text:
Talk:Spotswood High School (Virginia)

from VfD:

Yet another highschool that excels in having absolutely nothing special about it. --fvw *  22:23, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Comment: Apparently there was also a notable lawsuit filed against this school by the ACLU when the school violated a teacher and students First Amendment rights. This article has since been heavily expanded.  There is a great deal of irony where people are voting to effectively ban an article about a school which censored an anti-censorship message from the American Library Association's pamphlets on Banned Books Week.  Check the page history for details. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:09, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * LOL! Delete as newbie experiment.  This tells me nothing except the location...and even that's a red link. - Lucky 6.9 22:42, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not to get in to the whole "Should high schools be included" flame war again, but, yeah, a high school has to do something notable to get included in Wiki. Samboy 23:31, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) Abstain. There's now enough notable content that my "delete, this is just another high school" thinking doesn't apply (it was a one-line substub when I voted to delete it). Samboy 23:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, this subject is noteworthy. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:37, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This article has been substantially expanded since being listed on VfD. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:09, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Dr Zen 00:44, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, a poor stub but a valid topic. - SimonP 02:03, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It is a substub that is shorter than this vote. No information other than the name is given and the fact that (gee!) it's in Virginia, near the mountains.  Geogre 02:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It is now longer than that vote. It can be expanded much more, and hopefully will. Factitious 17:54, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * The expansion does help a great deal. I'm on the fence, now, though.  Unfortunately, I think some incident of interest has occurred just about everywhere, whether it's the junior English teacher sleeping with a student or the funds going missing for the cafeteria or a censorship challenge, so I still don't think that the school itself has been rendered notable.  The only thing I really learn is that it's a poisonous place to work.  Geogre 18:29, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If "on the fence", please withdraw or change your vote. The bottom line here, which I've been saying all along, is that there are so many noteworthy stories behind so many schools.  This article illustrates what I mean when I say give it opportunity for organic growth.  School articles on Wikipedia should serve as a magnet for documenting historical events related to the school, especially factually verfiable events which you simply won't find mention of, for obvious reasons, on the school's official website or a statistics machine such as greatschools.net.
 * I was "on the fence" about changing to an abstain, but had not altered my vote because the incident seemed to be peculiar, but not identifiably part of the school. Each of the little scandals and tidbits of a school can be discussed in their natural locations.  For example, is this incident a Spotswood High School topic, or is it a censorship topic?  Is there something about the school itself that is notable, or was there a particular incident that occurred?  I have not changed my vote even to abstain.  I still believe that this is a non-notable topic, this school, that there has been no demonstration that the school is unique, that it has an identity that can be assessed, that it is for itself notable.  Geogre 20:42, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - It's a high school. It's in a place. Woooow. BEEFSTEW score of zero. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:27, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established. Indrian 06:41, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 06:51, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless notability shown. I'd say merge into the town it's in, but there is nothing to merge. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:35, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * If you want to merge it to preserve the content, but you can't find something to merge it into, why not keep it where it is? The current title seems like a good place to have information about Spotswood High School. Factitious 17:54, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep 119 07:36, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Would be better off being merged into Benn Laird, Virginia and deleted - Skysmith 09:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this POV ("venerable") substub on a non-notable school, unless someone creates Benn Laird, Virginia, in which case I would agree with a merge. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 16:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. All schools are inheritantly notable. --Andylkl 17:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic, expandable, verifiable, etc.  Thanks to GRider, it's now a good stub. Factitious 17:54, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep GRider's new stub. School articles like this are OK by me! - Lucky 6.9 18:30, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Death to vanity alumni listings.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, ~60% graduation rate neither high or low enuf to be notable. Second choice, redirect to Rockingham County Public Schools where, other than principal's names, topic is already more thoroughly covered. Niteowlneils 05:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 07:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless/until something noteworthy about the school comes to light. iMeowbot 09:43, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * An obvious Keep with the recent expansion. older ≠ wiser 19:00, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed, keep. --L33tminion | (talk) 21:24, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 20:58, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * ''The following vote was misplaced on the main VfD page and may not have been seen by many voters. I haven't counted the votes, but those more interested than i may want to see it before closing. Without judging the issue, i've moved it from the 14th (now on /Old) to the 21st 16th for one more day in which that question could be treated. --Jerzy(t) 00:12, 2004 Dec 21 & 00:16, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC) (UTC)
 * Keep. Even a lowly high school should be included in the great Wikipedia. It's not like we're writing a book and therefore we have to conserve space so the book doesn't weigh 100,000 pounds or have 600 volumes. Especially since something happened there, however small the event was, someone should be able to look it up. RyanGerbil10 06:20, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Every high school has its history, and as such, should be kept. I'll donate another $10 to pay for the disk space required for Virginia High schools, past and present. --Shawn_Pickrell 00:36, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Still not notable enough to be included. --G Rutter 09:43, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Samaritan 18:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

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title: Talk:Spotswood High School (Virginia)


text:
Air Force Metrology and Calibration Program Office

AFMETCAL (Air Force METrology and CALibration Program Office), located in Heath, Ohio is the primary manager of metrology services for the U.S. Air Force. It retains engineering authority for all calibrations performed in the PMEL labs throughout the Air Force, and oversees the contractor managed and operated Air Force Primary Standards Lab (AFPSL). It currently operates as a direct reporting unit of the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center for Wright-Patterson AFB, Wright-Patterson, OH.

Mission
To develop and sustain precision measurement capabilities ensuring accurate, reliable, and safe air and space systems performance through effective management of the Air Force Metrology Program.

History
The United States Air Force calibration program was initiated in January 1952 to comply with AF Regulation 74–2, which outlined policies and assigned responsibilities for managing the Air Force Metrology and Calibration (AFMETCAL) Program. The Dayton Air Force Depot, located at Gentile Air Force Station, Dayton, Ohio, developed and implemented a plan to ensure traceability to national standards that would apply to all measurements made on any weapon system in the Air Force.

The Dayton Air Force Depot was given the authority to establish a centralized calibration program. Under their plan, the Air Materiel Area Depots were given a set of measurement standards, which were periodically calibrated by the Dayton Air Force Depot using standards traceable to the National Bureau of Standards.

The operational success of a "Test Shop" program set up at March AFB, California, on 15 September 1957, led to the establishment of the base-level Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratories providing the Air Force with a complete calibration system that could handle the increasingly stringent measurement needs of the new missile and aircraft systems. The Dayton Air Force Depot facilities were becoming inadequate to support the increasing accuracy requirements of the Air Force so the search for a suitable replacement facility was begun in 1958. Air Force Industrial Plant No. 48 at Heath, Ohio, contained most of the features desired, such as the underground facilities and a stable seismic environment. On 1 February 1959, it was redesignated the Heath Maintenance Annex of the Dayton Air Force Depot. Authorization to begin construction was given by public law on 9 June 1960.

The Dayton Air Force Depot personnel associated with the Air Force calibration program began their moves to the Heath Maintenance Annex in April 1962, and by June, most had been relocated to Heath, Ohio. In June, the name was also changed to the 2802nd Inertial Guidance and Calibration Group under HQ Air Force Logisitics Command. By July 1962, the Metrology function was fully staffed. By the end of 1962, the primary calibration labs and the Air Force Measurement Standards Laboratories were completed, consisting of four levels underground containing 20,000 square feet (1900 m2) of laboratory area. In November 1962, the facility was named Newark Air Force Station.

In 1965, the Air Force assigned management of the worldwide Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratories certification program to the Calibration and Metrology Division. In 1968, the 2802nd Inertial Guidance and Calibration Group was inactivated and replaced by the Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center (AGMC). The Calibration and Metrology Division was changed to the Directorate of Metrology on 8 November 1968. Newark Air Force Station was renamed Newark Air Force Base in June 1987.

During the 1990s privatization took place at Newark AFB. This has resulted in the functions of the Air Force Primary Standards Laboratories, and Technical Order preparation, being performed by a private contractor. The Air Force created the Air Force Metrology and Calibration Program Office (AFMETCAL) at Heath, Ohio, to manage metrology services for the Air Force, retain engineering authority for all calibrations performed in the PMEL labs throughout the Air Force, and manage the contractor operated Air Force Primary Standards Lab. This is the present configuration of the Air Force Metrology program.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


title: Template:HP1ref


text:
Talk:Imperial Dalek

from VfD:

Reason I recommended this article for VfD: Poorly written fancruft, probably vanity for someone's un-notable online fantasy story. —ExplorerCDT 22:25, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete —ExplorerCDT 22:25, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Dr. Who trivia belongs here. Samboy 22:44, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) Merge in to Dalek Ranks Samboy 23:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Fan-crufty but definitely encyclopedic. - Lucky 6.9 23:08, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:36, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's almost tantamount to trolling to list the stuff that belongs to major sf series, because you know that it's going to be kept.Dr Zen 00:58, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Dalek or List of Daleky topics or something. --fvw *  01:58, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Delete: If a fan wants to merge it into Dalek, that's where it belongs.  However, this detail is not vital to understanding Dr. Who (and therefore doesn't have to be merged) and isn't notable on its own.  Geogre 02:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into Dalek types or soemthing. 132.205.15.43 03:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 04:24, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Everyking 05:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Esoteric fancruft. Indrian 06:42, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete if not merged to dalek or something. Same as the others. -R. fiend 06:58, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This isn't vanity for someone's online story, as claimed above.  It's about established Doctor Who characters.  Read Davros and Dalek Supreme for some more information on how this fits into the TV series. Factitious 16:51, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to Dalek. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:09, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a dalek invasion!  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dalek Ranks. Merge completed.  The Steve  08:00, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * The article Dalek Ranks needs a rename to Dalek ranks 132.205.45.148 15:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect but NOT to Dalek Ranks or Dalek ranks or whatever it's called. This is a Dalek faction, not a Dalek rank.  Instead, merge and redirect to Daleks, or to Remembrance of the Daleks, which is the Dr Who story where they appeared.  P Ingerson 16:04, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete don't bother to redirect, merge Dalek ranks to Dalek and move any info either to that page or the page about the episode. DreamGuy 22:08, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Daleks very are important, this particular information is not. With Dalek Ranks there is no longer a need for this individual article, if there ever was.  Gamaliel 07:17, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Imperial Dalek


text:
String Quartet No. 15 (Beethoven)

The String Quartet No. 15 in A minor, Op. 132, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was written in 1825, given its public premiere on November 6 of that year by the Schuppanzigh Quartet and was dedicated to Count Nikolai Galitzin, as were Opp. 127 and 130. The number traditionally assigned to it is based on the order of its publication; it is actually the thirteenth quartet in order of composition.

Music
The five movements of the quartet are:

1. Assai sostenuto – Allegro (A minor)

2. Allegro ma non tanto (A major)

3. "Heiliger Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit, in der Lydischen Tonart". Molto adagio – Andante (F Lydian)

4. Alla marcia, assai vivace (attacca) (A major)

5. Allegro appassionato (A minor – A major) The performance of the work takes around 45 minutes.

I. Assai sostenuto – Allegro
The slow introduction to the first movement, like that of the thirteenth quartet, is based on a motif that recurs throughout the late quartets and in the Große Fuge as well: the second tetrachord of the harmonic minor scale. The movement is in a modified sonata form which involves three full rotations of the expositional primary and secondary thematic material, each with a different tonal plan, in contrast to the usual sonata form which only cycles fully through this material twice (for the exposition and recapitulation). The first expositional rotation begins in the tonic and moves down a third to VI (F major) for the second key area (m. 48), while the second – following a developmental episode – is almost a direct transposition that begins in E minor (m. 103) and moves similarly down a third to C major. The final abbreviated rotation (m. 193) remains in the tonic throughout, followed by a coda (m. 232) featuring a dominant pedal point.

The movement's unusual structure has invited a variety of analytical interpretations. Composer Roger Sessions describes the form as more of a triple exposition than a normal sonata form, and the second rotation could be interpreted as a simulation of the expositional repeat seen in many classical sonata form expositions, with the added interest of transposition. Conversely, other analysts have interpreted the second rotation as the onset of the recapitulation or as a "double recapitulation effect" rather than as an expositional repeat, with Hepokoski and Darcy describing it as a "tonally 'wrong' recapitulatory rotation followed by a notably varied, 'right' one in the tonic". and Joseph Kerman referring, albeit with reservations, to an "E-minor recapitulation" and an "A-minor recapitulation".

Charles Rosen, on the other hand, considered this structure to be governed, as all of Beethoven's works, by the principle of sonata resolution, pointing to Haydn's 75th and 89th symphonies as precedents. For Rosen, the exposition comprises the A minor and F major sections; the brief developmental episode is a true development; and the middle section that directly transposes the exposition is a harmonic development (in the dominant and mediant keys, on the sharp side of the tonic) while acting thematically as a recapitulation. This allows the final section to act as a harmonic recapitulation (as it remains in the tonic throughout), while incorporating thematic development.

II. Allegro ma non tanto
The second movement is a minuet with trio, rather than the scherzo with repeated trio that Beethoven used most often in his works starting with his second symphony. The trio evokes a musette with its melodies over sustained tonic (here, A) tones. It partly reuses Beethoven's Allemande WoO 81.

To begin this movement ([[Media:Beethoven 132 2 Quarten for wikipedia.mid|Listen]]), Beethoven exposes the fourth in a three-note gesture (G♯–A–C♯) four times, with the violins and viola in unison and the cello an octave below. In m. 5, this motive is combined with an inverted variation (outlining a descending fifth) in mixed rhythm.

Philip Radcliffe (1965, p. 114) says that the three-note gesture shares with the opening of the first movement “the unusual feature of beginning on the leading note of the scale.” Daniel Chua (1995, p. 113) points out that this creates “rhythmic ambivalence”, especially when the two motives combine in bar 5: “In this way, as the two patterns interlock a gentle tension is induced by the differing rhythmic currents and admits the possibility of two contradictory metrical interpretations.”

The trio adds to parts of his Alemande WoO 81 (also in A major) an A pedal note (first on the first violin and then on the other instruments) that creates a sound atmosphere reminiscent of old or popular music played on bagpipes or hurdy-gurdies.

III. Molto adagio – Andante
At about 15 to 20 minutes in duration, the third movement is the longest of the quartet. Formally described, it alternates slow sections in a modal F with faster sections, "Neue Kraft fühlend" ("feeling new strength"), in D. The slow sections each have two elements, (1) a passage reminiscent of the opening of the first movement in which the instruments overlap each other with a brief motive; (2) a chorale, the actual song. In the three instances of the slow section, the overlapping motives become increasingly complex rhythmically, while the chorale is pared down, and the two elements become increasingly integrated. There is a characteristic intensification of the head-motif toward the end of the movement.

Beethoven wrote this piece after recovering from a serious intestinal illness which he had feared would be fatal because it afflicted him for the entire winter of 1824–5. He thus headed the third movement with the words, "Heiliger Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit, in der lydischen Tonart" ("Holy song of thanksgiving of a convalescent to the Deity, in the Lydian mode").

IV. Alla marcia, assai vivace
This brief (2-minute) march in A major leads directly into the rondo-finale through a recitative-like passage.

V. Allegro appassionato
The movement is in sonata rondo form (A B A C A B A). Beethoven's sketches show that this theme was originally meant for an instrumental conclusion to the Ninth Symphony, but was abandoned for the now famous choral ending. The movement ends with a coda in A major.

Reception
Beethoven’s nephew Karl van Beethoven reported about the premiere to his uncle: "The quartet received a lot of applause, it went very well together and Linke played better than ever". Mark Swed has argued that the quartet represents the "psychology of pain and illness" as it was written after Beethoven had recovered from a painful bowel inflammation.

Influence
Some credit this quartet as T. S. Eliot's impetus to write the Four Quartets; certainly he was recorded in a letter to Stephen Spender as having a copy of the A-minor quartet on the gramophone: 'I find it quite inexhaustible to study. There is a sort of heavenly or at least more than human gaiety about some of his later things which one imagines might come to oneself as the fruit of reconciliation and relief after immense suffering; I should like to get something of that into verse before I die.'

In his novel Point Counter Point, Aldous Huxley makes extended reference and description of this quartet in the late chapter concerning the death/suicide of the character Maurice Spandrell. Colm Tóibín's 2021 novel The Magician depicts Thomas Mann’s reflections on his own work, as inspired by listening to this quartet.

title: String Quartet No. 15 (Beethoven)


title: Template:HP2ref


text:
User:Gomeck

I am german, born in 1973 and live in Duesseldorf. My english is not as good as it should be.

Wikipedia belongs to my favourite sites in the www when I wants proper informations. And it happenes often that I stay much longer on Wikipedia than I wanted to *grin*

In December, 2004, finally I noticed that nobody took care very well of my favourite themes, humouristic fantasy and science fiction, so I decided to log in.

Special themes should be: Fantasy and Science Fiction, specially Comic Fantasy, Terry Pratchett and Constructed Worlds

My german Wikipedia site: Gomeck

title: User:Gomeck


text:
Knud Holmboe

Knud Valdemar Gylding Holmboe (22 April 1902 Horsens Denmark – 13 October 1931 Aqaba, Jordan) was a Danish journalist, author and explorer. He converted from Protestantism to Catholicism in 1921, and, after a sojourn in North Africa, ultimately converted to Islam in 1929, changing his name to Ali Ahmed el Gheseiri.

He is best known for his 1931 book Desert Encounter (Ørkenen Brænder), which exposed the maltreatment of the population the author had witnessed on his journey through Libya and the atrocities committed by the Italian colonial power. This account is especially valuable for its description of the concentration camps into which Italian colonial powers forced the Bedouin and where "torture, humiliation, and famine" were rife. Holmboe was murdered on his way to Makkah in Aqaba in October 1931. Some suspect that Italian intelligence officials, connected to the regime of Benito Mussolini, conspired in his death.

Early life and education
Knud Holmboe was born as the eldest son of a well-known Danish merchant family in Horsens, Jutland. His younger brother, Vagn Holmboe, went on to become a composer. In his late teenage years he became increasingly interested in religion and philosophy, and at the age of twenty, he moved into a monastery in Clervaux/Clerf in northern Luxembourg and he converted to Catholicism in 1921. After finishing an education as a journalist, he started to work for various Danish local papers.

Career and travels
In search of deeper religious knowledge, Holmboe traveled to Morocco in 1924 and became acquainted with Islam. During a meeting with a sheikh, he realized that he belonged to Islam and converted the following year. His first book ''Between the Devil and the Deep Sea. A Dash by Plane to Seething Morocco'' was translated from Danish and published in 1924 by Klinte Publishers. After returning to Denmark, he wrote two books recounting his experiences in Morocco.

In 1925, he began a journey across the countries of the Middle East (Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Iraq and Persia). In 1927, he travelled through the Balkans and witnessed the mistreatment of the population by Italian troops in Albania. He took a photograph of the hanging of a dissident Catholic priest by Mussolini's soldiers in Albania. This picture was published in newspapers around the globe and, along with articles that went public all over Europe, infuriated the Italian authorities.

Back in Denmark, he experienced economic difficulties and in 1928 he ultimately took the decision to leave the country along with his wife Nora and his daughter Aisha who was born earlier that year. He went to Morocco for the second time, settled down with his family and changed his name to Ali Ahmed el Gheseiri. Two years later, in 1930, his wife took the decision to return with her child to Denmark. Instead of returning, he took a plan to travel from Morocco across the Sahara to reach Egypt. It was this journey that made him famous. Driving through the desert in a 1929 Chevrolet, he left the beaten track to discover the communities and landscape of the desert. Holmboe was shocked to observe European violence against the indigenous populations of the North African colonies.

In Libya, he witnessed the shocking treatment of the Libyan Muslim population by Italian colonial troops. Holmboe wrote extensively about what he saw and took photographs as documentation. His activities did not remain unnoticed by the Italians; In the eastern city of Derna, he was arrested and kicked out of Libya. In Egypt, he tried to organize resistance against the Italian colonial power in Libya. However, after the Italian ambassador had informed the British authorities in Egypt, he was arrested again and thrown into prison in Cairo. After a month, he was sent home to Denmark. Back in Denmark, he produced a book in 1931 based on these travel experiences, entitled Desert Encounter condemning the colonial regimes of North Africa and particularly the Italian colonial government that terrorized the Muslim population in Libya. The book was published both in Denmark, in many other European countries and the USA, but immediately banned in Fascist Italy. The Italian colonial powers were outraged at the suggestion that the Muslim population of Libya was being subjected to genocide.

Later life and death
After completing his book, he started on his hajj, to Makkah in May 1931. Holmboe bought a camel in Amman and travelled to Aqaba (in modern Jordan) where he waited for an entry permit into Ibn Saud’s territory. On 11 October 1931, he left on his camel towards the Saudi Arabian border spending the night in the vicinity of the Haql oasis. The next day he was attacked by a local Bedouin tribe on the road between al-Haql and Humayda. He managed to escape overnight, but was found the next day and shot on 13 October 1931. The circumstances of his death were never fully explained. While it has been speculated that Italian intelligence ordered the murder, this claim has never been verified.

Works

 * Between the Devil and the Deep Sea: a Dash by Plane to Seething Morocco (published in English 1924)
 * Desert Encounter, 1931 (Darf Publishers)

title: Knud Holmboe


text:
Hanuka

Hanuka is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Asaf Hanuka (born 1974), Israeli illustrator and comic book artist
 * Tomer Hanuka (born 1974), Israeli illustrator and comic book artist
 * Shlomi Hanuka (born 1985), Israeli football/soccer player

title: Hanuka


text:
Capital punishment in New Hampshire

Capital punishment was abolished in 2019 in New Hampshire for persons convicted of capital murder. It remains a legal penalty for crimes committed prior to May 30, 2019.

On May 30, 2019, the New Hampshire Senate voted 16–8 to override Governor Chris Sununu's veto of House Bill 455, which changed the punishment of capital murder from capital punishment to life in prison. Earlier, on April 26, the New Hampshire House of Representatives had voted 247–123 to override the veto. In both chambers, the measure to override the governor's veto passed by a single vote to secure the two thirds majority required. New Hampshire was the last state in New England to allow capital punishment by law, and is the 21st state to abolish capital punishment.

The abolition of capital punishment does not affect Michael "Stix" Addison, who was sentenced to death in 2008 for the murder of Manchester police officer Michael L. Briggs. He is the only person on death row in New Hampshire; the new law does not apply retroactively to his case.

The primary method was lethal injection, with hanging as a secondary method if lethal injection was deemed "impractical" by the State Commissioner of Corrections. The state carried out 24 executions for capital punishment, most recently in July 1939, with the execution of Howard Long.

Legal process
When the prosecution chose to seek the death penalty, the sentence was decided by the jury and had to be unanimous.

In the case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence was issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there was no retrial).

The governor has the power of clemency with respect to death sentences, with advice of the executive council.

Capital murder
Capital murder was the only crime for which people, who were convicted prior to May 30, 2019, could be executed in the state. With the abolishment of the death penalty on May 30, only the sentence of death was replaced by mandatory life in prison. A person is guilty of capital murder if they knowingly caused the death of:
 * 1) A sheriff or deputy sheriff, state trooper, constable or police officer of a city or town, correctional officer, probation-parole officer, conservation officer, judge or similar person, state or local prosecutor acting in the line of duty or in retaliation for their job.
 * 2) Another before, after, while engaged or attempting to commit a kidnapping.
 * 3) Another after conspiring with a third to commit a contract killing.
 * 4) Another after being sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.
 * 5) Another before, after, while engaged or attempting to commit aggravated felonious sexual assault.
 * 6) Another before, after, while engaged in the commission of, or while attempting to commit robbery.
 * 7) Another before, after, while engaged or attempting to commit a drug offense.

Since the state's execution of Howard Long on July 14, 1939, eight people have been charged with capital murder. Three were convicted but received a mandatory life imprisonment without parole sentence. In three other cases, capital murder charges were resolved before trial, twice because the New Hampshire Supreme Court ruled the law authorizing the death penalty to be unconstitutional.

Methods
After a person was convicted of capital murder, a separate penalty phase was carried out using the same jury. The jury weighed a variety of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. If a person had been convicted of capital murder and was not sentenced to death, the mandatory sentence was life imprisonment without possibility of parole (LWOP), the same sentence as for first-degree murder.

Executions must be carried out no sooner than one year after the sentencing. Death row for men and the execution are at the New Hampshire State Prison for Men at Concord. According to state law:

"The punishment of death shall be inflicted by continuous, intravenous administration of a lethal quantity of an ultrashort-acting barbiturate in combination with a chemical paralytic agent…"

It was also possible for executions to be carried out by hanging. If it was found:

"…to be impractical to carry out the punishment of death by administration of the required lethal substance or substances, the sentence of death may be carried out by hanging…"

Public opinion
In a 2008 poll conducted for the Concord Monitor, 57 percent of likely voters supported the death penalty in police killing cases, 39 percent favored life in prison without parole, and 4 percent were unsure.

Earlier history
From 1734 to 1939, 24 people were executed in the state for capital murder.

1739–1942

 * In 1739, two women were the first convicts to be executed in the state, both convicted of "feloniously concealing the death of a ... infant bastard child". Provincial laws at the time required capital punishment for murder, rape, homosexual acts, abortion, bestiality, burglary, counterfeiting and treason.
 * On May 8, 1755, Eliphas Dow became the first man to be executed in New Hampshire. He was executed in Portsmouth for murder.
 * In 1796, Thomas Powers, an African American, was hanged for rape. He was the first black person to be executed in the state.
 * On January 3, 1822, Daniel Davis Farmer was hanged in Amherst for the murder of Ann Ayer in Goffstown in April 1821.
 * In 1868, hangings were moved to the State Prison in Concord, after a riot followed the execution of Samuel Mills on the main street of Woodsville. Prior to the 1868 execution, hangings were carried out in public.
 * In 1903, the punishment for murder in the first degree was changed from death, to death or imprisonment for life as the jury may determine... If the jury shall find the respondent guilty of murder in the first degree, the punishment shall be life imprisonment unless the jury shall add to their verdict the words, with capital punishment.
 * In 1939, Howard Long, a storekeeper from Alton, Long was hanged at the New Hampshire State Prison in Concord on July 14, 1939, for molesting and fatally beating 10-year-old Mark Neville Jensen, from Laconia.
 * In 1949, Ralph Jennings, a black man, was sentenced to be hanged for the murder of New Jersey nanny Ruth Eisenberg. Her body was found by hunters on a dirt road with panties shoved down her mouth along with a watch. Jennings was not executed but committed suicide in his cell by hanging himself. Jennings was convicted after a jury trial in Carroll County. The provided evidence insinuated it was a sex crime/homicide. The case became a national sensation and newspapers called Jennings a sex-murderer. Medical testimony stated the cause of death was asphyxiation.

Furman v. Georgia (1972)
In 1959, Frederick Martineau and Russell Nelson were convicted of murdering a businessman in a Nashua parking lot, who was scheduled to testify in a Rhode Island burglary case.

Martineau and Nelson received 13 stays of execution. They were spared the death penalty in 1972 when the United States Supreme Court ruled in Furman v. Georgia, that "unitary trial" procedure, in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and, simultaneously, determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment, was in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

1970–present

 * In 1971, the state legislature enacted RSA 630:1 Capital Murder. In 1977, RSA 630:1 III was amended by the legislature so that a person convicted of a capital murder "may" be punished by death, instead of "shall be" punished by death. In 1988, killing another after being sentenced to life imprisonment without parole pursuant was added to RSA 630:1. Also, probation-parole officer was added to the list of law enforcement officers contained in Paragraph II of the statute.
 * In 1990, causing the death of another before, after, while engaged or attempting to commit aggravated felonious sexual assault, or an offense punishable under RSA 318-B:26, I(a) or (b) of the Controlled Drug Act was added as an aggravating element that might cause a crime to be classified as capital murder. In 1994, killing a "judicial officer" was added to the criteria for capital murder, and retaliation for a person's actions in the line of duty was added.
 * In 1992, the New Hampshire State Prison dismantled its gallows.
 * In 2000, Governor Jeanne Shaheen vetoed legislation to abolish the death penalty. The act had passed the House of Representatives 191-163 and the Senate 14–10. A two-thirds majority to overturn the veto was not achieved.
 * In 2004, Governor Craig Benson vetoed legislation that would have raised the minimum age to execute someone from 17 to 18. Benson said:

"When somebody, regardless of their age, is bold enough to take the life of a police officer, there should be no exceptions — we should make sure that they should pay the ultimate price. So I'm going to make a pledge as governor that if anyone takes the life of a police officer, I will seek the death penalty."

 * In 2006, the statutory minimum age for a person punishable by death was raised from 17 to 18 years. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roper v. Simmons (2005), that it is unconstitutional to impose the death penalty on people who were under age of 18 when they committed a capital crime. It noted that science has demonstrated the brains of minors are still unformed, and that it constituted "cruel and unusual punishment" to sentence them as adults.
 * In 2009, Representative Stephen Linsey introduced House Bill 556, to repeal the death penalty. The bill was suggested "Inexpedient to Legislate" by the House Judicial Committee. It passed the House by a narrow margin, but failed to pass the Senate, where the vote was tied 12-12.
 * In 2018, the New Hampshire State Senate and House both passed Senate Bill 593, which would prospectively abolish the death penalty but not apply retroactively to those already on death row. Governor Chris Sununu vetoed the bill on June 21, 2018, and an override attempt was defeated on September 13, 2018.
 * In 2019, the New Hampshire State Senate and House passed another repeal bill, HB 455, this time with veto-proof majorities. Nevertheless, Governor Sununu again vetoed the bill on May 3, 2019. The veto was overridden on May 30, 2019. New Hampshire was the last New England state to outlaw the death penalty.

title: Capital punishment in New Hampshire


text:
Template talk:Canada class 1

I noticed that this template was changed somewhat recently to add BNSF and CSXT. These two railways aren't Canadian class I railways; they're U.S. class I's that happen to have trackage in Canada. I'm wondering what the purpose of this template should be. Should it contain: If it's the first (my preference), then we should probably remove BNSF and CSXT. If the second, we probably need to make fairly significant updates to this template (and also add VIA to Template:US class 1.) JYolkowski 22:27, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Canadian class I railways, or
 * 2) All class I's with a Canadian presence?
 * I originally created this template with the intention of listing all class 1 railraods that are or were operating in Canada, like Template:US class 1 lists those that are or were operating in the US. I listed only CN and CP because those were the only railroads that I had documentary proof (April 1984 ORER) of their Class 1 status and that I knew operated (and still operate) within Canada.  Since my original intention was to list all Class 1 railroads that operated in Canada, I would vote for the latter, but I have no strong preference for either option. slambo 12:05, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

I added the US ones with a Canadian presence to be consistent with Template:US class 1, which includes Canadian class 1s that operate in the US. --SPUI 12:29, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thinking about it a bit more, if we are going to go with the second option, it might make sense to merge the templates into North American class 1. --SPUI 12:30, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of a North American Class I template. If there are no objections, I'll create one.  JYolkowski 01:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Haven't heard of any objections so I'll get to work on this. JYolkowski 15:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Canada class 1


title: Template:HP3ref


text: Category:Health in Greece

title: Category:Health in Greece


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Special Weapons Dalek

from VfD

Reason I recommended this article for VfD: Poorly written fancruft. —ExplorerCDT 22:29, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete —ExplorerCDT 22:29, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Dr Who trivia, IMHO, belongs here. Samboy 22:47, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) Merge The Dalek Ranks page puts all of this information in one place. Samboy 23:42, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the article. Lose the word "fancruft". It's just inflammatory. Articles on minor characters in Gulliver's Travels are the same thing for a different audience. Dr Zen 00:59, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Dalek or List of Daleky topics or something. --fvw *  01:58, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Delete: Fancruft, and go ahead and list any minor characters from Gulliver's Travels you find on VfD to see what happens. Apparently, someone thought that Pokemon #932 was as worthwhile as Portia, above, but the community didn't agree.  If a fan wants to perform the merge, that's fine, but the information is not independently notable or known, and therefore there is no need for a stand-alone article.  Geogre 02:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into either Dalek or Remembrance of the Daleks. The Special Weapons Dalek (IIRC) only appears in Part 4 of Remembrance of the Daleks and is therefore not notable enough for its own article. --Goobergunch|? 03:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Struck to favor Remembrance of the Daleks. Article would not be suitable for merging with Dalek. --Goobergunch|? 01:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into Dalek types or soemthing. 132.205.15.43 03:25, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 04:24, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into Remembrance of the Daleks. Alphax (talk) 04:52, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Everyking 05:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Esoteric fancruft. Indrian 06:43, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge if you want. Apparently a "Special Weapons Dalk" is a "Dalek" equipped with "special weapons". The rest is granular stuff belonging in a fan guide or game manual or something. -R. fiend 07:02, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Have the people who want to merge this into Dalek read that article?  One advantage of Wikipedia is that separate topics can get their own entries, and benefit from linking to each other.  Stuffing many articles together on one page does not make the encyclopedia more readable. Factitious 17:00, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to Dalek. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Come out from behind the sofa ! --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:20, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dalek Ranks, a very appropriate article. Merge already done.  The Steve  08:03, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * The article Dalek Ranks needs a rename to Dalek ranks 132.205.45.148 15:31, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dalek Ranks or Dalek ranks or however you spell it. Maybe even redirect to Remembrance of the Daleks since that's the Dr Who episode where it appeared. P Ingerson 16:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to Remembrance of the Daleks and then delete this one as it's not even likely to need a redirect ever. Any Dalek fan looking for info would know to look at Dalek. DreamGuy 22:10, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Daleks very are important, this particular information is not. With Dalek Ranks there is no longer a need for this individual article, if there ever was.  Gamaliel 07:16, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


title: Template:HP4ref


title: Template:HP5ref


title: Template:HP6ref


text:
Biliran (volcano)

Mount Biliran is a solfataric active complex volcano located in the island province of Biliran in the Philippines. The volcano caused the formation of the island.

Geological features

 * Rock Type: Hornblende andesite containing greenish and black hornblende
 * Tectonic Setting: Biliran Volcano is part of the curvilinear belt of Quaternary volcanoes in eastern Philippines, parallel to Phil. Trench to the east

Volcanic activity

 * Number of Historical Eruptions: 1
 * Latest Eruption/Activity: September 26, 1939
 * Site: crater
 * Eruption Character: Debris avalanche
 * Affected Areas/Remarks: Ashfall at Caibiran and adjoining areas (6.35 cm thick deposits)
 * Monitoring activity: Short-term monitoring in 1954

Physical features

 * Hotsprings:
 * Central Biliran – Libtong Thermal Areas (12 hot springs and one bubbling pool)
 * North Biliran – Panamao Thermal Area
 * Anas Thermal Area
 * South Biliran – Kalambis Thermal Area
 * Adjacent Volcanic Edifice:
 * Panamao (107 m asl)
 * Gumansan (1064 m asl)
 * Lauan (1187 m asl)
 * Suiro (1301 m asl)

title: Biliran (volcano)


text:
Talk:Tommy Tallarico

Hbomberguy
Considering that Tallarico has been radio silent since the release of the video, I think it's worth including the hbomberguy video on this article (which it already is). However, it doesn't have a citation. In this instance the only secondary source I could find was this article. I'd be appreciative if someone could find an article by a more established site. Delukiel (talk) 23:37, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

 * People talk about this all the time on the talk page. It would appear what is usable, is already in the article. YouTubers aren't usable sources, especially on a WP:BLP, and only a handful of useful publications seemed to pick up the story, and most only covered it in vague terms. Which explains the current state of the article. Sergecross73   msg me  01:00, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Must've missed someone bring it up earlier. What you said makes sense. As far as YouTubers not being usable sources, that's why I'm not in favor of just adding the video as a source. Need something secondary.
 * What other publications picked up the story? This was the only one I could find. Delukiel (talk) 01:13, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * he did list his sources, maybe they can be used instead? 85.31.21.47 (talk) 12:53, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

Never mind, there are sources later in the article—my IQ is just low. Delukiel (talk) 01:14, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

 * No worries. I'm just quick to answer because I've been fielding a lot of the same questions for the last year or two. Sergecross73   msg me  01:18, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

grammar
in Personal Life it should say "his McMansion-like home" or "his McMansion-like house", or similar, instead of just "his McMansion-like in San Juan Capistrano", no?

idk anything about Wikipedia; it says it's locked for editing rn 122.104.117.6 (talk) 12:15, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

 * the article is semi-protected, which means you need an account, and that account needs to be at least 4 days old and have at least 10 edits
 * that aside, i think just referring to it as a mcmansion would work, so i'll be doing that  cogsan (give me attention)  (see my deeds) 13:02, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 February 2024
From the 'Personal Life' section, remove the description of his house. He has listed his house for sale recently.

https://www.redfin.com/CA/San-Juan-Capistrano/30971-Hunt-Club-Dr-92675/home/4910468 Digdugnate (talk) 11:28, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

 * THREE MILLION FREEDOM MONEY!?
 * if that can be used as a source, which i don't think is the case for mostly the same reasons as wp:userg, it should probably be used to state that he listed the house, as opposed to disregarding a previously established source  cogsan (nag me)  (stalk me) 12:22, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

 * ❌ - Per above, that sort of sourcing isn't good enough on Wikipedia. That said, one could still open up a separate discussion and see if they could get a WP:CONSENSUS on whether it's particularly important to cover on other grounds in the first place though. Sergecross73   msg me  15:54, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * i'd say give it a month
 * some rs might mention it someday  cogsan (nag me)  (stalk me) 16:09, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I just meant, one could argue it's not particularly noteworthy to write about someone's house if it's not particularly tied to their notability. I don't really care either way, but I could see a valid path for removal more in the grounds of "this isn't particularly important to cover on Wikipedia" grounds if someone pushed for it right. But it'd be more of a discussion, not something to suggest through an edit request. Sergecross73   msg me  16:29, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, there's already a reliable source reporting on it some here too - https://www.timeextension.com/news/2024/02/you-can-own-tommy-tallaricos-house-if-you-have-usd3-million-to-spare Sergecross73   msg me  17:13, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * that was faster than i expected
 * so maybe just add a sentence after his house's description, describing how it's set to stop being his someday?
 * something like "According to the LA Times, his home in San Juan Capistrano "looks as if a 12-year-old with a huge bank account went wild", including a life-size Indiana Jones, several Star Wars characters, and a statue of Merlin.[old source] As of February 2024, Tallarico has listed it for sale for US$ 2,999,000.[new source]"
 * redfin says he put it up yesterday, source says nothing about the date, so i played it safe and just listed the month. not sure if the price goes here, but it's on the source, so...  cogsan (nag me)  (stalk me) 17:54, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yup, that sounds good. The month is probably as detailed as we really need to document anyways. Sergecross73   msg me  17:58, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * so i guess it can be considered Yes_check.svg done now  cogsan (nag me)  (stalk me) 18:04, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

The list of games Tallarico (supposedly) worked on
I'm currently going through the list of games in this article, since recent events have cast doubt on what games Tallarico actually worked on. I'm primarily using the game manual to see whether Tallarico is credited, as secondary sources for many of these games are basically impossible to find or simply don't exist. I'm tagging claims not backed up by the game manual credits are "Verification failed", which I know isn't quite how that tag is supposed to be used, but I'll do that before removing games from the list. Cortador (talk) 22:25, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

 * To be quite honest, if verification fails I think we should be ok removing entries. I mean, most of these were added in 2020 by a random IP with no sources, so I don't feel the need to give him the benefit of the doubt. Alyo  (chat·edits) 23:26, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Fair point. I'll remove them. Cortador (talk) 04:48, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Here's the current tables for reference:

Tommy Tallarico Studios
Cortador (talk) 14:51, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tommy Tallarico


text:
Konsta Jylhä

Konsta Viljami Jylhä (14 August 1910 Kaustinen – 13 September 1984 Kokkola) was a folk-virtuoso who, in Finnish fiddling, made the traditional pelimanni-style folk music a Finnish cultural phenomenon of wider currency, bringing his natural genius and traditional style to a burgeoning nationwide television audience, thus laying the foundation for a rich and popular traditional music scene in Finland.

A third generation Central Ostrobothnian master pelimanni (Mestaripelimanni); in the 1960s Jylhä's band Konsta Jylhä ja Purppuripelimannit became a mainstay of the Kaustinen Folk Music Festival, and iconic both in popular culture, and within the generation of master pelimanni to follow in his footsteps.

His best known pieces of original composition are Konstan Parempi Valssi ("Konsta's Major Waltz") and especially the hauntingly beautiful Vaiennut Viulu ("Mute Violin").

After being battered by a severe head injury suffered in a logging accident in 1961 and some heart attacks suffered since 1962, he became a born-again Christian. During his later years he composed spiritual songs.

title: Konsta Jylhä


text:
CNET Download

CNET Download (originally Download.com) is an Internet download directory website launched in 1996 as a part of CNET. Initially it resided on the domain download.com, and then download.com.com for a while, and is now download.cnet.com. The domain download.com attracted at least 113 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.

Overview
The offered content is available in four major categories: software (including Windows, Mac and mobile), music, games, and videos, offered for download via FTP from Download.com's servers or third-party servers. Videos are streams (at present) and music was all free MP3 downloads, or occasionally rights-managed WMAs or streams until it was replaced with last.fm.

The Software section includes over 100,000 freeware, shareware, and try-first downloads. Downloads are often rated and reviewed by editors and contain a summary of the file from the software publisher. Registered users may also write reviews and rate the product. Software publishers are permitted to distribute their titles via CNET's Upload.com site for free, or for a fee structure that offers enhancements.

Up until 2015 CNet used Spigot Inc to monetize the traffic to download.com. According to Sean Murphy, then a General Manager at CNet, "Spigot continues to be a great partner to Download.com, sharing our desire to balance customer experience with revenue."

Malware distribution
In August 2011, Download.com introduced an installation manager called CNET TechTracker for delivering many of the software titles from its catalog. This installer included trojans and bloatware, such as toolbars. CNET admitted in their download FAQ that "a small number of security publishers have flagged the Installer as adware or a potentially unwanted application".

In December 2011, Gordon Lyon, writing under his pseudonym Fyodor wrote of his strong dislike of the installation manager and the bundled software. His post was very popular on social networks, and was reported by a few dozen media. The main problem is the confusion between the content offered on Download.com and the software offered by the original authors; the accusations included deception as well as copyright and trademark violation.

In 2014, The Register and US-CERT warned that via download.com's "foistware", an "attacker may be able to download and execute arbitrary code". In 2015, research by Emsisoft suggested that all free download portals bundled their downloads with potentially unwanted software, and that Download.com was the worst offender.

A study done by How-To Geek in 2015 revealed that Download.com was packaging malware inside their installers. The test was done in a virtual machine where the testers downloaded the Top 10 apps. These all contained crapware/malware; one example was the KMPlayer installer, which installed a rogue antivirus named 'Pro PC Cleaner' and attempted to execute. Some downloads, specifically YTD, were completely blocked by Avast.

Another study done by How-To Geek in 2015 revealed that Download.com was installing fake SSL certificates inside their installers, similar to the Lenovo Superfish certificate. These fake certificates can completely compromise SSL encryption and allow man-in-the-middle attacks.

However, in July 2016, How-To Geek discovered that Download.com no longer included adware/malware in its downloads and that its Installer program had been discontinued.

title: CNET Download


text:
Moerzeke

Moerzeke is a village located at the river Scheldt in the municipality of Hamme, Belgium.

History
The name comes from the Gallo-Roman Mauriciacum, which means good or villa belonging to Mauricius. In the passing ages the name Moerzeke has been written in various ways. In Latin manuscripts from 1125 and 1156 you can read Murzeke and Murceke, in 1171 Morzeka, in 1225 Morsca, in 1259 and 1261 Morseke, in 1330 Mourseka. At the end of the sixteenth century Mercator indicates Moerzeke as Moeshe on his maps. This name is still used by the people of Moerzeke.

The village has a history of disasters. In 1488 the castle of the lord of Moerzeke was ruined by troublemakers from Ghent. The church was plundered too, but the inhabitants of Moerzeke had moved the most valuable pieces of their church to Dendermonde. Reformation brought a lot of mayhem: half the parish got burned down and ravaged and even the church didn't escape this. From 1578 on the Catholic religion was prohibited, violation resulted in the death penalty. In 1580 the Black Death broke out, which nearly killed the total population of Moerzeke. In 1584 after a siege that lasted for 20 days Moerzeke and Dendermonde were liberated from the Protestants by the Spanish troops. In 1590 a priest from Hulst (the Netherlands) came to Moerzeke together with some seventy families from Verrebroek and Kieldrecht to bring the population to a normal level again.

This was not yet the end of misery in Moerzeke however. In 1846-1848 the harvest largely failed, which caused poverty and the death of many. Moerzeke also has had several dam-breaks causing floods.

Sites
Moerzeke holds the burial chapel and associated museum of Father Edward Poppe, who was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1999. These have grown into places of pilgrimage.

title: Moerzeke


text:
Talk:Western Apache people

Untitled
i have included a rather large bibliography on language materials so that any Apaches living far away from the reservation who want to learn their language may have a list of things to look for.
 * bright moments! - Ish ishwar 22:35, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

White Mountain Apache origin story
I've removed the following text from the Fort Apache Indian Reservation article. Although it's not relevant there, it seems valuable enough to preserve for future integration, either here or on a new page specific to this tribe. --Lockley (talk) 22:57, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

''While the White Mountain Apache are related to several different Apache tribes and people, their culture has its differences. The creation story of the White Mountain Apache found in Grenville Goodwin’s book, Myths and Tales of the White Mountain Apache is one example of their difference in beliefs. Four people started to work on the earth. When they set it up, the wind blew it off again. It was weak like an old woman. They talked together about the earth among themselves. “What shall we do about this earth, my friends? We don’t know what to do about it.” Then one person said, ”Pull it from four different sides.” They did this, and the piece they pulled out on each side they made like a foot. After they did this, the earth stood all right. Then on the east side of the earth they put big black cane, covered with black metal thorns. On the south side of the earth, they put big blue cane covered with blue metal thorns. Then on the west side of the earth they put big yellow cane covered with white metal thorns. After they did this, the earth was almost steady, but it was still soft and mixed with water. It moved back and forth. After they had worked on the earth this way Black Wind Old Man came to this place. He threw himself against the earth. Then Black Water Old Man threw himself against the earth. When he threw himself against the earth, thunder started in the four directions. Now the earth was steady, and it was as if born already. But the earth was shivering. They talked about it: “My friends, what’s the matter with this earth? It is cold and freezing. We better give it some hair.” They made all these grasses and bushes and trees to grow on the earth, but the earth was still too weak. They started to talk about it: “My friends, let’s make bones for the earth.” This way they made rocky-mountains and rocks sticking out of the earth. Then they talked about the earth again: “How will it breathe, this earth?” Then came Black Thunder to that place, and he gave the earth veins. He whipped the earth with lightning and made water start to come out. For this reason all the water runs to the west while the earth’s head lies to the east. They made the sun so it traveled close over the earth from east to west. They made the sun too close to the Earth and it got too hot. So they moved the sun a little higher, but it was still too close to the earth and too hot. So they talked and moved the sun a little higher up. Now it was all right and this last place they set the sun is just where it is now. Then they set the moon so it traveled close over the earth from east to west. The moon was too close to the earth and it was like daytime at night. So they moved it back a way, but it was still like daylight. They talked about it again, and moved it higher up, but it was still a little light. So they talked about it again and moved it a little further away to where the moon is today. This is the way they made the earth for us. This is the way all these wild fruits and foods were raised for us, and this is why we have to use them because they grow here” (Goodwin 1-2).''

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:11, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 5 external links on Western Apache people. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131821/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_whitemtn.html to http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_whitemtn.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041210012103/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_sancarl.html to http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_sancarl.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051219085155/http://projects.ltc.arizona.edu/gates/course.html to http://projects.ltc.arizona.edu/gates/course.html

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title: Talk:Western Apache people


title: Template:HP1


text:
Publius Pomponius Secundus

Publius Pomponius Secundus was a distinguished statesman and poet in the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. He was suffect consul for the nundinium of January to June 44, succeeding the ordinary consul Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus and as the colleague of the other ordinary consul, Titus Statilius Taurus. Publius was on intimate terms with the elder Pliny, who wrote a biography of him, now lost.

Name
His full name was Publius Calvisius Sabinus Pomponius Secundus, as indicated by two fragmentary inscriptions from Germania Superior. For some time, Pomponius' praenomen was uncertain; Publius was not a regular name of the Pompilii, and Olli Salomies discusses the possibility that it might have been Gaius, but notes that a Publius Calvisius Sabinus was attested as existing in Spoletium, and concludes that it is "possible to assume with some confidence" that he had been adopted by a Publius Calvisius Sabinus. That his praenomen was Publius, at least after his adoption, seems to be confirmed by an inscription from Veii, dating from his consulship, another from Cyrenae, when he was proconsul, and a third from Mogontiacum, when he was Legatus Augusti pro praetore.

Family
Pomponius' mother was Vistilia, who by other marriages was the mother of Publius Suillius Rufus and the general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. The name of his father is not known, but Ronald Syme has suggested he could be either Gaius Pomponius Graecinus, consul suffectus in AD 16, or his brother, Lucius Pomponius Flaccus, consul ordinarius in 17. Pomponius' brother, Quintus Pomponius Secundus, was involved in various intrigues during the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. Quintus tried to protect his brother from Tiberius' displeasure.

Political career
Pomponius was a friend of Sejanus, who served as consul in 31. Upon the latter's denunciation and execution in October of that year, mobs hunted down and killed anyone they could link to Sejanus. Pomponius was placed under house arrest by Tiberius, where he remained until 37.

Tiberius died in 37, and his successor Caligula promptly released Pomponius from prison and appointed him as governor of the senatorial province of Creta et Cyrenaica. Caligula married Caesonia, Pomponius' half-sister, in 40, but he was assassinated in late January 41.

Upon Caligula's death, Claudius appointed Pomponius' brother, Quintus Pomponius Secundus as consul (Caligula had been Consul of Rome, as well as emperor, at the time of his assassination). Pomponius himself, who was still serving as governor of Creta et Cyrenaica province, served also as consul from January until June of 44.

Pomponius continued to serve as governor of the Creta et Cyrenaica until 50, at which time Claudius appointed him as governor and legatus of Germania Superior. In 50, Pomponius led the Roman legions to victory against the Chatti and freed the survivors of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest after forty years of slavery. For this, he was decreed the honour of a ornamenta triumphalia. He served as governor of Germania Superior until 54. This was the final mention of Pomponius in the historical record, except by the Plinies.

Writings
It was by his tragedies that Secundus obtained the most celebrity. They are spoken of in the highest terms by Tacitus, Quintilian, and the younger Pliny, and were read even in a much later age, as one of them is quoted by the grammarian Charisius. These tragedies were first put on the stage in the time of Claudius. Quintilian asserts that he was far superior to any writer of tragedies he had known, and Tacitus expresses a high opinion of his literary abilities.

Secundus devoted much attention to the niceties of grammar and style, on which he was recognized as an authority. His subject matter was Greek, with one known exception, a praetexta called Aeneas. Tragedians in the Julio-Claudian and Flavian periods typically were men of relatively high social status, and their works often expressed their political views under an insufficient veil of fiction. Only a few lines of his work remain, some of which belong to Aeneas.

title: Publius Pomponius Secundus


text:
Mined

Mined may refer to:

 * Mined (text editor), a terminal-based text editor
 * Mining, the extraction of valuable geological materials from the Earth

title: Mined


title: Template:HP2


title: Template:HP3


title: Template:HP4


text: User talk:138.88.83.26

title: User talk:138.88.83.26


title: Template:HP5


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Jonathan Adams

David Jonathan Adams
Vanity --fvw *  22:37, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

 * Delete If he liked Star Jones, I'd be more forgiving, but a 17 year old expert on Playstation 2 games and popular Asian novels is too much. His research paper is probably on the shelf next to every paper written by every high school kid who wrote a paper on how Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan mirrored Herman Melville's Moby Dick.  And I wonder if it was Daniel Douglas, a super-genius no one heard of, who gave Gene Roddenberry the behind-the-scenes solution for getting rid of all those Tribbles. I wonder how many of those "star" movies are porn. —ExplorerCDT 22:48, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * LOL! Ah, raging hormones.  Delete as vanity. - Lucky 6.9 23:06, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Spotswood High School B team leaders are inherently notable. PLUS he's a Spotswood High School A team candidate. Geez, what do you have to do to get an article, become famous or something? Delete. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 23:18, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, yes, but we don't need to attack future Wikipedians.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:40, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Another newbie thoroughly bitten. Congratulations, guys! Dr Zen 00:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * All Spotswood high school B teamers are inherently notable, and the fact that this article is pure vanity must be ignored. (Delete:  Vanity article by the author of our esteemed and "OMG must keep" Spotswood High School article.  He is not yet notable.)  (Oh, and it's not the newbie that I'm biting here.)  Geogre 02:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Did anyone notice that the article was created by a known AOL vandal? Delete. Alphax (talk) 04:49, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy as borderline prank. Wyss 19:48, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Looks like pure vanity. Dabbler 19:50, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Michael Bennett (running back)

Michael A. Bennett (born August 13, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Wisconsin Badgers. He was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 2001 NFL draft with the 27th overall pick. A Pro Bowl selection with the Vikings in 2002, Bennett was also a member of the New Orleans Saints, Kansas City Chiefs, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, San Diego Chargers, and Oakland Raiders.

Early years
Bennett attended Milwaukee Trade and Technical High School. As a senior, he was ranked the top football player in the state, and was an All-State selection.

College career
Bennett attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and was a standout in football and in track as a sprinter. He spent two years as a backup to Ron Dayne, but, as a junior, Bennett rushed for 1,592 yards and scored ten touchdowns, despite missing two games due to injury.

Track and field
As a junior at the 1997 state track meet, Bennett set records in the 100 meter and 200 meter dashes, then broke both records as a senior in 1998. Both his 100m time of 10.33 seconds and 200m time of 20.68 seconds still stand as state records as of 2024.

Minnesota Vikings
Bennett was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round (27th overall) of the 2001 NFL draft. As a rookie in 2001, he was thrust into a starting role after the sudden retirement of star running back Robert Smith. In 2002, Bennett rushed for 1,296 yards and added 351 yards receiving on his way to the Pro Bowl. However, his career stalled due to injuries the following year.

The Vikings released Bennett at the conclusion of the 2005 NFL season.

New Orleans Saints
Bennett was signed by the New Orleans Saints to serve as the backup to Deuce McAllister. After the addition of Reggie Bush in the 2006 NFL draft, Bennett became expendable and was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs for a fourth round draft choice.

Kansas City Chiefs
Bennett spent the 2006 season and part of the 2007 season with the Kansas City Chiefs. He played in 17 games for the Chiefs in all, carrying the ball 56 times for 252 yards and no touchdowns. He was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers just over a month in the 2007 season.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On October 16, 2007, the Buccaneers acquired Bennett from the Chiefs after injuries to running backs Carnell Williams and Michael Pittman. His first touchdown as a Buccaneer came in Week 8 of the 2007 season against the Jacksonville Jaguars off a 19-yard swing pass run.

On February 15, 2008, Bennett re-signed with the Buccaneers in lieu of becoming an unrestricted free agent. Bennett was released on November 11 when Carnell Williams was activated from the PUP list.

San Diego Chargers
Bennett was claimed off waivers by the San Diego Chargers on November 12, 2008. The team released linebacker Derek Smith to make room for him on the roster. He was released on March 4, 2010. During the 2009 season with San Diego, Bennett played in six games, rushing 23 times for 65 yards, and catching six passes for 65 yards.

Oakland Raiders
Bennett signed with the Oakland Raiders on May 6, 2010. He was released on September 5, 2011. During the 2010 season with Oakland, he gained 11 yards rushing and nine yards receiving while playing in seven games.

title: Michael Bennett (running back)


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text:
Eforie

Eforie (historical names (for Eforie Sud): Băile Movilă, Carmen-Sylva, Vasile Roaită) is a town and a holiday resort on the Black Sea shore, in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. It is located about 14 km south of Constanța. Techirghiol Lake lies nearby.

History
Eforie Sud, the southern part of the town, was founded by the aristocrat Ion Movilă in 1899, when he erected a hotel named Băile Movilă (Movilă Spa). In 1928, the spa was renamed Carmen-Sylva, after the pen name of Queen Elisabeth of Romania. In 1950, after the establishment of the Communist regime, the name of the city was changed again to Vasile Roaită to honor a railway worker shot dead during the Grivița strike of 1933. In 1962, the city was renamed yet again to Eforie Sud.

In 1966, the city of Eforie was created by merging Eforie Sud with the northern resort Eforie Nord. Formally, the city is composed of Eforie Sud, the administrative centre, and Eforie Nord, a dependent village. Many other hotels were built here over the years, most of them during the communist regime.

Education
"Carmen Sylva" High School is the city's only high school (located in Eforie Sud, which also has a general school, while another general school is located in Eforie Nord).

Sports
Besides many summer sports, as beach football, there is a football club named CS Eforie, playing in Liga III.

Natives

 * Andreea Bănică (born 1978), singer and songwriter

title: Eforie


text:
Will They Ever Trust Us Again?

Will They Ever Trust Us Again? is a supplementary book by Michael Moore published after his documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 was in theaters and released on DVD. The film proved to be the most successful documentary of all time, grossing over 120 million dollars in the United States alone. The book's title refers to a line near the end of the movie where Moore questions if the enlisted personnel in the military will ever trust the government again for sending them into a war that was not needed.

Unlike Moore's other books, the contents consist almost completely of letters and e-mail that Moore has received from people in the military and their families, many expressing outrage at George W. Bush for sending them to Iraq, descriptions of the horrors of war, remorse about the killing and destruction wrought on Iraqi civilians, worry about loved ones, and disillusionment with the military and politics. Moore writes in the book's introduction, "What makes these comments unique and so intense is the fact that they are not the words of the Left or the rhetoric of the antiwar movement — they are the war movement."

Moore also provides additional comments and samples from his book on his official website.

title: Will They Ever Trust Us Again?


text:
Corey Chavous

Corey Lamonte Chavous (born January 5, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Chavous played for three teams at both safety and cornerback. Chavous was known as one of the most instinctive defensive backs of his era and was a Pro Bowl selection in 2003. He is the founder of the media company and website DraftNastyMagazine.com, which specializes in coverage of the major sports with an emphasis on scouting and professional drafts. He is currently a color analyst for college football games as well as an NFL draft analyst for CBS Sports.

High school career
Chavous attended Silver Bluff High School in Aiken, South Carolina. In football, he was an All-Area, and an All-District pick, and in track, he was an All-State choice and was part of a 4 × 100 relay team which won the state title. He was a high school teammate of former Chicago Bears and Vikings wide receiver D'Wayne Bates.

College career
Chavous attended Vanderbilt University. He finished his career with 12 interceptions (which ranks sixth on the school's all-time list), made 199 tackles, and batted down 31 passes. He graduated with a degree in human and organizational development.

Arizona Cardinals
Chavous was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the second round (33rd overall) in the 1998 NFL draft. In his rookie season he played in 16 games, starting five, recording 28 tackles and two interceptions, his first coming at the Kansas City Chiefs on November 30. During the team's 1999 NFC Wildcard playoff 20-7 victory over the Dallas Cowboys, Chavous notched five tackles and six passes defensed. In 1999, he played in 15 games recording 40 tackles and one interception. The following year, he made 48 tackles and one interception. In his final year with the Cardinals, Chavous made 74 tackles and one interception.

Minnesota Vikings
On March 25, 2002, Chavous signed a four-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings as an unrestricted free agent. In his debut season he started in all 16 games recording 83 tackles, three interceptions and one touchdown, the first of his career at the Detroit Lions on December 29. In 2003, he made 86 tackles, a career-high eight interceptions and one touchdown. His performances that season earned him a trip to the 2004 Pro Bowl. The following year, he made 81 tackles and one interception. In his final season with the Vikings, Chavous started all 16 games for a fourth straight season, recording 71 tackles and two interceptions.

St. Louis Rams
On March 13, 2006, Chavous signed a three-year contract with the St. Louis Rams as an unrestricted free agent. During the subsequent 2006 NFL draft, he was an analyst alongside Mike Mayock and Rich Eisen for their draft coverage. In his first season, he equaled his career-high of 86 tackles and made one interception. In 2008, he started 14 games making 75 tackles and 3.5 sacks.

On February 13, 2009, Chavous was released by the Rams.

Post-playing career
Chavous has been featured on various sports programs as an analyst of college football talent, especially in regards to their potential for the National Football League draft and is currently a color analyst and draft analyst for CBS Sports. Chavous was one of the lead analysts on the NFL Network's first-ever coverage of the draft at Radio City Music Hall in 2006. Along with host Rich Eisen and NFL Network draft guru Mike Mayock, the trio covered all of the NFL Network's two-day weekend.

Chavous' website, DraftNastymagazine.com, covers the NFL Draft on a year-round basis. Chavous and his scouts tour college campuses to find NFL Draft prospects and related issues to spotlight.

Personal life
Chavous is the nephew of former Denver Broncos defensive end Barney Chavous. He is also the cousin of Fred Vinson, former NFL and Vanderbilt University football player.

title: Corey Chavous


text:
Phrygian

Phrygian can refer to:
 * Anything relating to the region of Phrygia
 * Anything relating to the Phrygians, an ethnic group
 * Phrygian language, their language
 * Phrygian cap, once characteristic of the region
 * Phrygian helmet, used historically in Thracian, Dacian, Classical and Hellenistic Greek armies, and later among Romans
 * Phrygian mode in music
 * A follower of Montanism, an early Christian movement in Phrygia

title: Phrygian


text:
Jim Kleinsasser

Jimmy Carter Kleinsasser (born January 31, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the North Dakota Fighting Sioux and played for the Vikings his entire career after being selected in the 1999 NFL draft.

High school
Jimmy Kleinsasser attended Carrington High School in Carrington, North Dakota and was a letterman and a standout in football, basketball, and track & field. In football, he was a two time All-Region honoree and All-State honoree, and was twice named the Gatorade Circle of Champions North Dakota Player of the Year. At Carrington High School, Kleinsasser was a starter on the 1995 Class B State Championship basketball team. In track, he has the N.D. Class B State T&F Meet records for shot put (62 ft, 2 in) and discus throw (183 ft, 11 in).

College
Kleinsasser attended the University of North Dakota and played for the Fighting Sioux from 1995 to 1998 before being drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in 1999. North Dakota was a Division II school at the time. At North Dakota, Kleinsasser was a four-time first-team All-North Central Conference (NCC) pick and in 1998 was the only Division II football player selected as a Gannett News Service All-American. In 1998, Kleinsasser had 45 receptions for 710 yards and 86 rushing yards.

Minnesota Vikings
Kleinsasser was selected as a tight end in the second round of the 1999 NFL draft. He demonstrated remarkable durability throughout his career, playing in all 16 games up to 2010, except for missing 15 games because of an knee injury in 2004.

In 2007 and 2008, Kleinsasser was named to USA Today All Joe Team honoring hard workers and under-recognized players. He continued his 13-year career with the Vikings in the 2011 season. He ranked second in team history for starts made by a tight end with 119, and ranked fourth in catches by a TE in Vikings history. His blocking skills also paved the way for seven of the top eight single-season rushing marks in Vikings history, including Adrian Peterson's then team record and NFL leading 1,760 yards in 2008. Kleinsasser retired at the end of the 2011 NFL season after 13 seasons with the Vikings.

In popular culture
In the movie 50 First Dates, Kleinsasser is mentioned by Sean Astin's character briefly before Kleinsasser scores a touchdown on the TV.

title: Jim Kleinsasser


text:
Koasati language

Koasati (also Coushatta) is a Native American language of Muskogean origin. The language is spoken by the Coushatta people, most of whom live in Allen Parish north of the town of Elton, Louisiana, though a smaller number share a reservation near Livingston, Texas, with the Alabama people. In 1991, linguist Geoffrey Kimball estimated the number of speakers of the language at around 400 people, of whom approximately 350 live in Louisiana. The exact number of current speakers is unclear, but Coushatta Tribe officials claim that most tribe members over 20 speak Koasati. In 2007, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, in collaboration with McNeese State University and the College of William and Mary, began the Koasati (Coushatta) Language Project as a part of broader language revitalization efforts with National Science Foundation grant money under the Documenting Endangered Languages program.

Koasati is most closely related to the Alabama language but, though the Coushatta and Alabama have historically lived near each other, their languages are no longer mutually intelligible without extensive exposure. The language is also related to the Mikasuki language; some native speakers of Coushatta report they can understand Mikasuki without previous exposure to the language.

Vowels
Koasati has three vowels, all of which occur as short and long and can be nasalized. The following chart is based on Kimball's work. Kimball describes what is normally the close-mid back vowel /o/ as "high back" vowel, hence its placement in the chart below. He notes that /o/ sometimes has the allophone [u] and is raised to [ʊ] in closed word-final syllables.

In 2007, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana developed and approved its own orthographic system. In this system, long vowels are written by doubling the vowel (e.g., [aː] as aa), and nasalized vowels are underlined (e.g., [õ] or [ǫ] as o̱).

Vowel length in Koasati can be contrastive. For example, vowel length distinguishes meaning for palana "bean" and palaana "plate", as well as choba "big" and chooba "horse". Vowel nasalization most often occurs word-finally as a phrase-terminal marker. In Koasati, the end of a phrase is basically marked by either deletion of the final unaccented vowel or the nasalization of the final vowel when deleting it would eliminate phonological information relevant to the phrase's meaning. For example, the final vowel in hopoonilaho̱ "he/she will cook it" is nasalized instead of deleted, and therefore is distinguished from the more emphatic hopoonilaha̱, where the irrealis future suffix -laha- indicates that the action will certainly occur, whereas the irrealis future suffix -laho- does not provide such certainty.

Consonants
Koasati has the consonants given in the table below, based on Geoffrey Kimball's work. IPA transcriptions occur in brackets when different from the orthography provided by Kimball.

Not included in this chart is a glottal glide (marked ꞉) that Kimball uses in his own consonant chart, presumably to represent the lengthened vowel sounds of Koasati. In the Tribe's official orthography, the is represented by $\langleth\rangle$ and the  is represented by $\langlech\rangle$, with no distinction for aspiration. Additionally, Kimball notes that and  are aspirated in initial and medial positions. However, the website for the Koasati Language Project explicitly states that these consonants are never aspirated. The occurs most often before, as in  "river", spelled $\langlehahchi\rangle$ in the official orthography, thereby distinguished from $\langlehachi\rangle$ "tail".

Syllable structure
Koasati has both light (CV, VC, V) and heavy (CVC) syllables. Consonant clusters occur across syllables but not within. All monomorphemic Koasati words end in light syllables, while the penultimate syllable can be light but is usually heavy, and it is usually preceded by one or more light syllables, as with the construction CV.CVC.CV as in the word holihtá "fence". Other shapes, in which one or more heavy syllables precede a heavy penultimate syllable (e.g. CV.CVC.CVC.CV as in hacokpalpá "butterfly"), or alternate heavy and light syllables (e.g. CVC.CV.CVC.CV. as in pa꞉piyá꞉ka "bridge"), are usually the result of the compounding of two words or a once-productive rule of syncope in which the vowel of every second syllable except the final syllable was deleted. Vowel clusters occur in Koasati, unlike in other Muskogean languages where such clusters are made impossible by metathesis and vowel deletion. These clusters occur in Koasati due to the use of locative prefixes that end in a vowel and class 1A negative transitive verbs since these do not undergo the processes of metathesis and vowel deletion. Clusters beginning with /a꞉/ and /i꞉/ are most frequent, and all clusters are generally spoken with a glottal stop between vowels.

Tone
Koasati has low [ ` ], high [ ´ ], and high rising–falling [ ˇ ] pitch accents, as well as a fourth unmarked mid-level tone. All noun roots must have one high-pitch accented syllable. The location of the accent depends on the properties of the penultimate syllable. With a few exceptions, the accent falls on the final syllable unless the penultimate syllable contains a long vowel. These pitch accents can be contrastive, as with sakihpǫ́ 'It is a mink.' and sakíhpǫ 'It is not air-dried.'. Pitch placement on verbs is motivated by morphology. Most indicative verbs take the high accent, though a few take the low accent. Intensive verbs take the high rising–falling accent.

Phonological processes

 * /c/ in Kimball's orthography, or /ch/ in the official Tribe orthography, is sometimes realized as [ts] before resonants: cf. awó yáhci "it is just like grandpa" is realized as [awó yahtsi].
 * In rare cases, /k/ is labialized to [kʷ] before /o/: cf. akkó "that" → [akkʷó]
 * /s/ has the palatal allophone [š] word-initially before /o/ and intervocalically: cf. sopátlit "she cleaned it" → [šopátlit]
 * When /s/ occurs both before and after a vowel, the allophone of the first /s/ harmonizes with that of the second. For example, sóslit ('he skinned them') is not pronounced [šoslit] but [sóslit].
 * Rarely, /s/ can have the allophone [r] when it occurs word-finally: cf. o꞉támmo꞉s "it is just sunset" → [o꞉támmo꞉r]
 * In the word-final position, /h/ becomes a voiceless continuation of the vowel it follows. This can also occur following vowels in other positions. For example, iltóhnot "she worked" becomes [iltóónot].
 * /h/ can be voiced to [ɦ], usually before c, as discussed above with [haɦchi].
 * /l/ is sometimes realized as /n/, as with intolihná "work" → [iltolihná]. Rarely, it is realized as [r] intervocalically.
 * The vowel /i/ shifts to [ɪ] in all closed syllables, and /o/ shifts to [ʊ] when it occurs in closed word-final syllables: cf. hókfit "she put it on" → [hókfɪt]; íkbot "he did not kill it" → [íkbʊt]
 * The vowels /i/ and /o/ also rarely have the allophones [ɛ] and [u] respectively, though the underlying reason is unclear: cf. yilahá "orange (fruit)" → [yɛlahá]; solitá꞉wa "soldier" → [sulitá꞉wa]

Morphology
Koasati is a polysynthetic language with fairly extensive verbal prefixing and suffixing.

Nouns
Two sets of prefixes mark noun possession in Koasati. The am-set generally identifies alienable possession and a relatively small set of kinship terms and body parts, while the ca-set identifies inalienable possession and most kinship terms and body parts. These prefixes mark person and number on possessing nouns as follows:

Position classes
Kimball identifies the following position classes for prefixes and suffixes that can be added to Koasati verb roots:
 * Prefixes
 * Position 1: positive and negative subject prefixes
 * Position 2: locative prefix a-, or the prefix ak- which indicates action on the surface of a person (skin) or thing
 * Position 3: locative prefixes
 * Position 4: pronominal prefixes (ca-)
 * Position 5: pronominal prefixes (am-)
 * Position 6: distributive prefix ho-/oh-, iterative prefix hoho-/ohoh-
 * Position 7: instrumental prefixes
 * Position 8: directional prefixes
 * Position 9: indefinite nouns na꞉si-/na꞉s-/nas- ('something') and a꞉ti-/a꞉t-/at-/a- ('someone')
 * Root
 * Suffixes
 * Position 1: adverb
 * Position 2: diminutive/intensive
 * Position 3: habitual
 * Position 4: intention
 * Position 5: ability
 * Position 6: realis/irrealis
 * Position 7: deduction
 * Position 8: modality
 * Position 9: dubiative
 * Position 10: hearsay
 * Position 11: auditory
 * Position 12: tense
 * Position 13: consequence
 * Position 14: discourse functions
 * Position 15: enclitics

Prefixes
Unlike its frequently used cognates in other Muskogean languages, the general locative prefix a- (Position 2) is falling out of use. Positions 4 and 5 relate to the am- and ca- sets discussed above with nouns. They contain the direct and indirect object prefixes respectively and are used to cross-reference the direct and indirect objects of verbs, as well as mark possession on nominalized verbs. For example, the Position 5 prefix ac- is used to mark possession on the root of the nominalized verb meaning "to photograph" in the following way:

st- ac- ahó꞉ba

INSTR- 1SG.POSS- photograph

"my photograph" ("a photograph of me")

A sampling of verbal prefixes, in this case, specific locative prefixes of Position 3, follows:
 * itta- "action on the ground; action in fire"
 * o꞉-/o꞉w- "action in water"
 * pa꞉- "action on a raised, artificial, or non-ground surface"
 * on- "action on a vertical surface or in a vertical plane"
 * itta- "action in the middle of something"
 * ibi꞉- "action on the human face"
 * ico꞉- "action on or in the human mouth"
 * no꞉- "action on the human neck"
 * nok- "action in the human throat"

Suffixes
Kimball recorded over seventy suffixes to fill the fifteen suffix positions. All but eleven of these suffixes can technically co-occur with all other suffixes that do not occupy the same position class. Kimball provides the following example as a possibility:

o-st-oh-im-ilá-꞉ci-halpí꞉sa-laho-꞉li-má꞉mi-mpa-y-on im-ca-yím-ko-˛

go:&-INSTR-DISTR-3.DAT-arrive-PL-ABIL-IRR-DEDUC-HSY-CNSQ-SW:FOC 3.STAT.OBJ-1SG.STAT-believe-3.NEG(1A)-PHR:TERM

"They say that they all might be able to go and bring it to him, but on the contrary, I do not believe them."

In the first word, all units that follow the root -ilá- "arrive" are suffixes filling the various position classes.

A sample of suffixes, in this case, Position 5 suffixes of ability, follows:
 * -bá꞉no- "regularly, occasionally"
 * -bí꞉no- "reluctantly, shyly"
 * -halpi꞉sa- "to be able to"
 * -yáhli- "be obliged to, really"

Kimball notes that of these, only -halpi꞉sa- "to be able to" is used frequently.

Verbal number
Muskogean languages such as Koasati have a three-way number distinction in their verbs, with singular, dual, and plural forms. Some of these forms are suppletive. For example,

'To dwell', in the first person, with full suppletion (singular aat, dual asw, plural is):

 * áata-l

dwell(SG)-1SG

'I dwell'
 *
 * a⟩lí⟨sw

dwell(DU)⟩1DU⟨(ROOT)

'we two dwell'
 *
 * ís-tílka

dwell(PL)-1PL

'we all dwell'
 * }

(The angle braces, ⟩⟨, separate the two parts of the root.)

'To smell' is non-suppletive hofn:

 * hófna-l

smell-1SG

'I smell'
 *
 * ho⟩lí⟨fn

smell⟩1DU⟨(ROOT)

'we smell'
 * }

'To go about', partially suppletive (SG/DU aay, PL yomahl):

 * aaya-l

go.about(SG/DU)-1SG

'I go about'
 *
 * a⟩lí⟨iy

go.about(SG/DU)⟩1DU⟨(ROOT)

'we two go about'
 *
 * yomah-híl

go.about(PL)-1PL

'we-all go about'
 * }

'To run', partially suppletive (SG waliik, DU/PL tołk):

 * walíika-l

run(SG)-1SG

'I run'
 *
 * tół-hílk

run(DU/PL)-1PL

'we run'
 * }

Verb grades
Like other Muskogean languages, Koasati has verb grades, or an ablaut system in which morphological and phonemic changes (in this case infixation and nasalization) can be used to alter the meaning of verb.

H-grade
In Koasati, the h-grade is used to create a polite imperative as well as to indicate a sequence of actions. To form the imperative, h is inserted before the final syllable of the verb root. For example, the verb óntin "to come" (singular, dual subject) changes to the imperative ónhtįh "Come on over!" with the h-grade (in addition to the delayed imperative suffix marked by the vowel nasalization and final h). The use of h-grade to indicate sequence (in addition to the switch-reference marker -ok) can be seen below:

kowí-k icó í, h, b-ok on-a-í꞉pa-toho-˛

panther-SUBJ deer kill, h:grade, SS:FOC LOC-GEN:LOC-eat-REAL-PHR:TERM

"The panther, having killed the deer, ate off of it."

With the sequence h-grade, the last verb in the sequence takes on temporal and aspectual affixes, while the preceding verbs take on the h-grade and the appropriate switch-reference marker.

N-grade
In Koasati, the n-grade is relatively uncommon but is used to add emphasis, roughly meaning "completely" or "to continue" depending on whether the verb used is a verb of state or description or a verb of action. To form the n-grade, the vowel of the verb root's penultimate syllable is nasalized and accented. For example:

olfá-k waló, N, hl-o꞉siV´hco-k

sprout green:&:tender, n:grade, DIM-HAB-SS

"The sprout is completely green and tender."

Reduplication
Koasati has both punctual and iterative reduplication for verbs, in which part of the root is repeated to indicate that an action is repeated. With punctual reduplication, the verb's initial consonant and vowel (or consonant and o if no vowel is present) are copied and inserted before the final syllable of the root. For example, míslin "to blink" becomes mismíhlin "to flutter the eyelids". With iterative reduplication, the consonant and vowel of the penultimate syllable of the root are copied and inserted before the final syllable of the root. For example, molápkan "to gleam" becomes molalápkan "to flash". The iterative can also be formed using the Position 6 iterative prefixes ohoh- and hoho-.

The glottal stop
The glottal stop [ʔ] is used to form the interrogative by infixing [ʔ] before a verb's penultimate syllable. Doing so replaces preceding vowel length (if present) and adds a high pitch accent to the syllables preceding and following the glottal stop. For example, /ishí꞉c/ "you see it" changes to the question /ishíʔcá/ "Do you see it?".

Word order
Koasati sentences generally follow a subject, object, verb (SOV) pattern. If an indirect object is present, the order is typically subject, indirect object, verb (SIoV). For sentences with both a direct and indirect object, the order is typically subject, object, verb, indirect object (SOVIo), though SIoOV also occurs. Any locatives tend to follow the verb. Because Koasati uses the nominative case, these orders are not rigid - elements can be moved within the sentence for emphasis. Examples of some basic orders follow:

stilapíli -k pokkó im- apí꞉li -to -˛
 * SOV

leader -SUBJ ball 3.DAT- throw(SG) -III.PAST -PHR:TERM

"The leader threw the ball to them underhand."

á꞉t -ok if -ón ínka -t wílfrid -ka ocó꞉si
 * SOVIo

person -SUBJ:FOC dog -OBJ:FOC give:to:him -PAST Wilfred -LOAN son

"Someone gave a dog to Wilfred's son."

Case marking
Koasati is an active–stative language. It has seven cases that can be used across five classes of nouns:

The five noun classes contain the following types of nouns, followed by examples:
 * Class I: nouns for animate objects (ifá, "dog")
 * Class II: nouns to or in which action can occur (ó꞉la, "town")
 * Class III: nouns within or among which action can occur (í꞉sa, "house")
 * Class IV: nouns describing an area where action can occur (caffá, "field")
 * Class V: personal names, kinship terms (awó, "grandfather")

Switch-reference
Koasati has switch-reference marking, in which suffixes indicate whether the subjects of two verbs are co-referent. The suffix –k indicates that the subject of the verb that follows is the same as that of the previous verb, while –n indicates that the subject is different than that of the previous verb. The suffixes –ok and –on can also be used in the same way for extra emphasis or "focus". The switch-reference marker –p indicates the introduction of a new topic. An example of each suffix follows:
 * nó꞉ra-k ɫabósli-h bánna-k hí꞉ca-t á꞉ta-toho-꞉li-k akkámmi-tik labósl-á꞉ha-k sam, kí,꞉c-o-t — "Nora tried to extinguish it, and she kept on watching it, but this being so, she was unable to extinguish it."
 * athómma-k yomáhli-n calakkí ho-ká꞉ha-hco-k — "They called the wandering Indians Cherokees."
 * skólka im-alo, kí, st-o-n mí꞉ta-k im-alósti-tika-p — "They were not interested in school; however, others were interested in it."

title: Koasati language