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Harbin Russians

The term Harbin Russians or Russian Harbinites (Русский Харбин, ) refers to several generations of Russians who lived in the city of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. Russian settlers were responsible for turning Harbin into a Russian city with the majority of the population being from Russian ethnic groups, from approximately 1898 to the mid-1960s. Harbin, a major junction city on the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), came successively under the control of the Qing dynasty, under Russia's sphere of influence, the Republic of China, Japanese puppet state Manchukuo and the People's Republic of China in this period.

The people in the Soviet Union used the terms "KVZhDist" (КВЖДист, "person of the China Eastern Railway" КВЖД) and "Harbinets" (Харбинец, "Harbinite/person from Harbin") to refer to a person with any type of ties to the China Eastern Railway.

Settlement
The first generation of Harbin Russians were mostly the builders and employees of the Chinese Eastern Railway. They moved to Harbin in order to work on the railroad. At the time Harbin was not an established city. The city was built almost entirely from scratch by the builders and early settlers. Houses were constructed, furniture and personal items were brought in from Russia. After the Russo-Japanese War, while many Russians left Harbin, a lot of long-time residents decided to stay. By 1913, Harbin had become an established Russian colony for the construction and maintenance work on the China Eastern Railway. A record shows Harbin had a total of 68,549 people, most of Russian and Chinese descent. There were a total of 53 different nationalities. Along with Russian and Chinese, there were 45 spoken languages used in Harbin at the time. Only 11.5% of all residents were born in Harbin. There were also lively religious activities, by the Russians (Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin), Ukrainians (Church of the Intercession in Harbin), Poles (Sacred Heart Cathedral of Harbin), Germans (Harbin Nangang Christian Church), Danish (Danish Lutheran Church), Russian Molokane, and others. A few kilometers from Harbin, around the railway station of Asheng (Ashihé), there was, until 1955, a settlement of hundreds of White Russians. A large community, it had an orthodox church, independent college, library and social club. The common language was Russian, with some Siberian variations. Many Czarist Imperial officers amongst "old believers" contributed to maintain strong links to Russian culture, literature and music. Almost the entire population of Asheng emigrated to Australia and Brazil.

World War I and the Russian Revolution
In the decade from 1913 to 1923, Russia went through World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the Russian Civil War. In the 1920s Harbin was flooded with 100,000 to 200,000 White émigrés fleeing from Russia. They were mostly officers and soldiers involved in the White movement, members of the White governments in Siberia and Russian Far East. There were both the intelligentsia and ordinary people. While many fleeing the Russian Revolution and Civil War stayed in Harbin, large numbers merely used Harbin as a way point to other destinations across the Pacific. Harbin held the largest Russian population outside of the state of Russia.

Under Chinese control
On September 8, 1920, the Republic of China announced that it would no longer recognize the Russian consulates in China. On September 23, China ceased relations with representatives of the Russian Empire and deprived Russians of extraterritorial rights. Overnight, Russians in China found themselves stateless. Shortly afterward, the Chinese government took over control of institutions in Harbin such as courts, police, prison, post office, and some research and educational institutions.

In 1924, an agreement was signed in Beijing regarding the control of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The agreement stated that only Soviet and Chinese citizens could be employed by the CER. This meant the Harbin Russians had to choose not only their nationality, but also their political identity. Many Harbin Russians took Soviet citizenship for patriotic reasons or a genuine support for communism. However, there were also Harbin Russians who remained stateless who were eventually let go from CER. Gradually, the national and the political identity of the Harbin Russians split the group into opposing sides. This eventually led to a strongly pro-Soviet sentiment in Harbin.

In 1929, the Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception opened the Lyceum St. Nicholas, which educated the Christian male elite until 1949.

Japanese occupation
In the 1930s, the Japanese occupied Manchuria, and turned it into the puppet state of Manchukuo. In 1935, the Soviet Union sold its share of the China Eastern Railway to Japan via Manchukuo. In the spring and summer of 1935, thousands of Harbin Russians went on trains with their passports and belongings, and left for the Soviet Union.

From 1932 to 1945, Harbin Russians had a difficult time under the Manchukuo régime, and the Japanese occupation. Some Harbin Russians initially thought the occupation was good, hoping that the Japanese would help them in their anti-Soviet struggles and provide protection from the Chinese, who were desperately trying to restore sovereignty over Harbin.

Many Harbin Russians returned to the Soviet Union after 1935. After the return most of them were arrested, accused of anti-Soviet activities and a large number of them were executed.

Some Harbin Russians moved to other cities, such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, and Qingdao, and eventually left China. By the 1930s, Shanghai's Russian community had grown to 25,000.

The anti-Communist Harbin Russians formed the Russian Fascist Party (RFP). The RFP was anti-semitic and harassed the Jewish Harbin Russians with, among other things, kidnappings, and many Russian Jews therefore left Harbin. In 1934, the Japanese formed the Bureau for Russian Emigrants in Manchuria, (BREM} who were nominally under the control of RFP; the BREM provided identification papers necessary to live, work and travel in Manchukuo. White General Vladimir Kislitsin acted as BREM's chairman between 1938 and 1942. Ataman Grigory Semyonov, himself much in favor with the Japanese, replaced him from 1943 to 1945.

The Harbin Russians were left to choose between a Soviet citizenship or to remain stateless by support of the BREM. The stateless Russians were officially favored by the regime, but in reality, they were not trusted and exposed to a great risk of being arrested as spies for the Soviet Union. They were also often enlisted in the army for work along the border to the Soviet Union. After the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 they were in an even more sensitive situation. To separate the anti-Soviet Russians from the Soviet Russians, the former were ordered to wear a badge with the colors of the Czar — later, a white numbered disk of aluminum.

The Soviet Russians were excluded from the Russian schools and their property was often confiscated, but they were under the protection of the Soviet Embassy.

After World War II
In 1945, after the Soviet Army occupied Harbin, the Soviets held a series of trials for all the Harbin Russians they identified as White Guardists and those who had collaborated with the Japanese authorities; many were sentenced to labour camps.

After 1952, the Soviet Union initiated a second wave of repatriation of Harbin Russians. By the mid-1960s virtually all Harbin Russians had left Harbin, most of them immigrating to the USSR. There were several Russian connections in Australia resulting from refugees leaving Harbin. A good portion of the Russian Old Believers went to South America.

title: Harbin Russians


text:
Piasecki X-49 SpeedHawk

The Piasecki X-49 "SpeedHawk" is an American four-bladed, twin-engined experimental high-speed compound helicopter developed by Piasecki Aircraft. The X-49A is based on the airframe of a Sikorsky YSH-60F Seahawk, but utilizes Piasecki's proprietary vectored thrust ducted propeller (VTDP) design and includes the addition of lifting wings. The concept of the experimental program was to apply the VTDP technology to a production military helicopter to determine any benefit gained through increases in performance or useful load.

"SpeedHawk" is a concept aircraft based on applying X-49A compounding concepts to a production UH-60 Black Hawk offering better performance, range, and increases in useful load. The "SpeedHawk" aircraft includes an SPU (third engine), high forward-swept wing concept, a 45-inch "fuselage plug" cabin extension, and several other drag reducing and performance-oriented improvements, including a rotor hub fairing, landing gear streamlining, and a fly-by-wire flight control system.

Development
The U.S. Navy-sponsored project, worth US$26.1 million when announced in 2003 ($ million today), consisted of a Sikorsky YSH-60F helicopter modified by Piasecki as a testbed to validate the "Vectored Thrust Ducted Propeller" (VTDP) system. One YSH-60F, powered by two General Electric T700-GE-701C engines, was converted to test the feasibility of VTDP.

The demonstration contract was awarded by the Naval Air Systems Command to Piasecki Aircraft. In addition to the VTDP, Piasecki installed a lifting wing with flaperons on the YSH-60F.

The compound helicopter technology installed by Piasecki had been first demonstrated in trials of the Piasecki 16H-1 and 16H-1A “Pathfinder” in the early 1960s, when the helicopters were flown at speeds up to 225 mph (360 km/h). The success of the Pathfinder inspired others to experiment with compounding, resulting in programs such as the AH-56 Cheyenne.

In May 2003, the YSH-60F/VTDP demonstrator was redesignated the X-49A. During 2004, the X-49A VTDP program was transitioned from the U.S. Navy to the U.S. Army.

In 2013, it was reported that Piasecki Aviation had made plans to use the VTDP design of the X-49 for their entry in the Future Vertical Lift program, but were not chosen when that project moved into its Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator (JMR-TD) phase.

Design
The X-49A flight demonstrator was developed with funding from the U.S. Army's Aviation Applied Technology Directorate to demonstrate the ability to increase the speed of existing helicopters to 200 kt (360 km/h) or more. The flight demonstrator was updated with a lifting wing taken from an Aerostar FJ-100 business jet. A ring tail was added and the helicopter drive train modified to accommodate VTDP. Piasecki conducted integrated tests of the modified drivetrain at the Navy's helicopter transmission test facility. The wings were intended to produce lift to offload the rotor so the rotor could be slowed and produce less drag, allowing for higher speed.

The cockpit controls were modified with the addition of a manual propeller pitch override on the collective lever for the ring tail. This is the only visible change to the aircraft's existing mechanical controls in the cockpit. The other controls needed to operate the compound helicopter's systems were integrated into the aircraft's existing mechanical controls to reduce pilot workload. The weight added to the X-49A demonstrator aircraft is estimated at 1,600 lb due to the requirement to not modify the existing mechanical control system.

Operational history
The X-49A made its first flight on June 29, 2007 for 15 minutes at Boeing's New Castle County (KILG) flight test center. This flight included hovering, pedal turns, and slow forward and sideways flight using the VTDP for anti-torque, directional and trim control. The X-49A project has been silent since completing its initial testing phase in 2008, with over 80 flight events and more than 80 total hours logged.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Piasecki X-49 SpeedHawk


text:
Belgians

Belgians (Belgen; Belges; Belgier ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (gemeenschap; communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.

Etymology
The 1830 revolution led to the establishment of an independent country under a provisional government and a national congress.  The name "Belgium" was adopted for the country, the word being derived from Gallia Belgica, a Roman province in the northernmost part of Gaul that, before Roman invasion in 100 BC, was inhabited by the Belgae, a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples.

The Latin name was revived in 1790 by the short-lived United Belgian States which was created after a revolution against Austrian rule took place in 1789. Since no adjective equivalent to "Belgian" existed at the time, the French noun "Belgique" (or "Belgium") was adopted as both noun and adjective; a phenomenon borrowed from Latin which was still commonly used during the period. From the sixteenth century, the Low Countries" or "Netherlands", were referred to as 'Belgica' in Latin, as was the Dutch Republic.

Relations between Belgian linguistic communities
Belgians are primarily a nationality or citizen group, by jus soli (Latin: right of the soil), also known as birthright citizenship, and are not a homogeneous ethnic group. Belgians are made up of two main linguistic and ethnic groups; the Dutch-speakers (called the Flemish) and the French-speakers (mostly Walloons), as well as a third tiny but constitutionally recognized group from two small German-speaking areas. These sometimes competing ethnic and linguistic priorities are governed by constitutionally designated "regions or communities", depending on the constitutional realm of the topic, a complex and uniquely Belgian political construct. Since many Belgians are at least bilingual, or even trilingual, it is common for business, social and family networks to include members of the various ethnic groups composing Belgium.

The Brussels-Capital Region occupies a unique political and cultural position since geographically and linguistically it is a bilingual enclave within the unilingual Flemish Region. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Belgium in 1830, the city of Brussels was francized, as it was transformed from an almost entirely Dutch-speaking into a multilingual city with French as the majority language and lingua franca.

Since the independence of Belgium in 1830, the constitutional title of the Belgian head of state is the "King of the Belgians" rather than the "King of Belgium".

Flemish (Dutch-speaking)
Within Belgium the Flemish, about 60% of the population, form a clearly distinguishable group, set apart by their language and customs. However, when compared to the Netherlands most of these cultural and linguistic boundaries quickly fade, as the Flemish share the same language, similar or identical customs and (though only with the southern part of today's Netherlands) traditional religion with the Dutch.

However, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, Flemings will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.

Walloon (French-speaking)

Walloons are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. Walloons are a distinctive community within Belgium, important historical and anthropological criteria (religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the French people. More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of the Walloon Region. They may speak regional languages such as Walloon (with Picard in the West and Gaumais in the South).

Though roughly three-quarters of Belgium's French speakers live in Wallonia, French-speaking residents of Brussels tend not to identify as Walloons.

German-speaking community
The German-speaking Community of Belgium is one of the three constitutionally recognized federal communities of Belgium. Covering an area of less than 1,000 km2 within the province of Liège in Wallonia, it includes nine of the eleven municipalities of the so-called East Cantons and the local population numbers over 73,000 – less than 1% of the national total. Bordering the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg, the area has its own parliament and government at Eupen.

The German-speaking community is composed of the German-speaking parts of the lands that were annexed in 1920 from Germany. In addition, in contemporary Belgium there are also some other German-speaking areas that belonged to Belgium even before 1920, but they are not currently considered officially part of the German-speaking community in Belgium: Bleiberg-Welkenraat-Baelen in Northeastern province of Liège and Arelerland (city of Arlon and some of its nearby villages in Southeastern province of Belgian Luxembourg). However, in these localities, the German language is highly endangered due to the adoption of French.

Religion
Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion, with approximately 65% of the Belgians declaring themselves to be Catholics. However, by 2004, nationwide Sunday church attendance was only about 4 to 8% (9% for Flanders only). A 2006 inquiry in Flanders, long considered more religious than the Brussels or Wallonia regions in Belgium, showed 55% of its inhabitants calling themselves religious, while 36% said that they believed that God created the world.

Demographics
Belgium had a population of 10,839,905 people on 1 January 2010, an increase of 601,000 in comparison to 2000 (10,239,085 inhabitants). Between 1990 (9,947,782 inhabitants) and 2000 the increase was only 291,000. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on 1 January 2010 was 6,251,983 (57.7%), 3,498,384 (32.3%) and 1,089,538 (10.1%), respectively.

title: Belgians


text: Category:Chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission


text:
Talk:Bluestocking

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 January 2020 and 10 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Becca lee127. Peer reviewers: Vli66.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:01, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Nietzsche
this word appears in nietzche's genealogy of morals "one painful night of a single hysterical bluestocking" must be a different definition. anyone?

Euripides reference
There is a reference to blue-stockings in the play Hippolytus by Euripides. Does anyone know the true date of origin for this term, since it must be before the 15th century?
 * The reference to the blue-stocking by Euripides is in the Great Didactic by Comenius. Comenius added in the blue-stocking refernce to suit his needs.  The actual line is "I hate a clever woman."

Actually, the reference to "blue-stocking" comes from M. W. Keatinge's 1907 translation. Comenius, who wrote in Latin, actually says, "Aut illud qvod apud Euripidem Hippolytus loqvitur: Odi eruditam." You can find the original Latin text here: http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/comenius.html and Keatinge's translation here: http://archive.org/details/cu31924031053709

The error has been picked up other sites (as one can see by googling "Comenius bluestocking"), so I do hope it gets corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.80.129.167 (talk) 16:25, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

The first edition of Keatinge's translations originates from 1896 (see 1). I inserted a note with the actual citation which also shows Comenius was far from "deploring". --Ublun Ääts (talk) 13:38, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

The first two sentences of the History section say the quote is "citing Bible and Euripides". What does that mean? There no mention of the Bible anywhere else on the page, and if there were, it should at least say "the Bible" to distinguish it as a book instead of a person named "Bible".

I suspect someone ineptly added it to reflect the highly patriarchal views of the Bible (as demonstrated in the King James Version translation). A web search and a bible search at biblestudytools.com did not reveal any use of the word bluestocking in the Bible.

 * A reference to bluestockings has been attributed to John Amos Comenius in his 1638 book, where he mentioned the ancient tradition of women being excluded from higher education, citing Bible and Euripides. That reference, though, comes from Keatinge's 1896 translation and is not present in Comenius's original Latin text.[a] ...

Ken K. Smith (a.k.a. User:Thin Smek) (talk) 18:38, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

History of the name of the Bluestockings
There is more to the story of the bluestockings, in fact a man may well have been pivotal in the naming. His name was Benjamin Stillingfleet. The ladies who originally founded the group we now know as the blue stockings were in the habit of asking esteemed and respected men to come and have petiticoteries or discussions with the group on a regular basis. Samuel Johnson was one and another was Benjamin Stillingfleet. Initially Stillingfleet declined the invitation as he was very poor and did not have black stockings, which were the appropriate and accepted formal dress for men of the time. On hearing why he had declined one of the members told him to come as he was, and he did. Here, the story diverges and there are two popular forms - one is that the husband of one of the members, Admiral Edward Boscawen, was highly derisive of his wife's "literary pretensions" and labelled the group in a derogatory manner "The Blue Stocking Society" in an allusion to Stillingfleets poverty. The other is that the ladies were so impressed by Stillingfleet that they decided to adopt the blue stockings both as a mark of respect for him and a way of flouting society's norms. This not to detract from the club of Venice in the 1400s which was known by the name "Della Calza" or "of the Stockings" and it is entirely probable that the 18th century persons were in fact referring to it by using the term the Blue Stockings. In a nut shell, no-one seems to be exactly sure about where the name came from, but to leave Stillingfleet out ignores part of what made the Blue Stockings successful and that was support from educated men of the time, such as Johnson, Stillingfleet, Bysshe-Shelley, and Lyttleton, to name but a few.

Any chance we could get a source for the above history?

Bluestocking
Here is a bit found in old church papers.

During the seventeenth centaury, when churchmen struggled over where the authority of God rested—with the Pope or with the King, or with the people—the poor but freedom loving Covenanters from Scotland wore unbleached woolen stockings in contrast to the affluent Episcopalians who wore stockings dyed black or bleached white. The bluish tint of the untreated woolen stockings gave the name “Bluestocking” to these Presbyterians. Today, the football teams of Presbyterian College are known as the ‘Bluestockings.

Characterization
The role of educated women in society has indeed expanded remarkably since the 15th and 18th centuries, and this article needs to take an encompassing viewpoint. Members of the BlueStocking Society were very prominent and successful in society; one such member, Elizabeth's cousin Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, has been described as the "most interesting Englishwoman of the century"(1), and may have personally saved millions of lives by introducing inoculation to western society(2). To characterize such women as frumpy, or to embark on a monologue about the role of beauty in society does a huge disservice. In addition there were many prominent men who belonged to the Society, and although they too may have felt pressure to dress fashionably, there is no record of them objecting to the term bluestocking. And in Wikipedia's very extensive review of Margaret Thatcher's unprecedented accomplishments, the word 'pretty' does not appear even once.

Doc.Ian (talk) 20:11, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

(1) "Kings and Desperate Men', Louis Kronenberger, page 75 (2) Isobel Grundy in http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/19029 [requires an account for access]

recent US history and usage
Surely the use of the term in US political discourse over the course of the last century and a half is relevant for both denotation and connotation:

 * The current tempest over pornography mirrors a similar schism in the "first wave" of feminism. The "Redstockings" included such trailblazing pro-sex feminists as Victoria Woodhull, the early Margaret Sanger, and Emma Goldman, who defied, resisted, and on a good day aspired to overthrow the state.  The "Bluestockings," in contrast, variously sought succor from a state they presumed to be beneficent, and in a bolder mood, aspired to become its agents.  Their politics were elitist and centered on the right to vote, for which they often appealed on anti-immigrant grounds.
 * 'The reforms they sought through the existing state predominantly took the form of protective morals legislation. "Bluestockings" campaigned for essentially repressive anti-vice measures regarding prostitution, alcohol, and the like, helping to create a climate of opinion that facilitated passage of the Comstock laws, criminalizing both "obscenity" and the distribution of contraceptives and information about abortion-laws which were then used to haul Redstocking sisters Sanger and Goldman off to jail. (Today the pro-censorship climate MacDworkinism has nurtured has helped to reincarnate the Comstock laws in the Communications Decency Act, criminalizing internet discussions of abortion and other such "indecency.")
 * In the most striking aspect of this historical parallel, the Bluestockings cut their political teeth in the Temperance movement, locating in "demon rum" a male vice they deemed a central factor in women's oppression. Drink was the ruin of the lower classes, the bane of women whose husbands beat them and drank up the family's wages....Just why was it that working class men drank, after twelve-hour days in the mines and factories?  Such questions were too threatening, so instead the elite reformers blamed the oppressed.

[http://www.solidarity-us.org/node/767 Crosson, Cathy. "Pornography and the Sex Censor"] (source cache as of 2010-05-29) drawing from [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=nadine%20strossen%20defending%20pornography&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=ws Strossen, Nadine. Defending pornography: free speech, sex, and the fight for women's rights.] .

All the best, Michael (talk) 19:56, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

You can forget about Nietzsche and Euripides, as the translator could have committed any type of sin. I once had a tutor who was proud of being a genuine blue stocking, as defined by the fact that she had been head of English at QMC (Queen Mary College, University of London), and she was confident that the term originated there, but I forget the details. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.145.32.79 (talk) 16:04, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bluestocking


text:
Submarine chaser

A submarine chaser or subchaser is a small naval vessel that is specifically intended for anti-submarine warfare. Many of the American submarine chasers used in World War I found their way to Allied nations by way of Lend-Lease in World War II.

Submarine chaser variants
U.S. Navy submarine chasers were designed specifically to destroy German submarines in World War I, and Japanese and German submarines in World War II. The small 110 ft SC-1-class submarine chasers of the design used in World War I carried the hull designator SC (for Submarine Chaser). Their main weapon was the depth charge. They also carried machine guns and anti-aircraft guns. The similar-sized SC-497-class was built for World War II. Also in World War II, larger 173 ft PC-461-class submarine chasers used the PC hull classification symbol (for Patrol, Coastal).

Class relationships:

 * 438 SC-497-class submarine chaser (98t, wooden hull)
 * 343 PC-461-class submarine chaser (450t, steel hull)
 * 68 PCE-842-class patrol craft (850t, steel hull)
 * used in similar role as the submarine chasers
 * 123 Admirable-class minesweeper
 * design basis for the PCE-842 class
 * equipped with substantial anti-submarine capabilities and used as escorts
 * 95 Auk-class minesweeper (890t, steel hull)
 * predecessor design to the Admirable class
 * 481 YMS-1-class minesweeper (270t, wooden hull)

In early 1915, the British Admiralty selected the US Electric Launch Company (Elco) for the production of 50 motor launches for anti-submarine work, British industry being at maximum capacity. This order was eventually increased by a further 530. The whole order was completed by November 1916, and the vessels entered Royal Navy service. The vessels were 80 ft in length and capable of 20 kn. They were armed with a 3-pounder gun, towed paravanes to attack submarines and, later, depth charges. Additional motor launches of the Fairmile A, Fairmile B and other classes were built for World War II.

War service
The British sub chasers were operated around the coast in defence. However, they were uncomfortable, wet and not suited to British sea conditions. Although used during the First World War, they were sold when the war ended.

Submarine chasers were used mostly by the United States Coast Guard in World War II for destroying German U-boats that were stationed off the coast of the United States that were trying to sink merchant convoys as they departed American ports. In the Pacific Theatre, submarine chasers were used for amphibious landings, courier and escort duty.

Eight British Fairmile B motor launches were transferred from Canada to the US in World War II, and included the SC-1466 class of sub-chasers.

The Imperial Japanese Navy had around 250 submarine chasers in World War II, principally about 200 of the No.1-class auxiliary submarine chasers. Some of these survived to serve in the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) after the war.

During Project Hula, the United States secretly transferred 32 U.S. Navy submarine chasers to the Soviet Union between 26 May and 2 September 1945, and some of these saw action in the Soviet Navy during Soviet military operations against the Japanese between 9 August and 2 September 1945. The transfer of 24 more was canceled when transfers halted on 5 September 1945, three days after the Japanese surrender. Between 1954 and 1960 all 32 transferred submarine chasers were scrapped by the Soviet Union or destroyed off its coast by mutual agreement between the two countries.

Post-war
In the decade immediately after World War II, the Soviet Union built 227 Kronshtadt-class submarine chasers, some of which remained in active service until the 1990s. Rapid developments in submarine technologies since World War II mean that submarine chasers are now obsolete, having been replaced by corvettes, frigates, and destroyers.

Survivors
The only remaining submarine chaser with intact World War II armament is the Royal Norwegian Navy's HNoMS Hitra, which is a touring museum today. A World War II type submarine chaser built in 1953, originally PC1610, is being restored in the Netherlands as Le Fougueux.

General bibliography

 * Gardiner, Robert, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 Conway Maritime Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
 * Gardiner, Robert and Chesneau, Roger, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Conway Maritime Press, 1980. ISBN 0-83170-303-2.
 * Watts, Anthony J., Japanese Warships of World War II, Doubleday, 1966. ISBN 0-385-09189-3.

title: Submarine chaser


text:
User talk:Former user~enwiki

Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Nobiles
Nobiles has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this is more a dictionary definition than an encyclopedia article. Please review Wikipedia is not a dictionary for the relevant policy. If you can expand the article to address these concerns, please do so, or explain your plans on the talk page.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" notice, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod notice, the deletion process will stop, but if an editor is still not satisfied that the article meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may be sent to Articles for deletion for consensus. NickelShoe (Talk) 02:18, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Deletion Micropreneur
An article you created or have made significant contributions to is being considered for deletion. You may contribute to this discussion here.Edivorce 17:54, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Former user~enwiki


text:
New Ground

New Ground may refer to:

Places

 * Cambusdoon New Ground, a cricket ground located in Ayr, Scotland
 * New Ground, Norwich, former cricket ground in Norwich, England
 * New Ground, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, a village in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * New Ground, Uxbridge Moor, former cricket ground near Uxbridge, England

Other

 * "New Ground" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1
 * "New Ground" (TNG episode), an episode of the fifth season of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * New Ground (comics), a New Zealand comics anthology magazine published by DMZ Comics
 * Newgrounds, an American website that hosts games and cartoons

title: New Ground


text: User talk:24.99.27.167

title: User talk:24.99.27.167


text:
Talk:State diagram

SDL
SDL diagrams should probably be mentioned here.

what program was used to draw the state diagrams in this article? i'd like to create some but it seems like adobe illustrator would be overkill...

 * I think Inkscape would be the most appropriate tool for this kind of diagram. You might want to check out the graphics tutorials. --75.37.227.177 19:31, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

UML diagram
Hi!

I know that the quality of stuff I added is not A+ but at least it's *something* - I hope the pirania effect will take place, and people who are angered at my poor quality addition will enhance it :) No harm intended --Msoos 08:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

clear up, possible merge?
So, spent the hour my students are drawing state diagrams to clean this up a bit and fix the footnotes. Repaired some of the "what the student thinks s/he heard in class" damage. Still a lot to do, and one needs to consider merging this into an article finite state automata. I have no earthly idea what the Mealy automaton is supposed to be doing, if the output was always 1/0 or 0/1 it would be an automaton for flipping all the bits in a representation. This makes no sense - maybe someone can figure out what it is supposed to be? --WiseWoman (talk) 11:14, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Harel statechart
What is a Harel statechart? --Abdull (talk) 14:31, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

statw diagrams are basically the pictorial representation of different states of a perticular digital system and it makes the work and solution more easy and time saving —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.153.66.177 (talk) 19:14, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "Harel" statecharts were developed by David Harel of I-Logix, which was later bought by Telelogix and now IBM Rational. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ProsperousOne (talk • contribs) 13:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Statechart versus flowchart
I've added the section "State diagrams versus flowchart" to clarify the distinction.

--Mirosamek (talk) 01:50, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I like this. It can be clarified further by explaining how both can be described in terms of Petri nets. Rp (talk) 21:55, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I just added two "citation needed" tags to this section: the second and third sentences of the first paragraph and the entire last paragraph. I like how this section describes the differences between state diagrams and flowcharts.  But the portions that I cited imply a negative connotation to combining states and flow graphs together, and I would like to add a section to this page on how there are some alternative semantics where states and flow graph constructs can be used together in one single state diagram.  However, before I add my section, I want to first check to see if there is indeed a citation available for these statements that imply that states and flow graphs should be separated from one another.  — added by Mcarone (talk • contribs) 20:44, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The two diagrams should show the same flow, not two completely different things. e.g. from "s2" that there are two lines, one "E2 / action2" and another (new) "E4 / action4".  Also, state charts usually have an end state, so both the "action3" and "action4" transition would point to the end state. Mogsie (talk) 14:01, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * This section is way too academic, and has diagrams that don't translate into each other! 81.133.237.69 (talk)

Links
It seems the video is no longer availible. Would be great to see it. Does anybody know where there is another copy of this? Swenick (talk) 15:25, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Reference question
I was trying to clean up the below reference, but I can't really figure out what was intended:

http://www.csl.sri.com/users/tiwari/papers/stateflow.pdf Tiwari, A. (2002). Formal Semantics and Analysis Methods for Simulink Stateflowdf Hamon, G. (2005). A Denotational Semantics for Stateflow. International Conference on Embedded Softwa control the ticks of the watch

so I just snipped off the last bit. Thought I'd leave it here for propriety's sake. Thanks. Matttoothman (talk) 16:14, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Clarification request
Why is the output function ω : Σ × Q→ Z not mentioned in the list of elements given as: (Q,Σ,Z,δ,q0,F)? ShaunmSCD (talk) 19:33, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:State diagram


text: User talk:203.79.112.60

title: User talk:203.79.112.60


text:
Talk:List of Nobel laureates

Strange
Something funny's going on in chemistry in the mid 50s. Doesn't agree with Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Sluj 00:56, 11 December 2004

I agree. Can someone confirm that the chemistry in the mid 50s is correct, because I would think the Nobel Prize Site would be more corrrect. User:Jarchie 05:08, 23 April 2007

How about a template for Nobel Prize Laureates, which could be added to every person/organization? --Neoneo13 22:39, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

I think it is odd that Nobel laureate redirects here, but Nobel Laureate redirects to Nobel Prize. I would think they should go to the same place, probably here. --Steve-o 18:30, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Only one article should remain, Steve: the one with an uncapitalized "l". Extremely sexy 12:19, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In fact, both should remain, and both should be redirects to here, which is what happened. Carcharoth 13:52, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay then: agreed. Extremely sexy 14:39, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Nobel Prize fractions
Unfortunately, none of Wikipedia's Nobel laureate lists is taking into account that not all Nobel laureates are of equal importance. Some obviously had much more impact than others. One of them even achieved superstardom and became "man of the century", while most of them remain largely unknown. Here we cannot judge who deserved it etc. But we ought to report how the Nobel committee expresses its own view of the value of individual contributions by awarding fractional prizes. The official Nobel web site explicitly says for each laureate X how much of a Nobel Prize X really got, for example, "1/4 of the prize" or "1/2 of the prize" or "1/3 of the prize" etc. If X got less than 1.0 Nobel Prizes X is still a Nobel laureate, of course, but it's also clear that X could have done better. Everybody in the field, and especially the laureates themselves, are fully aware of the significance of these fractional prizes. Suppose the physics prize goes to 3 researchers, one of them gets 1/2, the others 1/4 each - it's absolutely clear whose contribution was larger in the eyes of the committee.

I think all Wikipedia Nobel Prize lists must be augmented by this crucial information! This will also put in perspective the recent inflation of Nobel laureates in the sciences, which is easy to explain: most of the recent laureates had to share the prize while most of the early laureates got a full prize. The sum of the Nobel Prizes per year is constant; you may divide it among many laureates, but then the laureates necessarily become less outstanding on average. Science History 14:02, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the 1/3, 1/4, etc, bits should be added. I disagree that anything should be said about what this implies. Just record the bare facts and avoid speculation about relative worth - it doesn't work when covering more than a century of science anyway. Carcharoth 13:51, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The Nobel Foundation doesn't take a position on whether the fractions have any meaning. If "[e]verybody in the field [... is] fully aware", that's doesn't have any impact on Wikipedia.  Find some reliable sources for that claim, and then we can start talking about doing more that merely noting the fractions.  RossPatterson (talk) 21:17, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

RFC: Country data in Nobel lists
There is currently a Request for Comments about the country data in the Nobel lists at Talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Your comments would be appreciated. The results of the RFC may affect all of the Nobel Prize articles. panda 17:02, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Laureates is from.....
I dont know if anyone here knows Dutch. But but there is a Laurierkrans Which is given to the olympic games (dont know if games is the right word) winners. Anyone know if Laureates is connected with Laurier or not? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.80.54.3 (talk) 11:20, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes: I do, because I live in Flanders, so that's even my own mother tongue, and you are indeed correct, moreover, we also say "gelauwerden" or laureaten for the winners and lauwerkrans (laurier is a tree), derived from the verb lauweren plus its adjective lauwering (in Latin: laudare and laudatio resp.), meaning to honor and honoring resp. Extremely sexy 11:56, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Icons
Should the nobel peace laureates have a nobel medal icon under their name and above their picture while other laureates do not, yet if we look at templates it explicitly states that icons should not placed in this position??? Someone111111 (talk) 07:48, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Good question for moderators. Extremely sexy (talk) 21:09, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * This is currently being discussed on Template talk:Nobel icon Zaian (talk) 13:13, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the notification. Extremely sexy (talk) 14:50, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Economics?
There's no such prize... That's the federal banks prize in honor of Nobel, a completely different prize. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Karpeth (talk • contribs) 15:31, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Indeed, it might be better to give it a page of it's own to make clear that distinction. Having the Nobel Prise and the Banks prize in thesame chart, as is done in this article, is confusing.Wikinegern (talk) 08:45, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

It would be more accurate to entitle the column in the table of "List of Laureates" as Economic Sciences rather than simply Economics.RobHickling (talk) 17:41, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

Dates of Death?
It would be nifty to add dates of death, or maybe just a "deceased" mark next to appropriate names. I'll start compiling a list, but don't hesitate to jump in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.137.148.197 (talk) 21:21, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Reformat of the page?
I would like to try for a Nobel laureates FT with this as the main page and I would like to reformat the page. If anyone objects or has any suggestions, this is your chance.

This is my proposed format. It would stick just to names and years and ignore details like nationality and reasoning (for those, one could just go to the appropriate list). However, things such as refusing the prize will be noted. For double winners, I am thinking of using a coloured column so that they will stick out more. Anyway, all opinions are welcome. -- Scorpion 0422  19:13, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * wonderful design Scorpion, it looks really neat. Atif.hussain (talk) 21:46, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

List per subject?
Isn't there a similar list with the subject the laureates has been awarded for rather than the focus on the persons? Electron9 (talk) 12:44, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
 * A similar list with the work for which the award was given does seem to be missing from wikipedia. It would be an important page to be added and linked from this page. Atif.hussain (talk) 21:46, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Expanded Nobel Laureates list
This page is a somewhat comprehensive list of achievers in various fields. Instead of sticking to the literary meaning, "Nobel laureate", which would disqualify even economics, we should try to cover all other imp. subject awards here. This could be named "List_of_Apex_Laureates" or some other suitable name, covering the 5 Nobel prizes, Federal bank's Economics award, Abel award in Maths, etc., and List_of_Nobel_laureates redirected to this page. This would make it a comprehensive list of imp. award winners, instead of sticking to Nobel awards. Atif.hussain (talk) 21:46, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Photo
Why is a photo of the US president used for this page? The whole picture seems very US-centric and thus inappropriate for an international prize in an international encyclopedia. There ought to be more appropriate photos available? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.233.193.12 (talk) 17:31, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree 100%, but there really aren't any more free photos that show recipients in multiple categories. Would you prefer an image that shows Dick Cheney instead? -- Scorpion 0422  17:37, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree too. Perhaps this historic photo would be more appropriate? Fraserlind (talk) 21:13, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Your suggestion is much better. this may be POV, but having Bush as the first recognizable face on this article, of all articles, is just too weird for me to handle. anyway, there is at least one well known laureate, luis alvarez, in the 68 photo.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 04:37, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

By institution?
Is there any reference/list the reports Laureates by the institution they were affiliated with at the time? (or primarily affiliated with throughout their career?). Note sure if this is a meaningful question, but I was curious :-) Natebailey (talk) 02:34, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * This might be what you're looking for. I was thinking of rewriting List of Nobel Laureates by university affiliation using that list, but never got around to it (would be hell of a lot of work also :D). — sephiroth bcr  ( converse ) 10:05, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, my bad. I misread your post. Was "institutions" applied in the broadest sense, or simply to universities? If it is the former, then no such list probably exists, and if the latter, then there you go. — sephiroth bcr  ( converse ) 10:07, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I've summarized the top quantities: List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation. fgnievinski (talk) 06:28, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * ... Incorrectly. I'd go as far as to say you grossly misrepresented the cited source. It's also rather useless in the first place for the simple fact that the figures depend on the arbitrary decision to be more or less specific when it comes to subdivisions. It just comes off as an inappropriate scoreboard. The table at that article is sortable anyway. TompaDompa (talk) 05:31, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for discussing the matter at a talk page (instead of through edit summaries, see WP:SUMMARYNO). The content removal should be considered in light of content policies WP:CONPOL. You've indicated a failed verification, which has been corrected, thank you. As for the claimed arbitrariness, the source cited (nobelprize.org) is the most authoritative. Let's give an opportunity for others to comment? Please beware of the WP:3RR. Thanks, @TompaDompa. fgnievinski (talk) 05:51, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * You made a WP:BOLD edit and were reverted. You then reinstated it without discussing it first per WP:BRD. You didn't even properly correct the massive misrepresentation of the cited source when you reinstated it for the second time, but falsely claimed to have done so. What on Earth are you doing?For that matter, why would you want a scoreboard in the first place? Are you aware of the extremely lengthy discussion that led to List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation existing in the state you found it in? I'm guessing the answer is no since you posted to this talk page rather than Talk:List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation. It used to be a massive WP:OR mess of a scoreboard. Moving away from what amounted to a prestige-measuring contest between universities is an important reason the current format was chosen. TompaDompa (talk) 05:58, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh my, what a hornet's nest. Can you be more explicit what specifically is missing or misrepresented? The very same authoritative publication currently cited to source the individual affiliations also does the job of counting the number of occurrences and giving the subtotals per university. There is not even WP:CALC or WP:WEIGHT involved, it's just an excerpt of the top ones sorted in descending order. All the caveats stated in the lead still apply (re: affiliations are those at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement). You may not like scoreboards but it's popular nonetheless. fgnievinski (talk) 02:35, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * As was the case with the original list you added, the updated list you added did not list the complete set of institutions with at least the same "score" as the bottom entry. Anyway, that list has since been removed by . Clearly, consensus for inclusion has not been established. TompaDompa (talk) 18:44, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You mean the institutions with score equal to 6? There were three such institutions. I've double checked now and the authoritative source doesn't give any additional institutions with score 6. Which one are you missing? Anyways, I've trimmed down the list to the institutions with at least score 10. The allegation "contrasts in counting methods with the rest of the article" is simply not true. I'm still not getting what's your argument -- remember, WP:NOTCENSORED. fgnievinski (talk) 22:00, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * With "score" at least equal to 6 (now 10). And it's still not resolved. This is just sloppy on your part.My objection is that it does not improve the article. Again, the format that has been used for the last few years, the one that does not take a scoreboard approach, was chosen in part because the editors who worked on cleaning the list up from the absolute WP:OR nightmare that it used to be deemed it desirable not to treat it like a prestige-measuring contest between universities. WP:NOTCENSORED does not enter into it. There exists no consensus that this addition improves the article, and the WP:ONUS to get such a consensus is on you. You have repeatedly re-added material that other editors have removed, as if your version should be the preferred one by default.Finally, I suggest that we move this discussion to the relevant talk page, i.e. Talk:List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation. That's where it belongs. TompaDompa (talk) 22:16, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, I've done some automated text parsing and now I believe the excerpt is complete, thank you. I've archived the raw ranking.
 * I've posted a notice at the talk about indicating this ongoing discussion; I'm not comfortable moving it because it was started here by someone else a few years ago.
 * You can't just keep repeating your opinion that "it does not improve the article", because opinions clearly differ. An argument should be made about content policy violations, which I've seen none so far.
 * It's not up to editors to judge whether "prestige-measuring contest between universities" is something desirable or undesirable. Wikipedia has to stick to the facts, provided they can be reliably sourced and with due weight -- which is the case for the ranking, as per original source cited.
 * One policy worth discussing is about basic arithmetic not being original research (WP:CALC): I've aggregated the counts of closely affiliated schools and laboratories to the parent university. Again, that's just a sum, hence not WP:OR. For the largest ones it was easy, but it'd grow increasingly more difficult for the smaller cases. fgnievinski (talk) 03:30, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

You could have just closed this discussion using atop/abot and left a link to Talk:List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation, noting that the discussion will continue there from here. This talk page section had had no comments whatsoever for almost 15 years when you commented here. There is quite a bit wrong with what you just wrote. To wit: There's also a case to be made that listing the institutions in descending order of number of affiliations violates WP:DUE as this emphasizes the numerical values in a way the source, which lists them alphabetically, does not. TompaDompa (talk) 19:04, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) "This does not improve the article" is a policy-recognized reason not to include content. See WP:ONUS: While information must be verifiable for inclusion in an article, not all verifiable information must be included. Consensus may determine that certain information does not improve an article. Such information should be omitted or presented instead in a different article. The responsibility for achieving consensus for inclusion is on those seeking to include disputed content.
 * 2) We are allowed to make subjective assessments about how something influences the overall article quality. I'm sure you understand this in the context of e.g. including or excluding certain image files.
 * 3) Likewise, we are allowed to make subjective assessments about the best way to present information. The information in the scoreboard is also in fact present in the table, though it is structured and presented in a different way. I'm sure you understand this in the context of e.g. phrasing the same information in different ways in prose.
 * 4) WP:CALC says Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the results of the calculations are correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. I dispute that this is the case here—you made the editorial decision to include different subdivisions in the same tally even though the source decided against doing so. You even changed the order by doing this. You are not (supposed to be) the arbiter of which affiliations are close enough to warrant folding into the same number and which are not.

 * Alright, I'll quit insisting. But sooner or later this issue will come up again. Love it or hate it, number of Nobelists is used in practice for institutional rankings, e.g., Academic Ranking of World Universities. fgnievinski (talk) 06:24, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

Recipients of unrelated prizes
If the recipients of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics are included in this article, we will have to include recipients of other unrelated (non-Nobel) prizes, like the "Alternative Nobel Prize" (the Right Livelihood Award). GVU (talk) 21:41, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No, this has been discussed previously and the consensus was that laureates in Economics belong in this article.radek (talk) 21:42, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * There is no consensus. The only previous discussion was a comment that the Riksbank Prize (obviously!) doesn't belong here, because it's a different prize. If there is any consensus, it's to remove the Riksbank prize. GVU (talk) 21:43, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The issue with the prize was discussed extensively over at Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. A single comment by an anon user does not constitute consensus.radek (talk) 21:51, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * That's irrelevant. GVU (talk) 21:53, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * We're only including the prizes recognized by the Nobel Foundation. Winners of other prizes are not officially considered "Nobel laureates" and will not be included here. — sephiroth bcr  ( converse ) 03:06, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No, we're only including prizes etablished by the will of Alfred Nobel. Other prizes are not officially considered "Nobel laureates" and will not be included here. For this exact reason, Riksbank laureates belong in a different article, as it is a different prize that has nothing to do with Nobel and his prizes. The recipients of the Riksbank Prize are not Nobel laureates, but Riksbank laureates. GVU (talk) 06:35, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * ...does this this list on the official Nobel Foundation website make it obvious enough that your position is wrong or do you need more convincing? — sephiroth bcr  ( converse ) 06:58, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, the Riksbank Prize is consistently not referred to as a "Nobel prize" or the laureates as "Nobel" laureates by the Nobel Foundation (compare all the other prizes the foundation is managing, which are all referred to as Nobel prizes, for instance "All Nobel Laureates in Physics", "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry" and so forth, but only "All Laureates in Economics". The page also clearly states that the name of the prize is "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel". Not the "Nobel Prize in Economics". Does this make it obvious enough that your position is wrong or do you need more convincing? GVU (talk) 17:37, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Regardless, the prize is recognized by the Nobel Foundation (unlike the one you mentioned above), and every media and piece of news in existence refers to them as "Nobel laureates", regardless of whatever is on the Nobel Foundation page; you're attempting to be ridiculously strict and shortsighted here. Anyhow, you have no consensus whatsoever, any changes you attempt will be reverted, and you're harping for nothing here. — sephiroth bcr  ( converse ) 20:38, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

<-- It's pretty obvious that here we're dealing with a "true believer" which this topic unfortunately tends to attract. The fact that economics laureates are listed along with other laureates by the Nobel foundation is not enough - Wikipedia should do it differently! Differently than the Nobel foundation. This dispute pops up with a clockwork like regularity and in fact what we have already is a compromise. Again, GVU needs to come up with something entirely new and convincing or else it's a referral to the archives.radek (talk) 19:24, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Why do we have Template:Sveriges Riksbank laureates in economics 2001–2025 but Template:Nobel laureates in economics, Template:Nobel laureates in economics 1969-1975, and Template:Nobel laureates in economics 1976-2000? -- Ricky81682 (talk) 08:54, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Merge?
I think this article should be merged with List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates.  SCG 147  00:33, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The argument against is that the lists for the individual prizes include the price rationale, and not just the name of the laureates. Tomas e (talk) 14:28, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Change to heading of Template for Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
For a proposed minor change to heading of the Template for Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize, see Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize. Davshul (talk) 18:48, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Lede photo
it was brought up a year ago that the lede photo, while showing many laureates, also shows a us president, which is somewhat us centric. a 68 photo from wikimedia commons was suggested. i propose we change it, as its not us centric, has one well known laureate, alvarez, and is a better photo (close up of faces). unless objected to, im gonna do it soon.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 04:39, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Table organization
I think the table in this article is not organized very well. Organizing the columns by Prize Category doesn't really make sense. I think a table like the one below would allow for a lot more information to be presented, with a much more useful sorting capability. The more information we can present on this page, the easier it is for users to sort by that information and find what they need.

Currently, the table can only be sorted by Year and Category. Using the above table would allow sorting by any parameter, and therefore there would be no need for additional spin-off list articles like List of Nobel laureates by country and List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University. All the information would reside in this table and be easily sortable. Any thoughts? talk 19:45, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Obviously, this would be a lot of work too. But it would be worth it.  Assuming there is consensus to make this change, it would be much more practical if several people took a chunk of the table and converted it over.  At the least, we'd have to look up the country for each person, as well as their university affiliation (can be found here).  I'll volunteer to take a large chunk... anyone else up for it?    talk 21:54, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I like the looks of it, but if you're wanting to merge List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation back in, then you'd have to somehow include "Graduate", "Attendee or Researcher", "Academic staff before or at the time of award", and "Academic staff after award" categories into the "Affiliation" column. I personally have no preference, just pointing out that there's additional information in the other table. There's some similar information in the "Relation" column at List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University, so maybe that's the way to go. VernoWhitney (talk) 21:57, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I see what you're saying. I'm sure we could figure out a slick way to incorporate that information, perhaps using footnotes to designate the type of affiliations.  I'm also not insistent on completely merging this article with List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation as it may only be practical to list the laureates' primary affiliations in this table.  I think it's more important to attempt to get as much information as possible into one sortable table rather than spreading it around a bunch of different articles.     talk 22:09, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

I think we cd easily use 4 different symbols after the university name to designate the relationship. Good idea though. Sandman888 (talk) 21:47, 15 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it's a valid problem though. Some of these people might affiliations with 6 or 7 different universities.  We could stuff them all into this table, but it might start to look nasty.  We might just want to come up with a "primary affiliation" criteria so that we can list a single university for each person, and let List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation do the rest.  Example criteria possibilities: University where the person did the research associated with their award, University where the person was primarily employed when they received their award, etc.   Snotty Wong   talk 21:56, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Perhaps. Better ask for consensus at WT:WikiProject Orders, Decorations, and Medals and then go with that. Sandman888 (talk) 22:03, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

You're forgetting that there are currently lists for all six Nobel prizes. This table is meant to provide a quick listing of winners, as well as a list of winners per year, which is something wikipedia lacks. -- Scorpion 0422  01:17, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I figured that having all of the information in one sortable table would be the most efficient way to go, assuming it is practical. If there is no consensus for it, then I would just as well not go through the considerable effort required, and I'm certainly not going to fight for it.  Especially considering this is a featured list, if the opinion isn't near unanimous, then I'm ok with just dropping the idea.    Snotty Wong   talk 04:16, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

I'd oppose the idea in this list. There must be some 600 names in this list. And I think that to have all the extra information in one list would not be managable. Is affiliation really that important. I'm sure it is important for the institution (i.e. bragging rights) but how relevent to the laureate is it in all cases. In some cases it might be where they did the work that got them rewarded but in others perhaps it is just where they graduated from. That is not to say I think the idea of incorportating more information in a sortable way is a bad idea (it's one I quite like) however I think it would need to be somewhere else (sublists?) Rambo's Revenge (talk)  18:32, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

lead photo down
The lead picture is down. 86.9.199.117 (talk) 11:08, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Nobel laureate in the field of economics
To date no-one has received a nobel prize in the field of economics, because there is no such prize (many people have received prizes from the swedish central bank for economics, but that is not a nobel prize). I propose that the economics parts of the table should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.178.119.139 (talk) 19:14, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

insert a flag
Insert a national flag against each laureate in the table,so that it becomes easy to trace the country of their origin.Thank you!Skashifakram (talk) 04:21, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I support this proposition. For example see Нобелевские премии по году вручения NickSt (talk) 00:25, 17 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I also think this is a good idea. Does anyone actually oppose this? Auguel (talk) 21:11, 8 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Manual of Style/Icons and WP:WORDPRECEDENCE. The Noble Prizes are not awarded to people as representatives of some country. Displaying the flag obscures this fact and thus violates the MOS rule. This is not equivalent to e.g. many sports competitions, political delegations etc. where people are representatives of a country. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 21:21, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

Multiple prizes?
The article states that "Six laureates have received more than one prize" but only mentions that the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times. Who are the other 5 laureates who received multiple prizes? The reference is broken. 131.251.252.33 (talk) 12:27, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I fixed the reference and I added the rest of multiple laureats. Einsbor (talk) 08:50, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

External link
Maybe someone can add this external link to this article: http://mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/ - it lists videos, CVs and Research Profiles of the Nobel Laureates (Requested 01.07.2014). Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.3.136.181 (talk) 08:49, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Notes on posthumous prizes
Since the Nobel prize is no longer awarded posthumously, perhaps notes should be added to winners that have won one, either before 1974, or under the special rule (Ralp Steinman)?

Source: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.141.23.110 (talk) 11:31, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 October 2015
Please add a vertical line between the columns Literature and Peace

176.68.153.99 (talk) 12:03, 8 October 2015 (UTC) If this is a problem on a PC, try altering your zoom level + will increase the size, + will reduce it and + (zero) will return it to 'normal' size. - Arjayay (talk) 13:39, 8 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Information orange.svg There is a line between the Literature and Peace columns, and looking at old versions, there always has been. I suspect this is a problem with your display - are you looking at this on a tablet or phone? as wide tables or images requiring scrolling sideways, can give display problems.

Nobels laureate
The plural of poet laureate is poets laureate. So wouldn't the plural of Nobel laureate be Nobels laureate? 50.242.186.54 (talk) 18:25, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hi, there's slight mistake in the "PRIZE" section paragraph of this article. It fails to inform that "the Nobel Prize in Literature is conferred by the Swedish Academy".

Even the link reference [3] correctly points it out on its own website but somehow in this section of the article it's missing.

I am somehow not allowed to edit the article. So i request anyone reading this to please rectify this tiny error.

Cheers! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sklal84 (talk • contribs) 13:27, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 October 2017
It would be even more up to date if I could add the 2017 Chemistry Prize winners: Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson.

Locking pages like this down to prevent helpful edits by passers by goes complete against the philosophy that built Wikipedia in the first place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.205.251.196 (talk • contribs)
 * Already done by User:Walterwiki. Please see → Protection policy for information on why the pages are protected on Wikipedia. regards DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  11:23, 4 October 2017 (UTC).
 * The link that has been added, to Richard Henderson, goes to a disambiguation page. It needs to be Richard Henderson (biologist).  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.205.251.196 (talk) 11:17, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  11:23, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 May 2019
Rclb2 (talk) 16:15, 1 May 2019 (UTC) John Gurdon is British.
 * Yes check.svg Done – Þjarkur (talk) 17:46, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

Flags (again)
The idea to add laurates' countries' flags was previously discussed (see from 2012). There appears to have been no consensus to add, and no flags appear to have been added at that time. Over the past few months, User:SalmanZ has been adding flags. Let's pause and discuss please. I'm not going to undo it all (WP:BRD hardline approach) for the moment, because it's a lot of work spread over many edits, but this is clearly controversial material. I agree with, that per MOS:FLAGCRUFT it's visual clutter in the table and the prize is based on person alone not as a representative of a country. I'm pinging User:Finnusertop from that discussion, not because they agree with me but because they are the only editor involved there who is still active on WP. DMacks (talk) 18:09, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for informing me, unfortunately, I didn't know anything about this discussion  it was clearly a controversial material. like many other users,I  also thought inserting a national flag against each laureate in the table, rather than emphasizing their nationality, it would make it easier to trace the origin country of each laureate right away. Nevertheless, I'm open minded person and I would like to get to know more about WP: WORDPRECEDENCE that says:"the flags should not change the expected style or layout of infoboxes or lists to the detriment of words."However, as you asked I paused insertion of flags and as you know I can undo it all. but I can wait for any suggestion. Best regards. --SalmanZ (talk) 22:54, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I still oppose it, per and WP:WORDPRECEDENCE and MOS:FLAGCRUFT. Noble Prizes are not awarded to people as representatives of a country. It's entirely incidental (irrelevant) that they, just like most other people, happen to be nationals of one or more country. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 09:34, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I came to the talkpage to ask what this flag-crap is about. Get rid of them already. 184.101.92.170 (talk) 01:42, 27 June 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 June 2019
The recipient of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics, Brian David Josephson was actually Welsh. Displayed next to his name is the English flag. This is misleading, and extremely inaccurate. It promotes the outdated notion that Wales is in fact a principality of England; this is a xenophobic idea, and tremendously offensive. This should be changed. ConnorLeeHughes (talk) 12:02, 15 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done NiciVampire<b style="color:black">Heart</b> 12:15, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

Should images of Nobel winners, be added to this page?
I get the impression that you're pro-image, when it comes to page content. May I recommend that this page, would be the best place for images of Nobel Prize winners. GoodDay (talk) 02:28, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

 * to be honest, I don't really want pictures in the Nobel Peace Prize section in the 2022 article, I hesitated to added them because it would be making it longer than it is.  4me689  (talk) 02:52, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

Creating a new article "List of Nobel laureates by age"
Create a list of Nobel laureates by their age when they received the prize. Windywendi (talk) 00:49, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Nobel laureates


text: User talk:68.223.127.75

title: User talk:68.223.127.75


text:
Erythema marginatum

Erythema marginatum (also known as chicken wire erythema) is an acquired skin condition which primarily affects the arms, trunk, and legs. It is a type of erythema (redness of the skin or mucous membranes) characterised by bright pink or red circular lesions which have sharply-defined borders and faint central clearing. The lesions typically range from 3 to 10 cm in size, and are distributed symmetrically over the torso and inner surfaces of the limbs and extensor surfaces. The lesions last between one and four weeks but have been known to be present on patients for as long as several months.

The condition was first reported in 1816 by Jean Cruveilhier and is thought to be linked to other skin conditions such as urticaria and systemic lupus erythematosus.

An association with bradykinin has been proposed in the case of hereditary angioedema.

Presentation
The rings are barely raised and are non-itchy. The face is generally spared.

The condition is characterised by circular, non-pruritic, erythematous rashes which form on the trunk and extremities of the body. The rash has a known serpiginous edge, and often appears and disappears spontaneously over time. Histological examination of the rash identifies infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils in the papillary and upper half of the reticular dermis layer.

Associated conditions
It occurs in less than 10% of patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF), but is considered a major Jones criterion when it does occur. The four other major criteria include carditis, polyarthritis, Sydenham's chorea, and subcutaneous nodules. In this case, it is often associated with Group A streptococcal infection, otherwise known as Streptococcus pyogenes infection, which can be detected with an ASO titer.

It is an early feature of acute rheumatic fever though not pathognomonic of it. It some cases it may be associated with mild myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle).

The condition is also seen as a precursor to or accompany an attack of angioedema, and is seen in conditions like allergic drug reactions, sepsis and glomerulonephritis.

It often occurs as a harbinger of attacks in hereditary angioedema. In this case it may occur several hours or up to a day before an attack.

Types
Some sources distinguish between the following: The diagnosis of erythema marginatum can be made during examination of skin appearance. A skin biopsy may be performed if needed, to confirm the diagnosis. Medical history and family history may also be taken into account.
 * "Erythema marginatum rheumaticum"
 * "Erythema marginatum perstans"

Treatment
Erythema marginatum can be treated with hydrocortisone and adrenocorticotropc hormone (ACTH).

In cases where the condition is associated with ARF and severe carditis, corticosteroids are indicated alongside the classic treatment protocol for ARF which is a 10-day course of oral Penicillin. Alternatively, one dosage of Penicillin G benzathine may be injected intramuscularly followed with a daily course of oral Amoxicillin for a total of 10 days. In cases of Penicillin allergy, a Cephalosporin or Macrolide may be considered. To avoid recurrences of ARF, secondary prevention is called for. This may include a period of antibiotic prophylaxis determined by the presence of carditis and the amount of remaining heart damage.

title: Erythema marginatum


text:
László Papp (disambiguation)

László Papp is the name of:
 * László Papp, Hungarian boxer
 * László Papp (wrestler), Hungarian wrestler
 * László Papp (clergyman), see László Tőkés
 * László Papp (entomologist), born 1946
 * László Papp Hungarian politician, mayor of Debrecen
 * László Papp Budapest Sports Arena

title: László Papp (disambiguation)


text:
User:Peter Wöllauer

More information on the german wikipedia. See de:Peter Wöllauer

de:Benutzer:Peter Wöllauer

title: User:Peter Wöllauer


text:
Ferdinand-Jean Darier

Ferdinand-Jean Darier (26 April 1856 – 1938 ) was a French physician, pathologist and dermatologist called the "father of modern dermatology in France".

Medical
Born in Pest, Hungary to French parents, Darier studied with Louis-Antoine Ranvier (1835–1922) at the Collège de France.

Darier discovered several diseases, most notably Darier's disease, a peculiar figurate erythema, which he identified in 1889 as psorodermose folliculaire végétante. The other diseases were a follicular keratosis (Darier-White syndrome), dermatofibrosarcoma (Darier-Ferrand disease), erythema annularis, subcutaneous sarcoidosis (Darier-Roussy sarcoid), and a sign, Darier's sign observed in mastocytosis.

From 1909 to 1922, Darier was head of the clinical department at the Hôpital Saint-Louis. He was one of the "big five" of the Paris School of Dermatology, along with Ernest Henri Besnier (1831–1909), Louis-Anne-Jean Brocq (1856–1928), Raymond Sabouraud (1864–1938) and Jean Alfred Fournier (1832–1915).

Darier wrote the dermatology textbook Précis de dermatologie, which was published in 1909 and translated into Spanish, German and English. He was also the editor of the dermatological encyclopedia Nouvelle Pratique Dermatologique, which was published in eight volumes, beginning in 1936.

Political
Besides his medical activities, Darier was the mayor of the town Longpont-sur-Orge from 1925 to 1935.

List of works

 * De l'artérite syphilitique (1904)
 * Précis de dermatologie (1909)
 * Nouvelle Pratique Dermatologique (1936)

title: Ferdinand-Jean Darier


text:
Dan Newman

Dan Newman (born January 16, 1963) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Mike Harris and Ernie Eves.

Background
Newman was educated at University College at the University of Toronto, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1987. From 1985 to 1995, he worked as manager of the Toronto Sun Publishing Corporation. Many would later accuse the Sun, a center right forum, of being uncritically supportive of the Mike Harris government. Newman also served as President of the Scarborough PC Association in 1992–93.

Politics
Newman was elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1995, defeating Liberal Mary Anne Plimbett and incumbent New Democrat Steve Owens in the riding of Scarborough Centre. The Tories won a majority government and Newman served as a backbench supporter of Mike Harris's government.

He was re-elected in the provincial election of 1999, defeating Liberal candidate Adrian Heaps and New Democrat Michael Yorke in the re-distributed riding of Scarborough Southwest.

On March 3, 2000, Newman was appointed to cabinet as Minister of the Environment. This appointment occurred just before a serious outbreak of E. coli poisoning in Walkerton, Ontario, in which several people died following the contamination of the town's water supply. Many blamed the Harris government's privatization of water inspection for the tragedy.

Newman, as Environment Minister, bore the brunt of this criticism and was forced to defend his government's policies before an increasingly skeptical public. In the aftermath of the tragedy, he announced a public investigation and stricter standards for municipal water treatment.

On February 8, 2001, Newman was appointed as Minister of Northern Development and Mines. When Ernie Eves replaced Harris as Premier on April 15, 2002, he named Newman as Associate Minister of Health and Long-Term Care.

Newman was defeated in the 2003 provincial election, losing to Liberal Lorenzo Berardinetti by almost 6,000 votes.

title: Dan Newman


text:
Talk:Unwritten Law (album)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Unwritten Law (album)


text: Category:Unwritten Law albums

title: Category:Unwritten Law albums


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Armstrong High School

Armstrong High School
Armstrong High School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Though named after somebody who is definitely notable, the school itself doesn't seem overly notable to me with the exception that it was the first school in a medium-sized city for African American students, but every city around during the times segregation has one of those. If I'm mistaken, I have no doubt that you all will correct me. :) -- ClockworkSoul 23:02, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If the article is true, the history is fascinating. - Lucky 6.9 23:07, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. WTF, why was this listed?!?  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 23:15, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely keep. DCEdwards1966 23:27, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - SimonP 23:57, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Certainly Wikipedic, interesting and of importance. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 00:36, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename to Armstrong High School (Richmond, VA) to differentiate it from the one in Armstrong, IL and the one in in Plymouth, MN and the one in Cumberland County, NC and the several in Canada and the etc. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 01:04, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: This should not have been tagged for deletion in the first place. Coolgamer 01:17, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Do not taunt or task nominators.  It was validly nominated, and the "shock" and horror of people who have decided that all "articles" on high schools of two words or more must be kept without improvement is wearying.
 * Unwarranted comment above left at 18:41, 10 Dec 2004 by User:Geogre. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 02:21, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Unnecessary comment by RaD Man. As I followed immediately after, it was all one piece.  Furthermore, I have consistently asked people to remember civility and not to go into theatrics about the fact that other well-meaning Wikipedians nominate articles.  Vote "keep," but please don't vote "keep" and follow with derogation about how awful the "deletionist trolls" are or how the nominator ought to take a Wikibreak, etc.  That kind of hectoring only turns VfD into a game of name calling where nothing is learned except that there are people with very poor attitudes.  Geogre 04:19, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * On occasion, everybody makes the overly strong comment. The true test of maturity is knowing when to let it go. ;) -- ClockworkSoul 05:03, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: The history associated with the school seems to set it apart from just any standard four-walled institution of secondary learning.  Geogre 01:41, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep despite the annoying gnashing of teeth on this page. Gamaliel 02:16, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Now this is a school that actually meets the high bar of school notability, unlike the banal articles that are being kept on completely unremarkable schools these days. Indrian 02:21, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Improv 03:22, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The above vote was left by User:Improv by way of template " ".  I have to question whether or not he even bothered  to read the article.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 15:46, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Guess what? I did. Thanks for asking. --Improv 23:05, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How is a voting template any different than someone who just types delete or keep? Are you going to challenge all those single word votes? Let's keep some semblance of civility here. Gamaliel 23:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's different because I provide a reason, which is what is suggested. Because I happen to generally use the same wording when it's the same reason to delete a certain group of articles is no reason to get upset. You can trust me to, of course, read articles I vote on (I vote to keep moderately often), as well as to tell people why I voted the way I did. What more do you want? --Improv 15:18, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only slightly more notable than the average school. --Carnildo 08:51, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 09:04, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a good article. Should perhaps be moved to a title that indicates its location, since there are other Armstrong High Schools. BTW, I don't think this is a much more than routinely notable school, I just think this is the rare case where the person who wrote the article zeroed in on notable enough things about the school to give us a worthwhile article. My feeling is that comparably decent articles could be written about most high schools, but rarely are. -- 09:42, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment and keep above left at 02:42, 11 Dec 2004 by User:Jmabel. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 15:46, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --JuntungWu 14:37, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If "it was the first school in Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, for African American students" is indeed true, it's notable enough. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 17:55, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article establishes notability. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel (" Sarah ")]] 20:17, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Spinboy 20:34, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously - David Gerard 03:57, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Yuckfoo 08:58, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep when compared to the other non-noteable schools listed here, this one rises above the others Fledgeling 18:52, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are inheritantly notable. --Andylkl 19:55, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 23:57, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dr Zen 02:34, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Pedro de Mendoza

Corrected information about the Grant
Could possibly add the map from [es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernación_del_Río_de_la_Plata_y_del_Paraguay here] to clarify the limits of the territory. The Spanish article has much more information on him, if anyone can translate it, but it doesn't seem to be a stub article either. -LlywelynII (talk) 07:33, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Birth Date
[] [] both sites peg his birthdate at sometime in 1487 and Britannica is more official seeming. Encarta also uses that date.[]. [This] is the one source I found that agrees with the dates here. -gren

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 00:28, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pedro de Mendoza


text:
Cellou Dalein Diallo

Cellou Dalein Diallo (born 3 February 1952 ) is a Guinean economist and politician who was Prime Minister of Guinea from 2004 to 2006. Previously he held a succession of ministerial posts in the government from 1996 to 2004. Currently he is President of the Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea (UFDG), an opposition party. He was a candidate in the 2020 Guinean presidential election but lost to incumbent Alpha Condé.

Background and early career
Diallo, a member of the Fula ethnic group, was born in Labé. He studied at the University of Conakry and the Center for Financial, Economic and Banking Studies in Paris, and in 1976 he became an inspector of trade. He began working at the Bank of Foreign Trade of Guinea in 1982, and from 1985 to 1995 he worked at the Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea.

After briefly working at the Administration and Control of Great Projects (l’Administration et Contrôle des Grands Projets, ACGP), Diallo joined the government in July 1996  as Minister of Transport, Telecommunications and Tourism. He was subsequently moved to the position of Minister of Infrastructure in October 1997, where he remained until he was appointed as Minister of Public Works and Transport on 12 March 1999. After UTA Flight 141, a flight from Guinea, crashed in Cotonou, Benin in December 2003, Diallo said that there was no proof that his ministry had been neglectful of safety and that he would not resign. Diallo served for five years as Minister of Public Works and Transport before being moved to the position of Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture on 23 February 2004.

Prime Minister
On 9 December 2004, Diallo was appointed as Prime Minister by President Lansana Conté. The position of Prime Minister had previously been vacant since April 2004 due to the resignation of François Lonseny Fall. Diallo took office as Prime Minister on 13 December.

Diallo—who speaks English in addition to French —played a role in the Conté regime. However, allegations of corruption coupled with disagreements with Conté's top associates, particularly Fodé Bangoura, the Secretary-General of the Presidency, and Mamadou Sylla, a wealthy businessman, culminated in Diallo's removal from his prime minister post.

On 4 April 2006, changes to the government which would have greatly increased Diallo's power were announced. These changes would have replaced a number of ministers with Diallo's own allies and would have placed Diallo personally in charge of several portfolios, including those of economy, finance, international cooperation, and planning. The decree approving the changes was said to be signed by President Conté, but it was later speculated that Conté might not have realized the significance of what he was signing at the time. A radio broadcast announcing the changes was interrupted by soldiers, which was said to be because Fodé Bangoura had not been notified in advance. On the next day, it was announced that Diallo's changes were reversed, and a few hours later it was announced that Diallo had been dismissed as prime minister "for serious misconduct".

Although there were subsequently reports that Diallo had been placed under house arrest, he denied this in an interview with IRIN and thanked Conté for maintaining confidence in him during his time in the government.

Opposition leader
On 8 November 2007, an opposition political party, the Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea (UFDG), announced that it had appointed Diallo as its president, succeeding Mamadou Boye Bah. After he took office as the group's leader, Diallo said on 15 November that he believed that Conté would not run in the 2010 presidential election; he also said that he "always maintained good relations with General Lansana Conté and his family".

Following the appointment of Ahmed Tidiane Souaré as prime minister, Diallo was present, along with other former ministers, when Souaré gave a press conference on 22 May 2008. On 28 May, he was one of the party leaders who met with Souaré to discuss the formation of a national unity government.

Conté died in December 2008 and soldiers immediately seized power in a military coup d'état. About 20 soldiers searched Diallo's home on 1 January 2009, while holding Diallo and his family at gunpoint. According to Diallo, the search was based on suspicions that Diallo might have weapons and mercenaries as part of a coup plot, but he said that the soldiers did not take anything from his home. A junta delegation met with Diallo on 2 January and condemned the search, saying that "uncontrollable elements out to hurt the junta" were to blame and that the junta had nothing to do with it. Diallo tried to hold a meeting in Kerouane in June 2009, but the junta did not allow him to do so; it also would not let him stay overnight in Kankan. After junta leader Moussa Dadis Camara suggested in August 2009 that he might stand as a presidential candidate in the planned 2010 election, Diallo urged him not to do so, saying that the election's "transparency and reliability ... require[d] the administration's neutrality and impartiality". After spending time in France and Senegal, he returned to Conakry on 13 September 2009 and was greeted at the airport by about 60,000 supporters.

On 28 September 2009, Diallo participated in a massive opposition protest in Conakry, which was directed against Camara's suspected aspirations to run for president in 2010. He was injured at the protest, in which soldiers opened fire on the protesters and allegedly killed 157 people; three of his ribs were reportedly broken. Subsequently, he was barred from leaving the country for medical treatment on 30 September, but soon afterwards he was transported to Dakar aboard the Senegalese presidential plane, and from there he was flown to Paris for treatment.

Diallo placed first in the first round of the 2010 presidential election, but he was defeated by Alpha Condé in the second round.

On 25 July 2015, Diallo was named as the UFDG's candidate for the 2015 presidential election at a party congress; he was also re-elected to lead the party for another five years.

The UFDG nominated Diallo as president in the 2020 Guinean presidential election. Diallo received only 33% of the vote but declared himself the victor. This prompted riots which led to over 30 deaths as well as barricades around Diallo's home and the UFDG's headquarters. Ten days after the election, Diallo's house arrest was lifted.

In September 2021, Cellou Dalein Diallo supports the putschists who carried out the 2021 coup.

title: Cellou Dalein Diallo