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Montrouge

Montrouge is a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, located 4.4 km from the centre of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. After a long period of decline, the population has increased again in recent years.

History
The name "Montrouge" means Red Mountain - from mont (mountain) and rouge (red) - because of the reddish colour of the earth in this area.

The name of the community was first mentioned in monastery documents in 1194.

Throughout the Middle Ages, the hamlet was home to monasteries and a number of religious orders, while in the 15th century it became the site of quarries used for the reconstruction of Paris. The late sixteenth century saw the plain of Montrouge named "reserve for royal hunts", and during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it was known for its windmills, which have all now disappeared.

On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, most of the commune of Montrouge was annexed to Paris, forming what is now called Petit-Montrouge, in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. The remainder of Montrouge was preserved as an independent town.

In 1875, the town gained a few thousand square metres from the neighbouring communes of Châtillon and Bagneux (principally in the neighbourhood (le quartier) called Haut Mesnil).

On 8 January 2015, Municipal Police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe was shot and killed in the commune, purportedly by Amedy Coulibaly. Coulibaly was reported to be an accomplice of Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, the suspected perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shooting. The next day, he was gunned down by police during a siege that left four hostages dead and several other people injured.

Economy

Industrial development started in 1925 and soon, many printing factories were to be found in the town. Most of these have disappeared today. Since the early years of the twenty-first century, professional services and telecommunications have been the main business activities.

 * Aeronautical and electronic engineering, Alstom, Schlumberger, Siemens AG, ST Microelectronics
 * Banking, Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank
 * Telecommunications, Orange
 * The Papier d'Arménie (lit. Armenian Paper)

Public transport
Montrouge is served by Mairie de Montrouge and Barbara stations on Paris Métro Line 4, and by Châtillon – Montrouge station on Paris Métro Line 13.

The Châtillon - Montrouge station is located at the border between the commune of Montrouge and the commune of Châtillon, on the Châtillon side of the border. The Barbara station is located at the border between the commune of Montrouge and the commune of Bagneux. The Mairie de Montrouge station opened in March 2013, with the further extension of Line 4 opening to Bagneux–Lucie Aubrac in January 2022.

Bus line 68 runs from Metro Châtillon Montrouge all the way up through Montparnasse, the Louvre, the Paris Opera and ends at the Place de Clichy, the site of the Moulin Rouge. Bus line 126 runs from Porte d'Orléans to Boulogne-Billancourt, while line 128 goes from the same place to Robinson RER station. Bus line 323 runs on the southern border of Montrouge on its way between Issy-les-Moulineaux and Ivry-sur-Seine. Several lines (187, 188, 197, 297) use the Route nationale 20 that crosses eastern Montrouge to reach southern parts of the Parisian agglomeration.

The arts in Montrouge
Montrouge was the home of a number of well-known twentieth century artists, listed below. Currently the town is also well known for two contemporary art exhibitions:
 * The Montrouge Contemporary Art Show, which has existed for over 50 years
 * The JCE, that is European Young Artists exhibition.

Education
Montrouge has seven public primary schools: Aristide Briand, Buffalo, François Rabelais, Nicolas Boileau, Raymond Queneau, Renaudel A, and Renaudel B.

Public junior high schools: Haut Mesnil, Maurice Genevoix, Robert Doisneau.

Public high schools: Lycée Jean Monnet, Lycée Maurice Genevoix.

There is a private secondary school, Groupe Scolaire du Haut-Mesnil.

Notable people

 * Émile Boutroux (1845–1921), philosopher and member of the Académie française
 * Robert Brasillach (1909–1945) French author and journalist.
 * Émile Chatelain (1851–1933), Latinist and palaeographer
 * Coluche (b. 1944 in Paris–1986) (Michel Collucci), comedian and sometime political figure, founder of the "Restos du cœur" soup kitchens.
 * Robert Doisneau (1912–1994), photographer, born in Gentilly, lived in Montrouge from 1937 until his death.
 * Raymond Federman (1928–2009) American novelist and academic.
 * Jean-Jacques Goldman (b. 1951), lyricist and singer, he has lived most of his life in Montrouge, but now resides in Marseille.
 * William Grover-Williams (1903–1945), racing driver and Special Operations Executive agent.
 * Octave Lapize (1887–1917), winner of the 1910 Tour de France
 * Fernand Léger (1881–1955) lived in Montrouge and ran a painting school there.
 * Pablo Picasso (1881–1973), the cubist, had his workshop in Montrouge from 1916 to 1918.
 * Bernard Pivot (b. 1935), journalist and television personality. Born in Lyon, Pivot has lived in Montrouge since 2003.
 * Claude Sautet (1924–2000), director and screenwriter.
 * Nicolas de Staël (1914–55) is buried in Montrouge Cemetery.

Personalities associated with the commune

 * Amaury-Duval (1808–1885) a pupil of Ingres including Portrait d'Isaure Chassériau in 1838
 * Harry Baur, Montrouge 1880 – Paris 1943, actor
 * Edouard Boubat, (1923–30 June 1999 in Montrouge), photographer
 * Alexandre Boutique (1851–1923), novelist
 * Émile Boutroux (1845–1921), philosopher and member of the Académie française.
 * Gérard Brach (23 July 1927 in Montrouge – 9 September 2006 in Paris), screenwriter
 * Jean-Roger Caussimon 24 July 1918 in Montrouge – 20 October 1985 in Paris, actor, poet and libertarian songwriter
 * Pierre Collet (1914 Montrouge, 1977 in Paris), actor
 * Pierre Colombier, film director, died 25 January 1958
 * Michel Colucci (Coluche) (1944–1986), humorist. Born in Paris, spent his youth in the city
 * Jean-Claude Deret (1921–2016), né Breitman, author, screenwriter, actor, director
 * Robert Doisneau (1912–1994), photographer. Born in Gentilly, settled in Montrouge in 1937
 * Jacques Dynam (30 December 1923 in Montrouge – 11 November 2004 in Paris), real name Jacques Barbé, actor
 * Raymond Federman (1928–2009), American writer, born in Montrouge
 * Carole Gaessler, journalist for France 2 and France 5
 * Théophile Gautier is supposed to have lived on avenue Verdier
 * Jean Giraud (Moebius) (1938–2012), cartoonist and scenarist
 * Jean-Jacques Goldman, (born 1951), songwriter and singer. Born in Paris, lives now in Marseille.
 * Piotr Kowalski (1927–2004)
 * Octave Lapize (1887–1917), cyclist
 * Virginie Ledoyen, actress living in Montrouge since 2003
 * René Metge, born 23 October 1941 in Montrouge
 * Ariane Mnouchkine, theatre director, lives in Montrouge.
 * Pablo Picasso (1881–1973), lived at 22 rue Victor Hugo in 1916
 * Jules Pillevesse (1837–1903), composer and conductor died in the commune
 * Bernard Pivot (born 1935), journalist. Born in Lyon, lived in the city from 2003 to 2007.
 * Raoul Pugno (1852–1914), born in Montrouge, composer and pianist
 * François Roy, actor and film score composer
 * Claude Sautet (1924–2000), screenwriter and film director born in Montrouge
 * Évelyne Sullerot (1924–2017), famous for her feminist militantism
 * Valentine Tessier (1892–1981), actress, spent her youth in Montrouge
 * Atiq Rahimi, prix Goncourt 2008, lives in Montrouge

Others

 * Fort de Montrouge, one of the 16 forts built around Paris in the 1840s, located mainly in the commune of Arcueil

title: Montrouge


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Talk:Harry Dean Stanton

Filmography
The Filmography is way too large, especially compared to the main article. I haven't seen most of these movies, but I'm guessing Stanton didn't play a large role in each one. If you're familiar with them, please trim it down for me.--Agent Aquamarine 13:38, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The filmography is the filmography. The article should be expanded.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by Elmmapleoakpine (talk • contribs) 23:37, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

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Also credited as Dean Stanton in "Kelly's Heroes". (86.134.250.189 (talk) 19:06, 28 September 2008 (UTC))

Doesn't anyone remember him in Hoosiers.....I checked, and they didn't give him that credit in his list of films...... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:245:C600:9769:2100:6D63:97A3:96E1 (talk) 01:36, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Also was in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. 216.67.49.77 (talk) 17:05, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

Picture
Uhm, can't we find a better picture than some caricature advertising for a blog? It almost looks like vandalism... Medico80 23:17, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Harry Dean Stanton Fest
I don't think the in depth descriptions of proceedings at each of three years of Harry Dean Stanton Fest has a place in this article. That info is about the festival, not the man; and is disproportionately long, considering the short length of the section describing his whole life. I removed it, but my edit was reverted and the festival info instead converted to a note. I think even as a note it is inappropriate. -Lopifalko (talk) 12:47, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Music Video Appearances
He also played a role in a version of Procul Harem's A Whiter Shade of Pale, 1985. AMCKen (talk) 22:11, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Harry Dean Stanton


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User:JonMoore/Mrs. Pollifax

Emily Pollifax is the heroine of a series of spy novels by Dorothy Gilman. Mrs. Pollifax is a widow and senior citizen who decideds one day to leave her comfortable apartment in New Brunswick, New Jersey and join the CIA. Not realizing one cannot just walk in and become an agent, she is mistakenly recruited as a tourist by Operations Chief Mr. Carstairs.

Books in the Mrs .Pollifax Series

 * The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax (1966)
 * The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (1970)
 * The Elusive Mrs. Pollifax (1971)
 * A Palm for Mrs. Pollifax (1973)
 * Mrs. Pollifax on Safari (1976)
 * Mrs. Pollifax on the China Station (1983)
 * Mrs. Pollifax and the Hong Kong Buddha (1985)
 * Mrs. Pollifax and the Golden Triangle (1988)
 * Mrs. Pollifax and the Whirling Dervish (1990)
 * Mrs. Pollifax and the Second Thief  (1993)
 * Mrs. Pollifax Pursued (1995)
 * Mrs. Pollifax and the Lion Killer (1996)
 * Mrs. Pollifax, Innocent Tourist (1997)
 * Mrs. Pollifax Unveiled (2000)

title: User:JonMoore/Mrs. Pollifax


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Ernest

Ernest is a given name derived from Germanic word ernst, meaning "serious". Notable people and fictional characters with the name include:

People

 * Archduke Ernest of Austria (1553–1595), son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Ernest, Margrave of Austria (1027–1075)
 * Ernest, Duke of Bavaria (1373–1438)
 * Ernest, Duke of Opava (c. 1415–1464)
 * Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1482–1553)
 * Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels (1623–1693)
 * Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1629–1698)
 * Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Ilsenburg (1650–1710)
 * Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (1771–1851), son of King George III of Great Britain
 * Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1818–1893), sovereign duke of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
 * Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (1845–1923)
 * Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal (1846–1925)
 * Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover (1914–1987)
 * Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1954)
 * Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1983)
 * Saint Ernest (died 1148), German abbot
 * Ernest Adams (disambiguation)
 * Ernie Anderson (1923–1997), American radio and television announcer
 * Ernie Banks (1931–2015), American baseball player
 * Ernest Benach (born 1959), President of the Catalan parliament
 * Ernest Bevin (1881–1951), British Labour politician
 * Ernest Bohr (1924–2018), Danish lawyer, former barrister, and field hockey player
 * Ernest Broșteanu (1869–1932), Romanian general during World War I
 * Ernest Buckmaster (1897–1968), Australian artist
 * Ernest Radcliffe Bond (1919–2003), British police officer and soldier
 * Ernie Bond (footballer) (born 1929), English footballer
 * Ernie Bond (politician) (1897–1984), Australian politician
 * Ernest Borgnine (1917–2012), American actor
 * Ernie Calloway (born 1948), American football player
 * Ernie Cooksey (1980–2008), English footballer
 * Ernest Corea (1932–2017), Sri Lankan Sinhala journalist, Ambassador of Sri Lanka to the United States from 1981-1986
 * Ernie Cox (1894–1962), Canadian football player
 * Ernest Daltroff (1867–1941), French perfumer, and founder of Parfums Caron
 * Ernie DiGregorio (born 1951), American basketball player
 * Ernest Duff (1931-2016), American businessman, lawyer and Mormon bishop
 * Ernie Els (born 1969), South African golfer
 * Ernest Evans (cricketer) (1861–1948), English cricketer who played for Somerset
 * Ernest Evans (politician) (1885–1965), Welsh politician
 * Ernest Everett Just (biologist) (1883-1941), American biologist
 * Ernest E. Evans (1908–1944), officer of the United States Navy in WWII
 * Ernest Peter Arnold Fernando (1919–1957), Sri Lankan Sinhala businessman and mine owner
 * Ernie Fletcher (born 1952), American physician and politician, 60th Governor of Kentucky
 * Tennessee Ernie Ford (1919–1991), American country singer
 * Ernest Gold (composer) (1921–1999), American composer
 * Ernest Gold (meteorologist) (1881–1976), British meteorologist
 * Ernest Gjoka (born 1970), Albanian football coach
 * Ernie Green (born 1938), American football player
 * Ernesto "Che" Guevara (1928-1967), Argentine physician, author and Marxist revolutionary
 * Ernie Harwell (1918–2010), American baseball broadcaster
 * Ernest Haycox (1899–1950), American writer of Westerns
 * Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961), American writer
 * Ernest George Horlock (1885–1917), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * E. W. Hornung (1866–1921), English author and poet
 * Ernie Hughes (born 1955), American football player
 * Ernie Isley (born 1952), American musician, the Isley Brothers
 * Ernest Jones (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Ernest Juvara (1870–1933), Romanian physician
 * Ernest Koliqi (1903–1975), Albanian writer
 * Ernie Kovacs (1919–1962), American comedian, actor and writer
 * Ernest Krausz (1931–2018), Israeli professor of sociology and President at Bar Ilan University
 * Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958), American nuclear scientist
 * Ernest Lluch (1937–2000), Catalan-Spanish politician
 * Ernest Millington (1916–2009), British politician
 * Ernie Morgan (1927–2013), English football player and manager
 * Ernie Nordli (1912–1968), American animation artist and graphic designer
 * Ernest O. Lawrence (1901–1958), American physicist
 * Ernest Perera (1932-2013, Inspector-General of Sri Lanka Police from 1988-1993
 * Ernie Phythian (1942–2020), English footballer
 * Ernest Victor Pieris (1926-1991), Sri Lankan Sinhala physician, medical educator, cricketer, and rugby union player
 * Ernest Poruthota (1931–2020), Sri Lankan Sinhala Roman Catholic priest and author
 * Ernest Prakasa (born 1982), Indonesian comedian, stand up performer, writer, and actor
 * Ernie Price (1926–2013), English footballer
 * Ernest Prodolliet (1905-1984), Swiss diplomat
 * Ernst Reuter (1889–1953), German politician and mayor of Berlin
 * Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), New Zealand chemist and nuclear physicist
 * Ernest Shackleton (1874–1922), Anglo-Irish explorer
 * Ernest de Silva (1887–1957), Sri Lankan philanthropist
 * Ernest (musician) (K. Smith), American country music artist
 * Ernest Spybuck (1883–1949), American Indian autoethnographer
 * Ernest Thayer (1863–1940), American poet
 * Ernest William Tristram (1882-1952), British art historian, artist and conservator
 * Ernest Troubridge (1862–1926), British naval officer
 * Ernest Tubb (1914–1984), American country music singer and songwriter
 * Ernest Veuve (1843–1916), American Civil War soldier
 * Ernest Vinberg (1937–2020), Russian mathematician
 * Ernest Walker (disambiguation)
 * Ernest Walton (1903–1995), Irish physicist and Nobel laureate
 * Ernie Watts (born 1945), American saxophonist
 * Ernie Watts (Small Heath footballer), English footballer
 * Ernie Watts (footballer, born 1872) (1872–1???), English footballer
 * Ernie Wise (1925–1999), stage name of English comedian Ernest Wiseman (1925–1999), Morecambe and Wise
 * Ernie Zalejski (1925–2012), American football player
 * Ernest Umeike (born 1978), Nigerian entrepreneur

Fictional characters

 * Ernest T. Bass, a recurring character on the American TV sitcom The Andy Griffith Show
 * Ernest Denouement, a character in Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
 * Monsieur Ernest LeClerc, on the BBC sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!
 * Ernest P. Worrell, main comic character of the series of Ernest films as played by Jim Varney
 * Ernest B. Raykes, in the film Cars
 * Ernest, one of the title characters of the Belgian-French franchise Ernest & Célestine
 * Ernest, in The Swiss Family Robinson
 * Ernest Worthing, main character in The Importance of Being Earnest, a play by Oscar Wilde
 * Ernest Perriclof, one of the main characters in Alexandra Adornetto's The Strangest Adventures series
 * Ernest Greeves, a main character from the video game Layton's Mystery Journey and the associated anime Layton Mystery Tanteisha: Katori no Nazotoki File
 * Ernest Otter, the father of Peanut, Baby Butter and Jelly Otter in "PB&J Otter"
 * Ernest Bonhour, one of the main protagonist in the French animated series The Long Long Holiday
 * Ernie, Muppet character on the TV show "Sesame Street", roommate to Bert

title: Ernest


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Westminster Assembly

The Westminster Assembly of Divines was a council of divines (theologians) and members of the English Parliament appointed from 1643 to 1653 to restructure the Church of England. Several Scots also attended, and the Assembly's work was adopted by the Church of Scotland. As many as 121 ministers were called to the Assembly, with nineteen others added later to replace those who did not attend or could no longer attend. It produced a new Form of Church Government, a Confession of Faith or statement of belief, two catechisms or manuals for religious instruction (Shorter and Larger), and a liturgical manual, the Directory for Public Worship, for the Churches of England and Scotland. The Confession and catechisms were adopted as doctrinal standards in the Church of Scotland and other Presbyterian churches, where they remain normative. Amended versions of the Confession were also adopted in Congregational and Baptist churches in England and New England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Confession became influential throughout the English-speaking world, but especially in American Protestant theology.

The Assembly was called by the Long Parliament before and during the beginning of the First English Civil War. The Long Parliament was influenced by Puritanism, a religious movement which sought further reform of the church. They were opposed to the religious policies of King Charles I and William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. As part of a military alliance with Scotland, Parliament agreed that the outcome of the Assembly would bring the English Church into closer conformity with the Church of Scotland. The Scottish Church was governed by a system of elected assemblies of elders called presbyterianism, rather than rule by bishops, called episcopalianism, which was used in the English church. Scottish commissioners attended and advised the Assembly as part of the agreement. Disagreements over church government caused open division in the Assembly, despite attempts to maintain unity. The party of divines who favoured presbyterianism was in the majority, but the congregationalist party, which held greater influence in the military, favoured autonomy for individual congregations rather than the subjection of congregations to regional and national assemblies entailed in presbyterianism. Parliament eventually adopted a presbyterian form of government but lacked the power to implement it. During the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, all of the documents of the Assembly were repudiated and episcopal church government was reinstated in England.

The Assembly worked in the Reformed Protestant theological tradition, also known as Calvinism. It took the Bible as the authoritative word of God, from which all theological reflection must be based. The divines were committed to the Reformed doctrine of predestination — that God chooses certain men to be saved and enjoy eternal life rather than eternal punishment. There was some disagreement at the Assembly over the doctrine of particular redemption — that Christ died only for those chosen for salvation. The Assembly also held to Reformed covenant theology, a framework for interpreting the Bible. The Assembly's Confession is the first of the Reformed confessions to teach a doctrine called the covenant of works, which teaches that before the fall of man, God promised eternal life to Adam on condition that he perfectly obeyed God.

Background
Parliament called the Westminster Assembly during a time of increasing hostility between Charles I, monarch of England and Scotland, and the Puritans. Puritans could be distinguished by their insistence that worship practices be supported implicitly or explicitly by the Bible, while their opponents gave greater authority to traditional customs. They believed the Church of England, which had separated itself from the Roman Catholic Church during the English Reformation, was still too heavily influenced by Catholicism. They sought to rid the church and nation of any of these remaining influences. This included the Church's episcopal polity, or rule by a hierarchy of bishops. Puritans, unlike separatists, did not leave the established church. Under Charles, the Puritans' opponents were placed in high positions of authority, most notably William Laud who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, even though these "high churchmen" were in the minority. Puritans were forced to keep their views private or face fines and imprisonment. Laud promoted advocates of Arminianism, a theological perspective opposed to the Reformed theology of the Puritans. Worship practices such as kneeling at communion, bowing at the name of Christ, and the placement of communion tables at the East end of churches were also reinstated. To the Puritans, these seemed to be a step in the direction of Catholicism.

There were also conflicts between the king and the Scots, whose church was ruled by a system known as presbyterianism, which features elected assemblies. James, Charles's predecessor as King of Scotland, made it clear that he intended to impose elements of episcopal church government and the Book of Common Prayer on the Scots beginning in 1604. The Scots considered this a reversion to Roman Catholicism. Charles furthered English impositions on the Church of Scotland in 1636 and 1637. This led to the First Bishops' War between Charles and the Scots in 1639. Charles called what came to be known as the Short Parliament to raise funds for the war, but he soon dissolved it when it began voicing opposition to his policies. Following the Second Bishops' War with the Scots in 1640, Charles was forced to call another parliament to raise additional funds.

What came to be known as the Long Parliament also began to voice vague grievances against Charles, many of which were religious in nature. Parliament had many Puritans and Puritan-sympathizing members, who generally opposed the existing episcopal system, but there was little agreement over what shape the church should take. Later in 1640, the Root and Branch petition was presented to the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament. It was signed by about 15,000 Londoners and called for total elimination of the episcopal system. Committees were organized in the House of Commons to enact religious reforms, leading to the imprisonment of Archbishop Laud and his supporters in the Tower of London as retaliation for their repression of Puritans. The Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber, courts which had inflicted severe punishments on Puritan dissenters, were also abolished.

Calling the assembly
The idea of a national assembly of theologians to advise Parliament on further church reforms was first presented to the House of Commons in 1641. Such a proposal was also included in the Grand Remonstrance, a list of grievances which Parliament presented to Charles on 1 December that year. Charles responded on 23 December that the church required no reforms. Undeterred, Parliament passed three bills in 1642 appointing an assembly and stipulating that its members would be chosen by Parliament. Charles, whose royal assent was required for the bills to become law, was only willing to consider such an assembly if the members were chosen by the clergy. This was the practice for selection of members of Convocation, the assembly of clergy of the Church of England.

Defying the king, between 12 February and 20 April 1642, each county delegation of England in the Commons chose two divines, in addition to two for each county of Wales, four for London, and two for each University (Oxford and Cambridge). County delegations often chose divines from their own county, but not always. Commons chose the members in this way to ensure that their local constituencies were represented in the decision. The House of Lords, Parliament's upper house, added another fourteen names on 14 May, to which the Commons agreed. Meanwhile, relations continued to deteriorate between the king and Parliament. Charles raised the royal standard at Nottingham on 22 August, marking the beginning of the First English Civil War. The start of the war lent support to the cause of the Assembly in Parliament, because holding it would convince the Scots that Parliament was serious about reforming the church and induce the Scots to come to their aid. On the other hand, the war added strain to the already busy Parliament.

Parliament finally passed an ordinance to hold the assembly on its own authority without Charles's assent on 12 June 1643. It named as many as 121 ministers and thirty non-voting parliamentary observers: twenty from the Commons, and ten from the House of Lords. The Assembly was almost entirely English; Parliament appointed Englishmen for the counties of Wales, but the French stranger churches (churches of Protestant refugees from Catholic France) sent two ministers in place of any from the Channel Islands. Many of the divines were internationally recognized scholars of the Bible, ancient languages, patristics, and scholastic theology. Many were also famous preachers. Most of these theologians had retained their positions in the Church during the tenure of William Laud. Some had been ejected from their churches or cited by ecclesiastical courts for their views. Some had fled to the Continent, and one to the American colonies. Nonetheless, they all considered themselves members of the Church of England and had received episcopal ordination. Most were conformists, meaning they agreed to follow the Act of Uniformity 1558 and the Book of Common Prayer.

The Assembly was strictly under the control of Parliament, and was only to debate topics which Parliament directed. Assembly members were not permitted to state their disagreements with majority opinions or share any information about the proceedings, except in writing to Parliament. Parliament chose William Twisse, an internationally respected theologian, to be the Assembly's prolocutor or chairman. Due to Twisse's ill health, Cornelius Burges, whom Parliament appointed as one of several assessors, served as prolocutor pro tempore for most of the Assembly. Twenty-two appointed members of the Assembly died before 1649, and they along with those who did not attend for other reasons were replaced by another nineteen members. Three non-voting scribes were also added in 1643.

Revising the Thirty-Nine Articles
The Assembly's first meeting began with a sermon by William Twisse in the nave of Westminster Abbey on 1 July 1643. The nave was so full that the House of Commons had to send members ahead to secure seats. Following the sermon, the divines processed to the Henry VII Chapel, which would be their place of meeting until 2 October when they moved to the warmer and more private Jerusalem Chamber. After their initial meeting they adjourned for about a week, as Parliament had not yet given specific instructions.

On 6 July, they received a set of rules from Parliament and were ordered to examine the first ten of the Thirty-Nine Articles, the current doctrinal standard of the Church of England, and "to free and vindicate the Doctrine of them from all Aspersions of false Interpretations". After a day of fasting, the Assembly took a vow, as directed by Parliament, to "not maintain any thing in Matters of Doctrine, but what I think, in my conscience, to be truth". The divines organized themselves into three standing committees, though each committee was open to any member of the Assembly. The committees would be assigned topics and prepare propositions for debate in the full Assembly following each morning of committee meetings. In addition, over 200 ad hoc committees were appointed for tasks such as examination of candidate preachers, college fellows, and suspected heretics.

The Assembly resolved, after some debate, that all the doctrines of the Thirty-Nine articles would need to be proven from the Bible. Assembly members were prone to long speeches and they made slow progress, frustrating the leadership. The eighth of the Thirty-Nine Articles recommended the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed, and Athanasian Creed, considered to be basic statements of orthodoxy, to be received and believed. The Assembly was unable to resolve conflicts between those who would not be bound by creeds and those who wished to retain the existing language that the creeds be "thoroughly received and believed". The "excepters", who took the former position, argued that the articles only require the "matter" of the creeds be believed. On 25 August the article was put off until the rest of the articles could be dealt with. This early disagreement on fundamental issues revealed deep rifts between different factions of the assembly.

Debating church government
From the beginning of the First Civil War, the Long Parliament recognized that they would need assistance from the Scots. In return for a military alliance, the Scottish Parliament required the English to sign the Solemn League and Covenant in 1643, which stipulated that the English would bring their church into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland. The Scottish Parliament sent commissioners to London to represent Scotland's interests to the English Parliament. Eleven of these, four theologians and seven members of Parliament, were also invited to the Assembly. The commissioners were given the opportunity to become full voting members of the Assembly but declined, preferring to maintain their independence as commissioners of their own nation and church. Samuel Rutherford, George Gillespie, and Alexander Henderson were the most outspoken of the commissioners.

On 12 October 1643, Parliament ordered the Assembly to cease work on the Thirty-Nine Articles and to begin to frame a common form of church government for the two nations. The Assembly would spend a quarter of its full sessions on the subject of church government. The majority of the Assembly members supported presbyterian polity, or church government by elected assemblies of lay and clerical representatives, though many were not dogmatically committed to it. Several members of this group, numbering about twenty and including William Twisse, favoured a "primitive" episcopacy, which would include elements of presbyterianism and a reduced role for bishops.

There were also several congregationalists, who favoured autonomy for individual local churches. Their most influential divines were Thomas Goodwin, Philip Nye, Sidrach Simpson, Jeremiah Burroughs, and William Bridge. They were often called the "dissenting brethren" in the Assembly. They have sometimes been labelled "Independents", but they rejected this term. The Assembly members for the most part reserved the label "Independent" for separatists who left the established church. The congregationalist divines cannot be equated with separatists and Brownists, as they had accepted episcopal ordination and remained in the Church of England. Their influence was assisted by the success of Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army in the ongoing civil war. Cromwell and many others in the army supported congregationalism.

A third group of divines were known as Erastians, a term for those who believed that the state should have significant power over the church. The entire Assembly was Erastian in the sense that the body had been called by Parliament and was completely under state control. Those labelled "Erastian" at the Assembly believed the civil authority, rather than church officers, should hold the power of church discipline. This included the power to withhold communion from unrepentant sinners. They did not see any particular form of church government as divinely mandated, and because of this the dissenting brethren allied with them when it became clear that a presbyterian establishment would be much less tolerant of congregationalism than Parliament. There were only two divines at the Assembly who held the Erastian view, John Lightfoot and Thomas Coleman, but the presence of members of Parliament, especially John Selden, as well as the fact of parliamentary oversight of the Assembly, gave Erastian views disproportional influence.

Several episcopalians, supporters of the existing system of bishops, were also included in the summoning ordinance, but Parliament may have nominated them to lend greater legitimacy to the Assembly and not have expected them to attend because Charles had not approved of the Assembly. Only one, Daniel Featley, participated, and he only until his arrest for treason in October 1643.

Debate on church officers began on 19 October. The Assembly began with the issue of ordination, as many of the divines were concerned about the rise of various sectarian movements and the lack of any mechanism for ordination of ministers of the established church. While some members did not seem to think ordination necessary for preachers (though they should not administer the sacraments without it), a majority of the divines thought any regular preaching without ordination unacceptable and wished to erect a provisional presbytery for purposes of ordination. There was also debate at this early stage over the nature of the visible church. The congregationalists considered a church to be a single local congregation, while the majority considered the national church to be a unity and were alarmed at the prospect of a disintegrated English church. Despite these debates, up until the end of 1643 there was hope that a common church government could be framed that would be satisfactory to all parties involved.

On 3 or 4 January 1644, the five leading dissenting brethren signalled a break with the rest of the Assembly when they published An Apologeticall Narration, a polemical pamphlet appealing to Parliament. It argued that the congregational system was more amenable to state control of religious matters than that of the presbyterians because they did not desire the church to retain any real power except to withdraw fellowship from aberrant congregations. By 17 January, the majority of the Assembly had become convinced that the best way forward was a presbyterian system similar to that of the Scots, but the dissenting brethren were allowed to continue to state their case in hope that they could eventually be reconciled. It was hoped that by avoiding asserting that presbyterianism was established by divine right, the congregationalists could be accommodated.

Despite these efforts, on 21 February it became clear just how fundamentally opposed the groups were. Philip Nye, one of the dissenting brethren, asserted in a speech that a presbytery set over local congregations would become as powerful as the state and was dangerous to the commonwealth, provoking vigorous opposition from presbyterians. The next day, the Assembly finally began to establish a prescription for presbyterian government. Owing to a strong belief in the unity of the church, the Assembly continued to try to find ways to reconcile the dissenting brethren with the majority throughout 1644, including the establishment of a special committee for that purpose in March. However, on 15 November, the dissenting brethren presented their reasons for disagreement with the rest of the Assembly to Parliament, and on 11 December the majority submitted a draft of a presbyterian form of government.

Conflicts with Parliament
Relations between the Assembly and Parliament were already deteriorating in 1644, when Parliament ignored the Assembly's request that "grossly ignorant and notoriously profane" individuals be barred from communion. While members of Parliament agreed that the sacrament should be kept pure, many of them disagreed with the presbyterian majority in the Assembly over who had the final power of excommunication, taking the Erastian view that it was the state. Also, by 1646, Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had won the war on behalf of Parliament. Cromwell, along with a majority of the army, was strongly in favour of religious toleration for all sorts of Christians even if the national church was to be presbyterian. His rise to power as a result of his military victories made the idea of a strictly presbyterian settlement without freedom of worship for others very unlikely. Parliament at least wanted to know which sins in particular were grave enough to trigger excommunication by the church; the Assembly was reticent to provide such information, as the majority considered the power of the church in this area to be absolute.

In May 1645, Parliament passed an ordinance allowing excommunicants to appeal the church's sentences to Parliament. Another ordinance on 20 October contained a list of sins to which the church would be limited in its power to excommunicate. To the majority of the divines' dismay, an even more Erastian ordinance was proposed in March 1646. The Assembly published a protest, provoking the Commons to charge it with breach of privilege and to submit nine questions to the divines on the matter. Votes were to be included with the answers, an attempt to force the divines associated with the protest petition to reveal themselves.

The Nine Queries, as they came to be called, focused on the divine right (jure divino) of church government. While the presbyterian divines were capable of defending their vision for church government as established by divine right in the Bible, they were unwilling to answer the queries because doing so would further expose the disunity of the Assembly and weaken their case in Parliament. In July 1647, the New Model Army invaded London and conservative members of Parliament were forced out. Parliament passed an ordinance establishing religious tolerance and ensuring that the Assembly's vision of a national, compulsory presbyterian church would never come to fruition. In London, where support for presbyterianism was greatest, presbyteries were established in only sixty-four of 108 city parishes, and regional presbyterian classes were only formed in fourteen of England's forty counties. A planned national general assembly never met. Many presbyterians did, however, establish voluntary presbyteries in what was a de facto free church situation until the Restoration in 1660, when a compulsory episcopal system was reinstated.

The new Form of Government was much more acceptable to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. They passed it on 10 February 1645, contingent on some particularities of presbyterian government which were expected to be worked out in a forthcoming Directory for Church Government. At the same time they announced their desire to formally unite the two churches. Following the rise of Cromwell and the secret Engagement of some Scots with Charles this hope was abandoned, and the documents were never formally adopted. The General Assembly ceased to function under Cromwell and the kings who succeeded him from 1649 to 1690.

Confession, catechisms, and the Directory for Public Worship
During and after the debates over church government, the Assembly framed other documents which did not cause open rifts. The Directory for Public Worship, which was to replace the Book of Common Prayer, was swiftly written in 1644 and passed by Parliament on 3 January 1645. The Directory, accepted by the Scots as well, took a middle course between the presbyterians and congregationalists. The presbyterians for the most part preferred a fixed liturgy while congregationalists favoured extemporaneous prayer. The Directory consisted of an order for services with sample prayers. The Assembly also recommended a psalter, translated by Francis Rous for use in worship.

A Confession of Faith to replace the Thirty-Nine Articles was begun in August 1646. While there is little record of the actions of the Assembly during the writing of the Confession, it is clear that there were significant debates in the Assembly over almost every doctrine found in it. The Confession was printed and sent to Parliament in December. The House of Commons requested scripture citations be added to the Confession, which were provided in April 1648. Parliament approved the Confession with revisions to the chapters on church censures, synods and councils, and marriage on 20 June 1648. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland had already adopted the Confession without revision in 1647. The restoration of Charles II in 1660 effectively made this legislation a nullity.

The Assembly had already done significant work on a catechism between December 1643 and January 1647 containing fifty-five questions, before it decided to create two catechisms rather than one. The Larger Catechism was intended to assist ministers in teaching the Reformed faith to their congregations. The Shorter Catechism was based on the Larger Catechism but intended for use in teaching the faith to children. Parliament demanded scripture proofs for the catechisms as well. The Scots General Assembly approved both catechisms in 1648.

The Assembly understood its mandate under the Solemn League and Covenant to have been fulfilled on 14 April 1648 when it delivered the scripture citations to Parliament, and the Scottish Commissioners had already left by the end of 1647. The Assembly continued to meet primarily for the purpose of examination of ministers for ordination. Most of the divines were unhappy with the republican Commonwealth that emerged after Colonel Pride's Purge of the Long Parliament in 1648. As a result, a majority stopped attending rather than agree to the oath of Engagement to the Commonwealth that was imposed in 1649. Newspapers continued to report on the meetings of the Assembly as late as March 1653. The Assembly must have stopped meeting sometime between then and Cromwell's dissolution of the Rump Parliament on 20 April 1653.

Theology
The Assembly was a product of the British Reformed tradition, taking as a major source the Thirty-Nine Articles as well as the theology of James Ussher and his Irish Articles of 1615. The divines also considered themselves to be within the broader European Reformed tradition. They were in frequent correspondence with continental Reformed theologians, and sought their approval. They also drew upon the pre-Reformation British theological tradition, which emphasized biblical knowledge and was influenced by the Augustinian theological tradition exemplified by Anselm, Thomas Bradwardine, and John Wycliffe. The recorded debates of the Assembly are full of citations of church fathers and medieval scholastic theologians.

The Confession starts with the doctrine of revelation, or how people can know about God. The divines believed knowledge of God was available to people through nature as well as the Bible, but they also believed that the Bible, or Scripture, is the only way in which people attain saving knowledge of God. The doctrine of Scripture was also a particularly important area of debate at the time. Scholars had begun to argue that the Hebrew vowel points, marks added to the text to aid in pronunciation, of the Old Testament were probably not part of the original. This caused significant debate between Reformed polemicists and Roman Catholics. Catholics argued that such a discovery demonstrated the need for an authoritative magisterium to interpret the Bible as opposed to the Protestant doctrine of perspicuity, that the essential teachings of the Bible could be interpreted by anyone. English Reformed writers in particular took up the work of defending the Reformed doctrine. The divines had a strong view of the inspiration of the Bible, and believed that God revealed himself in the propositions found in Scripture. While the issue of biblical inerrancy, the belief that there are no errors in the Bible, did not arise until the eighteenth century, the divines clearly did not believe the Bible to contain any errors. Many of the divines held a rather mechanical view of biblical inspiration, believing that not only the words and ideas but also the letters and vowel points of the Hebrew text were inspired by God. On the other hand, they acknowledged that the text was written by humans in their own styles. They did not make any distinction between essential and incidental matters with respect to biblical inspiration.

Puritans believed that God is sovereign over all of history and nature and that none of what were called his decrees would be frustrated. There was significant debate in the Assembly over the relationship of God's decree of predestination to the redemption purchased by Christ's death. Many of the Reformed during this period taught that Christ died with the purpose only to save those who were eternally chosen to be saved, a doctrine called particular redemption. A vocal minority of the divines of the Assembly argued for a position known as hypothetical universalism. Edmund Calamy held such a view, and he argued that Christ's death, as well as saving those who had been chosen, offered salvation to all people on condition that they believe. The Assembly's Confession did not teach such a view, and its language is much more amenable to a particular redemption interpretation, but there is a general agreement among scholars that the Confession's language allows an hypothetical universalist interpretation.

Covenant theology is an interpretive framework used by Reformed theologians which was significantly developed during the seventeenth century. Under this scheme, as articulated by the Assembly, God's dealings with men are described in terms of two covenants: the covenant of works and covenant of grace. The Westminster Confession was the first major Reformed symbol to explicitly mention the covenant of works (sometimes called the covenant of life), in which God offered Adam eternal life on condition of perfect obedience. In the fall of man, Adam broke the covenant of works by eating of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. To remedy this, God offered salvation apart from human initiative in what was called the covenant of grace. This covenant allowed man to enjoy eternal life despite his inability to obey God's law perfectly. The idea of the covenant of grace was a much more common feature of orthodox Reformed theology. The Westminster divines set these two covenants against each other as the two major ways in which God deals with people.

The divines associated William Laud and his followers with Catholicism, which they were even more strongly opposed to. Before the civil war, the divines saw these two groups as the greatest threat to the church. With the rise of radical sectarian movements during the war, the divines became much more concerned with these groups than polemics against Catholicism. The divines were particularly concerned with those they labeled antinomians. This was a loose term for those who saw the moral law as no longer relevant for Christians. The divines saw these groups as more immediately threatening than Catholicism.

Legacy
The work of the Westminster Assembly was repudiated by the Church of England during the Restoration in 1660. The Act of Uniformity 1662, a law requiring even greater adherence to the Book of Common Prayer and support for episcopalianism than had previously been required, forced Puritan ministers to leave the Church. Though some presbyterians continued to desire to be readmitted to the established church, restrictions on worship for non-conformists led to presbyterians putting aside differences with congregationalists and adopting congregational church orders.

The Civil War brought with it the end of the consensus among English Protestants that there should be a single church imposed by the state, though there was still not complete freedom of religion. The ideals of the dissenting brethren of the Assembly were significant in the rise of denominationalism, the doctrine that the church is found in several institutions rather than a single one in a given location. Though Protestants already commonly recognized the validity of churches in different territories, the outcome of the Assembly's debates marks the wider acceptance of the idea that several true churches may be found in the same territory.

The Confession produced by the Assembly was adopted with amendments by Congregationalists in England in the form of the 1658 Savoy Declaration, as well as by Particular Baptists in the form of the 1689 Baptist Confession. When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland was reestablished in 1690 following the Glorious Revolution, it ratified the Westminster Confession, but not any other document produced at Westminster. The Confession remains, according to the 1929 Declaratory Articles, the Church of Scotland's "principal subordinate standard", subordinate to the Bible. Memorization of the Shorter Catechism has been made a requirement for children in many Presbyterian churches.

The migrations and missionary efforts of each of these groups lead to the widespread significance of the Westminster Assembly throughout the English-speaking world. The Assembly's Confession was particularly influential in American Protestant theology. It was included with congregationalist changes as part of the 1648 Cambridge Platform, a statement produced by ministers of colonial Massachusetts and the surrounding region, and again in colonial Connecticut as part of the 1708 Saybrook Platform. The Confession was modified for American Baptists in the 1707 Philadelphia Confession. The Adopting Act of 1729 required American Presbyterians to agree to the theology of the Assembly's Confession, and the Confession remains a part of the Presbyterian Church (USA)'s Book of Confessions. The Confession has been called "by far the most influential doctrinal symbol in American Protestant history" by the historian of religion Sydney E. Ahlstrom.

title: Westminster Assembly


text:
Emily Pollifax

Mrs. Emily Pollifax is the heroine of a series of spy-mystery novels by Dorothy Gilman.

Character overview
Mrs. Pollifax is a widow and senior citizen who decides one day to leave her comfortable apartment in New Brunswick, New Jersey and join the CIA. Through an initial misunderstanding, Mrs. Pollifax is given what is supposed to be a simple courier assignment by Operations Chief, Mr. Carstairs, and her ensuing adventure leads her to a career in espionage.

The Emily Pollifax novels frequently employ comic relief and suspense. A consistent theme throughout the series is Mrs. Pollifax's tendency to take an interest in people who seem disconnected with her mission, but who either become part of the investigation  and/or who prove to be of invaluable assistance to  resolving the case.

Recurring characters include Bishop, Carstairs' assistant; John Sebastian Farrell, an agent turned art dealer; and in later books, Cyrus Reed, a man with whom Mrs. Pollifax finds romance in the book Mrs. Pollifax on Safari.

Most of the novels take place in existing countries and include authentic details; however, characters in the stories sometimes originate from fictional places that resemble groups of real-life countries. An example of this trait is evidenced by a character in A Palm for Mrs. Pollifax who is from Zabya, a fictional Middle Eastern monarchy described as one of "those Arabian oil-producing countries." In addition, as is common in the spy fiction genre, many of the stories taking place in the Cold War era are set in Iron Curtain countries or include rival spies from communist countries.

The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax (1966)
Mrs. Pollifax is an elderly widow who has come to find life dull and is almost ready to end it all out of sheer boredom. Inspired by a newspaper profile of an actress who began her career in later life, she decides to fulfill a childhood ambition and apply for a job as a spy at the CIA. Meanwhile, Carstairs at the CIA is looking for an agent who can pass as a tourist in order to pick up an important package in Mexico. Due to a slight confusion, he thinks Mrs. Pollifax is one of the candidates and decides that Mrs. Pollifax is ideal; Carstairs decided this assignment carries so little danger that even one who is relatively untrained may be sent. So with minimum explanation, Pollifax is ushered off to Mexico City to meet a bookstore owner/secret agent, exchange code phrases, and leave with the package. The courier mission does not go as planned, and Mrs. Pollifax finds herself imprisoned in the Socialist Republic of Albania, facing harsh questioning and possible torture. But she proves to be unusually resourceful, and with her companion's assistance, manages to outwit the enemy and save the day.

The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (1970)
For this novel, Mrs. Pollifax is tasked by Mr. Carstairs, her CIA superior, to go to Turkey and contact Magda Ferenci-Sabo, a known Russian spy and secret double agent who is defecting to the Free World. Emily Pollifax is to give Magda money and a passport which will enable the former spy to leave Turkey. Although Carstairs gives Mrs. Pollifax only 30 minutes to get ready, the plucky widow is ready for another adventure. She flies to Turkey and sees Magda, but is unable to make personal contact before Magda flees. In pursuing her mission, Mrs. Pollifax embarks on a wild ride, matching wits with a diabolical double agent, traveling with Gypsies, and again surviving imprisonment. However, characteristically, she befriends unlikely allies along her way.

The Elusive Mrs. Pollifax (1971)
Mrs. Pollifax is sent, as a tourist, on a routine assignment, to deliver the eight forged passports she is carrying, concealed in her hat, to the Bulgarian Underground. Unbeknownst to her, her boss, Carstairs, has been strong-armed into having her take other items along, sewn into her coat. On the way, she meets a group of back-packing college students at an airport, and offers to help when one of them is arrested by the secret police, upon arriving in Sofia. Mrs. Pollifax then leads both friends and foes on a merry chase, as she travels around Bulgaria, on a series of absorbing, and interwoven, adventures, including helping to rescue the student and several political prisoners from the seemingly impregnable Panchevsky Institute.

A Palm for Mrs. Pollifax (1973)
Mrs. Pollifax is dispatched to Switzerland to find some missing plutonium: Mr. Carstairs of the CIA suspects the contraband has been hidden in an upscale clinic in Switzerland. Mrs. Pollifax begins a careful investigation of the guests at the clinic and rapidly befriends a young British man, a Belgian woman, and a young boy and his grandmother from an Arab nation. She soon discovers that very few of the clinic patients are who they claim to be, and she becomes involved in intrigue with men who plan to overthrow the government of a small country. She, of course, displays the courage and ingenuity which Mr. Carstairs has learned to depend on, and she leads her outnumbered friends into the adventure of their lives.

Mrs. Pollifax on Safari (1976)
Mrs. Pollifax is called upon by the CIA to undertake another mission, this time to photograph members of a safari in Zambia, one of whom is an international assassin nicknamed Aristotle. She innocently posts an ad in the local newspaper trying to contact her old friend Farrell from the first book. This leads to major complications, as Farrell is involved with the freedom fighters across the border and has made some enemies. Another entertaining outing and with a bit of romance as a fellow traveler takes a fancy to Mrs. Pollifax.

Mrs. Pollifax on the China Station (1983)
Mrs. Pollifax is thrilled when Mr. Carstairs, her boss at the CIA, gives her an assignment in China to help rescue a prisoner from a labor camp. As luck would have it, she has recently completed a course in Chinese history, so she is primed and ready to go. She joins a tour group and is told that one of the other group members is actually a CIA agent who will become her partner later on. She tries unsuccessfully to detect her future partner and is very surprised when the agent's identity is revealed. As the action speeds up she finds the labor camp, rides a runaway horse, and encounters some rough stuff from a Russian spy.

Mrs. Pollifax and the Hong Kong Buddha (1985)
Mrs. Pollifax flies on a moment's notice to Hong Kong, to contact Sheng Ti, whom she met in an earlier book, and find out what is going on at Feng Imports where Sheng Ti is working for an agent named Detwiler. Detwiler's reports to the CIA have proved to be false, so he is suspected of being a counterspy and giving evidence to the enemy. Mrs. Pollifax meets some other interesting characters, including a psychic and another old friend, who is a reformed cat burglar, while in pursuit of the truth about Feng Imports. She is captured and tortured, but prevails as always.

Mrs. Pollifax and the Golden Triangle (1988)
This time Mrs. Pollifax's assignment seems simple: while she and her husband Cyrus Reed are vacationing in Thailand, she is to pick up some valuable information on drug smuggling from an informant called Ruamsak. Everything goes awry immediately: Ruamsak is murdered, Cyrus is kidnapped, and Emily joins forces with Bonchoo, an intriguing stranger with complex reasons of his own for wanting to find Cyrus. They meet the Akha people in the jungle. The usual phalanx of muddled but supportive CIA agents try to follow Emily through the jungles of Thailand and are seriously rattled when one of their directors abruptly vanishes, only to reappear in the Golden Triangle as the head of all illicit drug trafficking. Pollifax needs all her wiles and her considerable skills in the martial arts, not only to track her husband but also to put a serious dent in the heroin trade.

Mrs. Pollifax and the Whirling Dervish (1990)
Mrs. Pollifax is dispatched to Morocco to provide a cover for another of their agents, Max Janko. She will pose as Max's aunt to make the pair look like tourists, while in reality they will be trying to identify all seven Moroccan CIA operatives in order to ferret out the mole who has recently infiltrated the Atlas network, a secret branch of the CIA. Anticipating a relatively serene journey through picturesque Moroccan villages with an agreeable companion, Mrs. Pollifax is dismayed to find Janko insufferably hostile. Worse, he intends to kill her. By the time the real Janko shows up, a murder has occurred, and Mrs. Pollifax and her inexperienced companion are running for their lives from one dusty hamlet to the next, desperately trying to find the informer and save the rest of the network.

Mrs. Pollifax and the Second Thief (1993)
Mrs. Pollifax travels to Sicily in this adventure. Former colleague John Farrell, hired to crack a safe and lift a document signed by Julius Caesar sends an SOS while dodging a professional assassin whom he and Mrs. Pollifax jailed some years ago. Soon she too is ducking bullets and the old pals are forced to hole up in the Villa Franca—part farm, part medieval fortress and full-time residence of young CIA agent Kate Rossiter's eccentric aunt. Ancient artifacts, hair-raising chases, art forgery, arms traffic, a nighttime assault on the villa, mysterious millionaires, spectacular scenery and unexpected romance are some of the ingredients simmering in the plot.

Mrs. Pollifax Pursued (1995)
Mrs. Pollifax discovers a young woman hiding in a closet of her Connecticut home on the same day that she observes a suspicious white van patrolling the neighborhood. Kadi Hopkirk says the men in the van have been following her ever since she met Sammy, a childhood friend from the African country of Ubangiba. Mrs. Pollifax hides Kadi in the car and takes to the highway but is unable to shake the van until she calls on her colleagues at the CIA, who send a helicopter to whisk them away to a traveling carnival in rural Maine. Mrs. Pollifax poses as a journalist, and Kadi becomes the lower half of the woman who is sawed in two, while the CIA pals find out who Sammy is and why he is being so heavily guarded. Mrs. Pollifax solves several mysteries, including a stabbing at the carnival, Kadi and Sammy's story and the abduction of a wealthy executive.

Mrs. Pollifax and the Lion Killer (1996)
The sequel to Mrs. Pollifax Pursued, in which we meet Kadi Hopkirk, the daughter of Ubangiba missionaries. Kadi's college friend Sammy is now trying to rule Ubangiba after many years of dictatorship. Sammy calls upon Kadi for help and Mrs. Pollifax decides to accompany her to Africa. There have been a series of violent deaths at the hands of a "lion killer", one who dons a lion costume, and Sammy's enemies have accused him of being behind the murders. When Kadi arrives in Ubangiba, she becomes the target of an old enemy, and Mrs. Pollifax does her best to protect the young girl. A potential archaeological dig and the hint of romance for Kadi combine with political intrigue and murder.

Mrs. Pollifax, Innocent Tourist (1997)
Mrs. Pollifax travels to Jordan with former Company agent John Sebastian Farrell to receive a manuscript smuggled from Iraq, written by an executed dissident Iraqi novelist. As Farrell's cover, Mrs. Pollifax poses as his tourist cousin but immediately is up to her flowered straw hat in intrigue. Farrell's contact doesn't show up for their scheduled meeting at the Crusader castle at Karak, although Emily does find a dead body there. When their guide, Youseff, and his sister, Hanan, invite them to visit their grandfather, a desert sheik, they're trailed by Jordanian terrorists, the Iraqi secret police and Jordanian police. The climax occurs at an ancient desert fort.

Mrs. Pollifax Unveiled (2000)
Mrs. Pollifax teams up with freelance CIA agent John Farrell on an investigation into the disappearance of Amanda Pym in Syria. Ms. Pym was a fifteen-minute media superstar when she allegedly stopped an airplane hijacking from succeeding. Witnesses last saw Amanda enter a vehicle that waited for her at the Damascus Airport. Farrell and Mrs. Pollifax land in Syria where the government places a tail on the duo. However, they quickly elude their shadow in order to obtain information that provides them with the first clue in their hunt. They soon enter the Syrian Desert where they meet American archeologist Joe Fleming. Joining the two operatives on their quest, Joe and the two spies seek an elusive individual who seems to be undergoing a rigorous training for a mission that has world implications.

Mrs. Pollifax in film
Mrs. Pollifax—Spy (1971), a theatrical film based on the book The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax, stars Rosalind Russell in the title role, Darren McGavin as John Sebastian Farrell, and Dana Elcar as Carstairs. Russell was also credited as contributing to the story idea under a pseudonym.

The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax (1999), a CBS television movie adaptation of the eponymous book, stars Angela Lansbury in the title role, Thomas Ian Griffith as Farrell, and Ed Bishop as Carstairs.

title: Emily Pollifax


text:
User talk:Aub~enwiki

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title: User talk:Aub~enwiki


text:
User:Reinaldoborges

Reinaldo Borges

title: User:Reinaldoborges


text:
User talk:Reinaldoborges

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:01, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Reinaldoborges


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC1/quiz

Featured articles
Which of the following are featured articles?
 * Battle of Jutland
 * Millard Filmore
 * Apollo 13
 * Schizophrenia
 * Grateful Dead
 * Star Trek
 * Tasmania
 * Jonathan Wild
 * Action potential
 * International Rescue Committee

Which of the above has been featured on the main page? ______________

What is today’s featured article? ______________

Other wikipedians
Match the Wikipedian with his/her Committee (1 pt each)

 * Harmonious editing club
 * Department of Fun
 * Mediation committee
 * Wikimedia board
 * Association of Members' Advocates

 * Tim Shell
 * Alex S
 * Larsie
 * 172
 * llywrch

Match the user to his/her real name (1 pt each)
 * Ray Saintonge
 * Phil Sandifer
 * Robin Shannon
 * Martin Harper
 * Lee Pilich

 * Camembert
 * Eclecticology
 * Snowspinner
 * MyRedDice
 * The bellman

Could you identify another wikipedian if you saw him on the street? Given a picture of a Wikipedia, match the letter to his/her username. (1 pt each)

 * Grunt ____
 * Moink ____
 * Hyacinth ____
 * Nohat ____
 * Arpingstone ____
 * Slowking Man ____

Wikipedia quotes
Given a quote, identify the Wikipedia user who said it (3 pts each)

 * "Beep! Beep! Here comes the banmobile" ___________

 * "All sysops can communicate with each other using a back channel consisting of an unrelated web page and encrypted, predefined signals." ___________

 * "IRC is where good intentions go to die" ___________

 * "Keep. Templates don't kill people, Cabalists kill people." ___________

 * "Ah yes, Wikipedia, harnessing the power of insomniacs the world over" ___________

Wikipedia history and goings-on
(1 pt) Wikipedia was started to completement this now-defunct encyclopedia project. ____________

(2 pts per answer) In August, the English Wikipedia had an election to fill two open spots on the arbitration committee. They elected Raul654 and Jwrosenzweig. Name both of the users whose seats were being filled and the person who came in third to Raul654 and Jwrosenzweig.

 * Seat 1:  ____________
 * Seat 2:  ____________
 * Third in election: ____________

(1 pt per answer) After English, what are the next 5 largest Wikipedias?
 * 1) ____________
 * 2) ____________
 * 3) ____________
 * 4) ____________
 * 5) ____________

As of this writing (Friday, December 10, 2004) how many administrators does the english Wikipedia have? ________ (3 pts if within 5, 2 points if within 20, and 1 pt if within 50)

title: Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC1/quiz


text:
Exposed (Mike Oldfield album)

Exposed is the first live album by English musician Mike Oldfield, released as a double album on 27 July 1979 by Virgin Records in the UK. It was recorded at various locations across Europe during Oldfield's debut concert tour as a solo artist, following the release of his fourth studio album Incantations (1978). The album features Incantations and his debut album Tubular Bells (1973) performed in their entirety, plus Oldfield's 1979 non-album single "Guilty" as the encore.

Exposed was initially marketed as a restricted release with just 100,000 copies produced, but strong sales prompted Virgin Records to give the album a full release. It peaked at No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart and earned a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry for selling 60,000 copies. A concert film of the shows at the Wembley Conference Centre during the 1979 tour were released on DVD in October 2005, also entitled Exposed.

Background and recording
After undergoing Erhard Seminars Training in 1978, the formerly reclusive Mike Oldfield launched a Europe-wide tour with instrumental and choral ensemble to promote his fourth solo album, Incantations.

Initially during the tour the concerts were being recorded without the knowledge of the musicians, so that they could be paid less money, for just a performance and not a recording. The musicians found out, but the recordings went ahead and the album was produced.

The artwork is linked to the title, as it shows a frame of film containing a photo of Oldfield in a concert arena. Among the choir singers were members of the Queen's College, London choir. The all-female choir singers were selected strictly based on their looks.

Due primarily to costs associated with the numerous support singers and musicians, the tour made a net loss of half a million pounds.

The album was recorded using The Manor Studio's Mobile unit, and mixed at The Town House, London. The double vinyl album was released in 4 channel quadraphonic sound using the SQ Quadraphonic encoding system. This was one of the last quadraphonic albums released.

Reissues
Exposed has been reissued a number of times including a HDCD reissue by Virgin Records in 2000.A double CD version was later released. A DVD version of the concert, recorded at Wembley Conference Centre, was released in 2005.

the album has not been reissued on CD or digitally by Mercury Records. However, other reissued albums include different live recordings from the same period as Exposed. This comes as part of a deal in which Oldfield's Virgin albums were transferred to Universal's label. With the exception of this record and The Orchestral Tubular Bells, all Oldfield's 1970s albums have been reissued by Mercury Records on CD.

A reissue of Exposed by Universal Music Group on heavyweight vinyl was announced for release on 2 December 2016 on the same day as a vinyl reissue of the Collaborations disc from Oldfield's Boxed compilation.

Side one

 * 1) "Incantations (Parts 1 & 2)" (Mike Oldfield) – 26:30

Side two

 * 1) "Incantations (Parts 3 & 4)" (Mike Oldfield) – 20:50

Side three

 * 1) "Tubular Bells (Part 1)" (Mike Oldfield) – 28:36

Side four

 * 1) "Tubular Bells (Part 2)" (Mike Oldfield, except "The Sailor's Hornpipe") – 11:09
 * 2) "Guilty" (Mike Oldfield) – 6:22

Personnel

 * Mike Oldfield – guitars, producer
 * Nico Ramsden – guitars
 * Phil Beer – guitar, vocals
 * Pekka Pohjola – bass guitar
 * Pierre Moerlen – drums, percussion
 * Mike Frye – percussion
 * Benoit Moerlen – percussion
 * David Bedford – percussion, string arrangements
 * Ringo McDonough – bodhrán
 * Pete Lemer – keyboards
 * Tim Cross – keyboards
 * Maddy Prior – vocals
 * Ray Gay – trumpets
 * Ralph Izen – trumpets
 * Simo Salminen – trumpets
 * Colin Moore – trumpets
 * Sebastian Bell – flutes
 * Chris Nicholls – flutes

 * Orchestral Leader - Richard Studt - violin
 * Benedict Cruft - violin
 * Elizabeth Edwards - violin
 * Jane Price - violin
 * Nichola Hurton - violin
 * Jonathan Kahan - violin
 * Donald McVay – viola
 * Pauline Mack – viola
 * Danny Daggers – viola
 * Melinda Daggers – viola
 * Liz Butler – viola
 * Ross Cohen – violins
 * Nigel Warren-Green – Cello
 * Vanessa Park – cello
 * David Bucknall – cello
 * Jessica Ford – cello
 * Nick Worters – bass
 * Joe Kirby – bass

 * Debra Bronstein – choir
 * Marigo Acheson – choir
 * Emma Freud – choir
 * Diana Coulson – choir
 * Mary Elliott – choir
 * Mary Creed – choir
 * Cecily Hazell – choir
 * Wendy Lampitt – choir
 * Clara Harris – choir
 * Emma Smith – choir
 * Catherine Loewe – choir
 * Philp R. Newell – executive recording supervisor, producer
 * Alan Perkins – recording engineer
 * Greg Shriver – recording engineer
 * Kurt Munkacsi – recording engineer
 * Ken Capper – assistant
 * Chris Blake – assistant
 * Sally Arnold – tour co-ordinator

title: Exposed (Mike Oldfield album)


text:
Talk:Flag of East Timor

Untitled
Just look at this: ". They are the ones that continue to shed their blood for the sacred right to self-determination and independence of East-Timor. Because of that there was a consensus of the participants of the Convention adopt the flag as a temporary flag of East-Timor."

meaning of symbols and colors
Hi, i uploaded Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_East_Timor maybe it is a different translation, but it describes the white star and colors in Section 15 (National Flag):

"1. The National Flag is rectangular and is formed by two isosceles triangles, the bases of which are overlapping. One triangle is black and its height is equal to one-third of the length overlapped to the yellow triangle, whose height is equal to half the length of the Flag. In the centre of the black triangle there is a white star of five ends, meaning the light that guides. The white star has one of its ends turned towards the upper right end of the flag. The remaining part of the flag is purple-red.

2. The colours mean:

 * Golden-yellow – the wealth of the country;
 * Black – the obscurantism that needs to be overcome;
 * Purple-red – the struggle for national liberation;
 * White – peace."

is somebody able to check it, i am from the german WP and there is no german tranlation. kind regards --Lofor 13:57, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

midnight
If it was midnight wouldnt it be May 20? 24.91.9.206 21:32, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Previous flag
The linked flag is the flag of CNRT, not the FALINTIL. Check the websides of FOTW! --J. Patrick Fischer 13:23, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

New images available
New images of East Timoresian flags are now available at Commons. Variations, political flags, historical flags, etc.. Check it! If you have any questions, you can contact me at German Wikipedia. --J. Patrick Fischer 11:48, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Positioning of the star
The constitution for the flag is a dead link however this web site provided appears to be the new constitution web page. The only big issue is the star was to be pointed to the upper left corner of the flag and now the constitution states that to point it at the upper right end of the flag. Is there something more substantial? Throttler (talk) 05:29, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of East Timor


text:
User talk:Moshiach

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:01, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Image source problem with Image:Bridgman-Seal.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Bridgman-Seal.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Image tagging for File:Bridgman-Seal.png
Thanks for uploading File:Bridgman-Seal.png. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 06:36, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moshiach


text:
User talk:Kowens

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:02, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Discover Intensive Phonics for Yourself
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, but all Wikipedia articles must meet our criteria for inclusion (see What Wikipedia is not and Deletion policy). Since it does not seem to me that Discover Intensive Phonics for Yourself meets these criteria, I have started a discussion about whether this article should be kept or deleted.

Your opinion on whether this article meets the inclusion criteria is welcome. Please contribute to the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Discover Intensive Phonics for Yourself. Don't forget to add four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of each of your comments to sign them.

Discussions such as these usually last five days. In the meantime, you are free to edit the content of the article. Please do not remove the "articles for deletion" template (the box at the top). When the discussion has concluded, an administrator will consider all comments and decide whether or not to delete the article. --  Netsnipe  (Talk)  16:15, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment: I'm actually satisfied with the references you have provided and I would actually be willing to withdraw my vote for deletion if you shifted the focus in the background section away from Charlotte Lockhart's credentials and instead provided an objective comparison of this reading instruction compared to other systems and note its advantages/disadvantages compared to other reading systems. i.e. answer the question - why should instructors use this method? At the moment, the background section reads a little too much like blurb from a promotional phamplet for comfort. -- Netsnipe  (Talk)  19:32, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi Kowens, just a note that the AFD for this article has been relisted by another member of the AFD team to generate a more thorough discussion so that consensus may be reached. PS: Please elaborate on what Orton-Gillingham means. --  Netsnipe  (Talk)  20:30, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kowens


text:
Bridgman seal

A Bridgman seal, invented by and named after Percy Williams Bridgman, can be used to seal a pressure chamber and compress its contents to high pressures (up to 40,000 MPa), without the seal leaking and releasing the pressure

A cylindrical driving piston is mounted within a cylindrical channel that is closed at its far end. This piston presses against a hard steel ring, followed by a softer steel ring, and then a ring of more viscous or elastic material such as rubber, copper or soap stone, all within the channel. These three intermediate stages provide an inner cylinder, and the third stage bears on a specially shaped final steel piston that applies the force to pressurize material held at the end of the outer, enclosing channel. The final piston consists of a wider portion that fills the main channel, and a narrower cylindrical extension that leads back through the inner channel formed by the three ring-shaped intermediate stages, ending within the hard steel ring without making direct contact with the driving piston. This arrangement ensures that higher pressures create tighter seals that resist any leakage from the material at the end, since the pressure within the last and softest ring is greater than that in the material at the end.

This arrangement has much in common with the earlier de Bange breech obturator system used to prevent the escape of gasses from breech loading artillery, whether inspired by that or independently invented, with the important further feature that Bridgman's system does not merely resist the escape of material under pressure while stationary, it applies that pressure by movement within the pressurising equipment.

Bridgman's previous pressurizing arrangement, a screw with a 2-m spanner, allowed him to get pressures of up to 400 MPa; the Bridgman seal allowed pressures up to 40,000 MPa. These are typical pressures expected in the Earth's internal structure. This advance allowed him to make many discoveries, including the high-pressure phases of ice (still known by the Bridgman nomenclature), high-pressure minerals, and novel high-pressure material properties. These discoveries were important in many fields of science and engineering. Bridgman won a Nobel Prize for his work.

title: Bridgman seal


text:
User:Galaxiaad

I'm a longtime editor, specializing in small fixes and typos, but mostly inactive nowadays.

Barnstars
es:User:Galaxiaad

title: User:Galaxiaad