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CKMI-DT

CKMI-DT (channel 15) is a television station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, part of the Global Television Network. Owned and operated by network parent Corus Entertainment, the station maintains studios inside the Dominion Square Building in downtown Montreal. Its primary transmitter is located atop Mount Royal, with rebroadcasters in Quebec City and Sherbrooke.

CKMI was established as Quebec City's second station in 1957. Originally a private affiliate of the CBC Television network, It was the only English-language station in the heavily francophone city. It struggled to survive for most of its first four decades, in part because its potential audience was barely large enough to support it. In 1997, it was transformed into a regional Global station for Quebec with additional transmitters, including in Montreal. It moved most of its operations to Montreal that year, though it would nominally remain licensed to Quebec City until 2009. The station's local news broadcasts have typically struggled in the ratings, never advancing beyond a distant second place.

MI-5 in Quebec City
The station launched on March 17, 1957, and was the second privately owned station in Quebec. It was licensed to Quebec City and aired an analogue signal on VHF channel 5. CKMI was originally owned by Télévision du Québec, a consortium of cinema chain Famous Players and Quebec City's three privately owned radio stations, CHRC, CKCV and CJQC, along with the province's first private station, CFCM-TV. The station's studios were located alongside CFCM's facilities in Sainte-Foy, then a suburb of Quebec City; CKMI and CFCM shared the same antenna, the first setup of its kind in the world for television. This allowed CKMI to sign on several months sooner than would have been the case under the normal engineering practices of the time and at a fraction of the cost.

Upon signing on, CKMI became Quebec City's CBC Television affiliate, taking all English-language programming from CFCM. Télévision de Québec had applied for an English-language station when a policy change at the CBC the previous year restricted CFCM to programming from CBC's French-language network, Radio-Canada (now Ici Radio-Canada Télé), rather than selecting French- and English-language shows, as it had done since signing on in 1954. CFCM disaffiliated from Radio-Canada in 1964 when the network opened its own station, CBVT, but CKMI remained with CBC. In 1971, CFCM became a charter affiliate of a privately-owned French network, TVA.

Télévision de Québec was nearly forced to sell its stations in 1969 due to the Canadian Radio and Television Commission's (CRTC) new rules requiring radio and television stations to be 80% Canadian-owned. The largest shareholder, Famous Players, was a subsidiary of American film studio Paramount Pictures. The CRTC had additionally denied a 1968 bid to sell CFCM and CKMI to Teltron Communications Ltd. In 1970, the CRTC ordered Télévision de Québec to present a plan for restructuring its ownership in accordance with the law or else it would take bids for replacement licensees. As a result, Famous Players reduced its shares to 20 percent by selling off to three Quebec City firms, allowing Télévision de Québec to keep CKMI and CFCM. The company renamed itself Télé-Capitale in 1972. Télé-Capitale was bought in two phases by La Verendrye Management Corporation in 1979 and 1982; citing a high debt load, the firm sold the businesses to the Pathonic Corporation of Montreal in 1984. The firm then became known as the Pathonic Network in 1986 before being purchased by Télé-Metropole (which changed its name to TVA) in 1989 and 1990.

CKMI faced severe financial problems for much of its history as a CBC affiliate. This was largely because the area's anglophone population was just barely large enough for the station to be viable as a privately owned CBC affiliate; Quebec City, unlike Montreal, is a virtually monolingual francophone city. As early as 1962, during hearings before the Board of Broadcast Governors (forerunner of the CRTC) for a new French-language station in Quebec City, BBG counsel William Pearson described CKMI as one of the most unprofitable stations in the country. During licence renewal hearings in 1972, Télé-Capitale noted to the CRTC that it was keeping CKMI-TV going despite the lack of any path to profitability. This stood in contrast to its French-language sister station, CFCM, which was reported in 1973 to be the most profitable television station in Canada.

CKMI's three anchor-reporters, who produced the station's three hours a week of local output, were the only English speakers at CFCM-CKMI, reflected in the numerous gallicisms that pocked CKMI's newscasts. Indeed, CKMI's reporters often struggled to find anyone who could speak English well enough to conduct an interview. There were so few viewers that one CRTC licence renewal hearing for the station was met with no public comment whatsoever. At one point in 1981, its highest-rated program attracted only 31,000 viewers, a fraction of the viewership of CFCM's highest-rated program. It was not unheard of for French-language commercials originally produced for CFCM to air on CKMI when it was deemed too expensive to produce a separate English commercial. Despite this, Télé-Capitale had no qualms about keeping the station on the air, viewing it as a public service to Quebec City's anglophone community.

Over the years, the station served mostly as a semi-satellite of CBMT in Montreal. The only local program on the air by 1996 was a 30-minute weeknight newscast anchored by Karen McDonald, editor and co-owner of the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, the only English-language newspaper in the city. Many stories on the newscast, Inside Quebec, were in French because they were supplied by CFCM's newsroom; McDonald, who left the Chronicle-Telegraph to work for the station known as "MI-5" before also returning to the newspaper four years later, recalled that CFCM's reporters did not ask questions in English even when they were interviewing an anglophone. In the late 1980s, the newscast only attracted 5,000 viewers per statistics from the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement; McDonald believed that most of those viewers were francophones.

Becoming a Global station
On June 13, 1995, Télé-Métropole and CanWest Global Communications announced a plan that would transform CKMI from a de facto rebroadcaster of CBMT into the third major English-language TV service in the province, providing the first private competition to CFCF-TV. Under the plan, Télé-Métropole and CanWest would form a joint venture, TVA CanWest, that would own CKMI, and it would apply to build transmitters in Montreal and Sherbrooke. CanWest would own a 51 percent controlling interest in the venture. Because of the nature of the Quebec City market and Montreal being one of Global's two major coverage gaps of the time (the other being Alberta, where it had affiliated stations), it was immediately evident that the primary goal of the venture was to get Global a foothold in Montreal, the country's third-largest anglophone market. According to Mike Boone, the television columnist for The Gazette, CanWest would have stood virtually no chance of getting a licence for a Quebec station on its own and joined forces with Télé-Métropole to lend "local clout" to its bid.

Global had spent almost a quarter-century trying to get a transmitter in Montreal. When the network originally launched in 1974 as an Ontario-based network, original plans called for a transmitter in Maxville, near Cornwall. While it would have primarily served Hawkesbury, it would have provided a strong grade B signal to Montreal. However, the CRTC did not approve the Maxville transmitter with the others because it had previously issued a moratorium on new TV stations in Montreal. One columnist noted that language and political considerations meant the CRTC would not entertain such a service before Montreal had three French-language TV stations.

The TVA CanWest deal would take some time to be approved because of another proposed transaction. CFCF and Vidéotron had proposed an asset swap that would have given CFCF control of TVA and TQS while leaving all of Montreal's cable systems with the latter company, and the CRTC announced it wanted to hear that proposal first. That logjam was resolved in April 1996, when Vidéotron acquired all of CFCF with an eye to spinning off its English-language holdings. It would not be until December of that year when the CRTC finally heard the CKMI application. TVA CanWest pledged a commitment of $165 million over seven years on new Canadian programming to the regulator if it won in Quebec City and proposed new stations for Calgary and Edmonton. Ahead of the hearings, CFCF vigorously fought the proposal, claiming any competition would reduce its value and jeopardize its community service initiatives; it called into question any pledge to produce regional programming, with CFCF weatherman Don McGowan noting that Quebec City was "where 42 anglophones live today". A full-page newspaper ad from CFCF blasted the idea of Global being "allowed to slip through the back door" into Montreal, ominously threatening that it would mean "no more CFCF 12 as we know it".

In November, the CRTC ruled against Global's Alberta stations bid. At the hearing the next month, Izzy Asper took the CRTC to task, noting that English-speaking Montrealers were higher-than-average viewers of American stations available on cable. The CRTC approved the CKMI Global bid on February 27, 1997; on the same day, it also approved Vidéotron's purchase of CFCF's business contingent on spinning off the English-language stations and TQS.

Over the course of 1997, changes were made in preparation for CKMI's relaunch. In Quebec City, CKMI would move from channel 5 to 20, to permit the CBC to take over the channel 5 facility for CBVE-TV, a full-time repeater of CBMT. The Montreal transmitter, originally assigned channel 67, was changed to 46. With the addition of CKMI, CanWest's station group, the CanWest Global System, would have over-the-air coverage in every province except Newfoundland. This led CanWest to announce that it would rebrand its stations as the Global Television Network.

On September 14, 1997, CKMI formally disaffiliated from CBC and joined Global. Full-time programming on the Sherbrooke and Montreal transmitters began on the same day. A number of popular American shows purchased by CFCF but to which Canadian rights were owned by CanWest moved from that station to CKMI, where they lost half or more of their audience. The Montreal rebroadcaster was criticized for poor reception and a low effective radiated power: 4.85 kW, compared to 697 and 1,334 kW at the two other UHF stations in the city. As a result, in April 1998, the effective radiated power was increased to 33,000 watts. In 2002, Global bought out TVA's remaining interest in CKMI.

The station shifted most of its operations, as well as the focus of its news coverage, to Montreal soon after the launch of the Montreal transmitter; however, it remained licensed to Quebec City, and its "official" main studio remained in Sainte-Foy. Over the course of the 2000s, Global cut back its presence in Quebec City and the Eastern Townships, leaving its Sherbrooke bureau unstaffed before closing it altogether in 2007. In 2009, reflecting what had already occurred in the preceding years, CRTC permitted CKMI to move its licence to Montreal, which also allowed the station to access local advertising in Montreal for the first time; the station changed its name from Global Quebec to Global Montreal at that time. CKMI's main production facilities and news operations then relocated from a building shared with TVA on De Maisonneuve Boulevard East in Montreal to the Dominion Square Building, home of The Gazette, in Downtown Montreal.

On October 27, 2010, Shaw Communications completed its purchase of Canwest's television assets after Canwest had entered into creditor bankruptcy protection in late 2009. As a result, Canwest's television division became Shaw Media.

News operation
Global entered the Montreal news market in direct competition with CFCF and its highly-rated Pulse newscasts. Benoît Aubin of TVA was tapped as the first news director for Global in Quebec, and Heather Hiscox was the first anchor for Global's supper-hour local news, which aired at 5:30 p.m. to contrast with the 6 p.m. Pulse. Reflecting the regional architecture of CKMI, the station originally had four reporters in Quebec City and one in the Eastern Townships. Mike Boone, television critic for the Montreal Gazette, criticized the newscast's lack of time for stories and felt that it was hampered by needing to provide regional stories not of much interest to Montreal.

In December 1997, CKMI debuted a daily entertainment magazine, Global Tonight, hosted by Jamie Orchard. However, in June, it axed those programs and its 11 p.m. news and sports programs, moving its evening news to 6 p.m. and reallocating resources to the creation of a longform morning show. The morning show, This Morning Live, debuted in 1998. It was another four years before Global began producing a late newscast again in Quebec. This Morning Live was canceled after a decade in 2008.

As part of Shaw Communications's offer to take over Canwest's television assets, Shaw promised to launch local morning newscasts on several Global stations, including CKMI. On January 28, 2013, CKMI-DT launched a three-hour weekday morning newscast, airing from 6 to 9 a.m.

While Global had gradually been introducing centralized newscast technical production, in 2015, it began to present entire local newscasts for Montreal from Toronto. Beginning that August, weekend newscasts were produced remotely from Toronto. Global Montreal also introduced a half-hour noon newscast, and extended its evening news to an hour.

As of May 2017, Global Montreal's 5:30 p.m. supper-time newscast ranked second in the Montreal English TV market, with 28,000 viewers tuning in compared to CTV Montreal's 189,000 viewers and CBC Montreal's 27,000 viewers. Although CKMI was still far behind CFCF, its viewership numbers had risen significantly since 2011, when it finished at the bottom of the ratings with only 6,900 viewers and a three percent share.

In August 2020, evening anchor Jamie Orchard was laid off. In September 2020, CKMI cancelled Focus Montreal and replaced Orchard with Tracy Tong, who anchors from Toronto; this left only the morning newscast as being presented from Montreal.

On September 6, 2022, presentation of the 5:30 and 6:30 p.m. newscasts returned to the Montreal studio after the station named Aalia Adam the new anchor of Global News at 5:30 and Global News at 6:30; Adam also anchors newscasts for the Maritimes.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Heather Hiscox – news anchor (now on CBC News Network)
 * Leslie Roberts – anchor (moved to CIII-DT in Toronto, resigned in January 2015)
 * Jamie Orchard – weeknight anchor (laid off in August 2020)

Analogue-to-digital conversion
In August 2011, CKMI converted all three of its transmitters to digital ahead of the conversion deadline of August 31. The main transmitter, CKMI-DT-1, began broadcasting its digital signal on UHF channel 15.

Transmitters
Semi-satellites are in bold italics.

title: CKMI-DT


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Lilliwaup, Washington

Lilliwaup is a small unincorporated community in Mason County, Washington, United States. It is located on the west shore of Hood Canal at the mouth of Lilliwaup Creek. U.S. Route 101 passes through the town.

History
The name "Lilliwaup" comes from the Twana word /sləláwap/, meaning "cove, inlet".

The area was settled by early pioneers by 1854. The town was officially platted in 1890. The Olympic Exploring Expedition of 1890, led by Joseph O'Neil, made one of the earliest explorations of the Olympic Mountains and the first crossing of the southern part of the range. The expedition began at Lilliwaup, bringing men and supplies up Hood Canal. O'Neil hoped to find a practical route between Hood Canal and the Pacific Ocean. The party left Lilliwaup in June 1890, west to the North Fork Skokomish River and Lake Cushman. From there a number of smaller parties explored in various directions, including one group that made the first recorded ascent of Mount Olympus. The main contingent of the expedition reached Hoquiam in October 1890. O'Neil did not find the practical route he had hoped for, but advocated for the creation of a national park.

When O'Neil's exploring expedition first arrived at Lilliwaup in early 1890 they found the town almost non-existent. A member of the party described Lilliwaup as "a town with one house". But in September of the same year, when O'Neil again traveled to Lake Cushman via Lilliwaup more than 30 families had moved in. Soon after there was a store and two hotels. However, the townsite company went bankrupt a short time later and most of the people moved away. By the 1920s tourism was bringing new life to the region. The Lilliwaup Land and Resort Company was founded. There were reports that movie stars such as Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, and others were interested in buying homes in Lilliwaup, but they never came and the resort company folded.

Recreation
A nearby fish hatchery keeps the local waters stocked with salmon, which draws fishing enthusiasts to the area in the fall.

A stairway provides public access to the round-rock beach, where picnicking, shellfish harvesting, fishing, and beachcombing are popular. Hood Canal oysters plucked from the shores are a local favorite.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lilliwaup, Washington


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Khoo Swee Chiow

Khoo Swee Chiow (born November 16, 1964, in Port Dickson, Malaysia) is a Singaporean adventurer, author, consultant, and motivational speaker. Khoo is the first Southeast Asian and the fourth person in the world to complete The Explorers Grand Slam, that is, the North Pole, the South Pole, and the Seven Summits.

Expeditions
Khoo climbed Mount Everest in 1998 as a member of Singapore's first Mount Everest expedition. In 1999, he skied to the South Pole as the leader of Singapore first Antarctica expedition, covering a distance of 1,125 km in 57 days. In 2001, he climbed Mount Ararat in Turkey together with six other Everest summitters from Turkey, Colombia, the United States and Mexico as part of a Peace Climb project to raise funds and promote international friendship. In that same year, he climbed Shishapangma in Tibet becoming the first South East Asian to climb an 8,000-metre peak without supplemental oxygen.

In 2002, he skied to the North Pole with Arctic guide Paul Landry and a dog named Apu, after failing the previous year due to frostbite on a finger. Khoo becomes the first Southeast Asian and the fourth person in the world to complete The Adventure Grand Slam, that is, the South Pole, the North Pole and the Seven Summits. He lost his bid to sail around the world in 2003, as his expedition was canceled due to lack of funding during the SARS outbreak and Iraq War period.

In that same year, he cycled from Singapore to Beijing in 73 days covering 8,066 km. In 2004, Khoo attempted to climb Mount Everest without oxygen but had to turn back 400 metres below the summit due to exhaustion.

On December 5, 2004, he successfully swam the Straits of Malacca from Tanjung Rupat in Indonesia to Port Dickson, in 22 hours over a distance of 40 km. He had been inspired to perform this feat at the age of six, after watching a Japanese man who was the first man to ever swim across the straits, starting his swim in front of his house. His attempt at swimming the English Channel in the summer of 2005, however, was unsuccessful due to hypothermia.

On July 31, 2012, Singapore adventurer and motivational speaker Khoo Swee Chiow, 48, has become the first Southeast Asian to reach the summit of K2 in Pakistan. The Seagate Technology K2 2012 expedition saw Mr Khoo reach the summit on the morning of July 31 after a 32-day climb in sub-zero temperatures. He was accompanied by an international team of 10 other climbers.

World records
In December 2005, broke the Guinness World Record of the Longest Scuba Submergence (controlled environment). Khoo spent 220 hours underwater as opposed to the previous record of 212.5 hours. The record was subsequently broken on August 30, 2009, by Cem Karabay and now stands at 240 hours.

Personal life
Khoo was born on 16 November 1964 in Port Dickson, Malaysia and became a Singaporean in 1999.

Everest summits
Mount Everest summits of Khoo Swee Chiow (Swee-Chiow Khoo)

 * May 25, 1998
 * May 23, 2006
 * May 21, 2011

title: Khoo Swee Chiow


text:
Eduardo Mondlane University

The Eduardo Mondlane University (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane; UEM) is the oldest and largest university in Mozambique. The UEM is a public university of a secular state, not affiliated with any religion and that does not discriminate on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, and religion. The university is located in Maputo and has about 40,000 students enrolled.

History
The institution was set up as a center for higher education in 1962 in what was then Lourenço Marques, the capital of Portugal's overseas province of Mozambique. Founded by the time of Overseas Minister Adriano Moreira, it was called Estudos Gerais Universitários de Moçambique (Mozambique General University Studies) after Studium Generale; in 1968 it became the Universidade de Lourenço Marques (University of Lourenço Marques). After Mozambique became independent in 1975, the city was renamed "Maputo" and the university was renamed in honor of Frelimo leader Eduardo Mondlane in 1976.

Student enrolment
All students at the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane are full-time, contact students. As of 2015, the university consists of around 40,000 students, of which around 3,300 are pursuing postgraduate courses

Notable alumni

 * Nazira Abdula, Mozambican Minister of Health
 * Mari Alkatiri, The first Prime Minister of Timor Leste
 * U. Aswathanarayana, Honorary Director of the Mahadevan International Centre for Water Resources Management, India
 * Alice Banze, is a trained social scientist active with Oxfam
 * Mia Couto, Mozambican author, poet, journalist, and biologist
 * Adriano Nuvunga, Mozambican scholar, anti-corruption advocate and human rights defender

title: Eduardo Mondlane University


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Mykelti Williamson

Mykelti Williamson (born March 4, 1957) is an American actor best known for his roles in the films Forrest Gump, 12 Angry Men (1997), Con Air, and Ali, and the television shows Boomtown, 24, and Justified. In 2016, he portrayed Gabriel Maxson in Denzel Washington's acclaimed film adaptation of August Wilson's play Fences, reprising his role from the 2010 Broadway revival.

His other notable roles include Free Willy, Heat, Lucky Number Slevin, Three Kings, Black Dynamite, The Final Destination, ATL, Species II, and The Purge: Election Year.

Early life
Williamson was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He is the son of Elaine, a certified public accountant, and a father who was an Air Force Non-Commissioned Officer. He is of African American descent and has stated he has Blackfoot ancestry. He has said that his name "Mykelti" means "Spirit" or "Silent Friend" in the Blackfoot language, but this is untrue.

Williamson began performing at the age of nine. Along with acting, he also danced as an alternate member of The Lockers troupe on Soul Train along with Fred Berry (star of TV sitcom What's Happening!!). At age nine, Williamson relocated to Los Angeles with his family. He studied television and film at Los Angeles City College. He audited acting classes at USC under the tutelage of Dr. Frank X. Ford Williamson, and was later transferred to Gene Evans Motion Picture School in San Jose, earning his certificate in Cinematography/Film Production.

Career
Williamson began acting professionally as a child. His first TV appearances include Starsky & Hutch, Father Murphy, Hill Street Blues, Miami Vice, China Beach, and Midnight Caller. Perhaps his best-known television role was as program director Donovan Aderhold in the syndicated series The New WKRP in Cincinnati. Williamson also starred in PBS's TV series The Righteous Apples. The show focuses on the activities of The Righteous Apples, five Boston-area high school musicians, who in a troubled world, seek to help people in distress. Williamson was the lead singer of the group in the show in which he was just a teenager at that time.

His film debut was in Streets of Fire (1984). His credits include Wildcats (1986) with Goldie Hawn, Miracle Mile (1989), The First Power (1990) with Lou Diamond Phillips, Free Willy (1993), Forrest Gump (1994) with Tom Hanks, Waiting to Exhale (1995), Heat (1995), Soul of the Game (1996) with Delroy Lindo, Con Air (1997), Truth or Consequences, N.M. (1997), William Friedkin's TV version of 12 Angry Men (1997), Three Kings (1999), Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years (1999), Holiday Heart (2000), Black Dynamite (2009), The Final Destination (2009), and The Purge: Election Year (2016).

Williamson is best known as Private Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue in the Academy Award–winning 1994 film Forrest Gump. He also received favorable reviews when he played Negro league baseball player Josh Gibson in the HBO film Soul of the Game (1996).

Williamson has made many guest appearances in TV and film. His most recent film appearances have included Ali (2001),The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004), Get Rich or Die Tryin'  (2005), ATL (2006), Lucky Number Slevin (2006), August Rush (2007), High School (2010), Convergence (2015), and Fences (2016). He was Juror #10 in the 1997 TV movie remake of 12 Angry Men (picking up the Ed Begley role). He also appeared in a short-lived TV series remake The Fugitive (CBS, 2000–2001). CBS cancelled the series after one season with a total of 22 episodes.

In 2002, he co-starred as Detective Bobby "Fearless" Smith in the critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful crime drama Boomtown.

Between 2007 and 2009, he appeared in seven episodes of CSI: NY as Chief Sinclair, reuniting him with his Forrest Gump co-star Gary Sinise. He was a main character in season 8 of 24 starring as Brian Hastings, the special agent in charge of the New York CTU.

He had a recurring role as Ellstin Limehouse on the FX drama Justified. He was also cast as a homeless man named Terry in the third season of the ABC drama Nashville. Since October 2016, Williamson has had a recurring role as Admiral Chernow in Designated Survivor. In 2017, he began appearing on Chicago P.D..

Personal life
Williamson was married to Miami Vice star Olivia Brown from July 2, 1983 until they divorced in 1985. He later married Cheryl Chisholm in 1989 with whom he had his first child, Phoenix.

He has been married to Sondra Spriggs since April 26, 1997; together they have two daughters, Nicole and Maya. The two were married during the filming of TNT's production of Buffalo Soldiers.

Williamson was charged with attempted murder in 1998 after he allegedly stabbed his ex-wife Cheryl Chisholm's boyfriend. The court reduced the charge to attempted manslaughter and he was found not guilty by jury.

title: Mykelti Williamson


text: User talk:67.5.135.46

title: User talk:67.5.135.46


text: Category:1880s books

title: Category:1880s books


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CJNT-DT

CJNT-DT (channel 62) is a television station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, part of the Citytv network. Owned and operated by network parent Rogers Sports & Media, the station maintains studios inside the Rogers Building at the corner of McGill College Avenue and Cathcart Street near the Place Ville Marie complex in downtown Montreal, and its transmitter is located at Mount Royal Park, near downtown Montreal.

History
The station signed on the air on September 8, 1997, but had its roots in the 1980s as La Télévision Ethnique du Québec (TEQ), a public access ethnic cable channel. It had plans on moving over-the-air as early as the early 1990s, but was dogged by financial problems. Even after it signed on, its finances were in such a state that it never signed on earlier than noon. Part of the problem was that its effective radiated power was only 11 kilowatts, easily the weakest full-power station in Montreal and one of the weakest in North America—roughly on the same level as low-power UHF stations in the United States. This effectively limited its over-the-air footprint to the Island of Montreal, Jésus Island and a few areas on the mainland; even in those areas, its signal was marginal at best. Most viewers could only get a clear picture on cable.

Many shows that had aired on TEQ for many years did not make the cut for CJNT because they did not meet the standards for commercial broadcasting. However, many of the shows that did make it were of somewhat marginal quality. Its commitment to ethnic groups was questioned, especially late at night when it would frequently show English-language infomercials for a psychic hotline.

WIC and Canwest
Western International Communications bought CJNT in 1999. WIC owned Montreal's CTV affiliate, CFCF-TV (channel 12), but was facing serious competition from Global, which had expanded into Quebec the same year CJNT signed on. WIC figured CJNT would give it much-needed leverage in Montreal. It planned to relaunch CJNT on the model of Canada's first multicultural station, CFMT-TV in Toronto, with 60% ethnic content and 40% American content. However, WIC was only able to buy the shares of CJNT held by Marie Griffiths, as ownership of the rest of the shares was being contested in court. It was not allowed to make changes to CJNT's license without majority ownership, and its plans became moot when Canwest bought WIC's television assets in 2000. Canwest already held controlling interest in Global station CKMI-TV, which was licensed in Quebec City but had activated a rebroadcaster in Montreal and moved the bulk of its operations there. The CRTC forced Canwest to put CFCF up for sale. Well aware that Canwest had bought CKMI to get its programming into Montreal, the CRTC ruled that Montreal's anglophone population was too small to permit a twinstick between CFCF and CKMI (CFCF was eventually sold to CTV). However, Canwest was allowed to keep WIC's interest in CJNT, and bought the remaining shares.

Canwest had CJNT file for bankruptcy, and changed its conditions of licence to reduce the ethnic content to 60%. On September 8, 2001, Global relaunched the station with a mixture of ethnic, English and French language programming. The bulk of the English-language shows came from Canwest's secondary television system, CH. For all intents and purposes, CJNT thus became the third CH station, and the only one actually licensed to a major Canadian city. Since there was no "H" in "CJNT" (unlike CHCH-TV and CHEK-TV), the CH in Montreal stood for "Canal Horizon" ("Channel Horizon" in English), although it changed its on-air brand name to just "CH" in 2002. The station remained a CH branded station until September 7, 2007, when Canwest decided to brand the station as "CJNT Montreal", while CH programming rebranded as "E! Montreal".

As a CH and later E! station, CJNT had many English-language American imports due to E!'s emphasis on American shows that could not fit onto Global's schedule. Some of E!'s programming, including documentary-based shows such as E! True Hollywood Story, were dubbed in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, to help partially fulfill CJNT's ethnic programming requirements.

During that period, CJNT aired WWE SmackDown! on Thursdays and Fridays until 2009.

For much of 2003 and 2004, CJNT fought a "commercial war" with Burlington, Vermont's Fox affiliate, WFFF-TV. Due to Canada's "simultaneous substitution" rules, WFFF frequently moved syndicated reruns of That '70s Show around its schedule to keep its signal from being replaced with CJNT's on Montreal cable providers during the show's broadcast. However, whenever possible, CJNT, which was airing the same show, duplicated the move in order to maintain the signal substitutions. This resulted in a cat-and-mouse game in which the Montreal and Champlain Valley editions of TV Guide were often out of date before they were published. WFFF depends on advertising in Montreal for its survival, since Montreal is 10 times more populous than that station's entire American viewing area.

Channel Zero
On February 5, 2009, Canwest announced it would explore "strategic options", including possible sale or closure, for CJNT and its other stations in the E! system, saying "a second conventional TV network is no longer key to the long-term success" of the company. While Rogers Communications, owners of Canada's other over-the-air multicultural television stations through the Omni Television system, seemed to be a logical buyer for CJNT, that company reportedly had no interest in expanding its conventional television holdings at the time.

On June 30, 2009, it was announced that Channel Zero Inc. would purchase CJNT and CHCH in Hamilton, Ontario from Canwest in exchange for $12 in cash and the assumption of various station liabilities. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the sale on August 28 of that year.

Channel Zero took control of the station's programming at midnight ET on the morning of August 31. On that date, CJNT disaffiliated from E! (which would shut down later that day) and adopted a new schedule featuring a mix of music videos and already existing local ethnic programming during the day, and foreign movies at night, and reverted to branding itself as simply "CJNT". There was no American simsub programming for the first year. Despite initial plans calling for a majority of the music videos to be foreign, most would end up being English-language videos with a moderate amount of French and foreign language videos included. In addition, CJNT would add, in sparse amounts, additional programming during the 2009–2010 season, including Let's Get It On, a mixed martial arts program; Ed the Sock's This Movie Sucks!, a movie show featuring the former MuchMusic character alongside co-host Liana Kerzner and comedian Ron Sparks; and infomercials.

On June 14, 2010, Channel Zero announced it would be rebranding CJNT as "Metro 14" in the fall, to appeal to a wider urban audience; the "14" represents its cable slot on Vidéotron in the Greater Montreal area. In September 2010, CJNT began airing American network television series for the first time since Channel Zero took ownership, including Everybody Hates Chris, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Nightline. In addition to the American network series, CJNT began airing the CHCH produced talk show, Sportsline with Mark Hebscher. On February 2, 2011, at 6 a.m. ET, the station officially rebranded as "Metro 14", months behind the original announced date of fall 2010.

Citytv Montreal
Seeking to expand its television holdings, Rogers Media announced on May 3, 2012, its intent to acquire CJNT from Channel Zero, with plans to convert the station into an owned-and-operated station of its Citytv television system (was known simply as City from December 2012 to September 2018). Simultaneously with the announcement of its pending purchase of the station, Rogers also announced it had signed an affiliation agreement with CJNT, allowing it to begin carrying Citytv programming on June 4, 2012, while the sale still awaited approval. The deal gave Citytv stations in all provinces west of Atlantic Canada as well as the system's first television station located east of the Greater Toronto Area; Citytv programming had already been available in Quebec via cable and satellite through distribution of the system's owned-and-operated broadcast stations out of Toronto, Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg and Vancouver. The deal was announced at the same time Rogers Media was awaiting CRTC approval of its purchase of cable-only educational service Saskatchewan Communications Network (which had carried Citytv programming from 3 p.m. to 6 a.m. daily since January 2, 2012) from Bluepoint Investment Corporation, which effectively made CJNT Citytv's seventh owned-and-operated station. Starting in the fall of 2012, the station began using the brand "Citytv on Metro 14" (later "City on Metro 14") during Citytv programming.

Since CJNT was licensed as a multicultural station, its programming lineup under its Citytv affiliation also included, for the time being, programming from Rogers' Omni Television system, including daily Omni News broadcasts in Italian, Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Punjabi, and Portuguese languages produced at Omni stations CFMT and CJMT in Toronto, and CHNM in Vancouver. CJNT was additionally required to broadcast 14 hours of original local ethnic programming each week, which continued to be broadcast in the form of the three-hour Toronto-produced weekday morning show Metro Debut.

In its purchase application to the CRTC, heard at a public hearing on November 7, 2012, Rogers requested to convert CJNT to a full English-language commercial licence with programming and conditions of licence similar to the company's other Citytv stations. Alternatively, if the conversion were not to be approved, Rogers requested that certain of the station's current conditions of licence regarding ethnic programming be relaxed. A separate application was heard as part of the same public hearing for a new Montreal multicultural station, CFHD-DT, filed by a group led by Montreal's Nowrouzzahrai family; Rogers indicated that if CJNT's sale/conversion and the CFHD licence were both approved, it would provide funding for, and make Omni programming available to, the new station. The CRTC approved both the sale and conversion of CJNT and the application for CFHD on December 20, 2012. With the conversion, CJNT is the first over-the-air station in Canadian television history to have its licensed format changed.

Rogers announced it would officially rebrand the station as "City Montreal" on February 4, 2013. It assumed the full City schedule on this date, and finally abandoned the "Metro 14" brand several weeks later. The station continued to air an hour of Omni programming mornings at 7 a.m. and at several other times on weekends until the fall of 2013, as CFHD had not yet launched. The station began introducing a new slate of local programming, including the three-hour morning show Breakfast Television on weekdays (which premiered August 26, 2013), and a weekly half-hour local sports show, Montreal Connected (later Sportsnet Central Montreal, which premiered May 30, 2013), which Rogers promised to the CRTC in its application to buy CJNT. In addition, an independently produced weekly series, Only In Montreal, began airing in July 2013.

On September 2, 2014, Rogers and Sportsnet announced that it had acquired English-language regional television rights to the Montreal Canadiens under a three-year deal. In addition to games that may be carried by City as part of Hockey Night in Canada, CJNT served as an overflow channel for games not carried by the Sportsnet networks.

Sportsnet Central Montreal was cancelled in September 2017. A largely-identical program with the same panelists known as Montreal Sports Weekly premiered on CFHD shortly afterward.

News operation
Since its inception, under Canwest ownership, CJNT was the only station in the CH/E! system not to air any newscasts under the CH News brand.

Local evening and late-night newscasts under the branding CityNews Montreal launched on September 3, 2018, as part of an expansion of local news programming by Citytv's owned-and-operated broadcast stations. Both newscasts air for an hour each. Similarly to the format of its sister station in Toronto, CJNT's newscasts use an "anchorless" format, where all stories are presented by videojournalists on the field, eschewing in-studio anchors.

From August 23, 2013, to September 5, 2019, CJNT produced a local version of Citytv's morning show Breakfast Television, which ran for three hours on weekdays. On September 5, 2019, Rogers announced that the show had been cancelled effective immediately after just over six years on-air. A company executive stated that the program was "not sustainable". As of its most-recent license renewal, the station was no longer explicitly required to produce a morning newscast, with its commitments to local news programming now being fulfilled by the two nightly newscasts.

Notable on-air staff

 * Chantal Desjardins – Sportsnet Montreal correspondent
 * Alexandre Despatie – co-host
 * Wilder Weir – Live Eye and Sportsnet Central host

Analogue-to-digital conversion
On August 27, 2011, four days before Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets were to transition from analogue to digital broadcasts under federal mandate, the station shut down its analog transmitter and flash cut its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 49, using virtual channel as 62. However, its digital signal operates at only 4 kilowatts – roughly equivalent to 20 kilowatts for an analogue signal. As a result, the station's coverage area is not much larger than it was in analogue.

title: CJNT-DT


text:
Archon (disambiguation)

Archon (Gr. αρχων, pl. αρχοντες) is a Greek word that means "ruler".

Archon may also refer to:

Butterflies and moths

 * Archon (butterfly), a genus of butterflies
 * Paysandisia archon, a moth

Entertainment

 * Archon (convention), a science fiction/gaming convention held in Collinsville, Illinois
 * Archon (Dungeons & Dragons), a fantasy race featured in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 * Archon: The Light and the Dark, a video game from 1983
 * Archon II: Adept, a video game from 1984
 * Archons, the crew of the U.S.S. Archon in the original Star Trek episode "The Return of the Archons"
 * The Archon, the second book of the Oracle Prophecies Trilogy by Catherine Fisher
 * Archon, an Angelic Battle-Priest from the video game Darksiders II
 * Archon, a character from the video game Mass Effect: Andromeda
 * Archon, a playable character from the mobile game Crusaders Quest
 * In the video game Genshin Impact, "archon" refers to the head god or divine ruler of each of the seven countries in the world of Teyvat

People

 * Archon of Pella, a satrap of Babylonia and one of the Diadochi
 * Archon of Aegeira, an Achaean statesman in the 2nd century BCE

Other uses

 * Archon, Aisne, a commune in northern France
 * Archon (Gnosticism), a kind of supernatural being who stood between the human race and a transcendent God
 * Archon (software), open source archival information system
 * Archon Corporation, a company that has owned casinos and water parks
 * Archon X Prize, a genomics contest
 * ARCHON Directory, a computer directory in the UK's National Archives
 * Archon, an object classification in the SCP Foundation storytelling project

title: Archon (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Encyclopedia Dramatica

Encyclopedia Dramatica
Encyclopedia Dramatica was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer alive. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

"The central purpose of Encyclopedia Dramatica is to provide a reference point regarding Internet drama, memes and Internet phenomena." Nonnotable; Google hits=8. —tregoweth 02:35, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another desperate attempt to publicize the drivel that's now in Mediacrat, which may have been removed by the time you read this. See the Vfd page for the latter page (direct link) and all will become clear. -- Hoary 04:52, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, more Mediacrat nonsense. Site doesn't even work. Rhobite 05:26, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * It worked earlier. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not a web directory of day-old wikis that that aren't functioning at the moment. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Maybe in a few years, if it's become notable, it should be included. --Carnildo 08:13, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch 09:28, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, wiki is not a blog, nor a link farm of blogs. Wyss 09:36, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Offer us money to advertise your site. We'll turn it down.  Now, try not offering us money to advertise your site.  We'll turn you down.  Delete to keep Wikipedia ad-free. Geogre 14:16, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Created by its own admission mere days after "our good friend and muse jameth was denied entry into the annals of another wiki reference site". Even less notable than the LiveJournal squabble that jameth tried to "enter into the annals" of Wikipedia.  Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:40, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as not notable. Katefan0 19:43, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If you want to vote on things out of petty vindictiveness, go to Urban Dictionary. Haxtaro 15:22, Dec 15 2004 (UTC) -- user has six edits, half of them to VfD.
 * Keep Keep, for great justice
 * Keep growing by leaps and bounds, though it's content may not be admissible to wikipedia, the existence of the site itself is. it's far more than just the mediacrat vs jameth thing that showed up on wikipedia earlier. comment made anonymously at 22:47, 15 Dec 2004 by SchmuckyTheCat
 * Merely being a large collection of Internet squabbles doesn't make it more encyclopedic. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Slashdot, somethingawful, rotten.com aren't encyclopedic either. they are simply large sites needing reference. if ED grows at anything close to it's current speed then the need for the article here will return. "if in doubt, don't delete." so, don't delete. if ED disappears in a month, delete it then.SchmuckyTheCat 07:38, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep There's no reason to remove this entry. Let's stop being petty, people. 147.226.206.163 20:56, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) -- This vote is 147.226.206.163's only edit.
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 22:03, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * addendum to my keep vote, the header for this states google only has eight hits. 4 days later it has 120 hits, that's a tremendous amount of growth.SchmuckyTheCat 07:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It may be incredible growth, but it's still only 120 hits. --Carnildo 07:45, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete... [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 20:13, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Kirsty Howard

Kirsty Ellen Howard (20 September 1995 – 24 October 2015) was an English children's hospice advocate known for her fundraising efforts for Francis House Children's Hospice in Didsbury, Manchester. As a patient of the hospice, Howard was the figurehead of the Kirsty's Club (formerly known as the Kirsty's Appeal), a charity dedicated for fundraising for the facility, which was severely underfunded at the time. Her efforts gained national support and attention. At the time of her death, she had raised over £7.5 million for the hospice.

Birth and illness
Kirsty Howard was born on 20 September 1995 at the Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, to Lynn and Steve Howard of Northern Moor, the youngest of three sisters. Shortly after her birth, Howard was discovered to have a serious congenital heart defect: her heart was back to front, causing the misplacement of her internal organs. The condition, a form of situs ambiguus, is exceptionally rare and has an occurrence of one in 60 million; only one case was reported previously. After surviving 11 operations, including 9 heart surgeries, Howard was considered too fragile to receive anaesthesia and the only option was palliative care. She needed around-the-clock care, including continuous oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula connected to a 45 lb cylinder. In February 1999, she was declared to have only six weeks to live and admitted to Francis House Children's Hospice.

Children's hospice advocacy
Opened in November 1991 by Diana, Princess of Wales, Francis House Children's Hospice is the fifth children's hospice in the UK and one of the oldest around the world. Like most children's hospices in the country, the charity receives little public funding and relies on donations extensively. By the time Howard was admitted in 1999, it was in severe financial difficulties and required at least £5 million (equivalent to £7.73 million in 2021) to continue its operation. Piccadilly Radio presenter Susie Mathis, who had been paying attention to the facility since its start, decided to take the challenge of designing a fundraising campaign with her team. Their first ad, which was designed by advertisement agencies, failed to receive attention despite appearing in several newspapers. Mathis realised that a real-life figure was needed to gain sympathy from the public and Howard became a perfect choice.

On 6 October 2001, Howard was the mascot for the 2002 World Cup qualifying match between England and Greece. Commentator John Motson called her "the bravest person on the pitch", as she accompanied captain David Beckham onto the pitch with her 20 kg oxygen tank.

In 2002, Howard, along with Beckham, presented the Jubilee Baton to Queen Elizabeth II during the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. Russell Watson released the single "Nothing Sacred - A Song for Kirsty" in December to help her fundraising and it reached a peak of number 17 on the UK Singles Chart.

In 2003, Howard started the inaugural Junior and Mini Great Manchester Run, and took part in the race herself, via wheelchair, wearing the Number 1 vest. She continued to do this throughout the history of the event, even after she became 16 years old when she was too old to officially take part in the event. She also joined the full 10 km race in her last years, pushed by her team.

In 2006, Richard Fleeshman sang for Howard on Soapstar Superstar and donated his £200,000 prize money to The Kirsty Appeal. Howard's new fundraising target was to raise a further £2,000,000 to build an extension to the Francis House hospice. This will not be named after her, but dedicated to her.

Awards and honours
Howard was awarded the Helen Rollason Award by the BBC in 2004, for her courage and determination in her fundraising efforts. She also received the Child of Courage Award (2001) and the Pride of Britain Award (2002). For her efforts in fundraising, Manchester City Council gave Howard their Young Citizen of the Year award in 2007. In recognition of her contributions to her community, Howard was awarded the Diana Award; the certificate given to her by tenor Russell Watson at the secondary school she attended.

In September 2014 Howard received an "Outstanding Achievement Award" from the children's charity Variety. In December 2014 Howard was named 'Ultimate Woman of Courage' by Cosmopolitan magazine.

Death
Howard died on 24 October 2015 at the Manchester Royal Infirmary with her family at her bedside after developing first a kidney infection and then a heart attack. Her funeral was held on 3 November at St Michael and All Angels Church, Northern Moor. Hundreds of mourners attended the funeral, including a number of celebrities.

She is buried at Southern Cemetery, Manchester.

Legacy
A JustGiving page has been set up through the Kirsty Club at https://www.justgiving.com/kirstyclub/. The number one plate of Junior and Mini Great Manchester Run, which she always wore in the race, was retired in her honour.

title: Kirsty Howard


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities/U.S. municipality notes

There are many articles on municipalities in the United States that use vocabulary terms with special meanings. This page defines those terms, the usage of which may vary from state to state. ''Note: The articles linked have not yet been coordinated with the text of this page. This page is under construction.''

County
The county is the basic unit of local government in the United States. There are no areas in the U.S. that are not within a county, though there are plenty of areas not within a city or town. In a few states, counties or their effective equivalents have different names, such as Parish in Louisiana or borough in Alaska.
 * See County (United States)
 * See List of United States counties and county equivalents

In all of Rhode Island, all of Connecticut, and some counties of Massachusetts, counties no longer provide government services but exist only as administrative subdivisions and for Census purposes.
 * See List of counties in Rhode Island
 * See List of counties in Connecticut
 * See List of counties of Massachusetts

Due to the fairly straightforward nature of the concept of a county, there should not be much ambiguity or difficulty on Wikipedia in referring to counties in the U.S., and a detailed policy or convention in this area should not be necessary.

However, beware of cases where a county and city share a common name, such as County of Los Angeles and City of Los Angeles. These are separate governmental entities at different levels of government; their duties and powers are different and separate as well, and they do not have coterminous boundaries.

Additionally, be aware of cases where a city and county have become a consolidated city-county, such as the City and County of San Francisco, where the consolidated government takes on the duties of both the city and county, and the boundaries of both usually become coterminous.

An even more complicated example would be the City and County of New York, which makes up the Borough of Manhattan, but is only one of the five counties underlying New York City (which effectively have no government but remain as administrative and statistical divisions). New York County is coterminous with Manhattan, which is one of the five Boroughs of New York City that make up the functional government of NYC. These types of situations must be handled on a specific basis—see the section on "Consolidated City-County" below.

Consolidated city-county

 * Main article: Consolidated city-county

City

 * Main article: City

Independent city

 * Main article: Independent city (United States)

Town

 * Main article: Town (explains towns, hamlets, and villages)

 * In many states, a "town" is an incorporated municipality. (Confirmed for: MA, NH, NJ, PA, RI, TN, UT, VA, NJ, possibly ME.)
 * In some states, there are no incorporated towns. (Confirmed for MI.)
 * New England towns (i.e., towns in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont) have attributes of both incorporated municipalities and minor civil divisions.
 * In some states, like New York and Wisconsin, towns may contain other incorporated municipalities, such as villages, but not cities.
 * In Wisconsin, civil townships are officially known as "towns".
 * In California, under California law, there is no effective governmental difference between an incorporated municipality calling itself a "City" or a "Town." It is merely a naming choice and makes no legal difference in the municipal corporation's powers or duties. However, an important distinction in California is whether a municipality is a charter city or a general law city, which greatly influences a city's powers.
 * See Local government in California

 * In Florida, an incorporated municipality may be called a "city", "town" or "village", but there are no differences in legal status or powers, and no restrictions on size (some "villages" have a larger population than some "cities"). See Administrative divisions of Florida.

Township

 * Main articles: Civil township and Township (United States)

Borough

 * Main article: Borough (United States)

Village

 * Main article: Village

Hamlet

 * Main article: Hamlet (place)

Neighborhood

 * Main article: Neighborhood

Census-designated place (CDP)
A Census-designated place (CDP) is a term and statistical unit established by the U.S. Census Bureau. The CDP exists solely for the Census Bureau's purposes in reporting statistical data. The Census Bureau, and the entire Federal government for that matter, have no authority to actually establish local place names or the boundaries of the places in question. Those powers lie with the state or local governments (except in the case of Washington, D.C.). The United States Board on Geographic Names does not, as its title may suggest, have these powers either—its purpose is only to establish uniform place name usage within the Federal government's activities.

Currently, there is widespread usage of the term "Census-Designated Place" across Wikipedia on articles dealing with places in the U.S. that are not part of incorporated cities. '''Please see this archived talk page for a discussion on this subject. When consensus is established, the policy or convention will be listed here.'''

Currently, Naming conventions (geographic names) seems to provide the only guidance in this area, but the text seems to refer to the CDP as a "form of government," which it clearly is not. In this vein, usage of "unincorporated (area/town/village/place)" would seem to be more appropriate.

Below is a good summary of the definition and history of the term "CDP."

A census-designated place (CDP) is defined by the United States Census Bureau as "a statistical entity defined for each decennial census according to Census Bureau guidelines, comprising a densely settled concentration of population..." that is not part of a city or a village "...but is locally identified by a name."  CDPs may cross town and county borders. CDPs are defined collaboratively by state and local officials and the Census Bureau. They are defined for each census, and it is commonplace to change boundaries and define new CDPs for each census.

The Census Bureau formerly referred to CDPs as "unincorporated places" from 1950 through the 1970 decennial censuses. The term CDP was first used for the 1980 census, and minimum population criteria for CDPs were dropped with the 2000 Census.


text:
Talk:Newspapers of the Chicago metropolitan area

Comments
Despite the article title, virtually every newspaper listed was/is headquartered in Chicago proper. So, what about those newspapers published in Chicago's suburbs? Examples:

 * Aurora Beacon-News
 * Elgin Courier-News
 * Joliet Herald-News
 * Kane County Chronicle
 * Saint Charles Republican
 * Waukegan News-Sun


text:
Ayat al-Akhras

Ayat al-Akhras (20 February 1985 – 29 March 2002) was the third and youngest Palestinian female suicide bomber who, at age 18 (some sources report her age to be as young as 16), killed herself and two Israeli civilians on March 29, 2002, by detonating explosives belted to her body. The killings gained widespread international attention due to Ayat's age and gender and the fact that one of the victims was also a teenage girl.

Akhras was born in 1985 in the Deheishe Refugee Camp near Bethlehem, the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Her parents had fled or were expelled from Arab villages near Jaffa at the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to settle in the Gaza Strip, and had moved from there to Bethlehem in the wake of the 1967 Six Day War. Her childhood experiences had likely radicalized her, leading her to join resistance organizations. During the 1987 First Intifada against the Israeli occupation, Akhras' oldest brother was jailed twice for attacking Israeli soldiers; and during the 2000 Second Intifada, members of her family were wounded and killed by the Israeli military. In 2002, a close friend and neighbor of Akhras that was playing with his toddler was hit by a stray bullet.

Akhras was a straight-A student and had hopes of attending college and becoming a news reporter. In 2001 she became engaged and plans were made for a wedding in July 2002. However, on 29 March 2002, Ayat al-Akhras was driven to the Kiryat HaYovel supermarket in Jerusalem by a recently recruited Tanzim member. Akhras detonated her explosives and killed two people: a 17-year-old Israeli girl named Rachel Levy and a 55-year-old security guard named Haim Smadar who had attempted to stop Akhras from entering the supermarket. In February 2014, Israeli returned the remains of Ayat to her family as part of prisoner swaps, enabling them to arrange her funeral.

Childhood and family background
Akhras was raised in the Deheishe Refugee Camp near Bethlehem, the Israeli-occupied West Bank, the daughter of Palestinian refugees who themselves grew up in a tent camp in the Gaza Strip. Her parents had fled or were expelled from Arab villages near Jaffa at the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. After the 1967 Six Day War in which Israeli occupied Gaza, Akhras' parents migrated to the Dehaishe camp", described as "a maze of cinder-block buildings, refuse-strewn alleyways and open sewers". Akhras' father found employment with an Israeli construction firm and was able to build a three-story concrete house, where Akhras and her four brothers and six sisters were raised. Akhras was a straight-A student and had hopes of attending college and becoming a news reporter. In 2001 she became engaged and plans were made for a wedding in July 2002.

Radicalization and preparation for violence
During the First Intifada against the Israeli occupation which started in 1987, Akhras' oldest brother was jailed twice for attacking Israeli soldiers. During the Second Intifada which started in 2000, members of her family were wounded and killed by the Israeli military. On 8 March 2002, a close friend and neighbor of Akhras that was playing with his toddler was hit by a stray bullet fired by Israeli troops as they were on a "counter-terrorism" operation.

These traumatic experiences may have influenced Akhras' attempts to join one of the Palestinian resistance groups. However, Israeli intelligence reports indicate that Akhras was impregnated by a Fatah operative, despite being an unmarried teenager, and that the emotional and social consequences of her unplanned pregnancy were the primary reason she decided to commit a suicide attack. Akhras first tried to join the ranks of Hamas, which turned her away because of a long-standing policy against allowing females to fight in physical combat. Hamas, which has claimed responsibility for many suicide bombings in Israel says that the basis for this rule lies in teachings of the Qur'an that says Jihad is the domain of the male. Despite this, Hamas and the Palestine Islamic Jihad (which generally also only recruits males) have since each used female suicide bombers. In 2002, the spiritual leader of Hamas, Sheik Ahmed Yassin made a statement to the press after Akhras' bombing saying that the group would only use women after they ran out of men.

However, Akhras found a group that would accept her: the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, a group linked to the armed branch of Fatah (Yasser Arafat's party), more secular than Hamas. The group already had experience, using at least three other women successfully in suicide bombings against Israel before Akhras. She was reportedly trained for several weeks before being sent to Kiryat Yovel, a south-western neighborhood of Jerusalem, to detonate in the supermarket. Before her attack, Akhras, like many other Palestinian suicide bombers, made a video in which she lashed out at the regimes and militaries of Muslim nations throughout the world. She said: "I say to the Arab leaders, stop sleeping. Stop failing to fulfill your duty. Shame on the Arab armies who are sitting and watching the girls of Palestine fight while they are asleep."

Bombing and victims

On 29 March 2002, Ayat al-Akhras was driven to the Kiryat HaYovel supermarket in Jerusalem by the recently recruited Tanzim member Ibrahim Sarahne, who had once worked in the supermarket. The neighborhood is home to a mostly young population, young couples, students at the Ein Kerem medical campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, professors and teachers. The two crossed an Israeli checkpoint with the bomb in a bag on the car floor at Akhras' feet.

In the aftermath of the bombing, Sarahne said that during the drive he suggested that he just throw the bomb, which would allow her to return home. Yet, she replied '''I'm not afraid. I want to kill people.' '' Akhras detonated her explosives and killed two people: a 17-year-old Israeli girl named Rachel Levy and a 55-year-old security guard named Haim Smadar who had attempted to stop Akhras from entering the supermarket. Smadar, who spoke Arabic, became suspicious after two Arabic women who usually sold vegetables outside the shop entrance were told by Akhras to leave. Smadar's actions saved the lives of many, as Akhras would otherwise have exploded the device inside the supermarket.

In February 2014, Israel returned the remains of Ayat to her family as part of prisoner swaps, enabling them to arrange her funeral.

Reactions
The Al-Asqa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility in the press for the attack which the Israeli government denounced as an act of terrorism. The killings led the U.S. President George W. Bush to observe: “When an 18-year-old Palestinian girl is induced to blow herself up and in the process kills a 17-year-old Israeli girl, the future itself is dying, the future of the Palestinian people and the future of the Israeli people”. The European Union condemned "firmly" the terror attack. The Saudi Ambassador to the UK, Ghazi Abdul Rahman Algosaibi - a scholar and top politician in Saudi Arabia, wrote a poem in praise of al-Akhras, for which he was criticized by the UK and US governments, and among some Palestinians and Islamic militants, Akhras became a martyr (hero) figure, but the reaction among Akhras' family was mixed.

According to Newsweek, Akhras' fiancé did not approve of violence and would have stopped her if he had known her plan. "May God forgive her for what she has done," he reportedly said. Other members of Akhras' family, which were educated and moderate, condemned suicide bombings as morally wrong. However, they said that Israeli "brutality" had left Palestinians no other choice. In the 2007 documentary To Die in Jerusalem, Akhras' mother was confronted with the mother of 17 year-old Israeli victim of the bombing, Rachel Levy, but refused to denounce her daughter's action.

Novel
Prima di Lasciarsi (Before We Say Goodbye) by Gabriella Ambrosio is a novel based on Ayat al-Akras' story, published in Italy in 2004 by Nutrimenti and was awarded at the Festival du Premier Romance in Chambéry, France. In 2008 the book's publication in both in Arabic and Hebrew was sponsored by Amnesty International and employed by Israeli colleges and human rights organizations working in Israel and the Palestinian Territories as an educational tool. It has then been published in the UK, Australia, and in New Zealand by Walker Books, in France as "Deuze Heures Avant"(Gallimard), in Germany as "Der Himmel uber Jerusalem" (Fischer Verlag) as well as in Spain (Noguer), Turkey (Remzi Kitabevi), Greece (Psichogios), Korea (JoongAng) and China (Jieli publishing house). It is studied in universities in UK and Canada as an example of human rights literature.

Documentary

To Die in Jerusalem is a 2007 HBO documentary film about Ayat al-Akhras and her 17-year-old Israeli victim, Rachel Levy. The film documents the efforts of Rachel's mother Avigail Levy to meet with Um Samir al-Akhras, the mother of al-Akhras.

title: Ayat al-Akhras


text: File:Thornton Donovan School logo.jpg

title: File:Thornton Donovan School logo.jpg


text:
Talk:Haimirich

Aren't Americus/Imre/Emmerich/etc. different names than Haimirich/Heinrich/Henry/etc.? Ardric47 02:49, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

no, they're not different, this source is right. i checked www.behindthename.com, which IMHO is a very reliable source about firstnames and it states that Amerigo is an ancient Italian name deriving from the same root as the English Henry. Though, this same source says it is Heimirich and not Haimirich, but me being a newbie i don't know how to change a title of the text and thus keep it like this and hoping that someone else can take care of this.

Seems like a significant mix-up of two Germanic basic roots of which one is mentioned ( Haimirich ) and the other not ( Amalric ). Names like Amerigo and Imre have a doubtful history and could go both ways, i.e. derive from  Haimirich  or from  Amalric . See Pages Needing Attention for links about these names. One of them clearly states the uncertainty of the name  Amerigo .

Should be Pages needing attention

http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/arval/badpages.shtml says about "Behind the Name," "...many of the 'meanings' and origins are simply erroneous," although I really don't know one way or the other about the Amerigo/Haimirich issue. Ardric47 04:54, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Actually Haim- and Heim- are identical... they're just two different ways of transcribing Old Germanic text that was written (when written at all) in the old Gothic alphabets. Or at least, that's what I learned in college. sturmde 12 May 2005

 * OK, people, how effing hard would it be to change the text so that it was, as it should be, simply moderate about the various interpretations? For example, I just changed "was derived from" to "may well derive from". A few more of minor tweaks like that, and the dubious "need" for the ugly Accuracy and Attention tags vanishes completely.

 * The link people need to see, regarding America, is this one. It does raise reasonable doubts as to the origin of Amerigo's name. And, of course, a quick scan of The Naming of America does turn up very reasonable alternatives to Amerigo Vespucci as the source of the name America, as well. Oh hell, I'm just gonna make a few references to Almeric, myself, and tenatively remove the perjorative tags. If anyone really thinks they still need to be present, then either add more "could be"s or put them back and categorically explain why, so that all objections can be addressed and FIXED, vague complaints don't help problems actually get solved. Kaz 14:25, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Haimirich -> also Américo in Spanish
This page is showing italian, french and spanish names, deriving from Haimirich. There is another name in Spanish (not only "Enrique"): It's "Américo", equivalent to the italian "Amerigo" or french "Aymeric". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.77.128.4 (talk) 18:27, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haimirich


text:
Splendid (musical duo)

Splendid was a musical duo of Angie Hart and Jesse Tobias, who at the time were also husband and wife.

History
They met in Canada, August 1996, when the Australian band Frente!, fronted by Hart, arrived to play over two weeks of support dates for Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill tour, Jesse's band for the last two years – previously with Mother Tongue and the Red Hot Chili Peppers. After the tour, Frente! dissolved. Hart and Tobias married, and decided to form a band, the result being Splendid.

Splendid released its only album, Have You Got a Name for It, in 1999. To their dismay it was released only in Australia, with the American release cancelled by the record company (Mammoth Records) even though the discs had already been manufactured. Frustrated with the music industry, they thought the best approach was to produce their music independently. They divorced in 2005.

Splendid appeared on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer three times beginning with the episode "I Only Have Eyes for You" in which Hart sang "Charge", to the episode "The Freshman" in which she sang "You and Me". Hart also co-wrote (with the Buffy creator Joss Whedon) and performed the song "Blue" for the seventh season episode "Conversations with Dead People". No other musical guest on the series was involved in more episodes.

Albums

 * Have You Got a Name for It (1999)

EPs

 * States of Awake (2004)

Singles

 * "Less Than Zero" (1999)
 * "Come Clean" (1999)

title: Splendid (musical duo)


text:
File:Edie Brickell - Picture Perfect Morning.jpg

Cover for album Picture Perfect Morning by Edie Brickell.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
Content Addressable File Store

The Content Addressable File Store (CAFS) was a hardware device developed by International Computers Limited (ICL) that provided a disk storage with built-in search capability. The motivation for the device was the discrepancy between the high speed at which a disk could deliver data, and the much lower speed at which a general-purpose processor could filter the data looking for records that matched a search condition. Development of CAFS started in ICL's Research and Advanced Development Centre under Gordon Scarrott in the late 1960s following research by George Coulouris and John Evans who had completed a field study at Imperial College and Queen Mary College on database systems and applications. Their study had revealed the potential for substantial performance improvements in large-scale database applications by the inclusion of search logic in the disk controller.

In its initial form, the search logic was built into the disk head. A standalone CAFS device was installed with a few customers, including BT Directory Enquiries, during the 1970s. The device was subsequently productised and in 1982 was incorporated as a standard feature within ICL's 2900 series and Series 39 mainframes. By this stage, to reduce costs and to take advantage of increased hardware speeds, the search logic was incorporated into the disk controller. A query expressed in a high-level query language could be compiled into a search specification that was then sent to the disk controller for execution. Initially this capability was integrated into ICL's own Querymaster query language, which worked in conjunction with the IDMS database; subsequently it was integrated into the ICL VME port of the Ingres relational database.

ICL received the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for CAFS in 1985.

One factor which limited the adoption of CAFS was that the device needed to know the layout of data on disk, and placed constraints on this layout. Integrating database products with CAFS often involved a change in page layout, making the integration very expensive, especially with the market trend towards use of third-party database software. Managing data integrity in a concurrent environment also required close attention, since a CAFS search would execute without any knowledge of locks and caches maintained by the database software.

ICL also produced a version of CAFS for its DRS minicomputer range called SCAFS (Son of CAFS). Unlike its mainframe cousin, this was implemented using custom firmware running on an industry-standard microprocessor. Software supporting third-party databases including Ingres, Informix and Oracle was marketed as the Ingres Search Accelerator (etc.). Each third-party product required modification, and was supplied with a dummy SCAFS interface library, to be replaced by the ICL product. The technology was also licensed to IBM for use with DB2 on the RS/6000. The device eventually became obsolete as processor speeds increased, removing the original justification for the device, namely that a central processor was not able to search data as fast as the disk subsystem could deliver it. Larger memory sizes also meant that many medium-sized databases could be kept entirely in memory. These factors removed any mass market for SCAFS and made it uneconomic.

title: Content Addressable File Store


text:
Justin Barrett

Justin Barrett (born 13 April 1971) is an Irish far-right politician, conspiracy theorist and anti-abortion activist. As of April 2024, he was the leader of a group called Clann Éireann. He was leader of the National Party from 2016 until a leadership rift in July 2023 with his former deputy leader James Reynolds led to a dispute with both men claiming to be leader of the party.

Barrett's activism began in the 1990s, with the anti-abortion campaign group Youth Defence. He campaigned against the Treaty of Nice in 2002 and founded the National Party in 2016. Barrett and the National Party campaigned for a No vote in the 2018 abortion referendum through the Abortion Never campaign, which functioned as "an Irish nationalist anti-abortion campaign". Barrett has never held or been elected to any public office. He contested the 2004 European Election as an independent, receiving 2.4% of the vote in the East constituency and failing to be elected. Barrett also contested the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election for the National Party, receiving 183 first-preference votes (0.68%), thus failing to be elected.

His early activism focused mostly on campaigning in Irish referenda from a Eurosceptic, anti-abortion, anti-immigration, and social conservative perspective. He subsequently however moved towards far-right politics with his involvement in the National Party. Barrett has attracted controversy for his involvement with neo-Nazi groups and for making racist and homophobic remarks. In September 2019, he controversially implied that, if in power, he would strip the Irish citizenship rights of local government politician Hazel Chu, in spite of the fact she had been born in Ireland and lived there for her entire life.

Since 2022, Barrett had publicly quoted Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, performed Nazi salutes, engaged in Holocaust denial, spread antisemitic conspiracy theories and, in 2023, appeared at an anti-immigration protest wearing a Nazi uniform. A statement on the National Party's website in July 2023 stated he had been removed as leader and was replaced by James Reynolds. He denies being ousted from the National Party.

Early life
Barrett was born in Cork city in 1971 and was adopted when he was five years old by a family in Borrisokane, County Tipperary. Slevin was his adopted parents' name. He identified as Justin Slevin for a period but eventually settled on Barrett, his biological parents' name. Barrett is a graduate in Business Studies from Athlone RTC. In 1991, he appeared before a district court for shoplifting a pair of shoes from Dunnes Stores in Athlone.

Early activism (1987–1991)
In 1991, he was involved in Young Fine Gael but left because of what he called the cynicism of the party.

Youth Defence (1992–2004)
From 1992 he became actively involved in the Irish anti-abortion movement, becoming the leader of Youth Defence. As a student in Athlone RTC he unsuccessfully contested the election for the Presidency of Union of Students in Ireland. During the 1995 divorce referendum, he was spokesman for the Youth Against Divorce campaign. In later years, Barrett himself sought a divorce in 2016.

In April 1999, Barrett and seven other Youth Defence members were convicted of public order offences for a protest described at the time as a "mini-riot" outside the Adelaide Hospital that had taken place on 16 May 1998. Despite requests from hospital staff, the son of a dying woman and Gardaí to be quiet, a Youth Defence protest outside the hospital got louder and lead to "pandemonium" when Gardaí intervened. Some of the convictions were successfully appealed, two years later, and while Barret's appeal was disallowed, he was given the benefit of the Probation Act, meaning no criminal conviction was recorded against him.

He was also involved in the campaign against the 2002 abortion referendum. He left Youth Defence in 2004 because he thought their methods of campaigning and interacting with people were becoming increasingly extreme and counterproductive. By 2016, Youth Defence were claiming to have never heard of Justin Barrett, or ever to have had any dealing with him.

No to Nice Campaign
In 2001, a referendum was held in Ireland to approve the Treaty of Nice. However the Treaty of Nice was rejected by 54% of the Irish people in what is known as the Nice I referendum. The following year a second referendum was held on the Treaty of Nice, known as the Nice II referendum. Justin Barrett campaigned against the Nice Treaty in both referendums. Barrett, then 31 years-old, established the No to Nice campaign with Rory O'Hanlon, a retired High Court judge.

During the second Nice campaign, Barrett became the centre of a controversy over his participation in neo-fascist events in Germany and Italy. Barrett initially denied, and subsequently admitted that he had spoken at an event organised by the NPD, a far right, ultranationalist political party. Justin Barrett has always claimed that he spoke at these events in an anti-abortion capacity on behalf on the Youth Defence Organisation.

2004 European Parliament election
In 2004 Barrett announced his independent candidacy for the European Parliament election of the same year for the East constituency. He set up his headquarters in Drogheda, an area which had experienced a large influx of non-nationals. Gerry McGeough, a former Provisional IRA volunteer and Sinn Féin national executive member, defected to Barrett's campaign. Barrett also supported the Citizenship referendum which was held on the same day as the European Parliament election.

Barrett's campaign focused on immigration, Euroscepticism and abortion. Barrett employed nationalist rhetoric during his campaign and stated his intention to "put Ireland first" in the European Parliament. Barrett campaigned alongside his wife at the time Bernadette and their son Michael.

He achieved 10,997 first preference votes or 2.4% of the total vote in the East constituency and failed to be elected.

Later that year, while attending an immigration debate at University College Dublin's Literary & Historical Society, Barrett was assaulted by attendees allegedly belonging to an Irish anti-fascist group. The debate was chaired by popular RTÉ radio presenter Joe Duffy, and featured Áine Ní Chonaill of Immigration Control Platform.

National Party (2016–2023)
In a press release in November 2016, Justin Barrett announced that he was President of the newly founded National Party, a political party that would oppose multi-culturalism and abortion. While Barrett had previously promoted the idea of a "Catholic republic", the National Party states that it is a secular party. The party was due to be publicly launched in a press event on 17 November 2016 at the Merrion Hotel in Dublin. However, after a public backlash, the hotel cancelled the event. Barrett called for a complete ban on Muslims entering Ireland and for the introduction of racial profiling. The party formally registered in early April 2019. Barrett has stated that the party is "only for straight Irish people".

While a Eurosceptic, Barrett does not advocate leaving the European Union ("Irexit"). Quoted in August 2019, Barrett reputedly believes that Ireland could have entered bilateral negotiations with the United Kingdom immediately after the Brexit referendum in 2016 and agreed to a separate deal with the British and then to have the EU accept that deal as part of their own negotiations with the British government. He criticised the Irish government and by extension the European Union's handling of Brexit. In September 2019, Barrett was milkshaked in Galway at a National Party protest. In October 2019 he addressed a community meeting in his hometown of Borrisokane on plans to open up a direct provision centre for 80 asylum seekers. An edited, audio-only version of his speech was played on the Claire Byrne Live show on RTÉ One.

As leader of the party, Barrett led the National Party to a total of 4,773 votes (0.2%) in the 2020 Irish general election, failing to win any seats.

In mid-July 2023, the National Party reportedly issued a statement saying Barrett had been removed as president of the party. Barrett disputed this and claims to still lead the party. Following his purported removal, he reported two senior members to the Gardaí for allegedly removing €400,000 worth of gold owned by the party from a vault in Dublin 4.

In late September 2023, James Reynolds, who also claims the leadership of the party, released a statement via the official party website outlining reasons for Barrett's alleged dismissal, which highlighted his "immense character flaws, outrageous decisions, and lack of interest in serious political activities" as well as having "no medium or long-term vision apart from a fanciful belief in an impending economic Armageddon which would inexplicably propel the National Party to power".

2018 Irish abortion referendum
Barrett founded Abortion Never as a No campaign in March 2018 to contest the Irish abortion referendum, 2018. Abortion Never presents itself as "an Irish nationalist anti-abortion campaign". At the launch of the campaign, Barrett stated that if the abortion referendum passed, it would lead to euthanasia for the elderly; "It doesn’t just begin with abortion and stop there. It ends in euthanasia, because they already have a plan. You see discussions in the newspapers sometimes, ‘What are we going to do about the pensions crisis?’". At the same event, he called for the abortion referendum campaign to be "as divisive as possible". Ultimately, the referendum was approved by 66.4% of voters, with a 64.1% turnout.

In April 2018, Jim Jefferies featured Barrett on a segment of The Jim Jefferies Show. Jefferies had Barrett travel to London for an interview on abortion (despite already being in Ireland to interview Tara Flynn), "so he could endure the same kind of bullshit every Irish woman has to go through if they want an abortion".

2021 Dublin Bay South by-election
In June 2021, he announced he would be running for public office for the first time as leader of the National Party, in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election, caused by the resignation of Eoghan Murphy. Using the campaign slogan "Right So Far", he finished 11th of 15 candidates, gaining 0.68% of first-preferences, with 183 votes. He was eliminated on the third count. The seat went to Ivana Bacik of the Labour Party.

2024 European Parliament election
Barrett was a National Party candidate for the Midlands–North-West constituency at the 2024 European Parliament election, in which he received 4,086 (0.6%) first preference votes. His wife Rebecca Barrett was a National Party candidate in the Dublin constituency. Neither of them were elected.

Publications
Barrett self-published a book in 1998 in which he set out his political principles and advocated the creation of a "Catholic Republic". Entitled The National Way Forward!, in its text he described immigration as "genocidal", and cited Hilaire Belloc, G. K. Chesterton and Arthur Penty as having been influential figures in his philosophical development. He also promoted the work of Father Denis Fahey. During the 2002 Nice Treaty referendum campaign, some of the ideologies in Barrett's 1998 book The National Way Forward! were queried by those advocating a "yes" vote, and it was noted that the book had "mysteriously disappeared from bookshelves during the campaign". Some commentators suggested that the "Barrett controversy" had shifted focus away from other issues and assisted the "yes" campaign.

National Democratic Party of Germany
Barrett spoke at events organised by the neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) several times, and was the guest of honour at a NPD rally in Passau, Germany in 2000, in which anti-semitic speeches, peppered with quotes from Adolf Hitler were given, alongside claims that "Germany was the biggest victim of the second World War", and at which hundreds of skinheads gave standing ovations to elderly Nazis. The NPD confirmed that they had been in contact with Youth Defence for at least 6 years before.

"Justin Barrett was an honorary guest at our event in Passau. I invited him. He sat with the delegates. We have been in contact with his group since 1996. We are friendly with his Youth Defence organisation."

He attended two conferences, in October 1999 and 2000, organised by the youth wing of the NPD, the Junge Nationalisten (JN), alongside American white nationalist William Luther Pierce. The JN has spoken about how Youth Defence were an important part of their network.

"Of particular attraction was the participation of... the leader of the National Alliance from the USA, Dr William Pierce and, last but not least, the leader of a noteworthy Irish anti-abortion group, Justin Barret (sic) from Youth Defense (sic)."The National Party and Barrett have stated that he addressed meetings all across Europe in his capacity as an anti-abortion speaker. He has stated that he regrets "not being more careful" regarding his attendance of events held by the NPD in Germany. "A leading far-right politician in Germany has described the anti-abortion group Youth Defence as 'an important part of our international network'. Youth Defence is the backbone of the No to Nice Campaign, whose chief spokesman is Mr Justin Barrett. ... Mr Sascha Rossmüller, leader of the Young National Democrats (JN), youth wing of the extremist National Democratic Party (NPD), told The Irish Times: 'share many important interests.' The German authorities say the JN began to take on neo-nazi characteristics in 1996."

Forza Nuova (Italy)
In June 2001, the website of neo-Fascist group Forza Nuova reported that Justin Barrett had attended a number of their events in Italy (in Milan, and Bologna). He attended and spoke at a Forza Nuova meeting in Milan in November 2002. Barrett shared a platform with Roberto Fiore at a rally of Italian fascists at the Hotel Miramar on 20 and 21 July 2001, in the Italian city of Civitanova Marche. At the rally, Barrett was joined by Mario Di Giovanni, Youth Defence's representative in Italy. A group of Forza Nuova students, led by the then 25-year-old Marco Gladi, visited Ireland in 2001 to "study" with Youth Defence. In an editorial on the Forza Nuova website, the movement calls itself a "friend" of Mr Barrett and praises his efforts to defeat the Nice Treaty.

"As part of the dirty war waged by 'liberals' against 'nationals', the greatest exponent of the nationalist front Justin Barrett, he was attacked in a press campaign of the kind to which we were accustomed us in the past. FN and NPD are, in the mind of the accusers, friends whose Barrett should be ashamed"

Homophobic remarks and activities
In 2017, during the party's first ard-fheis held at the Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Ireland, Barrett stated that the National Party was "only for straight Irish people" and defended perceived homophobic comments made by James Reynolds, causing guest speaker John Wilson to walk out of the event in protest.

In 2020, Barrett was involved in the organisation of protests against the Minister for Children, Roderic O'Gorman, and attended these protests alongside members of the National Party. O'Gorman had been attacked by members of the Irish far-right on social media after his appointment as Minister for Children, due to tweeting a photo of himself with Peter Tatchell at a Dublin Pride parade in 2018. Tatchell had previously attracted controversy for statements made in 1997 regarding the age of consent laws in Britain. Tatchell later clarified these remarks, saying sex with children was impossible to condone. "This means I condemn it - I oppose adults having sex with children." During a protest, Barrett riled up the crowd against a group of anti-homophobia counter-protestors, causing attendees to rush at the smaller group of counter-protestors and resulting in Garda intervention.

O'Gorman said that he was unaware of the views expressed by Tatchell 20 years previously, stating he "probably would have re-considered taking a photo with him" had he read the 1997 letter before the march. He continued, "I would have seen him primarily as an advocate for LGBT rights in the UK in the 1990s and 2002 but more recently particularly vocal on treatment of LGBT people in Russia and Chechnya." While Barrett alleged that O'Gorman was a "paedophile apologist", O'Gorman has publicly stated his condemnation of paedophilia and stated that the accusations made against him were "rooted in homophobia".

Racist remarks
In a September 2019 video, Barrett stated that if his party were to gain power he would revoke the Irish citizenship of Green Party councillor and later Lord Mayor of Dublin, Hazel Chu. Chu was born in Dublin and lived in Ireland since birth. Barrett stated, "She is an Irish citizen, I accept that, that is the law until we get the law in our own hands". Later, a Twitter account operated by Barrett's wife made disparaging and racist comments towards Chu. Chu, in response, stated that she refused to be intimidated by such tactics.

Garda investigation
In January 2021, a car being driven by Barrett was seized by Gardaí after it emerged it had not been taxed since November 2019. Barrett was investigated by Gardaí for alleged road traffic offences and breach of COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions. In October 2021, in an appearance before Longford District Court, he was charged with driving without a licence or insurance, and with failing to produce both documents and an NCT certificate within ten days. Arising from the same incident, which occurred in Clonfin, County Longford, he was also accused of engaging in threatening and abusive behaviour contrary to the Public Order Act. He remained silent at the hearing and his solicitor said that he was reserving his position and made a motion for the disclosure of prosecution evidence. The judge granted the order and remanded Barrett on bail until a sitting of Longford District Court on 23 November 2021.

Pro-Hitler and pro-Nazi activities
In 2022, Barrett posted a quote from Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf on his Telegram page. His open admiration for Hitler led rival far-right leader Hermann Kelly to comment "Justin Barrett is a completely different animal, where the vast majority of people in the National Party had no interest in national socialism or a fetish about Adolf Hitler but Justin did and Justin Barrett was the one who was quoting Mein Kampf, which is very damaging.” He has also given Nazi salutes, for which he was condemned by James Reynolds.

On 9 November 2023, Barrett appeared at an anti-immigration protest outside Leinster House wearing a Nazi SS uniform. When he attempted to give a speech, he was jeered. The Examiner described it as "a not particularly well received speech". He was denounced in a statement published by the National Party for engaging in a "pathetic publicity stunt" described as "an effort to discredit the protest and grab a headline for himself."

On Holocaust Remembrance Day 2024, Barrett posted a short clip on his personal telegram channel of an AI-generated image of Taylor Swift in an SS uniform, with a Swift song in the background, to the caption: "Never Again is Now 27th January 2024, #HappyHolocaustRemembranceDay."

2023 Dublin riot
On 23 November he posted messages to Telegram saying "1000 people are already at the spire. All hands on deck. Defend our kids." and "I want the storm to break loose!"

Personal life
In 2004, Justin Barrett was married to Bernadette Barrett (née Carroll). Barrett divorced his first wife in 2017. Having previously campaigned against the legalisation of divorce, Barrett denied that he was being hypocritical, stating that he had "changed his mind" on divorce. Barrett later married Rebecca, a primary school teacher from Limerick, and they had five children. She has also been involved in the National Party and was a candidate in the 2020 Irish general election for the Limerick City constituency. She received 345 (0.7%) first preference votes and was eliminated on the second count. In November 2020, she responded to a tweet by then-Lord Mayor of Dublin Hazel Chu, placing a fake order for Chinese takeaway food with "no bat". The tweet was widely condemned as racist and subsequently removed by Twitter for violating the platform's rules.

title: Justin Barrett


text:
CAFS

CAFS may refer to:

 * Compressed air foam system, a system used in firefighting to deliver fire retardant foam to a fire
 * Content Addressable File Store, a hardware device developed by International Computers Limited that provided a disk storage with built-in search capability

title: CAFS