modular form of scuba harness and back mounted buoyancy compensator used by scuba divers to support the diving cylinder and buoyancy compensator bladder on the diver's back. It also provides attachment points for accessory equipment such as auxiliary scuba sets for decompression or bailout, lights, cutting tool and guideline reel.

Configuration
[[File:Plongee-StabilisateurDorsal 20090220 PlaqueLacasse.jpeg|thumb|Backplate with wing style B.C. and scuba set & harness 1. Regulator first stage

2. Cylinder valve

3. Shoulder straps

4. Buoyancy compensator bladder

5. Relief and bottom manual dump valve

6. Regulator second stages (with "octopus")

7. Console (pressure gauge, depth gauge & compass)

8. Dry-suit inflator hose

9. Backplate

10. BC inflator hose

11. Oral inflation mouthpiece and manual dump valve

12. Crotch strap

13. Waist strap]]

Harness
The basic harness comprises two lengths of 2" (50mm) webbing: One is woven through the slots in the backplate to form closed shoulder loops and an open waist strap, with a weightbelt-type lever action buckle for securing the waist strap,

The second section of webbing forms a crotch strap, running from the bottom of the backplate, between the diver's legs, and up to the waist strap, which would be passed through a loop at the front end of the crotch strap. This harness is sometimes referred to as a one-piece harness, due to the shoulder and waist straps being made from a single piece of webbing.

The harness is usually fitted with stainless steel D-rings secured by stainless steel "sliders", small slotted plates which hold their position by friction. A loop of elastic cord is normally attached at the same place as the left shoulder D-ring, to secure the wing's inflator hose. This arrangement is extremely rugged, reliable and hard-wearing.

This form of harness may be adjusted to fit different builds of diver by shortening the webbing used to tighten the harness, or installing a new longer section of webbing to loosen the harness. Once adjusted, some flexibility is still allowed by positioning the buckle, which can change the effective length of the waist strap depending on where it is secured.

The harness webbing can be replaced at home with no special tools when the webbing wears through or is damaged, and other components can be easily replaced. This makes this style of harness very economical over the long term.

Harness accessories

 * D-rings or a functional equivalent are usually fitted to the waistbelt, shoulder straps and crotch strap to secure stage cylinders, additional equipment, and clipping off demand valves, light heads, and submersible pressure gauges which are not currently being used. The number and position of these D-rings can be adjusted by the user, but there are a few positions which have become fairly standard.
 * Left and right shoulder strap at roughly the height of the collar bone in front.
 * Left hip just forward of the backplate.
 * Crotch strap at the back and front. The front one is used for a tow-line when scootering
 * Weight holders are available for integrated weight systems which can be slid over the waist belt.
 * Canister lights can be carried on the waist belt. The standard position is on the right side.
 * A small diver's knife or cutting tool is commonly carried on the left side alongside the buckle.
 * Backup lights are generally clipped to the shoulder D-rings and held against the shoulder straps by rubber bands cut from bicycle inner tubes. Other methods are possible, but the inner tubes work and are easily replaced when they wear out.

Many variations to this basic harness are used, and these may include:
 * Differing number or positioning of D-rings.
 * Shoulder straps that cross behind the diver's neck.
 * No crotch strap.
 * An additional chest strap, which crosses the diver's sternum.
 * For divers who find it difficult to get the harness on or off, a buckle may be fitted to one or both of the shoulder straps. The left shoulder strap is particularly convenient because this is the side where most dry suits have the auto-dump valve, which tends to snag on the harness.
 * Neoprene padding tubes are used over the shoulder straps by some divers for comfort.

Some manufacturers offer alternative harnesses, often marketed as “deluxe” options, which may include the above variations.

Omitting the buoyancy bladder reduces the setup to a plain backpack harness if the breathing set needs to be used on land. However, the standard bent sheet-metal backplate is ergonomically unsuited to this function.

Backplate
The backplate is usually made from a single piece of stainless steel or anodised aluminium, bent along four lines to form a channel running vertically down the center. The plate is about 15” (38 cm) long and 10” (25 cm) wide. There are two slots near each of the shoulders and hips, where the harness passes through, and another slot at the bottom of the plate where the crotch strap attaches. There is also one or more pairs of holes in the channel to be used for cylinder attachment; the holes of each pair are usually 11” apart.

A variation on this design uses another two parallel bends to form a shallow trough down the back of the central channel, which stabilises a single cylinder strapped to the centreline.

Steel backplates are commonly used when the buoyancy of the diver's other equipment (primarily cylinders and exposure protection) would need a weightbelt, as the negative buoyancy of the steel plate can replace some of this weight. Aluminium backplates are commonly used when the diver would not require a weightbelt (such as when wearing heavy steel cylinders) or when the mass of the backplate must be kept low for air travel. Backplates are occasionally made from other materials, including carbon fiber reinforced plastics, titanium, and ABS plastic.

Lightweight versions of the backplate are available with inessential areas cut away to reduce the weight. When taken to the extreme, a single cylinder is used as the longitudinal stiffener, and the backplate is reduced to a skeletal frame at the level of the waist belt, which stabilizes the cylinder against rolling on the diver's back.

Wing
The wing is an inflatable buoyancy bladder, similar to that in other varieties of BCD, except that it is not in or permanently attached to the harness part of a BCD. As with other BCDs, wings have an inflation valve on a corrugated hose, dump valve, and over pressure valve. Wings are usually oval (annular, doughnut or toroidal) or U-shaped (horseshoe), and are designed to wrap slightly around the diving cylinder(s) when inflated.

Wings are usually designed to be used with either a single diving cylinder or twin cylinders, although some manufacturers make wings that they recommend for both single and twin cylinder diving. Single-cylinder wings are most commonly oval-shaped and are relatively narrow, and twin-cylinder wings are more likely to be U-shaped and are wider.

Some wings, known as bungee wings, incorporate elastic to constrain the wing when it is less than completely full and accelerate air dumping. These wings usually have elastic bands or cords wrapping the bladder area, but some designs use an elasticised shell or cords along a bellows fold gusset. Arguments for and against are: Some manufacturers, such as OMS and Dive Rite make both and let the purchaser choose which style they prefer. The style which uses elastic only on the side gussets is more streamlined and smoother than the full wrap bungee style.
 * For:
 * That constricting the wing improves streamlining and ease of gas dumping.
 * Against:
 * That the bungee will increase streamlining only if the wing is inappropriately large.
 * That the bungee would forcefully expel gas from the wing if there is a small puncture.
 * That the bungee creates a rough surface, increasing drag; however, in reality it is extremely unlikely that any increase in drag would be significant.
 * That drag is a minor concern, but entanglement is a real hazard; for this reason, many technical and cave divers use "bungee-less" wings, as the elastic cords increase the risk of snagging.
 * That the creases caused by the cords make it more difficult to dump the last of the air, and this may encourage divers to carry more weight than is strictly necessary, thus making good trim more difficult.

Another variety, the , contains a second, redundant bladder and inflation assembly, with the second bladder being intended for use if the primary bladder fails, either through a puncture, or through an inflation valve failing. Some technical divers may choose a dual bladder wing to have backup redundancy if the primary bladder fails. Detractors of this arrangement point out that if the extra bladder is inadvertently inflated, the diver may not realise that this has occurred, and it may result in an uncontrolled buoyant ascent, with a risk of fatal injury. This risk may be reduced by having only oral inflation for the backup wing, or requiring the same low pressure inflator hose to be used for both wings, and having the backup bladder inflation on the opposite side to the primary bladder.

The wing may be a single or double skin unit. A single skin wing uses the same material for structure and holding the air, while a double skin arrangement uses an airtight bladder in a structural casing of strong but porous textile. Single skin construction is simpler, and usually uses RF welding to make the seams. These bladders are usually lighter and dry out more quickly than double skin wings, but if the bladder is punctured, a new bladder is relatively easily fitted to a double skin wing, while repair of the single skin bladder may not be practicable, depending on material and construction details, and the location and extent of the damage. Single skin wings are also easier to decontaminate, particularly if the outer surface is smooth. Single skin wings may use a bellows fold gusset to increase inflatable volume while retaining a relatively compact outline. This can reduce drag while swimming when the bladder is deflated.

Cylinder attachment
When a backplate is used with a single cylinder, a single tank adapter, or STA, is usually used. The STA is a small metal structure that bolts onto the backplate on the outside of the wings, contains two camstraps, and accommodates the cylinder. Use of a single tank adaptor slightly increases the profile height of the assembly and may affect the centre of gravity which may affect trim. In some cases the increase in height may be undesirable.

In some instances, the STA may be omitted, and the camstraps threaded through the wing and backplate. In these cases, the wing will contain a built-in STA in the form of two rods or pads which stabilise the cylinder, or the backplate may be made with a slight channel in the central ridge to hold the single cylinder.

Twin cylinders are usually attached to the backplate via bolts, passing through the cylinder bands, and secured by nuts in the central channel of the backplate. An alternative is to use two sets of camstraps and extra slots in the backplate and wing. This arrangement will allow convenient attachment of independent cylinders of almost any size without use of cylinder bands.

Some rebreather divers fit backplates to their rebreathers. The exact method of attachment varies between users and rebreather models, and may include modification to the rebreather or using a customised backplate. Some rebreathers are designed specifically for use with backplates.

Ancillary equipment
The backplate and wing is a minimalistic system, however it does facilitate addition of other equipment. Ancillary equipment, commonly attached to the backplate and wing includes:
 * Stage or decompression cylinders.
 * "Tow behind" diver propulsion vehicles, which use a tow-cord, attaching to the crotch strap D-ring of the harness.
 * Pockets.
 * Cutting tool sheath.
 * Lights/torches, and light/torch battery canisters.
 * Some or all of the diver's ballast weights may be bolted to the plate, clipped to the harness webbing, or strapped to the cylinder (tank weights). A v-weight, keel weight or p-weight, trim weights or clip-on weights may be used.

Some of this equipment is difficult to attach to other styles of BCD.

Hogarthian configuration
The Hogarthian scuba configuration or "Hogarthian rig" is a specific version of the backplate and wing arrangement developed largely by William Hogarth Main and other members of the Woodville Karst Plain Project as particularly suited to the diving conditions of the Florida caves, and adopted by the DIR scuba movement as an all-purpose scuba configuration.

Comparison with alternative equipment
The predominant type of BCD currently used in recreational diving is the jacket style BCD. The backplate and wing differs from the jacket style primarily in the way that the functions required of a BCD (attachment to diver, buoyancy control and attachment to cylinder(s)) are performed by distinct components, rather than a single unit. The most significant effects of this division are shifting the buoyancy bladder from the diver's chest to their back and the modularity of the system, allowing buoyancy cells, harnesses, and plates to be interchanged as needed. The buoyancy of a backplate is often significantly negative, especially when the plate is made from stainless steel, and so can replace some of the weight that would otherwise be worn on a weightbelt. Ancillary features that would often be present in jacket BCDs, such as pockets or weight integration, are not found in the core system of a backplate and wing, but can be added as additional components if desired.

Other types of BCD exist which more resemble backplate and wing BCD. Back-inflation BCDs are similar in construction to jacket BCDs, except for where the buoyancy cell is. In a back-inflation BCD, as with a backplate and wing, the cell is behind the diver's back, and is of similar shape to a wing, but a back-inflation BCD usually does not have the modularity of a backplate and wing, although some models let buoyancy cells be substituted.

Softpack BCDs are another style closer still to backplate and wing BCDs. Softpacks, like backplates, are designed to be modular, and are often marketed towards technical divers. A softpack consists of a padded semi-rigid section that serves that same purpose as a backplate, and uses a harness that is either replaceable, like a backplate harness, or permanently fixed. Softpacks may be used with the same models of wings that are used with backplates. The primary differences between these and backplates are the lack of a rigid plate and possible non-separability of the softpack and harness. The relatively low density of the softpack usually necessitates more ballast weight.

A minimalist form of softpack harness is a set of webbing straps much like that of the backplate, but with a webbing strap instead of the plate. This strap may be formed by stitching or threading through sliders a double layer of webbing with slots between the layers which the cambands pass through, and the wing is sandwiched between harness and cylinder. There is no need for a plate, as the cylinder forms the rigid part of the assembly. This arrangement is best suited to single cylinders, and can be made very compact and light for travelling. In some cases a stabiliser plate may be included at the base of the vertical strap, and the harness shoulder and waistband straps thread through this as is done on the standard backplate.

History
Early scuba sets were simply a set of harness straps connected to a cylinder or manifolded group of cylinders, with a regulator connected to the cylinder valve. This works quite satisfactorily for twin and triple sets, which are inherently quite stable on the back, and have little tendency to roll from side to side.

A simple backplate solved the rolling problem, and was often developed into a more ergonomically formed metal, fibreglass, or later, blow-moulded plastic backplate. These usually used simple webbing harness, and were cheap, reliable, and easily repaired. They were usually dedicated to the cylinder, but later versions allowed quick release and attachment of other cylinders. As stabiliser jacket buoyancy compensators became popular, the harness system was integrated with the jacket structure, to simplify the structure and make it easier to use and more comfortable. Eventually most harness systems became more complex and less easy to repair by the user. They also became more bulky over the chest area than the original simple harness systems.

Cave divers found that the bulkiness of the stabiliser jackets over the front and sides of the torso got in the way of suspending additional cylinders at their sides for bailout and decompression gases.

Safety
It is possible for the cylinder or cylinders to become loose from the backplate if the securing nuts are insufficiently tightened and one works loose during the dive. This can lead to the wing moving from the balanced central position to an offset to one side, as it is held in place against the backplate by the cylinder. This can cause buoyancy and trim problems.

title: Backplate and wing


text:
Talk:Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said

Misc. changes
I removed the POV passage "The characters are more fully conceived than in most of Dick's writing, and there is a humanity in the book that makes this one of Dick's most affecting works". Cnwb 01:14, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

this movie seems to be connected: http://imdb.com/title/tt0477988/ and hollywood is going to do a remake. 195.214.216.6 21:59, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

I changed "Ironically" to "Coincedentally" in the Sting trivia mention, because there really isn't anything ironic about it. Vaginsh 02:33, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I just went ahead and removed that whole sentence. Sting's song is a reference to the works of John Dowland, and has nothing to do with this book. -- Antepenultimate 17:43, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * FWIW "John Dowland" is a pen-name for P K Dicks. Pbhj (talk) 09:45, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

In popular culture
''*Indie shoegaze band Nowhere Nothing is thought to take their name from the novel. Their album "hiccup" is supposedly a play on the title of Jason Taverner's hit single "Nowhere Nothin Fuckup" (Nowhere Nothing - hiccup). They also have a demo called "Taverner" released digitally under a separate band name. Additionally, there is a reference to Philip K. Dick's work in general on their album "collection five" with a song titled "Future according to PKD".''
 * Removed this pending sources and notability check. Viriditas (talk) 05:54, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

The band Built to Spill has a song of the same title as Jason Traverner's hit song in the novel: "Nowhere Nothin' Fuckup" (on their album Ultimate Alternative Wavers). I don't really know if that would qualify it as a reference, but I think it's a little too close for coincidence.

What about the Gary Numan song on the album The Pleasure Principle, called "Listen to the Sirens"? It starts: "Flow my tears" the new police song. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.57.162.250 (talk) 14:34, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Discordance Axis - Jouhou (1997) contains a song with the same name. --Djadjko (talk) 23:08, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

Full Stop?
I noticed the cover of the book had a full stop after the title. Maybe this is the true title of the book and the title of this article should be changed with a full stop at the end? After all, it is in Good Night, and Good Luck..Parable1991 01:33, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Spelling mistake?
One character's name is spelled both "Dominic" and "Dominick"... Which is the right spelling? Silky Slim (talk) 07:23, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

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Shouldn't the bass tune (of the same name) be included under the category of music?
Stewart Hamm composed a bass song which is called Flow my tears the police man said inspired by the same novel. 88.65.198.108 (talk) 18:39, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said


text:
Donna Morrissey

Donna Morrissey (born January 13, 1956, in The Beaches, Newfoundland) is a Canadian author.

At age 16, Morrissey left her birthplace of The Beaches, a small outport on the west coast of Newfoundland. She lived in various places in Canada before returning to St. John's, where she studied at Memorial University and obtained a Bachelor of Social Work and a diploma in adult education. Morrissey now lives in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Morrissey has written six national best sellers and prize-winning novels — Kit's Law, Downhill Chance, Sylvanus Now, What They Wanted, The Deception of Livvy Higgs, and The Fortunate Brother — as well as one Gemini-nominated screenplay. In 2021 She published a memoir, Pluck: A Memoir of a Newfoundland Childhood and the Raucous, Terrible, Amazing Journey to becoming a Novelist.

Morrissey defended Frank Parker Day's novel Rockbound in Canada Reads 2005. Rockbound eventually won the competition. In the 2007 edition of Canada Reads, an "all-star" competition pitting the five winning advocates from previous years against each other, Morrissey returned to champion Anosh Irani's novel The Song of Kahunsha.

Filmography
nominated for Gemini for Best Writing
 * Clothesline Patch (screenplay)

Awards and recognition
nominated Best Writing For "''The Fortunate Brother":
 * For Sylvanus Now:
 * Winner of the Thomas Head Raddall Award
 * Atlantic Booksellers Choice Award
 * Short-listed for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize
 * For Downhill Chance:
 * Winner of the Thomas Head Raddall Award
 * For Kit's Law:
 * Winner of the Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Award
 * Winner of the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize
 * Winner of the American Library Association Alex Award
 * Shortlisted for the Books in Canada First Novel Award
 * Shortlisted for the Atlantic Provinces Booksellers' Choice Award
 * Shortlisted for the Thomas Head Raddall Award
 * For Clothesline Patch:
 * Winner, Best Production, 2002 Gemini Awards
 * For The Deception of Livvy Higgs:
 * One Book Nova Scotia selection, 2016

Winner of the Thomas Head Raddall Award

Winner of Arthur Ellis Award for Best Crime Book of 2017

title: Donna Morrissey


text:
Camelback

Camelback may refer to:

 * riding atop a camel
 * Camelback, a variation of shotgun house with a second floor in the rear of the house.
 * Camelback (roller coaster element), a hump-shaped hill element found on roller coasters
 * CamelBackCapitalization, a type of capitalization, generally known as CamelCase
 * Camelback East, a district of Phoenix adjacent to the mountain
 * Camelback High School
 * Camelback locomotive, a type of steam locomotive with the cab mounted in the middle, astride the boiler
 * Camelback Mountain in Phoenix, Arizona, and a road and numerous establishments in that area
 * Camelback Road
 * Camelback Potential, a physics phenomenon
 * Camelback Research Alliance Inc., an American equities research firm now known as Gradient Analytics, Inc.
 * Camelback Mountain Resort in the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania
 * Camelback Mountain (Pennsylvania)
 * CamelBak, a brand of water canteen worn as a backpack

title: Camelback


text:
List of the most common U.S. county name etymologies

This is a list of the most common U.S. county names, specifically the names with five or more counties sharing the name.

Washington County (31 counties)
All of the Washington Counties in the United States are named for George Washington, first President of the United States.
 * Washington County, Alabama
 * Washington County, Arkansas
 * Washington County, Colorado
 * Washington County, Florida
 * Washington County, Georgia
 * Washington County, Idaho
 * Washington County, Illinois
 * Washington County, Indiana
 * Washington County, Iowa
 * Washington County, Kansas
 * Washington County, Kentucky
 * Washington County, Maine
 * Washington County, Maryland
 * Washington County, Minnesota
 * Washington County, Mississippi
 * Washington County, Missouri
 * Washington County, Nebraska
 * Washington County, New York
 * Washington County, North Carolina
 * Washington County, Ohio
 * Washington County, Oklahoma
 * Washington County, Oregon
 * Washington County, Pennsylvania
 * Washington County, Rhode Island
 * Washington County, Tennessee
 * Washington County, Texas
 * Washington County, Utah
 * Washington County, Vermont
 * Washington County, Virginia
 * Washington County, Wisconsin
 * Washington Parish, Louisiana

Jefferson County (26 counties)
Twenty three of the twenty six Jefferson Counties in the United States are directly named for Thomas Jefferson, the third President, and the remaining three are indirectly named for him.
 * Jefferson County, Alabama
 * Jefferson County, Arkansas
 * Jefferson County, Colorado: named for the Territory of Jefferson, which extralegally governed the area before the United States Congress established the Colorado Territory, the territory in turn was named for Thomas Jefferson
 * Jefferson County, Florida
 * Jefferson County, Georgia
 * Jefferson County, Idaho
 * Jefferson County, Illinois
 * Jefferson County, Indiana
 * Jefferson County, Iowa
 * Jefferson County, Kansas
 * Jefferson County, Kentucky
 * Jefferson County, Mississippi
 * Jefferson County, Missouri
 * Jefferson County, Montana: named for the Jefferson River, in turn named for Thomas Jefferson
 * Jefferson County, Nebraska
 * Jefferson County, New York
 * Jefferson County, Ohio
 * Jefferson County, Oklahoma
 * Jefferson County, Oregon: named for Mount Jefferson on the county's western boundary, in turn named for Thomas Jefferson
 * Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
 * Jefferson County, Tennessee
 * Jefferson County, Texas
 * Jefferson County, Washington
 * Jefferson County, West Virginia
 * Jefferson County, Wisconsin
 * Jefferson Parish, Louisiana

Franklin County (25 counties)
Twenty three of the twenty five Franklin Counties in the United States are named for Benjamin Franklin, the famous Founding Father, printer, scientist, philosopher, and diplomat.

 * Franklin County, Alabama
 * Franklin County, Arkansas
 * Franklin County, Florida
 * Franklin County, Georgia
 * Franklin County, Idaho: named for Franklin, Idaho, the first town in the state, in turn named for Franklin Richards, an apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Franklin County, Illinois
 * Franklin County, Indiana
 * Franklin County, Iowa
 * Franklin County, Kansas
 * Franklin County, Kentucky
 * Franklin County, Maine
 * Franklin County, Massachusetts
 * Franklin County, Mississippi
 * Franklin County, Missouri
 * Franklin County, Nebraska
 * Franklin County, New York
 * Franklin County, North Carolina
 * Franklin County, Ohio
 * Franklin County, Pennsylvania
 * Franklin County, Tennessee
 * Franklin County, Texas: probably named for Benjamin Cromwell Franklin, an early judge and legislator in Texas
 * Franklin County, Vermont
 * Franklin County, Virginia
 * Franklin County, Washington
 * Franklin Parish, Louisiana

Jackson County (24 counties)
Twenty one of the twenty four Jackson Counties in the United States are named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh President.
 * Jackson County, Alabama
 * Jackson County, Arkansas
 * Jackson County, Colorado
 * Jackson County, Florida
 * Jackson County, Georgia: named for James Jackson, the 23rd governor of Georgia
 * Jackson County, Illinois
 * Jackson County, Indiana
 * Jackson County, Iowa
 * Jackson County, Kansas
 * Jackson County, Kentucky
 * Jackson County, Michigan
 * Jackson County, Minnesota: named for Henry Jackson, a member of the first Minnesota Territory legislature
 * Jackson County, Mississippi
 * Jackson County, Missouri
 * Jackson County, North Carolina
 * Jackson County, Ohio
 * Jackson County, Oklahoma: named for Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, the famous Confederate general
 * Jackson County, Oregon
 * Jackson County, South Dakota
 * Jackson County, Tennessee
 * Jackson County, Texas
 * Jackson County, West Virginia
 * Jackson County, Wisconsin
 * Jackson Parish, Louisiana

Lincoln County (24 counties)
Sixteen (possibly seventeen) of the twenty four Lincoln Counties in the United States are named for Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President; five other Lincoln counties are named for Benjamin Lincoln, a leading general in the American Revolutionary War and distant relative of Abraham.
 * Lincoln County, Arkansas
 * Lincoln County, Colorado
 * Lincoln County, Georgia: named for Benjamin Lincoln
 * Lincoln County, Idaho
 * Lincoln County, Kansas
 * Lincoln County, Kentucky: named for Benjamin Lincoln
 * Lincoln County, Maine: named for the city of Lincoln, England
 * Lincoln County, Minnesota
 * Lincoln County, Mississippi
 * Lincoln County, Missouri: named for Benjamin Lincoln
 * Lincoln County, Montana: named for Abraham Lincoln
 * Lincoln County, Nebraska
 * Lincoln County, Nevada
 * Lincoln County, New Mexico
 * Lincoln County, North Carolina: named for Benjamin Lincoln
 * Lincoln County, Oklahoma
 * Lincoln County, Oregon
 * Lincoln County, South Dakota: named for Lincoln County, Maine
 * Lincoln County, Tennessee: named for Benjamin Lincoln
 * Lincoln County, Washington
 * Lincoln County, West Virginia
 * Lincoln County, Wisconsin
 * Lincoln County, Wyoming
 * Lincoln Parish, Louisiana

Madison County (20 counties)
Eighteen of the twenty Madison Counties in the United States are named for James Madison, the fourth President, and both of the two exceptions are indirectly named for him.
 * Madison County, Alabama
 * Madison County, Arkansas
 * Madison County, Florida
 * Madison County, Georgia
 * Madison County, Idaho
 * Madison County, Illinois
 * Madison County, Indiana
 * Madison County, Iowa
 * Madison County, Kentucky
 * Madison County, Mississippi
 * Madison County, Missouri
 * Madison County, Montana: named for the Madison River, named in turn for James Madison
 * Madison County, Nebraska: probably named for Madison, Wisconsin, where most of the new county's settlers were from, named for James Madison
 * Madison County, New York
 * Madison County, North Carolina
 * Madison County, Ohio
 * Madison County, Tennessee
 * Madison County, Texas
 * Madison County, Virginia
 * Madison Parish, Louisiana

Clay County (18 counties)
''Fifteen of the eighteen Clay Counties in the United States are named for Henry Clay, the Kentucky statesman. Two of the exceptions, including one in Kentucky, are named for members of Henry Clay's family.''
 * Clay County, Alabama
 * Clay County, Arkansas: named for John Clayton, a member of the Arkansas Senate
 * Clay County, Florida
 * Clay County, Georgia
 * Clay County, Illinois
 * Clay County, Indiana
 * Clay County, Iowa: named for Henry Clay's son, Henry Clay, Jr., a general who died during the Mexican–American War
 * Clay County, Kansas
 * Clay County, Kentucky: named for Henry Clay's cousin, Green Clay, a general in the War of 1812
 * Clay County, Minnesota
 * Clay County, Mississippi
 * Clay County, Missouri
 * Clay County, Nebraska
 * Clay County, North Carolina
 * Clay County, South Dakota
 * Clay County, Tennessee
 * Clay County, Texas
 * Clay County, West Virginia

Greene County and variants (17 counties)
All Greene Counties in the United States are named after Nathanael Greene, a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.
 * Greene County, Alabama
 * Greene County, Arkansas
 * Greene County, Georgia
 * Greene County, Illinois
 * Greene County, Indiana
 * Greene County, Iowa
 * Greene County, Mississippi
 * Greene County, Missouri
 * Greene County, New York
 * Greene County, North Carolina
 * Greene County, Ohio
 * Greene County, Pennsylvania
 * Greene County, Tennessee
 * Greene County, Virginia

Two Green Counties, despite the difference in spelling, are also named after the aforementioned Nathanael Greene.
 * Green County, Kentucky
 * Green County, Wisconsin

One other county may have been named after Greene, although there is evidence that it was instead named for Richard Grenville, leader of the settlement on Roanoke Island.
 * Greensville County, Virginia

Montgomery County (18 counties)
Most (at least 13 out of 18) Montgomery Counties in the United States are named after Richard Montgomery, a major general in the Continental Army killed in the 1775 Battle of Quebec.

 * Montgomery County, Alabama (This county was not named for Richard Montgomery, but for another general, Lemuel P. Montgomery; oddly, the city of Montgomery, Alabama in it was named for Richard Montgomery.)
 * Montgomery County, Arkansas - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Georgia - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Illinois - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Indiana - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Iowa - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Kansas - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Kentucky - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Maryland - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Mississippi (Possibly for Richard Montgomery. Possibly for Montgomery County, Tennessee, from which an early settler came.)
 * Montgomery County, Missouri - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, New York - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, North Carolina - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Ohio - Richard Montgomery
 * Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (there is some question as to whether this one was named for Richard Montgomery. It seems to be the case, but it is uncertain.)
 * Montgomery County, Tennessee (This county was not named for Richard Montgomery, but for John Montgomery, a local settler)
 * Montgomery County, Texas (This county was named after the town of Montgomery, Texas which in turn was named after Montgomery County, Alabama.)
 * Montgomery County, Virginia - Richard Montgomery

Union County (18 counties)

 * Union County, Arkansas: Named for the statement in the citizen's petition for a new county that the citizens of the area they were petitioning "in the spirit of Union and Unity."
 * Union County, Florida: Named to honor the concept of unity.
 * Union County, Georgia
 * Union County, Illinois
 * Union County, Indiana
 * Union County, Iowa
 * Union County, Kentucky
 * Union County, Mississippi
 * Union County, New Jersey
 * Union County, New Mexico
 * Union County, North Carolina: Named as a compromise between Whigs, who wanted to name the new county after Henry Clay, and Democrats, who wanted to name it after Andrew Jackson.
 * Union County, Ohio: Named because it is a union of portions of Delaware, Franklin, Logan, and Madison counties.
 * Union County, Oregon
 * Union County, Pennsylvania
 * Union County, South Carolina
 * Union County, South Dakota
 * Union County, Tennessee
 * Union Parish, Louisiana

Fayette and Lafayette counties (17 counties)
Despite the difference in name, all of these counties (including one Louisiana parish) are named after the same individual—Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who played a major role in the American Revolutionary War.
 * Fayette County, Alabama
 * Fayette County, Georgia
 * Fayette County, Illinois
 * Fayette County, Indiana
 * Fayette County, Iowa
 * Fayette County, Kentucky (coterminous with the city of Lexington)
 * Fayette County, Ohio
 * Fayette County, Pennsylvania
 * Fayette County, Tennessee
 * Fayette County, Texas
 * Fayette County, West Virginia
 * Lafayette County, Arkansas
 * Lafayette County, Florida
 * Lafayette County, Mississippi
 * Lafayette County, Missouri
 * Lafayette County, Wisconsin
 * Lafayette Parish, Louisiana


text:
Tim Hudson

Timothy Adam Hudson (born July 14, 1975), nicknamed "Huddy", is an American former professional baseball pitcher of Major League Baseball (MLB). After spending his college years at Chattahoochee Valley Community College and Auburn University, Hudson played in the major leagues for the Oakland Athletics (1999–2004), the Atlanta Braves (2005–13), and the San Francisco Giants (2014–15). With the Giants, he won the 2014 World Series over the Kansas City Royals. He is now the varsity head coach for the Lee-Scott Academy baseball team, located in Auburn, Alabama.

During his 17-season career, Hudson established himself as one of baseball's most consistent pitchers and until 2014 had never had a season where he suffered more losses than wins. Hudson was also named an All-Star four times: twice with Oakland, once with Atlanta, and once with San Francisco.

Before retiring in 2015, Hudson was the winningest active Major League pitcher, as well as one of four active pitchers with at least 200 career wins. With a win against the Oakland A's on July 26, 2015, he has won a game against every team in the majors, the 15th pitcher to do so. Hudson is one of 21 pitchers in Major League history to win at least 200 games, strike out at least 2,000 batters and have a winning percentage above .600. Of those 21, 14 are in the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

High school
Hudson attended Glenwood School in Phenix City, Alabama where in his senior season he led the team to the 1993 AISA state championship. He finished his high school career with a 12–1 record and a 1.78 ERA. Despite his record, Hudson was considered undersized by scouts at 6'0" tall and 160 pounds and was not offered a scholarship to a major college. Hudson decided to attend a local two-year college, Chattahoochee Valley Community College (CVCC).

College
In 1994, his freshman year at CVCC, he earned First-team All American honors while leading his team to the AJCCC Division II championship. He also led CVCC team in batting average (.385), home runs (9), RBI (42), wins (10–2), strikeouts (76), and was second on the team with a 2.76 ERA. As a sophomore, he was named Second-team All American and set a school and conference record with 117 strikeouts which also led the nation. As a hitter, Hudson batted .345 with five home runs, and 29 RBI. His sophomore season ERA of 1.95 was the team and conference best.

Prior to his junior year, Hudson transferred to Auburn University where he would play two seasons. He is still at or near the top of many school records. In 1997, he played all 65 games for the Tigers while both pitching and playing outfield. That season, he hit .396 with 18 home runs and 95 RBI. As a pitcher, he finished 15–2 with a 2.97 ERA to earn SEC Player of the Year and consensus All-American honors. Hudson was the first player to be named First Team All-SEC at two positions (P,OF) in the same year. He was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the sixth round of the 1997 amateur draft.

Oakland Athletics (1999–2004)
Hudson was drafted by the Oakland Athletics twice, in the 35th round of the 1994 MLB Draft and again in the 6th round of the 1997 MLB draft, signing in 1997. He made his Major League debut with a five inning start on June 8, 1999, against the San Diego Padres, where he allowed three earned runs in a game the Athletics eventually lost 5–3. He recorded his first career win in his next start, on June 13 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. He allowed only one run in seven innings of the 9–3 victory.

In his rookie season, Hudson had an 11–2 mark and finished 5th in the AL Rookie of the Year vote. He became a member of Oakland's so-called "Big Three", along with left-handed pitchers Mark Mulder and Barry Zito. In 2000, he posted a career-high 20 victories along with a 4.14 ERA for Oakland. He finished second in AL Cy Young Award voting behind Pedro Martínez. Over the course of the next three seasons, Hudson's records were 18-9 in 2001, 15–9 in 2002 and 16–7 in 2003 with a career low 2.70 ERA. In 2004, Hudson failed to pitch 30 games due to injury. He went 12–6 in 27 starts. Hudson's record while with the A's was 92–39, and an ERA of 3.30.

Atlanta Braves (2005–13)
Before the 2005 season, Hudson was traded to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for Charles Thomas, Dan Meyer, and Juan Cruz. On August 6, 2005, Hudson won his 100th career game, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals 8–1.

In January 2006, Hudson was named to the Team USA roster for the 2006 World Baseball Classic.

His second season with the Braves was disappointing. He posted career-highs in losses (12) and ERA (4.86) in 2006. He returned to his earlier form in 2007 however, finishing with a 16–10 record and a 3.33 ERA. He was in the midst of a nine-game winning streak, the second of his career, at one point in the season. Hudson struck out a career-high 13 batters on April 25 against the Florida Marlins.

Hudson is one of only 7 ballplayers who pitched in the NL in 2007 who won at least 12 games in each year from 2004 to 2007, the others being Carlos Zambrano, Greg Maddux, Roy Oswalt, Jason Marquis, Derek Lowe, and Jeff Suppan.

On August 2, 2008, Hudson revealed that he would undergo Tommy John ligament transplant surgery on his pitching elbow, and missed the remainder of the 2008 season. He started the 2009 season on the 60-day DL, and did not play prior to the All Star break. On July 2, 2009, he threw a 90-pitch bullpen session and Atlanta Braves manager Bobby Cox said: "He's ready to go. ... He's really come along. He's got major-league stuff right now, his normal stuff." But Cox added that the Braves would not rush the timetable on Hudson's return, which was scheduled for mid- to late-August. Hudson's first minor-league rehab start was tentatively scheduled for July 19 at Class A Myrtle Beach. After completing several minor league rehab sessions, Hudson returned to the Atlanta Braves starting pitching rotation on September 1, 2009. He gave up only two runs and earned his first win of the 2009 season.

On November 12, 2009, Hudson signed a $28 million, three-year extension with the Braves with a $9 million option for a fourth year. On August 28, 2010, against the Florida Marlins, Hudson set a career high in strikeouts with 13.

On October 5, 2010, Hudson was awarded the 2010 NL Comeback Player of the Year Award.

On June 20, 2011, in Atlanta, Hudson hit his second career home run, a two-run shot which accounted for the only scoring in a 2–0 victory over the Toronto Blue Jays. On the same day, he got his 1,600th strikeout in the top of the fifth inning against J. P. Arencibia. On July 15, 2011, Hudson was the winning pitcher in the Braves' 10,000th win in franchise history.

Hudson went 16–7 with a 3.62 ERA in 2012. On October 30, 2012, Hudson had his $9 million option exercised by the Braves.

On April 30, 2013, Hudson became the 113th major league pitcher to reach 200 wins, with an 8–1 victory over the Washington Nationals at Turner Field. Hudson went seven innings, giving up only three hits and one run while recording six strikeouts and two walks. Hudson also went 2-for-3 at the plate with a double and a home run. On July 24, 2013, Hudson was pitching a four-hit shutout against the New York Mets when Eric Young, Jr., who was trying to beat a throw to first base, accidentally stepped on Hudson's leg above the ankle. This resulted in an ankle fracture that ended Hudson's 2013 season. After the season, Hudson became a free agent. His record with the Braves was 113–72 with an ERA of 3.56.

San Francisco Giants (2014–2015)
On November 18, 2013, Hudson agreed to a two-year, $23 million contract with the San Francisco Giants. Hudson set a franchise record by pitching $30 2/3$ innings in the season before issuing a walk. The streak was snapped on April 25 when he walked Carlos Santana. In his first year with the Giants, he was selected to participate in the All-Star Game. Accomplishing this feat, he has made the All-Star team at least once with every team he has pitched for. On August 27, 2014, in a 4–2 team win over the Colorado Rockies at Oracle Park (then called AT&T Park), Hudson recorded his 2,000th career strikeout. Hudson started game 2 of the 2014 NLDS, a game that went 18 innings; Hudson also started the only other postseason game to go longer than 16 innings while on the Braves in 2005. On October 29, Hudson became the oldest pitcher to start Game 7 of the World Series. The Giants went on to win the game, 3–2, and the series, 4–3, over the Kansas City Royals, giving Hudson the first and only World Series ring of his 16-year career.

Prior to the 2015 season, Hudson stated it would likely be his last. Following a 4–3 win against the Oakland Athletics on July 26, 2015, Hudson became the 15th pitcher in MLB history to register at least one win against all 30 current teams. On September 26, 2015, Hudson started against Zito and the Athletics in a matchup that was arranged as a tribute to the A's "Big Three" of the early 2000s. Both pitchers received lengthy standing ovations from the sold-out Oakland Coliseum crowd (which included the third Big Three member, Mulder) upon leaving the game.

Scouting report
Hudson was a sinkerballer, using that pitch about half the time and at a speed of 87–91 mph. His next-most used pitch was a cutter at 84–87. He expanded his repertoire to left-handers with a curveball (75–77) and splitter (78–81). He also had a four-seam fastball (88–91 mph). His favored pitch with two strikes to right-handed hitters was his cutter, while he stayed with the sinker to lefties.

Achievements

 * Professional
 * 2010 Hutch Award winner
 * Received the Roberto Clemente Award nomination for the second year in a row on September 7, 2007. The award is given every year to a Major League Baseball player who gives outstanding performances both on the field and in the community.
 * Major League record for the longest streak of 10 or more wins and nine or fewer losses in a season (seven straight from 1999 to 2005)
 * 2010 Major League Baseball Comeback Player of the Year Award
 * Four-time All-Star (2000, 2004, 2010, 2014)
 * 3-time Top 10 in American League Cy Young Award voting (2000–01, 2003)
 * Led MLB in winning percentage (2000)
 * Led AL in wins (20, 2000)
 * Led AL in games started (35, 2001)
 * Twice led AL in shutouts (2003–04)
 * Twice second in AL in shutouts (2000, 2002)
 * 5-time 15-game winner (2000–03, 2007)
 * 3-time Athletics' Opening-Day starter (from 2001 to 2004)
 * Pitched three complete-game one-hitters: August 28, 2000, against the Chicago White Sox; May 1, 2006, against the Colorado Rockies; and May 4, 2011, against the Milwaukee Brewers.
 * On April 30, 2013, Hudson won his 200th career game, pitching seven innings of one-run ball against the Washington Nationals.
 * 2014 World Series Champion
 * On July 26, 2015, Hudson became 15th pitcher to record a win against all 30 major-league clubs.
 * College
 * Won Rotary Smith Award (1997)
 * Consensus All-American (1997)
 * NCAA East Regional Tournament MVP (1997)
 * SEC Player of the Year (1997)
 * All-SEC, both pitcher and outfielder (1997)
 * ABCA All-South Region, both pitcher and outfielder (1997)
 * Letterman (1996–97)
 * Led NCAA in winning games (15, 1997)

Personal life
Hudson is married to the former Kim Bruner, whom he met while a student at Auburn. The couple have two daughters and one son. They currently live in Auburn, Alabama. Hudson and his wife are very active with their philanthropy for children, the Hudson Family Foundation.

Hudson is a Christian. Hudson has spoken about his faith saying, "It's been one of those things, where anybody that's played a sport at the professional level there's always a lot of challenges. And the one thing that's always been a constant for me is Jesus Christ and my faith ... And not only that, but just being an example for other players, my teammates, my friends from home. You know I think it's one of those things where you need to be a beacon of light and just shine on people."

On April 29, 2007, both Hudson's grandmother and St. Louis Cardinals relief pitcher Josh Hancock, his college teammate at Auburn, died. He drew his grandmother's initials on the pitcher's mound before his next start, and wore them on his spikes. He also sewed Hancock's initials (JH) on his jersey. He pitched eight innings, giving up two earned runs against the Philadelphia Phillies. He did not get a decision, but the Braves ultimately won, 5–2.

In 2016, Hudson served as a guest instructor at both the Braves and Giants respective spring training camps. In 2016, Hudson joined Fox Sports South and Fox Sports Southeast as a part-time broadcaster for select Braves games. In 2017, Hudson returned as a spring training instructor for the Giants. He served in the same role for the Braves in 2018. In January 2020, Hudson was named the pitching coach for the Auburn Tigers baseball team.

On July 27, 2022, it was announced Hudson would be stepping away from Auburn. Shortly thereafter, Hudson accepted the position as Head Coach of the Lee Scott Academy baseball team.

title: Tim Hudson


text:
Sherraine Schalm

Sherraine Schalm, formerly Sherraine Schalm-MacKay (born June 21, 1975), is a former top-ranked Canadian Olympic épée fencer. She is a World Cup medal winner, elementary school teacher and author. She is a graduate of the University of Ottawa. At the 2005 World Fencing Championships she won a bronze medal in the individual épée event, becoming the first Canadian to ever win a World Championships medal in the sport. The next season, in 2005–06, she won the overall World Cup title.

Born in Brooks, Alberta, Schalm has earned the best ever results for any Canadian woman fencer at the world championships, the Olympic Games and is a four-time medallist at the Pan American Games. She has competed at four Summer Olympics. In 2000 she finished 19th in the individual event. In 2004 she finished 18th in the individual event, and fourth in the team event.

Schalm published a memoir, Running With Swords (under the name Sherraine MacKay), in 2005.

In the 2008 Olympic Games, Schalm was widely expected to challenge for a medal, but lost in the second round. She was seeded 9th.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she reached the last 32 but lost to South Korean fencer Shin A-lam.

She retired in 2013.

Books

Sherraine has also won two individual world championship medals at the senior level. The four-time Olympian from Brooks, Alta., captured Canada's first world championship fencing medal – a bronze in individual épée in 2005. She topped that in 2009, claiming a silver.

title: Sherraine Schalm


text:
Category:Squirrels

Squirrel is the common name for rodents of the family Sciuridae. In everyday speech in the English-speaking world it usually refers to members of the genera Sciurus and Tamiasciurus. These typical members of the family are tree squirrels with large bushy tails, and are native to Europe, Asia and the Americas. Similar genera are found in Africa. However, the Sciuridae also include flying squirrels, and ground squirrels such as the chipmunks, prairie dogs, and woodchucks.

title: Category:Squirrels


text: User talk:65.7.155.220

title: User talk:65.7.155.220


text:
Covansys Corporation

Covansys Corporation was a global consulting and technology services company, specializing in outsourcing of personnel and services, headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan. The company specialized in industry-specific solutions, strategic outsourcing and integration services. Raj Vattikuti founded Covansys in 1985, originally named Complete Business Solutions, Inc., with five employees.

In 2007, Computer Sciences Corporation (now DXC Technology) acquired Covansys for $34.00 per share in cash, or approximately $1.3 billion.

title: Covansys Corporation


text:
Libiberty

GNU libiberty is a software library with a collection of subroutines used by various GNU programs. The library is now a decommissioned GNU package.

It was originally intended to be a sort of standard cross-platform library, thus enabling it to be linked (using the usual Unix library form) by just passing "-liberty" to the compiler. The contents consisted of a variety of useful functions. However, the development of standards for C and POSIX took away some of the impetus for this, and libiberty came to be used primarily as a support library for the GNU toolchain. It still contains a minimal set of functions that are either GNU extensions or occasionally unimplemented parts of the standard.

Copies of libiberty are distributed with gcc, gdb, and the binutils. libiberty is not otherwise versioned or released separately.

One important piece of libiberty functionality is a demangler for C++ and D, included so that it is available to both binutils and GDB.

The name is a pun or word play on the word "liberty". On Unix-like operating systems, library files are always named "lib" + the name of the library. But when they are linked to with a C compiler command (, , etc.), the command line flag specifying the library is   followed by the part of the library name after "lib". In libiberty's case it therefore becomes.

title: Libiberty


text:
Darius McCrary

Darius Creston McCrary (born May 1, 1976) is an American actor, singer and producer. McCrary is known for his role as Edward "Eddie" Winslow, the oldest child of Carl and Harriette Winslow on the ABC/CBS television sitcom Family Matters, which ran from 1989–1998.

He also played Scam in the 1987 comedy film Big Shots, which was his film debut. He provided the voice of Jazz in Transformers (2007). From December 2009 to October 2011, he portrayed photographer Malcolm Winters on the CBS daytime drama The Young and the Restless.

Early life and career
McCrary began his career as a child actor and made his film debut in the 1987 comedy Big Shots. He also appeared in guest spots in episodic television and had a role in the 1988 film Mississippi Burning before landing the role of Eddie Winslow in Family Matters the following year. After Family Matters ended its run in 1998, McCrary co-starred in the short-lived UPN series Freedom. In 2000, he had a lead role as Tommy in "Something to Sing About", a Christian drama produced by the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. In 2001, he appeared in 15 Minutes opposite Robert De Niro and Kingdom Come, with Whoopi Goldberg.

In April and May 2006, McCrary reunited with his Family Matters co-star Kellie Shanygne Williams as Jamal on UPN's Eve for two episodes. In 2007, he was the voice of Jazz in the movie Transformers. In 2009, he voiced Tarix in Bionicle: The Legend Reborn. McCrary also had film roles in Next Day Air, Saw VI, and in national stage play productions such as The Maintenance Man. That December, he joined the cast of the CBS daytime drama The Young and the Restless. McCrary portrayed Malcolm Winters, a role originated by Shemar Moore. Joined on the series by his former Family Matters co-star Bryton James (né McClure), McCrary left The Young and the Restless in October 2011. McCrary's first album was also released the same year.

On January 6, 2010, McCrary appeared as himself in an episode of I Get That a Lot on CBS. He was pumping gas, and Paris Hilton was pretending to be a clerk at the gas station. She recognized him and asked for his autograph. He thought it was her and after she confessed who she was, he said he thought she was doing community service. McCrary later starred in the stage play In-Laws From Hell written, directed, and produced by Andrionna L. Williams.

Personal life
McCrary is the founder of Fathers Care, a non-profit organization under the McCrary Foundation umbrella, started by his father, aunts and uncles,cousins also known as The McCrarys.

In 2015, he was arrested and held in custody for failure to pay child support, but was released after two hours when he paid the full $5,500 in back support owed. On November 27, 2023, McCrary was arrested a second time on felony charges of failure to pay child support of over $52,000 as of March 2019. He pleaded not guilty, and his bond was set at $13,197.01, according to court documents.

title: Darius McCrary


text:
Hadar, Ethiopia

Hadar or Hadar Formation (also spelled Qad daqar, Qadaqar; Afar "white [qidi] stream [daqar]") is a paleontological fossil site located in Mille district, Administrative Zone 1 of the Afar Region, Ethiopia, 15 km upstream (west) of the A1 road's bridge across the Awash River (Adayitu kebele).

It is situated on the southern edge of the Afar Triangle (part of East Africa's Great Rift Valley), along the left banks of the Awash River, between two minor tributaries, the eponymous Kada Hadar and the Kada Gona. In 1972, Taieb organized a small exploratory reconnaissance of the Afar region to investigate more paleontological finds there. After six weeks of exploration, the party focused on the Hadar site.

The site has yielded some of the most well-known hominin fossils, including "Lucy". These hominin fossils range in age from approximately 3.42 to 2.90 million years ago. These finds give us a greater understanding of hominin evolution during this period.

It is postulated that the specimens in the region were deposited by way of a large river system with associated crevasse channels/splays, deltas, and distributary channels, as well as periodic transgressions of paleolake Hadar located east of the research area (Aronson and Taieb, 1981, Tiercelin, 1986, Campisano and Feibel, in press) possibly related to geological activity or climatic cycles in at least the Kada Hadar Member (Yemane et al., 1996, Yemane, 1997, Campisano and Feibel, in press)."

According to Jon Kalb, early maps show caravan routes passing within 10 to 15 km of Hadar but not through it. The British explorer L.M. Nesbitt passed 15 km west of Hadar in 1928.

Geology
The region's rocks consist mainly of mudstones, siltstones, fine-grained sandstones and volcanic tuffs. The region of Hadar has been divided into four geologic members — Basal (~3.8–3.42 Ma), Sidi Hakoma (~3.42–3.26 Ma), Denen Dora (~3.26–3.2 Ma), and Kada Hadar (<~3.2 Ma)—with three tuffs (Sidi Hakoma Tuff [SHT], Triple Tuff [TT] and Kada Hadar Tuff [KHT]) separating the four members.

The Sidi Hakoma member tends towards high rainfall and low seasonality. The overlying Denan Dora Member was a grassland habitat. Finally, the Kada Hadar Member was an even more open and arid habitat, as seen in the high abundance of antilopines, which frequent these types of terrains.

Paleontology
The first paleo-geological explorations of the Hadar area were conducted by Maurice Taieb. He found Hadar in December 1970 by following the Ledi River, which originates in the highlands north of Bati to empty into the Awash River. Taieb recovered several fossils in the area and led a party back to Hadar in May 1972. In October 1973, 16 individuals with the International Afar Research Expedition (IARE) arrived at Hadar and camped there for two months during which the first hominin fossil was found. (Taieb claims in his 1985 book Sur la Terre des premiers Hommes to have discovered the Hadar fields in 1968, but Kalb argues that claim to be incorrect.) The IARE party examined a series of sedimentary layers called the Hadar Formation, which was dated to the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene epochs (3.5 to 2.3 million years ago).

Discovery of Lucy
The anthropologist Donald Johanson, a member of the 1973 expedition to Hadar, returned the next year and discovered the fossil hominin "Lucy" in the late fall of 1974. He spotted a right proximal ulna in a gully, followed by an occipital bone, a femur, some ribs, a pelvis, and a lower jaw. Within two weeks, nearly 40% of the hominoid skeleton had been identified and cataloged. Lucy is the most famous fossil to have been found at Hadar. Lucy is among the oldest hominin fossils ever discovered and was later given the taxonomic classification Australopithecus afarensis. (The name 'Lucy' was inspired by the song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by The Beatles, which happened to be playing on the radio at base camp.)

Specimens and inferences
In 1975, Donald Johanson made another discovery at a nearby site in Hadar: 216 specimens from approximately 17 individuals, most likely related and varying in age, called AL 333 (colloquially referred to as the "First Family").

About thirty years later in nearby Dikika, another Australopithecus afarensis fossil skeleton was found in a separate outcrop of the Hadar Formation across the Awash River from Hadar. The skeleton is of a three-year-old girl later named "Selam," which means peace in Amharic Ethiopian languages.

In 1973 and 1974 when the first anatomical discoveries were made, their size and shape pointed towards a variety of taxa, but further research has confirmed that only one hominin taxon is present here. The first find there was a fossil knee joint estimated to date from 3.4 million years ago. Since then, the Hadar research area has yielded 370 specimens of A. afarensis, one specimen of Homo, and 7571 additional vertebrate specimens.

The specimens recovered display a variety of different primitive cranial post features, which indicate A. afarensis is distinct from other species of Australopithecus: small cranial capacity, palate similar to African apes (parallel tooth rows, shallow, long from front to back, narrow from side to side), primitive occipital, basal cranium anatomy, high frequency of unicuspid third premolars, prognathic face, and primitive mandibular anatomy. Postcranially, the pelvis, knee, ankle, and foot indicate habitual, terrestrial bipedalism, but ape-like curved finger and foot bones are retained ancestral ape-like features.

Paleofauna
Although Australopithecus is well-known for its discovery since the 1970s, other specimens from the Hadar Formation contain several fossil remains of artiodactyls, perissodactyls, carnivorans, proboscideans, and other African species that are well preserved. The bovids found in the formation included the Aepycerotini (Aepyceros), Alcelaphini (Damalborea and Parmularius), Antilopini (Gazella), Bovini (Ugandax and Pelorovis[?]), Caprini (Budorcas), Cephalophini, Hippotragini (Oryx), Neotragini (Raphicerus[?] and Madoqua), Reduncini (Kobus), and Tragelaphini (Tragelaphus). Artiodactyls outside the bovid family were present within the formation as well, namely the giraffids (Giraffa and Sivatherium), Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus), and suids (Kolpochoerus, Notochoerus, and Nyanzachoerus). While a definitive list of carnivorans found within the Hadar Formation has yet to be compiled, confirmed genera that were found within the Hadar Formation include canids (Canis and Nyctereutes), felids (Dinofelis, Leptailurus, Felis, Homotherium, and Panthera), hyaenids (Chasmaporthetes, Ikelohyaena, Crocuta, Hyaena, and cf. Pliocrocuta), herpestids (Herpestes and cf. Helogale), mustelids (Mellivora, Enhydriodon, and cf. Poecilogale), and the viverrid (cf. Civettictis). Mammals within the formation outside the artiodactyl and carnivoran families include a bat (indeterminate), the leporid (Lepus), the equid (Eurygnathohippus), rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium and Diceros), old world primates (Parapapio, Theropithecus, and Cercopithecoides), proboscideans (the deinothere Deinotherium and elephants Elephas, Loxodonta, and Mammuthus) old world porcupines (Hystrix and Xenohystrix), murid rodents (Gerbilliscus, Acomys, Golunda, Oenomys, Praomys, Saidomys, Millardia, and Mus), the spalacid Tachyoryctes, a squirrel indet., and an aardvark species. Taxons within other classes are present within the Hadar Formation as well, such as birds (Plectropterus, Balearica, Anhinga, and Struthio) and reptiles (Crocodylus, Python, Varanus, and Bitis).

Artiodactyls

 * Bovidae

 * Giraffidae

 * Hippopotamidae

 * Suidae

Carnivorans

 * Canidae

 * Felidae

 * Herpestidae

 * Hyaenidae

 * Mustelidae
 * Viverridae

Proboscideans

 * Deinotheriidae

 * Elephantidae

Perissodactyls

 * Equidae

 * Rhinocerotidae

Primates

 * Cercopithecidae

 * Hominidae

title: Hadar, Ethiopia


text:
Edward Seidensticker

Edward George Seidensticker (February 11, 1921 – August 26, 2007) was a noted post-World War II American scholar, historian, and preeminent translator of classical and contemporary Japanese literature. His English translation of the epic The Tale of Genji, published in 1976, was especially well received critically and is counted among the preferred modern translations.

Seidensticker is closely associated with the work of three major Japanese writers of the 20th century: Yasunari Kawabata, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, and Yukio Mishima. His landmark translations of novels by Kawabata, in particular Snow Country (1956) and Thousand Cranes (1958), led, in part, to Kawabata being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968.

Early years
Seidensticker was born in 1921 on an isolated farmstead near Castle Rock, Colorado. His father, also named Edward G. Seidensticker, was the owner of a modest ranch that struggled financially during the 1920s and early 1930s. His mother, Mary E. Seidensticker (née Dillon), was a homemaker. Seidensticker was raised Catholic and was of German, English and Irish heritage. By high school, cognizant that he was neither athletic nor mechanically adept, he began to slip away during spare time to read Dickens and Thackeray, among others. He found Tolstoy most to his liking, the works of Mark Twain the least. He was one of the only two students in his graduating class at Douglas County High School to go off to college, the other being his older brother, William.

Seidensticker wanted to attend an East Coast university, but because of his family's financial situation he grudgingly enrolled in the University of Colorado at Boulder. It was assumed that he would study law, following in the footsteps of his grandfather and several uncles, but he chose economics, then switched to English, a choice that displeased his family. In June 1942, he graduated with a degree in English.

U.S. Navy Japanese Language School
As the 1940s unfolded, the U.S. Navy began to expand its Japanese Language School, then located at the University of California at Berkeley. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, an invitation was issued to shift the school to the University of Colorado. The navy was amenable because the forced relocation of citizens and residents of Japanese ancestry was underway along the West Coast, and most of the program's instructors were in danger of being caught up in the expanding net. By the middle of 1942, the school had completed its move to Colorado. Among those who came east to Boulder with the program was student Donald Keene. Seidensticker, who had been seeking a way to manage through the war without being drafted, saw the Japanese Language School as a solution. He traveled to Washington, D.C. for a school-admittance interview, the first time he had been east of Chicago, and was accepted. Upon completion of the 14-month intensive program, he was able to read a Japanese language newspaper, albeit with some difficulty. The "Boulder Boys," as the men who attended the language school were fondly called (a handful of women later joined the program as well), were given the choice of becoming officers in the Navy or Marine Corps. Seidensticker selected the Marines due to an abundance of "boyish romanticism."

War years
Seidensticker received basic training with the Marines in North Carolina, after which he was shifted to Camp Pendleton on the West Coast. It was in California that he first encountered Japanese prisoners of war, with whom he was to practice his Japanese. Late in 1944 he and his language-officer colleagues were transferred to the Hawaiian Islands and Pearl Harbor. They were given duties to translate captured documents and to interrogate prisoners of war, a task Seidensticker found increasingly distasteful. In February 1945, Seidensticker was boarded on a ship bound for Iwo Jima. He was not among the first waves of troops to land during the battle, but before long, found himself on the beach "loaded down with dictionaries." By then the gunfire had ceased as the Japanese had retreated north to bunkers and caves. Later, he reminisced in his memoirs that while he may have been in danger a few times, he had little awareness of being afraid. Near the end of his deployment, after the island had been declared "secure," he climbed Mount Suribachi, the site of Joe Rosenthal's iconic flag-raising photograph. He was then rotated back to Hawaii. During that stay, the atomic bombs were dropped and the war with Japan came to an end. Although Seidensticker was deeply unsettled by the dropping of the bomb, he approved of Truman's decision. In his memoirs, he noted, "Had I been at Harry's Desk, I would have made the decision he made. The important things were to get the war over and to save lives; and that more lives, American and Japanese, were saved by the bombing than were destroyed by it seems the next thing to certain."

Occupation of Japan and foreign service
About a month after General Douglas MacArthur arrived in Tokyo to assume control of Japan, Seidensticker landed with the Marines at Sasebo, a naval base city in Nagasaki Prefecture. He was assigned duties disarming Japanese forces and disabling heavy weapons on the islands of Tsushima and Hirado. It was during his few months at Sasebo that Seidensticker began to develop a deeper appreciation of Japan and the Japanese people. In early 1946 he was sent to San Diego and discharged.

On his return to the United States, Seidensticker enrolled at Columbia University and took a master's degree in 1947 in what was then known as "public law and government." He joined the U.S. Foreign Service and, after further studies during a summer at Yale University and a year at Harvard, was placed in Tokyo assigned to the Diplomatic Section of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP). In May 1950, roughly two years after he arrived in Japan, Seidensticker decided the Foreign Service was not his calling and he resigned on his own initiative. He had not been promoted while colleagues had, and had deemed himself not the salaryman type. Moreover, he sensed a "witch-hunting" in which bachelors were subjected to "peculiar rumors" and a skeptical eye. He also suspected his room at the Daiichi Hotel, his billet, was bugged.

Scholar, educator, and latter years
After his short Foreign Service tenure, Seidensticker studied Japanese literature at the University of Tokyo on the GI Bill and later under a Ford Foundation grant. With the Ford fellowship, Seidensticker switched his focus from studying Heian literature to that of modern Japanese literature. In his remaining years at Tokyo University he read virtually the entire canon of modern Japanese literature. By the mid-1950s, having exhausted the fellowship circuit, he found work as a lecturer of both American and Japanese literature at Sophia University. While Seidensticker enjoyed his time at Sophia, at the time it did not pay well and he took on a free-lance writing assignments and other part-time jobs. In 1954 he was contacted by Harold Strauss, the chief editor at the New York publishing house Alfred A. Knopf about translating Japanese literature for Knopf, and was soon at work.

As the 1960s began to unfold, Seidensticker, growing weary of life in Japan and living life as an outsider, began to consider returning to the United States. In 1962, when an invitation was extended by Stanford University to substitute for a professor on special assignment, he readily accepted and returned to the U.S. after having lived full-time in Japan from 1948 to 1962. Seidensticker taught at Stanford as professor of Japanese from 1962 to 1966. He then joined the faculty at the University of Michigan and remained there for 11 years before being drawn away in 1978 to join the faculty of Columbia University as professor of Japanese. He retired from Columbia in 1985 and was thereafter professor emeritus. During retirement he divided his time between Hawaii and Japan. In 2007, while taking a walk near Shinobazu Pond in the Ueno district of Tokyo, he fell and later died because of head injuries. He was 86.

Translator
Seidensticker is widely regarded as one of the greatest translators of classic and modern Japanese literature into English. His translations have been described as "brilliant" and "elegant." One contemporary scholar noted that in Seidensticker's translations, "You could feel the emotions and nuances that the original writer wanted to convey." He has even been described as "the best" translator of Japanese literature.

Seidensticker won the National Book Award in category Translation for his edition of Kawabata's The Sound of the Mountain (a split award). He also translated The Decay of the Angel, the last volume of Yukio Mishima's Sea of Fertility tetralogy, and several of Mishima's stories. Seidensticker translated Jun'ichirō Tanizaki's The Makioka Sisters and Some Prefer Nettles and authored important criticism on Tanizaki's place in 20th-century Japanese literature. The New York Times obituary allowed the translator to speak for himself:

"During his years in Japan Mr. Seidensticker became friends with many of the writers he translated, though the friendships were sometimes tested during the delicate diplomatic dance that is central to the translator's art. As Mr. Seidensticker recalled in Tokyo Central, some writers required more dancing than others:

''Tanizaki wrote clear, rational sentences,' Mr. Seidensticker wrote. 'I do not, certainly, wish to suggest that I disapprove of such sentences; but translating them is not very interesting. There was little I felt inclined to ask Tanizaki about.''

Not so with Kawabata. 'Do you not, my esteemed master, find this a rather impenetrable passage?' Mr. Seidensticker recalled asking him, ever so gently, during the translation of Snow Country.

''He would dutifully scrutinize the passage, and answer: 'Yes, Mr. Seidensticker wrote. 'Nothing more.''"

The last work he supervised translating into English was You Were Born for a Reason on Japanese Buddhism.

Japanologist
Seidensticker wrote widely on Japan, its people, as well as the city of Tokyo.

His first major non-translation work, "Kafū the Scribbler: The Life and Writings of Nagai Kafū, 1879–1959" (Stanford University Press, 1965), was a biography of Kafū Nagai, the Japanese writer who is noted for his sensitive depictions of the denizens of Tokyo's pleasure quarters. It was the first study to examine the life and works of Nagai to appear in any Western language. As the book includes a number of Seidensticker translations of Nagai's short stories and novellas, it is neither pure biography nor criticism. Seidensticker, to his lifelong regret, never met Kafū, even though there were opportunities to be introduced.

In Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake (1983) and Tokyo Rising: The City Since the Great Earthquake (1990), Seidensticker's two-volume history of Tokyo, he weaves a tale of cultural history of how the city was impacted by the advent of Westernization, and how it responded to the twin disasters of the 20th Century—the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923 and the massive destruction incurred in World War II due to Allied bombing raids.

He published his autobiographical observations in Tokyo Central: A Memoir in 2001. A biography and bibliography are included in a commemorative work created by those whose lives he affected, New Leaves: Studies and Translations of Japanese Literature in Honor of Edward Seidensticker (1993).

After retirement, he divided his time between Honolulu and Tokyo. He described the latter as "the world's most consistently interesting city".

Honors

 * Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, Third Class, 1975
 * Kikuchi Kan Prize, 1977
 * Japan Foundation Award, 1984

Author

 * Japan (New York: Time, Inc., 1961)
 * Kafu the Scribbler: The Life and Writings of Nagai Kafu, 1879–1959 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1965)
 * Genji Days (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1977).
 * This Country, Japan (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1979).
 * Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake: How the Shogun's Ancient Capital Became a Great Modern City, 1867–1923 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983).
 * Tokyo Rising: The City Since the Great Earthquake (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990).
 * Very Few People Come This Way: Lyrical Episodes from the Year of the Rabbit (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996).
 * Tokyo Central: A Memoir (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
 * The Snake That Bowed (Berkeley: Printed Matter Press, 2006).

Translator

 * Tanizaki, Jun'ichirō. Some Prefer Nettles (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
 * Kawabata, Yasunari. Snow Country (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956).
 * Tanizaki, Jun'ichirō. The Makioka Sisters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957).
 * Kawabata, Yasunari. Thousand Cranes (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958).
 * The Mother of Michitsuna. The Gossamer Years: The Diary of a Noblewoman of Heian Japan (Tokyo and Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing, 1964).
 * Nagai, Kafu. "A Strange Tale from East of the River" (plus nine other works) in Kafu the Scribbler: The Life and Writings of Nagai Kafu, 1879–1959 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1965).
 * Kawabata, Yasunari. House of the Sleeping Beauties and Other Stories (Tokyo and Palo Alto, California: Kodansha International Ltd., 1969).
 * Kawabata, Yasunari. The Sound of the Mountain (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970).
 * Kawabata, Yasunari. The Master of Go (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972).
 * Mishima, Yukio. The Decay of the Angel (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974).
 * Kawabata, Yasunari; Inoue, Yasushi. The Izu Dancer & Other Stories. (Tokyo and Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing, 1974).
 * Murasaki Shikibu. The Tale of Genji (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976).
 * Tanizaki, Jun'ichirō. In Praise of Shadows (Sedgwick, Maine: Leete's Island Books, Inc., 1977). Note: Translated by Thomas J. Harper and Edward G. Seidensticker.
 * Inoue, Yasushi. Lou-Lan and Other Stories (Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1979). Note: Translated by James T. Araki and Edward G. Seidensticker

title: Edward Seidensticker


text:
Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights

Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights, [1985] 1 S.C.R. 721, was a reference question posed to the Supreme Court of Canada regarding provisions in the Manitoba Act stipulating the provision of French language services in the province of Manitoba. The Court heard the appeal in June 1984 and gave its ruling a year later, on June 13, 1985.

Four questions were asked:
 * 1) Are sections 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867, and 23 of the Manitoba Act, 1870, requiring laws be in both French and English, mandatory in Manitoba, Quebec, and Parliament?
 * 2) If so, are those Manitoban laws not printed in both languages invalid under section 23 of the Manitoba Act?
 * 3) If so, do the laws have any force and effect, and if so to what extent?
 * 4) Are any of the provisions of An Act Respecting the Operation of Section 23 of the Manitoba Act in Regard to Statutes inconsistent with section 23 of the Manitoba Act, 1870, and if so are the provisions invalid and of no legal force and effect?

The Court found that the Constitution Act, 1867, and the Manitoba Act, 1870, did require both languages and that those laws that were not in both languages were of no force and effect. However, they were deemed temporarily valid for a time until translations could be re-enacted in order to avoid a legal vacuum in Manitoba and to ensure the continuity of the rule of law.

This reference was the first time that the courts in Canada had used the remedy of a delayed declaration of invalidity. Despite its exceptional origins, this remedy has grown to become a preferred one in Canadian public law. Manitoba was given a generous period of time to translate the laws and, in 1992, the court was still extending this grace period to be decided by the parties.

title: Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights