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Mixing (mathematics)

In mathematics, mixing is an abstract concept originating from physics: the attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing in the everyday world: e.g. mixing paint, mixing drinks, industrial mixing.

The concept appears in ergodic theory—the study of stochastic processes and measure-preserving dynamical systems. Several different definitions for mixing exist, including strong mixing, weak mixing and topological mixing, with the last not requiring a measure to be defined. Some of the different definitions of mixing can be arranged in a hierarchical order; thus, strong mixing implies weak mixing. Furthermore, weak mixing (and thus also strong mixing) implies ergodicity: that is, every system that is weakly mixing is also ergodic (and so one says that mixing is a "stronger" condition than ergodicity).

Informal explanation
The mathematical definition of mixing aims to capture the ordinary every-day process of mixing, such as mixing paints, drinks, cooking ingredients, industrial process mixing, smoke in a smoke-filled room, and so on. To provide the mathematical rigor, such descriptions begin with the definition of a measure-preserving dynamical system, written as $(X, \mathcal{A}, \mu, T)$.

The set $$X$$ is understood to be the total space to be filled: the mixing bowl, the smoke-filled room, etc. The measure $$\mu$$ is understood to define the natural volume of the space $$X$$ and of its subspaces. The collection of subspaces is denoted by $\mathcal{A}$, and the size of any given subset $$A\subset X$$ is $\mu(A)$; the size is its volume. Naively, one could imagine $$\mathcal{A}$$ to be the power set of $X$; this doesn't quite work, as not all subsets of a space have a volume (famously, the Banach-Tarski paradox). Thus, conventionally, $$\mathcal{A}$$ consists of the measurable subsets—the subsets that do have a volume. It is always taken to be a Borel set—the collection of subsets that can be constructed by taking intersections, unions and set complements; these can always be taken to be measurable.

The time evolution of the system is described by a map $$T:X\to X$$. Given some subset $$A\subset X$$, its map $$T(A)$$ will in general be a deformed version of $$A$$ – it is squashed or stretched, folded or cut into pieces. Mathematical examples include the baker's map and the horseshoe map, both inspired by bread-making. The set $$T(A)$$ must have the same volume as $$A$$; the squashing/stretching does not alter the volume of the space, only its distribution. Such a system is "measure-preserving" (area-preserving, volume-preserving).

A formal difficulty arises when one tries to reconcile the volume of sets with the need to preserve their size under a map. The problem arises because, in general, several different points in the domain of a function can map to the same point in its range; that is, there may be $$x\ne y$$ with $T(x)=T(y)$. Worse, a single point $$x\in X$$ has no size. These difficulties can be avoided by working with the inverse map $T^{-1}:\mathcal{A}\to\mathcal{A}$; it will map any given subset $$A\subset X$$ to the parts that were assembled to make it: these parts are $T^{-1}(A)\in\mathcal{A}$. It has the important property of not "losing track" of where things came from. More strongly, it has the important property that any (measure-preserving) map $$\mathcal{A}\to\mathcal{A}$$ is the inverse of some map $X\to X$. The proper definition of a volume-preserving map is one for which $$\mu(A)=\mu(T^{-1}(A))$$ because $$T^{-1}(A)$$ describes all the pieces-parts that $$A$$ came from.

One is now interested in studying the time evolution of the system. If a set $$A\in\mathcal{A}$$ eventually visits all of $$X$$ over a long period of time (that is, if $$\cup_{k=1}^n T^k(A)$$ approaches all of $$X$$ for large $$n$$), the system is said to be ergodic. If every set $$A$$ behaves in this way, the system is a conservative system, placed in contrast to a dissipative system, where some subsets $$A$$ wander away, never to be returned to. An example would be water running downhill—once it's run down, it will never come back up again. The lake that forms at the bottom of this river can, however, become well-mixed. The ergodic decomposition theorem states that every ergodic system can be split into two parts: the conservative part, and the dissipative part.

Mixing is a stronger statement than ergodicity. Mixing asks for this ergodic property to hold between any two sets $A,B$, and not just between some set $$A$$ and $X$. That is, given any two sets $A,B\in\mathcal{A}$, a system is said to be (topologically) mixing if there is an integer $$N$$ such that, for all $$A, B$$ and $n>N$, one has that $$T^n(A)\cap B\ne\varnothing$$. Here, $$\cap$$ denotes set intersection and $$\varnothing$$ is the empty set.

The above definition of topological mixing should be enough to provide an informal idea of mixing (it is equivalent to the formal definition, given below). However, it made no mention of the volume of $$A$$ and $B$, and, indeed, there is another definition that explicitly works with the volume. Several, actually; one has both strong mixing and weak mixing; they are inequivalent, although a strong mixing system is always weakly mixing. The measure-based definitions are not compatible with the definition of topological mixing: there are systems which are one, but not the other. The general situation remains cloudy: for example, given three sets $A,B,C\in\mathcal{A}$, one can define 3-mixing. As of 2020, it is not known if 2-mixing implies 3-mixing. (If one thinks of ergodicity as "1-mixing", then it is clear that 1-mixing does not imply 2-mixing; there are systems that are ergodic but not mixing.)

The concept of strong mixing is made in reference to the volume of a pair of sets. Consider, for example, a set $$A$$ of colored dye that is being mixed into a cup of some sort of sticky liquid, say, corn syrup, or shampoo, or the like. Practical experience shows that mixing sticky fluids can be quite hard: there is usually some corner of the container where it is hard to get the dye mixed into. Pick as set $$B$$ that hard-to-reach corner. The question of mixing is then, can $$A$$, after a long enough period of time, not only penetrate into $$B$$ but also fill $$B$$ with the same proportion as it does elsewhere?

One phrases the definition of strong mixing as the requirement that
 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \mu\left( T^{-n} A \cap B\right) = \mu(A)\mu(B).$$

The time parameter $$n$$ serves to separate $$A$$ and $$B$$ in time, so that one is mixing $$A$$ while holding the test volume $$B$$ fixed. The product $$\mu(A)\mu(B)$$ is a bit more subtle. Imagine that the volume $$B$$ is 10% of the total volume, and that the volume of dye $$A$$ will also be 10% of the grand total. If $$A$$ is uniformly distributed, then it is occupying 10% of $$B$$, which itself is 10% of the total, and so, in the end, after mixing, the part of $$A$$ that is in $$B$$ is 1% of the total volume. That is, $$\mu\left(\mbox{after-mixing}(A) \cap B\right) = \mu(A)\mu(B).$$ This product-of-volumes has more than passing resemblance to Bayes theorem in probabilities; this is not an accident, but rather a consequence that measure theory and probability theory are the same theory: they share the same axioms (the Kolmogorov axioms), even as they use different notation.

The reason for using $$T^{-n} A$$ instead of $$T^n A$$ in the definition is a bit subtle, but it follows from the same reasons why $$T^{-1} A$$ was used to define the concept of a measure-preserving map. When looking at how much dye got mixed into the corner $$B$$, one wants to look at where that dye "came from" (presumably, it was poured in at the top, at some time in the past). One must be sure that every place it might have "come from" eventually gets mixed into $$B$$.

Mixing in dynamical systems
Let $$(X, \mathcal{A}, \mu, T)$$ be a measure-preserving dynamical system, with T being the time-evolution or shift operator. The system is said to be strong mixing if, for any $$A,B \in \mathcal{A}$$, one has
 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \mu \left (A \cap T^{-n}B \right ) = \mu(A)\mu(B).$$

For shifts parametrized by a continuous variable instead of a discrete integer n, the same definition applies, with $$T^{-n}$$ replaced by $$T_g$$ with g being the continuous-time parameter.

A dynamical system is said to be weak mixing if one has
 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac 1 n \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \left |\mu(A \cap T^{-k}B) - \mu(A)\mu(B) \right | = 0.$$

In other words, $$T$$ is strong mixing if $$\mu (A \cap T^{-n}B) - \mu(A)\mu(B) \to 0$$ in the usual sense, weak mixing if
 * $$ \left |\mu(A \cap T^{-n} B) - \mu(A)\mu(B) \right | \to 0,$$

in the Cesàro sense, and ergodic if $$\mu \left (A \cap T^{-n}B \right ) \to \mu(A)\mu(B)$$ in the Cesàro sense. Hence, strong mixing implies weak mixing, which implies ergodicity. However, the converse is not true: there exist ergodic dynamical systems which are not weakly mixing, and weakly mixing dynamical systems which are not strongly mixing. The Chacon system was historically the first example given of a system that is weak-mixing but not strong-mixing.

Theorem. Weak mixing implies ergodicity.

Proof. If the action of the map decomposes into two components $A, B$, then we have $\mu(T^{-n}(A) \cap B) = \mu(A \cap B) = \mu(\emptyset) = 0$, so weak mixing implies $\vert \mu(A\cap B) - \mu(A)\mu(B) \vert = 0$, so one of $$A, B$$ has zero measure, and the other one has full measure.

Covering families
Given a topological space, such as the unit interval (whether it has its end points or not), we can construct a measure on it by taking the open sets, then take their unions, complements, unions, complements, and so on to infinity, to obtain all the Borel sets. Next, we define a measure $$\mu $$ on the Borel sets, then add in all the subsets of measure-zero ("negligible sets"). This is how we obtain the Lebesgue measure and the Lebesgue measurable sets.

In most applications of ergodic theory, the underlying space is almost-everywhere isomorphic to an open subset of some $$\R^n$$, and so it is a Lebesgue measure space. Verifying strong-mixing can be simplified if we only need to check a smaller set of measurable sets.

A covering family $$\mathcal C$$ is a set of measurable sets, such that any open set is a disjoint union of sets in it. Compare this with base in topology, which is less restrictive as it allows non-disjoint unions.

Theorem. For Lebesgue measure spaces, if $$T$$ is measure-preserving, and $$\lim_n \mu(T^{-n}(A)\cap B) = \mu(A)\mu (B)$$ for all $$A, B$$ in a covering family, then $$T$$ is strong mixing.

Proof. Extend the mixing equation from all $$A, B$$ in the covering family, to all open sets by disjoint union, to all closed sets by taking the complement, to all measurable sets by using the regularity of Lebesgue measure to approximate any set with open and closed sets. Thus, $$\lim_n \mu(T^{-n}(A)\cap B) = \mu(A)\mu (B)$$ for all measurable $A, B$.

L2 formulation
The properties of ergodicity, weak mixing and strong mixing of a measure-preserving dynamical system can also be characterized by the average of observables. By von Neumann's ergodic theorem, ergodicity of a dynamical system $$(X, \mathcal{A}, \mu, T)$$ is equivalent to the property that, for any function $$f \in L^2 (X, \mu)$$, the sequence $$(f \circ T^n)_{n \ge 0}$$ converges strongly and in the sense of Cesàro to $\int_X f \, d \mu$, i.e.,
 * $$ \lim_{N \to \infty} \left \| {1 \over N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} f \circ T^n - \int_X f \, d \mu \right \|_{L^2 (X, \mu)}= 0.$$

A dynamical system $$(X, \mathcal{A}, \mu, T)$$ is weakly mixing if, for any functions $$f$$ and $$g \in L^2 (X, \mu),$$
 * $$ \lim_{N \to \infty} {1 \over N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} \left | \int_X f \circ T^n \cdot g \, d \mu- \int_X f \, d \mu \cdot \int_X g \, d \mu \right |= 0.$$

A dynamical system $$(X, \mathcal{A}, \mu, T)$$ is strongly mixing if, for any function $f \in L^2 (X, \mu)$, the sequence $$(f \circ T^n)_{n \ge 0}$$ converges weakly to $\int_X f \, d \mu$, i.e., for any function $$g \in L^2 (X, \mu),$$
 * $$ \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_X f \circ T^n \cdot g \, d \mu = \int_X f \, d \mu \cdot \int_X g \, d \mu.$$

Since the system is assumed to be measure preserving, this last line is equivalent to saying that the covariance $\lim_{n \to \infty} \operatorname{Cov} (f \circ T^n, g) = 0$, so that the random variables $$f \circ T^n$$ and $$g$$ become orthogonal as $$n$$ grows. Actually, since this works for any function $g$, one can informally see mixing as the property that the random variables $$f \circ T^n$$ and $$g$$ become independent as $$n$$ grows.

Products of dynamical systems
Given two measured dynamical systems $$(X, \mu, T)$$ and $$(Y, \nu, S),$$ one can construct a dynamical system $$(X \times Y, \mu \otimes \nu, T \times S)$$ on the Cartesian product by defining $$(T \times S) (x,y) = (T(x), S(y)).$$ We then have the following characterizations of weak mixing:

 * Proposition. A dynamical system $$(X, \mu, T)$$ is weakly mixing if and only if, for any ergodic dynamical system $(Y, \nu, S)$, the system $$(X \times Y, \mu \otimes \nu, T \times S)$$ is also ergodic.

 * Proposition. A dynamical system $$(X, \mu, T)$$ is weakly mixing if and only if $$(X^2, \mu \otimes \mu, T \times T)$$ is also ergodic. If this is the case, then $$(X^2, \mu \otimes \mu, T \times T)$$ is also weakly mixing.

Generalizations
The definition given above is sometimes called strong 2-mixing, to distinguish it from higher orders of mixing. A strong 3-mixing system may be defined as a system for which
 * $$\lim_{m,n\to\infty} \mu (A \cap T^{-m}B \cap T^{-m-n}C) = \mu(A)\mu(B)\mu(C)$$

holds for all measurable sets A, B, C. We can define strong k-mixing similarly. A system which is strong k-mixing for all k = 2,3,4,... is called mixing of all orders.

It is unknown whether strong 2-mixing implies strong 3-mixing. It is known that strong m-mixing implies ergodicity.

Examples
Irrational rotations of the circle, and more generally irreducible translations on a torus, are ergodic but neither strongly nor weakly mixing with respect to the Lebesgue measure.

Many maps considered as chaotic are strongly mixing for some well-chosen invariant measure, including: the dyadic map, Arnold's cat map, horseshoe maps, Kolmogorov automorphisms, and the Anosov flow (the geodesic flow on the unit tangent bundle of compact manifolds of negative curvature.)

The dyadic map is "shift to left in binary". In general, for any $$n \in \{2, 3, \dots\}$$, the "shift to left in base $n$" map $$T(x) = nx \bmod 1$$ is strongly mixing on the covering family $\left\{ \left( \tfrac{k}{n^s}, \tfrac{k+1}{n^s} \right) \smallsetminus \Q: s \geq 0, \leq k < n^s \right\}$, therefore it is strongly mixing on $(0, 1) \smallsetminus \Q$, and therefore it is strongly mixing on $[0, 1]$.

Similarly, for any finite or countable alphabet $\Sigma$, we can impose a discrete probability distribution on it, then consider the probability distribution on the "coin flip" space, where each "coin flip" can take results from $\Sigma$. We can either construct the singly-infinite space $$\Sigma^\N$$ or the doubly-infinite space $\Sigma^\Z$. In both cases, the shift map (one letter to the left) is strongly mixing, since it is strongly mixing on the covering family of cylinder sets. The Baker's map is isomorphic to a shift map, so it is strongly mixing.

Topological mixing
A form of mixing may be defined without appeal to a measure, using only the topology of the system. A continuous map $$f:X\to X$$ is said to be topologically transitive if, for every pair of non-empty open sets $$A,B\subset X$$, there exists an integer n such that
 * $$f^n(A) \cap B \ne \varnothing$$

where $$f^n$$ is the nth iterate of f. In the operator theory, a topologically transitive bounded linear operator (a continuous linear map on a topological vector space) is usually called hypercyclic operator. A related idea is expressed by the wandering set.

Lemma: If X is a complete metric space with no isolated point, then f is topologically transitive if and only if there exists a hypercyclic point $$x\in X$$, that is, a point x such that its orbit $$\{f^n(x): n\in \mathbb{N}\}$$ is dense in X.

A system is said to be topologically mixing if, given open sets $$A$$ and $B$, there exists an integer N, such that, for all $n>N$, one has
 * $$f^n(A) \cap B \neq \varnothing.$$

For a continuous-time system, $$f^n$$ is replaced by the flow $\varphi_g$, with g being the continuous parameter, with the requirement that a non-empty intersection hold for all $\Vert g \Vert > N$.

A weak topological mixing is one that has no non-constant continuous (with respect to the topology) eigenfunctions of the shift operator.

Topological mixing neither implies, nor is implied by either weak or strong mixing: there are examples of systems that are weak mixing but not topologically mixing, and examples that are topologically mixing but not strong mixing.

Mixing in stochastic processes
Let $$(X_t)_{-\infty < t < \infty}$$ be a stochastic process on a probability space $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P})$. The sequence space into which the process maps can be endowed with a topology, the product topology. The open sets of this topology are called cylinder sets. These cylinder sets generate a σ-algebra, the Borel σ-algebra; this is the smallest σ-algebra that contains the topology.

Define a function $$\alpha$$, called the strong mixing coefficient, as
 * $$\alpha(s) = \sup \left\{|\mathbb{P}(A \cap B) - \mathbb{P}(A)\mathbb{P}(B)| : -\infty < t < \infty, A\in X_{-\infty}^t, B\in X_{t+s}^\infty \right\}$$

for all $-\infty < s < \infty$. The symbol $$X_a^b$$, with $$-\infty \le a \le b \le \infty $$ denotes a sub-σ-algebra of the σ-algebra; it is the set of cylinder sets that are specified between times a and b, i.e. the σ-algebra generated by $\{X_a, X_{a+1}, \ldots, X_b \}$.

The process $$(X_t)_{-\infty < t < \infty}$$ is said to be strongly mixing if $$\alpha(s)\to 0$$ as $s\to \infty$. That is to say, a strongly mixing process is such that, in a way that is uniform over all times $$t$$ and all events, the events before time $$t$$ and the events after time $$t+s$$ tend towards being independent as $$s \to \infty$$; more colloquially, the process, in a strong sense, forgets its history.

Mixing in Markov processes
Suppose $$(X_t)$$ were a stationary Markov process with stationary distribution $$\mathbb{Q}$$ and let $$L^2(\mathbb{Q})$$ denote the space of Borel-measurable functions that are square-integrable with respect to the measure $$\mathbb{Q}$$. Also let
 * $$\mathcal{E}_t \varphi (x) = \mathbb{E}[\varphi (X_t) \mid X_0 = x] $$

denote the conditional expectation operator on $$L^2(\mathbb{Q}).$$ Finally, let
 * $$ Z = \left \{ \varphi \in L^2(\mathbb{Q}) : \int \varphi \, d\mathbb{Q} = 0 \right \}$$

denote the space of square-integrable functions with mean zero.

The ρ-mixing coefficients of the process {xt} are
 * $$\rho_t = \sup_{\varphi\in Z :\,\|\varphi\|_2=1} \| \mathcal{E}_t\varphi \|_2.$$

The process is called ρ-mixing if these coefficients converge to zero as t → ∞, and “ρ-mixing with exponential decay rate” if ρt < e−δt for some δ > 0. For a stationary Markov process, the coefficients ρt may either decay at an exponential rate, or be always equal to one.

The α-mixing coefficients of the process $\{x_{t}\}$ are
 * $$\alpha_t = \sup_{\varphi \in Z : \|\varphi\|_\infty=1} \| \mathcal{E}_t\varphi \|_1. $$

The process is called α-mixing if these coefficients converge to zero as t → ∞, it is "α-mixing with exponential decay rate" if αt < γe−δt for some δ > 0, and it is α-mixing with a sub-exponential decay rate if αt < ξ(t) for some non-increasing function $$\xi$$ satisfying
 * $$\frac{\ln \xi(t)}{t} \to 0$$

as $t \to \infty$.

The α-mixing coefficients are always smaller than the ρ-mixing ones: αt ≤ ρt, therefore if the process is ρ-mixing, it will necessarily be α-mixing too. However, when, the process may still be α-mixing, with sub-exponential decay rate.

The β-mixing coefficients are given by
 * $$\beta_t = \int \sup_{0 \le \varphi \le 1} \left | \mathcal{E}_t\varphi(x) - \int \varphi \,d\mathbb{Q} \right| \,d\mathbb{Q}.$$

The process is called β-mixing if these coefficients converge to zero as t → ∞, it is β-mixing with an exponential decay rate if βt < γe−δt for some δ > 0, and it is β-mixing with a sub-exponential decay rate if βtξ(t) → 0 as t → ∞ for some non-increasing function $$\xi$$ satisfying
 * $$\frac{\ln \xi(t)}{t} \to 0$$

as $$t \to \infty$$.

A strictly stationary Markov process is β-mixing if and only if it is an aperiodic recurrent Harris chain. The β-mixing coefficients are always bigger than the α-mixing ones, so if a process is β-mixing it will also be α-mixing. There is no direct relationship between β-mixing and ρ-mixing: neither of them implies the other.

title: Mixing (mathematics)


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Sovereigntism

Sovereigntism, sovereignism or souverainism (from souverainisme,, meaning "the ideology of sovereignty") is the notion of having control over one's conditions of existence, whether at the level of the self, social group, region, nation or globe. Typically used for describing the acquiring or preserving political independence of a nation or a region, a sovereigntist aims to "take back control" from perceived powerful forces, either against internal subversive minority groups (ethnic, sexual or gender), or from external global governance institutions, federalism and supranational unions. It generally leans instead toward isolationism, and can be associated with certain independence movements, but has also been used to justify violating the independence of other nations.

Classification
Sovereigntism has a cultural as well as political component and can take the form of hostility towards outsiders having different values or different countries or regions of origin. Sovereigntist groups are associated with populism since they typically claim legitimacy for carrying out the sovereign will of the people. While leftist sovereigntists tend to think of their national border as a defensive line against the corrosive effects of neo-liberal economics, right wing sovereigntists see it more as a filter protecting the sovereign people from undesired new members.

Though there are wide differences in ideology and historical context between sovereigntist movements, those of the twenty first century can be thought of as belonging to three separate categories: conservative sovereigntism, archeo-sovereigntism, and neo-sovereigntism. Conservative sovereignism embraces the national Westphalian model of sovereignty seeking to preserve the interstate order with norms promoting global economic order but halting further advances towards political integration. Some vestiges of colonialism remain, with old powers retaining what they see as historical special responsibilities to intervene in former possessions, such as in the case of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Amongst rising powers, neo-sovereigntism is concerned with issues of autonomism, especially against more privileged nations with concentrated power in transnational entities such as the UN security council or G7. It seeks to strengthen norms and agreements protecting the independence of each state, granting their equality, and restraining more powerful states from attempts to influence the behavior of other nations. Archeo-sovereigntism is the most radical, rejecting forces of globalization and restraints on states by transnational bodies, norms and agreements, calling for a return to a pre- World War II order when states were freer from such interference. Examples in Europe include the Front National in France, the Lega Nord in Italy, the Dansk Folk Party in Denmark, and the UKIP in the UK.

In a paper published in the European Review of International Studies outlining these three major tendencies, researchers Alles and Badie summarised them thus:

Europe
In Europe, sovereigntist political movements divide (on the one hand) between those that seek to leave the European Union completely (or oppose joining it) and (on the other), those who aim for a "Europe of the nations", a less integrated Europe respecting the individual characteristics and sovereignty of constituent states. Supporters of these doctrines tend to regard themselves as Euro-realists opposed to the Euro-federalists and call for a more confederal version of a European Union. (The European Union is not a federation but shares many characteristics of one.) Thus, sovereigntism in Europe is opposed to federalism and typically involves nationalism, particularly in the United Kingdom (which withdrew from the EU in 2020) and in France where parties on the left and right margins lean strongly towards it.

France
The souverainiste doctrine is particularly influential in France, where numerous political movements adhere to it:
 * Democratic Rally (centrist and monarchist)
 * French Action (monarchist, far-right reactionary)
 * France Arise (Gaullist and republican)
 * French Nationalist Party (neofascist, ethnic nationalism)
 * France Unbowed (left-wing)
 * Mouvement for France (conservative)
 * Citizen and Republican Movement (left-wing)
 * National Rally (right-wing nationalist)
 * The Patriots (Gaullist and right-wing nationalist)
 * Nouvelle Action Royaliste (monarchist)
 * Rally for France (Gaullist and republican)
 * Popular Republican Union (Gaullist and republican)
 * Pole of Communist Revival in France (Marxist–Leninist)

Germany
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Germany:
 * Alternative for Germany (right-wing, nationalist, conservative)
 * National Democratic Party of Germany (far-right, ethnic nationalist, neofascist)

Greece
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntists can also be found in Greece:
 * Syriza (left-wing, economic nationalism, democratic socialist)
 * Course of Freedom (anti-establishment catch-all party, left-wing nationalism, hard Euroscepticism)
 * Independent Greeks (right-wing, ethnic nationalist, conservative)
 * Communist Party of Greece (Marxist–Leninist)
 * Golden Dawn (ethnic nationalist, neofascist)
 * Popular Orthodox Rally (ethnic nationalist, religious conservatism)

Hungary
Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and his Fidesz party, in power since 2010, have increasingly followed a sovereigntist policy against the European Union. On December 12, 2023, the Hungarian National Assembly adopted the Sovereignty Protection Act, which creates a new government agency, called the Sovereignty Protection Office, to be established by February 1, 2024. It will have broad powers to investigate alleged attacks on Hungarian sovereignty, including the activities of civic organizations supported from abroad.

Italy
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Italy:
 * League (right-wing populist, conservative, federalist)
 * Brothers of Italy (right-wing populist, national conservative)
 * Italexit (populist, conservative)
 * Five Star Movement (populist, left-wing populism)
 * CasaPound (neo-fascist, anti-capitalist)
 * New Force (neo-fascist, third positionist)
 * Tricolour Flame (neo-fascist, third positionist)
 * Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)

Romania
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Romania:
 * Alliance for the Union of Romanians (nationalist, traditionalist, conservative, right-wing populist)
 * Romanian Nationhood Party (national conservative, Islamophobic)
 * Alliance for the Homeland (economic patriotism, syncretic)
 * Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (Christian right, national conservative)

Russia
Since 2006, Vladimir Putin has espoused the current Russian sovereigntist view of a political, economic, and cultural battle between sovereign peoples of Russia on one side, and on the other- transnational institutions with their neoliberal and cosmopolitan ideologies undermining Russia's sovereignty and cultural existence. In Putinism, the "national wealth" of the multiethnic Russian peoples (its morality, values, memory of its forefathers and its culture) both defines and is protected by its sovereignty. Putin advisor Vladislav Surkov articulated the threat to "sovereign democracy" posed by international organizations serving the interest of NATO, the OSCE, and the unipolar world order controlled by the United States. According to the ideology of Putinism, Georgian and Ukrainian sovereignty could not be respected since it had already been lost due to their color revolutions, seen as a collapse of borders protecting them from being engulfed culturally, economically and politically by Europe and the West. As a cultural and political protector against threatening Western powers, the idea of a sovereign union of multiple peoples under Russia's leadership has been employed as a legitimation theory for imperial expansion. This usage predates the Soviet Union, tracing back to Pan-slavism’s origins in the 16th century, later becoming integrated with Russian nationalism, imperialism and Orthodox messianism in the 19th century.

Serbia
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Serbia:
 * Enough is Enough (right-wing populist, eurosceptic)
 * Serbian Radical Party (ultranationalist, eurosceptic)
 * Dveri (national conservative, Christian democratic)
 * Democratic Party of Serbia (national conservative, Christian democratic)

Spain
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Spain:
 * ADÑ–Spanish Identity (far-right, ethnic nationalist)
 * Falange Española de las JONS (national syndicalist, third positionist)
 * Vox (right-wing, national conservative)

Catalonia
In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence from Spain are Together for Catalonia (JxCat) (which includes Partit Demòcrata Europeu Català (PDeCAT), heir of the former Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC)); Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), and Candidatura d'Unitat Popular (CUP).

United Kingdom
Parties with policies that could be described as sovereigntist can be also found in United Kingdom; notably by Reform UK and the Johnson-led Conservative Party (UK) (with respect to the European Union through hard Brexit), the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales), and Sinn Féin in Northern Ireland.

Canada
In the Canadian province of Quebec, souverainisme or sovereigntism refers to the Quebec sovereignty movement, which argues for Quebec to separate from Canada and become an independent country. Many leaders in the movement, notably René Lévesque, have preferred the terms "sovereignty" and "sovereigntist" over other common names such as separatist or independentist, although this terminology may be objected to by opponents.

Quebec

 * Parti Québécois (centre-left, nationalist and social democratic)
 * Bloc Québécois (centre-left, nationalist and social democratic, represents Quebec separatism in Canada's federal parliament)
 * Option nationale (centre-left, nationalist and progressive)
 * Québec solidaire (left-wing, democratic socialist)

United States
Coupled with its history of isolationism and sense of American exceptionalism, US sovereigntism is largely a conservative perspective, celebrating both American self-definition and liberty to engage in unilateral action. Sovereigntism in foreign policy is charactized by opposition to multilateral regimes relating to climate change, war crimes, arms control and international declaration of human rights.

The dominant US sovereigntist perspective is currently that of Trumpism and has three dimensions:
 * World order and peace is best secured by sovereign states looking after themselves, as opposed to the rules-based international order of interdependent and integrated countries.
 * The needs of the American people come first before any other concern of government. Any other prioritization violates the sovereignty of the people.
 * Sovereigntism is used partisan weapon, where anyone who differs with Trumpian formulations of sovereignty are identified as political enemies.

A more extreme conservative view of popular sovereignty involves a radical unwinding of centralized government and an expansion of regional sovereignty, where freedoms are controlled at the local level, not adjudicated at the federal level. From the perspective of the tea party and continuing among followers of Trumpism, the populist concept of the sovereign people refers exclusively to a specifically defined Christian community that "invites people of different backgrounds to unite under a common 'American' sense of self". Similar to the perspective of Putinism, those individuals who maintain a separate minority identity are not only excluded, but are regarded as a threat to the majority's sovereignty, especially when they seek legal redress for violation of their human rights as defined by constitutional and international norms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sovereigntism


text:
Racists (novel)

Racists is a 2006 novel by Kunal Basu about a scientific experiment in the mid-19th century in which a white girl and a black boy are raised together as savages on a small uninhabited island off the coast of Africa. The long-term experiment is devised by the "racists" of the title, two rival scientists—one British, one French—to once and for all settle the question of racial superiority.

Plot
Two scientists decide to settle the question of racial superiority by leaving two children—a white girl and black boy—alone on an island to be raised without speaking by only a nurse, Norah. The British scientist Samuel Bates believes that the girl will emerge as the leader, while the French scientist Jean-Louis Belavoix believes that the two races can not live in peace and the children will ultimately murder each other. The experiment begins to run into problems when Bates and Belavoix argue about the validity of cranial measurements. Meanwhile, Bates's long suffering assistant Nicholas Quartley falls in love with Norah and decides to rescue her from the island.

Reviews

 * Mike Phillips (The Guardian)
 * Rashmee Roshan Lall (The Times of India)
 * Maya Khankhoje
 * Pranoti Chirmuley

title: Racists (novel)


text:
Riverside Township

Riverside Township may refer to:

Illinois

 * Riverside Township, Adams County, Illinois
 * Riverside Township, Cook County, Illinois

Iowa

 * Riverside Township, Fremont County, Iowa
 * Riverside Township, Lyon County, Iowa

Kansas

 * Riverside Township, Sedgwick County, Kansas
 * Riverside Township, Trego County, Kansas, in Trego County, Kansas

Michigan

 * Riverside Township, Missaukee County, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Riverside Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota

Nebraska

 * Riverside Township, Burt County, Nebraska
 * Riverside Township, Gage County, Nebraska

New Jersey

 * Riverside Township, Burlington County, New Jersey

North Dakota

 * Riverside Township, Steele County, North Dakota, in Steele County, North Dakota

South Dakota

 * Riverside Township, Brown County, South Dakota, in Brown County, South Dakota
 * Riverside Township, Clay County, South Dakota, in Clay County, South Dakota
 * Riverside Township, Hand County, South Dakota, in Hand County, South Dakota
 * Riverside Township, Mellette County, South Dakota, in Mellette County, South Dakota

title: Riverside Township


text:
Demiurg

Demiurg may refer to:

 * Demiurge, the deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity in some belief systems
 * Demiurg (Warhammer 40,000), an alien species in the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe
 * Demiurge Studios, a small video game development house

title: Demiurg


text: User talk:81.66.43.21

title: User talk:81.66.43.21


text:
Ada Township, Dickey County, North Dakota

Ada is a township in Dickey County, North Dakota, United States. Its population during the 2020 Census was 29, down from 60 in 2000. Its population in 1900 was 232.

History
Ada Township was first settled in the early 1880s. Originally part of Weston Township, which at the time covered two survey townships in Townships 129 and 130N, Range 61W. Ada was organized around 1900 from the southern of the two townships and the northern one was renamed Kent Township.

The village of Silverleaf, built in 1887, is located 7 miles east of Ellendale, and was once the major population center in the township. The town reported around 25 residents in the late 1910s, and never seemed to exceed more than 50. It is little more than a ghost town today.

The village served a flag station for the Great Northern Railroad. Two conflicting stories exist over the origin of the name. Some say it is for the silverberry bushes found in the area, but others attribute the naming to a joke played by an early settler, Dan Keenan. Keenan reportedly removed the label from a tin of "Silverleaf" lard and nailed it to a boxcar parked at the station.

Notable person
John E. Skogland (1879 – 1940) was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1925 to 1926.


text:
Sparta Township

Sparta Township may refer to:

Illinois

 * Sparta Township, Knox County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Sparta Township, Dearborn County, Indiana
 * Sparta Township, Noble County, Indiana

Michigan

 * Sparta Township, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Sparta Township, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Sparta Township, Christian County, Missouri, in Christian County, Missouri

Nebraska

 * Sparta Township, Knox County, Nebraska

New Jersey

 * Sparta Township, New Jersey

Pennsylvania

 * Sparta Township, Pennsylvania

title: Sparta Township


text:
User:Anirvan

I'm primarily a wikignome, making tiny edits on a wide variety of often-random articles.

Some of the articles where I've put in more substantial work include:

California:
 * Hibernia Beach LIVE
 * Pink Man
 * Ken Behring
 * Lakireddy Bali Reddy
 * Blackhawk, California
 * Blackhawk Museum
 * SF Weekly Music Awards
 * Tri-City Voice
 * Madera Tribune

South Asian LGBTQ

 * Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT history
 * Shamakami
 * Anamika (newsletter)
 * Mitrachi Goshta
 * Roopbaan
 * Living Smile Vidya
 * LABIA
 * Sumit Baudh
 * Poshida: Hidden LGBT Pakistan
 * Rupban
 * Sappho for Equality

South Asia, India, and the diaspora:

 * India Currents
 * Kala Bagai
 * Swet Shop Boys
 * Girindra Mukerji
 * Ram Nath Puri
 * Kamla Mankekar
 * Prafulla Chandra Ghosh
 * Siddhartha Shankar Ray
 * Bangladesh Minority Janata Party
 * Rabri Devi
 * Kartar Dhillon
 * Kedar Bodas
 * Society
 * American India Foundation
 * Narika
 * Bangladesh climate Multi Donor Trust Fund
 * Ghazal (band)
 * Friends of South Asia
 * Day of Deliverance (India)
 * Debonair (magazine)
 * Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
 * North American Bengali Conference
 * Topor (headgear)

Miscellaneous:
 * Treadmill desk
 * Snap Judgment (legal comedy show)
 * Green New Deal
 * Muslim Seven Year Action Plan on Climate Change
 * White Flag League
 * Hope chest
 * Arrest & Trial
 * ISO 3166-2:PT
 * Medical News Network
 * Computer Currents
 * Eva Celia

title: User:Anirvan


text:
Castle Donington

Castle Donington is a market town and civil parish in Leicestershire, England, on the edge of the National Forest and close to East Midlands Airport.

History
The name 'Donington' means 'farm/settlement connected with Dunna'. Another suggestion is that it could means 'farm/settlement at the hill place'.

King's Mill, the nearby crossing on the River Trent, is mentioned in a charter issued by Æthelred the Unready in 1009 regarding the boundaries of Weston-on-Trent. Dunintune or Dunitone is mentioned twice in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having land belonging to Countess Ælfgifu and land assigned to Earl Hugh. It is called Castoldonyngtoin in a duchy of Lancaster warrant of 1484.

In 1278, King Edward I granted a charter for a weekly market and an annual Wakes Fair. The Fair continues in Borough Street for three days each October.

Lace-making was an important industry up until the 1850s, when a sharp decline in the population is recorded. The population did not recover to the same level until a century later when in 1950 over 3,000 people are recorded as living in the village.

Bondgate, Borough Street, and Clapgun Street formed the nucleus of the historic village, with the Castle formerly standing at the eastern end of Borough Street on Castle Hill. It was abandoned and its stone used to build Donington Hall within Donington Park.

In the early 1960s local councils from Derby, Nottingham, and Leicester were seeking a suitable site to build an airport for the region. The former RAF Castle Donington, to the south of the village, was chosen and land purchased in the parishes of Kegworth, Hemington and Lockington to form an enclosed site now forming East Midlands Airport. The airport opened in 1965 and is now the tenth largest airport in the UK, the second-largest in terms of freight and cargo. The airport site is now an important economic center and a major employer in the area.

Castle Donington Power Station was built in 1958 as one of the largest coal-fired power stations in Europe. It was closed in September 1994 and demolished in 1996.

Education
Castle Donington has three primary schools, St Edwards, Foxbridge, and Orchard, the latter serving the majority of the children of the town. Castle Donington College, which welcomed KS4 for the first time in 2017, takes students from ages 11–16 and is the village's only secondary school.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central. Television signals are received from the Waltham TV transmitter. The town is served by both BBC Radio Leicester on 104.9 FM and BBC Radio Derby on 104.5 FM. Other radio stations including Capital East Midlands on 102.8 FM, Smooth East Midlands on 101.4 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Midlands on 106.0 FM, and Hermitage FM, a community based station which broadcast on 99.2 FM. The town is served by the local newspapers, Leicester Mercury and Derby Telegraph (formerly Castle Donington Messenger). Castle Donington Life is an independently owned local community magazine serving Castle Donington and surrounding areas.

Transport and housing
Castle Donington stands on the former Nottingham to Birmingham trunk road. The town is a mix of the old and new, with modern shops mixed with dignified Georgian and Regency houses. Several timber-framed houses dating from the 17th century and earlier survive along the main road.

The town has no rail station, but East Midlands Parkway opened early in 2008 at Ratcliffe-on-Soar providing links on the Midland Main Line.

In 1868 the Midland Railway opened the Castle Donington Line, which included Castle Donington and Shardlow railway station, on the northern edge of the town. The station was closed to regular passenger traffic in 1930, and closed completely and demolished in 1968. The access driveway still exists but for pedestrians only, and is the start of a footpath to Hemington, running past the site of the old goods yard, now a scrap yard. The railway remains open for substantial flows of freight traffic as an alternative to the route via Derby.

Economy
East Midlands Airport is served by several airlines including Ryanair, Jet2.Com, Thomson Airways and Thomas Cook Airlines. The express parcels company DHL has a base at the airport. The now-defunct airline flybmi formerly had its head office at Pegasus Business Park on the airport grounds.

Donington Park motor racing circuit is located to the south west of the village.

The site of the former power station has been redeveloped in to a major retail distribution hub and warehousing area. The principal tenant is Marks and Spencer.

Since 2013 Norton Motorcycles has its head office in Donington Hall. BMI (British Midland), an airline, was headquartered in Donington Hall. The airline moved its headquarters to Donington Hall in 1982. The subsidiary bmibaby also had its head office in Donington Hall.

Events
The annual May Bank Holiday Medieval Market takes place in Borough Street and includes local stalls selling various kinds of produce and goods accompanied by dancing and music.

Donington Park was the original venue for the Monsters of Rock festivals through the 1980s and 1990s, and is now the home of the annual Download Festival. It also hosted a Formula One Grand Prix – The European Grand Prix – in April 1993, which was won by Ayrton Senna. It was also set to be the home of the British Grand Prix from 2010 for at least 10 years, but the agreement was cancelled due to financial problems. The circuit also hosts the Donington Grand Prix Collection, the world's largest collection of Formula One and Grand Prix vehicles. Brian Henton, an F1 driver, was born in Castle Donington.

Sport clubs
Castle Donington Town Football Club, who won the Leicestershire County Cup in the 2005–06 season.

Castle Donington Cobras Football Club were winners of the Derbyshire FA Sunday Junior Cup in the 2014–15 season, and 2015–16 season.

Castle Donington Football Club (Charter Standard) Runners up in the North Leicestershire League, Division 1 2014–15 season. Currently playing in The Mel Williams Premier Division.

Castle Donington Town Cricket Club an English amateur cricket club, situated on the Moira Dale Recreation Ground, east of the town. The history of the club dates back to the late 1800s. They have a 1st XI senior side that compete on Saturdays in the Derbyshire County Cricket League, and a Sunday XI team 'The Dons' that play friendly matches in and around the region.

Castle Donington Rugby Union Football Club

Professional Kickboxing Association – Castle Donington a Kickboxing club through KickboxUK. There are several classes broken down into various age groups that take place at Castle Donington Village Hall every week on Wednesday, there are 4 different classes which run, Reception 4-5 years, Cadets 6-9 years, Juniors 10-13 years, and finally an Adults Class for ages 14+.

Donington Park

Donington Park is a site near Castle Donington in North West Leicestershire, England. Originally part of the Donington Hall estate, it is leased by Donington Ventures Leisure Ltd from owner Tom Wheatcroft. Used as a motor racing track, it is also the venue for the Download Festival. Donington Park had a contract to stage the Formula One British Grand Prix for a period of 10 years from 2010 but this was later cancelled due to Donington Park's failing to secure the finances required to upgrade the track.

title: Castle Donington


text:
Henry Croft

Henry Croft (January 15, 1856 — July 28, 1917) was an Australian-born lumber and mining magnate on Vancouver Island from the 1880s to 1900s. Born in Australia, Croft moved to England at a young age and was educated there. He moved to Canada in 1883 and became involved in logging, purchasing the sawmill in Chemainus. Croft rose in prominence through his running of the mill, and further enhanced his standing by marrying a daughter of Robert Dunsmuir, a prominent industrialist on Vancouver Island. Croft was elected to the British Columbia Legislature in 1886, representing Cowichan, serving until 1894. He later became involved in mining on Mount Sicker, and founded the town of Crofton, British Columbia in 1902 as a place to house the smelter for mining. Croft is featured on the Netflix series Haunted (Season 3 Episode 2) wherein a family claims to have been haunted by his ghost.

Biography
Croft was born at Darling Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, the youngest of three children. His mother died when Croft was one, so his family moved to England. Croft attended Rugby School and then the Derby School of Mines. In 1883 he moved to Canada to join his brother Ted, who was then on Vancouver Island. Croft arrived in the town of Chemainus in July 1883 and began negotiating to purchase the sawmill there, seeing potential with the E&N Railroad, agreeing to buy the mill in August for $22,000. It was here he met Mary Jean Dunsmuir, daughter of Robert Dunsmuir, a prominent coal miner in the region. Croft and Mary Jean were married on June 29, 1885. Though the wedding itself was small, guests included William Smithe, the Premier of British Columbia, and Theodore Davie, the Attorney-General. Once the E&N Railroad finished construction in 1885, the demand for lumber dropped, and Croft sold his mill to Dunsmuir.

Croft bought 19 acre of waterfront land in Victoria in November 1889 with plans to build a house there, which he named Mount Adelaide after his home in Australia. To help finance this he sold 3 acre to subdivide into lots. Mount Adelaide was completed by 1891, though the financing had not worked out for Croft, who ended up nearly $45,000 in debt; part of his losses came from a real estate investment scam. His mother-in-law Joan Dunsmuir loaned him $20,000 to cover his losses, though by 1895 Croft still owed $58,000 and was forced to declare bankruptcy. A trust led by Joan took ownership of Mount Adelaide, who allowed Croft to remain living there, though Mary had to sign the agreement as Croft had no money.

In 1890, Croft was elected to the British Columbia Legislature with 146 votes, or 34.27% of the ballots, representing the Cowichan region. He served this post for the next four years.

He had developed the prosperous Lenora mine at Mount Sicker in 1898. By 1902, his mine was producing more ore than railway cars could load and haul away to the Ladysmith and Nanaimo ports. Inspired by significant profits, Croft bought a townsite near Mount Sicker and established the town of Crofton to build a copper smelter and house his workers. The smelter would last until 1908 when world copper prices fell, and while there were plans to build a large sawmill, it was never completed.

On July 28, 1917, Croft died at the age of 61 at his home, Mount Adelaide in Victoria from a brain hemorrhage. Mary died on August 15, 1928. They had no children.

Association
Croft was a member of many different societies as a result of his mining involvement:
 * Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
 * Member of the Institute of Mining Engineers
 * Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers

Media
Croft features on season 3, episode 2 of Netflix's show, Haunted. Wyatt and his family lived in Croft's home and experienced hostile ghostly interactions with Croft. He was seen first allowing his miners to perish after a dynamite incident. He is then seen smoking a cigar before terrorizing one of the family members further, such as pushing him down stairs and setting out fishing hooks as a trap to injure that family member— Wyatt. He is also suspected of causing the suicide of the previous tenant by his hostile actions.

title: Henry Croft


text: Template:Usercomment

title: Template:Usercomment


text:
Richwood

Richwood may refer to:

Places

 * United States
 * Richwood, Georgia
 * Richwood, Kentucky
 * Richwood, Louisiana
 * Richwood Township, Minnesota
 * Richwood, New Jersey
 * Richwood, Ohio
 * Richwood, Texas
 * Richwood, West Virginia
 * Richwood, Wisconsin, a town
 * Richwood, Dodge County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

 * Elsewhere
 * Richwood, Cape Town, South Africa

Other uses

 * Richwood Guitars, a European guitar manufacturer

title: Richwood


text:
Ward's 10 Best Engines

Wards 10 Best Engines is an annual list of the ten "best" automobile engines available in the U.S. market, that are selected by Wards AutoWorld magazine. The list was started in 1994 for model year 1995, and has been drawn every year since then, published at the end of the preceding year.

Engines must be available in regular-production vehicles on sale in the U.S. market no later than the first quarter of the year. Eligibility has also been based on availability in a vehicle below a base price limit, which increased progressively from US$50,000 for the 1995 list up to US$65,000 for the 2020 list; this limit was eliminated for future competitions following the announcement of the 2020 winners. During a 2-month testing period, Wards editors evaluate each engine according to a number of objective and subjective criteria in everyday driving situations – there is no instrumented testing. The selection takes into account power and torque output; noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) levels; technical relevance; and basic comparative numbers. Each engine competes against all others.

For the 2020 competition, the name was changed to Wards 10 Best Engines and Propulsion Systems.

Results
{{legend|#EEDDEE|Engine was also listed at least once in the International Engine of the Year awards}}

Rankings
Number of times the following makes have received the award (excluding the special 20th century awards):

title: Ward's 10 Best Engines


text:
Talk:Wizards Play Network

Name of article
The DCI is technically known simply as the DCI, not the Duelists' Convocation International. From the DCI Universal Tournament Rules (UTR): DCI: Organization dedicated to developing and maintaining tournament structures for trading card and miniatures games. Formerly an acronym for Duelists' Convocation International, the name is now simply the DCI.

Can the title of this page be changed to DCI? If so, I (or someone else) could add comments explaining that the DCI did once stand for Duelists' Convocation International. fsufezzik 21:01, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Normally, I'd agree. Unfortunately DCI is already taken (with a disambiguation page), and that acronym is used by many other organizations.  That means, if we were to rename this article, we'd have to make it parenthetical. Something like DCI (Wizards of the Coast) or DCI (Magic: The Gathering). Neither of those sounds like the right way to go.  I say we keep it as it is, and make sure it's very clear in the first paragraph. -- Netoholic @ 21:50, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

 * Good fix - thanks! -- fsufezzik 19:22, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * My preference would be DCI (Wizards of the Coast), even though it appears a bit clumsy. After all, DCI is the 'real name' now, not Duelists' Convocation International (which should, naturally, still redirect to that DCI page).
 * There is actually a precedent of this. A band formerly known as DAD, which stood for 'Disneyland after Dark', long time ago changed its name to DAD, which doesn't stand for anything. This was due to a lawsuit from Disney. Their Wikipedia article is titled D-A-D and they are linked from the DAD disambiguation page. The spelling D-A-D is, I think, a bit artificial, because I've seen them also credited as D.A.D. (for instance Amazon record store) and DAD. They could as well just be DAD_(rock_band) or something.
 * Thus, I'd sleep better with the article moved to DCI_(something). Not going to lose sleep if it isn't moved, though. These three paragrapsh are signed by: 130.231.89.99 10:37, 16 January 2007 (UTC) Matti Nuortio, Oulu, Finland

 * Yeah... having the page titled "Duelists' Convocation International" and the first sentence of the article be "DCI (formerly known as the Duelists' Convocation International)" is more than a bit clumsy. I think retitling the page makes sense. 63.163.61.3 19:18, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Magic-centric
This article is very centered on Magic: the Gathering, but the DCI also sanctions other Wizards of the Coast and Avalon Hill games. Seems like that ought to be mentioned somewhere, and maybe the high-level Magic events ought to be somewhere on their own. --PeterCooperJr 14:47, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. I'll look into this. Stifle 19:27, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Two-Headed Giant Format
This has become increasingly more prominent in tournaments (it's a new format). Can someone include this in the MTG section?

 * Definitely yes. There will be a Magic Two-Headed Giant Pro Tour soon. 130.231.89.99 10:43, 16 January 2007 (UTC) Matti Nuortio, Oulu, Finland

Look at Me!
Should it be mentioned towards the end of the article that the DCI - in a way - has their own 'commemorative' Magic card: Look at Me, I'm the DCI? This could be a trivia section like entry or something. 130.231.89.99 10:41, 16 January 2007 (UTC) Matti Nuortio, Oulu, Finland

You're right, except Wikipedia is trying to eliminate Trivia sections. IF there's a way to fit it in without having to insert a trivia section by all means put it in. --Kpsi355 (talk) 02:12, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Magic grandprix logo.jpg
Image:Magic grandprix logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:15, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Magic protour logo.jpg
Image:Magic protour logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:21, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Magic worlds logo.jpg
Image:Magic worlds logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:26, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Judge Program
Just added a section about the judge program. While the content is fine the writing might be nicer. Somebody more capable than me should take a look at it and improve it. Thanks, OdinFK (talk) 13:26, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I think the Judge (Magic: The Gathering) page should be merged into this site. Most of the information is covered here anyway and this page is not so crowded as to require a spinoff. Thematically it belongs here as well. OdinFK (talk) 08:16, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Invitational cards
I don't know if Pikula won Invitational before Finkel or not, but I'm pretty sure that Meddling Mage is from Jon Finkel and Shadowmage Infiltrator is from Chris Pikula. I corrected it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.20.81.152 (talk) 07:55, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

 * That's not true and somebody has also correctly changed it back already. Thanks for your help anyway. OdinFK (talk) 12:21, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

References to tournament policy documents
In the new section about rankings are a couple of links to tournament policy documents. Unfortunately the linked documents are replaced with newer versions from time to time. If anybody knows a place where the older versions can be accessed, then it would be helpful to replace the links I gave with those more static versions. OdinFK (talk) 12:02, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

Elo Rating
Magic hasn't used Elo Rating for a while now, yet the article still says it does.votan (talk) 09:18, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Furthermore, Elo Rating was maintained until February 2012, not September 2011. Hahahopp (talk) 12:27, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

outdated information
There is a ton of historic information mentioned in this article. Is it really useful to mention Extended, Block Constructed, Rochester Draft, Arena League, Hecatomb etc.? I am a bit hesitant to remove it all in a sweep, but it seems like the correct thing to do. Disagreements? OdinFK (talk) 06:29, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

Updates
This article is out of date - there is no longer a separate entity called the "DCI", and save for some things that are still named for it (DCI numbers, DCI memberships), almost everything in this article would be better placed under either "Wizards Play Network" (sanctions stores and events), "Magic: the Gathering Organized Play" (types and formats of events, qualifying for events, etc), and "Magic: the Gathering Judge Program" (which is now completely separate from the above). Unfortunately, it's hard to do this without relying on primary sources.

I'd like to work on some such updates - transitioning this article to be mostly about the historical entity, writing/renovating articles about the WPN and Judge Program, and properly linking and sourcing them. First, I'd like to see if anyone would object to those sorts of changes. Thanks, IronWolf314 (talk) 17:39, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wizards Play Network


text:
Abington Township

Abington Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Abington Township, Mercer County, Illinois
 * Abington Township, Wayne County, Indiana
 * Abington Township, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, the former name for Waverly Township
 * Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

title: Abington Township


text:
Rouen-Les-Essarts

Rouen-Les-Essarts was a 5.543 km motor racing circuit in Orival, near Rouen, France.

From its opening in 1950, Rouen-Les-Essarts was recognized as one of Europe's finest circuits, with modern pits, a wide track, and spectator grandstands. The street circuit (which ran on public roads) had a few medium straights, a cobbled hairpin turn (Nouveau Monde) at the southernmost tip, and a few blind corners through a wooded hillside The appeal was greatly enhanced by the climb from Nouveau Monde at 56 m to Gresil at 149 m, with gradients over 9%.

Rouen hosted five Formula One French Grand Prix races, the last one in 1968 resulting in the tragic burning death of Jo Schlesser, at the fast downhill Six Frères curve. The circuit continued to host major Formula 2 events until 1978, after which it was used for various French Championships.

The circuit had a number of different configurations. From its construction in 1950 until 1954 it was 5.100 km in length. In 1955 major works increased the circuit's length to 6.542 km, its most famous configuration. Construction of a new Autoroute across the circuit saw a new section of track built and the length of the circuit reduced to 5.543 km. Finally, in 1974 a permanent chicane was built at Six Frères and this part of the circuit was renamed Des Roches.

The circuit was closed down in 1994 due to economic and safety reasons, since it is very hard to organize a race on public roads if modern safety standards are to be met. In 1999, following the circuit's closure all evidence of area's racing past was demolished, including grandstands, pits, Armco and track signs. The cobbled Nouveau Monde hairpin was also asphalted but it is still possible to drive around on the original circuit configuration.

The name "Les Essarts" comes from a village, which was included into the commune of Grand-Couronne in 1874.

Lap records
The fastest official race lap records at the Rouen-Les-Essarts are listed as:

title: Rouen-Les-Essarts


text:
Ada Township, Perkins County, South Dakota

Ada (ZIP code 57644) is a rural township in Perkins County, South Dakota, with a population of 557.


text:
Utpaladeva

Utpaladeva (c. 900–950 CE) was an Indian philosopher and theologian from Kashmir. He belonged to the Trika Shaiva tradition and is a thinker of the Pratyabhijñā school of monistic idealism. His Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā (IPK, Verses on the Recognition of the Lord) were the important and central work of the Pratyabhijñā school. Utpaladeva was a major influence on the exegete Abhinavagupta, whose works later overshadowed those of Utpaladeva. However, according to the Indologist Raffaele Torella "most of Abhinavagupta’s ideas are just the development of what Utpaladeva had already expounded."

Philosophy
Torella characterizes Utpaladeva's philosophy as a "unique blend of epistemology, metaphysics, religious experience, linguistic philosophy and aesthetic speculation."

In the chapter "Jñānādhikāra" of the Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā, Utpaladeva aims to establish the existence of a self by emphasizing one's capacity of being a knowing subject. Utpaladeva points to memory, which is a cognitive event that takes place over an extended period of time. An element of current self-awareness is present at the moment of original cognition. The element at both points is a manifestation of a single consciousness and so have the same nature. Utpaladeva opposes a Buddhist explanation of memory that rejects a self. Buddhists explain memory without a permanent knowing self because past cognitions leave latent impressions (saṃskāras) on later cognitions. However, Utpaladeva counters that the original cognition is restricted to itself.

Theology
For Utpaladeva, the supreme reality, Shiva, is "an absolute I", the atman, a singular subject or consciousness. As Torella notes, Utpaladeva constantly works to prove, contra the Buddhists, that there is "a single, dynamic subject that unifies and animates the discontinuity of reality and constitutes the substratum of every limited subject, as well as of every form and activity of everyday life."

Utpaladeva's view of God is stated in the Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā:"There is only one Great Divinity, and it is the very inner Self of all creatures. It embodies itself as all things, full of unbroken awareness of three kinds: “I”, “this”, and “I am this.”"According to Torella, another important and original contribution of Utpaladeva is his doctrine of "abhasas" (light, radiance, manifestations), which sees everything as radiant manifestations of the consciousness of Shiva which is their necessary foundation. Each "manifestation" is a kind of universal and is connected with a specific Sanskrit word. Torella also notes however that the term abhasa was not a new term "but was commonly used in the Vedantic and Buddhist schools."

Torella explains Utpaladeva's view of God as follows: "This I or Consciousness is, on the religious plane, Siva. In his highest form, the supreme divine personality is solely 'I' - consisting of consciousness and beatitude - in whom all the principles are contained though in a state of complete dissolution. He is present throughout the IPK as the ultimate essence of every reality and is also directly mentioned here and there, even if the stage is generally occupied by a less extreme form of him, which balances between transcendence and immanence. In fact, being an expository work, which requires an object to teach and a recipient of this teaching; it cannot but deal with that form of the God which is open to the world of manifestation, whilst firmly remaining its sovereign. On the supreme plane there is only the I resting in his fullness and no trace of the knowable remains...this more accessible form of the God is connected with the second level. It is mainly indicated as Mahesvara, Isvara, Isa, Prabhu, whereas the supreme form is often given the name of Siva or Paramesvara, but there certainly are exchanges between these two series - which indirectly points out the fact that it is a question of a sole reality and that every distinction of degree and figure is purely instrumental to the expository requirements."This supreme reality expresses itself through a scale of tattvas (reality) in a manner similar to that of Shaivasiddhanta philosophy (all the while remaining thoroughly monistic in character).

Utpaladeva also provided an argument for the existence of God (Ishvara) which was at least partly drawn on Nyaya sources. According to Isabelle Ratie, this argument states that "the universe is an effect consisting of a specific arrangement that must have been created by an intelligent agent considered as its efficient cause." Furthermore, for Utpaladeva, given the complexity and harmony of the universe, this creator must be omniscient and omnipotent.

Recognition
As Torella notes, the key element in Utpaladeva's theology of liberation is the idea of "recognition" (pratyabhijñā) and how to achieve it. This is none other than the act of recognizing that oneself is the supreme Shiva himself. As Torella explains, recognition is:"merely the triggering in the devout of an act of identification, which does not reveal anything new but only rends the veils that hid the I from himself; a cognition is not created but only the blur that prevented its use, its entering into life, is instantly removed. The way by which the master creates the premises for this to occur may, on the contrary, be gradual: this is what Utp. does with his work, which aims through a series of arguments at bringing to light the powers of the I and those of the Lord, until identification is triggered. The practice of such a linear (avakra) path is enough to enter into the nature of Siva and achieve the condition of liberated in life, which may also be accompanied by the extraordinary powers...This occurs within everyday reality just as it is. The light of liberation does not cause its colours to fade, does not cover them but brightens them, performing the miracle of eliminating otherness whilst maintaining the richness of individual flavours."

The influence of Buddhism
Utpaladeva's philosophy draws on and at the same time criticizes the work of the Buddhist Vijñanavada school of pramana, particularly that of Dharmakīrti. Torella writes that "the criticism of their positions is to Utpaladeva of a substantial help in building and refining the Pratyabhijñā philosophy." While Utpaladeva agrees with the Buddhist critique of the Nyaya categories and uses many of their philosophical tools, he sees their system as lacking an understanding of the supreme lord Śiva, which is "the omnipervasive dynamism of a free and “personal” consciousness."

Torella writes that Utpaladeva's lengthy examination and criticism of the Dignaga-Dharmakirti school of Buddhism "resulted in, or at least was accompanied by, the peculiar phenomenon of a more or less conscious absorption of their doctrines and their terminology, that was to leave substantial traces in the structure of the Pratyabhijñá." This may have also been a way for Utpaladeva to increase the prestige of his school by adopting some of the ways of a respected opponent. Some of the Buddhist ideas which are borrowed and developed by Utpaladeva are the theories of anupalabdhi and apoha.

The linguistic nature of reality
Utpaladeva also draws on the linguistic metaphysics of the grammarian Bhartr̥hari, which sees knowledge and reality as pervaded with language. Thus, for Utpaladeva, ultimate reality is a free consciousness that is also linguistic in nature. As Torella writes, Utpaladeva sees an "inevitable presence of language at the heart of every cognitive activity."

As Utpaladeva states in some of the most famous verses of his Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā: "The essential nature of light is reflective awareness; otherwise light, though ‘coloured’ by objects, would be similar to an insentient reality, such as the crystal and so on. - I.V.11" "Consciousness has as its essential nature reflective awareness; it is the supreme Word that arises freely. It is freedom in the absolute sense, the sovereignty of the supreme Self. - I.V.13"

Other contributions
Utpaladeva also had a universalistic view of scripture and religion in general. According to Torella, for Utpaladeva, Āgama (scripture) is the voice of Shiva, and "it comprises all the existing Āgamas, from the Vaiṣṇava to the Buddhist (the Śaiva included)."

Utpaladeva also wrote on aesthetics. According to Torella, "Precisely to Utpaladeva we do owe the entrance of aesthetics into philosophical–religious speculation. His concept of camatkāra (wondrous enjoyment) marks a higher level of experience, which leaves the reality and beauty of the manifested world intact, but at same time projects it into a totality whose centre is Supreme Consciousness."

title: Utpaladeva


text:
Danishmendids

The Danishmendids or Danishmends (Dânişmendliler) was a Turkoman beylik that ruled in north-central and eastern Anatolia from 1071/1075 to 1178. The dynasty centered originally around Sivas, Tokat, and Niksar in central-northeastern Anatolia, they extended as far west as Ankara and Kastamonu for a time, and as far south as Malatya, which they captured in 1103. In early 12th century, Danishmends were rivals of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, which controlled much of the territory surrounding the Danishmend lands, and they fought extensively against the Crusaders.

The dynasty was established by Danishmend Gazi for whom historical information is rather scarce and was generally written long after his death. His title or name, Dānishmand (دانشمند) means "wise man" or "one who searches for knowledge" in Persian.

Origins
The Turkoman Danishmendid dynasty was founded by Danishmend Gazi. Sources about Danishmend Gazi's origins however, are steeped in "legendary flavor". According to Robert Irwin, Danishmend Gazi was a "Turkoman emir of impenetrably obscure origins". For instance, according to Niketas Choniates, a Byzantine government official and historian and a near-contemporary of Danishmend Gazi, he was of Arsacid descent. According to the medieval Armenian historians Matthew of Edessa and Vardan Areveltsi, Danishmend Gazi was of Armenian origin, which, as Tahsin Yazici explains, "is not incompatible with Niketas' report". Yazici adds that other historians explained his origins differently. Some identified him as a nephew of Malik-Shah I ((r. undefined – undefined)1072–1092), Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire. According to this narrative, Danishmend Gazi was sent by Malik-Shah to conquer Cappadocia. Others viewed Danishmend Gazi as a maternal uncle of Suleiman ibn Qutulmish ((r. undefined – undefined)1077–1086), the first ruler of the Sultanate of Rum. In addition, some historians believed he was one of the Seljuq commanders who fought at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. According to Yazici: "Osman Turan's suggestion that he was a Seljuq envoy to the Ghaznavid court was based on a misunderstanding of a passage in Abu'l Fazl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Bayhaqi and is thus totally erroneous". According to Robert Gregory Bedrosian (citing Suren Yeremian and Halil Yinanc), Danishmend Gazi was an Armenian Muslim. The Danishmendnâme, a 14th century (i.e. posthumous) epic romance based on oral traditions dealing with Danishmend Gazi, is likewise filled with "legendary material". According to the Danishmendnâme, Danishmend Gazi was a native of Malatya.

The dynasty
As of 1134, Danishmend dynasty leaders also held the title Melik (the King) bestowed in recognition of their military successes by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustarshid, although the Beys (Emirs) of Danishmend prior to 1134 may also be retrospectively referred to as Melik. Danishmend Gazi himself was alternatively called "Danishmend Taylu".

The Danishmends established themselves in Anatolia in the aftermath of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, in which the Seljuks defeated the Byzantine Empire and captured most of Anatolia. Gazi took advantage of the dynastic struggles of the Seljuks upon the death of the Sultan Suleyman I of Rûm in 1086 to establish his own dynasty in central Anatolia. The capital was likely first established in Amasia.

In 1100, Gazi's son, Emir Gazi, captured Bohemond I of Antioch, who remained in their captivity until 1103. A Seljuk-Danishmend alliance was also responsible for defeating the Crusade of 1101.

In 1116, the Danishmends helped Mesud I become the Seljuk sultan.

In 1130, Bohemond II of Antioch was killed in a battle with Emir Gazi, after coming to the aid of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which Gümüshtigin had invaded. Gümüshtigin died in 1134 and his son and successor Melik Mehmed Gazi did not have the martial spirit of his father and grandfather. He is nevertheless considered the first builder of Kayseri as a Turkish city, despite his relatively short period of reign.

When Mehmed died in 1142, the Danishmend lands were divided between his two brothers, Melik Yaghibasan, who maintained the title of "Melik" and ruled from Sivas, and Ayn el-Devle, who ruled from Malatya.

In 1155, Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan II attacked Melik Yaghibasan, who sought help from Nur ad-Din, the Zengid emir of Mosul. However, when Nur ad-Din died in 1174, the Sivas lands were incorporated into the Sultanate.

Following the death of Fahreddin in a riding accident in 1172, he was succeeded by his brother Afridun. By 1175, Nasreddin Muhammed had returned to power, and ruled as a Seljuk vassal. In 1178, Malatya was occupied. This event marked the end of the Danishmend rule, while the remaining Danishmends joined Seljuk service.

Culture and legend
Danishmend Gazi, the founder of the dynasty, is the central figure of a posthumous romance epic, Danishmendnâme, in which he is misidentified with an 8th-century Arab warrior, Sidi Battal Gazi, and their exploits intertwined.

Virtually all Danishmend rulers entered the traditions of the Turkish folk literature, where they are all referred to as "Melik Gazi". Hence, there are "tombs of Melik Gazi", many of which are much visited shrines and belong in fact to different Danishmend rulers, in the cities of Niksar, Bünyan, Kırşehir, along the River Zamantı near the castle of the same name (Zamantı) and elsewhere in Anatolia, and Melikgazi is also the name of one of the central districts of the city of Kayseri. The same uniformity in appellations in popular parlance may also apply to other edifices built by Danishmends.

The official title of the Danishmendids was Malik of All Romania and the East/Anatolia, was always inscribed in the local currency in Greek, indication of Byzantine influence. The Danishmend's coins, along with being bilingual, included an image of a figure slaying a dragon, thought to represent St. George.

title: Danishmendids


text:
S25

S25 can refer to:

Aircraft

 * Blériot-SPAD S.25, a French biplane
 * Letov Š-25, a Czechoslovak biplane trainer
 * Short S.25 Sandringham, a British flying boat airliner
 * Short S.25 Sunderland, a British flying boat bomber
 * Sikorsky S-25, a Russian biplane bomber
 * Spalinger S.25, a Swiss training glider

Roads

 * County Route S25 (California)
 * County Route S25 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
 * New Jersey Route 413, numbered S25 until 1953

Rail and transit

 * S25 (Berlin), a line on the Berlin S-Bahn
 * S25 (Long Island bus)
 * S25 (ZVV), a line of the Zürich S-Bahn
 * Niseko Station, in Hokkaido, Japan

Other uses

 * S-25 (rocket), a Soviet air-to-ground rocket
 * 40S ribosomal protein S25
 * British NVC community S25, a swamps and tall-herb fens community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
 * INS Vagir (S25), a submarine of the Indian Navy
 * S25: Avoid contact with eyes, a safety phrase
 * S-25 Berkut, a Soviet surface-to-air missile system
 * Siemens S25, a Siemens Mobile phone
 * USS S-25 (SS-130), a submarine of the United States Navy
 * S25, a postcode district in Sheffield, England

title: S25


text:
Talk:Kristin Hersh

Untitled
Early in the history of this article, probably a few weeks or months after it began, I believe I used jump linked footnotes instead of end notes, then I changed to end note References while thinking I was supposed to because I thought people had said footnotes made people jump back and forth distractingly. The original footnotes could likely be found easily in the article's History file (not the talk page history file). Note that I recently learned that footnotes are preferred to end notes, so people may want to go back and add footnotes from the references list if they feel like it, or if I were still editing articles, I would myself, if it is learned that footnotes are preferred. In fact, you could take the References list and rewrite the article if you like, with your own new footnotes to items you think are more significant than what might have previously been emphasized, and editors might, now that there is more space, correspond with one another about future research issues at the bottom of the page. Emerman 21:39, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Sorry, but this page requires changes
I love KH, you love KH, but this page (though mostly excellent) reads more like a fanzine letter than an encyclopedia article. Try and make it conform more to NPOV guidelines. Let me know if you need any help. Christianjb 12:27, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Sorry to sound grouchy, but can the main picture be changed? Cursivekinna (talk) 01:58, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

 * If you can find a better picture that is free, yes. —C.Fred (talk) 02:05, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Kristin's Response
( from http://www.throwingmusic.com/blog/ )

27 September 2006 And The Rest

On tour with my band last week, I read a preview of our show which quoted the Wickipedia definition of my name. Meaning, Kristin Hersh = "this". It never occurred to me that I might even have a definition, but I understand that while this seems surreal to me, it's not unusual. Lots of people's names have definitions now. The problem for me was that, included in my Wickipedia definition, was the statement that I write songs about "marriage and motherhood".

Immediately I worked myself into a feminist froth "How many male songwriters are married with children? Tons of 'em! But does anybody say their songs are about marriage and fatherhood? No! Their songs are about anything they want them to be about 'cause they're people! Women aren't allowed to be people, they're just women!" etc. Billy played along, but I could tell he was only mildly infuriated, and probably only because I was talking so much.

"You can change your Wickipedia entry, you know," he said. "Why don't you just make it say what it you think it should say?"

Yeah, make it say what it should say, I thought. And I thought about it some more. And I kept thinking about it for the next few days. Tell them what my songs are REALLY about...right...

Of course, I have no idea what my songs are "really" about. They just are. Also, I suspect that some of them might be about marriage and motherhood, of all things, but not in the way you might think. Personal experience and pages out of one's diary aside, songs are simply sound and images. They're snapshots, in color, sweat included. What's a snapshot of a whole marriage look like, anyway?

I flashed on one of the greatest things I've ever seen. A million years ago, at a high school party. A real high school party with the 80's equivalents of jocks and cheerleaders And The Rest. There was this...how do I put it? Ugly girl, I guess. She was the hot girls' class pet.

All hot girls know about the Nancy Drew phenomenon, that titian-haired Nancy was only titian-haired Nancy (is titian even a color outside of Nancy's hair?) because she stood between "pudgy" Bess and "boyish" George. In my high school, standing next to pudgy, boyish Cindy was an honor. To show kindness to pudgy, boyish Cindy meant serious points on the human kindness scale, too, so she was invited to every party. The poor girl was exhausted.

Particularly because, as ugly girls tend to do, she got seriously wasted at every opportunity. On this particular night, she was wasted on a disturbing and inventive mixture of sweet alcoholic things and by the time I made it to the party she was already violently ill. For some reason, she'd headed down to the basement and was sitting on the bottom step of the basement stairs, staring at her giant feet. A crowd of partiers had gathered around the basement door to stare and whisper. "Cindy's really sick--someone's gonna have to go down there and hold her hair."

But no one moved. And I wasn't popular enough to hold the hair of someone who served such a high-ranking function. So we all just watched as Cindy's head hung lower and lower and people listed all the gooey things she'd had to drink. Then my old friend Steve pushed his way through.

Steve was a football player with nothing to prove except that jocks can be kind and intelligent. He was a boy of few words with a sweet smile and a wicked sense of humor and now he was bravely making his way down the basement stairs. Perfect, I thought. He's popular enough to be allowed near the class pet and nice enough to say the right thing and coax her back up the stairs where she can puke politely -- into a toilet.

Steve sat down on the bottom step next to Cindy and said nothing. We all held our breath. He looked down at his giant feet, but still he said nothing. "What are they doing?" someone whispered. But before anyone could answer, Cindy let go. All four giant feet were covered with copious amounts of vomit which slowly spread out in front of them in a kind of beige lake. Neither of them moved.

"What are they doing?" the same person asked again.

"I don't know," I answered, but I guessed that they were fighting internal battles. Which turned out to be true, because the next moment, Steve lost it. He was in training -- he had had no schnapps, no Bailey's, no blackberry brandy and yet his stomach was no match for the beige lake. He heaved like a hero and the lake grew, spreading out into the darkness of the basement. Then he heaved again and then he just sat there, next to Cindy, in silence. Which is when I left the party.

Apparently, they sat like that for a long time, but no one I know remembers the end of the story. It's so nice that we all just remember them sitting side by side, in the cool of the basement, the most underappreciated room in the house, together, puking. What a snapshot, in color, sweat included.

My poor husband, that this is my favorite image of marriage, but honestly, if I ever write a song as perfect as that moment, I just might deserve that Wickipedia entry.

Love, Kristin

-

In the talk page history file is displayed my edit notes in reference to Hersh's blog. This entailed a long list of article references in lengthy comments by me discussing how the article didn't actually say she only writes about "marriage" prior to someone editing it. However, to provide space for other people to conduct editing discussions on future topics related to this article, instead of over-discussing an artist's blog entry, I am withdrawing my original lengthy comments. You can view my thoughts on this in the talk page history file, and below are replies from Marriedtofilm, unedited, to the long comment and list of articles that explained my view. Since I don't really have any dispute with the edits that were made or even the blog other than I didn't actually intend to say she only writes about marriage, there is no point to leaving the long passages up and I retract them, refactoring to give other people room to work on their edit notations to each other. If no one had replied, I wouldn't even want to include my refactored reply to Marriedtofilm either.

I really don't have an opinion on the blog comment at all any more. I think it is always good for people to periodically remind wikipedia to be careful in doing articles, which is all she did. I don't think anything I said in my long notes was important enough to fill up this page like I did previously, nor do I agree with myself particularly now and prefer retracting and giving other people room to talk about any future editing issues they encounter or about footnoting needs if any. Emerman 21:30, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Of these random articles, only the first two are opinions of what her music is about, and with that, this artist is notoriously ambiguous about the "meaning" of her songs when asked to speak about them. I'm not saying positively she doesn't write about marriage and montherhood, I'm just saying that with this artist, is very hard to define exactly what what her songs are saying and they are open to personal interpretation.  Just to add to this literary monkey wrench, an LA Weekly article describes her writing in different terms:

 * Lewis, Judith (March 11, 2004) "She writes songs about snowmobiles and men who speak in “fucked-up military time,” about twisted conversations and senseless rules, and about who knows what — often the words resonate but make no logical sense. On her most recent solo record, The Grotto, her songs seemed more than ever to be inspired by alien powers. (“I see a snake and a girl in the snow,” she sings on “Snake Oil.” She still aspires to be a herpetologist.)"

 * As for the other article quotes, they simply address that she has a family, not confirming it is the subject of her music.

 * As for the minor edit I made, I choose to change "marriage and motherhood" to "life" as it's arguably a more accurate description of her music despite being a more general term. After all, the the word "life" covers "snowmobiles and men who speak in 'fucked-up military time,' about twisted conversations and senseless rules" in addition to "marriage and motherhood".  --Marriedtofilm 21:42, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * My notations were prompted by the discussion on this page by Hersh, not your edit. Nobody said there was anything wrong with your edit, but until now you didn't cite your source before making the change (which could have been done in this case in a History file "Edit Summary" notation, but your Edit Summary told people to look at the Talk file to see Kristin's comments in the talk page as your reason, which is not a proper wikipedia edit reason re: npov, but it's ok as you have since noted a citation source above). Your article reference is from one of the articles I myself added to the Reference list, therefore, it's already in the article citations area, and that's very good. [...] Your edit was fine however and again, I did not change it, as you know. Emerman 00:05, 15 October 2006 (UTC) and add'l sentence & links Emerman 06:01, 15 October 2006 (UTC).
 * It does seem necessary to clarify that I didn't feel dictated by the subject's opinion. It did inspire me to take a serious look at the article, especially the opening paragraphs that are a general introduction to this artist, but only felt it appropriate to make that minor change as it's clear the article is a well written description of the subject.  I do regret not putting all of this in the edit notation as it seems I left the wrong impression.  Like alot of editors, I try to be as brief as possible in those.  In this case, the notation was brief to a fault.  And yes, it would have been better to cite other opinions of  what her music is about.  I'm a big fan of this artist, as it seems you are.  Sometimes fans take for granted that others understand that the subject matters she writes about are as varied as they are poetic. --Marriedtofilm 00:38, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've rewritten the opening paragraph (a few times now). It's a bit easier (but not much) to describe personal music in a journalistic article--not so much in encyclopedic style. I've currently left it as a broad description on the style, without going into specific themes. Originally I had followed the tone of the original article, listing motherhood, childhood, mental illness, as subject matter, but with Hersh's long career and many songs at this point, it's not enough to list three topics as song inspirations. And realistically I don't know what she's singing about half the time--it all works with the composition as a whole, as far as I'm concerned. Anyway, this was my mini-struggle and I suppose the struggle will continue. I love her story here by the way, thanks for posting it. Steve was aces and her marriage analogy is apt. --Utilizer (talk) 19:40, 8 July 2016 (UTC)

Reference List
Since so many of the references listed under "Sources" are now broken links and can't be properly slotted into the article as footnotes (I tried looking at older histories but can't find any indication of where the footnotes were originally intended), perhaps future edits can continue to build on the reference list (using footnotes) and at some point the source list should be trimmed or eliminated all together. Perhaps print publications can remain as sources, but all broken links can go, since they no longer work as reference. Other suggestions for cleaning this up? - --Utilizer (talk) 02:10, 1 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm gong through the old source list, deleting any broken links, integrating any links I can within the the article as footnotes, and finding new citations to use as footnotes as well. I'm rewriting/editing for "flow" for an article on someone who's had a rich and complex recording and touring career. Bear with me as I work it out. Also, finding some nice live-show photos in the Commons, so I'll work some of those in as well. --Utilizer (talk) 22:36, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kristin Hersh