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Martyn Bennett

Martyn Bennett (17 February 1971 – 30 January 2005) was a Canadian-Scottish musician who was influential in the evolution of modern Celtic fusion, a blending of traditional Celtic and modern music. He was a piper, violinist, composer and producer. Diagnosis of serious illness at the age of thirty curtailed his live performances, although he completed a further two albums in the studio. He died from cancer in 2005, fifteen months after the release of his fifth album Grit.

Early life
He was born Martyn Bennett-Knight in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. His father, Ian Knight, was a Welsh geologist and musician. His mother was Margaret Bennett, a singer and folklorist who was born on Skye. His grandfather, George Bennett, was also an enthusiastic piper.

Martyn Bennett spent the first five years of his life in the Codroy Valley, where Gaelic and traditional music were parts of the local culture. The family then moved to Quebec. However, his parents separated when he was six and his mother moved back to Scotland, taking him with her. They stayed briefly on Mull, before moving to Kingussie, where he had his first lessons in playing the Great Highland bagpipe from David Taylor, who was also his history teacher. By the age of twelve he was winning junior piping competitions.

Education
At the age of fifteen he moved to Edinburgh with his mother. He won a place at the City of Edinburgh Music School, the first traditional musician to do so. During the three years that he studied there he also learned piano and violin. In 1990 he began violin and piano studies at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (RSAMD) in Glasgow, where he met Kirsten Thomson, a piano student in the year above him, who joined him in a band and later became his wife. During the final year of his studies he was diagnosed with testicular cancer, but he recovered after six months of treatment and graduated in 1993.

Career
Bennett was influenced by the early 1990s dance music scene and regularly attended clubs. He worked with Martin Swan’s Mouth Music project, combining traditional Gaelic songs and music with contemporary instruments. He made his debut at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall on 14 January 1994 supporting them. Bennett was a teenager when Swan had first spotted him playing.

He released his first album, the eponymous Martyn Bennett, in 1995 on Eclectic, a small Edinburgh-based independent label. He had recorded the album in just seven days at Castle Sound studios in Pencaitland. Floret Silva Undique uses a poem by Hamish Henderson, who commented "What brave new music". The album had a "dramatic" impact on Scottish music. He provided the live musical score for David Harrower’s play Knives in Hens. He performed at the party held at Stirling Castle for the European premier of the movie Braveheart on 3 September 1995. He was back performing in the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall in January 1996. After writing scores for stage and television, he went on tour to America, supporting Wolfstone. He played at Edinburgh Hogmanay events in 1995 and 1996.

He released Bothy Culture in 1998 on the Rykodisc label. One composition Hallaig takes its name from the poem by the Gaelic bard Sorley MacLean, incorporating a sample of MacLean reading the poem. Bothy culture topped the US college radio charts. The album came close to winning a Mercury Music Prize nomination.

He sported dreadlocks, an image that fitted with the musical and cultural boundaries that he was crossing. At times he was characterised as "the techno piper". He played at T in the Park in 1998. Scottish celebrities attended his performance at the Buddha Bar in Paris, ahead of Scotland playing Brazil in the opening match of the 1998 World Cup. He was awarded the 1998 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award in the music category. He played at Celtic connections again in 1999. At Edinburgh's Hogmanay celebrations at the millennium, his band Cuillin played at the Castle Esplanade, supporting Texas.

In 1999 he moved to Mull, where he met Dundonian musician Martin Low who helped him with his next work. Rykodisc had now become part of Palm Pictures. In 2000 he released the album Hardland on his own Cuillin label. He appeared at the Cambridge Folk Festival in 2000, giving an electrifying performance. A reviewer wrote in Mojo that "Scots music has never sounded like this before. No music has ever sounded like this before. Half the audience fled in fear of their lives." Bennett sold a thousand CDs after the set.

The City of Edinburgh Music School commissioned him to write Mackay's Memoirs for the school's centenary in 1999. It was a piece for chamber orchestra featuring Great Highland bagpipes and harp. Mackay's Memoirs was played at the celebrations that took place in Princes Street Gardens, alongside the opening of the new Scottish Parliament in July 1999 and at the 2004 Mòd

He was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma in November 2000. Over the following eight months he received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the following years his treatments would also include several major operations.

After this diagnosis he recorded his fourth album Glen Lyon which was first released on the Foot Stomping' label in 2002. It was a cycle of Gaelic songs, his mother singing and he accompanying her. Woven into this is a sample of Peter Stewart, his great-great-grandfather singing in 1910, taken from a wax cylinder recording.

He married Kirsten in February 2002. Following a relapse and an unexpected splenectomy in January of that year, Bennett proposed; the ceremony took place in her mother's kitchen. The couple moved back to Mull. Illness left him feeling disconnected from his music and one day, in a fit of rage, he destroyed many of his instruments − pipes, fiddles and whistles. Horrified at what he had done, he was unable to bring himself to speak to anyone for the following two days.

The final album that he recorded, Grit, was released in October 2003 on Real World Records. It had been recorded while he was ill, and he was unable to play his instruments. He brought together samples of unaccompanied traditional Scottish folk singers, his own bagpipe and fiddle playing, with and electronic drum beats. For Move, the opening track, he sampled a recording of traditional singer Sheila Stewart performing the Moving On Song, Ewan MacColl’s song about travellers; she was delighted that he was taking it to a new audience. His song Liberation featured Michael Marra narrating an English translation of psalm 118. The album has been "credited with starting the musical evolution of Celtic fusion". On 10 December 2003 BBC Two Scotland aired an ArtWorks Scotland documentary titled Martyn Bennett: Grit.

Death and legacy
Bennett died from cancer at the Marie Curie Hospice, Edinburgh on 30 January 2005, aged 33. News of his death spread among those attending the last night of Celtic Connections. The news was held back from the Edinburgh Music School pupils who were recording Mackay's memoirs the following day. His funeral was held on Mull.

A memorial concert was held at The Queen's Hall, Edinburgh, on 15 April. Around the same time the Martyn Bennett Trust was set up by his family and friends, as a commemorative fund to help young musicians. The 2006 Celtic Connections programme included a Martyn Bennett Day, held on 14 January, with events to celebrate his work. Toccata for Small Hands, written by Bennett for Kirsten, was performed in public for the first time. Greg Lawson was commissioned to score an arrangement of Liberation. Cuillin Music reformed to perform at the event. After Bennett's death, the band preferred to rework material instead of reproducing it. In June 2006, a book It's Not the Time You Have … was launched which contained recollections of Bennett, compiled by his mother.

On 27 October 2007 an event was held at The Queen's Hall. This event was organised by the Martyn Bennett Trust, with musicians invited to workshops during the day, finishing with a concert in the evening.

In 2008 Margaret Bennett released a CD single, Love and Loss, with three tracks where Bennett played to accompany his mother's singing; two of the tracks were previously unreleased. Mr McFall's Chamber, a string quartet from the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, toured with a tribute show Aye: An Affirmation of Martyn Bennett, performing pieces that were inspired by Bennett and his work. The tour began in Perth on 18 March and ended on 29 March in Findhorn. A further performance was part of the 2008 Edinburgh International Festival.

In March 2012 an anthology was released on the Long Tale Recordings label, entitled Aye. The album consisted of remastered tracks and some new material, compiled by the Martyn Bennett Trust.

In 2013 Creative Scotland announced they would fund an annual prize for new music composition, named in his honour.

A stage show, Grit: The Martyn Bennett Story, was created as part of the 2014 Commonwealth Games cultural programme. Conceived by Cora Bissett, it was written by Kieran Hurley. Bisset directed the show, having worked in close collaboration with his friends and family to create the show. It premiered at the Tramway in Glasgow in May 2014, then was performed in Mull. It was named event of the year at the 2014 Scots Trad Music Awards. Real World Records label re-released Grit to coincide with the stage show.

Greg Lawson, who had been friends with Bennett and who scored Liberation for a performance at Celtic Connections in 2006, went on to recreate Grit with an orchestral score for live performance. Lawson spent more than a year working on Nae Regrets, working out how an orchestra might recreate Bennett's precise arrangements. He assembled eighty musicians to form the Grit orchestra. On 15 January 2015, just over a decade after Bennett's death, Lawson conducted the Grit orchestra at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, to perform the Opening Concert at Celtic Connections. The concert was later named as the event of the year at the 2015 Trad awards. A further performance was given on 23 August 2016 at the Edinburgh Playhouse as part of the 2016 Edinburgh International Festival. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of Bothy Culture, and the 25th anniversary of the Celtic Connections festival, Lawson and the orchestra, now containing some 100 traditional folk, classical and jazz musicians, performed the show Bothy Culture and Beyond at the SSE Hydro, Glasgow on 27 January 2018.

Discography

 * Martyn Bennett (1995)
 * Bothy Culture (1997)
 * Hardland (with Martin Low) (2000)
 * Glen Lyon (with his mother, Margaret Bennett, on vocals) (2002)
 * Grit (2003)
 * Mackay's Memoirs (performed by City of Edinburgh Music School) (2005)
 * Love And Loss (with his mother, Margaret Bennett, and Cameron Drummond) (2008)

Compilations

 * Aye (2012)

title: Martyn Bennett


text:
User talk:Ashleymacdonald

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Talk:Countersteering

Turning Angle
I don't know where to put this comment, so I'm putting it at the end.

I ride a bicycle. The reason a cyclist turns left momentarily before navigating a right turn (as when turning right onto a side street) is to allow the cyclist to turn right in a wider arc than if he tried to follow the curb. Given that I skimmed portions of the article instead of reading every word, I didn't see this explained in quite this way, and I think it should be. I can't speak for motorcyclists, but cyclists use this maneuver to make their turns wider and more gentle, thereby remaining in control, which would be more difficult if taking a sharper turn. Indeed, a true 90-degree turn isn't even possible on any vehicle, whether it has 2 wheels or 4 wheels. -- Wikipedia-hating former member — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.38.185.65 (talk) 07:11, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

 * No, that's just a way of increasing the turn radius, it's not what is meant by countersteering. To do the maneuver you're describing (a short left turn before a long right turn), you first need to countersteer RIGHT lightly to make the bike lean left and start the short left turn, then you countersteer LEFT more heavily to both upright the bike and then lean right, which will make the bike will turn right "by itself". Finally you countersteer RIGHT one last time to upright the bike after the turn. 81.229.78.249 (talk) 01:26, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

Countersteering by weight shifting
This section makes no mention of the effect of trail. Some sport motorcycles have reduced trail, and on these bikes, attempting to countersteer by weight shifting only produces enough lean to perhaps change lanes on a road, but not enough to corner normally. This can be seen with the original Keith Code "No BS (body steering)" green sport bike, since it apparently had very little trail.

Keith Code No BS Bike

Rcgldr (talk) 15:57, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

Intro - "The scientific literature does not provide a clear and comprehensive definition of countersteering."
How can a single reference claim that no scientific article exists that does provide a clear and comprehensive definition of countersteering? Rcgldr (talk) 07:21, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

I agree. The physics are rather elementary. They are described in much more detail in. I did not check the physics in the video but they sound correct. The article gives only an equation for the required leaning angle but does not describe the forces of the wheels; the video does. (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 04:52, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

How it works: "by every child"
Based on my experience and experimentation, I doubt that every child does this trick. The video gives better (at least better-sounding) explanation of counter-steering and clearly states it is instable and something to learn. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexander.mitsos (talk • contribs) 04:54, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * That video has a major flaw. Since a motorcycle is a uni-track vehicle, there is no way to cause it to lean directly by weight shifting. Since it is a uni-track vehicle free to pivot left right about the contact patches, the center of mass of rider and bike do not move absent external forces: if the rider leans inwards, the bike leans outwards a bit. Due to steering geometry as explained in this Wiki article, that outwards lean of the bike cause the front tire to steer outwards, an indirect form of counter-steering. For normal counter-steering a rider applies an outwards torque onto the handlebars, and doesn't try to hold the handlebars in place. The outwards torque on the handlebars causes the bike to lean inwards, and the steering geometry will steer the front tire inwards as needed if the rider doesn't oppose it. Since the steering response to lean is designed to correct a lean and return the bike to vertical, the rider needs to continue to apply some outwards torque onto the handlebars to prevent the bike from returning to vertical and instead hold a lean angle. Rcgldr (talk) 22:37, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

A more general description of counter-steering
The article focuses on initiating lean from a vertical orientation, but somewhere it should generalize this for counter-steering while leaned, steer more inwards to lean less, steer less inwards to lean more. Rcgldr (talk) 08:39, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

Counter-steering torque to maintain lean angle
Most bikes and motorcycles steering geometry tend to steer inwards enough to lessen lean angle and return to vertical. Mostly noticeable on a motorcycle, a rider has to apply some outwards torque on the handlebars to oppose this self-correction in order to hold a lean angle. If braking while leaned on many motorcycles, the braking force applied to the contact patch offset to the inside of the front tire also causes it to steer inwards, requiring the rider to apply more outwards torque on the handlebars to hold a lean angle while braking. To avoid over-leaning, riders should reduce this outwards torque a bit ahead of reducing braking effort. Rcgldr (talk) 08:46, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Countersteering


text: Category:Russian astronomers

title: Category:Russian astronomers


text:
User talk:Jrotten-182

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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title: User talk:Jrotten-182


text:
Lister Mills

Lister Mills (otherwise known as Manningham Mills) was the largest silk factory in the world. It is located in the Manningham district of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England and was built by Samuel Cunliffe Lister to replace the original Manningham Mills which had been destroyed by fire in 1871. The mill is a Grade II* listed building, built in the Italianate style of Victorian architecture.

History
On completion in 1873, Lister's was the largest textile mill in the north of England. Floor space in the mill amounts to 27 acres, and its imposing shape remains a dominant feature of the Bradford skyline. The chimney of the mill is 249 ft high, and can be seen from most areas of Bradford. It cost about £10,000 to build, and its total weight has been estimated at 8000 LT. Samuel Lister called it "Lister's Pride". Until the arrival of electric power in 1934, the mill was driven by steam engines. Every week the boilers consumed 1,000 tons of coal brought in on company rail wagons from the company collieries near Pontefract. Water was also vital in the process and the company had its own supply network including a large covered reservoir on-site (now in 2006 that area is a piazza and underground car park).

At its height, Lister's employed 11,000 men, women and children – manufacturing high-quality textiles such as velvet and silk. It supplied 1000 yd of velvet for King George V's coronation and in 1976 new velvet curtains for the President Ford White House. During the Second World War Lister's produced 1330 mi of real parachute silk, 284 mi of flame-proof wool, 50 mi of khaki battledress and 4430 mi of parachute cord.

A strike in 1890–91 at the mill was important in the establishment of the Independent Labour Party which later helped found the modern-day Labour Party.

Decline and Rebirth
The Listers' business decreased considerably during the 1980s. Stiff foreign competition and changing textile trends such as increased use of artificial fibres were the reasons. In 1999, the mills were closed. Being a prominent structure, the mills attracted a great deal of attention and several regeneration proposals came and went. The sheer size of the buildings being a major difficulty.

In 2000, property regeneration company Urban Splash bought Lister Mills from the administrators, Ernst and Young, with plans to renovate the silk warehouse. Costs for the project were estimated to be £100 million. Renovation work began in 2003, and construction formally began in September 2004. 131 new homes and 3 ground floor commercial units were subsequently completed in the large buildings. Construction was finished in 2006, but evidently left a majority of the site unmaintained.

The second phase was the regeneration of the largest building on the site, the velvet mill, by replacing the existing roof of the building with a glass and steel structure, housing two storey apartments and creating additional ground floor commercial spaces, whilst preserving original architectural features under the design of David Morley Architects. The new homes went on sale in early 2007.

title: Lister Mills


text:
Nine Mile River (Ontario)

The Nine Mile River is a river in the Maitland Valley of southern Ontario, Canada, which flows through the village of Lucknow and empties into Lake Huron at Port Albert.

title: Nine Mile River (Ontario)


text:
User talk:Nibblus

Speedy deletion nomination of Zone Multicast Address

A tag has been placed on Zone Multicast Address requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the.   Ravenswing     08:47, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nibblus


text:
Computational topology

Algorithmic topology, or computational topology, is a subfield of topology with an overlap with areas of computer science, in particular, computational geometry and computational complexity theory.

A primary concern of algorithmic topology, as its name suggests, is to develop efficient algorithms for solving problems that arise naturally in fields such as computational geometry, graphics, robotics, social science, structural biology, and chemistry, using methods from computable topology.

Algorithmic 3-manifold theory
A large family of algorithms concerning 3-manifolds revolve around normal surface theory, which is a phrase that encompasses several techniques to turn problems in 3-manifold theory into integer linear programming problems.

 * Rubinstein and Thompson's 3-sphere recognition algorithm. This is an algorithm that takes as input a triangulated 3-manifold and determines whether or not the manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.  It has exponential run-time in the number of tetrahedral simplexes in the initial 3-manifold, and also an exponential memory profile. Moreover, it is implemented in the software package Regina.  Saul Schleimer went on to show the problem lies in the complexity class NP.   Furthermore, Raphael Zentner showed that the problem lies in the complexity class coNP, provided that the generalized Riemann hypothesis holds. He uses instanton gauge theory, the geometrization theorem of 3-manifolds, and subsequent work of Greg Kuperberg on the complexity of knottedness detection.
 * The connect-sum decomposition of 3-manifolds is also implemented in Regina, has exponential run-time and is based on a similar algorithm to the 3-sphere recognition algorithm.
 * Determining that the Seifert-Weber 3-manifold contains no incompressible surface has been algorithmically implemented by Burton, Rubinstein and Tillmann and based on normal surface theory.
 * The Manning algorithm is an algorithm to find hyperbolic structures on 3-manifolds whose fundamental group have a solution to the word problem.

At present the JSJ decomposition has not been implemented algorithmically in computer software. Neither has the compression-body decomposition. There are some very popular and successful heuristics, such as SnapPea which has much success computing approximate hyperbolic structures on triangulated 3-manifolds. It is known that the full classification of 3-manifolds can be done algorithmically, in fact, it is known that deciding whether two closed, oriented 3-manifolds given by triangulations (simplicial complexes) are equivalent (homeomorphic) is elementary recursive. This generalizes the result on 3-sphere recognition.

Conversion algorithms

 * SnapPea implements an algorithm to convert a planar knot or link diagram into a cusped triangulation. This algorithm has a roughly linear run-time in the number of crossings in the diagram, and low memory profile.  The algorithm is similar to the Wirthinger algorithm for constructing presentations of the fundamental group of link complements given by planar diagrams. Similarly, SnapPea can convert surgery presentations of 3-manifolds into triangulations of the presented 3-manifold.
 * D. Thurston and F. Costantino have a procedure to construct a triangulated 4-manifold from a triangulated 3-manifold. Similarly, it can be used to construct surgery presentations of triangulated 3-manifolds, although the procedure is not explicitly written as an algorithm in principle it should have polynomial run-time in the number of tetrahedra of the given 3-manifold triangulation.
 * S. Schleimer has an algorithm which produces a triangulated 3-manifold, given input a word (in Dehn twist generators) for the mapping class group of a surface. The 3-manifold is the one that uses the word as the attaching map for a Heegaard splitting of the 3-manifold. The algorithm is based on the concept of a layered triangulation.

Algorithmic knot theory

 * Determining whether or not a knot is trivial is known to be in the complexity classes NP as well as co-NP.
 * The problem of determining the genus of a knot is known to have complexity class PSPACE.
 * There are polynomial-time algorithms for the computation of the Alexander polynomial of a knot.
 * The Jones polynomial, the HOMFLY polynomial and Reshetikhin%E2%80%93Turaev invariants are fixed parameter tracktable, while the Jones polynomial is also known to be #P-hard. Computing the first coefficient of the HOMFLYPT and Kauffman polynomial is in P.
 * Additive approximation of the Jones polynomial is BQP-complete, i.e., equivalently hard as polynomial time quantum algorithms.
 * Given two (tame) knots by link diagrams deciding whether they are equivalent is ER. This is established by reducing knot equivalence (isotopy) to equivalence (homeomorphy) of the associated knot complements which are 3-manifolds which in turn can be encoded by triangulations. Since these knot complements are Haken manifolds one then uses a result that the equivalence problem of these manifolds is in ER. There does not seem to be a good reference for this, these results are scattered across the literature in the field, but well-known by the community.

Computational homotopy

 * Computational methods for homotopy groups of spheres.
 * Computational methods for solving systems of polynomial equations.
 * Brown has an algorithm to compute the homotopy groups of spaces that are finite Postnikov complexes, although it is not widely considered implementable.

Computational homology
Computation of homology groups of cell complexes reduces to bringing the boundary matrices into Smith normal form. Although this is a completely solved problem algorithmically, there are various technical obstacles to efficient computation for large complexes. There are two central obstacles. Firstly, the basic Smith form algorithm has cubic complexity in the size of the matrix involved since it uses row and column operations which makes it unsuitable for large cell complexes. Secondly, the intermediate matrices which result from the application of the Smith form algorithm get filled-in even if one starts and ends with sparse matrices.

 * Efficient and probabilistic Smith normal form algorithms, as found in the LinBox library.
 * Simple homotopic reductions for pre-processing homology computations, as in the Perseus software package.
 * Algorithms to compute persistent homology of filtered complexes, as in the TDAstats R package.

Books

 * Computational Topology: An Introduction, Herbert Edelsbrunner, John L. Harer, AMS Bookstore, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8218-4925-5
 * Computational Topology: An Introduction, Herbert Edelsbrunner, John L. Harer, AMS Bookstore, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8218-4925-5
 * Computational Topology: An Introduction, Herbert Edelsbrunner, John L. Harer, AMS Bookstore, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8218-4925-5

title: Computational topology


text:
User talk:Bhandarkar

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Commercial Links
Please note that Wikipedia is not an advertising medium. Your commercial links have been removed from the pages on asthma, acne and allergy. You are free to contribute verifiable and neutral information to articles, but you risk being blocked from the project if you continue inserting links. --Mike C 22:28, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've blocked you indefinitely because you chose not to heed Mike C's warning. Wikipedia is not a link farm; please show our project some respect. -- Hadal 05:48, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bhandarkar


text:
User talk:Ardric47

/Archive01

SBS membership renewal request—Project in great need of contributors
The summer has passed (unless you live in the Southern Hemisphere), and for most people holidays are over. Therefore, it is time for work again. Not that work ever stops in Wikipedia, but I believe we can at last get over the stage when slow progress can be taken for granted. Like yourself, most members of WikiProject Succession Box Standardization have been away during most of the summer (and some of you have been away for much longer); this lack of contributors has almost led SBS activity to a standstill.

A couple of members have stayed, however, and things have greatly improved in the project. There is a renovated and functional main page; the talk page has organised archives and a dedicated page for archived proposals; the Guidelines page is in a very good shape and I am preparing a further set of guidelines to be proposed for adoption by the project and incorporation into the page; the Documentation page has been again updated and a potential restructuring is being planned; the Templates list is the operations centre for the ongoing removal of antiquated and redundant templates. The Offices page is the only one that has yet to be improved, but there is a proposal for that one as well. Even a new SBS navbox has been created and added to the project's pages, easing navigation between the different parts of the WikiProject, while shortcuts have been created for the three most basic pages.

And the project itself is not the only thing that has been improved; the headers system has been cleared up and rationalised during the last six months, and a new parameter system is being inserted into templates like s-new and s-vac in order to successfully adapt succession boxes to more tricky cases of succession without large, clumsy cells or redundant reasoning. S-hou has also been improved and /doc pages have been added to most of the headers' pages, as well as to many proper succession templates' ones.

Despite all these breakthroughs that have made SBS a better, more functional and more user-friendly WikiProject, things move excruciatingly slowly as far as the adoption of proposals and correction/improvement of succession boxes in the mainspace are concerned. As has been mentioned, this is due to the utter absence of all but two of its members. I completely understand that a few of them might be unwilling to resume work in SBS, and some of them might even have left Wikipedia altogether. However, we are certain that there are people intent to continue improving Wikipedia's succession boxes and helping others to do so as well. If you are one of them, please return. And even if you cannot help at the moment, but want to contribute at a later time, please let us know by renewing your membership. You can do that very easily by removing the asterisk next to your name in the member list in SBS's main page. The deadline is 31 October; members that do not renew their memberships until 23:59 of that day will be removed from the list, as these members will be assumed to have left the project for good.

SBS is a project highly capable of doing some serious work in Wikipedia. These potentials are seriously undermined by the unavailability of helpful hands. I hope you shall consider this message seriously before taking any decisions.

Thank you for your time. Waltham, The Duke of 14:04, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Can you update missing encyclopedic articles/es?
Hello, I remember about a year ago you updated the list for WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/fr. I wonder if you would be able to run the same script for Spanish, which recently finished its first list (from two years ago)? Please answer or leave comments at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/es. I'm asking a few different people I've seen who seem to be able to do this, so if you think you're too busy, don't worry about it. Rigadoun (talk) 19:52, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Reminder/request/idea/memo/suggestion/[insert a word of your choice]
Not much traffic here, eh? In any case... Hello! I suppose you barely remember me... Well, it has been some time, has it not? As you might guess, I am here on SBS business. Alas, I have to be a little pressing at times, no matter how much I might hate myself for it. The problem is that participation in WikiProjects is on a purely voluntary basis, so it is both highly impolite and extremely insensitive for me to be taking such steps, but... Well, call me eccentric and it's settled (I hope).

To the subject: as always, there is a severe activity deficiency in the project—too much to do, and nobody to do it. I am not as much concerned about the editing progress, as this is supposed to be done by all editors. No, I am more worried about the guidelines and the templates, where there are still many things to be taken care of, numerous holes to be closed, countless loose ends to be tied up, immeasurable improvements to be made. In four words: decisions to be made. All I am asking for is a helping hand once in a while: add the SBS page to your watchlist (if you have not done so until now), and vote in the polls; as the majority of the proposals are rather uncontroversial, polls usually suffice for business to move on. If, of course, there is the slightest disagreement (succession boxes are rather straightforward, after all), more discussion can take place, until consensus is reached in the good old Wikipedia way. The fact is that the entire process will not take up more than a few minutes of your valuable time in any given day—and it is a rare event indeed to see more than two or three proposals submitted in a week. Actually, that speed would be ideal, as things right now move at much slower rates.

If we are to note any progress, we need participation. If you are interested enough to have signed up, I am not asking for much, am I? After all, aren't we all here because we are trying to make a difference? Waltham, The Duke of 22:28, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

P.S.: Ever heard of hard spaces? They are required in many cases by the Manual of Style, but most editors seem to ignore them entirely. There is an initiative attempting to change this situation; click here if you are interested. – Waltham

WikiProject Germany Invitation
--Zeitgespenst (talk) 00:56, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

New York's 4th congressional district
You changed the format of the List of Representatives in New York's 4th congressional district. I reverted it because there is a standard format for these lists. See WikiProject U.S. Congress/Congressional districts. Thanks! —Markles 11:28, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Changes to ordinal congress articles
Please see my reasons for reverting at Talk:1st United States Congress. Thanks.--Appraiser (talk) 15:01, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Texas Cat
You removed all the templates off the Texas Project's Cats claiming they were redudant and wrong. They were neither. I have made over 10,000 assessments in the past 6 weeks using these sorting aids (check my history). There is no compelling reason for their removal, and since they exist on other projects it was hardly a rogue placement on my part. I have not seen your input on the Texas project before, perhaps you just joined the project, but I did announce their placement when I started to clean up the back log of unassessed articles. Perhaps there is some guideline or rule that I am unaware of that forbids using sorting bars on cats with over 14000 pages. If this be the case, please let me know. If not, please leave them be, at least until I am finished mopping up the backlog of work (perhaps you might want to help in that effort). I'd appreciate your feedback on this, since my placement of these bars was a good faith effort to aid in navigating this project, not to upset anyone's applecart. Thanks! Jacksinterweb (talk) 14:19, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Understood; you can't sort by importance if "Cat" class has no importance. All's cool, as long as I can navigate between class and importance ('cause God knows someone needs to keep track of those power co:ops, radio towers, and five word articles about a school district).  Thanks for the feed back!  Jacksinterweb (talk) 22:11, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Again So I guess we are back at square one. They are not redudant navigation bars. Please tell me again how navigation bars on the Texas project are redudant, or how they violate any rule, guideline or harm Wikipedias functions. Redudant is not compelling reason enough, especially when I now once again tell you that it isn't redundant (do you really think I just insert nav bars just for kicks?), I use both sets to toggle between "importance" and "class". I am trying to be reasonable, not combative and not be a pain in the ass about this, but I just baffled by this latest revert. Please explain in simple english why these navigation bars are wrong, because quite frankly I do not understand your reverts other than you are upset. Thanks. Jacksinterweb (talk) 22:51, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

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Elias Langham
I noticed that Elias Langham was a redlink on User:Ardric47/Ohio. I wanted to let you know that I have created a stub article on Langham. Eastmain (talk • contribs) 06:19, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I finally updated the list, too, after a few years' time. Ardric47 (talk) 22:56, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Template:Rayment
Given your comment back on 28 January 2006 in Template talk:Rayment you may be interested in Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Peerage and Baronetage. -- PBS (talk) 01:29, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

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Jacob Burnet
as to whether his name was ever spelled with two t's, see Talk:Jacob Burnet Roseohioresident (talk) 17:43, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Variety (linguistics)
Hello, Ardic47. You marked a feedback comment on Variety (linguistics) as helpful. I'm not sure if you were just noting that it is a well-intended and substantive comment, or if you agree with the anonymous commenter, "I'd suggest updating the sources in 'References'". If it is the latter, could you let me know what you think is missing or in need of update? I'll watch your talk page for a few days, so you can reply here if you wish. Thanks, and happy editing. Cnilep (talk) 01:52, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
 * To be honest, I didn't realize precisely what I was doing. I was noting that it was a well-intentioned comment, without having looked at the article lately myself. (It was on my watchlist because I had posted on the talk page years ago.) It was the first time that I had looked at the feedback on any article, and I didn't fully understand the purpose of rating feedback. Thank you for letting me know! Ardric47 (talk) 02:12, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Great, thanks for letting me know. The feedback system is fairly new, and I'm still trying to figure out a good way to use it to improve my editing. Cheers, Cnilep (talk) 02:18, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

Hand-coding
Hey all :).

I'm dropping you a note because you've been involved in dealing with feedback from the Article Feedback Tool. To get a better handle on the overall quality of comments now that the tool has become a more established part of the reader experience, we're undertaking a round of hand coding - basically, taking a sample of feedback and marking each piece as inappropriate, helpful, so on - and would like anyone interested in improving the tool to participate :).

You can code as many or as few pieces of feedback as you want: this page should explain how to use the system, and there is a demo here. Once you're comfortable with the task, just drop me an email at and I'll set you up with an account :).

If you'd like to chat with us about the research, or want live tutoring on the software, there will be an office hours session on Monday 17 December at 23:00 UTC in. Hope to see some of you there! Thanks, Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 23:06, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Category:Police misconduct in Germany
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Category:Modern military equipment of Azerbaijan
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Kudos for the Find-A-Grave project
Just wanted to give kudos for chugging along on the Find-A-Grave famous people project.

It's been a couple of years since I did anything serious on it, but I spent a little time recounting pages this week, and found that you were chugging along. Good to know that someone is - and hope you have fun with doing it!

(and BTW, I have a geni.com ancestry linking back to the Norwegian Viking kings - if you link to them too, we're certainly related (to the degree those ancestries are accurate)!) --Alvestrand (talk) 10:00, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I am having fun doing it! I'm going to email you about genealogy. Ardric47 (talk) 15:10, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

Category:Cold War ships of Argentina
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Missing encyclopedia articles
G'day Ardric47

I see that long ago you created a redirect from Wave (physics) to Wave with the edit summary from Missing encyclopedic articles, a very good edit IMO and one that policy and guideline should encourage, but I'm not sure that they currently do (but I may well have missed it).

Can you remember any details... why and where was this article listed as missing, and what motivated this action to fix the problem? Were such redirects discussed anywhere? Andrewa (talk) 04:17, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

 * That was a very long time ago. Ha. So, it was one of the lists for WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles from 12 years ago. I probably took it upon myself (you know, Be bold) to create a redirect to the general article because the "physics" aspect of waves is the most general (wholly mathematical waves notwithstanding). I don't really know what current custom would say, but where else would Wave (physics) point? Ardric47 (talk) 15:24, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ardric47


text:
Bar-sur-Aube

Bar-sur-Aube (, literally Bar on Aube) is a commune and a sub-prefecture in the Aube department in the Grand Est region of France.

Surrounded by hills and Champagne vineyards, the city is traversed by the river Aube, from which it derives its name.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Baralbins or Baralbines and Barsuraubois or Barsurauboises.

The commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Bar-sur-Aube is located some 30 km west by north-west of Chaumont and 25 km south-east of Brienne-le-Château. Access to the commune is by the D619 road from Ailleville in the north-west which passes through the centre of the commune and the town before continuing east to Lignol-le-Château. The D396 branches off the D619 south-east of the town and goes south to Juvancourt. The D4 goes south-west from the town to Couvignon. The D13 comes from Fontaine in the south and passes through the town before continuing north-east to Colombé-la-Fosse. The D384 goes north to Ville-sur-Terre while the D73 branches off it in the town and goes to Arrentières. in the north. The TER Grand Est Troyes to Chalindrey railway passes through the commune coming from Vendeuvre-sur-Barse to the west to Bricon in the south-east with a station in the town. With a substantial urban area in the west and some forest in the south the commune is mostly farmland. The Aube river flows through the commune and the town from south-east to north-west continuing to eventually join the Seine at Marcilly-sur-Seine. The Bresse also flows through the commune coming from the north-east and forming a small part of the northern border before joining the Aube at the north-western tip of the commune.

Toponymy
The area was attested in the form castro barro in the 7th century and Barri villa in 932.

Bar comes from a Gallic word meaning "summit" and is perhaps even older (pre-Gallic).

Bar-sur-Aube appears as Bar sur Aube on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

Ancient times
The existence of Bar-sur-Aube goes back to ancient times. There are remains of an oppidum from the Iron Age. A coin with the image of a horse in the name of Togirix (Chief of the Lingones) was discovered on the Sainte Germaine hill.

In Roman times the town appeared on the Tabula Peutingeriana under the name of Segessera. Some remains from the 1st to the 4th century including villas have been discovered in the town and surrounding areas. Segessera seemed to have existed from the Roman period to the first Lyonnais in the territory of the Lingones.

The city was devastated by Attila. After the division of the kingdom of Clovis by his son the town became part of Austrasia.

Middle Ages
Under Charles the Bald several varieties of coins were issued with the name of the city on the reverse. During the period of the Counts of Champagne the town was of great importance with the Champagne fairs where merchants from Flanders and Italy traded Oriental spices and silk for textiles and raw materials from the north of Europe in mid-February and mid-April. The town was then joined to the crown of France. In 1318 Philip V the Tall sold the town to Jacques de Croÿ, residents bought it themselves to ensure that the king could no longer sell or alienate the lands.

Modern and contemporary eras
When Charles V besieged Saint-Dizier the inhabitants of nearby villages came under his protection. The town suffered a long plague in 1636 which led to the end of the fair. In 1862 the fortifications were demolished and the boulevard du tour put in their place.

The French Revolution was well received in the commune and the convents disappeared. It became the chief town of the district from 1790 to 1800.

The city and surrounding area was the scene of the Battle of Bar-sur-Aube towards the end of the Napoleonic era on 27 February 1814.

In 1911 the Champagne riots of the Aube winegrowers and the Marnais traders to keep the vineyards in the Appellation d'origine contrôlée of "Champagne".

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Twinning
Bar-sur-Aube has twinning associations with:
 * 🇩🇪 Gernsheim (Germany) since 1976.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 4,902 inhabitants.

Education

The commune has several schools and colleges:

 * One public Kindergarten: Gambetta
 * 3 Elementary schools:
 * Saint Teresa
 * Arthur Bureau Public school
 * Maurice Vechin public school
 * One college: the College Gaston Bachelard The college consists of 19 classes spread over 4 floors offering students with options for Latin in the 5th year, Greek in the 3rd year and has the distinction of being the only college in France to have a cinema-audiovisual option. A soccer section is available for middle school and high school students.
 * One comprehensive school: Lycée Polyvalent Gaston Bachelard This general and technological school consists of 14 classes spread over 3 levels and offers its students the following courses: S (Scientific), L (literary), ES (economic and social) and STMG (Science and Technology manageant and management). It also offers a cinema-audiovisual option from the 2nd year. Foreign languages ??taught are German, English and Spanish. Classes are held in groups of skills not whole classes. Each year school trips are organized to Germany, Scotland, and Spain. In 2013 an exchange with students from Ashburn (United States) began. The French students went in February and US students came in 2014. The vocational high school consists of 6 classes spread over 3 floors and offers its students courses in trade and electrical engineering.

Sports
There are numerous sports clubs in Bar-sur-Aube:

Economy
The commune has a branch of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Troyes and Aube.

Industry

 * The hemp industry is highly developed in Bar-sur-Aube and has been growing steadily for several years.
 * Furniture Manufacturing: Dumeste (Cauval Industries Group)
 * Metal processing (forging, machining) for aerospace, armaments, agricultural machinery, medicine (prosthetics), etc.  Manoir Aerospace.

Agriculture
Bar-sur-Aube, is the largest French producer of straw hemp (125 tons per day) and many hemp products are manufactured in the commune. Around the town there are many vineyards specializing in champagne.

Culture and heritage

Guided tours of the town are organised on request by the Office of Tourism.

The commune contains over 200 objects that are registered as historical objects - mainly in the Church of Saint Peter but many others in different locations.

Civil heritage

 * The Covered Market
 * The former Hotel de Surmont (now the Post Office)
 * The Marcasselles Mill

The commune has many buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
 * A House at 33 Rue d'Aube (16th century)
 * A House at 44 Rue d'Aube (16th century)
 * The Petit Clairvaux Storehouse at 24 Rue Beugnot (12th century)
 * An Ursuline Convent at Place Carnot (17th century) (now the Town Hall)
 * The Doré and son woollen mill at 1bis Rue Chenot (20th century)
 * The René Thiéblemont Carpentry factory at Route de Fontaine (20th century)
 * The Thuillier Stamping Plant at Avenue du Général Leclerc (20th century)
 * The Perfor metalwork factory at 32 avenue du Général Leclerc (20th century)
 * The Chevallier Foundry at 30 avenue du Général Leclerc (20th century)
 * The Henry Comte Sawmill at rue du Général de Gaulle (20th century)
 * A Building at 79 Rue Nationale (16th century)
 * A Flourmill at 25 boulevard de la République (18th century)
 * A Small Flourmill at 21 boulevard de la République (18th century)
 * A Building at 1 petite rue Saint-Pierre (15th century)
 * A Hotel at 15, 17 rue Saint-Pierre; 4 rue Delaunay (15th century) (now a Museum and Library)
 * A Building at 4 rue Saint-Pierre (18th century)
 * The Joseph de Bucy Diesel motor works at rue du Sommerard (20th century)
 * The Breton-Cordier Tannery at 2 rue des Tanneries (19th century)
 * The Three Towers House at 9 rue des Trois-Tours (16th century)
 * The Sub-Prefecture (18th century)
 * An Oppidum (Iron Age)

Religious heritage

 * The Chapel of Saint John from the Knights Templar then the Knights Hospitaller.
 * The Chapel of Sainte-Germaine

The commune has three religious buildings that are registered as historical monuments:
 * A Priory (16th century)
 * The Church of Saint Peter (16th century)
 * The Church of Saint Maclou (12th century)

Festivals

 * Cheese festival in June
 * Eurythmies Festival, late June.
 * Festival "JazzàBar" early September
 * A Market every Saturday morning under the covered market, in the Town Hall Square, and in the Rue Nationale
 * Local Palm Festival
 * Medieval Fair, the first weekend in September
 * Gourmet Champagne Promenade in May

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Sainte Germaine, martyr in 451, decapitated on the order of Attila
 * Jean-François Armand: (born 24 June 1789 - Bar-sur-Aube, died 27 March 1883 - Gravières), École polytechnique, Corps des Ponts, MP for Aube (1837–1848);
 * Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, troubador of the 13th century.
 * Étienne d’Acier, poet, disciple of Pierre de Ronsard, 16th century.
 * Gaston Bachelard, philosopher (1884–1962).
 * Armand Beauvais, rural painter (1840–1911).
 * Jacques Claude Beugnot, Count of Beugnot (1761–1835).
 * Maurice Emmanuel, musicologist and French composer born in Bar-sur-Aube in 1862 and died in Paris in 1938.
 * Albert Gabriel, architect, specialist on Anatolia, professor in the College of France and the University of Istanbul (1883–1972).
 * Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, Countess of the Motte, instigator of the Affair of the Diamond Necklace.
 * Marc Rétaux de Villette, forger, implicated in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace
 * Marinette Pichon, born on 26 November 1975 in Bar-sur-Aube, former French footballer who played for FCF Juvisy and in the France women's national football team (to 2006, 112 caps and 82 goals).
 * Gaston Cheq, saviour of the Aube vineyards, born on 14 January 1866 in Bar-sur-Aube.
 * Alexandre Du Sommerard, archaeologist born in Bar-sur-Aube in 1779, died at Saint-Cloud on 19 August 1842, founder of the Musée de Cluny (Paris).
 * Charlemagne de Maupas, prefect of police in Paris, one of the architects of the French coup d'état of 1851.
 * Jules Franceschi, French Sculptor of nature (born in Bar-sur-Aube on 11 January 1825, died in Paris on 1 September 1893)

title: Bar-sur-Aube


text: Category:Mycology

title: Category:Mycology


text:
User talk:Mindbender

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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-- utcursch | talk

{{subst:User:Utcursch/wel}cAN i SUCK YOUR PENISAND LICK YOUR PENIS OF??? ''Note: this was vandalism by Tskovitch of Moldova. The original material is restored above it.''
 * Is this supposed to be a joke? - mindbender
 * You tell me - check my own talk page! - Ta bu shi da yu 05:58, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Kz icon.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kz icon.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stan 04:44, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, the statement that you took it yourself is good (and just needs to be statement, no fancy template stuff needed), but you need some kind a free license on it. Yes, a little odd for personal photos, but software can't tell the difference. Anyway, I suggest GFDL-self as the simplest choice. Stan 14:33, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mindbender


text:
Direct cable connection

Direct Cable Connection (DCC) is a feature of Microsoft Windows that allows a computer to transfer and share files (or connected printers) with another computer, via a connection using either the serial port, parallel port or the infrared port of each computer. It is well-suited for computers that do not have an ethernet adapter installed, although DCC in Windows XP can be configured to use one (with a proper crossover cable if no Ethernet hub is used) if available.

Serial port
If using the serial ports of the computer, a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter connected to a standard serial cable) must be used to connect each of the two computers to communicate properly. Such connection uses PPP protocol.

Parallel port
If the parallel ports are used, Windows supports standard or basic 4-bit cable (commonly known as LapLink cable), Enhanced Capabilities Port (ECP) cable, or Universal Cable Module (UCM) cable (which was known as DirectParallel cable by Parallel Technologies).

IR
Infrared communication ports, like the ones found on laptop computers (such as IrDA), can also be used.

USB
Connecting any two computers using USB requires a special proprietary bridge cable. A directly connected pin-to-pin USB type A cable does not work, as USB does not support such a type of communication. In fact, attempting to do so may even damage the connecting computers, as it will effectively short the two computers' power supplies together by connecting their 5V and GND lines. This can possibly destroy one or both machines and cause a fire hazard since the two machines may not have exactly the same USB source voltage. Therefore, Direct Cable Connection over USB is not possible; a USB link cable must be used, as seen in the Microsoft knowledge base article 814982. However, with a USB link cable, a program which supports data transfer using that cable must be used. Typically, such a program is supplied with the USB link cable. The DCC wizard or Windows Explorer cannot be used to transfer files over a USB link cable.

Newer hardware technology with identical functionality
There are at least 2 known famous USB-crossover cables capable of bidirectional data-transfer between computers similar to RJ45/Ethernet cables: ProlificUSA.com's TE-C0372 High Speed USB 2.0 Host to Host Bridge Cable (PL25A1 Chipset) and ProlificUSA.com's TE-C0363 Superspeed USB 3.0 Host to Host Bridge Cable (PL27A1 Chipset), and drivers for these seem to have been included in newer versions of the Linux kernel.

Windows Vista changes
Windows Vista drops support for the Direct cable connection feature as ethernet, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth have become ubiquitous on current generation computers. To transfer files and settings, Windows Vista includes Windows Easy Transfer, which uses a proprietary USB-to-USB bridge cable known as the Easy Transfer Cable.

title: Direct cable connection


text: User talk:81.10.76.166

title: User talk:81.10.76.166


text:
Talk:Biennial plant

Untitled
Biennal" is not very precise, and is probably more used in gardening than in botany. But even in gardening it isn't a very precise term.

The correct term is "monocarp" which means 'seed only once'. That means that after flowering and producing seeds, the plant will die. Some plants have the ability to produce flowers and seed after a very short growing-time from germination. Those that do so in the weeks or months from spring to winter, are called "annuals".

Some plants uses longer time than one season to reach the state of flowering. A lot needs only two years, and logically are called "biennals", But several plants uses more that two years to reach the flowering state. And some of these are very long lived before they eventually flowers and die, like bamboo and agave (Heracleum mategazzianum and some of the species Gigantea are other examples). Unfortunately these plants are also called "biennals" which obviously isn't a true description.

To complicate even more. Some plants which are true perennials - (have the ability to produce flowers and seeds for more than one year) - are able to flower in its first year after germination, but are not able to withstand frost. A lot of these plants are called annuals or biennals in different seed-catalouges and nurseries.

"Sweet william" (Dianthus barbatus) mentioned in the article may probably behave as a biennal, but is normally a perennial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.242.38.60 (talk) 11:51, 6 December 2004 (UTC)

Sweet William Dwarf picture
Does this picture show up on your computers? Either mine does not have the right software or the uploader did something wrong. Fredlu (talk) 22:06, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Does Not — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.39.180.2 (talk) 07:19, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 January 2020 and 22 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bplants4095.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:41, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biennial plant


text:
User talk:Jesse Ruderman

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! αγδεε (τ) 11:51, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Jesse Ruderman


text:
Pinus roxburghii

Pinus roxburghii, commonly known as chir pine or longleaf Indian pine, is a species of pine tree native to the Himalayas. It was named after William Roxburgh.

Description
Pinus roxburghii is a large tree reaching 30 - 50 m with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m, exceptionally 3 m. The bark is red-brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, thinner and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles of three, very slender, 20 - 35 cm long, and distinctly yellowish green.

The cones are ovoid conic, 12 - 24 cm long and 5 - 8 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy chestnut-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next year or so, or after being heated by a forest fire, to release the seeds, opening to 9 - 18 cm broad. The seeds are 8 - 9 mm long, with a 40 mm wing, and are wind-dispersed.

Similar species
Pinus roxburghii is closely related to P. canariensis (Canary Island pine), P. brutia (Turkish pine) and P. pinaster (maritime pine), which all share many features with it. It is a relatively non-variable species, with constant morphology over the entire range.

Chemistry
Pinus roxburghii contains large amounts of taxifolin.

Distribution and habitat

The native range extends from Tibet and Afghanistan through Pakistan, across northern India (in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal and Bhutan, to Myanmar. It generally occurs at lower altitudes than other pines in the Himalayas, from 500 - 2000 m, occasionally up to 2300 m. The other Himalayan pines are P. wallichiana (blue pine), P. bhutanica (Bhutan white pine), P. armandii (Chinese white pine), P. gerardiana (chilgoza pine), P. densata (Sikang pine) and P. kesiya (Khasi pine).

Ecology
Owing to its shallow roots it is attributed to soil erosion, particularly in the Himalayas. It does not allow any vegetation to grow around it by making soil more acidic through its fallen needles.

Usually, the accumulating carpet of needles on the forest floor under these trees makes conditions unfavourable for many common plants and trees to grow. The most common trees which are able to grow in this environment are Rhododendron, banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) and trees from the family Ericaceae (known locally as eonr and lodar). This could possibly be due to the relative immunity from fire that the thick bark of these species gives them. The Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) is another plant which seems to thrive well under this tree.

The caterpillars of the moth Batrachedra silvatica are not known from foodplants other than chir pine. The white-bellied heron (Ardea insignis), a large critically endangered heron, is known to roost in chir pine.

Uses
Chir pine is widely planted for timber in its native area, being one of the most important trees in forestry in northern Pakistan, India and Nepal. For local building purposes, the wood of this tree is the least preferred, as it is the weakest and most prone to decay when compared with other conifers. However, in most low altitude regions, there is no other choice, except for the fact that these being tropical latitudes there are other trees at lower altitudes.

When this species of pine tree reaches a large girth, the bark forms flat patches which can be broken off in chunks. It has a layered structure like plywood, but the individual layers have no grain. The locals use this easily carvable bark to make useful items like lids for vessels. Blacksmiths of that region also use this bark exclusively as the fuel for their furnaces.

Old trees which die from fire or drought, undergo some metamorphosis in their wood due to the crystallization of the resin inside the heart wood. This makes the wood become brightly coloured (various shades from translucent yellow to dark red) and very aromatic with a brittle, glassy feel. This form of wood known as jhukti by the locals is very easy to ignite, since it never gets wet or waterlogged. They use it for starting fires and even for lighting, as a small piece of the wood burns for a long time (owing to the high resin content). Of all the conifer species in the area, only P. roxburghii seems to be ideal for that purpose.

Every autumn, the dried needles of this tree form a dense carpet on the forest floor, which the locals gather in large bundles to serve as bedding for their cattle, for the year round. The green needles are also used to make tiny hand brooms.

The locals of the Jaunsar-Bawar region of Uttarakhand have several uses for this tree, which is known in the local dialect as salli.

It is also occasionally used as an ornamental tree, planted in parks and gardens in hot dry areas, where its heat and drought tolerance is valued.

Resin
It is also tapped commercially for resin. On distillation, the resin yields an essential oil, commonly known as turpentine, and non-volatile rosin. The proportion of rosin and turpentine oil in chir pine is 75% and 22% respectively with 3% losses, etc.

The turpentine is chiefly used as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations, perfume industry, in manufacture of synthetic pine oil, disinfectants, insecticides and denaturants. It is one of the most important basic raw materials for the synthesis of terpene chemicals which are used in a wide variety of industries such as adhesives, paper and rubber, etc.

Chir pine rosin is principally used in paper, soap, cosmetics, paint, varnish, rubber and polish industries. Besides these, other uses include manufacture of linoleum, explosives, insecticides and disinfectants, as a flux in soldering, in brewing and in mineral beneficiation as a frothing agent.

Presently, India imports resin which is far superior in quality as well as cheaper than the indigenous one. Quality of resin depends on the pinene content. Imported resin contains 75–95% pinenes, whereas chir pine resin contains only about 25% pinenes.

title: Pinus roxburghii


text: User talk:67.122.32.170

title: User talk:67.122.32.170