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William Madocks

William Alexander Madocks (17 June 1773 – 15 September 1828) was a British politician and landowner who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the borough of Boston in Lincolnshire from 1802 to 1820, and then for Chippenham in Wiltshire from 1820 to 1826. He is best known, however, for his activities as an agricultural improver in Gwynedd, especially around the towns of Porthmadog and Tremadog which he founded and which are named after him.

Biography
William Madocks was born in London on 17 June 1773 to middle-aged parents. He had two older brothers, John Edward, and Joseph, but his parents had suffered the death of two further infants after the birth of Joseph, who was ten by the time William was born. His father was John Madocks, a barrister at Lincoln's Inn, who would go on to become an eminent King's Counsel, and his mother was Frances. When he was christened at St Andrew's Church, Holborn, he was given the name William after his grandfather, and Alexander after Alexander the Great, rather than because it was a family name. Frances was the daughter of a London merchant called Joseph Whitchurch, who came from Loughborough in County Down, Ireland, although her mother was English and they lived at Twickenham.

The Madocks family had long associations with Wales, traceable back to the time of King Henry II, and William's father inherited property at Llangwyfan and near Wrexham. As he rose to prominence in the legal profession, the family moved to a substantial Jacobean house with its own private theatre in North Cray, Kent, as the Welsh properties were too far away. At the age of eleven, he went to Charterhouse boarding school, and spent five and a half years there, but left in December 1789, when it appears that the Founder's Day celebrations got out of hand, and William refused to submit to a flogging of the whole class. His father backed his stance, and he worked briefly in a country solicitor's office before going to university at Oxford. His father hoped that he might also pursue a career in the legal service.

While there was support for parliamentary reform, particularly among students, at the start of Madocks' university career, the events of the French Revolution resulted in Radicals being viewed with suspicion, and there was little support for reform. The Napoleonic Wars resulted in few of the gentry making grand tours of Europe, and travel to the remote parts of Britain, including the Lake District and Wales became popular. Madocks visited North Wales often, staying at the houses of the gentry. There was a tradition of house-parties and theatre, with Sir Watkin of Wynnstay holding a six-week season of plays each winter, at which Madocks and his brothers excelled. Joseph and William were noted for their duets, but the parties also offered lively discussion of land reclamation, landscaping and agricultural practices. Madocks' ideas on communities with a sense of purpose were shaped at this time by his brother's building of a house at Erith, where he also saw the benefits of reclaimed land, in this case former marshes by the River Thames.

In 1796 Madocks purchased the Dolmelynllyn estate, using inheritance from the death of his father. He paid £1550 for the farm and £950 for the timber and underwood. He created a ferme ornée (ornamental farm) there, where he entertained friends such as Thomas Love Peacock. He was attracted to the location due to its proximity to the waterfalls of Rhaeadr Ddu, Pistyll Cain and Rhaeadr Mawddach.

Tan-yr-Allt
In 1798, Madocks bought the Tan-yr-Allt estate, on the western bank of Traeth Mawr, a large expanse of sand and tidal marsh which formed the estuary of the Afon Glaslyn. He set about extending his property by reclaiming Penmorfa Marsh from the estuary, and assisted by the surveyor and civil engineer James Creassy, who had experience of land drainage schemes in the Lincolnshire Fens around Boston, built a semicircular 2 mi embankment, running parallel to the course of the river, to reclaim some 1082 acre of land. The embankment was between 11 and 20 ft high, and was made of sand, covered in turves. The project cost £3,000, and took 200 men with 150 barrows about six months to complete. He also supervised the construction of two catchwater drains and a large sluice, to drain the area behind the embankment. Madocks was growing wheat and rape on the reclaimed land in 1802, and planted barley and grass in 1803.

Traeth Mawr
In 1800, the British government and the Irish government both passed Acts of Parliament which created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Union with Ireland meant that there was a need for improved communication between the two countries, and Madocks was in favour of a route which crossed his estate, to reach Porthdinllaen, on the northern coast of the Llŷn Peninsula, which would provide the terminus for a ferry to Dublin. However, this route involved a crossing of the dangerous Traeth Mawr sands, near the mouth of the Afon Glaslyn, or a lengthy detour to the north to cross the river at the Aberglaslyn bridge. The alternative ferry route from Anglesey involved crossings of the River Conwy and the Menai Strait, bridges over both of which had not yet been built. Madocks therefore, emboldened by the success of his first embankment, revived a plan first proposed in 1625 by Sir Hugh Myddleton, and reconsidered in 1718 and 1770, for a more substantial stone-filled embankment across the mouth of the river Glaslyn. This would enclose some further 6000 acre whilst providing safe passage across the estuary.

Arrival of Williams
The Porthdinllaen Turnpike Trust Act was obtained in 1803, and in 1807 Madocks succeeded in steering the Porthdinllaen Harbour Bill through parliament. The improved harbour had been designed by the engineer Thomas Rogers, better known for building lighthouses. Madocks also began the building of a model town at Tremadog, which he planned himself. Madocks also promoted the building of turnpike roads, as part of his plan to open up the area and increase its prosperity. He was unable to devote all his time to his projects, as since 1802 he had been the Member of Parliament for Boston in Lincolnshire, and divided his time between Boston, London and Tan-yr-Allt. He needed someone to manage his projects, and although there were several capable candidates at Boston, he knew he needed someone with Welsh language skills and a Welsh temperament. John Williams, a gardener from Anglesey, had arrived in search of work in 1800, and having helped with the construction of the first embankment, went on to manage the gardens and nurseries of the Madocks estate. A partnership soon developed, and without Williams, most of Madocks' engineering schemes would probably have foundered.

Construction of Tremadog continued. In 1805, work began on a water-powered woollen mill, which was overseen by the engineer Fanshaw. It was one of the first such installations in North Wales, but Madocks was not impressed by Fanshaw, who was dismissed, and Williams took over, completing the 'manufactory' in 1806.

Madocks asked Creassy to design the planned embankment and dam across Traeth Mawr, and in early 1806, attempted to obtain an Act of Parliament to authorise it. The year started badly, as his older brother John died in March, which weakened Madocks' financial support, Creassy died, leaving the project with no engineer, and the bill was defeated in parliament. Despite this, Madocks made two further attempts to obtain an Act of Parliament in 1807, the second of which succeeded. He would be responsible for its cost, and would in return receive the enclosed sands and some rent from reclaimed marshland. Williams decided the alignment of the 1600 yd embankment, which would be 21 ft high, and five sluice gates, each 15 ft high, would allow the Glaslyn to discharge into the sea.

Construction of the Cob
The estimated cost of the stone embankment (known today as the Cob) was £23,500, and a workforce of between 200 and 300 men was engaged, which created problems with accommodating them and feeding them. Madocks hoped the work would be finished by May 1809, but the work proved to be more difficult than expected. Stones tipped into the water were carried away by the sands, and the work was battered by both the tides and the waters of the Glaslyn. Eventually, rush matting was used, to form a foundation onto which the stones could be tipped, a technique well known in Lincolnshire, but not so well known in Wales. Further progress was made using this method, but there were still two large gaps in the construction. The construction of stone piers to buttress the bank and the use of boats to dump stones into the gap helped, but the work was hampered by the Glaslyn, which should by this time have been diverted to a new course to reach the sluice gates at Ynys Tywyn at the Porthmadog end. As it had not yet been diverted, it still flowed down the middle of the estuary, and scoured the back of the embankment.

By this time, Madocks was in ill-health, and was being pursued in the courts for debts, but somehow remained enthusiastic, and in July 1811, the gap was finally closed. An impromptu celebration was held, which was reported in the North Wales Gazette. A more formal celebration was held in September, which included a four-day feast, horse racing at Morfa Bychan and an Eisteddfod, which included prizes for the best Welsh Poem on Agriculture and for playing the harp.

Parliament did not re-assemble until January 1812, and Madocks spent his time in Wales trying to resolve his financial affairs and to consolidate the embankment. As a Member of Parliament, he was immune from civil arrest while Parliament was in session, but only for forty days afterwards, and the long prorogation at the end of 1811 put him at risk of being thrown into Fleet Prison, as he was being ceaselessly pursued for debt, but the Under-Sheriff at Caernarfon was clerk to John Evans, Madocks' own solicitor, and so proceedings were conveniently delayed. With Parliament reconvened, Madocks worked on steering the Boston Harbour Bill through the House of Commons.

Disaster
Disaster struck in February 1812, when a storm and high tides breached the embankment. The cost of the project had been about £60,000, much more than Madocks' first estimate, and he was in no position to finance further work. Williams circulated the news in the region, and whereas many landowners and farmers had initially been hostile to the project, they now seemed to understand its importance, and volunteered any assistance they could give. In an effort to save his estate from creditors, the land was transferred to Madocks' brother Joseph and Alexander Murray, once the clerk of his father at Lincoln's Inn. Samual Girdlestone, to whom Madocks owed £30,000, obtained a warrant on 24 March, but by the time he arrived at the estate, the land had been transferred and only Madocks personal property remained. To prevent other creditors making the estate worthless, Girdlestone bought it at its valuation cost, and became the tenant of Tan-yr-Allt. All of Madocks personal effects were sold, but there is no hint of complaint in his subsequent letters. Madocks was effectively bankrupt, but was never declared to be so, and his Parliamentary immunity again saved him from prison. Finally, in 1814, the breach in the embankment was repaired, and it was open for traffic again.

In 1814, he had a severe attack of gout and rheumatism, but sold some property in Denbighshire and recovered enough to visit France. He returned, enthusiastic to complete a bridge over Traeth Bach, the estuary of the Afon Dwyryd, which would create a route from his embankment to Harlech and Trawsfynydd. In Parliament, he was vigorously opposing the property tax, which had been introduced to fund the war against Napoleon, and opposing the repeal of the habeas corpus Act, to prevent imprisonment without trial.

Marriage
The first hints of his growing affection for Eliza Anne Hughes, who had married Roderick Gwynne but had been widowed at 21, were communicated to Williams in late 1817. She lived on her father's estate at Tregunter, in Talgarth, and Madocks took an interest in the area, including the Brecon to Hay Railway and the Brecon Canal.

Madocks was again elected to Parliament by the people of Boston in 1818, but it was the last time he represented them, as later that year he married Eliza at Talgarth, and spent much more time at Tregunter. Still suffering from illness, the journey to Boston from Tregunter was difficult, and from the election of 1820 he represented Chippenham in Wiltshire. He became part of a family which included Eliza's sister, and got on very well with Eliza's daughter Eleanora, his abilities to sing, impersonate members of the government or neighbours, and organise the decoration of her bedroom proving to be great assets. 1818 concluded with a visit to Tremadog with his new family, on a scale which was rather less grandiose than former occasions, although he still instructed Williams to organise fireworks, balls and salutes of guns. Two years later, his brother Joseph died, which should have secured Madocks' future prosperity, as he stood to inherit £12,000 from a Trust set up by his father, but he already had plans for further schemes in North Wales.

Regional plan
Madocks had always had a regional plan in his mind, which involved improving communications and creating industry. At Blaenau Ffestiniog the quarrying and mining of slates was hampered by the difficulties of getting them to market. He had once tried to develop a port at Ynys Cyngar, some 2 mi from his embankment, now known as The Cob, but the effects of diverting the Glaslyn through its exit sluice were such that it had scoured out a conveniently deep channel by Ynys Tywyn, the island at the western end of the Cob. He had already built a canal from there to Tremadog, and the Ynys Tywyn location was now better suited for a harbour than Ynys Cyngar. He realised that a railway from Blaenau Ffestiniog could transport slates directly from the quarries to ships in the harbour, and set about obtaining Acts of Parliament to sanction both, but there was some local opposition to the schemes.

A route for the railway was surveyed in 1821 by George Overton, and another by William Provis in 1824, but neither was approved by Parliament. Nor was a second scheme by Provis in 1825. However, the harbour was authorised, and could be used by vessels up to 60 tons by late 1824. Williams was by this time the Director of Works for the newly named Port Madoc Harbour, and took on responsibility for the railway plans, as Madocks was suffering from jaundice. A rival scheme, backed by the banker Meyer Rothschild, was proposed to run down the Croesor Valley on the other side of the Moelwyn mountains, but included inclines over the hills to reach Blaenau Ffestiniog. The line proposed by Provis was rejected in Parliament, in favour of Rothschild's route, but then local landowners became suspicious of the rival scheme, and it too was defeated.

Fatherhood, ill health and death
Meanwhile, Madocks became a father when his daughter Eliza Anne Ermine was born. His business letters to Williams contained snippets of information about her progress. Williams also married at this time, and his wife was also expecting a baby. Tremadog was developing, and had received favourable mention in a Tour guide, which noted that Porthmadog harbour was now suitable for boats of 120 tons. With Madocks' health deteriorating, his wife decided he needed a long holiday.

A party left to visit France, Switzerland and Italy on 31 May 1826, consisting of Madocks, his wife, step-daughter, daughter, sister-in-law, a governess for Eliza, two maids and a manservant. After staying in Paris and Geneva, they spent the winter in Florence, arriving in Rome in May 1827, and soon moving on to Naples. Throughout the trip, Madocks was in regular communication with Williams, his letters covering many aspects of running the Tremadoc estate. He hoped to return to Wales in July 1827, but did not do so, and so for the first time in 25 years, was not elected as an MP in November 1827. Although the details of a disagreement between Williams and Madocks are lost, Williams decided to leave his job. Madocks wrote him a long letter, imploring him to stay, and assuming that he would, continued to correspond on the importance of diverting the Glaslyn and other matters. The holiday party arrived back in Rome in March 1828, where Madocks received a letter from Williams, who had obviously forgotten the quarrel, and Madocks immediately replied to express his joy and gratification at the content of the letter.

As they travelled homewards, Madocks' letters to Williams and to John Etheridge, who was managing the houses at Morfa Lodge and Tan-yr-Allt, were full of new ideas and instructions to ensure things would be ready for their return. He received a letter from Williams, written in March 1828, confirming that the Glaslyn had finally been diverted, to prevent it eroding the back of the embankment, and his reply to it is his last surviving letter. Having crossed Italy and Switzerland, the party stayed in Paris, where Madocks died on 15 September 1828. No mention of the cause of death appeared in any of his obituaries. He was buried on 17 September at Père Lachaise Cemetery, while a brass plaque was put up to his memory at St Mary's Church in Tremadog.

Legacy
Despite the chaotic state of his affairs, and the debts which took some years to resolve, he left a great legacy. In 1831, coastal duties on coal and slate were abolished, a cause for which he had fought for so long, and the revival of the slate industry began. In 1836, the Ffestiniog Railway opened, largely following Provis' route of 1825, and using the Cob to reach Porthmadog Harbour. 43,000 tons of slate were exported from Porthmadog in 1845. Porthmadog grew rapidly, but the scheme for Porthdinllaen Harbour foundered, superseded by Robert Stephenson's Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait, which opened up the route to Ireland via Holyhead. Tremadog did not grow much bigger, but has been studied by students of architecture and town planning many times. The Bill for Catholic Emancipation, another aim for which he had fought, was passed in 1829, and the first reformed parliament, which had been one of the main thrusts of his political career, was convened three years later.

Madocks' wife returned to Tregunter, while the Tremadog estate was divided between those who had assisted Madocks in his schemes. Williams continued to serve the local community, and organised a coming-of-age party for Madocks' daughter Eliza at Tremadog, in a style reminiscent of the great festivities on which Madocks was so keen. Porthdinllaen is now owned by the National Trust, while much of the earlier 1800 embankment was used as the route for the Croesor Tramway when it was built between 1862 and 1864. It is now used by the Welsh Highland Railway, and is regularly traversed by Garratt locomotives imported from the Alfred County Railway in South Africa.

title: William Madocks


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Paul Bracewell

Paul William Bracewell (born 19 July 1962) is an English former professional football player and manager.

Bracewell played as a midfielder. He was a member of the Everton side that won the League title in 1985 and 1987 as well as the European Cup Winner's Cup in 1985. He also played in the Premier League for Newcastle United and Sunderland and in the Football League with Stoke City and Fulham. He was capped three times by England and earned thirteen England U21 caps.

Following his retirement, he managed Fulham, before being replaced by Jean Tigana. He later had a spell in charge of Halifax Town but following his departure in 2001 he has not returned to management. He has since had several coaching roles at former side, Sunderland.

Club career
Bracewell was born in Heswall and started his football career with Stoke City progressing through the youth ranks at the Victoria Ground and made his professional debut away at Wolverhampton Wanderers just before his 18th birthday. He soon became a regular in the first team and went on to complete three full seasons before in June 1983 he moved to Sunderland for a fee of £250,000 linking up with Alan Durban. He made 141 appearances for Stoke scoring six goals.

Sunderland had an unsuccessful 1983–84 season and Durban was sacked by the Roker Park club and new manager Len Ashurst did not believe Bracewell could play for him and so sold him to Everton for £425,000. It was at Goodison Park where Bracewell enjoyed the most successful spell of his career. As part of a midfield that included Peter Reid, Kevin Sheedy and Trevor Steven, they won the 1984–85 Football League and also enjoyed success in Europe when they lifted the 1984–85 European Cup Winners' Cup. Such form prompted a call-up to the full England squad where he went on to win three caps but missed out on a place in Bobby Robson's 1986 World Cup squad with a broken leg. Bracewell also played in four losing FA Cup Finals, the last of which came following his return to Sunderland in 1992. This is a record for the most FA Cup Final appearances by a player without winning.

He left Sunderland for the second time to join archrivals Newcastle United but returned to Wearside in 1995 and helped Sunderland gain promotion to the Premier League. Unable to keep down a place in the years that followed, Bracewell reunited with his former Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan at Fulham in 1997. He retired from playing football in 1999 to take up a Managerial role at Fulham.

International career
In 1985, he earned three England caps.

Managerial career
In September 1997, Bracewell took a similar role with ambitious Division Two club Fulham, working under head coach Ray Wilkins and director of football Kevin Keegan. When Wilkins was dismissed at the end of the season, Keegan took sole charge of the first team and kept Bracewell as his assistant. Keegan accepted the offer to become England national football team manager in March 1999, but remained in charge of the Fulham team until the end of that season, guiding them to the Division Two title with 101 points, before quitting as Fulham manager. Bracewell was promoted to the position of manager, and despite them competing in the top half of Division One throughout the campaign, he was dismissed on 30 March 2000 in favour of the more experienced Jean Tigana, who achieved promotion to the Premier League a year later. He scored once during his spell with Fulham in a 2–0 win against Wycombe Wanderers in September 1998.

In October 2000 he became manager of Halifax Town although his stint there lasted less than a year. He resigned from the club 4 games into the 2001/02 season. During his brief spell in charge he steered to the team to just 11 wins in 41 games, which included a 2–0 home FA cup exit at the hands of non league Gateshead.

Coaching career
In 2013, he was appointed as Development Coach for the Sunderland Under 21s and 18s and helped with the transition between the two. In June 2015, after assisting Dick Advocaat with first team duties at the end of the 2014–15 season, he was appointed First Team Coach at Sunderland, and shortly afterwards was promoted to the role of Assistant Manager. He left his role with Sunderland on 17 June 2017.

Bracewell is currently an elite development coach at Tottenham Hotspur's academy and a consultant for the Grow Football app.

Honours

 * Football League Division One: 1984–85
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1984–85

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1997–98 Second Division

title: Paul Bracewell


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James Heartfield

James Heartfield (born 1961) is a British lecturer and historian.

Life
Heartfield has written a number of books on the history of the British Empire, including The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (2016) and The Blood-Stained Poppy: A critique of the politics of commemoration (2019). Heartfield has written for ArtReview, Blueprint, Spiked Online, and the Times Education Supplement. His Ph.D. thesis (awarded by the University of Westminster) was published as The European Union and the End of Politics, in 2013. In May 2006, with Julia Svetlichnaja, he interviewed the Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko. Heartfield worked as a vaccinator during the Coronavirus pandemic.

Politics
In 2002 he helped set up the Audacity campaign for more house-building. Heartfield stood as a candidate for the Brexit Party in the 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom for Yorkshire and the Humber but did not gain a seat.

Personal life
He lives in north London and is married with two daughters.

Publications

 * Britain's Empires: A History, 1600–2020 London, Anthem Press, 2022
 * The Blood-Stained Poppy: A critique of the politics of commemoration London, Zer0 Books, 2019
 * The Equal Opportunities Revolution London, Repeater Books, 2017
 * The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society London Hurst Books/Oxford University Press, 2016
 * Who's Afraid of the Easter Rising? (with Kevin Rooney), London Zer0, Books, 2015
 * The European Union and the End of Politics London, Zer0 Books, 2013
 * British Workers & the US Civil War London, Reverspective, 2013
 * Unpatriotic History of the Second World War London, Zer0 Books, 2012
 * The Aborigines' Protection Society: Humanitarian Imperialism in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Canada, South Africa, and the Congo, 1836–1909 Hurst (London), and Columbia University Press (New York), 2011
 * Green Capitalism: manufacturing scarcity in an age of abundance, Openmute, 2008
 * Let's Build! Why we need Five Million Homes in the next 10 Years (Audacity, 2006)
 * Escape the Creative Ghetto, with Chris Powell, NESTA, 2006
 * Creativity Gap Blueprint, 2005
 * The "Death of the Subject" Explained Sheffield Hallam University Press, 2002
 * Great Expectations: the creative industries in the New Economy London, Design Agenda, 2000
 * Need and Desire in the Post-material Economy Sheffield Hallam University Press, 1998
 * Sustaining Architecture in the Anti-Machine Ageco-editor with Ian Abley, London, John Wiley, 2002.

title: James Heartfield


text: Category:419 births

title: Category:419 births


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Richard crossley

Richard crossley
Richard crossley was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Vanity. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 11:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * delete vanity. No all music guide entry. Dunc|☺ 11:40, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Although I vote delete on this article, I should point out that AllMusicGuide is all but useless as a criterion for non-US artists - David Gerard 23:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete notability not apparent. Tuf-Kat 11:42, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the DJ... delete the DJ... delete the DJ... delete the DJ... Wyss 21:51, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Jayjg 22:43, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - David Gerard 23:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Medical professional

gadd!!! how does this page relate to healthcare professional I think the two should be merged. any comments? Erich 11:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medical professional


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Pantomime horse

A pantomime horse is a theatrical representation of a horse or other quadruped by two actors in a single costume who cooperate and synchronize their movements. One actor plays the front end, including the horse's head and its front legs, in a more-or-less upright posture and with a reasonable field of view afforded by eye holes in the horse's head. The other actor, playing the rear end of the animal, must bend at the waist so that their torso is horizontal like that of a horse and put his arms around the waist of the first actor. They can see little, although there are normally eye holes in the bottom part of the horse's torso to enable them to see where they are putting their feet and to enable them to breathe.

Pantomime horses and cows feature in Christmas pantomimes, mainly in the United Kingdom.

History
The progenitors of the pantomime horse costume were the centaur and the ass, costumes used in ancient Greek and Roman revels, which carried on to commedia dell'arte shows. However, the two-person comic variant of the horse or donkey costume was introduced in the late 19th century. It remained popular throughout the mid-20th century, becoming an "icon of comedy" that entered into the British imagination and the English language.

The "grandfather" of the modern pantomime horse was the Blondin Donkey, introduced at the Royal Holborn theatre in 1885 by the acrobatic Griffiths brothers, Fred and Joe, and named after the tightrope walker who was famous for crossing Niagara Falls. A different horse known as Pogo the Performing Horse and worn by a father-and-son team became a popular panto feature and appeared at the London Coliseum in 1923.

British character actor, Colin Gordon began his stage career as the back end of a pantomime horse in a 1934 production of "Toad of Toad Hall".

Types
Panto horse costumes range from low-cost, "ready-to-wear" fabric versions to more complex puppet suits that have moving features operated with special wires from within. The most basic costumes have a sheet-like body that is draped over the wearers, while professional costumes have a closed body that often contains a padded frame to conform it to a certain shape. These costumes usually separate into two halves with a sealable seam down the middle of the body.

Other types of similar costumes include pantomime cows, zebras, and camels. Many modern-day pantomime horses are used in charity "horse" races, such as the London Pantomime Horse Race in Greenwich, London, an annual world-famous race-day event.

In pop culture
Pantomime horses and pantomime cows feature in Christmas pantomimes, mainly in the United Kingdom. A skilled pair of performers can dance as a pantomime horse. Pantomime horses feature prominently in an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus titled "Blood, Devastation, Death, War and Horror". In the "Merchant Banker" sketch, two pantomime horses are forced to fight to the death for their job. Another sketch features a pantomime horse as a James Bond-esque secret agent, chasing its enemy around the world in cars, rickshaws, and even riding actual horses. The episode also features a pantomime goose and a pantomime dame Princess Margaret, which later appeared in the video for the George Harrison song "Crackerbox Palace".

A song on British pop group Suede's eponymous debut album is called "Pantomime Horse".

The American late-night talk-show host Craig Ferguson has a recurring sketch with a pantomime horse named after Secretariat that originally appeared every time a doorbell rang, accompanied by a frenzied dance performed by onlookers who rapidly and repeatedly extend their arms. The horse first appeared on October 11, 2010. When the program moved to a new studio, an on-set stable was built for Secretariat. This pantomime Secretariat has begun to appear on other CBS programs.

title: Pantomime horse


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Function prototype

In computer programming, a function prototype is a declaration of a function that specifies the function's name and type signature (arity, data types of parameters, and return type), but omits the function body. While a function definition specifies how the function does what it does (the "implementation"), a function prototype merely specifies its interface, i.e. what data types go in and come out of it. The term "function prototype" is particularly used in the context of the programming languages C and C++ where placing forward declarations of functions in header files allows for splitting a program into translation units, i.e. into parts that a compiler can separately translate into object files, to be combined by a linker into an executable or a library. The function declaration precedes the function definition, giving details of name, return type, and storage class along with other relevant attributes.

Function prototypes can be used when either:

 * Defining an ExternalType
 * Creating an Interface part

In a prototype, parameter names are optional (and in C/C++ have function prototype scope, meaning their scope ends at the end of the prototype), however, the type is necessary along with all modifiers (e.g. if it is a pointer or a reference to const parameter) except const alone.

In object-oriented programming, interfaces and abstract methods serve much the same purpose.

Example
Consider the following function prototype:

or

or

Function prototypes include the function signature, the name of the function, return type and access specifier. In this case the name of the function is "Sum". The function signature defines the number of parameters and their types. The return type is "void". This means that the function is not going to return any value. Note that the parameter names in the first example are optional.

Uses
In early versions of C, if a function was not previously declared and its name occurred in an expression followed by a left parenthesis, it was implicitly declared as a function that returns an  and nothing was assumed about its arguments. In this case the compiler would not be able to perform compile-time validity checking of the number and type(s) of arguments. The C99 standard requires the use of prototypes.

The function MyFunction expects to be called with an integer argument. By including the function prototype, you inform the compiler that the function takes one integer argument and you enable the compiler to catch incorrectly specified calls.

Creating library interfaces
By placing function prototypes in a header file, one can specify an interface for a library.

Class declaration
In C++, function prototypes are also used in class definitions.

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USS Guerriere

Two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Guerriere, after HMS Guerriere (1806) which USS Constitution had defeated in battle during the War of 1812.

 * USS Guerriere (1814) was a frigate launched in 1814. She saw service in the Second Barbary War and was decommissioned in 1831
 * USS Guerriere (1865) was a frigate launched in 1865. She served in the American Civil War and was decommissioned in 1872.

title: USS Guerriere


text:
User talk:Helen woods

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 11:27, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Helen woods


text:
Mirsad Hibić

Mirsad Hibić (born 11 October 1973) is a Bosnian retired professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

Club career
At club level, he played for NK Čelik Zenica, Hajduk Split, Sevilla FC, and Atlético Madrid, before retiring in January 2004.

International career
Hibić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an April 1996 friendly match against Albania and has earned a total of 36 caps (14 as captain), scoring no goals. His final international was an April 2004 friendly against Finland.

Personal life
Hibić resides in Zenica with his family.

title: Mirsad Hibić


text:
User talk:Agurzil~enwiki

Algeria
Are you talking about Algeria article? The stuff that you added is already covered in NPOV language under the header "Status of religious freedom." No need to add a POV header and repeat that information in POV language. Also, post comments on the bottom of the page. OneGuy 08:44, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I used the word "Vandalism" for anon who deleted material from an IP in Cairo. Are you telling me that you are the same person posting for that IP in Cairo? OneGuy 08:48, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Kabyle Wikipedia?
You might want to look at Requests for new languages... - Mustafaa 08:40, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Algeria news
As the only other Algerian here (?), you might be interested in Wikiportal/Algeria... - Mustafaa 19:54, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wikimania
Hi

I would like to contact you to talk to you about Wikimania and generally speaking your involvement as a african editor. Could you contact me at Anthere9 AT yahoo.com ?

Thanks in advance

Anthere 29 June 2005 14:05 (UTC)

Kabyle
Could you give an indication of your proficiency in Kabyle at the request for the Kabyle Wikipedia. If you are a native speakers it should be set up as soon as possible... Guaka 29 June 2005 14:47 (UTC)

Image:Kabylie.png
Thank you for uploading Image:Kabylie.png. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. --Admrboltz 4 July 2005 20:30 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Juba2 bust 2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Juba2 bust 2.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by going to "Your contributions" from your user page and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Agnte 22:45, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Kabyle Wikipedia
The request for Kabyle Wikipedia is still pending. A native user (or another, if you are one) had also declared will to join. If you make a contact, it should possibly be set up soon. Otherwise, it will become an abortive request. Behemoth 20:49, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Image:Liamine zeroual.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Liamine zeroual.jpg. The licensing tag on the image is deprecated and pending deletion. If an acceptable license tag is not added soon, the image will be subject to deletion. Please note that images for non-commecial use only are not acceptable for Wikipedia. Feel free to ask if you have any questions. Thanks,  Pagra shtak  01:32, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Kabyles.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kabyles.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 22:33, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Kabyle userbox
Hello --

I noticed that you come from Kabylie. I've made two Kabyle user boxes: native speaker and level 5. They're both in English, as I don't speak enough Kabyle to translate them. Here they are:

If you can improve them, feel free. :)

hibou 15:51, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Kabyle language
Nice work!!! Khoikhoi 06:16, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Kabyle Wikipedia
Hello Agurzil. You are listed on the request for a Kabyle Wikipedia as interested in contributing to its content. Congratulations and thank you! The language subcommittee has decided that the requested wiki is viable. Since there is no existing wiki in this language, we need your help translating the user interface before we can create a Kabyle wiki. If you'd like to help, please see "Localization" on the request talk page. Thanks again. — {admin} Pathoschild 05:19:40, 01 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Azul, I have put some opinions about Kabyle writing and WP interface (the one s-tqbaylit of course :)) in Localization. Can you have a peek when you want ? Regards. Ayadho 08:01, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Kabyle language
Azul fell-ak,

I see there is a good work in this article. When I've some time, I will translate it for the french Wikipedia. Thanks. Ayadho 07:59, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

kab.wiki
Azul ay Agurzil! I'm very happy that kab.wiki has finally started. Up to now it seems that not many contributors are working but I hope they will shortly begin to make kab.wiki a true online encyclopedia. Just a question. I see that you are transferring many articles from incubator to kab.wiki, but it seems to me that some of those articles are not suitable since they come from already existing sites (and often are signed, which is not the wiki policy), so they probably are bound to copyright and cannot be released under GFDL. What's your opinion on this subject? Tanemmirt --Vermondo 10:02, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the quick answer. Anyway, I think that the permission should be overtly expressed somehow, for instance in the discussion page of the relevant article (where one could write the name of the author, if any, instead of within the article itself). I hope that the permission of using the texts includes that of modifying them (for instance, I often see some hints at "we", "our" etc. meaning "us, the Kabyle people", which is not a NPOV and should be modified). --Vermondo 10:23, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Kabylie.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Kabylie.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 22:12, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Kabyle
Please stop replacing Kabyle with Berber or Amazigh. The Kabayle people DO not associate with other groups that are inaccurately labeled Berber. The Kabyles have nothing in common with the other groups. Please respect their identity. YousefD 16:27, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Page perso
My personal page is here. You can find a lot about me, but little about my approach with taqbaylit. It's a long story (it began when a Kabyle came to Milan in order to study there: we met and got acquainted. He soon came back to tmurt but I kept studying this language and its literary masterpieces). Anyway, you can find some isefra of mine here and some political thoughts here. --Vermondo

Berber Scouting
Can you help render "Be Prepared", the Scout Motto, into Tifinagh? Thanks! Chris 17:38, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, I posted a proposal you might like at WikiProject Council/Proposals. Chris 09:27, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Typo redirect Lalla Fatma n Soumer,
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Lalla Fatma n Soumer,, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Lalla Fatma n Soumer, is a redirect page resulting from an implausible typo (CSD R3). To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Lalla Fatma n Soumer,, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 21:31, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Berbers
We're up and running! Please visit and contribute at WikiProject Berbers! Thanks! Chris (クリス • フィッチ) (talk) 05:29, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Image:Berbers.png
A tag has been placed on Image:Berbers.png requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section I8 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is available as a bit-for-bit identical copy on the Wikimedia Commons under the same name, or all references to the image on Wikipedia have been updated to point to the title used at Commons.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Sdrtirs (talk) 00:30, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

A little help
Hi! I would like to request something from you. I1m very proud of my village, and it has already 67 translations on the Wikipedia. Could you translate it into your Berber langauge? You can use the English or the French version. If it is importamtn, the pronunciation of my village is "Echer" (English version) or "Aitchaire" (French version) (with English "ch", like the French "tch"), but was written like Ecser. Thank you / Merci! - hu:User:Eino81 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eino81 (talk • contribs) 08:21, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Agurzil! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 01:19, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Abdelmadjid Sidi Said -
 * 2) Hocine Aït Ahmed -

Hello Agurzil
we are looking for someone who could translate and upload on Kabyle Wikipedia this page. Can you please help us ? Thanks !--Aeron10 (talk) 19:37, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Siwi people

A tag has been placed on Siwi people requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article or image appears to be a clear copyright infringement. This article or image appears to be a direct copy from http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=14958&rog3=EG. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. If you are not the owner of the external website or image but have permission from that owner, see Requesting copyright permission. You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Agurzil. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Agurzil~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:40, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:14, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Tunisian Arabic
Dear User,

As you are one of the contributors to Tunisian Arabic. You are kindly asked to review the part about Domains of Use and adjust it directly or through comments in the talk page of Tunisian Arabic.

Yours Sincerely,

--Csisc (talk) 13:00, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Massinissa Guermah

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''' This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. ''' Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Agurzil~enwiki


text:
Category:News

This category covers the activity of reporting news. For a list of recent events in the news, see Category:Current events.

title: Category:News


text:
Railways in Adelaide

The rail network in Adelaide, South Australia, consists of four lines (six including two short spurs) and 89 stations, totalling 132 km. It is operated by Keolis Downer under contract from the Government of South Australia, and is part of the citywide Adelaide Metro public transport system.

All lines around Adelaide were originally broad gauge. The main interstate lines out of Adelaide towards Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Darwin have been progressively converted to, but the suburban system and a few freight-only country railway lines to the Mid North remain broad-gauge.

Operators
Rail services around Adelaide are provided by a mixture of private and government-owned organisations.

The Department for Infrastructure & Transport (DIT) owns the suburban passenger rail network, comprising six lines originating from Adelaide railway station on North Terrace in the CBD. Since January 2021, operation of the network has been contracted to Keolis Downer.

The Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC), an agency of the Federal Government, owns standard gauge interstate lines heading north and south, together with the dual gauge freight-only branch from Dry Creek to Port Adelaide and Pelican Point. The ARTC lines bypass the city to the west and do not enter the CBD. The ARTC network extends from Adelaide towards Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Darwin and is used by substantial interstate freight traffic.

Freight trains are operated by a number of private operators, which have access agreements with rail network owners such as the ARTC. The largest of these is Pacific National, which handles the majority of interstate traffic and has the largest locomotive fleet. Other logistics companies also operate freight trains to and from interstate destinations and within South Australia.

Aurizon owns the remaining broad-gauge lines beyond the Adelaide suburban network. They were a handful of lines that were used mainly to move bulk grain and stone from the Barossa Valley and mid-north region of the state to the Port Adelaide area.

Journey Beyond is a private company operating long-distance interstate passenger trains on the ARTC's standard gauge lines, and run from the Adelaide Parklands Terminal, just west of the CBD. Journey Beyond's trains are the Indian Pacific to Sydney and Perth, The Ghan to Alice Springs and Darwin, The Overland to Melbourne and the seasonal Great Southern to Brisbane. There have been no intrastate regional passenger services in South Australia since 1990.

There are presently two heritage railways in South Australia run by volunteers, but none of these are in the Adelaide area. SteamRanger is based at Mount Barker and runs services through to Victor Harbor. The Pichi Richi Railway is considerably more distant from Adelaide, based at Quorn, and runs services through to Port Augusta.

Early days
In 1856, the first steam train ran between Adelaide and Port Adelaide, stopping at Bowden, Woodville and Alberton. Soon after, a 40 km line was built from the Gawler to Adelaide to cater for the agricultural and mining industries.

The South Line, through the Adelaide Hills, opened to Aldgate, then Nairne in 1883, and extended to Bordertown in 1886. The first through train between Adelaide and Melbourne – The Intercolonial Express – ran on 19 January 1887, and was the first intercapital rail journey in Australia without changing trains at a break-of-gauge station. Most of the lines around Adelaide were built before 1900.

The Webb Era
Despite the earlier geographic expansion, by 1920 the infrastructure and rolling stock of South Australian Railways (SAR) had become run down, inadequate and outdated. Many of the operating practices, such as train control and signalling, were backward by the standards of the time.

However the 1920s saw substantial and expensive improvements in most facets of the SAR's operations under the leadership of Railways Commissioner William Webb. Webb was an American who had substantial operational experience with US railroads, and served as Commissioner between 1922 and 1930.

During his reign, track, bridges, railway workshops, rolling stock and especially steam locomotives were all modernised and upgraded along essentially American lines. Adelaide station was rebuilt with a handsome sandstone building as a showpiece of the city on North Terrace. The building still stands; the lower level remains as the railway station, but the upper levels have been converted into a casino.

In 1929, one of the original broad-gauge steam railways to the beach-side suburb of Glenelg was transferred to the Municipal Tramways Trust, electrified and converted to a tramway. The Glenelg tram line is still in operation.

SAR, STA and AN
From early colonial days up until 1978, the SAR had built and operated most of the railway system within the state.

The Commonwealth Railways (CR), owned by the Federal Government, also had a significant role in the northern part of SA, with lines from Port Augusta across the Nullarbor Plain to Kalgoorlie, and to Marree and Alice Springs. None of its lines came close to Adelaide.

During the early 1970s, the Whitlam Federal Government proposed a strategy to nationalise and standardise the various state rail systems around Australia. South Australia and Tasmania were the only states to participate in this initiative and negotiations were long and drawn out. The result was that in March 1978 the SAR became defunct and South Australia's railways were split between Commonwealth and State Government ownership.

A new Commonwealth Government organisation, Australian National Railways Commission (ANR), took over all the former SAR and CR track in South Australia outside the metropolitan area. Other rail facilities such as property and workshops were also transferred to ANR. ANR become Australian National (AN) as it refined its corporate identity.

The State Government retained ownership and control of tracks and trains in the Adelaide suburban area under the auspices of the State Transport Authority (STA). The STA had been created in 1974 to co-ordinate all public transport in South Australia.

In 1994, the STA was abolished and reformed as the government-owned corporate body TransAdelaide as a prelude to competitive tendering for operation of bus and rail services in metropolitan Adelaide. TransAdelaide subsequently lost all its bus services to private operators, but has retained the contracts to operate train and tram services.

In November 1997, AN was broken up and sold as part of a Federal Government privatisation agenda. Track, workshops, depots and passenger and freight operations were sold to various private organisations, which has led to today's operational structure described in an earlier section.

Noarlunga and Tonsley Line electrification
In 2008, the South Australian government announced, in collaboration with the Federal government, a plan to upgrade and electrify the Noarlunga line (now Seaford line) and Tonsley line (now Flinders line); the Belair line was also partially electrified as far as Goodwood to allow for electric train movements. Work on electrification began in January 2013 with the Belair line completed in mid-July 2013, and electric train services beginning in February 2014 on the recently-extended Seaford Line.

Gawler Line electrification
Previously cancelled in 2013, electrification of the Gawler line was announced in 2018. Though Stage 1 electrification as far as Salisbury was initially planned, a $220 million grant from the Federal Government also allowed for Stage 2 electrification on the remainder of the line to proceed. Works commenced in November 2019, and after many delays electric train services began on 12 June 2022.

Port Dock railway line extension
In 2022, the Department for Infrastructure and Transport announced that train services would be reinstated to Port Dock on the Outer Harbor line with the construction of a new spur line and station to begin in late 2023. Despite the project only delivering one additional station, which spurs off from the Outer Harbor line after Alberton station, the opening of Port Dock will bring Adelaide Metro's total number of lines up to seven, and will be the first new railway line constructed on the network since the opening of the to Flinders Link extension in 2020. The line is set to reopen in late August 2024.

Seaford line extension to Aldinga Beach
In 2019, Renewal SA delivered a Draft Structure Plan of a 94 hectare area of land in Aldinga which is set to include a new school and a railway station as an extension of the Seaford line.

Gawler line extension to Concordia
The SA government has allocated $10 million to explore extending Adelaide's rail line further north and south of the city including a possible extension of the Gawler line to the new proposed city of Concordia, 7 kilometers northeast of Gawler.

Underground city centre link
Infrastructure SA intends to complete electrification of the Gawler line, and analyse feasibility of an underground rail link in the CBD between the northern and southern railway lines.

Closed lines

Adelaide's passenger rail network decreased in size during the later half of the 20th century, with the closure of several lines and branches, including:

 * Dry Creek–Port Adelaide line: opened 1868 (last passenger service in 1988; now freight only)
 * Finsbury line: Woodville to Gillman Junction, 1940–1978
 * Northfield line: Dry Creek to Northfield, 1857–1987
 * Penfield line: Salisbury to Penfield 3, 1941–1991
 * Semaphore line: Port Adelaide to Semaphore, 1878–1978
 * Willunga line: Hallett Cove to Willunga, 1915–1969 (now the Coast to Vines Rail Trail)
 * Henley Beach railway line: Grange to Henley Beach, 1894-1957
 * Bridgewater railway line: Belair to Bridgewater, 1883-1987

title: Railways in Adelaide


text:
LACP

LACP may stand for:

 * League of American Communications Professionals, an organization encouraging quality in communications
 * Link Aggregation Control Protocol, an Ethernet protocol that allows the bundling of several ports
 * Los Angeles County Police
 * Lateral Assessment & Certification Program (LACP), a standardized coding protocol used by pipe inspectors when surveying lateral connections

title: LACP


text:
Elvir Baljić

Elvir Baljić (born 8 July 1974) is a Bosnian professional football manager and former player.

As a player, Baljić's biggest success was winning the UEFA Champions League with Spanish giant Real Madrid in the 1999–2000 season. Apart from the UEFA Champions League success, he also won the Turkish Süper Lig with Fenerbahçe in the 2000–01 season.

After ending his playing career, he became an assistant manager of Safet Sušić at the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team, with whom he qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He was then, the manager of back then TFF First League club Karabükspor in 2015. After Karabükspor, Baljić was also an assistant of Sušić at Alanyaspor in 2017 and at Akhisarspor in 2018.

On 1 October 2019, he was named the new manager of Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City, officially taking over that position a day later. He left the club on 9 March 2020, terminating his contract.

Early career
Born in Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia, Baljić began his career with hometown club Željezničar, but in 1993, during the Bosnian War, he signed for FK Sarajevo. During his time with Sarajevo, he played eleven games, and scored eight goals.

Later, he moved to Turkey where he played for Bursaspor. Baljić was the best player at the club for several seasons, which made him an interesting target for the best Turkish clubs.

Fenerbahçe
In the summer of 1998, Baljić signed a contract with Turkish giants Fenerbahçe for a €9.3 million transfer fee. He spent a season at the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium scoring 18 goals in 30 appearances as the club finished the season in third place.

Real Madrid
Baljić's stellar performances at Fenerbahçe made the 25-year-old a target for various European clubs. Still, his €26 million transfer to Real Madrid under club president Lorenzo Sanz during summer 1999 caused a major surprise. The signing was initiated by Real Madrid's head coach John Toshack who knew Baljić well from Istanbul as the Welshman coached Beşiktaş while the Bosnian starred for Fenerbahçe. For more than a decade, the transfer fee paid by Real to Fenerbahçe for Baljić stood as the biggest sum of money paid for a player from ex-Yugoslavia, until Edin Džeko's January 2011 move from VfL Wolfsburg to Manchester City for £27 million (€32 million).

Just before the start of the 1999-2000 season in Spanish top flight, Baljić suffered rupture of both pairs of cruciate ligaments in his left knee, anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL), after which he underwent surgery and was put off the field for prolonged rehabilitation. Subsequent loss of form caused Baljić's Real stint to turn sour pretty much immediately. Throughout the 1999–00 season, he made only 11 league appearances (8 of them as substitute), scoring just 1 goal. He never managed to secure a first team place, and the November 1999 sacking of Toshack followed by the arrival of new head coach Vicente del Bosque, marginalized Baljić even further. At the season's end, del Bosque included Baljić in the 18-man squad he took to Paris for the 2000 Champions League Final, but did not give him a single minute of action as Real beat compatriots Valencia CF.

During the 2000 summer transfer window, Baljić was sent back to Fenerbahçe on a loan deal.

Loan spells at Fenerbahçe and Rayo Vallecano
Baljić spent the entire 2000–01 season back at his old stomping grounds with Fenerbahçe. He simultaneously managed to recover some of his old form with 5 goals in 27 league appearances as Fenerbahçe won the Turkish Süper Lig.

In the following 2001–02 season, he got a chance to showcase his abilities closer to the club that still held his rights as he got loaned to Rayo Vallecano in La Liga, based within the city of Madrid. Baljić actually insisted on joining Rayo due to its proximity to Real as he had his eye on getting a fresh opportunity with the big club in the future. For their part, Real Madrid obliged and managed to hammer out a loan deal with Rayo. Also, there he joined countrymen and friends Elvir Bolić and Emir Granov, which Baljić cited as another reason he wanted to be at Rayo. At times they formed a forward line 'Baljić, Bolić and Bolo' along with a Basque who also had a similar name. However, the move did not do much to improve Baljić's standing at the Bernabéu as more injuries, poor form, and even disciplinary issues followed with only one league goal from 10 appearances.

During the 2002 summer transfer window, Baljić's Real contract was terminated and he again transferred back to Turkey - this time to Galatasaray. Due to his substantial price tag and the subsequent high-profile failure at Madrid, Baljić's acquisition by Real features consistently and prominently on various "worst-ever signing" lists.

Galatasaray and later career
Baljić turned just 28 years of age when he began his Galatasaray stint, but it soon became clear his best days were far behind him. His form was average at best and his overall interest in football seemed to be decreasing by the day. He said that he would retire on several occasions, but every time he would come back.

In December 2004, he left Galatasaray and in January 2005, signed with Konyaspor. After only half a season at Konyaspor, Baljić left the club and took a break from football at only the age of 31.

Baljić came back to the sport in January 2006, when he signed for Turkish side MKE Ankaragücü. In the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, he played for İstanbulspor, before deciding to finish his career in July 2008 at the age of 34.

International career

Baljić's international career was prolific. He made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an April 1996 friendly match against Albania and has earned a total of 38 caps, scoring 14 goals. He will be remembered as the first, and for now only, player who scored four goals in a single official match for Bosnia and Herzegovina, in an away game of the Group 9, during the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifications, between Estonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 9 October, just a couple of weeks after he signed a contract with Real Madrid. The final result was 1–4. His final international was a March 2005 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Lithuania.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Almost two years after finishing his playing career, in February 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina's national team manager Safet Sušić revealed that Baljić would be one of his assistants. While as an assistant, Baljić was part of the historic achievement of the national team, which was qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Baljić left the national team in 2014 with Sušić's departure.

Karabükspor
On 2 October 2015, Baljić became the new manager of Turkish TFF First League club Karabükspor. Less than three months later, on 21 December 2015, he resigned from the position of Karabükspor manager after a 3–0 loss against Adanaspor, which was the club's third loss in a row in all competitions and second in a row in the league.

Konyaspor and Akhisarspor
During 2017 and 2018, Baljić had a roll as assistant manager of Safet Sušić again, and during that period, was the assistant at Süper Lig club Konyaspor in 2017 and one more Süper Lig club Akhisarspor in 2018.

Tuzla City
On 1 October 2019, it was announced that Baljić became the new manager of Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City. The next day, on 2 October, Baljić officially took over the role of manager of Tuzla City, signing a three-year contract with the club. In his first game as Tuzla City manager, the club beat Zvijezda 09 at home 3–0 in a league match on 5 October 2019. He suffered his first loss with Tuzla on 19 October 2019, after the club lost to Radnik Bijeljina at home 0–3 in another league match.

In his first Tuzla derby, Baljić's team drew against city rivals Sloboda Tuzla 1–1 on 30 November 2019. On 9 March 2020, Baljić decided to terminate his contract with Tuzla City because of poor results, which culminated with an away 1–0 league loss against Željezničar the day earlier.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Bosnia and Herzegovina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Baljić goal.

Player
Real Madrid
 * UEFA Champions League: 1999–2000

Fenerbahçe
 * Süper Lig: 2000–01

Individual
Awards
 * Bosnian Footballer of the Year: 1998, 1999
 * Turkish Footballer of the Year: 1998

title: Elvir Baljić


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Category:Montreal Metro

The Metro system in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

title: Category:Montreal Metro


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User:Runic code

Runic Alphabet

The runic

title: User:Runic code


text: Category:456 deaths

title: Category:456 deaths


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USS Guerriere (1814)

USS Guerriere was the first frigate built in the United States since 1801. The name came from a fast 38-gun British frigate captured and destroyed in a half-hour battle by USS Constitution on 19 August 1812. This victory was one of the United States' first in the War of 1812.

She was built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard under the supervision of Joseph and Francis Grice. She was launched on 20 June 1814 under the command of Commodore John Rodgers and attached to the Delaware Flotilla. She served in the United States Navy during the Second Barbary War.

Second Barbary War operations
After fitting out, she was transferred to the command of Captain Stephen Decatur and became the flagship of the squadron assembled at New York. She sailed from New York on 20 May 1815 to lead the squadron in terminating piratical acts against American merchant commerce by Algiers and other Barbary States.

On 17 June 1815, off the Algerian coast, the frigate USS Constellation (1797) drove the 44-gun frigate Meshuda, the flagship of the Algerian Fleet, under the guns of Decatur's flagship, Guerriere. With two broadsides, the American frigate drove below all who were not killed or disabled on Meshuda's decks, where after, Meshuda surrendered. Among her fatalities was Rais Hamidu, Algiers' ranking naval officer. Two days later, Guerriere led the squadron in driving the 22-gun Algerian brig Estedio ashore.

On board Guerriere during the battle was Lieutenant James Monroe of the U.S. Army, who was a nephew of President James Monroe. Lieutenant Monroe was wounded during the battle and would later serve in Congress.

Guerriere arrived at Algiers on 28 June 1815, ready to act with her squadron for the capture of every Algerian ship that entered port unless the Dey ratified the terms of a peace treaty sent him by Decatur. The treaty was negotiated on board Guerriere on 30 June 1815, ending the payment of tribute to Algiers and exacting full payment for injuries to American commerce.

Guerriere next led the squadron in a show of force that resulted in a peace settlement with Tunis on 13 July 1815 and with Tripoli on 9 August 1815.

Having enforced the peace in less than six weeks from time of sailing from the United States, she combined with the entire Mediterranean Squadron naval force assembled at Gibraltar under Commodore William Bainbridge. The 18 warships, including ship-of-the-line USS Independence (1814), five frigates, two sloops-of-war, seven brigs, and three schooners, was the largest fleet ever collected under the American flag in the Mediterranean Sea to that time. It marked the beginning of a permanent naval fleet in the Mediterranean, which has evolved into the powerful 6th Fleet of today. Then, as today, the fleet was a factor in keeping the peace and strengthening the international diplomacy of the nation.

Peacetime operations
Guerriere returned to New York on 12 November 1815 and was laid up in the Boston Navy Yard for repairs on 4 March 1816. She recommissioned under Captain Thomas Macdonough on 22 April 1818 for fitting out. On 24 July 1818 she put to sea, carrying the American Minister to Russia to his new post. After calls at Gibraltar, Cowes and Copenhagen, she disembarked the American Minister and his family at Kronstadt, Russia, on 17 September 1818. She then cruised throughout the Mediterranean until 26 July 1819 when she departed Leghorn for Norfolk, Virginia, arriving 4 October 1819. She remained and was placed in ordinary there on 8 November 1820. For the next seven years she served as a schoolship in the Norfolk Navy Yard, training classes of midshipmen before the permanent establishment of a naval academy.

Guerriere terminated her schoolship duties late in November 1828 when she was ordered to fit out as the flagship of a U.S. Navy squadron destined for duty in the Pacific. She sailed on 13 February 1829, landing passengers at Rio de Janeiro before rounding Cape Horn for Callao, Peru. In the following two years, she watched over American commerce, including the whaling fleet, along the western seaboard of South America and westward to the Hawaiian Islands. She departed Callao 8 September 1831 and arrived in Norfolk 29 November 1831. Guerriere was decommissioned on 19 December 1831, and remained in ordinary at the Norfolk Navy Yard until broken up in 1841.

title: USS Guerriere (1814)