text:
Talk:Palladium (classical antiquity)

Comments
Palladium is as far as I know the building/temple with the statue of Pallas.
 * While this is also true, the Palladium can also refer to the specific, mythic icon of Pallas that was once housed in Troy. Notcarlos 20:27, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Triton?
Isn't Athena's father Zeus?

I think "the specific statue that Athena, daughter of Triton, erected of her playmate Pallas." should say "the specific statue that Athena erected of her playmate Pallas, daughter of Triton."

Merge
I agree, this article should definately be merged with Palladion, that article contains more info on the orgins of the statue. - Ravenous 16:34, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Aeneas
While Aeneas may have been responsible for taking the Palladium to Italy, he can't have taken it to Rome, which wasn't founded for another four hundred years. Stationary (talk) 17:16, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you'd recast the statement yourself, more closely following your reading of the Aeneid. --Wetman (talk) 02:10, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Era
This started with BCE at and slowly editors have changed it to BC/AD. Certainly not in the spirit of WP:ERA. Dougweller (talk) 11:53, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Rejig this article
The article as it stands is an unsatisfactory treatment of the general topic, though the Palladion or Palladium of Troy (and later Rome) is well covered. I think it would be better to split that off to its own article, and have Palladium (religion) or some better title (NOT including "mythology") for the general phenomenon, about which a lot more can be said. Thoughts? Johnbod (talk) 18:06, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't see how to split the topic. There are surviving statuettes or figurines that seem intended to represent the Palladion, as a matter of typology in art. As in the top image on this article, however, there are scenes representing a/the Palladion in art, in contexts that vary from purely mythological (scenes of Odysseus stealing the Palladion from Troy) to religious (where the Palladion is represented as a religious object in a scene of veneration, but with perhaps a deity standing by to represent that the act of devotion is observed and received). It seems to me that the topic will become incomprehensible if fragmented. The Roman claim to possess the Palladion as one of the pignora imperii only makes sense in the mythological context of their claim to Trojan origins and the journey of Aeneas. Many sources, of course, point out why this is impossible in reality, and even how the mythological chronology can't match up, which is the problem in general with the efforts the Romans made to reconcile the two different founding traditions of Aeneas (which resulted in the absurdity of the genealogy of the Latin kings of Alba Longa), and Romulus and Remus. But the physical existence of the figurines of the type shown in the top image indicates that they were thought to be replicas of "the" Palladion. So they make no cultural sense without the Trojan story as background. I agree, however, with the unsatisfactory nature of the article as it stands, and with the need to rename it. I just can't see the purpose of a split. Cynwolfe (talk) 21:44, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

 * You misunderstand me. As the article briefly mentions, the term has a general meaning for any object held to be protective for a city or community, with a long history in the Christian period, and elsewhere. All the Trojan/Roman stuff (the section "The Trojan Palladium") you mention should go off to Palladium of Troy, with a summary & a "main article" link, as it does indeed relate to a single tradition & a single supposed object. But that is just the type specimen of the topic, the general article on which remains to be written. Johnbod (talk) 02:03, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I thought I might not be understanding you. This article, however, contains nothing about the Christian tradition (with which I'm unfamiliar); it's entirely about classical antiquity. So it seems to me that the correct procedure is to start a new article for any other use, and to consider renaming this article. I don't think the scope can be limited by the mythological palladion from Troy, however, because of the palladion in Athens, and the actual object in Rome on which (presumably) the little figurines for lararia are based, as in the collection from Vindobona. I think I would rather see the article called Palladium (antiquity), but I'm not sure. The Roman palladium was closely connected to Vesta and the Penates, and the mirroring of state cult and household cult is why the little replicas/versions would proliferate in the provinces in the Imperial era. Commons has several of these, which seem more related to the little 6-inch bronze Athena that Walters gives as an Archaic example. That aspect isn't well covered in the current article. Cynwolfe (talk) 13:08, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
 * No indeed it contains little except for a couple of the one-liners at the end - though the Greeks remained the leading protagonists under Christianity. What I am suggesting is to rename most of this article to specify Troy. Palladium (antiquity) might work, though personally I'd keep the short Athenian section with the general topic, along with a a summary of Troy/Rome, and just have a clean article on Troy/Rome, with a short section giving wider context. I suspect some non-Western examples may be "antique" as well - don't know when Buddhist palladia started. Johnbod (talk) 15:32, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure the Buddhist "palladia" would need to be treated together with the Western ones, since the Christian usage of the word, together with the function, is derived from the Greco-Roman tradition, and it seems misplaced to deal with the unrelated Buddhist tradition as if it were a trivia point in this article. The Christian tradition seems to be part of the replacing of "pagan" icons during the later Empire with acceptably Christian icons; the use of the same word is often quite deliberate, as when Augustine redefines religious terminology (such as res divina) in Christian terms. So I guess it just seems both uninformative and sort of Eurocentric to define the Buddhist objects with a foreign term and to subsume them under a Western cultural heading. I feel as if I'm not expressing this well. Maybe I'm becoming persuaded that the current title is the best, since there is a coherent history of linguistic and religious usage in the West. I suppose what I'm also saying is that today many people seem to view Classical and Christian culture as mutually exclusive and antagonistic, when in fact they're inextricable (as I feel you know). BTW, at pignora imperii, did you mean to introduce a second link to the Palladium and the ancilia in the Servius link? They're already linked in the top part of the article. Cynwolfe (talk) 18:34, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't agree. There was a gap of some centuries between pagan and Christian uses, and the use of the word palladium for the Christian ones is purely post-Renaissance, & originally rather sniffy and coming from outside the churches. JSTOR has plenty of uses of "palladium" within Buddhist contexts, including the Emerald Buddha -scholars on Buddhism don't seem to share your concerns. "Mythology" is 100% the wrong word for even just the Trojan/Roman prototype, never mind the wider concept. The Roman one certainly existed, & even if wholly fictional, the Trojan one was a religious rather than a mythological thing - our use of "mythology" is often pretty sloppy. Johnbod (talk) 02:01, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, of course, I was being somewhat flippant about "mythology", though of course one meaning of "mythology" is a religious narrative. The point about the Buddhist use is that "palladium" is a translation. We use the Latinate word "temple" for Buddhist temples as well, but that doesn't mean that Buddhist temples should be treated as a subtopic of Roman temple (a deplorable article); Buddhist temples need to be presented on their own merits, not as if the Roman temple is a starting point for the consideration of everything called a "temple" in English. There's a difference between a mere translation, and a cultural transferral of the concept. I haven't looked into this, but it seems that later sources claim that Constantine transferred certain pignora imperii from Rome to Byzantium as part of his refounding. Whatever the historicity of this, the claim indicates that the concept was passing into Christian usage. I'm not sure how medieval or later Christians who were literate enough to serve as sources could've been unaware of what "palladium" had meant in classical culture if they chose to use that word for other pignus-type objects. If this was an undesired association, they would've chosen another word. If the choice of word is a modern label not intended to evoke the classical palladion, then that was an unfortunate and unhelpful choice, if they then want to assert that the classical concept has nothing to do with the Christian usage. Cynwolfe (talk) 13:41, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
 * We seem to be having trouble getting past my original point some time ago. "Palladium" in English has had since about 1600 a general meaning, used to refer to anything from trial by jury (OED example) to buddha images. That needs coverage in the encyclopedia. Your unhappiness that people have been using the term in this way is frankly neither here nor there. I've said from the start that the general and particular Troy/Rome meanings should be split, and they should, just as many other specific palladia have their own articles. On particular points, the Troy/Rome palladium is not a "religious narrative" but an object, in Troy essentially a fictional one. Nor is Homer a "religious narrative". You won't find sources supporting Constantine "Christianizing" the pignora imperii; it was a political gesture no doubt mainly directed at the large remaining pagan population, & general Roman "nationalist" sentiment.  Re: "If this was an undesired association, they would've chosen another word" - it was and they did ("wonder-working icon" etc). I will eventually be considerably further expanding the Christian palladia, & maybe adding on Buddhist ones etc, not to mention modern folk myths like the Ravens of the Tower of London, who HMG still devote money to keeping happy.  A combined article will become more and more unwieldy. Johnbod (talk) 14:03, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I wish you'd quit putting this in terms of my "unhappiness": where do I say I'm "unhappy" about this? Where do I express any sort of mood or emotion? I'm simply pointing out that just as the use of the word "temple" for a Buddhist temple doesn't mean it's a subtopic of the original use of the word "temple" in reference to the Roman religious structure, ditto "palladium": Buddhist palladia aren't subtopics of the classical palladion. The myth of the Trojan palladion, however, can't be divorced from the object the Romans regarded as the palladium. I'm not saying I know anything about the medieval and later palladia; I'm saying that if they have nothing to do with the classical palladia, and are like the Buddhist palladia only a matter of linguistic usage, and there was no intention to replace classical pignora with Christian ones, then they don't belong in this article either, but rather in their own article. Having them here implies that they represent a cultural translation and continuation, not a mere lexicographical use. I don't know what you're trying to say about Constantine. Might it not be that I'm agreeing with your original impulse toward a split, but arguing that the palladia of Western classical antiquity are a coherent topic that need to stay together? In other words, the scope of Palladium (mythology), ill-named or not, is "the various palladia of classical antiquity". You can't divorce the "mythology" from the significance of the real-world object. The Homeric myth can't be divorced from the significance of what the Romans regarded as the palladium in their possession, particularly in light of the Augustan program of religious revivalism and reform, and the role of Trojan mythology in the beginnings of Imperial cult under the Julio-Claudian emperors. The little replica "palladia" in lararia can't be divorced from this chain of development, which involves the Athenian model as well, since artistically images of Athene served as models for creating the physical palladia of the Romans. If this has nothing to do with other palladia than the use of the word, and these others are in no way related, by all means yes, start articles for those. But all the classical uses are conceptually related and form a coherent whole. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:51, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
 * You are the one who objected to splitting the article! I'm glad to see you are changing your mind. Obviously Buddhist temples are temples, but not Roman temples - I'm puzzled by your argument there. There should, based on the present material, be two articles: one on the term as a general concept, and one on either just the Trojan/Roman example, or classical pagan ones generally. I'd say Athens belongs more with the general concept - "artistically images of Athene served as models for creating the physical palladia of the Romans" is not much of a reason to split it off from the general concept imo, but I won't object either way. The title of the general article should be general - maybe Palladium (protective talisman) - and the title of the classical article should be more specific - perhaps Palladium (Graeco-Roman religion), or Palladium (Troy and Rome). Or we could just go back to Palladion, which might make sense.  Can we agree to get on with something like this - no-one else seems interested in the matter? Johnbod (talk) 16:08, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, and I'm always sorry that you and I seem regularly to have difficulties communicating with each other. (It reminds me of when my husband and I try to build a shelf; he's the visually oriented carpenter and wants a diagram; I can't draw, but know what I want the shelf to accomplish, so it's a painful process.) I understood you originally to say that you wanted to split the Trojan palladion from other palladia in classical antiquity. I do think all these are conceptually and concretely related. My point about "temple" is just by way of comparison: to speak of Buddhist "palladia" may likewise just be a lexical designation, but my wariness (always) has to do with squeezing Buddhist or other Asian religions/philosophies into a Christian or Western frame of reference. So to state it more clearly, I'm fine with treating so-called paladia that have nothing to do with the classical concept as a separate topic, and I don't really care what that article's called. Palladium (talisman) is probably sufficient, since "protective" may be unneeded with talisman. That article could have a summary section that refers to this article. I would rather see this article called Palladium (classical antiquity), and while I recognize the problem with "'classical' antiquity" (whose classicism? as described at classical tradition), it's a conventional periodization rather than an ethnic designation. Cynwolfe (talk) 16:59, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Conclusion: Palladium (protective image) was started, & this article renamed. Johnbod (talk) 13:59, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Beard

 * Beard, Charles R., Luck And Talismans: A Chapter of Popular Superstition, 2004 reprint, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1417976489, 9781417976485, google books - is a rather outdated source (I can't work out the date but after 1924) which does provide a number of leads to follow up if the new title is being taken seriously - ie other classical instances of palladia in the general sense. Johnbod (talk) 20:14, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Confused
The current text seems contradictory as to whether the Palladion was regarded as a statue representing Pallas (daughter of Triton) or Pallas Athena. If both are possible, or there was a doubled/merged identity of some sort (which Athena doesn't make very clear) that should be said. Johnbod (talk) 13:29, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I'll try to look at this, or find someone who can. You're right that the confusion is real—that is, it isn't a result of confused editors, though the real confusion may have caused them not to have made the nature of the confusion clear, if you follow me. Cynwolfe (talk) 13:38, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, that was the impression I got. Thanks. Johnbod (talk) 13:56, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Help, please!
Can any one of you manage to create or commission a proper Wikipedia "disambiguation page"? This useful and informative article is very hard to find. A Wiki search for "Palladium" shows why. Google is also not much of a help for different reasons. I finally managed it by looking up the word in the German Wikipedia and then after I found it there shifting to the English version. Thanks in advance for any consideration of the problem! Remotelysensed Remotelysensed (talk) 12:19, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palladium (classical antiquity)


text:
Wamsutta Oil Refinery

Wamsutta Oil Refinery was established around 1861 in McClintocksville in Venango County near Oil City, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It was the first business enterprise of Henry Huttleston Rogers (1840–1909), who became a famous businessman, industrialist and financier.

Whale oil and petroleum compete
Prior to the second half of the 19th century, whale oil was the primary source of fuel for lighting in the United States. The whaling industry was the mainstay for many New England coastal communities for over 200 years. Among these was Fairhaven, Massachusetts, founded on land purchased by English settlers of the Plymouth Colony from an Indian chief and his son, who was named Wamsutta.

In 1854, natural oil (petroleum) was discovered in western Pennsylvania. In 1859, George Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made the first successful use of a drilling rig at Titusville, Pennsylvania. This single well soon exceeded the entire cumulative oil output which had taken place in Europe since the 1650s. The principal product of the oil was kerosene. Another related product was natural gas. Kerosene and natural gas soon replaced whale oil in North America. In New England, whaling reached its peak in 1857, then gradually began a period of decline. The situation was aggravated considerably by the American Civil War, as whaling vessels and crews were diverted to assist in blockading the Confederate coastal areas and ports. By 1900, the whaling industry had collapsed, due in part to the discovery and refining of petroleum from the western Pennsylvania oil fields.

Henry H. Rogers
Perhaps realizing both the trend and opportunity, in 1861, in Fairhaven, 21-year-old Henry Huttleston Rogers pooled his savings of approximately $600 with a friend, Charles H. Ellis. They set out to western Pennsylvania and its newly discovered oil fields. The young partners began their small Wamsutta Oil Refinery at McClintocksville, Pennsylvania, near Oil City. The name "Wamsutta" was apparently selected in honor of their hometown area of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, in New England. Wamsutta was the son of a Native American chief who negotiated an early alliance with the English settlers of the Plymouth Colony in the 17th century. The name chosen for the new refinery may also have derived from the Wamsutta Company in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Opened in 1846, it was a major employer. (The Wamsutta Company was the first of many textile mills that gradually came to supplant whaling as the principal employer in New Bedford).

Rogers and Ellis, and their Wamsutta Oil Refinery, made $30,000 their first year. This amount was more than 3 entire whaling ship trips from back home could hope to earn during an average voyage of more than a year's duration. He was regarded as very successful when Rogers returned home to Fairhaven for a short vacation the next year. There, in 1862, he married his childhood sweetheart, Abbie Palmer Gifford. Abbie returned with him to the oil fields where they lived in a one-room shack along Oil Creek, and he and Ellis worked the Wamsutta Oil Refinery.

Charles Pratt
Rogers met Charles Pratt a short time later. Pratt (1830–1891) had been born in Watertown, Massachusetts. In nearby Boston, he had joined a company specializing in paints and whale oil products. In 1850 or 1851, Pratt came to New York City, where he worked for a similar company handling paint and oil.

Charles Pratt had seen the same trend as Ellis and Rogers and became a pioneer of the natural oil (petroleum) industry. He established a kerosene refinery Astral Oil Works in Brooklyn, New York. Pratt's product later gave rise to the slogan, The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil.

In Pennsylvania in the mid-1860s, Pratt met Ellis and Rogers. Pratt had earlier bought whale-oil from Ellis in Fairhaven. The two young men agreed to sell the entire output of their small refinery to Pratt's company at a fixed price.

Ellis and Rogers had no wells and were dependent upon purchasing crude oil to refine and sell to Pratt. A few months later, crude oil prices suddenly increased due to manipulation by speculators. The young entrepreneurs struggled to try to live up to their contract with Pratt, but soon their surplus was wiped out. Before long, they were heavily in debt to Pratt.

Charles Ellis gave up, but in 1866, Rogers went to Pratt in New York City, and told him he would take personal responsibility for the entire debt. This so impressed Pratt that he hired 26-year-old Rogers immediately. In the next few years Rogers became, in the words of Elbert Hubbard, Pratt's "hands and feet and eyes and ears" (Little Journeys to the Homes, 1909). The following year, in 1867, Charles Pratt joined with his protégé Rogers to form Charles Pratt and Company.

Standard Oil, Henry Rogers as a tycoon and philanthropist
Pratt's companies (and he and Rogers) became part of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil in 1874. After joining Standard Oil, Rogers invested heavily in various industries, including copper, steel, mining, and railways. The Virginian Railway is widely considered his final life's achievement. Rogers amassed a great fortune, estimated at over $100 million, and became one of the wealthiest men in the United States. He was also a generous philanthropist, providing many public works for his hometown of Fairhaven and financially assisting such notables as Mark Twain, Helen Keller, and Booker T. Washington.

Pennsylvania oil heritage
Near McClintocksville and Oil City, in western Pennsylvania, Oil Creek State Park and many heritage sites to tell the story and memorialize the people of the oil boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wamsutta Oil Refinery


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Songs for Clem

Songs for Clem is an album by Canadian singer-songwriter by Sarah Harmer, credited to Harmer and Jason Euringer, and released in 1999.

History
The album was never intended by Harmer for widespread release, but as a 1998 Christmas gift for her father, Clem Harmer. It features Harmer's personal, home-recorded renditions of several of her father's favourite pop and country standards. Upon hearing the recording, Harmer's friends and family convinced her to release it independently. She did so in 1999; following her commercial breakthrough in 2000 with You Were Here, the album was re-released under Harmer's new major label distribution deal with Universal Music Canada.

Clem Harmer subsequently appeared on Sarah's 2005 album I'm A Mountain, contributing backing vocals to two songs.

Reception
Allmusic music critic Johnny Lofthus wrote the album feels "lovingly handmade, with cover art right out of a child's Father's Day art project and an immediate, field-type recording quality that features accompaniment from crickets and a passing rainstorm. This isn't to say it's lo-fi; on the contrary, it's crystal clear." and that "... it's a true sentimental journey for people inspired by their parents to love music."

Track listing

 * 1) "Blue Moon of Kentucky" (Bill Monroe) – 2:07
 * 2) "Tennessee Waltz" (Redd Stewart, Pee Wee King) – 2:52
 * 3) "Black Coffee" (Sonny Burke, Paul Francis Webster) – 2:53
 * 4) "Stormy Weather" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) – 3:00
 * 5) "Oh Bury Me Not" (Traditional) – 1:25
 * 6) "Just a Closer Walk With Thee" (Traditional) – 3:22
 * 7) "Shine on Harvest Moon" (Jack Norworth, Nora Bayes) – 2:13
 * 8) "Trouble in the Fields" (Nanci Griffith, Rick West) – 4:02
 * 9) "Your Cheatin' Heart" (Hank Williams) – 2:32
 * 10) "Summertime" (George Gershwin, DuBose Heyward, Ira Gershwin) – 3:45
 * 11) "Sentimental Journey" (Les Brown, Ben Homer, Bud Green) – 2:44
 * 12) "O, My Beloved Father" (Giacomo Puccini, Giovacchino Forzano) – 2:07

Personnel

 * Sarah Harmer – vocals, guitar, piano, harmonica
 * Jason Euringer – bass, guitar, background vocals, slides
 * Spencer Evans – clarinet, piano, background vocals
 * Benji Perosin – trumpet

Production

 * Produced by Sarah Harmer
 * Mastered by Jan Turney and Graeme McCann
 * Engineered and mixed by Robin Aube, assisted by Tom Lawless
 * Photography by Kelsey Finlayson

title: Songs for Clem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nava slonimsky

Nava slonimsky
Horribly formatted spam. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 08:33, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Can't this be speedied? Delete, of course. --Woggly 08:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete --Gene s 09:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There doesn't seem to be anything of interest to say about the school to salvage the article. iMeowbot 09:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
State Jewish Theater

State Jewish Theater may refer to:

 * State Jewish Theater (Romania)
 * Moscow State Jewish Theater

title: State Jewish Theater


text:
Talk:Charles Sumner

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Notes/Citations
In the Notes section, there are several citations of McCullough with pages listed but no source text listed. What book are these notes citing?

See notes 13-16, 18, 46, 48-52.

209.184.117.138 (talk) 17:59, 18 December 2018 (UTC) Fishburne.
 * see David McCullough, The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris (2011) Rjensen (talk) 20:07, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

Historical Interpretations
Regarding the discussion of whether Sumner's passed law allowed or prohibited Mongolians to become naturalized, I find it hard to believe that a senator who tried repeatedly to strike the word "White" from naturalization laws would have attempted to bar anyone. Billmckern (talk) 17:55, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

"White slavery in the Barbary states"
He published the book with the title shown above. This is shown here White slavery in the Barbary states : a lecture before the Boston Mercantile Library Association, Feb. 17, 1847 : Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.

I believe it should be mentioned in the article. WordsAreNotViolence (talk) 01:21, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Sumner


text:
Global democracy

Global democracy may lie in the scope of:
 * Cosmopolitan democracy, a project of normative political theory which explores the application of norms and values of democracy at different levels, from global to local
 * Democratic mundialization, one of the movements aiming at democratic globalization, the concept of an institutional system of global democracy that would give world citizens a say in world organizations.

title: Global democracy


text:
Golden Hawks

The Golden Hawks were a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) aerobatic flying team established in 1959 to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the RCAF and the "Golden" 50th anniversary of Canadian flight, which began with the AEA Silver Dart in 1909.

History
Initially, a six-plane team was envisioned as performing for only one year with the Canadair Sabre 5. The Golden Hawks originally had eight pilots led by Squadron Leader Fern Villeneuve, but the Golden Hawks were so popular after their 1959 show season that the team was re-established for 1960. The team, under the command of W/C Jack Allan, and the lead of S/L Villeneuve, included pilots: F/L James McCombe, F/L Edward Rozdeba, F/L Jeb Kerr, F/L Ralph Annis, F/L Sam Eisler, F/O Jim Holt and F/O William (Bill) Stewart.

In 1961, F/L McCombe became the leader of the team, as Villeneuve left the team when he married. Two deaths altered the makeup of the team: F/O John T. Price joined the Hawks in 1959 after F/O Eisler died, and served as second solo. When F/L Kerr died in a crash in Calgary, F/O John T. Price moved to lead solo.

F/O Stewart's routine as lead solo was often the one most remembered since his low-level aerobatics looked to the crowd to be particularly dangerous. The Golden Hawks continued performing for three more seasons until they were disbanded, ostensibly for financial reasons, on February 7, 1964, having flown a total of 317 shows across North America.

Not only did the team perform standard loops and rolls in very tight formation, they also introduced their own trademark maneuvers. The Golden Hawks pioneered a two-aircraft head-on coordinated solo program which virtually every military team since has adopted in various ways. They also invented the Card 5 Maneuver, where five aircraft fly in a card formation, two up front, one in the middle, two in the back. They also created the Coordinated Two Aircraft 360, where two aircraft fly in opposite directions at low level at about 350 mph, at about seven gravities, in a horizontal circle and pass each other on both sides of the circle.

The legacy of the Golden Hawks lives on with the Canadian Forces Snowbirds.

Accidents and incidents

 * 12 March 1959: A Golden Hawks Sabre crashed into a wooded area near RCAF Station Chatham while practising a co-solo routine, killing F/L Sam Eisler.
 * 21 June 1959: A solo Golden Hawk Sabre piloted by F/L J.T. Price was struck by a bird over Bedford Basin, Halifax, Nova Scotia, shattering the windscreen and canopy. Although the pilot's helmet visor was torn away and his vision was temporarily impaired, F/L Price was able to land safely with the assistance of F/L R.H. Annis, the other solo pilot.
 * 10 August 1959: A Golden Hawks Sabre landing at McCall Airfield, Calgary, Alberta, with the rest of the team collided with a Piper Tri-Pacer while turning base leg about 2 mi west of the field. The Sabre pilot, F/L Jeb Kerr, and two occupants of the Pacer were killed. The Pacer had not been authorized to enter the control zone.
 * 22 February 1961: Golden Hawks Sabre pilot F/O Jim McCann was killed during formation practice after the right wing of his aircraft was severely damaged during a collision with another Sabre.
 * April 1961: Golden Hawks pilot F/O Bill Stewart ejected at low altitude during a practice routine near Chatham because of an engine malfunction.

Aircraft on display
Original Golden Hawks aircraft are found in several locations including Canadair Sabre 6 #23651 on display at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Mount Hope, Ontario. The original Golden Hawks Sabre 6 is on loan from the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, and is displayed with Plexiglas panels on the port side. The National Air Force Museum of Canada has a Golden Hawks Canadair Sabre 6 (#23641) that was formerly mounted on a pylon at CFB Mountainview and is now on display at CFB Trenton, Ontario. Canadian Sabre 5 #23355 that was flown by the Golden Hawks is on display at the Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum in Halifax, Nova Scotia, after being originally dedicated in 1986 as a gate guardian at the former CFB Chatham, and ultimately restored at the museum. A Canadair Sabre 6 painted as (#23042) that flew with the Golden Hawks is also on display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Speyer (Rhineland-Palatinate), Germany.

In 2009, Canadair T-33 "133500" Golden Hawk Support Aircraft was acquired by the Jet Aircraft Museum.

Golden Hawks aircraft serial number 23053 resides at Zwick’s Park in Belleville, Ontario.

Serial number 23164 resides at Germain Park in Sarnia, Ontario, and was refurbished in 2014.

Tributes and honours
In Oakville, Ontario, 540 Golden Hawks Royal Canadian Air Cadet Squadron is named for the air demonstration team. After their formation in 1951, the squadron chose to petition the Canadian federal government in 1964 to assume the RCAF unit's name and identity as its own. The Department of National Defence granted permission in 1968 and since that time, 540 RCAC Squadron "has been proud to officially carry the Golden Hawks name."

At the former home base for the team, the Junior A hockey team in Trenton, Ontario, takes its name from the Golden Hawks. The symbol of the team features a Sabre jet outlined in gold. Similarly, the Chatham-Kent Secondary School sport teams in southern Ontario all take the name Golden Hawks.

In 2009, Hawk One, a fully refurbished Canadair Sabre 5 (#23314) in Golden Hawk colours owned by Vintage Wings of Canada, helped to celebrate the Centennial of Flight in Canada.

title: Golden Hawks


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Myeloperoxidase deficiency

Myeloperoxidase deficiency is a disorder featuring lack in either the quantity or the function of myeloperoxidase–an iron-containing protein expressed primarily in neutrophil granules. There are two types of myeloperoxidase deficiency: primary/inherited and secondary/acquired. Lack of functional myeloperoxidase leads to less efficient killing of intracellular pathogens, particularly Candida albicans, as well as less efficient production and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from the neutrophils to trap and kill extracellular pathogens. Despite these characteristics, more than 95% of individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency experience no symptoms in their lifetime. For those who do experience symptoms, the most common symptom is frequent infections by Candida albicans. Individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency also experience higher rates of chronic inflammatory conditions. Myeloperoxidase deficiency is diagnosed using flow cytometry or cytochemical stains. There is no treatment for myeloperoxidase deficiency itself. Rather, in the rare cases that individuals experience symptoms, these infections should be treated.

Pathophysiology
The innate immune system responds quickly to infection, with neutrophils (a type of white blood cells) being the first responders. Neutrophils enter the site of infection and begin to phagocytose (take up) pathogens. Once engulfed, the neutrophils must then degrade the captured pathogens–a process known as intracellular killing.

One method of intracellular killing which takes place in the phagolysosomes of neutrophils involves the reaction of myeloperoxidase with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acquired in the cells from NADPH oxidase through the respiratory bursts. This reaction generates several acidic products including hypochlorous acid (HClO), which can break down pathogens. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi such as Candida albicans are killed in this manner.

Neutrophils are also involved in killing extracellular pathogens (pathogens outside of the cell) through the release of NETs. These NETs contain myeloperoxidase, among other antimicrobial proteins. Once released outside of the cell, NETs trap pathogens and may in some cases kill them. Although myeloperoxidase is not required for all NET formation/release, NETs are only formed and released in response to Candida albicans when myeloperoxidase is present. Myeloperoxidase proteins in NETs can still react with H2O2 to form HClO and break down some extracellular pathogens. In myeloperoxidase deficient individuals, this extracellular pathogen killing doesn’t typically occur.

Finally, during infection, neutrophils can migrate to the lymph nodes, where they deposit myeloperoxidase. Although the mechanisms of this process aren’t well understood, there is evidence that this extracellular myeloperoxidase interacts with dendritic cells (cells of the adaptive immune system) in the lymph nodes, leading to a decrease in adaptive immune system activity in response to infection.

Presentation
About 1:1,000 to 1:4,000 individuals in the United States and Europe and 1:55,000 individuals in Japan experience myeloperoxidase deficiency. The most common symptom of myeloperoxidase deficiency is frequent infections, particularly by the fungus Candida albicans. This symptom is especially frequent in individuals who also experience diabetes mellitus.

The majority of myeloperoxidase-deficient individuals, however, do not display any significant tendencies towards chronic infections from most bacteria. This is likely due to the fact that the absence of myeloperoxidase leads to increased neutrophil phagocytosis and degranulation as well as increased development of the adaptive immune system. That is, other aspects of the immune system typically compensate for the lack of myeloperoxidase, leading to relatively mild symptoms.

Nonetheless, myeloperoxidase-deficient individuals have been found to experience more chronic inflammatory conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary/skin inflammation, kidney/heart disease, etc.)  than individuals with sufficient myeloperoxidase. Researchers hypothesize this may be a result of heightened adaptive immune system activity in individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency. There is also some evidence that congenital myeloperoxidase deficiency is correlated with higher rates of malignant tumors.

Types
MPO deficiency is broken down into two categories: primary/congenital and secondary/acquired. Primary MPO deficiency is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, which is caused by mutations in the myeloperoxidase gene on chromosome 17q23. There are several different known mutations of this gene which all lead to myeloperoxidase deficiency.

Secondary MPO deficiency, on the other hand, occurs in various clinical situations as a result of hematological neoplasm, disseminated cancers, some drugs, iron deficiency, lead intoxication, thrombotic disease, renal transplantation, severe infectious disease, diabetes mellitus, neuronal lipofuscinosis, or pregnancy. Secondary MPO deficiency is typically partial, meaning only a portion of the affected individual’s neutrophils lack functional myeloperoxidase.

Diagnosis
Myeloperoxidase deficiency can be diagnosed via flow cytometry and cytochemical stains. Various devices can divide up leukocyte (white blood cell) populations based on their size and peroxidase activity. Specific stains bind to myeloperoxidase, and individuals who display large, granulated cells without this stain through flow cytometry typically have myeloperoxidase deficiency. In this way, it’s apparent when neutrophils are present in an individual but peroxidase activity is absent.

Note, myeloperoxidase deficiency can cause false positives in the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease, a condition which includes dysfunctional NADPH oxidase. Both disorders interfere with neutrophils’ abilities to kill pathogens through reaction with oxidative species. However, chronic granulomatous disease leads to inadequate H2O2 production, while myeloperoxidase deficiency is characterized by a lack of myeloperoxidase to interact with present H2O2. Testing with NADPH oxidase-specific assays can lead to positive results for chronic granulomatous disease and negative results for myeloperoxidase deficiency.

Treatment
Most individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency do not need regular treatment, as they experience only mild symptoms, if any at all. Continued antibiotic use is not recommended in myeloperoxidase-deficient patients who don’t experience recurrent infections.

Acquired myeloperoxidase deficiency typically goes away when the underlying condition is treated. In particular, when myeloperoxidase deficiency is caused by severe iron deficiency, treatment with iron returns myeloperoxidase function to normal.

title: Myeloperoxidase deficiency


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France Football

France Football is a French monthly magazine containing football news from all over the world. It is considered to be one of the most reputable sports publications in Europe, mostly because of its photographic reports, in-depth and exclusive interviews and accurate statistics of the UEFA Champions League matches, and extensive coverage of the European leagues. The magazine was first published in 1946 and is headquartered in Paris. For more than six decades it has presented the Ballon d'Or award to the best football player of the year.

Awards
Since 1956, France Football presents the Ballon d'Or (lit. '"Golden Ball"'), initially referred to as the "European Footballer of the Year" award. Following the award's merger with the FIFA World Player of the Year award in 2010, the magazine awarded the FIFA Ballon d'Or to the world's best player in partnership with FIFA, the sport's governing body, until 2016, when it resumed full ownership of the trophy. Since 1959, France Football also elects the French Player of the Year and awarded the best club team in Europe since 1968 to 1990.

title: France Football


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title: User talk:216.199.10.132


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Houseboy

A houseboy (alternatively spelled as houseboi) is a term which refers to a typically male domestic worker or personal assistant who performs cleaning and other forms of personal chores. The term has a record of being used in the British Empire, military slang, and the male LGBT community.

United Kingdom
Historically, houseboy was a term used in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for a male domestic servant. He was usually, but not always, a native person who worked for a British family living in the non-British regions of the empire. A female housecleaner was termed a housegirl. Both sexes often wore uniform, due to their status as domestic servants.

Military slang
Houseboy was also used as an American slang term originating in the Second World War for a young teenager who helped American soldiers perform basic responsibilities like cleaning, laundry, ironing, shoe-shining, running errands, etc. The British English term for this occupation was 'Batman'.

Gay slang
A houseboy, as used by members of the LGBT community, refers to a young man who performs domestic work, where the employment normally has an erotic, though not necessarily sexual, aspect.

title: Houseboy