text:
User talk:Necronos

Wikimedia UK/Wikimania 2006
Hi, this is a circular to Wikipedians in Ireland to draw your attention to Wikimedia UK, where the establishment of a local Wikimedia chapter for the United Kingdom (and possibly for the Republic of Ireland) is being discussed. See the talk page, as well as the mailing list; a meetup will take place to discuss matters in London in September, for anyone who can get there. On another topic, plans are being drawn up for a UK bid for Wikimania 2006, which would be conveniently close to Ireland. On the other hand, Dublin's bid was one of the final three last year - might we bid again? --Kwekubo 04:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

User categorization
Greetings! Your user page hasn't been vandalized :-) --it was updated to use the new User Categorization scheme. I have categorized your User Page as a Wikipedian in Idaho (Category:Wikipedians in Idaho) since your name was listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Idaho page.  The Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Idaho page is scheduled for deletion.  Thanks!   Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 00:02, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Idaho
There is a new Wikiproject for Idaho. Hopefully the project will coordinate the creation and editing of articles related to the US State Idaho, its cities, sites, history, etc. It aims primarily to expand Wikipedia's resources on Idaho and present the state in a fair and accurate manner. Check it out. You can leave a message on the WPIDAHO talk page or on my talk page --Robbie Giles 16:06, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Adoption accepted!
Hi their, I'm Tellyaddict - an experienced editor here and I noticed you were seeking adoption and I accept your offer, luckily you have been adopted within four hours of you adding the Userbox, most users have to wait days, weeks sometimes for the increasing amount of users needing adoption. Anyway, here is a small range of the areas of Wikipedia in which I can help you with: I'm online every day so I can answer your questions quick. Just leave me a note on my User talk page if you would like me to adopt you. Thanks - Tellyaddict Talk  17:38, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * User Warnings
 * Reverting Vandalism
 * Discussing Wikipedia articles etc

 * Great, so where would you like to start, would you like to start knowing how to give warnings to users, because its really good to know even if you are going to be a WikiGnome? If you would like to start here just drop a note! Tellyaddict Talk  17:54, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Right, well a massive directory of User warnings can be found at WP:WARN, I know it seems scary because its so big but its easy after a while. So, for a little starter, pretend I was Movig a page to the wrong title and the move was not in good faith, leave me a pretend warning at my Sandbox and I'll give you some feedback. If you get stuck and cant do it thats fine, dont be afraid to say. Thanks - Tellyaddict Talk  18:01, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thats good, their are just a few things I would like to point out though, firstly you issued a level two warning, in most circumstances you should start with level 1, so it probably would have been best to leave uw-move1 then you can move up to level 2, 3, 4 then if he/she makes a bad page move after the level four warn, you can ensure a block will follow after you/or another reports them to WP:AIV, I'll clean it and try again, you'll get there! Dont forget to sign your username by inserting ~ on User and article talk pages! Tellyaddict Talk 18:16, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, sorry I didnt realise, no it wasn't a trick, my apologies. Tellyaddict Talk 18:21, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late reply, had to deal with vandalism to my User page, but the warning - thats great, everything is fine but their is one thing I must comment on buts is very minor and that is often when warning users Wikipedians would add the article title as to which was vandalised, for example Vandalism article title here although this is not official its just what some do. So, as a final test for User warnings, say i was ignoring the Neutral point of view policy (WP:NPOV) and this was the third time I had done this, leave a warn at my sandbox
 * Do you mean like if you were warned for vandalism or something you would you be able to removed the warning? Well, its considered bad practice to remove User talk page comments at the talk page guidelines or do you mean warning a user if they vandalised your Userpage? If I havent got it please ask me again. Tellyaddict Talk  18:49, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, often if a user has warned another User/IP for vandalism and they remove it, the User talk page will exist it will have just been blanked, if you looked at the page history, the first edit would probably say something like "warning" or something and then most probably after that if it was balnked and an edit summary was not left, it would automatically display a summary of Blanked the Page. Ypu could then revert that edit so the warnings will appear and then leave a warning message of and that would warn them not to delete comments, if they received a level 1, 2, 3 and 4 warning all within a close period of time and not over the space of a month or so, they can be reported to Administrator intervention against vandalism and a block can be ensured. However place note: A block is used for vandalism, a ban is discussed by the Wikipedia community (normally at the Community noticeboard) or can be enforced by Jimbo Wales, or the arbitration committee, however bans dont happen every day, just in some circumstance. Would you like to learn about reverting vandalism now and reporting to WP:AIV? Thanks -  Tellyaddict Talk  16:45, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Great, this is a valuable thing to to learn. If you see vandalism on a page and it has not yet been reverted or removed, the you would click the history tab near the edit buton of the page and most probably the top edit would be the vandalism, but check the edit summary because if its been reverted already then their will be an edit summary explaining this, you would click, compare selected versions and if it has not been reverted, the act of vandalismwould be on the right of the page and the clean version on the left, you would then either click Undo on the right hand sideand then it will leave an automatic edit summary about the revert and you would click save page. or you can click Edit on the left hand side of the page when viewing the different verisons of the page, make sure you click edit on the left hand side and vandalism-free edit then it will inform you its an arhcived version of the page, it will be removed the vandalism automatically because its a previous version and you would type and edit summary like Revert or Rv and click save page. You can use automated programs like Vandalproof etc as long as you meet the requirements listed at that page, do you feel confident you understand this (long and boring!) message. Tellyaddict Talk 14:57, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Bob barker(company)
Hello. I just wanted to let you know that I nominated an article for deletion that you had created. It is Bob barker(company). I note that you are a corrections officer, so I am sure you are familiar with the company through your work. I would not say there is anything wrong with the information there. If you think that it should be kept though, we need to see why the company is notable or significant. That is always a component of an article since we can't just list every company in the world on Wikipedia. Even if you decide that it is not notable enough to keep, do keep contibuting. Thanks. Slavlin 20:55, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Great!
I'm sorry to tell you that I am leaving Wikipedia soon, I'm going to register a new account and start fresh, however I can suggest User:Xiner, he is a friendly and helpful editor, I'm sure he'd be happy to adopt you! I'm sorry, I have been a very bad adopter and I understand if you wish to ignore these messages, I'll have more info on my user page shortly explaining, Thank you and good luck with your editing, you are a fine user!  Tellyaddict  15:33, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Necronos


text:
Fulvestrant

Fulvestrant, sold under the brand name Faslodex among others, is an antiestrogenic medication used to treat hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression as well as HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer in combination with abemaciclib or palbociclib in women with disease progression after endocrine therapy. It is given by injection into a muscle.

Fulvestrant is a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) and was first-in-class to be approved. It works by binding to the estrogen receptor and destabilizing it, causing the cell's normal protein degradation processes to destroy it.

Fulvestrant was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002.

Breast cancer
Fulvestrant is used for the treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer or locally advanced unresectable disease in postmenopausal women; it is given by injection. A 2017 Cochrane review found it is as safe and effective as first line or second line endocrine therapy.

It is also used to treat ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with abemaciclib or palbociclib in women with disease progression after first-line endocrine therapy.

Due to the medication's having a chemical structure similar to that of estrogen, it can interact with immunoassays for blood estradiol concentrations and show falsely elevated results. This can improperly lead to discontinuing the treatment.

Early puberty
Fulvestrant has been used in the treatment of peripheral precocious puberty in girls with McCune–Albright syndrome.

Available forms
Fulvestrant is provided in a castor oil solution also containing alcohol, benzyl alcohol, and benzyl benzoate. It is supplied at a concentration of 250 mg/5 mL.

Contraindications
Fulvestrant should not be used in women with kidney failure or who are pregnant.

Side effects
Very common (occurring in more than 10% of people) adverse effects include nausea, injection site reactions, weakness, and elevated transaminases. Common (between 1% and 10%) adverse effects include urinary tract infections, hypersensitivity reactions, loss of appetite, headache, blood clots in veins, hot flushes, vomiting, diarrhea, elevated bilirubin, rashes, and back pain. In a large clinical trial, the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with fulvestrant was 0.9%.

Pharmacodynamics
Fulvestrant is an antiestrogen which acts as an antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER) and additionally as a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD). It works by binding to the estrogen receptor and making it more hydrophobic, which makes the receptor unstable and misfold, which in turn leads normal processes inside the cell to degrade it.

In addition to its antiestrogenic activity, fulvestrant is an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), albeit with relatively low affinity (10–100 nM, relative to 3–6 nM for estradiol).

Pharmacokinetics
Fulvestrant after an intramuscular injection is slowly absorbed and maximal levels (Cmax) are reached after 5 days on average with a range of 2 to 19 days. The elimination half-life of fulvestrant with intramuscular injection is 40 to 50 days. This is 40 times longer than the half-life of fulvestrant by intravenous injection, indicating that its long half-life with intramuscular injection is due to slow absorption from the injection site. Levels of fulvestrant with 500 mg/month by intramuscular injection (and a single additional 500 mg loading dose on day 15 of therapy) in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer were 25.1 ng/mL (25,100 pg/mL) at peak and 28.0 ng/mL (28,000 pg/mL) at trough with a single dose and 28.0 ng/mL (28,000 pg/mL) at peak and 12.2 ng/mL (12,200 pg/mL) at trough after multiple doses at steady state.

Fulvestrant does not cross the blood–brain barrier in animals and may not in humans as well. Accordingly, no effects of fulvestrant on brain function have been observed in preclinical or clinical research. Fulvestrant is highly (99%) bound to plasma proteins. It is bound to very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein, but not to sex hormone-binding globulin.

Fulvestrant appears to be metabolized along similar pathways as endogenous steroids; CYP3A4 may be involved, but non-cytochrome P450 routes appear to be more important. It does not inhibit any cytochrome P450 enzymes. Elimination is almost all via feces.

Fulvestrant can form colloidal aggregates at certain concentration ranges and this can limit its activity as well as produce bell-shaped concentration–response curves.

Chemistry
Fulvestrant, also known as 7α-[9-[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl]nonyl]estradiol, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of estradiol. An alkyl-sulfinyl moiety was added to the endogenous estrogen receptor ligand.

It was discovered through rational drug design, but was selected for further development via phenotypic screening.

History
Fulvestrant was the first selective estrogen receptor degrader to be approved. It was approved in the United States in 2002 and in the European Union in 2004.

NICE evaluation
The U.K. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) said in 2011 that it found no evidence Faslodex was significantly better than existing treatments, so its widespread use would not be a good use of resources for the country's National Health Service. The first month's treatment of Faslodex, which starts with a loading dose, costs £1,044.82 ($1,666), and subsequent treatments cost £522.41 a month. In the 12 months ending June 2015, the UK price (excluding VAT) of a month's supply of anastrozole (Arimidex), which is off patent, cost 89 pence/day, and letrozole (Femara) cost £1.40/day.

Patent extension
The original patent for Faslodex expired in October 2004. Drugs subject to pre-marketing regulatory review are eligible for patent extension, and for this reason AstraZeneca got an extension of the patent to December 2011. AstraZeneca has filed later patents. A generic version of Faslodex has been approved by the FDA. However, this does not mean that the product will necessarily be commercially available - possibly because of drug patents and/or drug exclusivity. A later patent for Faslodex expires in January 2021. Atossa Genetics has a patent for the administration of fulvestrant into the breast via a microcatheter invented by Susan Love.

Research
Fulvestrant was studied in endometrial cancer but results were not promising and as of 2016 development for this use was abandoned.

Because fulvestrant cannot be given orally, efforts have been made to develop SERD drugs that can be taken by mouth, including brilanestrant and elacestrant. The clinical success of fulvestrant also led to efforts to discover and develop a parallel drug class of selective androgen receptor degraders (SARDs).

ZB716, or fulvestrant-3-boronic acid, is an oral prodrug of fulvestrant which is under development.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fulvestrant


text:
User:Necronos

Hi, I'm Jeremy Carroll aka Necronos. I'm originally from Killarney, Ireland. But now I am living with the wife and kids in Idaho Falls, Idaho. I'm a Correctional Officer working for the state of Idaho.

I'm kind of new to Wikipedia, having signed up a few years ago but not doing anything since. I'm currently trying to get more involved. Please help me do so!

title: User:Necronos


text:
1999–2000 FA Premier League

The 1999–2000 FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the eighth season of the FA Premier League, and Manchester United secured their sixth Premiership title. Like the previous season, they lost only three league games all season. Unlike in 1998–99 season, they won by a comfortable margin – 18 points as opposed to a single point.

Manchester United lost their defence of the European Cup following a 3–2 defeat against Real Madrid in the quarter-finals. The club had withdrawn from the 1999–2000 FA Cup to participate in the FIFA World Club Championship at the request of the FA who wanted Manchester United to compete to support England's bid to host the World Cup. Chelsea won the last FA Cup held at Wembley Stadium before its redevelopment. The League Cup final was won by Leicester City, for the second time in four seasons. In Europe, Leeds United reached the UEFA Cup semi-final and Arsenal were on the losing side to Galatasaray in the UEFA Cup final.

Only one newly promoted team suffered relegation: Watford, who finished in last place, and achieved a record Premiership low of just 24 points (a record since broken by Sunderland (twice), Derby County, Aston Villa, Huddersfield Town, Norwich City (twice), Sheffield United (twice), and themselves), despite a decent start to their campaign which saw them beat both Liverpool (at Anfield) and Chelsea. The most successful promoted team was Sunderland, who finished seventh in the final table and spent much of the season pushing for a place in European competition. Bradford City, back in the top division for the first time since 1922, secured their Premiership survival on the last day of the season with a 1–0 win over Liverpool. The result meant that Liverpool lost out on a Champions League place, and Wimbledon were relegated after 14 years of top-division football. Second-from-bottom Sheffield Wednesday were relegated in their penultimate game of the season, having spent 15 of the previous 16 seasons in the top division. Wednesday's season included an 8–0 defeat at Newcastle. Amazingly Coventry City went all season without an away win but still managed to secure 14th place due to an impressive home record which saw them win 12 out of their 19 matches.

As well as Premiership champions Manchester United and runners-up Arsenal, third placed Leeds United qualified for the 2000–01 Champions League. UEFA Cup places went to fourth placed Liverpool, F.A Cup winners Chelsea, and League Cup winners Leicester City.

Promoted to the Premiership for 2000–01 were First Division champions Charlton Athletic, runners-up Manchester City and playoff winners Ipswich Town. For the first time since the formation of the Premiership, all of the promoted teams had been members of the Premiership before.

Teams
Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the First Division. The promoted teams were Sunderland, Bradford City and Watford, who returned after absences of two, seventy-seven and eleven years respectively. This was also Bradford City and Watford's first season in the Premier League. They replaced Charlton Athletic, Blackburn Rovers and Nottingham Forest, who were relegated to the First Division. Charlton Athletic and Nottingham Forest were immediately both relegated after a season's presence, while Blackburn Rovers' seven-year top flight spell came to an end.

1999 treble winners Manchester United retained their league title, leading the table for most of the season and winning their final 11 games to finish 18 points ahead of their nearest rivals Arsenal. Leeds United took the third and final Champions League place to qualify for Europe’s top club competition for the first time since the mid 1970s, ahead of Liverpool, who surrendered a place in the Champions League with a 1-0 defeat at Bradford on the last day of the season, a result which saw the hosts survive their first top flight campaign for almost 80 years. Newly promoted Sunderland finished an impressive, while eighth placed Leicester City won the League Cup.

Newly promoted Watford were relegated in bottom place, followed by Sheffield Wednesday, who had been in the top flight for all but one season since 1984. The final relegation place went to Wimbledon on the final day of their 14th season among the elite.

Personnel and kits
(as of 14 May 2000)
 * 1 The Dreamcast logo appeared on Arsenal's home shirt while the Sega logo appeared on their away shirt.

Hat-tricks

 * Note: 5 Player scored 5 goals; 4 Player scored 4 goals; P Player scored a perfect hat-trick; (H) – Home; (A) – Away

title: 1999–2000 FA Premier League


text:
Sender Feldberg/Black Forest

The Sender Feldberg/Black Forest (transmitter Black Forest) is a transmission facility for FM and TV in Feldberg, Black Forest, Germany.

The transmitter has an old and a new transmission tower. The old tower was built at 47.86444°N, 8.02222°W. It is a 75 m concrete tower with an observation deck at a height of 36 metres and a diameter of 9.1 metres. The tower is now closed due to obsolescence.

In 2003, a new 82 m transmission tower was erected. It stands at 47.87361°N, 8.00639°W.

title: Sender Feldberg/Black Forest


text:
Talk:Kirkcudbrightshire

Untitled
Just a quibble, but I was brought up to believe that if it wasn't over 3,000 ft (and on mr. munro's table) it was a hill, with only a couple of exceptions like the cobbler and goat fell..dave souza 17:11, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Coordinates
The coordinates need the following fixes: Link error for integer longitude/latitude.

The website www.streetmap.co.uk will not display a map when integer values are used for longitude and latitude.

For example, the article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire has this coordinate link (near the top-right corner): http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kirkcudbrightshire&params=55_00_N_4_00_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki

The stable.toolserver.org page for 55_00_N_4_00_W has this invalid link to www.streetmap.co.uk: http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newsearch.srf?mapp=newmap&searchp=newsearch&name=55,-4&Submit1=search&type=LatLong

It can be corrected by using adding ".0" to the longitude and latitude: http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newsearch.srf?mapp=newmap&searchp=newsearch&name=55.0,-4.0&Submit1=search&type=LatLong

The code that generates links to www.streetmap.co.uk needs to be fixed.

Quantile (talk) 18:22, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

The link to www.streetmap.co.uk is working by now. BrainMarble (talk) 03:28, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

What about Cuthbert ("Cudbright")?
Why is there no mention of Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, when "Kirkcudbright" appears transparently to refer to Kirk-Cudbright, or the Church of Cuthbert? Bob99 (talk) 22:49, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Possibly because, despite the dedication of the church at Kircudbright to St Cuthbert and his importance to Northumbrian Christians, he does not figure in the history of the Stewartry, any more than St Oswald or many of the Irish saints whose names feature in local church dedications. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JF42 (talk • contribs) 14:37, 3 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I see in the article on the town of Kirkcudbright in Kirkcudbrightshire that St. Cuthbert's remains were kept for seven years in a chapel in the town that was subsequently called Cille Chuithbeirt (anglice, Kirkcudbright). This was during an intermediate period between his remains being disinterred at Lindisfarne and reinterred in County Durham, England.  There's probably a story there that wants to be told.  -- Bob (Bob99 (talk) 19:13, 19 December 2011 (UTC))

 * The reference to Cuthbert's relics in the Kirkcudbright article is spurious and is awaiting citation. Neither of the two mid-12th century sources for the seven years exile of the Lindisfarne monks in the 9th century, neither Symeon or Reginald, mentions a sojourn in Kirkcudbright. Symeon says that their wanderings took them to Whithorn, along the coast, where there had been a Northumbrian bishop up until at least 833. Reginald merely mentions their passing through 'the land of the Picts' (i.e modern Galloway). Reginald, however, does provide the first recorded mention of Kirkcudbright- villula Cuthbrictis khirche- in his description of the miraculous punishment of clerics engaged in sacrilegous bull-baiting on St Cuthbert's feast day at Kirkcudbright in 1164.

 * The Gaelic spelling of Kirkcudbright is modern and there is no evidence that there ever was a historic form of the name in Gaelic. The Gaelic word order in the name 'Kirkcudbright' suggests that the name was adapted directly from the Old English version of 'Cuthbert's Church/Kirk,' possibly by Gaelic-speaking Norse-Irish settlers in the 10th century. There are no grounds for positing an original Gaelic form deriving from the arrival of Cuthbert's relics in a Gaelic-speaking community at the mouth of the River Dee, circa 875-883. Given the popularity of the cult of St Cuthbert in Northumbria, there may well have been a church dedicated to St Cuthbert in the vicinity much earlier, at the height of the Northumbrian ascendancy, when Cumbric British and Anglian English would have been the principal two languages spoken in the region.JF42 (talk) 22:01, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Looking in again, it is difficult to accept that St. Cuthbert is not of significance to the history of a place that takes its name from a church dedicated to him, at which there is a tradition that his remains abode there for seven years while they were in transit from Lindisfarne (where they were originally interred) to Durham Cathedral (where they were ultimately reinterred). This seven-year stopover is not too surprising in view of the fact that Cuthbert's remains spent 112 years in Chester-le-Street (at a church now called the Church of St. Mary and St. Cuthbert) before actually reaching Durham Cathedral. Attacking, as anachronistic, the Gaelic spelling of the name of the church as it is presented in the Kirkcudbright article doesn't change the fact that this was a Gaelic-speaking area (Galloway) during the historical period in question. Cuthbert, of course, was a Northumbrian; however, Lindisfarne, with which he is associated, was founded by Gaelic speakers, and this area was Brythonic speaking through late antiquity and Gaelic speaking until well into the Middle Ages. The movement of Cuthbert's remains from Lindisfarne to Durham appears to be associated with the relocation of the bishopric of Lindisfarne to Durham.

The tradition as to Cuthbert's remains is itself history (though apparently of the oral type), and it appears to be consistent with the other available information. There is an area called "Kirkcudbrightshire" (Kirkcudbright-Shire) within which is a town called "Kirkcudbright," the name of which means "church of Cuthbert," and within the town there is a church (itself, "Kirkcudbright") with a tradition that the remains of St. Cuthbert (Cuth-bert = Cud-bright) abode there for a seven-year period while in transit from Lindisfarne to Durham.

It seems reasonable to suppose that the Church of St. Cuthbert (Kirk-Cudbright) is of some significance to the history of the area named for the church, and, for that reason, the reason why the church was named for St. Cuthbert would seem to be non-trivial in terms of the history of the place. The article could be improved either by stating why the church was named for St. Cuthbert or by stating that the reason is not known. -- Bob (Bob99 (talk) 20:47, 31 August 2012 (UTC))
 * There was no "attacking as anchronistic" merely a simple statement of the historicityof Gaelic form. Any discussion of St Cuthebeet's relationship with the town bearing his name would clearly be best placed in the article on Kirkcudbright linked this one dealing with Kirkcudbrightshire article.

JF42 (talk) 12:05, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

Gaelic version
Historic place names from the Gaelic abound in the Stewartry but is there any evidence in the records of the phrase 'Stewartry of Kirkcudbright' rendered in Gaelic? — Preceding unsigned comment added by JF42 (talk • contribs) 14:40, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, the term "Stewartry" describes a political structure that would not have existed during the medieval time period when Gaelic was the language of political administration (so to speak) in this area. Furthermore, Gaelic speakers would more likely have kept written records of tax collection (to which terms describing areas of political administration, like "stewartry," would be relevant) in Latin than in Gaelic.  As I recall, Alfred the Great was the first ruler in the British Isles to establish a system of political administration based on records kept in a language other than Latin (and Kirkcudbrightshire was part of the Danelaw and thus less influenced by Alfred).  There may be references from the Gaelic-speaking era in this region (in Latin, but possibly also in Gaelic) to the parish of St. Cuthbert, which may or may not have been approximately coextensive with the Stewartry.  But it would not be surprising if there were no such references in existence today, since there would have to have been a reason to preserve the manuscripts for more than a thousand years.  (There is no Gaelic in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and Gaelic-speaking rulers may have thought in terms of familial relationships first and geography second.)  -- Bob (Bob99 (talk) 20:47, 31 August 2012 (UTC))

History
The history section is very out of date and includes much tendentious material, particularly reference to Scandinavian influence, the Gall-Gaels and the name of Galloway. In 2011, any sentence with the word 'slew' in it should be immediately viewed as suspect. This section should be redrafted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JF42 (talk • contribs) 14:50, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Word or phrase missing.
From the Early History section:
 * "After the Norsemen conquered southern the fate of the rest of the kingdom is unclear."

Conquered southern what? Please elucidate. --Oldontarian (talk) 12:31, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

 * It wasn't at all clear, I agree. I've removed the two paragraphs because they largely talk about Galloway, rather than Kirkcudbrightshire. Without knowing what the Norse conquered and when, we don't have much context. Sionk (talk) 14:58, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

Roman occupation
"the evidence is against there ever having been a prolonged effective Roman occupation. There was a Roman temporary marching camp at Shawhead, Irongray Parish."

A series of three Roman forts has been identified on the River Dee at Glenlochar (Balmaghie).
 * https://canmore.org.uk/site/64687/glenlochar
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenlochar

JF42 (talk) 23:11, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kirkcudbrightshire


text:
Impersonator

An impersonator is someone who imitates or copies the behavior or actions of another. There are many reasons for impersonating someone:

 * Living history: After close study of some historical figure, a performer may dress and speak "as" that person for an audience. Such historical interpretation may be a scripted dramatic performance like Mark Twain Tonight! or an unscripted interaction while staying in character.

 * Entertainment: An "impressionist" impersonates well-known figures in order to entertain an audience. Especially popular objects of impersonation are Elvis Presley (see Elvis impersonator), Michael Jackson (see Michael Jackson impersonator) and Madonna (see Madonna impersonator). Other uses of impersonation for entertainment include male drag queens (previously called "female impersonators", although this terminology is now considered outdated.)
 * Crime: As part of a criminal act such as identity theft. This is usually where the criminal is trying to assume the identity of another, in order to commit fraud, such as accessing confidential information, or to gain property not belonging to them. Also known as social engineering and impostors.
 * Decoys, used as a form of protection for political and military figures. This involves an impersonator who is employed (or forced) to perform during public appearances, to mislead observers.
 * Sowing discord, causing people to fight, or dislike each other for social, business or political gain.

Celebrity impersonators

Celebrity impersonators are impostors who look similar to celebrities and dress in such a way as to imitate them. Impersonators are known as sound-alikes, look-alikes, impressionists, imitators tribute artists and wannabees. The interest may have originated with the need or desire to see a celebrity who has died. One of the most prominent examples of this phenomenon is the case of Elvis Presley. Edward Moss has appeared in movies and sitcoms, impersonating Michael Jackson. Tom Jones has attracted his share of impersonators from different places around the world. From the United States, to South East Asia, to the UK, there are performers who either sound like him or imitate his act.

Criminal impersonation
In England and Wales, the Poor Law Amendment Act 1851, section 3, made it an offence to impersonate a "person entitled to vote" at an election. In the case of Whiteley v Chappell (1868), the literal rule of statutory interpretation was employed to find that a dead person was not a "person entitled to vote" and consequently a person accused of this offence was acquitted.

Although in a Colorado case, an immigrant was charged with "criminal impersonation" for using another person's Social Security number when signing up for a job, some courts have ruled that supplying this wrong information may not be criminal. The ruling hinges on whether there was harm to the other person.

Impersonation using Deepfake
Audio deepfakes have been used as part of social engineering scams, fooling people into thinking they are receiving instructions from a trusted individual. In 2019, a U.K.-based energy firm's CEO was scammed over the phone when he was ordered to transfer €220,000 into a Hungarian bank account by an individual who used audio deepfake technology to impersonate the voice of the firm's parent company's chief executive.

As of 2023, the combination advances in deepfake technology, which could clone an individual's voice from a recording of a few seconds to a minute, and new text generation tools, enabled automated impersonation scams, targeting victims using a convincing digital clone of a friend or relative.

title: Impersonator


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Talk:Karl Klindworth

Untitled

 * Karl Klindworth’s cousin, Agnes Street‐Klindworth, joined him in Weimar in 1853, the daughter of Georg Klindworth (a confidant of Metternich). When mentioned at all usually that she was following Karl to take piano lessons, and she did have some slight talent though not at all at the level of some of those already there.
 * Alan Walker suggests, using copious but of course biased evidence, that not only her father but she was serving as a spy (the situation in Weimar was unsettled at the time, as there was a change in regime, son replacing deceased father in the court) and further and interestingly that Liszt risked his relationship with the Princess von Sayn-Wittgenstein by entering into an affair with her (his only one during his years in Weimar, I believe, but a somewhat prolonged one). (Walker, Liszt: The Weimar Years, 1848-1861, paperback Cornell University Press ed pp 209 – 224.) Thoughts?? Schissel 17:13, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

William Mason Listed as Student
It seems misleading to represent William Mason as a student of Klindworth's when the admittedly sparse sources on Mason state that the two were simply concurrent students of Liszt, as was Dionys Prueckner. Mason's own memoirs, quite widely available online now, call Klindworth and Prueckner his "Dutzbrueder"--surely too familiar a term to use for a teacher. Alan Walker's biography of Liszt mentioned in the comment above is similarly on accord with this point. Liszt in fact recommended Klindworth to help Mason find lodgings when he first arrived at Weimar, and Mason and Klindworth lived in the same building for at least part of that time. The two were of an age with each other (Mason, in fact, a little older) and at similar stages in their careers regarding their previous studies, publications, performance debuts, etc. As there is no citation for the idea of Klindworth having been a teacher of Mason, unless one is forthcoming, I think the reference had better be removed. My apologies for not really knowing Wikipedia protocol/format in stating this. Erin Fulton, 17 December 2016.

Likewise, is there a source that confirms that Hans von Bulow was Karl's pupil (as stated in the opening paragraph). Karl and Hans were the same age and were both pupils of Liszt at the same time (often stated in the Walker - Weimar Years) which would make it very unlikely that you would call Hans a pupil, rather than a colleague of Klindworth. Sagasti silvia (talk) 12:33, 13 October 2020 (UTC).

title: Talk:Karl Klindworth


text:
Urban areas in Sweden

An urban area or tätort (lit. 'dense locality') in Sweden has a minimum of 200 inhabitants and may be a city, town or larger village. It is a purely statistical concept, not defined by any municipal or county boundaries. Larger urban areas synonymous with cities or towns (stad for both terms) for statistical purposes have a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The same statistical definition is also used for urban areas in the other Nordic countries.

In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of the Swedish population.

Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, "locality" (ort). It could be compared with "census-designated places" in the United States.

History
Until the beginning of the 20th century, only the towns/cities were regarded as urban areas. The built-up area and the municipal entity were normally almost congruent. Urbanization and industrialization created, however, many new settlements without formal city status. New suburbs grew up just outside city limits, being de facto urban but de jure rural. This created a statistical problem. The census of 1910 introduced the concept of "densely populated localities in the countryside". The term tätort (literally "dense place") was introduced in 1930. The municipal amalgamations placed more and more rural areas within city municipalities, which was the other side of the same problem. The administrative boundaries were in fact not suitable for defining rural and urban populations. From 1950 rural and urban areas had to be separated even within city limits, as, e.g., the huge wilderness around Kiruna had been declared a "city" in 1948. From 1965 only "non-administrative localities" are counted, independently of municipal and county borders. In 1971 "city" was abolished as a type of municipality.

Terminology
Urban areas in the meaning of tätort are defined independently on the division into counties and municipalities, and are defined solely according to population density. In practice, most references in Sweden are to municipalities, not specifically to towns or cities, which complicates international comparisons. Most municipalities contain many localities (up to 26 in Kristianstad Municipality), but some localities are, on the other hand, multimunicipal. Stockholm urban area is spread over 11 municipalities.

When comparing the population of different cities, the urban area (tätort) population is preferred to the population of the municipality. The population of, e.g., Stockholm should be accounted as about 1.6 million rather than the approximately 990,000 of the municipality, and Lund rather about 94,000 than about 130,000.

Terms used for statistical purposes

 * Tätort (urban area, or locality) is the central concept used in statistics. The definition is agreed upon in the Nordic countries: An urban area is any village, town or city with a population of at least 200, for which the contiguous built-up area meet the criterion that houses are not more than 200 meters apart when discounting rivers, parks, roads, etc. – without regard to the ward, municipal or county boundaries. Delimitation of localities are made by Statistics Sweden every three years starting 2015 on a trial basis, previously they were made every five years.
 * Småort (smaller locality) is a rural locality with 50–199 inhabitants in a contiguous built-up area with no more than 150 meters between houses. The concept is rarely used outside the field of statistics, where it is used for settlements just below the limit defined for tätort.
 * Centralort (central locality) is mostly used in the meaning municipal seat or municipal center of service, commerce and administration for an area.

Popular and traditional terms

 * Storstad (metropolitan area, literally "large city") is a term usually reserved for Sweden's three largest cities: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. Statistics Sweden uses the term metropolitan area (storstadsområde) for these three cities and their immediate surroundings and municipalities.
 * Stad (town or city) is the term avoided by Statistics Sweden, however, it roughly corresponds to urban areas with a population greater than 10,000. Judicially, the term stad has been obsolete since 1971, and is now mostly used describing localities which used to be chartered towns. The statistical category "large town" used by Statistics Sweden include municipalities with more than 90,000 inhabitants within a 30 km radius from the municipality centre. There is also a category medelstor stad "middle large town".
 * Köping (market town) was also abolished as an official term in 1971 in governmental and statistical contexts, and is only rarely kept in use by laymen, although it has survived as part of the names of several towns. The meaning was a locality with an intermediary legal status below that of a town.
 * Municipalsamhälle (municipal community) was a term in use between 1875 and 1971, but it is no longer used outside of historical contexts. In 1863, Sweden was divided into 2,500 municipalities, whereof 89 were towns, 8 were market towns (köpingar) and the rest rural municipalities ("landskommuner"). A "municipalsamhälle" was an administrative centre for one or several rural municipalities, with special regulations and privileges in common with towns. The term became obsolete in 1971 when the different types of municipalities were abandoned and a standard form for all municipalities was introduced.
 * Samhälle (community) is a common concept used by for urban areas that are intermediary in size between a town and a village. The term "samhälle" is also used in Swedish to denote "society", "community" or "state". (Compare: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.) A samhälle does not necessarily meet the criteria for the current tätort – or even småort concept.
 * By (village and hamlet) is a traditional term but may in colloquial use refer to a suburb or town of considerable size. If at all used in the context of statistics, it must be assumed that the size of a by is smaller than that of a småort. (NB! Not to be confused with the same word in Danish and Norwegian, where it means town, while a village is called landsby.)

Seasonal areas and suburbs

 * Fritidshusområde (seasonal area) is in statistical context an area with less than 50 permanent inhabitants but at least 50 houses (in practice: weekend cottages/summer houses) meeting the criterion that they are not more than 150 metres apart. About a third of Sweden's "second homes" are located in such areas. The term belongs also to everyday usage, although less strictly defined.
 * Förstad and förort (suburb) are much used terms with a somewhat negative connotation.

Statistics
Before 2015 delimitation of localities were made by Statistics Sweden every five years, since then it is trialling a three-year update period. The number of urban areas in Sweden increased by 56 to 1,956 in 2010. A total of 8,016,000 – 85 per cent – of the Swedish population lived in an urban area; occupying only 1,3 per cent of Sweden's total land area, and the most populous urban area is Stockholm at 1,4 million people.

title: Urban areas in Sweden


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Laurenz Meyer

Laurenz Meyer (born 15 February 1948) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union or CDU. From 2000 to 2004, he was general secretary of the CDU.

Early life and education
Meyer was born in Salzkotten, North Rhine-Westphalia. After his Abitur (school-leaving) examinations in 1968, he completed a course of study in economics at the University of Münster, leaving in 1975 as a qualified economist. He was then employed at Vereinigte Elektrizitätswerke Westfalen, or VEW AG (which was later taken over by the RWE group) in Dortmund.

Party
Meyer has been a member of the CDU since 1968. From 1997 to 2001, he was state treasurer of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia. He has belonged to the federal executive of the CDU since April 2000 and was general secretary of the CDU from 20 November 2000 to 22 December 2004.

Elected representative
Meyer was on the Hamm city council from 1975 to 1995 and was CDU leader on the council from 1989 to 1995. In 1994, he campaigned for the office of Lord Mayor, but lost to Jürgen Wieland, the candidate of the SPD (Social Democratic Party).

From 1990 until 2003, Meyer was a member of the state parliament (Landtag) of North Rhine-Westphalia. Here he was party spokesperson for economic issues from 1990 to 1999, deputy leader from 1997 to 1999, and leader of the CDU in the state parliament from 23 February 1999 to 2 June 2000. After losing the 2000 election, Meyer had to give up his office as party leader to Jürgen Rüttgers. From 6 June to 6 December 2000, Meyer was then deputy speaker of the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Since 2002 Laurenz Meyer has been a member of the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag). He entered parliament by being on the CDU's party list for North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany's proportional representation electoral system.

RWE affair and resignation
On 10 December 2004, it was reported that Meyer (nicknamed Laurenz Nimmersatt, "Gluttonous Laurenz") was receiving power from RWE (which had taken over his former employer VEW in 2000) at a discounted employee rate, although he had parted company with the group in 1999. One week later, new allegations surfaced, according to which he was receiving payments from RWE even while he was General Secretary of the CDU. Meyer described these as "special dividends". In addition, Meyer was still receiving earnings as deputy speaker in the North Rhine-Westphalian state parliament and was thus receiving three salaries. The Bild am Sonntag newspaper reported on 19 December that CDU boss Angela Merkel had stripped her General Secretary of his powers. Close party colleagues demanded his resignation. On 20 December, Meyer announced that he would donate the amount in question (€81,800) to the charity SOS Children's Villages.

After pressure from the party's rank and file, Meyer resigned as general secretary on 22 December 2004. The reason for his resignation was that contrary to his description, the special payment was not a severance pay since Meyer returned to the company only after the CDU defeat at the North Rhine-Westphalian election in May 2000. This fact and the false information he provided to Angela Merkel made him untenable for the party. The received payments admitted by him and the announcement of a donation to SOS-Kinderdörfer were especially unable to pacify the party's branches in North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, which were involved with their area's election campaigns.

As a member of parliament, Meyer continued to receive the usual salary of €7,009 a month (€7,960 as of 2012, €8,252 as of 2013), plus the tax-free monthly expense allowance of €3,551 (€4,123 in 2013). Furthermore, he may reactivate his employment contract with the RWE energy company, from which he last drew an annual income of €112,381.

On 23 December 2004, RWE announced the result of an internal investigation into the payments made to Meyer. It found that 160,000 of 250,000 Deutsche Mark were unjustified and had been made by VEW as a result of a "communication error". In a statement on 17 December, Meyer had described this payment as "legally correct", but also admitted "...I have nevertheless become aware of the fact that many people have a problem understanding that at that time I accepted this money, since I went back into the company...".

Most recently, Meyer was employed as RWE's commercial director in the Arnsberg regional office.

Personal life
Meyer is married and has four daughters. He is separated from his wife and lives with his partner in Hamm.

title: Laurenz Meyer


text:
Talk:Mutō

We should not put interwiki links if they don't exist. WhisperToMe 17:15, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * We know where the page should be, and it is the canonical language for this article. Ideally, the 日本語 link should be red, indicating that there is work to be done.  I think the link should remain.  From Interwiki (emphasis mine):

 * If the target page does not exist, the link will take you to a blank page that has no content. This shows that an article about the subject is needed, but has not been written yet. If you find blank interlanguage links on the English Wikipedia, they may be deleted as having no content.

 * So, they may be deleted but are not required to be. Since this link is to the canonical language on this subject, I suggest that it stays.  --ChrisRuvolo 20:26, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd wait until its written on JA. then the interwiki shall come back. WhisperToMe 03:34, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * What is the harm in keeping it? --ChrisRuvolo 17:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It'll make people THINK there is an article on JA.wikipedia about it when there isn't. WhisperToMe 04:15, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Muto can be an Italian last name too...

title: Talk:Mutō


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Rafti

William Rafti
William Rafti was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Vanity: his major claim to fame is his Wikipedia contributions (apparently as User:Rafti Institute). A previous version of this page has been speedy-deleted on 14:35, 7 Dec 2004 because of "vanity". Eugene van der Pijll 17:15, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Cdc 18:26, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity. Article tries hard to establish notability but does not succeed. -- Antaeus Feldspar 20:06, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Googling around a bit, I found this, which seems to indicate that amongst some in the piercing community, Rafti is viewed as a self-promoting huckster. He suggests that he is unprofessional and in fact appears to outline ways in which Rafti has plagiarized portions of his body piercing manual.  Given the level of vitriol in this article, maybe Rafti SHOULD have an article that deletes some of his blatant self-promotion and inserts some of the controversy that obviously exists in the piercing community. Or, maybe it's another argument for deletion.  Abstain for now, interested to hear folks' opinions. Katefan0 21:20, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- after some thought, the things expressed in this article, combined with the fact that the entry is a vanity, make me vote nay. Katefan0 19:29, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Re-creation of a deleted article. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 00:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It has not gone through VfD before, so that is not a valid reason for a speedy deletion. Neither is vanity. Eugene van der Pijll 12:30, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain for now. I have the feeling that a worthwhile debunking article can come from this, but it'll take me a wee while to do all the research. Can you guys please hold deleting this until I can finish my rewrite? Thanks! [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 02:21, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, stuff it. I can't be bothered crawling through this garbage. Suffice it to say that this individual appears to a complete zero, notable only for the number of people he has managed to annoy. Delete. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 02:40, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, let's give it a proper VfD this time as it was speedy-deleted against policy last time. --fvw *  02:23, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Delete: Sure seems to be self-absorbed navel gazing (and then piercing) of a figure who makes a great deal of a stir without much of a splash. Geogre 05:08, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I personally find some of the remarks such as “renaissance man”, and “retarded child” leave me scratching my head, but I actually remember who said each. Go to your nearest tattoo studio and ask if they have an opinion about Rafti/piercing and you’ll probably get a favorable response. When I go to Universities the first question is usually “who’s the old guy?” then they want to meet me and shake my hand and/or hug me- I am beside myself to understand some of the motivations of the modification community, but to an awful lot of those people I am somebody they want to learn about.

I have little if any control over what people post about me, but it’s apparent that some of you consider this to be an autobiographical attempt, to counter these claims I am going to post remarks by a few professionals in the field that support me, I’ll keep it short but people were not at all happy with the way they were represented in the BME article, I even have several letters of support from the local department of health sent to me after BME interviewed them and took remarks out of context.

A segment of the body modification industry has a well-deserved reputation for twisting words around and trying to put them into other people’s mouths, please don’t make the same mistake by trying to put words in my mouth that others said.

If you voted for this article to be deleted then please consider changing your vote on the grounds that whether we understand the cause or not, the interest for this listing exists, and I can’t prevent anyone from trying to put something similar up again. Rafti Institute 11:22, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Only if it's not self-written. There is a reason why autobiographical articles are discouraged. William Rafti describes himself "as a 'renaissance man', 'genius', 'Einstein', 'too smart for his own good' "—yeah, right. This article could be valuable, but only if it is written by independent individuals who have no connection to any of the individuals and groups described therein. There appears to be little chance of this happening, hence my vote. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 23:41, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:54, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No auto-biographies.  Rossami (talk) 01:41, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Now it's even worse than before User:Rafti Institute started changing it; totally unsuitable for anything remotely resembling an encyclopedia. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 17:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Speedy if possible.  It doesn't make any sense at all now.  P Ingerson 12:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 21:57, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Tempshill 09:47, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Clyde Everett Lassen

Untitled
This article seems to come from, which is probably public domain. Thue | talk 17:15, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Yes, it's public domain:

''2. Information presented on the USS LASSEN WEB SITE is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credits is requested.''

CDN99 21:23, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Clyde Everett Lassen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061207123918/http://www.lassen.navy.mil:80/namesake.htm to http://www.lassen.navy.mil/namesake.htm

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:36, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clyde Everett Lassen


text: Template:VarianceAnalysis VarianceBoxRec


text:
Feldberg/Taunus transmitter

The Feldberg/Taunus transmitter is a facility for FM- and TV-broadcasting and for directional radio services located on the Großer Feldberg, the highest mountain in the Taunus region of Germany.

For FM- and TV-broadcasting; a 116.17 m guyed tubular mast is used, while for radio relay services a tower of unique design is used, which is a combination of a multistory building and a telecommunications tower.

History
This tower was built in 1937 as a 53 m reinforced concrete construction with an upper section built of wood. Intended as a television tower for the Rhine Main Area, it became a radar station during World War II. Before the end of World War II, the tower was heavily damaged by bombs, and the structure burned down.

In 1950, reconstruction of the tower was started. The lower 5 floors were reused in the 21.20 m reinforced concrete base. On these a 17.65 m structural steel framework with 5 floors was set up. This carried a 30.28 m timber construction with 9 floors, so that the tower (without the UHF antenna installed on the top) has a total height of 69.13 metres.

Since numerous directional antennas were set up, all connections of the wooden upper building had to be manufactured without metal.

Present status
The tower is now a protected monument.

title: Feldberg/Taunus transmitter


text:
Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi

Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi or Sharif al-Din Ali’ Yazdi (died 1454, Yazd), also known by his pen name Sharaf, was a 15th-century Persian scholar who authored several works in the arts and sciences, including mathematics, astronomy, enigma, literature such as poetry, and history. The Zafarnama, a life of Timur, is his most famous work.

Sharif al-Din was born in the city of Yazd, Iran in the 1370s. He devoted much of his life to scholarship, furthering his education in Syria and Egypt until Timur's death in 1405.

As a young man, he was a teacher in his native city of Yazd and a close companion of the Timurid ruler Shahrukh (1405–47) and his son Ibrahim Sultan. In 1442/43 he became the close advisor of the governor of Iraq, Mirza Sultan Muhammad, who lived in the city of Qom.

Sharif al-Din rebelled against Shahrukh Timur in 1446/47 when the government was vulnerable, but was later sent to different cities for his acumen. The later years of his life were spent in Taft, where he died in 1454.

Sharif al-Din was directed to write a biography of Timur in 1421 known as the Zafarnama, which he completed four years later in 1425. Timur's grandson Sultan Abu al-Fath Ibrahim Mirza was Sharif al-Din's patron during the completion of his grandfather's biography.

Translated works

 * The History of Timur-Bec: Known by the Name of Tamerlain the Great, Emperor of the Moguls and Tartars: Being an Historical Journal of His Conquests in Asia and Europe, Volume 2 (1723)

title: Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi