text:
Talk:Tetanus

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2019 and 19 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mkrop. Peer reviewers: DrScienceGuy, 10ebyu10e.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Vaccines and NPOV
"Even with treatment, about 10% of people who contract tetanus die.[1] The mortality rate is higher in unvaccinated people and people over 60 years of age.[1]". Is the writer saying that higher mortality in individual patients (not the lower frequency of infection) is caused by an absence of vaccinations? Why do previously vaccinated patients get tetanus anyway? Then, there is the source given: "Atkinson, William (May 2012). Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.)". There are a lot of problems with vaccines - which is why the ebola manufacturers demanded the passing of the PREP Act, which gives them legal immunity from prosecution in the United States. Merck vaccine researcher prof. dr. Maurice Hilleman stated that vaccines were the origin of various communicable diseases/epidemics, like SIV/HIV, SV40 and Leukemia Virus. So what's in the ebola vaccines, and what's in the tetanus vaccine? 83.84.100.133 (talk) 16:53, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

Figure mismatches
The article say "often fatal" whilst the link (http://goldbamboo.com/topic-t2989.html) at the bottom says "sometimes". IMO that's a big difference, further the number of reported cases in the US is in the same link given as fewer 60 cases/yr, whilst the article says around 150 cases annually...

I don't know which is correct of the two...

--andreala 07 July 2005

Incubation period vs likelihood of death
From the article: Incubation period length and likelihood of death are inversely proportional. It took me quite a while to parse that sentence and I'm still not sure I have it right. Does it mean that a short incubation period means a large chance of death? Or a short incubation period means a long likelihood of living before death? Can someone who knows what this means please clarify it in the article? Richard W.M. Jones 23:27, 14 January 2006 (UTC) A similar comment appears under 'Tetanus Prognosis' of 'The Merck Manual 7th Edition' (page 1177). I think its saying if the symptoms develop quickly the illness will be more severe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stuart Anthony (talk • contribs) 02:33, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

i think you got it right...But a better prognostic index is the period of onset, which is the time between the first symptoms and the first reflex spasm.if this period has been less than 48hrs, death is very likely. As the period of onset lengthen so does the prognosis improve. Jogana4sure (talk) 10:24, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

Vaccine inquiry
inquiry on tetanus vaccine. i was given tetanus toxoid and immunoglobin vax 4 mos ago. i would like to know the lenght or period of my immunity against tetanus for this vax

Doctors usually say that you should renew you tetanus vaccine every 5 to 10 years.
 * For adults, tetanus and diphtheria booster vaccination should be given every 10 years. However, if you suffer a deep wound - not just a scratch - and it has been more than 5 years since your last booster, you should get a booster within 48 hours. Just FYI, tetanus toxoid is the booster itself, and the immunoglobulin was to ward off the infection short-term because your physician felt you needed it. Immunoglobulin is not a part of a routine tetanus booster shot. I hope that helps. ddlamb 07:20, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Famous victims
list of famous people (such as john a roebling) who have died of this condition would be intresting  - t ali —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.36.40.217 (talk • contribs) 4 January 2006
 * Done, but if there are any that are missing (that also either have a wikipedia bio or can be sourced) please feel free to add them.--DO11.10 18:42, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Missing citatation
The statement "The risk from Tetanus, Diphtheria and Pertussis (whooping cough) is higher than the risk of vaccine side-affects" really needs a citation and preferably some supporting facts as well. There are a lot of different ways to calculate risks not to mention the fact that different countries would have different vaccine formulations.

Mystic eye 23:30, 29 April 2006 (UTC) Some very scary stuff here brah The.Corrector. 22:40, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That sounds like an irresponsible and highly misleading statement. You would have to compare deaths to the disease before and after immunisation was implemented, rather than just look at the mortality/morbidity now. I'm going to delete it because these sort of misleading statements need to be removed, before they mislead people, rather than wait for someone to cite a source. Serrin 23:34, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Unsourced and POV statements in Prevention section
I've removed the following text from the Prevention section pending referencing of statements ("Some doctors", "acknowledged by experts") and other non sequiturs:
 * "Some doctors question whether vaccination prevents tetanus and is the reason for the low number of cases. This is because tetanus was a rare illness in the pre-vaccine era, and improved woundcare techniques is acknowledged by experts to be very important for the precipitous fall in rates from the late Victorian era through to the mid 20th century. Also according to blood surveys carried out by the CDC in the US about 30% of teens do not have protective antibody levels, as defined, and yet are not represented in the statistics. Of the on average 50 to 60 cases per year in the US, nearly all are aged over 50. It is theorised by skeptical doctors that this is due to low immunity in the aged, perhaps combined with poor nutrition. Many children are unvaccinated in the US, and yet they are not getting tetanus also."

Please discuss changes in this section of the talk page prior to re-addition. -- MarcoTolo 01:48, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. All these claims look dubious, especially the following: Of the on average 50 to 60 cases per year in the US, nearly all are aged over 50.. In the medical literature, there are documented cases of tetanus among kids, teenagers and young adults in the US. In fact, according to these 1998-2000 figures, the highest incidence is in the "30-39 years old" age group. Complete reference. -- Hugo Dufort 19:28, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Why is there a link to anti-vaccine website "Vaccine Truth"?
There is a link to an "information" page located on the vaccinetruth.org website. This website is a strong anti-vaccine advocate and states on its home page that "vaccines don't work". They rather propose homeopathy as an alternative (!) Are we certain we want to provide this kind of information to the readers? It would be more careful, if we really wish to provide a link to an anti-vaccine website, to give a warning of a side note. The claim "vaccines don't work" is misleading and outrageous. I have been to countries where people catch polio, tetanus and other diseases. The equation is simple: as soon as there is a polio vaccination drive, a whole generation of toddlers is totally protected against the disease, and they don't get sick. As soon as the vaccination drive stops temporarily, new cases pop up. If vaccines "don't work" as claimed on this counter-scientific site, how do they explain that correlation? Hugo Dufort 19:28, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * IMO you don't even need to go that far, my argument is that since this article is not about the tetanus vaccine, it should not include links to sites specifically about the vaccine. These would be more relevant in the DPT vaccine article. Hence, I have removed the link, among several other fixes.--DO11.10 06:07, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

complicated language
it would be good if simpler words were used to make this passage clearer —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.109.164.83 (talk) 15:29, 15 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Get a life. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.108.57.143 (talk) 00:10, 20 February 2007 (UTC).

If you need simple english, use the simple english language. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yoyodo (talk • contribs) 16:49, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Hacked?
Under treatment for mld tetanus, is says: 'Tetanus is definately (sic) fatal dude'

I haven't heard of that treatment before!

TC, London —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.189.76.250 (talk) 15:17, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

Time limit to get the vaccination after puncture wound
How soon do you need to get vaccinated after getting a puncture wound for it to be effective against tetanus resulting from that wound? Ron Duvall (talk) 02:44, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

I'd like to know this too. Very handy info. 89.241.164.39 (talk) 22:13, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Probably as soon as possible —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yoyodo (talk • contribs) 16:50, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Alternate definition of tetanus
In addition to the disease, tetanus can also refer to a prolonged contraction of a muscle resulting from rapidly repeated motor impulses (according to Merriam-Webster) which is a normal, healthy occurence. If you check in the Wikipedia stub titled "Tetanized State" you'll see that when it refers to tetanus it's referring to the normal, non-disease tetanus but it's linked to this article on the disease. I'm just not sure how to correct this article to clarify the alternate definition. Maybe create a completely separate article on the other tetanus? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.177.156.57 (talk) 21:14, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Neonatal Tetanus and immunization
Sign and Symptoms: "Neonatal tetanus is a form of generalized tetanus that occurs in newborn infants. It occurs in infants who have not acquired passive immunity because the mother has never been immunized."

That second sentence might not be true (see http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/82/10/1365). What is the source for the implication that immunization before pregnancy passes immunity to a later child? Merke Manual 7th Ed. page 1177 states immunizing of a pregnant woman produces immunity in her fetus, but nothing more. Should it read "...because the mother has never been immunized when she was pregnant"? Stuart Anthony (talk) 16:41, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Article photo of tetanus patient should include a censorship disclaimer
The most likely reason for the photograph being censored is to protect patient confidentiality, however it could also be surmised that there is something unusual and disturbing about the eyes of the patient.

This impression is reinforced by the fact that the censorship block does not extend across the width of the face, but is in two separate blocks, one for each eye (this is a highly unusual technique for masking identity, and more commonly used for censoring something which may be considered "offensive", although of course Wikipedia articles are not usually censored for such reasons).

I think it would be a good idea to include a mention in the caption of the photograph stating the reason for the censorship (eg. to protect the identity of the individual), so that there is no confusion.

Nevart (talk) 14:19, 1 July 2008 (UTC) N

Cause
The cause of tetanus should be added to the lead.

I would but I don't know it... —Preceding unsigned comment added by KitsuneDragonRA (talk • contribs) 23:41, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

I quote from the Causes section "Hence, stepping on a nail (rusty or not) may result in a tetanus infection, as the low-oxygen (anaerobic) environment is caused by the oxidization of the same object that causes a puncture wound, delivering endospores to a suitable environment for growth." Particularly the phrase "the low-oxygen (anaerobic) environment is caused by the oxidization of the same object that causes a puncture wound." Since the nail is what causes the puncture wound, this therefore says that the nail causes a low-oxygen environment. This brings up the question: how does the presence of an occasional nail, in soil, cause a low-oxygen environment? By using up oxygen in the processing of oxidizing the iron (converting the iron to rust)? It would seem unlikely that the oxidation of an occasional nail, in a large area of soil, would effect the soil that surrounds it, or the soil that clings to it, so much, that formerly aerobic soil becomes anaerobic. Can someone explain this further? Nomenclator (talk) 15:54, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I have issues with the same paragraph. it says, (in a rather overcomplicated way) that the nail because it is oxidized itself is PROVIDING (and not causing) the relatively oxigen-free environment for the bacteria (eg: inside the layer of rust, or under the layer of rust), then when the nail punctures the skin the bacteria that is inside or under the rust gets inside the wound and some of it is very likely left inside the wound (with some rust and dirt together) when the nail is removed from the wound. There is still a contradiction in the quoted paragraph though, since it starts with saying, that the endospore is a form of the bacteria which went in a dormal state because it is not in a favorable environment (eg: it is not in an oxigen-free environment), then describes the rusty nail as an oxigen-free environment (which is - if true - not making the bacteria to go dormant in the endospore form) then ending with the statement that the nail injects the endospores into the wound when it puncures the skin. So it would be best to remove the speculation about the oxigen-free nature of the nail and concentrate on the following: 1-there are bacteria on the dirty or rusty nail (whether these are in "awake" or "dormant=endosperm" form, doesnt make a difference in this case), 2-the bacteria gets inside the wound from the nail and there is an oxigen-free environment inside the body tissue which makes an excellent growing environment for the bacteria.

176.63.176.112 (talk) 23:53, 29 December 2016 (UTC).

Why don't they have a causes section?
.....Punkymonkey987 (talk) 23:36, 27 December 2008 aint noby got time fo dat

Tetanus' other definition
This page misses the other definiton of tetanus.

tet·a·nus     (tět'n-əs) n. 1. An acute, often fatal disease characterized by spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscles, especially those of the neck and jaw, and caused by the toxin of the bacillus Clostridium tetani, which typically infects the body through a deep wound. Also called lockjaw. 2. Physiology A state of continuous muscular contraction, especially when induced artificially by rapidly repeated stimuli.

source: tetanus. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved February 11, 2009, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tetanus —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.95.209.229 (talk) 14:03, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

History of Tetanus
Someone should post where tetanus gets its name and anything from the past linked to it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.78.100.47 (talk) 04:28, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

I think that there should be picture of what actually happens to the muscles when there is a spasm. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yoyodo (talk • contribs) 16:55, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Metabo-what?
"An endospore is a non-metabolising survival structure that begins to metabolise and cause infection once in an adequate environment."

a non-metabolising survival structure that begins to metabolise

Um... what? Could this be reworded? I have no idea what this is trying to convey. 207.210.16.219 (talk) 06:09, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Metabolism means all the chemical reactions in an organism, such as digestion. A spore is a stage in the life of an organism where it is in something like a "frozen" state. Only when it comes into the right environment do the chemical reactions start again. It's a "survival structure" because this stage helps the organism survive an environment where it doesn't get what it needs to live. If you define life by having metabolism, a spore isn't alive, but it can become alive again, like a seed.

Mechanism of Action of the Toxin
The tetanus toxin initially binds to peripheral nerve terminals. It is transported within the axon and across synaptic junctions until it reaches the central nervous system. There it becomes rapidly fixed to gangliosides at the presynaptic inhibitory motor nerve endings, and is taken up into the axon by endocytosis. The effect of the toxin is to block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) across the synaptic cleft, which is required to check the nervous impulse. If nervous impulses cannot be checked by normal inhibitory mechanisms, it produces the generalized muscular spasms characteristic of tetanus. The toxin appears to act by selective cleavage of a protein component of synaptic vesicles, synaptobrevin II, and this prevents the release of neurotransmitters by the cells.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Helena Bryan (talk • contribs) 22:17, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Maternal and neonatal tetanus
Lancet 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60236-1 JFW | T@lk  21:15, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

Needs refs
"==Notable cases==
 * Tom Butler – English footballer; contracted after suffering a badly broken arm.
 * George Hogg – English adventurer who rescued war orphans in China; died in 1945 from an infection resulting from a foot injury
 * Joe Hill Louis – Memphis blues musician; died in 1957 as a result of an infected wound to his thumb
 * George Montagu – English ornithologist; contracted tetanus when he stepped on a nail
 * Joe Powell – English footballer; contracted following amputation of a badly broken arm
 * John A. Roebling – civil engineer and architect famous for his bridge designs, particularly the Brooklyn Bridge; contracted tetanus following amputation of the toes of his right foot and including fingers and thumb of his left arm due to an injury caused by a ferry when it crashed into a wharf
 * George Crockett Strong – Union brigadier general in the American Civil War; from wounds sustained in the assault against Fort Wagner on Morris Island, South Carolina
 * Fred Thomson – silent film actor; stepped on a nail
 * John Thoreau (brother of Henry David Thoreau); nicked himself with a razor while shaving
 * Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly; wounded by a cannon ball in the Battle of Rain
 * Traveller – General Robert E. Lee's favorite horse; stepped on a nail" Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:31, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

Contradictory, or am I wrong?
In the introduction, it says that tetanus kills 10% of the infected. But in signs and symptoms, it says it kills between 48-73%. Am I lacking in comprehension, or is this page contradictory? Reubencpiplupyay (talk) 08:13, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I have updated the body of the text to agree with the refs provided. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 10:43, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

also contradictory, in section "Prevention": "recovery from naturally acquired tetanus does not usually result in immunity to tetanus. This is due to the extreme potency of the tetanospasmin toxin. Tetanospasmin will likely be lethal before it will provoke an immune response." if it's lethal, then there is no recovery, so that can't be the explanation 62.99.176.46 (talk) 23:02, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * or is recovery purely through treatment meant? 62.99.176.46 (talk) 23:22, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

survival vs thrive
Section: Causes - "Because C. tetani is an anaerobic bacterium, it and its endospores thrive in environments that lack oxygen. " I think the endospore stage of the bacterium does not "thrive" in any environment. It is produced as aresponse to an environment where the active form of the bacteria would die. And all the spore does is lie dormant, until the environment changes to favorable, when it stops being an endospore, instead becomes a bacterium and then it starts "thriving". 176.63.176.112 (talk) 00:04, 30 December 2016 (UTC).

User:Dennis Bratland adding double negative to article
In order to support his claim that a certain misconception belongs in his favorite article List of common misconceptions, User:Dennis Bratland has introduced a confusing double negative into this article. By adding this double negative, User:Dennis Bratland has significantly worsened the quality and readability of this article. Brian Everlasting (talk) 04:47, 27 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Please read the citations. The typical dialogue is: “Was the nail rusty?” “No” “Well, it’s probably fine.” It’s very clear why is phrased this way. You also need to read WP:Editing policy. Even if this double negative were a problem, you should correct the problem, not do a wholesale revert. As explained in the policy, if every addition that was imperfect were reversed, Wikipedia could never have been written at all. Perfection is not required. And regardless, double negatives are hardly forbidden and are often found in good writing. As far as whatever you’re trying to say with this snide “favorite article” interjection is just weird. —Dennis Bratland (talk) 05:33, 27 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Have adjusted the wording some. The sources do present it as a common myth. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 08:20, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

Prognosis should reflect Global statistics
Article states at infobox that the mortality rate is 10% but that is an oversimplification. It cites an article of CDC, that is talking about the mortality rate of the adult population at the States. The vast majority of Tetanus appears in subsaharian Africa or Afghanistan, where the medical infrastructure is quite different. I think the WP article should mention the global burden of Tetanus. Here is a relevant article. (not watching, please ) Cinadon36 16:42, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

Citation style
I have noted that you have reverted my edit. I think my edit was a positive change to the article. The problems I am trying to tackle are:
 * Current ref is a somewhat outdated CDC page while there is a newer version of it (2012 vs 2020)
 * Current citation format does not discriminate between section. It is like pointing to a book without mentioning the page of that specific book.

Since you mention at edit summary "same format style as the rest", what about turning the whole citation style to sfn footnotes. Would that be ok? I am willing to do it, if there is no objection. Cinadon36 12:09, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
 * User:Cinadon36 did not revert your edit. The updated reference is still present. The link points to one specific chapter. How about we just add the exact quote form the source? I prefer the reference style provided by the cite toolbar as it also works in more languages of WP. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 12:17, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. Ref1 is used over 20 times. It would be very difficult to add exact quote, if we also take into consideration that we need to update the source. Adding exact quote will force us to add the phrase in a long citation format which will be everywhere making it more difficult for wikipedians to edit the article. (or translate, as I am myself a translator EN to greek WP I find it disturbing when I meet long refs that wont help me read a sentence in one line). Nevertheless I believe our primary goal should be to improve the article and shouldnt worry about translators. I am sure they enjoy translating good articles. Sfn citation style makes it easier to edit (and therefor improve) articles using a single book/webpage too many times. Cinadon36 12:33, 18 May 2020 (UTC)ps. Practically, it was a revert. Cinadon36</b> 16:22, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tetanus


text:
Category:Boroughs of Oslo

There are currently 15 boroughs in the city of Oslo (Between 1988 and 2004 the number was 25). The boroughs are self administrated to a large degree. Marka and Sentrum are parts of Oslo, but not boroughs with an administration. There are also a variety of neighbourhoods without administrative status, some of which formerly had borough status.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Boroughs of Oslo


text: User talk:209.158.172.83

title: User talk:209.158.172.83


text:
1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering

 { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "New Jersey State Highway Renumbering 1927.map" } In 1927, New Jersey's state highways were renumbered. The old system, which had been defined in sequence by the legislature since 1916, was growing badly, as several routes shared the same number, and many unnumbered state highways had been defined. A partial renumbering was proposed in 1926, but instead a total renumbering was done in 1927.

Some amendments were made in 1929, including the elimination of Route 18N (by merging it into Route 1), and the addition of more spurs, as well as Route 29A, but the system stayed mostly intact until the 1953 renumbering.

Proposed 1926 Renumbering
A partial renumbering was proposed in 1926 to get rid of the duplicates and assigning numbers to many of the unnumbered routes. The proposed 1926 renumbering would have:

 * extended Route 4 over Route 19
 * renumbered Route 17N to Route 17
 * renumbered Route 18N to Route 18
 * renumbered Route 18S to Route 19
 * designated Route 21 from Trenton to Buttzville
 * renumbered Route 17S to Route 22
 * renumbered Route 18 (unsuffixed) to Route 23
 * designated Route 24 from Mount Holly to Freehold
 * renumbered the Route 20 "from a point on Route No. 3, extending by way of West Berlin, Gibbsboro and Haddonfield, connecting with Haddon Avenue in the Borough of Haddonfield, and continuing to approach the Delaware River Bridge" to Route 25, and extended it from West Berlin to Blue Anchor
 * designated Route 26 from Five Points to Hammonton
 * designated Route 27 from Camden to Atlantic City
 * designated Route 28 from South Amboy to Atlantic Highlands
 * designated Route 29 from Morristown to Hackettstown
 * designated Route 30 from Far Hills to Tri-State

It was eventually determined that an entire overhaul of the numbering system was necessary.

Design
Chapter 319 of the 1927 public laws defined the new system of routes. Major roads received numbers from 1 to 12 and 21 to 50, as follows:

 * 1-12: northern New Jersey
 * 21-28: radiating from Newark
 * 29-37: radiating from Trenton
 * 38-47: radiating from Camden
 * 48-50: southern New Jersey

Spurs were also defined, being assigned a prefix of S. For example, Route S26 was a short spur of Route 26 connecting to Route 25 south of New Brunswick. A second spur of Route 4 was assigned Route S4A, but two separate spurs of Route 24 both received the Route S24 designation.

While the majority of already-acquired routes were included in the new system, four sections of pre-1927 routes were not. The law authorizing the renumbering indicated that these were to remain, and so the State Highway Commission added a suffix of N to distinguish them from the new routes of the same number:

 * Route 4N from pre-1927 Route 4, Eatontown to Belmar
 * Route 5N from pre-1927 Route 5, Morris Plains to Denville
 * Route 8N from pre-1927 Route 8, Sussex to Unionville, New York
 * Route 18N from pre-1927 Route 18N, Fort Lee to Alpine

1929 Amendment
Chapter 126 of the 1929 public law amended the 1927 act, removing redundant designations and creating entirely new roads in the New York Metropolitan Area. The amendments included

 * Realigning Route 1 onto Route 18N, still left over from the first 1916 system
 * Establishing Route S1A, today Route 67, from the remnants of Route 18N not taken over by Route 1 (Lemoine and Palisades Avenues)
 * Truncating Route 3 to the Hawthorne-Paterson Line
 * Establishing Route S3 (served by modern Route 3), running from Route 3 in East Rutherford to Route 6 in Clifton
 * Declaring that Route S4A would be built, "provided, however, the county of Atlantic shall first agree to construct a suitable continuation of said road from Little Beach to the city of Atlantic City". Atlantic County was unable to build most of this extension, hence Route S4A was never built; the portions that were built became designated as Route 87
 * Establishing Route S4B, replacing the truncated sections of Route 3 (served today by Route 208)
 * Truncating Route 5 to roughly its current length, with an extension to the centre of Ridgefield
 * Realigning Route S5 onto the southern portion of Grand Avenue (modern Route 93)
 * Realigning Route 6 to a new alignment east of Caldwell Township, bypassing Paterson
 * Creating Route S6 (including modern Route 62) along the portions of Union Boulevard formerly used by Route 6
 * Truncating Route 7 to Wallington


text:
User:Amgine/Maureen's RfC

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 09:49, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * (jguk | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
I will try to be concise. I allege that jguk has disrupted the Manual of Style and Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style to make a point. He tries to change, or does change, the style guide without consensus, and without the discussion warranted, to be what he calls "neutral".

The details I list are incomplete but indicative.

Description
Jguk has said repeatedly that he believes the style guide should use "neutral" language, or similar statements. In other words, he professes that it ought not favor either British or American English, for instance. He has been asked more than once discuss this specifically, but he has not done so.

If he does not "win" on a given point at a given time, he does not accept that.

He has tried to make substantive changes during trims.

He makes substantive changes without discussion, as is advised in the style guide and for which he has reverted another user. Since October 17, 2004, he has tried to change two elments in particular, concerning serial commas and "U.S."

He later held a poll on these elements, which was preceded by no discussion of these issues. It was biased by stating his rationale prominently and any rationale against was buried in voters' comments. He failed to gain a majority. A few people told him essentially to let it go. He changed the style guide regardless.

People suggested improvements to his changes. I asked whether anyone but jguk objected. After 24 hours, no one had. I implemented the suggested improvements. jguk changed them again.

Despite his avowed preference for language "neutrality": He changed "serial comma" to "Oxford comma", he changed "period" to "full stop (period)" or a similar construction, and he makes no mention of the style guide's preference of the British style for quotation marks.

He wrote in an edit summary, "adding more US references isn't going to go down well at the moment." On the talk page, he wrote, "it doesn't seem like a good time to add even more US-explicit references to the Manual."

He takes references out of the style guide. He removed attribution from a quote.

There is now 98 kb of discussion related to his recent changes.

I should acknowledge that jguk recently wrote to me on my talk page to work toward a more constructive dialogue between us. But it is too little and too late. He did not reply to my response to him.

''{Add summary here, but you must use the section below to certify or endorse it. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries}''

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * His first style guide changes
 * Jguk persists, although he failed to gain a majority.
 * Removing attribution from quote
 * Removing references and showing that he knows there is no consensus for change
 * Showing that he knows there is no consensus for change concerning "U.S."
 * Making a change he knows is disputed, without discussing it
 * Removing U.S. reference source
 * Changes made without consensus:
 * About "U.S."
 * About serial commas

Applicable policies
{list the policies that apply to the disputed conduct}
 * Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point
 * How to create policy
 * Survey guidelines

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Initial attempt
 * Request to withdraw poll and discuss issues of "U.S." and serial commas
 * Objection to poll
 * Request to discuss "neutrality" issue
 * Poll results: After no majority for change, consensus is to maintain status quo.
 * Asked why he won't discuss neutrality issue.
 * List style guide discussion at RfC
 * Requesting wider input to style guide discussion
 * Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (jguk's changes)
 * Most recent attempt; received no reply.

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * Maurreen 09:49, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Rhobite 16:16, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC) No consensus to change MoS. Side note, it's a little annoying for jguk to complain about the term "Britainian" while himself using the silly term "USian".
 * Amgine 19:01, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC) Removed references after consensus to keep same.
 * Factitious 09:18, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC) As I recall, after the proposals failed, he claimed that the results showed that the current policy lacked consenses, and therefore needed to be changed.

These comments have been copied to the talk page on jguk's style guide changes. Maurreen 18:27, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

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Outside view
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Category:User conduct disputes

title: User:Amgine/Maureen's RfC


text:
User:WD-40

Wikipedia Buddies
WD-40

Job

Turcottem

Maggie102/American Idiot (changed user)

Wolfj

Postdlf (Not Really)

title: User:WD-40


text:
Witches' Water

The Witches' Water (Hexenwasser) is a theme park at the middle station of the cable car at Söll in Tyrol, Austria. The central part is a water park consisting of ponds and rivulets where children can play a variety of water games. It extends over an area of about 500 meters and is complemented by various alpine restaurants, playgrounds and a petting zoo.

There are some themed trails in the surrounding area, for instance a witches' trail tracing past legends; a panoramic trail in front of the Tyrolese limestone alps; or a mile's barefoot hiking trail featuring opportunities for different kinds of sensory experience. Guests can also visit a dairy, a distillery or experience apiculture. They can also hike to the panorama restaurant at the top of the mountain.

title: Witches' Water


text:
User:KitHutch

Education: Rome Catholic High School (Class of 1989), Rome, NY; Utica College (Class of 1993), Utica, NY; SUNY Cortland (MSEd Class of 2004), Cortland, New York. Also briefly attended Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario

Occupation: High School history teacher at Owen D. Young Central School; soccer referee, Mohawk Valley Soccer Referees Association

Interests:
 * 1) classic rock
 * 2) fantasy & science fiction
 * 3) soccer (MLS, indoor soccer)
 * 4) Religion, especially Protestant Reformation, Methodism, Lutheranism

Search user languages

title: User:KitHutch


text:
Wikipedia talk:Preliminary Deletion/Vote2

If no option manages to grab more than 70% of the vote, the votes for choices two until four shall be added to the tally for the first choice. '''This is sneaky and objectionable. Eclecticology 20:11, 2004 Dec 9 (UTC)'''

 * How so? I'm not very sure, as nobody brought this up the first time (when we had exactly the same kind of clause), and you haven't elaborated on it yourself. Isn't acceptance of the basic proposal itself implicit if a voter selects one of those options? Johnleemk | Talk 12:07, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * No. The unclear voting practice used to offer these options shows the amateurishness of Wikipedia policy voting conventions. The preferred way to do this in assemblies is as follows:
 * Open the floor on the main issue (i.e. should we have preliminary deletion)
 * Invite, and vote upon, amendments to the main issue (i.e. should we only allow keep votes, etc.)
 * Apply passed amendments to the issue
 * Then, vote on the issue as amended
 * Why? Because people may decide that they ONLY want the issue to pass if and only if certain amendments are made. The passing of those amendments may make or break their support of the issue.
 * This is why now you have people adding their own options, such as "Yes, but only if you do X and/or Y."
 * As a result, in order to determine consensus, the proposer has decided to make assumptions as to the wishes of those who support amended versions of the question. Those assumptions are invalid and unfounded -- they are made with the belief that those who want amended versions of the policy enacted will be OK with the policy if those amendments aren't accepted. As a result, votes may actually be tallied incorrectly.
 * That's a big part of "how so". - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  ]] 20:13, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Keith. This vote is broken. I can still vote because my answer is an unqualified "no", but the sub-options are suspect. And observations like these should become part of a policy or how-to somewhere. We need more professional voting. JRM 15:50, 2004 Dec 12 (UTC)

Untimeliness of the vote?
Given the relatively high proportion of the previous vote, and the unexpectedness with which this second vote came about, given that nothing happened after the first vote, I worry about the sudden failure of this proposal due to insufficient advance notice of this second vote. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 19:19, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I posted a notice on the mailing list one week in advance. Johnleemk | Talk 19:44, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Where was the effort to attain greater consensus? It was not a hugely popular proposal and here it is again, shortly after! I'm not sure that repeatedly introducing proposals (with tinkering) for voting goes any way to convincing those who opposed it last time. If opposition to a policy is sufficiently heavy, surely no size of majority is sufficient and more effort needs to be found to find consensual solutions to problems? Dr Zen 01:41, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I was ready to discuss the problems with the proposal. I placed notices on the pump and community portal requesting comments (the one on the community portal is still there after more than a month). I posted to the mailing list two or three times requesting comments on what was wrong. Are you suggesitng that's not effort? Anyway, try guessing how many responses I got. Two (both on Wikipedia talk:Preliminary Deletion. One of them, after a bit of discussion, ended up being convinced. The other never got back to me after I responded. How the f*** does anyone expect major changes when nobody's interested in commenting on what's wrong with it? Votes generally aren't very informative about the reasoning behind them. Not to mention I'd say at least 60% of them either provided no logical reason for opposition (try looking at some probable sockpuppet votes in the first round) or gave a reason that cannot be addressed at all by this proposal (i.e. expanding speedy criteria, or, making it even harder to delete articles). I think that's quite unfair, especially since as Keith has pointed out, expanding speedy deletion criteria isn't probably the answer to our problems. In addition, the current proposal to "expand" the criteria would only be making formal what is already done informally, as quite a few of its proponents have admitted. Thusly, it would not reduce the scope of our problems at all. Johnleemk | Talk 17:39, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you want discussion with the vote, it's probably not a good idea to say "You should not make comments with your vote; use the talk page instead". I notice most people have ignored it this time around, but last time it's the reason I just voted no without explaining why.
 * You could also guess that last time it didn't pass, and nobody seems interrested in discussing it as meaning that it's very unlikely to pass this time. The vote so far has shown that scenario to be true. I'm not sure what the rush is. Under your scenario, vfd is only going to get worse, and hence just letting this wait for 3 months makes it more likely to pass then than now. Shane King 23:41, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't add that comment this time. I don't know who did. But I should note that a reason for voting and discussion generally aren't the same thing. I'm toying with the idea of pseudovote, however — making it look like a poll, but in actual fact, it's a discussion that just looks like a poll. :-p It's just that I'm terribly desperate for actual answers to why people are voting no, and nobody's interested in discussing it unless there's a vote. Johnleemk | Talk 03:43, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

An Argument Against Expanding Speedy
I added this at Wikipedia talk:Preliminary Deletion, where it has gotten no response, so I'm reposting here.

Speedy Deletion, as I've now learned to understand it, is a request for "summary judgement" on a page where the content is undeniably and objectively inappropriate.

This "inappropriateness" is not one that is supposed to be defined in a POV way. It is not based on agreement or disagreement with content, or distaste over content's presentation, or like or dislike of the topic, or like or dislike of the contributor. It is one that, in theory, could probably be automated.

What are the current reasons for speedying?

1. No meaningful content or history (e.g. random characters). See patent nonsense.
 * The definition of "nonsense" that is intended here is admittedly a hard one to recognize (I made incorrect inferences myself at first), but "patent nonsense" is not defined as "imaginary topics" or "theories that will never work" or some other value judgement or prediction. Rather it is, strictly speaking, content that is not intelligible. Random characters, "greeking", etc. are what applies here.
 * This is pretty easy to define. If it can't be read, or can't be converted to something with some meaning, it's nonsense.

2. Test pages (e.g., "Can I really create a page here?").
 * In other words, pages that have absolutely no informative content. This is not the same as "pages that only include content that everyone already knows". It includes pages that do not include any information on their topic, on other topics, etc.

3. Pure vandalism (see also dealing with vandalism). 4. Very short articles with little or no context (e.g., "He is a funny man that has created Factory and the Hacienda. And, by the way, his wife is great.")
 * This one is not fully defined. I think that it is a bit controversial, because a value judgement on "very short" and "little content" has to be made. Perhaps that really is all there is to say about Mr. Hacienda. To illustrate this, the CSD page goes on to urge that the page should try to be saved:

5. Reposted content that was deleted according to Wikipedia deletion policy.
 * Nice and clear cut, and again, automatable. If it failed VfD before, it can be speedied for all eternity. Again, CSD includes caveats here.

6. Articles created and edited solely by a banned user after they were banned, unless the user has been unbanned. This is slightly controversial! 7. Foreign language articles that already exist on another Wikimedia project, as a result of having been copied and pasted in to Wikipedia after their creation elsewhere, or as a result of having been moved via the transwiki system. 8. Temporarily deleting a page in order to merge page histories after a cut and paste move.

CSD is very specific and narrow, because it is intended to be fast and unchallenged. As a result, it has to be clearly and specifically defined beyond any shred of POV. Just as with summary judgement in a court of law, the reason for summary deletion must be undeniable and unarguable.

Expanding CSD is an idea on the side of deletionism to codify a particular POV of what is allowable on Wikipedia into a process where there is no room for objection, no audit trail (at least not as there is with VfD), and therefore little room for appeal.

Preliminary deletion, most importantly above all, retains the consensual process, but attempts to expedite it for cases where a consensus is expected. Currently such cases must go to VfD, where unnecessary effort is wasted on subjectively obvious deletions, as opposed to objectively obvious deletions (what Speedy is for). If the cause for deletion of an article is subjective, then there needs to be room for an oppositely subjective opinion on the article to be introduced into the process. There is no room for this in speedy.

Expanding CSD removes the consensual process for a class of deletion cases which are not objectively inappropriate. Therefore, it is not an appropriate Wikian solution to the problem that Preliminary Deletion is trying to solve.

[[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  ]] 20:16, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * You might be interested in expressing your views at Wikipedia:Proposal to expand WP:CSD - SimonP 07:21, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the tip. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  ]]

If you don't think we need this
then you need to go and visit Deadend pages and see the mass of material, mostly hopeless, that simmers there.

Seriously. You don't even have to go past A. Look for yourself. It's swimming with preemptive-deletion candidates. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ] ]] 18:28, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Other posibilities
IMO, in most cases suitable for preliminary deletion consensus on deletion can be reached even with the page author. Many vanities are created not because the contributor is utterly insane, but from lack of knowledge of vanity & auto-biography policy. (assume good faith). In this case any "forced deletion" process is evil, because usualy biting the newbie (yet another completely unnotable highschools student vanity, delete!!).

The better possibility - "friendly deletion". If we are able to communicate to the author the important part of Wikipedia policy, in many cases even he would agree with deletion. Than, page can be safely speedy-deleted.

How to do that? A proposal can be found here. I think this can be expanded to other cases and made into recommentadion.

Some objections against preliminary deletion proposal --Wikimol 23:41, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's too fast.
 * If we won't communicate with the page author, it will frequently fail on his disagreement.
 * Instruction creep.
 * It's too similar to VfD. Has potential to become as big as VfD & harder to follow, because of higher speed.

 * I heartily agree. I feel this worked into the proposal. I don't feel too bad that this vote is obviously going to fail, because I've worked out a lot of ideas about how to write a third draft of the proposal based on opposition from fellow Wikipedians like you. I'm quite at a loss as to what to do to handle concerns about instruction creep/VFD-alikeness and making deletion too easy/trivial, though. On one hand, people don't want one or two people to decide about an article's deletion (i.e. Managed Deletion). On the other, they want it to be simple and non-bureaucratic. You have to have one or the other. You can't have your cake and eat it. Either you restrict deletion somehow, or you don't. I'm really surprised there are people who think this proposal is a deletionist conspiracy, because as you can see, a lot of people find it overly restrictive. Must be one of those things like snopes.com (where the site owners have received mail from both conservatives and liberals accusing them of being one or the other). Johnleemk | Talk 10:15, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Overly restrictive voting requirements? (moved from main page)
What in heaven's name is the reason for this requirement? This goes well beyond the usual sock-puppet filter, and introduces an artificial wall between "real" Wikipedians and the hoi polloi. Notably, it also was not part of the first vote. Why 250 edits? Why two weeks? I'm pretty sure I've had this account for that long, but it shouldn't matter. In particular, the edit count requirement is just silly; on Wikipedia a single edit might be the contribution of a full-length, finished article, embodying a week or more of work. This provision appears to demonstrate a serious lack of Wikilove, and that leads me to feel even more that the proposers are trying to divorce the Wikipedia from its fundamentally open nature. -- Visviva 17:43, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you've only worked on one article, there's a good chance you don't know enough about Wikipedian policies/guidelines. 250 edits is half the requirement for the ratifying of amendments to the arbcom policy, so I think it's quite okay. Two weeks also seems fair to me, especially seeing how there was a similar requirement for the arbcom policy amendment ratification poll, and the voting for new arbitrators requires that a user be here for three months. There is indeed a history of trying to ensure that all voters at least know something about what they're voting to approve/amend, etc. Johnleemk | Talk 13:17, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This vote was a complete and utter bloody screwup
Someone who had minimal experience running any kind of vote for any kind of official organization should have maintained and run the vote on this process. It is a complete mess, and this is a damn shame as I think this policy proposal has a lot of merit.

First off, yes, "Question 2 Is A Dumb Question". Question 2 is entirely pointless if Question 1 does not pass.

Secondly, yes, it is completely invalid to presume that votes for amended versions of the policy are also votes for non-amended versions of the policy. That cannot be foreseen, inferred, or presumed. The lack of objectiveness on the part of the proposer (who was also the vote organizer) coupled with his inexperience in voting on amended issues led to this being a complete mess of a vote where people were forced to invent their own voting options (after the voting had already begun, which is invalid.)

Thirdly, clearly the ending time of the vote was indicated without a basic understanding of 24-hour time, or else the person really did intend to run this vote for fourteen and a half days, which I doubt. But SimonP is right. 11:59 UTC was about ten hours ago. The page has stated since the beginning that the voting would close at "11:59 UTC". Not "23:59 UTC" (even "11:59 PM UTC" would have been clear, if technically invalid), which I'm pretty sure is what the vote coordinator actually intended.

Sigh, big sigh. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  21:59, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * In my defense, this vote was based on the first vote, which received extensive vetting from those on the mailing list. Two or three users far more experienced than I am (at least one of them is, as of this writing, an arbitrator-elect) made some minor changes to the voting structure when it was first proposed, but nobody has bothered explaining the real problem until now, which I think is a shame considering that another notice was made about this vote on the mailing list a week in advance. And the time issue was an honest mistake; IIRC I wrote 23:59 on Preliminary Deletion, but somehow managed to screw it up and turn it into 11:59 on this page. All issues with this vote were my own fault, and I take full responsibility for them. Johnleemk | Talk 09:56, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Bluesnarfing

Bluesnarfing is the unauthorized access of information from a wireless device through a Bluetooth connection, often between phones, desktops, laptops, and PDAs (personal digital assistant). This allows access to calendars, contact lists, emails and text messages, and on some phones, users can copy pictures and private videos. Both Bluesnarfing and Bluejacking exploit others' Bluetooth connections without their knowledge. While Bluejacking is essentially harmless as it only transmits data to the target device, Bluesnarfing is the theft of information from the target device.

For a Bluesnarfing attack to succeed, the attacker generally needs to be within a minimum range of 10 meters from the target device. In some cases, though, attackers can initiate a Bluesnarfing attack from a greater distance.

Description
Bluesnarfing exploits vulnerabilities in the object exchange (OBEX) protocol used for Bluetooth device communication, involving hackers who use tools like Bluediving to detect susceptible devices. Once a vulnerable device is identified, hackers establish a connection and employ Bluesnarfing tools to extract data. These tools, available on the dark web or developed by hackers, enable attackers to access sensitive information from compromised devices.

Any device with its Bluetooth connection turned on and set to "discoverable" (able to be found by other Bluetooth devices in range) may be susceptible to Bluejacking and possibly to Bluesnarfing if there is a vulnerability in the vendor's software. By turning off this feature, the potential victim can be safer from the possibility of being Bluesnarfed; although a device that is set to "hidden" may be Bluesnarfable by guessing the device's MAC address via a brute force attack. As with all brute force attacks, the main obstacle to this approach is the sheer number of possible MAC addresses. Bluetooth uses a 48-bit unique MAC Address, of which the first 24 bits are common to a manufacturer. The remaining 24 bits have approximately 16.8 million possible combinations, requiring an average of 8.4 million attempts to guess by brute force.

Prevalence
Attacks on wireless systems have increased along with the popularity of wireless networks. Attackers often search for rogue access points, or unauthorized wireless devices installed in an organization's network and allow an attacker to circumvent network security. Rogue access points and unsecured wireless networks are often detected through war driving, which is using an automobile or other means of transportation to search for a wireless signal over a large area. Bluesnarfing is an attack to access information from wireless devices that transmit using the Bluetooth protocol. With mobile devices, this type of attack is often used to target the international mobile equipment identity (IMEI). Access to this unique piece of data enables the attackers to divert incoming calls and messages to another device without the user's knowledge.

Response
Bluetooth vendors advise customers with vulnerable Bluetooth devices to either turn them off in areas regarded as unsafe or set them to undiscoverable. This Bluetooth setting allows users to keep their Bluetooth on so that compatible Bluetooth products can be used but other Bluetooth devices cannot discover them.

Because Bluesnarfing is an invasion of privacy, it is illegal in many countries.

Bluesniping
Bluesniping has emerged as a specific form of Bluesnarfing that is effective at longer ranges than normally possible. According to Wired magazine, this method surfaced at the Black Hat Briefings and DEF CON hacker conferences of 2004 where it was shown on the G4techTV show The Screen Savers. For example, a "rifle" with a directional antenna, Linux-powered embedded PC, and Bluetooth module mounted on a Ruger 10/22 folding stock has been used for long-range Bluesnarfing.

In popular culture
In the TV series Person of Interest, Bluesnarfing, often mistakenly referred to as Bluejacking in the show and at other times forced pairing and phone cloning, is a common element in the show used to spy on and track the people the main characters are trying to save or stop.

title: Bluesnarfing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rahul Nirmal

Rahul Nirmal

 * Vanity Page. 217.82.249.77 20:20, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rahul Nirmal isn't yet notable.  This page would be fine as a user page, and it would be good if he could be persuaded to register and set it up accordingly.  However given his latest edit this may not happen. Mpntod 22:44, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Date of birth...check. Place of birth...check.  Ranting, vulgar display of caps lock function...check.  Lucky 6.9's delete vote...double-check.  Sorry, Rahul.  You had your chance. - Lucky 6.9 02:37, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
France 24

France 24 (France vingt-quatre in French) is a French publicly-funded international news television network based in Paris. Its channels, broadcast in French, English, Arabic and Spanish, are aimed at the overseas market.

Based in the Paris suburb of Issy-les-Moulineaux, the service started on 6 December 2006. It is aimed at a worldwide market and is generally broadcast by pay television providers around the world, but additionally, in 2010, France 24 began broadcasting online through its own iPhone and Android apps. It is a provider of live streaming world news which can be viewed via its website, YouTube, and various mobile devices and digital media players. The stated mission of the channels is to "provide a global public service and a common editorial stance".

Since 2008 the channel has been wholly owned by the French government, via its holding company France Médias Monde, having bought out the minority share of the former partners: Groupe TF1 and France Télévisions. The budget of France Médias Monde (France 24, RFI and MCD) is approximately €300 million per year. The current director of France 24 is Vanessa Burggraf.

Programming
France 24 is broadcast on four channels: in French, in English, in Arabic and in Spanish. Their playout is outsourced to Red Bee Media.

France 24's programming is divided more or less equally between news coverage and news magazines or special reports.

Along with 260 journalists of its own, France 24 can call on the resources of the two main French broadcasters (Groupe TF1 and France Télévisions) as well as partners such as AFP and RFI.

In 2016, France 24 started sharing its French language night-time programming with the France-based France Info. According to Marie-Christine Saragosse, president and CEO of France Médias Monde, "part of the value added of this public channel" would be the fact that "[France 24 journalists] will be wide awake while others would be sleeping".

Channel inception
The channel was created with the backing of president Jacques Chirac, with the aim of providing a French perspective of the news, which was dominated by English-language media outlets.

First project (1987–1997)
In 1987, then French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac expressed his desire for an international television news channel in French and had requested a report into the activities of current international broadcasts from France (Radio France Internationale, TV5, and to a certain extent Réseau France Outre-Mer) and noted the collective offering was "fragmented, disorganised and ineffective."

With the arrival of François Mitterrand as president in 1981 and the naming of Michel Rocard as Prime Minister in 1988, the government launched a new project, Canal France International (CFI), a package of programmes aimed at making programmes in French for foreign audiences, particularly in Africa, to be developed in parallel as a television channel.

The First Gulf War of 1990, relayed across the world by CNN International in particular, revealed the power of international news channels and their role in the formation of opinion. A parliamentary minister, Philippe Séguin, wished to create a French-language equivalent.

In 1996, after nineteen governmental reports in ten years, Prime Minister Alain Juppé asked Radio France Internationale president Jean-Paul Cluzel (who was also General Inspector of Finances) to create a French international news channel. Cluzel proposed in 1997 to group TV5, RFI, and CFI within a corporation entitled Téléfi. The UMP-led government decided to follow that recommendation but, with the return of the Socialist Party to government and the nomination of Hubert Védrine, the new Minister of Foreign Affairs, favoured the augmentation of existing outlets such as TV5, which started to produce its own programming, notably its news bulletins, which in turn created its own news team.

Additionally with the creation of EuroNews in 1993 (with French-language commentary), the media presence of France overseas became more complex, more fragmented, and costlier, without being able to rely on a true round-the-clock international news channel.

Relaunched project (2002–2003)
In 2002, President Jacques Chirac relaunched the project to create a French international news channel:

"Is it understandable that year after year we are still lamenting our persistent failure with news and the French-language media on the international scene? Admittedly, we have with Agence France-Presse a remarkable information tool that we must continue to reinforce, notably in its international mission. Indeed, everyone here recognises the recent progress made by RFI, by TV5, by CFI, thanks to the efforts of their teams and to the determination of the public bodies. But everybody notices that we are still far from having a large international news channel in French, capable of competing with the BBC or CNN."

"The recent crises have shown the handicap that a country suffers, a cultural area, which doesn't possess a sufficient weight in the battle of the images and the airwaves. Let us question, in the time of terrestrial television networks, of satellite, of the internet, on our organisation in this domain, and notably in the dissipation of public funds which are reserved to them."

On 7 March, speaking in the French Senate in front of foreign delegates to France, and as part of his presidential campaign, Chirac said, "We must have the ambition of a big, round-the-clock news channel in French, equal to the BBC or CNN for the English-speaking world. It is essential for the influence of our country. For our expatriates, it would be a live and an immediate link to the mainland"

After his reelection, the first reflections were engaged at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, headed by Dominique de Villepin. Various technical options were examined at the time, in an unreleased report:

 * The purchase of EuroNews by the French state
 * Creation of an external channel, proposed by then-France Télévisions President Marc Tessier, approved by the previous government
 * An international version of LCI, proposed by Groupe TF1, which asked for a state subvention for the service
 * Strengthening TV5's news service, as suggested by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq reassured the authorities about the project, especially in February 2003, when the American broadcasters CNN, FOX News, and MSNBC opted not to broadcast the long applause given by the members of the United Nations Security Council after Dominique de Villepin gave his address on the Iraq conflict.

On 19 March 2003, Matignon opened offers to: "Elicit the development of an international news channel. Broadcasting primarily in the French language, this service will assure a more important and more visible presence of France in the worldwide battle of images, and to contribute to the pluralism of international information by offering to our viewers the choice of a different viewpoint on the news, marked by a singular point of view of our country on world affairs, by its culture and by its own ideas, and to value its historical links and its privileged geography. The international news channel must contribute to a long-lasting strategy of influence of France in the world."

By the application deadline on 22 April 2003, three candidates replied:
 * France Télévisions and RFI: to operate a channel entirely run by the public service sector;
 * Groupe TF1: proposed an international version of its LCI channel;
 * Groupe Canal+: proposed a news "factory" to reinforce its i>Télé channel, already seen in 47 countries but running at a financial loss.

One month later, a parliamentary commission gave its conclusion, voted with a unanimous decision by its members in the National Assembly, to form a public-owned corporation (groupement d'intérêt public) grouping all of the public broadcasters (France Télévisions, RFO, RFI, TV5 and AFP) with the goal of launching the channel at the end of 2004.

Ignoring the work of the parliamentary commission, the government asked a member of the assembly, Bernard Brochand, to form a partnership between the applying candidates for the international channel, something which the parliamentary commission did not demand. Brochard unsuccessfully attempted to group both Groupe TF1 and Groupe Canal+. He then proposed a 50/50 partnership between France Télévisions and Groupe TF1 (whilst at the same time rejecting RFI), both groups possessing the technical means and experience of broadcasting externally: TF1 with its LCI channel and France Télévisions' editorial teams at France 2 and France 3.

Defying parliament
After a press conference in January 2004, President Chirac wished for a launch of the channel towards the end of the year. However, various disputes began to surface. The ministers of the assembly that voted were angry that the recommendations voted for in the parliamentary commission were thrown out in favour of one prepared outside the parliamentary framework. Unionised journalists working for France Télévisions denounced the potential alliance with the private sector, calling it "the marriage of the snake and the rabbit"; Radio France International was angry that it would not be associated with the project. A headline published in Le Monde described the partnership having a "public channel, private owner", while other sections of the press criticised its modest budget of 80 million euro (compared with 600 million euro for BBC World). Finally the Minister for Foreign Affairs had worried that the budget would take away from existing funded channels such as TV5.

Facing discontentment, the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin delayed all discussion of the project in 2004. Then Foreign Minister Michel Barnier announced on 21 July that the channel would not be funded before 2007, which was confirmed by a vote in parliament on the Finance Bill.

However, the Prime Minister acceded to pressure from the Élysée; a press conference by Raffarin on 9 December confirmed the launch of the new news channel in 2005, "I have decided to accept the proposed joint venture proposed by France Télévisions and TF1. As desired by the President, the new channel will draw on the talents of major French television companies, and will promote the expression of a French vision, more necessary than ever in the world today. The Government will present an amendment to the Finance Bill to provide for the start of the channel, to a total of 30 million euro." The amendment was carried the same day in the National Assembly.

Public-private angst
The start of 2005 concerned obtaining the authorisation necessary from the European Union and the relevant competition commissions. Trade union members working for France Télévisions continued to voice opposition to the project and circulated a petition in March 2005. The newly elected president of the public corporation, Patrick de Carolis, who assumed his position in the summer (and who had been accused of being too close to the President), expressed doubts about an alliance with TF1, "To be effective, you need a single driver in a car".

He insisted that the channel be made available within France, which the members of parliament required, and which TF1, wanting to protect its own news channel LCI, could object to. Patrick Le Lay, president of TF1, gave his blessing for the channel to be broadcast domestically and wished the direction of the channel to alternate every six months between the two parties, and eventually a Supervisory Board devolved to France Télévisions. These few amendments needed new authorisation from the French and European authorities, obtained this time round without difficulty.

Birth (2006–2008)
The launch of the channel was made official after a statement to the cabinet of the Ministry of Culture and Communication, headed by Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres on 30 November 2005, "The project of the International French News Channel (abbreviated in French to CFII)[...] will allow us to propose our own country's vision of world events and to reinforce its presence in the world."

Alain de Pouzilhac, former CEO of Havas, was named president, along with two deputies, one each from group partners TF1 and France Télévisions.

Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin declared that CFII, against the wishes of TF1, would be broadcast within mainland France. However, TF1 wished to launch its news channel LCI onto the digital terrestrial platform. In order to placate TF1, CFII was due to be broadcast via satellite and cable.

On 22 April 2006, Le Monde announced that the managers of the forthcoming channel found its initial name difficult to pronounce (CFII, in French pronounced as C-F-I-I or C-F-2-I). A new name was announced on 30 June 2006, "France 24" (pronounced "France vingt-quatre"). This decision was taken by the Supervisory Board, chaired by France Télévision president Patrick de Carolis, who made the choice from a list of five potential names.

France 24 launched on 6 December 2006 at 20:30 CET, initially available online as a web stream, followed by satellite distribution a day later, covering France and the rest of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and the United States (specifically airing in New York State and the District of Columbia using two channels: one in English and the other in French). Since April 2007 the channel increased its reach, airing programmes in Arabic for viewers in the Maghreb, North Africa and the Middle East.

Two months after launch, a survey conducted by TNS Sofres indicated that 75% of respondents in France questioned thought France 24 was "useful and essential", but questions have arisen concerning the France 24 name being too Franco-centric for an international news channel.

State takes over
In 2008 Groupe TF1 ceded its share in the channel to a government-owned holding company, Société de l'audiovisuel extérieur de la France (AEF), whilst conversely committing to producing programmes for the channel until 2015.

Despite the launch of France 24, the fragmentation of public broadcasting overseas continues. The total budget for external broadcasting from France totalled 300 million euro each year. Following the election of Nicolas Sarkozy as president in May 2007, a "steering committee" of twenty members was called in with view to reform in June 2007. President Sarkozy called on Bernard Kouchner and Christine Albanel, respectively Foreign Minister and Culture Minister to reform the current system. The proposition of reform was met with concern from Belgium, Switzerland and Canada/Québec, as the public broadcasters involved in TV5 (of which the French government holds a 49% share whilst the three aforementioned countries hold 11% each) consider TV5 to be a promoter of the wider French-language world. Just one month after France 24's launch, TV5 renamed itself TV5Monde.

As published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française of 23 January 2009, a Decree for 23 January 2009 appeared, "authorising the company France Télévisions to cede its share in the capital of the France 24 company". The same Decree transferred its share to the Société de l'audiovisuel extérieur de la France (AEF), which made AEF sole shareholder of France 24, for the sum of 4 million euro.

Under one maison (2008–present)
President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 8 January 2008 that he was in favour of reducing France 24's programming to French only.

In January 2012 AEF announced a merger between France 24 and Radio France International, a procedure finalised on 13 February 2012. It is expected that staff from Radio France International (which includes Arabic sister-station Monte Carlo Doualiya) will move to premises currently home to France 24. Alain de Pouzilhac, president of AEF stated in Le Monde, "We have just created a French audiovisual group of international dimensions, that aspires to be powerful and ambitious; [the merger] is irreversible and is definitive"

102 posts, of which 85 from RFI, were cut preceding the official merger. Editorial teams, technical and distribution, financial and human resources departments of both France 24 and RFI were involved. On 13 February 2012 the merger of France 24 and RFI was made official.

A new logo and graphics package was unveiled on 12 December 2013, updating the 2006 logo; however, the symbol has remained, but the shape was turned into a square. And the new graphic device is the shade of white and blue, that they move left or right, at the end of each promo and on-air graphics. On screen, a black tickerbar shows every top story in order, and on the white bar, it says the name of the website, which is "FRANCE24.COM" in capital letters. At the same time, new intros were given for its News, Weather, and other programmes. While on 1 June 2015, on 10:00 and 17:00, the News from France 24 will have access to audio description for visually and hearing impaired equipment.

Long-term goals
France 24 aims to compete with leading English-language international news channels BBC World News and CNN International. Its intention is to put more emphasis on debate, dialogue and the role of cultural differences. It also competes with Deutsche Welle, Al Jazeera English, and NHK World news channels. The Arabic programming competes with Al Jazeera's Arabic service, RT Arabic, BBC Arabic and Sky News Arabia. A new Spanish channel for the Latin American market launched in September 2017, competing with CNN en Español, DW (Español), NTN24, TeleSUR, RT en español and CGTN Spanish.

The French government allocated around €100 million for the project. The European Commission gave the green light to France 24 in June 2006, saying it did not breach European Union state-aid rules.

Overnight simulcast
From 2 September 2016, France's new news channel, France Info, started simulcasting France 24 from midnight to 6am daily, when the channel doesn't broadcast live except for newscasts every half-hour.

However, from 20 March 2017, on weekdays, France Info started simulcasting France 24 until 6:30 am, due to the main presenter Laurent Bignolas anchoring the early newscast on France 2 Le 6h Info, which isn't simulcast on France Info.

Organisation
From its creation in 2006 to 2008, France 24 is managed by a management board and a supervisory board. In 2008, the French State bought the shares of the two shareholders for an amount of 2 million euros each. Since then, France 24 has been a chain of the national program company France Médias Monde (formerly Exterior Audiovisual of France), 100% owned by the French State through the State Participation Agency (APE).

Previous directors of France 24 include Marc Saikali.

France 24 has two main sources of funding: the audiovisual license fee, paid by each household equipped with a television, and the state subsidy.

Programmes

 * Across Africa - hosted by Georja Calvin-Smith (weekly in-depth review of Africa political and social developments); replaced This Week in the Maghreb
 * Beyond Business
 * The Business Interview – hosted by Raphael Kahane
 * Business Matters – hosted by Stéphane Marchand, Pierre Briançon
 * Culture – hosted by Genie Godula
 * Culture Critique – hosted by Augustin Trapenard on literature, Amobe Mevegue on music, Sean Rose on exhibitions, Lisa Nesselson on cinema and Stephen Clarke
 * The Debate – hosted by François Picard (live debate of current major issues with 4 panelists)
 * Environment – hosted by Eve Irvine
 * Europe District – Christophe Robeet
 * Eye on Africa - hosted by Georja Calvin-Smith (daily news from Africa)
 * Fashion
 * Focus
 * France Bon Appétit
 * Health – hosted by Eve Irvine
 * In the Papers – hosted by James Creedon
 * In the Weeklies
 * The Interview
 * Lifestyle
 * Media Watch
 * Middle east matters
 * The Observers – hosted by Derek Thomson
 * Perspective
 * People and profit Hosted by Kate Moody
 * Planet Hope – hosted by Louise Hannah
 * Politics
 * Reporters – hosted by Mark Owen
 * Talking Europe
 * Talking Points
 * Tech 24 – hosted by Peter O'Brien
 * This Week in Asia – hosted by Claire Pryde
 * This Week in Europe – hosted by Rebecca Bowring]
 * This Week in France – hosted by Nadia Charbit
 * This Week in the Americas – hosted by Annette Young
 * This Week in the Maghreb – hosted by Georja Calvin-Smith; discontinued; replaced by Across Africa
 * This Week in the Middle East – hosted by Lanah Kammourieh
 * Top Story
 * Vice Versa
 * Web News

Availability

France 24 is available by satellite in most of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as by cable and antenna in the US cities of Albany, Atlanta, Macon, and San Francisco. In the United States, Canada, and Central and South America, France 24 is represented by the American telecommunications company New Line Television, headquartered in Miami, Florida. As of August 2010, the network also became available to subscribers to the satellite television Dish Network. As of November 2022, France 24 is available for streaming on Roku devices. An hour of France 24 news in English is shown in the United States on Free Speech TV at 6pm Eastern and 2am Eastern and on Link TV. In Australia several of France 24's news programs are broadcast on multilingual broadcaster SBS as part of its World Watch programming.

The French, English, Arabic, and Spanish channels are all available live on the France 24 website, broadcast en direct (live) in Adobe Flash Video format. On 1 April 2007, the Irish terrestrial channel TG4, which is an Irish-language TV channel, began carrying retransmissions of France 24 overnight. Previously, it had retransmitted Euronews. France 24 was also available on Livestation.

In 2007, France 24 started a VOD service on Virgin Media, allowing customers to access weekly news updates and programmes to watch when they choose. The use of a free application means that France 24 is also available live and VOD on mobile phones throughout the world. An official App for the iPhone has also been released.

In October 2009, France24 relaunched its website France24.com with a complete video archive as well as a video-on-demand service whereby the viewer may watch any of the three channels with the ability to replay the past 24 hours of programming anytime. On 1 March 2010, France 24 released live streaming with experimental automatic transcription in association with Yacast Media, the search engine Exalead, Vocapia Research, and Microsoft.

On 2 March 2010, Iran blocked the news website of this French broadcaster.

On 9 January 2011, France 24's English and French channels officially switched to 16:9 widescreen at 02:00 CET, and the Arabic channel switched to widescreen later that day at 06:00 CET. Graphics were modified to fit the new format. The studio design was not altered. The video player at France24.com was also amended to accommodate the new format.

France 24 is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) initiative, which is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface, and has announced that it will launch an HbbTV interactive news service in 2012 via the Astra 19.2°E satellites with support from Orange and SES.

In New Zealand, the channels are available via Sky Network Television on channel 100 (English) and 101 (French). It is available via Now TV, whilst in Hong Kong and in Sri Lanka this channel is available via Sri Lanka Telecom Peo TV on channel 27. In Pakistan, the channel is available on most cable systems, PTCL Smart TV and NayaTel.

On 3 October 2014, France 24 began live streaming the channel on YouTube.

On 25 September 2017, France 24 launched a Spanish-language channel, whose newsroom is located in Bogotá, Colombia. Its local partner is Televideo. As of May 2020, it broadcasts 18 hours of programming a day (13:00 Paris time/06:00 Bogotá time - 05:00 Paris time/22:00 Bogotá time), and simulcasting the English-language channel during the remaining time (early hours in South America).

On 9 January 2018, France 24 was pulled from Spectrum cable TV.

In 2019, France 24 joined the line-up of channels provided by Channelbox in the UK on Freeview channel 271, joining its feed via the Vision TV Network on channel 264. However, as of 2020, only the French-language version of the news service was being broadcast in the UK.

On 1 August 2020, France 24 was launched on OpenView in South Africa as a replacement for BBC World News.

Criticism
On 27 March 2023, Burkina Faso ordered the cessation of France 24's broadcasting on its territory. This decision was made following the airing of an interview with the leader of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). Burkinabé authorities accused France 24 of providing "a platform for legitimizing terrorist actions and hate speech propagated to fulfill the malicious intentions of this organization in Burkina Faso." The announcement was made by government spokesperson Jean-Emmanuel Ouedraogo. The French authorities contested the decision, saying they had a "consistent and resolute commitment to press freedom." A European Union spokesperson also considered this commitment as compatible with the fight against terrorism. The government of Niger also suspended France 24 following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état.

On 27 July 2023, the state-owned Algeria Press Service openly criticized the channel in an article, labeling it a "trash channel" and stated it is "controlled by the Élysée", in response to its reporting on the 2023 North Africa wildfires. The agency accused France 24 of slanted coverage regarding the aid provided and measures taken, focusing solely on the Kabylia region and singling out Algeria, even though the fires affected the wider Mediterranean basin.

title: France 24


text:
Brendan O'Hare

Brendan O'Hare (born 16 January 1970) is a Scottish multi-instrumentalist musician, primarily known for being the drummer in the rock band Teenage Fanclub from 1989 until early 1994, and a member of and collaborator with Mogwai.

Career
O'Hare was brought up in Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire and studied at St Aloysius' College, Glasgow. He joined Teenage Fanclub in 1989, playing drums on several songs on their debut album, A Catholic Education. He co-wrote with Teenage Fanclub on all albums during his tenure, but split from the group after completing the tour for the Thirteen album, citing musical differences. at the time and went on to join Telstar Ponies, for which he worked on two albums.

He was an early member of Mogwai for approximately a year, playing on Mogwai's debut album, Young Team. A description of O'Hare by the NME as Teenage Fanclub's "Monkey Without Portfolio", for his humour and upbeat personality prompted the track "With Portfolio" on Young Team.

Between 1996 and 2005, O'Hare played guitar and sang with self-proclaimed 'Intelli-metal' band, Macrocosmica. Macrocosmica's releases on the God Bless label were rereleased in 2021 on the God Bless Macrocosmica compilation. O'Hare is also an honorary member and producer of Glasgow-based pranksters The Plimptons, and plays guitar on their second album Pomp.

Between 1997 and 1998, O'Hare released a trilogy of experimental ambient albums under the name of Fiend. These albums featured recordings involving other members of Telstar Ponies (predominantly Gavin Laird), of whom he was still a member when the material was recorded.

O'Hare featured on Arab Strap's double A-side 1998 release, "Here We Go"/"Trippy", contributing to the twelve-minute song, "Trippy".

In 2006,and 2018 he rejoined Teenage Fanclub for a tour in which the band played their Bandwagonesque album in its entirety as well as the Creation Years tour.

Albums

 * Ad Astra, with Macrocosmica (1997) – God Bless Records
 * Caledonian Gothic, as Fiend (1997) – God Bless Records
 * Caledonian Cosmic, as Fiend (1998) – God Bless Records
 * Caledonian Mystic, as Fiend (1998) – God Bless Records
 * Art of the Black Earth, with Macrocosmica (2003)
 * Farewell To Earth, with Macrocosmica (2005)

EPs

 * "Space Geek", with Macrocosmica (1998) – God Bless Records

Awards
O'Hare was awarded Live Sound Engineer of the Year at the Scottish New Music Awards in 2011.

title: Brendan O'Hare


text:
Bob Stupak

Robert Edward Stupak (April 6, 1942 – September 25, 2009) was an entrepreneur who became a Las Vegas casino developer and owner. He was also a poker player, winning titles at the World Series of Poker and the Super Bowl of Poker. He also competed on the World Poker Tour, and various other tournaments, as well as cash games, including High Stakes Poker on GSN. He once played a computer for half a million dollars and won.

Early life
Bob Stupak was the son of Chester and Florence Stupak. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Chester Stupak ran a dice game called the Lotus Club in Pittsburgh for over 50 years. Stupak as a teenager was mainly interested in motorcycle racing, and once ranked third in the world after breaking a speed record.

Career
Following army service at Fort Knox, Stupak started a coupon book company in 1964, at age 22, offering two-for-one restaurant discounts, which he relocated to Australia in 1965. Stupak moved back to Las Vegas in 1971, where he purchased the Chateau Vegas restaurant near the Las Vegas Convention Center.

He bought the Vault casino in downtown and changed its name to Glitter Gulch. He created a cowgirl sign named Vegas Vicki to match the Vegas Vic sign at the Pioneer Club. Stupak bought a 1.5 acre parcel north of Sahara Avenue at Las Vegas Boulevard South. On March 31, 1974, Bob Stupak's World Famous Historic Gambling Museum opened. "The name was about 10 ft longer than the casino", Stupak recalled years later. On May 21, an air conditioner caught fire and the building burned down.

Two years later, Valley Bank's Perry Thomas loaned Stupak a million dollars to build the original Vegas World on the site of the former gambling museum. In 1979. Stupak opened Bob Stupak's Vegas World hotel and casino known for its promotions and the world's largest sign (which later blew down in a wind storm), and new twists on games, including the world's first quarter million and million dollar jackpot. At its peak in the mid-1980s, Vegas World grossed in excess of $100 million per year. In the meantime, Stupak donated $100,000 to the United Negro College Fund in exchange for a chance to play with the Harlem Globetrotters. He got his wish, and his appearance on the court in a Globetrotters uniform during one of their games shooting hoops made international news.

Then, taking a page from Donald Trump with his Trump board game, Stupak came up with his own board game he called Stupak after Trump declined his million dollar challenge for charity playing Trump: The Game.

In the mid-1990s, Stupak was inducted into the Gambling Hall of Fame.

Stupak's unique promotions included the world's first one quarter million dollar jackpot followed shortly thereafter by the world's first million dollar jackpot. He also was wildly successful with his direct-mail marketing called the "Vegas Vacation Club" that enticed vacationers to Vegas World with what was almost a cost-free vacation package including room, meals, and vouchers for casino play. Participants returned year after year and spread the word until hotel occupancy was 100% year round.

In 1987, Stupak was considering the purchase of a local television station, as well as starting a weekly newspaper. In 1988, Stupak was the chairman of the newly formed Committee for Olympics in Nevada, and advocated for the Summer Olympic Games to be held in Las Vegas in 1996 or in 2000.

In 1989, Stupak won a widely publicized million-dollar wager on Super Bowl XXIII. Later that year, he won the Deuce to Seven Lowball championship bracelet at the World Series of Poker and the Super Bowl of poker at Caesars Palace, both times edging out world-renowned lowball poker legend Billy Baxter for the championship. One of Stupak's most talked about promotions came when he paid a daredevil one million dollars to jump off the top of Vegas World, then charged him a $990,000 landing fee.

In 1990, Stupak approached the mayor and city council with a plan to build the largest free-standing sign in the world. His plan was for an 1,800-foot-tall neon sign that would tower over Las Vegas. Then-Councilman Steve Miller, an airline instructor pilot, convinced Stupak to redesign the structure to include an observation deck. Miller took Stupak for a flight over Vegas World in Miller's private plane. There they circled for over an hour at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 feet watching the sun set. Stupak told Miller that to not share such a beautiful sight would be a sin, and he immediately went to work revising his plans to include a restaurant and amusement rides at the top of what was then to be called the "Stupak Tower". Stupak held a press conference and announced his plan with the caveat that his tower would be the icon of Las Vegas, and Steve Wynn's Mirage would be two miles from him, not the other way around. Within a year of Stupak's announcement, the construction on the tower began.

On March 31, 1995, Stupak suffered a motorcycle accident, breaking every bone in his face and going into a coma. Although the initial prognosis was that he would not survive, Stupak's next of kin, son Nevada Stupak, approved a non-FDA-approved experimental drug to reduce the swelling to his head and brain. Stupak recovered, although with lingering health problems.

At the time of his motorcycle crash, Stupak was developing what had become known as Stratosphere Las Vegas, the largest structure west of the Mississippi and a top 10 tallest structure in the world. The accident was only three weeks after Stupak agreed to bring in fellow poker player buddy Lyle Berman and his company Grand Casinos in as investors in the project, in large part due to the $550 million in capital they agreed to invest. This was Grand Casinos' big opportunity to enter the Las Vegas market due in large part to the overwhelming success in the Indian gaming market. Stupak called this the most difficult decision of his life as he had never had a partner and was always sole owner. The tower opened in late April 1996, making it the third most expensive casino development in history at the time. Singer Phyllis McGuire, Stupak's paramour, pronounced the grand opening "a Stupakular night". Two months later, Stupak rolled the final dice at The Sands, on June 30, prior to its demolition that November. Within a year of opening, Stupak was out as chairman of the board, and the project ultimately ended as a financial disaster. Stupak personally lost nearly $200 million. He continued to plan Vegas projects, including a purchase of the Moulin Rouge Hotel and a huge hotel shaped like the RMS Titanic, but these endeavors never bore fruit.

Stupak appeared in the first season of the GSN series High Stakes Poker. He also appeared at a final table during the first season of the World Poker Tour. He starred in an episode of Crime Story in 1987, and made numerous film and television series appearances.

As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceeded $865,000. With his World Series of Poker Bracelet in the Deuce to Seven Championship and his wife Sandy in the Casino Owner's Championship at Binion's Horseshoe, they were the first husband-and-wife combo to hold WSOP bracelets.

Political career
Stupak ran for mayor of Las Vegas twice. In 1983, Stupak ran against then-current mayor William H. Briare, as well as six other candidates. Stupak came in second place, with 33.1 percent of the vote, losing to Briare, who attained 62.5 percent and won re-election.

Stupak ran for mayor again in 1987, and clashed often with the media. During the campaign, Stupak released financial documents that indicated his net worth at about $54 million. Stupak almost succeeded in being elected mayor. After defeating a dozen other candidates in the primary, Stupak forced an incumbent city council member into a runoff general election contest. Following what many believed was a tampered vote count, Stupak lost the election.

In 2006, Stupak unsuccessfully ran as a Democrat for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada.

Personal life
While living in Australia for seven years, Stupak was married, briefly, to Annette Suna, and they had a daughter, Nicole. From 1971 to 1985, Stupak was married to Sandra Joyce Wilkinson (later, Sandy Blumen), and had two more children, Nevada and Summer. During the 1990s, Stupak was romantically linked to Phyllis McGuire of the McGuire Sisters.

Death and legacy
Stupak died of leukemia on September 25, 2009, at 67.

In February 2016, the Las Vegas Planning Commission and the Las Vegas City Council unanimously approved the renaming of one block of Baltimore Avenue as Bob Stupak Avenue. The renaming occurred on Stupak's birthday, April 6, 2016, as part of a 20th anniversary celebration held for the Stratosphere on the property's south side, near the corner of Baltimore Avenue and Las Vegas Boulevard.

A community center and a park named after Stupak are located near the Stratosphere. The community center was opened in 1992, and was demolished in 2010, to be replaced by the new Stupak Park. A new Stupak Community Center was opened on January 4, 2010. The new facility is 34,183 square feet and cost $7.5 million to construct. The community center celebrated its 25th anniversary in January 2017.

On his passing, in 2009; College of Southern Nevada history professor Michael Green observed that "The best way to describe him is as a 20th century version of P.T. Barnum" and "He was a visionary, and what he envisioned, he achieved."

title: Bob Stupak


text:
1963 in rail transport

January events

 * January 21 - The Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad ceases all operation.
 * January 26 - The last passenger train on Canadian Pacific Railway between Ottawa and Maniwaki, Quebec, departs using CP RDCs 9105 and 9023.

February events

 * February 28 – Toei Subway Line 1 (present-day Asakusa Line) opens between Ningyocho and Higashi-ginza in Tokyo, Japan.

March events

 * March 27 - First Beeching cuts Reshaping of British railways report published.
 * March 31 - Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority ends streetcar service on the last of the former Los Angeles Railway lines: J, P, R, S, and V.

May events

 * May 4 - Nickel Plate 765 is retired.
 * May 20 - The Rutland Railroad, in New York and Vermont, ceases operations; the right-of-way is officially abandoned after ICC approval earlier in the year.

June 28

 * The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad's King Coal passenger train makes its final run to Shamokin, Pennsylvania.
 * Caerphilly railway works in Wales closes.

July events

 * July 15 – Yabitsu Station in Yokote, Akita Prefecture, Japan, is opened for regular service.
 * July 23 - The Chicago and North Western Railway's passenger trains from Chicago, Illinois to Minnesota, the Twin Cities 400 and the Rochester 400, cease operation following approval from the Interstate Commerce Commission.

August events

 * August 8 - Great Train Robbery (1963) £2.6 million train robbery. (£ in adjusted for inflation)
 * August 20 - The one millionth railroad carload of lettuce is shipped from Salinas, California.
 * August 31 - Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad takes control of Ann Arbor Railroad, in Michigan.

September events

 * September - General Electric introduces the GE U25C.

October events

 * October 16 - The Nickel Plate Road together with the Wabash Railroad and several smaller carriers are merged with the profitable Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W).

November events

 * November - General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD GP30.
 * November 9 - Two passenger trains collide with a derailed freight train on the Tōkaidō Main Line in Yokohama, Japan; the Yokohama rail crash results in 161 deaths.

December events

 * December 12 – Toei Subway Line 1 (present-day Asakusa Line) opens between Higashi-Ginza and Shimbashi in Tokyo, Japan. This is the fourth extension of the line since it opened in 1960.
 * Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan ship a final batch of ten 2-10-2 steam locomotives to a design improved by Livio Dante Porta for the isolated Ramal Ferro Industrial Río Turbio (RFIRP) 750 mm gauge railway in the southern Patagonian Desert of Argentina to haul coal from Río Turbio for shipping from Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz. See also Rio Turbio Railway.

Unknown date events

 * Mauritania Railway opened.
 * The Central of Georgia Railway is merged into the Southern Railway (U.S.)
 * ALCO introduces the ALCO Century 628.
 * SNCF Class BB 67000 diesel locomotives introduced in France.
 * Eritrean Railway assembles 0-4-4-0T R442.61 in its shops at Asmara, the last Mallet locomotive built in the world.

title: 1963 in rail transport


text:
Talk:President of Mexico

Removing the "More citations needed" at the top of the article
I have added all the requests for citations from the article, thus, I think that the top template can be safely removed. Having said that, and if no issues arise, I will remove it myself in a couple of weeks.

Moreover, I think that the request for more citations template placed for the Presidential powers section could be removed as well, as said powers are established by the Mexican Constitution. EOZyo (мѕğ) 10:02, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:President of Mexico