text:
Donald Hall

Donald Andrew Hall Jr. (September 20, 1928 – June 23, 2018) was an American poet, writer, editor, and literary critic. He was the author of over 50 books across several genres from children's literature, biography, memoir, essays, and including 22 volumes of verse. Hall was a graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy, Harvard University, and Christ Church, Oxford. Early in his career, he became the first poetry editor of The Paris Review (1953–1961), the quarterly literary journal, and was noted for interviewing poets and other authors on their craft.

On June 14, 2006, Hall was appointed as the Library of Congress's 14th Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry (commonly known as "Poet Laureate of the United States"). He is regarded as a "plainspoken, rural poet," and it has been said that, in his work, he "explores the longing for a more bucolic past and reflects [an] abiding reverence for nature."

Hall was respected for his work as an academic, having taught at Stanford University, Bennington College and the University of Michigan, and having made significant contributions to the study and craft of writing.

Early life and education
Hall was born in Hamden, Connecticut, the only child of Donald Andrew Hall, a businessman, and Lucy Wells. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, then earned an A.B. magna cum laude from Harvard in 1951, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, and a B.Litt., from Christ Church, Oxford in 1953.

Hall began writing even before reaching his teens, beginning with poems and short stories, and then moving on to novels and dramatic verse. Hall continued to write throughout his prep school years at Exeter, and, while still only sixteen years old, attended the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, where he made his first acquaintance with the poet Robert Frost. That same year, he published his first work. While an undergraduate at Harvard, Hall served on the editorial board of The Harvard Advocate, and got to know a number of people who, like him, were poised with significant ambitions in the literary world, amongst them John Ashbery, Robert Bly, Kenneth Koch, Frank O'Hara, and Adrienne Rich. During his senior year, he won the Glascock Prize that Koch had won 3 years earlier.

After leaving Harvard, Hall went to Oxford for two years, to study for the B.Litt. He was the editor of the magazine Oxford Poetry, as literary editor of Isis, as editor of New Poems, and as poetry editor of The Paris Review. At the end of his first Oxford year, Hall also won the university's Newdigate Prize, awarded for his long poem, 'Exile'. In September 1952, he married his first wife, Kirby Thompson, with whom he had his son and daughter.

On returning to the United States, Hall went to Stanford University, where he spent one year as a Creative Writing Fellow, studying under the poet-critic, Yvor Winters. Following his year at Stanford, Hall went back to Harvard, where he spent three years in the Society of Fellows. During that time, he put together his first book, Exiles and Marriages. In 1957, with Robert Pack and Louis Simpson, he edited an anthology which was to make a significant impression on both sides of the Atlantic, New Poets of England and America. It was later juxtaposed with Donald Allen's The New American Poetry 1945–1960. In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

While teaching at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, he met the poet Jane Kenyon, whom he married in 1972. Three years later, the couple moved to Eagle Pond Farm, his grandparents' former home in Wilmot, New Hampshire. Hall and Kenyon were profiled at their home in a 1993 PBS documentary, "A Life Together", which aired as an episode of Bill Moyers Journal. In 1989, when Hall was in his early sixties, it was discovered that he had colon cancer. Surgery followed, but by 1992 the cancer had metastasized to his liver. After another operation, and chemotherapy, he went into remission, though he was told that he only had a one-in-three chance of surviving the next five years. Then, early in 1994, it was discovered that Kenyon had leukemia. Her illness, her death fifteen months later, and Hall's struggle to come to terms with these things, were the subject of his 1998 book, Without. Another book of poems dedicated to Kenyon, Painted Bed, is cited by Publishers Weekly as "more controlled, more varied and more powerful, this taut follow-up volume reexamines Hall's grief while exploring the life he has made since. The book's first poem, 'Kill the Day,' stands among the best Hall has ever written. It examines mourning in 16 long-lined stanzas, alternating catalogue with aphorism, understatement with keen lament: 'How many times will he die in his own lifetime?'"

Hall served as a member of the editorial board for poetry at the Wesleyan University Press from 1958 to 1964. He was closely affiliated with the Bennington College's graduate writing program since 1994, giving lectures and readings annually.

Career
Hall published fifteen books of poetry, most recently White Apples and the Taste of Stone (2006), The Painted Bed (2002) and Without: Poems (1998), which was published on the third anniversary of Kenyon's death. Most of the poems in Without deal with Kenyon's illness and death, and many are epistolary poems. In addition to poetry, he also wrote several memoirs (among them Life Work and String Too Short to be Saved), children's books (notably Ox-Cart Man, which won the Caldecott Medal), and a number of plays. His recurring themes include New England rural living, baseball, and how work conveys meaning to ordinary life. He is regarded as a master both of received forms and free verse, and a champion of the art of revision, for whom writing is a craft, not merely a mode of self-expression. Hall won many awards, including two Guggenheim Fellowships and a Robert Frost Medal, and served as poet laureate of his state. He lived and worked at Eagle Pond Farm.

When not working on poems, he turned his hand to reviews, criticism, textbooks, sports journalism, memoirs, biographies, children's stories, and plays. He also devoted a lot of time to editing. Between 1983 and 1996 he oversaw publication of more than sixty titles for the University of Michigan Press alone. He was for five years Poet Laureate of his home state, New Hampshire (1984–89), and among the many other honours and awards to have come his way were: the Lamont Poetry Prize for Exiles and Marriages (1955), the Edna St Vincent Millay Award (1956), two Guggenheim Fellowships (1963–64, 1972–73), inclusion on the Horn Book Honour List (1986), the Sarah Josepha Hale Award (1983), the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize (1987), the National Book Critics Circle Award for Poetry (1988), the NBCC Award (1989), the Los Angeles Times Book Prize in poetry (1989), and the Frost Medal (1990). He was nominated for the National Book Award on three separate occasions (1956, 1979 and 1993). In 1994, he received the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize for his lifetime achievement.

Hall was named the fourteenth U.S. Poet Laureate, succeeding Ted Kooser. He served from October 1, 2006, and was succeeded by Charles Simic the following year. At the time of his appointment, Hall was profiled in an episode of The News Hour with Jim Lehrer which aired on October 16, 2006. Hall was awarded the 2010 National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama.

Hall's penultimate work is a 2018 recording of an eleven-song cycle on the topic of mortality, entitled "Mortality Mansions: Songs of Love and Loss After 60." The poems are by Hall and are read by the author, the music is by Grammy Award-winning composer Herschel Garfein.

His last book A Carnival of Losses: Essays Nearing Ninety was published on July 10, 2018.

Film
Donald Hall was the subject of a short documentary by Paul Szynol called Quiet Hours. He also appeared in Ken Burns's 1994 documentary on baseball.

Music
Donald Hall was the subject of "Great Gig in the Sky," the 5th track of Roger Waters' album The Dark Side of the Moon Redux, released on October 6th, 2023. The song discusses Donald Hall's passing, in which his assistant, Kendel Currier, contacts Waters informing him that Hall is in the hospital with sinus cancer. The song continues, eventually revealing that an estate sale was organized for the Eagle Farm, where Waters requested "a couple of bale hooks and some baling twine from the barn." The lyrics refer to Donald Hall's "red chair" - although his chair, famously, was blue. Whether this is a mistake or artistic licence is unclear. The song ends with "Well, R.I.P., Donald Hall."

Personal life
Hall lived at Eagle Pond Farm in Wilmot, New Hampshire, a small town in Merrimack County. He was married to poet and author Jane Kenyon (1947–1995) for 23 years and lived with her until her death. Hall died on June 23, 2018, at the age of 89 at his home in Wilmot.

Selected awards and honors

 * 1952: Newdigate Prize
 * 1955: Lamont Poetry Prize, for Exiles and Marriages
 * 1956: Edna St. Vincent Millay Award
 * 1956: Nomination for the National Book Award
 * 1963–1964: Guggenheim Fellowship
 * 1972–1973: Guggenheim Fellowship
 * 1979: Nomination for the National Book Award
 * 1980: Caldecott Medal for Ox-Cart Man
 * 1984–1989: Poet Laureate of New Hampshire
 * 1983: Sarah Josepha Hale Award
 * 1986: Horn Book Honour List
 * 1987: Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize
 * 1988: National Book Critics Circle Award for Poetry
 * 1989: Los Angeles Times Book Prize in poetry
 * 1990: Robert Frost Medal from the Poetry Society of America
 * 1991: Honorary Doctor of Letters (in honoris causa) from Bates College.
 * 1993: Nomination for the National Book Award
 * 1994: Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize for his lifetime achievement.
 * 1999: L.L. Winship/PEN New England Award for Without: Poems
 * 2006–2007: Fourteenth U.S. Poet Laureate
 * 2010: National Medal of Arts

Poetry

 * 1952: Exile
 * 1952: Fantasy Poets Number Four
 * 1955: Exiles and Marriages
 * 1957: New Poets of England and America
 * 1958: The Dark Houses
 * 1964: A Roof of Tiger Lilies
 * 1969: The Alligator Bride
 * 1971: The Yellow Room: Love Poems
 * 1975: The Town of Hill
 * 1975: A Blue Wing Tilts at the Edge of the Sea: Selected Poems, 1964–1974
 * 1978: Kicking the Leaves
 * 1979: The Toy Bone
 * 1981: The Wilderness Years
 * 1986: The Happy Man
 * 1988: The One Day
 * 1990: Old and New Poems
 * 1993: The Museum of Clear Ideas
 * 1996: The Old Life
 * 1998: Without
 * 2000: Two by Two (with Richard Wilbur)
 * 2002: The Painted Bed
 * 2006: White Apples and the Taste of Stone
 * 2011: The Back Chamber
 * 2015: The Selected Poems of Donald Hall

Essays

 * 1978: Goatfoot Milktongue Twinbird: Interviews, Essays, and Notes on Poetry, 1970-76
 * 1983: The Weather for Poetry: Essays, Reviews, and Notes on Poetry, 1977-81
 * 1985: Fathers Playing Catch with Sons: Essays on Sports (Mostly Baseball)
 * 1988: Poetry and Ambition: Essays 1982-88
 * 1995: Death to the Death of Poetry: Essays, Reviews, Notes, Interviews
 * 1995: Principal Products of Portugal: Prose Pieces
 * 2014: Essays After Eighty
 * 2018: A Carnival of Losses: Notes Nearing Ninety (published posthumously)

Biography

 * 1966: Henry Moore
 * 1976: Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball
 * 1978: Remembering Poets: Reminiscences and Opinions
 * 1992: Their Ancient Glittering Eyes

Drama

 * 1965: An Evening's Frost
 * 1975: Bread and Roses
 * 1983: Ragged Mountain Elegies

For children

 * 1959: Andrew the Lion Farmer
 * 1977: Riddle Rat
 * 1979: Ox-Cart Man (illustrated by Barbara Cooney)
 * 1981: The Mooch, A Canine Adventure
 * 1984: The Man Who Lived Alone
 * 1994: The Farm Summer 1942 (illustrated by Barry Moser)
 * 1994: I Am the Dog, I Am the Cat (illustrated by Barry Moser)
 * 1994: Summer of 1944
 * 1994: Lucy's Christmas
 * 1995: Lucy's Summer
 * 1995: The Pageant (illustrated by Barry Moser)
 * 1996: Old Home Day
 * 1996: When Willard Met Babe Ruth
 * 1997: The Milkman's Boy

Short stories

 * 1987: The Ideal Bakery
 * 2003: From Willow Temple

Memoirs

 * 1961: String too Short to Be Saved
 * 1987: Seasons at Eagle Pond
 * 1992: Here at Eagle Pond
 * 1993: Life Work
 * 2005: The Best Day the Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon
 * 2007: On Eagle Pond
 * 2008: Unpacking the Boxes: A Memoir of a Life in Poetry

Textbooks

 * 1981: To Read Literature
 * 1992: To Read a Poem
 * 1994: Writing Well (later editions with Sven Birkerts)

Recorded

 * 2018: Mortality Mansions: Songs of Love and Loss after 60 (with Herschel Garfein, Michael Slattery, and Marnie Breckenridge)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Donald Hall


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Ciz/Proposed decision

Case Closed as of 10 January 2005

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority aye vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority aye or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.
 * Items that receive a majority abstentions will need to go through an amendment process and be re-voted on once.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator in parenthesis after his time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

Template
1) {text of proposed orders}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Temporary ban of Ciz
Enacted 1) Pending resolution of this matter User:Ciz is banned from any Wikipedia pages other than his or her user pages and pages relating to this arbitration.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 20:06, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 20:31, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * mav 06:51, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:03, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC) (Would support a narrower ban on editing articles relating to zoophilia, since that seems to be the only disputed issue.)

 * Abstain:

Proposed principles
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

No personal attacks
1) No personal attacks.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:05, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:08, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 04:32, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:21, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 11:22, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

No disruption
2) Don't disrupt Wikipedia to prove a point.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:05, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:08, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 04:32, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:21, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 11:22, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Controversial changes
3) Wikipedia users are usually expected to discuss changes which are controversial; while this does not necessarily mean discussing the edit before making it, if an edit is reverted a user should make an attempt at discussion before changing it back.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:05, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:08, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 04:32, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:21, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 11:22, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Second accounts
4) Creating a second account for a given class of edits does not itself constitute sockpuppet abuse. However, it does not give an editor free rein to use that account abusively.

Aye:
 * David Gerard 20:41, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 20:52, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC) (True as stated, but is anyone really arguing that creating sockpuppets gives an editor free rein to use them abusively?)
 * Ambi 02:12, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 04:32, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:21, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Fred Bauder 11:22, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

Nay:

Abstain:

Proposed findings of fact
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Controversial edits
1) Ciz has engaged in controversial edits of Zoophilia against consensus.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:07, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:09, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:46, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:08, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Personal attacks
2) Ciz has engaged in personal attacks on editors of Zoophilia.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:07, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:09, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:46, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:02, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Lack of discussion
3) Ciz has made no civil attempt to discuss changes with Zoophilia with editors there.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:07, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:09, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Ciz is a secondary account
4) Ciz edits under another account, DrBat, that he does not wish associated with zoophilia topics . This does not in itself constitute creating a sock puppet for an abusive purpose.

 * Aye:
 * David Gerard 20:32, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 20:53, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 02:12, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 05:18, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC) - this was confirmed by a developer, who revealed to us (the arbcom) the name of Ciz's sock.
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 22:46, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 11:22, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Ciz/DrBat's good contributions
5) Under his other account, Ciz DrBat is an upstanding member of the community, and has made numerous legitimate contributions.

 * Aye:
 * →Raul654 05:18, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 05:28, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:29, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 23:33, 2005 Jan 6 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 01:03, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:45, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Remedies
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Prevention from editing Zoophilia
1) Ciz (using whatever account or IP address) is prevented indefinitely from editing Zoophilia and its closely related articles, including their talk pages.
 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:09, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:16, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 23:04, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * I agree that he should be banned, but in this case, I'm a little worried about how much the word "closely" could be stretched. I can only think of one other article that this ban should probably cover, and that would be furry. So I'd be willing to ban him from those two articles, but I don't think we need to ban him from "its closly related articles". →Raul654 03:08, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Attack parole
2) Ciz (using whatever account) is placed on standard personal attack parole indefinitely. If he makes any edits which are judged by an administrator to be personal attacks, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:09, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:16, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 23:04, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:08, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Good behaviour
3)If Ciz can demonstrate at a later date willingness to discuss and accept consensus without resorting to personal attacks, then Ciz may apply to have the above restrictions reduced or lifted.
 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:09, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:16, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 23:04, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:08, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Enforcement
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Attempts to edit Zoophilia
1) If Ciz (using whatever account or IP address) edits Zoophilia, its closely related pages, or their talk pages, any changes made may be reverted by any editor and any administrator may, at his/her discretion, block Ciz for up to 24 hours.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 03:10, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:16, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:11, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 17:05, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 00:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 23:04, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:08, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 03:43, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

General
I will remain recused in this case - due to past mediation work -- sannse (talk) 20:32, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Motion to close
Four Aye votes needed to close case

 * All proposed items have majority support. --mav 03:49, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 04:04, 2005 Jan 10 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:15, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 04:49, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:40, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 11:15, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:1651 books

title: Category:1651 books


text: Category:1650s books

title: Category:1650s books


text:
Seán Treacy (politician)

Seán Daniel Treacy (22 September 1923 – 23 March 2018) was an Irish Labour Party politician who served as Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1973 to 1977 and 1987 to 1997. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary South constituency from 1961 to 1997. He also served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Munster constituency from 1981 to 1984.

Political career
Author R. M. Douglas wrote that Treacy was a party member of fringe Fascist group Ailtirí na hAiséirghe during the 1940s. However, by the 1960s Treacy had moved to the ideological left, albeit he was still considered to be socially conservative. Treacy was first elected to the Dáil at the 1961 general election, as a Labour Party TD for the Tipperary South constituency. He was re-elected there in seven subsequent elections, and returned automatically in three more owing to his having been elected by the Dáil as Ceann Comhairle. He was elected to that office first after the 1973 general election for one term, then after the 1987 general election for three. As Ceann Comhairle, he was a member of the Irish Presidential Commission during the presidential vacancies of 1974 and 1976.

He served as an MEP from 1981 to 1984, replacing Eileen Desmond who resigned as an MEP when she was appointed Minister for Health and Minister for Social Welfare.

He was expelled from the Labour Party in 1985 for voting against the family planning bill, which would have liberalised the sale of contraception in the Republic of Ireland. He was elected as an Independent TD at the 1987 general election. After that election, he was elected as Ceann Comhairle by the Dáil. One of his first acts was to exercise his casting vote in favour of the nomination of Charles Haughey as Taoiseach. Treacy retired from politics at the 1997 general election, the only Ceann Comhairle to retire from the position at an election, rather than exercising his right of automatic re-election.

He died in Waterford on 23 March 2018, at the age of 94. His funeral, which was attended by President Michael D. Higgins, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar and former Minister Martin Mansergh, was held on 26 March 2018.

title: Seán Treacy (politician)


text:
Ira C. Eaker

General (Honorary) Ira Clarence Eaker (April 13, 1896 – August 6, 1987) was a general of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Eaker, as second-in-command of the prospective Eighth Air Force, was sent to England to form and organize its bomber command. While he struggled to build up airpower in England, the organization of the Army Air Forces evolved and he was named commander of the Eighth Air Force on December 1, 1942.

Although his background was in single-engine fighter aircraft, Eaker became the architect of a strategic bombing force that ultimately numbered forty groups of 60 heavy bombers each, supported by a subordinate fighter command of 1,500 aircraft, most of which was in place by the time he relinquished command at the start of 1944. Eaker then took overall command of four Allied air forces based in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, and by the end of World War II had been named Deputy Commander of the U.S. Army Air Forces. He worked in the aerospace industry following his retirement from the military, then became a newspaper columnist.

Childhood and education
Eaker was born in Field Creek, Texas, in 1896, the son of a Dutch tenant farmer. He attended Southeastern State Teachers College in Durant, Oklahoma, and then joined the United States Army in 1917. He was appointed a second lieutenant of Infantry, Officer's Reserve Corps, and assigned to active duty with the 64th Infantry Regiment at Camp Bliss, El Paso, Texas. The 64th Infantry was assigned to the 14th Infantry Brigade on December 20, 1917, to be part of the 7th Infantry Division when it deployed to France. On November 15, 1917, Eaker received a commission in the Regular Army. He later received a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from the University of Southern California in 1934.

Air Service and Air Corps career
Eaker remained with the 64th Infantry until March 1918, when he was placed on detached service to receive flying instruction at Austin and Kelly Fields in Texas. Upon graduation the following October, he was rated a pilot and assigned to Rockwell Field, California.

In July 1919, he transferred to the Philippine Islands, where he served with the 2d Aero Squadron at Fort Mills until September 1919; with the 3d Aero Squadron at Camp Stotsenburg until September 1920, and as executive officer of the Department Air Office, Department and Assistant Department Air Officer, Philippine Department, and in command of the Philippine Air Depot at Manila until September 1921.

Meanwhile, on July 1, 1920, he was commissioned into the Regular Army as a captain in the Air Service and returned to the United States in January 1922, for duty at Mitchel Field, New York, where he commanded the 5th Aero Squadron and later was post adjutant.

In June 1924, Eaker was named executive assistant in the Office of Air Service at Washington, D.C., and from December 21, 1926, to May 2, 1927, he served as a pilot of one of the Loening OA-1 float planes of the Pan American Goodwill Flight that made a 22,000 mile (35,200 km) trip around South America and, with the others, was awarded the Mackay Trophy. He then became executive officer in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War at Washington, D.C.

In September 1926, he was named operations and line maintenance officer at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. While on that duty, he participated as chief pilot on the endurance flight of the Army plane, Question Mark, from 1 to January 7, 1929, establishing a new world flight endurance record. For this achievement the entire crew of five, including Eaker and mission commander Major Carl Spaatz, were awarded the DFC. In 1930, he made the first transcontinental flight entirely with instruments.

In October 1934, Eaker was ordered to duty at March Field, Calif., where he commanded the 34th Pursuit Squadron and later the 17th Pursuit Squadron. In the summer of 1935, he was detached for duty with the Navy and participated aboard the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, on maneuvers in Hawaii and Guam.

Eaker entered the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, in August 1935, and upon graduation the following June entered the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from which he graduated in June 1937. During his time at Ft Leavenworth from June 3–7, 1936, Eaker made the first blind (instruments only) transcontinental flight from New York to Los Angeles. He then became assistant chief of the Information Division in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps (OCAC) at Washington, D.C., during which he helped plan and publicize the interception of the Italian liner Rex at sea. In November 1940, Eaker was given command of the 20th Pursuit Group at Hamilton Field, California. He was promoted in 1941 to colonel while at Hamilton Field.

World War II

Promoted to brigadier general in January 1942, he was assigned to organize the VIII Bomber Command (which became the Eighth Air Force) in England and to understudy the British system of bomber operations. Then, in December 1942, he assumed command of the Eighth Air Force. In a speech he gave to the British that won him favorable publicity, he said, "We won't do much talking until we've done more fighting. After we've gone, we hope you'll be glad we came."

Much of Eaker's initial staff, including Captain Frederick W. Castle, Captain Beirne Lay, Jr., and Lieutenant Harris Hull, was composed of reserve rather than career military officers, and the group became known as "Eaker's Amateurs". Eaker's position as commander of the Eighth Air Force led to his becoming the model for the fictional Major General Pat Pritchard in the 1949 movie Twelve O'Clock High.

Throughout the war, Eaker was an advocate for daylight "precision" bombing of military and industrial targets in German-occupied territory and ultimately Germany—of striking at the enemy's ability to wage war while minimizing civilian casualties. The British considered daylight bombing too risky and wanted the Americans to join them in night raids that would target wider areas, but Eaker persuaded a skeptical Winston Churchill that the American and British approaches complemented each other in a one-page memo that concluded, "If the RAF continues night bombing and we bomb by day, we shall bomb them round the clock and the devil shall get no rest." He personally participated in the first US B-17 Flying Fortress bomber strike against German occupation forces in France, bombing Rouen on August 17, 1942. Eaker was promoted to major general in September 1943. However, as American bomber losses mounted from German defensive fighter aircraft attacks on deep penetration missions beyond the range of available fighter cover, Eaker may have lost some of the confidence of USAAF Commanding General Henry Arnold. To reduce losses to fighters, Eaker was a strong advocate of the Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress, a B-17 Flying Fortress which carried additional gun turrets and gunners instead of a bomb load and was intended to act as a long-range, "gunship" escort for conventional bombers. However the YB-40 was not a success in combat.

Eaker also strongly advocated work on improving the range of escort fighters using drop tanks, so that his Republic P-47 Thunderbolts could stay with the bomber formations for longer periods. Eaker strictly followed the prevailing American doctrine of requiring fighters to stay near the bombers, but this stricture was proving frustrating to the fighter groups, who advocated for free rein in clearing the skies of enemy aircraft ahead of the bomber paths. Eaker's air force was bleeding men; from July through November 1943, the 8th lost 64% of its aircrew. When General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named Supreme Allied Commander in December 1943, he proposed to use his existing team of subordinate commanders, including Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle, in key positions. Doolittle was named Eighth Air Force Commander, and Arnold concurred with the change. After a rocky start, Doolittle greatly improved on Eaker's record by releasing the American fighter groups to hunt down enemy fighters.

Eaker was reassigned as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces, previous commander Tedder having been selected by Eisenhower to plan the air operations for the Normandy invasion. Eaker had under his command the Twelfth and Fifteenth Air Forces and the British Desert and Balkan Air Forces. He did not approve of the plan to bomb Monte Cassino in February 1944, considering it a dubious military target, but ultimately signed off the mission and gave in to pressure from ground commanders. Historians of the era now generally believe Eaker's skepticism was correct and that the ancient abbey at Monte Cassino could have been preserved without jeopardizing the allied advance through Italy. He personally led the first raid of Operation Frantic on 2 July 1944, flying in a B-17 called Yankee Doodle II and landing at a Soviet base at Poltava in the Ukraine.

On April 30, 1945, General Eaker was named deputy commander of the Army Air Forces and Chief of the Air Staff. He retired on August 31, 1947, and was promoted to lieutenant general in the newly established United States Air Force on the retired list June 29, 1948.

Almost 40 years after his retirement, Congress attempted to pass special legislation awarding four-star status in the U.S. Air Force to General Eaker, prompted by retired Air Force Reserve major general and Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ). Goldwater had originally wanted to simply promote Jimmy Doolittle to four star rank, but was told by Air Force Secretary Verne Orr that this would put Eaker in an awkward position because he "had greater responsibilities during World War II." In order to cure this defect the Doolittle promotion was enlarged to include Eaker. Goldwater first proposed a bill of relief that waived both officers' ineligibility for promotion. However, the legislation stalled in the House, which prompted Goldwater to only seek confirmation via the Senate, which was arguably unlawful because of statutory restrictions on general officers that required them to be in active service. On April 26, 1985, Chief of Staff General Charles A. Gabriel and Ruth Eaker, the general's wife, pinned on his fourth star. Later, in 1986, the Comptroller General ruled that the promotion was unlawful for pay or benefit purposes due to the lack of implementing legislation.

Civilian career

Ten days before the Democratic Party primary runoff election of the 1948 United States Senate election in Texas on Saturday, August 28, 1948, Eaker spoke in support of candidate Lyndon B. Johnson. Coke R. Stevenson's campaign attacked Eaker, and Eaker was defended by other prominent military officers and Johnson. Criticizing a prominent military leader so soon after World War II likely had a negative effect on Stevenson's turnout in the election, and in Howard County in particular (which had quartered an Army Air Force Bombardier School during World War II) returned an abnormally high net gain for Johnson as compared to his gains in other areas. Johnson would go on to be declared the winner of the election by a small margin.

Eaker was a vice president of Hughes Tool Company and Hughes Aircraft (1947–57) and of Douglas Aircraft (1957–61).

While stationed in New York in the early 1920s, Eaker studied law at Columbia University. Eaker went back to school in the early 1930s at the University of Southern California and received a degree in journalism. With Henry Arnold, Eaker co-authored This Flying Game (1936), Winged Warfare (1937),

and Army Flyer (1942). Starting in 1962, he wrote a weekly column, carried by many newspapers, on military affairs.

Eaker was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, in Dayton, Ohio, in 1970. Over his 30 years of flying, General Eaker accumulated 12,000 flying hours as pilot.

On September 26, 1978, the U.S. Congress passed, and on October 10, 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed, Public Law 95-438, which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to General Eaker, "in recognition of his distinguished career as an aviation pioneer and Air Force leader".

Eaker died August 6, 1987, at Malcolm Grow Medical Center, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Blytheville Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command (SAC) installation, was renamed Eaker Air Force Base on May 26, 1988. Eaker AFB was closed on March 6, 1992, due to Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action. Military to civilian conversion began, and public aircraft began using the decommissioned base. The military still uses the renamed Arkansas International Airport.

The airport in Durant, Oklahoma was renamed Eaker Field to honor Eaker, a graduate of Southeastern State College in Durant. Now known as Southeastern Oklahoma State University, the student aviation majors use the airport as the home of the flight school.

Dates of rank
Source:

Awards and decorations
Command pilot
 * Air Force Distinguished Service ribbon.svg Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
 * Army Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
 * Navy Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg Navy Distinguished Service Medal
 * Silver Star ribbon.svg Silver Star
 * Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit
 * Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster
 * Air Medal ribbon.svg Air Medal
 * World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War I Victory Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg American Defense Service Medal
 * American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg American Campaign Medal
 * European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg European-African-Middle East Campaign Medal with bronze service stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Knight Commander of the Bath
 * Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg Legion of Honor, Grand Officer (France)
 * Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with palm (France) - ribbon bar.png Croix de Guerre with Palm (France)
 * POL Srebrny Krzyż Zasługi z Mieczami (1942) BAR.svg Silver Cross of Merit with Swords (Srebrny Krzyż Zasługi z Mieczami) (Poland)
 * Order kutuzov2 rib.png Order of Kutuzov, Second Degree (USSR)
 * Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)
 * ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Commander BAR.png Order of the Liberator General San Martin, Commander (Spanish: Comendador) (Argentina)
 * BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Officer BAR.svg Order of the Southern Cross, Grand Officer (Brazil)
 * PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Officer BAR.png Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru)
 * BRA Ordem do M%C3%A9rito Aeron%C3%A1utico Cavaleiro.png Order of Aeronautical Merit (Brazil)
 * BOL Order of Condor of the Andes - Knight BAR.png Order of the Condor of the Andes (Bolivia)
 * CHL Order of Merit of Chile - Officer BAR.png Order of Merit, Officer (Chile)
 * VEN Order of the Liberator - Officer BAR.png Order of the Liberator, Officer (Venezuela)
 * Order of the partisan star with golden wreath Rib.png Order of the Partisan Star, First Class (Yugoslavia)
 * Congressional Gold Medal

General Ira C. Eaker Award
The General Ira C. Eaker Award is given by the Civil Air Patrol in honor of the former Deputy Commander U.S. Army Air Forces and aviation pioneer. It is presented to cadets who have completed the requirements of the final phase of the cadet program. The award is accompanied by promotion to the grade of Cadet Lieutenant Colonel, the second highest grade in the program.

In 1970, Eaker was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

In 1993 he was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Association Hall of Fame.

In 1981, Eaker was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

Influence on literature
Kurt Vonnegut quotes his foreword to David Irving's The Destruction of Dresden in his novel Slaughterhouse-Five.

title: Ira C. Eaker


text:
Gann angles

The Gann angles are named after W. D. Gann, a 20th-century market theorist. Gann described the use of the angles in the stock market in The Basis of My Forecasting Method, a 33-page course written in 1935. The legitimacy of Gann's techniques has been seriously questioned. Calculating a Gann angle is equivalent to finding the derivative of a particular line on a chart in a simple way.

A Gann angle is a straight line on a price chart, giving a fixed relation between time and price. For Gann the most important angle was the line which represented one unit of price for one unit of time, called the 1x1 or the 45° angle. The value of a commodity or stock following this angle will for example increase by one point per day. Other important angles were the 2x1 (moving up two points per day), the 3x1, the 4x1, the 8x1, and the 16x1. In addition to these value increases, the corresponding angles for value decrease are just as important. When several of these angles are drawn in a group, they are often called a Gann fan, which is usually drawn from a price bottom or a price top.

As with other forms of technical analysis of stock price movements, the Gann angle model contradicts the weakest form of the efficient-market hypothesis which states that past price movements cannot be used to forecast future price movements.

Using Gann angles
Gann watched for important tops and bottoms to form on a daily, weekly, or monthly chart and drew his angles from these changes in trend. When the trend is up and the price stays in the space above an ascending angle without breaking below it, the market is strong; when the trend is down and the price remains below a descending angle without breaking above it, the market is weak. The market shows its relative strength or weakness according to the angle it is above or below. For example, if the price is above the 2x1 the market has shown itself to be much more bullish than if it is above the 1x1. In his angles course, Gann argues that when an uptrending price reverses and breaks under an ascending angle, the tendency of the price is to go to the next nearest angle below it; likewise, when a downtrending price reverses and breaks up through a descending angle, the tendency of the price is to go to the next nearest angle above it.

Question of scale
It is not always practical to give the 1x1 a value of 1 point of price for each day, as Gann observed in his course. If, for example, the Dow Jones Industrial Average is trading around 10,000 points, it can be more helpful to apply a scale in which a certain number of points (like 100 or 1,000) is used as the price unit.

Critics note that Gann did not set down rules for such cases and that the positioning of the angles on a chart is therefore entirely arbitrary and not scientific. This may not necessarily invalidate the methods Gann used himself, as it is not known whether he intentionally left some parts undisclosed.

title: Gann angles


text:
History of Wiltshire

Wiltshire is a historic county located in the South West England region. Wiltshire is landlocked and is in the east of the region.

Medieval history
The English conquest of the district now known as Wiltshire began in 552 AD with the victory of Saxon Cynric over the native Britons at Old Sarum, by which the way was opened to Salisbury Plain. Four years later, pushing his way through the Vale of Pewsey, Cynric extended the limits of the West Saxon kingdom to the Marlborough Downs by a victory at Barbury Hill. At that period the district south of the River Avon and the River Nadder was occupied by dense woodland, the relics of which survive in Cranborne Chase, and the first wave of West Saxon colonisation was chiefly confined to the valleys of the River Avon and the River Wylye. The little township of Wilton which arose in the latter valley gave the name of Wilsætan to the new settlers.

By the 9th century the district had acquired a definite administrative and territorial organization. Weohstan, ealdorman of the Wilsætan, was mentioned as early as 800/802 as repelling an attempted invasion by the Mercians. Moreover, Wiltunshire is mentioned by Asser in 878, in which year the Danes established their headquarters at Chippenham and remained there a year, plundering the surrounding country. In the time of Athelstan there were mints at Old Sarum, Malmesbury, Wilton, Cricklade and Marlborough. Wilton and Salisbury were destroyed by the Danish invaders under Sweyn I of Denmark in 1003, and in 1015 the district was harried by Canute.

Land ownership after the Norman Conquest
With the redistribution of estates after the Norman Conquest more than two-fifths of the county fell into the hands of the church; the possessions of the crown covered one-fifth; while among the chief lay proprietors were Edward of Salisbury, William, Count of Eu, Ralf de Mortimer, Aubrey de Vere II, Robert Fitzgerald, Miles Crispin, Robert d'Oily and Osbern Giffard. The first Earl of Wiltshire after the Conquest was William le Scrope, who received the honour in 1397. The title subsequently passed to Sir James Butler in 1449, Sir John Stafford in 1470, Thomas Boleyn in 1529, and in 1550 to the Paulet family.

The Benedictine foundations at Wilton, Malmesbury and Amesbury existed before the Conquest; the Augustinian Bradenstoke Priory was founded by Walter d'Évreux in 1142; that at Lacock by Ela, countess of Salisbury, in 1232; that at Longleat by Sir John Vernon before 1272. The Cluniac priory of Monkton Farleigh was founded by Humphrey II de Bohun in 1125; the Cistercian house at Kingswood, Gloucestershire by William de Berkeley in 1139; and that of Stanley by the Empress Matilda in 1154.

Wiltshire's hundreds
Of the forty Wiltshire hundreds mentioned in the Domesday Survey, Selkley, Ramsbury, Bradford, Melksham, Calne, Whorwellsdown, Westbury, Warminster, Heytesbury, Kinwardstone, Ambresbury, Underditch, Furstfield, Alderbury and Downton remain to the present day practically unaltered in name and extent; Thorngrave, Dunelawe and Cepeham hundreds form the modern hundred of Chippenham; Malmesbury hundred represents the parishes that were within the Domesday hundreds of Cicemethorn and Sterchelee, which were held at farm by the Abbot of Malmesbury; Highworth represents the Domesday hundreds of Crechelade, Scipe, Wurde and Staple; Kingbridge the hundreds of Chingbridge, Blachegrave and Thornhylle; Swanborough the hundreds of Rugeberge, Stodfold and Swaneberg; Branch the hundreds of Branchesberge and Dolesfeld; Cawden the hundreds of Cawdon and Cadworth.

A noticeable feature in the 14th century is the aggregation of church manors into distinct hundreds, at the court of which their ecclesiastical owners required their tenants to do suit and service. Thus the bishop of Winchester had a separate hundred called Kurwel Bishop, afterwards absorbed in Downton hundred; the abbot of Damerham had that of Damerham; and the prior of St. Swithins that of Elstub, under each of which were included manors situated in other parts of the county.

Ancient moot places and meeting points
The meeting-place (or moot) of Swanborough Hundred was at Swanborough Tump, a hillock in the parish of Manningford Abbots identified as the moot-place mentioned in the will of King Alfred; that of Malmesbury was at Colepark; that of Bradford-upon-Avon at Bradford Leigh; that of Warminster at Iley Oak, about three kilometres (2 mi) south of Warminster, near Southleigh Wood. The shire court for Wiltshire was held at Wilton, and until 1446 the shrievalty was enjoyed ex officio by the castellans of Old Sarum. Edward of Salisbury was sheriff at the time of the Domesday Survey, and the office remained hereditary in his family, descending to William Longespee by his marriage with Ela, great-granddaughter of Edward. In the 13th century the assizes were held at Wilton, Malmesbury and New Sarum (Salisbury).

Religious administrative areas
On the division of the West Saxon see in 703, Wiltshire was included in the diocese of Sherborne, but in 905 a separate diocese of Ramsbury was founded, the see being fixed alternately at Ramsbury, Wilton and Sonning in Berkshire. Shortly before the Conquest, Ramsbury was reunited to the Sherborne diocese, and the see was transferred to Salisbury. The archdeaconries of Wiltshire and Salisbury are mentioned in 1180; in 1291 the former included the deaneries of Avebury, Malmesbury, Marlborough and Cricklade within this county, and the latter the deaneries of Amesbury, Potterne, Wilton, Chalke and Wylye. In 1535 the archdeaconry of Salisbury included the additional deanery of Salisbury, while Potterne deanery had been transferred to the archdeaconry of Wiltshire. The deaneries of the archdeaconry of Salisbury have remained unaltered; Wiltshire archdeaconry now includes the deaneries of Avebury, Marlborough and Potterne; and the deaneries of Chippenham, Cricklade and Malmesbury form part of the archdeaconry and diocese of Bristol.

Early political history
Wiltshire has traditionally been a peaceful county, with little impact on national political history. In 1086, after the completion of the Domesday Survey, Salisbury was the scene of a great council, in which all the landholders took oaths of allegiance to the king. A council for the same purpose assembled at Salisbury in 1116. At Clarendon in 1166 was drawn up the assize which remodelled the provincial administration of justice. Parliaments were held at Marlborough in 1267 and at Salisbury in 1328 and 1384.

During the wars of Stephen's reign, Salisbury, Devizes and Malmesbury were garrisoned by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, for the Empress, but in 1138 Stephen seized the bishop and captured Devizes Castle. In 1216 Marlborough Castle was surrendered to Louis by Hugh de Neville. Hubert de Burgh escaped in 1233 from Devizes Castle, where he had been imprisoned in the previous year.

The Civil War
In the Civil War of the 17th century Wiltshire actively supported the parliamentary cause, displaying a spirit of violent anti-Catholicism. The efforts of the Marquess of Hertford and of Lord Seymour to raise a party for the king met with vigorous resistance from the inhabitants. However, the Royalists made some progress in the early stage of the struggle against the Roundheads, with Marlborough being captured for the king in 1642, while in 1643 the forces of the Earl of Essex were routed by Charles I and Prince Rupert at the Battle of Aldbourne Chase. In the same year Sir William Waller, after failing to capture Devizes, was defeated in the Battle of Roundway Down nearby.

In 1645, the Clubmen of Dorset and Wiltshire, whose sole object was peace, systematically punished any member of either party discovered in acts of plunder. Devizes, the last stronghold of the Royalists, was captured by Oliver Cromwell in 1645. In 1655 a rising organised on behalf of the exiled Charles II at Salisbury was dispersed in the same year.

The Glorious Revolution
At the time of the Glorious Revolution, King James II gathered his main forces, altogether about 19,000 men, at Salisbury, James himself arriving there on 19 November 1688. His troops were not keen to fight William and Mary, and the loyalty of many was in doubt. The first blood was shed at the Wincanton Skirmish in Somerset. In Salisbury, James heard that some of his officers, such as Edward Hyde, had deserted, and he broke out in a nose-bleed which he took as a bad omen. His commander in chief, the Earl of Feversham, advised retreat on 23 November, and the next day John Churchill deserted to William. On 26 November, James's daughter Princess Anne did the same, and James returned to London the same day, never again to be at the head of a serious military force in England.

Employment, manufacturing and industry
At the time of the Domesday Survey the industrial pursuits of Wiltshire were almost exclusively agricultural; 390 mills are mentioned, and vineyards at Tollard Royal and Lacock. In the succeeding centuries sheep farming was vigorously pursued, and the Cistercian monastery of both Kingswood and Stanley exported wool to the Florentine and Flemish markets in the 13th century and 14th century. Wiltshire at this time was already reckoned among the chief of the clothing counties, the principal centres of the industry being Bradford-upon-Avon, Malmesbury, Trowbridge, Devizes and Chippenham.

In the 16th century Devizes was noted for its blankets, Warminster had a famous corn-market, and cheese was extensively made in north Wiltshire. Amesbury was famous for its tobacco pipe manufacture in the 16th century. The clothing trade went through a period of great depression in the 17th century, partly owing to the constant outbreaks of plague. Linen, cotton, gloves and cutlery were also manufactured in the county, silk at Malmesbury and carpets at Wilton.

The Swindon Works of the Great Western Railway (1841–1986) was one of the largest covered areas in the world, and its remains are amongst the most significant of Victorian engineering works in the world. Together with the housing and amenities provided by the company and its workforce, it has been proposed to UNESCO as the centre of a World Heritage Site. Swindon has also been significant in other manufacturing, such as the car industry: see History of Swindon.

Parliamentary representation
In 1295 Wiltshire was represented by twenty-eight members in parliament: the shire returning two knights, and the boroughs of Bedwyn, Bradford, Calne, Chippenham, Cricklade, Devizes, Downton, Ludgershall, Malmesbury, Marlborough, Old Sarum, Salisbury and Wilton, two burgesses each, but the boroughs for the most part made irregular returns. Hindon, Heytesbury and Wootton Bassett were enfranchised in the 15th century, and at the time of the Reform Act of 1832 the county with sixteen boroughs returned a total of thirty-four members. Under the latter act Great Bedwyn, Downton, Heytesbury, Hindon, Ludgershall, Old Sarum and Wootton Bassett were disfranchised, and Calne, Malmesbury, Westbury and Wilton lost one member each. Under the act of 1868 the county returned two members in two divisions, and Chippenham, Devizes and Marlborough lost one member each. Under the act of 1885 the county returned five members in five divisions; Cricklade, Calne, Chippenham, Devizes, Malmesbury, Marlborough, Westbury and Wilton were disfranchised; and Salisbury lost one member.

Prehistoric remains and monuments
Wiltshire is rich in prehistoric antiquities. The Stone Age is represented by a number of flint and stone implements, preserved in the unsurpassed collection at Salisbury Museum. Stonehenge, with its circles of giant stones, and Avebury, with its avenues of monoliths leading to what was once a stone circle, surrounded by an earthwork and enclosing two lesser circles, are the largest and best known megalithic works in England.

A valley near Avebury is filled with immense sarsen blocks, resembling a 'river of stone', and perhaps laid there by prehistoric architects. There are also menhirs, dolmens and cromlechs. Surrounded as they were by forests and marshy hollows, it is clear that the downs were densely peopled at a very early period. Circles, formed by a ditch within a bank, are common, as are grave-mounds or barrows. These have been classified according to their shape as bell barrows, bowl barrows and long barrows. Bones, ash, tools, weapons and ornaments have been dug up from such mounds, many of which contain kistvaens or chambers of stone. The lynchets or terraces which score some of the hillsides are said to be the work of primitive early farmers and agriculturists.

Ancient strongholds are scattered over the county. Among the most remarkable are Vespasian's Camp, near Amesbury; Silbury Hill, the largest artificial mound in Europe, near Avebury; the mounds of Marlborough and Old Sarum; the "camps" of Battlesbury and Scratchbury, near Warminster; Yarnbury, to the north of Wylye, in good preservation; Casterley, on a ridgeway near Devizes; White Sheet hill; Chisbury, near Savernake; Sidbury, near Ludgershall; and Figsbury Ring, northeast of Salisbury. Ogbury, ten kilometres (6 mi) north of Salisbury, is an undoubted British enclosure. Durrington Walls, north of Amesbury, are probably the remains of a British village, and there are vestiges of others on Salisbury Plain and the Marlborough Downs.

Roman remains
There are many signs of Roman rule. Wansdyke or Wodens Dyke, one of the largest extant entrenchments, runs west for about 100 km from a point east of Savernake, nearly as far as the Bristol Channel, and is almost unaltered for several kilometres along the Marlborough Downs. Its date is uncertain; but the work has been proved, wherever excavated, to be Roman or Romano-British. It consists of a bank, with a trench on the north side, and was clearly meant for defence, not as a boundary. Forts strengthened it at intervals. Bokerley Dyke, which forms a part of the boundary between Wiltshire and Dorset, is the largest among several similar entrenchments, and has also a ditch north of the rampart.

Recent excavations
In April 2022, metal detectorists announced the discovery of two 4000 year-old Bronze Age axe heads on land owned by a farmer. The remains are being stored in Bristol Museum.

Monastic houses
Chief among the few monastic buildings of which any vestiges remain are the ruined abbeys of Malmesbury (still in use as the parish church) and of Lacock. Amesbury's Church of St Mary and St Melor may have been linked to the 10th-century Amesbury Priory or its 12th-century successor, Amesbury Abbey. Monkton Farleigh had its Cluniac priory, founded as a cell of Lewes in the 13th century, and represented by some outbuildings of the manor house. A college for a dean and 12 prebendaries, afterwards a monastery of Bonhommes, was founded in 1347 at Edington; the church, Decorated and Perpendicular, resembles a cathedral in size and stately beauty and is now the parish church. The 14th-century buildings of Bradenstoke Priory or Clack Abbey, founded near Chippenham for Augustinian canons, were incorporated in a farmhouse.

Notable churches
The finest churches of Wiltshire, generally Perpendicular in style, were built in the districts where good stone could be obtained, while the architecture is simpler in the chalk region where flint was used. Small wooden steeples and pyramidal bell-turrets are not uncommon; and the churches of Purton, five kilometres (3 1/8 mi) northwest of Swindon, and Wanborough, five kilometres (3 mi) southeast, are unusual in having a central steeple as well as a west tower.

St. Lawrence's church at Bradford on Avon is one of the most complete Saxon ecclesiastical buildings in England; and elsewhere there are fragments of Saxon work imbedded in later masonry. Examples are three arches in the nave of Britford church, within a mile of Salisbury; the east end of the chancel at Burcombe, near Wilton; and parts of the churches at Avebury, Bremhill, and Manningford Bruce. St John's at Devizes retains its original Norman tower and has Norman masonry in its chancel; while the chancel of St Mary in the same town, is also Norman, and the porch has characteristic Norman stone mouldings. The churches of Preshute, Ditteridge and Netheravon also preserve some Norman features.

Early English architecture is illustrated by Salisbury Cathedral, its purest and most beautiful example; and, on a smaller scale, at Amesbury, Bishops Cannings, Boyton, Collingbourne Kingston, Downton and Potterne.

Bishopstone has the finest Decorated church in the county, with a curious external cloister and unique south chancel doorway, recessed beneath a stone canopy. Mere, close to the borders of Dorset and Somerset, is interesting not only for its Perpendicular church, but also for a medieval chantry, used as a schoolhouse by William Barnes, the Dorset poet.

Castles
The castles of Wiltshire have been almost entirely swept away. At Old Sarum, Marlborough and Devizes only a few vestiges are left in remnant walls and vaults. Castle Combe and Trowbridge castles have long been demolished, and of Ludgershall castle only a small fragment survives. The ruins of Wardour castle, standing in a richly wooded park near Tisbury, date from the 14th century, and consist of a hexagonal outer wall of great height, enclosing an open court; two towers overlook the entrance.

Manor houses
The number of mansions, old country houses and stately homes is a marked feature in Wiltshire. Few parishes, especially in the north west of the county, are without their old manor house, usually converted into a farm, but preserving its flagged floor, stone-mullioned windows, gabled front, sometimes two-storeyed porch and oak-panelled interior. Place House in Tisbury, and Barton Farm, at Bradford-upon-Avon, date from the 14th century. The best examples of 15th-century work are the manor houses of Norrington, in the vale of Chalk; Teffont Evias, in the vale of the River Nadder; Potterne; and Great Chalfield, near Monkton Farleigh. At South Wraxall the hall of a beautiful house of the same period is celebrated in local tradition as the spot where tobacco was first smoked in England by Sir Walter Raleigh and his host, Sir Walter Long.

Later styles are represented by Longford Castle, near Salisbury, where the picture galleries are of great interest; Heytesbury House; Wilton House at Wilton, Kingston House at Bradford-upon-Avon, Bowood House near Calne, Longleat near Warminster, Corsham Court at Corsham, Littlecote near Ramsbury, Charlton Park House near Malmesbury, Compton Chamberlayne in the Nadder valley, Grittleton House and the modern Castle Combe, both near Chippenham, and Stourhead, on the borders of Dorset and Somerset. Each of these is noteworthy for its architecture, its art treasures, the care lavished upon it or the beauty of its surroundings.

title: History of Wiltshire


text:
Cormac Breslin

Cormac Michael Breslin (25 April 1902 – 23 January 1978) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1967 to 1973. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1937 to 1977.

He was born in Bunbeg, Gweedore, County Donegal. He was educated at St Eunan's College, Letterkenny and, while Leas-Cheann Comhairle, attended the Golden Jubilee there in September 1956.

He was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Donegal West constituency at the 1937 general election. He was re-elected at every election until his retirement in 1977, switching constituency to Donegal South-West in 1961 and to Donegal–Leitrim in 1969. He served as Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1967 to 1973, and as Leas-Cheann Comhairle from 1951 to 1967. He is credited for helping found the industrial estate in Gweedore, and also the turf burning station—a source of employment in his local parish, which allowed local people to cut the turbary and sell it to the station operated by the Electrical Supply Board (ESB), situated in Min a Cuing.

In November 1931 he married Antoinette Wilman, and they had ten children.

title: Cormac Breslin


text:
Yōko Honna

Yōko Honna (本名 陽子) is a Japanese actress, voice actress and singer from Sōka, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. She works at Re-Max, although she formerly worked at 81 Produce.

She is best known as the voice of Nagisa Misumi from the original Pretty Cure series, as well as Shizuku Tsukishima from Whisper of the Heart.

She married someone outside of the industry in 2014 and gave birth to a daughter in June 2015. In 2017, she announced her pregnancy with a second child, as well as sharing her experience of miscarriage sometime prior.

Anime

 * Futari wa Pretty Cure (2004), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black
 * Agatha Christie no Meitantei Poirot to Marple (2004), Jane Grey – episodes 36-39

 * Rockman.EXE Stream (2004), Maid D – episode 37
 * Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart (2005), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black
 * Emma: A Victorian Romance (2005), Sarah
 * Glass Mask (2005), Mina Sawatari, Troupe leader – episode 31

 * Tide-Line Blue (2005), Chenresi
 * To Heart 2 (2005), Freshman A – episode 3
 * Cluster Edge (2005), Lina
 * Oh My Goddess! (2005 -01-06 ), Ere
 * Ray (2006), Misato
 * .hack//Roots (2006), Asta
 * xxxHOLiC (2006), Rin – episode 2
 * Koi suru Tenshi Angelique: Kokoro no Mezameru Toki (2006), Ange
 * Koi suru Tenshi Angelique: Kagayaki no Ashita (2007), Ange
 * Emma: A Victorian Romance Second Act (2007), Annie
 * Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (2007), Sumeragi Lee Noriega
 * Noramimi (2008), Merry – episode 11
 * Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Second Season (2008), Sumeragi Lee Noriega
 * Hanamaru Kindergarten (2010), Sakura
 * Highschool of the Dead (2010), Kyoko Hayashi
 * Karneval (2013), Eva
 * Happiness Charge PreCure (2014), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black (ep 1)
 * Space Patrol Luluco (2016), Lalaco Godspeed
 * Listeners (2020), Wendy
 * The Idaten Deities Know Only Peace (2021), Brandy

Original video animation

 * Gunbuster 2 (2004), Nyan Nok Cham
 * Sakura Taisen: New York NY. (2007), Yoshino Anri

Film

 * Only Yesterday (1991), Taeko Okajima (5th grade)
 * Whisper of the Heart (1995), Shizuku Tsukishima, Theme Song Performance
 * The Cat Returns (2002), Chika
 * Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart (2005), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black
 * Futari wa Precure Max Heart 2: Yukizora no Tomodachi (2005), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black
 * Pretty Cure All Stars film series (2009-2016), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black
 * Mobile Suit Gundam 00 The Movie: A wakening of the Trailblazer (2010), Sumeragi Lee Noriega
 * Hugtto! PreCure Futari wa Pretty Cure: All Stars Memories (2018), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black
 * My Hero Academia The Movie: World Heroes' Mission (2021), Claire Voyance
 * Pretty Cure All Stars F (2023), Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black

Drama CD

 * Karneval (2010), Eva

Video games
Tales of symphonia : Knights of Ratatosk, Aqua
 * Panzer Dragoon Orta (2002), Orta
 * Fushigi Yūgi: Suzaku Ibun (2008), Soi
 * Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Cross Generation of Heroes (2008 -12-11, Wii), Saki Omokane
 * 2nd Super Robot Wars Z (2011–2012), Sumeragi Lee Noriega
 * Super Robot Wars UX (2013), Sumeragi Lee Noriega
 * Persona 4: Dancing All Night (2015), Tomoe Sayama
 * Milihime Taisen (2015), Reverberi, Cazzago

Drama
1988 Kamen Rider BLACK RX (Episode 9) --Chinese Koizumi Nanbu Nose Magari ( NHK / Short Drama Series Furusato) --Satoko Trade ( Toshiba Sunday Theater　1630th) 1989 Dennou Keisatsu Cybercop (Episode 26) --Yukari Choshichiro Edo Diary 2nd Series Episode 44 "Girl's Cry" (NTV Union Motion Picture) --Shizuka Fujiki Mistress's street! (TBS / Saturday drama special) Enthusiastic era special A man who calls a storm (NTV, Wednesday Grand Romance ) 1990 Don't touch the thief! (Episode 3) --Kiyo Mita Special Rescue Police Winspector (Episode 17) --Miki Takaoka Naked General Wandering Episode 44 "The Bride of Qing and Bengara" (Kansai TV) --Machiko Goto ( Student of Fukiya Elementary School ) [42] 1991 Abare Hasshu Gojo Journey 2nd Series Episode 3 "568 Namida Journey" (TV Tokyo Union Motion Picture) Choshichiro Edo Diary 3rd Series Episode 11 "Scratch" (NTV Union Motion Picture) --Ochika Special Rescue Order Solbrain (Episode 2) --Yuka Mizusawa Representative Director Detective (Episode 38) --Kozue 1993 Hagure Detective Junjou School PART6 (Episode 15) "Frightened Photographs, A Woman Standing in a Classroom at Night" --Asuka Wada 2006 Police Department Investigation Division 1 Section 9 season1 (Episode 8) --Maki
 * Shin Ōedo Sōsamō (1984) - episode 25
 * MegaBeast Investigator Juspion (1985) - episode 13
 * The Unfettered Shogun II (1986) - episode 170
 * You Who Wears the Bride's Costume (1986)
 * Hidden Relationship (1986)
 * Kamen Rider Black (1987), Yuki - episode 32
 * Wakadaisho Tenka Exemption! (1987), Chie – episode 1
 * Zenigata Heiji (1987), Ochiyo - episode 17
 * I'm Going to Yoshi! (1987), Momoko
 * Animal Street Dream Land (1987) - episodes 17 and 25
 * Fuun Edo Castle Raging General Tokugawa Iemitsu (1987), Aya

Live-action

 * Always Shine, Beth (Caitlin FitzGerald))
 * The Amazing Spider-Man, Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone)
 * Battleship, Samantha Shane (Brooklyn Decker)
 * The Cabin in the Woods, Dana Polk (Kristen Connolly)
 * The Counselor, Laura (Penélope Cruz)
 * A Dangerous Man, Tia (Marlaina Mah)
 * The Dark Crystal (Blu-Ray edition), Kira (Lisa Maxwell)
 * Dark Shadows, Victoria Winters (Bella Heathcote)
 * Dear John, Savannah Lynn Curtis (Amanda Seyfried)
 * Desperate Housewives, Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen)
 * Genius, Françoise Gilot (Clémence Poésy)
 * The Gifted, the Frost Sisters (Skyler Samuels)
 * Girls of the Sun, Bahar (Golshifteh Farahani)
 * The Handmaid's Tale, June Osborne (Elisabeth Moss)
 * The House with a Clock in Its Walls, Mrs. Barnavelt (Lorenza Izzo)
 * IF, Pop
 * Into the Wild, Carine McCandless (Jena Malone)
 * The Invisible Man, Cecilia Kass (Elisabeth Moss)
 * The Kitchen, Claire Walsh (Elisabeth Moss)
 * My New Sassy Girl, Sassy (Victoria Song)
 * Pitch Perfect (film series), Aubrey Posen (Anna Camp)
 * Pretty Little Liars, Alison DiLaurentis (Sasha Pieterse)
 * The Sapphires, Julie (Jessica Mauboy)
 * Season of the Witch, Anna (Claire Foy)
 * Shinjuku Incident, Lily (Fan Bingbing)
 * The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, Bailey Graffman (Jenna Boyd)
 * The Stand, Frannie Goldsmith (Odessa Young)
 * Suits, Katrina Bennett (Amanda Schull)
 * Take Me Home Tonight, Tori Frederking (Teresa Palmer)
 * Yellowjackets, Shauna (Melanie Lynskey)

Animation

 * Atomic Betty, Atomic Betty
 * Love, Death & Robots, Juliet Burton
 * Wonder Park, June's mother

title: Yōko Honna


text:
User:SimonW

I've been acting as a WikiGnome for a while, but my Wikipedia addiction has grown to the point where an account seems like a good idea.

I have a personal weblog at http://simon.incutio.com/

/ScrapeMe

title: User:SimonW


text:
Ladd's Addition

Ladd's Addition is an inner southeast historic district of Portland, Oregon, United States. It is Portland's oldest planned residential development, and one of the oldest in the western United States. The district is known in Portland for a diagonal street pattern, which is at odds with the rectilinear grid of the surrounding area. Roughly eight blocks (east-west) by ten blocks (north-south) in size (by reference to the surrounding grid), Ladd's is bordered by SE Hawthorne, Division, 12th, and 20th streets. It is part of the Hosford-Abernethy neighborhood association.

History
Ladd's Addition is named after William S. Ladd, a merchant and mid-19th-century Portland mayor who owned a 126 acre farm on the land. In 1891 (when the city of East Portland was merged into Portland) Ladd subdivided the land for residential use. Rather than follow the standard orthogonal grid of the surrounding area, Ladd created a diagonal "wagon wheel" arrangement, including four small diamond-shaped rose gardens and a central traffic circle surrounding a park. It is also one of fewer than 20 areas in Portland that have alleyways, with street elevations mostly uninterrupted by curb cuts. While it is said that Ladd's design was inspired by L'Enfant's Washington layout, it bears no actual resemblance to the Washington street plan.

The homes in the district, mostly developed between 1905 and 1930 (after Ladd's death), have been called a "architecturally rich mix of compatible early 20th century styles," notable for their "continuity of scale, setback, orientation, and materials." Architectural styles represented include bungalow, craftsman, American Foursquare, Mission, Tudor, and Colonial Revival.

Development started at the north end, closest to the streetcar transportation, with the largest homes built between 1905 and 1915.

Though the earliest deeds excluded Japanese and Chinese residents, except as servants, after those covenants expired, Ladd's Addition was one of the few areas by 1939 informally designated as open to 'oriental' families.

Ecology
The narrow streets of Ladd's Addition are lined with American Elm trees. The Save Our Elms organization inoculates the elm trees yearly against Dutch elm disease. Each of the four smaller, diamond-shaped "circles" to the east, west, north, and south contains one of Portland's rose test gardens. Friends of Ladd's Addition Gardens regularly solicits money and volunteers to maintain the rose gardens. Ladd named most of the streets after trees, but he named SE Ladd Avenue and SE Elliott Avenue for himself and his wife, who was born Caroline Elliott.

Historic preservation
The area was designated a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

title: Ladd's Addition


text:
ICL Distributed Array Processor

The Distributed Array Processor (DAP) produced by International Computers Limited (ICL) was the world's first commercial massively parallel computer. The original paper study was complete in 1972 and building of the prototype began in 1974. The first machine was delivered to Queen Mary College in 1979.

Development
The initial Pilot DAP was designed and implemented by Dr Stewart F Reddaway with the aid of David J Hunt and Peter M Flanders at the ICL Stevenage Labs. Their manager and a major contributor was John K Iliffe, designer of the Basic Language Machine and known for Iliffe vectors. The pilot implementation had a 32×32 processing element arrangement.

The ICL DAP had 64×64 single bit processing elements (PEs) with 4096 bits of storage per PE. It was attached to an ICL mainframe and its memory was mapped into the mainframe's memory. Programs for the DAP were written in DAP FORTRAN which was FORTRAN extended with 64×64 matrix and 64 element vector primitives. DAP Fortran compiled to an assembly language called APAL (Array Processor Assembly Language). The DAP had a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) architecture. Each operation could be performed under the control of a mask which controlled which elements were affected. Array programs were executed as subroutines of normal mainframe FORTRAN programs and IO was handled by the mainframe.

Operationally, there was an overhead to transfer computational data into and out of the array, and problems which did not fit the 64×64 matrix imposed additional complexity to handle the boundaries (65×65 was perhaps the worst case!)—but for problems which suited the architecture, it could outperform the current Cray pipeline architectures by two orders of magnitude. The ICL 2980 was not a popular machine and this held back the use of the DAP as an attached processor was restricted initially to this one range.

The design as described in Reddaway's 1973 paper is pretty much that which was implemented in the first commercial version except the facility to supply address bits from the processing elements was removed. This change greatly simplified hardware error detection. A notable extra facility was carry propagation to simplify vector mode addition.

After ICL
The DAP [IP] was sold off to a venture capital-funded start-up company Active Memory Technology (AMT) which was then taken over by Cambridge Parallel Processors (CPP). It was enhanced and made smaller and faster as the Gamma series. An 8-bit processor with some local 8-bit wide memory was added to the processor and fast IO capabilities were implemented. It could be programmed in either C++ or Fortran-Plus. These were more flexible than DAP FORTRAN, in particular they automatically took care of choosing a mapping from user specified matrix and vector bounds to the underlying hardware.

Sample DAPs are in storage at the Computer History Museum.

CPP ceased trading in 2004.

Mini-DAP and Mil-DAP
A smaller 32x32 version was created between 1984 and 1987. The commercial version was called the Mini-DAP, normally attached to a PERQ system (so was sometimes called the PERQ-DAP), and the ruggedised military version was called the Mil-DAP.

title: ICL Distributed Array Processor


text:
User:Cheesydreams

This user was blocked for page move vandalism, and impersonation of User:Cheesedreams. Please see the talk page for more information.

title: User:Cheesydreams


text:
User talk:Cheesydreams

Unsuprisingly, you have been banned for impersonation and vandalism. Please do not disrupt Wikipedia to make a point. -- Netoholic @ 20:42, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

Record of vandalism
Since page moves, when corrected, disappear the contributions list, here is an archive. -- Netoholic @ 20:42, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

20:21, 2004 Dec 17 - Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration (Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration moved to Wikipedia talk:Requests for circumcism) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Day of the Fight (Day of the Fight moved to Affsadsdf) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Harold Loeffelmacher (Harold Loeffelmacher moved to Fadfadfafdafd) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Acts of Love (Acts of Love moved to Safddfsadsfsda) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Ekron (Ekron moved to Asasfdssafdfd) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Kamapua'a (Kamapua'a moved to Afsdfafdsf) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Herschel Johnson (Herschel Johnson moved to Ffasfdsafds) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Talk:Academia (Talk:Academia moved to Talk:Fafsaddsfdfs) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Elephant Six (Elephant Six moved to Asffsdsadfdfas) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Academia (Academia moved to Fafsaddsfdfs) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Singapore Area Licensing Scheme (Singapore Area Licensing Scheme moved to Asfdsfdfsa) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - The Masters Tournament (The Masters Tournament moved to Afdfdasdsfadsf) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Blanco y Negro Records (Blanco y Negro Records moved to Dfadfadad) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - John Forrest (friar) (John Forrest (friar) moved to Afdfdaafdssfda) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Talk:John Forrest (friar) (Talk:John Forrest (friar) moved to Talk:Afdfdaafdssfda) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Talk:Wilkes County, Georgia (Talk:Wilkes County, Georgia moved to Talk:Dffddfasfds) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Wilkes County, Georgia (Wilkes County, Georgia moved to Dffddfasfds) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Stevens Thomson Mason (Virginia) (Stevens Thomson Mason (Virginia) moved to Sdffsfdasdfsaads) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Robert Wright (politician) (Robert Wright (politician) moved to Ddssadf) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Malayan Emergency (Malayan Emergency moved to Sfdsdfasfdalk) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - John F. Seiberling Jr. (John F. Seiberling Jr. moved to Gfssgdlk) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Leônidas da Silva (Leônidas da Silva moved to Sfddsfasadfs) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Baron Burgh (Baron Burgh moved to Asfdfdsafdsafdas) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Jacobs Field (Jacobs Field moved to Afdfdfdasafds) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Matamata-Piako (district), New Zealand (Matamata-Piako (district), New Zealand moved to Fdasfddsfsdfsd) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Linger (song) (Linger (song) moved to Dsffdsfadsfdas) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Kuquenan Falls (Kuquenan Falls moved to Addsfsdf) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Scoter (Scoter moved to Asdfdsafdsf) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Excalibur (comics) (Excalibur (comics) moved to Sfdfsdasalj) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Hugh I of Cyprus (Hugh I of Cyprus moved to Affdsaskl) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Ossie Clark (Ossie Clark moved to Asdsddfd) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Hubert Selby Jr. (Hubert Selby Jr. moved to Dfadfdsaljk) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Die Bajadere (Die Bajadere moved to Fdfaafasdas) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - RMS Baltic (RMS Baltic moved to Dfsasasfdsfdasfdk) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Holy Synod (Holy Synod moved to Sfdsdsffsda) 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - User talk:Cheesydreams 20:18, 2004 Dec 17 - Orris root (Orris root moved to Fdafsfsfsdjlk) 20:17, 2004 Dec 17 - IS-2000 (IS-2000 moved to Fdasdffasdsdf) 20:17, 2004 Dec 17 - Boninville, Ontario (Boninville, Ontario moved to Fsfsafsfdsaasfdjlk;) 20:17, 2004 Dec 17 - User:Cheesydreams 20:17, 2004 Dec 17 - Wikipedia:Recentchanges (top)

title: User talk:Cheesydreams


text:
Talk:Bicycle lane

Some of the text is probably a bit weaselly. I'm against bike lanes in general because I believe in wider right lanes, not because I hate bikes, if that helps identify why I said what I did or something. The article probably also needs more pro-bike lane links. --SPUI 20:19, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Argh, this should probably be merged with Segregated cycle facilities, or some of the latter should be moved here. I'm not sure exactly how to proceed. --SPUI 20:22, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bicycle lane


text: Category:Minnesota Fighting Saints

title: Category:Minnesota Fighting Saints


text:
Alpha privative

An alpha privative or, rarely, privative a (from Latin alpha prīvātīvum, from Ancient Greek α στερητικόν) is the prefix a- or an- (before vowels) that is used in Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit and Greek and in words borrowed therefrom to express negation or absence, for example the English words of Greek origin atypical, anesthetic, and analgesic.

It is derived from a Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasal *', the zero ablaut grade of the negation *', i.e. /n/ used as a vowel. For this reason, it usually appears as an- before vowels (e.g. an-alphabetism, an-esthesia, an-archy). It shares the same root with the Greek prefix nē- or ne-, in Greek νη- or νε-, that is also privative (e.g. ne-penthe).

It is not to be confused with, among other things, an alpha copulative (e.g. a-delphós) or the prefix an- (i.e. the preposition aná with ecthlipsis or elision of its final vowel before a following vowel; e.g. an-ode).

Sanskrit
The same prefix appears in Sanskrit, also as अ- a- before consonants; and अन्- an- before vowels.

Latin
In Latin, the cognate prefix is in-, which leaves its traces in English words like invisible and inaccessible. The prepositional prefix in- is unrelated.

Germanic languages
In English and other West Germanic languages, the cognate is un- (or on-).

In North Germanic languages, the -n- has disappeared and Old Norse has ú- (e.g. ú-dáins-akr), Danish and Norwegian have u-, whereas Swedish uses o- (pronounced [u]), and Icelandic and Faroese use the related ó-.

Homonym
The prefix ἁ- ha- (also ἀ- a- from psilosis), copulative a, is nearly homonymous with privative a, but originates from Proto-Indo-European *.

title: Alpha privative


text:
René Dreyfus

René Albert Dreyfus (6 May 1905 – 16 August 1993) was a French racing driver active during the 1930s and 1940s.

Early life
Dreyfus was born and raised in Nice to a Jewish family. He showed an early interest in automobiles, learning to drive before the age of nine. The middle of three children, his brother Maurice served as his business partner in his youth, and his manager in his racing career.

Driving career
Driving Maseratis, Ferraris, Delahayes, and Bugattis against some of the greatest drivers of all time, Dreyfus won 36 races across Europe, including Monaco, Florence, Rheims, Belgium, Cork, Dieppe, Pau, and at Tripoli in North Africa, becoming a French national hero.

He acquired a Bugatti and joined the Moto Club de Nice for younger competitive automotive enthusiasts. In 1924 he won his class in the first amateur race he entered, being the only entrant in the class, and went on to win three consecutive French Riviera championships in the next five years. In 1929 he entered his first professional race, the inaugural Grand Prix of Monaco, finishing first in his class and fifth overall.

The following year he won the race outright in a Bugatti, beating by 22 seconds the highly regarded Bugatti factory team, led by William Grover-Williams, winner of the previous year, and Louis Chiron. Realizing that factory cars were always faster than the cars owned by private entrants, Dreyfus reasoned that his only chance of winning lay in avoiding refueling stops, so he had additional fuel tanks added to his car with the intent of running the race without stop. This was not common practice at the time, since it was felt that fatigue would make it impossible, but Dreyfus' strategy proved correct.

The next few years saw Grand Prix racing become a metaphor for war, as the Nazi government of Germany chose this arena to prove their inherent superiority, nationalized the Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union racing teams, gave them seemingly unlimited money and ran them like a military campaign. This led to a remarkable era of competition. While many of the best European drivers of the era, for instance Chiron, were hired by the German teams and jumped at the chance to drive the most advanced cars available, as a Jew this option was not available to Dreyfus. Instead he, like the few other underdogs competing against the German teams, had to defend his nation's pride by dint of heroic skill and daring in inferior machinery. Although France had been the birthplace of automobile racing, it now was a distant third in the racing hierarchy, behind the all-consuming German onslaught and the perennially victorious Italians.

Escaping Nazi-occupied France, Dreyfus traveled to the United States to compete in the 1940 Indianapolis 500 alongside fellow Frenchman René Le Bègue. Driving a pair of Maseratis for the American/French owner Lucy O'Reilly Schell, Le Bègue qualified 31st, but Dreyfus was bumped and ended up as the second alternate. On race day, it was decided for the two drivers to split time in the car, and each drove two stints of approximately 50 laps (125 miles) apiece. Le Bègue started the race and ran approximately laps 1–50 and laps 101–150. Dreyfus piloted the car for laps 51–100 and from 151 to the finish. The pair brought the car home in 10th place, flagged 8 laps down. A rainstorm prompted officials to flag the race after only the first three finishers received the checkered flag.

Later life
Dreyfus continued to race sporadically, including the 1952 24 Hours of Le Mans. His last race was the 12 Hours of Sebring in 1955, when Stanley "Wacky" Arnolt asked Dreyfus to captain the Arnolt-Bristol Racing Team. Dreyfus led the team to the Sebring Team Trophy and 1–2–3 in class. In 1980 he was invited back to the Monaco Grand Prix to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his victory. At age 75, he personally drove throughout Europe touring all the sites of his racing career, receiving public celebration and honors at each stop. At the banquet following the race, he was brought to the stage to sit once again in the Bugatti in which he had won, half a century earlier. He was also Grand Marshal of the 1980 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen.

Government service
In an effort to induce manufacturers to develop new cars which would be competitive with the Germans, in 1937 the French government announced the 'Prix du Million', or the Million Franc Race. The prize money was a million francs, and in order to ensure that the competition tested each car's ultimate limits rather than just the driver's skill in passing other drivers, the race was a time trial against the clock at the treacherous Autodrome de Montlhéry track, which had taken the life of the great Antonio Ascari. Driving a Delahaye 145 for the Écurie Bleue team of Lucy O'Reilly Schell in testing and in the competition itself, Dreyfus risked death with a literally blistering pace, wearing the special Dunlop tires down to the fabric but handily overwhelming all competitors except the Bugatti team. On the last day of the competition he again went out on the track versus the Bugatti and again set an incredible pace, until he forced the Bugatti to the breaking point, winning the prize for Delahaye. In 1938 Dreyfus drove a Delahaye at Pau, a tight circuit running through village streets, beating the legendary Rudolf Caracciola and his Mercedes-Benz Silver Arrow, and becoming a national hero in France.

When World War II broke out, Dreyfus joined the French Army, where he served as a truck driver. In 1940, however, he was abruptly sent by the French government to the United States to represent France by driving a Maserati in the Indianapolis 500. Although the previous year's race had been won by a Maserati driven by American Wilbur Shaw, neither Dreyfus nor his team partner René Le Bègue was familiar with the mechanical requirements and the very different rules of racing at Indianapolis; this problem was exacerbated by both drivers not knowing English, and by the American racing community's reluctance to see a European win the "Great American Race." Despite suffering numerous substantial setbacks and penalties for not understanding the details of the rules, beginning with their attempts to qualify their two cars, Dreyfus and Le Bègue succeeded in co-driving the one car which they did qualify from the back of the grid to tenth place. Shaw again won the race in another Maserati.

In the meantime, the Germans had overrun Paris, and as a Jew who had famously humiliated the German racing effort, Dreyfus was advised by the French government not to return to occupied France. Instead he settled in New York City, where he opened a French restaurant, "Le Gourmet." Upon the United States entering the war, in 1942 Dreyfus enlisted in the United States Army and served in Europe as an interrogator in the Italian Campaign. After the war, in 1945 he became an American citizen and brought his brother Maurice back to New York, where they opened another French restaurant, "Le Chanteclair." This soon became the semi-official New York meeting spot for the world's automobile racing community, the rivalries of the past having been overcome by the spirit of fraternity. It continues today as the Madison Avenue Sports Car Driving and Chowder Society, officially founded in March 1957 and which meets monthly at Sardi's in NYC.

Notable victories

 * Belgian Grand Prix: 1934
 * Cork Grand Prix (Cork International Road Race): 1938

 * Grand Prix de Brignoles: 1931
 * Grand Prix de Dieppe: 1929, 1935
 * Circuit d'Esterel Plage 1930
 * Grand Prix de la Marne: 1930, 1935
 * Pau Grand Prix: 1938

 * Monaco Grand Prix: 1930

European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: René Dreyfus


text: User talk:66.15.73.97

title: User talk:66.15.73.97


text:
Walter Wislicenus

Walter Friedrich Wislicenus (November 5, 1859 – October 3, 1905) was a German astronomer. He taught at the University of Strasbourg starting in 1888, and was a professor from 1897 until his death. He was known for his lectures given outside of academia that attracted many non-scientists, and for his publications for the interested public.

Biography
He was born in Halberstadt as the son of a preacher, and the nephew of Gustav Adolf Wislicenus, founder of the "free religious movement" in Germany.

After only one year of studies in Leipzig he decided to move to Strasbourg in 1880, where a new observatory was close to completion. In 1882 he joined an expedition to observe the transit of Venus at Bahía Blanca as an assistant. In 1883 he started to work for the Strasbourg Observatory. He was the main observer for the catalogue of southern stars, created from 1884 to 1888. He received his Ph.D in 1886 publishing works on the rotational period of Mars. A crater on Mars and the asteroid 4588 Wislicenus are named in his honor.

title: Walter Wislicenus


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Talk:Seiyu (retailer)

"The Seiyu group is more of an unofficial name for a group of companies (keiretsu-like) officially headed by The Seiyu, Ltd." Then the Seiyu group is The Seiyu, Ltd. and belongs here.--Jerryseinfeld 04:20, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seiyu (retailer)


text: Category:Indo-European linguistics

title: Category:Indo-European linguistics


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Time-invariant system

In control theory, a time-invariant (TI) system has a time-dependent system function that is not a direct function of time. Such systems are regarded as a class of systems in the field of system analysis. The time-dependent system function is a function of the time-dependent input function. If this function depends only indirectly on the time-domain (via the input function, for example), then that is a system that would be considered time-invariant. Conversely, any direct dependence on the time-domain of the system function could be considered as a "time-varying system".

Mathematically speaking, "time-invariance" of a system is the following property:

 * Given a system with a time-dependent output function $t$, and a time-dependent input function $y(t)$, the system will be considered time-invariant if a time-delay on the input $x(t)$ directly equates to a time-delay of the output $x(t+\delta)$ function. For example, if time $y(t+\delta)$ is "elapsed time", then "time-invariance" implies that the relationship between the input function $t$ and the output function $x(t)$ is constant with respect to time $y(t)$
 * $$y(t) = f( x(t), t ) = f( x(t)).$$

In the language of signal processing, this property can be satisfied if the transfer function of the system is not a direct function of time except as expressed by the input and output.

In the context of a system schematic, this property can also be stated as follows, as shown in the figure to the right:

 * If a system is time-invariant then the system block commutes with an arbitrary delay.

If a time-invariant system is also linear, it is the subject of linear time-invariant theory (linear time-invariant) with direct applications in NMR spectroscopy, seismology, circuits, signal processing, control theory, and other technical areas. Nonlinear time-invariant systems lack a comprehensive, governing theory. Discrete time-invariant systems are known as shift-invariant systems. Systems which lack the time-invariant property are studied as time-variant systems.

Simple example
To demonstrate how to determine if a system is time-invariant, consider the two systems:

 * System A: $$y(t) = t x(t)$$
 * System B: $$y(t) = 10 x(t)$$

Since the System Function $$y(t)$$ for system A explicitly depends on t outside of $$x(t)$$, it is not time-invariant because the time-dependence is not explicitly a function of the input function.

In contrast, system B's time-dependence is only a function of the time-varying input $$x(t)$$. This makes system B time-invariant.

The Formal Example below shows in more detail that while System B is a Shift-Invariant System as a function of time, t, System A is not.

Formal example
A more formal proof of why systems A and B above differ is now presented. To perform this proof, the second definition will be used.

 * System A: Start with a delay of the input $$x_d(t) = x(t + \delta)$$
 * $$y(t) = t x(t)$$
 * $$y_1(t) = t x_d(t) = t x(t + \delta)$$
 * Now delay the output by $$\delta$$
 * $$y(t) = t x(t)$$
 * $$y_2(t) = y(t + \delta) = (t + \delta) x(t + \delta)$$
 * Clearly $$y_1(t) \ne y_2(t)$$, therefore the system is not time-invariant.

 * System B: Start with a delay of the input $$x_d(t) = x(t + \delta)$$
 * $$y(t) = 10 x(t)$$
 * $$y_1(t) = 10 x_d(t) = 10 x(t + \delta)$$
 * Now delay the output by $$\delta$$
 * $$y(t) = 10 x(t)$$
 * $$y_2(t) = y(t + \delta) = 10 x(t + \delta)$$
 * Clearly $$y_1(t) = y_2(t)$$, therefore the system is time-invariant.

More generally, the relationship between the input and output is

 * $$ y(t) = f(x(t), t),$$

and its variation with time is

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} t} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{\mathrm{d} t}.$$

For time-invariant systems, the system properties remain constant with time,

 * $$ \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} =0.$$

Applied to Systems A and B above:

 * $$ f_A = t x(t) \qquad \implies \qquad \frac{\partial f_A}{\partial t} = x(t) \neq 0 $$ in general, so it is not time-invariant,
 * $$ f_B = 10 x(t) \qquad \implies \qquad \frac{\partial f_B}{\partial t} = 0 $$ so it is time-invariant.

Abstract example
We can denote the shift operator by $$\mathbb{T}_r$$ where $$r$$ is the amount by which a vector's index set should be shifted. For example, the "advance-by-1" system

 * $$x(t+1) = \delta(t+1) * x(t)$$

can be represented in this abstract notation by

 * $$\tilde{x}_1 = \mathbb{T}_1 \tilde{x}$$

where $$\tilde{x}$$ is a function given by

 * $$\tilde{x} = x(t) \forall t \in \R$$

with the system yielding the shifted output

 * $$\tilde{x}_1 = x(t + 1) \forall t \in \R$$

So $$\mathbb{T}_1$$ is an operator that advances the input vector by 1.

Suppose we represent a system by an operator $$\mathbb{H}$$. This system is time-invariant if it commutes with the shift operator, i.e.,

 * $$\mathbb{T}_r \mathbb{H} = \mathbb{H} \mathbb{T}_r \forall r$$

If our system equation is given by

 * $$\tilde{y} = \mathbb{H} \tilde{x}$$

then it is time-invariant if we can apply the system operator $$\mathbb{H}$$ on $$\tilde{x}$$ followed by the shift operator $$\mathbb{T}_r$$, or we can apply the shift operator $$\mathbb{T}_r$$ followed by the system operator $$\mathbb{H}$$, with the two computations yielding equivalent results.

Applying the system operator first gives

 * $$\mathbb{T}_r \mathbb{H} \tilde{x} = \mathbb{T}_r \tilde{y} = \tilde{y}_r$$

Applying the shift operator first gives

 * $$\mathbb{H} \mathbb{T}_r \tilde{x} = \mathbb{H} \tilde{x}_r$$

If the system is time-invariant, then

 * $$\mathbb{H} \tilde{x}_r = \tilde{y}_r$$

title: Time-invariant system


text: User talk:63.149.19.169

title: User talk:63.149.19.169


text: Category:1353 books

title: Category:1353 books


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Talk:DWB

Does anyone object to the wording of the 'driving' one?

title: Talk:DWB


text: Category:1350s books

title: Category:1350s books