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Lionel Terray

Lionel Terray (25 July 1921 – 19 September 1965) was a French climber who made many first ascents, including on the 1955 French Makalu expedition in the Himalaya (with Jean Couzy on 15 May 1955) and Cerro Fitz Roy in the Patagonian Andes (with Guido Magnone in 1952).

A climbing guide and ski instructor, Terray was active in mountain combat against Germany during World War II. After the war, he became well known as one of the best Chamonix climbers and guides, noted for his speedy ascents of some of the most notorious climbs in the French, Italian, and Swiss Alps: the Walker Spur of the Grandes Jorasses, the south face of the Aiguille Noire de Peuterey, the north-east face of Piz Badile, and the north face of the Eiger. Terray, frequently with climbing partner Louis Lachenal, broke previous climbing speed records.

Terray was a member of Maurice Herzog's 1950 expedition to the Nepalese Himalayan peak, Annapurna, the highest peak climbed at the time, and the first 8000-meter peak climbed (although British climbers George Mallory, Andrew Irvine, George Finch, Geoffrey Bruce, Henry Morshead, Teddy Norton and Howard Somervell had reached higher altitudes on Mount Everest during the 1920s). Terray did not reach the summit of Annapurna, but together with the Sherpa Adjiba he aided summiteers Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal down from the mountain. Both Herzog and Lachenal experienced extreme frostbite and subsequently underwent amputations. Despite these events, the French team returned to Paris to huge public acclaim, and Herzog's expedition book Annapurna became an international bestseller.

Terray made the second ascent of the North Face of the Eiger in 1947, with Louis Lachenal. He was also one of the main participants in the great attempt to rescue four climbers trapped on the north face of the Eiger in 1957. This mission forms the subject of Jack Olsen's 1962 book, The Climb Up To Hell, in which Terray's skill and bravery receive special mention.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Terray made a number of first ascents in Peru, including the highest unclimbed peak in the central Andes at the time, 20981 ft Huantsan. He also made first ascents of lower but more difficult peaks, including Willka Wiqi, Soray, Tawllirahu, and Chakrarahu/Chacraraju, possibly the hardest peak in the Peruvian Andes and considered unclimbable at the time. One of Terray's finest achievements was the first ascent of 25295 ft Jannu in Nepal in 1962. He also climbed the Nilgiris near Annapurna, and led the successful 1964 first ascent of 12240 ft Mount Huntington, in the Alaska Range, by the northwest ridge.

Terray organised a rescue attempt of two climbers stranded on Mont Blanc in December 1956. For this he was expelled from the Chamonix Guide's Association, which had refused to participate in the rescue from the start on the grounds that the risk to the rescuers would be too great. Due to the fact that no other guides would accompany him, Terray set out a small team of amateurs. They were turned back on 1 January 1957 either by poor weather or on the understanding that a helicopter would attempt a rescue the following day. Terray was highly critical of the Chamonix Guide Association's inaction when the alarm had first been raised.

Terray was fatally injured from a fall while climbing in the Vercors, south of Grenoble, on 19 September 1965, several years after the publication of his climbing memoir, Conquistadors of the Useless. There were rumors that Terray was functionally illiterate and the book was ghost-written; however in a Foreword written by author and climber David Roberts to an English edition, he confirms he found the original manuscript written in Terray's hand which is word for word what was published, dispelling any notion that Terray did not write the book entirely himself.

His grave is situated in Chamonix, France. A traffic circle is named for him in Chamonix, WSW of town.

Principal expeditions
Principal expeditions:

 * 1942 - First ascent of the west side of Aiguille Purtcheller.
 * 1944 - First to the east-northeast spur of the Pain de Sucre. The first on the north face of the fr:Aiguille des Pélerins and the north of the Peuterey lap with Maurice Herzog.
 * 1946 - Spur north of the Droites, with Louis Lachenal, in eight hours. And the north face of Grandes Jorasses.
 * 1947 - Third ascent of the north face of Aiguille Verte. The second to climb the northern face of the Eiger with Lachenal.
 * 1950 - Lionel Terray on the expedition to Annapurna, the first 8000+m mountain successfully climbed. Terray did not summit but played a rescue role.
 * 1952 - First ascent of Fitz Roy (3,405m) in Patagonia. Climb to Aconcagua (6,960m).
 * 1954 - Reconnoiter of Makalu in Tibet. First ascents of subsidiary summits Kangchungtse and Chomo Lonzo (7,804m).
 * 1955 - Expedition to Makalu, first summit (8,485m), with Jean Couzy.
 * 1956 - In Peru, Nevado Chacraraju (6,110m); and Taulliraju (5,830m).
 * 1959 - Expedition to Jannu, 7,710 m, stopping at 7,400 m. In 1962, under Terray's direction, success.
 * 1962 - First ascent of 25295 ft Jannu in Nepal.
 * 1964 - In the Alaskan range, first ascent of Mount Huntington (3,731m).

title: Lionel Terray


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Union of Krewo

In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva (also spelled Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva; unia w Krewie; Krėvos sutartis) comprised a set of prenuptial promises made at Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in regard to his prospective marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland.

Though very limited in scope, the "Union of Krewo", in historiography, often refers not only to the particular document but to events of 1385–1386 as a whole. After the 1385 negotiations, Jogaila converted to Christianity, married Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland in 1386.

The union proved a decisive moment in the histories of Poland and Lithuania; it marked the beginning of four centuries of shared history of the two polities. By 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union had developed into a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which lasted until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

Situation in Poland
Louis I of Hungary died on 10 September 1382. Since he had only two surviving daughters, Mary (born ca. 1371) and Jadwiga (born ca. 1373), Poland faced a succession crisis. Candidates for the throne included Mary's fiancé Sigismund of Luxembourg, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, and Władysław Opolczyk. Mary and her fiancé were rejected by the Polish nobles, who did not wish to continue a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary. Polish nobles competed with each other and a brief civil war broke out in Greater Poland. Eventually, after long negotiations with Jadwiga's mother Elizabeth of Bosnia, who was regent of Hungary, Jadwiga arrived in Kraków and was crowned as King of Poland (not as Queen of Poland, to emphasize her rights to the throne) on 15 October 1384. The new monarch still needed a suitable husband. She was betrothed to William of Austria, who in summer 1385 traveled to Poland in an attempt to consummate the proposed marriage and present a fait accompli. He succeeded in reaching Wawel, but was forcibly removed by Polish nobles. It is unclear whether he succeeded in consummating the marriage, but biased Austrian sources continued to accuse Jadwiga of bigamy. Nobles from Lesser Poland, including Spytek of Melsztyn, Jan of Tarnów, and Jan Tęczyński, proposed that Jadwiga marry Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Situation in Lithuania
Grand Duke Algirdas died in 1377 and left the throne to his son Jogaila. He inherited a large state, inhabited by pagan Lithuanians and Orthodox Ruthenians. For the last century, Lithuanians defended themselves from the Teutonic Knights, a crusading military order dedicated to conversion of the Grand Duchy into Catholicism. Jogaila understood that the conversion was inevitable and searched for the best opportunities. The Treaty of Dubysa of 1382 with the Knights included provisions of Jogaila's conversion within four years. However, the treaty was never ratified. Accepting Christianity from a long-standing enemy was dangerous, unpopular, and could push Lithuania into dependence of the Knights. In 1384, Jogaila explored another option, presented by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and brokered by his Orthodox mother Uliana of Tver: converting to Orthodoxy and marrying Sophia, daughter of Dmitry Donskoy. However, in the eyes of Catholics, Orthodoxy was not any better than paganism. Therefore, such conversion would not protect from the Teutonic attacks. A third option, presented by Polish nobles, avoided major pitfalls of the Teutonic or Muscovite proposals.

Negotiations
The relations between Poland and Lithuania were not particularly friendly. The two states were allies before, when Jogaila's aunt Aldona of Lithuania was Queen of Poland between 1325 and 1339. Poland and Lithuania battled each other in the decades-long Galicia–Volhynia Wars, but also saw opportunities to regain lands lost to Hungary and regarded the Teutonic Knights as the common enemy. It is unknown who and when proposed Jogaila as the groom for Jadwiga. Some hints show that planning and negotiations might have started as early as 1383. For example, Jogaila attacked Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, when he advanced his claims for the Polish throne. By the time Lithuanian envoys participated in Jadwiga's coronation in fall 1384, Jogaila's candidacy was widely known.

In mid-1385, Jogaila sent an official delegation to Poland. It included his brother Skirgaila, Duke Boris (possibly his cousin and son of Karijotas), and merchant Hanul of Riga. Hanul helped Jogaila to recapture Vilnius during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) and represented interests of merchants, who saw great trade potential between Poland and Lithuania. The representatives first appeared before the Polish nobles in Kraków and then before Queen Elizabeth, Jadwiga's mother, in Buda. A Polish delegation – two Elizabeth's envoys and three Polish nobles – was sent to Lithuania. Upon return of the Lithuanian delegation, Jogaila confirmed in writing all the promises, made on his behalf in Poland. This confirmation is known today as the Union of Krewo.

Content
The 560-word document is addressed to Queen Elizabeth and the Polish delegation. Jogaila briefly described the mission of the Lithuanian delegation and, in exchange for marriage to Jadwiga, agreed to the following:
 * Christianizing Lithuania: conversion of pagan Jogaila, Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism
 * paying compensation of 200,000 florins to William, Duke of Austria for the termination of the engagement between Jadwiga and William
 * returning of all lands lost in wars by Poland. This in particular referred to territories in Red Ruthenia that Louis I of Hungary attached to the Kingdom of Hungary.
 * releasing of all 40,000 or 45,000 Christians war prisoners of Poland held by the Lithuanians
 * attaching (Latin: applicare) of Lithuanian and Ruthenian lands to the Crown of Poland

It was guaranteed by the seals of Jogaila's brothers Skirgaila, Kaributas, Lengvenis and their cousin Vytautas. Because the document contained promises and guarantees only by one party, Lithuanian historian Jūratė Kiaupienė concluded that the union could not have been a final international treaty and that there should have been another document finalizing the agreement.

Marriage and conversion of Lithuania
On 11 January 1386 a Polish delegation met Jogaila in Vawkavysk and presented him with a pre-election pact, declaring that the Polish nobility agreed to elect him as their new king. The election was concluded on 1 February in Lublin. On 12 February Jogaila and his relatives arrived in Kraków and were baptized by Bodzanta, Bishop of Gniezno, three days later in the Wawel Cathedral. Jogaila's new baptismal name Wladislaus was chosen in honor of Jadwiga's great-grandfather king Władysław I the Elbow-high, the penultimate Piast. Jogaila married Jadwiga on 18 February and was crowned jure uxoris as King of Poland on 4 March. Due to negative propaganda by William of Austria and the Teutonic Knights, the marriage was not confirmed by Pope Urban VI (1378–1389); only Pope Boniface IX (1389–1404) declared it legitimate.

Right after the marriage and coronation, Jadwiga and Vytautas marched to Galicia where they defeated Hungarian forces and secured some 97000 km2 in western Podolia. Andrei of Polotsk, Jogaila's eldest brother, used his absence to renew struggle for the throne of Lithuania. Andrei attacked southeast of Polotsk, the Livonian Order attacked Duchy of Lithuania, and Sviatoslav of Smolensk attacked Mstsislaw. The rebellion was quickly subdued.

At the end of 1386 Jogaila returned to Vilnius to carry out his other promise – to convert the Grand Duchy to Catholicism. He brought some priests, established the first seven parishes, and, according to Jan Długosz, even personally translated Lord's Prayer and Apostles' Creed into the Lithuanian language. New converts were baptized en masse, with little teaching, and were awarded wool shirts; the haste was later criticized at the Council of Constance. On 17 February 1387 Jogaila decreed that he would build Vilnius Cathedral and petition the pope to establish the Diocese of Vilnius, which he awarded with land possessions in Tauragnai, Labanoras, Molėtai. Two other privileges, issues on 20 February and 4 March 1387, awarded nobles who would convert to Christianity with new rights and granted Magdeburg rights to Vilnius. This served not only as an incentive for conversion but also equalized nobility rights in Poland and Lithuania.

Polish–Lithuanian union
Jogaila left his brother Skirgaila as his regent in Lithuania. He proved to be unpopular and Lithuanian nobility resented growing Polish influence in the state. Vytautas seized the opportunity to renew his struggle for power and the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) broke out. This was resolved with the Ostrów Agreement – Vytautas became the Grand Duke of Lithuania while Jogaila retained rights of an overlord. Vytautas conducted independent internal and foreign affairs, but cooperated with Jogaila. A celebrated example of the Polish–Lithuanian cooperation was the decisive victory in the Battle of Grunwald (1410) against the Teutonic Knights. Polish–Lithuanian relations were and Vytautas's independence were formalized by the Union of Vilnius and Radom (1401) and Union of Horodło (1413). Thus the Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained its sovereignty. Only the Union of Lublin (1569) created permanent union between Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after which the federal state Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established. Finally, the Constitution of 3 May 1791 declared that both states were one, albeit this was denounced in 20 October amendments (Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations). Soon, they were separated in form, but most of the 19th century they spent under Russia, although administratively separate. In the early 20th century, both established their independence and since then, they have not been together in any formal sense.

Historiography
Up until the discovery of the original document in 1835 in a register in the Archives of the Cracow Cathedral Chapter, the Union of Krewo was unknown. Usually, important state documents were archived at the Crown Archive. It was neither referenced in any contemporary documents nor cited by medieval historians. No chronicles or other written sources mentioned the August 1385 meeting in Kreva. That led the Lithuanian American lawyer Jonas Dainauskas to question act's authenticity in 1975. However, his claims have gained little scholarly support.

Applicare
The word applicare, describing future relationship between Poland and Lithuania, caused the most controversy and academic debate. The Latin term does not have a legal definition and possibly was deliberately chosen for its vagueness. The term is subject to wide-ranging interpretations, which could be divided into three major categories:
 * Lithuania ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became a province of Poland. This interpretation was championed by the Polish historians Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949), Anatol Lewicki (1841–1899), Henryk Łowmiański (1898–1984), and Ludwik Kolankowski (1882–1956). This view was newly interpreted by Oskar Halecki (1891–1973), who argued that Lithuania was incorporated into Poland from 1386 to 1401 and became Poland's fief to 1440.
 * Lithuania became a fief of Poland. This view was introduced by Jan Adamus (1896–1962) in 1932 and supported by Henryk Paszkiewicz (1897–1979) and to an extent by Oskar Halecki. Their main arguments was that such a large state could not suddenly became a province in reality and that the Grand Duchy preserved most elements of sovereignty.
 * Lithuania and Poland were united by a personal union. This view was introduced by the Lithuanian historians Adolfas Šapoka (1906–1961) and Zenonas Ivinskis (1908–1971). They argued that Poland and Lithuania were united only by the monarch.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Union of Krewo


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User:Xmeltrut

I don't really keep these lists up to date any more.

Pages I Started

 * Greatest Hits (Alien Ant Farm)
 * Books of original entry
 * Christina Cole
 * Dawson Leery
 * Dot Net Show
 * Dryden Mitchell
 * Freshers flu
 * Halifax deedstore
 * Jen Lindley
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 * Palmetto Pointe
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Pages I Contributed To

 * Alien Ant Farm
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 * Nitro Records

title: User:Xmeltrut


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Talk:Sknyliv air show disaster

Link to video?
Is the external link to the video necessary? I mean, it's not just graphic, it's horrible. You don't expect such a videolink in the Wikipedia, even if it is tagged as graphic. You see blood, body parts all over the place and people cut in half. If someone want to see the video, he will find it. But i think to put a link to a uncut video below the article should not be. And if it did, it should be more clearly tagged as „very high graphic violence” or something like that. Also the video is a citation for this part: „Both pilots survived with minor injuries from the ejection and landed just a few feet away from the transport aircraft.”... I guess. Sorry for my bad english, i'm german ;> --93.219.59.73 (talk) 21:18, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

I don't see anything in the article that gives warning to the graphic nature of the video in the external link. There should be a warning IMO as it's extreme, over-the-top graphic...graphic as in if the resolution were sharper it would be beyond anything in a gory horror movie. Regards, Mike in USA

People, I removed the Russian spare parts issue. It is not evidently relevant to the case. And it seems like Russian propaganda. If you disagree - please prove that the info mentioned is directly associated with that very plane. Best wishes, AlexPU

The article says 'The aircraft, flown by two experienced pilots, was reported to have lost power before clipping trees, at which point the crew ejected'. Actually the crew ejected later, when the plane hit ground by the left wing.

I've reviewed the video, and, to me, it sounds like the Flanker's engines die right after the 0:50 mark. You can hear what sounds like engine noise a shortly thereafter as the Flanker rapidly picks up speed during the dive, but couldn't that be caused by air rushing into the engines? MalikCarr 08:15, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The Su-27 crash in Lviv (also known as the Sknilov tragedy) is a major aviation disaster that occurred on Saturday July 27, 2002 during an air show in honor of the 60th anniversary of the 14th Aviation Corps (the former 14th Air Army of the USSR) at the Sknilovsky airfield located on the outskirts of Lviv. While performing aerobatics at extremely low altitude, the Su-27UB fighter of the Armed Forces of Ukraine fell directly into the crowd of spectators. 77 people died (including 28 children)[1][2][3], 543 people were injured with varying degrees of severity[1][3]. The catastrophe in Lviv became the largest air show in world history in terms of the number of dead and wounded [4]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Air_Army 37.54.230.242 (talk) 21:33, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Pictures?
Could someone possibly find some pictures of the accident, i know there are more then enough. bogdan 03:07, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Please, no, no pictures. This is a horrific thing... Limbs, people cut in half... I, for one, am voicing out against pictures of this.
 * Agreed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.142.130.16 (talk) 05:46, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Casualties
85 confirmed dead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.60.210.5 (talk) 17:15, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

An anonymous editor changed 84 immediate deaths and an 85th death later in hospital to 77 and an 85th. Obviously that doesn't make sense. Early reports seem to have had fatalities in the 80s. Later reports give 77, and don't mention a later death. Girlwithgreeneyes (talk) 14:02, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * CNN and The Current Digest of the Russian Press both give 77 in later editions, which suggests earlier numbers were falsely high. Since I haven't found any sources which are still quoting the 85 number I've gone ahead and changed the article accordingly (though still mentioning the 85 number as the initial verdict).--Xiaphias (talk) 07:48, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Hindsight bias in this article?
Recently I came across the phenomenon of hindsight bias and I wondered whether this bias might also be present in this Wikipedia article... According to the hindsight bias, in retrospect it is overestimated how likely, predictable and/or inevitable an event was, and obviously a study has even found it in Wikipedia articles on accidents/catastrophes: doi:10.1007/s00426-017-0865-7 So I wondered whether that could be the case with this article, too, – and whether the disaster is presented as more predictable and inevitable than it actually was before. Maybe we should search again for information that would have spoken against its occurrence? Apparently, the hindsight bias occurs because of a retrospective focus on information that spoke FOR the event while ignoring (or not taking seriously) information that would have argued for another outcome, which then, of course, leads to the impression of inevitability and foreseeability... This is why I wondered whether this article might also be affected by hindsight bias and should thus be checked again for this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810D:1300:38E5:4CEA:17D3:BC93:8158 (talk) 18:53, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:07, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Sknyliv- Pior Acidente Aereo .jpg

title: Talk:Sknyliv air show disaster


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Empacher

Empacher (company name Bootswerft Empacher GmbH) is a manufacturer of boats. Today, they produce racing shells for the sport of rowing.

History
Originally building sailing yachts, Willy Empacher founded his boatyard with Wilhelm Karlisch during 1923 in Königsberg, East Prussia. The boatyard was the largest east of Berlin during the 1930s. They built boats for Germany during the war, but in 1945 the family fled their town and reached Eberbach, Germany in 1947.

Willy started a new business at the Seibert boat-yard in Eberbach repairing and making small boats. In 1952 they started producing racing rowing shells, an enterprise that has become their main business today. The business took off after Jochen Meißner won the silver medal while racing in an Empacher single scull during the 1968 Summer Olympics. They built mainly moulded cedarwood racing shells, but collaborated with BASF to produce the world's first plastic shell in 1956. Empacher built the first plastic to receive a gold medal during the 1972 Munich Olympics. This was also the first race worthy sandwich-build plastic boat. This process includes using a wood frame to create the boat hull and then filling with it with composite material.

Hans Empacher, Willy's eldest son, took over the business in 1970. Hans optimized the company by creating internal competition and promoting plastic boat construction. Upon the death of his brother Rainer in October 2018, Helmut Empacher became the sole owner of the business.

Boats
Boats built by Empacher are easily identified by their pale yellow color and black trim. Empacher produce every FISA-recognized racing boat category. The company tries to produce two new boat designs every year.

Manufacturing
Empacher, as all other racing shell manufacturers, have replaced wooden boats with carbon fibre and honeycomb sandwich constructions. The nomex honeycomb reinforces the kevlar/carbon fibre inner and outer frames. Empacher uses a vacuum bag technique to bond the outer layers with the honeycomb core. Combining kevlar and epoxy resin creates a tear and impact resistant outer shell. Empacher reinforces the gunwale with an additional carbon layer and carbon foam frames.

Empacher offers a wide range of boat moulds for each category (such as eights and coxless fours) and rigger options. Different molds suit different weight racing categories. A lightweight rowing team would use a different mould than an openweight team. Also depending on the team's needs, classical multi-stay aluminium riggers, carbon two stay riggers of carbon fibre, aluminium wing rigger, and carbon wing riggers are offered. Wing riggers are used for sweep rowing.

Successes
Empacher rowing shells are used by a large number of crews rowing in international competitions, including World Championships and the Summer Olympics. Overall, Empacher boats have received 64% of the wins in all race categories during 2013.

In the eights, all crews but the USA (who used a Hudson) used Empacher boats during the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics. In the 2012 London Olympics, Empacher boats won almost all boat categories with ten out of fourteen gold medals.

Competition
Other big racing shell manufacturers include companies such as: Hudson, WinTech, Pocock, Janousek, and Filippi.

title: Empacher


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DuPage Valley Conference

The DuPage Valley Conference (DVC) is an organization of six high schools in northeastern Illinois, representing seven communities in Chicago's suburbs. These high schools are all members of the Illinois High School Association. The Conference, organized in 1975, exists primarily for inter-school athletic competition in 21 sports. There are also four non-athletic competitions in which DVC schools participate: Chess, Math competitions, Scholastic Bowl and Speech.

Four of the six current conference member schools are within DuPage County, Illinois. One school, Neuqua Valley High School, is located just to the south of Du Page in Will County, Illinois while DeKalb High School is located west of the other schools in DeKalb County, Illinois. The conference derives its name from the DuPage River, which flows through two of the seven represented communities (although students from towns on the DuPage River do attend more of the member schools, due to attendance boundaries).

History
The DuPage Valley Conference was formed prior to the 1975–76 school year. Its charter members were Glenbard North High School, Glenbard South High School, Naperville Central High School, Naperville North High School, West Chicago Community High School, Wheaton Central High School, Wheaton North High School, and Wheaton Warrenville High School. While the conference has typically kept a constant membership of at least six high schools, the actual membership of the Conference has changed since its founding. The conference experienced the first membership change in 1983, when Glenbard East High School left the Des Plaines Valley League and joined the DVC, replacing Wheaton-Warrenville High School, which was closed due to low attendance. The next change came in 1992, when Wheaton Central High School and Wheaton-Warrenville Middle School changed buildings. The high school (now in the former Wheaton-Warrenville high school building) became known as Wheaton-Warrenville South High School in order to distinguish it from the closed Wheaton-Warrenville; the middle school (in the old Wheaton Central building from 1992-2009) became Hubble Middle School. After the 1996 school year, Glenbard South High School left the DuPage Valley Conference, citing an inability to be competitive with the larger member schools in the league (despite winning a share of the conference title in softball in their final year in the conference). The DuPage Valley Conference operated for one year with only seven schools before admitting former Upstate Eight Conference member West Aurora High School in Aurora, Illinois, the first DVC school outside DuPage County. The move reunited West Aurora with former Upstate Eight charter members Naperville Central, and Wheaton-Warrenville South who were then known as Naperville Community, and Wheaton Community in 1963.

Effective at the start of the 2013-14 conference season, West Chicago Community High School left the DuPage Valley Conference and joined the Upstate Eight Conference (Valley Division). At the same time Lake Park High School took the vacant space after leaving the Upstate Eight Conference Valley Division.

Following suit with West Chicago Community High School, Glenbard East High School and West Aurora High School expressed interest in joining the Upstate Eight Conference. The two schools voted unanimously to accept the invitation to the Upstate Eight Conference starting in the 2014–2015 season. This effectively left the DVC as a 6 member high school conference. Glenbard North High School declined an invite from the Upstate Eight Conference to join.

Prior to the 2015–2016 school year, Metea Valley High School, Neuqua Valley High School, and Waubonsie Valley High School, all formerly of the Upstate Eight Conference Valley Division, accepted an invitation to join the DuPage Valley Conference, bringing the membership to 9 schools.

In late 2016, four members of the DVC, Glenbard North High School, Lake Park High School, Wheaton North High School, and Wheaton Warrenville South High School announced that they would be leaving the conference effective at the end of the 2017–18 school year to form a new athletic conference with current Upstate Eight (River Division) members Batavia High School, Geneva High School, St. Charles East High School, and St. Charles North High School. The conference is now known as the DuKane Conference.

The remaining DVC members Metea Valley, Naperville Central, Naperville North, Neuqua Valley, and Waubonsie Valley continued athletic competition in the DVC despite scheduling concerns, particularly for football.

DeKalb High School accepted an invitation to join the DVC for the 2019-2020 season following the break-up of the Northern Illinois Big 12 Conference.

Membership timeline
Beginning in 1975, the DuPage Valley Conference competes in 11 boys, 13 girls and 13 coed sports and activities within the IHSA. undefined

State titles
The conference as a whole, since its founding in 1975, has won 60 IHSA state titles in sports and activities sponsored by the conference.

 * Baseball: Naperville Central (2005–06, 2009-2010)
 * Basketball (boys): West Aurora (1999–2000)
 * Basketball (girls): Naperville Central (2002–03, 03–04)
 * Bowling (girls): Waubonsie Valley (2012–13, 13–14)
 * Chess: Naperville North (2003–04);  West Chicago (1995–96)
 * Competitive Dance: Naperville North (2018–19); Neuqua Valley (2014–15);  Lake Park (2013-14)
 * Cross Country (boys): Naperville North (2008–09)
 * Cross Country (girls): Glenbard North (1994–95);  Wheaton North (2002–03); Naperville North (1993–94)(2001–02)(2004–05,05-05)(2012–13)(2014–15)(2016–17,17-18) (
 * Football: Naperville Central (1999–2000, 2013–14);  Naperville North (1992–93, 2007–08);  Wheaton North (1979–80, 81–82, 86–87);  Wheaton Warrenville South (1992–93, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 2006–07, 09–10, 10-11)
 * Golf (girls): Wheaton Warrenville South (2016–17)
 * Golf (boys): Naperville North (1989–90, 94–95)
 * Gymnastics (boys): Glenbard North (1991–92);  Naperville North (2000–01);  Wheaton North/Warrenville South coop (2004–05, 2011–12)
 * Gymnastics (girls): Glenbard North (1981–82, 82–83);  Naperville North (1993–94, 2001–02, 04–05, 05–06)
 * Scholastic Bowl: Wheaton North (2001–02, 02–03, 03–04)
 * Soccer (boys): Naperville North (1998–99)
 * Soccer (girls): Naperville North (1987–88);  Waubonsie Valley (2006–07, 07–08, 09-10)
 * Swimming & Diving (boys): Naperville Central (2001–02, 09–10);  Naperville North (1995–96)
 * Swimming & Diving (girls): Naperville Central (2004–05, 05–06)
 * Tennis (boys): Naperville North (1993–94)   Naperville Central (2016–17)
 * Tennis (girls): Naperville Central (1993–94);  West Aurora (1996–97, 97–98)
 * Track & Field (boys): Wheaton Warrenville South (1995–96, 98–99)
 * Volleyball (boys): Naperville Central (1997–98);  Naperville North (1996–97);  Wheaton Warrenville South (2000–01, 03–04, 04–05, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 11-12)
 * Volleyball (girls): Naperville Central (2005–06, 07–08)
 * Water Polo (boys): Naperville Central (2015–16)
 * Wrestling (boys): Glenbard North (2010–11)

title: DuPage Valley Conference


text: Category:682 births

title: Category:682 births


text:
MuMATH

muMATH is a computer algebra system (CAS), which was developed in the late 1970s and early eighties by Albert D. Rich and David Stoutemyer of Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was implemented in the muSIMP programming language which was built on top of a LISP dialect called. Platforms supported were CP/M and TRS-DOS (since muMATH-79), Apple II (since muMATH-80) and DOS (in muMATH-83, the last version, which was published by Microsoft).

The Soft Warehouse later developed Derive, another computer algebra system. The company was purchased by Texas Instruments in 1999, and development of Derive ended in 2006.

Literature

 * David D. Shochat, A Symbolic Mathematics System, Creative Computing, Oct. 1982, p. 26
 * Gregg Williams, The muSIMP/muMATH-79 Symbolic Math system, a Review, BYTE, Nov. 1980, p. 324
 * Stuart Edwards, A Computer-Algebra-Based Calculating System, BYTE 12/1983, pp- 481-494 (Describes a calculator application of muSIMP / muMATH doing automatic unit conversion.)

title: MuMATH


text:
User:Morven/Denver Public Library indexes

Otto Perry images
Denver Public Library western history photos. Catalog of Otto Perry images:
 * Alabama & Western Florida OP-1
 * AT&N OP-2 through OP-7
 * American Car and Foundry OP-8
 * Angel's Flight OP-9
 * Arcata & Mad River OP-10
 * ATSF OP-11 through OP-2316
 * A&WP OP-2317 through OP-2319
 * Atlanta, Birmingham & Coast OP-2320 through OP-2328
 * Atlantic & Gulf OP-2329 through OP-2330
 * ACL OP-2331 through OP-2393
 * B&O OP-2394 through OP-2624
 * Bamberger Electric OP-2625 through OP-2629
 * BAR OP-2630 through OP-2632
 * Batten & Hatson Lumber OP-2633
 * Benwood & Wheeling Connecting OP-2634 through OP-2635
 * B&LE OP-2636 through OP-2640
 * B&A OP-2641 through OP-2669
 * BM OP-2670 through OP-2760
 * Boston & Providence OP-2761
 * Britton Lumber OP-2762 through OP-2763
 * BREX OP-2764
 * Burlington-Rock Island OP-2765
 * BCK OP-2766
 * BC&G OP-2767
 * BR&P OP-2768 through OP-2775
 * BN OP-2776 through OP-2778
 * BAP OP-2779 through OP-2792
 * CG OP-2793 through OP-2817
 * CNJ OP-2818 through OP-2833
 * CP OP-2834
 * CV OP-2835 through OP-2850
 * C&WC OP-2851 through OP-2858
 * C&O OP-2859 through OP-2974
 * C&A OP-2975 through OP-3015
 * C&EI OP-3016 through OP-3030
 * CNW OP-3031 through OP-3475
 * Chicago, Attica & Southern OP-3476
 * CB&Q OP-3477 through OP-4891
 * CGW OP-4892 through OP-4931
 * CIL OP-4932 through OP-4948
 * Chicago Junction OP-4949
 * CMStP&P OP-4950 through OP-5259
 * Chicago Rapid Transit OP-5260
 * CRI&P OP-5261 through OP-5969
 * CMO OP-5970 through OP-6002
 * Chicago Short Line OP-6003 through OP-6004
 * CSS&SB OP-6005
 * Cimarron & Northwestern OP-6006
 * Cincinnati, Lebanon & Northern OP-6007
 * Cincinnati Union Terminal OP-6008 through OP-6009
 * Cisco & Northeastern OP-6010
 * CUT OP-6011 through OP-6026
 * Climax OP-6027
 * Colorado & Northwestern OP-6028 through OP-6030
 * C&SE OP-6031
 * C&S OP-6032 through OP-7223
 * C&W OP-7224
 * CM OP-7225 through OP-7261
 * CS&CCD OP-7262 through OP-7277
 * Corbin & Manchester OP-7278 through OP-7279
 * Cosden & Co. OP-7280
 * Crown-Willamette Paper OP-7281 through OP-7282
 * C&P OP-7283 through OP-7287
 * CN&L OP-7288
 * DRI OP-7289 through OP-7292
 * Deep Creek Railroad OP-7293
 * D&H OP-7294 through OP-7317
 * DL&W OP-7318 through OP-7353
 * D&IM OP-7354 through OP-7410
 * D&I OP-7411 through OP-7413
 * D&RGW OP-7414 through OP-11109
 * D&SL OP-11110 through OP-11396
 * DB&W OP-11397 through OP-11405
 * DL&NW OP-11406 through OP-11415
 * Denver Tramway OP-11416 through OP-11462
 * DCI OP-11463
 * DMU OP-11464 through OP-11465
 * Des Peres River Project OP-11466
 * DT&I OP-11467 through OP-11468
 * Dolese Bros. OP-11469
 * DMIR OP-11470 through OP-11474
 * DM&N OP-11475 through OP-11505
 * DSS&A OP-11506 through OP-11509
 * Duluth, Winnipeg & Pacific OP-11510 through OP-11511
 * EBT OP-11512 through OP-11541
 * East St. Louis Connecting OP-11542
 * ET&WNC OP-11543 through OP-11550
 * Edna Coal Company OP-11551
 * EMD OP-11552 through OP-11558
 * EJ&E OP-11559 through OP-11561
 * Elk Creek Mining OP-11562
 * EP&SW OP-11563 through OP-11573
 * Erie OP-11574 through OP-11582
 * Eureka-Nevada OP-11583 through OP-11585
 * F&CC OP-11586 through OP-11592
 * FEC OP-11593 through OP-11632
 * FDDM&S OP-11633 through OP-11634
 * FW&D OP-11635 through OP-11755
 * Freedom Train OP-11756 through OP-11757
 * GA OP-11758 through OP-11763
 * G&F OP-11764
 * Globe Smelter OP-11765 through OP-11766
 * GT OP-11767
 * GTW OP-11768 through OP-11769
 * GN OP-11770 through OP-12083
 * Great Southern OP-12084
 * GWR OP-12083 through OP-12183
 * GC&SF OP-12184
 * GM&N OP-12185
 * GM&O OP-12186 through OP-12190
 * Hallack & Howard Lumber OP-12191
 * Harbor Belt OP-12192
 * Hayden Coal OP-12193
 * Himmelberger-Harrison OP-12194
 * Hitchcock & Tinkler OP-12195
 * Horse Shoe Lumber OP-12196
 * Houston Belt & Terminal OP-12197
 * IC OP-12198 through OP-12373
 * J. Ray Arnold Lumber OP-12374
 * Illinois Terminal OP-12375
 * Intermountain Chapter, NHRS OP-12376
 * IGN OP-12377
 * Jacksonville Terminal OP-12378
 * Kansas City, Clay Cty. & St. Joseph Elec. OP-12379
 * KCS OP-12380 through OP-12404
 * KCT OP-12405 through OP-12421
 * KO&G OP-12422
 * Kelley Clark Lumber OP-12423
 * K&IT OP-12424 through OP-12431
 * Knott's Berry Farm OP-12432 through OP-12434
 * Lakeside Park OP-12435
 * Lamm Lumber OP-12436
 * LHP&P OP-12437 through OP-12439
 * LHP&W OP-12440 through OP-12462
 * Laramie Valley OP-12463
 * Lawrence Portland Cement OP-12464
 * LV OP-12465 through OP-12468
 * Lenoir Car Works OP-12469
 * List & Hallet OP-12470
 * L&M OP-12471 through OP-12473
 * L&A OP-12474 through OP-12484
 * L&N OP-12485 through OP-12562
 * LH&S OP-12563 through OP-12568
 * Magic Mountain OP-12569 through OP-12573
 * MEC OP-12574 through OP-12602
 * Mammoth Cave OP-12603
 * M&PP OP-12604 through OP-12640
 * McGaffey OP-12641
 * Meadow River Lumber OP-12642
 * Middle Park Lumber OP-12644
 * MT OP-12645 through OP-12767
 * MV OP-12768
 * Minarets & Western OP-12769
 * M&SL OP-12770 through OP-12786
 * SOO OP-12787 through OP-12809
 * Minnesota Transfer OP-12810 through OP-12812
 * MSC OP-12813 through OP-12819
 * Mississippi River & Bonne Terre OP-12820 through OP-12821
 * Missouri-Illinois OP-12822 through OP-12823
 * M-K-T OP-12824 through OP-12917
 * MP OP-12918 through OP-13220
 * M&O OP-13221 through OP-13248
 * Moffat Coal OP-13249 through OP-13250
 * MGA OP-13251
 * Montana Southern OP-13252
 * Montana Western OP-13253
 * Montezuma Lumber Co. OP-13254 through OP-13259
 * Moose Lake OP-13260
 * MT&E OP-13261 through OP-13263
 * Municipal Railway of San Francisco OP-13264 through OP-13266
 * NC&SL OP-13303
 * NRHS OP-13304 through OP-13306
 * Nevada Central OP-13307 through OP-13311
 * Nevada County OP-13312 through OP-13325
 * NYC is OP-13326 through OP-13651
 * NKP is OP-13652 through OP-13686
 * IRT is OP-13687
 * NH is OP-13688 through OP-13750
 * NYO&W is OP-13751 through OP-13755
 * N&W is OP-13756 through OP-13877
 * NP is OP-13878 through OP-14200
 * NPT is OP-14201 through OP-14205
 * NWP is OP-14206 through OP-14236
 * OC&E is OP-14237
 * Oregon Lumber is OP-14238
 * Oregon Portage is OP-14239 through OP-14240
 * Pacific Coast narrow gauge is OP-14241 through OP-14246
 * PFE is OP-14247 through OP-14250
 * Pacific Lumber is OP-14251
 * PRR is OP-14252 through OP-14490
 * P&PU is OP-14491
 * PM is OP-14492 through OP-14499
 * P&R is OP-14500 through OP-14516
 * Portland Terminal is OP-14517 through OP-14520
 * Pullman is OP-14521 through OP-14531
 * QA&P is OP-14532
 * RCBH&W is OP-14533 through OP-14544
 * RF&P is OP-14545 through OP-14573
 * RGS is OP-14574 through OP-14980
 * RM&SF is OP-14981 through OP-14984
 * Royal Gorge Incline is OP-14985 through OP-14986
 * Rutland is OP-14987 through OP-14996
 * Saginaw Shipbuilding is OP-14997
 * SG&GI is OP-14998 through OP-15003
 * SLSF is OP-15004 through OP-15075
 * SLRX is OP-15076
 * SSW is OP-15077 through OP-15093
 * St. Louis Street Railway is OP-15094
 * SLU is OP-15095 through OP-15097
 * SD&A is OP-15098 through OP-15110
 * SLC is OP-15111 through OP-15113
 * SLS is OP-15114
 * SLVS is OP-15115 through OP-15129
 * S&S is OP-15130
 * SAL is OP-15131 through OP-15168
 * Shaw Bertram Lumber is OP-15169
 * Signal Mountain is OP-15170 through OP-15172
 * SR is OP-15173 through OP-15293
 * SP is OP-15294 through OP-16129
 * South Omaha Terminal is OP-16130
 * Speas Co. is OP-16131
 * Sperry is OP-16132 through OP-16134
 * SI is OP-16135 through OP-16143
 * SP&S is OP-16144 through OP-16191
 * SV narrow gauge is OP-16192 through OP-16210
 * Swayne lumber is OP-16211 through OP-16212
 * Tacoma Municipal is OP-16213
 * T&NC is OP-16214
 * TC is OP-16215 through OP-16216
 * TRRA is OP-16217 through OP-16228
 * TRASD is OP-16229 through OP-16232
 * Texaco is OP-16233 through OP-16236
 * T&P is OP-16237 through OP-16320
 * Texas City Terminal is OP-16321
 * Tex-Mex is OP-16322
 * Texas Transportation Co. is OP-16323
 * TSO is OP-16324 through OP-16326
 * Tiny Town Train is OP-16327 through OP-16328
 * T&T is OP-16329 through OP-16329
 * T&BV is OP-16334 through OP-16337
 * TC&G is OP-16338
 * URY is OP-16339 through OP-16377
 * UP is OP-16378 through OP-19581
 * UTLX is OP-19582
 * US Army is OP-19583 through OP-19590
 * Utah RY is OP-19591 through OP-19593
 * Uva Lumber is OP-19594 through OP-19595
 * U&N is OP-19596
 * V&T is OP-19597 through OP-19622
 * VC is OP-19623 through OP-19626
 * VGN is OP-19627 through OP-19657
 * WAB is OP-19658 through OP-19807
 * Warren-Lamb lumber OP-19808 through OP-19810
 * WTC is OP-19811 through OP-19816
 * W&A is OP-19817 through OP-19818
 * WM is OP-19819 through OP-19845
 * WRA is OP-19846 through OP-19848
 * WP is OP-19849 through OP-20045
 * W&LE is OP-20046 through OP-20052
 * White Pine lumber is OP-20053
 * Woodard Lumber is OP-20054
 * Woodstock is OP-20055
 * Wyoming is OP-20056 through OP-20058
 * Canadian Car &Foundry is OP-20059
 * CN is OP-20060 through OP-20298
 * CP is OP-20299 through OP-20519
 * QC is OP-20520 through OP-20525
 * QLP is OP-20526 through OP-20528
 * Thousand Islands is OP-20529 through OP-20530
 * TH&B is OP-20531 through OP-20535
 * Chinese government railways OP-20536 through OP-20539
 * French OP-20540 through OP-20564
 * British OP-20565 through OP-20573
 * Italian OP-20574 through OP-20605
 * IC OP-20606 through OP-20609
 * NdeM OP-20610 through OP-20644
 * Alsace-Lorraine OP-20645
 * Swiss OP-20646 through OP-20658
 * Aircraft OP-20659 through OP-20742
 * Buses OP-20743 through OP-20762
 * Trucks OP-20763 through OP-20771
 * Ships OP-20772 through OP-20784

Robert W. Richardson photos

 * RGS RR-1 through RR-989
 * D&RGW RR-990 through RR-1132
 * C&S RR-1258 through RR-1281
 * Colorado & Wyoming Railway RR-1282
 * Columbus & Greenville Railway RR-1283 through RR-1286
 * Coudersport & Port Allegany RR-1287 through RR-1294
 * Crystal River RR-1295 through RR-1297
 * Dekalb and Western RR-1298
 * Denver, South Park and Pacific RR-1299
 * Detroit, Toledo & Ironton RR-1300 through RR-1302
 * East Broad Top RR-1303 through RR-1319
 * East Tennessee & Western North Carolina RR-1320 through RR-1333
 * El Dorado & Wesson RR-1334
 * Ferdinand RR-1335 through RR-1337
 * Flint River & Northeastern RR-1338
 * Fort Worth & Denver RR-1339
 * Frankfort & Cincinnati RR-1340
 * Great Western RR-1342 through RR-1343
 * Huntingdon & Broad Top RR-1344 through RR-1345
 * Indianapolis Union RR-1346
 * Kansas City Southern RR-1347
 * Kelly Island Lime & Transport Co. RR-1348
 * Koppers Company RR-1349
 * Lanchester & Chester Ry RR-1350
 * Laramie Valley RR-1351
 * Lawndale Ry. & Industrial Co. RR-1352 through RR-1358
 * Ligonier Valley RR-1359
 * Litchfield & Madison RR-1360
 * Live Oak Perry & Gulf RR-1361
 * Louisville & Nashville RR-1362
 * Manitou & Pikes Peak RR-1363 through RR-1365
 * Marianna & Blountstown RR-1366
 * Midland Terminal RR-1367 through RR-1375
 * Mississippi & Alabama RR-1374
 * Missouri Pacific RR-1375 through RR-1379
 * Nacogdoches & Southeastern RR-1380 through RR-1382
 * Nashville Chattanooga & St. Louis RR-1384 through RR-1378
 * New York, New Haven & Hartford RR-1389
 * New York Central RR-1390 through RR-1396
 * Norfolk & Western RR-1397 through RR-1399
 * Ohio & Morenci RR-1400
 * Ohio River & Western RR-1401
 * Ohio River steamship "Washington"RR-1402
 * Paris & Mount Pleasant RR-1403
 * Pittsburgh Lisbon & Western RR-1404
 * Pittsburg, Shawmut & Northern RR-1405 through RR-1408
 * Pullman RR-1409
 * Quanah, Acme & Pacific RR-1410
 * Reading Railway RR-1411 through RR-1413
 * Rockdale Sandow & Southern RR-1414 through RR-1415
 * Roscoe, Snyder & Pacific RR-1416 through RR-1418
 * St. Louis-San Francisco RR-1419 through RR-1422
 * St. Louis Southwestern RR-1423 through RR-1433
 * San Luis Central RR-1434 through RR-1437
 * San Luis Valley Southern RR-1438 through RR-1450
 * Sheffield & Tionesta RR-1451 through RR-1462
 * "Stinker" railbus RR-1463
 * Smoky Mountain RR-1464 through RR-1467
 * Waynesburg & Washington RR-1468
 * Southern Pacific RR-1469 through RR-1472
 * Susquehanna & New York RR-1473 through RR-1476
 * Talbotton RR-1477
 * Texas & New Orleans RR-1478 through RR-1487
 * Texas & Pacific RR-1488 through RR-1497
 * Texas Mexican RR-1498 through RR-1500
 * Texas City Terminal RR-1501
 * Texas South-Eastern RR-1502
 * Tiny Town RR-1503
 * Tomahawk & Western RR-1505 through RR-1507
 * Tionesta Valley RR-1508 through RR-1521
 * Union Pacific RR-1522 through RR-1536
 * Denver & Rio Grande Western RR-1537 through RR-1538
 * Utley Valley & Stewart RR-1539
 * Valley RR-1540 through RR-1543
 * Virginia & Carolina Southern RR-1544
 * Wabash RR-1545
 * Wheeling & Lake Erie RR-1546
 * Waco, Beaumont, Trinity & Sabine RR-1547 through RR-1552
 * Western Allegheny RR-1553 through RR-1555
 * Western Pacific RR-1556
 * Tooele Valley RR-1557 through RR-1559
 * Wheeling & Lake Erie RR-1560 through RR-1562
 * Wichita Falls & Southern RR-1563 through RR-1566
 * D&RGW "Mountaineer", Montrose RR-1567
 * D&RG RR-1568
 * Bamberger RR-1569 through RR-1570
 * Butte Anaconda & Pacific RR-1571
 * Capitol District Transportation RR-1572 through RR-1573
 * Cedar Rapids & Iowa City RR-1574
 * Charles City Western RR-1575
 * Cedar Rapids & Iowa City RR-1576
 * Charles City Western RR-1577
 * Dallas Railway & Terminal RR-1578 through RR-1587
 * Denver Tramway RR-1588
 * Denver & Intermountain RR-1589
 * Des Moines & Central Iowa RR-1590 through RR-1591
 * Denver Tramway RR-1592
 * Denver & Intermountain RR-1593 through RR-1595
 * Denver Tramway RR-1596
 * El Paso City Lines RR-1597
 * Fort Dodge, Des Moines & Southern RR-1598 through RR-1599
 * Home Transit RR-1600
 * Illinois Terminal RR-1601
 * Los Angeles Transit Lines RR-1602
 * Lancaster Traction & Power RR-1603 through RR-1604
 * New Orleans Public Service RR-1605
 * Oklahoma Railway RR-1606 through RR-1611
 * Pacific Electric RR-1612 through RR-1618
 * Sacramento City Lines RR-1619
 * St. Francois County Railway RR-1620 through RR-1621
 * Salt Lake & Utah RR-1622 through RR-1627
 * Southern Colorado Power RR-1628 through RR-1631
 * Springfield RR-1632
 * Texas Electric RR-1633 through RR-1643
 * Texas Transportation Company RR-1644
 * Trinidad Electric Transmission Railway & Gas RR-1645
 * Utah Idaho Central RR-1646 through RR-1648
 * Waterloo, Cedar Falls and Northern RR-1649 through RR-1650
 * Chihuahua al Pacifico RR-1651
 * Coahuila and Zacatecas RR-1652 through RR-1654
 * Ferrocarril Mexicano RR-1655
 * Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatan RR-1656
 * El Paso City Lines RR-1657
 * Cooperativa de Transportes Urbanos y Suburbanos RR-1658
 * International Railways of Central America RR-1659 through RR-1665
 * NdeM RR-1666 through RR-1677
 * D&RG RR-1678 through RR-1929
 * Museum RR-1931 through RR-1966
 * Alamosa, CO RR-1967
 * Aberdeen Quarry RR-1968
 * Baldwin, CO RR-1969
 * Creede, Colo RR-1970
 * Crested Butte, Colo RR-1971 through RR-1974
 * Mineral Hot Springs, Colo RR-1975
 * Mt. Princeton Hot Springs Hotel RR-1976
 * Saguache, Colo. RR-1977
 * St. Elmo, Colo RR-1978
 * Silverton, CO RR-1979
 * Wolf Creek Pass Ski Area RR-1980
 * Mr. & Mrs. R.H. Richardson RR-1981
 * Silverton RR RR-1982 through RR-1984
 * Midland Terminal RR-1985 through RR-1986
 * Denver, South Park and Pacific RR-1987 through RR-1988
 * Colorado & Southern RR-1989
 * D&RG RR-1990 through RR-2228

Interesting shots

 * Nevada County Narrow Gauge motor car
 * Nevada County narrow gauge locomotive, engine number 5, engine type 2-6-0
 * Waynesburg & Washington R.R. Pennsylvania RR subsidiary, 3' narrow gauge 2-6-0 #3684, at Pennsylvania RR shops on transfer table, East Canton, Ohio.
 * "Stinker" rail bus used to transport miners from Silverton, three-foot narrow gauge, Silverton, Colo.
 * Lawndale Ry. & Industrial Co. 2-8-0 #5 Vulcan 1909 Lawndale, N.C. 3-foot gauge, fireman Bridges at left.
 * Koppers Company, #40, 2-foot gauge 0-4-0 Salida, Colo. tie plant.
 * East Broad Top R.R. & Coal Co., narrow gauge motor, unknown location
 * Former 2' gauge Gilpin Tramway shay, converted to 3ft gauge.
 * Gilpin Tramway water tank, old-fashioned locomotive
 * Gilpin Railroad
 * D. & R.G.W.R.R. "Barrel Transfer" near Salida, Colo.
 * C&S rotary snowplow
 * Morenci Arizona and 20" and 36" railroads
 * Gilpin wreck
 * Gilpin #2 and #3
 * Snow clearing on the Gilpin.


text:
User talk:Simondanner

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 20:23, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Simondanner


text:
Bank of British North America

The Bank of British North America was founded by royal charter issued in 1836 in London, England. British North America was the common name by which the British colonies and territories that now comprise Canada were known prior to 1867.

By 1899, the bank had branches in London, Brantford, Hamilton, Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Midland, Quebec City, Saint John, N.B., Brandon, Winnipeg, Fredericton, Halifax, Victoria, Vancouver, Rossland, Kaslo, Trail, Ashcroft, Greenwood, Atlin, Bennett, B.C., and Dawson City. It was the first bank operating in British Columbia.

Like the other Canadian chartered banks, it issued its own bank notes, 1852 to 1911. The end dates are the final dates appearing on notes, which may have circulated for some time after. The Bank of Canada was established through the Bank of Canada Act of 1934 and the banks relinquished their right to issue their own currency.

The Bank of British North America merged with the Bank of Montreal in 1918.

Historic buildings
On the Registry of Historical Places of Canada are the former Bank of British North America in Dawson, Yukon (1899) and Winnipeg, Manitoba (1903–04).

49 Yonge Street, Toronto
The first Toronto branch, designed by John George Howard was built in 1845, with exterior work by John Cochrane and Brothers, at the northeast corner of Yonge Street and Wellington. The current building, designed by architect Henry Langley, replaced the original in 1875. A restaurant occupies the ground floor with offices above.

276 Duckworth Street, St. John's
The former Bank of British North America in St. John's, Newfoundland, built in 1849 is on the Registry of Historical Places of Canada. This bank building was constructed in 1849, after the St. John's fire of 1846, by Halifax architect David Stirling.

1211 King Street West, Toronto
The former branch constructed in 1906–07 at the southwest corner of King Street West and Dufferin Street in the Parkdale area of Toronto continued to operate as a branch of the Bank of Montreal until its closure in 2018.

title: Bank of British North America


text:
Pierre-Louis Lions

Pierre-Louis Lions (born 11 August 1956) is a French mathematician. He is known for a number of contributions to the fields of partial differential equations and the calculus of variations. He was a recipient of the 1994 Fields Medal and the 1991 Prize of the Philip Morris tobacco and cigarette company.

Biography
Lions entered the École normale supérieure in 1975, and received his doctorate from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie in 1979. He holds the position of Professor of Partial differential equations and their applications at the Collège de France in Paris as well as a position at École Polytechnique. Since 2014, he has also been a visiting professor at the University of Chicago.

In 1979, Lions married Lila Laurenti, with whom he has one son. Lions' parents were Andrée Olivier and the renowned mathematician Jacques-Louis Lions, at the time a professor at the University of Nancy, and from 1991 through 1994 the President of the International Mathematical Union.

Awards and honors
In 1994, while working at the Paris Dauphine University, Lions received the International Mathematical Union's prestigious Fields Medal. He was cited for his contributions to viscosity solutions, the Boltzmann equation, and the calculus of variations. He has also received the French Academy of Science's Prix Paul Doistau–Émile Blutet (in 1986) and Ampère Prize (in 1992).

He was an invited professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (2000). He is a doctor honoris causa of Heriot-Watt University (Edinburgh), EPFL (2010), Narvik University College (2014), and of the City University of Hong-Kong and is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher.

Operator theory
Lions' earliest work dealt with the functional analysis of Hilbert spaces. His first published article, in 1977, was a contribution to the vast literature on convergence of certain iterative algorithms to fixed points of a given nonexpansive self-map of a closed convex subset of Hilbert space. In collaboration with his thesis advisor Haïm Brézis, Lions gave new results about maximal monotone operators in Hilbert space, proving one of the first convergence results for Bernard Martinet and R. Tyrrell Rockafellar's proximal point algorithm. In the time since, there have been a large number of modifications and improvements of such results.

With Bertrand Mercier, Lions proposed a "forward-backward splitting algorithm" for finding a zero of the sum of two maximal monotone operators. Their algorithm can be viewed as an abstract version of the well-known Douglas−Rachford and Peaceman−Rachford numerical algorithms for computation of solutions to parabolic partial differential equations. The Lions−Mercier algorithms and their proof of convergence have been particularly influential in the literature on operator theory and its applications to numerical analysis. A similar method was studied at the same time by Gregory Passty.

Calculus of variations
The mathematical study of the steady-state Schrödinger–Newton equation, also called the Choquard equation, was initiated in a seminal article of Elliott Lieb. It is inspired by plasma physics via a standard approximation technique in quantum chemistry. Lions showed that one could apply standard methods such as the mountain pass theorem, together with some technical work of Walter Strauss, in order to show that a generalized steady-state Schrödinger–Newton equation with a radially symmetric generalization of the gravitational potential is necessarily solvable by a radially symmetric function.

The partial differential equation
 * $$\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_1^2}+\cdots+\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_n^2}=f(u)$$

has received a great deal of attention in the mathematical literature. Lions' extensive work on this equation is concerned with the existence of rotationally symmetric solutions as well as estimates and existence for boundary value problems of various type. In the interest of studying solutions on all of Euclidean space, where standard compactness theory does not apply, Lions established a number of compactness results for functions with symmetry. With Henri Berestycki and Lambertus Peletier, Lions used standard ODE shooting methods to directly study the existence of rotationally symmetric solutions. However, sharper results were obtained two years later by Berestycki and Lions by variational methods. They considered the solutions of the equation as rescalings of minima of a constrained optimization problem, based upon a modified Dirichlet energy. Making use of the Schwarz symmetrization, there exists a minimizing sequence for the infimization problem which consists of positive and rotationally symmetric functions. So they were able to show that there is a minimum which is also rotationally symmetric and nonnegative. By adapting the critical point methods of Felix Browder, Paul Rabinowitz, and others, Berestycki and Lions also demonstrated the existence of infinitely many (not always positive) radially symmetric solutions to the PDE. Maria Esteban and Lions investigated the nonexistence of solutions in a number of unbounded domains with Dirichlet boundary data. Their basic tool is a Pohozaev-type identity, as previously reworked by Berestycki and Lions. They showed that such identities can be effectively used with Nachman Aronszajn's unique continuation theorem to obtain the triviality of solutions under some general conditions. Significant "a priori" estimates for solutions were found by Lions in collaboration with Djairo Guedes de Figueiredo and Roger Nussbaum.

In more general settings, Lions introduced the "concentration-compactness principle", which characterizes when minimizing sequences of functionals may fail to subsequentially converge. His first work dealt with the case of translation-invariance, with applications to several problems of applied mathematics, including the Choquard equation. He was also able to extend parts of his work with Berestycki to settings without any rotational symmetry. By making use of Abbas Bahri's topological methods and min-max theory, Bahri and Lions were able to establish multiplicity results for these problems. Lions also considered the problem of dilation invariance, with natural applications to optimizing functions for dilation-invariant functional inequalities such as the Sobolev inequality. He was able to apply his methods to give a new perspective on previous works on geometric problems such as the Yamabe problem and harmonic maps. With Thierry Cazenave, Lions applied his concentration-compactness results to establish orbital stability of certain symmetric solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations which admit variational interpretations and energy-conserving solutions.

Transport and Boltzmann equations
In 1988, François Golse, Lions, Benoît Perthame, and Rémi Sentis studied the transport equation, which is a first-order linear partial differential equation. They showed that if the first-order coefficients are randomly chosen according to some probability distribution, then the corresponding function values are distributed with regularity which is enhanced from the original probability distribution. These results were later extended by DiPerna, Lions, and Meyer. In the physical sense, such results, known as velocity-averaging lemmas, correspond to the fact that macroscopic observables have greater smoothness than their microscopic rules directly indicate. According to Cédric Villani, it is unknown if it is possible to instead use the explicit representation of solutions of the transport equation to derive these properties.

The classical Picard–Lindelöf theorem deals with integral curves of Lipschitz-continuous vector fields. By viewing integral curves as characteristic curves for a transport equation in multiple dimensions, Lions and Ronald DiPerna initiated the broader study of integral curves of Sobolev vector fields. DiPerna and Lions' results on the transport equation were later extended by Luigi Ambrosio to the setting of bounded variation, and by Alessio Figalli to the context of stochastic processes.

DiPerna and Lions were able to prove the global existence of solutions to the Boltzmann equation. Later, by applying the methods of Fourier integral operators, Lions established estimates for the Boltzmann collision operator, thereby finding compactness results for solutions of the Boltzmann equation. As a particular application of his compactness theory, he was able to show that solutions subsequentially converge at infinite time to Maxwell distributions. DiPerna and Lions also established a similar result for the Maxwell−Vlasov equations.

Viscosity solutions
Michael Crandall and Lions introduced the notion of viscosity solution, which is a kind of generalized solution of Hamilton–Jacobi equations. Their definition is significant since they were able to establish a well-posedness theory in such a generalized context. The basic theory of viscosity solutions was further worked out in collaboration with Lawrence Evans. Using a min-max quantity, Lions and Jean-Michel Lasry considered mollification of functions on Hilbert space which preserve analytic phenomena. Their approximations are naturally applicable to Hamilton-Jacobi equations, by regularizing sub- or super-solutions. Using such techniques, Crandall and Lions extended their analysis of Hamilton-Jacobi equations to the infinite-dimensional case, proving a comparison principle and a corresponding uniqueness theorem.

Crandall and Lions investigated the numerical analysis of their viscosity solutions, proving convergence results both for a finite difference scheme and artificial viscosity.

The comparison principle underlying Crandall and Lions' notion of viscosity solution makes their definition naturally applicable to second-order elliptic partial differential equations, given the maximum principle. Crandall, Ishii, and Lions' survey article on viscosity solutions for such equations has become a standard reference work.

Mean field games
With Jean-Michel Lasry, Lions has contributed to the development of mean-field game theory.

Major publications
Articles.

Textbooks.

title: Pierre-Louis Lions


text:
Saint-Amand

Saint-Amand may refer to:

People

 * Saint-Amand (writer) (1797–1885), French playwright
 * Aline Saint-Amand (born 1936), Canadian politician
 * Alphée Saint-Amand (1903–1983), Canadian politician and businessman
 * Mario Saint-Amand (born 1968), Canadian singer and actor

Belgium

 * Saint-Amand, Fleurus, a village in Hainaut
 * Sint-Amands, a municipality in the province of Antwerp

France

 * Saint-Amand, Creuse
 * Saint-Amand, Manche
 * Saint-Amand, Pas-de-Calais
 * Saint-Amand-de-Belvès, in the Dordogne department
 * Saint-Amand-de-Coly, in the Dordogne department
 * Saint-Amand-des-Hautes-Terres, in the Eure department
 * Saint-Amand-de-Vergt, in the Dordogne department
 * Saint-Amand-en-Puisaye, in the Nièvre department
 * Saint-Amand-Jartoudeix, in the Creuse department
 * Saint-Amand-le-Petit, in the Haute-Vienne department
 * Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, in the Nord department
 * Saint-Amand-Longpré, in the Loir-et-Cher department
 * Saint-Amand-Magnazeix, in the Haute-Vienne department
 * Saint-Amand-Montrond, in the Cher department
 * Saint-Amand-sur-Fion, in the Marne department
 * Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain, in the Meuse department
 * Saint-Amand-sur-Sèvre, in the Deux-Sèvres department

Other uses

 * Saint-Amand Abbey, Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, Nord, France

title: Saint-Amand


text:
Talk:Dip pen

Needs more inline citations.

Simonpratt (talk) 15:23, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Image to include: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Three-pens-six-nibs.jpg
 * Done now. --Elijah 20:34, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

"notably manga?"
I don't see how the dip pen's use in manga is somehow more notable than it's use in comics anywhere else in the world. Computer techniques have become common (in Japan, too), but the standard cartooning tools are still ink with dip pen and/or brush. Superfluous, and I'm deleting it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Acidtoyman (talk • contribs) 00:02, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Someone's trying (anonymously!) to add "mainly manga artists" into this article. I'll keep deleting it until someone can show conclusively that dip pens are use mainly by manga artists. Which nobody can do, because the statement is absolutely false.Acidtoyman (talk) 04:22, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Pictures
What about including these images of special types of nibs? They're from the German Wikipedia but I translated the titles of most of them.

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:01Bandzugfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Spitzfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:07Redisfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:02Doppelstrichfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:05Notenfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:04Ellenbogenfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:08Plakatfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:06Rechteckplattenfeder_mit_Strich_und_Schriftbeispiel.jpg

--89.247.28.10 (talk) 18:31, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

I like the photos and think them helpful. Inclusion is a good idea. FurnaldHall (talk) 20:35, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Unclear Text in Main Article
Re: "One improved version of the dip pen, known as the original "ballpoint", was the addition of a curved point (instead of a sharp point) which allows the user to have slightly more control on upward and sideways strokes. This feature, however, produces a thicker line rather than the razor-sharp line produced by a sharp point."

I find the words "a curved point (instead of a sharp point)" do not evoke an unambiguous image. Could anyone clarify just what the shape of the nib was, and in which direction it curved.....a photo or drawing would help. Does it mean the very tip of the pen was rounded off slightly, or that the tines of the point were bent upwards? FurnaldHall (talk) 20:34, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Glass Pens
Glass Pens have seen something of a resurgence through interest online in recent years. Perhaps there should be some mention of this, or more mention of glass pens in general? I shall insert a picture of a glass pen if I can find one Intellectualrunoff (talk) 14:49, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dip pen


text:
Third Partition of Poland

The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918. The partition was the result of the Kościuszko Uprising and was followed by a number of Polish–Lithuanian uprisings during the period.

Background
Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, in an attempt to strengthen the significantly weakened Commonwealth, King Stanisław August Poniatowski put into effect a series of reforms to enhance Poland's military, political system, economy, and society. These reforms reached their climax with the enactment of the May Constitution in 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy with separation into three branches of government, strengthened the bourgeoisie and abolished many of the nobility's privileges as well as many of the old laws of serfdom. In addition, to strengthen Poland's international standings, King Stanislaus signed the Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790. Angered by what was seen as dangerous, Jacobin-style reforms, Russia invaded Poland in 1792, beginning the War in Defense of the Constitution. Abandoned by her Prussian allies and betrayed by Polish nobles who desired to restore the privileges they had lost under the May Constitution, Poland was forced to sign the Second Partition in 1793, which ceded Dobrzyn, Kujavia, and a large portion of Greater Poland to Prussia and all of Poland's eastern provinces from Moldavia to Livonia to Russia, reducing Poland to one-third of her original size before the First Partition.

Outraged with the further humiliation of Poland by her neighbors and the betrayal by the Polish nobility, and emboldened by the French Revolution unfolding in France, the Polish masses quickly turned against the occupying forces of Prussia and Russia. Following a series of nationwide riots, on 24 March 1794, Polish patriot Tadeusz Kościuszko took command of the Polish armed forces and declared a nationwide uprising against Poland's foreign occupiers, marking the beginning of the Kościuszko Uprising. Catherine II and Frederick William II were quick to respond and, despite initial successes by Kosciuszko's forces, the uprising was crushed by November 1794. According to legend, when Kosciuszko fell off of his horse at the Battle of Maciejowice, shortly before he was captured, he said "Finis Poloniae", meaning in Latin "[This is] the end of Poland."

Terms
Austrian, Prussian, and Russian representatives met on 24 October 1795 to dissolve the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the three conquering powers signing a treaty to divide the region on 26 January 1797. This gave the Habsburg monarchy control of the Western Galicia and Southern Mazovia territories, with approximately 1.2 million people; Prussia received Podlachia, the remainder of Masovia, and Warsaw, with 1 million people; and Russia received the remaining land, including Vilnius and 1.2 million people. Unlike previous partitions, no Polish representative was party to the treaty. The Habsburgs, Russia, and Prussia forced King Stanislaus to abdicate and retire to St. Petersburg, where he died as a trophy prisoner in 1798. The victors also agreed to erase the country's name:

"In view of the necessity to abolish everything which could revive the memory of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, now that the annulment of this body politic has been effected ... the high contracting parties are agreed and undertake never to include in their titles ... the name or designation of the Kingdom of Poland, which shall remain suppressed as from the present and forever ..."

Aftermath

The Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ended the existence of an independent Polish and Lithuanian state for the next 123 years. Immediately following the Third Partition, the occupying powers forced many Polish politicians, intellectuals, and revolutionaries to emigrate across Europe, in what was later known as the Great Emigration. These Polish nationalists participated in uprisings against Austria, Prussia, and Russia in former Polish lands, and many would serve France as part of the Polish Legions. In addition, Polish poets and artists would make the desire for national freedom a defining characteristic of the Polish Romanticist movement. Poland briefly regained semi-autonomy in 1807 when Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw, but this effectively ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress created the Kingdom of Poland, sometimes called Congress Poland, as a Russian puppet state. Even this, however, came to an end after a Polish insurrection in 1831, at which point Russia ended most of the kingdom's autonomy and exacted multiple punitive measures on the Polish populace. In 1867, Russia made Poland an official part of the Russian Empire, as opposed to a puppet state. Poland would not regain full independence until the end of World War I when the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire allowed for the resurrection of Polish national sovereignty.

title: Third Partition of Poland


text:
Lamego

Lamego (Lamecum) is a city and municipality in the Viseu District, in the Norte Region of the Douro in northern Portugal. Located on the shores of the Balsemão River, the municipality has a population of 26,691, in an area of 165.42 km2.

With origins before the Roman occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, Lamego is known for its historic city center, having a long history as a principal city of the former Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province. Legend holds that the first Portuguese Cortes were held in Lamego, in 1143. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lamego is based in the city center.

Etymology
The toponymic name Lamego was derived from Lamaecus, a Hispano-Celtic and Roman derivative referring to owners of agrarian titles in the 3rd century around the local castle.

History
The area around Lamego was inhabited by Ligures and Turduli, and during the Roman presence it was occupied by Coelerni, which left behind several monuments. Due to the placement of the castle, it is likely that a castro originally existed on the site. During the Inquirições (Inventory/Enquiries) of King Afonso (during the 13th century) there was reference to the Castro de Lameco, referred to as a medieval fortification. Destroyed by the Romans, the inhabitants were forced to descend into the valley and cultivate the land, as part of the Roman reorganization of the land.

Middle Ages
Lamego became Catholic when the Visigothic king Rekared I converted to Catholicism. In 569, during the Council of Lugo, there appeared references to Sardinário the Bishop of Lamego. During the reign of Sisebuto (612-621), the Visigothic monarch coined currency from Lamego, indicating the importance of the region to commerce and culture.

Just outside the city center is the tiny 7th century São Pedro de Balsemão Chapel, a Visigothic chapel believed to be the oldest in Portugal (and second oldest in Europe).

The region alternated between Christian and Muslim hands during the early Reconquista Period. The city was first conquered by Alfonso I of Asturias in 741, and repopulated in 868 by Alfonso III. It fell into Islamic hands briefly again during the late 10th century, until Ferdinand I of León and Castile conquered the region definitively on 29 November 1057. As a consequence the bishopric was moved after these events (to later be restored in 1071).

In 1128, the nascent national Egas Moniz, had his tenancy in Lamego while his residence was in Britiande, as master of the Riba–Douro, between Paiva and Távora (in addition to the lands of Côa). The most significant moment in the town's history was in 1139, when nobles declared Afonso Henriques to be Portugal's first king. The town's Gothic cathedral was built by him, although only the Romanesque tower is left from the original building, with its carved Renaissance portal and fine cloister dating from the 16th and 18th centuries. The 12th-century castle preserves a fine keep and a very old and unusual cistern with monograms of master masons.

King Sancho I issued a charter of independence in 1191, as the local community grew around two poles: the ecclesiastical parishes of Sé and Castelo. In 1290, King Denis provided a market charter to the city, attracting merchants from Castile and Granada with their oriental spices and textiles.

Lamego had a privileged positioned on the routes from western Iberia, as a transit point within the settlements of the Além-Douro, Braga and Guimarães, from Alcântara and Mérida to Córdoba and Seville. It was also one of the preferred routes on the Saint James Way pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. But, two events changed the economic and social circumstances in the region: the conquest of Granada which drove the last of the Moors from the Peninsula; and the discovery of the maritime connection to India, which resulted in a slow decline for the region.

Early modern era
Manuel I of Portugal issued a foral (charter) in 1514. Also in the 16th century, Manuel de Noronha (one of the more notable prelates of Lamego) was appointed the Bishop of Lamego, occupying the role for the next 18 years and referred to the "great builder", responsible for the cult of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (Our Lady of Remedies).

In the 17th and 18th century, the solares (country estates) were slowly constructed in Lamego, resulting from the wine commerce down the Douro.

The economic growth of viticulture along the Douro resulted in the issuance of a writ by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, to designate the area as the Região Demarcada do Douro and the establishment of the Companhia Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro (General Company of the Wine Agriculture of the Upper Douro).

In 1835, Lamego was the capital of the district, but lost this title to Viseu (December 1835), under the authority of the King's Minister Luís Mouzinho de Albuquerque. In 1919, in an attempt to restore the monarchy, Lamego became the capital of the district for 24 days.

During the second half of the 19th century, during the presidency of the Viscount of Guedes Teixeira, Lamego begins a process of modernization with the construction of new avenues.

After the establishment of the First Republic, during the presidency of Alfredo de Sousa, Lamego undergoes a new phase of building, including the construction a bridge over the Coura River.

Twin towns – sister cities

 * 🇫🇷 Bouchemaine, France

Climate
Lamego has a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. The nearest station from Lamego is located in Bigorne almost 400 m higher in altitude. Temperatures there are cooler than in Lamego.

Human geography
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 18 civil parishes (freguesias):

 * Lamego (Almacave e Sé)
 * Avões
 * Bigorne, Magueija e Pretarouca
 * Britiande
 * Cambres
 * Cepões, Meijinhos e Melcões
 * Ferreirim
 * Ferreiros de Avões
 * Figueira
 * Lalim
 * Lazarim
 * Parada do Bispo e Valdigem
 * Penajóia
 * Penude
 * Samodães
 * Sande
 * Várzea de Abrunhais
 * Vila Nova de Souto d'El-Rei

Economy
The principal activities in this region are tied to the service sector, with commerce and agriculture also representing an important part of the economy. In particular viticulture, since the municipality (and other municipalities in the region) have been designated as part of the Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC), a control used to classify wine products as a locally produced product of origin, for national and international marketing.

Lamego has a large shopping centre, with approximately 30 main shops, three malls of medium-size and several small traditional shops. Industrial activities are concentrated in the industrial zone in the parish of Várzea de Abrunhais. Lamego textiles are also promoted but tend to be small-scale production runs, with few medium- to large-companies involved in mass-production.

The tourist sector is primarily associated with the monuments and religious buildings, and has been a growing part of the local economy. The extension of the A24 motorway has been important in attracting more visitors and businesses to the region.

Culture
Lamego is considered one of the principal cities of the Portuguese Baroque, for its numerous churches, palaces, and civic buildings. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lamego and has a cathedral.

The following cultural institutions are based in Lamego:
 * Ribeiro Conceição Theatre
 * Lamego City Museum
 * Lamego Municipal Library
 * Lamego Image Archive
 * Clav'Art
 * APC - Amigos Pela Cultura
 * ArqDoc – Lamego Document Archive

The film Abraham's Valley (1993) is set in and around Lamego.

Sports
Sporting Clube de Lamego, founded on 4 June 1934 as the branch number 63 of Sporting Clube de Portugal (Sporting CP), is the major sports club in Lamego.

Notable people

 * Manuel Rodrigues Lamego (born ca.1590) a Marrano merchant and slave trader active in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas.
 * António de Mendonça (1600–1675) Archbishop of Lisbon, from 1670 to 1675.
 * Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (1681–1773) a nobleman, the 68th Grand Master of the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John, from 1741 to 1773.
 * Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo (1750–1807) a nobleman, magistrate, diplomat and scientist.
 * José Augusto Guedes Teixeira, (Wiki PT) (1843-1890) Civil Governor of Porto District
 * Fausto Guedes Teixeira, (Wiki PT) (1871-1940) contemplative and melancholic lyric poet
 * Emília de Sousa Costa (1877-1959) a teacher, feminist and writer of novels
 * Gentil Guedes Gomes, (Wiki PT) (1896-1970) lawyer, poet and writer
 * Fernando Monteiro de Amaral (1925-2009) 7th President of the Assembly of the Republic
 * Mário Lemos Pires (1930-2009) Major-general of the Portuguese Army and last Governor of Portuguese Timor
 * João Botelho (born 1949) film director.

Sport

 * José Maria Pedroto (1928-1985) footballer for Porto with 227 club caps and 17 for Portugal
 * Álvaro Magalhães (born 1961) footballer for Benfica with 293 club caps and 20 for Portugal
 * Jorge Silva (born 1972) a retired footballer with 382 club caps
 * Chico Silva (born 1978) a retired footballer with 311 club caps
 * Gonçalo Santos (born 1986) a footballer with over 290 club caps

title: Lamego


text:
Talk:What More Can I Ask?

Hmmm...does this need to be an article? What makes this song unique? We'd be busy if we created an encyclopedia entry for every song known to man.... Quill 20:27, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:What More Can I Ask?