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An-Nisa

An-Nisa' (ٱلنِّسَاء, An-Nisāʾ; meaning: The Women) is the fourth chapter (sūrah) of the Quran, with 176 verses (āyāt). The title derives from the numerous references to women throughout the chapter, including verse 34 and verses.

Summary

 * 1 Man and his Creator
 * 2 Orphans, the duty of guardians to such
 * 3–5 Treat your wives and those your right hands possess fairly
 * 6–13 The law of inheritance
 * 14–15 The punishment of adulteresses
 * 16–17 Repentance enjoined
 * 18–19 Women's rights
 * 20–27 Forbidden and lawful degrees in marriage
 * 28–30 Gambling, rapine, and suicide forbidden
 * 31–33 Men and women will be rewarded according to their deeds
 * 34 Reconcilement of man and wife
 * 35–36 Parents, orphans, the poor etc. to be kindly treated
 * 37–41 Hypocrisy in almsgiving condemned
 * 42-43 Prayer forbidden to the drunken and polluted
 * 44–45 Jewish mockers denounced
 * 46–53 Idolatry the unpardonable sin
 * 54–55 The rewards of faith and unbelief
 * 56 Trusts to be faithfully paid back
 * 57–68 Disputes to be settled by God and his Apostle
 * 69–74 Precautions etc., in warring for the faith
 * 75–84 The disobedient and cowardly reproved
 * 85 Salutations to be returned
 * 86–90 Treatment of hypocrites and apostates
 * 91–93 Believers not to be slain or plundered
 * 94–99 Believers in heathen countries to fly to Muslim lands
 * 100–102 Special order for prayer in time of war
 * 103 Exhortation to zeal for Islam
 * 104–114 Fraud denounced
 * 115–125 Idolatry and Islam compared
 * 126 Equity in dealing with women and orphans enjoined
 * 127–129 men are protectors of women
 * 130–132 God to be feared
 * 133 Fraud denounced
 * 134–138 Muslims exhorted to steadfastness
 * 139–143 Hypocrites to be shunned
 * 144–151 The reward of hypocrisy and belief compared
 * 152–154 Presumptuous and disobedient Jews destroyed
 * 155–158 The Jews defame Mary and Jesus
 * 159–160 Certain kinds of food forbidden to Jews as punishment
 * 161–168 Muhammad’s inspiration like that of other prophets
 * 169–174 Christians reproved for their faith in Jesus as the Son of God and in the doctrine of the Trinity
 * 175–176 The law of inheritance for distant relatives

This Medinan surah aims at protecting the newly formed Muslim community by outlining acceptable behavior for Muslims. It illustrates the Quran's role as an authoritative legal source and its ability to shape the community. The surah aims to eradicate the earlier practices of pagan, Arab communities that are no longer considered moral in the Muslim society. For example, the section of this surah about dealing fairly with orphan girls addresses the pre-Islamic Arabic practice of marrying orphan girls to take their property.

Shirk (refer and ) is held to be the worst form of disbelief, and it is identified in the Quran as the only sin that God will not pardon.

Thematically, "an-Nisā" not only addresses concerns about women, but also discusses inheritance, marriage laws, how to deal with children and orphans, legal practices, jihād, relations between Muslim communities and People of the Book, war, and the role of Jesus as a prophet, rather than the son of God as Christians claimed. Furthermore, in discussing war, this surah encourages the Muslim community to fight for the vulnerable in war, as demonstrated by 4:75: "Why should you not fight in God's cause and for those oppressed men, women, and children who cry out, ‘Lord, rescue us from this town whose people are oppressors! By Your grace, give us a protector and give us a helper!’?" The surah addresses a multitude of issues faced by the early Muslim community and responds to the challenges the community faced. The wide variety of issues addressed in the surah and the length of the surah make it difficult to divide into literary structures. However, based on a study of themes present in each section of the Surah, Amīn Ahsan Islāhī divides the surah into three thematically-based sections: social reform, the Islamic community and its opponents, and a conclusion. Mathias Zahniser presents an alternative means of looking at the structure of this surah. He claims that the central theme of this surah is the address to the Christians. He has come to this conclusion based on examination of the structure of the surah based on such devices as parallels, repetition, and ring composition. However, Carl Ernst admits that more works needs to be done in this type of structural analysis to more fully understand the composition of such extensive suras.

In Qur'an and Woman, Amina Wadud places interpretations of the Quran into three categories: traditional, reactive, and holistic. The type of interpretation one applies to surah 4 greatly influences one's perspective on the role of women within Muslim society. Taking the third approach, a holistic approach allows for a feminist reading of the Quran, which is particularly relevant to an-Nisā and can reshape the understanding of this surah.

Classification
Regarding the timing and contextual background of the believed revelation (Asbāb al-nuzūl), it is a Medinan surah as confirmed by Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, who states that the sura must have been revealed after the hijrah based on the subject matter.

Although an-Nisā typically appears as the fourth surah, according to the Nöldeke classification of surahs, based on Islamic traditions, "The Women" was approximately revealed as the hundredth surah. Amir-Ali places it as the 94th surah, while Hz. Osman and Ibn`Abbas believe it is the 92nd. Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq places it as the 91st surah revealed. Based on the legislation concerning orphans, the surah was most likely revealed after many Muslims were killed at the Battle of Uhud, leaving numerous dependants in the new Muslim community. The revelation, therefore, began around the year three, according to the Islamic calendar, but was not completed until the year eight. Consequently, parts of this surah, the second-longest in the Quran, were revealed concurrently with portions of "The Examined Woman," sura 60. However, the surah shows some thematic coherence, despite its disjointed and ongoing revelation.

Furthermore, as relates to the placement of this surah within the Quran as a whole, Neal Robinson notes what he refers to as the "dovetailing" of surahs. Based on this idea of structure, one surah ends with a topic that is immediately picked up in the next surah. The Family of 'Imran, surah 3, includes a discussion of male and female near the end of the surah. This theme continues at the beginning of surah 4: "People, be mindful of your Lord, who created you from a single soul, and from it created its mate, and from the pair of them spread countless men and women far and wide; be mindful of God, in whose name you make requests of one another." This dovetailing may indicate a complex editorial process involved in ordering the surahs.

3 Institutions of Marriage and Slavery
"4:3 If you fear you might fail to give orphan women their ˹due˺ rights ˹if you were to marry them˺, then marry other women of your choice—two, three, or four. But if you are afraid you will fail to maintain justice, then ˹content yourselves with˺ one or those ˹bondwomen˺ in your possession. This way you are less likely to commit injustice."

A detailed explanation of this verse is given in the 'interpretation' (Tafsir) of Ibn Kathir, a scholar of the Mamluk era:

"The Ayah commands, if you fear that you will not be able to do justice between your wives by marrying more than one, then marry only one wife, or satisfy yourself with only female captives."

Al-Jalalayn, says: "4:3 Each man may marry two or three or four but do not exceed this; but if you fear you will not be equitable towards them in terms of their expenses and individual share; then marry only one or restrict yourself to what your right hands own of slavegirls since these do not have the same rights as wives; thus by that marrying of only four or only one or resorting to slavegirls it is likelier it is nearer in outcome that you will not be unjust that you will not be inequitable."

15–16 Unlawful sexual intercourse
In verses, the first, preliminary directives for the punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse are stated. The first verse deals with women. The punishment laid down was to confine them until further directives were revealed. The second verse (i.e. 16) relates to both sexes. The injunction lays down that they should be punished – that is, they should be kept refined to houses..

22–23 Incest
Verses 4:22-23 cover which classes of women within one's family with whom marriage or sexual intercourse would be considered haram.

These relationships and limitations are defined and elaborated on within Tafsir al-Jalalayn.

34 Men are the protectors and maintainers of women
"4:34 Men are the caretakers of women, as men have been provisioned by Allah over women and tasked with supporting them financially. And righteous women are devoutly obedient and, when alone, protective of what Allah has entrusted them with. And if you sense ill-conduct from your women, advise them ˹first˺, ˹if they persist,˺ do not share their beds, ˹but if they still persist,˺ then discipline them ˹gently˺. But if they change their ways, do not be unjust to them. Surely Allah is Most High, All-Great." There are a number of interpretations of the original Arabic 4:34. The Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World terms Verse 4:34 the Quran's least egalitarian verse.

Some Muslims, such as Islamic feminist groups, argue that Muslim men use the text as an excuse for domestic violence.

48 Idolatry and polytheism
"4:48 Indeed, Allah does not forgive associating others with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. And whoever associates others with Allah has indeed committed a grave sin."

Tafsir, Ibn Kathir says, Allah said that He, "forgives not that partners should be set up with Him (in worship)", meaning, He does not forgive a servant if he meets Him while he is associating partners with Him". The Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an says, "Polytheism is the worst form of sins and it is a barrier against the Divine forgiveness."

59 Obedience Verse
"4:59 O believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. Should you disagree on anything, then refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if you ˹truly˺ believe in Allah and the Last Day. This is the best and fairest resolution."

65 Verse
Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Ibn Majah and Nasa'i narrated a hadith transmitted by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, that believed by some scholars as the Asbab al-Nuzul (cause of revelation) of the Sura of An Nisa verse 65. However, there are contemporary Fatwa that the revelation of this verse were attributed to az-Zubayr were weak, as the stronger Hadith which attributed to the revelation of this verse were instead attributed to the tradition of Umar, the second Rashidun Caliph

69 Martyrs, and the righteous
Muhammad ibn Sulayman recorded that al-Sadiq relayed to his elderly father, Abu Muhammad ibn Sulayman, concerning the following verse: "And whoever obeys Allah and the Messenger – those will be with the ones upon whom Allah has bestowed favor of the prophets, the steadfast affirmers of truth, the martyrs and the righteous. And excellent are those as companions." (4:69) stating, "The Messenger of Allah in this verse is from of the prophets, and we (Ahl al-Bayt) in this subject are the truthful and the martyrs and you all, (our followers), are the righteous, so adopt this name."

74–76 Fight for the cause of Allah
According to Ibn Kathir: "Therefore, the believers fight in obedience to Allah and to gain His pleasure, while the disbelievers fight in obedience to Shaytan. Allah then encourages the believers to fight His enemies". Islam allows war in self-defense (Quran ), to defend Islam (rather than to spread it), to protect those who have been removed from their homes by force because they are Muslims (Q), and to protect the innocent who are being oppressed (Q).

89–90 Do not take hypocrites as allies or helpers
"4:89 They wish you would disbelieve as they have disbelieved, so you may all be alike. So do not take them as allies unless they emigrate in the cause of Allah. But if they turn away, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them, and do not take any of them as allies or helpers, 4:90 except those who are allies of a people you are bound with in a treaty or those wholeheartedly opposed to fighting either you or their own people. If Allah had willed, He would have empowered them to fight you. So if they refrain from fighting you and offer you peace, then Allah does not permit you to harm them."

The verse discusses a group of people who nominally became Muslims and secretly supported the enemies of Muslims. For those hypocrites to prove their loyalty, they were commanded to emigrate and join the ranks of the believers, or they would be considered enemies. Muhammad advises his companions to avoid taking these individuals as helpers or guardians.

116 Shirk
"4:116 Surely Allah does not forgive associating ˹others˺ with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. Indeed, whoever associates ˹others˺ with Allah has clearly gone far astray."

Tafsir Ibn Kathir says: "Shirk shall not be forgiven, in reality the idolators worship shaytan".

127–130 Female orphans, desertion by husband, and desirability of marital peace
These verses cover issues associated with female orphans; desertion by the husband and the desirability of marital peace.

145 Hypocrites
In Kitab al-Kafi, Ja'far al-Sadiq writes a letter to his companions stressing the importance of obeying Allah, his Messenger, and the "Wali al Amr" (Progeny of Muhammad)- going so far as to say that those who disobey and deny their virtues are "liars and hypocrites". He asserts that these are the individuals described as "hypocrites" in the verse, "Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire – and never will you find for them a helper."

157 Islamic view on Jesus' death
"and for boasting, “We killed the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the messenger of Allah.” But they neither killed nor crucified him—it was only made to appear so. Even those who argue for this ˹crucifixion˺ are in doubt. They have no knowledge whatsoever—only making assumptions. They certainly did not kill him."

An explanation of the Islamic view of Jesus as a prophet, rather than as the son of God as Christians claim, is given in Tafsir Ibn Kathir.

171 Islamic view of the Trinity
"4:171 O People of the Book! Do not go to extremes regarding your faith; say nothing about Allah except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was no more than a messenger of Allah and the fulfilment of His Word through Mary and a spirit ˹created by a command˺ from Him. So believe in Allah and His messengers and do not say, “Trinity.” Stop!—for your own good. Allah is only One God. Glory be to Him! He is far above having a son! To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah is sufficient as a Trustee of Affairs."

title: An-Nisa


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Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Technical Communicators

Starting a Project/Community for Technical Communicators.

The following Wikipedians are technical communicators in "real life":

 * Carla Pettigrew Hufstedler
 * Constafrequent (talk)
 * Cswrye
 * Deathphoenix
 * Dicentra
 * Elf
 * Heron
 * iFaqeer (Talk to me!)
 * Jasonb
 * Jean
 * Justin
 * Konrad Roeder my talk page
 * Lee Hunter
 * User:MalcolmGin (talk)
 * User:Micsullivan
 * Ott
 * Parhamr
 * Paul Moss
 * Peter J. Mello
 * Randal L. Schwartz
 * User:Redlock
 * Shajikv
 * Stephen Londergan
 * Steven McCrary
 * Thomprod
 * Sreejith Kumar
 * SciHound

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Jason London

Jason Paul London (born November 7, 1972) is an American actor, known for his roles as Randall "Pink" Floyd in director Richard Linklater's film Dazed and Confused (1993), Jesse in The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999), and Rick Rambis in Out Cold (2001).

Personal life
London was born in San Diego, the son of Deborah "Debbie" London (née Osborn), a waitress, and Frank London, a sheet metal worker. He was raised in Wanette, Oklahoma, and in DeSoto, Texas. His identical twin brother Jeremy is also an actor. In 2003, the two acted together in an episode of 7th Heaven titled "Smoking". Jeremy was Jason's stunt double in The Man in the Moon (1991).

London married actress Charlie Spradling in 1997. The couple had a daughter. They divorced in 2006.

In November 2010, London became engaged to actress Sofia Karstens. They married on July 16, 2011 at the home of his wife's parents, William and Judith Karstens, in North Hero, Vermont.

Career
London began his career in his junior year of high school. His brother, Jeremy, wanted to audition for the movie The Man in the Moon (1991). London gave his brother a ride to the audition and tried for the part as well. He resulted in getting the part and his brother was his stunt double.

London later received what would become his most popular role as Randall “Pink” Floyd in the movie Dazed and Confused (1993).

London has enjoyed success starring mostly as a rebellious, edgy young addict in feature films such as Broken Vessels (1998) and $pent (2000). He starred as Jason in the NBC miniseries Jason and the Argonauts (2000). He also starred in Poor White Trash (2000) playing sleazy ladies' man Brian Ross.

London portrayed Mark, the local newspaper editor, in the Hallmark Channel television movie, The Wishing Well (2010), which also starred Jordan Ladd and Ernest Borgnine.

In addition to his film and TV work, London also appeared in Aerosmith's 1993 video "Amazing" with Alicia Silverstone.

title: Jason London


text: Category:Mass media in New Mexico

title: Category:Mass media in New Mexico


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Al-Ma'idah

Al-Ma'idah (ٱلْمَائدَة; lit. 'The Table [Spread with Food]') is the fifth chapter of the Quran, containing 120 verses. Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation, it is a Medinan chapter, which means it is believed to have been revealed in Medina rather than Mecca.

The chapter's topics include animals which are forbidden, and Jesus's and Moses's missions. Verse 90 prohibits "the intoxicant" (alcohol). Verse 8 contains the passage: "Do not let the hatred of a people lead you to injustice". Al-Tabligh Verse 67 is relevant to the Farewell Pilgrimage and Ghadir Khumm.

Verses have been quoted to denounce killing, by using an abbreviated form such as, "If anyone kills a person, it would be as if he killed the whole people: and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people". The same formulation appears in the Mishnah in Sanhedrin. However, a columnist for Mosaic presents evidence suggesting that this coincidence is part of the Quran's critique of Judaism, and early Muslims were aware of this context.

Summary

 * 1 Covenants are to be fulfilled
 * 2 Lawful meats
 * 3 Islam completed
 * 4 Food caught by hunting animals is permissible
 * 5 Muslims permitted to eat the food of Jews and Christians, and to marry their women.
 * 6 The law of purifications
 * 7-8 Believers reminded of the covenant of Aqabah, Muslims should bear true testimony and not let hatred nor prejudice prevent them from being just.
 * 9-11 Muslims told to remember God's forgiveness and favour or forget old quarrels
 * 12 God’s covenant with Children of Israel
 * 13-16 The disobedience of Jews and Christians exposed.
 * 17-18 Jews and Christians mutation of God's teachings.
 * 19 Jews and Christians are not the children of God. Muhammad sent as a prophet to remind and warn those who have not read or believed The Books of The People of The Book.
 * 23-26 Israel’s rebellion at Kadesh Barnea
 * 27-31 The story of Cain and Abel
 * 32 The sin of homicide
 * 33-40 The penalty of theft and reminder to repent. God's judgment supersedes all.
 * 41-44 Warning against distortion of Scripture and judging only by God's revelations.
 * 45-55 Reiteration of Quran as confirmation of earlier Scriptures. Muhammad to judge by laws of Allah.
 * 56-58 Not to seek guardianship of those who mock faith. Allying oneself only with God.
 * 59-63 Hypocrites warned. Believers warned and instructed.
 * 64-65 The Jews exhort and warned
 * 66 The hypocrisy and unbelief of the jews and Christians rebuked
 * 67-69 Muhammad required to preach. He attestes to Jewish and Christian Scriptures. Believing Jews, Sabians, and Christians to be saved
 * 70-71 The Jews rejected and killed the prophets of God
 * 72-75 The doctrines of the Trinity and Christ’s Sonship rejection.
 * 76-77 Reiteration of one God, upholding principles and warning against extremism.
 * 78-81 Disobedient Jews condemned by Christ.
 * 82-87 Jewish and Christian beliefs compared. Righteous rewarded. Disobedient to be punished. Warnings against transgressions.
 * 88 Muslims to use lawful food and be mindful of God
 * 89 Expiation for perjury
 * 90-94 Shunning of intoxicants and gambling.
 * 95-96 Law concerning hunting and gaming during pilgrimage
 * 97-101 Pilgrimage and its rites enjoined. Forgiveness of deeds done before laws established.
 * 102-104 Arab customs denounced
 * 105-108 Accountable for only one's action. Wills to be attested by witnesses.
 * 109 The prophets ignorant of the characters of their followers, only God knower of all.
 * 110 Jesus—his miracles—God’s favour to him
 * 111 The apostles of Jesus were Muslims
 * 112-115 A table provided by God for Jesus and the apostles.
 * 116-118 Jesus did not teach his followers to worship him and his mother.
 * 119 The reward of the true believer.
 * 120 God is sovereign

Placement and coherence with other surahs
The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as nazm and munasabah in non-English literature and coherence, text relations, intertextuality, and unity in English literature. Hamiduddin Farahi, an Islamic scholar of the Indian subcontinent, is known for his work on the concept of nazm, or coherence, in the Quran. Fakhruddin al-Razi (died 1209 CE), Zarkashi (died 1392) and several other classical as well as contemporary Quranic scholars have contributed to the studies. The entire Qur'an thus emerges as a well-connected and systematic book. Each division has a distinct theme. Topics within a division are more or less in the order of revelation. Within each division, each member of the pair complements the other in various ways. The seven divisions are as follows:

3 Verse of Ikmal al-Din
"'Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favour upon you, and chosen Islam as your way...'" This verse was revealed at Arafat according to the hadith: "Narrated 'Umar bin Al-Khattab: Once a Jew said to me, 'O the chief of believers! There is a verse in your Holy Book Which is read by all of you (Muslims), and had it been revealed to us, we would have taken that day (on which it was revealed as a day of celebration.' 'Umar bin Al-Khattab asked, 'Which is that verse?' The Jew replied, 'This day I have perfected your religion For you, completed My favor upon you, And have chosen for you Islam as your religion.' 'Umar replied,'No doubt, we know when and where this verse was revealed to the Prophet. It was Friday and the Prophet (ﷺ) was standing at 'Arafat (i.e. the Day of Hajj)'"

27-31 Cain and Abel
The story appears in the Quran 5:27-31: "5:27 Relate to them in truth ˹O Prophet˺ the story of Adam’s two sons—how each offered a sacrifice: Abel’s offering was accepted while Cain’s was not. So Cain threatened, “I will kill you!” His brother replied, “Allah only accepts ˹the offering˺ of the sincerely devout. 5:28 If you raise your hand to kill me, I will not raise mine to kill you, because I fear Allah—the Lord of all worlds. 5:29 I want to let you bear your sin against me along with your other sins, then you will be one of those destined to the Fire. And that is the reward of the wrongdoers.” 5:30 Yet Cain convinced himself to kill his brother, so he killed him—becoming a loser. 5:31 Then Allah sent a crow digging ˹a grave˺ in the ground ˹for a dead crow˺, in order to show him how to bury the corpse of his brother. He cried, “Alas! Have I ˹even˺ failed to be like this crow and bury the corpse of my brother?” So he became regretful."

33 Hirabah verse
This verse from Qur'anic chapter al-ma'idah is known as the Hirabah verse (ayat al-hiraba), It specifies punishment for "those who wage war against God and His Messenger and strive to spread disorder in the land": The verbal noun form (i.e. ḥirabah) is frequently used in classical and modern books of Islamic jurisprudence, but neither the word ḥirabah nor the root verb ḥaraba occurs in the Quran. (Yuḥāribūna is the form used in Quran .)

According to early Islamic sources, the verse was revealed after some members of the Urayna tribe feigned conversion to Islam in order to steal Muslims' possessions and killed a young shepherd sent to teach them about the faith. In view of the broad and strong language of the verse, however, various state representatives beginning with the Umayyads have asserted that it applied to rebels in general.

The original meanings of the triliteral root ḥrb are to despoil someones wealth or property, and also fighting or committing sinful act. The Quran "refers to both meanings" in and.

51 Do not take Jews and Christians as allies
"O believers! Take neither Jews nor Christians as guardians—they are guardians of each other. Whoever does so will be counted as one of them. Surely Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people."

Some Muslim hard liners have used verses such as this one to denounce close relationships with non-Muslims and forbidding non-Muslims from becoming leaders in Muslim countries. However, other Muslim scholars such as Shafi Usmani see this as forbidding only "indiscriminating intimacy" which might confuse the "distinctive hallmarks of Islam", while all other equitable relations as being allowed. Ghamidi in the context of his Itmam al-Hujjah interpretation of Islam, restricts the subjects of this verse to only the Jews and Christians of the Muslim Prophet's time. Others argue that only belligerent non-Muslims are being referenced here. Verse 51 is preserved in the Ṣan‘ā’1 lower text.

Verse 54
"O believers! Whoever among you abandons their faith, Allah will replace them with others who love Him and are loved by Him. They will be humble with the believers but firm towards the disbelievers, struggling in the Way of Allah; fearing no blame from anyone. This is the favour of Allah. He grants it to whoever He wills. And Allah is All-Bountiful, All-Knowing."

Some hadith view the 'beloved' in verse 54 as Abu Musa al-Ash'ari. Verse 54 is preserved in the Ṣan‘ā’1 lower text.

Shia' view
On the Shia interpretation of this verse, God used the singular form "waliyyukum" implying the "wilayah" (Guardianship of the believers) is a single project. In other words, the "wilayah" of the messenger and that of the Ali springs from the of God's wilayah. The word "wali" in the context of this verse cannot mean "friend" because there is not a single verse in the Quran where God says that any one of his messengers is a friend or helper of their followers. Further if the verse implied "wilayah" in the sense of friend or helper, then the singular form "waliyyukum" would not have been used but the plural form "awliya'ukum" would be appropriate because the "friendship" of God is unique.

Verses 72 and 73
The Quran: An Encyclopedia says, "The Quran’s objection to Christian practice is Christianity’s shirk, its worship of Jesus, Mary and the saints ‘in derogation of Allah’. There is no justification in believing in the Trinity, for Jesus never would have condoned such a concept". "Those who say, “Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary,” have certainly fallen into disbelief. The Messiah ˹himself˺ said, “O Children of Israel! Worship Allah—my Lord and your Lord.” Whoever associates others with Allah ˹in worship˺ will surely be forbidden Paradise by Allah. Their home will be the Fire. And the wrongdoers will have no helpers. Those who say, “Allah is one in a Trinity,” have certainly fallen into disbelief. There is only One God. If they do not stop saying this, those who disbelieve among them will be afflicted with a painful punishment."

Verse 82
in Verse 82 it says, "Verily, you will find the strongest among men in enmity to the believers the Jews and those who commit Shirk, and you will find the nearest in love to the believers those who say: "We are Christians."

Verse 90
In Verse 90 it says, "O believers! Intoxicants, gambling, idols, and drawing lots for decisions are all evil of Satan’s handiwork. So shun them so you may be successful." This is a clear ruling in the Quran for Muslims to avoid alcohol and gambling.

title: Al-Ma'idah


text:
Chlorosis

In botany, chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of leaves, chlorotic leaves are pale, yellow, or yellow-white. The affected plant has little or no ability to manufacture carbohydrates through photosynthesis and may die unless the cause of its chlorophyll insufficiency is treated and this may lead to a plant disease called rusts, although some chlorotic plants, such as the albino Arabidopsis thaliana mutant ppi2, are viable if supplied with exogenous sucrose.

The word chlorosis is derived from the Greek khloros meaning "greenish-yellow", "pale green", "pale", "pallid", or "fresh".

In viticulture, the most common symptom of poor nutrition in grapevines is the yellowing of grape leaves caused by chlorosis and the subsequent loss of chlorophyll. This is often seen in vineyard soils that are high in limestone such as the Italian wine region of Barolo in the Piedmont, the Spanish wine region of Rioja and the French wine regions of Champagne and Burgundy. In these soils the grapevine often struggles to pull sufficient levels of iron which is a needed component in the production of chlorophyll.

Causes
Chlorosis is typically caused when leaves do not have enough nutrients to synthesise all the chlorophyll they need. It can be brought about by a combination of factors including: However, the exact conditions vary from plant type to plant type. For example, Azaleas grow best in acidic soil and rice is unharmed by waterlogged soil.
 * a specific mineral deficiency in the soil, such as iron, magnesium or zinc
 * deficient nitrogen and/or proteins
 * a soil pH at which minerals become unavailable for absorption by the roots
 * poor drainage (waterlogged roots)
 * damaged and/or compacted roots
 * pesticides and particularly herbicides may cause chlorosis, both to target weeds and occasionally to the crop being treated.
 * exposure to sulphur dioxide
 * ozone injury to sensitive plants
 * presence of any number of bacterial pathogens, for instance Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis that causes complete chlorosis on Asteraceae
 * fungal infection, e.g. Bakanae.

In grape vines
Like many other plants, grape vines are susceptible to chlorosis, and symptoms of iron deficiency tend to be common on soils rich in limestone. In the wake of The Great French Wine Blight, when European Vitis vinifera were affected by Phylloxera, chlorosis became a greater problem in viticulture. To deal with the Phylloxera blight, V. vinifera was grafted onto rootstock based on American species of the genus Vitis, such as Vitis riparia, Vitis rupestris, and Vitis berlandieri. However, many of these were less adapted to the lime-rich soils that were common in France's vineyards, in particular many of those that produced wines of top quality. Many grafted vines in lime-rich vineyards therefore showed signs of iron deficiency, and in France this specific form of chlorosis was termed chlorose calcaire. The problem was largely overcome by the selection of lime-resistant American vines as basis for hybrid vines used for rootstock material. However, since such rootstocks may be less than optimal in other respects, it is necessary for the viticulturalist to balance the need for chlorosis resistance against other viticultural needs. This is illustrated by one of the most common lime-resistant rootstocks, 41 B, which is a hybrid between V. vinifera cultivar Chasselas and V. berlandieri, which generally has a sufficient, but not extremely high, Phylloxera resistance.

Treatments
Specific nutrient deficiencies (often aggravated by high soil pH) may be corrected by supplemental feedings of iron, in the form of a chelate or sulphate, magnesium or nitrogen compounds in various combinations. If the soil is too acidic, applying lime can raise the pH to the proper range, making more nutrients available to the plant. Likewise, sulfur can be used to lower soil pH if it is too alkaline.

title: Chlorosis


text:
Al-An'am

Al-An'am (ٱلْأَنْعَامْ, ; meaning: The Cattle) is the sixth chapter (sūrah) of the Quran, with 165 verses (āyāt). Coming in order in the Quran after Al-Fatiha, Al-Baqarah, Al 'Imran, An-Nisa', and Al-Ma'idah, this surah dwells on such themes as the clear signs of Allah's Dominion and Power, rejecting polytheism and unbelief, the establishment of Tawhid (pure monotheism), the Revelation, Messengership, and Resurrection. It is a "Meccan surah", and it is believed to have been revealed in its entirety during the final year of the Meccan period of Islam. This explains the timing and contextual background of the believed revelation (Asbāb al-nuzūl). The surah also reports the story of Ibrahim, who calls others to stop worshiping celestial bodies and turn towards Allah.

Groups of modern Islamic scholars from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University in Yemen and Mauritania have issued fatwa taking the interpretation of Ibn Kathir regarding the 61st verse of Al-An'am and a Hadith transmitted by Abu Hurairah and Ibn Abbas, that the Angel of death has assistants among angels who help him to take souls.

Summary

 * 1-3 Praise to the Almighty and Omniscient Creator
 * 4-5 The wilful unbelief of the Makkah infidels
 * 6 They are threatened with the divine judgment
 * 7 The people of Makkah hopelessly unbelieving
 * 8-9 Why angels were not sent to the infidels
 * 10-11 Those who rejected the former prophets were punished
 * 12-18 Why the true God should be served
 * 19 God the witness between Muhammad and the infidels
 * 20 The Jews recognise Muhammad as a prophet
 * 21-23 Idolaters on the judgment-day—their condition
 * 24-29 Scoffing idolaters rebuked and threatened
 * 30-31 The condition of believers and unbelievers after death
 * 32-33 Unbelievers make God a liar
 * 33 God’s word and purposes unchangeable
 * 34 Miracles of no avail to convince infidels
 * 35 God will raise the dead to life
 * 36 Why God did not grant the signs asked by unbelievers
 * 37 Animals and birds to be brought into judgment
 * 38 Infidels are deaf and dumb
 * 39-40 Idolaters will call upon God in their distress
 * 41-44 Adversity and prosperity alike unmeaning to infidels
 * 45 God is the only helper in trouble
 * 46-48 Unbelievers, if impenitent, sure to perish
 * 49 Muhammad unacquainted with the secrets of God
 * 50 There shall be no intercessor on the judgment-day
 * 51-54 The motives of professing Muslims not to be judged
 * 55-57 Muhammad declines the proposals of idolaters
 * 58-61 God the Omniscient and Sovereign Ruler
 * 62-64 God the Almighty Deliverer
 * 65 Muhammad charged with imposture
 * 66 Unbelievers will certainly be punished
 * 67-69 Mockers to be avoided by Muslims
 * 70-71 The punishment of idolaters certain and dreadful
 * 71-74 Muslims commanded to obey God only
 * 75-84 Abraham’s testimony against idolatry
 * 85-91 The prophets who succeeded Abraham
 * 92 The unbelieving Jews (of Madína) rebuked
 * 93 The Quran confirms the former Scriptures
 * 94 The fate of those who forge Scriptures
 * 95 Idolaters deserted by their gods on the judgment-day
 * 96-100 The God of nature the true God
 * 101-103 God has no offspring
 * 104-105 God’s favour in sending the Quran
 * 106-108 The command to retire from Makkah
 * 109 Muhammad not permitted to work miracles
 * 110-113 The people of Makkah given over to unbelief
 * 114 Muhammad the prophet of God
 * 114-117 The direction of Muslims and idolaters contrasted
 * 118-121 Law of permitted and forbidden meats
 * 122 The righteous and unbelievers compared
 * 122-125 wicked leaders of the people—conduct and punishment
 * 126-127 The blessedness of the faithful
 * 128-130 God’s threatenings against unbelieving men and genii
 * 131 God always warns men before punishing idolatry
 * 132-133 Rewards and punishments shall be according to works
 * 134 The punishment of unbelievers certain
 * 135-136 The idolaters of Makkah rebuked
 * 137-139 Evil customs of the Quraish exposed
 * 140 The idolaters of Makkah threatened
 * 141 The fruit of trees to be eaten
 * 142-144 Controversy between the Quraish and Muhammad concerning forbidden meats referred to
 * 145 The law concerning forbidden meats rehearsed
 * 146 The Jewish law of forbidden meats
 * 147 God will punish those who accuse the prophets of imposture
 * 148-149 The idolaters of Makkah are reprobate
 * 150 Their testimony unworthy of credit
 * 151-153 Forbidden things rehearsed
 * 154-157 The Quran attests the teaching of Moses and Jesus
 * 158 The fate of the wicked on the judgment-day
 * 159 Sectaries reproved
 * 160 The reward of the righteous and wicked compared
 * 161-162 Islam the true religion
 * 163 Muhammad’s self-consecration to God
 * 164-165 The idolaters exhorted to believe in God

Placement and coherence with other surahs
The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as nazm and munasabah in non-English literature and coherence, text relations, intertextuality, and unity in English literature. Hamiduddin Farahi, an Islamic scholar of the Indian subcontinent, is known for his work on the concept of nazm, or coherence, in the Quran. Fakhruddin al-Razi (died 1209 CE), Zarkashi (died 1392) and several other classical as well as contemporary Quranic scholars have contributed to the studies. The entire Qur'an thus emerges as a well-connected and systematic book. Each division has a distinct theme. Topics within a division are more or less in the order of revelation. Within each division, each member of the pair complements the other in various ways. The seven divisions are as follows:

title: Al-An'am


text:
Al-A'raf

Al-Araf (ٱلأعراف, al-ʾAʿrāf; meaning: The Heights) is the 7th chapter (sūrah) of the Qur'an, with 206 verses (āyāt). Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation (Asbāb al-nuzūl), it is a "Meccan surah", which means it was revealed before the Hijra.

This chapter takes its name from verses 46–47, in which the word A'araf appears.

According to Abul A'la Maududi, the time of its disclosure is about the same as that of Al-An'am, i. e., the last year of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's residence at Makkah: the manner of its admonition clearly indicates that it belongs to the same period and both have the same historical background; however, it cannot be declared with assurance which of these two was uncovered before the other. The audience should keep in mind the introduction to Al-An'am.

Summary

 * 1-2 Allah tells Muhammad not to doubt the Quran
 * 3 The people exhorted to believe in it
 * 4-5 Many cities destroyed for their unbelief
 * 6-9 Prophets and their hearers on the judgment-day
 * 10 The ingratitude of infidels
 * 11 The creation of Adam
 * 11-12 Satan refuses to obey Allah by bowing to Adam 13 He is driven from Paradise 14-15 He is respited until the resurrection 16-17 He avows his purpose to beguile man 18 God threatens Satan and his victims
 * 19-24 The fall of Adam and Eve 25-26 They are expelled from Paradise
 * 27-29 Indecent customs condemned 30-31 God to be sought in prayer 32-34 True worshippers to be decently clad
 * 35 Every nation has a fixed term of life
 * 36-42 The doom of those who reject the apostles of God
 * 43-45 The blessed reward of true believers
 * 45-46 God's curse on the infidels
 * 47-50 The veil of A'raf and its inhabitants
 * 51-52 The rejecters of God's apostles to be forgotten
 * 53-54 A warning against rejecting Muhammad
 * 55-59 The Creator and Lord of the worlds to be served
 * The History of Noah
 * 60-65 Noah rejected by his people—their fate
 * The History of Hūd
 * 66-73 Húd rejected by the Ádites—their fate
 * The History of Sálih
 * 74-80 Sálih rejected by the Thamúdites—their destruction
 * The Story of Lot
 * 81-85 Lot rejected and the Sodomites destroyed
 * The History of Shuaib
 * 86-94 Shuaib rejected by the Madianites, and their doom
 *  God speaks about other nations in the past
 * 95-96 Unbelievers at Makkah unaffected either by adversity or prosperity
 * 97-101 The dreadful fate of those cities who rejected the apostles of God and charged them with imposture
 * 102-103 They are reprobated
 *  The story of Moses
 * 104-105 Moses is sent to Pharaoh and his princes
 * 106-108 The miracles of the serpent and leprous hand
 * 109-115 The magicians of Egypt called
 * 116-120 Contest by miracles between Moses and the magicians
 * 121-123 Several magicians converted to Moses
 * 124-127 Pharaoh's anger kindled against them
 * 128 Pharaoh and his princes persecute Moses and his people
 * 129-130 Moses exhorts his people to patient trust in God
 * 131-132 Adversity and prosperity alike unavailing to bring Pharaoh to repentance
 * 133-134 The Egyptian unbelievers plagued
 * 135 The hypocrisy of the Egyptians
 * 136 They are destroyed in the Red Sea
 * 137 The people of Moses triumph, and possess the eastern and western land
 * 138-141 The children of Israel become idolatrous
 * 142 Moses makes Aaron his deputy, and fasts forty days
 * 143 He desires to see the glory of God, but repents his rashness
 * 144-145 God gives Moses the law on two tables
 * 146-147 Infidels threatened for calling their prophets impostors
 * 148 The people of Moses worship the golden calf
 * 149 They repent their sin
 * 150 Moses in indignation assaults Aaron
 * 151 He prays for forgiveness for himself and Aaron
 * 152 He calls for vengeance on the idolaters
 * 153 God merciful to believers
 * 154 Moses's anger is appeased
 * 155 He chooses seventy elders
 * 155-156 Moses prays for deliverance from destruction by lightning
 * 156-159 The Illiterate Prophet foretold by Moses
 * 160 Some Jews rightly directed
 * 161 The Israelites divided into twelve tribes
 * 161 The rock smitten, and manna and quails given
 * 162-163 The command to enter the city saying Hittatun, and the fate of the disobedient
 * 164-167 The Sabbath-breakers changed into apes
 * 168-169 Dispersion of the Jews among the nations
 * 170-171 Some of their successors faithful to the law of Moses
 * 172 God shakes Mount Sinai over the Israelites
 *  God mentioned other topics
 * 173-175 God's covenant with the children of Adam
 * 176-179 The curse of Balaam a warning to infidels
 * 180 Many genii and men created for hell
 * 181-182 The names of God not to be travestied
 * 183-184 God's method of leading infidels to destruction
 * 185 Muhammad not possessed of a devil
 * 186 No hope for the reprobate
 * 187 The coming of the “last hour” sudden
 * 188 Muhammad no seer, only a preacher
 * 189-190 guilty of idolatry
 * 191-198 The folly of idolatry
 * 199 Muhammad commanded to use moderation
 * 200-201 He is to repel Satan by using the name of God
 * 202 The people of Makkah incorrigible
 * 203 They charge Muhammad with imposture
 * 204 ۩ 206 The Quran to be listened to in silence and holy meditation

Subject matter
Although heading of the subject matter of this surah can be summarized as "Invitation to the Divine Message", some further elaboration is required to comprehend the underlying themes and their interconnection.

Contents
The chapter refers to Adam and Eve, Noah, Lot, Hud, Saleh, Shuaib, Moses and Aaron. The significant issues, Divine laws and points of guidance in this surah are as follows

 * 1) A greeting is given to the People of the Book (Jews and Christians) to become Muslims.
 * 2) An admonition is given to the unbelievers about the results of their disavowal through referring to the case of punishments which were caused upon previous nations for their off-base mentality towards their Rasools.
 * 3) The Jews are cautioned about the results of their deceptive lead towards the prophets.
 * 4) Precept to proliferate the message of Islam with astuteness.
 * 5) The fact that the Rasools just as the individuals to whom they are sent will be addressed on the Day of Judgment.
 * 6) Precept to the Believers that they should wear respectable and appropriate dress and eat pure and good food.
 * 7) Conversation between the inhabitants of Paradise, the prisoners of hell and the individuals of A'raf (a spot between the Paradise and hellfire).
 * 8) Luxuriousness and difficulty are the reminders from Allah.
 * 9) Muhammad is the Rasool for the entirety of humankind.
 * 10) The fact that the coming of Muhammad was depicted in Torah and the Gospel (Bible).
 * 11) Jews have created fabricated a wrong belief about Allah's creation.
 * 12) Humankind's declaration about Allah at the hour of Adam's creation.
 * 13) Allah made all of humankind from a single soul.
 * 14) Allah's command to show forgiveness, speak for justice and stay away from the ignorant.
 * 15) Allah's order about tuning in to the recitation of The Qur'an with complete quietness.
 * 1) Muhammad is the Rasool for the entirety of humankind.
 * 2) The fact that the coming of Muhammad was depicted in Torah and the Gospel (Bible).
 * 3) Jews have created fabricated a wrong belief about Allah's creation.
 * 4) Humankind's declaration about Allah at the hour of Adam's creation.
 * 5) Allah made all of humankind from a single soul.
 * 6) Allah's command to show forgiveness, speak for justice and stay away from the ignorant.
 * 7) Allah's order about tuning in to the recitation of The Qur'an with complete quietness.
 * 1) Humankind's declaration about Allah at the hour of Adam's creation.
 * 2) Allah made all of humankind from a single soul.
 * 3) Allah's command to show forgiveness, speak for justice and stay away from the ignorant.
 * 4) Allah's order about tuning in to the recitation of The Qur'an with complete quietness.
 * 1) Allah's command to show forgiveness, speak for justice and stay away from the ignorant.
 * 2) Allah's order about tuning in to the recitation of The Qur'an with complete quietness.
 * 1) Allah's order about tuning in to the recitation of The Qur'an with complete quietness.

Theme
The chief subject of this Surah is an invitation to the Divine Message sent down to Muhammad. The Messenger had been admonishing the individuals of Makkah for 13 years. Yet there was no substantial impact on them, since they had deliberately ignored his message. And had become so adversarial that Allah was going to order Muhammad to disregard them and go to others. That is the reason they are being reproved to acknowledge the message and an admonition is given about the results of their off-base demeanor. Since Muhammad was going to get Allah's edict to relocate from Makkah, the finishing up part of this Surah addresses the People of the Book with whom he was going to come into contact at Al-Madinah. In the ayaat directed to the Jews, the outcomes of their deceptive mentality towards the prophets are likewise brought up clearly. As they proclaimed to put belief in Musa (Moses) yet their practices were against his lessons. They were defying him as well as were in certainty worshipping falsehood.

Towards the ending of the Surah, guidelines are given to Muhammad and his adherents to show tolerance and exercise patience in answer to the incitements of their rivals. Since the devotees were feeling the squeeze and stress, are encouraged to be cautious and not make any stride that may hurt their cause.

80-84 Lot in Islam
Verses 7:80–84 deal with the story Lot who was sent to a city, that, according to the quranic narrative, was of the transgressors. Angels descend to protect Lot and his daughters, and the city is destroyed by a stone rain. Lot's wife perishes as well. Lot was sent to a group of people who had committed unprecedented levels of immorality. The men amongst them approached other men with desire instead of women; and thus they were transgressing the bounds of God. Upon hearing the accusation that Prophet Lot had leveled on them, his people gave no answer but this: they said, "Drive them out of your city: these are indeed men who want to be clean and pure!" (the second part of the statement was probably a form of sarcasm). In the end, Allah saved Prophet Lot and his family except his wife who was amongst the evildoers and Allah punished the people by sending a rain of stones down on them.

103-156 Moses
The narrative focuses on the history of Moses

142 Golden Calf
The incident of the Golden Calf as narrated in Q7:142 paints a positive light on Aaron. The Quran says that Aaron was entrusted the leadership of Israel while Moses was up on Mount Sinai (طُـور سِـيـنـاء, tur sina’) for a period of forty days. Q19:50 adds that Aaron tried his best to stop the worship of the Golden Calf. Further parts of the story are to be found in Quran 7:150. The story ends in an earlier chapter, Quran 5:25.

157 The coming of Muhammad
Verse 7:157 reveals that prophecies about the coming of Muhammad were present in the Jewish law and Gospel.

۩ 206 Prostration
This final verse, verse 206, requires a sajdah, or prostration.

 * ۝ Moreover the angels who are with my LORD do not proudly disdain his service, but they celebrate his praise and worship him.

title: Al-A'raf


text:
User:Areia

Belgian living in Washington, DC with a Yankee husband and a Manx cat. Fluent in Dutch and English, capable in French and German. Main interests are IT, religion, language and a variety of fiber arts.

title: User:Areia


text:
Talk:Communism/Archive 5

removed piece
I removed the following piece from "Human nature" section as irrelevant to the subsection, but they are false by themselves.

 * The argument that socialist and communist social structures give workers control of the means of production is without merit, because there are no such structures, it is always a priviledged few in control. In a capitalist system planning is simplified and worker control is exercised through price signals and the capitalists compete to best respond to those price signals
 * You wouldn't believe it, but there actually were structures that gave workers immediate control of the means of production. Actually, there are two of them: trade union and People's Control, both missing from wikipedia. Another problem that these structures got bureaucratized as well. I am not saying that according Soviet ideology everything belongs to workers, and bureaucrats only implement actions vested them by delegation from workers. I agree that this is bullshit, but formally it is correct. It is a totally different issue of de-facto alienation of workers. Mikkalai 00:51, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * As for capitalistic piece, your interpretation is obsolete. In our time when everything important is nearly-monopolized "price signals" is naive fiction. Mikkalai 00:51, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * "naive fiction", really, so what is determining the relative success of different technologies such as PDAs, vs cell phones with various features, vs mp3 players of various types, if not price signals from the workers? Yes, the price signal must be high enough that the "nearly monopolized" suppliers are willing to produce it, but absent the demand the monopolies have to eat it.  Workers rule in a capitalist society, just indirectly as consumers and voters.--Silverback 01:05, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * There is certain truth in your statement, but still, the issue is irrelevant to the section, "human nature", unless you put everything what happens in the society under "human nature", like, what else if not "human nature" makes these workers to buy cell phones. (I cannot stop wondering how many workers in Zimbabwe have cell phones). Mikkalai 01:36, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Robert Mugabe's Marxism is really improving the lot of the workers there, eh?
 * Also, I am wondering how come workers wanted to increase the cost of can of Yoplait yogurt from 50c to 80c while decreasing the amount from 16oz to 12 oz? It is probably because workers who produce yogurt wanted to buy more cell phones, right? Mikkalai 01:52, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * My God Silverback, do you expect us to have this whole argument on the discussion page? We might as well debate whether or not God exists.  The idea that price signals are needed in an economy (or at least the theories it comes from) didn't even exist until the the turn of the 20th century.  If you're really curious about the alternative theory, and are not being coy, go read up on what the pre 20th century economists had to say - Adam Smith, David Ricardo etc. as well as the labor theory of value and so forth.  That price signals are needed is a new theory proposed against the older one that not everyone has accepted. Ruy Lopez 03:26, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Technical limitations
Mikkalai, you have put the following paragraph in the article, "Before the advent of computers, a popular argument against planned economy, i.e., in fact against communism, was human impossibility to keep precise tally of everything, necessary for correct planning." This sounds good, but besides lacking any cited authority for the use of the argument in the past, it fails to establish that under even the most highly computerized control mechanism, adequate information could be developed or adequately utilized to conduct adequate planning, expecially with respect to innovation. In other words, you leap to a conclusion. Fred Bauder 02:44, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point, Fred. As far as I can tell, computers are no more pertinent than an abacus. If we decide to let HAL make decisions, we can call that digitocracy. (I suspect that link will be red!) But if people are going to continue to make decisions then it is people who have to absorb and use information, and the fact of human bounded rationality counts. By way of illustration, can anybody name me one thinker of any importance whose mind has been changed on the issue of the plausibility of a planned economy by the improvements is computers? Saying "that objection might have once had weight" isn't enough.' I'm curious whether anyone actually said, in year X (pick the year!) that a planned economy is impossible, and then said, in year X plus 5, "oh, NOW we have the needed capacity, NOW its possible!" Can anybody link me to the article about anyone who made both those statements? Hmmmm. The tree fell in the forest, but nobody heard it? --Christofurio

 * I work in a big capitalist enterprise now. I can assure you, the amount of planning and detail of planning done here probably exceeds the amount of planning in the whole, say, Byelorussian SSR.

 * But now I think it is a good idea to keep the argument/counterargument bickering out of the article.It can be endless. Mikkalai 21:26, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Anyway, the argument is more relevamt to the article Centrally planned economy, and probably must be repeated there, rather than to Communism. The ideology of communism doesn't go into such details of implementation. Mikkalai 21:37, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, the culprit is not planning per se, but, as Christofurio pointed out, the basis of this planning. Under capitalist planning the goals are based on actual economical processes, while under communism most often it is vice versa: the state sets the goals, and the planning engine makes economy to fit this goal. The quality of life was always a secondary goal in the Soviet Union. Mikkalai 21:37, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Quite a Leap!
"In fact most opinion polls even in the USA show workers want more control over their work, which would indicate that human nature was that workers are against capitalist social structures, and prefer socialist and communist social structures where workers control the means of production."

Does this sound like as much of a leap to anyone else as it does to me? For all we can tell from the opening clause, the polls in question only show that workers would prefer, say, more flex time, especially if they could get it without lowering wage levels or making any other sacrifice. Hardly a surprise. Yet from a vaguely worded poll result we get a sweeping conclusion about preference for "communist social structures." Gee, I would like more flexible hours, too, so it follows I must favor the nationalization of banks. Not. I'm going to delete. --Christofurio 20:07, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. There is vast difference between "control of thier work" and "control over the ownership of the enterprise". Mikkalai 21:29, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

critiques
The people critiquing communism really don't seem to know a lot about the subject. I've read serious criticism of Marx regarding the transformation problem and things like that, but a lot of this seems to be from people unfamiliar with Marxism and communism.

The first two sentences of economic development make sense. The third goes off the rails: "The Marxist case for communism is based not only on moral (ethical) concerns (i.e. 'communism is good because it eliminates exploitation, gives most people a better life than in capitalism, etc.'), but also on concerns of economic efficiency (i.e. 'communism is good because it is more efficient than capitalism')."

The Marxist case for communism is not based on moral or ethical concerns, he used to *attack* socialists who made the case on moral or ethical concerns. He said he was a "scientific socialist" as opposed to one concerned with morals and ethics.

As far as economic efficiency, well the phrase turns on the word efficiency, and I don't remember Marx or Marxists making the case for communism on that basis either. Marx talked about value, alienation and that sort of thing, he never said communism would be more efficient. In fact, he praised capitalism for how it increased productivity capacity, but he thought that just as feudalism ran its course and made way for capitalism, that one day a similar fate would replace capitalism as it was replaced by socialism.

As far as the human nature section, the productivity incentives argument is not a great one, but it is OK. I wrote something about incentives and lack of them in slave, feudal and capitalism before and can do so again. And the stuff on planning belongs in the first section, not the second.

 * The "stuff about planning" -- or at least a brief mention of it -- belongs in the human nature section, which I why I keep putting it back there. It has long been integral to the pro-capitalist world view that human nature involves only limited rationality, much better adapted to making decisions for one's self than to making them for others. For this reason, a system in which people make decisions for themselves and the results of those decisions sum themselves up into an equilibrium is the true route to progress and freedom both. That, at least, is the argument. It is as much an argument about human nature as it is about economic calculation. I thrashed it out with another editor in Talk:human nature -- I would be happy to have you read the exchange there. The good stuff starts about 5 grafs down from the "Subheads needed" subhead. --Christofurio 16:10, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * But why don't I save you the travel? My correspondent in that context made the point, which others have made here, that capitalists of course plan too, (as for example, the blueprints for a skyscraper) so capitalism can't be consistently anti-planning. That is true, but one needs I submit to disambiguate the term "plan." After all, consider how skyscrapers generally do get built. Some people invest by buying the stocks or bonds of a construction company. Its managers hire subcontractors, who hire employees, some of whom are architects, others of whom are brick-layers, etc. The parties interact by buying goods and services from one another, on terms driven by supply and demand.

 * A communist planned global economy wouldn't be planning within a market, in an exchange-driven manner -- it would be planning instead of a market, which runs up against the bounded-rationality objection. Again, the objection is a matter of human nature, and all I'm insisting on in this article is that it be mentioned in that context.

 * No one is going to argue with you here. The main point is that this critique has nothing to do with communism as ideology (this is the topic of the article). Please feel free to put in into Communist state. It is also present in the Planned economy section, i.e., no one is suppressing this point of view. It is the matter of proper organisation of articles. Mikkalai 19:05, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Anyway, I've removed some of the stuff that was made up, leaving the two standard arguments against communism that were there. Ruy Lopez 09:52, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I think what is missing is that Marx assumed communism would, with the support of the working class, be highly productive. Obviously, actual communist states have never achieved this although, at times, they did have significant support. Another problem actual communist states faced was the presence of other social classes, in the case of the Soviet Union, 80% of the total population were peasants. Fred Bauder 12:01, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

Capitalism + Socialism
There is very little differance between capitalism and Socialism(Not Facist or Communist) When corperations buy up eachother until there is only a few cormperations you get socialism The corperations gain so much power that the government has to work with them or become controlled by them due to the power that the corperations gained you then get socialism I have noticed that Aristocracy and socialism often are the same. With a high ammount of socialism in the gov. the people cant control it because of the corperate power Communism some how is supposed to solve this If you make Communism more like a Republic than a Dictatorship,it will have a better chance of working

title: Talk:Communism/Archive 5


text: Category:Education in New York (state)

title: Category:Education in New York (state)


text:
Eurocon

Eurocon is an annual science fiction convention held in Europe. The organising committee of each Eurocon is selected by a vote of the participants of the previous event. The procedure is coordinated by the European Science Fiction Society. The first Eurocon was held in Trieste, Italy, in 1972. Unlike Worldcons, Eurocon is usually a title attached to an existing convention. The European SF Awards are given in most of the conventions giving recognition to the best works and achievements in science fiction.

European SF Awards
The European SF Awards are annual awards governed by the European Science Fiction Society. since 1972 mostly during Eurocons. The awards are given to works of fiction (science fiction or fantasy) or related to that field.

Rules
1. Must be a work of Science Fiction or Fantasy, or related to Science Fiction or Fantasy; 2. The majority of the work is by a person or a group of people who were born in, or are a citizen of, a European Country; 3. The works were first released in the two calendar years prior to the year of the current Eurocon; 4. If a work has won an ESFS Achievement award, it can not be nominated again in the same category.

Current annual awards
As of 2020, the following are awarded each year:

Special Awards

 * The Chrysalis Awards
 * The Achievement Awards
 * The Hall of Fame
 * The European Grandmaster

Achievement Award categories

 * Best work of Art
 * Best written work of Fiction
 * Best Dramatic Presentation
 * Best Fanzine
 * Best Work for Children
 * Best Internet Publication, other than a fanzine

Hall of Fame Award categories
Winners can only be admitted once.
 * Best Artist
 * Best Author
 * Best Publisher
 * Best Promoter of Science Fiction
 * Best Magazine
 * Best Translator

1972 European SF Awards: Trieste, Italy
The first Eurocon was in Trieste.

The first Eurocon Awards were originally given as prizes to works presented at the convention itself. Years later they evolved into awards as they are commonly known relating to European authors and publications.

Special awards

 * Artist: Karel Thole (Italy)
 * Specialized Professional Magazine: Nueva Dimensión (Spain)
 * Non-Specialized Professional Magazine: Viata Romaneasca (Romania)
 * Fanzine: Speculations (United Kingdom)
 * Comics: Lone Sloane, by Philippe Druillet (France)

Awards
Belgium – Sam, Paul Van Herck; France – Ortog et les tenebres, Kurt Steiner; Hungary – A Feladat, Peter Zsoldos; Italy – Autocrisi, Pierfrancesco Prosperi; Netherlands – De Naakten en de Speyers, Jacob Carossa; Romania – Va cauta untaur, Sergiu Farcasan; Spain – Amor en una Isla Verde, Gabriel Bermudez; Sweden – Deta är Verkligheten, Bertil Matensson; United Kingdom – All Judgement Fled, James White;
 * Novel:

Belgium – De 8 jaarlijkse God Eddy C. Bertin; France – L'Assassinat de l'Oiseau Bleu, Daniel Walther; Hungary – Sempiternin, Lajos Mesterhazi; Italy – Dove Muore l'Astragalo, Livio Horrakh; Netherlands – Egeïsche Zee Carl Lans; Romania – Altarul Zeilor Stohastici Adrian Rogoz; Sweden – Spranget, Carl Johan Holzhausen; United Kingdom – Lucifer, Edwin Charles Tubb;
 * Short Story:

Denmark – Man Den, Der Tankte Ting (Film); Italy – La Ragazza di Latta (The Tin Girl) by Marcello Aliprandi (Film); Netherlands – De Kleine Mannetjes van Mars (Radiophonic play for children); Sweden – Deadline (Film); United Kingdom – UFO (TV series);
 * Dramatic Production:

France – Jean-François Jamoul; Hungary – Andras Miklos Saros; Netherlands – N. van Welzenes; Romania – Nicolae Saftoiu; Spain – Enrique Torres (Enric); Sweden – Sven O. Gripsborn; United Kingdom – Arthur Thompson (Atom);
 * Artist:

Belgium – Ciso – SF & Comics; France – Le Magazine Litteraire: La Science-Fiction; Italy – Fena rete: Fantascienza & Futuribile; Netherlands – Stripschrift: SF & Comics; Spain – Yorick: Teatro y Ciencia-Ficcion;
 * Specialized Professional Magazine: Spain – Galassia
 * Non-Specialized Professional Magazine:

Austria – Quarber Merkur; Belgium – Kosmos; France – Nyarlathotep; Hungary – SF Tajekoztato; Italy – Notiziario CCSF; Netherlands – Holland-SF; Romania – Solaris; Spain – Fundacion; Sweden – SF Forum; Turkey – Antares;
 * Fanzine:

Belgium – Yoko Tsuno, R. Leloup; Netherlands – Arman en Ilva, The Tjong King; Spain – Haxtur, Victor de la Fuente; Sweden – Blixt Gordon, Lars Olsson;
 * Comics:

Hungary – A Fantazia Irodalma, Laszlo Urban; Netherlands – 100 jaar SF in Nederland, Dick Scheepstra; Romania – Virsta de Aur an Anticipatiei Romanesti, Ion Hobana; Spain – La SF: Contramitologia del Siglo XX, Carlo Frabetti (Essay); Ray Bradbury-Humanista del Futuro, Jose Luis Garci (Book); Sweden – SF Articles in 'Sydsvenska Dagbladet', Sven Christer Swahn;
 * Essay, biography, bibliography:

1976 European SF Awards: Poznań, Poland

 * Belgium – Jacques van Herp
 * Bulgaria – Liuben Dilov
 * Denmark – Jannick Storn
 * France – Gerard Klein
 * German Democratic Republic – Gerhardt Brandstner
 * Hungary – Peter Zsoldos
 * Italy – Karel Thole
 * Norway – Peter Harris
 * Poland – Czesław Chruszczewski
 * Romania – Vladimir Colin
 * Soviet Union – Yeremey Parnov
 * Spain – Miguel Masriera
 * Sweden – Roland Aldenberg
 * United Kingdom – Brain W. Aldiss
 * West Germany – Herbert W. Franke
 * Yugoslavia – Ivan Lalic
 * Netherlands – Bruna Publishing House
 * Belgium – Ides et Autres (anthologies of translations)
 * Czechoslovakia – Interpress Magazin

Special Awards

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Stanisław Lem (Poland)
 * Artistic Achievement: Alexei Leonov (for his cosmic paintings)
 * Special Award from the Jury: Mircea Opriţă (Romania) (special award of the jury)

Science Fiction Awards

 * Series: Ailleurs et demain Robert Laffont (France)
 * Anthology: Planete socialiste Kesselring (Switzerland)
 * Novel: Les hauteurs beantes Alexandru Zinoviev (Soviet Dissident)
 * Collection: Low-Flying Aircraft J. G. Ballard (United Kingdom)
 * Professional Magazine: Futurs (France)
 * Semi-Professional Magazine: Orbit (Netherlands)
 * Fanzine: Zikkurath (Spain)
 * Essay: Le frontiere dell'ignoto Vittorio Curtoni (Italy)
 * Cycle of Novels: La Saga de los Aznar George H. White (Spain)
 * Artist: Chris Foss (United Kingdom)
 * Comics: Mailis Claude Auclair (France)
 * Film: The Man Who Fell to Earth by Nicolas Roeg (United Kingdom)
 * Play: Sodomaquina Carlo Frabetti (Spain)
 * Translator: Zoran Zivkovic (Yugoslavia)

Fantastic & Fantasy Award

 * Publisher: Marabout (Belgium)
 * Anthologists: Jacques Goimard & Roland Stragliati (France)
 * Novel: The Forbidden Forest Mircea Eliade (Romania)
 * Collection: Derrière le mur blanc Eddy C. Bertin (Belgium)
 * Professional Magazine: Terzo Occhio (Italy)
 * Semi-Professional Magazine: Cahiers Jean Ray (Belgium)
 * Fanzine: Odyssée (Belgium)
 * Essay: Un nouveau fantastique Jean Pierre Baronian (Belgium)
 * Cycle of Novels: Bob Morane Henri Vernes (Belgium)
 * Artist: Gaston Bogaert (Belgium)
 * Comics: Il dono Roberto Bonadimani (Italy)
 * Film Actor: Paul Naschy (Spain)
 * Playwright: Sławomir Mrożek (Poland)
 * Translator: Roberta Rambelli (Italy)

1980 European SF Awards: Stresa, Italy

 * Novel: The White Dragon Anne McCaffrey (United Kingdom); Babel Vladimir Colin (Romania)
 * Story: Der Rote Kristallplanet Gerd Maximovic (West Germany); Evadarea lui Algemon Gheorghe Sasarman (Romania)
 * Artist: Franco Storchi (Italy); Roger Dean (United Kingdom)
 * Publisher: Editrice Nord (Italy); Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza (KAW) (Poland)
 * Fanzine: SF...ere (Italy); Omicron (Romania)
 * Film: Scontri stellari oltre la terza dimensione (Starcrash) by Luigi Cozzi (Italy); Čovjek koga treba ubiti by Veljko Bulajić (Yugoslavia)
 * Comics: Rosa di stelle Roberto Bonadimani (Italy); In lumea lui Harap Alb Sandu Florea (Romania)

Special Awards

 * Author: John Brunner (United Kingdom); Stanisław Lem (Poland)
 * Artist: Karel Thole (Italy)
 * Essay: 20.000 pagine alla ricerca di Jules Verne Ion Hobana (Romania); Lovecraft S. Fusco & G. de Turris (Italy)
 * Fan: Waldemar Kumming (West Germany); Andrzej Pruszyński (Poland)
 * Best Artwork Exhibited: Oliviero Berni (Italy)

1982 European SF Awards: Mönchengladbach, West Germany

 * Author: Arkady and Boris Strugatsky (Soviet Union); Jacques Sadoul (France); John Brunner (United Kingdom)
 * Professional Magazine: Antares (France)
 * Fanzine: Shards of Babel (Netherlands)
 * Publisher: Heyne (West Germany); KAW (Poland)

1983 European SF Awards: Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

 * Author: Istvan Nemere (Hungary); Christopher Priest (United Kingdom)
 * Professional Magazine: Fantastyka (Poland); Solaris (West Germany)
 * Book: Ljudju, zvezde, vesolja – Bajt (Yugoslavia); Sdvig – Scherbakov (Soviet Union)
 * Fanzine: Shards of Babel (Netherlands); Kvazar (Poland)
 * Publisher: Tehniska Zalozba Slovenije (Yugoslavia); Galaktika (Bulgaria)

1984 European SF Awards: Brighton, United Kingdom (SeaCon'84)

 * Special Award: Science in SF Nicholls, Langford and Stableford (United Kingdom); Centre International pour documentation sur la literature de l'etrange (Belgium); Yeremey Parnov (Soviet Union)
 * Novelist: John Brunner (United Kingdom); Gianluigi Zuddas (Italy); Janusz Zajdel (Poland)
 * Short Story Writer: J. G. Ballard (United Kingdom); A. de Ceglie (Italy); Kir Bulychev (Soviet Union)
 * Artist: D. Hardy (United Kingdom); G. Festino (Italy); R. Wojtyński (Poland)
 * Publisher: Gollancz (United Kingdom); Fleuve Noir (France); Mir (Soviet Union)
 * Professional Magazine: Foundation (United Kingdom); Fiction (France); Sirius (Yugoslavia)
 * Fanzine: Epsilon (United Kingdom); Andromeda Nachrichten (West Germany); Helion (Romania)
 * Screenwriter: Rainer Erler (West Germany); Chinghiz Aitmatov (Soviet Union)
 * Film Director: Piotr Szulkin (Poland); Marcell Jankovics (Hungary)

1986 European SF Awards: Zagreb, Yugoslavia (Ballcon)

 * Special Award: Iskry (Poland); Solfanelli Editore (Italy)
 * Magazine: Urania (Italy); Sirius (Yugoslavia); Fantastika (Poland); Galaktika (Hungary); Jules Verne Magazinet (Sweden);  Zápisník (Czechoslovakia)
 * Fanzine: La Spada Spezzata (Italy); Fikcje (Poland); Ikarie XB (Czechoslovakia)
 * Publisher: Heyne Verlag (Germany); Gollancz (United Kingdom); Denoël (France); Alfa (Poland); Mora (Hungary); Fanucci (Italy)
 * Editor: Wolfgang Jeschke (Germany); Jacques Sadoul (France); Peter Kuczka (Hungary); Sandro Pergameno (Italy); Adam Hollanek (Poland)
 * Television: Bogdanoff
 * Posthumous: Julia Verlanger; Janusz Zajdel

Bulgaria

 * Author: Liubomor Nikolov (for the novel Earthform in the Summerwind)
 * Artist: Rumen Urumov

France

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Michel Jeury
 * Collection: Yves Fremion (for collection of stories Reves du sable, chateaux de sang
 * Comic: Pierre Christin & Jean-Claude Mézières (for comics series Valerian)
 * Series: Ailleurs et demain – Edited by Gerard Klein ("Robert Laffont")

German Democratic Republic

 * Lichtjahr – almanac edited by Eric Simon

Hungary

 * Author: Miklos Monus (for the novel He and It)
 * Artist: Csaba Jancso (for graphic work)
 * Publisher: Nepszava Publishing House
 * Fanzine: Metamorphozis

Italy

 * Author: Renato Pestriniero (for the novel Il nido al di la dell'ombra)
 * Series: Cosmo Argento – Edited by Piergiorgio Nicolazzini ("Editrice Nord")
 * Magazine: Dimensione Cosmica
 * Translations: Annarita Guarnieri

Poland

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Wiktor Żwikiewicz
 * Publisher: Iskry Publishing House
 * Fanzine: Feniks

Portugal

 * Author: João Aniceto (for the novel O desafio)
 * Essay: Alvaro de Sousa Holstein Ferreria & Joao Manuel Morais for their Bibliografia da Ficcão Científica e Fantasia Portuguesa
 * Series: Contacto, edited by Joao Manuel Barreiros (Gradiva)

Romania

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Victor Kembach
 * Author: Cristian Tudor Popescu (for his short stories)
 * Series: Fantastic Club, series ("Albatros")
 * Anticipația almanac published by the magazine Știința și tehnica
 * Fanzine: Paradox

Soviet Union (USSR)

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
 * Author: Vitali Babenko (for his short stories)
 * TV-Series: Cosmonaut Gherghi Gretchko, for the TV-series Fantastic World
 * Publisher: Detskaia Literatura Publishing House
 * Magazine: Prostor
 * Translation: Maria Ossintseva

Spain

 * Fanzine: Transito

Bulgaria

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Vessella Lutzkanova
 * Artist: Plamen Avramov
 * Magazine: FEP ("Fantastika, Evristika, Prognostika")

Finland

 * Author: Karl Nenonen
 * Publisher: Ursa Publishing House
 * Magazine: Portti

Hungary

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Laszlo Lorincze
 * Author: Hugo Preyer (for the novel Galaktikai jatekom)
 * Artist: Ivan Marko
 * Publisher: Vega Publishing House
 * Magazine: Elixir

Italy

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Lino Aldani
 * Lifelong Artistic Achievement: Karel Thole
 * Promoter: Ernesto Vegetti
 * Publisher: Marino Solfanelli Publishing House
 * Magazine: Urania

Poland

 * Critic: Andrzej Niewiadowski
 * Artist: Dariusz Chojnacki
 * Publisher: Alfa Publishing House
 * The editorial staff of the magazines Fantasyka, MalaFantasyka, Fantasyka Comics

Portugal

 * Author: Romeu de Melo
 * Publisher: Livros do Brasil (for Argonauta series)

Romania

 * Lifelong Literary Achievement: Vladimir Colin
 * Artist: Traian Abruda & Cornel Ionicelli
 * Critic: Cornel Robu (for critical edition of Victor Anestin's work)
 * Magazine: Romanian Review (for the issue dedicated to Romanian SF)
 * Fanzine: Helion

Soviet Union (USSR)

 * Author & Screen Writer: Karen Shahnasarov
 * Publisher: Sovetscaia Rossia Publishing House

Spain

 * Author: Carlos Cidoncha
 * Fanzine: Berserkr

Yugoslavia

 * Artist: Igor Kordey
 * Bibliography: Zivko Prodanovich (for his SF Bibliography in Braille)

1990 European SF Awards: Fayence, France

 * Hall of Fame
 * Best Author: Romulus Barbulescu & George Anania (Romania)
 * Best Artist: Philippe Druillet (France)
 * Best Publisher: Wiktor Bukato (Poland)
 * Best Magazine: Ikarie (Czechoslovakia)
 * Best Promoter: Boris Zavgorodni (USSR)

 * Encouragement Awards
 * Czechoslovakia: Martin Zhouf
 * France: Bernard Simonay
 * Hungary: Joszef Nemeth
 * Romania: Mihail Gramescu
 * USSR: Lukin Couple

1991 European SF Awards: Kraków, Poland (CraCon/PolCon)

 * Hall of Fame
 * Best Author: Stanisław Lem (Poland)
 * Best Artist: Kája Saudek (Czechoslovakia)
 * Best Publisher: Unwin/Hyman (United Kingdom)
 * Best Magazine: Interzone (United Kingdom)
 * Best Promoter: Kees van Toorn (Netherlands)

 * Encouragement Awards
 * Belgium – Johan Desseyn
 * Bulgaria – Val Todorov
 * Czechoslovakia – Vilma Kadlečková
 * Germany – Maria J. Pfamnholz
 * Italy – Daniele Vecchi
 * Lithuania – Evaldas Livthevicius
 * Netherlands – Paul Harland
 * Romania – Alexandru Ungureanu (new writer)
 * United Kingdom – Eric Brown
 * USSR – Andrei Lazarchuk
 * Romania – Tudor Popa (new artist)

 * Special Achievement Award
 * Piotr W. Cholewa and Piotr "Raku" Rak – acknowledging their work for international fandom

1992 European SF Awards: Freudenstadt, Germany (FreuCon XII)

 * Hall of Fame
 * Best Author: Arkady and Boris Strugatsky (Russia)
 * Best Artist: Teodor Rotrekl (Czechoslovakia)
 * Best Publisher: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag (Germany)
 * Best Magazine: Foundation (United Kingdom)
 * Best Promoter: Alexandre Hlinka & Vladimír Veverka (Czechoslovakia)

 * Encouragement Award
 * Romania – Danut Ungureanu

1993 European SF Awards: Saint Helier, Jersey (Helicon)

 * Hall of Fame
 * Best Author: Iain Banks (United Kingdom)
 * Best Artist: Jim Burns (United Kingdom)
 * Best Publisher: Phantom Press International (Poland)
 * Best Magazine: Anticipatia (Romania)
 * Best Promoter: Larry van der Putte (Netherlands)

 * Spirit of Dedication Awards
 * Best Fanzine: BEM (Spain)
 * Best Work of Art: Gilles Francescano (France)

 * Encouragement Awards
 * Belgium: Fons Boelanders
 * France: Jean Pierre Planque
 * Hungary: G. Nagy Pal
 * Italy: Paolo Brera
 * Norway: Cato Sture
 * Poland: Radosław Dylis
 * Russia: Vasily Zvygintsev
 * Slovakia: Josef Zamay
 * Spain: Paco Roca
 * Ukraine: Ludmilla Kozinets
 * United Kingdom: Sue Thomas

1994 European SF Awards: Timișoara, Romania

 * Hall of Fame
 * Best Author: Boris Shtern (Ukraine)
 * Best Artist: Dimitre Iankov (Bulgaria)
 * Best Publisher: Nemira (Romania) +
 * Best Magazine: Jurnalul SF (Romania)
 * Best Promoter: Cornel Secu (Romania)

 * Honorary Award
 * Ivailo Runev (Bulgaria – post mortem)

 * Spirit of Dedication Awards
 * Best Fanzine: The Science Fact & Science Fiction Concatenation; (United Kingdom)
 * Best Performance: Adrian Budritzan's Laser Show (Romania)
 * Best Work of Art: Tudor Popa (Romania)

 * Encouragement Awards
 * Bulgaria: Christo Poshtakov (new author)
 * Finland: Risto Isomaki (new author)
 * United Kingdom: Jeff Noon (new author)
 * Ukraine: Lev Vershenen (new author)
 * Romania: Tudor Popa (new artist)

 * Special Prize
 * Alexandru Mironov (Romania) – for his contribution to EuROCon '94

1995 European SF Awards: Glasgow, Scotland (Intersection)
53rd World Science Fiction Convention Intersection; the event was also the 1995 Worldcon.

 * Hall of Fame
 * Best Author: Alain le Bussy (Belgium)
 * Best Artist: Juraj Maxon (Slovakia)
 * Best Publisher: Babel Publications (Netherlands)
 * Best Magazine: Andromeda Nachrichten (Germany)
 * Best Promoter: Jaroslav Olša, Jr. (Czech Republic)

 * Encouragement Award
 * Sebastian A. Corn (Romania)

1996 European SF Awards: Vilnius, Lithuania (Lituanicon)

 * Hall of Fame
 * Best Author: Andrzej Sapkowski (Poland)
 * Best Artist: Denis Martynets (Ukraine)
 * Best Publisher: Eridanas (Lithuania)
 * Best Magazine: Alien Contact (Germany)
 * Best Promoter: Gediminas Beresnevicius (Lithuania)
 * Best Translator: Aleksander Scherbakov (Russia)

 * Spirit of Dedication Award
 * Best Fanzine: SF-Journalen (Sweden – ed. Ahrvid Engholm)

 * Encouragement Awards
 * Marian & Sergei Diachenko (Ukraine)
 * George Ceausu (Romania)

 * Special Prize
 * Igor Shaganov (Ukraine)

2005: Glasgow, Scotland (Interaction)
Event celebrated the 63rd World Science Fiction Convention Interaction and was also that year's Worldcon.

2008: Moscow, Russia (Roscon / Interpresscon)

 * Roscon / Interpresscon guests of honour:

2010: Cieszyn, Poland and Český Těšín, Czech Republic (PolCon/ParCon)
The PolCon/ParCon combined event was organized jointly by Czech, Polish, and Slovak fandoms.

2012: Zagreb, Croatia

 * Hall of Fame:
 * Best Author: Ian McDonald (UK)
 * Best Artist: Nela Dunato (Croatia)
 * Best Translator: Pavel Weigel (Czech Republic)
 * Best Promoter: SF Encyclopedia Online Team (UK)
 * Best Publisher:, Éditions Robert Laffont (France)
 * Best Magazine:  (France)
 * Best Dramatic Presentation: Divadelní Spolek Kašpar (Czech Republic), for its adaptation of Daniel Keyes’s novella Flowers for Algernon
 * Best Website: Science Fact and Science Fiction Concatenation (UK)
 * Best artist: Zdenko Bašić (Croatia)
 * Best fanzine: Eridan (Croatia)

 * Honorary Award:
 * Jean Giraud aka Moebius (France)

 * Honorary Award – European Grand Master:
 * Brian Aldiss (UK)

 * Encouragement Awards:
 * Oleksandra Ruda (Ukraine)
 * Katarina Brbora (Croatia)
 * Istvan Marki (Hungary)
 * Illy Tyo (Russia)
 * Aleš Oblak (Slovenia)
 * Oliviu Craznic (Romania)
 * Rod Rees (UK)
 * Lucia Droppova (Slovakia)
 * Jan "Johnak" Kotouč (Czech Republic)

2014: Dublin, Ireland

 * European Grand Master
 * Jim Fitzpatrick – Ireland
 * Jim Fitzpatrick – Ireland

 * Hall of Fame:
 * Best Author: Wolfgang Jeschke – Germany
 * Best Artist: Jim Fitzpatrick – Ireland
 * Best Publisher: Angry Robot – United Kingdom
 * Best Magazine: Cosmoport – Belarus
 * Best Translator: Ms. Kersti Juva – Finland
 * Best Promoter of Science Fiction: Dave Lally – Ireland

 * Spirit of Dedication Awards:
 * Artist: Alexander Prodan – Ukraine
 * Best Performance: Adaption of Dr. Horribles Sing-along Blog – Croatia
 * Best SF Website: Geek Ireland – Ireland
 * Best Fanzine: Darker – Russia
 * Best creator of children's ScienceFiction or fantasy books:
 * Oisín McGann* – Ireland
 * Vladimir Arenev* – Ukraine
 * * A tie occurred and both creators are awarded

 * Encouragement Awards:
 * Marco Rauch – Austria
 * Victor Martinovich – Belarus
 * Genoveva Detelinova – Bulgaria
 * Irena Hartmann – Croatia
 * Míla Linc – Czech Republic
 * Anthea West – Ireland
 * Robert M. Wegner – Poland
 * Rui Alex – Portugal
 * Eugen Cadaru – Romania
 * Роман Шмараков/Roman Shmarakov – Russia
 * Lenka Štiblaríková – Slovakia
 * Igor Silivra – Ukraine

The National Irish Science Fiction Film Awards (The Golden Blasters)
The Golden Blasters are unconnected to the Eurocons and were presented because this event was combined with Ireland's own national convention.

Golden Blaster

 * ON/OFF; directed by Thierry Lorenzi

Silver Blaster

 * Steadfast Stanley; directed by John Kim

Best Script

 * The Borders of the Imagination; written by Benjamin A. Friedman

Best Script Honorable Mentions

 * Once a Hero by Neil Chase; and The Almost Dead by Stanley B. Eisenhammer

2017: Dortmund, Germany

 * Guests of honour

2018: Amiens, France
Eurocon 2018 was hosted by Nemo 2018 from Thursday 19 to Sunday 22 July 2018. There was a stream of programming on African Science Fiction.

Hall of Fame

 * Best Author: Анна Старобинец/Anna Starobinets (Russia)
 * Best Artist: Milivoj Ćeran (Croatia)
 * Best Magazine: Angle mort / Blindspot (France)
 * Best Publisher: Zhupansky (Ukraine)
 * Best Promoter: Jukka Halme (Finland)
 * Best Translator: Ylva Spångberg (Sweden)

The CHRYSALIS AWARDS

 * Maksim Kutuzau (Belarus)
 * Věra Mertlíková (Czech Republic)
 * Nicolas Sarter (France)
 * Sinéad O’Heart (Ireland)
 * Daniel Timariu (Romania)
 * Martin Hatala (Slovakia)
 * Yaryna Katorozh (Ukraine)

Achievement Awards

 * Best Work of Fiction: The House of Binding Thorns, by Aliette de Bodard (France)
 * Best Work of Art: Cover of ”Junkerś i Vaililiant protiv sila tome, by Sebastijan Čamagajevac (Croatia)
 * Best Fanzine: Journey Planet, issue 33 (Ireland)
 * Best Internet Publication, other than a fanzine: nooSFere (France)
 * Best Dramatic Presentation: Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (France)
 * Best Work for Children, tie: Das Sagenbuch zum Stephansdom, by Barbara Schinko (Austria) / Moj brat živi u kompjuteru, by Branka Primorac (Croatia)

HONORARY AWARD European Grand Master:

 * Gerard Klein (France)

2019: Belfast, Northern Ireland
Eurocon 2019 was hosted by TitanCon Belfast from Thursday 22 to Saturday 24 August 2019. This was the weekend after Worldcon in Dublin.

2020: Rijeka, Croatia
Eurocon 2020 was hosted by Rikon from Friday 2 to Sunday 4 October 2020. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the event program was recorded in the studio in Rijeka, and broadcast live over the Internet for all registered participants. ač.

European Grandmaster

Franz Rottensteiner, Austria

Hall of Fame

 * Best Artist: Sergey Shikin / Сергей Шикин (Russia)
 * Best Author: Milena Benini (Croatia)
 * Best Publisher: L’Atalante (France)
 * Best Promoter: Cristina Jurado (Spain)
 * Best Magazine: Esensja (Poland)
 * Best Translator: Pilar Ramírez Tello (Spain)

Achievement Awards

 * Best Work of Art: The Dublin 2019 Hugo Award bases (Ireland)
 * Best Written Work of Fiction: Luna: Moon Rising (Luna #3) by Ian McDonald (United Kingdom)
 * Best Dramatic Presentation: Good Omens (United Kingdom)
 * Best Fanzine: Journey Planet – A Half Pint of Flann (Ireland)
 * Best Work for Children: The Invasion by Peadar Ó Guilín (Ireland)
 * Best Internet Publication (tie): The Irish Fandom Community Group on Facebook (Ireland), Fantascientificast (Italy)

Chrysalis Awards

 * Caroline Hofstätter (Austria)
 * Zoe Penn (Croatia)
 * Edmund Schluessel (Finland)
 * Chloé Veillard (France)
 * Oein DeBhairduin (Ireland)
 * Linda De Santi (Italy)
 * Jean Bürlesk (Luxembourg)
 * Diana Alzner (Romania)
 * Olga Rejn / Ольга Рэйн (Russia)
 * Haizea Zubieta (Spain)

2021: Fiuggi, Italy
Eurocon 2021 was hosted in Italy by DeepCon from Thursday 15 July to Sunday 18 July 2021.

European Grandmaster

Maurizio Manziere, Italy

Hall of Fame

 * Best Artist: Igor Baranko / Ігор Баранько (Ukraine)
 * Best Author: Victor Pelevin / Виктор Пелевин (Russia)
 * Best Publisher (tie): Azbooka / Азбука (Russia), Colibri Publishers / Колибри (Bulgaria), Shtriga (Croatia)
 * Best Promoter: Vanja Kranjčević (Croatia)
 * Best Magazine(tie): Mir Fantastiki (Russia), Helion (Romania)
 * Best Translator: Serhiy Legeza (Ukraine)

Achievement Awards

 * Best Work of Art: Vaderetro for the cover of L’Héliotrope (France)
 * Best Written Work of Fiction: Baśń o wężowym sercu albo wtóre słowo o Jakóbie Szeli by Radek Rak (Poland)
 * Best Dramatic Presentation: Russian Cyberpunk Farm / Русская кибердеревня
 * Best Fanzine: Galaxy 42 #4 (Romania)
 * Best Work for Children: An Adventure in the Lower Earth: Christmas Carolers vs Hallus Beasts, Elena Pavlova (Bulgaria)
 * Best Internet Publication: Decameron 2020, priče iz karantene (Croatia)

Chrysalis Awards

 * Romina Braggion (Italy)
 * Helen Corcoran (Ireland)
 * Sara Engström (Sweden)
 * Mikhail Kovba / Михаил Ковба (Russia)
 * Irena Parvanova (Bulgaria)
 * Chiara Pumper (Croatia)
 * Dragić Rabrenović (Montenegro)
 * Jean-Michel Ré (France)
 * Bianca Sol (Romania)
 * Vlad Sord (Ukraine)
 * Cosimo Suglia (Luxembourg)
 * Anna Zabini (Austria)

2022: Dudelange, Luxembourg
Eurocon 2022 was hosted by Luxcon from Thursday-Sunday 7–10 April 2022 (inclusive) in Dudelange, Luxembourg.

European Grandmaster

Maurizio Manzieri, Italy

Hall of Fame

 * Best Artist (tie): Igor Kordej (Croatia), Roch Urbaniak (Poland)
 * Best Author: Francesco Verso (Italy)
 * Best Publisher (tie): Copernicus Corporation (Poland), Hangar 7 (Croatia)
 * Best Promoter: Yuri Shevela (Ukraine)
 * Best Magazine: Sci Phi Journal – A Universe of Wonder (Belgium)
 * Best Translator: Jack Fennell (Ireland)

Achievement Awards

 * Best Work of Art: Cover art by Sparth, for La Dernière Emperox by John Scalzi (France)
 * Best Written Work of Fiction: Futurespotting by Francesco Verso (Italy)
 * Best Dramatic Presentation: Will Sliney’s Storytellers by Will Sliney (Ireland)
 * Best Fanzine: Présences d’esprit 105 (France)
 * Best Work for Children: Świat Lema (The world of Lem) by Marta Ignerska (Poland)
 * Best Internet Publication: The National Leprechaun Museum Talking Stories podcast (Ireland)

Chrysalis Awards

 * Eleanor Bardilac (Austria)
 * Victoria Beshliiska (Bulgaria)
 * Stefan Dahlström (Sweden)
 * Pavlo Derevianko (Ukraine)
 * Ragim Dzhafarov / Рагим Джафаров (Russia)
 * Elle McNicoll (United Kingdom)
 * Josh O’Caoimh (Ireland)
 * Saul Pandelakis (France)
 * Ligia Pârvulescu (Romania)
 * Maxime Weber (Luxembourg)

2023: Uppsala, Sweden
Eurocon 2023 was known as Konflikt and was hosted from 8–11 June 2023 in Uppsala, Sweden.

European Grandmaster

John-Henri Holmberg, Sweden

Hall of Fame

 * Best Artist: Jesper Ejsing (Denmark)
 * Best Author: Jacek Dukaj (Poland)
 * Best Publisher: Science Fiction Cirklen (Denmark)
 * Best Promoter: Flora Staglianò (Italy/Ukraine)
 * Best Magazine: Future Fiction Magazine (Germany)
 * Best Translator: Sebastian Musielak (Poland)

Achievement Awards

 * Best Work of Art: Cover art for Bio Jednom Jedan Punk by Katarina Šumski (Croatia)
 * Best Written Work of Fiction: Grim by Sara Bergmark Elfgren (Sweden)
 * Best Dramatic Presentation: Maksym Osa (Ukraine)
 * Best Fanzine: Himmelskibet, 63 (Denmark)
 * Best Work for Children: Poe la nocchiera del tempo by Licia Troisi (Italy)
 * Best Internet Publication: History of Ukrainian SF&F (Ukraine)

Chrysalis Awards

 * Anouck Faure (France)
 * Lea Katarina Gobec (Croatia)
 * Łukasz Kucharczyk (Poland)
 * Myriam M. Lejardi (Spain)
 * Natalia Matolinets/Наталія Матолінець (Ukraine)
 * Jacqueline Mayerhofer (Austria)
 * Aiki Mira (Germany)
 * Laura Silvestri (Italy)
 * Derek Ugochukwu (Ireland)

2024: Rotterdam, Netherlands
Eurocon 2024 will be Erasmuscon in Rotterdam, Netherlands in August 2024.

2025: Mariehamn, Finland
Eurocon 2024 will be Archipelacon 2 in Mariehamn, the Åland Islands, Finland in 2025.

title: Eurocon


text:
User talk:CurtisSchweitzer

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
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 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 11:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:CurtisSchweitzer


text:
Morris Cohen

Morris Cohen may refer to:

 * Morris Cohen (chemist), Canadian chemist and corrosion researcher; winner of the 1983 Olin Palladium Award
 * Morris Cohen (scientist) (1911–2005), American metallurgist
 * Morris Cohen (spy) (1910–1995), American convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union
 * Morris L. Cohen (1927–2010), American attorney, law librarian and professor of law
 * Morris Raphael Cohen (1880–1947), American philosopher, lawyer and legal scholar
 * Morris U. Cohen (1910?–1989?), American teacher accused of Communism
 * Two-Gun Cohen (Morris Abraham Cohen; 1887–1970), British-Canadian adventurer and Chinese general

title: Morris Cohen


text: Category:Battlestar Galactica

title: Category:Battlestar Galactica


text:
CSR plc

CSR plc (formerly Cambridge Silicon Radio) was a multinational fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Its main products were connectivity, audio, imaging and location chips. CSR was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index until it was acquired by Qualcomm in August 2015. Under Qualcomm's ownership, the company was renamed Qualcomm Technologies International, Ltd.

History
The company was founded in 1998 and split away from Cambridge Consultants as Cambridge Silicon Radio or CSR in 1999. The founding directors, who were all at Cambridge Consultants at the time were Phil O'Donovan, James Collier and Glenn Collinson. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2004.

In 2005 the company acquired Clarity Technologies, a leading clear voice capture (CVC) business and UbiNetics, a 3G wireless (WCDMA/UMTS/HSDPA) technology company. In 2007, CSR acquired Nordnav, a Swedish-based GPS software company, and CPS, a Cambridge-based GPS software company producing Enhanced GPS in partnership with Motorola.

In February 2009, CSR announced it was merging with SiRF, the biggest global supplier of GPS chips, in a share deal worth $136 million; in July 2010, CSR announced the acquisition of Belfast-based APT Licensing Ltd. (APT) and its aptX audio technology and in February 2011, CSR announced it was merging with Zoran, a video and imaging technology company.

In May 2012, CSR acquired Direct Digital Feedback Amplifier (DDFA) technology, a proprietary, highly scalable digital Class-D audio amplifier technology; in June 2012, CSR announced that it had acquired the MAPX (formerly MAP-X) audio product line from Trident Microsystems, Inc and in July 2012, Samsung Electronics agreed to acquire CSR's mobile phone connectivity (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) and location (GPS/GNSS) businesses and associated IP for US$310 million (£198 million). As part of the deal Samsung acquired a stake of 4.9% in CSR.

In June 2014, CSR acquired the people and technology of Reciva, a networked audio streaming platform, for US$5 million and in October 2014, the acquisition of CSR by Qualcomm for $2.5 billion was agreed. The transaction was completed in August 2015.

Products
CSR's products included platform solutions for Bluetooth, GPS, FM broadcasting, Wi-Fi, audio, imaging, and ARM processors. After the Zoran merger, CSR also made digital imaging products based on the MIPS architecture.

Offices
CSR had 27 offices in 13 countries:
 * Churchill House, Cambridge Business Park, Cambridge, UK
 * Trinity House, Cambridge Business Park, Cambridge, UK
 * Selwyn House, Cambridge Business Park, Cambridge, UK
 * Unit 400, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
 * Part of St. John's House, St. John's Innovation Park, Cambridge, UK
 * Quay West, Manchester, England, UK
 * Bristol and Bath Science Park, Bristol, England, UK
 * Legacy Building, Catalyst Inc, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
 * Ingolstadt, Germany
 * Freiburg, Germany
 * Haifa, Israel
 * Auburn Hills, Michigan, United States
 * Phoenix, Arizona, United States
 * Sunnyvale, California, United States
 * Santa Ana, California, United States
 * Burlington, Massachusetts, United States
 * Plano, Texas, United States
 * Beijing, China
 * Shanghai, China
 * Shenzhen, China
 * Prestige Technology Park II, Bangalore, India
 * Noida, India
 * Tokyo, Japan
 * Seongnam, Gyunggi-Do, Korea
 * Gumi, Korea
 * United Square, Singapore
 * Taipei, Taiwan
 * Zhongli, Taiwan
 * Lund, Ideon Science Park, Sweden

title: CSR plc


text:
Charles N'Tchoréré

Charles N'Tchoréré (16 November 1896 – 7 June 1940) was a Gabonese French military officer who was shot by Germans in World War II.

Early life
Charles N'Tchoréré was born on 16 November 1896 in Libreville, French Gabon. The second of four children in a Mpongwe family, his father worked as an agent for a German commercial firm in German Kamerun. His parents arranged for him to be educated at the Catholic École Montfort. He performed well as a student and while he was there befriended several persons who would later become politicians, including Léon M'ba, Louis Bigmann, and Laurent Antchouey. He completed his studies in 1912. Upon the death of his mother, N'Tchoréré went to Douala to work with his father and older brother. While there he refined his English, which was used as a lingua franc in the colony. In April 1914 he, at the urging of his father, returned to Libreville.

Military career
World War I broke out in 1914, leading to clashed between French and German forces at the Gabon–Kamerun border. On 19 January 1916 N'Tchoréré, despite being slightly underage, enlisted in the Tirailleurs Sénégalais. He underwent training at the Bakara military camp from then until 28 May, when he was made a secretary for a French officer in Libreville. He was promoted to the rank of sergeant the following year.

Unlike other Gabonese, N'Tchoréré remained in the military after the end of the war. Following brief service in the Rif War in Morocco, he began training at the military school in Fréjus, southern France. In 1924 he was awarded the rank of major, equivalent to a senior NCO in the French army. He subsequently served under General Maurice Gamelin in defeating an uprising in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and occupying Damascus.

Following the outbreak of World War II, N'Tchoréré, who had become an officer and had the rank of captain, spent several months in late 1939 training West African troops for combat in Europe. The following year he took command of the 53rd Regiment d'Infantrie Coloniale Mixte Sénégalais. His unit fought Germans on the Somme River. After three days of resistance, the company was left with only ten Africans and five Europeans, and they surrendered near Amiens. The German commander refused to treat N'Tchoréré as an officer. When he refused to fall in line with the black enlisted soldiers, N'Tchoréré was shot. According to Richardot, the perpetrators were from 25th Infantry Regiment (according to Richardot, the 25th Infantry Regiment was from the 7th Panzer Division under command of Erwin Rommel but Scheck reports that Rommel's division had advanced much farther from the area. N'Tchoréré's eldest son, Jean-Baptiste, was killed in action on the lower Somme later that month.

France posthumously honored N'Tchoréré by naturalising him as a citizen in 1940. A memorial dedicated to N'Tchoréré was established in Airaines, while a statue of him was erected outside the French embassy in Libreville. In 1962 Gabon featured him on a commemorative postage stamp.

title: Charles N'Tchoréré