text:
Sardinian

Sardinian refers to anything related to the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. More specifically it can refer to:
 * Sardinian people
 * History of Sardinia
 * Sardinian language
 * Sardinian literature
 * Music of Sardinia
 * Cuisine of Sardinia
 * Sardinian (sheep)

Sardo Sardo Sardo

title: Sardinian


text:
Frisian National Party

The Frisian National Party (Fryske Nasjonale Partij; Friese Nationale Partij, FNP) is a Frisian nationalist political party in the Netherlands. The FNP is mostly involved in Frisian politics. The Independent Senate Group represents the FNP on a national level, the EFA represents the FNP on a European level.

Party history
The party was founded in 1962 by young activists of the Frisian movement (Fryske Beweging), which developed in the 19th century. It advocated the importance of the (West) Frisian language, culture and sports. The movement was founded in reaction to the use of Dutch in sermons of Dutch Reformed Churches in Friesland. The Frisian movement has links with the reformed Anti-Revolutionary Party; however, in the 1962 provincial elections, it claimed that Frisian interests were less important than Dutch national interests.

In 1966, it won its first seat in the provincial legislature and municipal councils. In 1995, it cooperated with provincial parties and the Greens to get a seat in the Senate, which is elected indirectly, in the so-called Independent Senate Group. Between 1995 and 2003, it was taken by a member of the Greens, since 2003 it is taken by a member of the FNP.

Ideology and issues
The FNP is a nationalist party which advocates a federal political system in which Frisians get more autonomy or independence. It calls for greater autonomy of the region, government use, protection and recognition of the Frisian language and Frisian control over its gas reserves.

According to a survey of 554 party members done by the European Policies Research Centre at the University of Strathclyde in 2009, 5.05% of members identified as far-left on the political spectrum, 13.9% as left-wing, 28.16% as centre-left, 17.51% as centrist, 14.98% as centre-right, 7.4% as right-wing, and 2.53% as far-right, with 10.47% unsure.

Representation
Since 1995, the party cooperated with several provincial parties and the Greens in the Independent Senate Fraction which had one seat in the Senate. From 2003 till 2011 and 2015 till 2019 this seat was taken by Hendrik ten Hoeve, a member of the FNP. In 2019, the seat was taken by Gerben Gerbrandy also a member of the FNP.

The party has four (out of 43) seats in the Frisian provincial legislative and is part of the provincial government since 2011.

The party has 49 members in 11 of the 18 Frisian municipal councils. It cooperates in the local executive of Tytsjerksteradiel, Waadhoeke, and Noardeast-Fryslân. In Wûnseradiel and Achtkarspelen the party supplied the mayor. In 2020 the party supplies the Mayor in Noardeast-Fryslân.

On the European level, the party is a member of the European Free Alliance, although it has no seats in the European Parliament.

Electoral performance
The party's electorate is limited to Friesland, where it dominates in the Western and North-Eastern part of the mainland of the province. In rural Littenseradiel, the FNP got nearly 28% of the votes and became the largest party in 2003.

In 2010, 33.9% of the people voted FNP in rural Skarsterlân.

Relationships with other parties
The party has good relations with other provincial parties like Party New Limburg with which it together forms the Independent Senate Group. Historically, it cooperated very well with the Political Party of Radicals, a left-wing Christian party.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Frisian National Party


text:
User talk:Koifish

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 * Also, please look at tagging Image:Kaltenbrunner.jpg. Thanks!  Kbh3rd 04:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image copyrights
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Unverified images
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Image Copyright Tags
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Image tagging for Image:Frick.jpg
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title: User talk:Koifish


text:
Glorious (Eddie Izzard)

Glorious is the title of English comedian Eddie Izzard's 1997 performance at the Hammersmith Apollo. The performance was released on VHS and covers topics such as the siege of Troy, Noah's Ark, the Royal Family, and the birth of baby Jesus. In many ways, the flow of topics follow from the Bible, starting with the beginning of time according to the Old Testament and ending with Armageddon according to the Book of Revelation, though they are covered in Izzard's usual surreal style.

title: Glorious (Eddie Izzard)


text:
Midwestern Saturday Night

Midwestern Saturday Night is the self-published debut album by American singer-songwriter Susan Werner, released in 1993 (see 1993 in music).

Track listing
All songs written by Susan Werner, except where noted

 * 1) "So Heavy" – 3:35
 * 2) "Born a Little Late (The Baby Boomer Song)" – 2:55
 * 3) "Midwestern Saturday Night" – 5:21
 * 4) "I Still Believe" – 5:21
 * 5) "Rubber Glove Blues" – 2:44
 * 6) "Lullabye for One" – 4:09
 * 7) "Uncle John" – 2:32
 * 8) "The Great Out There" (Greg Simon) – 3:42
 * 9) "Maybe If I Played Cole Porter" – 4:37
 * 10) "Shadow Dancing" – 4:01

Personnel

 * Susan Werner – guitar, piano, keyboard, vocals, background vocals
 * Paul Gehman – upright and electric bass
 * Lou Abbott – percussion
 * Julia Haines – Celtic harp
 * Erik Johnson – drums

Production

 * Producer: Grant MacAvoy
 * Engineer: Glenn Barratt
 * Arrangers: Lou Abbott, Susan Werner

title: Midwestern Saturday Night


text: Talk:Midwestern Saturday Night

title: Talk:Midwestern Saturday Night


text:
Talk:List of Halo characters

External links modified
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Helljumper armor
I'm pretty sure that "helljumper" is a nickname for an ODST Gary the stormtrooper (talk) 14:16, 27 July 2017 (UTC)
 * The specific variant in Halo 5 is called "Helljumper", but it's pretty minute detail that doesn't belong on Wikiepda. I'll remove it. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 17:45, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

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Inclusion criteria
Since there's been some major additions and some disagreements, might be worth hammering out things on the talk. Back in the day, we added a "recurring characters" threshold to try and cut down on some of the character listing; nonetheless, the article has ballooned to over 100KB prose size (18703 words) and that's really way too big. I recommend further restricting the list to only major supporting characters who regularly appear, and those that can have out-of-universe information added about them. A character appearing in two or three books, especially when those books don't have articles of their own, doesn't need to be included. Thoughts? Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs talk 17:05, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Castor needed to be included since he's in 4 books so far with a fifth upcoming. He's been a major character in each book that he's appeared in and is probably gonna be the main bad guy of Halo: Divine Wind given the way that Shadows of Reach left off with him.--32.214.191.156 (talk) 22:27, 10 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The major problem is that a lot of these additions cannot be verified without a primary source, and thus fall afoul of WP:V in spirit. If it can't be proven without "look at a plot summary", they aren't majorly important characters that should be covered. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 22:46, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Gravemind into List of Halo characters
I don't believe Gravemind is a notable character that passes WP:GNG. The one real SIGCOV I found is in his section in the List of Halo characters, everything in his own article from secondary sources is fairly trivial. Please tell me if I'm missing something. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 14:14, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't have an issue folding the content in here. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 18:03, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support for nom. Fuchs doesn't have problem with it being merged.  Greenish Pickle!   (🔔) 13:06, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It's good you agree, though I should note not to simply state opinions like "per this other person" - they have a harder time holding up under argument than each person stating their own reasoning individually. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 19:48, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't have an issue with this character being merged, but the merge target for the vast majority of the development and reception should be preserved in Flood (Halo), as the Gravemind appears to be the final stage in the life cycle of the Flood according to the provided lore. List of Halo characters should only provide a summary style description of the character. Haleth (talk) 06:16, 1 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I still think the character list is where Gravemind should point, but I don't oppose information being dual merged into Flood (Halo) either. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 06:20, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Pinging the involved editors so this can be closed, which target should it point towards: This article, or Flood (Halo)?--Kung Fu Man (talk) 07:30, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

 * My position hasn't changed. Redirect the article itself to its entry on List of Halo characters, but preserve most of the content to Flood (Halo) since we now know that in-universe, there can be potentially more then one Gravemind as it is a manifestation of the final stage of the Flood life cycle. Haleth (talk) 12:53, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I think List of characters makes more sense as a merge target, as most of the content about his development is either already redundant with Flood or not relevant (any of the plot summary.) Some of the content about the Gravemind's reception might make sense in the Flood article, but the lion's share would be better in the list. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 18:17, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Halo characters


text: Category:Irregular variables

title: Category:Irregular variables


text:
Point Douglas

Point Douglas is a provincial electoral district in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is named for a part of the city that is surrounded by a bend in the Red River. The riding covers the neighbourhoods of William Whyte, Dufferin Industrial, North Point Douglas, Lord Selkirk Park and South Point Douglas plus parts of St. John's Park, St. John's, Inkster-Faraday, Burrows Central, Robertson, Dufferin, Logan C.P.R., Civic Centre and the Exchange District. It was also Winnipeg's only government supported red light district.

History
The division was created by redistribution for the 1969 provincial election, eliminated in 1978 into Burrows, Logan and St. Johns. It was re-established in 1989 from parts of Burrows, Logan, St. Johns and a small part of Sevenoaks. It is located in north-central Winnipeg, and includes the Point Douglas neighbourhood.

Point Douglas is bordered to the east by St. Boniface and Elmwood, to the south by Logan, to the north by St. Johns, and to the west by Burrows, Wellington and Minto. Different parts of the division are included in the federal ridings of Winnipeg Centre and Winnipeg North.

Point Douglas is named after Thomas Douglas, the 5th Earl of Selkirk, who established the Red River Colony in 1812. His namesake, twentieth-century politician Tommy Douglas, also lived in the Point Douglas neighbourhood in the early 1910s.

The Manitoba New Democratic Party has won every election in the constituency.

Demographics
Source: 2003 CBC Profile

1990 to present
^ Change is not based on redistributed results

^ Change is not based on redistributed results

1969 to 1981
All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba. Expenditures refer to individual candidate expenses.

title: Point Douglas


text:
Category:Television shows based on Marvel Comics

Television programs based on Marvel Comics.


text:
The Beast (roller coaster)

The Beast is a wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park in Mason, Ohio, United States. Designed and manufactured in-house for approximately $3 million, the ride opened in 1979 as the tallest, fastest, and longest wooden roller coaster in the world. Decades later, it is still the longest, spanning 7361 ft across 35 acre of hilly terrain. Two lift hills contribute to the ride's duration of more than four minutes, which also ranks as one of the longest among roller coasters. A refurbishment in 2022 increased the angle of the first drop and lengthened the ride by 2 ft.

The Beast was designed over the course of two years without assistance from scientific calculators or computers. Lead engineers Al Collins and Jeff Gramke consulted with well-known coaster architect, who shared design formulas and strategies to assist during development. Issues discovered during early testing delayed plans to build an enclosure over the helix finale until 1980. Ruth Voss, the park's public relations manager who would often overhear construction crews calling it "a beast of a project", is credited with coming up with the ride's name in early 1979.

The record-breaking coaster was well-received at a press event preview held on April 13, 1979. Since its opening, The Beast has consistently ranked in the top ten among wooden coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication from Amusement Today. It has also earned a favorable reputation across the industry, including praise from American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE), which held one of its first official events at Kings Island in 1979. ACE awarded the ride its Roller Coaster Landmark designation in 2004. After more than 40 years, it also remains one of the most popular rides at Kings Island, having accommodated over 54 million riders.

History
Ruth Voss, public relations manager for Kings Island amusement park, issued a press release on July 10, 1978, announcing plans for a new roller coaster. The statement read, "Kings Island Family Entertainment Center will open America’s champion roller coaster in the spring of 1979." It was the first official announcement from the park, who had been secretly planning the new ride for three years. Looking to replicate the national exposure received from popular rides such as The Racer and record-breaking events including Evel Knievel's nationally televised bus jump in 1975, Kings Island sought to keep the momentum going by introducing another record-breaking attraction.

Original plans focused on building a replica of the Shooting Star, a popular roller coaster which once operated at Coney Island in Cincinnati. Charles Dinn – director of the Kings Island's construction, maintenance and engineering division – had recorded measurements of the Shooting Star's layout and dimensions prior to its demolition in 1971. The park later selected an area near The Racer where the replica would be built. Eventually, park management decided to suspend plans for the Shooting Star replica in favor of building a bigger design. The Shooting Star would later be resurrected as Mighty Canadian Minebuster at Canada's Wonderland, which opened in 1981. For the 1979 coaster, Kings Island set a goal to build an attraction that would transcend the Shooting Star's nostalgia and appeal to a wider audience.

Design and construction
A wooded area in the southeast corner of the park spanning 35 acre was selected as the site for the new project. The area's naturally-occurring, rugged terrain consisted of cliffs, hills, and ravines. Utilizing the landscape, as opposed to leveling it, saved money and allowed for more investment in the layout itself. Beginning in 1976, chief engineer and surveyor Al Collins, along with his assistant Jeff Gramke, spent two years researching and designing the new roller coaster with the help of Dinn and his team, who surveyed major roller coasters across the country. Collins and Gramke would progress through tens of thousands of formulas needed to produce record-breaking results without the assistance of scientific calculators or computers. "Everything had to be calculated by hand", recalled Gramke in 2014. John C. Allen, world-renowned coaster designer behind The Racer, was asked to lead the design but declined due to pending retirement. He shared design formulas, however, and acted as a consultant throughout development. Among his important contributions were the design of several components, including a tire-driven launch system that increased capacity above 1,000 riders per hour.

The original plans for the Beast featured an airtime hill after the first tunnel followed by a left turn and a double down. After the second lift hill, passengers would approach a trick track element and a right-handed double helix. This helix is a mirror image of the one that is used today.

Primary design and construction was handled internally by Kings Island Engineering and Construction under the direction of Dinn. Part of the design work was subcontracted to Curtis D. Summers, Inc., a structural engineering and architecture firm located in Cincinnati. Summers was tasked with designing the roller coaster footings – underground, steel-reinforced concrete pillars that support the weight of the structure – as well as a cable system for the coaster's helix finale. The collaboration between Dinn and Summers would later lead to the pair teaming up and forming the Dinn Corporation, a construction firm that designed and built eleven coasters in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

The initial land grading prep work began in May 1978. Vertical construction of the coaster officially began the following month on June 10. By November 9, 1978, approximately 60 percent of the ride was complete, which included both of the ride's lift hills and its three tunnels. By March 1979, the remaining construction work was completed. Materials used throughout the project included 650000 ft of lumber, 82,480 bolts, 5,180 washers, 37500 lb of nails, and 2432 sqyd of poured concrete. The ride cost at least $3.2 million, equivalent to $ million in.

The Beast's final design featured two vertical drops of 135 and 141 ft, and it incorporated an overall elevation change of 201 ft. Its three underground tunnels were designed by Jim Kiosky, with one at the base of the first drop and two more approximately a third of the way into the track layout. The trains were manufactured by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters, Allen's employer, who also implemented their "buzz bar" restraints. An early iteration of the train's design was based on the traditional mine car concept, which employed headlamps at the front of each train. Late changes scrapped the mine car theme in favor of a flame-colored paint scheme, and a sculpted logo was attached at the front in place of the headlamps. The logo, created by national advertising firm Lawler Ballard Little, would receive an award from The Advertising Club of New York later that year.

Early testing revealed issues in the design of the final helix track element. The amount of side acceleration the trains experienced was more than the design intended, so the entire helix was reconstructed with a wider diameter. The delay forced Kings Island to forego the enclosing of the helix, which would eventually happen the following off-season. Also at the first tunnel's exit, it was discovered that additional banking was needed to reduce stress on the structure. Engineers managed to complete the feat overnight, considering most of the coaster's track was relatively close to the ground and large cranes were not needed. In the late 1970s, engineers didn't have the benefit of computerized devices that could measure force, and they didn't use test dummies which are common in modern-day construction. Instead, crew members of The Beast's construction team had to board the ride for test runs and push the train back to the station whenever it stalled.

Opening and early modifications
Several months before its scheduled opening as construction was nearing completion, the attraction was still without a name. Voss often overheard construction crews referring to the project as "a monster" or calling it "a beast of a project". She pitched the idea of naming it "The Beast" to executives who unanimously agreed. To promote the new ride, an animated commercial was released, along with a number of radio contests that granted winners the opportunity to be among the first to ride. After more than three years of planning, design, and construction, The Beast opened to the public on April 14, 1979, the first day of Kings Island's 1979 operating season. At the time, The Beast was the tallest, fastest, and longest wooden roller coaster in the world.

Within a few years of the ride's opening, the configuration of the original trains were modified. They were originally longer, consisting of five cars with four rows each (20 rows), but the longer length negatively impacted navigation along the track and caused a conflict with the ride's safety control system. The trains were shortened to six cars with three rows each (18 rows), reducing the number of riders from 40 to 36. Guests waiting to board in the station will notice that some of the queue gates do not match up to the rows on the train, which is an anomaly that has been present in the station ever since this change was made. The ride also originally featured three underground tunnels, but the second and third were joined together by the second season of operation. The previously-unfinished double helix was also enclosed in time for the second season, resulting in the addition of two separate tunnels.

2000–present
Kings Island unveiled Son of Beast in 2000, marketed as a "sequel" to The Beast, located in another area of the park. It became the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world, as well as the first modern-day wooden coaster to feature an inversion. Although Son of Beast set several new records, The Beast retained its wooden coaster records for length and ride duration. Son of Beast was demolished in 2012 following a series of incidents that halted operation in 2009.

In 2019, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of The Beast, each of its three trains were restored to their original "flame-themed" paint scheme, and the painted paw prints that once lead up to the ride's entrance were also restored. Following the 2021 season, approximately 2000 ft of track was refurbished by The Gravity Group. Two of the ride's signature elements were reprofiled to provide a smoother ride. The first drop was increased from 45 to 53 degrees, affecting the transition from the first tunnel into the second drop, and the helix finale was modified to improve the distribution of force. 1090 ft was completely re-tracked, and the overall length of the ride was slightly increased by 2 ft to 7361 ft.

Queue
After entering through the main entrance, guests proceed down a walkway that winds left. One or two smaller queue areas may be active depending on the number of guests waiting to ride. The path eventually leads up a ramp, in which signs are on display containing historical facts about The Beast. The inside of the station resembles an old mining facility. Warning signs are displayed stating to secure loose articles, along with promotional material with ominous warnings about the upcoming Beast encounter. Guests proceed through one last sub-queue within the station before boarding.

Layout
The train exits the station making a winding right turn and traveling through a switch track – used to divert trains to a covered storage area. A small prop area designed to resemble a mineshaft can be seen on the right as the train passes. A small left turn then leads the train into the first of two chain lift hills, along with a slow climb to 110 ft. Dramatic music is played over a speaker as a recorded announcement reminds guests to remain seated throughout the ride. After cresting the top, the train plunges 135 ft at a 53-degree angle, entering a 125 ft underground tunnel and passing an on-ride camera. This is followed by a sharp left turn into a 63 ft airtime hill with a 72 ft drop at a 32-degree angle.

The train climbs upward, makes a right turn, and speeds into a covered brake shed. A series of magnetic trim brakes engage and slow the train as needed, followed by a turn to the right through a heavily wooded area. Veering left, the track enters a second tunnel that spans 269 ft. A quarter of the tunnel is underground, and the train exits above ground gaining speed and veering right, which leads into another hard right turn on a slight incline. The train descends downhill, rises uphill, and then passes over a set of trim brakes before entering the second lift hill.

After climbing 107 ft, the train turns left and begins a gradual drop at 18.5 degrees. The track tilts to the left as the train enters a double helix that features a highly banked turn to the left. The drop is the longest on the ride, measuring 141 ft. The signature double helix features two long tunnels and turns riders counterclockwise twice at high speeds while ascending. After exiting, the train dips through another small hill into the final brake run before returning to the station.

Records
When it opened in 1979, The Beast set several world records among roller coasters including height, speed, and track length. It still retains the record for length among wooden coasters at 7361 ft, which continues to be recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records. The Beast is also known to have one of the longest ride times at 4 minutes and 10 seconds.

The Beast has held world records for the following:
 * Tallest wooden roller coaster at 110 ft, tied with Screamin' Eagle at Six Flags St. Louis when it opened
 * Longest drop on a wooden roller coaster at 141 ft
 * Fastest wooden roller coaster at 64.8 mph
 * If the brakes were applied, the maximum speed decreased to 51.2 mph.
 * Longest track length on a wooden roller coaster at 7361 ft

Awards and rankings
The Beast has been well received since its debut. Members of American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE), an organization that held one of its first official events at Kings Island in 1979, ranked the roller coaster as the "most outstanding thrill ride" in 1981. Additionally, the coaster ranked second on Roller Coaster magazine's list of the top ten rides in 1988. The Beast has also consistently ranked among the top wooden roller coasters in the world in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication from Amusement Today, placing in the top 10 consecutively for more than two decades.

In 2004, ACE designated The Beast a Roller Coaster Landmark, and there is a plaque commemorating the achievement located near the main entrance to the ride. By 2019, The Beast had accommodated over 54 million riders, which at the time had ranked third among active Kings Island attractions.

title: The Beast (roller coaster)


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Jairzinho

Jair Ventura Filho (born 25 December 1944), better known as Jairzinho, is a Brazilian former professional footballer. A quick, skillful, and powerful right winger known for his finishing ability and eye for goal, he was a key member and leading scorer of the legendary Brazil national team that won the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

Jairzinho was nicknamed The Hurricane (o Furacão) in reference to the way his jersey would shake as he ran down the wing during his playing days. A versatile forward, he was also capable of playing in a variety of other attacking positions, as a main striker, second striker, or even as an attacking midfielder. He was known for his large afro towards the later stages of his career, as well as his burst of pace, dribbling, ball skills, finishing ability, shot power and physical strength due to his large muscular build. He is widely considered one of the greatest Brazilian players of all time.

Due to the economic and political situation of the time, as well as the Sport Legislation, Jairzinho played most of his club football in South America where he spent eleven years at Rio de Janeiro club Botafogo. He went on to play in Europe for Olympique de Marseille during the final years of his career, a common pattern for South American players until the 1980s, when the economic and political situation changed. Jairzinho replaced his footballing idol Garrincha in both the Botafogo and Brazil teams, and played in three consecutive World Cups: 1966, 1970 and 1974.

Early years
Jair Ventura Filho was born on 25 December 1944 in Rio de Janeiro, Jairzinho's family left Duque de Caxias for Rio in the late 50s. Living on Rua General Severiano where he went through the youth setup at local club Botafogo.

Botafogo
Jairzinho started his football career in 1958 aged 13 assigned to the Botafogo youth teams and working as a ball boy for the first team. He made his professional debut with the club as a striker at the age of fifteen in 1960. His idol Garrincha, whom he would eventually replace for both club and country, also played at Botafogo, albeit in Jairzinho's preferred position on the right wing. This resulted in Jairzinho spending most of his early games playing on the left wing or as a centre forward. However, he would fill in as a right winger, by far his strongest position, when Garrincha was injured.

Jairzinho finally established himself as a Botafogo regular in 1965 aged 21 and was seen as a phenomenal rising star to the entire nation. During this young age he was already playing with Brazil and Botafogo superstars such as Gérson, Mario Zagallo and Garrincha.

In 1968, Botafogo won the Brazilian double. Winners of the 1968 Campeonato Carioca and the Taça Guanabara in which Jairzinho would score 9 goals in 11 games. By this time Garrincha had already left Botafogo in 1966 and would enable Jairzinho to play in his natural right wing position. Botafogo would then top off the year with a 3rd trophy towards the end of the year winning the 1968 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (Taça Brasil) The following 1969 Campeonato Carioca season he would score 7 goals, progressing onto the next 1970 Campeonato Carioca just before the World Cup Jairzinho would finish Botafogo's top scorer with 9 goals.

After Jairzinho's excellent display in Mexico at the 1970 FIFA World Cup more eyes of the world were focused on his Botofogo side. In the final four years of his time at Botafogo he'd prove to finalise himself as one of the club's most prolific goalscorers in the history of single starred Brazilian club, scoring 186 goals in 416 appearances with a goals per game ratio of 0,45. He ranks 6th in all time top goal scorers for Botafogo. One of his most standout performances starred in 1972 in which he scored a hattrick vs Flamengo during a famous 6–0 victory, one of the most memorable in Botafogo's history. In the same year he would also receive the Bronze Award for the South American Footballer of the Year.

Marseille
In 1974, when the sports legislation in Brazil finally changed, Jairzinho made a 1,250,000 FF (€300,000, £250,000) move to Ligue 1 side Olympique de Marseille, in October. One of the most expensive signings at the time, along with his Botafogo and Brazil teammate Paulo Cézar Caju.

Jairzinho was welcomed as a superstar by the OM fans, the day before his debut game against AS Monaco more than 10,000 fans came to attend the training session in order to watch his first moments at the club. Jairzinho scored in his first game vs Monaco in a 4–1 victory and was immediately seen as a prominent world class winger to dominate European football.

Jairzinho would go on to score 9 goals in only 18 league games, also notably delivering a memorable performance against FC Nantes in a victory 4–0 in the Coupe de France, scoring 2 goals. Though he made an impact with his goals and aura, his time ended shortly at the French side due to a scuffle in which both Jairzinho and Caju were allegedly found guilty of attacking one of the assistant referees, after a 2–2 draw in the first leg of the Coupe de France quarter-final against Paris Saint-Germain. The Groupement du football professionnel (the former LFP) suspended him and Caju for one year (plus one suspended), thus end up leaving in the summer of 1975.

Kaizer Chiefs
According to Jairzinho, Kaizer Chiefs co-owner Ewert Nene invited him to play a few games in reaction to his Marseille departure. Jairzinho agreed a short term deal until the start of 1976.

The stadium atmosphere each time he went on the pitch, the warm welcome, and the fact that he was "treated like a king" were the key reasons he agreed to sign, he subsequently said in an interview with the South African newspaper "Soccer Laduma" in 2018.

Jairzinho rarely played for the Chiefs though in only 3 league games, he scored 7 goals during his time in South Africa.

Cruzeiro
After the end of Jairzinho's contract in South Africa, he would finally rejoin his home country and reestablish himself as the world class forward he was known for. Jairzinho signed with Cruzeiro at the beginning of 1976, just days before the season campaign started.

Jairzinho would score 31 goals in 43 games across all competitions, finishing 2nd highest goal scorer in the 1976 Copa Libertadores with 12 goals in 12 appearances whilst also winning the trophy, the first one for the brazilian club. Cruzeiro would then go on to play and ultimately be defeated at the 1976 Intercontinental Cup against Bayern Munich, losing the first leg 2–0 in Germany and drawing 0–0 at home.

Jairzinho would only spend a year at Cruzeiro, however a successful period.

Portuguesa
Jairzinho, while aged 32 and still seen as a naturally gifted player, surprised his pairs when joining Venezuelan side Portuguesa in 1977.

Jairzinho made Portuguesa one of the greatest teams in Venezuelan history, helping Portuguesa win a record 16 games in a row and their fourth of five championships. He scored 22 league goals within 24 games, including 3 hattricks.

Noroeste and Fast Clube
Towards the final stages of his career, Jairzinho would have a brief spell at Brazilian club Noroeste competing in the 1978 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, in which Jairzinho would score 10 goals.

A year later Jairzinho would join 2nd tier Campeonato Amazonense side Fast Clube and would score another 10 goals throughout the year.

Jorge Wilstermann and return to Botafogo
In 1980, Jairzinho signed for Bolivian side Club Deportivo Jorge Wilstermann aged 35, scoring 6 goals in the Bolivian league campaign.

In 1981, Jairzinho would return to Botafogo for the last true season of his career in which he would be idolised by the upcoming youth players. He would score 1 goal in a friendly match in 1981 however featured in no competitive arrangement.

International career

Jairzinho made his international debut as a 19 year old in 1964 against Portugal, again when Garrincha was injured. He played in the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England, however with Garrincha back in the side he played as a left winger. Jairzinho struggled to be effective in this position especially at his young age, and he couldn't prevent Brazil from exiting the competition at the first round. When, after the tournament, Garrincha announced his retirement from international football, Jairzinho finally took over his idol's role for Brazil on the right wing. Jairzinho scored 2 goals out of the 6 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

Now in his favourite position, Jairzinho became a far more effective and consistent performer for country. At the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, Jairzinho was one of stars of the tournament. He made history by scoring in every game Brazil played in for the Seleção, for which he received the epithet "Furacão da Copa" (World Cup Hurricane). His second goal vs Czechoslovakia was one of the best goals of the tournament, completing an incredible solo run, beating a total of 4 players to unleash a powerful low driven shot to ripple the bottom left corner, which goes down as one of the most memorable goals in World Cup history.

He scored his seventh goal of the tournament in Brazil's 4–1 world cup win over Italy in the final. However, his impressive goals tally at the finals were not enough to win the Golden Boot, which went to Germany's Gerd Müller, who scored ten goals. Jairzinho has claimed that FIFA awarded him a "best body on the planet" prize for his athleticism; however, FIFA has no record of this award.

Jairzinho scored two goals in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, which would prove to be his last World Cup for Brazil. The third-place final was his last match for Brazil until he was given a one-off farewell cap against Czechoslovakia on March 3, 1982 in a game which Brazil drew 1–1. He scored 33 goals in 81 games during his international career.

Style of play

Jairzinho was feared as a versatile forward who could cause damage and impose a severe goal threat from any position on the field. He possessed high athlete level pace and a quick burst of acceleration, an excellent first touch and direct dribbling ability, however Jairzinho's most unique attribute was his strength.

On countless occasions many opposition defences would attempt to double up on Jairzinho and try deny him space in an effort to deny his direct goal threat imposed by his athleticism. He would apply himself as a hard working team player who would consistently track back and use his body structure to prevent opposition counter attacks by blocking or tracking runs.

Jairzinho's movement off the ball was one of the key aspects on which he accumulated so many goals throughout his career. In the 1970 FIFA World Cup he displayed his attacking instincts, especially with his goal vs England which earned Brazil the victory and broke the deadlock. The secondary run off Pelé for him to strike a powerful top left corner finish displayed his threat in front of goal as well as his overall attacking intelligence.

His finishing ability was regularly acclaimed by many coaches and teammates. The timing, accuracy and power Jairzinho would develop behind his shooting were almost perfect and very challenging for goalkeepers to reach at full stretch. He also possessed powerful and accurate shots with his left foot which acclaimed him as a complete forward.

As well as his effective attacking play Jairzinho possessed many talents on the ball and what many destined as "phenomenal technical ability". One of his signature moves included flicking the ball up from a pass in open play within the boundaries of the opposition box and cushioning the ball perfectly for an open shot. In terms of technical ability he also possessed smart creativity, which was best displayed from the cross Jairzinho put in for Pelé vs England following the famous Gordon Banks save. Some claim Jairzinho is one of the most complete forwards of all time.

Managerial career

After retiring as a footballer, Jairzinho became a coach and managed a number of youth teams in his native Brazil. He also worked in Japan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In 1997, Jairzinho began his first journey as manager in Europe being appointed at Greek Super League club Kalamata. He was sacked due to poor results, his side relegated at the end of the season. Jairzinho was named head coach of the Gabon national team. However, he was sacked by Gabon's Football Federation after a crushing defeat against Angola in a World Cup 2006 Qualifier held in Luanda. Perhaps his greatest achievement as a coach was spotting Ronaldo as a 14-year-old whilst he was coaching São Cristóvão. He kick-started the career of the future three-time FIFA World Player of the Year by recommending him to Cruzeiro, his former side, and the Brazil youth team.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first.

Personal life
Jairzinho's son, also known as Jair Ventura, is also a former footballer who managed Corinthians, Botafogo and Santos.

Club
Botafogo
 * Campeonato Brasileiro: 1968
 * Campeonato Carioca: 1961, 1962, 1967, 1968
 * Torneio Rio – São Paulo: 1964, 1966
 * Torneio de Caracas: 1967, 1968, 1970

Cruzeiro
 * Campeonato Mineiro: 1975
 * Copa Libertadores: 1976

Jorge Wilstermann
 * Bolivian Primera División: 1980, 1981

International
Brazil
 * FIFA World Cup: 1970
 * Pan American Games: 1963
 * Independence Cup: 1972

Individual

 * FIFA World Cup Silver Boot: 1970
 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1970
 * World XI: 1971, 1972
 * South American Player of the Year: Bronze award 1972
 * World Soccer: 27th Greatest Player of the 20th Century
 * IFFHS Brazilian Player of the 20th Century (19th place)
 * Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame

title: Jairzinho


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Singapore Premier League

The Singapore Premier League, commonly abbreviated as SPL, (officially known as the AIA Singapore Premier League for sponsorship reasons), is a men's professional football league sanctioned by the Football Association of Singapore (FAS), which represents the sport's highest level in the Singapore football league system.

The competition was founded as the S. League on 14 April 1996 after the FAS announced its intention to promote and expand the growing local football community by having a top level domestic league. As of 2022, the league comprises eight clubs, consisting of three rounds in which each team plays every other team once. Seasons run from late March to October, with teams playing 21 matches each, totalling 147 matches in the season.

Successful SPL clubs gain qualification into Asian continental club competitions, including the AFC Champions League Two. SPL currently does not practice promotion and relegation. Since the league's inception in 1996, 7 clubs have been crowned champions. Warriors FC have been the most successful club with 9 titles, followed by Albirex Niigata Singapore (6),Tampines Rovers (5), Lion City Sailors (3), Geylang International (2), DPMM (2) and Étoile (1). The current champions are Albirex Niigata, the Japanese satellite team, having won their fifth S-League title in the 2023 season.

Origins
Singapore had been represented in the Malaysia Cup through the Singapore Lions since 1921. The Lions were one of the most successful teams in the competition, having won it 24 times from 1921 to 1994. Following a dispute over gate receipts between the FAS and FAM after winning the league and cup double in 1994, the Lions withdrew from the Malaysian competitions.

Subsequently, the Football Association of Singapore decided to build a professional league system. However, as it was estimated to take about a year to put in place the structure of a professional league, the Singapore Lions were given match practice in what was then the top level of domestic football, the semi-professional FAS Premier League. This team won the last FAS Premier League title, finishing the season unbeaten.

Inaugural season
The S.League was founded in 1996. The FAS invited applications for clubs to compete in the newly formed league. Eight successful applications were made. Two clubs from the Premier League – powerhouse Geylang International (renamed Geylang United; 6 consecutive Premier League titles) and Balestier United (renamed Balestier Central – joined six from the amateur National Football League – Police SA, Singapore Armed Forces (SAFFC), Tampines Rovers, Tiong Bahru United, Wellington (renamed Woodlands Wellington) and Sembawang Rangers (merger of Gibraltar Crescent and Sembawang SC) – for the inaugural edition of the S.League. The season was split into the two series. Tiger Beer Series winners Geylang United defeated Pioneer Series winners SAFFC 2–1 in the end of season championship playoff to be crowned the 1st S.League champions. The 30,000 crowd at the playoff remains the record attendance in the S.League.

Expansion of the league
Police FC renamed themselves as Home United for the 1997 season to reflect their representation of not only the Singapore Police Force, but also other HomeTeam Departments of the Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs such as the SCDF and the ICA. NFL side Jurong Town, who renamed themselves Jurong FC, joined the competition taking the number of participating clubs to 9. The league switched from its previous format to a round-robin competition. Singapore Armed Forces won their first title.

Gombak United and Marine Castle United joined the S.League in 1998, further taking the number of clubs to 11. Tiong Bahru United renamed themselves to Tanjong Pagar United at the start of the season. Singapore Armed Forces won their second consecutive title.

Clementi Khalsa joined the S.League in 1999 as a representative of the Sikh community in Singapore. The league took on 12 teams for the next five years. Home United won their first title.

Invited clubs
During the 2000s, the FAS decided to invite foreign clubs to the league to increase league competitiveness. Sinchi, a side composed of Chinese players became the first foreign club to participate in 2003. Chinese national Shi Jiayi and Qiu Li went on to become naturalised Singapore players.

Sporting Afrique, a club made up of African players, and Super Reds, a side comprising South Korean players, became the third and fourth foreign clubs to join the competition in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Sporting Afrique were refused entry into the 2007 S.League due to off-field controversies and poor performance. In 2010, Super Reds were denied a place after three seasons following attempts to convert into a team of local players.

Chinese Super League clubs Liaoning (2007), Dalian Shide (2008) and Beijing Guoan (2010) entered their feeder clubs in the S.League. All three clubs each lasted one season before being pulled out of the league due to poor performances and disciplinary issues. Bruneian club DPMM joined the S.League in 2009 before being pulled from the league as a result of a FIFA ban. They re-entered the league from 2012. They were the first club to base themselves outside of Singapore. In 2010, French club Étoile became the first foreign side to win the S.League. Etoile pulled out of the S.League prior to the 2012 season to focus on grassroots football and youth development.

In 2012, Malaysia national youth sides Harimau Muda A and Harimau Muda B joined the S.League following an agreement between the Football Association of Singapore and the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) to send their representative sides into their respective domestic competitions. Singaporean side LionsXII returned to the Malaysian competitions in 2012. Echoing the former Singapore FA, the LionsXII quickly became a successful force in the Malaysian league system during its short stint, winning the league title in 2013 as well as the FA Cup in 2015.

However, on 25 November 2015, the FAM decided not to extend their Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the FAS. This automatically disqualified LionsXII from further entering any football tournament in Malaysia. Similarly, Malaysia's squad Harimau Muda did not participate in the Singapore League from then onwards.

J.League club Albirex Niigata entered their feeder club Albirex Niigata Singapore in the 2004 S.League. The club became the most established foreign side in the S.League, drawing on the support the Japanese expatriate community and some local fans. As of 2023, they are the foreign side with the longest involvement in Singaporean football.

20th season
The league took on a number of changes for the 2015 season to increase its competitiveness. The number of clubs was reduced from 12 to 10, with the withdrawal of Tanjong Pagar United due to financial problems, and the merger of Woodlands Wellington and Hougang United. The league returned to a three-round format used from 2001 to 2011. The foreign player quota remained at five per club, but incentives were given to those who signed an under-21 player. The passing time for the mandatory 2.4 km fitness test was lowered from 10 mins to 9 mins 45 s. A new rule on age restrictions – a maximum of five players aged 30 and above and a minimum of three under-25 players for clubs with a 22-man squad, a maximum of four players aged 30 and above and a minimum of two under-25 players for clubs with a 20-man squad – was later reversed.

Rebranding as Singapore Premier League (2018–present)
The league was rebranded as the Singapore Premier League on 21 March 2018. Further revamps were also made to see a greater emphasis on local youth players in a bid to strengthen the national side; this, in effect, has resulted in a number of senior as well as local and foreign stars being purchased by overseas clubs.

Singapore Premier League clubs can sign a maximum of four foreign players in the 2020 season, up from three as compared in the 2019 season. In the 2022 season, All eight team will play a four-round format for the first time in its entire league history. The 2024–25 Singapore Premier League season will be the first season to have a two-year schedule in the league history.

Structure
Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored.

At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned league champion. If the points, goal difference, goals scored, and head-to-head results between teams are equal, head-to-head records between the teams are used, followed by a better fair play record.

There is no relegation or promotion system in the league. Clubs enter the Singapore Premier League by invitation of the Football Association of Singapore.

Clubs
A total of 25 clubs have played in the league from its inception in 1996 up to and including the 2022 season. The following 9 clubs are competing in the league during the 2023 season. There are two non-Singaporean clubs that currently compete in the Singapore Premier League – Albirex Niigata (S) is a satellite team of the Japanese club of the same name and DPMM of the Brunei.

Balestier Khalsa, Geylang International and Tampines Rovers are clubs that have played in all 28 seasons of the Singapore Premier League as of 2024.

Former clubs
Years indicates seasons active in the league.

Invited clubs
Years indicates seasons active in the league Domestic based are foreign clubs which are based in Singapore.

Sponsorship
After an inaugural season with no sponsorship, the league was sponsored by Great Eastern from 2009 until 2018 where Yeo's and Hyundai become the joint sponsorship, during which time it was known as the Great Eastern-Yeo's S.League and the Great Eastern-Hyundai S.League. In 2019, Hong Kong-based multinational insurance and finance corporation sponsored the league as their main sponsor.

For the 2018 season, the league was rebranded the Singapore Premier League.

Qualification for Asian competitions
The league's winners qualify for the AFC Champions League, while Singapore Cup winners qualify for the AFC Cup playoff spot. In the event of the same club winning both the S.League and Singapore Cup, the runners-up of the league takes up the AFC Cup qualification spot. Foreign clubs are ineligible to represent the Football Association of Singapore in AFC continental competitions. The qualification spot is given to the next best-placed local club in the league if a foreign club wins any of the two competitions.

Past champions
The league has seen five clubs win the title since its inception. Warriors FC (formerly Singapore Armed Forces FC) hold the most titles at nine. In 2010, Étoile became the first foreign side to win the competition.

* The inaugural season of the S.League was split into two series. The winners of each series completed in a championship playoff in which Geylang United defeated Singapore Armed Forces to claim the first S.League title.

Type of awards in the Singapore Premier League

 * Player of the Year
 * Young Player of the Year
 * Coach of the Year
 * Team of the Year
 * Goal of the Year
 * Top Scorer
 * Golden Glove
 * Fair Play Award
 * People's Choice Award
 * Dollah Kassim Award

All-time league table
The all-time Singapore Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the league since its inception in 1996. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2023 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2024/25 season.

 * a: Does not include the title playoff match at the end of 1996 Season. Geylang United defeated Singapore Armed Forces 2–1 to clinch the S.League title.
 * b: Sinchi FC had 3 points deducted for gross misconduct in 2005.
 * c: Woodlands Wellington had 6 points deducted for match walkout in 2007.
 * d: 2009 results involving DPMM were annulled due to a FIFA ban so season its not calculated.
 * e: Young Lions and Beijing Guoan Talent had 5 points deducted each for gross misconduct in 2010.
 * f: Étoile and Hougang United had 5 points deducted each for pre-match brawl in 2011.
 * g: Lion City Sailors is part of a new entity club from the 2020 season onwards.

Team records

 * Most titles: 9, Warriors
 * Most consecutive title wins: 4, Warriors (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
 * Biggest title-winning margin: 23 points, 2018; Albirex Niigata (S) (66 points) over Home United (43 points)
 * Smallest title-winning margin: 1998 season; 0 points and +5 goal difference
 * – SAFFC (+29) over Tanjong Pagar United (+24) Both finished on 46 points, but SAFFC won the title with a superior goal difference, the only time that goal difference has decided the League title in history.
 * Most points in a season: 84 points, SAFFC (2002)
 * Most wins in total: 389, Tampines Rovers
 * Most wins in a season: 26, SAFFC (2002)
 * The biggest home win: 9–0
 * SAFFC 9–0 Sembawang Rangers (15 June 2002)
 * Tampines Rovers 9–0 Tanjong Pagar United (16 March 2004)
 * The biggest away win: 1–10
 * Young Lions 1–10 Lion City Sailors (13 August 2022)
 * Matches with most goals: 4–9
 * Hougang United 4–9 Lion City Sailors (26 August 2022)
 * Most defeats in total: 371, Balestier Khalsa
 * Most defeats in a season: 25, Gombak United (2002)
 * Most draws in total: 120, Woodlands Wellington
 * Most goals scored in a season: 104
 * SAFFC (2002)
 * Home United (2003)
 * Most goals conceded in a season: 103, Young Lions (2022)
 * Fewest goals conceded in a season: 11, Tampines Rovers (2020)

 * Matches with most bookings: 13, Étoile vs Woodlands Wellington (11 March 2010)
 * Match days with most bookings: 37 yellow cards, 1 red card – 2010 season: Matchday 30
 * Match day with most sending off: 4 red cards – 2015 season: Matchday 17
 * Matches with most penalties: 4
 * Tanjong Pagar United vs Young Lions (1 October 2022)
 * Harimau Muda A vs Woodlands Wellington (15 April 2012)
 * Matches with the highest number of spectators: 18,942
 * Albirex Niigata (S) 2–1 Tampines Rovers (at Singapore National Stadium on 31 March 2018)
 * Match days with the most goals: 37 – 2002 season: Matchday 28
 * Match days with the least goals: 11 – 2000 season: Matchday 11
 * Most Golden Boot Winners: 9
 * SAFFC (1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009)
 * Most Golden Gloves Winners: 8
 * Albirex Niigata (S) (2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023)

Player records

 * Most league appearances: 518, Daniel Bennett
 * Most goals scored: 385, Aleksandar Đurić
 * Most league titles won: 8, Aleksandar Đurić
 * Top goal scorer in a single league season: 39, Mirko Grabovac (During the 2001 season)
 * Most different clubs played for: 8
 * Farizal Basri (Tampines Rovers, Young Lions, SAFFC, Balestier Khalsa, Geylang United, Sengkang Punggol, Home United and Woodlands Wellington)
 * Oldest player:
 * Alizanda Sitom, 46 years 9 months 26 days old (for DPMM vs Home United on 25 May 2017)
 * Oldest outfield player:
 * Daniel Bennett, 44 years 9 months 13 days old (for Tanjong Pagar United vs Tampines Rovers on 20 October 2022)
 * Oldest goal scorers:
 * Daniel Bennett ~ 44 years 7 months 27 days old (On 3 September 2022 vs Hougang United)
 * Youngest player:
 * Nathan Mao, 15 years 5 days old (for Lion City Sailors vs Tampines Rovers on 31 March 2023)
 * Youngest Goal scorers:
 * Hakeme Yazid Said, 16 years 5 months 25 days old (for DPMM vs Geylang International on 2 August 2019)
 * Most seasons appeared in: 26
 * Daniel Bennett (every season from 1996 to 2022)
 * Most Successful debuts:
 * John Wilkinson (scored 4 goals on his Geylang United debut against Home United on 1 March 2005)
 * Most Unsuccessful debuts:
 * Stanely Ng (Red card within 4 minutes into his debut for Geylang United against Young Lions on 3 March 2011)
 * Number of matches that a outfield player that haven't yet scored a goal: 219
 * Nor Azli Yusoff (for Young Lions, Balestier Khalsa, Gombak United, Hougang United, Home United, Tanjong Pagar United and Geylang International)

Manager records

 * Most league title won by a coach: 4
 * Richard Bok (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
 * Kazuaki Yoshinaga (2017, 2018, 2022, 2023)
 * Most matches by a coach: 123
 * Jörg Steinebrunner (with Woodlands Wellington, Sengkang Punggol, Geylang International and Warriors)

As of 8 July 2024 As of 8 July 2024""""
 * Youngest Manager: 29 years 5 months 22 days
 * Gavin Lee (for Tampines Rovers vs Balestier Khalsa on 1 March 2020)
 * Oldest Manager: 69 years 7 months 4 days
 * Radojko Avramović (for Home United vs Young Lions on 3 July 2019)
 * Record transfers fee: Diego Lopes (€1.8 million transfer from Rio Ave on 21 January 2021)
 * Record transfers fee received: Fazrul Nawaz (€45,000 transfer to Hougang United on 13 July 2018)

Notable foreign player

 * Foreigner that naturalised as a Singaporean is not counted in the list.
 * Only applicable as a player and not as a coach after their retirement.

title: Singapore Premier League


text:
Moti Lal Dhar

Moti Lal Dhar ( 22 October 1914 – 20 January 2002) was an eminent drug chemist, and science administrator in India. He remained Director Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow from 1960 until his retirement in 1972 and he has been the only Kashmiri Pandit to serve as Vice- Chancellor, of Banaras Hindu University, B.H.U.

title: Moti Lal Dhar


text: Category:Television shows based on novels


text:
Music of Ontario

As the Canadian province with the largest population, Ontario has a particularly prominent role in Canadian music. The provincial capital city of Toronto, Canada's largest municipality, is home to much of the English Canadian music industry and many individual musicians, and the most popular destination for musicians from other parts of Canada, besides French-Canadian musicians, looking to advance their careers. Toronto also supports Canadian music as the centre of English language media in Canada. Hamilton, Ottawa, Kingston and Guelph have also been important centres for Canadian music.

In classical music, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, and the National Arts Centre Orchestra are two of the most renowned orchestras in the world. Many smaller Ontario cities have orchestras of their own as well. The Canadian Opera Company, also based in Toronto, is the country's largest and most influential producer of opera productions.

Other institutions in the province include the Royal Conservatory of Music, MuchMusic, and concert venues such as Roy Thomson Hall, Massey Hall and the National Arts Centre. Record labels in the province include MapleMusic, DROG Records, Duke Street, Sonic Unyon, Three Gut, Zunior, Linus Entertainment, and the Canadian divisions of most major international labels.

Ontario music organizations

 * Central Ontario Musicians' Association
 * Country Music Association of Ontario
 * Folk Music Ontario
 * MusicOntario
 * Ontario Arts Council
 * Ontario Music Association
 * Toronto Alliance for the Performing Arts
 * Toronto Musicians' Association
 * Toronto Symphony Orchestra
 * Ontario Music Festivals Association

Music festivals

 * Boots and Hearts Music Festival
 * Burlington's Sound of Music Festival
 * Goderich Celtic Roots Festival
 * Hamilton Supercrawl
 * Havelock Country Jamboree
 * Mariposa Folk Festival
 * Northern Lights Festival Boréal
 * Ottawa Bluesfest
 * OVO Fest
 * Rock the Park

Music education
Schools of music in Ontario include, at the university level:
 * Don Wright Faculty of Music, University of Western Ontario, London
 * Queen's School of Music, Queen's University, Kingston
 * University of Toronto Faculty of Music, University of Toronto (St. George campus), Toronto

At the higher education level excluding universities:
 * Conservatory Canada, London
 * Fanshawe College's Music Industry Arts program, Fanshawe College, London
 * The Glenn Gould School, Toronto
 * Harris Institute of Music, Toronto
 * Humber College Faculty of Media and Creative Arts, Toronto
 * Metalworks Institute, Mississauga
 * Pandit Jasraj Institute of Music Toronto
 * The Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto
 * Thamil Isai Kalaamanram, Toronto
 * Trebas Institute, Toronto

Closed institutions:
 * Canadian Conservatory of Music, Ottawa
 * Royal Hamilton College of Music

Musicians
For a list of musicians and musical groups from Ontario, please see List of Ontario musicians.

title: Music of Ontario


text:
Cattaraugus

Cattaraugus (an Iroquoian word roughly translated to "foul-smelling banks") may refer to:

 * Places
 * Cattaraugus, New York
 * Cattaraugus County, New York
 * Cattaraugus Creek, a tributary of Lake Erie in New York
 * Cattaraugus Reservation, one of the two major reservations of the Seneca Nation of New York
 * Cattaraugus Reservation, Cattaraugus County, New York
 * Cattaraugus Reservation, Chautauqua County, New York
 * Cattaraugus Reservation, Erie County, New York
 * Canawaugus, New York, a former Seneca village in Livingston County, New York, using an alternate pronunciation and spelling

 * Other
 * Cattaraugus Cutlery Company

title: Cattaraugus


text:
Talk:Music of Ontario

{| width=100% cellspacing=10 style="background:none;" ! style="border:1px solid #bfd7ff; background-color:#e1edff; padding:0.2em 0.4em; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; "|This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Music of Ontario article. (This is not a forum for general discussion) {| width=100% cellspacing=10 style="background:none;" ! style="border:1px solid #bfd7ff; background-color:#e1edff; padding:0.2em 0.4em; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"|If you feel that you can have positive contributions to articles about  Canadian music, become a member of the Canadian music WikiProject. Simply join the list of members. If you don't know what to write or where to begin, or if you have doubts or ideas on how to improve any article about Canadian music, please address the project's discussion forum.

Musician list
I created the page List of Ontario musicians and moved the artist list there. - Haunti 02:37, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

???
Who wrote this a Torontonian? There's more to Ontario than Toronto. Jonzo12 23:59, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Music Education
There has been many adjustments and policies developed to help support music education within the school programs (Mihailidis, 2013, p. 21). The music curriculum is consistently being reviewed to help adapt to the dynamic nature of the music community and push young individuals to succeed (Merkley, 2009). In 2008 the music curriculum policy was revised to develop a better music education program within the schools and issue much needed funding where required. The then Minster of Education Kathleen Wynee spoke that this revised program would engage with the government’s goal of increasing academic achievement (Merkley, 2009). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blogger2021 (talk • contribs) 04:35, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:43, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music of Ontario


text:
Alexandrian

Alexandrian may refer to:
 * People, objects or culture of Alexandria, Egypt
 * A regional stage in the Silurian geological period

title: Alexandrian


text: User talk:68.102.118.6

title: User talk:68.102.118.6


text:
Harmonia Sacra

Harmonia Sacra is a Mennonite shape note hymn and tune book, originally published as A Compilation of Genuine Church Music in 1832 (Singers Glen, Virginia) by Joseph Funk (1778–1862).

The original publication was a "four-shape" shape note book using the shapes and syllables "faw, sol, law, and mi". Funk designed A Compilation of Genuine Church Music for use in singing schools. It contained 208 pages, including rudiments of music and tunes harmonized for three voices. Funk released a second edition in 1835, and a third in 1842. The 1847 fourth edition was the first publication by Joseph Funk and Sons at Singers Glen. The name was changed to Harmonia Sacra in 1851, using the original title as a subtitle. In 1851, Funk also changed from the four-shapes to the seven-shape shape note system. Rather than adopt the Aikin system, Funk devised his own. Further editions were released, including 1860, 1866, 1878, 1980 and 1993. In 1866, called the 12th edition, the three voice parts were expanded to four. After 1878 (17th edition), the rudiments of music were deleted. In 1980, the 24th edition, the format was changed, changing the old four stave oblong tunebook to an upright modern soprano-alto-tenor-bass format. The 25th edition (1993) restored the old oblong tunebook format, as well as the rudiments of music and 27 three-voice hymns from the first and second editions. A newly typeset 26th edition is available. An online edition of the 26th edition provides tunes in both four- and seven-shape settings.

According to the Mennonite Encyclopedia this "music textbook ... has reached a total issue of nearly 100,000 copies." The book is still is in use by Mennonites today. Most singings are held in the Dayton-Harrisonburg area of Virginia.

title: Harmonia Sacra


text:
One True Voice

One True Voice were a British boy band created on the ITV television series Popstars: The Rivals.

Popstars: The Rivals
In the show, single gender pop groups were created through a public vote and competed in the UK Singles Chart for the 2002 Christmas number one single. One True Voice's debut single was double A-side "Sacred Trust / After You're Gone" which competed against ‘girl group’ Girls Aloud and their debut song "Sound of the Underground". Upon release, Girls Aloud topped the chart and One True Voice reached number two.

After Popstars: The Rivals
In June 2003, Daniel Pearce left the group to pursue a solo career. The band released a further single in 2003, however after cancelling a tour due to poor ticket sales, the group topped a poll for "Britain's Worst Group". By August 2003, the group had fully disbanded without releasing an album.

Members

 * Anton Gordon (born 6 May 1983, 40 years old) auditioned for The X Factor in 2006, but did not make it through the preliminary screening. He continues with musical projects under the name of Anton Romero, including a joint single with Winta entitled "Hot Romance (Rok With You)".

 * Matt Johnson (born 14 April 1985, 38 years old) signed a solo contract with Jive Records after One True Voice, but left the label after being unhappy with the music direction and is currently signed to his own record label Tristar Records which has a distribution deal with Believe Digital since 2013. Matt released a single Get Over You on 29 July 2016, produced by Steve Power

 * Daniel Pearce (born 29 May 1978, 45 years old) played a lead role in the musical Jailhouse Rock in London's West End. Pearce auditioned for the 6th series of The X Factor in 2009, by singing Seal's "Kiss From a Rose". He made it through the auditions, boot camp (singing Prince's "Purple Rain") and eventually made it to Judges' Houses (singing George Michael's "Praying for Time"). His mentor Simon Cowell, however, did not choose him for the finals. He was a backing singer for Dizzee Rascal when he performed on Jools Hollands 2009/2010 Hootenanny and also on the Top of the Pops 2009 show when he sang on the track "Holiday". He continues to be a backing singer for Dizzee Rascal and appeared on his No.1 hit "Dirtee Disco".

 * Keith Semple (born 20 September 1981, 42 years old) initially reformed his pre-OTV band, the Keith Semple Band, then fronted the band Alibi. After moving to Chicago, he performed with the band 7th Heaven between 2006 and 2012. In 2010, he successfully auditioned for ninth season of American Idol, singing "Heaven" by Bryan Adams. But due to immigration status problems, he lost his spot on the program due to US legal status and residency considerations. In 2013 he launched his own new band SEMPLE focusing on his original music and in 2015 appeared in the season 9 of the American series The Voice as part of Team Adam. In the Battle Round, Semple paired against Manny Cabo. In the Knockout Round, Semple paired against Dustin Christensen.

 * Jamie Shaw (12 February 1985, 39 years old) continued to produce music. On 28 April 2006, he released his solo single "Different" through Rockin' Nation Music. In the UK, he supported the Backstreet Boys for some of their live dates. In May 2006, he was on tour in Germany and Austria with boyband US5 for 18 shows. He moved from music into television and has worked for the BBC since 2014. He currently works as Executive Publicity Assistant on works in Cardiff on the BBC programmes Doctor Who and its spin-off Class.

Media
A Sky One documentary One True Voice: Pop Go The Rivals? followed the band on their 2003 publicity tour, and their search for a paid manager to replace Pete Waterman, inherited from the television competition.

title: One True Voice


text:
Talk:Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble

Name change
Minor topic for discussion: should this be listed under "Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble" or "Kirby's Tilt 'n' Tumble"? I originally listed it under the latter, since this is how it appears on the official website ; however, User:Jason One moved it to the former. At any rate, I am uncertain which is correct. Any thoughts? MIT Trekkie 03:29, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi MIT Trekkie. Yes, I moved it. Nintendo's site is wrong -- the title is really just "Kirby." See the box art at Amazon.com for proof. Jason One 03:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, figures they'd have it wrong on that stupid website. Thanks. MIT Trekkie 03:35, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gyro
I don't see the word "gyro" anywhere in this article. I mean, it uses a gyro, should that be mentioned? --gakon5 (talk)
 * Does it use a gyro though? It looks to me like it used accelerometers (especially for the jumping). --Thaddius (talk) 13:25, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Found a source and added it. --Thaddius (talk) 13:48, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Why...
does this page link to Banjo-Pilot? --71.8.199.242 (talk) 06:48, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Reference material
Found this: Game Informer review. JimmyBlackwing (talk) 01:36, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Citation needed-Kirby tilt n Rumble sequel for gcn/ds
there is a citation needed for the tilt n rumble sequel the following is footage of it from spacworld 2001 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rLhIwp2iGk Dude22072 (talk) 22:09, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

Removed uncited opinion that playing by tilting a Gamecube is "impractical"
I removed the phrase "which is impractical" from the end of the sentence "Since the sensors are inside the cartridge, the only way to play it on the Game Boy Player is to pick up and tilt the GameCube itself" as it would seem to be an uncited opinion. As a source suggesting the contrary I point to the Summer Games Done Quick 2015 speedrun of the game where playing by tilting the Gamecube is both discussed and demonstrated: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Csnrs9i3ALc — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.17.174 (talk) 15:26, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

tot
Not sure what is meant by "Similar tot was planned to require the" but tot is clearly wrong.  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  12:36, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble


text:
Tadeusz Sulimirski

Tadeusz Józef Sulimirski (1 April 1898 – 20 June 1983) was a Polish-born British historian and archaeologist, who emigrated to the United Kingdom soon after the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Sulimirski was a pioneer and leading expert in the study of the archaeology of steppe nomads, particularly the Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians.

Early life
Tadeusz Joseph Sulimirski was born on 1 April 1898 in the town of Kobylany, which was then part of the Austria-Hungary. He belonged to Polish nobility, the szlachta. He received his primary education in Chyrów. From 1916 to 1920, Sulimirski served in the Polish Legions, fighting initially against the Russian Empire in World War I, and then against the Russian SFSR in the Polish-Soviet War.

After the peace, Sulimirski enrolled at the University of Lwów, acquiring a Doctor of Law in 1924. In 1929 he acquired a PhD in archaeology. He received a higher doctorate in 1931. Since 1931 he was Head of the Prehistory Department of the University of Lwów. Sulimirski became Chair of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków in 1936. In 1937 he was appointed Professor. While in this position, Sulimirski carried out pioneering archaeological research.

Upon the Invasion of Poland, Sulimirski rejoined the Polish Armed Forces. After the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Sulimirski escaped to Romania, and from there he left for France. Upon the Fall of France soon afterwards, Sulimirski left for the United Kingdom, where he became Secretary-General to the Polish Government. In that position he wrote a number of geopolitical propaganda articles calling for the expansion of Poland to the west through the annexation of German territory lying east of the Oder River, on the grounds that in early medieval times those territories had been part of the early Polish state.

After recognition of the Polish government-in-exile was withdrawn by the Western governments, Sulimirski was a leading figure in the Committee for the Education of Poles in Great Britain. During this time, Sulimirski returned more and more to teaching. From 1952 he gave regular courses in East European prehistory at the London Institute of Archaeology of the University of London. In 1958 he was made Professor of Middle East and European Archaeology at the London University Institute of Archaeology. He also lectured at Cambridge University, University of Oxford, University of Glasgow, University of Edinburgh, University of Wrocław, and the University of Łódź. He gave lectures and seminars in many European countries in 1952-1965, and in a number of United States universities during a tour in 1968-1969. Sulimirski retired from the University of London in 1969, but continued to travel and lecture after retirement. He contributed immensely to the increasing the understanding of the archaeology of Eastern Europe in the West.

Cut off from carrying out archaeological research by his exile from Poland, Sulimirski dedicated his later career to writing. During World War II, almost all of his previous work was destroyed, but with the help from colleagues both in Poland and abroad, he was able to have his works rewritten and published in 1968. He was writer of more than 200 books, articles and other scientific publications. Of particular note is his work Prehistoric Russia (1970), and a series of articles published in the Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, where he made available in English the most recent research on the archaeology of Russia.

Sulimirski particularly specialized in the study of steppe nomads such as the Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians. Much of this later writing was concerned with them. He was a pioneer and one of the world's foremost experts on the archaeology of the steppes.

Sulimirski was a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland and the Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1973 he was the recipient of the Jurzykowski Prize. He was very active in Polish organizations such as Polish University Abroad and the Polish Scientific Society.

Sulimirski died on 20 April 1983. He was survived by his wife, Olga Sulimirska; five children, Felicia Janiszewska (Boba), Maria Romanowska (Ninia), Witold Sulimirski, Karol (Charles) Sulimirski, Jerzy (George) Sulimirski; 15 grandchildren, including Witold's children, Ela (Landegger), Adam and Edward; and Karol's children, Roger, Mark and Renata (Weiss); and, numerous great grandchildren.

Selected works

 * Poland and Germany, Past and Future, 1942
 * Corded Ware and Globular Amphorae North-East of the Carpathians, 1968
 * The Sarmatians, 1970
 * Prehistoric Russia: An Outline , 1970

title: Tadeusz Sulimirski


text:
Mira (disambiguation)

Mira is a star in the constellation Cetus

Mira may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Mira (1971 film), a Dutch-Belgian film by Fons Rademakers
 * Mira, Royal Detective, a Disney Junior animated television series
 * Mira (2022 film), a Russian science-fiction disaster film directed by Dmitry Kiselyov

Gaming

 * Mira, a planet that is the main setting of Xenoblade Chronicles X
 * MIRA, a fictitious company in Among Us

Music

 * Mira Records, a record label from 1965 to 1968
 * Mira (band), an American darkwave band
 * Mira (world music ensemble), an English world music ensemble
 * Mira Calix, stage name of South African electronic musician Chantal Passamonte (born 1970)
 * Mira (album), a 2014 album by Arild Andersen
 * PRS Mira, a model of guitar from PRS Guitars

Businesses

 * MIRA Ltd., a UK automotive engineering and development consultancy company
 * Mira (shopping center), a shopping center in Munich
 * The Mira Hong Kong, a hotel
 * Mira Books, a book publishing imprint of Harlequin Enterprises
 * Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets, New York-based subsidiary of privately held Macquarie Holdings (USA) Inc.

Organizations

 * Mira Foundation, a foundation dedicated to assisting people with disabilities
 * Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia, a Saudi London-based dissident group
 * Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation (Movimiento Independiente de Renovación Absoluta), a Colombian political party

People and fictional characters

 * Mira (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name
 * Mira (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Pen name of Mary Leapor (1722–1746), English poet
 * Mira (singer), stage name of Romanian singer Maria Mirabela Cismaru

Places

 * Kingdom of Mira, part of the kingdom of Arzawa in western Anatolia
 * Mira River (Nova Scotia), Canada
 * Mira Canton, Ecuador
 * Mira River (Ecuador and Colombia)
 * Mira, Nadia, a census town in West Bengal, India
 * Mira, Veneto, a town near Venice, Italy
 * Mira, Portugal, a municipality
 * Mira River (Portugal)
 * Mira, Spain, a municipality
 * Mira, Illinois, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Mira, Louisiana, United States, an unincorporated community

Science and technology

 * Mira (supercomputer), constructed by IBM and now retired
 * MIRA procedure, a medical treatment involving tissue grafting and adult stem cells
 * Margin-infused relaxed algorithm, a machine-learning algorithm
 * Middleware for Robotic Applications, a framework for robotic applications
 * Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy, an observatory located in Monterey County, California, United States
 * Mira, a wasp genus in the family Encyrtidae
 * Mira, the codename for Smart Display, a 2002 Microsoft product for a portable touchscreen terminal

Ships

 * Mira (AK-84), a ship that was never commissioned and instead became the U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair Ship Robert M. Emery
 * USS Mira (SP-118), a motor launch scheduled for World War I use, but never commissioned
 * SS Mira, various ships

Other uses

 * Daihatsu Mira, a compact car model
 * Mira Airport, an airport in Serbia
 * 3633 Mira, an asteroid
 * MIRA (building), a building under construction in San Francisco
 * Members of the Royal Irish Academy

title: Mira (disambiguation)


text:
Platón Sánchez (municipality)

Platón Sánchez is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the state's Huasteca Alta region. The municipal seat is the town of Platón Sánchez.

Geography
The municipality covers a toal area of 227.84 km² and is located on Federal Highway 105.

Borders
It borders on the municipalities of Tempoal (north), Tantoyuca (east), Chalma (south) and Chiconamel (south-east). To the south it borders on the state of Hidalgo.

Products
Major products are corn, cereal, sugar, and fruits.

Demographics
In the 2005 INEGI Census, the municipality reported a total population of 17,670 (down from 18,229 in 1995), of whom 10,009 lived in the municipal seat. Of the municipality's inhabitants, 5,633 (33%) spoke an indigenous language, primarily Nahuatl; 6.14% of the municipality's population did not speak Spanish.

Settlements
There are 127 settlements in the municipality. The largest ones are:
 * Platón Sánchez (municipal seat; 2005 population 10,009)
 * Ahitic (population 568)
 * Plalpani (514)
 * Monte Grande (460)
 * Corralillo (432)

History
The municipality's name honours Rafael Platón Sánchez (1831–1867), a native of the area who fought in the Battle of Puebla of 5 May 1862 and later chaired the court martial that sentenced Emperor Maximilian and his generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía to death by firing squad in Santiago de Querétaro on 19 June 1867. The municipality was established with Platón Sánchez's name in 1868.

In 1938 Platón Sánchez (together with Chiconamel) lost territory which then formed the new municipality of Chalma.

title: Platón Sánchez (municipality)


text:
One Hundred Poems from the Chinese

One Hundred Poems From the Chinese is a collection of translations of Chinese poetry by Kenneth Rexroth, first published in 1956. The book is in two parts: the first contains 35 poems by Du Fu, while the second consists of works by assorted Song dynasty poets. The book actually contains over one-hundred poems.

title: One Hundred Poems from the Chinese


text:
User talk:Docdude316

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Docdude316