text:
Arouca, Portugal

Arouca is a town and a municipality in the Metropolitan Area of Porto, in the Norte Region of Portugal and in the Aveiro District. The population in 2011 was 22,359, in an area of 329.11 km2. It had 20,383 electors in 2006. The population has grown from 7072 inhabitants in 1801.

The entire territory of Arouca is "Arouca Geopark" which is a member of the European Geoparks Network and Global Geoparks Network on account of its outstanding geological heritage, educational programs and projects, and promotion of geotourism.

History
The territory that became Arouca was settled by vestiges of pre-historic tribes, but it was in the Roman occupation that the first artifacts associated with settlement first appeared. From archaeological excavations, it is known that the area was settled late in the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (due to its distance from coastal and north–south accesses). From local toponomy, the permanence of Germanic tribes is evident; names such as Sá, Saril, Alvarenga, Burgo, Escariz, Friães and Melareses, are examples of this influence.

Following Moorish invasion more information began to be recorded in this region. Christian settlements that existed within the area were abandoned during this time, and moved to other northern access points. These settlements later returned following the Reconquista, when instability in the region disappeared. The history of Arouca, therefore, only became available with the founding and growth of the Monastery of Arouca, culminating in the religious life of D. Mafalda, daughter of the second King, D. Sancho I. It was this monastery, which for many centuries, that the populace of the region depended. The monastery was erected in the 10th century, in the invocation of Saint Peter, by two noblemen: Loderigo and Vandilo, from Moldes. The primitive building was nothing more than a simple dwelling, supporting a complement of monks and nuns.

By the 12th century, D. Toda Viegas and his family became principal patrons of the monastery, resulting in a growth of wealth and prestige. D. Afonso Henriques, even before national independence, conceded the Viegas and the monastery's monks various privileges and donations. They received various charters between 1132 and 1143.

In the first years of the 13th century, the monastery of Arouca passed into the hands of the Crown, and D. Sancho I left the complex in his testament to his daughter D. Mafalda. She entered monastic life between 1217 and 1220. Her presence resulted in a period of splendor and importance, not merely for her presence, but also her material wealth, which she brought into monastic service. By this time, the monastery was a sanctuary for nuns, and the principal economic center of the Arouca valley. Following the death of D. Mafalda, in 1256, the prestige of the monastery continued, carried on by here former support, memory, religious and cult. She was beatified in 1792 and her remains placed in an urn, executed in ebony, crystal, silver and bronze in one of the wings of the monastery's church (where her body was later moved in 1793).

The municipality of Arouca evolved from a long process over the centuries, inheriting civil parishes and integrating municipalities from the 19th century. The municipality of Vila Meã do Burgo originated the parish of Burgo, which was annexed by Arouca in 1817. With the extinction of the municipalities of Alvarenga (1836) and Fermêdo (1855) many of the former parishes were integrated into Arouca: the parishes of Santa Cruz de Alvarenga, Canelas, Janarde and Espiunca were folded in from Alvarenga and the parishes of São Miguel do Mato, Fermêdo, Escariz and Mansores were annexed from Fermêdo. The parish of Covêlo de Paivó, which belong to the municipality of São Pedro do Sul, was annexed in 1917.

The historical centre of Arouca, which included many the current parishes was constituted by the seats of São Bartolomeu (in 1846 the parishes of São Bartolomeu de Arouca and Santo Estêvão de Moldes), Cabreiros, Albergaria da Serra, part of São Salvador do Burgo, Santa Eulália, São Miguel de Urrô, Várzea, Rossas, Santa Marinha de Tropêço and Chave.

Physical geography
The Arouca is a fertile valley, almost entirely enclosed with a mountainous plateau, with only the western edge open to the rest of the country. To the north is the Serra do Gamarão, to the east the conic mountain of Mó and the Serra da Freita ao Sul., and to the south is the ridge of Montemuro (the highest point in the municipality). Here is situated the Pedra Posta, at approximately 1222 m, relatively close to the Noninha.

The existence of tungsten mines in this region, has historical attracted foreign mineral exploration companies. In the towns of Rio de Frades (parish of Cabreiros) and Regoufe (parish of Covêlo de Paivó), until the end of the Second World War, there functioned both English and German mining companies, that continued their mining operations (although at less intense levels) until the 1960s. The ruins of these mines and numerous pits are visible in the parishes of Alvarenga and Janarde, a testament to the authentic "gold fever" associated with the mining industry here.

Biome
In addition to the geological richness of the region is the extraordinary biological diversity. The mountains and foothills continue several reliquaries of Portuguese endemic species, that included chestnuts, oak and holly species.

Human geography
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 16 civil parishes (freguesias):

 * Alvarenga
 * Arouca e Burgo
 * Cabreiros e Albergaria da Serra
 * Canelas e Espiunca
 * Chave
 * Covelo de Paivó e Janarde
 * Escariz
 * Fermedo
 * Mansores
 * Moldes
 * Rossas
 * Santa Eulália
 * São Miguel do Mato
 * Tropeço
 * Urrô
 * Várzea

The municipal holiday is May 2 and it celebrates Saint Mafalda.

Notable people

 * Emmanuel d'Abreu (1708-1737), Roman Catholic priest in Goa and Macau, tortured and martyred by beheading
 * Pedro Costa (born 1981), Portuguese retired footballer who played 225 games
 * Simão Oliveira (born 2007), singer who represented Portugal in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2021.

Architecture
The archaeological site of São João de Valinhas is located in Arouca.

Arouca 516
Arouca 516 is a pedestrian bridge that crosses the steep Paiva River gorge at Arouca Geopark. The 516 metre bridge, opened in 2021, is the world's longest pedestrian suspension bridge.

title: Arouca, Portugal


text:
Talk:Above & Beyond (band)

Possible copyvio
See http://www.dareyproducts.co.uk/above.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tristanb (talk • contribs) 21:34, December 14, 2004

 * I edited the text and slightly updated the content. Is it acceptable now? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.58.20.107 (talk) 17:38, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Madonna - What It Feels Like For a Girl (Above & Beyond Video Edit).ogg
The image Image:Madonna - What It Feels Like For a Girl (Above & Beyond Video Edit).ogg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * File:Madonna - What It Feels Like For a Girl (Above & Beyond Video Edit).ogg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --11:59, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

IDMA Awards
If anyone can please update the IDMA's section as Above & Beyond were nominated for four awards: Best Trance Track - Blue Sky Action feat. Alex Vargas, Best Trance DJ - Above & Beyond, Best Podcast or Radio Mixshow DJ - Group Therapy Radio, and Best Artist (Group) - Above & Beyond

I attempted to edit the table yesterday but failed in doing so, thank you! Arnold.kevin729 (talk) 14:42, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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New Album: Flow State
They have released a new album named "Flow State" AnkitMenon666 (talk) 03:25, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Above & Beyond (band)


text:
Talk:Communication protocol

Rename to Digital
I propose this article be renamed "Digital communication protocol" as there's nothing in it about analog communication protocols (human or other biological). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.119.15.14 (talk) 19:35, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I assume those topics fall under Communications. Is there another article that should be named Communication protocol? If not WP:COMMONNAME applies and article should not be moved. ~Kvng (talk) 15:40, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Media Culture
— Assignment last updated by Samg2828 (talk) 16:57, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communication protocol


text:
Sabarkantha district

Sabarkantha district is one of the 33 districts of Gujarat state of India, located in the northeastern part of the state. The administrative headquarters of the district are located in Himatnagar.

At a glance
The General outline of the district:

 * Geographical Location: 23.030 to 24.30 N latitude and 72.43 to 73.39 E. longitude
 * Climate: minimum temperature of 9o C in winter, maximum temperature of 49o C in summer
 * Soil: white, black, rocky, stony, sandy and hilly
 * Rivers: Sabarmati, Khari, Meshvo, Hathmati, Harnao, Vatrak and Mazam
 * Crops: paddy, millet, cotton, wheat, sorghum, tobacco, groundnut, castor, raido, vegetables, tomatoes and cauliflower
 * Total villages: 1,389
 * Number of Gram Panchayats: Gram Panchayat - 714, Group Gram Panchayat - 325
 * Municipality: 06
 * National Highway No. 48 passes through here.

Geography
Sabarkantha District is bounded by Rajasthan to the north and northeast, the Banaskantha district and the Mehsana district to the west, the Gandhinagar district to the south and the Aravalli district to the southeast.

It is spread across an area of 5390 km2.

History
During the Western Satrap rule, the region was known as Shwabhra (શ્વભ્ર). The region was under the rule of Satrap Rudradama in 150 A.D. as indicated in Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts at Junagadh. The river of the region was originally named Shwabhravati and is now known as the Sabarmati River. The region is also named in the auxiliary text Gaṇapāṭha of Pāṇini's grammar work, Aṣṭādhyāyī.

During the British Raj, Vijaynagar in the Sabarkantha district was the capital of Vijaynagar State or Pol State, one of the princely states of the Mahi Kantha Agency.

The present-day district of Sabarkantha was formed in 1949 through the merger of 29 princely states and some parts of the British-governed Ahmedabad district. When the former Bombay state was bifurcated in 1960, Sabarkantha became a part of the newly-formed Gujarat.

Economy
In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Sabarkantha one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of six districts in Gujarat currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Divisions
Sabarkantha district has eight talukas:

 * 1) Himatnagar
 * 2) Idar
 * 3) Prantij
 * 4) Talod
 * 5) Khedbrahma
 * 6) Poshina
 * 7) Vadali
 * 8) Vijaynagar

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the Sabarkantha district has a population of 2,428,589, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the U.S. state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 183rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 328 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.56%. Sabarkantha has a sex ratio of 950 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.6%.

The residual district had a population of 1,388,671, of which 237,158 (17.08%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 125,462 (9.03%) and 328,243 (23.64%) of the population, respectively.

There are 1,285,218 Hindus, 90,027 Muslims and 9,990 Jains, within the total population.

Language
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 97.85% of the population in the district spoke Gujarati and 1.63% spoke Hindi as their first language.

Forts
Idariyo Gadh, Idar is an ancient fort, known as 'Ilva Durga' which finds mention in Mahabharat and in the travelogue of the Rathore Rajputs in the Mahi Kantha Agency at the time of British Raj. It is an example of a naturally protected hill fort, located at the southern edge of the Aravalli Range. At the foothill are the ruins of an old palace with carved balconies. The entry to Idar is through a three story clock tower cum entrance gate, with an arch and semi-circular dome at the top. The road, with a bazaar on both sides, leads to the tower and ends at the foothills of Idar fort.

Villages

 * Pedhmala
 * Takhatgadh Kampa

Vijay Villas Vijaynagar
Vijay Villas Vijaynagar is nested on the foothills of the Aravalli Ranges and is on the edge of the few dense forests left in Gujarat in the Sabarkantha district, which is on the border of Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Darbargadh
About 18 km from Ambaji in Sabarkantha district, Poshina represents traditional village life, populated by the tribal communities of the Garasias, Bhils and the pastoral Rabaris. Poshina is home to a tribal shrine which contains thousands of terracotta horses standing in rows as offerings to the local goddess. Nearby villages have similar horses carved in reverence to her.

The Darbargadh Poshina, once a palace, and now a heritage hotel, has gateways, a massive dome, numerous pillars and arches, a courtyard, gardens, lawns and terraces. It's owned by the descendants of the Chalukyas, whose empire spread through much of Gujarat and Central India in the 12th century. It also contains old Jain sandstone temples of Parshvanath and Neminath and an old Shiva temple.

The Sabarkantha district is host to the Chitra Vichitra Fair in Gunbhakhari village, a couple of weeks after Holi.

Polo Forest
Polo forest is spread across 400 km2, located near Abhapur village in Vijaynagar taluka of Gujarat. Polo forest is surrounded by hills from where the Harnav River is crossing and spread across the forest, ancient Shiv temple, Jain temple and other heritage site located in nearby areas. Every year, the Gujarat government celebrates the Polo festival by organizing travel events which include adventure activities, cycling and camping.

Notable people

 * Umashankar Joshi (1911–1988), writer and scholar, born in Bamna (now Aravalli district).
 * Rashid Patel, Indian cricketer.
 * Zohraben Chavda (1923–1997), Gandhian social reformer and member of the 3rd Loksabha from Banaskantha.
 * Manoj Joshi, actor and comedian, born in Himmatnagar.
 * Praful Khoda Patel, politician and administrator of Diu, Daman and Dadra Nagar Haveli.

title: Sabarkantha district


text:
User:Kaldari

Hello, welcome to my English Wikipedia user page!

Recognized article contributions
Emma Goldman (collaboration) Mary Wollstonecraft (collaboration) List of municipalities in Tennessee (collaboration) Anne Dallas Dudley Nashville sit-ins Zygoballus sexpunctatus

Wikipedia contributions

 * Organized Wikipedia Takes Nashville
 * Helped organize Wikipedia Loves Art
 * Created WikiProject Feminism
 * Created WikiProject Women's Health
 * Created WikiProject Wikipedians against censorship
 * Created the initial version of Manual of Style (icons)
 * Created Persondata (a metadata scheme for biographical articles)
 * Created Wikimedia Photo Scavenger Hunts
 * Created the WikiLove extension
 * Created the Thanks extension
 * Created the CongressLookup extension (for the SOPA blackout)
 * Contributor to WikiProject Biography
 * Contributor to WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles

Featured pictures
My featured pictures:

Barnstars
Moved to User:Kaldari/Barnstars.

title: User:Kaldari


text:
Talk:List of network protocols (OSI model)

Untitled
This article was started with content from Communications protocol.

So why are NFS and SMB listed as session-layer protocols, rather than application-layer protocols? Guy Harris 06:32, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Isn't HTTP a Session Layer protocol?
 * It sits on top of a Transport Protocol
 * It carries payload defined by a Content-Type (Presentation)
 * By itself HTTP is useless you use it to "Read a Newspaper" (Application) in formated HTML (Presentation) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by  LuisOntanon  (talk • contribs) 20:10, 13 February 2006 (UTC).

 * It also fetches data and transports requestions (POST); if everything that ran atop a transport protocol were a session layer protocol, most if not all of the common protocols running atop TCP/IP would be classified as session-layer protocols.

 * The problem is that the OSI model doesn't always match the way things are done; a protocol might include some functions considered part of the session layer, but most of what it does is at a higher layer.

 * Also, when reading a newpaper online, there's no "application-layer protocol" involved - the application uses HTTP as the protocol for fetching content, there's no application-layer protocol above HTTP. When using XML-RPC, there is a higher-level protocol using HTTP for lower-level functions.  Whether HTML (or PDF, or GIF, or JPEG, or...) is a presentation layer protocol, or just the format the raw data being transported by HTTP happens to be in, is a matter of interpretation; about the only thing I see as different between HTTP and, say, FTP or NFS is that HTTP allows the client to specify the formats they're willing to receive and allows the server to specify the format it's sending. Guy Harris 03:48, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

The Layer 6 Presentation Layer protocols seems to be missing.Hawg-farmer 19:35, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

I believe BGP is technically a layer 7 protocol used to control layer 3. Its an application that uses tcp over ip connections to communicate the availabity of layer 3 routes between routers.

LAYERS
There are many layers not in the OSI model. The most used protocol stack on earth does not conform to the OSI stack. LTE and its many layers can actually carry the entire OSI stack on top of it. We should try not to me so "Internet Protocol-Centric" The failed and obsolete "OSI" model could have its own page so this page could cover network protocols? imho Scottprovost (talk) 18:17, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

..i don't know what you think about MP3, JPEG, MPEG .. but they are definetely nothing which has anything to do with the OSI-Layer-model. 213.33.91.2 (talk) 11:31, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

IPoAC
IP_over_Avian_Carriers

Where does this fit in? Humourous or not, it is a data transfer protocol that has been implemented.(once)--Marhawkman (talk) 22:57, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, it includes both the physical layer (birds and printed messages), so it could be added to Category:Physical layer protocols, and the data link layer (with a trivial encapsulation, as there's no protocol type field - sorry, no IPX-over-carrier-pigeon), so it could also be added to Category:Link protocols. Those categories are what the "more" links in the bottom two layers of the IP stack link to in the IP stack template. Guy Harris (talk) 23:26, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * thanks. It's added now.--Marhawkman (talk) 12:50, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

TCP/ IP
TCP/IP were the original Internet Protocols, independent of the rest of OSI. How come they are not mentioned as a set in their own right, but only as minor parts of something set of protocols? Corrupt one (talk) 23:53, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

MIME
This page says MIME is part of Layer 7. But on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model#Examples MIME is listed as being part of Layer 6. It seems to be part of Layer 6 to me. WikiMix (talk) 14:58, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

XML
Is XML itself its own layer, because Markup Languages (though Layer 7) but they can be use for traffic control. --75.154.186.241 (talk) 19:15, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

 * XML is not a protocol Teo8976 (talk) 17:31, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

SAP
Could someone please add SAP (Session Announcement Protocol) in the relevant layer. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.85.67.241 (talk) 15:30, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

About Server Protocols
We know there are large number of protocols are used in Information Technology, but i like to know what were the important/required protocols are required when we used to handle Server. Please send your feedback and required related studies for effective server management to the my emails address sathishcnpt.938@gmail.com.

SIP, STUN 7->5
Aren't SIP and STUN Layer 5-Protocolls? --Fabiwanne (talk) 14:54, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Why is SIP listed under Layer 7 and Layer 5? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.2.214.73 (talk) 03:31, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

ICMP -> Layer 4; BGP -> layer 5
ICMP is using IP

BGP is using TCP


text:
User:Cbiffle

I discovered Wikipedia in mid-2004. Info-junkie that I am, I've been more or less strapped to it ever since.

Holes in the history-of-computing coverage kept irking me, however. My family's been heavily involved in CS since the late 60s, and I felt I had something to contribute -- so I started editing things, beginning in December 2004.

Brief biography

 * Currently a developer of large online transaction processing systems for Choice Hotels, International, Inc.
 * B.S. in Psychology from Arizona State University.
 * Computer science generalist, with emphasis on distributed computing and language research.
 * Fond of Smalltalk, Self, Ruby.
 * Tolerant of C.
 * Frequently forced to support systems written in Java, Visual Basic, C++, Perl.
 * Amateur photographer, musician, and philosopher.

I may eventually provide links to my homepage and such here, if it seems appropriate.

title: User:Cbiffle


text:
Redbone (band)

Redbone is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1969 by brothers Pat and Lolly Vegas. All members during their commercial peak and success were of Mexican American and Native American heritage, which was heavily reflected in their songs, stage costumes, and album art.

They reached the Top 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1974 with their hit single, "Come and Get Your Love". The single went certified Gold selling over a million copies. It also made Redbone the first Native American band to reach the top five on the US Billboard Hot 100, with the song reaching number 5. Redbone achieved success in the United States with their singles "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee", "The Witch Queen of New Orleans", "Wovoka", and "Maggie", although these songs were more successful overseas.

Pat has been the sole member of the band since Lolly's death in 2010.

History
Born in Coalinga, California, near Fresno, brothers Patrick (bass and vocals) and Candido "Lolly" Vasquez-Vegas (guitar and vocals) moved to Los Angeles in 1959 and played for ten years in clubs under the name of Pat and Lolly Vegas. Pat won Coca-Cola's first singing competition in 1958 at age 17. He also won a recording contract, which he put off to move to Los Angeles with Lolly. They performed at local clubs on Hollywood and Sunset Boulevard (such as Gazzari's) while writing and playing on records by Tina Turner, Sonny & Cher, James Brown, Little Richard, and Elvis, among other legendary artists.

The word "redbone" is a Cajun term for a mixed-race person, which the band adopted to signify their mixed ancestry. The Vasquez-Vegas brothers were of Yaqui, Shoshone, and Mexican heritage. The band often alluded to Cajun and New Orleans culture in their lyrics and performing style. The brothers began by performing and recording surf music as the Vegas Brothers, "because their agent told them that the world was not yet ready to embrace a duo of Mexican musicians playing surfing music". First as the Vegas Brothers, then later as the Crazy Cajun Cakewalk Band, Pat and Lolly performed throughout the 1960s at venues on the Sunset Strip.

Before forming Redbone, Pat and Lolly released an album in October 1965 entitled Pat & Lolly Vegas at the Haunted House (Mercury MG 21059/SR 61059). Of the twelve songs on the album, six were originals by the Vasquez-Vegas brothers which earned them some early success. Pat and Lolly also appeared on the '60s hit show Shindig! repeatedly, becoming regular performers. They also released several singles from 1961 to the mid-1960s, one titled "Robot Walk" / "Don't You Remember" (Apogee Records A-101), helping to make a name for themselves in their early years.

In 1967, P.J. Proby recorded his only Top-30 hit, "Niki Hoeky", written by Jim Ford, Lolly Vegas, and Pat Vegas. The next year, Bobbie Gentry performed the Cajun-influenced song on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and included it on her smash-hit album, Ode to Billie Joe. Pat Vegas also wrote songs for legendary names like Aretha Franklin amongst others.

According to Pat Vegas, Jimi Hendrix, inspired the musicians to form an all-Native American rock group. (Hendrix himself stated that Lolly Vegas was his favorite guitarist and biggest influence in music). They signed as the band 'Redbone' to Epic Records in 1969. The band then consisted of Pat Vegas, Lolly Vegas, Peter DePoe and Robert Anthony Avila, a Yaqui-Mexican American, better known by his stage name Tony Bellamy. Their debut album Redbone was released in 1970.

Redbone played primarily rock music with R&B, Cajun, blue-eyed soul, funk, country, tribal, and Latin roots. Their first world commercial success came with the single "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" (from Message from a Drum) that peaked at No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100, and followed by the single "Maggie" from their second album, Potlatch. "Come and Get Your Love" followed as a big No. 5 hit for Redbone and remained on the chart for 24 weeks being certified gold by the R.I.A.A. on April 22, 1974. Redbone was also the opening act introducing the first Earth Day to the world in Philadelphia along with Senator Edmund Muskie. Their opening song was "Chant 13th Hour" from the Potlatch album.

Redbone's music was characterized by the Leslie rotating speaker effect that Lolly Vegas used for his electric guitar amplifier and a "King Kong" style of drumming developed by drummer Peter DePoe. This Leslie effect was developed while rehearsing at Dress Revue Sound Studios in Hollywood, California in the early 1970s.

The first self-titled album by Redbone was released as a double album in North America. In Europe, it was released both as a double (EPC 67242) and as a single album (BN 26280) on the Epic label.

Their third album, Message from a Drum, was released in Europe (except Spain) with the title The Witch Queen of New Orleans and a different cover than the one released in the U.S. and Canada.

In 1973, Redbone released the politically oriented "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee", recalling both the massacre of Lakota Sioux Indians by the 7th Cavalry Regiment in 1890 and the 71-day Wounded Knee Occupation that occurred a few months before the song's release. The song ends with the subtly altered sentence "We were all wounded 'by' Wounded Knee". It charted in several European countries and reached the No. 1 position in the Netherlands but did not chart in the U.S., where it was initially withheld from release due to lyrical controversy and then banned by several radio stations due to its confrontation of a sore subject. DePoe had left this band in 1972. He was replaced by Arturo Perez (1939- ), but later by Bellamy's Filipino-Chicano cousin, Butch Rillera around that point. Following this the band achieved much of their commercial success. Tony Bellamy (guitar, piano and vocals) left the band in 1977, with Rillera leaving shortly after.

The band's current remaining membership is led by Pat Vegas, although an array of new members have joined Redbone since then due to Lolly Vegas suffering a stroke that left him unable to tour with the band. No member has been official other than Pat Vegas after the original members were not present. A proposed reunion tour in 2003 did not occur. There is evidence that suggests the existence of an "imposter band" (one of many who try to gain recognition) who was illegally touring the United States and posing as Redbone under the name (or alias) "Denny Freeman". Freeman - who Pat Vegas confirmed to be unaffiliated with Redbone in an interview with the Montana Standard - defrauded the county fair board of the Butte Silver-Bow County Fair in Butte, Montana, under pretenses of being a co-founding member of Redbone, yet he was never a band member.

On December 25, 2009, Tony Bellamy died of liver failure at a hospital in his hometown of Las Vegas, at age 63. Less than three months later, Lolly Vegas died of lung cancer at his family home in Reseda, California, on March 4, 2010, at age 70.

Redbone headlined the Inaugural Indigenous Peoples Day event along with Pat Vegas's son PJ Vegas, daughter Frankie Vegas, and The Black Eyed Peas at Los Angeles City Hall on October 8, 2018, Grand Park. This was the first indigenous celebration commemorating this change that took two years to complete. Spearheaded by LA Council member Mitch O'Farrell, they honored the largest native community in the United States, Los Angeles, and the native people who first inhabited LA, the Tongva people.

Pat Vegas continues to tour in the United States and Canada in support of his solo albums, Ambergris, Peacepipe, Speed of Sound, and "Buffalo Bluz". He also is part of a touring version of Redbone that plays both his solo efforts and the hits from the band's heyday.

Musical style and influences
Redbone's music was primarily rock music, but incorporated elements of rock and roll, funk, folk music, blues, swamp funk, Tex-Mex, rhythm and blues,  indigenous music of North America,  soul music,  soft rock, hard rock, Cajun music, jazz and Latin music. The band's style was classified as swamp rock.

Awards and accolades
Redbone was inducted into the Native American Music Association Hall of Fame in 2008, as well as the legendary NY Smithsonian in 2013. They were also honored with vein painted on the largest mural in the U.S. in Fresno, California. On August 30, 2014, Pat Vegas was honored with the Lifetime Achievement "Legend" Award from the "West Coast American Indian Music Awards."

In 1997, "Come and Get Your Love" was featured in the Kevin Costner movie, The Postman.

In 2014, "Come and Get Your Love" experienced a resurgence in popularity when it was featured in the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy as one of the songs on a mixtape made for the protagonist, Peter Quill. It was also included on the film's soundtrack album, which reached the top spot on the Billboard 200 chart. It later appeared in the film's second sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, released in 2023.

In 2015, "Come and Get Your Love" was used as the intro theme to Netflix produced cartoon series F is for Family.

In 2018, in France, "Come and Get Your Love" was featured in a Bouygues Telecom television commercial showing three successive generations appreciating the song.

In 2018, Pat Vegas was awarded with the "Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Indigenous Music Awards.

In 2021, "Come and Get Your Love" was featured in episode 5 of the FX show, Reservation Dogs.

Current

 * Pat Vegas – bass, vocals (1969–1977, 1997–present)

Former

 * Lolly Vegas – guitars, vocals (1969–1977, 1997; died 2010)
 * Tony Bellamy – guitars, vocals (1969–1977, 1997–1998, 2008; died 2009)
 * Peter DePoe – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1969–1972)
 * Arturo Perez – drums, recorded on their album Already Here (1972)
 * Butch Rillera – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1973–1977)

Studio albums

 * Redbone (1970)
 * Potlatch (1970)
 * Message from a Drum (1971)
 * Already Here (1972)
 * Wovoka (1973)
 * Beaded Dreams Through Turquoise Eyes (1974)
 * Cycles (1977)
 * Peace Pipe (2005)

title: Redbone (band)


text:
Lagunen-Walzer

 Lagunen-Walzer  (Lagoon-Waltz) op. 411 is a waltz by Johann Strauss II written in 1883. The waltz melodies are drawn from his operetta Eine Nacht in Venedig (A Night in Venice) which was a fiasco when premiered in Berlin on 3 October 1883.

The waltz's primary melody was from the Act 3 song by the character Duke of Urbino. The Berlin production incorporated many outrageously silly lyrics during this waltz song where the singer has to sing the embarrassing 'Nacht sind die Katzen ja grau, nachts tönt es zärtlich Miau!' (At night, the cats are grey, at night "meow" they tenderly say!').

Without further ado, for the hurried Vienna premiere, the tempo was reduced and the words were replaced with the more agreeable 'Ach, wie so herrlich zu schaun, sind all' die lieblichen Frau'n!' (Oh, how splendid to see, all of these lovely ladies!).

Eduard Strauss first performed the orchestral work on 4 November 1883 in the Golden Hall (Goldener-Saal) of the Vienna Musikverein, site of the modern day Neujahrskonzert.

title: Lagunen-Walzer


text:
Los Angeles runway disaster

On the evening of February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493, a Boeing 737-300, collided with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprop aircraft, upon landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). As Flight 1493 was on final approach, the local controller was distracted, though air traffic was not heavy at LAX, by a series of abnormalities, including a misplaced flight progress strip and an aircraft that had inadvertently switched off the tower frequency. The SkyWest flight was told to taxi into takeoff position, while the USAir flight was landing on the same runway.

Upon landing, the 737 collided with the smaller turboprop Metroliner, which was crushed beneath the larger USAir jet as it continued down the runway, caught fire, and veered into an airport fire station. Rescue workers arrived in minutes and began to evacuate the 737, but because of the intense fire, three of the 737's six exits were unusable, including both front exits; front passengers could only use one of the two overwing exits, causing a bottleneck. All 12 people aboard the smaller plane were killed, along with an eventual total of 23 of the 89 occupants of the 737, with most deaths on the 737 caused by asphyxiation in the fire.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that the probable cause of the accident was the procedures in use at the LAX control tower, which provided inadequate redundancy, leading to a loss of situational awareness by the local controller, and inadequate oversight by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for failing to supervise the control tower managers. The crash led directly to the NTSB's recommendation of using different runways for takeoffs and landings at LAX.

Aircraft and crew
USAir Flight 1493 was a scheduled service from Syracuse, New York, making stops at Washington, DC, Columbus, Ohio, and LAX, before continuing to San Francisco. On February 1, 1991, Flight 1493 was operated using a Boeing 737-300 (registration ); after a crew change in Washington, DC,  it was under the command of Captain Colin Franklin Shaw (48), a highly experienced pilot with around 16,300 total flight hours (including more than 4,300 hours on the Boeing 737), and First Officer David T. Kelly (32), who had about 4,300 total flight hours, with 982 hours on the Boeing 737. Flying into LAX, the aircraft had 89 people on board (83 passengers, four flight attendants, and the two pilots).

On February 1, 1991, SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569 was operated using a twin-engined Fairchild Metroliner (registration ). The flight was scheduled to depart LAX on the final leg of a multicity schedule, and was bound for Palmdale, California, with 10 passengers and two pilots aboard. The aircraft did not carry a cockpit voice recorder (CVR) or a flight data recorder (FDR), as it was not required to do so at the time. Both of Flight 5569's pilots had significant experience; Captain Andrew Lucas (32), had roughly 8,800 flight hours (with 2,101 of them on the Metroliner), and First Officer Frank Prentice (45), had over 8,000 flight hours, including 1,363 hours on the Metroliner.

Airport
LAX has four parallel runways, with the two runways and associated taxiways north of the terminal called the North Complex. Aircraft that landed on the outer runway – 24R – would cross the inner runway – 24L – in order to reach the terminal.

Air traffic control
The air traffic controller (ATC) in charge of takeoffs and landings in the LAX tower (the local controller) was Robin Lee Wascher. She had been working in the role since 1982, and began working at LAX in 1989. The clearance delivery controller in charge of taxiing aircraft was Francita Vandiver, who had previously served as an ATC in the US Navy. She had been working at LAX since 1988.

Flight

Skywest 5569 was cleared by ATC Wascher in the LAX tower to taxi to Runway 24L, moving from gate 32 to the runway via taxiways Kilo, 48, Tango, and 45. The plane was briefly not visible from the tower on taxiway 48 between Kilo and Tango in the area known as "no man's land".

Immediately prior to SkyWest 5569 reaching runway 24L, a Wings West aircraft had landed on 24R and was awaiting permission to cross 24L and taxi to the terminal. The local controller attempted to contact the Wings West aircraft, but the crew had changed frequencies and did not answer, distracting Wascher as she attempted to reestablish communications. Shortly after 6 PM local time, as USAir 1493 was on final approach to LAX, the SkyWest Metroliner was cleared by the local controller to taxi into position and hold on Runway 24L at the intersection of taxiway 45, some 2200 ft up from the runway threshold. After four attempts by the local controller, the Wings West aircraft finally responded to the tower and apologized for switching frequencies. Wascher then cleared the USAir flight to land on 24L, even though the SkyWest Metroliner was still holding in takeoff position on the runway:

With this activity ongoing, another Wings West aircraft, a Metroliner similar to SkyWest 5569, called the tower reporting they were ready for takeoff. Wascher queried this aircraft about their position, and they told her they were holding on a taxiway short of 24L. The flight progress strip for this flight had not yet been given to Wascher by controller Vandiver (another distraction), and Wascher mistakenly thought this Metroliner was SkyWest 5569, thus the runway was clear of aircraft. The first officer of the USAir flight recalled hearing this conversation, but did not remember anyone being cleared to hold on the runway. Meanwhile, Wascher was busy handling other flights:

The USAir plane touched down near the runway threshold. Just as the nose was being lowered, the first officer noticed SkyWest 5569 on the runway and applied maximum braking, but it was too late. The following was recorded on the CVR:

The USAir plane slammed into the Metroliner, crushing it beneath its fuselage. The 737 proceeded to skid down the runway, then veered off the left side and came to rest on the far side of the taxiway against a closed fire station building, where it eventually caught fire. Large debris from the Metroliner – including its tail, wings, and right engine – were found on the runway and between the runway and the abandoned fire station.

The accident was witnessed from a plane carrying the Vancouver Canucks, who were arriving for a National Hockey League game against the Los Angeles Kings. The captain of that charter aircraft, having just landed, powered up the engines to get away from the fireball of the accident. The team was unsure if the USAir 737 was going to stop before it collided with their plane. The Canucks were shaken by the experience and lost to the Kings by a score of 9–1, their worst loss of the 1990–91 season.

Fatalities and injuries

The 35 dead included all 12 people (10 passengers and both crew members) on SkyWest 5569, and 23 of the 89 aboard the USAir 1493 (21 passengers, Captain Shaw, and Lead flight attendant Deanna Bethea ). Two of the USAir fatalities were passengers who initially survived the crash, but died from burn injuries three and 31 days after the crash.

Captain Shaw was killed when the nose of the aircraft struck the abandoned fire station, crushing the section of the cockpit where his seat was located. Of the remaining passengers and crew aboard USAir 1493, two crew members and 10 passengers sustained serious injuries, 2 crew members and 15 passengers sustained minor injuries, and 37 passengers received no injuries. Billionaire businessman David H. Koch was among the survivors.

The majority of fatalities aboard USAir 1493 occurred to those seated in the front of the plane, where the postcrash fire originated in the forward cargo hold, fed by a combination of fuel from the wreckage of SkyWest 5569 and gaseous oxygen from the 737's damaged crew oxygen system. Everyone seated in row 6 or forward was either killed or sustained major injuries, while everyone aft of row 17 escaped, some with minor injuries. Only two passengers and one crew member managed to escape from the forward service (R1) door, while the main cabin (L1) door was inoperable due to damage. Only two passengers used the left over-wing exit before the fire became too intense outside the aircraft. The majority of the survivors exited via the right over-wing exit, with the rest of the surviving cabin occupants escaping through the rear service (R2) door. The rear passenger (L2) door was briefly opened during the course of the accident, but was quickly closed due to the spreading fire on that side of the aircraft. Multiple issues slowed the evacuation from the right over-wing door, including a passenger seated in the exit row who could not open the door, a brief scuffle between two men at the exit, and the seatback of the exit window seat being folded forward, partially obstructing the exit.

From the location of the bodies, only two victims on USAir 1493 were found in their seats, while authorities believe that 17 had unbuckled their seat belts and died from smoke inhalation while making their way to the exits. According to James Burnett, who headed the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation team, "I can't think of a recent accident where this many people have been up and out of their seats and didn't make it out." The captain was one of the few people who died of blunt force trauma, a blow to the head when the bulkhead collapsed as the aircraft collided with the firehouse. The first officer was rescued through the cockpit windows by some of the first firefighters to arrive on the accident scene.

Shaw was found to have traces of phenobarbital in his blood. The Federal Aviation Administration prohibits use of the sedative before flying. The drug was prescribed for irritable bowel syndrome by Shaw's physicians, who said they had warned him not to use the medication while flying.

Investigation
First Officer David Kelly, who was flying the USAir 1493 during the accident leg, reported that he did not see SkyWest 5569 until he lowered the nose of his aircraft onto the runway after landing. Kelly also said that he applied the brakes, but did not have enough time for evasive action. Statements made by passengers who survived the crash were consistent with this testimony.

Local controller Wascher, who cleared both aircraft to use the same runway, testified before the NTSB and accepted blame for causing the crash. She said she originally thought the landing USAir plane had been hit by a bomb, then "realized something went wrong... I went to the supervisor and I said, 'I think this (the SkyWest plane) is what USAir hit.'" She testified that rooftop lights in her line of sight caused glare in the tower, making seeing small planes difficult at the intersection where the SkyWest plane was positioned. Just before the accident, she confused the SkyWest plane with another commuter airliner that was on a taxiway near the end of the runway. Making matters more difficult, the ground radar at LAX was not working on the day of the accident.

The NTSB's investigation of the crash revealed that the cockpit crew of the landing USAir jet could not see the commuter plane, which blended in with other airport lights. The NTSB cited LAX's procedures which placed much of the responsibility for runways on the local controllers, which directly led to the loss of situational awareness by the local controller. The NTSB also noted that during the previous performance review, a supervisor had noted four deficiencies in the local controller who ultimately worked the accident aircraft. These deficiencies were not addressed prior to the accident, and two of the deficiencies were apparent in the accident sequence—her loss of situational awareness and aircraft misidentification.

The NTSB's investigation of the crash revealed a failing system in the air- and ground-traffic control facilities at LAX: the ground radar system worked intermittently, and was not functioning at the time of the incident; the blind spot, from the control tower, when looking at the spot where SkyWest 5569 was waiting on the runway; the system for ground controllers in the tower to pass flight progress strips to the local controller did not support the local controller's workload; aircraft on runways were not required to turn on all their external lights until rolling for takeoff. All these issues were rectified at LAX following this incident.

At the time of the accident, ATCs at LAX used all four runways (North Complex runways 24L and 24R, South Complex runways 25L and 25R) for mixed takeoffs and landings. One of the NTSB recommendations was that the runways be segregated with only landings or departures taking place on an individual runway. This recommendation was implemented, but not until after another incident, when on August 19, 2004, a Boeing 747 landing on 24L passed only 200 ft above a 737 holding on the same runway.

Aftermath
LAX now prioritizes the use of the outboard runways (24R and 25L) for landings and the inboard runways (24L and 25R) for takeoffs, though mixed operations may occur in certain situations. Additionally, a new control tower was built at LAX, in a more central location, significantly taller and with a better vantage point, allowing visibility of all runways and critical taxiways at the airport.

Before this accident, the FAA issued a ruling that required airlines to upgrade the flammability standards of materials on board, but the USAir plane had been built before the effective date of those requirements and had not yet been modernized. It was scheduled to be upgraded within the next year. By 2009, all aircraft operating in the United States were compliant.

Air traffic controller Wascher, who bore the immediate responsibility for the crash, was adjudged to have made an error in adverse circumstances that any air traffic controller could have made and was not prosecuted or fired. She declined an offer to return to air traffic control and took a desk job at the FAA's western regional office.

Dramatization
The story of the disaster was featured in a 9th-season episode of the Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic series Mayday. The episode, titled "Cleared for Disaster", explores the events surrounding the crash and its investigation, including interviews with NTSB investigators, first responders, survivors, and witnesses.

It is featured in season 1, episode 3, of the TV show Why Planes Crash, in an episode called "Human Error".

TLC also aired a segment on the crash in the 1990's special called Terror in the Sky. It featured an interview with billionaire David Koch who survived the accident, as well as footage of the aftermath of the collision.

title: Los Angeles runway disaster


text:
Jacmel

Jacmel (Jakmèl) is a commune in southern Haiti founded by the Spanish in 1504 and repopulated by the French in 1698. It is the capital of the department of Sud-Est, 24 miles (39 km) southwest of Port-au-Prince across the Tiburon Peninsula, and has an estimated population of 40,000, while the commune of Jacmel had a population of 137,966 at the 2003 Census. The town's name is derived from its indigenous Taíno name of Yaquimel. In 1925, Jacmel was dubbed as the "City of Light," becoming the first in the Caribbean to have electricity.

The city is known for its well-preserved Gingerbread houses built in the early 19th century. The town has been tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site. It sustained damage in the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Jacmel is home to the country's leading film school, the Ciné Institute.

History
The town was founded by the Compagnie de Saint-Domingue in 1698 as the capital of the southeastern part of the French colony Saint-Domingue. The area now called Jacmel was Taíno territory, part of the Xaragua chiefdom ruled by cacique Bohechio. With the arrival of the French, and the later establishment of the town, the French renamed Yaquimel as Jacmel.

The city was developed to boost sugar production and trade, but soon it evolved into a coffee trading centre. In 1896 it suffered a major fire that destroyed most of the buildings in the city. The city was rebuilt, often using prefabricated cast-iron pillars and balconies shipped from France. Many ornate mansions of wealthy coffee merchants from this time have been preserved up to this day without much change and the whole central part of the city has changed little over the last 100 years.

The mansions of Jacmel, with their cast-iron pillars and balconies, would later influence the homes in much of New Orleans. Today, many of these homes are now artisan shops that sell vibrant handicrafts, papier-mâché masks, and carved-wood animal figures. In recent years, efforts have been made to revitalize the once flourishing cigar and coffee industries. The town is a popular tourist destination in Haiti due to its relative tranquility and distance from the political turmoil that plagues Port-au-Prince.

Over the years, this rather small town experienced a number of noted historical events. Some of these occurrences are:

Haitian Revolution and War of Knives
In 1791 and 1792, Romaine-la-Prophétesse led thirteen thousand rebels in besieging, occupying, and later burning Jacmel, and taking weapons and supplies from (and then burning) surrounding plantations from Marigot, about 25 kilometers east of Jacmel, to Bainet, about 45 kilometers west of it, freeing their slaves.

Toussaint Louverture fought over Jacmel in the so-called War of Knives between him and his fellow countryman André Rigaud, who wished to maintain authority over the city. This war began in June 1799. By November the rebels were pushed back to this strategic southern port, the defence of which was commanded by Alexandre Pétion. Jacmel fell to Toussaint's troops in February 1800. Pétion and other mulatto leaders subsequently went into exile in France.

Creation of the Gran Colombia flag
A Venezuelan predecessor of Simón Bolívar in the liberation struggle against colonialism in Venezuelan and much of Spanish-ruled South America, Francisco de Miranda created the first flag of Gran Colombia near Jacmel, which served as the national flag of the First Republic of Venezuela. Anchored in the Bay of Jacmel (Baie de Jacmel), he first raised the flag on March 12, 1806, on the corvette Leander. This day is still celebrated as Venezuelan Flag Day. The general design of the Gran Colombian flag served as the model for the current flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, which emerged as independent nations at the breakup of Gran Colombia in 1830. This flag is often referred to as the "bandera madre" (mother flag) due to its role as inspiration and resemblance to the flags of Colombia and Ecuador.

Ramón Emeterio Betances
Puerto Rican pro-independence leader Ramón Emeterio Betances spent a short interval in Jacmel in 1870, from where he gathered support for an uprising in the Dominican Republic, seeking to install a liberal government there. Then-president of Haiti, Nissage Saget supported Betances's ideals of a pan-Antillean union and gave the uprising his support.

Modern Jacmel prior to the 12 January 2010 earthquake
The port town is internationally known for its very vibrant art scene and elegant townhouses dating from the 19th century. Among the wealth of art and crafts available in Jacmel are the papier-mâché, done by nearly 200 artisans and the renowned Atelier created by Moro Baruk. In recent years Jacmel has been host to a large film festival, called the Jacmel Film Festival, that started in 2004, and in 2007 the international Jacmel Music Festival was successfully launched as well. Its carnival, the nearby Bassin Bleu (Haiti's most famous natural deep pools), and the scenic white sand (Timouillage, Cabic, Raymond-les-bains, located primarily in Cayes-Jacmel) beaches attract many visitors. The town is regarded as one of the safest in the country, and foreign visitors that come to Haiti seeking tranquility often go for Jacmel. Its urbanization has been increasing in large part due to the income generated by tourism. Royal Caribbean, the leading tourism company whose cruise ships regularly dock at Labadee, plans to add stopovers at Jacmel. In February 2007, Edwin Zenny became the town's newly elected mayor. The current mayor is Marky Kessa. In addition, the Jacmel Film Festival is held there annually. On January 11, 2010, Choice Hotels announced they would open a 120-room Comfort Inn in Jacmel, the first chain hotel to be opened there in a decade.

2010 Haiti earthquake
On 12 January 2010, Haiti experienced a magnitude 7.0 earthquake that caused heavy damage and casualties in Jacmel. The first tremor rocked the city at 4:40 pm, but the later tremor at 5:37 pm stopped the cathedral's clock. A Jacmel radio station estimated that at least 5000 were dead from the quake itself, although mayor Edwin 'Edo' Zenny in later reported that the figure was closer to 300–500 deaths and 4,000 injured. About 70 per cent of the homes were damaged, with most of the heavier damage being in the poorer neighbourhoods. The town hall was so severely damaged that it had to be demolished. A small tsunami hit Jacmel Bay, with the ocean receding, leaving fish high and dry on the seabed, and rushing back in, four times.

Recovery
In December 2010, the Capponi Construction Group, a Miami-based construction company, decided to help with the revitalization of Jacmel. This initiative was created to help stimulate a self-sustaining tourism economy for Haiti. Michael Capponi, founder of the Capponi Group, formed the Jacmel Advisory Council to help revitalize Jacmel, while preserving its arts, culture and traditions. The board promotes best practices to provide a socio-economic system for thousands of Haitians living in the southeast region. Capponi Group Haiti is also restoring a 200-year-old coffee-sorting house at the port of Jacmel. The project hopes to again make Jacmel a commercial and tourist center.

Jacmel carnival
The city of Jacmel is famous for its carnival which is a month long celebration culminating the week before the national Haitian carnival. The carnival of Jacmel is notable for particular costumes and masks which blends everything from Haitian folklore legends and historical figures from the country's past to sports celebrities and political caricatures.

Notable residents

 * René Depestre, a famous Haitian poet and essayist who fled from the Duvalier dictatorship. He was born in Jacmel. The city is the setting for much of his fictional work.
 * Préfète Duffaut – painter
 * Michaëlle Jean, Secretary-General of La Francophonie and former Governor General of Canada, was born in Port-au-Prince to a Jacmel family.
 * Magloire Ambroise, hero of the struggle for independence
 * Jørgen Leth, Danish filmmaker, writer and former Danish honorary consul in Haiti.
 * Alexandre Grégoire, painter who typically depicted scenes of Vodou, daily life, and historical events in the naïve style.

Facilities
The Port of Jacmel (HTJAK) is a small, relatively shallow port and is unable to harbour large ships. There is also a pleasurecraft dock as part of the port, which survived the quake. It is run by the Autorité Portuaire Nationale.

Also located in Jacmel is a small airstrip (MTJA) capable of handling small to medium-sized planes. The airstrip is unable to handle large aircraft.

Jacmel has two hospitals, Hôpital Saint-Michel and the "Complexe Médico Chirurgical Rose Marie Paul" recently founded by the philanthropist Dr. Leon Paul, and becomes the highest equipped surgery center in the city, with highly qualified international and national professionals. The "Hôpital Saint-Michel" which locals had nicknamed "the morgue" prior to the earthquake. The hospital is the largest hospital or health centre in the region. It has a staff of six doctors and ten nurses. The quake half-collapsed the hospital, including the maternity ward; however, the hospital continues to operate. The radiology department was the only undamaged portion of the hospital.

Jacmel had a civil court building, which was destroyed in the 2010 earthquake.

The town's main square is Place Toussaint Louverture, named after the Haitian revolutionary leader.

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Gainesville, Florida, United States

Jacmel has cooperative agreements with:
 * 🇫🇷 Strasbourg, France since 1996 (Coopération décentralisée)

title: Jacmel


text:
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is a U.S. National Marine Sanctuary in the Florida Keys. It includes the Florida Reef, the only barrier coral reef in North America and the third-largest coral barrier reef in the world. It also has extensive mangrove forest and seagrass fields. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, designated in 1990, is the ninth national marine sanctuary to be established in a system that comprises 13 sanctuaries and two marine national monuments. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary protects approximately 2,900 sqnmi of coastal and ocean waters from the estuarine waters of south Florida along the Florida Keys archipelago, encompassing more than 1,700 islands, out to the Dry Tortugas National Park, reaching into the Atlantic Ocean, Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.

The mission of the sanctuary is to protect the marine resources of the Florida Keys while facilitating human uses that are consistent with the primary objective of resource protection. Sanctuary waters and habitats support high species diversity due to the presence of both tropical and subtropical species, including the largest documented contiguous seagrass community in the northern hemisphere and extensive coral reef habitat. The sanctuary is also home to maritime heritage resources that encompass a broad historical period.

Population and urban development
Population growth and urban development may impact the health of coral reefs. Development activities may cause erosion resulting in the runoff of sediments which eventually reach the coral reefs. Storm water runoff may carry fertilizers into the ocean causing damage to the coral reefs, and an increase of nutrient concentrations in the reef may cause an increase of algae which may smother the corals. Sizable foreign objects such as sunken boats and planes provide rich micro-sanctuaries for a plethora of sea life that otherwise would not exist.

Fishing activities
The harvest of resources from the sea is ever growing. Overfishing has changed the ecological dynamics of marine communities allowing some organisms to dominate reefs that were once controlled by large reef fish populations.

Tourism
Tourism dollars help to fund scientific research and environmental remediation activities. Tourism may contribute to reef damage. Divers and snorkelers may harm the corals by touching the polyps, and boats may damage it by running aground and dragging anchors.

Coral bleaching
Global warming coupled with an intense El Niño has led to higher sea water temperatures throughout the area, which can cause coral bleaching. "Minor paling" of some corals has been observed by local Coral Bleaching Early Warning Network, a program of Mote Marine Laboratory and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Lionfish
One of the Florida Keys' most ecologically damaging invasive species is the lionfish. First discovered as an introduced species in 2009, the lionfish population affects the original flora and fauna of the Florida Keys in three major ways. The lionfish has an appetite for native fish and crustaceans and is able to spawn year-round. Originating in the Pacific Ocean, the lionfish has no known predator in the Atlantic Ocean. The lack of natural predators to control the lionfish population allows the lionfish population to grow to disruptive numbers. Lionfish are predators of juvenile fish, such as commercially important grouper and snapper, as well as juvenile parrotfish, which graze on algae in coral reefs, preventing the algae from overgrowing and killing corals. The lionfish’s dietary consumption of native species of the Florida Keys not only affects the species diversity of the Florida Keys, but also causes detriment to the environment due to a decrease in fish who help maintain the coral reefs. The regular spawning of the lionfish further impacts the environment of the Florida Keys; which therefore always maintains a stable reproductive population. A female lionfish can produce 30,000 to 40,000 eggs every few days; lionfish become sexually mature by the time they are a year old. The regular spawning of the lionfish creates a constant pressure on the Florida Keys ecosystem.

Invasive exotic plants
There are various introduced plants within the Florida Keys. Many of these plants outcompete the original plants of the Keys, such as mangroves and seagrass. The animals who rely on native plants for food and habitat are also at risk by invasive plants. There are four main exotic plant species that have become so invasive in the Florida Keys that they threaten and endanger 42 native plant species and 27 animal species to the point of extinction. Australian pine, Brazilian pepper or Florida holly, Asiatic colubrine, and Melaleuca all pose a risk to the flora and fauna of the Florida Keys.

Australian pine
The Australian pine is a nonnative species that poses risks to the original flora and fauna of the Florida Keys. The Australian pine "outcompetes native vegetation by producing a dense leaf litter beneath them;" therefore the Australian pine does not allow the native plants to obtain needed nutrients. The Australian pine also has a comparative advantage over native species: the Australian pine can quickly "invade newly accreted beaches, beaches where dredge spoil has been deposited, and beaches where a storm has destroyed existing vegetation." The Australian pine displaces native flora of the Florida keys, and displaces native fauna by providing no native wildlife habitat.

Brazilian pepper
The Brazilian pepper tree is native to Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil, but was brought to Florida in the mid-1800s as an ornamental plant. The introduction of the Brazilian pepper has disturbed the biodiversity of the Florida ecosystem, as one of the most widespread of the invasive non-indigenous pest plants in Florida. The Brazilian pepper tree has invaded over 700,000 acres in Florida. The tree produces a dense canopy that shades out all other plants and provides a very poor habitat for growth to native species. "The Brazilian pepper invades aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats, reducing the quality of native biotic communities."

Reefs
Notable reefs in the sanctuary include the following:

 * Sand Key
 * Rock Key
 * Eastern Dry Rocks
 * Western Sambo
 * Eastern Sambo
 * 9-foot Stake
 * Marker 32
 * Looe Key
 * Newfound Harbor Key
 * Sombrero Key
 * Coffins Patch
 * Tennessee Reef
 * Alligator Reef
 * Cheeca Rocks
 * Hen and Chickens
 * Davis Reef
 * Conch Reef
 * Snapper Ledge
 * Pickles Reef
 * Molasses Reef
 * French Reef
 * Crocker Reef
 * Grecian Rocks
 * Dry Rocks
 * The Elbow
 * Carysfort Reef
 * Turtle Reef
 * Pacific Reef
 * Ajax Reef

title: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary


text:
Talk:Summer Sanders

Untitled
A 1971 interview? lets find the real date of this interview, because as it states at he top of the page, she was not born until 1972!

Didn't she host some show on Nickelodeon in the 1990's? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.134.33.127 (talk) 17:40, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, you're thinking of Figure It Out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.188.122.119 (talk) 10:26, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Embarrassing moment
While it maybe interesting to many of us, this is probably not the place to depict the details of her accidentally exposing her butt crack and underwear on a TV show. I will be deleting all mention of the incident soon if anyone objects or wants to discuss this.Racerx11 (talk) 19:29, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Summer Sanders


text:
Talk:Chub (gay slang)

More Content!
Anyone think we need to add more images? Cool12y (talk) 07:19, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

UPDATE:  So I've added another image and have made a bunch of edits throughout the article, while adding a couple of references and links. This page still needs a lot of work. If anyone is willing to find more information that can be added to this page, or have any suggestions, feel free to post on my talk page! This article has a lot of potential. Cool12y (talk) 03:24, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

chaser
Hmmmm ... I think some discussion about what a "chaser" is is warrented here ... --CMF 21:43, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

And considering that the organizations use the term "chub" rather than "chubby" in their names, why does this article use "chubby"? --Wbkelley 04:14, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

'chubby chaser'
The term 'chubby chaser' does not neccessarily refer to gay culture AFAIK. Often it involves men and 'chubby' women. --Andy 09:37, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

listen
I believe in Wikipedia way too much to do this but I have to tell you it is very hard not to edit "There are bars, organizations and social events specifically catering to this subculture." to say chubculture do you feel me. MissingNo (talk) 10:16, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Chubby chasers are not just gay
What is with this article? I'm straight, and I have both straight and gay friends, and I've never heard of this word being used for gays ever. It's always used to reference guys that go for fat chicks. Why is this not even mentioned at all, considering heterosexuals make up the majority of the population? Did some LGBT editor just cut it all out? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.126.67.128 (talk) 23:34, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
 * This article is called "Chub (gay culture)", so it makes sense that it's only about the phenomenon within gay culture. The straight equivalent is handled at Fat fetishism. +Angr 06:58, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

link
should there be a link between this and the Fat acceptance movement page?--Extrabatteries (talk) 00:07, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I didn't see anything directly relevant to gay chubs in naafa.org, which I removed. However if you think Fat acceptance movement is relevant, it might be good to add it in a  section. / edg ☺ ☭ 02:48, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

The Gay Chub
The link for The Gay Chub should still be included into this particular article. It's classified as a dating site but honestly any social networking site can easily be constituted as such. The intention on having it on Wikipedia is not for pagerank as it already topranks in Google for the keyword niches already and the nofollow attribute is already known, no intent on increasing PR with the link. User Blogs and even The Gay Chub's FAQ details information regarding the chub culture within the gay community with blogs from chubs and chasers themselves, about daily life as a gay chub, persecution, health risks involved being a chub, etc.

So again, Link Content is "relevant" to the content of this article. Do you guys not actually review submitted links before you remove them outright? Most certainly seems so as relevant links and content get removed just because someone decides to perform a rollback. Check the sources and the links before making brash decisions. I'm aware Wikipedia is not a link directory, hosting service, etc. Mayhaps I should've just linked to several blog entries and created far more than just a singular link? 98.174.226.196 (talk) 00:53, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * wow, i could not disagree with you more, there must be at least a dozen wikipedia policies i could cite regarding this above simply post. --Extrabatteries (talk) 01:03, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

 * For anyone wondering, this edit contains the link in question. Contrary to the above speculation by the anon editor, I did review this link before reverting it as contrary to External links, being neither unique in service nor a reliable source by Wikipedia standards. Wikipedia is not a repository of "relevant" links—it is an encyclopedia. Thank you for discussing this, rather than continuing to insert the link. / edg ☺ ☭ 02:48, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Alright, so it indeed was looked through, fine, I accept that. Now go forth through the rest of wikipedia and revert those pages back to original as well when it contains information regarding a timeline that's too vague to really mean much of anything without any citated sources for said timeline. You can even read an EncyclopediaDramatica article on it and it's pretty accurate against Wikipedia. Stuff like "Around a 100 years ago". Don't start me on "Reliable Sources", Wikipedia is full of "unreliable" sources and lack thereof. I've even edited a few pages here with corrected info and cited the exact resources to certain studies from universities in America and they got reverted back as being "unreliable" but the blog posts to personal blogs were "reliable". Pfft. 98.174.226.196 (talk) 06:54, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, we should, and you should. if its a chronic problem the solution isnt to keep doing it. sign up for an account and correct errors as you see them, but research what is acceptable, it is not a matter of presumption or opinion, there are guides.--Extrabatteries (talk) 12:46, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

More information...
Hi Angr! Thanks for keeping this page. There is a very good 1999 publication called "Organization, Specialization, and Desires in the Big Men's Movement: Preliminary Research in the Study of Subculture-Formation" by Alex Robertson Textor (University of Michigan), that covers the history and development of the Bigmens' movement (better known as the Chub Chaser community these days). I believe a lot of the information in this publication can be useful for expanding the Chub (gay culture) article, ideally to add more information about the first Girth & Mirth club, its beginnings and how the clubs spread throughout North America, Europe and Australia to then help foster the movement. The publication also covers the Bears movement, and its overlaps and conflicts with the Bigmen's community. I think a lot of this information cab be helpful for this article, and to help expand Wiki with new articles on related subjects like Girth & Mirth clubs, etc. What do you think? -KF — Preceding unsigned comment added by KnottyFox (talk • contribs) 23:00, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Sure, go ahead. Angr (talk) 00:20, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chub (gay slang)


text:
Kreischa

Kreischa is a municipality in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, Saxony, Germany. It directly borders the Saxon capital Dresden and consists of 14 districts.

Kreischa was first mentioned in 1282 in the name Heinricus de Kryschowe. The name could be derived from an Old Slavic word meaning "crooked" or "lame".

Sister cities
Kreischa is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Loffenau district Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany since 1990

Municipality subdivisions

 * Babisnau
 * Bärenklause
 * Brösgen
 * Gombsen
 * Kautzsch
 * Kleba
 * Kleincarsdorf
 * Lungkwitz
 * Quohren
 * Saida
 * Sobrigau
 * Theisewitz
 * Kreischa-Wittgensdorf
 * Zscheckwitz

title: Kreischa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Buying snowboards

Buying snowboards
Minor subtopic of Snowboarding. --Wikimol 21:44, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and rewrite as part of Snowboarding Transwiki Wyss 22:52, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, Wikibooks? It's a guide, and guides aren't usually part of any of the encyclopedia articles so far, so I'm not sure that a merge, at least in this form, is the best idea.  Geogre 01:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Good idea. As it is written in the second person and is rather guide-like in nature, I think a transwiki to Wikibooks is in order. Then link to it from snowboarding. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 01:20, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with moving it to Wikibooks. It's a well written, informative piece, and definitely has a place over there. Hn 00:15, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I support move. --Wikimol 17:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't really see anything in the deletion guide or list of precedents that applies here, one way or the other. (The closest I saw was maybe Products, which are OK, as long as they're not rumored future products.)  My problem with moving it out of Wikipedia is that of precedent: is all how-to material out?  The Snowboarding page, for example, consists in large part of "how to snowboard" and "how to do tricks"; would these be moved, too?  Also, the page in question has almost no mention of retailers or manufacturers, which makes it seem a bit more encyclopedic to me.  So I could go either way, but I don't see a compelling reason to change from where it lives now.  --(sorry, going to pick a name real soon now...)


text:
Pokhrel

Pokharel (पोखरेल) or Pokhrel (पोख्रेल) is a surname in India, Bhutan, and mostly found in Nepal.

Notable people

 * Aananda Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Aastha Pokharel, Nepali model
 * Bal Krishna Pokharel, Nepali writer and historian
 * Bidhyanath Pokhrel, Nepali poet and politician
 * Bina Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Cool Pokhrel, Nepali singer
 * Dibesh Pokharel, Nepali singer, known by his stage name Arthur Gunn
 * Giriraj Mani Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Ishwar Pokhrel, Nepali politician
 * Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal, Indian police official and mountaineer
 * Khadga Bahadur Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Krishna Bhakta Pokhrel, Nepali politician
 * Krishna Chandra Nepali Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Laxmi Prasad Pokhrel, Nepali politician
 * Mariska Pokharel, Nepali actress
 * Menuka Kumari Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Narayan Pokharel, Nepali Hindu preacher
 * Pushpa Raj Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Ram Chandra Pokhrel, Nepali politician
 * Ramesh Pokhriyal, Indian politician
 * Rishikesh Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Saigrace Pokharel, Nepali film maker
 * Shankar Pokharel, Nepali politician
 * Sugam Pokharel, Nepali singer
 * Suman Pokhrel, Nepali poet and playwright
 * Sunil Pokharel, Nepali theater director
 * Trilochan Pokhrel, Indian

title: Pokhrel


text: User talk:81.179.230.27

title: User talk:81.179.230.27


text:
Talk:Anodyne

Untitled
Where can I find information on Anodyne Therapy?

Damaged
There's an obvious piece missing from this article, but I don't know what was there.

--Anniepoo 14:28, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

anodyne treatment
I am seeking infor on anodyne treatments for parkison's disease. Can you help? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.119.106.22 (talk) 14:21, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Page needs to focus on encyclopedic content
The current article reads like a dictionary entry. If there is a distinct concept of an anodyne (different from an analgesic), the article should focus on that. If not, it should be merged with analgesic. Discussion of psychic relief and of placating words don't belong here. --Macrakis (talk) 16:15, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I disagree. The article can properly be about the word "anodyne" and its history and usage in a manner that goes well beyond a mere "dictionary entry". As such, it shouldn't be merged with anything. Valerius Tygart (talk) 11:45, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anodyne


text:
Nissan Titan

The Nissan Titan is a full-size pickup truck manufactured in the United States for the North American market by Nissan. It was named after the Titans of Greek mythology.

First generation (A60; 2003)
Development of the Titan began in September 1999, with design work under Diane Allen. Giovanny Arroba's TA60 exterior was chosen in late 2000, with a final production freeze in July 2001. The design language of the future truck was previewed by the 2001 Alpha T concept shown at the 2001 North American International Auto Show, which had previously developed through November 2000.

Production began on September 21, 2003, and sales on December 1, 2003. The Titan used Nissan's new full-size F-Alpha platform. This new platform was shared with the Nissan Armada and Infiniti QX56 SUVs, with all three manufactured in Canton, Mississippi, United States. The first generation Titan continued without a major redesign through 2015.

Models and equipment
All models come standard with a 32-valve, 5.6-liter engine, VK56DE, which generates 317 hp (305 hp on 2004–2007 models) and 385 lbft of torque. The first generation Titan came equipped with a fully boxed ladder frame and was available in either rear-wheel drive or a shift-on-the-fly four-wheel-drive system coupled with a five-speed RE5R05A automatic transmission. An automatic brake-limited slip (ABLS) system was available on all Titans. The first generation was available as a King Cab (extended cab) or a crew cab with a full-sized back seat, with no regular cab being offered. The King Cab featured a 6 ft bed, while the crew cab had a 5 ft bed. In 2008, a longer wheelbase model was offered with either an 8 ft bed on the King Cab or a 7 ft bed on the crew cab. There were originally three trim levels available: XE, SE, and LE, each available with an Off-Road package on 4x4 models. The Pro-4X trim was introduced for the 2008 model year (4WD only). For the 2011 model year, all trim levels were updated - XE became S, SE became SV, and LE became SL, and the Pro-4X trim remained. The S was the base model, the SV a mid-level model with more features, the Pro-4X was the off-road-oriented version, and the top level SL was offered with features like 20-inch alloy wheels as standard equipment.

Features
Features available on the first generation included:
 * Bluetooth hands-free
 * Navigation system
 * DVD player with screen
 * Side airbags
 * Pro-4X off-road package
 * Traction control
 * Sunroof
 * Big tow package with transmission temperature gauge and telescoping mirrors
 * XM Satellite Radio
 * Leather split power bench seat
 * Utili-Track bed rail system
 * Lockable bedside storage box
 * Leather-appointed heated captain's chairs with console automatic shifter
 * Rear sonar warning system
 * Automatic windows down with key fob
 * Power adjustable pedals
 * Flex fuel
 * 168-degree king cab rear door openings

Safety
The first generation Titan carried a five-star rating from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for driver frontal crash, and a four-star rating for passenger frontal crash.
 * Vehicle dynamic control standard on 2010 models and up
 * Side and front airbags standard on 2010 models and up
 * Antilock brakes standard on all

Second generation (A61; 2016)

The second-generation Titan was to be a lightly reskinned, rebadged version of the Dodge Ram, but those plans fell through with the 2008 worldwide financial crisis.

Nissan unveiled the second generation Titan at the 2015 North American International Auto Show. The company targeted 5 percent market share, or 100,000 annual sales in U.S. Sales reached 21,880 units in 2016.

The standard engine is a 5.6-liter V8 gasoline engine. The engine increased in power compared to the previous model, producing 390 hp and 394 lbft of torque mated to a seven-speed automatic. Additionally, through the end of 2019, the second-generation Titan offered a 310 hp Cummins 5.0-liter turbodiesel V8 that produces almost 555 lbft of torque. The engine is referred to as the ISV.

The second-generation Titan is available in two forms, regular and XD. The XD version is built on a heavy-duty frame based on Nissan's commercial vehicle line and includes the Cummins diesel engine as an option. The platform is shared with the Nissan NV.

Three different cab styles are offered for the Titan and Titan XD: a two-door regular cab, four-door King (extended) Cab, and four-door crew cab. The four-door crew cab models were the first trucks to debut, followed by the King Cab and regular cab. Trim levels for the Titan and Titan XD are S, SV, Pro-4X (4X4 only), SL, and Platinum Reserve. The regular cab was only available with either S or SV trim levels, while the King Cab was only available with S, SV, or PRO-4X. The crew cab was available with all trim levels.

All Titan and Titan XD models come equipped with standard equipment such as Bluetooth for both hands-free calling and wireless audio streaming via A2DP, air conditioning, keyless entry, power windows and door locks, push-button ignition, and a rearview backup camera system. Options include a touchscreen audio system with GPS navigation (standard equipment for 2019), SiriusXM Satellite Radio, keyless access, an electronically-locking rear tailgate, remote start, alloy wheels, leather-trimmed seating surfaces with heating and ventilation, power front seats, a premium audio system, wood interior trim, a trailer tow package with integrated trailer brake control, and chrome front and rear bumpers and front grille.

For 2019, all Titan and Titan XD models received a new infotainment system as standard equipment, featuring GPS navigation, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration, and a seven-inch color touchscreen display, and the optional Rockford-Fosgate premium audio system was replaced with a new Fender premium audio system. This marks the first time a Fender audio system is available on a vehicle from a manufacturer other than Volkswagen.

2020 refresh
For 2020, Nissan unveiled a refreshed Titan and Titan XD. For 2020, the regular cab model was dropped from both the standard and XD lines, and King Cab models of the Titan XD were no longer available. The 5.0 L Cummins turbo-diesel V8 engine that was available on the heavier-duty Titan XD was also discontinued, leaving only the 5.6 L "Endurance" gasoline V8. A new nine-speed Jatco automatic transmission replaced the previous seven-speed automatic transmission. New for 2020 Nissan's V8 makes 400 hp and 413 lbft (up from 390 hp and 394 lbft.) The axle gear ratio on the standard Titan was also lowered from 2.93:1 ratio to 3.69:1. XD models gear ratio was lowered from 3.69:1 to a larger 4.083:1. New LED headlights were added to the front and rear of upper trims. A new optional 9-inch screen was added with high resolution as well as dual-panel panoramic moon roof. Safety upgrades include 360° safety shield standard which include lane departure warning, high-beam assist, auto emergency braking with pedestrian detection, rear auto braking, blind-spot warning, rear cross-traffic alert, traffic sign detection, and forward collision warning. Optional are intelligent cruise and intelligent driver alertness.

The Titan lineup was discontinued in Canada after the 2021 model year, citing low sales figures as the cause.

In August 2023, Nissan confirmed that the Titan will be discontinued after the 2024 model year due to poor sales compared to the mid-size Frontier. They will be exiting the full-size truck segment to focus on building EV sedans.

Production
In 2019, Nissan reduced production shifts of the Nissan Titan and Frontier pickup trucks from three to two in order to match demand and adjust inventory. About 700 contract workers were affected.

title: Nissan Titan


text:
British Rail APT-E

The APT-E, for Advanced Passenger Train Experimental, was the prototype Advanced Passenger Train tilting train unit. It was powered by gas turbines, the only multiple unit so powered that was used by British Rail. The APT-E consisted of two driving power cars (PC1 and 2) and two trailer cars (TC1 and 2). Each power car was equipped with four Rover-built Leyland 2S/350 gas turbines (and a fifth for auxiliary power supplies), which initially produced 300 hp each but were progressively uprated to 330 hp. Two GEC 253AY nose suspended traction motors provided the traction on the leading bogies. The vehicles were manufactured from aluminium and were approximately 70 ft, with articulated bogies between them.

The APT-E made its first run on 25 July 1972 from Derby to Duffield and was immediately 'blacked' by the drivers' union ASLEF, due to concerns that the single driver's seat pre-empted ongoing negotiations about the single-manning of trains. It was over twelve months before it ran again on the main line in August 1973.

The prototype was eventually tried out on the Great Western Main Line, and achieved a new British railway speed record when on 10 August 1975 it hit 152.3 mph whilst on test with the Western Region between Swindon and Reading. It was also tested extensively on the Midland Main Line out of London St. Pancras and on the Old Dalby Test Track, where in January 1976 it attained a speed of 143.6 mph.

The unit was only intended for testing and was never used in ordinary public service, although it did carry office staff and the occasional dignitary on trial runs. When its period of testing was complete, in June 1976, it was sent to the National Railway Museum, York for preservation. It is now based at the NRM's Locomotion museum in Shildon. When further APT Class 370 units were built, they were powered by 25 kV AC electrification.

Test bed set
The APT-POP (Power-0-Power) set was a rake of three skeletal unpowered carriages used as a test bed for the suspension, tilting and braking systems used by APT units. The 'Power pumps' were only mock-ups, though similar externally to PC1 and PC2 in the APT-E unit minus cabs, and the whole set had to be hauled by a locomotive. Following the abandonment of the APT project, all three carriages were scrapped in 1985. The set was formed as follows:

 * Number: RDB975634 - RDB975636 - RDB975635
 * Identity: PC3   - Lab 8  -  PC4

title: British Rail APT-E


text:
User talk:La la land

Please stop posting vanity articles in Wikipedia. They are not appropriate. Kaldari 21:48, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:La la land


text:
McMurry University

McMurry University is a private Methodist university in Abilene, Texas, United States. It was founded in 1923 and named after William Fletcher McMurry. The university offers forty-five majors in the fields of fine arts, humanities, social and natural sciences, education, business, and religion, and nine pre-professional programs, including nursing, dentistry, medicine, pharmacy, veterinary, and law.

In the fall of 2023, the university enrolled 2,556 students. Methodist students constitute 27 percent of the student population. Ninety five percent of students are Texan. Minority groups make up approximately one-fourth of the student body. In the freshman class, 98 percent of students receive some financial aid. Fifty-three percent of students live on campus, and 75 percent of students are involved in at least one extracurricular activity. McMurry boasts a student to faculty ratio of 13:1.

91 percent of the faculty have earned a doctorate or other terminal degree in their field. McMurry is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

History
The college was initially founded as McMurry College on September 20, 1923. The college was established through the efforts of Methodist minister James Winfred Hunt and the Northwest Texas Conference of the Methodist Church, who initially voted to establish the school in 1920. After working with the city of Abilene to acquire the needed land, the charter of the school was ratified on November 21, 1921. Accreditation from the Texas Association of Colleges was received in 1926, the same year the school graduated its first class.

The college gained university status in 1990, becoming McMurry University.

Indians mascot controversy
McMurry's sports teams originally used Indians as their mascot. In late August 2005, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) handed down a decision calling for the eighteen universities with Native American mascots to change their names or obtain a waiver from their representative tribe for the use of the mascot name. The McMurry Indians were part of this list. The Indians nickname was chosen as a tribute to the University's first president, J.W. Hunt, who grew up on an Indian reservation in the Indian Territory.

On May 18, 2006, the NCAA rejected McMurry's appeal to keep their nickname. The school chose to appeal the ruling, and indicated their intention to do so by the June 18, 2006, deadline. According to a press release, "the University’s appeal will be based on the arbitrariness of the NCAA’s decision-making process and the inconsistent results and messages that have come from the process." Other schools, such as Florida State University, made successful appeals by garnering the endorsement of Indian tribes. Although McMurry did not actively seek an endorsement, representatives from the Kaw, Kiowa, and Comanche tribes voiced their approval of McMurry's mascot. In October 2006, McMurry's board of trustees decided that the university would no longer use any names for its athletic teams. Citing the school's 83-year history of honoring Native Americans, the school announced that in spite of no longer using names to designate athletic teams, the school traditions created to honor Native Americans would continue. The school's stadium name was changed from Indian Stadium to Wilford Moore Stadium as of May 13, 2007. Wilford Moore was the most-winning coach in McMurry football history.

On March 11, 2011, it was announced that McMurry University's athletic teams would be known as the War Hawks. The new mascot was chosen after a nearly year-long search to find a new mascot to replace the former Indian mascot. The war hawk is meant to represent pride, courage and fierce competition for McMurry's athletic teams.

Athletics

McMurry's school colors are maroon and white. McMurry fields teams in 20 different intercollegiate sports. For the men, McMurry competes in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis, esports, and indoor and outdoor track and field. For the women, McMurry competes in basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis, esports, indoor and outdoor track and field, volleyball, in which they won the NCCAA national championship in 2012, and softball.

All teams played in the NCAA Division III American Southwest Conference until 2011. In July 2011, McMurry announced that it had been accepted as a candidate for NCAA Division II membership and joined the Heartland Conference in the fall of 2012. The Board of Regent voted in January 2014 to move back to Division III. The McMurry football team joined the Lone Star Conference in 2014.

McMurry University announced October 19, 2016, that the sport of softball would be added to its women's intercollegiate programs, beginning in 2018. The addition of softball would bring to 20 the number of sports sponsored by the War Hawks. Softball sponsorship in the ASC would grow to 13 teams and becomes the seventh conference championship sport to be supported at every member institution. Women's soccer, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's tennis, and baseball are ASC sports sponsored by all ASC members. By conference rule and with full member sponsorship of softball, the ASC Softball Championship Tournament format would shift to eight-team double-elimination with the 2018 tournament.

Walt Driggers Field
Walt Driggers Field is the home of the McMurry War Hawks collegiate baseball program. The field was designed and built by Anglea Sports Fields, which is headed by former Globe Life Park in Arlington superintendent Jim Anglea. McMurry played its first game at Walt Driggers Field on February 12, 1997, with a 7–3 win against Wayland Baptist Pioneers. The school officially renamed the field before a home game against the Lubbock Christian Chaparrals shortly thereafter.

Notable alumni

 * Vernon Asbill, educator and former member of the New Mexico Senate
 * Dan W. Dodson, former sociology professor at New York University
 * V. O. Key Jr., political scientist
 * Jorge Antonio Solis, U.S. federal judge
 * Grant Teaff, former head football coach for Baylor University; executive director for the American Football Coaches Association
 * Sarah Weddington, U.S. attorney in Roe v. Wade
 * Dick Compton, NFL player
 * Ernie Park, NFL player
 * Brad Rowland, NFL player
 * Karl Scott, NFL coach
 * William Arthur Ward, writer
 * Charlene Holt, actress
 * Jordan Neuman, former pro football player and current head coach

Notable faculty

 * William Curry Holden, historian and archeologist
 * Virgil E. Bottom, experimental physicist and humanitarian

title: McMurry University


text: User talk:195.170.17.169

title: User talk:195.170.17.169