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Common collared lizard

The common collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris), also commonly called eastern collared lizard, Oklahoma collared lizard, yellow-headed collared lizard, and collared lizard, is a North American species of lizard in the family Crotaphytidae. The common name "collared lizard" comes from the lizard's distinct coloration, which includes bands of black around the neck and shoulders that look like a collar. Males can be very colorful, with blue green bodies, yellow stripes on the tail and back, and yellow orange throats. There are five recognized subspecies.

Etymology
The subspecific name, baileyi, is in honor of American mammalogist Vernon Orlando Bailey.

Subspecies
Five subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
 * Crotaphytus collaris auriceps Fitch & W. Tanner, 1951 – yellow-headed collared lizard
 * Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stejneger, 1890 – western collared lizard
 * Crotaphytus collaris collaris (Say, 1823) – eastern collared lizard
 * Crotaphytus collaris fuscus W. Ingram & W. Tanner, 1971 – Chihuahuan collared lizard
 * Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus Axtell & Webb, 1995 – black-spotted collared lizard

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Crotaphytus.

Description
C. collaris can grow up to 8 - 15 in in total length (including the tail), with a large head and powerful jaws. Males have a blue-green body with a light brown head. Females have a light brown head and body. C. collaris exhibit a wide range of physical characteristics, particularly in coloration and spotting patterns, and this phenotypic variability may be attributed to a combination of differences in population, social organizations, or habitat. They are a sexually dichromatic lizard species with the adult males being more vivid and colorful than the females. Male dorsal and head color tend to range from green to tan and yellow to orange respectively, while females, overall, possess more muted body pigmentations, varying from brown to gray. However, when reproductively active during breeding seasons, females undergo a rapid color change, in which faint orange spots on their heads increase in brightness; this orange spotting reaches a maximum during egg maturation but gradually fades again after expulsion from the female's oviduct as she lays her eggs. Both males and females have two distinct black bands around their neck, providing additional context to their name, the common collared lizards.

Similar to adult females, juveniles also exhibit dull body colorations compared to adult males, but a key distinction is that the young have pronounced, dark brown markings that eventually fade as they grow and mature. Consequently, juvenile collared lizards lose this sharp cross-band pattern, and their features drastically change to resemble those of either adult males or females.

Moderate in size, C. collaris have disproportionately large heads and long hind limbs. It can reach a length of 14 inches, including the tail, with males being larger than females. Hence, they are sexually dimorphic, and adult males exhibit larger and more muscular heads than females, which tend to vary in size. Used as a weapon during male combat, the head dimensions play a key role in determining dominance, territoriality, fitness, as well as mating success. In general, bigger heads are associated with greater jaw strength and thus, bite force.

Bipedal locomotion
C. collaris are known for their bipedal locomotion–the ability to run on their two hind legs–and can sprint at incredible speeds of up to 24 kilometers per hour; this behavior is usually observed when trying to escape predators.

Like many other lizards, including the frilled lizard and basilisk, the collared lizard can run on its hind legs, and is a relatively fast sprinter. Record speeds have been around 16 mph, much slower than the world record for lizards (21.5 mph) attained by the larger-bodied Costa Rican spiny-tailed iguana, Ctenosaura similis.

Geographic range and habitat
C. collaris is chiefly found in dry, open regions of Mexico and the south-central United States including Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The full extent of its habitat in the United States ranges from the Ozark Mountains to Western Arizona.

C. collaris is distributed across the Southwestern United States and extend to Northern Mexico as well. Individuals occupy a range of different habitats from rocky desert landscapes to grasslands, but they often prefer to inhabit mountainous regions with high environmental temperatures for optimal thermoregulation. In addition, the hilly topography allows these keen and highly alert lizards to stay hidden between rocks, despite their flamboyant features, and look out for potential predators or territory intruders from the top of elevated platforms.

Diet
As obligate carnivores, they consume insects and small vertebrates as their main diet. While they may occasionally ingest plant materials, it is not preferred. They feed on a variety of large insects, including crickets, grasshoppers, spiders, moths, beetles, and cicadas, along with other small lizards and even snakes. As plants do not provide enough nutrients for constant body weight maintenance, C. collaris cannot survive solely on an herbivorous diet. Their stomachs are too small to accommodate the amount of flowers, shrubs, herbs, etc. that would be needed to maintain a constant body weight. Thus, they are considered obligate carnivores, requiring nutrients from arthropods or other small reptiles.

Diet can also vary depending on age, sex, as well as seasonal changes. In the case of younger lizards, they consume the same kinds of foods, specifically insect species, that adults do, but since younger lizards and adults differ in body size and weight, the amount of food intake tends to vary. On the other hand, male and female adults are similar in terms of their sizes and the amounts of food ingested but exhibit drastic differences in the kinds of foods that they eat. From an evolutionary standpoint, these sexual differences in diet may act to reduce intra-species competition for resources, whereby females and males do not need to fight for the same type of food. Moreover, changes in season can drastically affect their diets as well.

Cultural impact
The collared lizard is the state reptile of Oklahoma, where it is known as the mountain boomer. The origin of the name "mountain boomer" is not clear, but it may be traceable to settlers traveling west during the Gold Rush. One theory is that settlers mistook the sound of wind in canyons for the call of an animal in an area where the collared lizard was abundant. In reality, collared lizards are silent.

Behavior
Collared lizards are diurnal; they are active during the day, and spend most of their time basking on top of elevated rocks or boulders. As a highly territorial species, they remain hyper-vigilant, scanning for predators or intruders, ready to sprint or fight when necessary. Generally, males are more active than females, as the former engage in more chase, fight, display, and courtship behaviors while the latter exhibit basking and foraging behaviors. The collared lizard in the wild has been the subject of a number of studies of sexual selection; in captivity if two males are placed in the same cage they will fight to the death. Females, on the other hand, do not demonstrate aggressive behaviors as frequently as males, experiencing less intra-species competition with other females.

Social behavior
In an effort to monopolize as many female mates as they can, male C. collaris viciously defend their exclusive territories through aggression, patrolling activities, and displays. These territories provide ample resources and shelter the harem of females claimed and protected by the male territory owners. However, when agonistic interactions between male rivals escalate to violent fights, both lizards must expend substantial amounts of energy and risk getting seriously injured. Thus, though males do actively exclude other males from territories, they do so without resorting to physical and unfavorable conflict. Instead, they partake in social displays, either at a distance or proximally from their competitors to advertise their superiority. Surprisingly, both types of social encounters, in which males perform push ups and compressions and elevations of the trunk with the dewlap extended, rarely lead to arduous and violent fights; rather, distant displays barely evoke a response while proximal confrontations may lead to chasing at most.

Furthermore, C. collaris territory owners exhibit differential behaviors in response to neighbors and strangers, in which residents reduce the cost of territorial defense by demonstrating less aggression for spatial neighbors. Thus, when nearby residents approach an owner's shared territorial boundaries, the owner will recognize this individual and only engage in aggressive behaviors, usually in the form of a costly fight, if a threat to its territory is perceived. However, in the case of a stranger, the owner will exhibit intense hostility towards the intruder without hesitation. In relation, male territorial behaviors also vary within the reproductive season, decreasing in June due to the higher prevalence of reproductively active females and instead, engaging in more courtship behaviors. This cost-benefit strategy demonstrates the complex social behaviors and decision making processes exhibited by the male collared lizards.

Reproduction
The reproductive season starts in mid-March to early April and concludes in mid-July. Females and smaller individuals emerge first from hibernation with males following around two weeks later. Though lizards are considered mature and may breed following their first hibernation, those that are two years and older exhibit greater reproductive success due to their larger size. In late May, courtship occurs between adult males and females. Subsequently, mature females, typically two years and older, produce their first clutches and lay them in a burrow or under a rock about two weeks after copulation. They may then go on to produce second and sometimes even third clutches throughout June until mid-July. The eggs are incubated in a temperature dependent manner, and the incubation period may vary from 50 to 100 days. On average, clutch size can range from 4 to 6 eggs, but larger, older females can produce more. By August, adults begin to hibernate again, and juveniles do the same after hatching. The earliest of the clutches can hatch in mid-July and later ones follow until mid-October. Upon hatching, juveniles are fully developed and behave independently of their parents, as the C. collaris do not exhibit any parental care in offspring.

Mating behavior and rituals
C. collaris are polygamous, which leads to intense territorial behaviors that include male to male competition for females partners. This triggers aggressive behaviors in males and induces fierce competition for mating. With regards to female selection of male mates, females not only prefer males who are bright and conspicuous in body coloration but also consider the resources such as food and territory that males may be able to provide in order to ensure reproductive success. Moreover, as males often must compete with other males for potential mates, their body and head size play a significant role in determining mating success. The variability in head size gives rise to differential jaw strength and bite force in males, which ultimately results in intra-species selection against smaller headed males. For example, if an instance of male-to-male conflict escalates into a violent fight between two males, the larger male with a substantial larger body mass and head size will overpower its weaker and smaller counterpart. Consequently, successful males may, more often than not, possess vibrant body coloration and patterns and may be bigger in size, specifically having larger head proportions.

During courtship rituals, a male or a female lizard approaches the opposite sex within 1 body length and subsequently engages in various behavioral patterns, which include either individual superimposing its limbs, torso, or tail over its partner, mounting the dorsum of the other lizard, males nudging females with their snouts or grasping them with their jaws, and mutual displays. These mutual displays involve a complex set of movements and behaviors, unique to each sex. Males flex their forearms up and down and extend their dewlaps while females also extend their dewlaps and raise the base of their tails to signal receptivity. Ultimately, at the end of this courting process, both sexes walk in circles, making sure to remain within 1 body length of one another throughout.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Common collared lizard


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User talk:Levram

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Levram


text:
Talk:Vampire: The Requiem

Vampire: Movie
- I found a source for the un-verified claim at the bottom of the article that New Line Cinema had purchased rights to make a Vampire: The Requiem movie, didn't know how to source properly, sorry, I just put the link in that section of the article - after the claim, if someone could fix it for me, that woudl be really appreciated. Sorry about the trouble. Revoranii 13:27, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Simply add a set of square brackets [] around the link.Darker Dreams 15:07, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Bias
"This is an alteration which has not met with the approval of all of the game's original fans, seeing the "reboot" of the game to be a final solution to the greed that drove White Wolf to publish numerous, ill-advised supplements of their games. The in-game mythology became so convoluted over time (and due to poor editing and attention to continuity) that the entire Storyteller system in general and Vampire: The Masquerade game collapsed under its own weight. The reboot has been seen by many purists as yet another marketing ploy to reintroduce the game to a new generation of gullible consumers and sell the same books all over again. However, the re-boot does in fact correct a number of the issues that eventually led to the collapse of the original game, and adopts a footing that allows the Storyteller to adapt the game to a history of his or her choosing."

This section of the opening paragraph isn't necessary, and is highly biased. Shouldn't opening paragraphs to articles be neutral overviews of the article? If you feel it's necessary to keep this, it should be placed in a "critisisms of V:tR", instead of the opening paragraph.

 * I removed most of the introduction, as it was extremely critical of the "reboot." I do think the issues within it should be mentioned, but with counterpoints, and at a later part of the article. I may replace the criticism/opinions section somewhere further down the page soon, but if anyone wants to do it right now, be my guest. --Vyran 20:11, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

"Closer to the original"?
I'm not sure what to tag this with, but I'd like to point out that the claim that V:tR is closer to the original V:tM is pure drivel; I like both games, and have got the First, Second and Revised V:tM books from the "old" WoD. Yes, this is what White Wolf claims, but since when was WikiPedia supposed to be a PR outlet for them?

It could certainly read something along the lines of "The current line manager feels that ...", but unless someone can point me in the direction of a statement by Mark Rein•Hagen and/or Jonathan Tweet to the effect that they feel that V:tR is closer to what they intended when they made V:tM and Kindred: the Embraced, then this statement is either NPOV or unsourced. Not sure which, though, so no tag from me. All I've seen so far comes from the new people.

There are a handful of similarities to the original; the primary one being less cohesion in vampire society (each city an island unto itself, practically), making it less work to handle a fairly local chronicle.

It's still a radically different game in terms of actually playing it. I'm not talking about systemic differences (a game system should reflect the setting, not define it) or that lot. But the stuff that originally made V:tM into a different kind of game from games like Nightlife, is almost entirely different. Zuiram 00:13, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Since the statement that it was closer to the original in theme was not backed up by any thematic evidence, it hardly qualifies as research. There are differences listed in that section, but none of them are thematic issues, they are mechanical/setting issues. 64.50.201.98 19:10, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

On Origins
Changed this because it was, simply put, wrong. The Lancea Sanctum does NOT claim Longinus was the first vampire--the centuries younger Ordu Dracul certainly does not claim that Dracula was the first--and Caine is no more likely to be the first vampire than anyone of a hundred other mythological figures that could theoretically be connected to vampires.

Template:Fictional Setting
I'm not sure the template Fictional Setting is useful. See Template talk:Fictional Setting for the discussion I've tried to create on this point. — OwenBlacker 19:22, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

VtR vs VtM clans
The clans in Vampire: the Requiem are quite different than the ones they share names with in The Masquerade. The links should not lead to articles about the later game.

 * they can when there is info about the VtR version of them. separate pages would be nice with consistant naming (clan name (vampire: the requiem) is my suggestion) when someone feels like creating those and adding actual info. Boneyard 13:11, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * How much data does Requiem use from Masquerade? -- Psi edit

 * not that much i believe, from background stories to basic gameplay things have changed. in the case of the description of the clans someone wanting to find info on the requiem clans can just skip the part of the masquarade variation of it. it's not perfect but it works. once i have some time i will create seperate pages for them. Boneyard 28 June 2005 07:44 (UTC)

 * You could just divide those clan pages into two sections unless you plan on having a lot of information for each game. That would make it easier to compare the different versions. --Vyran 28 June 2005 20:22 (UTC)

 * It brings back the Six Traditions and three of the clans (with slight changes, like the Venture having Animalism). A lot of terms are re-used, as are the basics of vampirism established in Masquerade. --Vyran 28 June 2005 20:22 (UTC)

 * I've moved all information pertaining to the new clans of Requiem into a Clans in Vampire: The Requiem article, which should hopefully solve this problem. I suggest doing the same for whatever information there currently is on the Covenants. -- Supermorff 11:13, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Factions
Is it just me, or did they kind of demo this style of character creation in Demon: The Fallen? It seems like all of the new WoD has the two thing (what you're born to and what you choose). Onikage725 23:05, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Fan Sites
Tossed my Fansite on the fansites link, hope that isn't a faux pas, but we are passionate players of the nWoD system. --Eclypsed 06:28, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Short descriptions added to the Covenant disciplines.
I added short descriptions not unlike those found next to the other disciplines. If anybody has a reason they shouldn't be there, or sees any mistake in them, please feel free to fix it and explain it, if you don't mind. 4.234.51.41 18:05, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Differences between VtM & VtR
The whole section "Differences from Vampire: The Masquerade" veers far from any attribution. In particular, parallels between covenants & sects & criticisms of the original clans (such as "...rather than rely on playing 'the last member of a dying race'; a problem which some felt had become endemic among certain players.") seem like original research to me. The bit at the bottom about Biblical Myth being the default canon of VtM itself is pretty arguable as well. Are there statements by Achilli or other developers that can be cited? Otherwise I'm advocating a intense edit on the section. --mordicai. 20:37, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

The "last member of a dying race" problem is, I would say, true, but isn't really appropriate for wikipedia as it constitutes original research. However the Caine backstory is the default canon & this could be easily referenced from any number of sources; The clan novels series (as I recall, Beckett meets Caine towards the end) would probably be the easiest. Someone else want to put in a reference (I don't have access to the books where I am now)? -- Ajedrez
 * I slapped on OR tag on that section. Surely there are some reviews of the game which can form the basis of this section?  I'd assume that any decent review would have compared it to the previous edition.  --Starwed 06:07, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Plot summary
This article has been tagged as mostly plot summary. It covers a lot of information about the game story and uses a lot of direct quotes from the book. While this is handy when I don't have my manual around, this is copyrighted material. It would be difficult, but I think the article should include much more on the real-world impacts of the game such as its reception and its influence on other games. The history channel actually did a documentary on the modern vampire which included about five minutes focused on Vampire: The Masquerade. This would be a good place to start gathering data. Svenxix (talk) 01:33, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vampire: The Requiem


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Perleberg

Perleberg (North Margravian: Perlberg) is the capital of the district of Prignitz, located in the northwest of the German state of Brandenburg. The town received city rights in 1239 and today has about 12,000 inhabitants. Located in a mostly agricultural area, the town has a long history of troops (most notably Prussian) being stationed there and as an administrative center for local government.

Geography
Perleberg is located in the heart of the district of Prignitz, about halfway between the two largest German cities Berlin and Hamburg. It is surrounded by the municipalities Karstädt to the north-west, Gross Pankow (Prignitz) to the north-east, Plattenburg to the south-east; the Ämter Bad Wilsnack/Weisen in the south, Lenzen-Elbtalaue in the west; and the town of Wittenberge to the south-west.

The Stepenitz flows from northeast to southwest through Perleberg. The town's historic center is built on an island between two arms of the river.

History
One of the town's oldest buildings is St James's Church. First mentioned in 1294, it was frequently altered and extensively remodelled in the 1850s. In German, it is called the Jakobikirche, and therefore sometimes mistakenly called St Jacob's in English.

In the 14th century the town was at its height as part of the Hanseatic League. In 1523 it was the muster point for an army assembled by Elector Joachim I in support of his brother-in-law Christian II of Denmark's attempt to recover his throne. The Thirty Years' War caused serious damage to the town: of 3,500 inhabitants, only 300 survived. The mayor responsible for rebuilding the town after this period was Georg Krusemarck.

On November 25, 1809, Benjamin Bathurst disappeared in Perleberg. Later accounts of the incident exaggerated the circumstances to such an extent that the disappearance is sometimes claimed to have been caused by paranormal phenomena.

Twin towns - sister cities
Perleberg is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Kaarst, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Szczawnica, Poland

People

 * Lotte Lehmann, born here
 * Dörte von Westernhagen, born here
 * Ernst Ehrenbaum (1861–1942), biologist
 * James Broh (1867–1942), lawyer, publicist and politician

title: Perleberg


text:
Talk:Franz Halder

Untitled
This article is polemic rather than history. It makes bold assertions about certain viewpoints being « myths » without really analysing them or confronting the possibility that any aspect of the German military during WW2 could be uncontaminated by Hitler. It fits into a simplistic good vs evil view of the world - one that would have no place but for the fact that Wikipedia is not a serious academic platform. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.103.129.41 (talk) 21:59, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

Copyright violation
I've reverted the edit by 4.242.99.53 since it looks like the text was pasted in from somewhere, though a Google search doesn't show the text online anywhere. If there is evidence this was not a copyright violation, it could be replaced (in a more wikified format). Angela. 19:19, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * This wasn't a copyvio. See . Angela. 04:11, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Who wrote this?
Who wrote this nonsensical article on Halder: Joseph Stalin? Halder was an a thorn in the side of Hitler all along, was fired and sent to Dachau concentration camp for the rest of the WWII. After being liberate by the American troops, he was NEVER charged with any crime (as the Hitlerites were at Nuremberg). He was also involved in plots to assassinate Hitler--one of the reasons he ended up in the Dachau death camp. Later, he-whole heartedly supported and helped the US and Federal German government policies for a free Europe, documenting what went on under Hitler and his command. For that he received the highest civilian medal from US in 1961.

And here, in this unsupervised, brainlessly written article, Halder is presented as "an unpunished evil" man. The only "fault" of him was his unwavering animosity to Communism and Communists, their inhumane and destructive actions and fabrications (which we see here in this article as well). The same goes for Erich von Manstein-the developer of the Blitzkrieg. He was appointed the main general of NATO defences in Central Europe after WWII. These men were NOT Nazis and despised Hitler. They were rewarded by the US and West after WWII. It is a travesty to see nonsensical articles like these on them both in Wikinonsensia
 * Eat the truth! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wintceas (talk • contribs) 18:29, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree. I reviewed the source material: who verified this statement?
 * ...whom he instructed to remove material detrimental to the image of the German armed forces.... Lauren1453 (talk) 00:16, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

East Prussia
The statement that the Germans feared interwar Poland would attack East Prussia "to regain this former Polish territory" is egregiously misleading. East Prussia never was a "Polish territory" in the modern understanding of the terminology. Although part of it - a district known to the Germans as Ermeland and the Poles as Warmia - was controlled politically by Poland for two centuries, Ermeland/Warmia was inhabited predominantly by Germans for six centuries, until the Germans were expelled after World War II and East Prussia was split between Poland and the Soviet Union.

The province of East Prussia corresponded roughly to the area inhabited prior to the 13th century by the old Prussians, a "pagan" Baltic people whose language was related to Lithuanian, and who periodically conducted warlike raids into Christian Poland. In 1226, Duke Conrad of Mazovia, the part of Poland immediately south of East Prussia, asked the Papacy to sanction a mission by the Knights of the Teutonic Order to remove the Prussian tribes as a threat.

The Order conquered the Prussians over a period of about 80 years, slaughtering many and forcibly converting the remainder, who eventually became assimilated with German settlers imported by the Order. The northern two-thirds of East Prussia eventually became wholly Germanized, while the southern part, known as Masuria, became inhabited by a mixture of Germans and Poles. This ethnography remained in place until 1945.

With the decline of the Teutonic Order in the 15th Century, followed by its secularization in 1526, East Prussia became politically divided between Poland, which annexed the still-Catholic Ermeland (Warmia), and the now-Protestant duchy of East Prussia, which was enfeoffed to the Polish Crown. After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, however, all of East Prussia became part of Brandenburg-Prussia and thus after 1871 part of Germany. By the time period of the present article on Halder, East Prussia had been a Prusso-German province for 150 years, and had never been wholly a Polish province or inhabited predominantly by Poles.

As a footnote, it may be mentioned that the inhabitants of southern East Prussia, i.e. Masuria, voted 97.8 percent in favor of remaining part of Germany in a League of Nations plebescite in 1920.

PS: What's up with the "NOT Franz Halder" cutline?

Sca 16:15, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

agreed, this is clearly POV; I have removed that phrase

Army vs. Armed Forces
It seems there is a confusion here. Was Halder Chief of the General Staff of the Army or of the Armed Forces (comprising Army, Navy and Air Foce)? This distinction is important as it concerns three successive men: Ludwig Beck (1935-1938), Franz Ritter von Halder (1938-1942), and Kurt Zeitzler (1942-1945).

 * All three Army only. Before the formation of OKW - Oberkommando der Wermacht - all three services had their own chiefs of staff. On formation of OKW Keitel was appointed Chef OKW and de facto head of staff, with Hitler as supreme commander and Jodl as Chief of Operations--Anthony.bradbury 20:11, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

picture
I removed the picture, since both the caption and the picture page itself say it is Jacob, and not Halder. Perhaps someone can add one? bikeable (talk) 22:22, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Admittedly, the last time I looked at the Halder photo was about six months before it was removed. As that photo sure looked like a very similar one that F. Halder sent to me in 1968, I recommend that the photo be re-installed. I don't have any idea as to why it would have been captioned "Jacob". -- Bill Garrison

 * I added a new picture, the previous picture was indeed of General Alfred Jacob.Ingsoc 19:55, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Subscript text

Medal of Freedom
I can't find any reference to Halder getting the medal of freedom other than on Wikipedia. Since it is not referenced, I am removing it. Update: Hadler did not receive the Medal of Freedom. He was awarded the Meritorious Civilian Service Award which is a civil-service award for being a good worker. From the army's website: "The Meritorious Civilian Service Award is the second highest Department of the Army honorary award, and may be granted by the Secretary of the Army or a major commander. Nominees for this award must have established a pattern of excellence, normally demonstrated by the receipt of lower level awards." - http://cpol.army.mil/library/permiss/5434.html  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.194.164.200 (talk • contribs)

 * Good catch. [This Medal of Freedom page ] does not list Halder.  It always struck me as somewhat, ah, incongruous.  bikeable (talk) 04:11, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Here's a source for his getting the Meritorious Civilian Service Award - http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/info/lec05.shtml

Barbarossa
Halder changed the plan for the invasion of the Soviet Union to focus on taking Moscow, particularly while Hitler was ill in April 1941. (86.183.112.32 (talk) 05:44, 20 October 2018 (UTC))

Change this sentence; After the war, he had a decisive role in the development of the myth of the clean Wehrmacht.

To these sentences; After the war, he had a decisive role in the development of the myth of the clean Wehrmacht. The scorched earth military tactics lead to many millions of civilian deaths, though collateral damage was not said at the time. YappingDogYowling (talk) 09:02, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

vs. Hitler
I was surprised at the explanation of this edit: The first reference seems from a quite well established publisher. The second maybe less, but apparently a second hand quote that could be verified. could you expand on your reasons for reverting? --John (User:Jwy/talk) 15:34, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The passage is self-contradictory, while the sources are hobbyist in nature and not reliable for these claims. The para opens with "...he felt unable to take direct action against the Führer", but then states "he considered shooting Hitler himself". So which one was it? We also get the trope of "like all officers he had taken a personal loyalty oath to Hitler". The officers made and broke all sorts of oaths. --K.e.coffman (talk) 02:42, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

Statement (1941)
He, Halder, engaged in a long-running and divisive dispute with Hitler over strategy that damaged the leadership of the army. - So, Halder by his acting "damaged" the leadership of the army, is that what this line wants to suggest ? Otherwise, if Halder had said to himself Führer, befiehl, ich folge dir (und sage gar nichts) (Fuhrer, give your orders and I won't tell anything against) the "leadership of the army" would have remained "intact" ? - Sounds somewhat awkward, that statemant. If one thinks a bit about it. --129.187.244.19 (talk) 08:28, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Hitler gave an order, if Halder didn't like it he changed the order. There were arguments between Hitler and the leadership. The orders given were bad because of the continual disagreements. Hitler got more aggrieved up until the point he took control himself and sidelined the command. It could probably be reworded. Szzuk (talk) 08:45, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I deleted it. The matter is covered in the article body clearly so no need for that. Szzuk (talk) 08:50, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Halder "only German to be decorated both by Hitler and US president"
This article on Franz Halder states he was "the only German ever to be decorated both by Hitler and by an American president," (receiving the US Meritorious Civilian Service Award from Major General Edgar C. Doleman). Is this correct? For example Doctor Wernher von Braun received both the Nazi German War Merit Cross and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal. While it could be argued that Braun was a US citizen by the time he received his US decoration, the statement concerning Halder is still misleading. Any views? Hsq7278 10:06, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Statement misleading for sure, should be easy to find someone (lower level Wehrmacht, later Nato / Bundeswehr) who was decorated by Hitler and a President as well --2003:E4:719:8D00:20C3:AAB1:FBF7:B74C (talk) 12:09, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Hitler may not have personally conferred those awards, as he did with Halder.50.111.3.59 (talk) 20:13, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Which Meritorious Civilian Service Award did he receive? Presumably the Army award, as the King's College link provided above shows him as being "Head, Historical Liaison Group, Historical Division, US Army, 1948-1961" and the medal was presented by a general, but can the specific award be verified? 216.255.165.198 (talk) 23:25, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

Two myths
We write: "The first is that Hitler alone was responsible for the military blunders during the invasion of the Soviet Union. Hitler demonstrated on numerous occasions he was too susceptible to the psychological pressure applied by self-centred individuals like Halder, Hermann Göring and Heinz Guderian. They were more interested in furthering their own interests than that of the war effort." This reads to me like we are saying that in the first of these two myths created by Hadler:

 * 1) Hitler was responsible for the military blunders on the eastern front
 * 2) Hitler was susceptible to psychological pressure applied by self-centered individuals more concerned in furthering their own interests than supporting the war effort
 * 3) Examples of these self-centered individuals include Göring, Gunderian, and Hadler himself.

It doesn't make much sense in the context that Hadler would promote a contrary-to-fact myth that has him as a self-centered saboteur of war strategy. My guess is we are passing from describing the myth to criticizing it and back, but the transition is too casual for the uneducated reader to notice.

Also, what's the source for the criticism?

--causa sui (talk) 20:59, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * your are correct; this was somewhat confusing. I shortened the related para to remove the details. K.e.coffman (talk) 01:06, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

NPOV violation and factual errors in section "Invasion of the Soviet Union"
The section "Invasion of the Soviet Union" contains editorializing language, directly attributing fault to Halder: "Halder's first major fault was ..." and "Halder's second major fault was ...". This is a clear violation of WP:NPOV.

Second, the same paragraph distorts the contents of the cited source, David Stahel's "Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East." Stahel never says: "Halder did not believe in Hitler's plan; he preferred his own. Thereafter he undermined and sabotaged it." Rather, Stahel quotes an ambiguous passage from the post-war memoirs of Nicolaus von Below that states "there could be other orders that might be systematically sabotaged." The "other orders" is in distinction to the Commissar Order, regarding which Stahel says von Below "overstated the opposition in the army". Below then goes on to state: "Thus we embarked upon a truly massive offensive with a disjointed leadership and with leaders pulling in different directions."

Thus, the paragraph as currently written violates WP:NPOV and incorrectly describes its source material. I propose it be rewritten as follows:

"In August 1940 Halder began planning Operation Barbarossa, the anticipated invasion of the Soviet Union. Shortly thereafter, to curtail Halder's military command power, Hitler limited his involvement in the war by restricting him to developing operational plans only for the Eastern Front.[12] Historian David Stahel criticized the General Staff under Halder for failing to prepare the German military for the hazards awaiting them in the east and faulted Halder for not openly discussing his disagreements with Hitler during the planning stages of the operation.[13] Nicolaus von Below, who was present at the planning meetings between Hitler and Halder, wrote after the war that that Halder opposed Hitler's plans without openly stating his disagreement, which according to von Below resulted in disjointed leadership of the campaign.[14]"

Cite [13] can go to p. 147 of Stahel's book, and cite [14] can go to page 146.

--RelativeRisk1945 (talk) 19:14, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

I have no objection to rewriting the paragraph, but the proposed needs some more thought first. (Most of the issues are also in the original.) I suggest leaving out Stahel and concentrating on the issues. Hawkeye7  (discuss)  22:02, 9 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It passes over the fact that Halder was already planning an attack on the Soviet Union before Hitler declared his intention on 31 July 1940.
 * As Chief of Staff of the OKH, Halder had no command power; he was a staff officer.
 * There were good reasons for putting OKH in charge of the war in the East; demoting Halder was not one of them
 * The "grave hazards of war in the East" are not specified
 * The differences between Halder's plans and the final ones are not specified. Nor is any evidence presented of Halder's opposition.

 * I'm just trying to work with what is there. While we work on re-writing it here, the entire paragraph should be immediately removed because it's a blatant violation of WP:NPOV and makes false claims about the underlying source material.  Any confirmed editor reading this should delete the paragraph immediately. --RelativeRisk1945 (talk) 05:17, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The removal of the paragraph as shown in this diff seems like the right course of action to me. --K.e.coffman (talk) 06:52, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. There is no need for the paragraph to be in the article. --RelativeRisk1945 (talk) 16:53, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 26 February 2022
The scorched earth military tactics lead to many millions of civilian deaths, though collateral damage was not said at the time. YappingDogYowling (talk) 09:05, 26 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 11:44, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

Comparing older revisions and seeing bias build up
There seems to be a push by a certain "Wikipedia warrior" (her words not mine) to depict the Wehrmacht as a completely evil force with no redemption. We have jumped from one myth, that the Wehrmacht was not part of Hitler's atrocities, to another, that they were on par with Hitler and that all who served were evil, reprehensible demons. The truth lies somewhere in the middle. We do not see this push for dispelling the myth of the clean Red Army, however. We do not see someone trying to dismantle the reputation of Georgy Zhukov, arguably on par with Erwin Rommel when it comes to fame, but we have articles like the Rommel myth which reads like a personal manifesto against the Desert Fox. I do not believe either men are intrinsically evil or believers in the atrocities committed by their autocrats.

Anyways, it is a shame to see the fallen of World War II be desecrated by a revisionist who refuses to see the irony in their behavior. You've replaced one lie with another, bravo! Wolfshaus (talk) 01:02, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Cowardly of you not to ping as you insult her courageous effort across multiple articles. As far as "revisionist" goes, sometimes the stories of history merit thorough-going re-examination. I applaud K.e.coffman's work to bring Wehrmacht-related articles up to contemporary scholarly standards. Binksternet (talk) 04:14, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Except she's replacing one "lie" with another. Also the fact she blanked out recipients of the Knights Cross to have them deleted. I can't seem to recall, there is a word to describe people who cover up the parts of history they do not like...
 * Frankly, the Knights Cross stuff is detestable, and is akin to desecrating graves. What if we start doing that with Medal of Honor recipients? There sure are a lot of them, how about we start desecrating them too? After all, the U.S. Armed Forces aren't very clean - ask the Native Americans! History is never perfect good fights total evil. There is always nuance, something that we are forgetting more and more each day. The fact of the matter is, Coffmanizing articles is revisionism, plain and simple. I think its a very good term to describe what has happened to German articles because now all they focus on is "Did you know the Germans did war crimes?" but I never see people getting ready to torch Zhukov or Ivan Konev for loyally serving a sadistic dictator: Josef Stalin.
 * If being a privileged bully and making fun of genuine criticism of your actions like a petulant child is bravery, then I dread to know what your definition of a coward is. Wolfshaus (talk) 00:56, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey, if there are any Medal of Honor recipients that have not received signifiant coverage in independent, reliable sources I, and I believe K.e.coffman, would agree that they should be redirected because they don't meet the Wikipedia notability criteria. Also worth noting that Wikipedia is not a memorial. (t · c)  buidhe  05:19, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Extreme bias
This is laughably biased Jewish content. No article should ever be like this. 78.27.95.6 (talk) 19:16, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 June 2024
Halder did (text said he had none) have complaints about his imprisonment. He had multiple complaints about Ravensbruk including smell from crematorium and screams from others. He also had a bad time at RSHA prison in Berlin where he was kept in solitary confinement with no natural light. He was not allowed to use the toilet. My source is "the Nuremberg Interviews" by Leon Goldensohn/Robert Gellateley. If you check it out there is a first person extended account of his imprisonment 2A00:23EE:14B0:54A6:B4EA:6C67:D9F7:8D82 (talk) 09:32, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 13:58, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Franz Halder


text: Wikipedia:Multilingual ranking/December 2004


text:
Talk:Austin Flint murmur

Is it 'seen' or 'heard'? -- The Anome 19:21, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I corrected it. Murmurs are detected on auscultation. JFW | T@lk  10:29, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Austin Flint murmur


text: Category:384 BC births

title: Category:384 BC births


text:
Frank Crisp

Sir Frank Crisp, 1st Baronet, (25 October 1843 – 29 April 1919) was an English lawyer and microscopist. Crisp was an enthusiastic member, and sometime officer, of the Royal Microscopical Society. He was generous in his support of the Society, donating furniture, books and instruments in addition to his work on technical publications.

Biography
Frank Crisp was born on 25 October 1843 in London. Crisp's mother died when he was three years old and as a result he was brought up by his grandfather, John Filby Childs. He resolved to take up the law and at 16 was articled to a firm of solicitors. He also studied at the University of London, obtaining the degrees of BA in 1864 and LLB in 1865. In 1867 he married Catherine Howes. From 1881 to 1906, Crisp was the treasurer, and later a vice-president, of the Linnean Society; Catherine Crisp, along with fourteen of the fifteen other women whose names were presented on 17 November 1904, was elected a fellow of the Society, withdrawing in 1916.

Crisp qualified as a solicitor in 1869 and his reputation soon grew, acting in many important commercial contracts. He counted several foreign railroad companies and the Imperial Japanese Navy among his clients, and drew up the contract for the cutting of the Cullinan diamond.

Having been knighted on 16 December 1907, Crisp was created a baronet on 5 February 1913 for services as legal advisor to the Liberal Party.

In 1889, he bought Friar Park in Henley-on-Thames. He was a keen horticulturist and developed spectacular public gardens there, including an alpine garden featuring a 20-foot (6-metre) replica of the Matterhorn. He published an exhaustive survey of medieval gardening titled Mediaeval Gardens. He commissioned Henry Ernest Milner to design the gardens.

Crisp died on 29 April 1919 aged 75.

Legacy
Former Beatle George Harrison purchased Friar Park in January 1970. He wrote a tribute to Crisp called "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)", which appeared on the album All Things Must Pass and later provided part of the title for his 2009 career-spanning compilation Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison. In addition, Harrison's 1974 hit single "Ding Dong, Ding Dong" contains the lyrical refrain "Ring out the old, ring in the new / Ring out the false, ring in the true", which was taken from one of a number of inscriptions Crisp had engraved in the house and grounds of the property. (It is actually from Ring Out, Wild Bells, a section of the Tennyson poem In Memoriam A. H. H.) The lyrics and title of another Harrison track, "The Answer's at the End", were also inspired by the writings of Frank Crisp: "Scan not a friend with a microscopic glass / You know his faults, now let his foibles pass / Life is one long enigma, my friend / So read on, read on, the answer's at the end."

title: Frank Crisp


text: Category:322 BC deaths

title: Category:322 BC deaths


text:
Category:Kings of Cyprus

This category concerns the rulers of the medieval Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489). For the ancient monarchs of the island, see Category:Kings of ancient Cyprus.

title: Category:Kings of Cyprus


text:
Mike McMahon Jr.

Michael William McMahon Jr. (August 30, 1941 – April 29, 2013) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Minnesota North Stars, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Pittsburgh Penguins and the Buffalo Sabres between 1963 and 1972. He also played in the World Hockey Association for the Minnesota Fighting Saints and San Diego Mariners between 1972 and 1976. He played 224 games in the NHL, scoring 15 goals and 83 points, and 269 games in the WHA, scoring 29 goals and 130 points. His father, Mike Sr. also played in the NHL. McMahon was born in Quebec City, Quebec.

He died in Saint Paul, Minnesota on April 29, 2013.

title: Mike McMahon Jr.


text:
HMS Kingfisher

Fourteen ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name Kingfisher (or King's Fisher), after the kingfisher bird:

 * Kingfisher was a ship in service between 1664 and 1667.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1675) was a 46-gun fourth-rate ship of the line built in 1675, rebuilt in 1699 and broken up in 1728.
 * Kingfisher was a 4-gun ketch purchased in 1684 and captured by the French in 1690.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1745) (or Kings Fisher) was a 14-gun sloop launched at Gosport. She was converted into an 8-gun bomb vessel and served as such between 1758 and 1760. She was sold in 1763.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1770) was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1770 and burnt to avoid capture in 1778.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1782) was an 18-gun brig-sloop launched in 1782, having been purchased in the stocks. She was wrecked in 1798.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1804) was an 18-gun sloop launched in 1804 and broken up in 1816.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1823) was a 10-gun Cherokee-class brig-sloop launched in 1823 that became a Post Office Packet Service packet, sailing out of Falmouth, Cornwall. She was sold in 1838.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1845) was a 12-gun brig launched in 1845. She was laid up in 1852, and was then on harbour service from 1875.  She was sold in 1890.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1879) was an Doterel-class sloop launched in 1879. She became a training ship and was renamed HMS Lark in 1892, and then HMS Cruizer in 1893.  She was sold in 1919.
 * HMS Kingfisher was a 16-gun brig launched in 1850 as HMS Martin (1850). She was renamed HMS Kingfisher in 1890, when she became a training brig.  She was sold in 1907.
 * HMS Kingfisher was to have been a river gunboat. She was ordered in 1912, but was subsequently cancelled.

 * HMS Kingfisher (L70) was a Kingfisher-class sloop launched in 1935 and sold in 1947.
 * HMS Kingfisher (1954) was a King Salvor-class salvage vessel previously HMS King Salvor renamed in 1954 and in service until 1960 when she was sold to the Argentine Navy.
 * HMS Kingfisher (P260) was a Bird-class patrol vessel launched in 1974 and sold in 1996.

title: HMS Kingfisher


text:
Mu Draconis

Mu Draconis (μ Draconis, abbreviated Mu Dra, μ Dra) is a multiple star system near the head of the constellation of Draco. With a combined magnitude of 4.92, it is visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax estimates by the Hipparcos spacecraft, it is located approximately 89 light-years from the Sun.

The system consists of a single primary star (designated Mu Draconis A, officially named Alrakis from the traditional name of the system),  a secondary binary pair (Mu Draconis B) and a further single star (C). B's two components are designated Mu Draconis Ba and Bb.

Mu Draconis A and Ba are nearly identical F-type main-sequence stars, with masses of and, respectively. Both have the spectral class of F5V, and have similar apparent magnitude, at 5.66 and 5.69, respectively. The secondary, Mu Draconis B, has a drifting radial velocity, and is itself a spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 2,270 days. The distance between both stars is 2 arcseconds, so a telescope with a diameter of at least 6 centimetres is necessary to see them separate. The smaller component, Mu Draconis Bb, has a mass of. Mu Draconis C is a 14th magnitude common-proper-motion companion 13.2" away from the bright pair, with a mass of.

Nomenclature

μ Draconis (Latinised to Mu Draconis) is the star's Bayer designation. The designations of the three constituents as Mu Draconis A, B and C, and those of B's components - Mu Draconis Ba and Bb - derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

It is also known by the name Arrakis (or Errakis), which is derived from the name given to it by Arabian stargazers, الراقص al-rāqiṣ "the trotting (camel)" (lit. "the dancing one").

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Alrakis for the component Mu Draconis A on February 1, 2017, and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

This star, along with Beta Draconis (Rastaban), Gamma Draconis (Eltanin), Nu Draconis ('Kuma') and Xi Draconis (Grumium) were Al ʽAwāïd, the Mother Camels, which were known in Latin as the Quinque Dromedarii.

Cultural references
Science fiction writer Frank Herbert chose Arrakis as the name of the primary planet of Canopus (α Carinae) in his Dune series of novels, aware that the word "Arrakis" is the transliteration into English of the Arabic words for "the Dancer" (al-Raqis).

title: Mu Draconis


text:
Heating oil

Heating oil is any petroleum product or other oil used for heating; it is a fuel oil. Most commonly, it refers to low viscosity grades of fuel oil used for furnaces or boilers use for home heating and in other buildings. Home heating oil is often abbreviated as HHO.

Most heating oil products are chemically very similar to diesel fuel used as motor fuel; motor fuel is typically subject to higher fuel taxes. Many countries add fuel dyes to heating oil, allowing law enforcement to check if a driver is evading fuel taxes. Since 2002, Solvent Yellow 124 has been added as a "Euromarker" in the European Union; untaxed diesel is known as "red diesel" in the United Kingdom.

Heating oil is commonly delivered by tank truck to residential, commercial and municipal buildings and stored in above-ground storage tanks ("ASTs") located in the basements, garages, or outside adjacent to the building. It is sometimes stored in underground storage tanks (or "USTs") but less often than ASTs. ASTs are used for smaller installations due to the lower cost factor. Heating oil is less commonly used as an industrial fuel or for power generation.

Leaks from tanks and piping are an environmental concern. Various federal and state regulations are in place regarding the proper transportation, storage and burning of heating oil, which is classified as a hazardous material (HazMat) by federal regulators.

Technical characteristics
Heating oil consists of a mixture of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the 14- to 20-carbon atom range that condense between 250 and 350 °C during oil refining. Heating oil condenses at a lower temperature than petroleum jelly, bitumen, candle wax, and lubricating oil, but at a higher temperature than kerosene, which condenses between 160 - 250 °C. The heavy (C20+) hydrocarbons condense between 340 - 400 °C.

Heating oil produces 137500 BTU/USgal to 138700 BTU/USgal and weighs 8.2 pounds per US gallon (0.95 kg/L). Number 2 fuel oil has a flash point of 52 C.

Historically, the legal difference between diesel and heating oil in the United States has been sulfur allowance. Diesel for machinery and equipment must be below 15 ppm sulfur content while heating oil needed only stay below 500 ppm sulfur. However, most heating oil in the United States is now "ultra-low sulfur heating oil" (ULSHO) and meets the same 15 ppm standard.

United States and Canada
Heating oil is known in the United States as No. 2 heating oil. In the U.S., it must conform to ASTM standard D396. Diesel and kerosene, while often confused as being similar or identical, must conform to their own respective ASTM standards. Heating oil is widely used in both the United States and Canada, with U.S. residential use most common in the northeastern states of New York and Pennsylvania and in New England, collectively accounting for 85% of total U.S. residential heating oil use. In the United States, biodiesel blends of B5 (5% biodiesel) and B20 (20% biodiesel) are available in most markets as a lower and cleaner burning heating fuel.

The heating oil futures contract trades in units of 1000 oilbbl with a minimum fluctuation of $0.0001 per gallon and (for the USA) is based on delivery in New York Harbor.

The Department of Energy tracks the prices homeowners pay for home heating fuel (oil and propane). There are also a number of websites that allow home owners to compare the price per gallon they are paying with the Department of Energy data as well as other consumers in their area. Likewise the US Energy Information Administration collects heating oil price statistics and maintains historical price data for all major US markets during each heating season. The US Department of Energy also supports research and development for heating oil technology through the National Oilheat Research Alliance. Additional information about biodiesel heating oil use can also be found at the National Biodiesel Board's site.

Heating oil is mostly used in the northeastern and northwestern urban United States and a strong market presence in rural areas as well. Most of the northeast's heating oil comes from Irving Oil's refinery in Saint John, New Brunswick, the largest oil refinery in Canada. Unlike other petroleum products, heating oil is primarily distributed to consumers through family-owned small businesses, rather than the large oil companies. Although United States distributors provide the Department of Energy the average price per gallon for their users, they typically do not list their prices on comparison websites, instead preferring to provide quotes which best match the property.

Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
Heating oil is the most common fuel for home heating in Northern Ireland due to the late development of a natural gas network. Common suppliers of heating oil in Ireland are Maxol, Patterson Oil and Emo Oil.

England, Scotland and Wales
In England, Scotland and Wales, there are two types of heating oil: commercial heating oil – referring to gas oil, i.e. red diesel – and domestic heating oil – meaning kerosene, specifically BS 2869 Class C2 kerosene. Heating oil is used for home heating in England, Scotland and Wales, typically in premises away from mains gas. There are around 1.5 million people in Great Britain using oil for home heating.

Great Britain has many suppliers of heating oil ranging from large companies such as Conquest Oil Company and Crown Oil to local and independent heating oil suppliers such as J. R. Rix & Sons. Many villages may use buying groups to order heating oil at the same time, thereby accessing lower costs. Many heating oil suppliers will choose to list their prices on independent heating oil price comparison websites. These sites draw in home heating oil users and compare various local supplier prices in order to provide the lowest price available. In the UK it is possible to search for prices by town name, county and postcode prefix.

The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) have referred the UK oil market to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) for review. The OFT has resolved to look at the structure of the market, with a view of the fairness for consumers and alternative energy options for off-grid consumers such as heat pumps.

Heating oil storage regulations in the United Kingdom
Heating oil storage in the United Kingdom is governed by regulations that ensure the safe installation and usage of oil storage tanks. It is a criminal offence to keep a tank that violates these regulations, and the owners are liable for fines, penalties and any costs incurred as a result of cleaning up oil spills.

The regulations are designed to minimise the risk of damaging pollution and reduce the likelihood of oil being stored in hazardous environments, such as a building without proper fire safety measures. The regulations that govern oil storage tanks are The Control of Pollution (Oil Storage) England Regulations (2001), The Pollution Prevention Guidelines (PPG 2) and The Building Regulations (Approved Document J).

The Oil Storage Regulations (2001) apply to oil tanks used for commercial and industrial purposes, or domestic tanks over 3500 litres in capacity. They state that the storage tank should be of "sufficient strength and structural integrity to ensure that it is unlikely to burst or leak in its ordinary use". The tank, along with any filters, gauges, valves or ancillary equipment, must be contained within a secondary unit or bund that has at least 110% of the capacity of the inner tank. If the tank has a fill pipe that is not contained within the secondary unit, a drip tray must be installed. They also require the use of an automatic overfill prevention if it is not "reasonably practical" to monitor the oil levels within the tank.

The Building Regulations Approved Document J covers the legal requirements for the installation of the tanks within the premises of a building. The regulations state that any new tank larger than 2,500 litres must be stored within a bunded tank or secondary containment that is a minimum of 110% of the tank's capacity. If a tank is single skinned and smaller than 2,500 litres, it must be given an individual site pollution risk assessment. This highlights any pollution or hazard risks such as the possibility of the oil escaping and reaching a river or stream, or the risk of a collision if the storage tank is located near a road.

They further state that all tanks must be installed on a surface strong enough to support a full storage tank. The surface must be flat, even and fire-resistant, and should extend at least 300mm beyond the boundaries of the tank. A paving stone surface must be at least 42mm thick, and a concrete surface must be at least 100mm thick. The document also states that the tank should be situated at least 1800mm away from any potential hazards, such as doors, windows, appliance flue terminals, non-fire rated buildings such as garden fences, and at least 760mm from non-fire rated smaller structures such as wooden fences.

A safe, secure tank that complies with all regulations will look similar to the diagram above. It details the different parts of the tank that need to be checked in order to ensure the tank is legal, including where the ancillary equipment should be located and the presence of an automatic overfill prevention.

K-factor
The degree day system is based on the amount of fuel a customer has consumed between two or more deliveries and the high and low outdoor temperatures during the same period. A degree day is defined as one degree of temperature below 65 °F in the average temperature of one day. In other words, to arrive at the number of degree days in one day, the official high and low temperatures for that day must be obtained. The two figures are then averaged, and the number of units this average is below 65 °F is the number of degree days for that day. For example, if for Tuesday, 3 November, the high temperature is 70 °F and the low is 54 °F, the average is found by adding 70 and 54, which equals 124, and then dividing by 2. The resultant figure is 62, and by subtracting 62 from 65, it is determined that there were three Fahrenheit degree days that day.

The K factor is the number of degree days in any given period divided by the number of gallons of fuel oil used in a given period. Multiplying K degree-days per gallon by the number of gallons of usable fuel remaining in a tank gives the number of degree-days before a delivery is needed.

title: Heating oil


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bevets

Bevets
Slang used on some website, not notable and not in need of an article. Tuf-Kat 19:28, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Flame war fossil. Geogre 21:47, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete, not really notable. Wyss 20:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef, no merits. JFW | T@lk  00:28, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bevets


text: Template:English first-class cricket clubs


text:
Jacksonville Bullets

The Jacksonville Bullets were a professional minor league ice hockey team based in Jacksonville, Florida. They played in the Sunshine Hockey League, later renamed the Southern Hockey League, from 1992–1996. They played their games at Jacksonville Coliseum and Skate World, now known as Jacksonville Ice & Sportsplex.

History
The Bullets were founded in 1992 as one of the inaugural franchises of the Sunshine Hockey League, a start up league with six teams mostly based in Florida. They were the first ice hockey team to be based in Jacksonville in nearly twenty years, since the Jacksonville Barons of the American Hockey League had folded in 1974. They played alternately at the Jacksonville Coliseum and Skate World, a skating rink on Jacksonville's Southside.

In 1993 GM Nick Durbano brought in former NHL goaltender Doug Keans as Head Coach and Assistant Coach David Baker. The team played barely above the .500 mark in its first season, yet found themselves in the 1993 Sunshine Cup final under coach Doug Keans. In the final the Bullets lost to the powerhouse West Palm Beach Blaze. Though often successful on the ice the Bullets struggled with attendance and finances throughout their run. In 1994 they were bought by the owners of Skate World, one of whom was Bob Sabourin, who had been the coach of Jacksonville's first professional hockey team, the Jacksonville Rockets. They remained in the league when its name was changed to the Southern Hockey League in 1995. However, their difficulties in attracting fans were exacerbated that year with the arrival of another hockey team, the Jacksonville Lizard Kings. The Lizard Kings played in the more formidable East Coast Hockey League and had a substantially more effective marketing campaign, and were able to lease the Coliseum for their games. The Bullets managed to survive through the season, but folded along with the league at the end of the 1995–96 season. The ECHL Club followed suit a year later and folded.

Miscellaneous
The radio play-by-play announcer for the Jacksonville Bullets was Howard Brigance, who was one of the founders of amateur hockey in the Jacksonville area. Brigance also did play-by-play announcing for the nearby Jacksonville Lizard Kings.

Brigance died due to a heart attack on November 29, 2004. He was 65 years old.

title: Jacksonville Bullets


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of coffee companies

List of coffee companies was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

This is a very incomplete list of coffee distributors and roasters. See this [list] for comparison. Most coffee companies will never have a wikipedia article so making a list of them doesn't make much sense. Zenyu

 * Keep: I agree that big piles of redlinks are bad practice. In fact, I think list makers ought to at least be nice enough to not wikilink everything.  It would help cut down on VfD load.  This list at least isn't a bunch of trivia like List of dogs in novels or some other nonsense. Geogre 21:49, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. If we have lists of supermarkets and other businesses, then I don't see the harm in having a list for coffee companies. Mike H 22:36, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: I've added some more coffee companies to the list, but I still think it's not going to grow up into a very useful list. Zenyu 19:11, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, someone might find it useful as it grows. Watch for ad creep, though. Wyss 20:28, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, for same reasons as Wyss gives. --Idont Havaname 23:36, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 01:45, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Potential to be useful for research later on the industry. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:39, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, quite interesting. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Glagolitic Mass

The Glagolitic Mass (Glagolská mše, Mša glagolskaja; also called Missa Glagolitica or Slavonic Mass) is a composition for soloists (soprano, contralto, tenor, bass), double chorus, organ and orchestra by Leoš Janáček. Janáček completed the work in 1926. It received its premiere by the Brno Arts Society, conducted by Jaroslav Kvapil, in Brno on 5 December 1927. Janáček revised the mass the next year.

The Glagolitic alphabet was an early Slavic alphabet, the predecessor of the modern Cyrillic alphabet. In Croatia, the Catholic Church gave permission for the Roman Rite liturgical Mass to be celebrated in Old Church Slavonic at a time when such liturgies were typically only permitted to be in Latin, resulting in the Glagolitic Use Mass.

Background
The text is in Old Church Slavonic, with five vocal movements that correspond to the Catholic Ordinary of the Mass, omitting "Dona nobis pacem" in the Agnus Dei. The musical origins of the work can be traced to Janáček's Latin setting of the Kyrie, Agnus Dei, and Credo for organ and chorus. This was used as a dictation exercise by his composition students in 1908.

Janáček had extensive experience working with choirs, as well as writing a large amount of choral music. It begins and closes with triumphant fanfares dominated by the brass. In between these sections lies particularly vibrant and rhythmic writing for solo voices as well as choir. Curiously, the final movement is titled Intrada, which means entrance. Before this Intrada, Janáček introduces a dramatic organ solo of considerable originality – a moto perpetuo of wild energy. Janáček's Glagolitic Mass is considered an important work of the century and is frequently performed and recorded today.

Janáček was a strong supporter of pan-Slavism, and this mass has been viewed as a celebration of Slavic culture.

Different editions of the score exist, prepared by Paul Wingfield and by Jiři Zahrádka.

Structure
Its eight movements are: Although this version is considered the "standard" version performed today, research into Janáček's manuscripts suggests that the Intrada was intended to be played at the beginning of the work as well, creating a symmetric nine-movement form with the Věruju at its center. In addition, several other sections of the work were revealed to have been simplified in meter and orchestration. Some of the movements are reworkings of Janáček's earlier compositions: the Svet, for instance, is derived from the Sanctus of the composer's own Mass in E-flat.
 * 1) Úvod – Introduction (orchestra)
 * 2) Gospodi pomiluj – Kyrie
 * 3) Slava – Gloria
 * 4) Věruju – Credo
 * 5) Svet – Sanctus
 * 6) Agneče Božij – Agnus Dei
 * 7) Varhany sólo (Postludium) – Organ solo
 * 8) Intrada – Exodus (literally, entrance)

Orchestration
The mass is scored for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass soloists, double SATB choir, and an orchestra of 4 flutes (2–4 doubling piccolos), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 3 clarinets (3rd doubling bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon), 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, glockenspiel, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, tam-tam, chimes, 2 harps, celesta, organ, and strings (1st & 2nd violins, violas, cellos, and double basses).

Recordings

 * Břetislav Bakala, Brno Radio Symphony Orchestra, Moravian Academic Singing Association, The Vach Moravian Lady Teachers' Choir; Libuse Domaninska, Marie Jurenova, Josef Valka, Jaroslav Hromadka (vocal soloists); Frantisek Michalek (organ) (rec. 1951, Supraphon)
 * Leonard Bernstein, New York Philharmonic, Westminster Choir (Elaine Brown, chorus director); Helga Pilarczyk, Janis Martin, Nicolai Gedda (tenor), George Gaynes (bass); Bruce Prince-Joseph (organ) (rec. 1963, Sony)
 * Karel Ančerl, Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus (Josef Veselka, chorus director); Libuse Domaninska, Vera Soukupova, Beno Blachut, Eduard Haken (vocal soloists); Jaroslav Vodrazka (organ) (rec. April 1963, Supraphon)
 * Rafael Kubelík, Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and Choir (Wolfgang Schubert, chorus master); Evelyn Lear, Hilde Rössel-Majdan (contralto), Ernst Haefliger, Franz Crass (vocal soloists); Bedrich Janacek (organ) (rec. 1964, Deutsche Grammophon)
 * Rudolf Kempe, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Brighton Festival Chorus; Teresa Kubiak, Anne Collins, Robert Tear, Wolfgang Schöne (vocal soloists); John Birch (organ) (rec.  May 1973; organ solo 6 August 1973, Decca)
 * Václav Neumann; Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Czech Philharmonic Chorus; Gabriela Beňačková, Vera Soukupova, Frantisek Livora, Karel Prusa (vocal soloists); Jan Hora (organ) (rec. 1978, Supraphon)
 * Ladislav Slovák, Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra; Chorus of the Slovak National Theatre Opera House; Magdaléna Hajóssyová; Viktoria Stracenská; Vilém Přibyl; Richard Novák (vocal soloists) (1979, Opus)
 * František Jílek; Brno State Philharmonic Orchestra, Czech Philharmonic Chorus; Gabriela Beňačková, Eva Randová, Vilém Přibyl; Sergej Kopčák (vocal soloists); Jan Hora (organ) (rec. 1979, Supraphon)
 * Sir Simon Rattle, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus; Felicity Palmer, Ameral Gunson, John Mitchinson, Malcolm King (vocal soloists); Jane Parker-Smith (organ) (1981, EMI Classics)
 * Sir Charles Mackerras, Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Prague Philharmonic Choir (Lubomír Mátl, chorus master); Elisabeth Söderström, Drahomira Drobkovà, František Livora, Richard Novák (vocal soloists); Jan Hora (organ) (rec. 1984, Supraphon)
 * Michael Gielen, SWR Symphony Orchestra, Slovak Philharmonic Chorus; Ellen Shade, Márta Szirmay, Thomas Moser, Günter Reich (vocal soloists); Imrich Szabó (organ) (rec. 1988, SWR Music)
 * Robert Shaw, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Chorus; Christine Brewer, Marietta Simpson, Karl Dent, Roger Roloff (vocal soloists) (rec. 1990, Telarc)
 * Michael Tilson Thomas, London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus: Gabriela Beňačková, Felicity Palmer, Gary Lakes, Anatoly Kotcherga (vocal soloists) (rec. 1990, Sony)
 * Kurt Masur, Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, Prague Radio Choir; Venceslava Hruba. Rosemarie Lang (contralto), John Mitchinson, Theo Adam (vocal soloists); Michael Schönheit (organ) (rec. 1991, Philips)
 * Charles Dutoit, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Choeur de l'Orchestre symphonique de Montréal; Natalia Troitskaya, Eva Randová, Kaludi Kaludov, Sergei Leiferkus (vocal soloists); Thomas Trotter (organ) (rec. May 16, 1991; Decca)
 * Sir Charles Mackerras, Danish National Radio Symphony Orchestra and Choir, Copenhagen Boys Choir; Tina Kiberg, Randi Stene, Peter Svensson, Ulrik Cold (vocal soloists); Per Salo (organ) (based on Janáček's original manuscripts, 1994, Chandos)
 * Riccardo Chailly; Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra; Slovak Philharmonic Choir; Eva Urbanová, Marta Benackova, Vladimir Bogachov, Richard Novák (vocal soloists); Thomas Trotter (organ) (1998, Decca)
 * Leos Svárovský, Czech Symphony Orchestra of Brno, Czech Philharmonic Chorus of Brno; Eva Drizgová, Hana Štolfová-Bandová, Vladimir Dolezal, Jiri Sulzenko (vocal soloists); Martin Jakubiek (organ) (2000, Ultraphon)
 * Antoni Wit, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, Warsaw Philharmonic Choir; Christiane Libor, Ewa Marciniec, Timothy Bentch, Wojciech Gierlach (vocal soloists);  Jaroslaw Malanowicz (organ) (2011, Naxos)
 * Marek Janowski, Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Rundfunkchor Berlin; Aga Mikolaj,  Iris Vermillion, Stuart Neill, Arutjun Kotchinian (vocal soloists) (2013, Pentatone)
 * Tomáš Netopil, Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra, Prague Philharmonic Choir (Lukáš Vasilek, director); Andrea Danková, Jana Sýkorová, Tomáš Juhás, Jozef Benci (vocal soloists); Ales Barta (organ) (2014, Supraphon; based on original performance version)
 * Edward Gardner, Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir, Choir of Collegium Musicum; Sara Jakubiak, Susan Bickley, Stuart Skelton, Gábor Bretz (vocal soloists); Thomas Trotter (organ) (2016, Chandos)
 * Jiří Bělohlávek, Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Prague Philharmonic Choir; Hibla Gerzmava, Veronika Hajnová, Stuart Neill, Jan Martiník  (vocal soloists); Aleš Bárta (organ) (2018, Decca)
 * Marko Letonja, Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, Czech Philharmonic Choir of Brno; Malin Byström, Jennifer Johnston, Ladislav Elgr, Adam Plachetka (vocal soloists); Johann Vexo (organ) (2022, Warner Classics)

Arrangements

 * 1) Arrangement suitable for: solo soprano, alto, tenor and bass, mixed chorus, organ and orchestra
 * 2) * arrangement for: wind orchestra
 * 3) * arrangement by: Karel Bělohoubek
 * 4) * performed by: Czech Army Central Band, co Karel Bělohoubek
 * 5) Arrangement suitable for: solo soprano, alto, tenor and bass, mixed chorus, organ and orchestra
 * 6) * arrangement for: wind orchestra
 * 7) * arrangement by: Josef Šebesta
 * 8) * performed by: Prague Castle Guard and Police Wind Orchestra, co Rudolf Rydval
 * 9) Arrangement suitable for: opera
 * 10) * arrangement for: fantasy from the opera for saloon orchestra
 * 11) * arrangement by: E. Bauer
 * 12) * performed by: Dolfi Dauber Saloon Orchestra, co Dolfi Dauber
 * 13) Arrangement suitable for: opera
 * 14) * arrangement for: orchestral suite from the opera
 * 15) * arrangement by: Peter Breiner
 * 16) * performed by: New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, co Peter Breiner

In film
The Glagolitic Mass was used for the music in the 1954 film Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome by director Kenneth Anger.

Other composers
Other composers of a Glagolitic Mass include J. B. Foerster, František Zdeněk Skuherský, the Prague organist Bedřich Antonín Wiedermann, Karel Douša, and more recently Jan Křesadlo and Jan Hanuš. These Glagolitic Masses were mostly intended for liturgical use, prompted by the 1920 limited permission for the Roman Rite Mass to be celebrated in Church Slavonic once again in Bohemia and Moravia.

title: Glagolitic Mass