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Lewis Ginter

Lewis Ginter (April 4, 1824 – October 2, 1897) was a prominent businessman, financier, military officer, real estate developer, and philanthropist centered in Richmond, Virginia. A native of New York City, Ginter accumulated a considerable fortune throughout his numerous business ventures and became one of Richmond's wealthiest citizens despite his exceptionally modest demeanor. While the Jefferson Hotel and Ginter Park embody some of Ginter's major urban contributions to Richmond, many of his philanthropic gifts were given anonymously to charitable organizations and individuals in need. Ginter served in the Confederacy, attaining the rank of major and played a major role in bringing Richmond back from the ravages of the Civil War. His continued devotion to the city is captured in his famous remark, "I am for Richmond, first and last."

Early life
Lewis Ginter was born to John and Elizabeth Ginter on April 4, 1824, in New York City. His father owned a grocery store, but died soon after Ginter was born. Several years later, Ginter's mother died, leaving him to be raised by his married sister, Jane Ginter Arents.

Early business
In 1842, at the age of eighteen, Ginter relocated to Richmond, Virginia, to open up a shop selling notions and toys. He had visited the city at least once before with an uncle. Ginter soon moved up to the "house furnishings" business. Then, in 1853, he began marketing wholesale notions and imported fancy goods to village and country merchants, and in early 1860 his nephew, George Arents, joined the partnership of Ginter, Alvey & Arents. It was known as "the largest wholesale notion house and handlers of white goods and Irish linen in the South." Ginter traveled throughout the United States and Europe in search of quality merchandise, and amassed a considerable fortune before the beginning of the American Civil War. Preparing for unpredictable times, Ginter invested in large quantities of tobacco, sugar, and cotton that were stored in Richmond warehouses in order to protect his wealth.

Military office
Although he was originally from the North, Ginter supported his adopted home in the Confederacy by buying Confederate bonds and waiving outstanding debts. Shortly after the war broke out, he volunteered in the Confederate Quartermaster Department in Richmond, amassing supplies for the troops. He joined the Confederate Army as a commissary with the rank of Major in 1862 and received praise from his superiors for his heroic deeds on and off the battlefield, which earned him the nickname "The Fighting Commissary." Major Ginter served under Generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph R. Anderson, Stonewall Jackson, A.P. Hill and Edward Lloyd Thomas, and retained this title from affectionate Southerners long after the war ended. As fate would have it, Major Ginter was in the Confederate capital on official business during the Evacuation and capture of Richmond and retreated to Amelia Court House, Virginia, to meet up with the remnants of his brigade. He was present during Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, and returned to Richmond several days later.

New York
Upon his return to Richmond, Ginter found the city in a state of ruin. His warehouse stores of tobacco and sugar were destroyed in a fire that consumed much of the business district, though his cotton remained unscathed. With little economic opportunity in Richmond, he sold his cotton and returned to New York City to pursue a career in banking. First joining the firm of Harrison & Company, he experienced great financial success. But his renewed fortune was short-lived. The Black Friday gold panic in 1869 forced Ginter to use his personal fortune to settle heavy debts his firm incurred. Having lost all of his wealth once again, Ginter sold tobacco on consignment in New York for Richmond tobacconist John F. Allen. In 1872, Ginter decided to return to affordable Richmond.

Tobacco
In 1872, Ginter joined John F. Allen to form John F. Allen & Company, which manufactured chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco and a small line of cigars. Shortly after, at Ginter's urging, the firm was the first to manufacture cigarettes with mild, 100% domestic bright leaf tobacco, grown in the Virginia and North Carolina piedmont, rather than with strong "Turkish" tobaccos. When the firm released its first cigarettes in 1875, it was the first in the South to manufacture cigarettes as its primary branded product. Early production began in a factory with twenty young, white women, who hand-rolled the cigarettes. Initially, the cigarettes weren't successful in the South, where men overwhelmingly preferred chewing tobacco. Around 1880, the firm was renamed Allen & Ginter. Ginter's "Richmond Gem" cigarettes were first a hit in London where, with help from his agent, John Morgan Richards, they were marketed as a foreign novelty. Allen & Ginter also manufactured cigarettes with "Turkish" tobacco or blends. Their brands included "Richmond Straight-Cut No. 1," "The Pet," "Dubec," "Opera Puffs," and "Our Little Beauties." In 1881, with growing competition in the tobacco industry, Ginter began leasing James Bonsack's newly-invented cigarette rolling machine. By 1888, Allen & Ginter employed over 1,000 workers and cigarette production increased from 100,000 per month to 2,000,000 per day. The firm eventually opened offices in London, Paris, and Berlin in order to meet foreign demand for their products. Allen & Ginter continued to prosper until they merged with J. B. Duke, Kinney Brothers Tobacco Company, Goodwin & Company and W.S. Kimball & Company to form the American Tobacco Company in January 1890. Ginter was offered the presidency, but declined and remained a director until his death.

Real estate
Although Ginter had lived in Richmond for several decades, he did not purchase his first home until 1876. He invited his sister, Jane Arents, and three of her daughters, Grace, Joanna, and Minnie, to live with him at 405 East Cary Street. In 1891, he completed construction of a freestyle, Richardsonian Romanesque mansion in an elite neighborhood at 901 West Franklin Street. In modern times, the structure became property of Virginia Commonwealth University and it was known as the "Ginter House." In September 2020, the University’s Board of Visitors voted to "de-commemorate" several buildings on campus named for members of the Confederacy including Ginter's home. The house is now simply known as the "VCU Administration Building".

Ginter was inspired by the suburban developments in Melbourne and Sydney that he visited on one of many business trips marketing for Allen & Ginter. Beginning in 1888, Ginter and John Pope began assembling large tracts of land just north of Richmond in Henrico County, with the intention of developing an upscale streetcar suburb. Their purchases included part of the original Westbrook Plantation, which they developed into their own country estate. Ginter's renovated and enlarged Westbrook house included a private barbershop. An outbuilding featured an automated, one-lane bowling alley." Ginter and Pope divided the large swaths of land into residential plots and provided many extravagant amenities, such as fresh artesian wells, tile sewer lines, roads covered with crushed stone, and the extension of the Richmond Union Passenger Railway, the nation's first large-scale electric streetcar system. The neighborhood, known as Ginter Park, attracted the Union Theological Seminary and was eventually annexed to the City of Richmond. Ginter also laid the groundwork for several adjoining neighborhoods, including Bellevue Park and Sherwood Park. He established the Lakeside Wheel Club in 1895, and Lakeside Park in 1896.

Always eager to improve Richmond, Ginter hired famed architects Carrère and Hastings in 1892 to design a world-class hotel known as the Jefferson. An estimated 5 to 10 million dollars was invested in the realization of the hotel before it opened on October 31, 1895. It was immediately praised as one of the finest hotels in the country. Ginter commissioned Edward V. Valentine to create a life-size sculpture of Thomas Jefferson from Carrara marble to be displayed as the centerpiece of the upper lobby. Additional novelties included exotic palm trees from Central and South America, numerous antiques, Turkish and Russian baths, electric elevators, and for a brief period, alligators in the lobby fountain. Not only did the Jefferson become an icon of Ginter's immeasurable dedication to his adopted city, it symbolized Richmond's growing post-war prosperity.

John Pope
While working in New York City after the war, Ginter met John Pope, a messenger boy who delivered packages to his firm. Pope was born in New York City in 1856 to a German immigrant family. His father was a shoemaker, and Pope acquired the delivery job at the age of 14 to help his family make ends meet. Ginter eventually hired Pope to work in the New York tobacco depot. When Ginter relocated back to Richmond, he brought Pope along with him as his apprentice.

The two began an enduring business partnership that would last for the remainder of their lives. Pope grew to become Ginter's trusted business partner and assumed a number of executive roles, including Vice President of Allen & Ginter in 1888, and President of the Crystal Ice Company, James River Marl and Bone Phosphate Company, and Powhatan Clay Manufacturing Company. When the American Tobacco Company was formed in 1890, Pope served as vice-president and managed the centralized cigarette operations in Richmond. Like Ginter, Pope was involved in a number of philanthropic activities, and strove to avoid the public eye.

Ginter and Pope remained lifelong bachelors, both living in Ginter's home, until Pope's premature death in 1896. Pope was buried in a plot in Hollywood Cemetery that Ginter had reserved for himself. While the intimate details of their relationship are unknown, Pope's obituary said he "lived quietly with Major Ginter, for whom he possessed the most ardent affection." And Ginter's obituary said he "never pointedly sought" the company of women.

Death

The death of Ginter's close companion John Pope left him noticeably distraught. Ginter also suffered from diabetes, and his health quickly declined before being bedridden at his Westbrook estate. After two months of severe debilitation, Ginter died on October 2, 1897. His funeral was regarded as one of the largest in Richmond's history, and about a year later his remains were placed in a private mausoleum in Hollywood Cemetery, overlooking the James River.

Legacy
At the time of his death, Ginter had amassed one of the largest personal fortunes in the South. His enduring commitment to Richmond is evidenced in his significant investments in real estate, business, and most notably, his philanthropic activity. Even while Ginter was traveling abroad, he reportedly ordered items from Richmond to support local merchants. His will included gifts to almost every charity and public institution in the city. The remainder of his wealth was left to his relatives, including his niece, Grace Arents, who continued in her uncle's charitable footsteps. Arents converted the Lakeside Wheel Club into a progressive farm known as Bloemendaal, which she later arranged to become Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden. She also developed St. Andrew's Episcopal Church and St. Andrew's School, built playgrounds, and funded numerous schools and medical institutions. In 1897, the Richmond Dispatch praised Ginter as "one whose public spirit and broad charity have made his name familiar and honored throughout this city, which he loved so well, did so much to build up and beautify."

title: Lewis Ginter


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Talk:Pan-european

from VfD:

Dictdef, and I think it's too much two separate words for wiktionary to want it. --fvw *  20:08, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * D. Orphan/Dead end dictdef. --BesigedB 20:11, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I feel like there's been some sort of political movement or something about this term. Any Europeans to tell us where to redirect this to? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:17, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * There have been a lot of pan-european things, many of them to do with the EU. However redirecting pan-european to EU would be odd, because it isn't. Apart from that, this european doesn't have any idea where it should redirect to, so for the time being I'm going with nowhere. --fvw *  20:26, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Redirect to International Paneuropean Union. Martg76 20:31, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that looks fine. --fvw *  23:29, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Good idea, Redirect to International Paneuropean Union Wyss 23:28, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Andre Engels 22:13, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course it should be expanded, to redirect it would narrow the concept instead. --Pgreenfinch 08:23, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pan-european


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title: Template:NYSE American


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Talk:Smooth green snake

Untitled
Can anyone confirm that Image:Green, yellow snake.jpg is of a Smooth Green Snake? -- Solipsist 20:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Its a nice close up of the head. I am not sure of the identification and I am no expert. Googling for images of "smooth green snake" gives a few with very similar eyes and shape of head but a range of coloring. Candian Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Network has the closest I have found. But the Rough Green Snake Opheodrys aestivu shown at http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/index.htm?http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/gallery/snakes/&2  looks very similar to the head of the unidentified snake, perhaps more similar. Note the comment that the keeling on the scales is a way to tell the two apart.  The same source says of the smooth green snake "The belly is ivory and the throat is pale white", and that agrees with our unidentified snake. The source for the photo says that it is in a reptile house, so could be from anywhere.We need an expert! Billlion 21:39, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

scientific name
It looks like this snake is both Liochlorophis vernalis and Opheodrys vernalis. Opheodrys is more popular so I just adding a mention of Liochlorophis. -Ravedave 02:40, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * What you want to do is find out what the most authoritative taxonomy is and then see what the valid name is for the taxon according to that source. It's for this reason that WP:AAR settled on using the ITIS database as out primary source for snake taxonomy. ITIS lists Opheodrys vernalis as being the current valid name, so I imagine that Liochlorophis vernalis will be included as a synonym in Dr. McDiarmid's next checklist (Snake Species of the World, Vol. 2). --Jwinius (talk) 02:21, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Anonymous user changed name to Liochlorophis. Change was reversed based on ITIS database taxonomy.--Teresa J. Mayfield (talk) 13:29, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Help!
Hello fellow Wikipedia editors! I have recently taken this article up as a project for my AP Biology class (as the banner above shows). I would greatly appreciate any help you are willing to give, whether it's from grammar to citation mistakes. Every correction would help me out immensely. :) Thanks. --Darby0341 (talk) 21:14, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I went through and made a few changes to the sentence structure. P0PP4B34R732 (talk) 21:37, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Suggested reference] --Ettrig (talk) 11:55, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Thanks, I'll take a look! --Darby0341 (talk) 21:08, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Conservation states

 * If possible, it would also be interesting to add which states the green snake is under protection in. And also any consertaion efforts, if any, should be noted somewhere on this page as well.P0PP4B34R732 (talk) 21:38, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

Checking in - nothing formal

 * It is hunted by a good amount of predators. That phrases has never made sense to me; yet, I hear it all the time. How much is "good"?
 * 36–51 cm... I would include both metric and English conversions.
 * The largest smooth green snake was measured as being 66 cm (26 in) long... I wonder if that should be "longest".
 * Just saw one on a trail in Northern Colorado (early April) which was at least 3ft long and about an inch in diameter. So, you might want to seriously adjust the maximum length listed!!  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.82.9.2 (talk) 20:24, 8 April 2019 (UTC)
 * When a smooth green snake is first born, It see first as a sequence, thus there is no second born. I would prefer another term to imply: at birth they are ...; however, at maturity they are ...
 *  Enjoying warmth I need to address my concern over attributing emotional states in animals. They may prefer warmth over cold; yet, enjoy neither.
 * Smooth green snakes rely greatly on the environment for camouflage... I would drop 'greatly', as an unnecessary descriptor. Also, are they relying on the environment or rather their skin color /pigmentation?
 * If provoked, they can secrete a substance from its anal gland, causing a foul smell. That's interesting, is there any addition details out there regarding the nature of this chemical?
 * finding prey with its tongue and an organ on the roof of it's mouth I would name this organ and link it.
 * the snake has no eyelids, but its sight is relatively strong but is a "weak" transitional word, typically implying a contrast... this could be interpreted as "despite the lack of eyelids, they see well. I'm not certain that eyelids are a factor in vision - good or bad.
 *  Due to stretchy ligaments in its jaw... Do they also unhinge their jaws? If so their ability to swallow large prey is as equally or more so accounted for by that feat.
 * During months when the weather is warmer, the snake tends to be active; while in the winter months, when the weather is cool That's a lot of words just to say their level of activity is temperature dependent. I would like to see research with specifics... at what temperature do they begin hibernation or during what specific months. In north America, the snakes seek shelter in late fall when the temperature dips below 47 degrees. (I made this up... does no one know?)
 * laying its eggs sometime from June to September. why is that word there; it seems to suggest a lack of confidence in their egg laying period or perhaps they sometimes lay eggs in May, April, etc... It makes the factoid non-committal.
 * tend to be about one inch in length (metric)... I'm seeing tend to be sometimes, occasional, may, and so many words among all the articles that suggest that information is marginal at best. I need to consult and see if this is appropriate.--JimmyButler (talk) 23:03, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for the check up and suggestions. I've had a bit of a busy schedule, but I'll get on this ASAP. --Darby0341 (talk) 00:28, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Range Map
Hey Darbs(: you range map is complete it is in wikimedia commons! under smooth green snake map, you just hit the use on wikipedia button and it will give you a little format/link-y thing. Hope you like it, Abi(: — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stanfordbound 14 (talk • contribs) 02:01, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, here we go. File:Smooth Green Snake Map.png, search it on commons. loves you, Abi(: Stanfordbound 14 (talk) 13:25, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smooth green snake


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Geoffroi Jacques Flach

Geoffroi Jacques Flach (February 16, 1846 – December 4, 1919) was a French jurist and historian born at Strasbourg, Alsace, of a family known at least as early as the 16th century, when Sigismond Flach was the first professor of law at University of Strasbourg.

G.J. Flach studied classics and law at Strasbourg, and in 1869 took his degree of doctor of law. In his theses as well as in his early writings such as De la subrogation réelle, La Bonorum possessio, and Sur la durée des effets de la minorité (1870) he endeavored to explain the problems of laws by means of history, an idea which was new to France at that time. The Franco-Prussian War engaged Flach's activities in other directions, and he spent two years (described in his Strasbourg après le bombardment, 1873) at work on the rebuilding of the library and the museum, which had been destroyed by Prussian shells.

When the time came for him to choose between Germany and France, he settled definitely in Paris, where he completed his scientific training at the École des Chartes and the École des Hautes Études. Having acted for some time as secretary to Jules Sénard, ex-president of the Constituent Assembly, he published an original paper on artistic copyright, but as soon as possible resumed the history of law. In 1879 he became assistant to the jurist Édouard René de Laboulaye at the Collège de France, and succeeded him in 1884 in the chair of comparative legislation.

Since 1877 he had been professor of comparative law at the free school of the political sciences. To qualify himself for these two positions he had to study the most diverse civilizations, including those of the East and Far East (e.g. Hungary, Russia and Japan) and even the antiquities of Babylonia and other Asiatic countries. Some of his lectures have been published, particularly those concerning Ireland: Histoire du régime agraire de l'Irlande (1883); Considérations sur l'histoire politique de l'Irlande (1885); and Jonathan Swift, son action politique en Irlande (1886).

His chief efforts, however, were concentrated on the history of ancient French law. A celebrated lawsuit in Alsace, pleaded by his friend and compatriot Ignace Chauffour, aroused his interest by reviving the question of the origin of the feudal laws, and gradually led him to study the formation of those laws and the early growth of the feudal system. His great work, Les Origines de l'ancienne France, was produced slowly. In the first volume, Le Régime seigneurial (1886), he depicts the triumph of individualism and anarchy, showing how, after Charlemagne's great but sterile efforts to restore the Roman principle of sovereignty, the great landowners gradually monopolized the various functions in the state; how society modelled on antiquity disappeared; and how the only living organisms were vassalage and clientship.

The second volume, Les Origines communales, et féodalité et la chevalerie (1893), deals with the reconstruction of society on new bases which took place in the 10th and 11th centuries. It explains how the Gallo-Roman villa gave place to the village, with its fortified castle, the residence of the lord; how new towns were formed by the side of old, some of which disappeared; how the townspeople united in corporations; and how the communal bond proved to be a powerful instrument of cohesion. At the same time it traces the birth of feudalism from the germs of the Gallo-Roman personal comitalus; and shows how the bond that united the different parties was the contract of the fief; and how, after a slow growth of three centuries, feudalism was definitely organized in the 12th century.

In 1904 appeared the third volume, La Renaissance de l'État, in which the author describes the efforts of the Direct Capetian kings to reconstruct the power of the Frankish kings over the whole of Gaul; and goes on to show how the clergy, the heirs of the imperial tradition, encouraged this ambition; how the great lords of the kingdom (the "princes", as Flach calls them), whether as allies or foes, pursued the same end; and how, before the close of the 12th century, the Capetian kings were in possession of the organs and the means of action which were to render them so powerful and bring about the early downfall of feudalism.

In these three volumes, which appeared at long intervals, the author's theories are not always in complete harmony, nor are they always presented in a very luminous or coherent manner, but they are marked by originality and vigour. Flach gave them a solid basis by the wide range of his researches, utilizing charters and cartularies (published and unpublished), chronicles, lives of saints, and even those dangerous guides, the chansons de geste.

He owed little to the historians of feudalism, who knew what feudalism was, but not how it came about. He pursued the same method in his L'Origine de l'habitation et des lieux habités en France (1899), in which he discusses some of the theories circulated by A Meitzen in Germany and by Arbois de Jubainville in France. Following in the footsteps of the jurist F. K. von Savigny, Flach studied the teaching of law in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and produced Cujas les glossateurs et les Bartolistes (1883), and Études critiques sur l'histoire du droit romain au moyen âge, avec textes inédits (1890).

Flach's library was purchased by the University of Missouri in 1920 and is preserved at the University of Missouri Libraries.

title: Geoffroi Jacques Flach


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Muhu

Muhu (also called Muhumaa in Estonian) is an island in the West Estonian archipelago of the Baltic Sea. With an area of 198 km2 it is the third largest island belonging to Estonia, after Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

Together with neighbouring smaller islands of Kesselaid, Viirelaid, Võilaid and Suurlaid it forms Muhu Parish (Muhu vald), the rural municipality within Saare County. The municipality has a population of 1,697 (as of 19 April 2010) and covers an area of 206.12 km2. The population density is 8.8 PD/sqkm.

History and geography
The German names for the island are Mohn and Moon. Moon is also the Swedish name for the island.

The most important villages in Muhu are Kuivastu, Liiva (where the school can be found) and Koguva. In Pädaste, an internationally renowned luxury hotel and spa operates in the restored manor house.

The island is divided from mainland Estonia by the Suur Strait (Moonsund) and from Saaremaa by the Väike Strait. It is linked by ferry to Virtsu on the mainland, and to Saaremaa by a causeway, the Väinatamm. In winter an ice road connects the island to the mainland.

In January 1227, an army of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword with Letts, Germans of Riga and native Livonians (20,000 men commanded by William of Modena) crossed on sea ice from the mainland and attacked the island of Saaremaa to reduce the last holdout of pagan Estonians. The Estonians surrendered on Muhu at a circular stronghold called Mona, the earthworks of which are still preserved near the causeway between the islands. This ended the Estonian Crusade.

The Battle of Karuse or Battle on the Ice was fought on 16 February 1270 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Livonian Order on the frozen Baltic Sea between Muhu and the mainland. The Lithuanians achieved a decisive victory. The battle, named after the village of Karuse, was the fifth-largest defeat of the Livonian or Teutonic Orders in the 13th century.

The same waters saw the Battle of Moon Sound in September–October 1917 between Russian and German naval forces.

Muhu is the home of Estonia's first wine tourism farm – Luscher & Matiesen Muhu Winehouse.

Culture
Muhu is known for having the only traditional windmills in Estonia that are still operational. Muhu is also known for its traditional knitted stockings.

title: Muhu


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Viktoria Mullova

Viktoria Yurievna Mullova (Виктория Юрьевна Муллова; born 27 November 1959) is a Russian-born British violinist. She is best known for her performances and recordings of a number of violin concerti, compositions by J.S. Bach, and her innovative interpretations of popular and jazz compositions by Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, The Beatles, and others.

Biography and early career
Mullova was born in Zhukovsky, 45 km from Moscow, in Soviet Russia. At the age of four, she was encouraged to start her violin training by her father Yuri Mullov, the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute physicist and engineer. After studying at the Central Music School of Moscow and at the Moscow Conservatory under Leonid Kogan, she won first prize at the 1980 International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition in Helsinki and the gold medal at the International Tchaikovsky Competition in 1982. She remembered the whole experience of the Soviet quasi-religious state-sponsored musical education as an overly stressful nightmare full of hypocrisy: "Naturally, I have never believed in communism. But everything was a play. I knew I wanted to leave, and I was pretending to be a naive girl".

Defection
During a tour of Finland in 1983, Mullova and her lover, Vakhtang Jordania, who posed as her accompanist so they could defect together, left the hotel in Kuusamo, after Jordania told the KGB officer who was watching them that Mullova was too sick from drinking to attend the afterparty. The Stradivari violin owned by the Soviet Union was left behind on the hotel bed. YLE journalist Jyrki Koulumies,  accompanied by photographer Caj Sundman, drove them in a rented car across the border via Haparanda to Luleå, Sweden where they flew to Stockholm.

At that time, the Swedish police treated the young, on-the-run musicians just like any other political defectors from the Eastern Bloc: they suggested that the couple stay in a safehouse over the weekend until the American Embassy opened so they could apply for political asylum upon relocation. So for two days they sat under pseudonyms in a safehouse not even daring to go outside, because their photographs were on the front page of every Swedish and international newspaper. Two days later they arrived in Washington, D.C., with American visas in their pockets.

Life in the West
Mullova has made many recordings including her debut release of the Tchaikovsky and Jean Sibelius violin concertos which was awarded the Grand Prix du Disque.

She formed the Mullova Chamber Ensemble in the mid-1990s. The ensemble has toured Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands and has recorded the Bach violin concertos on Philips Classics. She was nominated for a 1995 Grammy Award for her recording of the Bach Partitas, and she won a 1995 Echo Klassik award, a Japanese Record Academy Award and a Deutsche Schallplattenkritik prize for her recording of the Brahms violin concerto. Her recording of the Brahms B major Trio (no. 1) and Beethoven's Archduke Trio with André Previn and Heinrich Schiff was released in 1995, receiving a further Diapason d'Or.

Mullova's international career as a soloist has included performances with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Philharmonia, the Berlin Philharmonic, the Vienna Symphony, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. She has also performed as soloist and director with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment.

Mullova plays the Jules Falk Stradivarius from 1723 and a violin made in 1750 by Giovanni Battista Guadagnini. Her bows include a Baroque style bow by a Walter Barbiero, one of the finest makers of modern bows, a Dodd and a Voirin.

Personal life
Mullova currently lives in Holland Park, London, England, with her husband, cellist Matthew Barley, and three children: the jazz bassist Misha Mullov-Abbado, from her relationship with conductor and pianist Claudio Abbado; Katia, from her relationship with violinist Alan Brind; and Nadia, who is a dancer in the Royal Ballet, from her marriage to Barley.

Selected discography

 * Beethoven Violin Sonatas Nos. 3, 9 (Onyx 4050). With Kristian Bezuidenhout; 2010
 * JS Bach Sonatas & Partitas for violin solo (Onyx 4040); 2009
 * JS Bach Sonatas for violin and harpsichord (Onyx 4020). With Ottavio Dantone; 2007
 * Vivaldi 5 violin concertos (Onyx 4001). With Il Giardino Armonico; 2005
 * Beethoven and Mendelssohn Violin Concertos (Philips, 473 872–2). With Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique/John Eliot Gardiner; 2003
 * Mozart: Violin Concertos Nos. 1, 3-4 (Philips, 470 292). With Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment; 2002
 * Through the Looking Glass (Philips, 464 184–2). With Matthew Barley and Between the Notes; 2000
 * Bartók and Stravinsky Violin Concertos (Philips, 456 542–2). With Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra/Esa-Pekka Salonen; 1997
 * Brahms Violin Sonatas (Philips, 446 709–2). With pianist Piotr Anderszewski; 1997
 * Tchaikovsky and Sibelius Violin Concertos(Philips 416 821–2) Boston Symphony Orchestra/Seiji Ozawa; 1985

title: Viktoria Mullova


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GEM100

GEM100 was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

GEM100
A engine that started less than half a month ago? Not notable. --fvw *  20:16, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

 * Keep. GEM100 may have started recently, but is quickly growing. --User:195.229.241.169
 * That's wonderful, then I'm sure it will be sufficiently notable for an article in no time, at which time one can be created. --fvw *  20:43, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. When it becomes notable, we can write an article on it then. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:27, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Wikimol 22:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete until the IPO. Wyss 23:26, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. not notable. -R. S. Shaw 01:06, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 02:31, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:57, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Andre Engels 22:13, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GEM100


text:
User talk:Llamatron

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:16, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Llamatron


text:
Talk:Only You (Harry Connick Jr. album)

Untitled
This needs to be fixed up a bit. A search for "only You" should link only to the song made famous by The Platters. The Harry Connick and movie stuff should be sub-categories. I'll fix this later if I remember.

How do you mean? A search for "only you" leads to a disambiguation page, well yeah i get your point, the song by The Platters is the main theme in everyone of the movies and the other Only You stuff.

Fair use rationale for Image:Harry Connick Jr Only You in Concert.jpg
Image:Harry Connick Jr Only You in Concert.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:51, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Only You (Harry Connick Jr. album)


text: User talk:68.84.243.63

title: User talk:68.84.243.63


text:
Only You

Only You may refer to:

Film

 * Only You (1992 film), an American comedy directed by Betty Thomas
 * Only You (1994 film), an American romantic comedy directed by Norman Jewison
 * Only You (2011 film) or Always, a South Korean drama directed by Song Il-gon
 * Only You (2015 film), a Chinese romantic comedy directed by Zhang Hao
 * Only You (2018 film), a British romantic drama directed by Harry Wootliff
 * Abo So ("Only You"), 2013 Aruban film

Television

 * Only You (2002 TV series), a Chinese drama series
 * Only You (2005 TV series), a Korean drama series
 * Only You (2009 TV series), a Philippine remake of the Korean series
 * Only You (2011 TV series), a Hong Kong drama series
 * "Only You" (The Americans), a 2013 episode
 * "Only You" (Once Upon a Time), a 2016 episode

Music

 * Only You (singer), Weng Li-you (born 1975), Taiwanese pop singer

Albums

 * Only You (Harry Connick, Jr. album), 2004
 * Only You (Karyn Williams album), 2012
 * Only You (EP) by ShineBright, 2015
 * Only You, by David Choi, 2008

Songs

 * "Only You (And You Alone)", by the Platters, 1954; covered by the Hilltoppers (1955), Franck Pourcel (1959), Ringo Starr (1974), and others
 * "Only You (Can Break My Heart)", by Buck Owens, 1965
 * "Only You" (Cee Lo Green song), 2013
 * "Only You" (Cheat Codes and Little Mix song), 2018
 * "Only You" (Gims song), 2021
 * "Only You" (Josh Kelley song), 2005
 * "Only You" (Morning Musume song), 2011
 * "Only You" (Nikki Laoye song), 2013
 * "Only You" (Portishead song), 1998
 * "Only You" (Starlight Express), from the musical Starlight Express, 1984
 * "Only You" (Teddy Pendergrass song), 1978
 * "Only You" (Viktoria Modesta song), 2012
 * "Only You" (Yazoo song), 1982; covered by the Flying Pickets (1983), Enrique Iglesias (1997), Kylie Minogue (2015), and others
 * "Only You" (Zara Larsson song), 2017
 * "Only You" (112 song), 1996
 * "Only U", by Ashanti, 2004
 * "Only You", by Alesso and Sentinel, 2022
 * "Only You", by Alicia Keys from Keys, 2021
 * "Only You", by Ayọ from Joyful, 2006
 * "Only You", by Captain Jack, 1999
 * "Only You", by Chicago from Chicago 17, 1984
 * "Only You", by Ellie Goulding from Halcyon Days, 2013
 * "Only You", by Fleetwood Mac from Live in Boston, 1985
 * "Only You", by Kiss from Music from "The Elder", 1981
 * "Only You", by Lasgo from Far Away, 2005
 * "Only You", by Markus Feehily from Fire, 2015
 * "Only You", by Martha and the Muffins from The World Is a Ball, 1986
 * "Only You", by Metro Boomin from Not All Heroes Wear Capes, 2018
 * "Only You", by Miss A from Colors, 2015
 * "Only You", by Neil Diamond from On the Way to the Sky, 1981
 * "Only You", by Praise, 1991
 * "Only You", by the Pretty Reckless from Frankenweenie Unleashed!, 2012
 * "Only You", by Rain from Rainism, 2008
 * "Only You", by Roberto Zanetti (Savage), 1984
 * "Only You", by Sarah Close, 2017
 * "Only You", by Saturday, 2021
 * "Only You", by Scatman John from Scatman's World, 1995
 * "Only You", by Sofia Rotaru from Sofia Rotaru, 1972
 * "Only You", by Taio Cruz from Rokstarr, 2009
 * "Only You", by Sugababes from The Lost Tapes, 2022
 * "Only You", by Toto from Kingdom of Desire, 1992
 * "Only You", by the Wanted from Word of Mouth, 2013
 * "Only U", by VIXX from Voodoo, 2013

title: Only You


text:
Don Host Oblast

Don Host Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Russian Empire which consisted of the territory of the Don Cossacks, coinciding approximately with present-day Rostov Oblast in Russia. Its administrative center was Cherkassk, and later Novocherkassk.

It comprised the areas where the Don Cossack Host settled in the Russian Empire. From 1786, the territory was officially named Don Host Land (Земля Войска Донского), renamed Don Host Oblast in 1870.

During 1914, the oblast, with an area of 164,000 km², had about 3.9 million inhabitants. Of these, 55% (2.1 million) were Cossacks in possession of all the land; the remaining 45% of the population being townsfolk and agricultural guest labourers from other parts of Russia.

It was abolished in 1920; from the major part of it the Don Oblast of the RSFSR was created, which was incorporated into the North Caucasus Krai in 1924.

Administrative divisions
The districts (okrugs) of the Don Host Oblast in 1897 were as follows:

Language

 * Population by mother tongue according to the Imperial census of 1897.

title: Don Host Oblast


text:
Peach Girl

Peach Girl (ピーチガール) is a Japanese manga series by Miwa Ueda. A high school drama centered on character Momo Adachi, her love life, friendships and rivalries, it was published in Japan by Kodansha in Bessatsu Friend from 1998 to 2003 and collected in 18 volumes. The series was adapted as a Taiwanese drama in 2002 and a Japanese animated television series in 2005. A manga sequel set 10 years after the original manga, titled Peach Girl Next, began its serialization on Be Love on August 12, 2016. It ended with a total of eight volumes, the last of which was released in January 2020. On mid-March 2016, the live-action film adaptation was announced. The film was released in Japan on May 20, 2017.

The North American version of the manga is published by Kodansha USA, with all 18 volumes under the same title. It was previously published in two parts by Tokyopop: Peach Girl, covering the first eight volumes of the Japanese release; and Peach Girl: Change of Heart, comprising the final ten books. The animated TV series is distributed by Funimation Entertainment, currently known as Crunchyroll in North America.

Plot
Momo Adachi is a former member of the high school swim team. She tans easily and her hair is bleached out; unfortunately, she is stereotyped by her ignorant classmates and is forced to endure rumors about being an "easy girl" who has had many sexual relationships. Her only friend is Sae, who is actually responsible for spreading the nasty gossip due to her jealousy of Momo. Momo is in love with Toji, a taciturn baseball player, but the scheming Sae also has her sights set on the boy. Momo's life is further complicated with the introduction of Kairi Okayasu, a wise-cracking playboy who is determined to make her his. He reveals to Momo that she had saved him from drowning the summer before high school started.

Things become even more complicated when Sae, in an attempt to make Momo miserable, spreads rumors about Momo and Kairi making out. The rumor about the kiss between the two is true, but it was Kairi who initiated it while Momo remained stunned by the interaction. When Toji is hospitalized, Sae convinces Toji to break up with Momo. Thanks to Kairi, he finds out about all the lies and rumors Sae has made up. Toji saves Momo from being bullied (thanks to Sae's lies again) and tells the truth about him and Momo, resulting in the students apologizing to Momo and hating Sae. Toji and Momo get back together, but Sae later tries to complicate their relationship again by threatening to discredit Momo with her newly acquired access to the mass media. Though Toji is initially defiant, he reluctantly breaks up with Momo to protect her. Momo is heartbroken at first, particularly due to not knowing that it is part of Sae's schemes. However, she eventually begins dating Kairi, whom she had previously considered annoying, and soon begins to fall in love with him. When it is revealed to Momo why Toji broke up with her, Momo is left to choose between Toji and Kairi. More problems arise and the love triangle intensifies.

In "Sae's Story", Sae is left back a year, for she was always skipping classes. She is too stubborn so she goes to Momo's and Kairi's university every day. Toji goes to a good university by himself. Sae then meets one of her childhood sweethearts, Kanji (or Monkey Boy), who left for Malaysia when they were young, and promised to marry Sae when he was back. In love with Sae, Kanji follows her around, trying to win her over. He takes care of Sae's dog, Sora, when her parents would no longer let her keep it. The dog walks with a little limp; one day when Sora tried to follow Sae, she threw a rock at its paw and injured it. Sae starts modeling and pretends she goes to college with Momo, when she is really still in high school. She meets Honda and works for CC as a model. She meets a guy named Takuma, and he later turns her down. Sae meets another guy named Shinji but realizes he never really liked her. All these ups and downs make Sae realize that Momo, Kairi, and Kanji are the only people who care for her.

Characters

 * Adachi Momo (安達 もも)
 * Played by: Mizuki Yamamoto (Live Action 2017)
 * The main protagonist. Her given name means 'peach' in Japanese. She has tanned skin and light hair (derived from her constant swimming in chlorinated pools while on the swim team), mistakenly giving others the impression that she is a "beach bunny", lover of the Ganguro style, or sexually promiscuous. On the contrary, Momo is a shy, insecure girl. She has loved Toji for many years, although later on she finds herself falling in love with Kairi. When she found out Toji disliked girls with tan skin, she started to avoid swimming pools and wore a lot of sunblock to get her skin to its original color (presumed to be fair). Later on, Momo finds out that Toji never said he disliked girls with tan skin. Her friend (Ryoko) from junior high had made that up because she had liked him too. She is often confused later on when she likes both Toji and Kairi at the same time, causing several disputes between the two boys.
 * The main protagonist. Her given name means 'peach' in Japanese. She has tanned skin and light hair (derived from her constant swimming in chlorinated pools while on the swim team), mistakenly giving others the impression that she is a "beach bunny", lover of the Ganguro style, or sexually promiscuous. On the contrary, Momo is a shy, insecure girl. She has loved Toji for many years, although later on she finds herself falling in love with Kairi. When she found out Toji disliked girls with tan skin, she started to avoid swimming pools and wore a lot of sunblock to get her skin to its original color (presumed to be fair). Later on, Momo finds out that Toji never said he disliked girls with tan skin. Her friend (Ryoko) from junior high had made that up because she had liked him too. She is often confused later on when she likes both Toji and Kairi at the same time, causing several disputes between the two boys.

 * Kashiwagi Sae (柏木 さえ)
 * Played by: Mei Nagano (Live Action 2017)
 * The main antagonist who does everything to ruin Momo's life. Sae's fair features such as her pale skin and dark hair serve as a contrast for Momo; her "innocent" appearance belies her scheming, mischievous, trouble making nature. She is the one who spreads malicious gossip about Momo; something Momo knows, but has trouble dealing with, as people are more apt to believe in Sae than the 'airheaded ganguro girl' to the point that Toji believed Sae over Momo (who was currently his girlfriend). She often uses the gossip to make people dislike Momo, as a result of her own jealousy and insecurity. She spreads rumors that she is dating Toji, and that Momo is trying to steal him from her when it is actually the other way around. She really is mean and doesn't care for Momo and isn't her "real" friend. All she wants is popularity in school, to humiliate Momo, and to get Toji all for herself. She will stop at nothing to complete this task. Later, she dates a male model named Jigoro and in the end exploits him to help break up Toji and Momo, the nastiest scheme she has ever plotted. She begins to repent after she falls in love with Ryo and understands the hurtful feeling that she caused Momo, when Ryo seemingly gets her pregnant (it later turns out to be a medical condition that simulates pregnancy) and subsequently abandons her.
 * The main antagonist who does everything to ruin Momo's life. Sae's fair features such as her pale skin and dark hair serve as a contrast for Momo; her "innocent" appearance belies her scheming, mischievous, trouble making nature. She is the one who spreads malicious gossip about Momo; something Momo knows, but has trouble dealing with, as people are more apt to believe in Sae than the 'airheaded ganguro girl' to the point that Toji believed Sae over Momo (who was currently his girlfriend). She often uses the gossip to make people dislike Momo, as a result of her own jealousy and insecurity. She spreads rumors that she is dating Toji, and that Momo is trying to steal him from her when it is actually the other way around. She really is mean and doesn't care for Momo and isn't her "real" friend. All she wants is popularity in school, to humiliate Momo, and to get Toji all for herself. She will stop at nothing to complete this task. Later, she dates a male model named Jigoro and in the end exploits him to help break up Toji and Momo, the nastiest scheme she has ever plotted. She begins to repent after she falls in love with Ryo and understands the hurtful feeling that she caused Momo, when Ryo seemingly gets her pregnant (it later turns out to be a medical condition that simulates pregnancy) and subsequently abandons her.

 * Okayasu Kairi (岡安 浬)
 * Played by: Kei Inoo (Live Action 2017)
 * A popular and carefree classmate of Momo's. Sae goes after him after Momo lies that she likes him to protect her and Toji's relationship, but he is the only boy to see straight through Sae for what she really is. He has the reputation of being a playboy, something he is not exactly proud of. He thought that Momo was the one who once gave him CPR when he had nearly drowned at the beach when they were younger; only to later find out he had been saved by the local male lifeguard. His interest in her is renewed when Sae spreads rumors about them being a couple; he adds to this by claiming he has kissed Momo. When Momo is upset by his rumor, he tries to make the rumor true by kissing her unexpectedly in the beginning of the series.
 * A popular and carefree classmate of Momo's. Sae goes after him after Momo lies that she likes him to protect her and Toji's relationship, but he is the only boy to see straight through Sae for what she really is. He has the reputation of being a playboy, something he is not exactly proud of. He thought that Momo was the one who once gave him CPR when he had nearly drowned at the beach when they were younger; only to later find out he had been saved by the local male lifeguard. His interest in her is renewed when Sae spreads rumors about them being a couple; he adds to this by claiming he has kissed Momo. When Momo is upset by his rumor, he tries to make the rumor true by kissing her unexpectedly in the beginning of the series.

 * After the two start dating, his insecurities about relationships are revealed to stem from his unrequited love for Misao, the school nurse and Kairi's former tutor. However, after he confesses and is shot down by her, he actually feels relieved and confident to pursue his relationship with Momo. He begins fighting over her with Toji and in the end they get back together.

The English-language manga uses the non standard romanization "Kiley Okayasu". Other groups, such as FUNimation, Kodansha Japan, and non-English language publishers, use "Kairi". The English version of Peach Girl NEXT uses Kairi.

 * Tōjigamori Kazuya (東寺ヶ森 一矢)
 * Played by: Mackenyu (Live Action 2017)
 * Played by: Mackenyu (Live Action 2017)

A boy who has been Momo's crush since junior high school although she never then confessed to him due to a friend saying he "doesn't like girls with tan skin". He overhears Momo confess her love for him to Kairi and then eventually dates Momo but Sae wants him for herself. He has a good heart, but tends to be hard headed and oblivious to what is in front of him, believing what Sae says over what Momo says, much to the frustration of Momo. Sae later blackmails Toji into dating her using pictures of Momo and Jigoro in a hotel bed together. He then breaks up with Momo. After this Momo starts dating Kairi.

The Tokyopop manga renders his family name as "Toujikamori".

 * Aki Misao (安芸 操)
 * Played by: Yuika Motokariya (Live Action 2017)
 * Played by: Yuika Motokariya (Live Action 2017)

The school nurse and a big sister figure for Momo. Misao was once Kairi's tutor and crush, and an old flame of Ryo's. Although she dated and broke up with him, she still loves him.

 * Okayasu Ryō (岡安 涼)
 * Played by: Kensei Mikami (Live Action 2017)
 * Kairi's older brother who works in the video game industry. He serves as a male counterpart to Sae, only he is significantly more dangerous. Ryo is in love with Misao, and dated her briefly, but Misao broke up with him because of his cold and manipulating attitude which is revealed when he smacks Sae after hurting Misao.
 * Kairi's older brother who works in the video game industry. He serves as a male counterpart to Sae, only he is significantly more dangerous. Ryo is in love with Misao, and dated her briefly, but Misao broke up with him because of his cold and manipulating attitude which is revealed when he smacks Sae after hurting Misao.

 * Sae meets him and quickly falls for him because of their obvious similarities, though Ryo barely takes the relationship seriously and treats Sae poorly. When Sae tells him she is pregnant with his child he gives her money. Ryo is quite touched by Sae when she tells him she wants to make a family with him that will love him. After they find out Sae had a false pregnancy, the two split. However, Ryo stills feels happy about what Sae told him, and seems to be interested in having kids.

 * Ōji Gorō (大路 吾郎)
 * Played by: Daisuke Kikuta (Live Action 2017)
 * He is called Jigoro (ジゴロー) and is a male model who is smitten with Sae and unaware of her true personality. She uses him in her schemes against Momo.
 * He is called Jigoro (ジゴロー) and is a male model who is smitten with Sae and unaware of her true personality. She uses him in her schemes against Momo.

 * A young woman who once dated both Okayasu brothers, Morika has a grudge against Ryo and tries to use Kairi against him. Morika hires some thugs to beat up Ryo as revenge for using her.
 * A young woman who once dated both Okayasu brothers, Morika has a grudge against Ryo and tries to use Kairi against him. Morika hires some thugs to beat up Ryo as revenge for using her.
 * A young woman who once dated both Okayasu brothers, Morika has a grudge against Ryo and tries to use Kairi against him. Morika hires some thugs to beat up Ryo as revenge for using her.

Manga
After the run of the original series, a sequel titled Peach Girl: Sae's Story (裏 ピーチガール) was published in Japan by Kodansha in Bessatsu Friend from 2004 to 2006 and collected in three tankōbon volumes. It is told from the point of view of Sae, the main antagonist of Peach Girl. It is licensed in North America by Tokyopop.

Film
A live action film of the same name directed by Koji Shintoki was released on 20 May 2017. It stars Mizuki Yamamoto as Momo Adachi and Kei Inoo as Kairi Okayasu. Other cast members are Mackenyu as Toji, Mei Nagano as Sae Kashiwagi, Yuika Motokariya as Misao Aki, Kensei Mikami as Ryo Okayasu, and Daisuke Kikuta as Jigoro. Its main theme song is "Call Me Maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen.

Other adaptations
Peach Girl received a 13-episode television drama in Taiwan in November 2002, starring Annie Wu, Vanness Wu of F4 and Kenji Wu. The setting was changed from high school to college. It was produced by Comic Ritz International Production and Chai Zhi Ping) as producer and was broadcast in Taiwan on free-to-air Chinese Television System (CTS). The opening theme song is "Love is You" (愛的就是你) by Wang Leehom and the ending song is "I Believe in Your Love" (我依然相信你還愛我) by Ginny Liu. The insert song "Who Do You Love If Not Me?" (你不愛我愛誰?) by Vanness Wu is also featured in the show.

Reception
The manga has sold over 13 million copies. In 1999, Peach Girl won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōjo.

title: Peach Girl


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dink/Old discussion

Dink was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Dink
Blackadder fancruft. Could perhaps be merged into Blackadder, but I can't find any confirmation the tribe was actually named in that series. --fvw *  20:19, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * D. I cleaned it up, not realising the context of the TV series. The claims were absurd, regardless. --BesigedB 20:28, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 *  Keep  Delete, dreadful (should have followed my first instinct and dug even deeper than I did). Wyss 23:25, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 02:32, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's not even right - it was the Watusi mentioned in the TV show. sjorford 19:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Keep: The only time I have ever heard this term used, was as a racial slur in reference to Vietnamese during the Vietnam War. I have augmented the article to reflect this. 21 Dec 2004

Voters please note: The original revision of this article, before I cleaned it up, gives more insight into the fact that this is referencing the comedy TV series Blackadder rather than being factual reality. I did not realise this when cleaning up. --BesigedB 16:18, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cut out the fabricated bit about the tribe and keep the rest. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:53, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Don Cossacks

title: Category:Don Cossacks


text:
Ruby Dee

Ruby Dee (October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, and civil rights activist. Dee was married to Ossie Davis, with whom she frequently performed until his death in 2005. She received numerous accolades, including two Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, a Obie Award and a Drama Desk Award as well as nominations for an Academy Award. She was honored with the National Medal of Arts in 1995, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 2000, and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004.

Dee started her career with the American Negro Theatre. She made her Broadway debut in South Pacific (1943). She met her future husband working together on the play Jeb (1946). She originated the Broadway roles of Ruth Younger in Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun (1959) and reprised the role in the 1961 film and Lutiebell Gussie Mae Jenkins in the Ossie Davis play Purlie Victorious (1961) and reprised the role in the 1963 film.

She made her film debut in That Man of Mine (1946) before landing a leading roles in films such as The Jackie Robinson Story (1950), Edge of the City (1957), Take a Giant Step (1959), and Buck and the Preacher (1972). She also acted in the Ossie Davis film Black Girl (1972), and the Spike Lee films Do the Right Thing (1989) and Jungle Fever (1991). For her performance in American Gangster (2007), Dee was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Female Actor in a Supporting Role.

Dee received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her roles in The Doctors and the Nurses (1964) and Decoration Day (1990). She was nominated for her other roles in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), Lincoln (1988), China Beach (1990), and Evening Shade (1993). She also acted in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979), Long Day's Journey into Night (1982), Go Tell It on the Mountain (1985), The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson (1990), The Stand (1994). She voiced Alice the Great in the Nick Jr. series Little Bill from 1999 to 2004.

Early life and education
Dee was born on October 27, 1922, in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Gladys (née Hightower) and Marshall Edward Nathaniel Wallace, a cook, waiter and porter. After her mother left the family, Dee's father remarried, to Emma Amelia Benson, a schoolteacher.

Dee was raised in Harlem, New York. Prior to attending Hunter College High School, she studied at Public Schools 119 and 136. Then, she went on to graduate from Hunter College with a degree in Romance languages in 1945. She was a member of Delta Sigma Theta.

1940–1959: Early acting roles
Dee joined the American Negro Theatre as an apprentice, working with Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte, and Hilda Simms. She made her Broadway debut portraying a Native in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific (1943). She played the title role in the Eugene O'Neill play Anna Lucasta. She met her future husband Ossie Davis in the post-World War II play Jeb (1946). That same year she made her first onscreen role was in the musical That Man of Mine (1946). The following film she acted in the crime film The Fight Never Ends (1947).

She received national recognition for her portrayal of Rachel Robinson in the sports drama film The Jackie Robinson Story (1950). Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised Dee's performance describing her as "the well restrained sweetheart". Also in 1950 she had an uncredited role in film noir No Way Out directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. She continued acting in films such as the historical crime film The Tall Target (1951), the sports film Go Man Go (1954), the music film St. Louis Blues (1958), and the British drama Virgin Island (1958). During this time she took a role in the film noir Edge of the City (1957) starring alongside John Cassavetes and Sidney Poitier.

1959–1979: Breakthrough and acclaim
In 1959 she gained prominence for originating the role of Ruth Younger in the Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun which premiered on Broadway. She acted alongside Sidney Poitier and Louis Gossett Jr.. The play was the first play written by a Black woman to be produced on Broadway. She reprised the role in the 1961 film of the same name. She returned to Broadway in the Ossie Davis satirical farce Purlie Victorious (1961) portraying Lutiebell Gussie Mae Jenkins. Howard Taubman of The New York Times wrote of Dee's performance, "[she] has been treated generously. As Lutiebell she has enough humor and charm to make one envy Purlie Victorious that she is eager disciple". She acted opposite her husband Ossie Davis and Alan Alda in his acting debut. They reprised their roles of the 1963 film entitled, Gone Are the Days! which was produced by Brock Peters and directed by Nicholas Webster.

Her career in acting crossed all major forms of media over a span of eight decades, including the films A Raisin in the Sun, in which she recreated her stage role as a suffering housewife in the projects, and Edge of the City. She played both roles opposite Poitier. She received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie for her role on The Doctors and the Nurses (1964). In 1965, Dee performed in lead roles at the American Shakespeare Festival as Kate in The Taming of the Shrew and Cordelia in King Lear, becoming the first black actress to portray a lead role in the festival. In 1963 she acted in the film The Balcony with Shelley Winters, Peter Falk, Lee Grant, and Leonard Nimoy. She then acted in the film noir The Incident (1967), the drama film Uptight (1968), and the documentary King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970).

In 1969, Dee appeared in 20 episodes of Peyton Place. She acted in Ossie Davis' films Black Girl (1972) and Countdown at Kusini (1976) and the Western film Buck and the Preacher with Sidney Poitier and Harry Belafonte. She appeared as Cora Sanders, a Marxist college professor, in season 1, episode 14 of Police Woman, entitled "Target Black" which aired on Friday night, January 3, 1975. The character of Cora Sanders was obviously, but loosely, influenced by the real-life Angela Davis. She appeared in one episode of The Golden Girls' sixth season. She played Queen Haley in the miniseries Roots: The Next Generations (1979) for which she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie. She acted in the CBS television film I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979) based on the Maya Angelou autobiography of the same name.

1980–2014
Dee was nominated for eight Emmy Awards, winning once for her role in the 1990 TV film Decoration Day. She was nominated for her television guest appearance in the China Beach episode, "Skylark". Her husband Ossie Davis (1917–2005) also appeared in the episode. She appeared in Spike Lee's 1989 film Do the Right Thing, and his 1991 film Jungle Fever. She starred in the television films portraying Mary Tyrone in Long Day's Journey into Night (1982) and Mrs. Grimes in Go Tell It on the Mountain (1985). Dee returned to Broadway in the play Checkmates written by Ron Milner. She acted alongside Denzel Washington, Paul Winfield and Marsha Jackson. In 1990 she portrayed Zora Neale Hurston in Zora Is My Name! and played Jackie Robinson's mother in The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson. That same year she earned a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in Decoration Day (1990). She played Mother Abagail Freemantle in the Stephen King miniseries The Stand (1994). She collaborated with comedian Bill Cosby acting in both Cosby in 1998 and voicing Alice the Great in the Nick Jr. animated series Little Bill from 1999 to 2004. The next year she and Davis were awarded the National Medal of Arts from President Bill Clinton.

In 2003, she narrated a series of WPA & slave narratives in the HBO film Unchained Memories. They were also recipients of the 2004 Kennedy Center Honors. In 2007 the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album was shared by Dee and Ossie Davis for With Ossie and Ruby: In This Life Together, and former President Jimmy Carter. Dee portrayed Mama Lucas in the Ridley Scott directed crime film American Gangster (2007). Dee acted alongside Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe. For her performance she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress losing to Tilda Swinton for her role in the legal thriller Michael Clayton (2007). She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role for the same performance. At 85 years of age, Dee is currently the third oldest nominee for Best Supporting Actress, behind Gloria Stuart and Judi Dench (both 87).

On February 12, 2009, Dee joined the Aaron Copland School of Music at Queens College orchestra and chorus, along with the Riverside Inspirational Choir and NYC Labor Choir, in honoring Abraham Lincoln's 200th birthday at the Riverside Church in New York City. Under the direction of Maurice Peress, they performed Earl Robinson's The Lonesome Train: A Music Legend for Actors, Folk Singers, Choirs, and Orchestra, in which Dee was the narrator. Dee's last role in a theatrically released film was in the Eddie Murphy comedy A Thousand Words, in which she portrayed the mother of Murphy's protagonist. In 2013 she narrated the Lifetime film Betty & Coretta starring Angela Bassett and Mary J. Blige. Her final film role is in 1982, which premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on home video on March 1, 2016. It is unknown whether her final role will ever be seen, as King Dog was in production at the time of her death, and no release date has ever been announced.

Marriage
Ruby Wallace married blues singer Frankie Dee Brown in 1941, and began using his middle name as her stage name. The couple divorced in 1945. Three years later she married actor Ossie Davis, whom she met while costarring in Robert Ardrey's 1946 Broadway play Jeb. Together, Dee and Davis wrote an autobiography in which they discussed their political activism and their decision to have an open marriage (later changing their views). Together they had three children: son, blues musician Guy Davis, and two daughters, Nora Day and Hasna Muhammad. Dee was a breast cancer survivor of more than three decades. In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Dee's name and picture.

Political activism
Dee and Davis were well-known civil rights activists in the Civil Rights Movement. Dee was a member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the NAACP, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Delta Sigma Theta sorority, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. She was also as an active member of the Harlem Writers Guild for over 40 years. In 1963, Dee emceed the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Dee and Davis were both personal friends of both Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, with Davis giving the eulogy at Malcolm X's funeral in 1965. In 1970, she won the Frederick Douglass Award from the New York Urban League. In 1999, Dee and Davis were arrested at 1 Police Plaza, the headquarters of the New York Police Department, protesting the police shooting of Amadou Diallo.

In early 2003, The Nation published "Not in Our Name", an open proclamation vowing opposition to the impending US invasion of Iraq. Ruby Dee and Ossie Davis were among the signatories, along with Robert Altman, Noam Chomsky, Susan Sarandon, and Howard Zinn, among others. In November 2005, Dee was awarded – along with her late husband – the Lifetime Achievement Freedom Award, presented by the National Civil Rights Museum located in Memphis. Dee, a long-time resident of New Rochelle, New York, was inducted into the New Rochelle Walk of Fame which honors the most notable residents from throughout the community's 325-year history. She was also inducted into the Westchester County Women's Hall of Fame on March 30, 2007, joining such other honorees as Hillary Clinton and Nita Lowey. In 2009, she received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from Princeton University.

Death
Dee died on June 11, 2014, at her home in New Rochelle, New York, from natural causes at the age of 91. In a statement, Gil Robertson IV of the African-American Film Critics Association said, "the members of the African American Film Critics Association are deeply saddened at the loss of actress and humanitarian Ruby Dee. Throughout her seven-decade career, Dee embraced different creative platforms with her various interpretations of black womanhood and also used her gifts to champion for Human Rights."

"She very peacefully surrendered", said her daughter Nora Day. "We hugged her, we kissed her, we gave her our permission to go. She opened her eyes. She looked at us. She closed her eyes, and she set sail." Following her death, the marquee on the Apollo Theater read: "A TRUE APOLLO LEGEND RUBY DEE 1922–2014".

Dee was cremated, and her ashes are held in the same urn as that of Davis, with the inscription "In this thing together". A public memorial celebration honoring Dee was held on September 20, 2014, at the Riverside Church in Upper Manhattan. Their shared urn was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.

Theatre

 * On Strivers Row (1940)
 * Natural Man (1941)
 * Starlight (1942)
 * Three's a Family (1943)
 * South Pacific (1943)
 * Walk Hard (1944)
 * Jeb (1946)
 * Anna Lucasta (1946) (replacement for Hilda Simms)
 * Arsenic and Old Lace (1946)
 * John Loves Mary (1946)
 * A Long Way From Home (1948)
 * The Smile of the World (1949)
 * The World of Sholom Aleichem (1953)
 * A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
 * Purlie Victorious (1961)

 * King Lear (1965)
 * The Taming of the Shrew (1965)

 * The Birds (1966)
 * Oresteia (1966)
 * Boesman and Lena (1970)
 * The Imaginary Invalid (1971)
 * The Wedding Band (1972)
 * Hamlet (1975)
 * Bus Stop (1979)
 * Twin-Bit Gardens (1979)
 * Zora is My Name! (1983)
 * Checkmates (1988)
 * The Glass Menagerie (1989)
 * The Disappearance (1993)
 * Flying West (1994)
 * Two Hahs-Hahs and a Homeboy (1995)
 * My One Good Nerve: A Visit with Ruby Dee (1996)
 * A Last Dance for Sybil (2002)
 * Saint Lucy's Eyes (2003)

Discography

 * The Original Read-In for Peace in Vietnam (Folkways Records, 1967)
 * The Poetry of Langston Hughes (with Ossie Davis. Caedmon Records, no date, TC 1272)
 * Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (with George Grizzard. Caedmon Records, 1970, TC 1324)
 * Tough Poems For Tough People (with Ossie Davis and Henry Braun. Caedmon Records, 1972, TC 1396)
 * To Make A Poet Black: The best poems of Countee Cullen (with Ossie Davis. Caedmon Records, 1971, TC 1400
 * To Be A Slave (with Ossie Davis. Caedmon Records, 1972, TC 2066)
 * The Lost Zoo (Caedmon Records, 1978, TC 1539)
 * Why Mosquitoes Buzz In People's Ears and Other Tales (with Ossie Davis. Caedmon Records, 1978, TC 1592)
 * What if I am a Woman?, Vol. 1: Black Women's Speeches (Folkways, 1977)
 * What if I am a Woman?, Vol. 2: Black Women's Speeches (Folkways, 1977)
 * Every Tone a Testimony (Smithsonian Folkways, 2001)
 * American Short Stories, Vol 2, Various Artists (eav Lexington, no date, LE 7703)
 * American Short Stories, Vol 3, Various Artists (eav Lexington, no date, LE 7704)
 * I've got a name, Various Artists (Holt's Impact, 1968, CSM 662)
 * At your own risk, Various Artists (Holt's Impact, 1968, CSM 663)
 * Conflict, Various Artists (Holt's Impact, 1969, CSM 816)
 * Sight lines, Various Artists (Holt's Impact, 1970, SBN 03-071525-3)
 * Roses & Revolutions, Various Artists (D.S.T. Telecommunications, Inc., Production, 1975)
 * New Dimensions in Music (with John Cullum. CBS Records, 1976, P 13161)

title: Ruby Dee


text:
Mario (disambiguation)

Mario is the main character in the Mario franchise.

Mario may also refer to:
 * Mario (given name), a given name (and a list of people with the name)

Film and television

 * Mario (1984 film), a Canadian drama film
 * Mario (2018 film), a Swiss film
 * Mario (Austrian TV series), a 1963 television series
 * Mario (Italian sitcom), a 2013 television sitcom series
 * Super Mario Bros. (film), a 1993 film
 * The Super Mario Bros. Movie, a 2023 animated film

Music

 * Giovanni Matteo Mario (1810–1883), Italian opera singer
 * Mario Caldato Jr. (born 1961), American record producer
 * "Mario" (song), a 1985 song by Franco Luambo and the TPOK Jazz
 * Mario (singer) (born 1986)
 * Mario (album), the eponymous 2002 album by Mario
 * "Mario (Your Own Way to Paradise)", a 1983 song by Bow Wow Wow from When the Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going

Other uses

 * Mario (franchise), a Japanese multimedia franchise
 * Super Mario, a platform game series
 * Monte Mario, a hill in Rome, Italy
 * 12931 Mario, an asteroid
 * Tropical Storm Mario, a list of storms with the name
 * Mario, codename for one of the builds on ChromeOS

title: Mario (disambiguation)


text:
Allen & Ginter

Allen & Ginter was a Richmond, Virginia, tobacco manufacturing company formed by John F. Allen and Lewis Ginter around 1880. The firm created and marketed the first cigarette cards for collecting and trading in the United States. Some of the notable cards in the series include baseball players Charles Comiskey, Cap Anson, and Jack Glasscock, as well as non-athletes like Buffalo Bill Cody.

The company merged with four other tobacco manufacturers to form the American Tobacco Company in 1890. Since 2006, a revived version of the brand has been issued by Topps for a line of baseball cards.

Tobacco manufacturing
The firm of Allen & Ginter, born around 1880, was the rebranding of John F. Allen & Company, a partnership formed about eight years earlier by John F. Allen and Lewis Ginter. When Allen retired in 1882, Ginter took on John Pope as his new partner but kept Allen's name. The first tobacco company to employ female labor, by 1886 they had 1,100 employees, predominantly girls, who rolled the cigarettes.

Around 1876, the company offered a prize for the invention of a machine able to roll cigarettes (which until then had been hand-rolled). In 1880, James Albert Bonsack of Virginia invented a cigarette rolling machine. Because it was not completely reliable, all but one of the large tobacco manufacturers declined to buy the machine. James Buchanan Duke did buy this cigarette rolling machine in 1885 and used it to great success; by 1890 he had consolidated his four major competitors, including Allen & Ginter, and formed the American Tobacco Company. The "Allen & Ginter Company" was no more, but Lewis Ginter sat on the board of the American Tobacco Company.

The cigarette brands of Allen & Ginter included Richmond Gems, Virginia Brights, Perfection, Dandies and Little Beauties.

In 1890, Allen & Ginter, along with other companies of the United States (W. Duke & Sons, W.S. Kimball & Company, Kinney Tobacco, and Goodwin & Company) formed the American Tobacco Company, in an attempt to compete against British tobacco companies.

Collectible cards
In late 1880s, Allen & Ginter began to release cigarette card sets as promotional items for its cigarette brands. The most part of the collection consisted of illustrated cards, but there were a few collections of photographs. Topics varied from birds and wild animals to American Indian chiefs or flags of the world. Allen & Ginter's baseball cards were the first of the tobacco era baseball cards ever produced for distribution on a national level. The most popular and highly sought after of these sets is the N28 and N29 "World's Champions" series, released in 1887.

Modern era
In 2006, Topps, a leading producer of confectionery and trading cards, resurrected the Allen & Ginter brand name to produce a series of illustrated trading cards, mostly focused on baseball sets. Nevertheless, the first couple of years of the product's inception saw the inclusion of several other sports figures such as Jennie Finch (softball), Brandi Chastain and Mia Hamm (soccer), Hulk Hogan (wrestling), Danica Patrick (auto racing), Leon Spinks (boxing), Randy Couture (mixed martial arts), Misty May-Treanor (beach volleyball) and Dennis Rodman (basketball).

Allen & Ginter cards began to feature hand-painted cards of current baseball players as well as various insert sets featuring standout athletes in other sports, pop culture icons, and historical figures ranging from Wee-Man to Davy Crockett and everything in between.

Non-sports trading cards issued by Topps included personalities such as Robert E. Lee, Thomas Edison, Billy the Kid and Andrew Carnegie, Davy Crockett, among others.

From 2006 to 2009, artist Dick Perez was commissioned to hand paint special one of one insert cards in the style of Allen & Ginter. Perez created 30 art cards each of those years featuring the prominent stars of the game.

As of 2012 the Allen & Ginter series remains one of Topps' most popular, highest selling brands in their product lineup.

The best known of the Allen & Ginter insert sets however, are the DNA Hair Relic cards. These highly lauded cards feature strands of hair from famous historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln, King George III, George Washington and many others.

Another popular feature of the Allen & Ginter product is the Rip Card. Invented by hobby shop owner and Topps consultant Alan Narz, Rip Cards have been a part of every Allen & Ginter product since 2006. These cards allow collectors to keep the card intact or to rip the outer card to reveal an exclusive mini card available only inside of a Rip Card. These mini cards may be short prints, autographs, or cards made from metal or wood. Beginning in 2013, Topps began including a Double Rip Card, which had two inner cavities with mini cards inside. In 2019, Topps introduced a jumbo Box Topper Rip Card, with 3 mini cards inside.

Trading cards series
There were various cigarette card sets released as promotional items for these products. The most popular and highly sought after of these sets is the N28 and N29 "World's Champions" series, released in 1887.

Some of the series released were (all illustrations, except where noted):

 * A25: World's Inventors
 * N1: American Editors
 * N2: American Indian Chiefs
 * N3: Arms of All Nations
 * N4: Birds of America
 * N5: Birds of the Tropics
 * N6: City Flags
 * N8: 50 Fish From American Waters
 * N9: Flags of All Nations
 * N10: Flags of All Nations 2
 * N11: Flags of the States and Territories
 * N12: Fruits
 * N13: Game birds
 * N14: General Government and State Capitol Buildings
 * N15: Great Generals
 * N16: Natives in Costumes
 * N17: Naval Flags
 * N18: Parasol Drills
 * N19: Pirates of the Spanish
 * N21: 50 Quadrupeds
 * N22: Racing Colors of the World
 * N23: Song Birds of the World
 * N24: Types of All Nations
 * N25: Wild Animals of the World
 * N26: World's Beauties
 * N27: World's Beauties 2
 * N28: World's Champions
 * N29: World's Champions 2
 * N30: World's Decorations
 * N31: World's Dudes
 * N32: World's Racers
 * N33: World's Smokers
 * N34: World's Sovereigns
 * N35: American Editors 2
 * N36: American Indian Chiefs 2
 * N37: Birds of America 2
 * N38: Birds of the Tropics 2
 * N40: Game Birds
 * N42: Song Birds of the World
 * N43: World's Champions 2
 * N45: Actors and Actresses
 * N46: Cigarette Making Girls
 * N47: Dogs 1
 * N48: Girl Baseball Players
 * N49: Girl Cyclists
 * N57: Actresses
 * N58: Girls and Children
 * N59: Girls
 * N60: Actresses and Celebrities
 * N64: Girls and Children
 * N65: Girls and Children
 * N67: Actresses 2

 * Notes

Cigarette cards gallery

title: Allen & Ginter


text:
Brown Line

Brown Line may refer to:
 * Brown line, a process defined as siderotype, a monochrome printing process
 * Brown Line (CTA), Chicago
 * Brown Line (Delhi Metro), Delhi, India
 * Brown Line (Mexico City Metro), Mexico
 * Brown Line (Pittsburgh), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Bakerloo line, London, United Kingdom
 * BMT Nassau Street Line, a rapid transit line in New York City
 * J/Z (New York City Subway service)
 * Tangerang Line of KRL Commuterline, Jakarta, Indonesia
 * Paris Métro Line 11, Paris, France
 * Thomson–East Coast MRT line, Singapore
 * Ma On Shan line, Hong Kong, China
 * Tuen Ma line, Hong Kong, China
 * U5 (Berlin U-Bahn), Berlin, Germany
 * Wenhu line, Taipei, Taiwan

title: Brown Line


text:
Torpex

Torpex ("Torpedo explosive") is a secondary explosive, 50% more powerful than TNT by mass. Torpex comprises 42% RDX, 40% TNT and 18% powdered aluminium. It was used in the Second World War from late 1942, at which time some used the names Torpex and RDX interchangeably, much to the confusion of today's historical researchers. Torpex proved to be particularly useful in underwater munitions because the aluminium component had the effect of making the explosive pulse last longer, which increased the destructive power. Besides torpedoes, naval mines, and depth charges, Torpex was only used in the Upkeep, Tallboy and Grand Slam bombs as well as the drones employed in Operation Aphrodite. Torpex has long been superseded by H6 and Polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) compositions. It is therefore regarded as obsolete and Torpex is unlikely to be encountered except in old munitions or unexploded ordnance, although a notable exception to this is the Sting Ray lightweight torpedo, which as of October 2020 remains in service with the Royal Navy and several foreign militaries. The German equivalent of Torpex was Trialen.

Development
Torpex was developed at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, in the United Kingdom as a more powerful military alternative to TNT. RDX was developed in 1899. Though very stable and serving as the reference point by which the sensitivity of other explosives are judged, it was too expensive for most military applications and reserved for use in the most important products, such as torpedoes. Aluminium powder was also added to the mix to further enhance the effect. Although both RDX and TNT have a negative oxygen balance, the superheated aluminium component tends to contribute primarily by extending the expansion time of the explosive product gases. Beeswax was also added as a phlegmatizing agent, to reduce sensitivity to shock and impact. Later, beeswax was replaced with paraffin wax, and calcium chloride was added as a moisture absorber to reduce the production of hydrogen gas under high humidity.

The production of RDX in the USA skyrocketed following the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. In April 1942, 100 tons of Composition C (88% RDX and oil desensitizer), also known as C4, was ordered by the Office of Strategic Services. By 8 May 1945 (Victory in Europe Day) the Holston Ordnance Works had been in full production of RDX with no end in sight. In July of that year government officials informed the plant to not exceed production quotas (as had been the practice to that point) since they knew that the atomic bomb was near completion.

title: Torpex


text: User talk:69.29.237.138

title: User talk:69.29.237.138


text:
1891 in rail transport

January events

 * January – First section of the Mexican Southern Railroad opens, from Puebla to Tehuacán.
 * January 28 – The railway trades unions of the United Kingdom put out demands for shorter working hours under threat of national strike action.

February events

 * February 9 – A first section of Naples-Samo Commuter Railroad Line, as predecessor for Circumvesuviana Samo Line, Naples to San Giuseppe Vesuviano route officially completed, and regular operation service to start in Campania Region, Italy.

April events

 * April 19 – A fatal collision in Kipton, Ohio between a freight train and a passenger train, attributed to a faulty engineer's pocket watch which stopped for 4 minutes. This accident will become the impetus for the adoption of new quality standards for railroad chronometers in 1893.

May events

 * May 31 NS (=May 19 OS) – In the Kuperovskaya district of Vladivostok, a grand ceremonial inauguration of construction work on the Trans-Siberian Railway is carried out by the Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future Czar Nicholas II) and a religious service held.

June events

 * June 10 – The funeral train for John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada, is operated between Ottawa and Kingston, Ontario.
 * June 25 – Kuranda Scenic Railway in Queensland, Australia, opened to passengers.

July events

 * July 1 – The narrow gauge Phillips and Rangeley Railroad opens to Rangeley, Maine.
 * July 14 – Tamashima Station, now known as Shin-Kurashiki Station in Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan, is opened.
 * July 31 – The Ottawa, Arnprior & Parry Sound Railway is incorporated by John Rudolphus Booth in Ontario, Canada, amalgamating two companies created in 1888, the Ottawa and Parry Sound Railway and the Ottawa Arnprior and Renfrew Railway.

September events

 * September 1 – Nippon Railway Line, Ueno of Tokyo to Aomori route officially complete in Japan.(a predecessor of Tohoku Line, Iwate Galaxy Railway Line and Aoimori Railway Line)
 * September 14 – New York Central stages the record breaking run of the Empire State Express between New York City and Buffalo, New York; therain makes the 436 mile (702 km) journey in 7 hours 6 minutes, an average speed of nearly 65 mph (105 km/h).
 * September 19 – St. Clair Tunnel between Canada and the United States officially inaugurated (first (freight) train through October 24).
 * September 28 – First section of metre gauge Réseau Breton in France opens from the gare de Carhaix.

October events

 * October 20 – First railway in Taiwan opens from Keelung to Taipei.

November events

 * November 30
 * John D. Spreckels incorporates the San Diego Electric Railway Company.
 * Brooks Locomotive Works completes its 2,000th new steam locomotive.

December events

 * December 4 – Great East Thompson Train Wreck: Four trains collide in East Thompson, Connecticut. It is one of the most extensive rail disasters in American history, yet only three people are killed.

Unknown date events

 * Geared steam locomotive designs in the United States: Charles L. Heisler builds a working prototype of what is to become the Heisler locomotive and Rush S. Battles patents the basic design of the Climax locomotive.
 * Canadian Pacific Railway launches its trans-Pacific shipping route between Vancouver, British Columbia and Hong Kong.
 * The Busk Tunnel Railway Company completes construction of Colorado Midland's Busk–Ivanhoe Tunnel, which will soon replace the Hagerman Tunnel in Colorado.
 * Opening of 76 cm narrow gauge railway in Bosnia and Herzegovina linking Sarajevo with the Adriatic over the Ivan Pass using the Abt rack system.
 * The first section of mainline railroad in Puerto Rico begins operation between San Juan and Manatí.

March deaths

 * March 14 – James Grant, first president of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, 1851–1854 (b. 1812).

August deaths

 * August 27 – Samuel C. Pomeroy, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1863–1868 (b. 1816).

November deaths

 * November 6 – J. Gregory Smith, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1866–1872, dies (b. 1818).

Unknown date deaths

 * Moncure Robinson, builder of the Chesterfield Railroad, Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and president of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad (b. 1802).

title: 1891 in rail transport


text:
Ginter Park

Ginter Park is a suburban neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia built on land owned and developed by Lewis Ginter. The neighborhood's first well known resident was newspaperman Joseph Bryan, who lived in Laburnum, first built in 1883 and later rebuilt. In 1895, many acres of land north of Richmond were purchased by Ginter in order to develop into neighborhoods. Ginter Park and other neighborhoods were developed from this initial land purchase. In Ginter Park are Union Presbyterian Seminary and as well as Pollard Park.

Nearby are the Children's Hospital of Richmond and John Marshall High School.

While the borders of North Side are not exact, nearby North Side neighborhoods include Barton Heights, Highland Park, Laburnum Park, Sherwood Park and Bellevue.

The Ginter Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It encompasses 291 contributing buildings and 179 contributing structures.

title: Ginter Park