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Talk:Kerberos (protocol)

Release date and version?
I think the relase date and version should be removed, because it's not the version and release of the protocol, but one (and only one) of the implementations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qji (talk • contribs) 09:41, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

Kerberos 4 vs. Kerberos 5
According to The Moron's Guide to Kerberos, in Kerberos 5 the final step of authenticating the service to the client does not increment the timestamp. It says:

''It used to be the case (in version 4 of Kerberos) that the service would instead add 1 to the timestamp value, and return it, encrypted in the session key. That has been changed in version 5 of Kerberos.''

I do not know Kerberos well enough to know whether Wikipedia is right or the Guide (I presume this page wants to be right for Kerberos 5, but I do not think that is stated anywhere).

 * The guide is right. Kerberos 5 simply sends back a message copying the time from the client to the server.  The message is of a different form and an attacker cannot break transform one message into another.  See RFC 4120 section 5.5.2.
 * --SamHartman 16:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Seeing no disagreement so far, I plan to try and refocus the article on Kerberos 5. I'll try and add a differences from Kerberos 4 section. --SamHartman 14:16, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Kerberized NFS
The article claims that NFSv4 supports kerberos (true), but Solaris has supported kerberized NFS even with the earlier versions of the protocol.

Frodo Looijaard (20051103)

Note too that as of Mac OS X 10.5, Apple are providing Kerberized NFSv3 support, both in OS X Server as a server, and in OS X client as a client. - Anonymous Coward. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.229.110 (talk) 02:27, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

"US DoJ finding" on Microsoft breaking Kerberos
The external link in the article to US DOJ finding that Microsoft purposefully breaks Kerberos interoperability seems to be a submission to the court by Novell, not a finding by the US DoJ. If the DoJ did conclude the same thing as Novell's submission, the external link should point to an article that directly says so, otherwise the link should probably be removed (or at least more appropriately titled). OTOH I might have misinterpreted the contents of the document. I didn't read all of it. —midg3t 04:51, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Current versions of Microsoft Kerberos including those in the latest service packs for Windows 2000, 2003, XP and Vista pass interoperability tests against MIT Kerberos and Heimdal. I'd really like to remove the word variant from the article when describing Microsoft Kerberos but I may have a bit of a COI here so I'd like to ask before doing so.
 * --SamHartman 16:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll go ahead with removing the word variant and will also try and clean up the discussion of the DOJ situation. Review appreciated.
 * --SamHartman 14:16, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmm. I see nothing now in the article referring to the long frustrating period of time in which there was not interoperability between Microsoft and open implementations.  That seems important to the history and current state of Kerberos and various implementations. --NealMcB (talk) 17:05, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

"Protocol" and "operation" mismatch
Currently, the article looks inconsistent because the protocol messages (in "The protocol") don't match up with the operation (given in "Kerberos operation"). Things diverge in step 4 of the operation, where two messages are sent back. Only one message is sent in the protocol. Perhaps someone could fix this? 82.36.100.133 12 Aug 2006

 * The BAN Logic seems quite broken. As best I can tell it is close to Kerberos 4 but it is even wrong for that.  I recommend we remove the protocol section's BAN Logic and then update the remaining text to be consistent with  Kerberos 5.  I recommend we explicitly mention we're describing Kerberos 5.
 * --SamHartman 16:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

I'm going to implement removing the BAN logic. The more I think about it the more I'm unhappy with it. Getting something like a formal description of a protocol right is very tricky and is something that should be peer reviewed by professionals in the field. So, it should not be original wikipedia work. It also happens to be clearly wrong for both versions of Kerberos. SamHartman 14:16, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Move to Kerberos (protocol)?
I think that the article should be moved to Kerberos (protocol) because it would be more consistent with Wikipedia naming conventions. Note that the topic is identified as only "Kerberos" both generally and in the title restatement. Thoughts? ENeville 17:02, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. -- intgr 22:55, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Missing info.
I recommend that in the article there should be a paragraph on comparison of Kerberos and RADIUS protocols. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.70.32.136 (talk) 13:07, 2 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Why?
 * --SamHartman 16:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Found this paragraphs really funny
There is a version of Kerberos called Bones, which is exactly like Kerberos, except that Bones doesn't encrypt any of the messages. So what is it good for? The U.S. restricts export of cryptography; if it's sufficiently advanced, it qualifies as munitions, in fact. At one time, it was extraordinarily difficult to get crypto software out of the U.S. On the other hand, there is a wide variety of legitimate software that is exported (or created outside the U.S. altogether), and expects Kerberos to be there. Such software can be shipped with Bones instead of Kerberos, tricking them into thinking that Kerberos is there.

Doug Rickard wrote to explain how Bones got its name. In 1988, he was working at MIT, with the Project Athena group. He was trying to get permission from the State Department to export Kerberos to Bond University in Australia. The State Department wouldn't allow it--not with DES included. To get it out of the country, they had to not only remove all calls to DES routines, but all comments and textual references to them as well, so that (superficially, at least) it was non-trivial to determine where the calls were originally placed.

To strip out all the DES calls and garbage, John Kohl wrote a program called piranha. At one of their progress meetings, Doug jokingly said, "And we are left with nothing but the Bones." For lack of a better term, he then used the word "Bones" and "boned" in the meeting minutes to distinguish between the DES and non-DES versions of Kerberos. "It somehow stuck," he says, "and I have been ashamed of it ever since."

Back at Bond University, Errol Young then put encryption back into Bones, thus creating Encrypted Bones, or E-Bones.

Its from Moron's guide to Kerberos —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Wk muriithi (talk • contribs) 06:45, 13 January 2007 (UTC).

Reply attack to described protocol?
I'm new to Kerberos, but the described protocol seems vulnerable to a reply-attack: if an intruder $$I$$ records message 3 and resend it soon, $$B$$ detects it as host $$A$$. The problem is that $$A$$ don't authenticates to $$B$$. This should be done with something as:

4: $$B \rightarrow A: \{T_A + 1\}_{K_{AB}}, N_B$$

5: $$A \rightarrow B: \{N_B + 1\}_{K_{AB}}$$ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.140.6.116 (talk) 00:28, 8 April 2007 (UTC).

Missing Software?
Should not Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 be added to the list of software that supports Kerberos authentication? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.144.188.98 (talk) 15:21, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Kerberos Pronunciation
I don't know the IPA but could someone add something about how to pronounce this? It's something like Kerb-er-ross 202.160.118.227 05:02, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Drawbacks
This phrase: A compromised client will compromise the user's password - seems absurd, since the compromised client of any system can compromise a user's password. This is not a drawback of Kerberos. Brutforzz (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added on 09:23, 24 February 2009 (UTC).

Notation
I think it's a good idea to have this article written using the Security protocol notation like other protocols have. For example Wide Mouth Frog protocol. I'll do it when I finish my exams and I get some free time but feel free to do it before if you want. --PabloCastellano (talk) 20:05, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Client Service Authorization section
comment added by 118.100.85.128 (talk) 11:34, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

In the Client Service Authorization section:

 When requesting services, the client sends the following two messages to the TGS:
 * Message C: Composed of the TGT from message B and the ID of the requested service.
 * Message D: Authenticator (which is composed of the client ID and the timestamp), encrypted using the Client/TGS Session Key.

 * I believe message C also includes the Client/TGS session key encrypted using TGS private key. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jarv (talk • contribs) 16:49, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

= Russian Image Not Helpful = There is a image with all Russian (or some other Cryillic language) captions on it. This isn't useful on english language wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.126.248.6 (talk) 21:42, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I've removed it. Without knowing the terms the diagram is not helpful.--Flexdream (talk) 16:28, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

= Authentication in Description = After verifying the TGT is valid and the user is permitted to access the requested service, the TGS issues a Ticket and session keys, which are returned to the client.

 * I think, that authorization is not part of the Kerberos Protocol. RFC4120 states: „Possession of a client ticket for a service provides only for authentication of the client to that service, and in the absence of a separate authorization procedure, an application should not consider it to authorize the use of that service.“
 * There are more details about Authorization in the RFC (chap 1.4) which might be added here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.13.41.220 (talk) 13:30, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Single point of failure?
One of the drawbacks listed in the article says:

 * Single point of failure: It requires continuous availability of a central server. When the Kerberos server is down, no one can log in. This can be mitigated by using multiple Kerberos servers and fallback authentication mechanisms.

This point makes no sense as written. Surely having multiple servers would eliminate any single point of failure (and thus this isn't a drawback of Kerberos at all). This point could use some expansion. Draconx (talk) 21:01, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree with your point. The only way this makes sense is that by making a group of workstations dependent on Kerberos for login, if Kerberos is down, you can't login to any of these workstations. Without network authentication at all, you could still login to a workstation regardless of other systems being down.
 * So in comparison to no network authentication at all, there's the potential of a single point of failure. The sentence as currently written does not capture the real state of kerberos failures. It says 'mitigated' for exmple, when it means 'eliminated'. Having two servers eliminates a single point of failure. —fudoreaper (talk) 21:19, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Drawbacks and Limitations: Trust requirement

 * Kerberos cannot be used in scenarios where users want to connect to services from unknown/untrusted clients [..]

As far as I have used Kerberos to access some AFS shares at my university I didn't have to "register" my home machine anywhere. I only had to edit my configuration to point proper servers. —Stlman (talk) 11:09, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

You are right Stlman, this is just wrong. The client does not have to register if the user authenticates. A machine certificate can be issued if you want machine-to-machine authentication it might be some confusion around that. For a typical "Oauth" workflow Kerberos would work just fine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.107.141.174 (talk) 11:27, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040707075602/http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/krb-wg-charter.html to http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/krb-wg-charter.html

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Graphics: Client Service Authentication and Client Service Request
Comments on graphics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerberos_protocol.svg.

Corrections needed: Suggested enhancement:
 * Msg C now contains TGT only, but should contain TGT + service ID. (TGT = KC-TGS + client + address + validity)
 * Msg E occurs twice. The second Msg E (in Client Service Request) should be named Msg F.
 * Remove label "Requested service" from the two arrows with different msg sets, namely C+D and F+G. I find it confusing that they are labeled the same but have different meaning.
 * If labeling is desired, I propose to change the labels to "Request service ticket" for msg C+D and "Request service" for msg F+G.

title: Talk:Kerberos (protocol)


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Andre Reed

Andre Darnell Reed (born January 29, 1964) is an American former football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons, primarily with the Buffalo Bills. He played college football for the Kutztown Golden Bears and was selected by the Bills in the fourth round of the 1985 NFL draft with the 86th overall selection. Following 15 seasons with the Bills, where he earned Pro Bowl honors seven times, Reed spent his final season as a member of the Washington Redskins in 2000.

Reed currently ranks 18th in all-time NFL touchdown receptions with 87 and tenth in all-time NFL post-season receptions with 85. Reed helped lead the Bills to four consecutive Super Bowls, Super Bowl XXV to Super Bowl XXVIII, losing all of them.

At the time of his 2001 retirement, Reed was second in all-time NFL career receptions. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014.

Early life and high school
Reed was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania on January 29, 1964. He began his football career at Allentown's Dieruff High School, where he played quarterback and competed in the Eastern Pennsylvania Conference, which is known for producing top collegiate and NFL football talent. In his senior year in 1981, Reed helped lead Dieruff to an EPC tri-championship, tying for the championship with Emmaus High School and Whitehall High School.

College
Reed then attended Kutztown University, where he moved to the wide receiver position and quickly drew the attention of the NFL for his speed and durability at the receiver position. He set nine school records and finished his college career with 142 receptions for 2,020 yards and 14 touchdowns.

Buffalo Bills
In the 1985 NFL draft, Reed was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the fourth round with the 86th overall selection, making him just the second player ever from Kutztown to be selected in an NFL Draft; the first was Don Shaver in 1981. Reed played for the Bills for 15 consecutive seasons, from 1985 through 1999, during which he helped lead the Bills to four consecutive Super Bowls. He was released in the 2000 offseason along with fellow longtime Bills' players Thurman Thomas and Bruce Smith after the team found itself in severe salary cap trouble; the roster dump began a period of downfall for the Buffalo Bills, who did not again reach the playoffs until the 2017 season.

"The Comeback"
In addition to the important role he played in taking the Bills to four consecutive Super Bowls, Reed is also remembered for his contributions to the Bills' January 3, 1993, playoff victory over the Houston Oilers, a game that has come to be known simply as "The Comeback." In the game, which Houston led 35–3 during the third quarter, Reed caught three touchdowns in the second half, leading Buffalo's rally from a 32-point deficit in what became the largest comeback in NFL history. Reed finished the game with eight receptions for 136 yards and three touchdowns. The game has been enshrined in NFL history as one of the greatest games ever played. It also is recognized as one of the largest comebacks by any team in the history of all of the American professional sports.

Following the Bills' victory over Houston, Reed went on to catch eight passes for 152 yards in the Bills' 52–17 Super Bowl XXVII loss, on January 31, 1993, to the Dallas Cowboys.

Denver Broncos and Washington Redskins
In 2000, Reed signed a two-year contract with the Denver Broncos in June but was buried on the depth chart behind Rod Smith, Ed McCaffrey, Robert Brooks, and Travis McGriff. Reed eventually asked for his release from the Broncos after then Broncos Head Coach Mike Shanahan informed Reed that he would be inactive for their 2000 season opener and wanted to make a more immediate contribution. He eventually joined the Washington Redskins and retired after the 2000 season.

NFL records
Reed ranks 15th in all-time NFL history in touchdown receptions with 87 and ninth in NFL history in all-time post-season receptions with 85 as of 2022.

He exceeded 1,000 receiving yards four times in a 16-year career and rushed for 500 yards and a touchdown on 75 carries. With the Bills, Reed played in four consecutive Super Bowls (1991–1994) and was selected to the Pro Bowl in seven consecutive seasons (1988–1994). He set season career highs with 90 receptions in 1994, ten touchdowns in 1991, and 1,312 receiving yards in 1989.

A tribute to his physical durability, Reed played in 234 NFL games between 1985 and 2000, the 99th-most games played by any player in NFL history, including players in less physically demanding positions, including kickers and punters.

Super Bowl records
In his four Super Bowls, Reed recorded 27 receptions, the second-most total career Super Bowl receptions in NFL history behind Jerry Rice's 33. His 323 total Super Bowl receiving yards are the third-most in Super Bowl history behind Rice's 604 yards and Lynn Swann's 364 yards.

Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame
In 2006, Reed was voted into the Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame, joining a number of other players from Bills history whose names are enshrined in cement inside Highmark Stadium. Reed's was inducted in 2009 along with former teammate Bruce Smith and team owner Ralph Wilson. Through the night, Reed was referred to multiple times as "future Hall of Famer" with various speeches voicing their ringing endorsement for Reed as a candidate.

Pro Football Hall of Fame
Reed became eligible for induction into the NFL's Pro Football Hall of Fame, the highest honor afforded a former NFL player, in 2006. However, he was not selected for induction in any of his first seven years of eligibility due partly to a logjam of accomplished wide receiver candidates, including Art Monk, Michael Irvin, and Cris Carter. Although Irvin, Monk and Carter are now enshrined as of 2007, 2008 and 2013 respectively, the logjam became worse for Reed when he was again overlooked in 2009 and 2010, which saw wide receiver candidates Jerry Rice and Tim Brown both eligible for the first time. Rice has long been considered one of the greatest players in league history and was almost assured of being a first-ballot Hall of Famer, making 2010 a long shot for Reed. As expected, Rice was inducted, which cleared some of the logjam going forward for Reed. Reed remained a Hall of Fame candidate in 2011, 2012, and 2013 but was passed over each of those years.

On February 1, 2014, Reed was selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and he was inducted on August 2, 2014.

Television career
Since his NFL retirement in 2000, Reed has provided football commentary on the ESPN2 show, First Take, and appears periodically as a football analyst on NFL on Fox. He has also appeared on the Spike TV sports series Pros vs. Joes in the show's second season.

He is also known for Hawaii Five-0 where he appeared in "Ka'aelike" (Season 7, Episode 12). He played a federal prosecutor on MacGyver. He also appeared on Magnum PI Season 2 Episode 17 as himself and as a car salesman who abuses his uncanny resemblance to Andre Reed.

Philanthropy
The Andre Reed Foundation was established in 2010 to help underprivileged children reach their full potential and become responsible contributors to their communities. Reed is currently a Boys & Girls Clubs of America (BGCA) Ambassador after being inducted to their Hall of Fame in 2015. In addition, he leads up a literacy program for underprivileged youth in the BGCA, called Read with Reed 83 Challenge.

Legacy
On October 18, 2014, Kutztown University, Reed's alma mater, renamed University Field to Andre Reed Stadium in his honor in a ceremony.

Popular culture
Reed is mentioned in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire as one of several NFL wide receivers with lucrative contracts, as Rod Tidwell, a fictional wide receiver for the Arizona Cardinals, played by Cuba Gooding, Jr., tells his agent, played by Tom Cruise, that his contract warrants high pay.

Personal life
In 2023, Reed married Theresa Villano in San Diego, California. Reed’s nephew, Jackson Reed, plays college football for Susquehanna University as a wide receiver. Reed regularly keeps in touch with Jackson, who also wears the number 83.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andre Reed


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Eino Kaila

Eino Sakari Kaila (8 August 1890 – 31 July 1958 ) was a Finnish philosopher, critic and teacher. He worked in numerous fields including psychology (sometimes considered to be the founder of Finnish psychology), physics and theater, and attempted to find unifying principles behind various branches of human and natural sciences.

Life
Eino Kaila was born in Alajärvi, Finland. Kaila's father, Erkki Kaila, was a Protestant minister and later archbishop. He graduated from the University of Helsinki in 1910. In the 1920s he worked in the field of literary criticism and psychology as a professor at the University of Turku and is said to have been the first to introduce gestalt psychology to Finland. He was a part of the cultural circles of the time with the likes of Jean Sibelius and Frans Eemil Sillanpää. In 1916 he married the painter Anna Lovisa Snellman, who was granddaughter of Johan Vilhelm Snellman. He had University positions as lecturer in Helsinki and professor in Turku, and in 1930 he was appointed professor of theoretical philosophy at the University of Helsinki. In the 1930s, Kaila was closely associated with the Vienna Circle.

During World War II, Kaila lectured in Germany. In 1948 Kaila became a member of the Finnish Academy. He died in Kirkkonummi on 31 July 1958.

Ideas
Despite being greatly influenced by the logical positivists and critical of unempirical speculation, an aspect common to all of Kaila's work was in strive for a holistic, almost pantheistic understanding of things. He also maintained a more naturalist approach to psychology. His book Persoonallisuus (1934, Personality) was a psychological study with philosophical dimensions, in which emphasized the biological nature of psychological phenomena. During the last years of his life he attempted to construct a theory of everything in Terminalkausalität Als Die Grundlage Eines Unitarischen Naturbegriffs, but this, what was meant to be the first installment in a more extensive study, was not met with much enthusiasm outside of Finland.

Though he withdrew his support of the National Socialists before the end of the Second World War, he wrote about the differences between "western" and "eastern" thought and claimed that the homogeneity of the people was a necessity for a functioning democracy. After the war his close friendships with Edwin Linkomies and Veikko Antero Koskenniemi put a political shadow even over Kaila.

Influence
Kaila's most famous pupil was Georg Henrik von Wright, who was the successor of Ludwig Wittgenstein at the University of Cambridge. The tradition of highly German-influenced analytical-idealist philosophy which Kaila championed remained unchallenged in Finnish philosophy until the appearance of continental influences in the 1980s.

Kaila founded the psychological laboratory at the University of Helsinki, and educated the next generation of psychologists. He contributed to founding professorship in psychology, and to establishment of the Faculty of Political Science together with Edwin Linkomies.

Notable works

 * 1930. Der Logistische Neupositivismus: Eine kritische Studie English translation by Ann and Peter Kirschenmann "Logistic Neopositivism: A critical study" in Reality and Experience: Four Philosophical Essays, 1979, D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-277-0919-6
 * 1934. Persoonallisuus (Personality) 8th edition, 1982, Helsinki: Otava. ISBN 952-99366-6-4
 * 1936. Über das System der Wirklichkeitsbegriffe: Ein Beitrag zum logische Empirismus English translation by Ann and Peter Kirschenmann "On the System of the Concepts of Reality: A contribution to logical empiricism" in Reality and Experience: Four Philosophical Essays, 1979, D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-277-0919-6
 * 1939. Inhimillinen tieto: Mitä se on ja mitä se ei ole English translation by Anssi Korhonen Human Knowledge: A Classic Statement of Logical Empiricism, 2014, Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9848-0
 * 1941. Über den physikalischen Realitätsbegriff: Zweiter Beitrag zum logischen Empirismus English translation by Ann and Peter Kirschenmann "On the Concept of Reality in Physical Science: Second contribution to logical empiricism" in Reality and Experience: Four Philosophical Essays, 1979, D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-277-0919-6
 * 1943. Syvähenkinen elämä: Keskusteluja viimeisistä kysymyksistä (Deep-Spiritual Life: Conversations on Final Questions) 3rd edition, 1985, Helsinki: Otava. ISBN 951-37-1741-0
 * 1956. Terminalkausalität Als Die Grundlage Eines Unitarischen Naturbegriffs
 * 1960. Die perzeptuellen und konzeptuellen Komponenten der Alltagserfahrung English translation by Ann and Peter Kirschenmann "The Perceptual and Conceptual Components of Everyday Experience" in Reality and Experience: Four Philosophical Essays, 1979, D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-277-0919-6

title: Eino Kaila


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Talk:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Mousoleum at Halicarnassus
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or Tomb of Mausolus[a] (Ancient Greek: Μαυσωλεῖον τῆς Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ; Turkish: Halikarnas Mozolesi) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC in Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, an Anatolian from Caria and a satrap in the Achaemenid Empire, and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria. The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene.[1][2] Its elevated tomb structure is derived from the tombs of neighbouring Lycia, a territory Mausolus had invaded and annexed c. 360 BC, such as the Nereid Monument.[3] 2A00:1851:8017:22DD:FCFC:1D9B:C40F:7145 (talk) 11:17, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus


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User:F cam

Just another cog in the machinery. Currently reading part III mathematics at University of Cambridge

title: User:F cam


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Use-define chain

Within computer science, a use-definition chain (or UD chain) is a data structure that consists of a use U, of a variable, and all the definitions D of that variable that can reach that use without any other intervening definitions. A UD Chain generally means the assignment of some value to a variable.

A counterpart of a UD Chain is a definition-use chain (or DU chain), which consists of a definition D of a variable and all the uses U reachable from that definition without any other intervening definitions.

Both UD and DU chains are created by using a form of static code analysis known as data flow analysis. Knowing the use-def and def-use chains for a program or subprogram is a prerequisite for many compiler optimizations, including constant propagation and common subexpression elimination.

Purpose
Making the use-define or define-use chains is a step in liveness analysis, so that logical representations of all the variables can be identified and tracked through the code.

Consider the following snippet of code:

Notice that  is assigned a value at three points (marked A, B, and C). However, at the point marked "1", the use-def chain for  should indicate that its current value must have come from line B (and its value at line B must have come from line A). Contrariwise, at the point marked "2", the use-def chain for  indicates that its current value must have come from line C. Since the value of the   in block 2 does not depend on any definitions in block 1 or earlier,   might as well be a different variable there; practically speaking, it is a different variable — call it.

The process of splitting  into two separate variables is called live range splitting. See also static single assignment form.

Setup
The list of statements determines a strong order among statements. For a variable, such as v, its declaration is identified as V (italic capital letter), and for short, its declaration is identified as $s(i)$. In general, a declaration of a variable can be in an outer scope (e.g., a global variable).
 * Statements are labeled using the following conventions: $[1,n]$, where i is an integer in $s(0)$; and n is the number of statements in the basic block
 * Variables are identified in italic (e.g., v,u and t)
 * Every variable is assumed to have a definition in the context or scope. (In static single assignment form, use-define chains are explicit because each chain contains a single element.)

Definition of a variable
When a variable, v, is on the LHS of an assignment statement, such as $s(j)$, then $s(j)$ is a definition of v. Every variable (v) has at least one definition by its declaration (V) (or initialization).

Use of a variable
If variable, v, is on the RHS of statement $s(j)$, there is a statement, $s(i)$ with i < j and $\min(j-i)$, that it is a definition of v and it has a use at $s(j)$ (or, in short, when a variable, v, is on the RHS of a statement $s(j)$, then v has a use at statement $s(j)$).

Execution
Consider the sequential execution of the list of statements, $s(i)$, and what can now be observed as the computation at statement, j:

 * A definition at statement $s(i)$ with i < j is alive at j, if it has a use at a statement $s(k)$ with k ≥ j. The set of alive definitions at statement i is denoted as $A(i)$ and the number of alive definitions as $$|A(i)|$$. ($A(i)$ is a simple but powerful concept: theoretical and practical results in space complexity theory, access complexity(I/O complexity), register allocation and cache locality exploitation are based on $A(i)$.)
 * A definition at statement $s(i)$ kills all previous definitions ($s(k)$ with k < i) for the same variables.

Execution example for def-use-chain
This example is based on a Java algorithm for finding the gcd. (It is not important to understand what this function does.)

To find out all def-use-chains for variable d, do the following steps:

 * 1) Search for the first time the variable is defined (write access).
 * In this case it is "d=b" (l.7)
 * 1) Search for the first time the variable is read.
 * In this case it is "return d"
 * 1) Write down this information in the following style: [name of the variable you are creating a def-use-chain for, the concrete write access, the concrete read access]
 * In this case it is: [d, d=b, return d]

Repeat these steps in the following style: combine each write access with each read access (but NOT the other way round).

The result should be: You have to take care, if the variable is changed by the time.

For example: From line 7 down to line 13 in the source code, d is not redefined / changed. At line 14, d could be redefined. This is why you have to recombine this write access on d with all possible read accesses which could be reached. In this case, only the code beyond line 10 is relevant. Line 7, for example, cannot be reached again. For your understanding, you can imagine 2 different variables d:

As a result, you could get something like this. The variable d1 would be replaced by b

Method of building a use-def (or ud) chain

 * 1) Set definitions in statement $s(0)$
 * 2) For each $i$ in $[1,n]$, find live definitions that have use in statement $s(i)$
 * 3) Make a link among definitions and uses
 * 4) Set the statement $s(i)$, as definition statement
 * 5) Kill previous definitions

With this algorithm, two things are accomplished:

 * 1) A directed acyclic graph (DAG) is created on the variable uses and definitions. The DAG specifies a data dependency among assignment statements, as well as a partial order (therefore parallelism among statements).
 * 2) When statement $s(i)$ is reached, there is a list of live variable assignments. If only one assignment is live, for example, constant propagation might be used.

title: Use-define chain


text:
Mixed raster content

Mixed raster content (MRC) is a method for compressing images that contain both binary-compressible text and continuous-tone components, using image segmentation methods to improve the level of compression and the quality of the rendered image. By separating the image into components with different compressibility characteristics, the most efficient and accurate compression algorithm for each component can be applied.

MRC-compressed images are typically packaged into a hybrid file format such as DjVu and sometimes PDF. This allows for multiple images, and the instructions to properly render and reassemble them, to be stored within a single file.

Some image scanners optionally support MRC when scanning to PDF. A typical manual states that without MRC, the image is generated in a single process, with text and graphics not distinguished. With MRC, separate processes are used for text, graphics, and other elements, producing clearer graphics and sharper text, at the price of slightly slower processing. MRC is recommended to optimise the scanning of documents with harder-to-read text or lower-quality graphics. MRC can also reduce the size of the scanned file, though higher compression using JBIG2 can sometimes lead to character substitution errors in scanned documents.

File format
A form of MRC is defined by international standard bodies as ISO/IEC 16485, or ITU recommendation T.44 (accessible free of charge). It defines a file format with bilevel masks and two data layers in each "stripe" of the image. The mask can be encoded in ITU T.4, JBIG1, or JBIG2, while the images can be JPEG, JBIG1, or run-length encoded color. The format is loosely based on JPEG, with a APP13 segment registered for this purpose.

It is not known whether this file format is actually used, as formats like DjVu and PDF have their own ways of defining layers and masks.

title: Mixed raster content


text: User talk:66.243.141.226

title: User talk:66.243.141.226


text:
User:Tek022

There isn't really much to see here, other than a committed identity.

title: User:Tek022


text: User talk:152.163.100.136

title: User talk:152.163.100.136


text:
Talk:Colossus computer/to do

 * Describe difference between Mk I and Mk II
 * Describe some of the attacks that the Colossus was used for
 * Describe the physical layout of the machine (M-rack, W-Rack, S-Rack etc); other physical components (printer, counter)
 * Describe logical architecture

title: Talk:Colossus computer/to do


text: User talk:68.17.226.94

title: User talk:68.17.226.94


text: User talk:69.62.31.252

title: User talk:69.62.31.252


text:
Roker Park

Roker Park was a football ground in Roker, Sunderland, England, which was the home of Sunderland from 1898 to 1997, before the club moved to the Stadium of Light. Its final capacity was around 22,500, with only a small part being seated; it had been much higher, attracting a record crowd of 75,118.

History
In the 1890s, the then Sunderland chairman and his brother decided to build a bigger ground for the club, to replace what was then the club's current ground at Newcastle Road. The club had negotiated to buy farmland that belonged to a Mr. Tennant and part of the agreement was that Sunderland would have to build a house on the site as well as their new stadium. Until this house was built, Sunderland still had to pay rent on the land.

Within a year of the land being bought, Roker Park had been built, with the wooden stands only taking three months to build. The Clock Stand had 32 steps, no seats and a crush barrier for safety. The turf was brought from Ireland, and lasted for 38 years. The pitch was designed to have a slight drop of about one foot from the centre of the pitch to each corner to help with drainage. The first event at the ground was an "Olympic Games and Band Contest" on 12 August 1898. On 10 September 1898, Roker Park was officially opened by Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry. The first match was a friendly against Liverpool which Sunderland won 1–0, with Jim Leslie scoring the stadium's first ever goal.

The stadium soon became famous for what was often referred to as the "Roker Roar", with then Tottenham and England captain Danny Blanchflower writing that “Nothing ever equalled the intensity of that wild roar at Roker Park”.

The Roker End was concreted in 1912, and by 1913 the capacity had risen to 50,000. In 1929 the old wooden grandstand was demolished and replaced by a new Main Stand, which was designed by Archibald Leitch, whose influence, the criss-cross lattice work, can still be seen at Ibrox (Rangers), Home Park (Plymouth Argyle) and Goodison Park (Everton). Fragments of the iconic lattice work would later be used to separate parts of the car park at the Stadium of Light. The work on the new Main Stand nearly bankrupted the club. By this time the official capacity of Roker Park was 60,000 but at some matches they would have crowds as large as 75,000. More work continued in the 1930s and in 1936 the Clock Stand was rebuilt. The 114 m (375 ft) long structure was officially opened by Lady Raine, whose husband was Sir Walter Raine, the Chairman of Sunderland AFC at the time. In 1943, during the Second World War, a bomb landed in the middle of the pitch and another nearby killed a policeman. In 1952, Roker Park was fitted with floodlights, being only the second ground in the country to do so after Arsenal's Highbury. The lights were only a temporary addition, and were replaced by permanent structures at the end of the season after proving to be a success. When England hosted the 1966 World Cup, improvements were made to the Clock Stand, involving the addition of seats, and a roof over the Fulwell End. Temporary seating was also installed in the Fulwell End. The capacity of Roker Park during the World Cup was 40,310.

In 1955, Roker Park hosted an FA Cup Semi-Final replay, between (eventual winners) Newcastle United and York City, who were then in the third tier of English Football. Newcastle won the game 2–0 in front of a crowd of 55,239. Sunderland were in the other semi-final, but lost out 1–0 to Manchester City.

During the 1970s, there were even more improvements to Roker Park. These improvements included installing underground sprinklers, upgrading the floodlights to European Standard Lux Value, installing electronic crowd monitoring systems, and re-sheeting the roof. In the 1980s, with a downturn in the club's fortunes (which included a season in the Football League Third Division), Roker Park started to decline. The capacity was severely reduced following the report in the Hillsborough Disaster of 1989, with the Roker End suffering the most.

In the early 1990s, new Football Association (FA) rules following the publication of the Taylor Report meant the stadium would have to have been upgraded to all-seater status, which would have consisted of a much smaller capacity than the sort of attendances that Sunderland could expect, as they had played in the penultimate First Division campaign (1990–91 season) before the creation of the Premier League and were aiming for a swift return to the top flight (although promotion was ultimately not achieved until the 1995–96 season). The site was too confined for expansion so chairman Bob Murray decided to look for a site for a new stadium. In 1992, plans were unveiled to build a 48,000-seat stadium near the Nissan car factory in Washington, which would be part of a mega leisure complex, but Nissan objected to such a site being developed near their factory. Instead, five years later in 1997, Sunderland moved to the Stadium of Light, in nearby Monkwearmouth, on the site of the closed Monkwearmouth Colliery.

The 1996–97 season was the last at Roker Park, which was also Sunderland's first ever season in the Premier League, ending in relegation for the club. The last competitive match at the ground was a 3–0 victory over Everton.

Roker Park was also one of the most recent venues in the Premier League to feature standing accommodation. The only team to have had standing accommodation at its stadium since was Fulham, who still had terracing at Craven Cottage for one season after winning promotion in 2001, after which they ground-shared with QPR at Loftus Road for two seasons before returning to an all-seater Craven Cottage.

In a special ceremony after the final farewell game (coincidentally, also a 1–0 win against Liverpool, in which Sunderland midfielder John Mullin scored the stadium's final goal at the Fulwell End), Charlie Hurley (voted the club's Player of the Century) dug up the centre spot of the ground for it to be planted at the new stadium. Following the move to the Stadium of Light, Roker Park was demolished and in its place was built a housing estate. To commemorate Roker Park, the streets were named Promotion Close, Clockstand Close, Goalmouth Close, Midfield Drive, Turnstile Mews and Roker Park Close.

Fan reactions to the move
Following the demolition of Roker Park, playwright Tom Kelly and actor Paul Dunn created a one-man play called I Left My Heart at Roker Park about a fan struggling with the move and what Roker Park meant for him; the play had its first run in 1997, and has been revived since.

Actor and Sunderland supporter Peter O'Toole described Roker Park as his connection to the club, saying that as a result of the change of grounds he was less of a fan.

In 1998, the BBC broadcast a six-part documentary named Premier Passions, which included a chronicle of Sunderland during the 1996–97 season, in which the club was relegated from the Premier League the year after winning promotion from the Football League First Division, and moved to the Stadium of Light.

International matches
Roker Park hosted the first of three full England internationals in 1899; a 13–2 victory over Ireland in the 1898–99 British Home Championship - the highest scoring game in the history of the tournament. Further Home Championship games were played at Roker Park in 1920 (v. Ireland) and 1950 (v. Wales), England winning both games. Three England B games were played at the ground, in 1954, 1980 and 1990. Roker Park also hosted four youth internationals - England U23 games in 1959 and 1970, and England U18 games in 1952 and 1956. The 1970 England U23 game against Scotland was abandoned due to snow after 60 minutes with England leading 3–1.

During the 1966 FIFA World Cup, Roker Park hosted three group stage games in Group 4 along with Ayresome Park, and a Quarter Final game between the Soviet Union and Hungary. The biggest World Cup attendance at the ground was 27,793 for the group stage game between the Soviet Union and Italy.

title: Roker Park


text:
Talk:Max Boot

Conservative in lead
IP editors keep taking this out, eg here. While labels can be contentious and/or meaningless, I don't see that this one is; rather it is an informative description of his political position and background. It is how he is regularly described and self-identifies, and including it at the outset explains a pretty basic fact about him to any reader straightaway. The USA Today column referenced doesn't have him denying being one, just him saying that Trump has "disfigured the ... movement".  N-HH   talk / edits  14:45, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I think it helps the reader, which should be our highest priority. As recently as last week, Boot described himself as a former "smart-alecky young conservative" who isn't as young as he was when he attended college and who has "had [his] consciousness raised", and wrote that he "remain[s] a classical liberal". (See Classical liberalism, especially the sections on the meaning of the term and the United States, for information about why "classical liberal" means "conservative".) — MShabazz Talk/Stalk 15:56, 1 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It certainly helped me. I came here pretty unaware of him, and was left none the wiser from the lead as to where he stood in terms of US politics. "Conservative" is a broad label, but precisely because of that it narrows things down a bit without doing so too much. Googling the term with his name leaves little doubt that this is what he is usually described as. Hence WP should follow that.  N-HH   talk / edits  12:48, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Pretty nonsensical to leave out "conservative" from the lede - according to his own biography "He was a senior foreign policy adviser to John McCain’s presidential campaign in 2007–08, Mitt Romney’s campaign in 2011–12, and Marco Rubio’s campaign in 2015-2016." and his new book is "The Corrosion of Conservatism: Why I Left the Right" link.  We need not make him out to be a "right winger" but he certainly has tended conservative throughout his career. Bdushaw (talk) 14:22, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

This guy Boot is hardly a "conservative," and a far more accurate description of his Weltbild would be that he is a Trump-hater now who at one time in the distant past held some conservative positions. Wikipedia is very well established as a pro-Left source, and it just underscores the essential political bias of Wikipedia to have an article pretending that Boot is a "conservative" in order to invigorate his critique of Trump. I post these true remarks in the hope that Wikipedia can remove its political bias and actually start to serve as a neutral source of information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.152.216.213 (talk) 21:27, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I think he officially no longer identifies as conservative.T. Anthony (talk) 10:58, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Boot was never a genuine conservative, of course. He seems really to be a person with a MA in military history who favors war, and that is consistent with another part of his biography -- id est, that he has never personally been to war as a soldier.

Promotional
This article is extremely promotional for Boot's career from the personal website link to the inset box with videos of him talking. Needs work to have a neutral point of view. Nweil (talk) 22:35, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Conflict of interest
A new user who says he is the subject, has been editing the article. I left the user a note on their talk page asking them to use this talk page. Malerooster (talk) 18:41, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Max Boot


text:
Fairchild C-82 Packet

The C-82 Packet is a twin-engine, twin-boom cargo aircraft designed and built by Fairchild Aircraft. It was used briefly by the United States Army Air Forces and the successor United States Air Force following World War II.

Design and development
Developed by Fairchild, the C-82 was intended as a heavy-lift cargo aircraft to succeed prewar civilian designs like the Curtiss C-46 Commando and Douglas C-47 Dakota using non-critical materials in its construction, primarily plywood and steel, so as not to compete with the production of combat aircraft. However, by early 1943 changes in specifications resulted in plans for an all-metal aircraft. The aircraft was designed for a number of roles, including cargo carrier, troop transport, parachute drop, medical evacuation, and glider towing. It featured a rear-loading ramp with wide doors and an empennage set 14 feet (4.3 m) off the ground that permitted trucks and trailers to back up to the doors without obstruction. The single prototype first flew on 10 September 1944. The aircraft were built at the Fairchild factory in Hagerstown, Maryland, with deliveries beginning in 1945 and ending in September 1948.

Problems surfaced almost immediately. The aircraft was found to be underpowered and its airframe inadequate for the heavy lifting it was intended to perform. As a result, the Air Force turned to Fairchild for a solution to the C-82's shortcomings. A redesign was quickly performed under the designation XC-82B, which would overcome all of the C-82A's initial problems.

Operational history

The C-82A was first flown in 1944, with its initial delivery not until June 1945; as a result, only a few entered service before the end of the war. In the end, only 223 C-82As would be built, a small number relative to other wartime production cargo aircraft. Most were used for cargo and troop transport, although a few were deployed for paratroop operations or towing military gliders. A redesign rectifying the aircraft's main deficiencies, made its debut in 1947. Its subsequent improved design would result in the 1949 rollout of the Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar.

In 1946, the United States Postal Service explored the concept of flying post offices using highly modified C-82s, which would operate similarly to those on trains where mail would be sorted by clerks and put in bags and then transferred to trucks on landing.

In 1948, a C-82 was fitted with track-gear landing gear, similar to the tracks on a crawler tractor, that allowed landings on unpaved, primitive runways.

During the Berlin Blockade, five C-82 aircraft carried large disassembled earthmoving equipment into the city to enable the construction of Berlin Tegel Airport in the fall of 1948.

Though relatively unsuccessful, the C-82A is best considered as an early development stage of the much more successful C-119B Flying Boxcar. The C-82A saw limited production before being replaced by the Flying Boxcar.

The C-82 was retired from the United States Air Force inventory in 1954.

Civil airline operations
After the C-82A became surplus to United States Air Force requirements, small numbers were sold to civilian operators in Brazil, Chile, Mexico and the United States and these were utilized for many years as rugged freight aircraft, capable of carrying bulky items of cargo. The last example was retired in the late 1980s.

Variants

 * XC-82
 * Prototype, one built.

 * C-82A Packet
 * Initial production version, 220 built.

 * EC-82A
 * 1948, fitted with Firestone-designed tracked landing gear. 13 aircraft allocated for conversion from C-82A, but only one completed.

 * XC-82B
 * 1947, fitted with 2650hp Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial engines as a precursor to the C-119 series. One converted from a C-82A.

 * C-82N
 * 1946, Production aircraft built by North American Aviation. Only three were completed, before the remaining 997 were cancelled.

 * Steward-Davis Jet-Packet 1600
 * 1956, civil conversion of Fairchild C-82A with 1600 lbf Westinghouse J30-W turbojet booster engine in pod above upper fuselage. At least three converted.

 * Steward-Davis Jet-Packet 3200
 * Conversion of Jet-Packet 1600 with two J30-W engines in above-fuselage pod. One converted in 1957.

 * Jet-Packet 3400
 * Jet-Packet with a 3250 lbf Westinghouse J34-WE-34, or 3400 lbf Westinghouse J34-WE-36 booster engine. At least four converted from 1962.

 * Steward-Davis Jet-Packet II
 * Airframe weight reduction program to increase cargo weights and increased power from Pratt & Whitney R-2800CB-16 engines. Application applied to at least three Jet-Packet 1600s or 3400s, including the TWA C-82A Ontos.

 * Steward-Davis Skytruck I
 * 1964, C-82A aircraft with 60000 lb takeoff weight, improved performance and a hot-air de-icing system, one converted. The Skytruck brand-name was allegedly the inspiration for Elleston Trevor's Skytruck in the 1964 novel, The Flight of the Phoenix.

 * Steward-Davis Skypallet
 * 1965 A C-82A redesign with the fuselage floor separating from the aircraft from nose to tail for large cargoes and the installation of an internal hoist. Only one aircraft was converted.

Operators

 * Brazilian Air Force — the Primeiro Grupo de Transporte de Tropa (1st Troop Transport Group) operated C-82s of 1956-1969
 * Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul
 * Linea Aerea Taxpa Ltda
 * Honduran Air Force
 * Compania Mexicana de Aviacion (CMA)
 * Interior Airways
 * Trans World Airlines — Used for transporting replacement engines
 * United States Army Air Forces
 * Compania Mexicana de Aviacion (CMA)
 * Interior Airways
 * Trans World Airlines — Used for transporting replacement engines
 * United States Army Air Forces
 * United States Army Air Forces

Surviving aircraft

 * Brazil
 * 45-57783 – C-82A stored at Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Manaus. The aircraft is in poor condition.
 * 48-0585 – C-82A stored at the Museu Aeroespacial at Campo dos Afonsos in Rio de Janeiro. It is an ex-Brazilian Air Force aircraft.

 * United States
 * 44-22991 – C-82A fuselage only in storage in the Walter Soplata Collection in Newbury Center, Ohio.
 * 44-23006 – C-82A on static display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
 * 45-57814 – C-82A on static display at the Hagerstown Aviation Museum in Hagerstown, Maryland. The aircraft was flown to the airport on 15 October 2006, marking the world's last flight of a C-82.
 * 48-0574 – C-82A on static display at the McChord Air Museum at McChord Field in Tacoma, Washington.
 * 48-0581 – C-82A on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio.

Popular culture

The C-82 is perhaps best known for its role in the 1964 novel, The Flight of the Phoenix, and Robert Aldrich's original 1965 film version. Based on the novel by Elleston Trevor, the story features a C-82A Packet operated by the fictional Arabco Oil Company. It crashes in the Libyan desert, and is rebuilt by the passengers and crew, using one tail boom, and is then flown to safety. Such an aircraft was made for the movie, the Tallmantz Phoenix P-1. It was certified airworthy by the Federal Aviation Administration. Paul Mantz, possibly the greatest Hollywood stunt pilot in history with 25,000 flight hours, was killed with the cameras rolling when he bounced the skids of the craft down too hard in a touch-and-go, buckling and breaking the fuselage behind the wing, sending the craft nose-down hard into the desert, tumbling it completely over at 90 mph. Mantz was killed instantly.

Minor league baseball namesake
In 1953, the local minor league baseball team in Hagerstown, Maryland, was the Hagerstown Braves, so called because they were a minor league affiliate of the major league Milwaukee Braves. The Hagerstown team switched affiliation to the Washington Senators for the 1954 season. Instead of using the major league nickname, they chose the name Hagerstown Packets in tribute to the C-82. The Hagerstown Packets played in the Piedmont League during the 1954 and 1955 seasons.

title: Fairchild C-82 Packet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mr. and Mrs. SquarePants

Mr. and Mrs. SquarePants
Delete it or perhaps merge with Spongebob if considerably more info is added. Spongebob article already has info on characters, so this article is unneeded and contains too little info to warrant an article, also, I don't think it can be a stub because potential for expansion is weak. Solver 22:13, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and merge info to main article. This looks like a kiddie-wiki experiment. - Lucky 6.9 22:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete & merge Melaen 22:31, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * They are recurring characters, and Mrs. Squarepants is hot (SpongeBob inherited her glassy blue eyes), but sadly the pair don't actually do much. I must regretfully concur with deletion. iMeowbot 22:50, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Unnamed characters, trivia from a TV show. Geogre 01:50, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and merge. Too minor for their own article. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 02:12, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  03:35, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete the resulting redirect. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:25, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete. No one would find it under this title, even if they were looking for it. Deb 16:15, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:40, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:80.222.53.183

title: User talk:80.222.53.183


text:
Costas Georgiou

Costas Georgiou (Κώστας Γεωργίου; 21 December 1951 – 10 July 1976), also known by his alias Colonel Callan, was a Cypriot-born British mercenary executed in Angola following the Luanda Trial for activities during the civil war phase of the Angolan War of Independence.

Early life
Georgiou was born in Cyprus in 1951, when the island was a British Crown colony. His family moved to London in 1963.

British military career
Georgiou joined the British Army and served, at first with distinction, in 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment in Northern Ireland. He was credited as being one of the best marksmen in the unit. Georgiou has been implicated as one of the participants in the Bloody Sunday massacre. During a hearing in 2000, a witness said he'd fired 26 shots into the crowd.

In early 1972, Georgiou and three other paratroopers, Privates Cyril Verbeck, Stephen Peter Kirby, and Michael Wainhouse, carried out an armed robbery on a Post Office. All four men were court-martialled. Georgiou and Wainhouse were both found guilty and each eventually sentenced to five years in prison.

Despite later claiming to have been a colonel, Georgiou's highest British Army rank was that of corporal, and he never received officer training. Others state Georgiou was a private soldier.

Background: Roots of the conflict and Georgiou's recruitment
In 1975, Portugal recognised the independence of its former colony of Angola, and acknowledged the Soviet-aligned People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) as the de jure government. The new government sought and received help in the form of Cuban military advisors, combat troops and material to fight against rival factions, which included the US-backed National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the South African-backed National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which received some US funding but no actual military aid. At the same time, British and American ex-military were recruited by the FNLA through private military companies (PMC; also known as PMIs, for Private Military Industry) in the United Kingdom and United States. Funding was provided by various NATO-member intelligence organisations, including the American CIA and the French SDECE.

By this time, Georgiou was out of the army and working part-time in construction. He had few prospects for more stable and gainful employment, given his dishonourable discharge for his part in robbing a post office. He was dating a Greek Cypriot woman, Rona Angelo. Her cousin was 'Shotgun' Charlie Christodoulou, like Costas an ex-paratrooper of Greek Cypriot extraction, but honourably discharged. An acquaintance, Nick Hall, another dishonourably discharged airborne veteran, took the initiative of putting out an advertisement soliciting mercenary employment for four able-bodied young men. These would be Hall himself, Georgiou, Christodoulou and Costas's old comrade Mick Wainhouse.

The men received a prompt reply from "Dr." Donald Belford, a former British Army medic who had volunteered for a humanitarian aid group in Africa some years before. While there, he had treated several Angolan fighters wounded in the struggle against the Portuguese, earning their friendship and trust. One of his friends was Holden Roberto, leader of the FNLA. After independence, Belford became Roberto's official emissary in the United Kingdom.

Georgiou in Angola
Georgiou was now using the nom de guerre "Colonel Tony Cullen" – the surname of a former army friend and not, as mistakenly alleged by some journalists, inspired by the TV espionage series Callan. He went to Angola to work as an unpaid medical orderly, in advance of his three colleagues. It was while he was working in this position that he took part in the decisive action that brought him to the notice of the FNLA leadership. When FNLA soldiers fled the advance of a MPLA force, which threatened to capture the hospital to which he was assigned, Georgiou, and longtime Irish colleague Lyndon Sheehan, led a handful of Portuguese FNLA soldiers in an offensive defence, stopping the MPLA force in its tracks. The general trend of the war for the FNLA at that time was one of a steady string of defeats, ensuring that the defeat of the MPLA column attracted immediate attention from Holden Roberto who, to Georgiou's surprise, appointed him head of the FNLA army, with the rank of Colonel (still unpaid). His three friends including Charlie Christodoulou arrived from Britain shortly afterwards. Within 48 hours of his arrival in Angola, Georgiou had already led his men in disarming and massacring a group of FNLA fighters (his supposed allies), whom he killed just for the "fun" of it all.

Thanks to continuing recruitment in England, a somewhat larger mercenary contingent was formed, but a full battalion was never realised. The enlarged force was still rather small relative to MPLA/Cuban forces, and many of the men were civilians with no military experience, and often refusing to submit to military discipline. This, combined with the foreign origin of most of the core leadership, (Georgiou, Christodoulou and the Portuguese), created a deep gulf between the officers and the British other ranks – to say nothing of the native Angolans recruited as infantry and support troops. Most of these had no military experience and many knew no English, or even Portuguese (then still the language of government and the native elite.)

The first contingent of mercenaries was mostly made up of professional soldiers, selected by a British private military company (PMC), Security Advisory Services (SAS), run by John Banks, Chris Dempster, and Dave Tomkins. Georgiou resented SAS's own leadership structure within the group, and perceived John Banks, who remained based in Britain, as a personal threat to his own position when Banks did visit Angola. Georgiou became increasingly paranoid and belligerent toward his own men, murdering African soldiers and creating a climate of fear even among the British mercenaries, none of which aided the morale of the FNLA forces or their ability to wage war successfully against the MPLA. The British journalist Patrick Brogan called Georgiou a "psychopathic killer" who executed 14 of his fellow mercenaries for cowardice, and was extremely brutal to black people. By all accounts, Georgiou killed for pleasure, and at his trial, it was established that he had killed at least 170 Angolans. Georgiou was much hated and feared by the men under his command, and by the FLNA who regarded him as a loose cannon who was just as likely to attack them as he was the MPLA.

The second contingent of mercenaries sent from Britain, unlike the first, was made up mostly of working-class men with no military experience. Within a week of their arrival, about a dozen of the second contingent had accidentally maimed themselves by trying to use weapons that they did not fully understand. These undisciplined men quickly realised the perilous situation into which they had been placed, and the instability of their leadership. A group of them consequently seized vehicles and attempted to flee the country, firing on other FNLA forces in the process, including Chris Dempster. The deserters were quickly rounded up by Georgiou's men, and fourteen were summarily executed by firing squad.

A third contingent of similarly inept mercenaries was recruited in the US by an American PMC.

The "battalion" fought several more dramatic engagements, including successful ambushes of minor MPLA detachments. However, given his limited resources and the fact that many of his men – European and native alike – were untrained, increasingly demoralised amateurs, Georgiou's campaign was ultimately a failure. According to mercenary David Tomkins, the group spent most of its time foraging for food, usable weapons, and ammunition. Much of this foraging consisted of "raids" on villages, where the men would casually walk into town brandishing their weapons, searching for anything of use. Anyone who offered physical resistance would be shot.

Lack of proper equipment was one of the key factors in the failure of foreign mercenary units in Angola generally, and in Georgiou's case in particular. The MPLA had Soviet tanks, artillery and crack Cuban troops fighting as their allies. The other two factions had mostly light infantry, not always the best trained and disciplined either. Another factor was leadership inexperience: Georgiou had absolutely no training or experience as a commissioned officer, nor did most of his counterparts in other units. Cuban accounts of the Angolan war speak of the mercenaries in a contemptuous tone. The majority of Cuban veterans of Angola describe the mercenaries they fought as inept soldiers whom they had no difficulty defeating.

Trial and execution
Georgiou was tried under the jurisdiction of the Angolan MPLA government in the Luanda Trial during June and July 1976. He was charged with illegally entering Angola as a mercenary, along with twelve other defendants. In addition he was charged with involvement in the massacre of fourteen fellow mercenaries at Maquela do Zombo in northern Angola, as well as with the murder and torture of enemy soldiers and civilians in the town of São Salvador. The killings at Maquela occurred after some mercenary recruits had mistakenly opened fire on their colleagues and, fearing retribution by Georgiou and the MPLA, had subsequently fled towards Zaire, taking all the unit's supplies.

Georgiou was convicted and sentenced to death. President Agostinho Neto rejected pleas for mercy from Queen Elizabeth II on behalf of Georgiou and three other condemned British mercenaries. Georgiou was executed by firing squad on 10 July 1976. His sister, Panayiota 'Blondie' Georgiades, was allowed to visit him during his captivity in Angola. In a BBC interview, she said they spoke mainly about their family and the trial proceedings, conversing in Greek. Georgiou's body was repatriated to England, and he was buried secretly in a cemetery in north London in accordance with the rites of the Greek Orthodox Church.

title: Costas Georgiou


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Rona Anderson

Rona Anderson (3 August 1926 – 23 July 2013) was a Scottish stage, film, and television actress. She appeared in TV series and on the stage and films throughout the 1950s. She appeared in the films Scrooge and The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and on TV in Dr Finlay's Casebook and Dixon of Dock Green.

Biography
Rona Anderson was born in Edinburgh to James and Evelyn (née Thomson) Anderson. She was educated in her home town and briefly in Ottawa during the war. She trained for the stage at the Glover Turner-Robertson School in Edinburgh.

In 1951, she married fellow actor Gordon Jackson, with whom she had appeared in Floodtide (1949) and remained with him until his death from bone cancer on 15 January 1990.

Stage work
Anderson had an English accent despite being brought up in Scotland. She made her first appearance on the stage at the Garrison Theatre in April 1945 in a production of Peg o' My Heart. From 1945 through 1949, she played various parts with the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. At the 1950 Edinburgh Festival, Anderson played the role of Venus in a production of The Queen's Comedy. She made her London debut in October 1951 at the Piccadilly Theatre in The White Sheep of the Family. Anderson went on two tours in 1955. In March of that year, she toured as Sabrina in Sabrina Fair. In September 1955, she toured as Mary in All for Mary.

In October 1958, she played Mary Tufnell in Once a Rake at the Theatre Royal, Windsor. Anderson appeared in the premier of Savages in 1973. She appeared at the Mermaid Theatre in their 1978 production of Whose Life Is It Anyway?, which transferred to the Savoy Theatre. In 1981, she played Frances Shand Kydd in the Ray Cooney comedy, Her Royal Highness at the Palace Theatre, London starring Marc Sinden.

Film career
Rona Anderson's first major film was the drama Sleeping Car to Trieste (1948) directed by John Paddy Carstairs. Anderson played the role of Alice (originally named "Belle" by Dickens) in Scrooge (1951), a film adaptation of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. She appeared alongside Lee Patterson in Man with a Gun (1958), directed by Montgomery Tully, while her last major film appearance was in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969). Following this film she continued her work on the stage and in television series.

From 1953 until 1983, Anderson appeared in several British television programmes. She appeared in three episodes of The Human Jungle (1964–1965) during its second season. Anderson played the role of Mary on the British sitcom Bachelor Father (1970–1971). Anderson later appeared in an episode of the long-running crime series The Professionals entitled Cry Wolf, in which her husband, Gordon Jackson, played George Cowley.

Critical assessment
Of her numerous roles in British B films in the 1950s, the film historians Steve Chibnall and Brian McFarlane say: "She was essentially crisp and wholesome, in her open Scots prettiness and brought a proper spirited resourcefulness to these assorted plucky heroines, making them a good deal more endearing and credible than the screenplays deserved."

Death
Anderson died on 23 July 2013, at age 86.

Selected filmography

 * Sleeping Car to Trieste (1948) – Joan Maxted
 * Floodtide (1949) – Mary Anstruther
 * Poet's Pub (1949) – Joanna Benbow
 * The Twenty Questions Murder Mystery (1950) – Mary Game
 * Torment (1950) – Joan
 * Her Favourite Husband (1950) – Stellina
 * Home to Danger (1951) – Barbara Cummings
 * Scrooge (1951) – Alice
 * Whispering Smith Hits London (1952) – Anne
 * Circumstantial Evidence (1952) – Linda Harrison
 * Noose for a Lady (1953) – Jill Hallam
 * Black 13 (1953) – Claire
 * Double Exposure (1954)
 * The Black Rider (1954) – Mary Plack
 * Stock Car (1955) – Katie Glebe
 * Little Red Monkey (1955) – Julia Jackson
 * The Flaw (1955) – Monica Oliveri
 * A Time to Kill (1955) – Sallie Harbord
 * Shadow of a Man (1956) – Linda Bryant
 * Soho Incident (aka Spin a Dark Web) (1956) – Betty Walker
 * Man with a Gun (1958) – Stella
 * Devils of Darkness (1965) – Anne
 * The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) – Miss Lockhart

title: Rona Anderson


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User talk:Tek022

User4edits (talk) I added citing earlier as well, but some how content again replaced. Citing added again. Thanks for your concern vice_chancellor = Dr. N. T. Rao[1] "Vice Chancellor of Chandigarh University, India". Linkedin. 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2022-01-09. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Navyison (talk • contribs) 05:32, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tek022


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Boris Delaunay

Boris Nikolayevich Delaunay or Delone (Бори́с Никола́евич Делоне́; 15 March 1890 – 17 July 1980) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, mountain climber, and the father of physicist, Nikolai Borisovich Delone.

The spelling Delone is a straightforward transliteration from Cyrillic he often used in later publications, while Delaunay is the French version he used in the early French and German publications.

Biography
Boris Delone got his surname from his ancestor French Army officer de Launay, who was captured in Russia during Napoleon's invasion of 1812. De Launay was a nephew of the Bastille governor marquis de Launay. He married a woman from the Tukhachevsky noble family and stayed in Russia.

When Boris was a young boy his family spent summers in the Alps where he learned mountain climbing. By 1913, he became one of the top three Russian mountain climbers. After the Russian Revolution, he climbed mountains in the Caucasus and Altai. One of the mountains (4300 m) near Belukha is named after him. In the 1930s, he was among the first to receive a qualification of Master of mountain climbing of the USSR. Future Nobel laureate in physics Igor Tamm was his associate in setting tourist camps in the mountains.

Boris Delaunay worked in the fields of modern algebra, the geometry of numbers. He used the results of Evgraf Fedorov, Hermann Minkowski, Georgy Voronoy, and others in his development of modern mathematical crystallography and general mathematical model of crystals. He invented what is now called Delaunay triangulation in 1934; Delone sets are also named after him. Among his best students are the mathematicians Aleksandr Aleksandrov and Igor Shafarevich.

Delaunay was elected the corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1929. Delaunay is credited as being an organizer, in Leningrad in 1934, of the first mathematical olympiad for high school students in the Soviet Union.

Books

 * Delone, B. N.; Raikov, D. A. (1948, 1949). Analytic Geometry (2 vols.). State Technical Press. (in Russian)
 * Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolaevich et al. (1969). Mathematics: Its Content, Methods and Meaning, chapter Analytic Geometry, by B. N. Delone. MIT Press. (translated from the Russian)

title: Boris Delaunay


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Talk:Root (computing)

I moved root (computing) to superuser, because the article was branching out from just the Unix meaning. This disambiguation page is still here for articles that may link here. [ alerante | “” 22:36, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC) ]

title: Talk:Root (computing)


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Grand Tour (cycling)

In road bicycle racing, a Grand Tour is one of the three major European professional cycling stage races: Giro d'Italia, Tour de France, and Vuelta a España. Collectively they are termed the Grand Tours, and all three races are similar in format, being three-week races with daily stages. They have a special status in the UCI regulations: more points for the UCI World Tour are distributed in Grand Tours than in other races, and they are the only stage races allowed to last longer than 14 days, and these differ from major stage races more than one week in duration.

All three races have a substantial history, with the Tour de France first held in 1903, Giro d'Italia first held in 1909 and the Vuelta a España first held in 1935. The Giro is generally run in May, the Tour in July, and the Vuelta in late August and September. The Vuelta was originally held in the spring, usually late April, with a few editions held in June in the 1940s. In 1995, however, the race moved to September to avoid direct competition with the Giro.

The Tour de France is the oldest and most prestigious in terms of points accrued to racers of all three, and is the most widely attended annual sporting event in the world. The Tour, the Giro and the Road World Cycling Championship make up the Triple Crown of Cycling.

The three Grand Tours are men's events, and as of 2023, no three week races currently exist on the women's road cycling circuit. The Vuelta Femenina, Giro d'Italia Women and Tour de France Femmes are sometimes considered to be equivalent races for women – taking place over shorter, smaller routes around a week in length. The Vuelta Femenina was first held under that name in 2023, the Giro d'Italia Women was first held in 1988, and various women's Tour de France events have taken place since 1984 – with the Tour de France Femmes having its first edition in 2022.

Description
In their current form, the Grand Tours are held over three consecutive weeks and typically include two rest days near the beginning of the second and third weeks. If the opening stages are in a country not neighbouring the home nation of the race, there is sometimes an additional rest day after the opening weekend to allow for transfers. The stages are a mix of long massed start races (sometimes including mountain and hill climbs and descents; others are flat stages favoring those with a sprint finish) and individual and team time trials. Stages in the Grand Tours are generally under 200 kilometres in length.

UCI rules regarding 'Grand Tours'
Grand Tour events have specific rules and criteria as part of Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) regulations. For the UCI World Tour, more points are given in grand tours than in other races; the winner of the Tour de France receives 1000 points, and the winners of the Giro and Vuelta receive 850 points. Depending on the nature of other races, points vary for the winner of the overall classification The grand tours have a special status for the length: they are allowed to last between 15 and 23 days – whereas other stage races are not allowed to last longer than 14 days.

Teams
Historically, controversy surrounds which teams are invited to the event by the organiser. Typically, the UCI prefers top-rated professional teams to enter, while operators of the Grand Tours often want teams based in their country or those unlikely to cause controversy. Between 2005 and 2007, organisers had to accept all ProTour teams, leaving only two wildcard teams per Tour. However, the Unibet team, a ProTour team normally guaranteed entry, was banned from the three Grand Tours for violating gambling advertising laws. In 2008, following numerous doping scandals, some teams were refused entry to the Grand Tours: Astana did not compete at the 2008 Tour de France and Team Columbia did not compete at the 2008 Vuelta a España.

Since 2011, under the UCI World Tour rules, all UCI WorldTeams are guaranteed a place in all three events, and obliged to participate, and the organisers are free to invite wildcard teams of UCI ProContinental status to make up the 22 teams that usually compete.

In 2023, riders Primož Roglič, Jonas Vingegaard and Sepp Kuss won the Giro, Tour and Vuelta respectively, making the team the first to win all three Grand Tours in a single calendar year.

Competitions
The main competition is the individual general classification, decided on aggregate time (sometimes after allowance of time bonuses). There are also classifications for teams and young riders, and based on climbing and sprinting points, and other minor competitions. Five riders have won three individual classifications open to all riders (general, mountains, young and points classifications) in the same race: Eddy Merckx in the 1968 Giro d'Italia and 1969 Tour de France and 1973 Vuelta a España, Tony Rominger in the 1993 Vuelta a España, Laurent Jalabert in the 1995 Vuelta a España, Marco Pantani in the 1998 Giro d'Italia, and Tadej Pogačar in the 2020 Tour de France and 2021 Tour de France.

Riders
It is rare for cyclists to ride all grand tours in the same year; in 2004, 474 cyclists started in at least one of the grand tours, 68 of them rode two Grand Tours and only two cyclists started in all three grand tours. It is not unusual for sprinters to start each of the Grand Tours and aim for stage wins before the most difficult stages occur. Alessandro Petacchi and Mark Cavendish started all three Grand Tours in 2010 and 2011, respectively, as did some of their preferred support riders. For both riders in both years, only the Tour de France was ridden to its conclusion.

Over the years, 34 riders have completed all three Grand Tours in one year: Adam Hansen did so six years in a row. The only riders to have finished in the top 10 in each of the three tours during the same year are Raphaël Géminiani in 1955 and Gastone Nencini in 1957.

Riders from the same country winning all three Grand Tours in a single year has happened only on three occasions. It first occurred in 1964 with French riders Jacques Anquetil and Raymond Poulidor, with the second occurrence in 2008 with Spanish riders Alberto Contador and Carlos Sastre. 2018 marked the only time three different riders from the same country won all three Tours, these being British riders Chris Froome, Geraint Thomas and Simon Yates.

On four occasions, each of the three Grand Tours in the same year was won by a home rider, that is, an Italian winning the Giro, a Frenchman winning the Tour and a Spaniard winning the Vuelta. The last occasion this occurred was 1975.

Women's Grand Tour events
, no three week races currently exist on the women's road cycling circuit. Historically, women have participated in three week long stages races, with various women's Tour de France events taking place since 1984. In the contemporary UCI Women's World Tour, the Giro d'Italia Women (first held in 1988), the Tour de France Femmes (first held in 2022) and the Vuelta Femenina (started in 2015, gaining its current name in 2023) are sometimes considered to be equivalent races for women – taking place over shorter, smaller routes around a week in length. The Vuelta Femenina takes place in May, the Giro d'Italia Women is generally run in late June / early July and the Tour de France Femmes is held in late July following the men's Tour de France.

Some media and teams have referred to these women's events as Grand Tours, as they are the biggest events in the women's calendar. However, they are not three week stage races, they do not have a special status in the rules and regulations of cycling (such as more points in the UCI Women's World Tour, or allowing an increased number of stages), and some have argued that the races need to visit high mountains (such as the Alps) or contain time trial stages to be considered an equivalent event.

Campaign groups such as Le Tour Entier and The Cyclists' Alliance continue to push organisers and the UCI to allow for longer stage races for women, as well as to improve the quality and economic stability of the women's peloton to allow for three week long races in future.

Wins per year
A. Lance Armstrong was declared the winner of seven consecutive Tours from 1999 to 2005. However, on 22 October 2012, he was stripped of all his titles by the UCI for his use of performance-enhancing drugs. The organizers of the Tour de France announced that the winner's slot would remain empty in the record books, rather than transfer the win to the second-place finishers each year.

Wins per rider

 * Active riders marked in bold.

Winners of all three Grand Tours
Seven cyclists have won all three of the Grand Tours during their career:

Hinault and Contador are the only cyclists to have won each Grand Tour at least twice.

Winners of all three Grand Tours in a single year
No rider has won all three Grand Tours in a single year in any classification (general, points, mountain, young rider)

Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Tours

 * 🇮🇹 Fausto Coppi: 3 Grand Tours – Giro (1952), Tour (1952), Giro (1953).
 * 🇧🇪 Eddy Merckx: 4 Grand Tours – Giro (1972), Tour (1972), Vuelta (1973), Giro (1973).
 * 🇫🇷 Bernard Hinault: 3 Grand Tours – Giro (1982), Tour (1982), Vuelta (1983).
 * 🇬🇧 Chris Froome: 3 Grand Tours – Tour (2017), Vuelta (2017), Giro (2018).

During Fausto Coppi achievement, the Vuelta a España didn't run (1951–1954).

During Eddy Merckx and Bernard Hinault achievements, the Vuelta a España was the first Grand Tour of the season.

Winners of multiple Grand Tours in a single year
Ten riders have achieved a double by winning two grand tours in the same calendar year.

Of the above ten, Pantani, Roche and Battaglin's doubles were their only Grand Tour victories in their careers.

Finished in the top ten in all three Grand Tours in a single year
Few riders have finished all three in a single year, of whom two finished in the top ten in each: Raphaël Géminiani (4th, 6th and 3rd in the Giro, Tour and Vuelta in 1955) and Gastone Nencini (1st, 6th and 9th in 1957).

Smallest margin between 1st and 2nd placed rider
The margins between the winner of a Grand Tour and the runner-up are often narrow, and rarely larger than a few minutes.

As of 2021, there have been 54 Grand Tours with a winning margin less than one minute. The smallest margins are as follows:

The biggest winning margin in a Grand Tour was 2h 59' 21" in Maurice Garin's win at the first Tour de France in 1903. The biggest margin in the history of Giro d'Italia was in 1914 when Alfonso Calzolari won by 1h 57' 26", and the biggest margin in the history of Vuelta a España was in 1945 when Delio Rodríguez finished 30' 08" clear.

Points classification winners
The Tour/Giro/Vuelta triple has been achieved by five riders – Djamolidine Abdoujaparov, Mark Cavendish, Laurent Jalabert, Eddy Merckx and Alessandro Petacchi.

Mountains classification winners
The Tour/Giro/Vuelta triple has been achieved by two riders – Federico Bahamontes and Luis Herrera.

Young rider classification winners
The Tour/Giro double has been achieved by three riders – Egan Bernal, Nairo Quintana and Andy Schleck. The Giro/Vuelta double has been achieved by one rider – Miguel Ángel López. The Tour/Vuelta double has been achieved by one rider – Tadej Pogačar.

Grand Tour stage wins
Three cyclists have won stages in all three of the Grand Tours in the same season: Miguel Poblet in 1956, Pierino Baffi in 1958 and Alessandro Petacchi in 2003. The rider with the most Grand Tour stage wins in one season is Freddy Maertens who won 20 stages in 1977: 13 in the Vuelta a España and 7 in the Giro d'Italia.

 * Cyclists whose names are in bold are still active.
 * This list is complete up to and including the 2024 Tour de France.

Grand Tour finishers
Only 35 riders have finished all three Grand Tours in one season. Adam Hansen has done this six times consecutively, Marino Lejarreta four times and Bernardo Ruiz achieved it in three different years, while Eduardo Chozas and Carlos Sastre have completed the accomplishment twice.

The rider with most participations on Grand Tours is Matteo Tosatto with 34 (12 Tours, 13 Giros and 9 Vueltas). The rider who has finished most Grand Tours is also Matteo Tosatto, with 28 (12 Tours, 11 Giros and 5 Vueltas). Adam Hansen has finished the most consecutive Grand Tours: 20 tours from 2011 Vuelta a España till 2018 Giro d'Italia. Bernardo Ruiz was the first rider to ride every tour of a season on three occasions which he completed in 1957. Marino Lejarreta completed every grand tour of the season for the 4th time in 1991 and of these 12 tours he finished in the top 10 of eight of them. His record of 4 was not passed until Adam Hansen completed the Vuelta in 2016.

Gastone Nencini (1957) and Sepp Kuss (2023) are the only cyclists to both ride all three Grand Tours and win one in the same season. The best average finish was the first time three Grand Tours were finished in one season, when Raphaël Géminiani finished 4th, 6th and 3rd in the Giro, Tour and Vuelta, respectively.

title: Grand Tour (cycling)


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Siskins

The Siskins, officially the Siskin Exhibition Flight, were a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) aerobatic flying team that was established in 1929 at Camp Borden, Ontario. They were named after the bird family Siskin. It was the air force's first official aerobatic team. Flying three Armstrong Whitworth Siskin biplanes, the Siskins quickly built a reputation for performing daring maneuvers. The Siskins flew more than 100 air shows over three years before being disbanded in 1932 when the Great Depression forced the RCAF to reduce operations.

Siskins' Squadron Leader E.A. McNab would later earn recognition as the first RCAF pilot to win the Distinguished Flying Cross during the Second World War.

title: Siskins


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Jungle Queen (2000 film)

Jungle Queen is a 2000 Pakistani film directed by Syed Noor and written by his then-wife, Rukhsana Noor. The film stars Saima (aka Saima Noor after marrying director Syed Noor in 2005) as the title character. Actress Saima plays a double role.

In the beginning, the title character, played by Saima, is secretly married to a wealthy man. After discovering that she is pregnant, her husband tries to kill her by throwing her in a river. She ends up landing on an island and given shelter by animals. She gives birth to a baby girl and dies, when the girl is five years old. That girl later grows up like Tarzan and that character is also played by Saima.

Cast

 * Saima
 * Moammar Rana
 * Afzal Khan
 * Saira Khan
 * Khushboo
 * Shafqat Cheema
 * Nawaz Khan

title: Jungle Queen (2000 film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sandwich Shop

Sandwich_Shop
Sandwich_Shop was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

non-notable computer game Melaen 22:22, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 08:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, insufficient evidence of BLT. Wyss 21:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.17.134.4

title: User talk:68.17.134.4


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James Beattie

James or Jim Beattie may refer to:
 * James Beattie (poet) (1735–1803), Scottish poet, moralist and philosopher
 * James Hay Beattie (1768–1790), Scottish scholar, son of above
 * James Herries Beattie (1881–1972), New Zealand journalist, historian, and ethnologist
 * James J. Beattie (1942–2019), American heavyweight boxer, see Gene Schoor
 * Jim Beattie (politician) (born 1948), Canadian politician
 * Jim Beattie (baseball) (born 1954), American baseball player
 * Jim Beattie (musician), Scottish musician, formerly of Primal Scream
 * Jim Beattie (footballer) (born 1973), Scottish footballer
 * James Beattie (footballer) (born 1978), English footballer
 * James K. Beattie, Australian chemist

title: James Beattie


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Henry Clarke

Henry Clarke may refer to:
 * Henry Clarke (theologian) (1700–1777), Irish academic
 * Henry Clarke (mathematician) (1743–1818), English mathematician
 * Henry Clarke (Australian politician) (1822–1907), member of the New South Wales (Australia) Parliament
 * Henry Edward Clarke (1829–1892), businessman and politician in Ontario, Canada
 * Henry Clarke (London politician) (died 1914), businessman and member of the City of London Corporation and London County Council
 * Henry Joseph Clarke (1833–1889), premier of Manitoba, Canada, 1874–1878
 * Henry Butler Clarke (1863–1904), lecturer on Spanish at the University of Oxford
 * Henry Lee Clarke (born 1941), American diplomat
 * Henry Lowther Clarke (1850–1926), English-born Anglican archbishop of Melbourne, Australia, 1905–1920
 * Henry Clarke (baseball) (1875–1950), American baseball pitcher
 * Henry Clarke (racing driver), American racecar driver in USAC and Indy Lights
 * Henry Clarke Wright (1797–1870), American abolitionist and pacifist
 * Mrs. Henry Clarke (1853–1908), English writer of children's books
 * Harry Clarke (Henry Patrick Clarke, 1889–1931), Irish stained-glass artist and book illustrator
 * Henry Clarke (American businessman) (1933–2013), American businessman and venture capitalist
 * Henry Wilberforce Clarke (1840–1905), translator of Persian works by mystic poets
 * Henry Clarke (photographer) (1917–1996), American fashion photographer
 * Henry T. Clarke Sr. (1834–1913), American businessman, pioneer, and politician from Nebraska
 * Henry James Langford Clarke (1866–1944), Royal Navy admiral
 * Henry Savile Clarke (1841–1893), English dramatist, journalist and critic

title: Henry Clarke