text:
Keg

A keg is a small cask.

Wooden kegs made by a cooper were used to transport nails, gunpowder, and a variety of liquids.

A keg is nowadays normally constructed of stainless steel, although aluminium can be used if it is coated with plastic on the inside. It is commonly used to store, transport, and serve beer. Other alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks, carbonated or non-carbonated, may be housed in a keg as well. Carbonated drinks are generally kept under pressure in order to maintain carbon dioxide in solution, preventing the beverage from becoming flat.

Beer keg
Beer kegs are made of stainless steel, or less commonly, of aluminium. A keg has a single opening on one end, called a "bung". A tube called a "spear" extends from the opening to the other end. There is a self-closing valve that is opened by the coupling fitting which is attached when the keg is tapped. There is also an opening at the top of the spear that allows gas (usually carbon dioxide) to drive the beer out of the keg. The coupling fitting has one or two valves that control the flow of beer out of and gas into the keg. The keg must be in the upright position, that is, with the opening on top, for the beer to be dispensed. Kegs can be contrasted to casks, which have two or more openings and no spear. Most major breweries now use internally speared kegs. Beer that is sold in kegs is fully conditioned. Beer intended for local use may be kegged without sterilization, however, the beer must stay cold.

Size
Historically a beer barrel was a standard size of 36 USgal, as opposed to a wine barrel of 32 USgal, or an oil barrel of 42 USgal. Over the years barrel sizes have evolved, and breweries throughout the world use different sized containers. Even when the content capacity of two kegs are equal, e.g. metricized to 50 liters, the keg shape and tap system may differ greatly.

U.S. keg sizes
Most U.S. brewers sell beer in $1/2$ barrels of 15.5 gallons, $1/4$ barrels of 7.75 gallons, and $1/6$ barrels of 5.17 gallons.

Since keg sizes are not standardized, the keg cannot be used as a standard unit of measure for liquid volumes. Despite this, a number of people still refer to kegs as if they were a unit of measure. This size standard varies from country to country and brewery to brewery with most countries using the metric system rather than U.S. gallons.

In common parlance, the term keg refers to a half-barrel (15.5 U.S. gallon) vessel as this is the most common size used in restaurants, bars and limited home use. A quarter-barrel has a volume of 7.75 U.S. gallons. Generally, a keg is a vessel smaller than a barrel; thus, it is 30 gallons or smaller.

In the U.S. the terms half-barrel and quarter-barrel are derived from the U.S. beer barrel, legally defined as being equal to 31 U.S. gallons (this is not the same volume as some other units also known as barrels). A 15.5 U.S. gallon keg is also equal to:

 * 12.7 Imperial gallons
 * 58.67 liters
 * 103.25 Imperial pints
 * 124 U.S. pints
 * 496 U.S. gills
 * 165 twelve fluid ounce (U.S. measure) drinks
 * About 90 bombers (22 fl oz bottles)
 * About 6.88 24-unit cases of 12 fl oz cans
 * About 5.5 30-racks of 12 fl oz cans
 * 1,984 fluid ounces (U.S.)

However, beer kegs can come in many sizes:

Specifications for a U.S. $1/2$ barrel keg
Accepted specifications for a standard keg are:

DIN-keg and Euro-keg
In Europe, the most common keg size is 50 liters. This includes the UK, which uses a non-metric standard keg of 11 imperial gallons, which is, by coincidence, equal to 11 impgal. The German DIN 6647-1 and DIN 6647-2 have also defined kegs in the sizes of 30 and 20 liters.

In some areas it is common to refer to the size not in liters but in beers. In areas such as Germany, where the standard beer size is 0.5 liters, that means a 50-liter keg contains 100 beers.

Taps
Kegs are sealed to contain the liquid and pressurized gas for storage and transportation. Most beer is served carbonated, and this is most easily accomplished by storing it carbonated as well. Beer kegs are designed to maintain the carbonation in a beverage by storing it with pressurized carbon dioxide in the headspace above the liquid. The liquid is also dispensed using pressurized gas; the pressure of the gas provides mechanical force to overcome friction and gravity to push the beer to the dispensing location.

To serve the beverage, a keg must be tapped to breach the container so that pressurized gas can be added and the liquid can be dispensed. Originally, this was done by hammering a tapping rod through a cork bung, similar to how a keystone is still used today to tap unpressurized cask ales. Tapping a keg this way would often waste a bit of beer, which would be forced out under pressure until the tap was secured. By the 1950s and 60s when metal kegs had replaced wooden ones, common tap systems included Golden Gate, Hoff–Stevens, and Peerless taps, which all had one or two couplers for pressurizing and dispensing the beer but retained a separate bunghole for cleaning and filling the keg which was sealed with a wooden bung. These made it easier to tap the keg, but still had sanitation problems (from the wooden bung and attachments that penetrated the keg, and from ports that were at the bottom of the keg next to the floor) and tended to leave some beer inaccessible at the bottom of the keg.

In the 1960s and 70s, several similar styles of tap were created in Europe and America which used a single hole for cleaning, filling, pressurizing, and dispensing. A single bunghole at the top of the keg is used to clean and fill the keg, after which it is sealed with a metal assembly containing a ball bearing which acts as a stopper, held in place by the gas pressure inside the keg. The tap is twisted or slid into place atop the keg, and a lever provides the mechanical force needed to push the ball bearing down, providing access to the keg's contents. These taps, or "couplers", are more sanitary and easy to operate, and were adopted by major U.S. breweries like Anheuser-Busch in the 1970s and quickly displaced other taps to become the industry standard. One such system was referred to as Sankey after its designer (GKN Sankey Ltd., named for founder Joseph Sankey). The term Sankey, often misspelled "Sanke", has become a generic name for all of the similar industry standard couplers.

Today there are six industry standard couplers:
 * The D System is used by most breweries in the Americas.
 * The S System is used by many breweries in Europe. It is similar to the D System but has a longer probe.
 * The G System (or Grundy) is less common and is used by some British and Irish breweries and beers including Tennent's, Boddingtons, and Fuller's ESB.
 * The U System (or U/E.C.) is uncommon and is used for a few Irish beers (mainly beers from Guinness/Diageo: Guinness, Harp, Kilkenny, and Smithwick's) and Magners cider.
 * The A System (or Flat Top German) is used by many large German breweries. It slides into place rather than rotating.
 * The M System is very uncommon and is used by only a few breweries in and around Germany (mainly for Aventinus Eisbock, Einbecker, Schneider, Veltins, and Żywiec). It also slides into place.

There are two different types of tapping equipment that are available for kegs. A "party tap" or "picnic tap" is a hand-operated pump that utilizes outside air, thus introducing oxygen and bacteria into the keg. This causes the beer to oxidize, affecting the taste; the partial pressure of CO2 will also decrease, causing the beer to go flat. Kegs dispensed with a party pump should be used within 18–24 hours so that the beer does not become unpalatable. Commercial installations, as well as some home users, use pure pressurized gas; these can preserve a keg up to 120 days with proper refrigeration. In simpler installations only CO2 is used to pressurize and dispense the beer, but in installations with very long lines between the keg and dispensing location (bars with customer-operated faucets at each table being an extreme example), the pressure needed to pump the beer for dispensing would over-carbonate the beer. In these situations, "beer gas" or "mixed gas" is used which combines CO2 with another gas, usually nitrogen. Nitrogen is 80 times less soluble in water than CO2, so it can provide additional pressure without noticeably affecting flavor. Typical beer gas is 70-75% nitrogen and 25-30% CO2, but the ideal ratio depends on the beer being served and the installation; more advanced installations blend the gas on site so it can be adjusted for each beer. A few beers like Guinness are required to be pressurized and dispensed with mixed gas; they usually also require the use of a special faucet that deliberately creates additional friction to force the nitrogen out of solution, creating a thick frothy head.

As with any pressurized container, a keg can cause injury, even at normal operating pressure, whether with compressed air or carbon dioxide:

"'The tapping system and pressure regulator both should be equipped with a pressure relief (blow off) device. If you are not familiar with tapping equipment, consult your retailer...' (printed on an Anheuser-Busch's keg cap)"

Commercially, kegs are usually kept in a refrigerated room for storage and dispensing, and liquid lines run from this room to all of the faucets in the restaurant. Kegs are too large to fit in a typical home refrigerator. A kegerator (specially designed for kegs, or converted from a suitable small refrigerator) can be used, but as these are somewhat specialized they are cost-prohibitive for the average consumer who has only occasional use for one, and are obviously impractical to bring to a beach or campsite. Instead, in the US and Australia, kegs are usually kept in a bucket of ice and/or water to keep the beer cool. Alternately, the keg can be kept at ambient temperature and served using a "jockey box", consisting of a cooler with beer coils (50 - 120 ft metal dispensing lines arranged in a coil) and filled with ice, which acts as a heat exchanger to cool the beer to serving temperature by the time it reaches the faucet. European consumers, when not using a party pump, mainly use inline beer chillers, essentially the same concept as a jockey box but using a refrigeration unit instead of ice. Those chillers usually also have their own air compressor for keg pressurization.

Cornelius keg
The Cornelius keg (also known as a "Corny keg" or "soda keg") was originally used by the soft drink industry. It is now commonly used to store and dispense beer, especially homebrewed.

Cornelius kegs were originally made by Cornelius, Inc., and were used for premix soft drinks. Since the arrival of newer technology such as bag-in-box packages, Cornelius kegs have become largely obsolete in the soft drink industry, and refurbished ones are readily available to hobbyists.

Cornelius kegs use two unique types of tap, both very similar to each other, known as ball locks and pin locks.

Mini keg
The mini keg is a 5-liter keg produced for retail sales. Some brands come with a spout and pour from the bottom via gravity, while others may use a low cost pressurized tap. Mini kegs are typically not returned to the manufacturer for cleaning and refilling. The disposable kegs, being made of aluminum, may be recycled.

In Canada, Molson brewery dubbed the mini keg "Bubba". This name has now been genericized to generally apply to all 5-liter mini kegs in Canada. This might cause confusion, as a company called Bubba Keg is established in the U.S., and appears to not be associated with Molson. Today, mini kegs are widely available in liquor stores worldwide, with Heineken, Grolsch and Bitburger all adopting the design.

Recently in Austria, beer is available in mini kegs, either by a one-way type keg made of steel or out of a reinforced thermoplastic for about a 4 € deposit.

Beer ball
Another type of mini keg is the "beer ball" or the "party ball", a disposable plastic ball that usually holds around 5.2 USgal, roughly the equivalent of 55 twelve-ounce beers, though they can also be found in a smaller 3.8 USgal size. Like kegs, it is necessary to tap the ball before the beer inside can be served.

One-way kegs
One-way kegs, also known as disposable kegs or PET kegs, were invented in 1996. They are usually made of plastic. Some types have a cardboard outer packaging, which makes them easier to stack and transport, and also protects the plastic container. Some may use either bag in ball or spear technology. Products like the Hybrid keg have a puncture resistant wall and are easy to disassemble after use. Circular by design, the top and bottom chimes can either be re-used or recycled.

Quarter barrel (pony keg)
A quarter barrel, more commonly known as pony keg, is a beer vessel containing approximately 7.75 U.S. gallons (29.33 liters) of fluid. It is half the size of the standard beer keg and equivalent to a quarter of a barrel. The term pony refers to its smaller size – compare pony glass (quarter-pint) and pony bottle. It will serve roughly 82 twelve-ounce cups. The shape of a pony keg resembles that of a full-sized keg while being much easier to move manually. However, it shares many inconveniences with the bigger kegs, such as: often requiring a deposit when purchased, needing a tap to serve the contents, and posing difficulties in determining the amount of beer remaining (weighing the keg or observing its buoyancy are common techniques). Despite this, a pony keg can be a cheap way to provide beer for a medium-sized party. In some places, such as Cincinnati, the term pony keg can mean a convenience store that sells beer.

Sixth barrel
A sixth barrel keg contains approximately 5.2 gallons, and is becoming the choice for many establishments and breweries that wish to use kegs smaller than a half barrel. The sixth barrel kegs are nominally larger in size and volume compared to the Cornelius keg. They are normally fitted with a standard US Type D Sanke coupler on a single downspout; whereas, Corny kegs are normally fitted with a flip-hatch, and a dual connector pin-lock or ball-lock top. Although the sixth barrel torpedo keg is approximately the same height as the standard half barrel, the smaller foot print of the sixth barrel allows retailers have a greater variety of beer in a small space. This size keg is quickly replacing the quarter barrel size which has the same foot print as a half barrel keg, but is only half as tall. Other than smaller circumference, sixth barrel kegs are very similar to their full-sized counterparts in construction. A stainless Micromatic brand sixth barrel keg weighs approximately 14-15 pounds (6.3–6.8 kg) when empty, and approximately 58-60 pounds (26.3-27.2 kg) when full.

Eighth barrel
An eighth barrel has the same dimensions as a sixth barrel, but the seven bottom-most inches are hollow.

UK and Irish keg supply structure
The beer vessel supply structure in the UK and Ireland is quite different, whilst the couplers for kegs have been largely standardised to sankey, grundy and interbrew, a couple of others exist such as UEC and U-Type, however these are much less common. The kegs themselves are made from stainless steel or aluminium. The standard keg size is 11 imperial gallons (50 litres/88 imperial pints) and the vast majority of keg beers are supplied in this keg size. There are also smaller 30 litre (≈52.7926 imperial pints) kegs usually reserved for more specialist and premium European beers.

A number of manufacturers also produce 18 imperial gallon (81.82 litres/144 imperial pints) and 22 imperial gallon (100 litres/176 imperial pints) kegs, however owing to their size they are not as popular, as manual handling is seen by some to be difficult, and as a result they tend to be used only for large-scale events and bars with high output.

For bars that sell a large volume of beer, there is the 36 imperial gallon (163.64 litres/288 imperial pints) keg. However, due to its very large size, few people can move it without assistance, making it an impractical choice otherwise.

Keg laws
In the U.S. as of 2005, there are 21 states and numerous localities that have keg registration laws. The laws vary widely in terms of whom they target, what their intended purpose is, and how strongly they are enforced.

Books

 * Soroka, W, Fundamentals of Packaging Technology, IoPP, 2002, ISBN 1-930268-25-4
 * Yam, K. L., Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

title: Keg


text:
Katoomba

Katoomba may refer to:

 * Katoomba, New South Wales
 * Katoomba (crater), on Mars

 * HMS Katoomba, a Royal Navy ship built in 1889
 * SS Katoomba, a passenger ship built in 1913
 * HMAS Katoomba, a Royal Australian Navy ship built in 1941

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Katoomba


text:
Talk:Katoomba, New South Wales

Untitled
I moved the page from "Katoomba" to "Katoomba, New South Wales" to follow Wikipedia place-name convention. Techelf 11:41, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I deleted the paragraph about the Catman and the Yowie man. If anyone can come up with a convincing argument as to why these people should feature on this page, feel free to restore them. BrianFG 06:03, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

non-nuclear households
What is a "non-nuclear household"? Thanks!--203.10.224.60 23:23, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This article: nuclear family explains the concept. I'm not sure why it was thought necessary to include that phrase, because non-nuclear family groups appear in lots of places. BrianFG 23:42, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Under Climate
According to records over the last 100 years June, July and August maximums in Katoomba are closer to 10C rather than 12 or 13C. I've changed the main page figures to reflect this. It would also be uncommon for Katoomba to record -3C for a minimum although it does happen once or twice a winter. Blackheathsnow - 8 October 2007

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Pronunciation
Is it /kə'tuːmbə/ with the second syllable having the vowel from "goose", or /kə'tʊmbə/ with the vowel from "foot", or something else? Beorhtwulf (talk) 05:25, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Katoomba, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Blacktown

Page moved
I moved the page from "Blacktown" to "Blacktown, New South Wales" to follow Wikipedia place-name convention. Techelf 11:42, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * this is not a general place-name convention, it is only a place-name convention for american locations.  there is presently a vigorous debate about whether we should apply these conventions to australian articles, see australian wikipedians' notice board/Archive 6.  even though it's an archive i don't feel that the vote has been officially called yet.   the general naming convention only calls for disambiguation where necessary.  clarkk 09:06, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

photos?
Some good ones would be: the historic ones from council's website (with relevant copyright of course), the new library, Westpoint shopping centre, the court house.

The best place for a photo of the railway station would of course be the railway station article.... --Garrie 06:09, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Crime rate removed.
I removed this line:

It has one of the highest crime rates for domestic and public violence in Sydney. Along with Bankstown, it is one of the only areas in Sydney to experience rising crime rates.

The article talks about the Blacktown Local Government Area which encompasses a far wider area than Blacktown itself. It is likely that the high figures cited in the article are for the surrounding suburbs of Blacktown and not for Blacktown itself. If someone can find a reliable source for figures for Blacktown proper, then by all means include it. But at the moment, this line is irrelevant to the article. 60.240.207.146 (talk) 01:25, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. Cúchullain t/ c 18:17, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Blacktown, New South Wales → Blacktown – The only location called 'Blacktown' and also the only article with 'Blacktown'. Let's not beat around the bush. Till 09:01, 28 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment why shouldn't "Blacktown" redirect to City of Blacktown, of which, this article documents a suburb for? -- 70.49.127.65 (talk) 04:32, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Blacktown is the suburb, hence why Blacktown redirects here (which is pretty useless, might as well remove the NSW part). City of Blacktown is the Local Government Area eg. Doonside is in the City of Blacktown. Till 06:48, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Clear primary topic and Australian placenames are slowly trending in this direction. Also in line with WP:PRECISION. Jenks24 (talk) 10:11, 5 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, support. Discussions in 2010 resulted in a change to conventions, titles have been slowly moved in this direction. Osiris (talk) 15:15, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

racism
I wonder if there is any controversy about the racist town name? In other countries, the name would have been changed to a less offensive one. 217.233.163.116 (talk) 13:37, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

I have lived in the City for 12 years and have never heard of any controversy (until I read the above and looked for it). As far as I know (and I am white) the connotation "black" is one of the preferred description of indigenous people themselves and is not considered racist. I think most Blacktownians, black and white, know the history of the City and its name.

Gordon Workman, aboriginal elder and resisent of Doonside, Blacktown, has said :

''CHANGING Blacktown CBD’s name to West Sydney would be a racist insult to the indigenous community, Aboriginal elder Uncle Gordon Workman says. The Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation chairman said no fellow indigenous residents backed the Liberals’ proposal to change the name of the CBD and the local government area to West Sydney. The Doonside resident said Blacktown was a proud reference to the indigenous community being the land’s original owners. 'We’re Darug and we’re the first persons here,' he said. 'The first name was Blacks Town. Leave the name alone – there’s no stigma to it.' 'We’re proud of the name Blacktown. We think it’s racist to change the name Blacktown.' '' Mike Spathaky (talk) 23:03, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

Deleted
I deleted my original comment as I now see there is one sentence on the murder. Okay then. TheBlinkster (talk) 15:43, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Blacktown


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Talk:Christoph von Dohnányi

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title: Talk:Christoph von Dohnányi


text:
User talk:Uffish

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Uffish: I undid your redirect of Percolation from an edit you made on may 4th, because you didn't edit the Percolation_theory page to account for the information that was in the Percolation page. In fact, it created a circular reference in the Percolation_theory page. I'm not opposed to the redirect, but the material needs to be folded into the theory page before the redirect is done. EdChi (talk) 22:28, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 11:46, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Zeevi
Are you sure he only advocated the expatriation of Palestinians? My understanding is that like many extremist Zionists he was in favour of the "transfer" of any and all Arabs, to create as big a Jewish majority as possible.

As for the word "transfer", this should read "forced transfer", unless you quote his saying something about it, because the latter is absolutely what he meant. He subscribed to the school of thought that one could not bundle Arabs into lorries but could make life so intolerable for them that they "volunteered" to leave.Dr Zen 22:09, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll answer that on the talk page. Uffish 04:28, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

List of statements undecidable in ZFC
Have you read my remark here? Kope (talk) 17:05, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Question
What doe the hidded keys do to the Abundances of the elements (data page) ? --Stone (talk) 20:03, 22 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Without them the table sorts by the mantissa, ignoring the exponent, which is kind of stupid. Uffish (talk) 20:05, 22 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Right, but there should be a template to make it. The page gets really large, but its a solution.--Stone (talk) 20:08, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Probabilistic proofs of non-probabilistic theorems
"Do we really want to go that way? This page could extend ad infinitum..." — Yes, I like your additions to that article. Let it extend ad infinitum together with the Wikipedia. However, I tried to sort items chronologically, and you probably did not. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 09:11, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

People of Levantine-Greek Orthodox Christian descent
Dear Uffish,

Since you seem to be a rational soul and know about the « Byzantine » (no pun intended!) subtleties of MENA area historical & cultural categorization, I’m writing to draw your attention on the fact that some reckless Wiki-Boeotians wants to delete the “People of Levantine-Greek Orthodox Christian descent” and the “American of Levantine-Greek Orthodox Christian descent” categories!

See this page

Your editorial help in the current « deletion debate » would be appreciated

Cordially,

--B.Andersohn (talk) 18:24, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

APL (programming language)
Hi, the "criticisms of APL" material you added from a Russian site was actually taken from an old version of the Wikipedia page Criticism of APL. Though that article has some good points, it is not in itself a reliable source, doesn't have much in the way of sources itself, and generally seems to be a person essay. The claim "Developed in the 60's by Kenneth E. Iverson it never caught on in a big way due to various peculiarities, including use of non-ascii characters" is bizarre in a bunch of ways. First of all, "never caught on in a big way" is slangy and imprecise. It's also not very meaningful: compared to what? Sure, it was much less popular than Fortran or Cobol or even PL/I, but it was probably more widely used than Snobol or Lisp or Algol 68. So what? --Macrakis (talk) 02:55, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Uffish


text:
User talk:195.194.148.2

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. — Asbestos | Talk 11:46, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

August 2014
Hello, I'm Materialscientist. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to District 13 because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Materialscientist (talk) 09:59, 21 August 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

September 2016
Hello, I'm MelbourneStar. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to London Stock Exchange— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. —MelbourneStar ☆ talk 10:04, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Taylor Swift (album). Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. —MelbourneStar ☆ talk 10:06, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to London Stock Exchange, you may be blocked from editing. —MelbourneStar ☆ talk 10:08, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to London Stock Exchange. —MelbourneStar ☆ talk 10:08, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

September 2018
Hello, I'm Gilliam. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Orange Kloof have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help Desk. Thanks. – Gilliam (talk) 12:34, 18 September 2018 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

May 2022
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Vaughan Oliver. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. --Canley (talk) 10:21, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

September 2022
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at North Berwick witch trials. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Jc3s5h (talk) 12:31, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:195.194.148.2


text:
Template talk:Welcome2

Problems
Both and  have had problems with the 3/4 tildes thing. Hopefully using &#x007e; will fix it. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 05:33, Jan 17, 2005 (UTC)

In this line:
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page.

Welcome2 displays the recipient's talk page instead of the sender's. -- Viajero 18:41, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

The temporarily fixed version (?) now invites people to "ask me on Talk page". Aside from the matter of the link, I suggest that this should be "ask me on my talk page". No need for a capital, either here or for the other instance of "Talk".

 * This is not broken - it just isn't used right. The proper use of Welcome2 to is by putting your name after the pipe it will properly redirect the user to your talk page. Can someone with admin rights restore this so that it can be used correctly. Thx Trödel| talk  00:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Also, why bother to explain the use of three tildes? I don't recall ever seeing a situation where a comment was better left undated, so I don't think the three-tilde sequence needs an explanation here. Just ask people to use four. -- Hoary 05:39, 2005 May 21 (UTC)

Is it just me or should the first sentence end with an exclamation? Right now the message just doesn't sound enthusiastic. Bmdavll talk 00:51, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Current Date
It says Four tildes (~) produces your name and the current date. That is a little confusing. It makes it seem like whatever day somebody reads the comment of the user, then it will have that date. For example if you read my comment right now, and right now was ten days after I posted the comment, then it would say the current day (Ten days later: 4/28/06). I think it should be Four tildes (~) produces your name and the date & time your message was saved.

Thank You, -- George Mon  e  y Talk   Contribs 22:06, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Align with Template:Welcomenpov
Should add Template:TestTemplatesNotice and category Category:User warning templates, similar to Template:Welcomenpov. Should also add <includeonly>subst:</includeonly> before PAGENAME.

Capitals
Why is New contributors' help page capitalized? Can someone please change it? Michaelas10 (T|C) 13:16, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Three tidles?
I have removed the mention of three tildes as it only serves to confuse matters - standard practice is to sign with four. Thanks/wangi 04:15, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

advice
Here can we tell users to post a question with the template so people know you're supposed to include a description of the problem when using it? Cool, --WikiSlasher 13:31, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. AnonEMouse (squeak) 19:44, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thankyou! This'll fix the bad situation of me welcoming a user with the template, then the user posting helpme and then another editor showing up to say "You're supposed to ask a question." --WikiSlasher 06:38, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Another helpme-related PER
Please change the bit about placing helpme on your 'user page' to 'user talk page'. Thanks. --ais523 09:43, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. AnonEMouse (squeak) 19:44, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Minor edit request
"Talk" in the last paragraph needs to be uncapitalized. Thanks, Dar-Ape 18:44, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. -- Infrogmation 19:40, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Pronoun fix
"I" should be "we" (the community), since this is not one of the welcome templates that takes a username parameter. — SMcCandlish [talk] [contrib] ツ 08:43, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done  Daniel.Bryant  09:59, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Edit
After the Welcome subheading, could someone add an exclamation mark after the "Welcome"? i.e. So " ==Welcome== " becomes " ==Welcome!== ". Not only that, can you add an exclamation mark at the end of "Welcome to Wikipedia"? -- AAA!  ( AAAA ) 07:42, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Is there any particular reason for this, or do you just want the welcome template to seem more jolly? Axem Titanium 04:57, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, the other welcome templates have exclamation marks so I imagine that those would serve your purposes well enough. Axem Titanium 04:59, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think that this change is particularly needed, and personally don't prefer it. If you want an exclamation mark, feel free to create a welcome template in your userspace with one. Grace notes T  § 02:28, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

PAGENAME vs BASEPAGENAME
editprotected Please replace with. This prevents problems when archiving the welcome message, as the page name changes to "John Doe/Archive 1" instead of "John Doe". —Remember the dot (talk) 22:23, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that the right thing to do is to use this code:
 * which substitutes the page name when the template is placed. This makes sense since the template it only meant to be substituted. CMummert · talk 01:24, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * which substitutes the page name when the template is placed. This makes sense since the template it only meant to be substituted. CMummert · talk 01:24, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I made the change I outlined. CMummert · talk 18:56, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Proposed wording change
Please see Template_talk:Welcome - SCEhard T 02:26, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Needs exclaimation point!
Instead of having ==Welcome== be the section head text, let's use ==Welcome!== (with the exclaimation point) instead. Besides that it mirrors welcome, it shows that we want to welcome people loudly. I'd change it myself if it wasn't protected. --lifebaka (Talk - Contribs) 23:03, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Would like to add a /doc page
I would like to add a /doc page, adding all of the infomation to the /doc, then adding. I have already created the page:

 * Template:Welcome2/doc

All that needs to be done is:
 * 1) The category tag needs to be moved outside of the tag
 * 2)  the information between the  tag needs to be deleted, and
 * 3)  put in its place.

Many thanks in advance. I will give a WikiCookie to any admin who does this, just let me know when you want your damn cookie, because I don't maintain a watchlist. Ikip (talk) 04:53, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

editprotected See above.  M C  10  |  Sign here!  04:48, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Looks like there's a doc page. Is there something that isn't working correctly? - SCEhard T 13:40, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Replace New contributors' help page
Can an admin replace: New contributors' help page

With:

New contributors' help page

This is much easier for new editors. thanks. Ikip (talk) 05:30, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Change link to THQ
Folks, we need to change the link to point to WP:THQ which has superseded WP:NCHPQ. Thanks.--ukexpat (talk) 21:57, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
 * ✅ — xaosflux  Talk 22:24, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Much obliged.--ukexpat (talk) 00:16, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 15 December 2014
That the fifth bullet point be replaced with
 * Use the new article wizard to help you write a great article

I think the wizard tool should be given as a nice tool for new editors.-- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  17:59, 15 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Let's discuss this first please. I'm not sure "replacing" is the right way to go.  I would support supplementing the existing fifth bullet point with this as a sub-point though. — {{U|Technical 13}} (e • t • c) 18:58, 15 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The above is just inserting the article wizard before the existing link and a slight rephrase. -- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  19:35, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Welcome2


text:
GGG

GGG or Triple G may refer to:

Media

 * GGG, the production code for the 1971 Doctor Who serial The Claws of Axos
 * German Goo Girls, a series of pornographic films by John Thompson Productions
 * Grinding Gear Games, a New Zealand video game developer company
 * Gunnar Graps Group, an Estonian rock group
 * Guns, God and Government, the third live video album by American rock band Marilyn Manson
 * Gutsy Geoid Guard, protagonists from the Japanese anime television series The King of Braves GaoGaiGar
 * Guy's Grocery Games, an American reality-based cooking television game show
 * Ward Hayden and The Outliers (previously Girls, Guns and Glory), a band from Boston, Massachusetts

Organisations

 * Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft, a group involved in Germanic neopaganism in Germany
 * Gesellschaft für das Gute und Gemeinnützige, a private, non-profit organization founded in 1777
 * Good and Green Guyana, a political party in Guyana
 * Graco (fluid handling) (NYSE: GGG), an American fluid handling company
 * Greenland Minerals (ASX ticker symbol: GGG), an Australian exploration company

People

 * Gentaro (wrestler) (born 1974), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Gennady Golovkin (born 1982), Kazakhstani professional boxer

Other

 * East Texas Regional Airport (IATA code & FAA LID: GGG), an airport located in Gregg County, Texas
 * Gadolinium gallium garnet, a synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group
 * GGG ("good, giving, and game"), a sex-positive ideal coined by sex-advice columnist Dan Savage
 * Giant Global Graph, a neologism to differentiate between the existing World Wide Web and that of Web 3.0
 * Gurgula language (ISO 639-3 code: ggg), a Rajasthani language of Pakistan
 * GGG, a codon for the amino acid glycine

title: GGG


text:
Grenadian

Grenadian is an adjective describing someone or something from the country of Grenada.

It may refer to:

 * Grenadian Creole English, an Eastern Atlantic Creole
 * Grenadian Creole French or Patois, a variety of Antillean Creole French
 * Grenadian cuisine, a diversity of foods
 * Grenadian dollar, a history and overview of the currency
 * Grenadian music, a mix of styles
 * Grenadian people, the demographics of the country
 * Grenadian politics, an overview of the structure and functioning of the government

title: Grenadian


text:
Guatemalan

Guatemalan may refer to:
 * Something of, from, or related to the country of Guatemala
 * A person from Guatemala, or of Guatemalan descent. For information about the Guatemalan people, see Demographics of Guatemala and Culture of Guatemala. For specific persons, see List of Guatemalans.
 * Note that there is no language called "Guatemalan". See Languages of Guatemala.
 * Guatemalan cuisine

title: Guatemalan


text:
Rodolfo Pio da Carpi

Rodolfo Pio da Carpi (22 February 1500 – 2 May 1564) was an Italian cardinal, humanist and patron of the arts. The nephew of a diplomat, he himself became a diplomat by the age of thirty, and came to know both Emperor Charles V and King Francis of France, and he negotiated with both on behalf of the pope. His uncle, Alberto Pio da Carpi, had been educated by Pico della Mirandola, and had become a noted humanist scholar. These associations formed Rodolfo's background and education. He formed a notable library and participated in the humanist studies of 16th-century Rome; he also served on the Roman Inquisition. He helped to establish the Inquisition at Milan.

Family
The lords of Carpi first made a position for themselves in the 14th century. From the house of Este they received the lordship of Carpi, and in 1518, through the influence of Pope Leo X, they acquired the subsidiary fiefs of Meldola and Sassuolo, with which Rodolfo Pio da Carpi was invested. Many members of the family continued in the family tradition as condottieri: Alberto Pio obtained from the house of Savoy in 1450 the privilege of adding "di Savoia" to his name, as a reward for his military services. Others besides Cardinal Carpi made careers in diplomacy: Alberto Pio (1475–1531) who was Imperial ambassador in Rome won fame as a man of learning. Ascanio Pio (d. 1649) was a dramatic poet. Spain conferred the title of prince on the family, and one branch of the family is to this day established in Spain.

Education and early career
Rodolfo Pio da Carpi was born in Carpi near Modena, where his uncle Alberto (c. 1475 – 1531) was lord of Carpi. His father was Lionello da Carpi and his mother was Maria Martinengo. In 1516 he was a Chevalier of the Knights of S. John of Jerusalem and Commendatory of the church of S. Lorenzo di Colorno in the diocese of Parma. Pope Leo X granted him the church of the Holy Trinity in Ferrara, clearly as a favor to his uncle rather than an acknowledgment of his own achievements. Rodolfo was sent to study at the University of Padua, where he became Doctor of Philosophy, and at Rome, where he took up an ecclesiastical career as a Papal Chamberlain under Pope Clement VII, who made him bishop of Faenza in 1528. There Carpi presided over a synod in 1533. He was absent, however, during most of the sixteen years of his episcopate, and therefore the duties of his office were performed by his brother Teodoro and by Segicellus of Faventia.

Carpi's first mission to France took place between 26 July and 28 November 1530. He was back in France as a special envoy in the summer of 1533, charged with arranging a personal meeting between Francis I and Pope Clement VII. He was received by Francis at Lyon on 11 June. The pope wanted to meet at Nice, but eventually the meeting took place in Marseille, where the marriage of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici was solemnized, and where Pope Clement was able to engage in negotiations with both Francis I and Charles V.

Carpi attracted further notice in papal diplomacy when he was established as papal nuncio at the court of Francis I (1535–1537). His commission was dated 9 January 1535; he joined the Court at Saint-Germain on 17 February. There he negotiated a peace between King Francis and the Emperor Charles V, who was pleased enough to appoint him "protector of the Holy Roman Empire". While Carpi was in France in 1533, there were rumors being spread around Rome, suggesting that Carpi was furnishing information to the Imperialists. Carpi was advised about these rumors by Pope Paul's secretary, Ambrogio Ricalcato, who also indicated that they were being circulated by agents of the Cardinal de Lorraine. Evidently King Francis heard about these rumors as well, since, in the middle of the night of 26 January 1536 he summoned Carpi to tell him that he deplored these rumors and considered Carpi a good servant. The king wrote to the pope, asking for a red hat for Carpi; the pope replied that it would be a subject for the next consistory for the creation of cardinals. Carpi also initiated discussions about having a general council of the Church to address the problems of heresy and church reform, though it became clear immediately that the king and the emperor had entirely different views as to how, and where, and what. He left France in July 1537, having already been appointed Cardinal.

Cardinalate
Pope Paul III created Rodolfo Pio da Carpi a cardinal in the Consistory of 22 December 1536, and on 23 July 1537 he was given his cardinal's ring and the titulus of Santa Pudenziana. He exchanged S. Pudenziana for Santa Prisca on 28 November 1537. On 19 December 1537 Cardinal Carpi was named Legatus a latere to King Francis I of France. He travelled to France in the company of Cardinal Cristoforo Jacobazzi, who had been named Legate to the Imperial Court in Spain. Both cardinals had a personal interview with King Francis at Montpellier in mid-January 1538. His purpose, and Jacobazzi's, was to bring together Francis I and Charles V in a meeting with Pope Paul III. The meeting duly took place in May, though at Nice rather than at Montpellier, but Cardinal Carpi did not attend. He had been sent to Rome, to act as the pope's prefect and Legate of the City in the pope's absence.

On 21 April 1539, Carpi was appointed Legate to the March of Ancona; he served until 1542. The province was in disarray, due to the repeated campaigns of the French and Imperialists. After restoring order, Carpi's most important work in that office was the revision of the Aegidian Constitutions, by which the March had been governed since 1357. Carpi's work, into which he drew the assistance of fourteen experts, was finally given approval and authorization by Pope Paul III in September 1544.

In 1543, Cardinal Carpi composed a Memorandum for the Emperor Charles V, entitled "Discorso del rev. card. di Carpi del 1543 a Carlo V Cesare del modo di dominare". The manuscript has never been published, but brief quotations have been published by Ludwig Pastor. The subject was the Duchy of Milan, which the Emperor Charles had taken from Francis I, and the content was advice on how to retain it. On no account should it be returned to Francis I.

Cardinal Carpi, as he now was, made his presence felt in the Roman Curia as a member of the Roman Inquisition and a defender of the new orders, the Capuchins and the Jesuits.

Cardinal Pio da Carpi became Cardinal Priest of San Clemente on 24 September 1543, which he exchanged for Santa Maria trans Tiberim on 17 October 1544.

In 1544 he was offered the See of Agrigentum (Girgenti) in Sicily by Charles V, and he was approved as Administrator of Girgenti by Pope Paul III on 10 October 1544. He held the post until his death. He never went to Girgenti, of course, since the appointment was only a financial benefit. In 1544, the Cardinal presided over the establishment of the Accademia degli Imperfetti in Meldola, the tiny principality of which his uncle Alberto Pio da Carpi had been the first ruler. This academy for the encouragement of cultured persons; the stimulation of culture itself was another of those multitudinous clubs that were formed in cities and towns throughout Italy for the pursuit of intellectual growth.

Conclave of 1549–1550
Pope Paul III died on Sunday, 10 November 1549. Cardinal Pio da Carpi was one of the fifty-one cardinals who participated at one point or another in the Conclave which began on 29 November 1549. There was much illness, coming and going, and one death in the Conclave. In the first Scrutiny, which did not take place until 4 December, at which forty-one cardinals were present, Cardinal Reginald Pole, the favorite candidate of the Emperor, received between 24 and 26 votes, only four (or two) votes short of a valid canonical election. The French Ambassador protested that if the election took place without the presence of the French cardinals, who were en route, he would declare the Election invalid. The French were promoting Giovanni Salviati (Bishop of Porto and cousin of Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France) and Ridolfo Pio de Carpi, and were commanded to prevent the election of Cardinal Pole at all costs. Cardinal Carpi received nine votes in the fourteenth Scrutiny on 17 December, just after the majority of the French cardinals had entered the Conclave. But it was his high water mark. The French votes quickly redeployed, seeking a more viable candidate. The last of the French cardinals, the Cardinal de Bourbon, did not reach the Conclave until 14 January 1550, thereby raising the number of participants to 48. The voting had fallen into a stagnant pattern, 21 votes for Pole, 21 votes for Carafa of Naples. Forty-seven cardinals participated in the final vote, which took place on 7 February 1550 and elected Cardinal Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, a member of the Farnese faction.

Pope Julius III (Ciocchi del Monte) promoted ('preferred') Cardinal Carpi to the See of Frascati (Tusculum) on 11 December 1553. Cardinal Carpi was 'preferred' to the See of Porto on 29 May 1555.

In 1558, King Philip II of Spain bestowed an annual income of 10,000 scudi upon the diocese of Agrigento (which had been worth only 4,000), which was still being held by Rodolfo Pio da Carpi as a gift from the Emperor Charles V. The new grant was for services rendered, no doubt, and in anticipation of future services on the part of a most influential Cardinal.

Conclave of 1559
Pio da Carpi was the favorite candidate of King Philip II of Spain in the Conclave of 5 September–26 December 1559, which followed the death of Pope Paul IV, along with Jacopo Puteo (President of the Inquisition in Rome), Giovanni Angelo de' Medici (brother of the Marchese di Marignano), and Clemente D'Olera (former head of the Observant Franciscans). All of those candidates were rigorously orthodox, which was an essential criterion for Philip II's choice. It was said by the French Ambassador that Cardinals Carpi and Ricci were circulating a story in the Conclave to the effect that Cardinal de' Medici had Lutheran tendencies, and that he had said that it might be necessary to loosen the requirements on celibacy of the clergy and to allow the laity to receive both the bread and the wine in Holy Communion. Carpi had been the leader of the Imperial faction in the Conclave of 1555. The intractable resistance of the leader of the French faction, cardinal Ippolito d'Este, however, prevented his being considered a serious candidate for the papacy.

On 18 May 1562, Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi was promoted Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the College of Cardinals, succeeding François de Tournon who had died on 22 April 1562.

Artistic interests
Carpi's broader modern interest for historians centers on his collection of classical sculpture and other antiquities, which formed one of the prominent museums of Rome. Roma nihil possidet magnificentius, nihil admirabilius one guidebook remarked ("Rome possesses nothing more magnificent, nor to be more admired"). And his Greek and Latin library, dispersed after his death, brought scholars and humanists, not invariably good Catholics, to his palazzo in the Campo Marzio, the Campus Martius of Antiquity. Also his suburban villa was on the site of the gardens of Sallust, on the flank of the Quirinal Hill. In the 1550s the Flemish medallist and epigrapher Antoine Morillon studied the Latin inscriptions in the Cardinal's gallery. Even reading the dry inventories furnish materials for the historian of taste. The semi-public collections of princes and cardinals made Rome a museum-city, memorialized by Ulisse Aldrovandi's guidebook Delle Statue antiche che per tutta Roma si veggono, 1556 Aldrovandi praised the delights of the Carpi antiquities in their rustic suburban setting. Even after Cardinal Carpi's death, the collections drew sculptors and artists.

Among the antiquities that belonged to Cardinal Carpi:
 * The bronze bust called the Capitoline Brutus that Pio da Carpi bequeathed to the City of Rome, now in the Capitoline Museums. (Haskell and Penny, cat. 14).
 * The ecstatic marble head called the Dying Alexander, in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence by 1579; often copied in plaster, bronze and marble. (Haskell and Penny, cat. 2).
 * Bronze and marbles bought from Duke Alfonso II d'Este some of which disappeared after they belonged to Rudolf II at Prague.
 * A 5th-century manuscript of the complete works of Virgil, called the Medici Virgil after it was purchased for the Laurentian Library, Florence.

Cardinal Carpi did not neglect the moderns; among his paintings:
 * Madonna of the Divine Love by Raphael, which Vasari said had been commissioned by the cardinal's father, Leonello da Carpi; it passed to the Farnese and in now at the Capodimonte Museum, Naples.
 * History of the Madonna of Loreto and Saint Jerome in his study by Lorenzo Lotto.
 * Portrait of a Man, originally attributed to Sebastiano del Piombo; now thought to be by Francesco Salviati, at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Death
Cardinal Carpi died in Rome on 2 May 1564, in his 65th year, at the Palazzo Pallavicini in the Campo Marzio, where he had a lease for life. He had long suffered from gout (podagra), by which he was so tormented in the last four months of his life that he could not eat, speak or sleep without great pain. On his death he left a considerable debt, which was criticized by Pope Pius IV. He is interred in Rome at Santissima Trinità dei Monti, above the Spanish Steps, where there is a sepulchral monument erected to his memory by Pope Pius V in 1568.

title: Rodolfo Pio da Carpi


text:
Kaladar

Kaladar is a compact rural community and unincorporated area in the municipality of Addington Highlands, Lennox and Addington County in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located at the junction of Ontario Highway 7 and Ontario Highway 41.

To the north is a quaint little town by the name of Northbrook. Further north is Bon Echo Provincial Park. Other nearby natural areas are the Kaladar Pine Barrens Conservation Reserve and Puzzle Lake Provincial Park.

This area was first settled following the construction of the Addington Road in 1857. It was originally named Scouten after its first postmaster. The former Canadian Pacific Railway Havelock Subdivision rail bed passing through the town has been turned into a rail trail and become part of the Trans Canada Trail. The Kaladar fire tower was situated at the north end of the village just off the highway, but was removed some time in the 1970s or 1980s.

The name is also used for Kaladar Township, a geographic township, in which Kaladar lies roughly at the centre.

title: Kaladar


text:
User:Andersju

Photographer, filmmaker and unix ninja based in Stockholm, Sweden. See my homepage.

I also participate on Swedish Wikipedia.

Wikimedia Commons contributions (gallery)

title: User:Andersju


text:
Category:Books by David Lodge (author)

- for non-fiction books by the author.

title: Category:Books by David Lodge (author)


text:
MLW

MLW, or mlw, may refer to:

Sports

 * Maple Leaf Wrestling
 * Major League Wrestling
 * Major League Wiffle (MLW)

Transportation

 * Maximum landing weight, the maximum weight at which an aircraft is permitted to land
 * MLW, the IATA code for Spriggs Payne Airport near Monrovia in Liberia
 * MLW, the National Rail code for Marlow railway station in the county of Buckinghamshire, UK
 * Montreal Locomotive Works, a former Canadian railway locomotive manufacturer

Other uses

 * Malawi, UNDP country code
 * Master of Labour Welfare, a postgraduate degree course offered by some Indian Universities
 * mlw, the ISO 639-3 code for the Moloko language spoken in northern Cameroon

title: MLW


text:
Tushhan

Tushhan (alternatively spelled as Tushan or Tušḫan) was a Neo-Assyrian provincial capital in the upper Tigris region. It was rebuilt by the ruler Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) and survived until the end of the Neo-Assyrian period around 611 BC.

It is generally thought to be located at the site of the archaeological site Ziyaret Tepe (Tepa Barava), Diyarbakır Province, Turkey though Üçtepe Höyük has also been proposed.

History of Tušḫan
In the Middle Iron Age the second tier provincial capitol was built/rebuilt by Neo-Assyrian ruler Ashurnasirpal II. From one of his texts: "'... Moving on from the land Nirbu I approached the city Tusha. I took Tusha in hand for renovation. I cleared away its old wall delineated its area, reached its foundation pit, (and) built (and) completed in a splendid fashion a new wall from top to bottom. A palace for my royal residence I found inside. I made doors (and) hung (them) in its doorways. This palace I built (and completed from top to bottom. I made an image of myself in white limestone (and) wrote thereon praise of the extraordinary power and heroic deeds which I had been accomplishing in the lands Nairi. I erected (it) in the city Tusha. I inscribed my monumental inscription (and  deposited (it) in its wall. I brought back the enfeebled Assyrians who, because of  hunger (and) famine, had gone up to other lands to the land Subru. I settled them in the city Tusha. ...'"

Site History
The site of Ziyaret Tepe was occupied as early as the Early Bronze Age. Most of the urban development uncovered to date is from the Middle Iron Age, when the city was rebuilt after its collapse at the end of the Late Bronze Age. In Neo-Assyrian times it is thought to have been known as Tushhan, until circa 612 BC to 605 BC, when that empire fell. The site was also occupied in a much smaller scale in the Hellenistic, Roman, Medieval and Ottoman periods.

Archaeology
The site covers an area of 32 hectares, composed of a 3 hectare upper mound and a 29 hectare lower town extending to the eastern, southern, and western sides. In the Neo-Assyrian period the site had a 4 meter wide fortification wall with a fortified gate. The site has been damaged by iron irrigation piping supporting cotton farming area and the lower town degraded by wheat farming. The southeastern part of the main mound is covered by a modern shrine and grave area used by locals.

The site was identified in the 1990s for rescue archaeology as it was expected to be inundated by the Ilısu Dam which was scheduled for completion in 2016 but has only recently reached operational levels. Work at the location began with 3 years of surface survey and remote sensing in 1997. Work included magnetometry, resistivity analysis, and a limited use of ground penetrating radar.

From 2000 until 2014 the site was being excavated by a team directed by Timothy Matney of the University of Akron and John Macginnis of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at Cambridge University. A Neo-Assyrian period monumental building was found on the main mound, termed a palace by the excavators. It was destroyed by fire c. 800 BC though later occupation occurred in the area. The number of bronze vessels found led the excavators to name it the Bronze Palace. Under the floor were found five cremation burials with grave goods including bronze vessels, stone bowls, ivory and a stamp seal. Small finds at the site included various military paraphernalia of that period including armor scales, and bronze and iron arrowheads and spearheads. In the Lower Town barrack, high status residences, and an administrative building were found.

Thirty five late Neo-Assyrian period cuneiform clay tablets, mostly fragmentary, were found at the site, along with clay sealings and hundreds of clay tokens. One tablet, thought to be from the final days, read: "'Concerning the horses, Assyrian and Aramean scribes, cohort commanders, officials, coppersmiths, blacksmiths, those who clean the tools and equipment, carpenters, bow-makers, arrow-makers, weavers, tailors and repairers, to whom should I turn? […] Not one of them is there. How can I command? […] The lists are not at my disposal. According to what can they collect them? Death will come out of it. No one [will escape]. I am done!'"

One damaged Neo-Assyrian period cuneiform tablet originally contained a list of 169 names of which 59 were still legible. For some of the names the original language, Akkadian etc, could be identified but for the rest this was not the case. The epigrapher speculated that the unknown language might be Shubrian, a little known language of that region.

title: Tushhan


text:
NIR 101 Class

The NIR 101 Class is a class of diesel-electric locomotive formerly operated by Northern Ireland Railways (NIR). With the return to the working of the Enterprise service from Belfast to Dublin with coaching stock instead of augmented diesel railcar sets, NIR found itself with no suitable main line diesel locomotives. The 101 Class (DL) became the answer to the immediate problem working in conjunction with the newly acquired British Rail Mark 2 coaches.

History
The 101 Class of NIR consisted of three mainline diesel-electric locomotives designed for use with the Enterprise passenger services between Belfast and Dublin. The intention was to reduce the time for the 180 km (112$3⁄4$-mile) journey to two hours. The design of the superstructure and bogies was carried out by the Hunslet Engine Company of Leeds with English Electric-AEI Traction being responsible for the traction equipment. The contract stipulated a ten-month delivery period but with Hunslet's workshops already committed, the superstructure and assembly was contracted out to (British Rail Engineering Limited's, Doncaster Works), Hunslet providing the bogies. They were of Bo-Bo wheel arrangement and fitted with CSVT Mk. II 1350 hp engines. The locomotives were fitted with buckeye couplers as standard and had air brake capability for operation with the Mark 2 coaches.

They were visually, mechanically & electrically very similar to the KTMB class 22 (Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad - Malaysian Railways) locomotives built by English Electric at around the same time, however these had had a Co-Co arrangement and an uprated power unit. A small number are still operated.

The press launch of the new Enterprise was held on 3 July 1970 when a special train, carrying invited guests, ran from Great Victoria Street, Belfast to Dublin with two locomotives working the train, one at each end. This was generally well received, however comments were made regarding the train "hunting" due to the second locomotive pushing from the rear.

All three re-use names previously used by the Great Northern Railway Class V locomotives, as follows:

Replacement
Towards the end of the 1970s, although only 10 years old, the class were suffering from regular failures in service and they were displaced from the principal passenger workings by the arrival of the NIR 111 Class locomotives. The 101s were cascaded to lesser duties, such as shunting in Adelaide Yard.

All three locomotives progressively withdrawn from service, the first having been stored in 1989 (103) and the last in 1999 (102). After two years out of service, 102 was briefly re-instated as a working locomotive in 2001. This was short-lived as the locomotive was stopped after only one trip, and placed back into storage at Whitehead, County Antrim.

Number 103 was scrapped in 1997. Numbers 101 and 102, however, remained at Whitehead for some time until offered by Translink for sale.

Preservation
Translink offered the two inoperable locomotives 101 and 102 for sale after withdrawal. The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI) bid for the locomotives, and succeeded in purchasing them. Since both were already located at the RPSI's Whitehead site, they did not need to be moved. As it was, neither locomotive would be able to operate until they received a full overhaul to working condition, as the engines had been stopped in the late 1980s-early 1990s and by this time would require remedial work before they could be fired up.

In 2005, number 102 was selected for restoration to working order, while 101 was chosen to be cannibalised for spare parts to restore 102. However, the attempt to restore 102 did not occur because of a series of external issues, and so the locomotive was left in storage in the Whitehead sidings. All openings such as the exhaust outlet were covered over to prevent rainwater ingress from damaging the cylinder heads, but other than covering these openings, no further work was taken. It was hoped in 2008 to move it to the Downpatrick and County Down Railway for restoration, but this too did not come to fruition.

In 2009, a second attempt was made to restore 102 to working order, starting with a brief attempt to get the engine in 102 to turn over. The plan was eventually mothballed, but not before the following was achieved:
 * The locomotive's batteries were either recharged or replaced (as some were now missing).
 * The isolating switch, which had burnt out in 2005, was replaced with that from 101.
 * The air filters were replaced with the cleaner ones from 101.
 * The oil return valve was cleaned out and adjusted.
 * A faulty relay was cleaned to allow the Start Control Contactor to close, allowing the engine to be 'turned over'.
 * Using a 110 V battery charger, the batteries were charged enough to turn the engine briskly.
 * A temporary fuel supply was set up using a 5-gallon tank of diesel as the fuel in 102's tank had deteriorated due to six years of storage.

The locomotive was successfully fired up for a minute using this temporary fuel supply with two of the eight cylinders firing (only six were considered operational as two cylinders had stuck exhaust valves). This however ended when the vibrations of the engine jarred the temporary external fuel feed out of the temporary fuel tank, starving the engine of fuel and causing it to shut down prematurely. The decision was already made by then to mothball the project, and so the locomotive was returned to long-term storage.

As of 2010, the RPSI website reported that 102 had its leaky roof patched with tarpaulins, and that there were no plans to restart it in the near future. It requires a full overhaul, supposedly much of which relates to the locomotive's body, engine, and other associated components. No further work was done to the locomotive until it was sold in late 2011 to the Ulster Folk & Transport Museum.

In January 2012, 102 was transported with fellow UFTM resident CIE 113 Class B113 from Whitehead to Cultra under the cover of night. Although 102 was able to operate, albeit in a limited capacity due to the extent of engine repairs required, neither was mechanically fit enough to make the trip under their own power. The two locomotives were instead hauled by NIR 111 class locomotives 112 Northern Counties and 8113 (113) Belfast & County Down. Prior to the move, 102 was repainted in its original red with yellow stripe livery.

Locomotive 101 remained in storage at Whitehead, County Antrim, ostensibly as a source of spare parts for 102. Due to pressure for space as a result of the arrival of B(141) class locomotive B142 from Inchicore, attempts were made to seek a buyer for 101. This did not materialise, and it was decided to reluctantly scrap the partially stripped 101 and remove any useful parts for use on 102. The remains of the locomotive were cut up in January 2010.

Livery
When delivered the locomotives were painted in an unlined maroon livery with, on the ends, a "flowing V" in a golden yellow colour. The "NIR" logo and numbers were transfers. From 1978 the livery was changed to blue with an orange/red shallow 'V' stripe on each end ( See photograph above). The first locomotive in the new livery appeared on 3 July. 102 later carried a slightly darker shade of blue with black cab surrounds and yellow end panels.

title: NIR 101 Class


text:
Talk:State Opening of Parliament

Old discussions
Just thought I'd mention that Queen's Speech is by far more common in everyday parlance than Speech from the Throne. Loganberry 12:08, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

In Canada, the term "Speech from the Throne" is still most commonly used. This is done by the Governor General though on almost all occasions.Canadian Mike

 * Is there such a thing as a State Closing of Parliament, does anyone know? Gryffindor  13:42, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * No there isn't, but there is the Dissolution of parliament. BTW, would it be worth noting in the article that The Queen didn't open Parliament in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively? Craigy [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|15px]] (talk) 20:52, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a closing - it is called "prorogation." Happened to catch one on TV (British Columbia's provincial legislature, based on Westminster).  It was very informal, and the Lieutenant-Governor said, on leaving, something like, "tomorrow's speech should be a bit longer." Here's a link to that day's Hansard (scroll to the bottom for the Prorogation Address http://www.leg.bc.ca/hansard/38th2nd/H70213a.htm  Jacques A55 17:29, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Parliament is only dissolved prior to a General Election. Each Session - (the period between one State Opening and the next) - in a Parliament's life is prorogued and there is a ceremony where the Queen's Speech is read out - always in her absence - in the House of Lords. (Queen Victoria was the last monarch to deliver a Prorogation Speech in person.) Prorogation signifies the end of one parliamentary session (usually after twelve months) and the imminent commencement of the next. This ceremony is televised on the BBC Parliament channel. This year's ceremony took place on Wednesday November 26th. Following this event occurred the police raid in the House of Commons - technically whilst Parliament was not in session!GARRYHIGH (talk) 20:43, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Lord Speaker's role
Taken from Lord Speaker...

"The Lord Speaker will assume most of the duties that the Lord Chancellor used to have in relation to his Parliamentary role, including ceremonial duties such as the State Opening of Parliament."

Now that there has been a State Opening of Parliament since the first Lord Speaker was elected, what role did she play at the event? I'm pretty sure the Lord Chancellor handed the Queen the Speach. I didn't really see the Lord Speaker at all. David 21:35, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The Lord Speaker didn't do very much at all. I saw her process through the royal gallery to meet the Queen, and she was in the procession to the House of Lords, but the Lord Chancellor did the rest. -- Ibagli ( Talk ) 02:11, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Absent Sovereign?
"The current Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, has opened every session of the Westminster Parliament since her accession except in 1959 and 1963." - So what happened in these years? How did Parliament open? Rednaxela 21:45, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Royal Commissioners probably. David 23:20, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Lord Commissioners, exercising a Royal Commission - just like at prorogation. Tc1415 08:49, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

This article would be improved if it had more detail of these exceptions, the actual names of the people who delivered the speeches, and other speeches that may have been missed by the sovereign for the last several centuries. A chart of exceptions in a simple format (like this one) would work here. NoSeptember 12:09, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Who would now open Parliament in her absents? I assume Prince Charles. Should this possibility be mentioned in the article, or is that 'crystal balling' a little. GoodDay 21:38, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

It is held "In Commission" and the speech is read by the Lord Chancellor. The years HM Elizabeth II was absent was, I believe as she was pregnent. Corporation Dialectica

MPs waiting behind the bar
This year, Jack Straw delivered the speech as the first non-peer Lord Chancellor, breaking the rule that MPs are not allowed beyond the bar when the Lords is in session. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.167.155.139 (talk) 15:23, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * He is Lord Chancellor though and did his duties at the State Opening very well (even walking backwards - well done sir), so he was following, not breaking the rules! David 00:04, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Whilst it is held in the Lord's Chamber, the House of Lords is not in session during the State Opening

Not just Queen
This article needs to be redone, to show the UK monarchs can be female or male. For example, we should replace Queen, Her Majesty's government etc, with Monarch, His/Her Majesty's government etc. GoodDay (talk) 19:07, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

In the UK, the general convention is to use the gender of the current monarch, while simply using the initials HM, which can refer to either His or Her Majesty's whatever.. thus for example we have HM Treasury, which is referred to in speech as Her Majesty's Treasury, and will be referred to as His Majesty's when Charles ascends the throne. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.112.93.62 (talk) 13:33, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

The above comment was made by me before I created an account. PrinceOfCanada (talk) 18:07, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Date of State Opening
I have altered (back) the date when the UK Parliament is usually opened - from "November or December" to "late October or November". New Sessions of Parliament generally start in November following the State Opening, but when a General Election is called earlier in the year than this, then a State Opening will always follow once the new Parliament assembles and this Session will run through until November of the FOLLOWING year.

It is usual for the State Opening to be held in late October or November, NOT as late as December as was the case this year. Dates of State Openings of the UK Parliament:

2008 December 3rd        2007 November 6th       2006  November 15th      2005  May 17th 2004 November 24th       2003 November 26th      2002  November 13th      2001  June 20th 2000 December 6th        1999 November 17th      1998  November 24th      1997  May 14th 1996 October 23rd        1995 November 15th      1994  November 16thGARRYHIGH (talk) 00:19, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * You could be correct, but your evidence appears to be a little weak. You have given 9 years with openings in November, 2 years for December and only 1 year for October. From the limited sample you have provided the evidence appears to support the November/December description over the October/November description. Do you have something more substantial to support your position?
 * If possible I would prefer to see a reference to a reliable source than to conduct original research on a list of dates. Surely there is a published source available that says "the State Opening of Parliament normally occurs in the months of..." Road Wizard (talk) 01:09, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

I have altered the dates to November or December as this is the information provided on the UK Parliament's own website [UK Parliament] Im.sarcastic (talk) 14:06, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

But suddenly (May 2022) the date has been altered to May, and apparently was last year too, with the Orwellian implication this is and has been the usual date, when every one knows Guy Fawkes was trying to blow up the State Opening in November. 86.187.238.41 (talk) 11:16, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

List of openings
Is a list of the dates of these events available online anywhere? I'm particularly interested in looking up some of the 19th century openings. Drutt (talk) 22:00, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

 * There is a list of recent State Openings (since 1986) in Appendix B of this factsheet, but I cannot find anything else close to what you are asking for. However, it is possible to find the dates of individual State Openings in Hansard from the nineteenth century onwards, starting with that of 22 November 1803, and you can also find the speeches themselves there. Waltham, The Duke of 18:56, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Extraterrestrial invitation
It has been said that since 1947 a general invitation to any "extraterrestrial intelligences" wishing to attend either in person or via proxy has been issued. As of yet this invitation has not been been taken up however 2019 may be different due to growing public pressure. Should this event occur it is likely that a single representative would attend, and be seated like any other MP (MXP ?!) though may or may not choose to address the House depending on the situation should the need arise.

2022 Photographs
The House of Lords Flickr account has published twenty photographs of today's event under CC-BY-2.0 and I have transferred them to the Commons (OUR commons, I mean). Robin S. Taylor (talk) 15:51, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

If an opening of Parliament occurs 'before' a monarch's coronation
It should be pointed out, that the monarch doesn't wear the imperial state crown, if an opening of Parliament occurs before the monarch's coronation. Rather, the crown (on a cushion) proceeds the monarch. GoodDay (talk) 08:35, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

 * @GoodDay, any source? Meridiana solare (talk) 15:11, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I believe it's source at the Imperial State Crown page. GoodDay (talk) 15:14, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * It's unsourced even there. Meridiana solare (talk) 16:49, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Edward VIII didn't wear the crown, when he opened parliament in 1936, fwiw. GoodDay (talk) 17:40, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

An uncrowned monarch does not wear the crown, but after Prince Albert's death Queen Victoria did not wear the crown again and Edward VII continued this tradition, as did George V until the State Opening in March 1913, when he decided it was time to wear it. He consulted the Cabinet beforehand and the Liberal Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Charles Hobhouse wrote, 'As none of cared what he wears, we agreed to the crown.' (Jane Ridley, George V: Never A Dull Moment, London, Chatto & Windus 2021, Vintage 2023, ISBN 978-0-09-959012-5, p.203.) Khamba Tendal (talk) 17:29, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:State Opening of Parliament


text: Template:MLW diesels

title: Template:MLW diesels


text:
Straight-line diagram

A straight-line diagram (abbreviated SLD) is a diagram of a road where the road is shown as a straight line. Such diagrams are usually produced by a highway department, and display features along the road, including bridges and intersecting roads. Rows below the diagram show data about the road, usually including speed limit, number of lanes, bridge numbers, and historical data, among other data. Subway lines also frequently employ straight-line diagrams. An internal SLD viewing system may also include links to other internal data, including photos or plans. Public SLDs are distributed in formats including PDF and TIFF.

Straight-line diagrams were historically used in transportation planning but have been supplanted for these purposes by geographic information systems.

A strip map is a road map laid out similarly to a straight-line diagram, featuring the same details found in more conventional road maps rather than technical details. In the United States, some strip maps are distributed by state highway departments. In Australia, strip maps are distributed by state automobile associations. In the early 20th century, scrolling strip maps were also a component of some forerunners to satellite navigation devices. One wristwatch introduced in 1927 came with strip maps to be scrolled by hand. The 1932 Iter-Avto was a car-mounted device that scrolled the strip map automatically based on dead reckoning with the speedometer.

title: Straight-line diagram


text: Template:Runes

title: Template:Runes


text: User talk:81.156.175.50

title: User talk:81.156.175.50


text:
Destron

Destron may refer to:

 * Decepticon or Destron, a faction in Transformers
 * Destron, a faction from Beast Wars: Transformers; see Beast Wars II: Super Life-Form Transformers
 * Destron, a fictional terrorist organization in Kamen Rider V3

title: Destron


text:
Talk:Aiyana

I have a feeling that several of the entries under Aiyana are vanity entries. I will try to return to this entry for verification, and more fixup. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 12:15, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Genetic lineage, not an ethnic group
Aiyana is not an actual (historic or present) ethnic group, but would rather seem to be merely a term coined to describe but one of the several reconstructed genetic lineages based on mtDNA analysis. As such, it might more properly be included in an article on the theory itself, rather than standing on its own here; but for now, I've reworded it & placed into Category:Population genetics & Category:Kinship and descent, and taken it out of Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas.--cjllw | TALK  02:54, 2005 August 31 (UTC)

Hi
We 2600:4040:B7B4:3800:1D9B:F289:B3BC:D4CB (talk) 02:10, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aiyana


text:
Alashiya

Alashiya (𒀀𒆷𒅆𒅀 Alašiya [a-la-ši-ia]; ẢLṮY; Linear B: 𐀀𐀨𐀯𐀍 Alasios [a-ra-si-jo]; Hieratic "'irs3"), also spelled Alasiya, also known as the Kingdom of Alashiya,  was a state which existed in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, and was situated somewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean. It was a major source of goods, especially copper, for ancient Egypt and other states in the Ancient Near East. It is referred to in a number of the surviving texts and is now thought to be the ancient name of Cyprus, or an area of Cyprus. This was confirmed by the scientific analysis performed in Tel Aviv University of the clay tablets which were sent from Alashiya to other rulers.

Texts

The name of the state, rendered as Alashiya, is found on texts written in Egyptian, Hittite, Akkadian, Mycenean (Linear B) and Ugaritic. The name may be the origin of the later Biblical term Elishah.

Some of the Amarna letters are from the king or the ministers of Alashiya. They concern mostly the amount of copper that has been sent from Alashiya and requests for silver or ivory in return. One letter refers to 500 talents of copper (probably about 12.5 tons) and makes excuses as to why so little copper has been sent. The Pharaoh is also referred to by the King of Alashiya as his "brother", indicating that the king regarded himself as an equal, probably because of the economic power of his kingdom. Papyrus Anastasi IV, written several centuries later, also refers to copper (as well as cows) sent from Alashiya to Egypt.

In other correspondence, the King of Ugarit pleads for military assistance from the King of Alashiya. Another document from Ugarit records the banishment of two princes to "the land of Alashiya". One further text found at Ugarit may contain a further clue to the location of the capital city of Alashiya, as it could imply that the city was located on a mountain. However, this word has more usually been translated as shore. The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is Kushmeshusha, as appears on letters sent to Ugarit in the 13th century BC.

The extant ending of the Story of Wenamun records how Wenamun, a priest of Egypt, had been blown off course on the sea journey from Byblos to Egypt and ended up on Alashiya. Wenamun reports that he was almost killed by an angry mob, but was rescued by Hatbi, the "princess of the town".

Around 1400 BC, the Hittite king Arnuwanda I chastised his vassal Madduwatta for raiding Alashiya, asserting that it was Hittite territory. Madduwatta replied that he had been unaware of the Hittite claim:

"The father of his Majesty [had never informed] me, [nor] had his Majesty ever informed [me] (thus): ʻThe land of Alasiya is mine— recognize it as such!ʼ"

Although Madduwatta's statement can be interpreted as prevarication, no surviving texts from this period refer to Hittite involvement in Alashiya and the empire's military situation would have made direct control unlikely. Thus, the political reality behind this statement remains unclear.

Around 1200 BC, the Hittite kings Tudhaliya IV and Suppiluliuma II waged military campaigns in Alashiya and forced its king to sign a treaty of submission.

List of Amarna letters from Alashiya

 * EA 33; Title: An Alliance in the Making
 * EA 34; Title: The Pharaoh's reproach answered
 * EA 35; Title: The hand of Nergal
 * EA 36; Title: More about copper
 * EA 37; Title: More about silver
 * EA 38; Title: A brotherly quarrel
 * EA 39; Title: Duty-Free
 * EA 40; Title: Duty-Free, Governor to Governor

Identification
Alashiya was known to be a regional source of copper for other East Mediterranean states, which it traded along maritime routes of the era. Alashiya therefore needs to be situated somewhere where there was sizable Bronze Age copper production, on the coast, and in the East Mediterranean. There are additional clues to its location in surviving texts including references to the King of Alashiya having ships and to the kingdom being raided by Lukka people.

Some scholars have suggested sites and areas of Syria or Turkey, but it is now generally (although not universally) agreed that Alashiya refers to at least part of Cyprus. Specifically, it was generally argued that the site of Enkomi was the capital of the kingdom of Alashiya, which covered the entire island of Cyprus.

The identification of Cyprus with Alashiya was confirmed by the 2003 publication by Goren et al. of an article in the American Journal of Archaeology detailing the petrographic and chemical analysis of a number of the Amarna and Ugaritic letters sent from Alashiya. These examinations of the provenance of the clay used to create the tablets indicate that Syria could not be the location of Alashiya, while clay on Cyprus is a good match.

However, this analysis showed that the clays did not originate anywhere near the site of Enkomi and that suitable clays are close to the sites of Kalavasos and Alassa (itself a possible cognate of Alashiya). These sites, especially Kalavasos, were also important Late Bronze Age sites and are located close to sources of copper.

Moreover, Armstrong argues that there is considerable evidence for regional variation and that there is no evidence for a centralized, island-wide political authority on Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age.

It is therefore currently unclear whether the kingdom of Alashiya comprised the whole of Cyprus, with the capital city moving location (probably starting with Enkomi), or was always sited at Kalavasos, or whether Alashiya comprised only one region of Cyprus.

title: Alashiya


text:
List of works by Francis Goodwin

Francis Goodwin (1784–1835) was an English architect, born in King's Lynn, Norfolk. He trained under J. Coxedge in Kensington, London. He initially designed two churches in King's Lynn, followed by nine Commissioners' churches. He then designed more new churches, and rebuilt or remodelled other churches, for different clients, and also gained commissions for civic and public buildings. Most of his church designs were in Gothic Revival style, while those for civic and public buildings were mainly Neoclassical. Later in his career he became involved in domestic architecture. He also unsuccessfully created many designs for other buildings, such as King's College, Cambridge, and the new Houses of Parliament. He died suddenly in London, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

title: List of works by Francis Goodwin


text:
Søren Pilmark

Søren Louis Pilmark (born 16 October 1955) is a Danish actor. Pilmark has worked as a film and theatrical actor, a director, and as an author.

Theater
Pilmark graduated from the School of Acting at Aarhus Theater in 1977, where he was then part of the performing company until 1980. From 1981 to 1994 he was a member of the company of the Royal Danish Theatre. Over the course of his theatrical career, Pilmark has played a variety of roles, including: Morten in Marx and Coca Cola (1981), the main role in Erasmus Montanus (1983), the Pirate King in The Pirates of Penzance (1985), the monologue of Natten før skoven (1985), The Prince in Der var engang (1987), Konstantin in The Seagull (1987), Johannes in Ordet (1991), the lead roles in Hamlet (1992) and Richard III (1994), John in Oleanna (1995), the Engineer in Miss Saigon (1996), Heisenberg in Copenhagen (1999), Speed the Plow (2002), King Philip in Don Carlos (2009), Professor Higgins in My Fair Lady (2010), and Stockmann in An Enemy of the People (2021).

With Per Pallesen he created The Pallesen Pilmark Show, which toured in both in Asia and in the United States from 1984 to 1998. A TV version of the show, which was broadcast on DR, won the Silver Rose at the Rose d'Or Festival in 1985. Since 1991, Pilmark has been part of the musical/comedy group Ørkenens Sønner together with Henrik Koefoed, Niels Olsen and Asger Reher. Within the group, he has played the role of 'Omar Papa', the lodge's magical master and technical genius. The group have produced nine Ørkenens Sønner shows.

As a stage director, Pilmark worked on Dyrene i Hakkebakkeskoven (1996) and Simpatico (1997).

Film & TV
Pilmark's first film role was as an extra, a boy in the street, in the comedy Den kære familie in 1962, at the age of 6. Later film roles include Flickering Lights (2000) and King's Game (2004), Roser og persille (1993), Menneskedyret (1995), Lad de små børn (2004), Lotto (2006), Kærestesorger (2009), Kon-Tiki (2012), and Downsizing (2017). He has had a recurring role in the Jussi Adler-Olsen thrillers Kvinden i buret, Fasandræberne, Flaskepost fra P, and Journal 64. In 2006 his short fiction film Helmer & Son was nominated for an Academy Award.

On TV he has had roled in Riget, Een stor familie (1982–83), De skrigende halse (1993), Gøngehøvdingen (1992), Taxa (1999), Lykke (2011-2012), 1864 (2014), Kampen om det tunge vand (2015), Atlantic Crossing (2020), as well as in the Netflix series Vikings: Valhalla (2022).

Writing
Pilmark's published his first novel, Varieté, in 2021. The novel is a historical drama about a magician, set in a provincial vaudeville theater in Denmark in the 1910s.

Personal life
Pilmark was born in Hvidovre, where his father Louis Nielsen was a school superintendent. His mother Birte Nielsen was born with the surname Pilmark. He is married to Susanne Rée Pilmark (born 1961) and has three children, Louis, Anton, and Amanda.

Honours and awards

 * Knight of the Order of Dannebrog
 * Robert Award for Menneskedyret
 * Robert Award for his role as Werner Heisenberg in Copenhagen
 * Best actor for Flickering Lights, Method Fest
 * Bodil Award for Best Supporting Actor for King's Game
 * Robert Award for King's Game
 * Bronze portrait in a granite tile in Frederiksberg, 2008
 * Had a street named after him, Pilmarken, in Østermarie on Bornholm, 2018

title: Søren Pilmark


text: User talk:83.148.100.13

title: User talk:83.148.100.13