text:
User talk:April Arcus

Template:Christianity
I like what you did with the "wraparound" effect on the template...good work! KHM03 12:31, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to the Fact and Reference Check WikiProject
Dear new member,

Welcome to the Fact and Reference Check WikiProject!

No doubt you're familiar with what our noble (and somewhat lofty!) goal is, and I'm really glad you've decided to help to try and make it a reality. Thank you so much for helping out in our noble cause :)

You might find the biweekly special article interesting. Every fortnight, an otherwise good article that lacks any sources is chosen, and the Fact and Reference Check team works collaboratively to add references to the article. The current biweekly special article is Johann Sebastian Bach.

Two convenient templates for adding references are and. By specifying a footnote name (eg. "which_university"), these templates allow us to link to notes effectively.

For example, if you want to reference which university somebody went to, simply add next to the fact. At the bottom of the page in a seperate "Notes" section, add, and then your website or book. Wikibib can be used for generating correctly-styled references. Titan (moon) is a good example of a nicely referenced article.

If you have any questions, feel free to leave a message on the project's talk page. You can also contact me personally. Thanks for joining, and taking the time to read this!

— Frazzydee|✍ 01:58, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Help on de.wiki?
Hello April,

You asked me to contact you in regard to additions to the article Englische Grammatik. If you need anything just write it in here or submit - as you proposed - your suggested contributions and I will do my best to correct them ;-)

Greetings, -- Totti ✉ 14:49, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Napster
Sorry for taking forever to notice this - I haven't done it, but I think the mention of Wrapster and other third party programs should be returned: see its talk page for more. Lovingboth 29 Jun 2005

Image:Heterochromia iridis 01.jpg
Thanks for your help in photoshopping my Heterochromia iridis image! Yours, Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 02:03, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem. Glad you think it turned out okay. --April Arcus 05:16, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

This talk page
I'll handle this one as sensitively as possible, but have you had a look at the talk page recently? It's just, DeirYassin hasn't responded to my statement yet and I was wondering how either of you felt about it. Bobo192 | Edits
 * My primary objection was that the images were originally presented in-line on the article page. I thought, for the reasons I stated on that article's talk page, that it would be a better idea to link to them. However, I don't feel that adding an explicit in-text warning is necessary - by the time somebody gets to that point in the article, they ought to be well aware that whatever content is behind those links might shock them. --April Arcus 19:36, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * They certainly triggered me, although not to anything serious because frankly I'm over that phase now. I have a much cleaner self-harm pic around but I'm never going to upload it here. Why? Because I'm frightened of people having the same objection as me. Pictures of self-harm can be triggering to the wrong people, particularly the kind of people who would want to read the article..
 * I hope this is the right decision to make. I agree most articles need to be pictured up, but when the pictures might cause such reactions, their lack of usefulness would outweigh their pertinence to that particular page. Bobo192 | Edits
 * For whatever it's worth, Wikipedia's image policy agrees that in-text warnings are acceptable for certain content. I still have to question what compelled you to click those links, and whether you really think a warning would have impeded your curiosity. It's sort of a "don't touch the big red button" effect, isn't it? --April Arcus 14:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

The Return of the King (1980 film)
Actually, the animated Return of the King was done by the same director/producers (Rankin/Bass), and with much of the same animation staff and cast, as the animated Hobbit. Perhaps you were thinking of Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings? —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 02:32, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, of course. Thanks for the heads up. --April Arcus 03:02, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem! —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 05:30, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Logic
Greetings April Arcus, any attention to the Logical connectives would be wonderful. Currently, I am working on infrastructure stuff for the WikiProject Logic, so I haven't worked on them for a little while. You should sign up on the participants page (don't worry if you are not a "logic" person per se). I think a subproject like this has potential. Gregbard 01:51, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Five V. Four races
You should just move the Tau'ri then to the Five Great Races and take them out of the human catagory. They were declared by Thor in the show "You Are Now The Fifth Great Race" not to mention there are a few other items wrong in that template that are wrong that I didn't change and was thinking about it at the time. Do you ever watch the show? Rynknx 03:49, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Replied at Template talk:Stargate Races --April Arcus 04:16, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Rilo Kiley - Self Titled.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Rilo Kiley - Self Titled.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 04:27, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair Use
Yeah, policy shifted out of a general desire to use more free content and less fair use content, and to avoid using fair use content when free content is available. Basically, this added a second layer of rationale - one that goes beyond "justify why this is legal" and to "justify why this is necessary on a specific article." "Fair Use rationale" is a bit of a misleading term in that regard. I'll add one to the image for you. Phil Sandifer (talk) 02:47, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Article for deletion/Battlestar Wiki (3rd nom.)
The Battlestar Wiki aritlce has been nominated for deletion for the third time. Feel free to add your comments to the corresponding discussion.--DrWho42 (talk) 17:56, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Creationism2
Template:Creationism2 has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Neelix (talk) 20:46, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Napster -- GA but two "needs cites" banners
Hi April -- I was looking at the Napster article, and there are two sections that have the "this section needs references" banners in them. The article is GA, though, but as far as I can tell a GA article shouldn't have any "this section needs references" banners in it (or, regardless of banner notices, it shouldn't need references added to it). The way it is it should be reassessed. However, I didn't want to go and just stick a "reassess!" notice on it without talking to someone who seems to have put some work into it first. I don't have a lot of time right now to help make it better (sorry! somewhat lame I know to point out a problem and not help with it) but maybe if you also think it should be reassessed that could lead to some people helping out with it. --Wmjames (talk) 00:59, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Replied at your talk. --April Arcus (talk) 07:36, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

question
Hi - one of your edits suggested you were open to discussing trans issues, so I hope you don't mind if I ask a question. Can someone be diagnosed with gender dysphoria or GID and *not* be transgendered? Alternately, can someone Be transgendered, but not have gender dysphoria? If we drew a venn diagram, would they be the same, interesecting but not totally, or Would one be a superset of the other? Thanks for any insights. --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 20:02, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi! Thanks for your question. The word "dysphoria" was coined by analogy to the Greek "euphoria", so we might colloquially translate "gender dysphoria" as "gender misery". As such, your second question "can someone be transgendered, but not have gender dysphoria" has an easy answer: a transgender person who has successfully completed their transition to the extent that they are happy with their body and place in society can no longer be said to be suffering from gender dysphoria, but is still a trans person due to their gender history.
 * Your first question, "can someone be diagnosed with gender dysphoria or GID and *not* be transgendered?" is a bit trickier. "Transgender" is sometimes used as an umbrella term to cover all non-conforming gender identities — c.f. this illustration from The Gender Book, including "masculine women" and "feminine men", and under such an expansive definition the answer would basically be "no". However, I know several people who are completely comfortable with their bodies but experience discomfort with the social expectations placed on them on account of their gender presentation (think about stay-at-home dads, or women pressing against the glass ceiling in male dominated workplaces). If we construe "gender dysphoria" broadly and "transgender" narrowly, it might be fair to say that these people, who identify as cisgender, are experiencing a mild form of gender dysphoria, but it would be useless to attempt a DSM-V diagnosis since there is nothing they could or would want to change about themselves — the problem is not with them, but with the world around them. --April Arcus (talk) 20:28, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok thanks. While I understand that once a TG-person has transitioned, they may no longer experience dysphoria, the fact that they transitioned suggested that at some point they did experience some dysphoria, no? Otherwise, they wouldn't have done anything? --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 12:23, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Right. --April Arcus (talk) 16:37, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I guess one of the issues is we're dealing with contiuums of experience, but trying to put people into boxes nonetheless - I could imagine for example a woman who wants to remain a woman but dresses and acts more "man"-like. She may not identity as TG, but what she's gone through is perhaps a lesser version of what a TG-person who completely converts goes through. Though according to your diagram, she could be TG - so it then becomes a matter of pure personal identification (perhaps similar to homosexuality?). --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 12:23, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know a few such people. A close friend of mine identifies as "masculine", "woman", "dyke", dresses in a markedly masculine fashion, uses singular "they" as their pronoun, and has no intention of seeking hormones or surgery. This person is transgender in the broad sense of non-gender-conforming and cisgender in the narrow sense of has-not-transitioned-isn't-going-to-transition. --April Arcus (talk) 16:37, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * so she is comfortable being a woman, but uncomfortable with society's expectations regarding that gender? So she would experience some dysphoria, but not enough to make her take drastic action or even to have it be clinically classified as GID?--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 17:34, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Trans folks sometimes draw a distinction between "social dysphoria" (bad feeling) and "body dysmorphia" (wrong-shape). Although there can be gray areas here too (did I hate my beard because it was a beard per se, or because it caused others to relate to me as a male? did it start as one and become the other over time?), it can be a helpful rhetorical tool. This friend of mine is comfortable with their body (note pronoun usage!), but prefers a more masculine social role, which they are able to achieve through clothing and affect. If they wanted to pursue hormones or surgery I'm sure they would have no trouble obtaining a diagnosis, but absent any desire to do so, why would they bother? --April Arcus (talk) 18:16, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * So perhaps there are intersecting axes - one is the dysphoria axis - how much misery you feel b/c your birth-gender doesn't match your own internal gender (or, alternately, how the way you want to behave/dress/etc doesn't match with how society wants you to behave/dress?) - at the extreme end of this axis, it becomes clinically diagnosable, and as such becomes GID. While another axis is what you want to do about it - e.g. nothing, present yourself slightly different, have surgery + hormones/etc, and then a third axis could be whether you identify as transgender. --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 12:23, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The axes of variation that human identity operates on are truly vast. Any attempt to describe them must resort to models and simplification, or you will lose your mind. --April Arcus (talk) 16:37, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I suppose there could even be a MTF who doesn't identify as transgender, and just thinks she's a woman, end of story - since TG is a particular concept in a particular society, and other societies have different TG-like gender constructs? --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 12:23, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Again, there are also such people. "Deep stealth" refers to the concept of re-engaging with society in a way that explicitly refuses to acknowledge a pre-transition identity. "Harry Benjamin Syndrome" is a rhetorical attempt to reframe transgenderism as an intersex condition. --April Arcus (talk) 16:37, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Argh the whole thing makes my mind boggle. I think this Manning story, and a previous one I looked into (I wrote Kristin Beck and even emailed with her while doing the article), may be a wake-up call to US-society about that whole umbrella TG picture. I wonder how much of the US population would find themselves somewhere under that TG umbrella? And if Americans have so much trouble understanding something (relatively) simple like gay people wanting to get married, how are they to understand the umpteen different flavors under the TG umbrella? It's like we've been living in this world of man/woman/other, but other turns out to be itself nuanced in 20 different ways... --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 12:23, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm glad you're interested in this topic, and are making an effort to explore it! --April Arcus (talk) 16:37, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * thanks for your helpful explanations - allow me to ask another question - I'm curious why GID is so disliked by some? If someone is truly miserable as a man and won't be happy until they've transitioned, this anguish can lead to all sorts of issues in their lives (I've read that TG have higher rates of suicide, depression, etc) - when it reaches a certain stage isn't it fair to call it disorder - in the same way depression is part of natural human emotion, but extreme depression is clinical and in need of treatment? I can see how some parts of GD may not be a disorder, and even how GD can be solved by action on the part of the person or, in the long term, changes in society, but why is the word disorder so problematic, at least in certain cases --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 17:34, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It seems intuitive that a condition that is treated with medicine should have a diagnosis. The trouble is when the medical view becomes the primary perspective from which the trans* community is talked about. Trans* people exist and have always existed in a way that stands apart from the professional opinions of the medical establishment at any given moment. Unfortunately, the tendency of psychiatrists to publish in refereed journals and the tendency of trans* people to attempt to lead quiet and unnoticed lives means that WP:RS constantly threatens to trump WP:UNDUE in these matters. --April Arcus (talk) 18:48, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * (and assuming that once someone like Manning has transitioned, one might say they no longer suffer from GID (and even this I'm curious about - once someone has transitioned to the extent they wish, do those feelings of dysphoria go away? --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 17:34, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Speaking for myself, since completing my transition I no longer experience gender dysphoria as an ever-present force in my life. Sure, I notice and am annoyed by my wide shoulders and narrow hips, but I do not honestly believe I suffer from more body anxiety than an average woman, and I lead a generally fulfilling life. I am very lucky in this regard. Many trans people are too tall or too short to ever blend in with others of their identified gender. Many cannot afford all the medicine they might need. Many with intersex traits have been permanently disfigured by past attempts to assign them to a sex without their consent. Many are so old by the time they begin to address their issues that their bitterness over their experiences of coercion and oppression will never truly leave them. --April Arcus (talk) 18:48, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * very informative - thanks for sharing. So it seems the ultimate solution is not to fix their bodies, but to fix society, right? Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk)
 * If someone views their body as needing to be fixed, they should be free and able to fix it. Living in a liberal metropolis did not magically make me not trans. --April Arcus (talk) 19:45, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Of course - what I meant was, the best surgery and hormones and etc is not a final/complete solution - its a start, but not enough - esp based on what you said above, that there are those who are still dissatisfied even after transition. We need both, no?--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 20:12, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes. And it all starts with talking about trans* people's identities with dignity and respect. This is why the name we use for Chelsea Manning is not a little deal. Next to this basic requirement of human decency, the walls-of-text at WP:BLP, WP:COMMONNAME, MOS:IDENTITY or any other policy that could be cited are trite and pedantic. --April Arcus (talk) 23:14, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * So that a large trans woman can be accepted as a new gender - not a standard woman, not a standard man, but as they are. Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk)
 * If a tall woman views herself as a "standard woman", her friends and family should endeavor to accept her as one (there are, after all, tall cis women!). If she views herself as genderqueer, her friends and family should endeavor to understand what that means and treat her appropriately. --April Arcus (talk) 19:45, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * A much harder proposition - but at least in the US I've seen a sea change in my life (and even my own attitudes) towards gay people (previous generations tackled racism, though obviously not solved...) so perhaps in the next decades we could move towards a better societal compact with trans people? I read a fascinating thing on the use of the terms homosexual/heterosexual and how those terms break down when taking about trans ppl, they use gynophylic /androphylic instead - Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk)
 * Usually binary-identified trans people use the words "homosexual"/"heterosexual" (or more commonly "gay" and "straight") with reference to their identified gender, since they want their sexuality to be understood in the same way as cisgender people. I can imagine an adrogynous/agender/genderqueer person using the terms "gynephilic"/"androphilic" to discuss the people they are attracted to, but it's hard to picture someone with a strong internal sense of gender using such clinical language. --April Arcus (talk) 19:45, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Hmm ok, interesting. I agree the "philic" is a bit clinical, but perhaps we just need better words.
 * My favorite word is "queer", which means whatever it needs to mean depending on its context. At a certain point, chopping the range of human variation into little pigeonholes is less helpful than attempting to understand individuals holistically. --April Arcus (talk) 23:14, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * - but even that is a binary, and having travelled to Thailand I know there are men who are attracted to women with male parts - so I don't even know if we have a word for that - they're not really gay, but they're not really androphylic or gynophylic, they are perhaps trans-phylic (if such a word exists...). Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk)
 * With respect to trans women, the words in common currency are "chaser" or "admirer", depending on whether you're being chased or doing the admiring. --April Arcus (talk) 19:45, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Anyway, cheers and I hope our society can fix itself sooner rather than later... All this recent press may help start the discussion at national scale (I was shocked that trans ppl get kicked out of the military for example, so for now it's still don't ask don't tell for them. There was even a press statement by one of the top generals on LGBT day, and he said basically greetings and good wishes to all of our LGB service members, and our LGBT civilian colleagues (note the obligatory missing T, as there are no T military folks... Hehe)... Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk)
 * That's about as funny as Mahmoud Ahmadinejad proclaiming there are no gays in Iran. As people like Kristin Beck demonstrate, there are trans people in the military - they're just not allowed to be out of the closet. But being a closeted trans person is not the same as being not trans, and it's obnoxious of the military to pretend away their trans soldiers. --April Arcus (talk) 19:45, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I know - it's really silly, right? You can see the tortured language they have to use. With two big media splashes of trans soldiers, perhaps at least they will open their eyes.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 20:12, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * But perhaps trans ppl could help lead the way for all of us, as I think you're right that gender dysphoria is widespread amongst many ppl, perhaps low-grade - but still - the men's rights movement is perhaps another example of gender dysphoria - men unhappy with what society today expects, and backlash by some women against feminism is the same thing - it all comes down to simplified pictures of what should be, and complex realities of what is...Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk)
 * Any backlash against feminism is truly unfortunate, since the performative nature and social construction of gender are central concepts in the modern feminist movement. --April Arcus (talk) 19:45, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Of course - though unfortunately I've also heard there are sectors of the feminist movement that are not very accommodating of trans people...--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 20:12, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Cathy Brennan and her thugs are no more representative of feminism than Fred Phelps is of Christianity. I've been proud to call myself a feminist since I was a teenager, and I refuse to let nasty fringe elements hijack a movement that has represented and empowered me for most of my life. --April Arcus (talk) 23:14, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

You said: "Yes. And it all starts with talking about trans* people's identities with dignity and respect. This is why the name we use for Chelsea Manning is not a little deal. Next to this basic requirement of human decency, the walls-of-text at WP:BLP, WP:COMMONNAME, MOS:IDENTITY or any other policy that could be cited are trite and pedantic."
 * I don't want to get into a debate about this here, so I think we'll just have to agree to disagree on this point, but I think there is a difference between the name you might call someone when you meet them on the street, and the title of an article in wikipedia - they serve different purposes. Anyway, thanks again for the insights, it was very informative. I wonder if it would be worth writing an essay on trans* issues (if one doesn't exist already), that can explain some of what you explained above, since its obvious to me many editors (including myself) are sometimes confused. Happy to help if you like. Best regards, --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 14:20, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Let me google that for you.
 * I don't see how writing yet another general purpose essay on this kind of thing will help, when there are already a bazillion great resources out there. If folks don't care to do a quick web search to educate themselves, it seems like any such effort would just be shouting into the wind. That said, if you have a particular audience or community you'd like my help reaching, who you think would be willing and interested in educating themselves and who would benefit from a personalized touch, I'm happy to do whatever I can. --April Arcus (talk) 15:22, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know there is a lot of material out there; I'm just thinking an essay, which you could point to with a link like WP:TRANSEQ or something would be a convenient way to share this info here, and it could be targeted at wikipedia editors and link to relevant policies, etc. Just a thought...--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 15:39, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * If you want to stub it out, I'll happily give you notes on it. --April Arcus (talk) 15:52, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

ANI thread
Hi April. I'm sorry to do this because you very kindly helped me understand some issues a few days ago, but I felt compelled to bring attention to this tweet of yours which I just came across at ANI here Administrators'_noticeboard/Incidents/Manning. I'm not suggesting any serious sanctions, but I believe a trout is warranted for non-neutral canvassing.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 00:41, 31 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Mea culpa. –April Arcus (talk) 02:37, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

Trolls
Sometimes its easy to tell when an editor's beliefs and biases are actually the opposite of what they publicly state and persistently claim. See, they start off defending themselves before anyone has even said anything that might be perceived as criticism towards them. Then they try to devalue one's arguments as "emotional" (which itself is a personal attack), and when you object to that reframing,they then accuse you of attacking them. And if you mirror their very own line back at them, they will ignore it and focus on other parts of the message.

You see, their goal is not to win any arguments: rather they want to make the whole discussion so long and boring to other people that no one wants to join the discussion. That way they can dominate it.

Best solution? Let them say what they want, but ignore them and make no replies. When we actually have something ready to accomplish, I suggest we take that approach with our mutual friend. Yworo (talk) 07:46, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I suggest you read the gif at the top of your user talk page again. --Neil N  talk to me 18:52, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Doesn't say a thing about not recognizing trolls when you run into them. Nobody has been named. Cheers, NeilN! Yworo (talk) 21:31, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Ooof. I think I just ran into one. Cheers, Yworo! --Neil N  talk to me 21:34, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * <_<
 * >_>
 * >_<
 * --April Arcus (talk) 21:38, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

Margaret Hamilton
Your undiscussed and therefore non-consensual move of "Margaret Hamilton" to "Margaret Brainerd Hamilton" was not a good idea. "Margaret Hamilton" is the WP:COMMONNAME of the actress, who was never known by her middle name, and the other two ""Margaret Hamiltons" are not sufficiently well-known to take primacy. Please undo your unwise move. BMK (talk) 02:43, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * They are plainly of equal notability. The proposal to create a disambiguation page was posted years ago and went without objection. My move constitutes a good faith edit under WP:BOLD. Please remove the request for speedy deletion from Margaret Hamilton. --April Arcus (talk) 02:54, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * No, they are not "plainly of equal notability". One is well-known to the general public, and the other is only known within a small, circumscribed community.  Your judgment in this matter was poor.  It was not I who placed the speedy delete tag, but I totally agree with it, and will not remove it. BMK (talk) 02:58, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * About that request from "years ago" (2011), there was absolutely no discussion about it, so it's highly inappropriate to take it as something to act on as if the community had agreed to it. BMK (talk) 03:06, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I came to Wikipedia looking for information about the accomplished computer scientist and was surprised to find an actress who had appeared in a single notable role as the default landing destination. I repeat that the move had already been mooted and received no objection for some time and dispute your assertion that there was some onus on me to achieve consensus before acting — it is not even clear to me whose consensus I should have sought! A WikiProject? Some subset of editors or administrators? WP:BOLD permits editors the latitude to use our best judgement in situations such as these, and I have done so. --April Arcus (talk) 03:20, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * If the use of the middle name is the crux of your objection, I invite you to move Margaret Brainard Hamilton to Margaret Hamilton (actor) or somesuch. --April Arcus (talk) 03:22, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The rule of thumb here is that the primary target gets the primary article name, and you're not going to find many people here who will support your notion that the actress is the primary target. As for your removing the CSD tag from the article, please note the very clear directive at WP:CSD:"The creator of a page may not remove a speedy deletion tag from it." Since you are the creator of that redirect page, it was improper of you to remove the tag. You can contest the change, but the proper way to do it is to allow the pages to be returned to the status quo ante and then discuss the potential move on the talk page.  If you get a consensus for the move, fine, otherwise things stay as they are. BMK (talk) 03:36, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that information. Please note your objection on Talk:Margaret_Brainard_Hamilton and let us continue this conversation there, rather than on my talk page. --April Arcus (talk) 03:40, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I have initiated a compromise, based in part on your suggestion. I moved "Margaret Brainard Hamilton" to "Margaret Hamilton (actress)", per your comment above, but I also changed the redirect at "Margaret Hamilton" to point to the actress article.  People looking for the articles about the scientist or the Australian publisher will see the hat note there which tells them to look for other people of the name "Margaret Hamilton" at "Margaret Hamilton (disambiguation)" (to which there is a link).  This leaves the actress as the primary target, fulfills WP:COMMONNAME, and allows those looking for other Margaret Hamiltons to find them easily. I hope this will settle the matter. BMK (talk) 03:48, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Replied at Talk:Margaret Hamilton (actress)/Archives/2014. --April Arcus (talk) 04:07, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

Please change all the links you made to Margaret Brainard Hamilton, instead to Margaret Hamilton (actress). I really do not understand why you have done this. It wasn't broken before. -- Ssilvers (talk) 00:50, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

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title: User talk:April Arcus


text:
Trafalgar railway station

Trafalgar railway station is located on the Gippsland line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Trafalgar, and it opened on 1 August 1878. On 5 May 1884, it was renamed Narracan, and was renamed Trafalgar on 2 June of that year.

In 1955, electrification of the line was extended from Warragul to Moe, passing through the station. In 1958, the line from Yarragon was duplicated, and included a new down platform (Platform 2), a new signal panel and flashing light signals at the Ashby Street level crossing, located nearby in the up direction of the station. In 1960, the line between Trafalgar and Moe was duplicated.

On 2 July 1987, electrification between Warragul and Traralgon ceased. In 1996, a footbridge at the station, which was located at the up end, was closed, and replaced with a pedestrian crossing. In 1997, boom barriers were provided at the Ashby Street level crossing.

A disused goods shed and platform formerly existed behind Platform 2. However, were removed in 2004 by the current land owners, Reid Stockfeeds. On 28 April 2006, the signal panel was abolished.

Platforms and services
Trafalgar has two side platforms. Most trains depart from Platform 1, but some peak hour services use Platform 2. It is serviced by V/Line Traralgon and selected Bairnsdale line services.

Platform 1:
 * services to Traralgon, Bairnsdale and Southern Cross

Platform 2:
 * services to Traralgon, Bairnsdale and Southern Cross

Transport links
Warragul Bus Lines operates two routes via Trafalgar station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * Garfield station – Traralgon Plaza
 * Traralgon station – Drouin North

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trafalgar railway station


text:
User talk:Mazur

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 00:22, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Mazur


text:
User talk:Tattoology

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 00:22, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Tattoology


text:
Moe railway station

Moe railway station is located on the Gippsland line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Moe, and it opened on 1 March 1878.

It was formerly the junction station for the narrow gauge Walhalla line and the broad gauge Thorpdale and Yallourn lines.

In 1955, electrification was extended to the station and Yallourn from Warragul, and the following year, it was extended to Traralgon.

A 70 ft. turntable also existed at Moe until 1963, when it was dismantled. In 1964, siding "B" at the station was abolished. In 1966, the electric staff signalling was abolished between Moe and Morwell, and was replaced with Automatic and Track Control.

By 1987, the line to Yallourn was closed. In 1989, the signal box, interlocking, signals and goods yard was abolished.

Construction of the current station building commenced in late 1991, and was completed in 1992, with the former station building demolished shortly after.

Platforms and services
Moe has one platform. It is serviced by V/Line Traralgon and Bairnsdale line services.

Platform 1:
 * services to Traralgon, Bairnsdale and Southern Cross

Transport links
Latrobe Valley Bus Lines operates eight routes via Moe station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * Moe – Traralgon
 * Moe – Traralgon
 * to Traralgon
 * Moe – Moe West
 * Moe – Moe South
 * Moe – Moe North
 * Moe – Newborough
 * Moe – Newborough

Warragul Bus Lines operates two routes via Moe station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * Garfield station – Traralgon Plaza
 * Traralgon station – Drouin North

title: Moe railway station


text:
User talk:Infrogmation/To Do List

I just wrote a (stubbly) article on George Washington Cable. I see that he is also an interest of yours -- feel free to set me right or expand. --Christofurio 00:23, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool. One of too many things I havn't gotten around to on and off my "To Do List" (which I've long neglected, thanks for reminding me of it). Cheers, -- Infrogmation 00:35, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Infrogmation/To Do List


text:
Mazurek

Mazurek may refer to:

 * Mazurek (surname) (includes a list of people with the name)
 * Mazurek (cake), a traditional Polish Easter cake
 * Mazurek was the sloop used by Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz for her circumnavigation
 * Polish name for the Mazurka, a dance and type of music
 * "Dąbrowski's Mazurka" (Mazurek Dąbrowskiego), the Polish national anthem, written by Józef Wybicki in 1797

title: Mazurek


text:
Morwell railway station

Morwell railway station is located on the Gippsland line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Morwell, and it opened on 1 June 1877.

A disused track exists opposite the single platform, which was used in the past when State Electricity Commission and rail freight trains were more common.

Two branch lines exist at the down end of the station; the Maryvale paper mill branch, and the Energex briquette branch. The former is regularly used for paper trains each weekday, while the latter is not in use. The Energex briquette branch originally opened to traffic in 1951.

The station was electrified on 15 March 1956, and had regular electric locomotive services until 2 July 1987. The overhead wires were later removed.

In 1966, a signal panel was provided at the station, when Automatic and Track Control was provided between Morwell and Moe. The panel was abolished on 28 April 2006.

The station was also the terminus of the Mirboo North branch line. The last passenger service operated on 7 September 1968, with passenger services ceasing two days later, on 9 September. The last freight service operated on 18 June 1974, with the line closing six days later, on 24 June.

In 1988, a number of points at the station were abolished, as well as a siding leading to the former dock platform.

The station was upgraded during the early 1990s.

Much of the old yard located adjacent to the station was removed in 2004, as part of works associated with the Regional Fast Rail project. Latrobe City Council's offices now reside in the former location of the yard.

As part of the Regional Rail Revival project, a second platform will be constructed at the station, and will include upgraded accessibility improvements. The crossing loop, located in the up direction of the station, will also be extended as part of the project, using the old disused track.

Platforms and services
Morwell has one platform. It is serviced by V/Line Traralgon and Bairnsdale line services.

Platform 1:
 * services to Traralgon, Bairnsdale and Southern Cross

Platform 2:
 * Future service.

Transport links
Latrobe Valley Bus Lines operates five routes via Morwell station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * Moe – Traralgon
 * Morwell – Churchill
 * Traralgon – Moe station
 * to Mid Valley Shopping Centre
 * to Mid Valley Shopping Centre

South Coast Bus operates one route via Morwell station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * Wonthaggi – Traralgon station

Warragul Bus Lines operates two routes via Morwell station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * Garfield station – Traralgon Plaza
 * Traralgon station – Drouin North

title: Morwell railway station


text:
Schiavone

Schiavone (feminine Schiavona, plural Schiavoni) is an Italian ethnonym literally meaning "Slavs" in Old Venetian: originally, this term indicated origins in the lands of Dalmatia and Istria (in present-day Slovenia and Croatia), when under the rule of the Republic of Venice. Today it is an Italian surname.

History
The importance of Schiavoni's role in the Venetian Republic is best shown by the name of one of the main streets in Venice, Riva degli Schiavoni, just in front of the Doge Palace and San Marco Square.

A number of artists who worked in Italy who were of Slavic descent were nicknamed Schiavone by their origin: most famous among them are Giulio Clovio, Francesco Laurana, and Luciano Laurana.

Schiavone was also a designation of the Oltremarini, a military unit of the same descent in the Venetian Navy. The basket-hilted sword schiavona was also named after the Schiavone.

Surname
In Italy, the surname Schiavone mostly occurs in the southernmost regions of the mainland, namely Campania and Apulia, but it is also common in Rome, Turin, Milan, and Syracuse. Thanks to emigration, branches of the Schiavone family can also be found in Argentina, Brazil, Malta, Uruguay, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, the Philippines the United States, and Canada

Toponymy

 * Ginestra degli Schiavoni, a village in Campania, Italy
 * Riva degli Schiavoni, a promenade in Venice, Italy
 * San Giacomo degli Schiavoni, a village in Molise, Italy
 * Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni, a historical building in Venice, Italy
 * Villa Schiavoni near Nepezzano, Teramo, Abruzzo, Italy

People

 * Alessandra De Rossi (born 1984), Philippine actress, real name Alessandra Schiavone
 * Andrea Schiavone (c. 1510/15–1563), Venetian artist
 * Andrea Schiavone (footballer) (born 1993), Italian footballer
 * Assunta De Rossi (born 1983), Philippine actress, real name Assunta Schiavone
 * Francesca Schiavone (born 1980), Italian tennis player
 * Francesco Schiavone (born 1953), member of the Camorra crime syndicate
 * Giorgio Schiavone (Juraj Ćulinović, 1433–1504) Dalmatian painter, active in Padua, Italy
 * Humberto Schiavoni (born 1958), Argentine politician
 * Joe Schiavoni (born 1979), American politician
 * Laura Schiavone (born 1986), Italian rower
 * Patricio Schiavone (born 1985), Argentine actor
 * Patrick Schiavone, American Ford F-150 designer
 * Tony Schiavone (born 1957), American professional wrestling announcer
 * The Laurie Sisters, née Schiavone, American pop singers and sisters:
 * Phyllis "Cathy" Schiavone (1927–2020)
 * Caroline "Carole" Schiavone (1928–1994)
 * Greta "Rita" Schiavone (1930–2020)

title: Schiavone


text: User talk:62.53.29.61

title: User talk:62.53.29.61


text:
Talk:Rerun Van Pelt

Copyvio
This article has been twice totally revised with an article largely taken directly from the "Peanuts" Web site. Please add, but don't plagiarise. Rockhopper10r 03:42, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:RerunVanPelt.jpg
Image:RerunVanPelt.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:24, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Citation
I've run through the strips officially available on www.comics.com and found some references on Rerun's first mention and his first appearence. The problem is, I have the link, but not the how to cite it as an online ref. Do you know how I can cite a link as a ref? Anyone care to help add these?

Here's the story that pave way to Rerun's first reference:

http://comics.com/peanuts/?DateAfter=1950-10-02&DateBefore=2010-09-06&Order=d.DateStrip+ASC&PerPage=10&Search=&x=12&y=10&Page=774 http://comics.com/peanuts/?DateAfter=1950-10-02&DateBefore=2010-09-06&Order=d.DateStrip+ASC&PerPage=10&Search=&x=12&y=10&Page=775

The contributor that said things about Lucy kicking Linus out was right.

Rerun's first appearance: http://comics.com/peanuts/?DateAfter=1950-10-02&DateBefore=2010-09-06&Order=d.DateStrip+ASC&PerPage=10&Search=&x=12&y=10&Page=806

And that Rerun looks identical to Linus when he's old enough: http://comics.com/peanuts/?DateAfter=1950-10-02&DateBefore=2010-09-06&Order=d.DateStrip+ASC&PerPage=10&Search=&x=12&y=10&Page=836

Charlie Brown's first baseball victory and Rerun's gambling scandal that leads to the forfeit: http://comics.com/peanuts/?DateAfter=1950-10-02&DateBefore=2010-09-06&Order=d.DateStrip+ASC&PerPage=10&Search=&x=12&y=10&Page=807 http://comics.com/peanuts/?DateAfter=1950-10-02&DateBefore=2010-09-06&Order=d.DateStrip+ASC&PerPage=10&Search=&x=12&y=10&Page=808

Please delete the name "Matthew"
An editor has just added "Matthew" as Rerun's first name, using an unsourced inclusion of that name on the Lucy van Pelt page. This information is not accurate to the best of my knowledge. I'm avoiding editing Peanuts articles due to WP:COI concerns - could someone else check that this edit is unsourced and undo it? --Nat Gertler (talk) 13:33, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
 * So what is Rerun's real name? Because Rerun is clearly a nickname. Kaffe och tårta (talk) 07:20, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I know of no other first name ever being established for Rerun. (Hardly shocking; Schroeder only ever gets one name, and we don't know if it's his first or his last.) --Nat Gertler (talk) 13:47, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Grandfather Felix
In "He's a Bully, Charlie Brown," Rerun discovers a photo of his grandfather -- another Linus/Rerun lookalike -- as a boy. The label on the photo gives the grandfather's name as "FELIX VAN PELT." Should Felix be listed as a family member for each of the van Pelt kids? (Since the special first aired in 2006, presumably Felix didn't really exist in the first 50+ years of the Peanuts universe.) Mediamation (talk) 05:40, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Incorrect final Peanuts special
The intro currently ends with the line "He also has an important role in the final Peanuts special, 2006's He's a Bully, Charlie Brown." However, He's a Bully was not the final Peanuts special; it was the last one for a while, but in 2011, we got Happiness is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown. Could someone who doesn't have a conflict of interest please replace the word "final" with the word "next"? --Nat Gertler (talk) 01:00, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, I fixed it. Thanks for the correction. — Toughpigs (talk) 01:33, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rerun Van Pelt


text:
Marg Downey

Marg Downey (born 5 May 1961) is an Australian comedian and actress best known for her roles in The D Generation, Fast Forward and Full Frontal

Early life and education
Downey grew up in a middle-class Catholic family in the Melbourne suburb of East Malvern in an eight-child family. Her father worked as a chartered accountant. She attended Sacré Cœur School (with fellow comedian Jane Turner) in Glen Iris, and then studied Arts/Law at the University of Melbourne, where she resided at Newman College. At university, she began to perform in university revues, and auditioned for performing arts courses at the National Institute of Dramatic Art, the Victorian College of the Arts and the University of Melbourne, but was not successful in gaining entry to any of them.

Career
Downey first rose to prominence in the sketch comedy program The D-Generation on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in the late 1980s. She subsequently appeared in later sketch comedy series with other members of The D-Generation, including Fast Forward, Full Frontal and Something Stupid. In these, she was known for her portrayals of a news anchor, a stern SBS presenter and for her spot-on impression of current affairs host Jana Wendt. Her spoof of "The What's On SBS Presenter" satirised the eccentricity of SBS programming, displaying grim masochistic determination to "not miss a moment of this scintillating entertainment".

Downey starred in the 2001 Network 10 comedy series  Sit Down, Shut Up, playing the role of Principal Sue which was  played by  American comedian  Kenan Thompson  in the 2009 American Fox television re-make  of the original Australian series. The animated American version was produced and written by Mitch Hurwitz, of Arrested Development fame.

In 2005, Downey was cast as a regular player in Seven's live comedy sketch show Let Loose Live, but the show was cancelled after just two episodes due to low ratings. The following year, she appeared in the sketch show Magda's Funny Bits alongside Magda Szubanski. In this show, she recreated her role as infomercial host Janelle, first developed on Fast Forward.

In 2018, she voiced Stanley "Stan" Stinkleton and the narrator in the kids TV series, Kitty Is Not a Cat.

In 2021 Downey joined the cast of ABC Drama The Newsreader in the role of Evelyn Walters, Downey reprised the role for the second series of the show.

Comedy style
Downey's television roles are often authority figures or professional women with slightly eccentric personalities, such as Principal Sue in Sit Down, Shut Up and the "relationship-counselor" Marion  seen in comedy series Kath & Kim. On Fast Forward, Marg Downey appeared in a lot of sketches with Steve Vizard, such as Eyeball News, The Midday Show, Candid Camera, The Cosby Show and Get Smart. Downey also played Clancy in the Skippy send-up, and appeared in send-ups of I Dream Of Jeannie, Mr Ed and Bewitched.

title: Marg Downey


text:
Kaczmarek

Kaczmarek (Polish pronunciation: ; archaic feminine: Kaczmarkowa, plural Kaczmarkowie) is the 18th most common surname in Poland (62,399 people in 2009) and the second most popular in Greater Poland (24,185) and Lubusz Land (3,121). The name is a diminutive from the Old Polish version of the word karczmarz, meaning "innkeeper".

Notable people

 * Adam Kaczmarek (born 1961), Polish sport shooter
 * Bogusław Kaczmarek (born 1950), Polish football manager
 * Gabriele Katzmarek (born 1960), German politician
 * Jan A. P. Kaczmarek (1953–2024), Polish composer
 * Jan Kaczmarek (actor) (b. 6 June 1945, d. 14 November 2007), Polish singer and songwriter
 * Jane Kaczmarek (born 1955), American actress
 * Jerzy Kaczmarek (born 1948), Polish fencer
 * Konrad Kaczmarek, Polish footballer
 * Łukasz Kaczmarek (born 1994), Polish volleyball player
 * Marcin Kaczmarek (swimmer) (born 1977), Polish swimmer
 * Marcin Kaczmarek (footballer, born 1974), Polish football player
 * Marcin Kaczmarek (footballer, born 1979), Polish football player
 * Marta Kaczmarek, Polish-Australian actress
 * Mateusz Kaczmarek, Polish footballer
 * Natalia Kaczmarek (born 1998), Polish athlete
 * Oliver Kaczmarek (born 1970), German politician
 * Paweł Kaczmarek (born 1985), Polish footballer
 * Paweł Kaczmarek (born 1995), Polish sprint kayaker
 * Wojciech Szczęsny Kaczmarek (1942–2009), Polish politician
 * Tomasz Kaczmarek, Polish football manager
 * Zbigniew Kaczmarek (born 1962), Polish football player
 * Zbigniew Kaczmarek (1946–2023), Polish weightlifter

Fictional characters

 * Pete Kaczmarek (portrayed by Jerry O'Connell) in The Defenders
 * Clay Kaczmarek, also known as "Subject 16", in the Assassin's Creed franchise

title: Kaczmarek


text:
Zając

Zając (Polish pronunciation:, archaic feminine: Zającowa, plural Zającowie) is one of the most common surnames in Poland and the third most popular in Lesser Poland. The English translation of this surname is "hare". The surname occasionally appears as Zajonc due to the Polish pronunciation of ą as "on", however, the vowel is usually rendered as "a" outside Poland, producing Zajac. The latter form may also come from Slovak, Sorbian, Serbo-Croatian, or Belarusian cognates.

Notable people with the surname include:
 * Bogdan Zając (born 1972), Polish football defender
 * Czesław Zając, Polish sport shooter
 * Jack Zajac (born 1929), American artist
 * Józef Zając, (1891–1963), Polish general
 * Karol Zając (1913-1965), Polish alpine skier
 * Marcin Zając (born 1975), Polish football midfielder
 * Marek Zając (born 1973), Polish football defender
 * Stanisław Zając (1949–2010), Polish politician
 * Travis Zajac (born 1985), Polish-Canadian hockey player
 * Robert Zajonc (1923–2008), Polish-American social psychologist

title: Zając


text:
Wieczorek

Wieczorek (archaic feminine: Wieczorkowa, plural Wieczorkowie) is one of the most common surnames in Poland, and the second most common in Opole Silesia (2,654) and Świętokrzyskie (2,654). In Polish name mean “little evening”. Notable people include:

 * Adam Wieczorek (born 1992), Polish mixed martial artist
 * Andreas Wieczorek (born 1974), German football midfielder
 * Antoni Wieczorek (1924-1992), Polish ski jumper
 * Bertram Wieczorek (born 1951), German physician and former politician
 * Burghild Wieczorek (1943-2016), East German athlete
 * Christian Wieczorek (born 1985), German football player
 * Danuta Dudzińska-Wieczorek (born 1966), Polish opera singer
 * Dariusz Wieczorek (born 1965), Polish politician
 * Denis Wieczorek (born 1991), German figure skater
 * Eva Janina Wieczorek (born 1951), Polish visual artist
 * Greg Wieczorek, American drummer
 * Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (born 1942), German politician
 * Henryk Wieczorek (born 1949), Polish football player
 * Kamila Wieczorek (born 1997), Polish ice hockey forward
 * Kristin Wieczorek (born 1986), German figure skater
 * Mariusz Wieczorek, Polish canoeist
 * Max Wieczorek (born 1939), Canadian rower
 * Oskar Wieczorek (born 1994), Polish chess grandmaster
 * Raymond Wieczorek (1928–2022), American Republican politician
 * Raymond Wieczorek Drive
 * Ryszard Wieczorek (born 1962), Polish football player and manager
 * Teodor Wieczorek, Polish football player and manager
 * Teresa Ciepły née Wieczorek (1937–2006), Polish sprinter and hurdler

title: Wieczorek


text:
Apothecary

Apothecary is an archaic English term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica (medicine) to physicians, surgeons and patients. The modern terms 'pharmacist' and 'chemist' (British English) have taken over this role.

In some languages and regions, "apothecary" is not archaic and has become those languages' term for "pharmacy" or a pharmacist who owns one.

Apothecaries' investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients was a precursor to the modern sciences of chemistry and pharmacology.

In addition to dispensing herbs and medicine, apothecaries offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed by other specialist practitioners, such as surgeons and obstetricians. Apothecary shops sold ingredients and the medicines they prepared wholesale to other medical practitioners, as well as dispensing them to patients. In 17th-century England, they also controlled the trade in tobacco which was imported as a medicine.

Etymology
The term "apothecary" derives from the Ancient Greek (apothḗkē, "a repository, storehouse") via Latin apotheca ("repository, storehouse, warehouse", cf. ' and '), Medieval Latin apothecarius ("storekeeper"), and eventually Old French apotecaire.

In some European and other languages, the term is current and used to designate a pharmacist/chemist, such as Dutch and German Apotheker, Hungarian patikus, Irish poitigéir, Latvian aptiekārs and Luxembourgish Apdikter. Likewise, "pharmacy" translates as apotek in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, apteekki in Finnish, apoteka in Bosnian, patika in Hungarian, aptieka in Latvian, апотека (apoteka) in Serbian, аптека (apteka) in Russian, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Ukrainian, Apotheke in German and apteka in Polish. The word in Indonesian is apoteker, which was borrowed from the Dutch apotheker. In Yiddish the word is אַפּטייק apteyk.

Use of the term in the names of businesses varies with time and location. It is generally an Americanism, though some areas of the United States use it to invoke an experience of nostalgic revival and it has been used for a wide variety of businesses; while in other areas such as California its use is restricted to licensed pharmacies.

History
The profession of apothecary can be dated back at least to 2600 BC to ancient Babylon, which provides one of the earliest records of the practice of the apothecary. Clay tablets have been found with medical texts recording symptoms, prescriptions, and the directions for compounding.

In ancient India, the Sushruta Samhita, a compendium on the practice of medicine and medical formulations, has been traced back to the 1st century BC.

The Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt, written around 1500 BC, contain a collection of more than 800 prescriptions. It lists over 700 different drugs.

The Shen-nung pen ts'ao ching, a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants (3rd century AD), is considered a foundational material for Chinese medicine and herbalism and became an important source for Chinese apothecaries. The book, which documented 365 treatments, had a focus on roots and grass. It had treatments which came from minerals, roots and grass, and animals. Many of the mentioned drugs and their uses are still followed today. Ginseng's use as a sexual stimulant and aid for erectile dysfunction stems from this book. Ma huang, an herb first mentioned in the book, led to the introduction of the drug ephedrine into modern medicine.

According to Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, and S. Hadzovic, apothecary shops existed during the Middle Ages in Baghdad, operated by pharmacists in 754 during the Abbasid Caliphate, or Islamic Golden Age. Apothecaries were also active in Al-Andalus by the 11th century.

By the end of the 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1342–1400) was mentioning an English apothecary in the Canterbury Tales, specifically "The Nun's Priest's Tale" as Pertelote speaks to Chauntecleer (lines 181–184):

... and for ye shal nat tarie, Though in this toun is noon apothecarie, I shal myself to herbes techen yow, That shul been for youre hele and for youre prow.

In modern English, this can be translated as:

''... and you should not linger, Though in this town there is no apothecary, I shall teach you about herbs myself, That will be for your health and for your pride.

In Renaissance Italy, Italian Nuns became a prominent source for medicinal needs. At first they used their knowledge in non-curative uses in the convents to solidify the sanctity of religion among their sisters. As they progressed in skill they started to expand their field to create profit. This profit they used towards their charitable goals. Because of their eventual spread to urban society, these religious women gained "roles of public significance beyond the spiritual realm (Strocchia 627). Later apothecaries led by nuns were spread across the Italian peninsula.

From the 15th century to the 16th century, the apothecary gained the status of a skilled practitioner. In England, the apothecaries merited their own livery company, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, founded in 1617. Its roots, however, go back much earlier to the Guild of Pepperers formed in London in 1180.

However, there were ongoing tensions between apothecaries and other medical professions, as is illustrated by the publication of 'A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries' by the Physician Christopher Merrett in 1669 and the experiences of Susan Reeve Lyon and other women apothecaries in 17th century London. Often women (who were prohibited from entering medical school) became apothecaries which took away business from male physicians. In 1865 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the first woman to be licensed to practice medicine in Britain by passing the examination of the Society of Apothecaries. By the end of the 19th century, the medical professions had taken on their current institutional form, with defined roles for physicians and surgeons, and the role of the apothecary was more narrowly conceived, as that of pharmacist (dispensing chemist in British English).

In German-speaking countries, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland, pharmacies or chemist stores are still called apothecaries or in German Apotheken. The Apotheke ("store") is legally obligated to be run at all times by at least one Apotheker (male) or Apothekerin (female), who actually has an academic degree as a pharmacist – in German Pharmazeut (male) or Pharmazeutin (female) – and has obtained the professional title Apotheker by either working in the field for numerous years, usually by working in a pharmacy store, or taking additional exams. Thus a Pharmazeut is not always an Apotheker. Magdalena Neff became the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Germany when she studied pharmacy at the Technical University of Karlsruhe and later passed the apothecary's examination in 1906.

Apothecaries used their own measurement system, the apothecaries' system, to provide precise weighing of small quantities. Apothecaries dispensed vials of poisons as well as medicines, and as is still the case, medicines could be either beneficial or harmful if inappropriately used. Protective methods to prevent accidental ingestion of poisons included the use of specially-shaped containers for potentially poisonous substances such as laudanum.

Apothecary work as gateway to women as healers
Apothecary businesses were typically family-run, and wives or other women of the family worked alongside their husbands in the shops, learning the trade themselves. Women were still not allowed to train and be educated in universities so this allowed them a chance to be trained in medical knowledge and healing. Previously, women had some influence in other women's healthcare, such as serving as midwives and other feminine care in a setting that was not considered appropriate for males. Though physicians gave medical advice, they did not make medicine, so they typically sent their patients to particular independent apothecaries, who did also provide some medical advice, in particular remedies and healing.

Recipes
Many recipes for medicines included herbs, minerals, and pieces of animals (meats, fats, skins) that were ingested, made into paste for external use, or used as aromatherapy. Some of these are similar to natural remedies used today, including catnip, chamomile, fennel, mint, garlic, and witch hazel. Many other ingredients used in the past such as urine, fecal matter, earwax, human fat, and saliva, are no longer used and are generally considered ineffective or unsanitary. Trial and error were the main source for finding successful remedies, as little was known about the chemistry of why certain treatments worked. For instance, it was known that drinking coffee could help cure headaches, but the existence and properties of caffeine itself was still a mystery.

Noted apothecaries

 * Hildegard of Bingen
 * Paracelsus
 * Dante Alighieri
 * James Parkinson
 * Silvanus Bevan
 * Hendrik Claudius
 * Émile Coué
 * Nicholas Culpeper
 * John Keats
 * Nostradamus
 * John Parkinson
 * Joseph Proust
 * Nicholas Hughes
 * Shen Nung
 * Fanny Allen
 * Tomé Pires

title: Apothecary


text:
Zalewski

Zalewski (feminine: Zalewska, plural: Zalewscy) is a Polish-language surname. Alternate spellings include Zelewski, Zaleski, Zeleski, Zalewska and Zaller.

The form Zalewski is the hypercorrect form of Zaleski. By analogy with other surnames, like Chotomowski (colloquially pronounced as if spelt "Chotomoski"), Olszewski ("Olszeski") etc., it may seem that the shorter spelling must reflect the popular pronunciation and not the older, etymological one, but this is not the case. The original form Zaleski was derived from a place called Zalesie or Zalas, which literally means "an area close to a forest, behind a forest". It is difficult to assess which regions were primarily connected with it, because of the significant number of villages by such names. (Another case of such hypercorrection is Dmowski, derived from Dmochy, not *Dmów or *Dmowo).

Another possible etymology for one of the forms of Zalewski surname comes from a topographic name for someone who lived by a flood plain, bay, or any other small body of water. Two locations that this may be connected to are Zalew in Sieradz voivodeship or Zalewo in Olsztyn voivodeship.

The Germanised version of this surname is Salewski and Saleski, usually found in the Silesia region.

An early form of this surname was first noted in the year 1370. Many families from different classes and with different background used this surname. Several famous people have the surname Zalewski or a variant of it:

 * Anna Zalewska (born 1965), Polish politician
 * Aran Zalewski (born 1991), Australian field hockey player
 * August Zaleski (1883-1972), Polish politician
 * Emil von Zelewski (1854-1891), Imperial German Army officer
 * Erich von dem Bach Zelewski (1899-1972), SS-Obergruppenführer
 * Karol Zalewski (born 1993), Polish athlete
 * Ksawery Zalewski, Polish diplomat, part of the Piłsudski's Prometheism government, worker of consulate in French Lille (1925–1926) and Georgian Tbilisi (1926–1936). Later titular consul in Tbilisi.
 * Krystian Zalewski (born 1989), Polish athlete
 * Michał Zalewski (born 1981), Polish "White Hat" Hacker, computer security expert
 * Nicola Zalewski, Polish footballer

title: Zalewski


text: User talk:160.133.117.45

title: User talk:160.133.117.45


text:
Talk:Barometer

Height of water
Not sure why User:Glogger has added the "units of pressure based on height of water" discussion to this article... seems better suited for an article on water pressure. It is only peripheral to the discussion of a barometer, a device to measure pressure. I think it should be moved or edited out, but wanted to float it for discussion here first. Bantman 00:25, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Seeing no objections, I have deleted the following:

Units of pressure based on height of water

 * Since mercury is not a substance that humans commonly come in contact with, water often provides a more intuitive unit of measure, insofar as (what some regard as obsolete) manometric units go.

 * One inch of mercury is approximately equal to 1.133 feet of water, in terms of pressure or pressure difference. innitt doe mann

 * 1 atmosphere (14.7 PSI) is approximately 33.90 feet of water (approx. 10.333 meters of water). Thus when dumping water on someone from a height of 10 meters (or, equivalently, when someone enters a pool from a 10-meter platform as is commonly found in olympic swimming baths), the potential energy is approximately one half to one quarter that of typical city water pressure.  At this height of water, the person and water collide at slightly more than 50km/hour (slightly more than 30 miles per hour), as potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.  Thus many swimmers wear ear plugs to avoid barotrauma from water pressure in the 10-meter range.  In some sense, the human ear responds to pressure (with sometimes adverse effects).  Systems such as the ear, microphones, loudspeakers, and the like, can be damaged by excessive barometric pressure increase (excessive head of water, for example).

Bantman 22:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have not looked too deeply into the reasons for this edit but differential pressure is often quoted in height of water due to use of water in U-tube manometers. A Manometer is basically a Barometer with one end closed to vacuume and one end in an open cistern.

 * http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=chemfacpub

 * The link above has a lovely writeup on a functioning water cistern manometer and would have used height of water to take readings (converted to height of mercury or other pressure scales for comparison with other readings)

 * While the height of water in the Barometer article may be periferal it deserves a place there (and in any manometer page) and is just as valid as height of mercury though less often used. It certainly has little to do in a water pressure article as this is related to compressed water (fluids) or pressure in water due to depth in water as opposed to depth of atmosphere)

 * Idyllic press (talk) 13:50, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

New replacement article
Several users have found a very complete and wonderfully illustrated article in the French wp. This article has been translated into German.

This page (the talk page) will be used as a scratchpad for this work.

Translations will be interleaved by paragraph for easy review.

Tasks:

 * Post the French article (done)

 * Add the external image references to the image titles

 * Prepare a Babel Fish (website) translation on a per-paragraph basis and interleave it.

 * Clean up BF translation in place

 * Move the images.

 * Fluent French-English speakers will then complete the translation into English.

 * Any portions of the existing article meriting inclusion will be added.

 * Native English speakers will review for grammar and idiom use.

 * A general review will be solicited from the community

 * As a start, the original French article:

Composite interleaved translation
NOTE: Owing to unreliability of my internet connection I am preparing this offline. it should be here in a few days. Please contact me via my talk if you have comments. Leonard G. 17:28, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Barometer history?
Ahoy! Could somebody who knows a bit about the history of barometers add a subheading about it? Thx. --Smári McCarthy 00:50, 27 November 2005 (UTC).

Mercury meniscus
I'd just like to note that the meniscus on the diagram of a mercury barometer is wrong (I believe). The meniscus should be the other way around for mercury. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.170.9.90 (talk) 03:55, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Now corrected. --catslash (talk) 23:25, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Why I deleted the line on invention of barometer.
Guys, do you know what have I noticed? Since China is becoming a superpower (you know this great event occurred about 50 years ago) there is some trends in history especially in wiki's history articles. Nearly in every article on invention first line is "Chinese invented something many centuries before Europeans". The first shot was made by the greatest commie Chinese scientist which converted Chinese history from a fairytale-like legend to the greatest (and main thing it became greater than the European one) history in the world. You don't now him? NO? RLY? How can you never heard Joseph Needham? He's the biggest communist fraud and liar in science in XX century. And please don't tell me that I'm under narcotics or something else(yes one guy said that I am). I'm not a drug addict. Needham's researches are very contradictory. Many criticized him but when you are financed by Chinese government it doesn't matter. You can check any article on inventions and see that I am right. And of course in wiki the List of Chinese inventions is growing and growing...

You always thought that Newton is father of modern physics? Ha-ha. Chinese discovered his postulates many centuries BC. Newton only had read the Arabian manuscripts (and Arabs borrows and brought it from China to the West). And he assumed the honour of the discoverer of principal physical laws. You don't like this? You don't believe this? But many (if not most) wiki articles on history of science are like this. But… you will say that historians(you mean Needham?) proved the Chinese priority in Ancient science. But this proofs are only extracts from ancient (yes, every Chinese thing is ancient) Chinese manuscripts (which resembling Greek legends of Zeus and Hercules). Do you believe in Merlin's magic? If yes, you can claim that ancient Brits is greater than Greeks and Romans. But exactly this way "Chinese history" works.

That why I've deleted line on barometer history, written by our American friend 67.161.88.16 from Issaquah, WA. And I'm very, very disgusted by deleting the line about European's discovery of barometer. Tell me, our Chinese friends, how long will you have inferiority complex? Don't you tired to point out your superiority and destroy(and steal) OUR history? When will you(Chineang| and his compatriots) stop shitting and vandalizing wiki's history articles with your commie shit? You DIDN'T have mass production of barometers simply because there was no mass production until at least 18 century. Learn European history first and don't refer to your fables from ancient-like manuscripts. You don't know European languages or don't want learn history of science in Europe? Then don't edit English Wikipedia. You have the Chinese version of it. And you can prove your greatness there any way you like.

And I really fed up with proving of Chinese greatness and superiority in EVERY(E-V-E-R-Y!!!) article on history of science. But what can I do? Commies are 1,5 billion and nobody compete with them. Know that communism has won.

You, commie b****es, can ban me, you can accuse me being crazy or addict or racist. It only will prove that I am right and you are real commies. Eugene V. Packham 13:00 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Are u mad that u are posting these useless things on this very important website....I think u should stop posting all these non-sense things.... Srinjoy Ghatak (talk) 10:19, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Srinjoy, please note that Eugene posted 10 years ago, and that his contribution history also stops 10 years ago, so I think we can assume he has "stop[ped] posting all these non-sense things"! Martin of Sheffield (talk) 10:24, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Barometer (width of tube)
Will width of tube effect the height of column —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.152.23.200 (talk) 18:05, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * No, the width will have no effect on the height. --catslash (talk) 22:19, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Applications
I have grave doubts about much of this section. The statements that high pressure means fine weather and low means storms are more likely are gross simplifications. Also the reference to high pressure areas being barriers to weather systems and low pressure areas offering a path of least resistance is just plain wrong. If I get time I'll fix this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.61.173.28 (talk) 01:22, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

history section inadequate
This section is also gossipy. It's all about Italy. There have to be useful sources on developments up to the time of modern barometers showing that some took place outside Italy. You're not done. 4.249.96.164 (talk) 17:37, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Original research
I think the History section of this article calculated the height of a column of water as 1 atm/(gravitational field strength * water density) without taking into account the vapor pressure of water and assumed that was the height Galileo observed instead of refering to a source that stated what height a column of water was observed, not what height was calculated, which probably would have been lower and that's original research. Blackbombchu (talk) 03:36, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Nothing on Drebbel
Cornelius Drebbel invented a precursor to the barometer. Should this be included in the history section? 99.245.230.104 (talk) 05:05, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Face/dial
The following suggestion was out of place at the top of page. I've moved it down for neatness.
 * I suggest a minor change in the "Aneroid barometer"-section. Insteaf of using "face of the aneroid barometer" one, preferably, would use "dial of the aneroid barometer". - In general, an excellent article, thank you all! 46.30.132.223 (talk) 07:48, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Martin of Sheffield (talk) 16:13, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090925023810/http://www.barometerfair.com:80/history_of_the_barometer.htm to http://www.barometerfair.com/history_of_the_barometer.htm
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Is this article about barometers or altimeters?
The lead section of an article is supposed to be a summary of the information given in the article (see:wp:lead). The lead section in this article fails to do that, but also it is unlike any I've ever seen before in that it mostly discusses an entirely different subject than what is in the article. An altimeter works on the same principle ss a barometer but it is a different instrument as it is calibrated differently to measure height rather than pressure. There is a place in the article for a discussion about altimeters but the lead is not the place for it. At best it should have a brief metion there. Video tape recorders work on the same principle as audio tape recorders but you wouldn't expext to find a long discussion in the lead of either article about the other machine. Richerman   (talk) 09:55, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Mention mystery units in images
The reader is presented with images such as File:Aneroid_barometer.JPG with a mystery outer dial and even more mysterious inner dial with zero description what the numbers represent. Jidanni (talk) 11:42, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, after looking at the images on https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Barometric-Pressure I conclude the inner units are MmHg / 10! Jidanni (talk) 11:53, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * And the outer dial must be meters / 100. Odd how the manufacturers couldn't be bothered to put a simple "m" on the dial. Jidanni (talk) 12:30, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I think you're right. See the table in the "equation" section, atmospheric pressure halves at around 5,500m, so looking at the dial 38cmHg would be where the "78" mark is, around 5,500m.  I'd guess that the inner dial can be rotated to set the pressure at sea level, then you can just read off your height.  Martin of Sheffield (talk) 17:13, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Wheel barometers
This section says nothing about what a wheel barometer is. Guessing, this refers to the familiar circular aneroid barometer which is discussed below. If so, then the first paragraph should be merged in there and suitable citations used.

The second paragraph is excessive. One or two pioneers might be acceptable, but a list of 52 names and locations adds nothing to it. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 15:22, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I've researched these wheel barometers and they are a form of mercury barometer. Article updated accordingly. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 21:55, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

 * . If using "See also" this should be a hat note at the start of the section.  If you insist on using it inline, then you should use a wikilink to a relevant point.  Perhaps "fair to say that the Italians dominated the industry" would be better?  What do you think?  Martin of Sheffield (talk) 10:09, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Baro-thermometer?
We have one red link to baro-thermometer (barothermometer). Adequacy? Estopedist1 (talk) 09:32, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barometer


text:
User talk:Bulua

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 00:26, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
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AfD nomination of Adult FriendFinder
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title: User talk:Bulua


text: User talk:68.69.83.49

title: User talk:68.69.83.49


text:
User:Pschmehl

I am a senior mechanical engineering student at Walla Walla College in Washington state. I enjoy soccer, sailing, juggling, and open source.

title: User:Pschmehl


text:
Crunch (exercise)

The crunch is an abdominal exercise that works the rectus abdominis muscle. It enables both building "six-pack" abs and tightening the belly. Crunches use the exerciser's own body weight to tone muscle and are recommended by some experts, despite negative research results, as a low-cost exercise that can be performed at home. Crunches are less effective than other exercises such as planks and carry risk of back injury.

Form
The biomechanics professor Stuart McGill was quoted in The New York Times Health blog as stating:

An approved crunch begins with you lying down, one knee bent, and hands positioned beneath your lower back for support. "Do not hollow your stomach or press your back against the floor", McGill says. Gently lift your head and shoulders, hold briefly and relax back down.

Research has shown that both sit-ups and crunches are mediocre strength-building exercises and have injured many people.

In a crunch, unlike a sit-up, the lower back stays on the floor. This is said to eliminate any involvement by the hip flexors, and make the crunch an effective isolation exercise for the abdominals.

World records
Sirous Ahmadi has the record of doing over 20000 crunches in under 5 hours on May 11, 2024.

In 2018, John Peterson from the US did 6,774 crunches in an hour and in 2021, he did a total of 13,994 crunches in two hours.

title: Crunch (exercise)


text:
Ribeirinha (Angra do Heroísmo)

Ribeirinha is a parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 2,684, in an area of 7.53 km2.

title: Ribeirinha (Angra do Heroísmo)


text: User talk:130.126.215.237

title: User talk:130.126.215.237


text:
Takedown (grappling)

In martial arts and combat sports, a takedown is a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing them to the ground with the attacker landing on top. The process of quickly advancing on an opponent and attempting a takedown is known as shooting for a takedown, or simply shooting. Takedowns are usually distinguished from throws by amplitude and impact, where the purpose of a throw is to outright eliminate the opponent while purpose of a takedown is to bring the opponent down on the ground, assume a dominant position and then proceed to finish them with jointlocks, chokeholds, or ground and pound.

In rulesets of many sports, such as Judo and Sambo, a well executed throw will end the match (with the idea being that if the match did not happen on a tatami, the one who was thrown would be unable to stand back up) while the match will continue on the ground if a takedown is used instead. Takedowns are featured in all forms of wrestling and Judo.

Leg trip
The leg trip is a technique in which the combatant uses his or her own leg(s) to off-balance an opponent, hence causing the opponent to fall to the ground. Leg trips are often integrated into more complex takedown techniques, and are also important in many throws. Takedown techniques that are pure leg trips usually involve controlling the body of the opponent, and impeding or destabilizing one or both of the opponents legs. Leg trips are featured in for instance freestyle wrestling, judo, sumo, and shuai jiao while being an illegal technique in Greco-Roman wrestling.

The scissor kick takes down an opponent by wrapping one's legs around the opponent.

Single leg takedown
The single leg takedown (often shortened to single leg or single or single leg shot) involves grabbing one of the legs of the opponent, usually with both hands, and using the position to force the opponent to the ground. Typically, the lower part of the leg is pulled in one direction, while the torso or shoulder is used to press the body or upper part of the leg of the opponent in the other direction.

There are several varieties of single leg takedowns. Some involve picking up and holding the leg by the ankle and are often known as ankle picks, while other varieties include the high crotch, in which the leg is held high up in the opponent's crotch area. The leg can be attacked either across the body ("inside") or from away from the body ("outside"). Single leg takedowns can also be executed in combination with a leg trip to the other leg, which additionally destabilizes the opponent.

Single leg takedowns can be countered by sprawling or by hooking the lifted foot in the crotch of the aggressor (so it cannot be lifted further and to maintain a distance from the aggressor), and, where allowed, in combination with knee strikes to the head of the opponent.

In judo and other martial arts, there are many classifications of different types of single leg takedowns. Variants of the high crotch correspond to sukui nage (掬投, "scoop throw" ), where the opponent is lifted up from the ground, while the typical forward pushing single leg takedown is classified as morote gari (双手刈, "both hands scoop" ). Some techniques are more specific, for instance kibisu gaeshi (踵返, "heel trip reversal" ), which is an ankle pick where the heel is grabbed, scooped up and the opponent is pushed and thrown immediately. In kuchiki taoshi (朽木落, "one hand drop" ), the opponent's leg is grabbed, pulled up, and used to push the opponent down to the ground in a split second. The technique was banned in judo competition by the International Judo Federation in 2010 except as a counter or combination.

Double leg takedown
The double leg takedown (colloquially known as a double leg or double) involves grabbing the opponent with both arms around the opponent's legs while keeping the chest close to the opponent, and using this position to force the opponent to the ground. There are several varieties of forcing the opponent to the ground, such as lifting and slamming, or pushing forward with the shoulder while pulling the opponent's legs. The double leg takedown can be countered similarly to a single leg takedown, by sprawling, moving away, and/or striking. The guillotine choke is also a good counter to a poorly performed double leg takedown.

The double leg takedown is in judo also referred to as morote-gari, although some hold that a double leg takedown where the opponent is lifted into the air or swept sideways should be referred to as sukui-nage. Morote-gari, despite having been used by judokas for a very long time and being approved of by Jigoro Kano himself, was not accepted until 1982 by the Kodokan as an official judo technique. Being dismissed by certain traditionalists, the technique was banned in competition by the International Judo Federation in 2010 except as a counter or combination.

Another form of a double leg takedown is the double leg and trip, in which the person shoots in and while holding both legs swings one of his legs around and pushes forward on the opponent while tripping the opponent's leg out from under him.

Duckunder
In a duckunder, the attacker pulls the opponent's elbow forward and away from the body, lowers his own head, and ducks under the opponent's arm in an effort to get behind or at least beside the opponent; from this position the opponent can be taken down by lifting and throwing or by a leg trip.

Fireman's carry
The fireman's carry is a takedown technique that resembles a common method of carrying an injured victim by firefighters. When implemented on the right side of the opponent's body, the attacker's left hand pulls the opponent's right elbow forward so the attacker's head goes under the opponent's right arm. At the same time, the attacker's right hand grabs the inside of the opponent's right thigh and lifts, while the attacker rises and drives to his left, bringing the opponent down to the ground on his right side.

A variation performed by a cross body wrist-hold is called Kraft's Carry (Kraft coached by Wrestling's Hall of Fame Ned Blass, designed the move in 1967-70 achieving success as a high school and collegiate wrestler). The attacker can perform either a right or reverse carry (left) by reaching up to hold the opponents high right bicep with the left hand, while reaching across taking the opponent's right hand or wrist. This version is accomplished by “throwing” the opponents wrist aside to the left, while ducking under for the standard carry. Maximum points can be achieved by retaining the opponent's right arm on landing and moving into a pinning position with a head and arm.

Underhook
A single underhook involves putting an arm under the opponent's arm, and holding the back of the opponent's midsection or upper body, while a double underhook involves doing this with both arms. Either can be used as the basis for a takedown because underhooks offer the potential for control of the opponent's upper body.

Overhook
A single overhook, or whizzer, involves putting an arm over the opponent's arm and encircling it. It can be used as a takedown maneuver by putting substantial weight on the targeted arm while pulling the opponent's other arm across his body, and eventually stepping over behind the opponent.

Bear hug
In a bear hug, the arms are wrapped tightly around the opponent's midsection, sometimes with one or both of the opponent's arms pinned to the opponent's body, so that the opponent's chest is held tightly to the attacker's chest. From this position the opponent can be taken down, sometimes by lifting and tilting and sometimes with the aid of a leg trip.

Spin-around
The spin-around is often used as a counter to an opponent's attempt at a single- or double-leg takedown. When the opponent shoots for the legs, the targeted wrestler sprawls his legs part way back and then quickly moves around behind the opponent.

Snapdown
In a snapdown, both hands are placed on the back of the opponent's neck, and when the opponent's head is held low or is becoming lower both hands pull down sharply, propelling the opponent's head and therefore body toward the ground. Simultaneously the attacker steps around behind the opponent.

title: Takedown (grappling)