text:
Talk:Hawker centre

revert
sorry, but that was both hard to read and extremely opinionated. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 23:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
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Discussion about recent edit wars
I noticed through the edit history that this article has been the subject of several edit wars over two versions of the article - these being the current existing version and this old version. While I understand that the latter was most recently reverted due to the user who edited that version being blocked, I would like to seek a discussion on which version would be better (based on their own merits) so as to avoid future edit wars down the road. JaventheAldericky (talk) 20:25, 21 June 2021 (UTC)
 * This article has a few series of reverts, but no real content edit wars. The particular "old version" instance you mention was pov-pushing wp:block evasion. Other items that may appear like edit wars were similar POV-pushing stuff, like . Food articles in this region attract a lot of this sort of stuff, most of it merit-less. CMD (talk) 03:47, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Ah I see, thanks for the clarification. JaventheAldericky (talk) 13:12, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * y: I don't doubt Chipmunkdavis' competence over other topic areas, but they made a judgement of error here. The claim that the "old version" was "pov-pushing wp:block evasion" is frankly preposterous at best, as just because a sockpuppet was historically present on this article doesn't necessarily mean that subsequent additions were made under the same intention. They had me mistakenly blocked for no apparent reason thanks to this, which thankfully has been reversed after further context was provided. As I've mentioned, "Hawker centre" made the news in the region back in 2020 as it was made an "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage" (UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists) for Singapore, and I had taken the liberty to add the infobox because Wikipedia specifically had an infobox (Template:Infobox intangible heritage) for it. The exact same infobox was also added by a user named "Robertsky" here, which obviously isn't some sockmaster, but for some reason was removed which was why I had re-added it. This isn't "pov-pushing", there are countless WP:RS for this everywhere to back it up (e.g. BBC, The Guardian or National Geographic, etc.), as well as on UNESCO's website itself. ThungKrug (talk) 09:36, 27 June 2021 (UTC)
 * For the record, you did not edit to insert an infobox, you edited to change the entire topic of the page. CMD (talk) 01:46, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * imo, the article could be split further into Hawker centre and Hawker centre in Singapore. But only if there are improvements (sourcing, content expansion) to the entries on Hong Kong's and other countries' development. – robertsky (talk) 01:52, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Looking at content, is hawker center (or similar) only used by just Singapore? If yes, then this article is fine as a pure Singapore related article. If there are sources indicating the name Hawker centers (or similar) are used in other countries, a general article and a split to Hawker center in Singapore will be needed.--Justanothersgwikieditor (talk) 02:14, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not Singapore exclusive, which isn't that surprising as the core is simply taking existing hawker culture and shifting it to specific locations. The various pov-pushings back and forth on this article are in fact quite reflective of real-life back and forth over the issue. The Straits Times even has an article on similar internet comments. CMD (talk) 02:39, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Even prior to UNESCO's classification, don't Malaysians use "kopitiams" for their own permanent food stalls instead? The term "Hawker centre" was first coined by Singapore to stop street foods and set up permanent establishments for hygiene purposes. In contrast, spontaneous street foods stalls are still prevalent throughout Malaysia. I honestly also doubt that English speakers in Hong Kong actually use the term "Hawker centre" in colloquial speech to describe their food establishments. While its possible that some Malaysians use "Hawker centre" due to geographical proximity, it very much remains a Singaporean term and foreigners associate it with that country as we've seen with non-Malaysian/Singaporean news sources, and that it was adopted by some Malaysians due to the significant intermingling between Manglish and Singlish. It also remains that the Malaysian government also had the opportunity to co-bid hawker culture as Malaysian as well after the Singaporean government publicly announcing its bid, but they didn't, despite the fact that UNESCO's classification could be done for multiple countries (e.g. Pantun, inscription also in 2020). ThungKrug (talk) 09:53, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * (Additional comments) Chipmunkdavis, Hawker centres and just "Hawkers" in Hong Kong are not the same thing. Its similarities end at the word hawker itself. The term in Hong Kong is more in line with vendors selling inexpensive goods on the street that change locations often such as with push carts, while Hawker centres are permanent establishments that exclusively sells meals such as food and drinks. A word can have multiple definitions, and this article is not focused on goods, which is why it wouldn't make much sense to mention Hawker centres on the Hawkers in Hong Kong article as well as vice versa. ThungKrug (talk) 20:44, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Trying to avoid getting into exactly the thing the Straits Times article talked about, I will instead point to a statement by the Sing gov at the time of the UNESCO application: "There is some misconception that the nomination is about proving origins, being better or unique. Actually, that's wrong. The nomination and the purpose of the representative list is to demonstrate how important (the cultural element) is to the community and country, and how they are committed to safeguarding this intangible cultural heritage". - NHB representative. CMD (talk) 04:22, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Looking at the Malaysian section of the article (as well as its sole cited source), I think it may be more suitable to split the Malaysian section into a "Hawkers in Malaysia" article, given that the cited article focuses more in-depth on the history of hawkers in Malaysia rather than Malaysia's hawker centres (there is no mention of any names of hawker centres in Malaysia, outside of the "their evolution into ultra-modern hawker centres" reference, implying lack of notability with respect to hawker centres in Malaysia, but at the same time more notability towards the general hawker culture in Malaysia). Should a split of this sort occur, then then the Malaysian section of this article can be moved over there as-is (i.e as a section of the new article).
 * Similarly, the section for Hong Kong can also be merged into the existing Hawkers in Hong Kong article for the same reason, in that hawker centres in Hong Kong form a component in the greater culture of hawkers in Hong Kong.
 * This would then leave only Singapore's section left, which can then be moved into e.g "Hawker centres in Singapore" (after a rewrite of the old variant is finished, more below) The "Hawker centre" page can then be turned into a disambiguation page to link all three.
 * Also sorry for the late reply, I've been busy irl. JaventheAldericky (talk) 22:06, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I was the one that wrote the Malaysian section at one go to have a place to insert the photo into. My general opinion at the moment is that neither the Malaysian nor Singapore sections have enough content to merit a separate page at the moment, and the page format is actually quite common where each country gets a individual section. It is sort of like the Official state car page where cars with enough notability can branch out onto a separate page and this one need not be a disambiguation. I will eventually create a new page entirely for Singapore if no one else does it. Seloloving (talk) 06:17, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree with your proposal. Hawker centre is just too vague, with differing definitions of both 'hawker' and 'hawker centre', so it's probably for the best to convert this article title into a disambiguation page with the various countries split into Hawkers in Hong Kong, (already exists) Hawker culture in Singapore (doesn't exist yet), and Hawkers in Malaysia (doesn't exist yet), etc. Per WP:D, which does mention that it is used for "resolving conflicts that arise when a potential article title is ambiguous, most often because it refers to more than one subject covered by Wikipedia, either as the main topic of an article, or as a subtopic covered by an article in addition to the article's main topic", I'm confident that this would satisfy all sides in the long run, avoiding future edit wars in the future. ThungKrug (talk) 11:21, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

My two cents in the matter is that I don't expect a new user to come out of nowhere and begin trying to revert to a version created by a blocked sock. I have always strove to assume good faith at all costs but this is stretching my limits and I was not born yesterday. In the spirit of it however, I would like to give the following opinions.

All four sources in INSTF's version only depict the rise of hawker culture in Singapore and the government's move to shift them into integrated centers. None specifically claim that the concept arose in Singapore. Even the new "most commonly associated with" phrase is not indicated in the sources. The SCMP's sentence "Hawker centres – arguably one of the most recognisable symbols of the Lion City’s culture and heritage" does not imply that it's is most commonly associated with Singapore or exclusive to it. National Geographic likewise does not claim anything of the sort and simply tells its history. '''I do not support adding the UNESCO tag to a page which is meant to cover the general topic. This page should not be exclusive to Singapore.'''

While I am generally in favour of a separate page entirely, considering how Singapore's hawker culture is covered by many relevant sources, this topic has been tainted by INSTF's involvement. Any reinstatement of INSTF's versions must be rejected outright with no compromises. Even if I think it's written from a neutral point of view, I will revert it immediately as INSTF is not to be encouraged. Per Hawker culture in Hong Kong, I would support a version for Singapore if there's enough content to cover it. At present, per this revision there is not enough to merit a separate page, and I would strongly encourage ThungKrug to cease pursuing the matter. I may eventually take up the task, but not now. Seloloving (talk) 15:43, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * May I ask who do you mean by "INSTF"? If you are referring to the blocked user Ineedtostopforgetting, he has not made any edits to this article. If you are referring to ThungKrug, he was unblocked because CheckUser evidence says he's unrelated to the blocked Ineedtostopforgetting. JaventheAldericky (talk) 20:33, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

 * The article has been targeted by INSTF's socks numerous times. You will see the names ProllySauce, Mochikoka, DidIWikiThat and CornelloCreme in the edit history constantly trying to reinforce Singapore's hawker culture to be the main topic, all which have been blocked. In addition, there is a certain modus operandi of their accounts which is extremely noticeable beside the pages they constantly target, which I will not divulge but you may email me if you wish to know. When I meant reinstatement of INSTF's versions, I am referring to ThungKrug's attempts to refocus the page on Singapore and reinstating the content which socks of INSTF contributed.
 * Per AGF, ThungKrug is innocent of any sockpupptery, which is why I went through the trouble to rebut all the sources ThungKrug has claimed are valid. I hope that clears things up. Seloloving (talk) 21:04, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Fair enough; the earliest version I can find of the Singapore-focused variant is from Mochikoka, whom you've mentioned. (diff found over here) In view of this I agree that the spoiled variant should be rewritten to dissociate the (potential) content away from INSTF's socks, particularly the History section and the Covid-19 pandemic subsection (the former because that's where most of the problematic content is, the latter because its out of date (i.e there is no mention of the Phase 2HA measures and their impact). I'm not sure if I have time to rewrite the variant though... JaventheAldericky (talk) 22:06, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
As this article has had a history of some back-and-forth reverts, this acts as a courtesy notice. I'm planning on adding the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) template, which are based upon the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. This should be uncontroversial, as they do not originate from dubious/unreliable sources, and are common throughout other articles which are on the list as well. I also don't plan on changing anything else as it would probably end up being contentious, no thanks to the headaches the sockmaster has created for other users by damaging their credibility whenever they edit here. While such discussions has went stale, I'm still supportive of JaventheAlderick's proposal of splitting this article into their various countries to prevent future problems, and turning this into a disambiguation page. "Hawker centre" is just too broad. ThungKrug (talk) 14:18, 18 September 2021 (UTC)
 * , still disagree. The UNESCO page specifically inscribes Singapore's "Hawker culture", not hawker centers.
 * There's absolutely nothing wrong with broad pages of a specific term covering multiple countries per Official state car, and hawker centers are not necessarily always about hawker culture, which may exist separately. Seloloving (talk) 14:39, 18 September 2021 (UTC)
 * There's absolutely nothing wrong with broad pages of a specific term covering multiple countries per Official state car, and hawker centers are not necessarily always about hawker culture, which may exist separately. Seloloving (talk) 14:39, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawker centre


text:
Pearson, Texas

Pearson, named for Frederick Stark Pearson, is an unincorporated community in Medina County, Texas, United States. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area. Pearson was established in 1912 by the San Antonio Suburban Irrigation Company as a stop on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The community lies approximately seven miles west of LaCoste on FM 471 South and before the Noonan Switch and Natalia. It was formerly the site of a shop, a machinery and material yard, and a house for a caretaker.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pearson, Texas


text:
WYCIWYG

What You Cache Is What You Get (WYCIWYG) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme commonly displayed in the address bar of Gecko-based Web browsers like Mozilla Firefox as wyciwyg:// when the Web browser is retrieving cached information. WYCIWYG is a play on the related acronym WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get).

Usage
Mozilla Firefox implements a registered, strictly internal wyciwyg URI scheme to sort and later reference locally cached pages that were generated or modified by a script on the client side (a common practice for Web 2.0 sites).

Security issues
In 2007 Michał Zalewski reported that it was possible to bypass the same-origin checks and read from cached (wyciwyg) documents. It was possible at that time to access wyciwyg:// documents without proper same domain policy checks. This could have enabled an attacker to steal sensitive data, perform cache poisoning and execute their own code or display own content with URL bar and SSL certificate data of the original page (URL spoofing). This was fixed in Firefox 2.0.0.5 and SeaMonkey 1.1.3.

title: WYCIWYG


text: User talk:212.56.240.37

title: User talk:212.56.240.37


text:
Loredana Groza

Loredana Groza (born 10 June 1970) or mononymously Loredana is a Romanian singer. She is known for continuously reinventing herself and for approaching numerous music styles throughout her discography, ranging from pop to traditional music and manele. In 1987, Groza released her debut single "Bună seara, iubito" ("Good Evening, Love!"), which—even though it was banned and censored in Romania for alleged inappropriate lyrics—became successful and one of her signature songs. Her album of the same name would go on to sell 1.5 million copies, making it the best-selling record of all time in Romania. Over the years, Groza released several acclaimed albums and hit songs, including "Apa" in 2012, which reached number two on the native Airplay 100 chart. The singer was a coach on the Romanian version of the televised competition The Voice for its first seven seasons.

Life and career
Loredana Groza was born in Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (now known as Onești), Romania, on 10 June 1970. She started singing at the age of three and continued to sing throughout her school years. When she was 14, she was noticed by composers Dumitru Moroșanu and Zsolt Kerestely, who invited her to Bucharest for the talent show Steaua fără nume (The Star Without a Name) although she was too young, as the minimum admission age was 17. She competed in the talent show in 1986, at 16 years old, and won the big prize. In the same year, she competed in the Mamaia Music Festival, where she was awarded the best newcomer prize, which made her the youngest winner ever.

In 1987, at the Costinești Music Festival, she met the acclaimed composer Adrian Enescu, who wrote the song "O inimă de 16 ani" ("A 16-Year-Old Heart") for her; this was followed by an entire record, her debut album Bună seara, iubito! (Good Evening, Love!) (1988). Although the title song was not broadcast on Romanian television because of the communist censorship, both the song and the album were huge successes, with the latter being sold in 1.5 million copies. In 1989, Enescu and Lucian Avramescu produced her second album, Un buchet de trandafiri (A Bouquet of Roses), which was also successful. After a career hiatus until 1994, Groza made a comeback with the album Atitudine (Attitude) and toured Romania with the band Direcția 5 in 1995. 1995 was also the release year of the album Născuta toamnă (Born in Autumn), whilst the gold-certified Tomilio followed in 1996. In 1998, Groza released the hugely successful hit single "Lumea e a mea" with B.U.G. Mafia.

Groza appeared on the cover of Playboy magazine in 2000, which sold out and confirmed her status of a sex symbol. In 2001, Enescu and the singer worked together again for the album Diva inamorata. Two albums inspired by traditional music followed in 2001 and 2002: Agurida, and Zarza, vânzătoarea de plăceri (Zarza, the Pleasure Seller). From 2003 to 2006, Groza released the albums Fata cu șosete de diamant (The Girl with Diamond Socks), Extravaganza, and Jamparalele. The latter received a gold certification for sales in Romania and included Groza's successful hit single "Lele", with which she attempted to represent Romania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. She had previously taken part in the Romanian national final for the contest in 1994 and 1996 with the songs "Nu adio" ("Not Goodbye") and "Visăm America" ("We Dream of America"), respectively. In 2012, Groza released her highest-charting single on national charts, "Apa", which reached number two on the Airplay 100. In 2014, she premiered another top 10 hit, "Risipitor" ("Wasteful").

Groza was chosen to dub the singing voice of Gloria in Happy Feet Two and Barbara Gordon in Lego Batman: The Movie.

Personal life
Loredana was married to the television producer Andrei Boncea. They have a daughter, Elena.

Movies

 * Cuibul de viespi (1987)
 * Gheonoaia (1998)
 * A doua cădere a Constantinopolului (1994)
 * Paradisul în direct (1994)
 * Supraviețuitorul (2007)
 * Fire and Ice: The Dragon Chronicles (2008)
 * Minte-mă frumos (2012)

Television series

 * Inimă de țigan (2007–2008)
 * Regina (2008–2009)
 * Aniela (2009)
 * State de România (2010)

Other notable appearances

 * Vocea României (2011–2017)
 * X Factor Romania (2019–present)
 * Next Star (2020–present)

title: Loredana Groza


text:
User talk:Rbarenblat

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 23:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tikkun olam
To my absolute amazement, Tikkun olam was put forward for deletion, the only grounds being "Is this English language wikipedia or what?" While working up a defence (and, I'll admit, a blood pressure), I noticed Tikkun Olam already has an article - Wikipedia is specific about any capitalization in an article title, besides the first letter - and that that would be the more appropriate title. So I merged the contents of Tikkun olam as best I could into Tikkun Olam, making sure to credit you in the edit summary which will show up, of course, in the article history. The next step is to hope enough users vote reasonably to accept this, and let the former title redirect to the latter article. I'm still in disbelief, and flustered. Then again, maybe I feel do some special debt to Jewish subejcts given my username. :) Mazel tov, Samaritan 09:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Rachel Barenblat
A tag has been placed on Rachel Barenblat requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. - Realkyhick (Talk to me) 01:11, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Rbarenblat! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:43, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Rachel Barenblat -

October 2019
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your contributions; however, it appears you may have written a Wikipedia article about yourself, at Rachel Barenblat. Creating an autobiography is strongly discouraged – please see our guideline on writing autobiographies. If you create such an article, it may be deleted. If what you have done in life is genuinely notable and can be verified according to our policy for articles about living people, someone else will probably create an article about you sooner or later (see Wikipedians with articles). If you wish to add to or change an existing article about yourself, you are welcome to propose the changes by visiting the article's talk page. Please understand that this is an encyclopedia and not a personal web space or social networking site. If your article has already been deleted, please see: Why was the page I created deleted?, and if you feel the deletion was an error, please discuss this with the deleting administrator. Thank you. Pam D  09:19, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, that's the standard message, a bit late after almost 15 11 years: I'm surprised that no-one seems to have mentioned Wikipedia's policy on autobiographies, and the more general Conflict of Interest rules, to you before now. If you think that something written about you needs to be changed, please don't make that change yourself. Go to the talk page of the article, say what needs to be changed, supply Reliable Independent Sources and some other helpful editor will act appropriately. Thanks. Pam  D  09:35, 24 October 2019 (UTC) corrected 15 to 11  Pam  D  12:07, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

Permission for image in your article
For some reason, the folks over at Wikimedia Commons seem to think that this image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VR-tefillin-small.jpg despite being uploaded by you, the person depicted, is "missing evidence of permission". I don't know how active you are on here anymore, but if you could clear up this situation, that would be a big help. --Qualiesin (talk) 20:05, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rbarenblat


text: Template:Water-transport-stub

title: Template:Water-transport-stub


text:
Battle of Monocacy

The Battle of Monocacy (also known as Monocacy Junction) was fought on July 9, 1864, about 6 mi from Frederick, Maryland, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War. Confederate forces under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early defeated Union forces under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace. The battle was part of Early's raid through the Shenandoah Valley and into Maryland in an attempt to divert Union forces from their siege of Gen. Robert E. Lee's army at Petersburg, Virginia.

The battle was the northernmost Confederate victory of the war. Afterward, the Union troops retreated to Baltimore, Maryland, and the Confederates continued toward Washington. But because the battle had delayed Early's march for a day, Union reinforcements had time to get to the Union capital before the Confederates. Early launched an attack on Washington on July 12 at the Battle of Fort Stevens, but the Confederates were unsuccessful and retreated to Virginia.

Background
In May and June, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Union General-in-Chief Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant planned a coordinated movement of troops against Confederates in Virginia. It was during this campaign that Lt. Gen. Jubal Early's Confederates defeated Union forces to open a path to Washington, D.C. After skirmishing with Maj. Gen. David Hunter's men outside Lynchburg, Virginia, on June 17 and 18, Early increased his forces to nearly 16,000 men and continued to Martinsburg, West Virginia. The outnumbered Union troops had evacuated the town. On June 19, a small Union force at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, burned the bridge across the Potomac River.

Grant reacted to Early's raids at Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry by dispatching two brigades, about 5,000 men, from the 3rd Division of the VI Corps, under Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts, from City Point, Virginia, to Harpers Ferry on July 5, 1864. Until Union troops arrived to defend Washington, the only Federal force between Early and the Union capital was a 2,300-man force (mostly Hundred Days Men) under the command of Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace. At the time, Wallace, who would become better known as the author of Ben-Hur, was in command of the Union's Middle Department and VIII Corps, based in Baltimore. Few of Wallace's men had battle experience. Although Wallace had experience as a battlefield commander, having been the Union Army's youngest major general at the time of his promotion, his military career faltered after he was blamed for the high casualties taken on the first day at the Battle of Shiloh.

In the meantime, agents of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Cumberland, Maryland, and Harpers Ferry reported signs of Early's advance on June 29. John W. Garrett, the president of the railroad and a Union supporter, passed this intelligence, and subsequent reports reached Wallace on July 3. Garrett was concerned about protecting a railroad bridge at Monocacy Junction, Maryland, where it crossed the Monocacy River. The bridge was important to rail connections at Harpers Ferry and points farther west, so Wallace agreed to bring a force to the Monocacy to protect it.

Preparing for battle
On July 3, acting on his own without orders from his superiors or informing them of his intentions, Wallace dispatched Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler and men from the 1st Maryland Infantry and 3rd Maryland Infantry, Potomac Home Brigade, to Monocacy Junction to establish defensive positions. After Garrett's agents reported the Confederate attack at Harpers Ferry, Wallace relayed the information to Gen. Henry Halleck, then ordered his brigades at Baltimore to be ready to move. Wallace departed for Monocacy Junction on July 4 to assess its defenses.

Uncertain whether Baltimore or Washington was the Confederate objective, Wallace knew he had to delay their approach until reinforcements could reach either city. Wallace saw Monocacy Junction, also called Frederick Junction, 3 mi southeast of Frederick, as the most logical point to defend Baltimore and Washington. A plain extended north and west from the river at Monocacy Junction to the Catoctin Mountains, 6 mi away. From Monocacy Junction, the B&O Railroad's bridge crossed the river at the foot of a bluff. A wooden bridge provided the Georgetown Pike access to Washington across the Monocacy River, a short distance downriver, while a stone bridge took Baltimore Pike across the Monocacy 2 mi upriver. Two blockhouses, one near the junction and another on the bluff above the railroad bridge, provided additional protection. A 24-pound howitzer was installed at the blockhouse on the bluff. If Wallace could stretch his force across 6 mi of the stream to protect both turnpike bridges, the railroad bridge, and several river fords, he could force Early to disclose the strength and objective of the Confederate force and delay him as long as possible.

Initially, Wallace's forces along the river at Monocacy Junction consisted of Tyler's brigades and a cavalry force of 230 troopers from the 8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment commanded by Lt. Col. David R. Clendenin. Wallace moved in additional troops to assist them, including the 11th Maryland, a field artillery unit, and Ohio units from Annapolis and Baltimore. Wallace's men skirmished with Early's cavalry west of Frederick on July 7, but later retreated toward Monocacy Junction to avoid being surrounded. Following the skirmishing on July 7 and 8, when Confederate cavalry drove Union units from Frederick, Early demanded, and received, $200,000 ransom from the city to save it from destruction.

Wallace's prospects improved when word arrived that the first contingent of VI Corps troops, commanded by Ricketts, had reached Baltimore. Although they were originally ordered to travel by rail to Harpers Ferry, Ricketts and about 3,300 of his men arrived at Monocacy Junction, where Wallace stopped them on the evening of July 8. Ricketts agreed to remain at the Monocacy to assist Wallace. When Wallace informed Halleck that the Confederates were threatening the road to Washington, Halleck wired Grant to send reinforcements to the capital. The Union troops at Monocacy Junction would have to delay Early's troops, who were within a two-days' march of Washington.

On Saturday, July 9, the combined forces of Wallace and Ricketts, about 6,800 men, were positioned at the bridges and fords of the river. The higher elevation of the river's east bank formed a natural breastwork for some of the men, while Tyler's brigade occupied the two block-houses and trenches his soldiers had dug near the bridges. Ricketts's division occupied the Thomas and Worthington farms on the Union left, using the fences as breastworks. Confederate troop estimates ranged from 14,000 to 28,000 men, nearly double the size of the Union forces.

Battle

Wallace’s objectives for the battle were simple: keep the road to Washington secure as long as possible and maintain a line of retreat for his men. On July 9, between 9 and 10 a.m., Confederate Maj. Gen. Stephen Dodson Ramseur's division encountered about 3,500 of Rickett's men along the bluffs overlooking the bridge where the Georgetown Pike crossed the river, while Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes's division clashed with Tyler's brigade, who were guarding the Baltimore Pike and its stone bridge across the river. Clendenin's Union cavalry was downstream, watching the river. Prisoners taken during this phase told the Confederates that the entire VI Corps was present, which seemed to have heightened the Confederates' caution and they did not initially press their numerical advantage.

Believing that a frontal attack across the Monocacy would be too costly, Early sent Brig. Gen. John McCausland's cavalry of about 1,100 men down Buckeystown Road to find a ford and outflank the Union line. McCausland crossed the Monocacy below the McKinney-Worthington ford, about a mile downstream from the Georgetown Pike bridge, and attacked Wallace's left flank. Due to the rolling terrain, McCausland's men did not notice that four regiments of Ricketts's veteran troops had taken a position along a fence separating the Worthington and Thomas farms. Consequently, the Union line was able to fire a single volley that destroyed McCausland's front line and panicked the remaining Confederates. McCausland rallied his brigade and launched another attack, but was unable to break the Union line and retreated.

When the cavalry could not break the Union flank on its own, Early sent Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon's infantry division across the ford to assist in the attack. Gordon launched a three-pronged attack with three brigades against Ricketts's center and both flanks. Ricketts's right flank was pushed back, allowing the Confederates to enfilade the Union line. Pressure from Ramseur's attack on the Union center and Confederate artillery fire from across the river kept Wallace from reinforcing Ricketts's men. Unable to hold the Union line, Wallace ordered a retreat toward Baltimore, leaving Tyler's brigade holding the stone bridge with a small force of men. Clendenin's cavalry remained 5 mi south on the Georgetown Pike as a rearguard. Rodes's Confederate troops made one final push to capture the stone bridge about 6 p.m., but most of the Union troops were already headed toward Baltimore. At the end of the day, the outnumbered Union forces had withstood five attacks before they were forced to retreat.

Aftermath
By late afternoon on July 9, following this northernmost Confederate victory of the war, the Federals were retreating toward Baltimore, leaving behind more than 1,294 dead, wounded, or captured. Early's army had won the field at Monocacy, but at the cost of an estimated 700 to 1,000 men killed or wounded and the loss of a day's march.

Wallace telegrammed Halleck that his forces fought until 5 p.m., but the Confederate forces, which he estimated at 20,000 men, had overwhelmed them and forced a retreat. One critical objective had been accomplished: the Union troops at Monocacy Junction had delayed Early’s advance on Washington by a full day.

After hearing of the retreat, Grant, exercising his powers as general-in-chief, put Maj. Gen. E. O. C. Ord in command of Wallace’s troops. (Wallace did not learn that he had been replaced until July 11, after his forces reached Baltimore; however, he still retained responsibility for the administration of the Middle Department.) When government officials became aware of the efforts that Wallace and his men had made to save Washington, the situation changed. Wallace was restored to full command of VIII Corps and the Middle Department on July 28.

With Wallace's retreat to Baltimore, the road lay open to Washington. On July 10 the Confederates began the march toward the Union capital. By midday on Monday, July 11, Early arrived at Fort Stevens, from where he could see the dome of the U.S. Capitol through his glasses. With his troops straggling behind him, exhausted from the heat and the long march, Early decided to delay the attack on the fort until July 12. Although artillery exchanges and skirmishes occurred on July 11, prior to the full-scale attack, Early was too late. VI Corps, the Union troops that Grant had dispatched to Washington, had already arrived and was prepared to defend the city. The Confederate infantry, reduced to 8,000 men, was unable to continue. By July 14 Early had crossed the Potomac at White's Ferry into Virginia.

"We marched in the line of battle into a peach orchard in front of Fort Stevens, and here the fight began. For a short time it was warm work, but as the President and many ladies were looking at us, every man tried to do his best. Without our help the small force in the forts would have been overpowered. Jubal Early should have attacked earlier in the morning, but Early was late. — Elisha Hunt Rhodes, 1st Rhode Island Volunteers, July 12, 1864."

The battle at Monocacy cost Early a day's march and his chance to capture Washington. Thwarted in the attempt to take the Union capital, the Confederates retreated into Virginia, ending their last campaign to carry the war into the North. Union forces in the area pursued Early, but due to a divided military command, they were unable to defeat him. In response, Grant formed the Middle Military Division, covering Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, and the Shenandoah Valley, to coordinate the offense against Confederate forces in the valley.

General Early wrote in a report of the 1864 campaign: "Some of the Northern papers stated that, between Saturday and Monday, I could have entered the city; but on Saturday I was fighting at Monocacy, thirty-five miles from Washington, a force which I could not leave in my rear; and after disposing of that force and moving as rapidly as it was possible for me to move, I did not arrive in front of the fortifications until after noon on Monday, and then my troops were exhausted ..."

Grant assessed Wallace's delaying tactics at Monocacy in his memoirs: "If Early had been but one day earlier, he might have entered the capital before the arrival of the reinforcements I had sent .... General Wallace contributed on this occasion by the defeat of the troops under him, a greater benefit to the cause than often falls to the lot of a commander of an equal force to render by means of a victory."

In late July, Wallace gave orders to collect the bodies of the dead and bury them on the battlefield. He also proposed a monument to be erected on the site with an inscription that would read: "These men died to save the National Capital, and they did save it." (Wallace's proposed monument was never built, but five others were erected in honor of those who died in the battle.)

Battlefield preservation
The battlefield remained in private hands for more than one hundred years before portions of it were acquired in the late 1970s to create the Monocacy National Battlefield. The park was dedicated in July 1991. Five monuments were erected at the site, including tributes to Union troops from New Jersey, Vermont, and Pennsylvania, as well as to the Confederate force who fought in the battle. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 445 acres of the Monocacy battlefield as of mid-2023.

In popular culture
The American independent film, No Retreat from Destiny: The Battle That Rescued Washington, is a 2006 docudrama about the Battle of Monocacy.

The battle is featured in the novel Valley of the Shadow (2015) by Ralph Peters.

title: Battle of Monocacy


text:
Jack plane

A jack plane is a general-purpose woodworking bench plane, used for dressing timber down to size in preparation for truing and/or edge jointing. It is usually the first plane used on rough stock, but for rougher work it can be preceded by the scrub plane. The versatility of the jack plane has led to it being the most common bench plane in use. The name jack plane is sometimes used interchangeably with the longer fore plane.

Description
Jack planes are typically 12–18 in long and 2+1/2–3 in wide, with wooden planes sometimes being slightly wider. The blade is 1+2/4–2+1/4 in wide. Historically wooden jack planes in the United States have typically been 15-18 inch long, (180 to 230 mm) long with irons 1+3/4 – 2+1/2 in wide.

Under the commonly used Stanley Bailey numbering system for metal-bodied planes the 14 inch long #5 plane is a jack. However, not all early metal plane manufacturers used the same number scheme for their planes. For example Millers Fall and Sargent used different numbers to refer to the same planes.

Name
The name jack plane dates back to at least the 17th century, and was a term used to describe many tools used for rough work. Being a common first name the term jack came to be used as a disdainful name for the common man, as well as common tools and jobs. The jack plane has also become associated with the related term "jack of all trades" as they can be adjusted to perform some of the work of both smoothing and jointer planes, especially on smaller pieces of work.

History

As with other bench planes, until the end of the 19th century the bodies of jack planes were predominantly wooden, typically made out of beech (Fagus sylvatica in Europe, Fagus grandifolia in North America). Wooden planes were largely superseded by iron-bodied planes and to a lesser extent transitional planes. Although there were earlier all-metal planes, Leonard Bailey patented a number of highly influential all-metal planes and improvements in the late 19th century. Despite the predominance of the heavier iron-bodied planes, vintage wooden planes remain in common use, while new wooden jack planes are available from a small number of manufacturers.

Use
The irons (blades) on jack planes are often ground with a slight camber, allowing more material to be removed without marring the work. For a finer finish, the irons can also be ground like a smoothing plane – with a straight edge and a very slight curve on the corners.

The cut is generally set deeper than on most other planes as the plane's purpose is to rapidly remove stock rather than to gain a good finish (smoothing planes are used for that). In preparing stock, the jack plane is used after the scrub plane and before the fore plane or jointer plane and the smoothing plane.

The woodworker will often start planing across or diagonal to the grain ("traversing") to roughly level the workpiece before planing in the direction of the grain.

title: Jack plane


text:
Talk:Robert Drinan

Drinan in Congress
Made a brief correction -- John Kerry didn't run against Drinan in the primary in 1970, Drinan ran against one Charles Ohanian and Phil Philbin, the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee. Kerry backed Drinan after it was agreed that the antiwar forces should coalesce around one candidate, and Kerry lost an informal vote to Drinan on who should run. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.171.2 (talk • contribs)

Other priests in politics
I didn't realize that there had been a practicing Catholic priest in congress. Are there any other examples of such in U.S. politics? I understand that John McLaughlin was formerly a Jesuit and lost a senate race, but what about folks that won? -- stubblyh ea d | T/c 16:20, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The only other priest in Congress was in 1823, a Catholic priest served as the nonvoting delegate from Michigan. --158.59.25.125 03:47, 29 January 2007 (UTC) (User:Daysleeper47)

This brings up a great subject of why there is a "Religion" field at all in all politicians' wiki entries. Can we please remove them all. It really has no bearing. Separation of church and state anyone? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.58.149.18 (talk)
 * If you read any directory of Members, it lists their religion. Further, as much as we hate to say it, religion has everything to do with politics. We may have seperation of Church and state, but that hasn't stopped people from debating whether Mitt Romney being Morman will affect his possible presidency. Just because there is a seperation of Church and state doesn't mean that people aren't interested in their religious affiliation. Wikipedia isn't a political debate, it's an encyclopedia and religion is worthy of being note in politicians' biographies. --Daysleeper47 12:39, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

John Paul II's decree
This sentence is problematic, not only because of its unattributability, but also its myopic irrelevance: "Though this (John Paul II's decree that clergy and religious not hold governmental offices) was framed as a general order, it seemed to some that Drinan in particular was the target."

It can seem to some that anything is true: e.g., it seems to some that the Earth is flat and that the moon is made of green cheese. Unless you have some citation of there being a target on Drinan, attributing that view to "some" unknown people is irresponsible.

Also, the U.S.A. is not the only place in the world which had clergy and religious in public office. Canada had members of Parliament and senators who were priests and nuns. More specifically to John Paul II, he had made the decree in the same time period --before or after, I'm not sure-- that he visited Central America and famously rebuked pro-Sandanista Jesuits on the airport tarmack. One could more easily conclude that the priests in the Sandanista regime were the more likely target, but, unless there's a citation, that would little more than my own conjecture. Likewise, so is this statement. Believe or not, there are things that happen in other countries that have nothing to do with American politics.Mattsteady 21:30, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * FYI. The general norm for the Catholic Church, latin rite is the Code of Canon Law's canon 285-3 (from 1983), which explictly forbids priests for holding public offices--Wllacer (talk) 12:19, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

POV fix, and misplaced citation
I've reworded the original sentence, under Teaching, writing, and later life,
 * In 1997, Drinan publicly retracted his support for partial-birth abortion.

to say,
 * In 1997, Drinan publicly retracted his opposition to a legal ban on late-term abortion.

The original sentence had two things wrong with it, in my judgment. The first is, virtually no one actually supports abortion. Instead, people oppose a ban on late-term abortion for some reason. This is a big difference. Drinan himself wrote an op-ed in 1996, published in The New York Times (and online here), where he listed several reasons he opposed that year's Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, passed by Congress and vetoed by President Clinton, which would have banned intact dilation and extraction. The fact that Drinan opposed the bill does not mean he supported the subject of the bill — just like I, for example, would oppose a complete legal ban on smoking cigarettes, even though I would much prefer that people not use them at all.

The second fault I find is the use of the term "partial-birth abortion". This term invokes the imagery of killing a baby as he or she is delivered by the mother during conventional labor. It's a misnomer and is not used in the medical field, to my knowledge. More importantly, it's a politically charged term that categorically violates Wikipedia's rule of NPOV when used to refer to late-term abortion in general, or the intact dilation and extraction method of abortion in particular. "Late-term abortion" more or less refers to the same thing, but is more accurate and less controversial.

Finally, the following work is cited to support the claim: But the source doesn't say anything about what Drinan thought in 1997. My guess is it's a misplaced citation that belongs to the claim, mentioned a few sentences previously, that Drinan wrote this. I've moved it, and I've put the fact template where it once was.

— Athelwulf [T]/[C] 06:36, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

They said e had sex and then had an abortion with a advice newspaper column writer. Shouldnt that be in the article?? It is newsworthy, and he is anti-abortion activist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.101.196.2 (talk) 12:47, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Robert Drinan


text:
Rocío Jurado

María del Rocío Mohedano Jurado (, 18 September 1943     – 1 June 2006), better known as Rocío Jurado, was a Spanish singer and actress. She was born in Chipiona (Cádiz) and nicknamed "La más grande" ("The Greatest").

In 2000 in New York City, she won the prize "La voz del Milenio" for best female voice of the 20th century. Rocío Jurado sold more than 16 million records, making her one of the best-selling Spanish female singers. She received 5 platinum and 30 gold discs.

Childhood and youth
Rocío Jurado was born on Calvo Soto Street #11, Chipiona (Cádiz) in Andalusia, Spain. Her father, Fernando Mohedano Crespo (died at 36 years old), was a shoemaker and flamenco singer in his spare time; her mother, Rocío Jurado Bernal (died at 52 years old because of pancreatic cancer), was housewife and amateur performer of Andalusian traditional music. Rocío Jurado was the eldest of 3 children, Gloria (1950) and Amador (1953) and she had 3 nephews and 5 nieces.

At home, Rocío Jurado learned to love music; her first public performance was at the age of eight, in a play at Colegio La Divina Pastora. She learned to work hard when she was a girl, She sang in the church, and took part in some festivals organized by her school when she was fifteen. After her father's death, she helped with the precarious family finances. She worked as a shoemaker and as a fruit picker, and still had time to show up at Radio Sevilla contests. She came to be known as "The Girl of the Awards" after winning every radio station contest she entered. A friend of her mother introduced her to Manolo Caracol, her teacher.

Pastora Imperio immediately hired Rocío for the tablao (flamenco stage) she ran: El Duende, one of the first of the tablaos period. Being a minor, she had to wear clothes that made her appear older to avoid drawing the attention of the authorities.

Her workmate, the flamenco singer and dancer Cañeta de Málaga, who had also arrived in Madrid under age to seek her art and was hired in El Duende, recalls in an interview how the young Rocío sang "sus alegrías, sus tientos y sus cosas de la Piquer". Rocío had always said that she was born in 1944 because when she arrived in Madrid to sing in 1960 she was a minor. Until she was 16 she could not sing in the tablaos, so she falsified her date of birth, adding two more years by saying that she was born in 1944 instead of 1946.

Artistic life
Professionally, Rocío Jurado emerged with a repertoire mostly of copla, an Andalusian traditional genre that was beginning to lose force which she revitalized with energetic performances, as much in voice as in stage presence.

Popular in the 60's and early 70's, in part on account of some appearances as an actress in television and film as in the Curro Jiménez series, Rocío made the leap to international stardom by adopting a melodic repertoire of romantic ballad with orchestral instruments and a personal image (make-up, hairdressing and costumes) in accordance with the European style.

Rocío alternated the flamenco tailed dress (bata de cola) with sumptuous evening dresses, sometimes highly commented on for their audacity. In the 70's and 80's Rocío recorded her most unmistakable successes: "Como una ola", "Señora", "Como yo te amo", "Ese hombre", "Se nos rompió el amor", "A que no te vas", "Muera el amor", "Vibro"... Many of them composed by Manuel Alejandro and recorded by José Antonio Álvarez Alija.

The prolonged celebrity of Rocío lies in the romantic songs rather than in its purely Andalusian folkloric facet. She was famous for these ballads also in Hispano-America, where perhaps she remained in fashion for longer than in Spain, which explains her later scores with Mexican and Caribbean rhythms: "Me ha dicho la luna", "Te cambio mi bulería"...She recorded duets with famous figures from that continent: with José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma" the song "Amigo amor" and with Ana Gabriel the ambiguous song "Amor silencio". In 1990 participated in a show of tribute to Lola Flores in Miami, in which she recorded the duet "Dejándonos la piel".

Nevertheless, the romantic successes of international reach did not remove Rocío from its more Andalusian facet. The most convincing declaration of Rocío Jurado in this sense would arrive years later when already she was an outstanding interpreter of the copla and ballads. In 1982 she applied her extraordinary talents to flamenco singing in a double LP with the collaboration of two main figures of this genre: the guitarist Manolo Sanlúcar and the singer Juan Peña "Lebrijano". Titled Ven & Sígueme, she discovered that the famous singer also moved with ease on the roads of Cante jondo. In spite of an already well-developed lyric, the multifaceted artist demonstrates her knowledge and her compass in a series of rigorously traditional folk singing and interpreted with great affection. The filmmaker Carlos Saura took notice and used the voice of Rocío in two feature films: El amor brujo with Cristina Hoyos in 1986 and Sevillanas in 1992 where she plays with such important figures in the flamenco world as Paco de Lucía, Camarón de la Isla, Tomatito, Lola Flores, Manuela Carrasco or Matilde Coral among many others.

Rocío Jurado was one of the protagonists of the spectacle Azabache, a musical based on Andalusian copla in which she took part with other artists specialized in this genre, such as Nati Mistral, Juanita Reina, Imperio Argentina and María Vidal. They released this spectacle during the Universal Exposition of Seville in 1992 (Expo '92).

In 1998, on the occasion of the Festival of Jerez de la Frontera dedicated to flamenco dancing, the Theatre Villamarta had to announce that they were sold out for the Rocío's gala weeks before the spectacle and before any other spectacles. An homage to the singer was made with the adaptation using "bulerías", a Flamenco variety of the song "Se nos rompió el amor" made by Fernando de Utrera. This song was originally composed by Manuel Alejandro but it was Rocío who had made it popular.

Rocío's voice was recognised internationally. She was awarded with the Best Female Voice of the 20th century in 2000. This award was conceded in 2000 in New York City by a group of journalists of the spectacle. In addition, in 1985, she sang for the President of the United States of America, Ronald Reagan in the White House. She was so popular that her death merited an article in the Billboard website. On 2 April 1988, Rocío received the award "América", which recognised the Best Latin Voice. The ceremony took place at the Caesars Palace Casino (Las Vegas). In 2011, the Spanish media group Antena 3 released a TV Movie (mini series) about Rocío's life titled Como alas al viento.

Illness and death
In August 2004, she had a high-risk surgery at the Montepríncipe Hospital (Madrid). Later on 17 September, she would announce at a press conference that she had pancreatic cancer. In June 2005, the XIV "Festival de la Yerbabuena" was dedicated to her at Las Cabezas de San Juan, a village from Seville. She accepted with her childhood friend Juan Peña, "El Lebrijano," the award which was given to her father.

After more than a year of professional inactivity, Rocío re-appeared in December 2005, with a special programme in the Spanish Public Television (TVE) called Rocío, siempre, where she demonstrated her condition. The spectacle, which was filmed in two different sessions included an important part dedicated to the folkloric music and the other to her famous ballads and her other hits. She sang in duet some of the songs with the most famous Spanish singers: Raphael, Mónica Naranjo, Paulina Rubio, David Bisbal, Malú and others.

In January 2006, Rocío Jurado was hospitalized in the MD Anderson Hospital in Houston (Texas), for a check-up and to have a small surgery. An allergic reaction to one of the medicines provoked her hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) twice, which delayed her return to Spain until March 2006. The same day she returned to Spain, the government gave her an award for her work merits (Medalla al Mérito en el Trabajo), which was announced to her once she landed in Spain.

On 1 June 2006, at 4:15 am, Jurado died surrounded by her close relatives in her house in La Moraleja, an affluent residential area located in the municipality of Alcobendas, a northern suburb of Madrid. The cause of death was the pancreatic cancer she had been struggling with. Her brother and manager, Amador Mohedano Jurado, announced her death in front of the residence at 6 o’clock in the morning. Her body was transferred to the Centro Cultural de la Villa at Plaza de Colón in central Madrid, where the funeral chapel was visited by over 20,000 individuals. Finally, her body was transferred to Chipiona and buried at the local San José cemetery, where a mausoleum was built in her honour.

Private life
Rocío was the first main Spanish celebrity to abandon the use of typical traditional clothes and replace them with clothes from great international high couturiers and stylists, although she never forgot her origins. On 21 May 1976, when she married Spanish boxer Pedro Carrasco at the Sanctuary Virgen de Regla, she wore a traditional costume with a comb and flounces. They only had one daughter, Rocío Carrasco Mohedano. In private, she sometimes recognized that she did not have time to dedicate to her daughter; she had long tours in Latin America and Europe which separated her from her daughter. After she was divorced in July 1989 and after obtaining the marriage annulment, Rocío married bullfighter José Ortega Cano on 17 February 1995 at her house in the country Dehesa Yerbabuena, in front of over 2300 guests. The ceremony was broadcast live (and prerecorded) on the main television channels on country. At the end of 1999, the couple adopted two Colombian children, José Fernando and Gloria Camila, who were presented in public in the Spanish magazine ¡Hola!.

Honours

 * Hija Predilecta of Chipiona (1968)
 * Plaque Company De Castilla, breaking the box office record for both public attendance, as revenue at the Teatro Monumental in Madrid, with its series of "Rocío Jurado Brava" concerts (1986)
 * ABC Gold Award (1987)
 * Humanity Award, awarded by ASPACE (Spanish Confederation of Federations and Associations of Care for People with Cerebral Palsy and Allied; 1992)
 * Gold Medal of Fine Arts from Don Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1995)
 * Ambassador of Cadiz (1996).
 * Pimiento de Oro (Ciudad de Murcia; 1999)
 * Honorary member of the American Forum of the Arts (July 2002 – death)
 * Golden Star Press (2004)
 * Gold Medal of Merit in Labour (Kingdom of Spain, 24 March 2006).
 * Best Female Voice of the Twentieth Century – "The Voice of the Millennium Prize" (2000; New York)
 * Hija Predilecta of the Province of Cádiz (1999)
 * Gold Medal of Merit in Labour (2006)
 * Hija Adoptiva of the Province of Seville (2007; posthumous)

Awards
In Spain

 * Flamenco Singing National Award (Jerez de la Frontera). She obtained this award at the age of 15.
 * Al Andalus Trophy.
 * Protagonist of the Year with Montserrat Caballé, in the Programme by Luis Del Olmo (1982).
 * Radio Nacional de España (the Spanish National radio Channel) designated her as "The most popular Andalusian person of the Year", and "The best interpreter". This last recognition was due to the success of her song "Tengo miedo", which had the first places in the Spanish Hits for a couple of months.
 * Lady España in 1967.10
 * "Parra de Oro" at the historic Festival of Moscatel (1968).
 * En 1984, she was awarded the Gold Medal for the Touristic Merit.
 * Andaluza Universal (1984).
 * Gold Medal by Junta de Andalucía (1986).
 * In 1986, she received a plaque (Placa Empresa De Castilla), for breaking the record for both attendance and revenue at the Monumental Theatre of Madrid, during her performances 'Rocío Jurado Brava'.

Discography

 * 1966 – Proceso a una estrella (Columbia)
 * 1969 – Mi Amigo (Columbia)
 * 1971 – Un Clavel (Columbia)
 * 1973 – Soy de España (Columbia)
 * 1975 – Rocío Interpreta a Alberto Bourbon (RCA)
 * 1976 – A que no te vas (RCA)
 * 1976 – No me des Guerra (Columbia)
 * 1976 – Carmen de España (Columbia)
 * 1976 – Fandangos de Isla Cristina (Flamenco) (Columbia)
 * 1976 – Amor Marinero (RCA)
 * 1978 – Don Golondón (Columbia)
 * 1978 – De ahora en adelante (RCA)
 * 1979 – Canta a México: Canta con Mariachi (RCA)
 * 1979 – Por Derecho (RCA)
 * 1979 – Señora (RCA)
 * 1981 – Canciones de España (RCA)
 * 1981 – Como una Ola (RCA)
 * 1982 – Ven y Sígueme (RCA)
 * 1983 – Canciones de España II: Y sin embargo te quiero (RCA)
 * 1983 – Desde dentro (RCA)
 * 1985 – Paloma Brava (EMI)
 * 1986 – Suspiro de Amor (RCA)
 * 1987 – ¿Dónde estás amor? (EMI)
 * 1988 – Canciones de España Inéditas (EMI)
 * 1989 – Punto de Partida (EMI)
 * 1990 – Rocío de Luna Blanca (EMI)
 * 1990 – Nueva Navidad (Sony)
 * 1991 – Sevilla (Sony)
 * 1993 – Como las alas al viento (Sony)
 * 1993 – La Lola se va a los puertos B.S.O (Sony)
 * 1994 – Palabra de honor (Sony)
 * 1998 – Con mis cinco sentidos (Sony)
 * 2001 – La más grande: Con la Orquesta Sinfónica de Bratislava (Bat Records)
 * 2003 – Yerbabuena y Nopal (Sum Records)
 * 2006 – Rocío Siempre (Sony-BMG)
 * 2013 – Romances

Filmography

 * La Lola se va a los puertos (1993)
 * Sevillanas (1992)
 * El amor brujo (1986)
 * La querida (1976)
 * Rocío y los detonadores (TV film, 1972)
 * Una chica casi decente (1971)
 * Lola la piconera (TV film, 1969)
 * En Andalucía nació el amor (1966)
 * Proceso a una estrella (1966)
 * Los Guerrilleros (1963)

title: Rocío Jurado


text:
Talk:Motxo

Merge
This, and kalimotxo, and calimocho, should be merged. I'm not sure whether kalimotxo or calimocho is the better title, since neither is common in English. Kalimotxo is probably earlier, calimocho more common. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:24, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motxo


text:
Talk:Calimocho

Merge
This, and motxo, and calimocho, should be merged. I'm not sure whether kalimotxo or calimocho is the better title, since neither is common in English. Kalimotxo is probably earlier, calimocho more common. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:25, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with that. I didn't even realise there was another spelling (kalimotxo is what I was told by my Basque friends). As long as both redirect to the same page, I suppose it doesn't really matter which spelling is used as the main one. --MockTurtle 03:36, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Merge
This, and kalimotxo, and motxo, should be merged. I'm not sure whether kalimotxo or calimocho is the better title, since neither is common in English. Kalimotxo is probably earlier, calimocho more common. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:25, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * calimocho: 10,600 Googles
 * kalimotxo: 7,420 Googles
 * kalimocho: 2,250 Googles
 * calimotxo: 1,660 Googles
 * --Error 01:55, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * daruma: 399.000 Googles
 * bodhidharma 124.000 Googles
 * daruma "wins" but the original rendering is still bodhidharma, and thus is reflected in the wikipedia entries. --81.39.14.241 (talk) 14:11, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Kalimotxo
If it is up for debate, its not a kalimotxo unless you drink it in the Basque region.

The word Kalimotxo was the first to name the drink. It cames from Basque, and can be heard in a 70's basque punk-rock song called Gorkalimotxo (which mixes Gorka (basque name for George) and Kalimotxo (the drink) about a man who drinks too many kalimotxo. Through the years, the spaniards have adopted the term, and they now write (not always) with the spanish ortography, but it's a later term.

 * Do you have sources that states that Kalimoxo originated in País Vasco? Kalimoxo is so easy to prepare that it looks most probable that it originated paralelly in regions where cheap wine was produced. Dentren  |  Ta lk  09:41, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

File under...
This should be under Kalimotxo, since it started as a basque word and it is written with a spanish spelling just in parts of spanish speaking spain. As an English speaker, I use the original spelling, not the spanish bastardization of the spelling.

 * I agree on filing under 'Kalimotxo'. It seems more correct to me. I had never heard of the spelling 'calimocho', either (I live in Italy) 213.140.21.231 10:32, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, not that there exists some "non-spanish speaking Spain"... Spanish speaking Spain is... all of Spain. But as you said, in Spanish it's spelled Calimocho, and so I would say it's the more common form. I don't know if it's popular in Italy, or in the UK, anyway... --euyyn 07:56, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * correct. there's nothing such a a "non-spanish speaking spain", but there are more languages in spain other than spanish. the word may be a spanish word (geografically), but linguistically it most certainly is a basque word, not a spanish one. the article should be filed under kalimotxo --81.39.14.241 (talk) 13:57, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * It's unknown in the UK. I was introduced to it by some spanish housemates when they threw a party one time, but it took some convincing to get any of us English to even try it. --VinceBowdren 00:00, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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4 L of liquid cannot fit in a 2 L bottle
"An entire two liter bottle of Coca-Cola and two liters of wine are emptied into a plastic shopping bag. Once the concoction is mixed in the bag, the bag is squeezed tightly around the rim of the two liter Coca-Cola bottle and the contents of the bag are poured into the bottle."--72.39.35.178 (talk) 20:55, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Requested move
As the discussion is stuck I'm filing a move proposal: — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.39.4.107 (talk) 14:43, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Calimocho → Kalimotxo

Bamboo
I don't quite understand what this means (from the first paragraph): "The person who mixes bamboo with 50% coke and 50% wine is often defined as "gulozan"." Anyone? Aesinis (talk) 13:21, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

The word bambus is actually slang for a dark-skinned person, which makes more sense as the name for the drink. Can someone edit this in? I haven't asked any Croatians but I doubt people named it after an Oriental grass.. 62.85.92.5 (talk) 10:19, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Order under "Preparation And Serving"
Mightn't the first Paragraph under "Preparation And Serving" be placed as the last of the part, as a further specification of lower order? It's refering to Boston there, while the article generally rather focuses on a Basque named drink. Next paragraph on Basque preparation & serving.

pretty much the entire article is retarded
beginning with "boston". huh? this is a spanish drink. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.168.139 (talk) 04:48, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Jesus Juice ?
ain't this called Jesus Juice in US ? 91.89.243.218 (talk) 11:59, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Squirrel blood?
Excuse me wtf? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.39.106.229 (talk) 21:47, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

Spelling
This page has very few watchers (only 45 as of 18 September 2022), so a requested moves discussion here would pull in mostly people who've never edited this page and may have no interest in it. As such, I won't file any such request right now. However, I do want to add one point to what was said years ago up above .... when adding English words to return results in English only, the spelling kalimotxo now returns a clearly higher number of Google hits. I would therefore say that the spelling kalimotxo would be preferable for the English language Wikipedia. — Soap — 11:31, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calimocho


text: Category:Kings of the Vandals

title: Category:Kings of the Vandals


text:
Chipiona

Chipiona is a town and municipality located on the Atlantic coast in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2012 census, the city has a population of 18,849 inhabitants, but this amount increases greatly during the summer holiday period. The town covers an area of 33 km2. Being in the lower valley of the River Guadalquivir it is very flat with a maximum terrestrial height of 4 metres. It is bordered on the north-west by Sanlúcar de Barrameda and on the south-east by the port of Rota.

It is the town of birth of singer Rocío Jurado and where her body now rests.

Chipiona is also home to the lighthouse Punta del Perro. The town is also well known for several varieties of Moscatel.

Places of interest

 * The Chipiona lighthouse is the most emblematic monument of the town. It is the largest lighthouse in Spain, the 3rd in Europe and the 5th in the world. Its height from the base is about 69 meters, dates from 1867 and is located in the Punta del Perro. It was built to prevent ships having problems accessing the river Guadalquivir and colliding with the Salmedina Rocks.
 * The Marina: early 90s took out the construction of the Marina, located near the mouth of the Guadalquivir, in 2008 is subjected to a process of enlargement.
 * The Shrine of Our Lady of Regla: The current building of the shrine dates from the early twentieth century, built by the Franciscan missionary community, with the help of the Duke of Montpensier. It was originally an ancient castle fortress of a fourteenth century family, Ponce de Leon, who donated it to the hermits of St. Augustine in 1399 to convert it into a church.
 * Chipiona Castle: houses the "Cadiz and the New World" museum.
 * Muscat Museum: Opened in 2012. Located in the Cooperative Agricultural Catholic.

Antiquity
According to the geographers Strabo (Strabo, III, 1, 9) and Pomponius Mela (Mela, III, 4), of Ancient Greece and Rome respectively, a lighthouse existed at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River called Turris Caepionis. This was probably because it was built on the orders of the Roman Consul Quintus Servilius Caepion or his successors. The lighthouse marked a dangerous place for shipping and the opening of a navigable river, the Guadalquivir. Chipiona takes its name from the Roman Consul Caepion.

This area has also been identified as the site of the legendary Ars Gerionis, the tomb of Geryon, which stood at the end of a narrow cape that jutted into the sea, probably in what is now a reef known as the Stone of Salmedina, near Salmedina, or just Salmedina. These claims are based solely on the evidence of the literature and Roman archaeological findings dating from the second century B.C.

Middle Ages
Legend relates that the disciples of St. Augustine in Africa, fleeing the invasion of the Vandals, came by sea to Chipiona with the image of the Virgin of Regla. Tombstones have been found near the Shrine of Our Lady of Regla from the time of the Visigoths. After the islamization of the Iberian Peninsula in 711, according to tradition, the hermits hid the image in a cistern about thirty paces from the citadel, now a monastery. The picture remained hidden until a member of the Order of St. Augustine found it in the 14th century, according to legend, following a revelation from heaven. A Shrine to Our Lady of Regla was built around the cistern.

In 1251 Chipiona was conquered by King Ferdinand III, and again more definitively in 1264 by his son Alfonso X the Wise. In 1297, King Ferdinand IV granted Guzman el Bueno, founder of the House of Medina Sidonia, the Lordship of Sanlúcar, to which Chipiona belonged.

In 1303 the eldest daughter of Guzman el Bueno and Maria Alonso Coronel, Isabel Perez de Guzman, Fernan married Ponce de León, receiving as a dowry the towns of Rota and Chipiona, thereby becoming independent both of the Lordship of Sanlúcar and joining the possessions of the Ponce de León family, descendent of the Arcos House.

Modern Age
In 1755, Chipiona was severely hit by the tsunami that was caused by the Andalusian and Portuguese Atlantic coast Lisbon earthquake. The effects of the tsunami came to town about an hour after the earthquake, killing four people and leaving flooded streets and beaches, estimating the actual damage to 238 815.

The image of Christ of Mercy was pulled in procession to request the withdrawal of the waters, a procession that is repeated every year in November, from the chapel that bears the name of Christ to the so-called Cross of the Sea (Cruz del Mar).

Earthquake Narration by the Community of the Holy Convent of Nuestra Señora Santa María de Regla, on December 6, 1755

'' On the aforementioned November 1 there wasn't any news from sunrise until 10 o'clock in the morning it was a serene and peaceful day, still and calm sea, a slight north wind. But, being as 10am, being this Community as a high choir solemnly singing the Terce, it began to feel that the choir, and the church with strange swaying motion and this, as visibly noticeable, that lectern, church lamps, candlesticks from the altar, and all the temple shook and moved like a crib, from one side to the other, as viewed from the North to the South.''

'' We were warned that this was a terrible earthquake, and although it caused a corresponding fright in everybody, and we had the suspicion that the whole building, which [is] of stone, would collapse over us all, we lacked the freedom to leave the choir, all linked by the same superior impulse, and full of sure confidence in Patronage of Our Holy Image, which was clear to the eye on her majestic throne. At that point we bowed our knees, and straining our devotion, we continued with the canonical time more consistently.''

 The tremor would last for ten to twelve minutes, knowing the land had returned to be quiet, and natural stillness, the Community started to take their seats, each recognising the Divine Mercy, and the patronage of Holy Mary of Rule, Our Lady, we escaped the threatening havoc with such happiness that there is not the least harm experienced in all areas of the convent.

 Cantóse conventual Mass without the least suspicion, and concluded, was sung the sixth hour on the end of it, it would be like the 11 and fourth, there was a terrible roar of the sea, and found to be elevated both waves, violently throwing water on said bastion, and on the cliffs of the convent, were overwhelmed by a gunner, who was in it (which did not suffer any damage, having invoked the patronage of Our Holy Image), and fell upon the walls of the convent, and running for their flooded trenches surrounded the Church and its 2 sides to enter through the front door of the Farm, looking to the East.

 Surprised by this unanticipated boost the ocean, some religious who were outside, and within the choir, acceleration fled to the fields, keeping others in the same choir.

Demographics
Source: INE (Spain)

Festivities and traditions

 * Carnival: Carnival is a celebration with a long tradition in the municipality, the oldest documented reference to it being an 1896 City Council Edict, which regulates the proceedings and confirms that the celebration clearly dates from an earlier era. During the Franco period carnival celebrations were banned in Spain. In 1984 the institution was restored and since then the festival is held annually in the months of February and March. The festival closes with a horse parade, which is followed throughout the region
 * Easter: Chipiona has two penitential brotherhoods:
 * the Sisterhood and Nazarene Brotherhood of Our Father Jesus Captive, dating from 1960. The Virgin of Sorrows is an eighteenth-century anonymous work. The Brotherhood performs penitence on the day of Holy Thursday.
 * the Brotherhood Holy Christ of Mercy, which performs penitence on Good Friday. The image of Christ of Mercy has enjoyed great popular support since the Great Lisbon Earthquake of November 1755, during which the image of Christ was paraded in supplication. This event is commemorated on 1 November each year, when the image of the Holy Christ of Mercy is paraded in a procession of thanksgiving. In 2006 the Brotherhood also paraded the image of Our Lady of Piety, to whom penitence is performed on Wednesday of Holy Week.
 * Pinar Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage is held on the first Sunday of June in the Pinar de la Villa, in which the Virgin of Regla del Pinar, after transferring three days previously to the Shrine of Our Lady of Regla, returns to its pinewood accompanied by horsemen, carts and the general public.
 * Our Lady of Mount Carmel: The patron saint of sailors is paraded on her feast day of 16 July, being taken out to sea at noon and paraded through the seas of the Villa. During the afternoon a procession through the main streets of the town ending with a fireworks display on the beach of the Sea Cross (Cruz del Mar).
 * Evening Rule: They are dedicated to Our Lady of Regla and celebrated at the Shrine of Our Lady of Regla. Culminating with the release of Our Lady of Regla on September 8 and ending with a fireworks display on the beach of Regla.
 * Halloween and Feast of All Saints: It is increasingly frequent in the evening of October 31 children go out dressed as monsters and spooks in the streets to ask for candy from door to door. On November 1, Feast of All Saints, a Thanksgiving procession of the Holy Christ of Mercy takes place to recognise the miracle performed in the Lisbon tsunami.
 * Christmas: The city is decorated with Christmas lights. The Association of Bethlehem "Caepionis" was formed and organises many activities, such as nativity courses, making Christmas cards, a live nativity scene, a nativity scene contest or the Sermon of Christmas. Zambombás (drum bands) are traditionally organised by different neighbourhoods and village associations. On the afternoon of January 5 there is the procession of the Three Kings of the East, which since 2009 have performed a worship of the Child of God in the Plaza Pio XII.

title: Chipiona


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tommy Bare

Tommy Bare
Tommy Bare was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Character from a fanfiction spinoff of Bucky O'Hare. Wikipedia is not a repository of fanfic information. -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:29, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete minor trivia, poorly written, out of context Cdc 04:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I may not have my geek on, but the source fiction doesn't seem very notable outside of the UK (not that that's not enough), and this is a plot point in it. Far too insignificant. Geogre 05:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn Wyss 10:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fanfic characters aren't notable. well, except for Marissa Picard, obviously, and even she doesn't get an entry here! P Ingerson 12:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:54, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sopaipilla

A sopaipilla, sopapilla, sopaipa, or cachanga is a kind of fried pastry and a type of quick bread served in several regions with Spanish heritage in the Americas. The word sopaipilla is the diminutive of sopaipa, a word that entered Spanish from the Mozarabic language of Al-Andalus. The original Mozarabic word Xopaipa was used to mean bread soaked in oil. The word is derived in turn from the Germanic word suppa, which meant bread soaked in liquid.

A sopaipilla is traditionally made from leavened wheat dough (or a mixture of wheat flour and masa harina) to which some shortening such as butter is added. After being allowed to rise, the dough is rolled into a sheet that is then cut into circular, square or triangular shapes, 8–10 cm in size for the longest dimension (if intended for a dessert) or 15–20 cm (if intended to be stuffed for a main course). These pieces are then deep-fried in oil, sometimes after being allowed to rise further before frying: the frying causes them to puff up, ideally forming a hollow pocket in the center.

History
Fried cakes have been made by humans since the development of the earliest pottery vessels that could hold oil or fat, around 5000 to 3000 BCE. In ancient times, frying cakes was a primitive substitute for baking, requiring only fire and a simple vessel. Every culture has developed some form of the dish. Sopaipilla is a version found in Latin American cuisine, Tex-Mex cuisine and the cuisine of the Southwestern United States.

Variations
There are yeasted and quick bread variations of sopaipillas. Some batters are enriched by the addition of pumpkin (zapallo).

Argentina
In Argentina, this pastry is known under other names apart from sopaipa, supaipa and sopaipilla including torta frita, kreppel (from regional German Kreppel), and chipá cuerito.

Chile

In Chile, sopaipillas (or sopaipas) are known to have been eaten at least since 1726. Although traditional Chilean sopaipillas made in central Chile include cooked ground pumpkin in their dough, this is typically not the case in the south. Depending if they are served as a pastry or bread Chilean sopaipillas are traditionally served with either pebre (a sauce of chili pepper, onion, garlic and coriander) or boiled in chancaca sauce (a homemade hot syrup cooked with panela, orange peel and cinnamon, and then they are called sopaipillas pasadas). They are also served with mustard, ketchup, hot butter, avocado or cheese. In Chile sopaipillas are traditionally homemade and eaten during days of heavy rain, as well as enjoying widespread popularity as street food, especially during winter. Chilean sopaipillas are round and flat, sporting holes pricked through the centre of the dough, usually by a fork.

From Chiloé Archipelago to the south, sopaipillas have rhomboid form. They are a relevant ingredient in reitimientos, a traditional feast related to rendering fats after a pig slaughter.

Peru
In Peru, the name for this fried pastry is cachanga, and it may be either sweet or sour. Generally prepared during breakfast time, this traditional food of the Peruvian cuisine is prepared differently depending on the region, with one of the recipes involving the usage of cinnamon. The main difference between this form of sopaipilla and the other versions is that they are larger, thinner, and more rigid.

United States
Sopapillas in New Mexican cuisine are pillow-shaped fried pastry dough, distinct from Latin American variations. Similar to Native American frybread, they are typically served as a bread, and used to mop up sauces, scoop up tidbits, dab up flavors, or are shredded into stews. It has been called "the doughnut of the Southwest", while other authors have said "this non-yeasted, simply flavored bread is definitely not a donut, but it's not really a fritter either".

In New Mexico, they are often filled with savory ingredients such as ground beef or chicken, covered with chile and cheese, and served with lettuce and tomato as an entree. They are also eaten as a dessert, drizzled with honey or anise syrup.

Sopaipillas in Tex-Mex cuisine are a puffed pastry, but otherwise similar to New Mexican-style sopaipillas, except that they are always served as a dessert item, coated with cinnamon sugar and served with honey. Many Tex-Mex restaurants in Texas and Oklahoma will serve dessert sopaipillas as part of the complimentary "set-up": chips and salsa served before the meal, along with sometimes queso sauce, pickled vegetables and flour tortillas and sopaipillas served at the end of the meal.

Sopaipilla and strudel were together designated as Texas' state pastries from 2003 to 2005.

Uruguay
In Uruguay, a variant of the sopaipilla is known as torta frita. Tortas fritas are made of flour, salt and water and shortened with cow fat, stretched into a thin large shaped dough (20-25 cm) and deep fried in cow fat. They are usually salty, but it is a common custom to cover them with sugar or quince cheese and eat them as a snack. They are commonly prepared on rainy days.

title: Sopaipilla


text:
User talk:AngryParsley

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title: User talk:AngryParsley


text:
User talk:Arviragus

Individualist anarchism and anarcho-capitalism
Thank you for your comments on Articles for deletion/Individualist anarchism and anarcho-capitalism. I have closed the debate as no consensus. Please note that this does not preclude further discussion of eventual disposition of the article, including keeping, merging, redirection, or a further nomination for deletion. I wish you the best of luck in reforming the article to something acceptable to everyone. Again, thank you for your calm, level-headed comments, they are much appreciated. -- Jonel | Speak 03:30, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arviragus