text:
A42

A42 may refer to :
 * A42 road (England), a road connecting Kegworth and Appleby Magna
 * A42 road (Northern Ireland), a road connecting Maghera and Carnlough
 * A42 motorway (France), a road connecting Lyon and Pont-d'Ain
 * A 42 motorway (Germany), a road connecting Kamp-Lintfort and Castrop-Rauxel
 * A-42 motorway (Spain), a road connecting Madrid and Toledo

A.42 may refer to :
 * Aero A.42, a Czechoslovakian bomber aircraft of 1929 that was only ever produced in prototype form
 * A42 tank, a British War Office designation for the "Heavy Churchill" (Mk.XIII) tank

title: A42


text:
Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyūshū

Kokuraminami-ku (小倉南区) is a ward of Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka, Japan. It is the southern part of what used to be Kokura City, which was merged into Kitakyūshū city when the latter was created out of the merger of five cities in 1963. At this time Kokura was divided into North and South wards.

Kokuraminami ward is mainly rural and undeveloped, and includes the Hiraodai karst plateau and Sugao no taki (waterfall). However, it also includes the present airport and the airport buildings of the new Kitakyūshū Airport, and Shimosone shopping mall.

Population (2000 national census): 213,741 Area: 170.25 km2 (includes northern part of the new airport island)

Economy
StarFlyer has its headquarters on the grounds of Kitakyūshū Airport in Kokuraminami-ku.

Tourist attractions

 * Hiraodai Nature Observation Center

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyūshū


text:
Tim Witherspoon

Tim Witherspoon (born December 27, 1957) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1979 to 2003. He was a two-time world heavyweight champion, having held the WBC title in 1984, and the WBA title in 1986. He beat Heavyweight World Champions Greg Page, James Smith, Tony Tubbs, Frank Bruno and Cruiserweight World Champions Alfonzo Ratliff and Al Cole. He is best known for his fight against undefeated Heavyweight World Champion Larry Holmes in which he lost by Split decision. Witherspoon also worked as a regular sparring partner for Muhammad Ali.

Early years
Witherspoon had six amateur bouts, losing the last to Marvis Frazier on decision after getting knocked down.

Making his professional debut with a first-round TKO over Joe Adams on October 30, 1979, Witherspoon quickly rose through the ranks. In 1981, he participated in his first high-profile fight, knocking out future world cruiserweight champion Alfonzo Ratliff, after which he was signed by Don King. Witherspoon was a sparring partner of Ali as he was training to fight Larry Holmes and Trevor Berbick. Ali also gave Witherspoon his complimentary ring alias of "Terrible" Tim Witherspoon.

In 1982, he was matched with Renaldo Snipes, who had just given champion Larry Holmes a fair challenge (and knocked Holmes down), and outpointed him over 10 rounds, setting up his own challenge to Holmes.

Witherspoon vs. Larry Holmes: WBC heavyweight title
On May 20, 1983, Witherspoon would have his first attempt at earning a world title by taking on the recognized top man in the division World Boxing Council champion Larry Holmes at the Dunes Hotel in Las Vegas. Witherspoon gave Holmes all he could handle, including rocking him badly in the ninth round, before losing a disputed twelve round split decision.

He returned later in the year to outpoint Floyd "Jumbo" Cummings, who had drawn with Joe Frazier in Smokin' Joe's last fight, and win the NABF title with a first-round knockout of James "Quick" Tillis.

First title reign: WBC heavyweight champion
In December 1983, Holmes relinquished his WBC title rather than defend against Greg Page, and chose to accept that of the newly formed IBF (International Boxing Federation).

Witherspoon was matched with Page for the vacant title on March 9, 1984. Page, in constant war with promoter Don King, turned up overweight and was outpointed.

Witherspoon's reign as champion would not be long however, as soon he himself was in constant war with King, and on August 31 of that year he was outpointed by Pinklon Thomas via majority decision.

Second title reign: WBA heavyweight champion
In 1985 Witherspoon regained his NABF belt by beating James Broad in two rounds and made a successful twelve round defense against James "Bonecrusher" Smith in his first defense of the belt. This earned him another chance at a heavyweight title and he signed to fight reigning WBA champion Tony Tubbs on January 17, 1986 in Atlanta. Witherspoon won a close fight by majority decision, winning by only one point on one of the scorecards and three on another with one even, to become champion for a second time.

In his first defense of his newly won championship, Witherspoon traveled to London and fought a young up-and-coming English heavyweight and future world champion Frank Bruno at Wembley Stadium, as part of the heavyweight unification series. In the eleventh round of a scheduled fifteen, Witherspoon recorded a technical knockout and did something he had not done when he was champion the first time: make a successful defense of the title after winning it. After defeating Bruno, a rematch with Tony Tubbs loomed but Tubbs pulled out of the fight.

Needing to make a title defense, Witherspoon accepted a second fight with Bonecrusher Smith. Since dropping a lopsided decision in their first matchup (losing every round but one on all three scorecards) Smith had fought four bouts and recorded three wins, all against fringe contenders and journeymen. The fight was scheduled for December 12, 1986 at Madison Square Garden and Witherspoon a heavy favorite against the 17-5 Smith. With fifty seconds remaining in the first round, Witherspoon hit the canvas a third time and Rivera ended the proceedings. At ringside, HBO commentators Barry Tompkins, Larry Merchant, and Sugar Ray Leonard expressed disbelief at the outcome, with all three calling the bout a major upset.

Post-championship career
Following the end his second title reign, Witherspoon spent years in litigation against Don King. In 1991 won the USBA heavyweight title by defeating fellow contender Carl "The Truth" Williams but lost a points decision to Everett Martin. Ring magazine called this inexplicable loss the low point of his career.

In 1993 Don King settled out of court and paid Witherspoon a million dollars. By 1994 Witherspoon had won five fights in a row by knockout. Aged 38 he was signed by HBO and matched in high-profile fights with cruiserweight champion Al Cole and the Cuban amateur Jorge Luis González, both of whom he defeated. Later in the year he was matched with Ray Mercer but lost a 10-round decision.

After that loss Witherspoon laid off a year, and when he came back he was outpointed by Larry Donald on HBO, and, in 1998, lost a close decision when outworked by New Zealander Jimmy Thunder before travelling to Poland to be outpointed by Andrew Golota.

The 43-year-old Witherspoon resurfaced in 2001, knocking out the prospect David Bostice in one round, outpointing Cuban southpaw contender Eliecer Castillo and Syrian Ahmed Abdin, before his revival was ended by Lou Savarese, who stopped him in five rounds.

Witherspoon also competed in Cedric Kushner's 2003 Thunderbox Heavyweight Tournament, "Fistful of Dollars," but lost in the opening stages.

Life after boxing
Witherspoon resides near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he trains boxers, including his son, lightweight Tim Witherspoon Jr. and many others. He has also trained Light Heavyweight champion Clinton Woods in the U.K.

In 2014, Witherspoon published his book with the help of British entrepreneur Kevin Baker and ghost writer Ryan Danes.

title: Tim Witherspoon


text:
Harry Boland

Harry Boland (27 April 1887 – 1 August 1922) was an Irish republican politician who served as President of the Irish Republican Brotherhood from 1919 to 1920. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1922.

He was elected at the 1918 general election as the MP for Roscommon South, but as with other Sinn Féin candidates, he did not take seat in the British House of Commons, serving instead as a TD in the First Dáil.

At the 1921 general election, Boland was elected to the second Dáil as one of the TDs for the Mayo South–Roscommon South. He was re-elected in 1922 as an Anti-Treaty candidate, but was killed two months later in the Irish Civil War.

Early life
Boland was born at 6 Dalymount Terrace, Phibsborough, Dublin, on 27 April 1887, the son of Irish Republican Brotherhood member James Boland and Kate Woods. He was active in GAA circles in early life, and refereed the 1914 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final. He joined the IRB at the same time as his older brother Gerry in 1904, following in the footsteps of his father, uncle and probably grandfather. He was educated at the Synge Street CBS, but had a personality clash with one of the brothers so he refused to carry on his attendance at the school. He then went to De la Salle College, County Laois, as a novice.

Irish nationalism
Boland later joined the Irish Volunteers along with Gerry and his younger brother Ned. They took an active part in the Easter Rising of 1916.

At the 1918 general election, Boland was elected as an MP for the Roscommon South seat. In line with all the Sinn Féin MPs elected at that election, he did not represent his constituents at Westminster, but withdrew to sit in the declared independent Dáil Éireann (the First Dáil) and was named by Éamon de Valera as special envoy to the United States, a role his uncle Jack had played 25 years previously. He left Ireland for the United States of America along with de Valera as part of a campaign to raise awareness and support for their cause in America. Boland negotiated a loan of $20,000 from the Irish Republic to the Soviet Republic through the head of the Soviet Bureau, Ludwig Martens, using some Russian jewellery as collateral. These jewels were transferred to Ireland when he returned.

During the Irish War of Independence, Boland operated alongside Michael Collins, of whom he was a close friend.

Civil War
Boland opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In the ensuing Irish Civil War, he sided with the Anti-Treaty IRA. In the 1922 general election, he was re-elected to the Dáil representing Mayo South–Roscommon South. Six weeks later, on 31 July, Boland was shot by soldiers of the National Army when they attempted to arrest him at the Skerries Grand Hotel. Two officers entered his room and Boland, unarmed, was shot and mortally wounded during a struggle:

"Reports of how and why he was shot vary and it is hard to establish an accurate historical reason, given the highly partisan views of the parties involved in the civil war conflict of brothers".

He died the next day in St. Vincent's Hospital on 1 August 1922. As he lay dying, he refused to give the name of his attacker to his sister, Kathleen.

He was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery. The service took place from the Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church. The hearse was followed by Cumann na mBan, Clan na Gael and the Citizen Army women's section.

Family
Boland's brother, Gerald Boland, was a prominent member of Fianna Fáil and later served as Minister for Justice. His nephew, Kevin Boland, served as a Minister until he resigned in solidarity with the two ministers, Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, who were sacked from the government in May 1970 during the Arms Crisis. Kevin Boland's resignation from Fianna Fáil and the subsequent loss of his seat marked the end of an era for the Boland political dynasty.

His nephew, Harry Boland, was a basketball player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He died on 18 December 2013, at the age of 88.

He also had a sister, Kathleen, who was entrusted, with her mother, with the safekeeping of jewels received from Russian diplomats as collateral for a loan made by the provisional government to the new Russian state in April 1920.

In popular culture
In the 1991 TV movie The Treaty, Boland was portrayed by Malcolm Douglas.

In the 1996 film Michael Collins, Boland was portrayed by Irish-American actor Aidan Quinn. The film was criticised for fictionalising both Boland's death and Collins' life.

Biographies

 * Brasier, Andrew and Kelly, John, Harry Boland: A Man Divided, (Dublin 2000)
 * Fitzpatrick, David Harry Boland's Irish Revolution, (Cork 2003)
 * Maher, Jim Harry Boland: A Biography, (Cork 1998)

title: Harry Boland


text:
Talk:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

Ideology
The PDPA wasn't a communist party, it was a left-wing nationalist party. From William Blum's Killing Hope:

After the April revolution, the new government under President Noor Mohammed Taraki declared a commitment to Islam within a secular state, and to non-alignment in foreign affairs. It maintained that the coup had not been foreign inspired, that it was not a “Communist takeover”, and that they were not “Communists” but rather nationalists and revolutionaries. (No official or traditional Communist Party had ever existed in Afghanistan.) But because of its radical reform program, its class-struggle and anti-imperialist-type rhetoric, its support of all the usual suspects (Cuba, North Korea, etc.), its signing of a friendship treaty and other cooperative agreements with the Soviet Union, and an increased presence in the country of Soviet civilian and military advisers (though probably less than the US had in Iran at the time), it was labeled “communist” by the world’s media and by its domestic opponents. 129.63.183.190 (talk) 13:36, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

A few edits
I tried to make some clarification edits throughout the article. I filled out some of the Kalqi-Parchami split and the events surrounding the day of April 28, 1978 of the Saur Revolution, etc. Most of my sources came from Neamatollah Nojumi's work, The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan--Mikepope 17:14, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

The head of the PDPA was Taraki. Taraki, Hafizullah Amin, Babrak Karmal, Khyber were the people who created the Party in the 60´s. When the Saur Revolution was succesed, Taraki were the President. He created in just 8 Month 800 Schools, 5000 Teachers in the Universitys, 500.000 Jobs and humaniterian laws like Marriage protection for woman etc.

Taraki was murdered by Amin because Taraki tried to murder Amin but he failed. Amin was only 100 days president of the State after he was murderd by an Special Kommando by the KGB.

Karmal and Najibullah were the last presidents.

At the moment this is in my view a dreadful article. Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is much better - though too long. --Henrygb 15:18, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I don't know if it is dreadful, but it needs some editing to the arrangements and sections to conform to the conventions, but I'm still very much a novice at those tasks. I did fix some spelling and grammar because it bugged me and I was confused reading it. Mulp 00:57, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

In 1990 the partyname was changed in Watan Party (= Fatherland Party) and Marxism was officially abolished as party ideology in the period 1987-1990. Some former Watan/PDPDA-officials, like General Shahnawaz Tanay, later joined the Taliban. Nicklaarakkers (Dutch Wikipedia)

The PDPA was divided in two (later 3) wings,

 * a national-communist wing, called Khalq (People, or Masses);
 * a pro-Soviet wing, called Parcham (Banner, or Flag);
 * and a pro-Soviet wing, formed after the Soviet-invasion called Kar (Labour).

KHALQ-members were Pashtuni's/Pashtun-nationalists who wanted a Marxist state, combined with some nationalist elements. Leading figures: Taraki/ Amin/ Tanay. Amin the leader of the 'black Khalqi's', or nationalists, while Taraki was the leader of the 'red Khalqi's', or the communists.

PARCHAM-members were well-educated and sometimes from rich ancestory, like Karmal (son of an General) and Najibullah (son of a Chief of a Pashtun-tribe). Most of them weren't Pasthun's, although the last president, Najibullah was a Pashtun. The Parchami's wanted a broadbased 'National Front'-government, just like in the fourties in Easter-European countries. Some of them were quite loyal to the king and joined the Daoud-administration (1973-78). Leading figures: Karmal/ Khyber/ Najibullah

KAR-members were former 'red Khalqi's' who supported the Soviet-invasion, while the 'black Khalqi's', sometimes joined the Mujaheddin, and later the Taliban. Leading figure: Dastagir Pansheri

Nick Laarakkers (writer of the book Afghanistan 1919-2004)

The enthusiasism at the revolution bit might by true, but other than that this article is full of appallingly blatant POV -- sorry, but a party that was Soviet puppet (especially post-1979) had no chance of popularity in Afghanistan, as evidenced in the war. J. Parker Stone 1 July 2005 04:45 (UTC)

This article once had the progressive accomplishments of the PDPA listed (abolition of peonage, national literacy progam, universal healthcare, unprecedented gains for women). The redaction of these passages is clearly unacceptable and demonstrates a clear political bias on the part of the person who deleted this information.-- Nicky Scarfo
 * maybe you didn't read my edit summaries and what I said. the PDPA were never especially popular in Afghanistan, especially not in rural areas that were generally religiously conservative -- i would think even Russians would acknowledge this based on how bogged down the Red Army got in the country. most Communist states have enacted the kinds of reforms you're talking about, but if they are restored with John Pilger as the sole source and give the article a clear pro-Soviet bias again the article can and will be reverted. J. Parker Stone 21:48, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * John Pilger is not a reputable source in your learned opinion, then? Well, where are your sources? Furthermore, resistance to a foreign occupier propping up its client regime has nothing to do with the PDPA's progressive accomplishments (whether popular or not)-- those stand independent of the mujahadeen struggle against the PDPA. Or would you edit out the attempts of Radical Republicans to bring about racial equality during Reconstruction simply because they were "unpopular" amongst most Southerners? Faulty logic, Mr. Stone. --Nicky Scarfo 04:13, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Colonel Abdul Qadir Dagarwal

The name of this individual includes what appears to be his rank (Dagarwal) as his last name. Dagarwal is an Afghan rank which translates as "Colonel," thus his name appears to be Colonel Abdul Qadir Colonel - this seems unlikely (despite coverage at the time of the Saur Revolution that so names him). A reference to him at junior rank would clear up the issue. DavisGL (talk) 18:15, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request it's removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.historyofnations.net/asia/afghanistan.html
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 15:46, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090221215202/http://www.vpk-news.ru:80/article.asp?pr_sign=archive.2004.67.articles.army_02 to http://www.vpk-news.ru/article.asp?pr_sign=archive.2004.67.articles.army_02

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:25, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Ideology (2)
There seem to be disagreements and/or misunderstandings around an eventual ‘ideology' of the PDPA. The word 'ideology' can be understood in at least two ways:
 * 1) The multitude of ideas that somehow form or influence the policies of a political party. In that sence of 'ideology' have I constructed the present section 2 'Ideology' in article PDPA on 10 April 2018.
 * 2) The perhaps more philosophical idea of 'a set of ideals, principles, etc., that pretend to explain how a society works and/or how it should work'. This seems more or less the definition (without reference sources to it) that is followed in the Wikipedia article List of political ideologies which lists many great words like Conservatism, Liberalism, Buddhism, Socialism, Communism, Marxism, etc. etc..

The problem for us with such terms (listed under that second definition) however is that they seem always open to multiple interpretations (our article List of political ideologies therefore calls political ideology "the most elusive concept in social science"). Take for example Communism in the Wikipedia definition: "the philosophical…ideology whose goal is…a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership(...)". In that sense, we can only call PDPA 'Communist' if PDPA acknowledges itself as such, of which we have no information yet. Or Marxism–Leninism: the ideology with the "purpose…revolutionary development…into a socialist state(…)". Again, we have no information yet that PDPA ever confessed to that political ideology. If we go by the word of the PDPA itself – which seems the proper thing to do in matters of either religious or political belief – we can only call the PDPA "national democratic" (see People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan).

Colleague Vif12vf however, on 13 April 11:54, introduced a PDPA-ideology "Communism Marxism-Lenism" in the so-called Infobox on top of the page. His stated motivation is: "It states the party ideology in the article's ideology-section". Which of the two meanings of the word 'ideology', as I've given above, does he want to follow there? Or does he want to follow yet another definition of the word? Anyway: that section People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan tells us not that PDPA confessed itself to be 'Communist', 'Marxist-Leninist' etc. ; and it would be (arbitrary) Original Research (or individual interpretation of a Wiki editor) to 'deduce' from that section that they were 'Communist' etc.. [struck, --Corriebertus (talk) 04:45, 19 April 2018 (UTC)] --Corriebertus (talk) 12:51, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I didn't introduce the ideologies to the article, they are a long-time part of the article that people have removed and re-added for a long time. However you as several others removed the ideology without acctually trying to receive any form of concensus first. The Khalq-faction, the founding group within the PDPA had a strong Marxist-Leninist tendency, whereas the later Parcham-faction were usually regarded as somewhat more reformist, though still retaining most of the party's primary goals. Tiberius Jarsve (talk) 13:20, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * @(Tiberius=Vif12vf): You reproach me here on talk page for not seeking "consensus first" in this issue that you claim to have been controversial before:
 * How was I to know it had been controversial before? Is there a rule that things may not be changed without first acquiring consensus? Is there a rule that things may not be edited when they have been "removed and re-added" before?
 * The first thing however I did about this controversy was adhering a tag to the alleged 'ideology' in the Infobox, on 17 March 2018 and again on 18 March, which is a constructive form of seeking discussion/consensus. Toddy1 first (disruptively) removed the tag, and only after my second attempt came up with source Amstutz, p.34. Close study of that source resulted in my adding the present section 2 (Ideology) in the article on 10 April and motivatedly removing the old mention in Infobox of 'Communist/Marxist-Leninist' (C/ML).
 * Consensus indeed states that we must address "legitimate concerns" from other editors. I agree – but what are Tiberius' substantial (legitimate) concerns about this issue? He did not (yet) bother to give a clear and corroborated opinion in this talk section on the only issue at stake: is there enough evidence to mention 'Communist/Marxist-Leninist (C/ML)' as ideology of the PDPA?
 * Under your pseudonym Vif12vf, you've alleged in an edit summary on the article on 13April2018(11:54), that 'the article's ideology-section' mentions the PDPA's ideology to be Communist/Marxist-Leninist (C/ML). I'd like you to specify that: I can't find that mention in that section, as I've stated already in my edit summary on 15 April. If you don't come back on the issue, we may assume you rest this case. --Corriebertus (talk) 11:18, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I think it would be quite safe to use the term Marxist-Leninist, at least for the period 1978-1988. There are multiple references to PDPA as a ML party, like
 * "Before and after the 1978 coup, including the first five years of Soviet occupation, the PDPA eschewed calling itself communist, preferring instead the term "national democratic." Yet its internal documentation made clear its Marxist orientation. A pamphlet printed in Kabul in 1978, A Short Information about the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, described the party as the "vanguard of the working class" and "Comrade Taraki" as an "experienced Marxist-Leninist" who had worked"
 * "The model called for the creation of an educated class, especially through Soviet training, that would become the primary political and economic force in Afghanistan. Soviet aid and state directed development would determine the growth of such a force in Afghanistan. Although publicly the PDPA did not advocate socialism or communism for Afghanistan, their constitution does declare the PDPA as the Marxist-Leninist Party of the working class of Afghanistan with the goals of "
 * "The PDPA after the Invasion In A Socialist Oriented State, Chirkin and Yudin classify the PDPA as a “revolutionary vanguard party of the working people.” They suggest that it can be considered to be in the process of evolving into a genuine Marxist-Leninist party. They note that “the 1982 Rules of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan define the PDPA as a new type of party, the highest form of political organization, the leading and guiding force of society that unites advanced"
 * "The PDPA was founded on January 1, 1965, by Nur Mohammed Taraki and Babrak Karmal, and soon thereafter split into its two factions, both of which published journals in the late 1960s. Given the traditional ant i -Communism of large sectors of the Afghan population, the party went to great lengths to hide its orthodox Marxism-Leninism. This tactic evidently worked quite well, since many observers were labeling it a "reformist-nationalist" party even after it took power in April 1978."
 * "PDPA Goals Taraki's supporters described him in 1976 as a 'long-standing Communist' and said the founding congress set the party goal of 'building a socialist society in Afghanistan based on adapting the morals of general truths and the Marxist- Leninist revolutionary principles to conditions in Afghanistan'. They said the congress 'established our Marxist-Leninist party."
 * --Soman (talk) 20:19, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * There’s only one controversial issue on article 'PDPA' since 13 April 2018: can/should we designate the PDPA in the Infobox as Communist/ Marxist-Leninist (C/ML)? In your posting here, you don't express an argued opinion on that issue. Instead, you give a reasoning about 'safety' in using some term. What has the concept of safety to do with us making/altering the Wikipedia encyclopedia? --Corriebertus (talk) 11:18, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

Tiberius Jarsve (an alias of Vif12vf) noted/suggested that Khalq had a M-L tendency and Parcham was more reformist. Soman gave a list of arguments why PDPA would/could have been ML (in 1978–88). If such facts are true, relevant, and can be sourced, those editors are free to add them in the article – but those notes seem beside the point of THIS discussion. The controversy since days on the article(and reason for this talk section) is: what do we fill in as 'ideology' in the Infobox—if anything at all—and why: what is the corroboration (ref source) for it? --Corriebertus (talk) 11:58, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * The source cited in the infobox for PDPA being Marxist-Leninist contains the following on page 34: "Before and after the 1978 coup, including the first five years of Soviet occupation, the PDPA eschewed calling itself communist, preferring instead the term "national democratic." Yet its internal documentation made clear its Marxist orientation. A pamphlet printed in Kabul in 1978, A Short Information about the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, described the party as the "vanguard of the working class" and "Comrade Taraki" as an "experienced Marxist-Leninist" who had worked to spread Marxist-Leninism about the country."  Later on the page it refers to the "Marxist PDPA".  There are many other references in the book to the PDPA being Marxist, for example: "1978 Marxist coup" (page 240), "April 1978 Marxist revolution" (page 283), and to the "increasingly undependable Marxist government closely identified with the Soviet Union" (page 373).--  Toddy1 (talk) 18:47, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * In your posting here, you quote Amstutz as saying: "its internal documentation made clear its Marxist orientation". What is 'orientation'? This is speculation of Amstutz. To state in our article that PDPA was Communist and/or Marxist-Leninist (C/ML) we’d simply need a source saying they were (as I asked for with my tag, on 17 March and on 18 March 2018). Preferably, we'd need a source stating that the PDPA themselves have declared them to be C/ML, because being a follower of some religion or ideology is something a person or group can only decide for themselves (this is called freedom of conscience and religion). Source Amstutz does not provide either of such assertions.
 * You speak of that book of Amstutz referring to the "Marxist PDPA", to the "1978 Marxist coup", to the "undependable Marxist government", etc.. But that's name-calling, labelling (a form of indoctrination of the reader), not stating, proving or arguing they were Marxist (see also point 1).
 * In your edit summary of 16 April 2018, you speak of 'backing up', which means: further confirmation of a conclusion that was already drawn by someone somewhere. So I ask you: where in the article then do we find the original conclusion drawn that PDPA's ideology was Communist and/or Marxist-Leninist (C/ML), which was further confirmed ('backed up')—to your idea at least—by remarks in the book of Amstutz? --Corriebertus (talk) 11:18, 20 June 2018 (UTC) [ adapted/summarized Corriebertus (talk) 17:15, 26 July 2018 (UTC) ]

 * Corriebertus, I believe the "Ideology" section is good as it is now. There are many references (some were already present, plus more can be found with few minutes of Googling, such as this or that) showing that PDPA was considered as either "Marxist" or "Communist", this includes local population and not only Western sources. Since both of "Marxism" and "Communism" are part of the political ideologies and since this is how VAST MAJORITY of sources described PDPA it is pretty logical to use them in the "Infobox" under "Ideology" (especially since someone already added a citation to those claims). This is my personal opinion, though, and if you still disagree - perhaps you should start a formal vote on this "Talk" page and invite more participants though WP:RfC.Omgwtfbbqsomethingrandom (talk) 00:16, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * There’s only one controversial issue on article 'PDPA' since 13 April 2018: can/should we label the PDPA in the Infobox as Communist/ Marxist-Leninist (C/ML)? You state: it is ‘logical’ to mention them as such because a “VAST MAJORITY” of sources ‘describe’ them so. ‘Vast majorities’ that don’t get somehow substantiated, corroborated, are ofcourse no valid argument in a discussion (and you give us NO source describing them as such. You also say that references in section 'Ideology' show that PDPA "was considered" as Marxist etc.: I don't see anyone claiming in section 2 that anyone "considered" them so.) --Corriebertus (talk) 11:18, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

Infobox (ideology)
An Infobox should present a summary of the contents of the article, not invent/present new 'realities' that contradict the article. Now, clearly the section 'Ideology' in the article does not state the PDPA to be Communist/Marxist/Leninist. On the contrary, the section contains an explicit denial of that suggestion by a PDPA leader (in 1978). Having intensive contacts, possibly even some common interests, with a powerful political party in a strong neighboring country (as PDPA had with the Soviet Leninist party) is far from equivalent (and not implying) to agreeing to all ideas of that foreign party, or to adhering to the ideology that foreign party adheres to. (As for ref source Amstutz p.34: it does not say PDPA is Comm./M/L, it only suggests that. See discussion in previous talk section.) --Corriebertus (talk) 17:20, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

Positions
If the party is far-left the ideology shouldn't exactly be Afghan-Nationalsm or any right wing nationalism. Either it should say something like Farleft of the PDPA was until 87 of that was when the party switched ideologies, unless the party was seen as nationalist since the beginning. Kommune12 (talk) 19:32, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

Taraki and Karmal as Soviet agents
User Soman reverted my edit  and gave the reason WP:RS. The book cited is written by a historian based on KGB documents. Would you like to explain why you think it's not reliable? See also:

--Jo1971 (talk) 22:41, 4 July 2022 (UTC)


text:
Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyūshū

Kokurakita-ku (小倉北区) is a ward of Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka, Japan. It is the north part of what used to be Kokura City before the merger of five cities to create the new city of Kitakyūshū in 1963. JR Kyūshū's Kokura Station is the main rail hub of Kitakyūshū, and the Sanyō Shinkansen stops there. It has a population of 184,545 persons as of the 2000 national census and an area of 39.27 km².

Industry & Commerce
The largest commercial and shopping areas of Kitakyūshū, mainly in Uomachi (魚町 "fish town"), are clustered around Kokura Station.

The two main department stores are Colet (next to Kokura Station) and Izutsuya (next to the Murasaki River and opposite Riverwalk Kitakyūshū). The Tanga Market is a traditional open-air market where fresh fish, meat and vegetables are the main produce for sale. Headquarters of companies include
 * TOTO Ltd. - south of Riverwalk
 * Zenrin - in Riverwalk
 * Asahi Shimbun (West area) - in Riverwalk
 * The head office of StarFlyer Inc. was in the Shin Kokura Building in Kome-machi. In 2010 the airline announced that the headquarters will move to Kitakyushu Airport.

Tourism
Kokura Castle (built by the Hosokawa family in 1602) and the Riverwalk Kitakyūshū shopping complex (completed in 2003) are about a ten-minute walk from JR Kokura Station. So also is the house once inhabited by Mori Ōgai when he was a doctor to the Kokura garrison and wrote Kokura Nikki ("Kokura Diary").

The Kitakyūshū Monorail terminus is in Kokura Station and serves the commuters and residents living in Kokurakita and Kokuraminami Wards.

Crime and safety
The Kudo-kai yakuza syndicate is headquartered in Kokurakita. A designated yakuza group, the Kudo-kai is the largest yakuza syndicate in the Kitakyushu area.

Education
The ward has a North Korean kindergarten, Kokura Korean Kindergarten (小倉朝鮮幼稚園).

title: Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyūshū


text:
User:SarahSmiles

I'm just here to write about Saint Sarah, and perhaps clean up some of the vampire references. Oh, and write about my home town(s) in Provence. I live at http://sarahsmiles.com. and am having oodles of fun learning wikipedia.

title: User:SarahSmiles


text:
Grandmother Gap

Grandmother Gap (el. 4075 ft) is a mountain pass in North Carolina on the Blue Ridge Parkway, between Grandmother Mountain and Beacon Heights, east of Linville and nearby Grandfather Mountain.

title: Grandmother Gap


text:
Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū

Moji-ku (門司区) is a Japanese ward of the city of Kitakyushu in Fukuoka Prefecture. It is the former city of Moji which was one of five merged to create Kitakyūshū in 1963. It faces the city of Shimonoseki across the Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū.

The ward's area is 73.37 km2. It had a population of 114,754 as of 2000.

History
Moji was first made into a port by Suematsu Kenchō with the financial backing of Shibusawa Eiichi in 1889. It was chiefly used for the transportation of coal, though there is a traditional song about the sale of bananas imported into Moji from Southeast Asia which survives to this day (Banana no tataki-uri).

An imperial decree in July 1899 established Moji as an open port for trading with the United States and the United Kingdom.

In 1905, Moji was the departure point for many troops in the Russo-Japanese War who were ferried to Korea.

The Mojiko Retro District

Mojiko Retro, which officially opened under this name as a tourist site in 1995, is a historical area centered on JR Kyushu's Mojiko Station, which is a replica of Rome's Termini Station and is designated an Important Cultural Property of Japan.

The area boasts many interesting historic buildings. For instance, the former Moji Mitsui Club once hosted Dr. Albert Einstein and his wife when they visited Japan in the 1920s. Recent developments along the waterfront, such as the renovated customs building, a striking new hotel and the a unique pedestrian Blue Wing drawbridge add to the charm of Mojiko and make it a pleasant place to stroll.

Shiranoe Gardens
The Shiranoe botanical gardens face the Seto Inland Sea.

Transport
Large ferries for Tokyo and Osaka leave from Shin-Moji port on the Seto Inland Sea.

Moji is served by the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu, and the Mojikō Retro Scenic Line, operated by Heichiku. Rail tunnels connect Kyushu and Honshu via Moji Station.

title: Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū


text: Category:Supermarkets of Germany

title: Category:Supermarkets of Germany


text:
Wachovia Tract

Wachovia was the area settled by Moravians in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina, United States. Of the six 18th-century Moravian "villages of the Lord" established in Wachovia, today only the town of Bethania and city of Winston-Salem exist within the historic Wachovia Tract. The historical tract was somewhat larger than present-day Winston-Salem and somewhat smaller than present-day Forsyth County.

History
Wachovia's early settlers were mostly German-speaking people who shared a common Germanic cultural background.

In 1752 Moravian Bishop August Gottlieb "Brother Joseph" Spangenberg led an expedition to locate the area where the Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian church, intended to begin the Wachovia settlements. Members of the Moravian Church in Europe purchased 98985 acre of land in the backcountry (middle/western area) of the Province of North Carolina, from John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville.

The land in North Carolina was purchased on behalf of the Moravians by John Henry (Johann Heinrich) Antes, who had also served as agent on behalf of the Moravians in the purchase of the 500 acre tract which became the city of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He also served as Baumeister ("construction manager") of the first buildings which still stand in Bethlehem's historic district. 4000 acre were purchased by Johann Steinhauer, leader of the Moravian church in Riga (today's Latvia).

"Wachovia" is a Latinized form of the German name Wachau. It was chosen as the name of the North Carolina Moravian tract to honor Count Zinzendorf, Moravian patron and bishop whose family estate was located in the Wachau region northwest of Vienna, along the Danube River between the towns of Melk and Krems. Bishop Spangenberg and the surveying team in 1752 strayed into the mountains of western North Carolina, coming down through what is now Wilkes County (viz. "Moravian Falls" etc.) on their way to the Three Forks of Muddy Creek. It was this mountainous landscape in the Carolina back country along the Catawba, Little, New and Yadkin Rivers that suggested the Wachau region in Lower Austria.

Twelve Moravian Single Brethren traveling from Pennsylvania, most from the Christiansbrunn farm near Nazareth, arrived in Wachovia in 1753, forming Bethabara, in Hebrew meaning "House of Passage", a transitional congregational settlement founded November 17, 1753. In July 1756, during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), a wooden stockade was built around the central-most area of the Moravian settlement, and Bethabara became a place of refuge for settlers from across the region, with many refugees living near the Bethabara Mill, numbering 120 by May 1759.

The first planned Moravian settlement, and oldest incorporated municipality in Wachovia is Bethania, Province of North Carolina, formed June 12, 1759, also known historically as Bethany, meaning "house/place of dates and figs" in Hebrew. Bethania is the German form of Bethany. The Town of Bethania was incorporated in 1995, following the reactivation of Bethania's 1838/1839 town charter, and was spared from being annexed into the city of Winston-Salem. Today, Bethania remains the only independent, continuously active Moravian town in the southern United States. In 2007, Historic Bethania, a visitor center and museum, opened in Bethania, providing information and historical interpretation in yet another Wachovia Moravian community.

Wachovia's central administrative congregational town of Salem can be visited today at Old Salem Museums and Gardens. Salem was begun in 1766 (formally organized in 1771), and was built by Moravians and friends from Bethabara and Bethania.

Subsequent Moravian congregational settlements to be formed include Friedberg (1769), Friedland (1772), and Hope (1775). The congregation at Hope was the first "English" Moravian church in the area.

A secular county seat was founded in 1849 in newly drawn Forsyth County, north of Salem. The new county seat was named Winston in 1852. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, maker of Winston, Salem, and Camel cigarettes, was founded at Winston in 1875. The towns of Salem and Winston merged as Winston-Salem in 1913. Bethabara now lies within the city limits of Winston-Salem, and can be visited today at Historic Bethabara Park, operated by the city of Winston-Salem and Forsyth County.

Over time, the 98985 acre Wachovia Tract was redrawn into the following counties as the backcountry of North Carolina became increasingly populated:

 * 1753 Rowan County
 * 1771 Surry County
 * 1789 Stokes County
 * 1849 Forsyth County was drawn out of what had been the southern half of Stokes County

Museums
Historic Bethabara Park, Historic Bethania, and Old Salem Museums and Gardens are museums which serve to transport visitors in time to what Wachovia once was. The museums each contribute to the story of Moravians in North Carolina, and preserve, interpret, and demonstrate life in Wachovia over time.

Wachovia Corporation

The area is the namesake and birthplace of Wachovia Corporation, once one of the world's largest banks. The bank was pioneered by Bethanian I.G. Loesch. Salem, then Winston-Salem, was the corporate headquarters for the bank until its merger with the First Union corporation, when the headquarters was moved to Charlotte, North Carolina.

Linguistic note
Present day students and scholars who are not familiar with the German language frequently, albeit incorrectly, use a masculine article "der" to modify "Wachau" when the feminine article "die" should be used, as historically documented. When speaking of "Wachovia" as a place, the proper title in German is "die Wachau". When speaking of "Wachau" in a locative sense, such as "in the Wachau," the article becomes dative and written as "in der Wachau." Many individuals and organizations have seen the dative phrase and have irresponsibly and unknowingly dropped the preposition, leaving "...der Wachau," which is incorrect when used as a proper noun. The feminine gender of "die Wachau" does not change, though the case might.

title: Wachovia Tract


text:
Claude Cahun

Claude Cahun (, born Lucy Renee Mathilde Schwob; 25 October 1894 – 8 December 1954) was a French surrealist photographer, sculptor, and writer.

Schwob adopted the pseudonym Claude Cahun in 1914. Cahun is best known as a writer and self-portraitist, who assumed a variety of performative personae.

In her writing, she consistently referred to herself as elle (she), and this article follows her practice; but she also said that her actual gender was fluid. For example, in Disavowals, Cahun writes: "Masculine? Feminine? It depends on the situation. Neuter is the only gender that always suits me." Cahun is most well known for her androgynous appearance, which challenged the strict gender roles of her time.

During World War II, Cahun was also active as a resistance worker and propagandist, founding the leftist group Contre Attaque, a union of communist writers, artists and workers, alongside André Breton and Marcel Moore.

Early life
Cahun was born in Nantes in 1894, into a well-off literary Jewish family. Avant-garde writer Marcel Schwob was her uncle and Orientalist David Léon Cahun was her great-uncle. When Cahun was four years old, her mother, Mary-Antoinette Courbebaisse, began suffering from mental illness, which ultimately led to her mother's permanent internment at a psychiatric facility. In her mother's absence, Cahun was brought up by her grandmother, Mathilde.

Cahun attended a private school (Parsons Mead School) in Surrey after experiences with antisemitism at high school in Nantes. She attended the University of Paris, Sorbonne. She began making photographic self-portraits as early as 1912 (aged 18), and continued taking images of herself throughout the 1930s.

Around 1914, she changed her name to Claude Cahun, after having previously used the names Claude Courlis (after the curlew) and Daniel Douglas (after Lord Alfred Douglas). During the early 1920s, she settled in Paris with lifelong partner Suzanne Malherbe, who adopted the pseudonym Marcel Moore. The two became step-sisters in 1917 after Cahun's divorced father and Moore's widowed mother married, eight years after Cahun and Moore's artistic and romantic partnership began. For the rest of their lives together, Cahun and Moore collaborated on various written works, sculptures, photomontages and collages. The two published articles and novels, notably in the periodical Mercure de France, and befriended Henri Michaux, Pierre Morhange, and Robert Desnos.

Around 1922 Cahun and Moore began holding artists' salons at their home. Among the regulars who would attend were artists Henri Michaux and André Breton and literary entrepreneurs Sylvia Beach and Adrienne Monnier.

Work
Cahun's works encompassed writing, photography, sculpture and theatre, of which the most remembered are the highly staged self-portraits and tableaux that incorporated the visual aesthetics of Surrealism. During the 1920s, Cahun produced an astonishing number of self-portraits in various guises such as aviator, dandy, doll, body builder, vamp and vampire, angel, and Japanese puppet.

Cahun gave a unique perspective within surrealism, using mirrors, collages and doubling in her photos to reflect the diversion from social norms.

Some of Cahun's portraits feature the artist looking directly at the viewer, head shaven, often revealing only head and shoulders (eliminating body from the view), and a blurring of gender indicators and behaviors which serve to undermine the patriarchal gaze. For example; in one photo Cahun is seen in a top that reads 'i am in training, do not kiss me.' showing how her identity and gender is allowed to be seen but should not be objectified and exoticized by the male gaze. Scholar Miranda Welby-Everard has written about the importance of theatre, performance, and costume that underlies Cahun's work, suggesting how this may have informed the artist's varying gender presentations.

Cahun's published writings include "Heroines", (1925) a series of monologues based upon female fairy tale characters intertwined with witty comparisons to the contemporary image of women; Aveux non avenus, (Carrefour, 1930) a book of essays and recorded dreams illustrated with photomontages; and several essays in magazines and journals.

In 1932, Cahun joined the Association des Écrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires, where she met André Breton and René Crevel. Following this, Cahun began associating with the surrealist group and later participated in a number of surrealist exhibitions, including the London International Surrealist Exhibition (New Burlington Gallery) and Exposition surréaliste d'Objets (Charles Ratton Gallery, Paris), both in 1936. Cahun's photograph from the London exhibition of Sheila Legge standing in the middle of Trafalgar Square, her head obscured by a flower arrangement and pigeons perching on her outstretched arms, appeared in numerous newspapers and was later reproduced in a number of books. In 1934, Cahun published a short polemic essay, Les Paris sont Ouverts, and in 1935 took part in the founding of the left-wing anti-fascist alliance Contre Attaque, alongside André Breton and Georges Bataille. Breton called Cahun "one of the most curious spirits of our time."

In 1994, the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London held an exhibition of Cahun's photographic self-portraits from 1927 to 1947, alongside the work of two young contemporary British artists, Virginia Nimarkoh and Tacita Dean, entitled Mise en Scene. In the surrealist self-portraits, Cahun represented herself as an androgyne, nymph, model, and soldier.

In 2007, David Bowie created a multi-media exhibition of Cahun's work in the gardens of the General Theological Seminary in New York. It was part of a venue called the Highline Festival, which also included offerings by Air, Laurie Anderson, and Mike Garson. Bowie said of Cahun: "You could call her transgressive or you could call her a cross-dressing Man Ray with surrealist tendencies. I find this work really quite mad, in the nicest way. Outside of France and now the UK she has not had the kind of recognition that, as a founding follower, friend and worker of the original Surrealist movement, she surely deserves."

Collaboration with Marcel Moore
Cahun's work was often a collaboration with Marcel Moore (the pseudonym of Suzanne Malherbe). It is believed that they were lovers with Moore being an integral part of Cahun's creative and playful process, though this often goes unrecognized. It is believed that Moore was often the person standing behind the camera during Cahun's portrait shoots and was an equal partner in Cahun's collages.

With the majority of the photographs attributed to Cahun coming from a personal collection, not one meant for public display, it has been proposed that these personal photographs allowed for Cahun to experiment with gender presentation and the role of the viewer to a greater degree.

World War II activism
In 1937 Cahun and Moore settled in Jersey. Following the fall of France and the German occupation of Jersey and the other Channel Islands, they became active as resistance workers and propagandists. Fervently against war, the two worked extensively in producing anti-German fliers. Many were snippets from English-to-German translations of BBC reports on the Nazis' crimes and insolence, which were pasted together to create rhythmic poems and harsh criticism. They created many of these messages under the German pseudonym Der Soldat Ohne Namen, or The Soldier With No Name, to deceive German soldiers that there was a conspiracy among the occupation troops. The couple then dressed up and attended many German military events in Jersey, strategically placing their pamphlets in soldier's pockets, on their chairs, and in cigarette boxes for soldiers to find. Additionally, they inconspicuously crumpled up and threw their fliers into cars and windows.

On one occasion, they hung a banner in a local church which read "Jesus is great, but Hitler is greater – because Jesus died for people, but people die for Hitler." As with much of Cahun and Moore's artistic work in Paris, many of their notes also used this same style of dark humor. In many ways, Cahun and Moore's resistance efforts were not only political but artistic actions, using their creative talents to manipulate and undermine the authority which they despised. In many ways, Cahun's life's work was focused on undermining a certain authority; however, their activism posed a threat to their physical safety. As historian Jeffrey H. Jackson writes in his definitive study of their wartime resistance Paper Bullets, for Cahun and Moore, "fighting the German occupation of Jersey was the culmination of lifelong patterns of resistance, which had always borne a political edge in the cause of freedom as they carved out their own rebellious way of living in the world together. For them, the political was always deeply personal."

In 1944, Cahun and Moore were arrested and sentenced to death, but the sentence was never carried out, as the island was liberated from German occupation in 1945. However, Cahun's health never recovered from her treatment in jail, and she died in 1954. Cahun is buried in St Brelade's Church with partner Moore. At the trial, Cahun said to the German judge (according to the documentary on the Occupation of the Channel Islands, presented by John Nettles) that the Germans would have to shoot her twice, as she was not only a Resister but a Jew. This apparently brought a peal of laughter from the court and is said to have been one reason the execution was not carried out.

Social critique and legacy
Cahun made work for herself and did not want to be famous. Cahun's work was largely unrecognized until 40 years after her death. In many ways, Cahun's life was marked by actions which revolted against convention, and her public image has since become a commentary which challenges the public's notions of gender, beauty, and logic.

Her work was meant to unsettle the audience's understanding of photography as a documentation of reality. Furthermore, her poetry challenged gender roles of the time and attacked the increasingly modern world's social and economic boundaries. Also, Cahun's participation with the Parisian Surrealist group brought an element of diversity to the group's output which ushered in new representations. Most Surrealist artists were men, whose primary images of women depicted them as isolated symbols of eroticism rather than as the chameleonic, gender non-conforming figure that Cahun presented. Cahun’s photographs, writings, and general life as an artistic and political revolutionary continues to influence artists.

Twenty-first century writing on Cahun and Moore’s work has described the pair as "prototransgender artists". Christy Wampole connects Cahun’s adopted name and appearance to twenty-first century genderqueer identities, arguing that Cahun's photographs display “transgender signals” and are a prototype of modern trans self-representation.

Cahun's collected writings were published in 2002 as Claude Cahun – Écrits (ISBN 2-85893-616-1), edited by François Leperlier.

In 2018, a street of Paris took the name of "Allée Claude Cahun – Marcel Moore" (area of Saint-Germain-des-Prés – Montparnasse, near the rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs where Claude and Suzanne lived).

Rupert Thomson's 2018 novel, Never Anyone But You, was based on the life of Cahun and Moore. It was favourably reviewed by Adam Mars-Jones in the London Review of Books.

Cahun and Moore's WWII activism and heroism are documented by Jeffrey H. Jackson in the 2020 book, Paper Bullets: Two Artists Who Risked Their Lives to Defy the Nazis.

Google honored Claude Cahun by showing an animated Doodle on its home page in many countries on 25 October 2021, on the anniversary of what would have been her 127th birthday.

Exist Otherwise is a literary journal edited by Eric Jennings that takes Claude Cahun as its literary inspiration.

Kaz Rowe, an illustrator, published a biography in graphic novel form on Cahun's life in 2023. Liberated: The Radical Art and Life of Claude Cahun explores Cahun's and Moore's involvement in "a radical journey of Surrealist collaboration that would take them from conservative provincial France to the vibrancy of 1920s Paris to the oppression of Nazi-occupied Jersey during World War II, where they used art to undermine the Nazi regime."

title: Claude Cahun


text:
User:Dariusl

Wikipedia - the World's Biggest Library!

title: User:Dariusl


text: User talk:156.77.108.72

title: User talk:156.77.108.72


text: User talk:80.42.167.84

title: User talk:80.42.167.84


text:
Standard rate turn

Aircraft maneuvering is referenced to a standard rate turn, also known as a rate one turn (ROT).

A standard rate turn is defined as a 3° per second turn, which completes a 360° turn in 2 minutes. This is known as a 2-minute turn, or rate one (180°/min). Fast airplanes, or aircraft on certain precision approaches, use a half standard rate ('rate half' in some countries), but the definition of standard rate does not change.

Usage

Standardized turn rates are often employed in approaches and holding patterns to provide a reference for controllers and pilots so that each will know what the other is expecting. The pilot banks the airplane such that the turn and slip indicator points to the mark appropriate for that aircraft and then uses a clock to time the turn. The pilot can roll out at any desired direction depending on the length of time in the turn.

During a constant-bank level turn, increasing airspeed decreases the rate of turn, and increases the turn radius. A rate half turn (1.5° per second) is normally used when flying faster than 250 kn. The term rate two turn (6° per second) is used on some low speed aircraft.

Instrumentation
Instruments, either the turn and slip indicator or the turn coordinator, have the standard rate or half standard rate turn clearly marked. Slower aircraft are equipped with 2-minute turn indicators while faster aircraft are often equipped with 4-minute turn indicators.

Angle of bank formula
The formula for calculating the angle of bank for a specific true airspeed (TAS) in SI units (or other coherent system) is:

$$\phi = \arctan \frac{v_\mathrm{t}^2}{rg}$$

where $$\phi$$ is the angle of bank, $$v_\mathrm{t}$$ is true airspeed, $$r$$ is the radius of the turn, and $$g$$ is the acceleration due to gravity.

For a rate-one turn and velocity in knots (nautical miles per hour, symbol kn), this comes to

$$\phi = \arctan \frac{v_\mathrm{t} [\mathrm{kn}]} {364}$$.

A convenient approximation for the bank angle in degrees is

$$\phi / ^\circ \approx \frac{v_\mathrm{t} [\mathrm{kn}]} {10} + 7$$

For aircraft holding purposes, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) mandates that all turns should be made, "at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank." By the above formula, a rate-one turn at a TAS greater than 180 knots would require a bank angle of more than 25°. Therefore, faster aircraft just use 25° for their turns.

Radius of turn formula
One might also want to calculate the radius $$r$$ of a Rate 1, 2 or 3 turn at a specific TAS.

$$r[\mathrm{nmi}] = \frac{v_\mathrm{t} [\mathrm{kn}]} {20 \pi \omega_\mathrm{turn} [^\circ / \mathrm{s}] }$$

Where $$\omega_\mathrm{turn}$$ is the rate of turn.

If the velocity and the angle of bank is given,

$$r\; = \frac{v_\mathrm{t}^2} {g \tan \phi}$$

where g is the gravitational acceleration. This is a simplified formula that ignores slip and returns zero for 90° of bank.

In metres (where gravity is approximately 9.81 metres per second per second, and velocity is given in metres per second):

$$r[\mathrm{m}] = \frac{v_\mathrm{t}^2} {9.81\ \mathrm{m/s^2} \tan \phi}$$

Or in feet (where velocity is given in knots):

$$r[\mathrm{ft}] = \frac{(v_\mathrm{t} [\mathrm{kn}])^2} {11.294 \tan \phi}$$

title: Standard rate turn


text:
Old Salem

Old Salem is a historic district of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States, which was originally settled by the Moravian community in 1766. It features a living-history museum which interprets the restored Moravian community. The non-profit organization began its work in 1950, although some private residents had restored buildings earlier. As the Old Salem Historic District, it was declared a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1966, and expanded fifty years later. The district showcases the culture of the Moravian settlement in the Province of North Carolina during the colonial 18th century and post-statehood 19th century via its communal buildings, churches, houses and shops.

Two buildings are individually designated as NHLs: the Salem Tavern and the Single Brothers' House. Additional buildings and properties have been added to the National Register to expand the historic area (see St. Philips Moravian Church below, Single Brothers Industrial Complex Site and West Salem Historic District). Ownership of the buildings and land is divided among Old Salem, Inc., Wachovia Historical Society, private owners, Salem College, Salem Academy and Salem Congregation (the successor to the Salem Congregational Council, to whom all ownership of Church properties was transferred).

Historic Salem
Salem was originally settled by members of the Moravian Church, a Protestant denomination that first began in 1457, out of the followers of Jan Hus (1369–1415) in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Moravia, now part of the Czech Republic. In 1722, the German-speaking exiles finally found protection on the estate of Count Zinzendorf, a Saxon nobleman, where he allowed them to create the village of Herrnhut as their home. First settling in North America in Savannah, Province of Georgia, in 1735, they moved in 1740 to the Province of Pennsylvania, where they founded several communities (Bethlehem, Nazareth and Lititz). Because of development pressures, they looked for more space to create their church communities. Purchasing just over 98985 acre from John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, one of the British Lords Proprietor, in the Piedmont of the Province of North Carolina in 1753, they sent groups from Bethlehem to begin construction. They founded the transitional settlement of Bethabara (translated as "House of Passage," the first planned Moravian community in North Carolina in 1753, in Bethania), in 1759.

Salem was to be the central town of a tract of land named Wachovia. Construction began in 1766 to build the central economic, religious and administrative center of the tract. The outlying communities, eventually five in all (Bethabara, Bethania, Friedberg, Friedland and Hope), were more rural and agriculture focused. Salem and most of the other communities were controlled by the church, which owned all property and only leased land for construction. The worldwide Moravian Church initially owned the property, but Salem Congregation purchased the 5 sqmi town lot outright in 1826. All people in the communities had to be members of the church and could be expelled from the town if they acted contrary to the community's regulations. The several governing bodies all kept meticulous records; copies were sent to the Bethlehem and Herrnhut archives. Most of this information has been translated and published in the "Records of the Moravians in North Carolina" by the North Carolina State Archives, now comprising thirteen volumes. This detailed information is part of the documentation used for the accurate restoration and interpretation of Old Salem and many original documents are still housed in the Moravian archives.

 * In 1849, Forsyth County was created, but Salem was unwilling to be the county seat and sold property directly to the north to become the new courthouse town. This town became Winston, which quickly grew into a thriving industrial center.
 * In 1857, the church divested control of the town and allowed the residents to purchase their property. Salem then became a legal municipality. The town expanded twice, in 1889 and 1907.
 * Salem merged with adjacent Winston in 1913, becoming known as Winston-Salem.

A local architectural review district was created in 1948 (the first in North Carolina and probably the fifth in the country) to protect the historic remains of what had become a depressed area from encroaching development. In 1950, Old Salem Inc. (a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation) was formed to protect threatened buildings, restore the town and operate portions of it as a museum.

Old Salem museums and gardens
The town's restored and reconstructed buildings, staffed by living-history interpreters, present visitors with a view of Moravian life in the 18th and 19th centuries. The features include skilled interpreters such as tinsmiths, blacksmiths, cobblers, gunsmiths, bakers and carpenters, practicing their trades while interacting with visitors. Approximately 70% of the buildings in the historic district are original.

Points of interest
The village is centered around Salem Square, which is bounded by Academy Street to the north, Church Street to the east, West Street to the south and Main Street to the west. Salem College overlooks the square from Church Street.

Church Street

 * African Moravian Log Church
 * Anna Johanna Vogler House
 * Dr. Samuel Vierling House and Barn (The Doctor's House)
 * Home Moravian Church
 * Moravian Church Archives
 * Philip Reich House
 * Philip Reich Shop
 * Salem College
 * Single Sisters' House Museum
 * St. Philip's Heritage Center
 * St. Philip's Moravian Church

Academy Street

 * Boys' School
 * Inspectors' House
 * Single Brothers' Workshop

Main Street

 * Augustus T. Zevely Inn
 * Bank of Cape Fear
 * Beitel-Van Vleck House
 * Blum House
 * Butner House
 * C. Winkler Bakery
 * Charles A. Copper House
 * Charles A. Copper Shop
 * Christoph Vogler House
 * Community Store
 * Dr. John Francis Shaffner House
 * Eberhardt House and Shop
 * Ebert-Reich House
 * Fifth House
 * First House
 * Fourth House
 * Gottlieb Schroeter House and Wash-Bake House
 * Hall House
 * Herbst House
 * Jacob Siewers House
 * John Siewers House
 * John Vogler House
 * Kuehln House
 * Leinbach House, Granary and Stable
 * Levering House
 * Market–Fire Engine House
 * Miksch Tobacco Shop
 * Nathaniel Shober Siewers House
 * Salem Tavern
 * Salem Tavern Museum
 * Shultz House and Shop
 * Shultz Shoemaker Shop
 * Single Brothers' House
 * Tavern Meadow
 * The Butner Shop
 * Theophilus Vierling House
 * Third House
 * Timothy Vogler Gunsmith Shop
 * Timothy Vogler House
 * Traugott Bagge Merchant
 * Traugott Leinbach House and Leinbach Wash-Bake House
 * Volz House
 * Vorsteher's House

West Street

 * Anna Catherina House
 * Traugott Bagge House

Salt Street
Highlights of the town include the Salem Tavern, where George Washington spent two nights (May 31 and June 1, 1791), while passing through North Carolina during his "Southern Tour"; the Single Brothers' House; Boys' School; C. Winkler Bakery; and a host of restored homes and shops and several stores including Traugott Bagge Merchant and the Moravian Book and Gift Shop. Of note is the St. Philip's Moravian Church complex. The site of God's Acre, an 18th-century graveyard, the (now reconstructed) 1823 'Negro Church' was built following a congregational vote to segregate worship in accordance with North Carolina state law in 1816. Before that the African-Americans who joined the Moravian church attended Home Moravian Church. In 1861, St. Philip's Church was constructed. Now restored, the church was originally built by the Salem congregation for the enslaved and free African-Americans of the community. Completed just before the Civil War in 1861, it is the oldest surviving African-American church built for that purpose in North Carolina. The Emancipation Proclamation was read there to the congregation in 1865 by the chaplain of the 10th Ohio Regiment. The church continued to grow and was expanded in the 1890s. The congregation moved to a new location in 1952 then a third location on Bon Aire Avenue, before returning to hold services in the brick Church in 2019. The building stood vacant from 1952 until its restoration. St. Philip's Church is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 * Christman House
 * Denke House
 * Family Gardens
 * Fruit Orchard
 * Hagen House
 * Jacob Christman House
 * Lick-Boner House
 * Miksch Gardens
 * Salt-Flax House
 * Solomon Lick House
 * Christian Triebel Lot Garden

Partially in the Old Salem historic district is the campus of Salem College and Academy, with Main Hall, the Single Sisters' House, the Inspectors House (with the president's office and the college book store) on the Square and Gramley Library just down Church Street.

Home Moravian Church, while not a part of the official Old Salem tour per se, this functioning congregation opens its sanctuary to visitors on a regular schedule. Still owned by the Salem Congregation, Salem Square, in the center of the district, hosts many special events throughout the year.

In Salem, the "Easter City," the traditional Moravian Easter sunrise service has been held annually since 1772 by the Salem Congregation, and draws several thousand people to the Salem Square and Moravian graveyard. The first two weeks of December play host to the Candle Tea, an annual fundraiser for local charities held by the Home Moravian Church Women's Fellowship in the Single Brothers' House.

The Market–Fire Engine House was constructed in 1803 (reconstructed in 1955). Half of it was used as a marketplace for fresh meat, and the other half was used to store fire fighting equipment. The town had been using this equipment since 1785, when the Salem Tavern was destroyed by fire. The fire company is thought to be the first of its kind in North Carolina.

At the north end of the historic district is a large Coffee Pot which is a former tin-shop sign, moved when Interstate 40 was built just to the north.

Visitor Center

Old Salem's Visitor Center was built in 2003 and is the main location where museum visitors purchase tickets. The building features a large concourse along a serpentine glass wall with interpretive panels about the history of Wachovia and Salem. The preliminary design was developed by Venturi Scott Brown and Associates, with local firm Calloway, Johnson, Moore and West completing the project. The building also houses a food service, gift shops and the James A. Gray Jr. Auditorium. The Gray Auditorium is home to the 1800 Tannenberg Organ.

The former 1964 visitor center and parking lot were demolished to allow partial reconstruction of the 18th-century Single Brothers' Garden.

Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts
A part of Old Salem Museums & Gardens and located in a modern building in the historic district, the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (MESDA) is dedicated to exhibiting and researching the regional decorative arts of the early South. MESDA opened to the public on January 5, 1965. MESDA was founded by Frank L. Horton and his mother Theodosia “Theo” L. Taliaferro, antiques dealers and collectors who spent most of their lives raising awareness of and appreciating domestic objects made in the south. In its galleries, MESDA showcases the architecture, needlework, furniture, paintings, textiles, ceramics, silver and other metalwares made and used in Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky and Tennessee through the early 19th century. The majority of the MESDA collection is accessible online.

Notable people

 * Gottfried Aust, potter
 * Rudolph Christ, potter
 * Johann Gottlob Krause, stonemason
 * Elisabeth Oesterlein, educator
 * Melchior Rasp, stonemason
 * Christian Triebl, carpenter
 * Christian Winkler, baker

Hidden Town Project
Starting in December 2016, substantial historical and archaeological research has focused on Salem's historical African-American population. Moravians educated enslaved members of their community, teaching literacy skills and some professional trades. Holistic studies directed toward understanding ethnicity and cultural identity of African-Americans in Salem have resulted in significant additions to the historical interpretation presented at Old Salem. These additions include newly identified slave dwellings and the updated number of slaves who lived in Salem from 1790-1860.

The goals of this project are to:

 * 1) To locate the sites of dwelling places of enslaved people throughout the entire historic district
 * 2) To archaeologically investigate the sites.
 * 3) To fully integrate the narrative of the enslaved into the visitor experience.
 * 4) To connect with descendants of the Salem enslaved population and form an Advisory Committee to help direct future efforts at Old Salem.
 * 5) To interpret through contemporary art forms, salon discussions and public gatherings.

title: Old Salem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Schmo

Schmo
Looks very much like a fake article. Couldn't find anything on the web to back it. --LeeHunter 14:06, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Can't find anything on it, looks invented.   — Asbestos | Talk 15:13, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as vandalism. ("A well known jewish sympathizer.") Geogre 15:17, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for posting the content, Geogre. Good call.Dr Zen 03:00, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Schmo


text: User talk:67.174.61.26

title: User talk:67.174.61.26


text: User talk:82.102.205.202

title: User talk:82.102.205.202


text: Template:Judaism-stub

title: Template:Judaism-stub


text: Category:Supermarkets of Belgium

title: Category:Supermarkets of Belgium


text:
Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyūshū

Yahatahigashi-ku (八幡東区) is a ward of Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka, Japan. It is the second smallest ward in Kitakyūshū after Tobata ward at only 36.36 square kilometres. Residents have a very high average age, one of the highest in Japan. The population was 77,077 at the end of September 2003.

Facilities
The ward contains the now-closed Space World amusement park. It also contains the Kawachi Dam, built to provide cooling water for the Yahata steelworks in the 1920s. When the dam was built, it was the largest in Asia.

An onsen (hot spring) facility, Ajisai no Yu, has recently been built and includes outdoor bathing (rotenburo).

title: Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyūshū


text:
Warhammer armies

Warhammer armies or Armies can refer to either

 * Armies of Warhammer within the Warhammer Fantasy Battle or Warhammer 40,000 games
 * A series of publications, Warhammer Army Book or Codex (Warhammer 40,000), that contain the rules and story for the armies in the game

title: Warhammer armies


text:
Footman

A footman is a male domestic worker employed mainly to wait at table or attend a coach or carriage.

Etymology
Originally in the 14th century a footman denoted a soldier or any pedestrian, later it indicated a foot servant. A running footman delivered messages. He might run beside or behind the carriages of aristocrats, running alongside the coach to make sure it was not overturned by such obstacles as ditches or tree roots. A footman might also run ahead to the destination to prepare for his lord's arrival.

Roles
The name was applied to a household servant who waited at table and attended, rode on his employer's coach or carriage in case of untoward incidents. In many cases, a footman was expected to serve as an armed bodyguard. Many were skilled with pistols to defend their employer's coach against highwaymen.

The first footman was the designation given to the highest-ranking servant of this class in a given household. The first footman would serve as deputy butler and act as butler in the latter's absence, although some larger houses also had an under-butler above the first footman.

In a larger household, various footmen might be assigned specific duties (for which there might be a traditional sequence), such as the silver specialist. Usually the footmen performed a range of duties which included serving meals, opening and closing doors, carrying heavy items, or moving furniture for the housemaid to clean behind. The footmen might also double as valets, especially for visiting guests.

Servants
Male servants were paid more than female servants (because some were expected to support a wife and children) and footmen were something of a luxury and therefore a status symbol even among the servant-employing classes. They performed a less essential role than the cook, maid or even butler, and were employed only by the grandest households. Since a footman was for show as much as for work, his good looks were highly prized, including a tall stature and well-turned legs, shown off by the traditional footman's dress of stockings below knee breeches. Footmen were expected to be unmarried and tended to be relatively young; they might, however, progress to other posts, notably that of butler. One 19th-century footman, William Tayler, kept a diary which has been published. He was, in fact, married, but he kept it secret from his employers and visited his family only on his days off.

Once a common position in great houses, the footman became much rarer after World War I as fewer households could afford large retinues. The role is now virtually a historic one, although servants with this designation are still employed in the British Royal Household, wearing a distinctive scarlet livery on state occasions.

Famous fictional footmen

 * In Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the Queen of Hearts' Fish Footman delivers a croquet invitation to the Duchess's Frog Footman, which he then presents to the Duchess.
 * George (Richard E. Grant), first footman in service to Sir William McCordle (Michael Gambon), in the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman.
 * Thomas Barrow (Rob James-Collier) and William Mason (Thomas Howes) serve as first and second footman, respectively, to Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham (Hugh Bonneville) in the Julian Fellowes period drama Downton Abbey.

title: Footman