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Loretta Devine

Loretta Devine (born August 21, 1949) is an American actress. She is known for numerous roles across stage and screen. Her most high profile roles include Lorrell Robinson in the original (1981) Broadway production of Dreamgirls, the long-suffering Gloria Matthews in the film Waiting to Exhale (1995), and her recurring role as Adele Webber on the medical drama Grey's Anatomy, for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2011.

Early life
Loretta Devine was born in Houston, Texas, on August 21, 1949. She grew up in the Acres Homes area of Houston, where her mother was a single mother to six children. She was very active on the pep squad, and performed in talent shows at George Washington Carver High School.

In 1971, Devine graduated from the University of Houston with a Bachelor of Arts in Speech and Drama. In 1976, she received a Master of Fine Arts in Theater from Brandeis University.

Stage work
Devine has worked extensively on Broadway. Her Broadway debut was in 1978 in a musical called A Broadway Musical, which closed after 14 previews and only one performance on December 21, 1978. She captured attention in her second Broadway show, called Comin' Uptown, which featured Gregory Hines.

She rose to stardom in Dreamgirls, a smash 1983 Broadway musical loosely based on the history of The Supremes, in which she originated the role of Lorrell Robinson (a fictional character based on Mary Wilson). The story of Dreamgirls was created during workshops that were carried out in six-week workshops over the period of three years, which Devine, Sheryl Lee Ralph, and Jennifer Holliday developed via improv. She also received raves in the 1995 Apollo revival of The Wiz as Glinda the Good Witch of the South. In May 2024 she starred in The Preacher’s Wife, a musical that began its run in Atlanta at The Alliance Theatre and is based on the previous films.

Film
While rehearsing for Dreamgirls with a little girl in 1981, Devine was cast in Jessie Maple's Will, the first independent feature-length film directed by an African-American woman. For her featured role in the low-budget film, Devine earned $500.

Minor roles for Devine followed in films such as Little Nikita and Stanley & Iris.

In 1995, she landed a major role as Gloria Matthews in Waiting to Exhale, opposite Whitney Houston, Gregory Hines, and Angela Bassett. The role earned her an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, as did her next film, The Preacher's Wife, her second film with Houston and Hines. She later co-starred opposite Alfre Woodard in Down in the Delta (1998) and Funny Valentines (1999).

She has a cameo performance in the film version of Dreamgirls.

Television and continued film successes
Devine played roles as a repertory character in the play The Colored Museum with Vickilyn Reynolds. Devine and Reynolds both went on to play sisters in the short-lived TV series Sugar and Spice. During the period between the play and the series, Devine appeared in the first season of the TV series A Different World as Stevie Rallen, a dormitory director at the fictional Hillman College.

From 2000 to 2004, Devine starred as high school teacher Marla Hendricks on the Fox drama series Boston Public. Devine won three more Image Awards for her work in the series. She also continued to work in film, playing prominent roles in Urban Legend, Urban Legends: Final Cut, and I Am Sam. Devine earned yet another Image Award nomination and an Independent Spirit Award nomination for her work in the 2004 film Woman Thou Art Loosed. She also appeared in the 2005 film Crash. In 2007, she appeared in This Christmas, and in the next year had a series regular role on the ABC comedy-drama Eli Stone. Devine also was part of the ensemble casts of two Tyler Perry-directed films For Colored Girls and Madea's Big Happy Family. In 2008, she was featured prominently on George Michael's remake of "Feeling Good." She also appeared in First Sunday, Beverly Hills Chihuahua and Jumping the Broom.

Devine had a recurring role in the Shonda Rhimes drama series Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Richard Webber's first wife, Adele. In 2011 she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performance. She was nominated for a second time for her performance in 2012. Devine also won Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Female Actor in a Feature Role for Grey's Anatomy in 2012.

In 2011, she also starred on the short-lived ABC Family comedy State of Georgia. In 2012, she was part of Being Mary Jane cast. She also voiced the character Hallie, on the Disney Junior series Doc McStuffins. Later that year she began starring in the Lifetime series The Client List, playing the role of Georgia Cummings, the owner of the massage parlor where the lead character Riley Parks works. The series was canceled after two seasons. Devine also played Cynthia Carmichael on the NBC sitcom The Carmichael Show. Devine starred on the Netflix series, Family Reunion, with Richard Roundtree and Tia Mowry-Hardrict.

title: Loretta Devine


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User talk:Smedley Hirkum

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Wolfman 04:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Hepatitis_G
Hi there, I have removed the accuracy disputed line from Hepatitis_G. I noticed you put it in, then took it out, then added it back in with a comment that didn't match your edit, so I'm guessing there was a mistake or browser bug somewhere along the line. If you know more about this subject than me and think there should be an accuracy line in there, please discuss here: Talk:Hepatitis_G.

Regards, Mat-C 5 July 2005 15:47 (UTC)

Joe Lieberman
Hi, Smedley. I just wanted to drop a note regarding your comments at Talk:Joe Lieberman. Because an election is a week away, I have on my watchlist Ned Lamont, Lieberman, and Connecticut United States Senate election, 2006. I have particularly been watching all 3 article for violations of biographies of living persons. In the time I've been watching all 3 articles, I have seen consistent, ongoing, and blatant vandalism to Lieberman, sometimes by the same editors who are entering favorable commentary into Lamont. Lieberman has been hit with so much vandalism that it has been hard for editors to get any productive work done there. I have aggressively removed unsourced statements, and added fact tags, which has probably resulted in other editors searching for sources and sticking closely to the text from those sources; hence, your comment that some of it seems a copy of his website. In the time I've been observing the articles, I've seen nothing to evidence the claims you made on the talk page. I am not able to address the POV issues you raised, as I know little of Lieberman's voting record, but I did want to remind you that talk page entries must conform to WP:BLP, and damaging innuendo and allegation should be aggressively removed from talk pages and articles. I have removed, per WP:BLP, one sentence from your post to the talk page, as it was an unfounded and damaging allegation, in violation of BLP, that clearly could have been harmful during an election. I hope other editors there will address your POV concerns, as I'm not aware of Lieberman's positions on those issues. Regards, Sandy 13:51, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

List of Endorsements for Joe Lieberman in the 2006 Connecticut Senate Race
I have removed the speedy for now based on your comment on the talk page. Let me know the result of the discussion and if it needs deleting. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 04:23, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Lieberman mediation
Hello, I have volunteered to mediate this case. Please see my comments over at Mediation Cabal/Cases/2006-08-04 Joe Lieberman. Thanks! Fishhead64 20:43, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Boulez.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Bruno walter.jpg
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Image:Roth.gif
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Twelve tone technique
Hello. I am currently working on the article Twelve tone technique and noticed your comment that the article was confusing. I am writing to ask if you would reread the article and point out which parts are confusing. Thanks. Hyacinth (talk) 07:34, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of List of endorsements for Joe Lieberman in the 2006 Connecticut Senate race
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is List of endorsements for Joe Lieberman in the 2006 Connecticut Senate race. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

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title: User talk:Smedley Hirkum


text: User talk:165.230.46.89

title: User talk:165.230.46.89


text:
Hayato people

The Hayato (隼人), which is Japanese for "falcon-people", were a people of ancient Japan who lived in the Satsuma and Ōsumi regions of southern Kyushu during the Nara period. They frequently resisted Yamato rule. After their subjugation they became subjects of the government under Ritsuryō, and the Ministry of the Military had an office known as the Hayato-shi (隼人司) in charge of their governance. The name also came into use by samurai as a title, Hayato no suke (隼人助). In modern times, Hayato is a Japanese male given name.

History and culture
The Hayato might have been the same as the Kumaso group of around the same time, but while the Kumaso are mentioned in the more legendary portions of the Nihon Shoki, the Hayato are recorded in various historical texts until the beginning of the Heian period. Though the Kumaso are generally portrayed as rebellious, the Hayato are listed among the attendants of emperors and princes from as early as Emperor Nintoku's reign. This, along with a mention of Hayato crying before the grave of Emperor Yūryaku after his death, suggests that the Hayato were naturalized as personal servants by the late 7th century.

Even after pledging allegiance to the Japanese court, the Hayato continued to resist its rule. After the establishment of Ōsumi Province in 713, the Ōsumi Hayato fought back in 720 with the Hayato Rebellion, but were defeated in 721 by an army led by Ōtomo no Tabito. The Handen-Shūju system was implemented in their lands in 800. The population of Yamato immigrants in Kagoshima Prefecture in the early 8th century has been estimated at around 9,000 people and one-seventh of the total population. By this estimate, the Hayato population of the time can be calculated as consisting of around 54,000 people (not including Hayato emigrants to Honshū).

The Hayato were made to emigrate to the Kinai region, and were active in the protection of the court, the arts, sumo, and bamboo work. Many lived in Yamashiro Province, in the south of modern Kyoto. There remains an area called Ōsumi (大住) in Kyōtanabe, Kyoto, where many Ōsumi Hayato lived. These were the Hayato governed by the Hayato-shi.

The language spoken by the Hayato is not known, except for two words and several personal names documented in contemporary sources. Based on this material, it has been proposed that the Hayato may have been of Austronesian origin. In the Ōsumi Fudoki, an ancient Japanese text from the eighth century, a small collection of words from the Hayato language can be found. Despite efforts by some scholars, such as Kakubayashi in 1998, to associate these words with the Austronesian language family, the dominant perspective holds that the Hayato language was related to Japonic languages. Nonetheless, it is thought to have diverged early from the languages spoken on the islands of Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu. Their culture is also believed to be unique from those of other regions of Japan. In particular, their folk song and dance became famous in the Kinai region as the Hayato dance (隼人舞). An excavation of Heijō Palace discovered wooden shields with a distinctive reverse-S-shaped marking. These shields match those described in the Engishiki, which the Hayato used in court ceremonial functions. The Hayato had roles in various state ceremonies, including those for the new year, imperial enthronement, and visiting foreign officials.

According to the ancient records of Hizen province, the Gotō Islands were also inhabited by a people resembling the Hayato. The New Book of Tang describes a minor king of Haya (波邪), and this Haya has also been interpreted as referring to the Hayato.

There are three types of graves archaeologically associated with the Hayato: the tunnel tombs (地下式横穴墓) widely distributed around the border of Kagoshima and Miyazaki prefectures, the standing stone graves (立石土壙墓) of the southern Satsuma peninsula, and the underground stone-slab graves (地下式板石積石室) found north of the Satsuma peninsula. Another large group of tunnel tombs is located near the Ōsumi area of Kyotanabe. Because of the proximity and because the gravelly soil of the area is not suited to such tombs, these may also be associated with the Hayato.

In Japanese mythology, the deity Umisachihiko is considered the ancestor of the ruler of the Ata Hayato. The Hayato Dance may be intended to portray Umisachihiko's pain at being outdone by his younger brother Yamasachihiko.

Regional distribution

 * Ata Hayato (阿多隼人), or Satsuma Hayato
 * A Hayato tribe who lived on the Satsuma Peninsula. Before the establishment of Satsuma Province, the area was known as Ata. The Nihon Shoki's section on 682 calls them the Ata Hayato, while the section of the Shoku Nihongi on the year 709 refers to them as the Satsuma Hayato.

 * Ōsumi Hayato (大隅隼人)
 * A Hayato tribe who lived in the northern Ōsumi Peninsula, or by another theory the Kimotsuki plain region. They are mentioned in Nihon Shoki article on 682.

 * Tane Hayato (多褹隼人)
 * A Hayato tribe who lived in Tane Province. In 702, the court dispatched an army and conquered the region.

 * Koshiki Hayato (甑隼人)
 * A Hayato tribe who lived on the Koshikijima Islands. They are mentioned in the Shoku Nihongi's section on 769.

 * Hyūga Hayato (日向隼人)
 * A Hayato tribe who lived in Hyūga Province. The Shoku Nihongi records that in 710, their leader Sonokimi no Hosomaro (曾君細麻呂) submitted to the court and was awarded the rank of outside (外) ju go-i no ge (従五位下). However, this was before the separation of Ōsumi province from Hyūga Province in 713. The history of Usa Shrine records that later, in 719, the Ōsumi and Hyūga Hayato attacked Japan, perhaps a precursor to the rebellion of 720.

Skeletal findings
Anthropological research on human skeletons of the Kofun period on southern Kyushu has shown that male skeletons found inland differ from those on the Miyazaki plain. Inland skeletons resembled those of Jōmon people and northwestern Kyushu Yayoi people, and some groups on the plain also resembled northern Kyushu Yayoi people. Additionally, skeletons excavated from late Yayoi-period ruins on Tanegashima are smaller than those found on Kyushu, and show signs of artificial cranial deformation.

title: Hayato people


text:
Talk:Birth order

Neutrality?
This article clearly takes the side of birth order having little or no effect on personality. While it is fine to explore that possibility, the page should also list and elaborate on some of the possible generalized qualities of a first-born, middle child, etc. Even a section on stereotypes dealing with birth order would help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.198.179.213 (talk) 07:41, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

I agree, for a psychology article, where consensus is usually as scarce as a puddle in the desert, this does seem to be only one side of the coin. The summary at then beggining seems too definitive and narrow for such a complex topic. It seems to confuse birth order with "birth order theory". The term "birth order" is not a theory, it is simply the order someone is born in. The article seems like it arguing against a theory, when really the article is about the concept of birth order itself. The page seems more like a graduate thesis arguing for one side rather than an all encompassing look at an extremely complex issue. The introduction is too declarative. Essentially what I am getting is "this recent major study says it means absolutely nothing therefore it means nothing". I think it's silly to suggest in the intro that birth order has absolutely no impact on your personality. Everything someone does can potentially impact how someone develops, and the article even admits that it does influence aspects of your personality depending on your individual family and situation. The intro needs to reflect the complexity of the topic and needs to be less declaritive and more encompassing to alternate studies. It can still stress what major studies say, but it can't act like one study ends every argument to the contrary. Mentioning only one study that says it has 0% effect on personality in the intro seems like a blanket statement trying to cover an issue with many ridges and valleys. Also this article mentions pop culture as if it were an organization or a person. I am not sure it is appropriate for an article. The term "pop culture" is a nebulous, vague, and subjective term. It is not something that is easily measurable and is non specific by nature. It is not a thing that holds opinions or beliefs. In the intro it says "despite disconfirmation, the theory still has a presence in pop culture" and that it is a zombie theory. This jumps out to me as an something you would see as an argument to someone's thesis in a college paper rather than an objective fact in an encyclopedia. I don't mean that as an insult, I mean that it seems like someones argument rather than an objective statement. Finally, there are other opinions on birth order that should be better represented. A contrary view mentioning studies should at least be included in the intro. There are many of them. If you google birth order psychology there are many reputable psychologists who write about it and who cite reputable sources with their claims. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.87.39.182 (talk) 13:04, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

I disagree. See Fight me, Psychologists: Birth Order Effects Exist And Are Very Strong. Basically, SSC commenters are more than twice as likely to be the firstborn child of N as opposed to any other child, for any N from two to six. The author makes no claim as to why this is the case, but something's clearly going on here; this is clearly significant. 24.61.57.240 (talk) 21:37, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

04:37, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I think that this article could do with some revamping. I have added a section on Zajonc's confluence model. There should also be some acknowledgement that one's subjective birth order may not be identical to one's objective birth order (for example, a child with a chronic illness may be objectively the eldest, but actually feel as if he or she is younger than other siblings). What I would like to see is more contextualisation of this piece, putting it in the wider context of a discussion of "why children in the same family are so different" and how psychologists generally claim that this is evidence for the importance of nonshared environmental effects (environmental experiences which siblings do not share) in development. This could easily lead on to criticisms from those psychologists, such as Robert Plomin or Judith Rich Harris, who are highly skeptical about birth order as a variable to explain these differences. A. Carl 11:21, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

In this wiki. article, are only-children purposely not discussed, or can first-borns and only-children be put into the same category?

This article needs both better content, and better citation.

Added external link to Birth Order Patterns kacys 08:08, 29 Oct 2006

As a class project for the next month or so we will be making updates to this wiki. Let us know if you have ideas for updates or additions. kacys 08:08, 3 Nov 2006

Added text disputing intelligence kacys 07:15, 6 Nov 2006

Added text on religion kacys 05:54, 9 Nov 2006

Edited text on Only Child kacys 08:54, 12 Nov 2006

Edited text on Only Child kacys 08:54, 13 Nov 2006

Edited text on first born and middle child kacys 08:54, 14 Nov 2006

Added text on Judith Rich Harris

kacys 03:47, 15 Nov 2006

Added link on Judith Rich Harris's wiki to her article kacys 08:48, 14 Nov 2006

Added new category on Sexuality kacys 06:36, 16 Nov 2006 will add more later.

Added more on personality kacys 05:21, 17 Nov 2006

Added more on Judith Rich Harriskacys 06:54, 18 Nov 2006

Plans: add categories on: Twins, boy or girl order, parental attitude, economic status, add more text and citations for birth order categories, update Judith Rich Harris's wiki, merge only children and only childkacys 08:15, 18 Nov 2006

Added more on idea of birth order theories and disputeskacys 08:26, 18 Nov 2006

Added link to study in religionkacys 1:26, 18 Nov 2006 Work on twins research and edit only child and only children wikikacys 1:26, 25 Nov 2006

Updated info. on sexuality; proposed merging Fraternal birth order with birth order. kacys:kacys 6:40 26 Nov 2006

Added Marriage category kacys:kacys 6:40 26 Nov 2006

Added quote from Nurture Assumption here and Harris's wiki and added link from Harris to birth order kacy:kacy 7:27 26 Nov 2006

Added text on First Born 02:03, 28 November 2006 Mecatlady

Added on the part on marriage that this is the personal opinion of that author. I even think that this (short) part should be out entirely, as mainstream science would definitely not agree with the statements on this site. It seems more like pseudoscience to me. Sinas 10:38, 25 January 2007 (UTC) Nowhere is there any reference to "The Birth Order Book" or "The New Birth Order Book" by Dr. Keven Leman. Although the books have several flaws, including bias, they are worthy of note in this article and will add a more contemporary perspective. In the future, I will likely add a section for this exact purpose. JaneErrs (talk) 20:08, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Birth order AND orphaned?
What about the double whammy of birth order and being orphaned? Bdelisle 08:19, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

My brother is the youngest child, and he is the only 1 that actually gets straight A's and hes only 3 years younger then me and im the oldest with a brother inbetween us. Im in college but I would probly be the annoying drunk since I drink all the time and had bad grades in highschool. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.110.35.146 (talk) 14:10, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Middle child
I am a middle child and nothing in this section even remotely applied to me. Everything here is completely unsubstantiated.
 * The original descriptions of birth order are simply what Adler saw as the most common traits of children in that birth position. His focus was more on a child's perceived role in the family. These descriptions have been overemphasized by pop psychology and popular culture. I don't see any theorists who suggest that birth order determines your destiny. Also, if birth order would cause a certain and fixed effect on each child, it wouldn't need to be proven anyway. It would be common sense passed down from the early days of human existence, like the fact that everyone eventually dies. CallidoraBlack (talk) 18:07, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Third external link is broken.
The third external link (http://www.soa.org/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=12024105&g11n) nets a "page not found" error message. It should be removed or corrected.

Insults
I find that this article is full of insults. It's not true, what this article says. An uncyclopedia article on the same topic would give more true information. Who agrees with me?--72.137.26.56 (talk) 17:28, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * See my comment on "Middle Child" above. CallidoraBlack (talk) 18:07, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Could you be a little more specific about your objections? --Jcbutler (talk) 20:09, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Personality section
The personality section seems to be entirely filled with criticism, and I am inclined to rename that section accordingly. Any thoughts? CallidoraBlack (talk) 18:07, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

This study examines how placement in the sibling group affects personality and career:

https://www.nber.org/papers/w23393

They study authors show that older siblings have better social skills and a greater chance to become managers than younger siblings. Younger siblings, on the other hand, more often run their own business. The gender composition of the older siblings also matters; it is better for a younger brother to have older sisters than to have older brothers. They also find that parents seem to engage less with children born later in the sibling group: younger siblings read fewer books, spend less time on homework and watch more TV than older siblings. Overall, the results show that the sibling arrangement is of great importance for personal characteristics and career choices. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.10.46.63 (talk) 12:10, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Middle Child Syndrome?
I believe information about middle children are underrepresented. I mean, Middle Child Syndrome is a serious problem in terms of middle children's personalities, so the article should at least mention something similar.
 * as middle child syndrome redirects here, yes, the article should say something about it k kisses 13:30, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Homosexuality & Evolution
I am just wondering what mechanism the researcher proposes for an "evolved, biological" role in birth order and homosexuality. Certainly this cannot be strictly genetic, according to a correct understanding of evolution. If the effect occurs via a (even covert) cultural adaptation it shouldn't be that hard to uncover. The argument is basically preposterous and should be balanced, if it is to be maintained on this page, by a reasonable opposing viewpoint. Otherwise stick to the statistics and spare the reader the babble. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.21.109.42 (talk) 21:23, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Goebbels and Himmler
The article on Goebbels says he was born in 1897 and "had four siblings: Hans (1893–1947), Konrad (1895–1949), Elisabeth (1901–1915), and Maria (1910–1949)". That would make him the third child.

The article about Himmler says "His older brother, Gebhard Ludwig, was born in July 1898, and his younger brother, Ernst, was born in 1905." I think it would be worded differently, if he had three younger siblings.

List of well-known fourthborns
I really don't see the relevance of this list, not even from the information given under the section. Ornilnas (talk) 10:16, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Neither do I.  Lova Falk     talk   10:50, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Older brothers and homosexuality.
I think the claim that 'for every older brother a male has, his odds of being gay go up 33%' is dubious at best. That means that male with 3 or more older brothers has a 100% chance of being gay. SO, if you have three or more older brothers, you are gay, make no mistake. I just don't buy that (and I'll have to tell my friend that at least three of his younger brothers are gay...he's the oldest of 6 boys). To me, it sounds like something someone made up. To all the people upset because the article seems to be maligning them, the idea isn't that being youngest, oldest, middle, etc, means that you will be a certain way, it just means that statistically, a large percentage of people conform to that truth. If 75% of older children act a certain way, that still leaves 25% that don't meet the description. It's large enough percentage to make it a rule, but that remaining 25% still leaves a lot of people...just because you aren't the way older children are described in the article, doesn't mean that the whole theory is bunk (which it may be, of course). AnnaGoFast (talk) 00:53, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

Not quite - I think it means that if your chance of homosexuality was already, for instance, 9%, then the presence of an elder brother would increase it to 12%. We're using percentages of percentages. Robin S. Taylor (talk) 14:29, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Gender sequence
I've seen studies that claim the of gender among siblings has effects too, such female then female then male birth sequence, or male then female, etc. If sources could be found I think this would be good to include. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.3.138.230 (talk) 18:34, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birth order


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User:Merkel

see b:de:User:Merkel

see b:User:Merkel

title: User:Merkel


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Attorney-General (New Zealand)

The Attorney-General (Rōia Matua) is a political and legal officer in New Zealand. The Attorney-General is simultaneously a ministerial position and the chief law officer of the Crown, and has responsibility for supervising New Zealand law and advising the government on legal matters. The Attorney-General serves both a political and apolitical function. The current Attorney-General is Judith Collins.

Responsibilities and powers
The Attorney-General has two main areas of official responsibility. Firstly, the Attorney-General has ministerial jurisdiction over the Crown Law Office, the Parliamentary Counsel Office, and the Serious Fraud Office. Secondly, the Attorney-General is the principal law officer of the Crown, responsible for supervising the state's administration of the law and for providing legal advice to the government. This includes upholding the rule of law and advising on compliance with domestic and international obligations. In the latter role (but strictly not in the former), the Attorney-General is assisted by the Solicitor-General, a non-partisan official. This is to reduce the extent to which the Attorney-General's actions on behalf of the state (as opposed to the government) can be influenced by their political allegiance.

A more complete description of the Attorney-General's powers can be found in the briefings to the incoming Attorney-General prepared by the Crown Law Office (most recently in 2020).

At present, there is no statutory basis which establishes the office of Attorney-General, although the position is referenced by a number of other legal documents, such as the Constitution Act 1986 which allows the Solicitor-General to exercise the functions of the Attorney-General. The functions of the Attorney-General are also described in the Cabinet Manual.

There is no constitutional duty on the government to follow the advice of the law officers. The Cabinet Manual outlines the process by which the legal advice provided by the Attorney-General (and others) may be disclosed.

The Attorney-General is also responsible for advising the Governor-General on who should be appointed judges of the courts of New Zealand.

History
The post of Attorney-General has existed since the separation of New Zealand as a distinct Crown Colony from New South Wales. It is a distinct position from that of Minister of Justice, although the two posts are sometimes held by the same person, for example, Martyn Finlay who held both positions from 1972 to 1975.

Historically, the post could be held either by a politician or by a senior jurist, but today, it is invariably held by a member of Parliament. The Attorney-General is a member of the Executive Council and is usually appointed as a member of the Cabinet. (An exception is when David Lange was appointed Attorney-General outside Cabinet from 1989 to 1990.)

By tradition, persons appointed to the position of Attorney-General have been lawyers. Only two former Attorneys-General have not been lawyers, most recently Dr. Michael Cullen who held the post in 2005 and again from 2006 to 2008. In November 1906, when Albert Pitt died, there were no suitable members of the legal profession in Parliament. Hence Joseph Ward appointed John Findlay to the Legislative Council on 23 November 1906 and appointed him Attorney-General and Colonial Secretary on the same day.

The table below is an incomplete listing of New Zealand politicians who have held political appointment as Attorney-General since 1856. It does not show non-political attorneys-general. There were two previous Attorneys-General before responsible government was introduced in New Zealand in 1856: Francis Fisher who held office for less than one year in 1841, and William Swainson who held office until 7 May 1856. Peter Wilkinson was the half-brother of his successor, Jim McLay.

List of attorneys-general

 * Key

title: Attorney-General (New Zealand)


text:
Akane

Akane (あかね, アカネ) is the Japanese word for 'deep red' (茜, Akane, Rubia cordifolia) and is associated with red (from the red dye made from its roots) and brilliant red. Akane (written in a variety of forms) is both a female Japanese given name, ranked #9 of names to give girls in Japan, as well as a surname. In fiction, the name Akane has been used for various characters in anime, manga, games, books, and comics. Notable people with the name include:

Given name

 * Akane Araki (荒木 茜羽), Japanese badminton player
 * Akane Chihaya (千早 茜), Japanese writer
 * Akane Fujita (wrestler) (藤田 あかね), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Akane Fujita (藤田 茜), Japanese voice actress
 * Akane Hirose (廣瀬 茜), member of the Japanese rock band Band-Maid
 * Akane Hosoyamada (細山田 茜), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Akane Hotta (堀田 茜), Japanese actress, model and tarento
 * Akane Konishi (小西 あかね), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Akane Kumada (熊田 茜音), Japanese voice actress and singer
 * Akane Kuroki (黒木 茜), Japanese Olympic dressage rider
 * Akane Matsunaga (松永 あかね), Japanese voice actress
 * Akane Moriya (守屋茜), Japanese idol and model
 * Akane Nakashima (中嶋 茜), Japanese goalball player
 * Akane Nishino (西野 朱音), Japanese professional footballer
 * Akane Ogura (小椋 アカネ), Japanese manga artist
 * Akane Omae (大前 茜, born 1982), Japanese voice actress
 * Akane Osawa (大沢 あかね), member of the Japanese pop music duet Tomboy
 * Akane Saito (齊藤 あかね), Japanese women's footballer
 * Akane Sakanoue (坂ノ上 茜), Japanese actress
 * Akane Shibata (柴田 あかね), Japanese field hockey player
 * Akane Shiga (志賀 紅音), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Akane Sugazaki (菅崎 茜, born 1989), Japanese pop singer and songwriter
 * Akane Takayanagi (高柳 明音), member of the Japanese girl idol group SKE48
 * Akane Tomonaga (友永 朱音), Japanese voice actress
 * Akane Watanabe (渡邉 あかね), Japanese badminton player
 * Akane Yamaguchi (山口 あかね), Japanese badminton player who competed in the 2012 Japan Super Series
 * Akane Yanagisawa (柳澤 明希), Japanese competitor in synchronized swimming
 * Akane Yamao (山尾 朱子), Japanese rhythmic gymnast
 * Akane Yoshida (born 1994), Japanese weightlifter

Surname

 * Hotaru Akane (紅音 ほたる), Japanese model and AV actress
 * Kazuki Akane (赤根 和樹), Japanese anime director

Fictional characters

 * Akane, the main heroine from the video game Akane the Kunoichi
 * Akane, senior geisha in the Westworld series
 * Akane, a minor character in Haikyū!!
 * Akane, a character Hikaru's younger sister in Parodius
 * Akane, the fox and guardian angel from Angel Tales (Tenshi no Shippo)
 * Akane, the Japanese name of Whitney, a character in Pokémon
 * Akane Aizawa, in Dai Sentai Goggle-V
 * Akane Aki, a character in the manga series Dash Kappei
 * Akane Asahina a classmate from the series Kanokon
 * Akane Fujita, Takoyaki shop owner from the series Pretty Cure (2004 TV series)
 * Akane Higurashi, from the anime and manga series My-HiME
 * Akane Hino, one of the main characters of the series Smile PreCure!
 * Akane Inuwaka, a character in the video game series Arcana Heart
 * Akane Kimidori, in manga and anime series Dr. Slump
 * Akane Kino, the younger sister of the main character in the manga series Voice Over! Seiyu Academy
 * Akane Kiryu of Fatal Frame II
 * Akane Kishida from Kitchen Princess
 * Akane Kobayashi, a character in Doki Doki School Hours
 * Akane Kurashiki, a major character from the video game series Zero Escape
 * Akane Kurokawa, an character in the manga and anime series Oshi no Ko
 * Akane Mishima, one of the main characters of Kampfer
 * Akane Mizuhara, a main character in the visual novel Final Approach
 * Akane Motomiya, a main character in the video game, anime and manga series Haruka: Beyond the Stream of Time
 * Akane Nakiko, a comic book character from Witchblade
 * Akane Narita, in Hot Gimmick
 * Akane Osaki, the main character of the manga series Akane-banashi
 * Akane Owari, a character from the Danganronpa series
 * Akane Ryuuku, a roleplay character of Gumball Watterson from The Amazing World of Gumball
 * Akane Ryuzoji, a character in the manga series World's End Harem
 * Akane Sakurada, the main character of the anime and manga series Castle Town Dandelion
 * Akane Sano, a main character in the manga series Black God
 * Akane Satomura, a main character in the visual novel One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e
 * Akane Sawatari (沢渡 アカネ), a character in the Chainsaw Man anime and manga series
 * Akane Serizawa, a minor character in the anime and manga series Pani Poni
 * Akane Shinjō (新条 アカネ), a character in the anime series SSSS.Gridman
 * Akane Soir, a character in the anime and manga series My-Otome
 * Akane Sonozaki, in the anime, manga, and visual novel series Higurashi When They Cry
 * Akane Suzumiya, a character in Kimi ga Nozomu Eien and Akane Maniax
 * Akane Takigawa, in the manga and anime series Cross Game
 * Akane Tachibana, lead character in basketball manga series I'll
 * Akane Tendo, in manga and anime series Ranma ½
 * Akane Toriyasu, a character in the video game Yandere Simulator
 * Akane Carver, a British school girl OC from London, UK
 * Akane Tsunemori, in the anime Psycho-Pass
 * Akane Yagyu, ("Jubei") from the video game, Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams
 * Akane Yamano, a character in Dual!
 * Akane Yamamoto (山本 茜), a character in the manga series Haikyū!!
 * Akane Yashiro, a character in the film Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla
 * Lady Akane, a concubine in the Tales of the Otori

title: Akane


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User talk:Eruanne/Dwarf hamster

Go nuts making a Dwarf hamster page. Let me know if you need anything. I've been all over the Muroidea (mouse and hamster group) lately trying to build a backbone so people can make articles and not have to worry much about the taxonomy. Be bold. --Aranae 04:40, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eruanne/Dwarf hamster


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Rodovia Anchieta

The Rodovia Anchieta (Anchieta Highway, official designation SP-150) is a highway connection between São Paulo and the Atlantic coast, the cities of Cubatão and Santos, in Brazil. In the plateau, the highway serves several cities of Greater São Paulo, such as São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Santo André and Riacho Grande and traverses a picturesque region of dams and rain forests.

The Rodovia Anchieta is a major pride of the Brazilian engineering, because it was built with a great number of bridges and tunnels along the steep cliffs of the Serra do Mar; and the first modern, concrete-paved road built in São Paulo in the 1930s. Its north lane was inaugurated on Tuesday, 22 April 1947, and its south on Thursday, 9 July 1953.

The highway is one of the busiest of the country, because of the movement of goods to and from Santos's seaport. Traffic problems are common, mainly if there is bad weather or in long weekends when many families living in São Paulo go to Santos or Guarujá beaches. The Rodovia Anchieta is approximately 60 km long.

It is named after the Jesuit priest, Father José de Anchieta, who often called the trail "the worst trail in the world" it was given this nickname because it badly hurt his feet when he would walk the trail. It connected to the city of São Vicente by the sea with the village he helped to found in the high plateau, São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, in 1554.

The highway is managed by a state concession to the private company Ecovias, and therefore is a toll road.

The two carriageways of the Rodovia Anchieta are both fully reversible. Traffic is managed to flow either bidirectionally (uphill on one carriageway and downhill on the other) or unidirectionally (uphill or downhill on both carriageways), depending on demand. In the unidirectional mode, the opposing traffic is diverted to the Rodovia dos Imigrantes.

title: Rodovia Anchieta


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Baijiu

Baijiu, or shaojiu (烧酒/燒酒), is a colorless Chinese liquor typically coming in between 35% and 60% alcohol by volume (ABV). Each type of baijiu uses its own type of qū for fermentation to create a distinct and characteristic flavor profile.

Baijiu is a clear liquid usually distilled from fermented sorghum, although other grains may be used; some southeastern Chinese styles may employ rice and glutinous rice while other Chinese varieties may use wheat, barley, millet, or Job's tears in their mash bills. The qū starter culture used in the production of baijiu is usually made from pulverized wheat grain or steamed rice.

Because of its clarity, baijiu can appear similar to several other East Asian liquors, e.g. Japanese shōchū (25%) or Korean soju (20–45%), but it often has a significantly higher alcohol content (35–60%).

History

No exact dates are known for the invention of the modern form baijiu as it likely emerged gradually with the development of distillery technology over a long period of time through history.

 * Prototypical alcohol making in China dates back to as early as the Neolithic Age with archaeological discoveries of alcoholic beverage containers belonging to that period.
 * A systematic distillery process was likely developed during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) with archeological finds of brick arts depicting distilling scenes.
 * The first proto-baijiu was likely made during the Tang dynasty (618–907) as the drink was described by poets Bai Juyi (白居易) and Yong Tao (雍陶) at the time.
 * The flourishing of Song dynasty (960–1279) commerce and urbanization likely popularized alcohol consumption with a boom of Jiuguan (酒馆, 'pub, bar') in major cities.
 * By this time the proto-baijiu was likely to be only about 15% ABV as literature from the time recorded "bowls of alcohol consumed" suggesting that it must have been weaker than the modern form baijiu.
 * During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Middle Eastern distillery technology spread to China, which probably improved the existing distillery techniques, allowing for higher-degree distilled alcohol to be possible.
 * The distillation technology matured as baijiu began to resemble its modern form around the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Detailed description of Baijiu was recorded in Bencao Gangmu (本草纲目, Compendium of Materia Medica) by Li Shizhen.
 * Baijiu continued to evolve with the refinements of baijiu making techniques over the centuries until today.

Baijiu is characterized by solid-state fermentation and distillation using a grain culture called qū, which allows for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. This is a typical feature of liquors produced in East Asia. Chinese baijiu is always distilled from grain, produced in batches and blended.

Image
Outside of East Asia, baijiu is widely regarded as an acquired taste. In response to one 2015 article in The New York Times, third-party commenters compared baijiu's aroma and taste profile to "jet fuel, kerosene, poison, nail polish remover, drain cleaner, Burgundy cheeses, and salty garbage water", and the tenor of these remarks was "representative of most English-language writing about baijiu at the time". Such descriptions have been harshly criticized by Western experts on baijiu as reflecting an uninformed Eurocentric perspective in which Chinese cuisine is regarded as inferior and vodka's blandness is the only acceptable profile for clear distilled liquor. Baijiu can be compared to Western liquor with strong flavors and aromas, such as peaty whisky or Scotch whisky.

Traditional etiquette
The Chinese traditionally serve baijiu neat at room temperature, in small cups or glasses, though drinkware varies by region. It is traditional to drink baijiu with food rather than on its own, though it is often infused with fruit or medicinal herbs and spices.

The ceremonial includes the following steps:

 * 1) Execute the Baili (拜礼) greeting to show respect to the host.
 * 2) Spill a moderate amount of baijiu in the cup onto the ground to show gratitude to nature.
 * 3) Take a sip and taste the baijiu, and tell the host your opinion.
 * 4) Finish the baijiu in the small glass in one go after the Ganbei (干杯, 'Cheers') and clinking of glasses.

Note that the host should initiate and invite for a cup, and the guest should reply with a cup.

Modern etiquette
In modern days, ceremonial parts of the etiquettes are ignored. Commonly with a group of friends or family, the host would initiate with "Cheers for...!" (为...干杯!), and then guests would finish their cups after clinking the glasses. Tasting is also appreciated.

In 2007, a report in Time magazine mentioned integrating baijiu into cocktails, and in the years since several bars around the world have added baijiu to their cocktail programs.

Baijiu and Chinese business culture
Chinese business culture is known to be intense. It is believed that one's true self is shown when intoxicated. Therefore, when negotiating a business partnership, there is a tradition of serving high-degree Baijiu on the dinner table, in order to judge one's trustworthiness. There are also folk beliefs, especially in rural China, that consuming alcohol excessively equates to manliness and that one should not reject a serving offered by an elderly or higher-up. Many inexperienced Chinese drinkers are persuaded to overdrink on such occasions. These experiences are commonly referred to as the reason for Baijiu's unpopularity among some. This negative association of Baijiu with extreme drinking culture can sometimes lead to fear of Baijiu in the younger generation or people who have yet to try the drink.

Pricing and the baijiu market
Although most baijiu are priced similarly to other liquors with similar alcohol percentage, some high-end baijiu can be highly collectible due to the intricate skills and traditional artisanship involved in the making of baijiu, the age of the baijiu, or the rarity of the bottle etc. With the gifting tradition in some areas of China, sometimes expensive baijiu could also be gifted instead of being consumed. There is a sizable market for high-end baijiu collection for the above reasons. For example, the highest grade of Wuliangye retails for CN¥26,800 (US$3,375). Top-tier baijiu are likely to be from traditional baijiu distillery such as Kweichow Maotai, Wuliangye, Luzhou Laojiao, Shuijing Fang etc.

On the opposite side of the spectrum. Low-end baijiu can be as inexpensive as a can of beer per volume. For example, Erguotou and Jiang Xiaobai. Although some deride the low ends for their taste, they are more casually consumed with meals, or just when drinkers want to simply get drunk.

Global baijiu market
Baijiu is the world's bestselling liquor, with 5000000000 L sold as of 2016, and 10.8 billion liters sold in 2018, more than whisky, vodka, gin, rum and tequila combined. As well as the most consumed liquor, with 1.2 billion nine-liter cases consumed in 2018, mostly in China – three times the global consumption of vodka. Outside of China it is gaining popularity, as seen with the sale of Ming River Baijiu in US and EU markets from late 2010s, a strong-aroma (nongxiang) type baijiu sourced from the Luzhou Laojiao distillery.

International production
In 2019, Australian sorghum exported to China accounted for approximately 78.3 percent of Australia's total sorghum export market, which was valued at 29.9 million U.S. dollars. Exports of Australian sorghum to China are largely driven by demand for baijiu manufacture.

By aroma profile
Throughout the evolutionary history of baijiu, numerous regional variations in alcohol production technique across the country have been incorporated into baijiu making. The practice of infusing alcohol with herbs, spices, fruits and other ingredients has its roots in traditional Chinese medicine, but is also done purely for flavor. The practice of infusing spirits is a common practice. Baijiu has a distinctive smell and taste that is highly valued in Chinese culinary culture, and connoisseurs focus especially on its fragrance. This classification system began in 1952 and was updated in August 1979 at the third nationwide baijiu competition held in Dalian. Even so, during the competition, experts rated various baijiu based on their taste rather than aroma.

There are 4 major categories of baijiu based on aroma profile:

 * 1) Qingxiang (清香, qīngxiāng; light aroma, "Q-" is pronounced akin to "Ch-"):
 * 2) * Delicate, dry, and light, with a smooth and light mouthfeel.
 * 3) * The flavors of this distilled liquor is contributed primarily by ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and succinic acid and give the spirit a taste of dried fruit with floral notes.
 * 4) * It is made from sorghum fermented in a stone vessel with qu made from wheat, barley and peas.
 * 5) * The two primary styles of this liquor are Fenjiu (汾酒, fénjiǔ) from Shanxi and Erguotou (二锅头, èrguōtóu) from Beijing, the latter of which is known as Kaoliang (高粱, gāoliáng, lit. 'sorghum') in Taiwan. Formerly this style was called Fenxiang "Fen-aroma" (汾香, fēnxiāng) after the Shanxi Xinghuacun Fenjiu Distillery (杏花村汾酒).
 * 6) Mixiang (米香, mǐxiāng; rice aroma):
 * 7) * This class of liquor is exemplified by baijiu distilled from rice, such as Sanhuajiu (三花酒) from Guilin, Guangxi province.
 * 8) * This fragrance has long history and is made using rice-based Rhizopus spp.-type Qu starters (小曲, xiǎoqū, lit. 'little qu).
 * 9) * It has a clean sensation and a slight aroma, dominated by ethyl lactate with lesser flavor contributions by ethyl acetate.
 * 10) Nongxiang (濃香, nóngxiāng; strong aroma):
 * 11) * A class of distilled liquor that is sweet tasting and mellow, with a gentle lasting fragrance contributed by the high levels of esters, primarily ethyl hexanoate, which give the spirit a strong taste of pineapple, banana and anise.
 * 12) * Most alcohols of this aroma are distilled from sorghum, sometimes in combination with other grains, continuously fermented in mud pits.
 * 13) * This style is formerly known as Luxiang "Lu aroma" (泸香, lúxiāng), as it is thought to be invented in the Luzhou Laojiao Distillery in Luzhou, Sichuan province. Other notable examples of this type of liquor are Wuliangye from Yibin, Sichuan; Jiannanchun from Mianzhu, Sichuan; and Yanghe from Suqian, Jiangsu province. The Ming River Baijiu for the western market is also this category.
 * 14) Jiangxiang (酱香, jiàngxiāng; sauce aroma):
 * 15) * A fragrant distilled sorghum liquor of bold character, named for its similarity in flavor to fermented bean pastes and soy sauces.
 * 16) * It is made from sorghum repeatedly fermented in stone brick pits. It has large amounts of ester compounds, which impart a layered umami flavor.
 * 17) * A highly controversial profile – like it or hate it. Not recommended for beginners but highly recommended for experienced drinkers. Some consider it as funky. It is an acquired taste, like peaty whisky.
 * 18) * To the initiated, it is considered a complement for preserved and pickled foods (酱菜, jìangcài). This class was formerly known as Maoxiang "Mao-aroma" (茅香), after the best known spirit of this class, Maotai.

Various other niche aroma profiles:

 * "Chi" xiang (豉香, chǐxiāng; douchi /douban flavored), or "Zhi" xiang (脂香, zhīxiāng; fat aroma):
 * Named after douchi, the popular Chinese condiment made from fermented bean, this is a savory rice-based baijiu from Guangdong notable for the addition of pork fat during the aging process.
 * Fuyu xiang (馥郁香, fùyùxiāng; extra-strong aroma):
 * This category refers to the liquor produced by the Jiugui (酒鬼) Distillery in Hunan. Distilled from sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, wheat, and corn that has been fermented with big qu and medicinal small qu.
 * "Laobaigan" xiang (老白干香, lǎobáigānxiāng; laobaigan aroma):
 * Similar to light-aroma baijiu, but fermented with wheat-based big qu and bottled at extremely high proof. Most often associated with the Hengshui Ruitian (衡水瑞天) Distillery in Hebei.
 * Yao xiang (藥香, yàoxiāng; medicinal aroma):
 * A pungent liquor that originates at the Dongjiu (董酒) Distillery in Guizhou. Medicine aroma is distilled from the combination of two separate pit-fermented sorghum mashes, one fermented with wheat qu in a large pit and one fermented with medicinal rice qu in a small pit.
 * Jian xiang (兼香, jiānxiāng; mixed aroma):
 * A class of distilled liquors that is a blend of two or more varieties of baijiu. As such, liquors of this class vary widely in their aroma, mouth-feel, and dryness.
 * Feng xiang(鳳香, fèngxiāng; Xifeng style aroma):
 * A class of distilled liquor fermented in mud pits and aged in rattan containers. Liquors of this class have a fruity taste similar to strong-aroma baijiu, but also an earthier quality and an expanding finish. An example of this type of liquor is Xifengjiu from Fengxiang County in Shaanxi.
 * Zhima xiang (芝麻香, zhīmaxiāng; sesame aroma):
 * A class of liquor distilled from sorghum, millet, or barley in stone pits with mud floors. Invented by the Jingzhi Distillery in the 1950s, sesame aroma employs similar production techniques to sauce-aroma baijiu, and has a charred, nutty flavor.
 * Xiaoqu Qingxiang (小曲清香, xiǎoqū qīngxiāng; qingxiang with small-batched qu):
 * A style of baijiu distilled from sorghum that has been fermented with rice-based small qu.
 * Te xiang (特香, tèxiāng; Si'te distillery special aroma):
 * A rice-based baijiu fermented in brick pits with big qu, it originates from the Si'te (四特) Distillery in Jiangxi, where the iconic Si'tejiu originated.

Regional varieties

Other than by aroma, Baijiu can also differ by styles, production methods, ingredients etc. Regional varieties of Baijiu are often somewhat unique in flavor profile and production method.

Some examples of regional varieties include:
 * Daqujiu (大曲酒/大麴酒, Dàqūjiǔ): Originally from Sichuan. This liquor is made with sorghum and wheat qu and is fermented for two to three months in mud pits. Nongxiang type baijiu.
 * Erguotou (二鍋頭, èrguōtóu, lit. "head of the second pot") is a variant of Qingxiang type baijiu. It is often inexpensive and thus particularly popular amongst blue-collar workers across northern and northeastern China. It is probably the most commonly-drunk baijiu in Beijing and is frequently associated with that city. Beijing Hongxing, more commonly referred to simply as "Hongxing" (红星, Red Star) is a popular brand.
 * Fenjiu (汾酒, fénjiǔ): Grain alcohol in Fenyang, Shanxi dates back to the Northern and Southern dynasties (AD 550). Most commonly associated with the Xinghuacun Distillery, Fenjiu is a Qingxiang type sorghum baijiu fermented with qu made from barley and peas.
 * Gaoliangjiu (高粱酒, gāoliángjiǔ): Kaoliang is an old Romanized spelling for the Chinese word for sorghum, gaoliang (高粱). The liquor originates from Dazhigu (大直沽, east of Tianjin), first appearing in the Ming dynasty. Taiwan is the leading producer of Kaoliang liquor. It is a Qingxiang baijiu.
 * Sanhuajiu (三花酒, Sānhuājiǔ, lit. "Three Flowers Liquor"):photo a Mixiang type rice baijiu made in Guilin that borrows techniques from local rice wine tradition. It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition, and the use of spring water from Mount Xiang in the region.
 * Shuangzhengjiu (双蒸酒/雙蒸酒, shuāngzhēngjiǔ, lit. "double-distilled liquor") and Sanzhengjiu (三蒸酒, sānzhēngjiǔ, lit. "triple-distilled liquor", formerly known as "samshu"): Two varieties of Mixiang baijiu from the area of Jiujiang in Jiangxi and in Guangdong, made by distilling twice and three times respectively. Alcohol content by volume: 32% and 38–39% respectively. "Samshu" was the name by which most foreign travelers knew baijiu during the Qing dynasty.

Popular infusions
Throughout the evolutionary history of baijiu, numerous regional variations in alcohol production technique across the country have been incorporated into baijiu making. The practice of infusing alcohol with herbs, spices, fruits and other ingredients has its roots in traditional Chinese medicine and herbology, but is also done purely for flavor. Infusing spirits is a common practice.

Floral infusions: Medicinal infusions:
 * Meiguilu jiu (玫瑰露酒, méiguīlujiǔ, lit. "nectar of the rose"): A variety of baijiu distilled with a special species of rose and crystal sugar. Alcohol content by volume: 54–55%.
 * Guihuajiu (桂花酒) is a distilled liquor flavored with Guihua (a type of osanthamus) flowers. Its alcohol content is 17–18%.
 * Tuweijiu (, túwēijiǔ) is a Cantonese liquor produced in Xiaolan Town near Zhongshan in Guangdong. It is made from Mixiang rice baijiu, with addedTuwei flowers and crystal sugar syrup. Aged for more than one year.  30% alcohol by volume.
 * Chajiu (, chájiǔ, lit. "the tea baijiu") is a product of fairly recent origin. It consists of baijiu flavored with tea leaves and hawthorn berries. It is usually a light reddish-brown in color (similar to oolong tea) and varieties made with oolong, green, and black tea are available. Chajiu is produced by several manufacturers, primarily in the Sichuan province. Although the strength differs according to the brand and variety, chajiu ranges between 8–28% alcohol by volume.
 * Wujiapi jiu (五加皮酒, Wǔjiāpíjiǔ): a variety of baijiu with a unique selection of Chinese herbal medicine (including Eleutherococcus gracilistylus and Angelica sinensis) added to the brew. Alcohol content by volume: 54–55%.
 * Zhuyeqing jiu (/竹葉青酒, zhúyèqīnqjiǔ, lit. "the green bamboo leaf"): this sweet liquor, produced in Shanxi, is made from Fenjiu brewed with a dozen or more selected Chinese herbal medicines. One of the ingredients is bamboo leaves, which gives the liquor a yellowish-green color and its name. Its alcohol content ranges between 38 and 46% by volume.
 * Bilujiu (, bìlǜjiǔ, lit. "jade green liquor"): From Wuhan, this liquor is infused with Chinese medicinal herbs and sugar.
 * Yulian baijiu (, Yàlián báijiǔ): Named "Royal Lotus", this is a variety of baijiu infused with a selection of twenty medicinal herbs. It was first produced for the Chinese royal family in 1790.

Baijiu brands
Baijiu are often distinguishable by distillery. The distinct aroma and taste profile is likely to be the specialty of that region. Therefore, often the name of the brand is the same as the name of the baijiu and the distillery. However, bigger brands tend to have a series of different types of baijiu as well as their signature baijiu. Beginners are recommended to try the signature baijiu of the brand first, to learn about their style of baijiu making.

Due to its long history, almost every province in China has at least one regional specialty baijiu. However, Guizhou and Sichuan are the two biggest, particularly famous baijiu-making provinces, where numerous distilleries can be found. Below is a non-exhaustive list of relatively well-known Baijiu brands, grouped by place of origin, in descending order of popularity (semi-arbitrary and subjective).

*Many other brands exist, but usually only produced, sold and consumed locally and therefore lesser-known and not included in the list.

Guizhou:
 * Kweichow Moutai (貴州茅台, Guìzhōu ''Máotái): This liquor has a production history of over 200 years, and originally coming from the town of Maotai in Guizhou. It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling process that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle. This liquor became known to the world after winning a gold medal at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, California. Mao Zedong served Moutai at state dinners during Richard Nixon's state visit to China, and Henry Kissinger once remarked to Deng Xiaoping that, "if we drink enough Maotai, we can solve anything". Alcohol content by volume: 53%.
 * Guizhou Xijiu (貴州習酒)
 * Zhaiyao (摘要酒)
 * Guotai (國台酒, Guotai Spirits) is distilled seven times to produce a crisp, clear flavor. The authentic spirit is made from wheat and a red sorghum cultivated in China's agricultural heartland. Guotai uses an ancient Chinese distillation process.

Sichuan: Beijing:
 * Wuliangye (, Wǔliángyè) is a strong, aged distilled liquor produced in the city of Yibin in southern Sichuan. Its factory includes a Liquor History Museum on its grounds. Wuliangye uses five grains (sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, corn, wheat) as its raw material, hence the name "Five-Grain Drink". The water which is used to brew Wuliangye is from the Min River. It has become one of the most famous liquor in china due to its unique taste.
 * Shuijing Fang (水井坊)
 * Jiannanchun (劍南春, jiàn nán chūn): Jiannanchun is baijiu produced in Mianzhu city, Sichuan province. Mianzhu in the Tang dynasty belongs to Jiannan zone, so-called "Jiannanchun". Liquor-making water is from Mianzhu northwest of the rare plateau water. The underground mineral water here is not affected by any foreign bacteria and surface water, forming the natural weak alkaline mineral water with excellent quality.
 * Luzhou Laojiao (瀘州老窖): Luzhou Laojiao is one of the most popular liquors in China, with the history extending over 400 years. It is known for the quality of its distillation along with its unique aroma and mouth-feel, the latter of which is due to the clay used within the brewing environment, which infuses the spirit with its taste.
 * Langjiu (郎酒)
 * Shedejiu (舍得酒)
 * Beijing Hongxing (红星, hóng xīng) is an amalgamation of twelve distilleries, including the erguotou originator, Yuan Sheng Hao. It was issued the first business license in the People's Republic of China.
 * Niulanshan (牛欄山, niú lán shān)

Hebei: Hunan: Shanxi:
 * Liulingzui Jiu (劉伶醉): Liulingzui originates from Wei and Jin dynasties. The wine is made by strictly following the traditional process of Five Utensils. Liulingzui has won a lot of prizes and awards: Special Gold Award of the Paris Exposition, the first batch of China Food Cultural Heritage, the first batch of China's Time-honored Brand, National Geographical Indication Products and the National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units.
 * Laobaigan (老白干)
 * Jiugui (酒鬼, jiǔguǐ, lit. "drunkard") is a clear distilled liquor made from spring water, sorghum, glutinous rice, and wheat. It is produced by the Hunan Jiugui Liquor Co., Ltd. in the town of Zhenwu near Jishou in the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in the western part of Hunan. It ranges from 38 to 54% alcohol by volume.

 * Xinghuacun Fenjiu (杏花村汾酒)

Shaanxi:

 * Xifengjiu (西鳳酒)

Anhui: Jiangxi:
 * Gujing-gongjiu (古井貢酒, gǔjǐinggongjiu, lit. "Ancient Well Tribute Liquor") is a traditional Chinese liquor made from water from a well in Bozhou, Anhui Province. The history began in Southern and Northern dynasty (AD196), people lived in Bozhou found that there was an old well that produced very clean and sweet, so they started using the water to produce the tea and grain wine. Then, it was famous in ancient China so people gave it to Emperor Xie Liu of Han as a tribute. It is produced by the Bozhou Gujinggongjiu Liquor Co., Ltd. at Anhui Province. It ranges from 38 to 50% alcohol by volume

 * Site (四特)

Jiangsu: Guangdong:
 * Yanghe (洋河, yánghé): Yanghe Daqu began to flourish in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and was presented as the tribute to Qing royals. After the founding of the country, the liquor was able to be enjoyed by citizens across the nation. Carrying on millennia of traditional craftsmanship, Yanghe Daqu uses only the highest quality sorghum as a base and only the best wheat, barley and peas as high-temperature fermenting agents.
 * Yuk Bing Siu Zau (玉冰燒酒, Yùbīng Shāojiǔ) or roulaoshao (肉醪燒, ròuláoshāo): a Cantonese rice liquor with over 100 years of history, made with steamed rice. After distillation, pork fat is stored with the liquor but removed before bottling. Its name probably derives from the brewing process: in Cantonese, "jade" (yuk) is a homophone of "meat", and bing means 'ice', which describes the appearance of the pork fat floating in the liquor. Cantonese rice wine breweries prospered in the Northern Song dynasty, when the Foshan area was exempted from alcohol tax. Alcohol content by volume: 30%.

title: Baijiu


text: User talk:209.82.52.82

title: User talk:209.82.52.82


text:
Talk:Greater long-tailed hamster

Moves
I'm moving this page so that it follows wikipedia convention: last word lowercase. --Aranae 04:46, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Moving it again to Greater Long-tailed Hamster. Ratlike hamster should be restricted to genus Cricetulus. --Aranae 00:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greater long-tailed hamster


text:
Central-West Region, Brazil

The Central-West or Center-West Region of Brazil (Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil ) is composed of the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul; along with Distrito Federal (Federal District), where Brazil's national capital, Brasília, is situated. The region comprises 18.86% of the national territory, and is the least populated in Brazil.

With the move of the country's federal capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília in the 1960s, the construction of roads and railways to the interior of the country made access to the region easier, speeding up population growth and contributing significantly to the region's development.

Mato Grosso do Sul was created in 1979, materializing the decision of the government to divide the then called state of Mato Grosso in two states to facilitate to the administration and the development of the region.

Brasília International Airport, Marechal Rondon International Airport, Campo Grande International Airport and Santa Genoveva Airport connects the Center-West region with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights.

The Center-West is home to the University of Brasília, University Center of Brasília, Federal University of Goiás, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Federal University of Mato Grosso and Federal University of Rondonópolis.

Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso is a state with a flat landscape that alternates between vast chapadas and plain areas. Mato Grosso contains three main ecosystems: the Cerrado, the Pantanal and the Amazon rainforest. Open pasture vegetation covers 40% of the state. The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, with caves, grottoes, tracks, and waterfalls, is one of its tourist attractions. In the north is the biodiverse Amazonian forest, which covers nearly half of the state. The Xingu Indigenous Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso. Further south, the Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, is the habitat for nearly one thousand species of animals and many aquatic birds.

Mato Grosso do Sul
The Pantanal covers 12 municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul and presents an enormous variety of flora and fauna, with forests, natural sand banks, savannahs, open pasture, fields and bushes. The area near Bonito has prehistoric caverns, natural rivers, waterfalls, swimming pools and the Blue Lake Cave. Mato Grosso do Sul has a humid subtropical and tropical climate.

The annual rainfall is 1,500 mm. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 34 °C (93.2 °F) and minima of 24 °C (75.2 °F) and more rain; July experiences the coldest temperatures, with mean maxima of 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) and sun. The cerrado landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation.

Goiás
The most populous state of the region, Goiás presents a landscape of plateaus and chapadões. At the height of the drought, from June to September, the lack of rain makes the level of the River Araguaia go down and brings up almost 2 km of beaches.

At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Chapadão do Céu, it is possible to observe the typical fauna and the flora from the region. At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the attractions include canyons, valleys, rapids and waterfalls. Other attractions are the historical city of Goiás (or Old Goiás), at 132 km from Goiânia, established at the beginning of the 18th century, and Caldas Novas, known for its hot springs.

Federal District
Located in the state of Goiás in a region called Planalto Central, the Federal District is divided in 31 administrative regions. Brasília - where the three branches of the federal government are located - is the main attraction of this dry area with only two seasons. The rainy season is from October to March.

During the dry season, the humidity can reach critical levels, mainly in the peak hours of the hottest days. The artificial lake of Paranoá, with almost 40 km2 and 500 million m3 of water, was built to minimize the severe climatic conditions of the winter. The region also attracts mystics, and in its surroundings one can find many temples of different religions and sectarian groups.

Demographics
The Central-West Region has 237 cities. The most populated are the following:

Education
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions

 * University of Brasília (UnB)
 * Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT)
 * Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG)
 * Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)

Agriculture

The Central-West Region produces 46% of the country's cereals, legumes and oilseeds: 111.5 million tons in 2020.

Mato Grosso leads as the largest national producer of grains in the country, with a 28.0% share, with Goiás (10.0%) in 4th place and Mato Grosso do Sul (7.9%) in 5th place.

Mato Grosso is the largest soy producer in Brazil, with 26.9% of the total produced in 2020 (33.0 million tons). In the 2019/20 harvest, Goiás was the fourth largest soybean producer, with 12.46 million tons. Mato Grosso do Sul produced 10.5 million tons in 2020, one of the largest producing states in Brazil, around fifth place. Brazil is the world's largest soybean producer, with 120 million tons harvested in 2019.

In 2017, Mato Grosso was the largest producer of maize in the country; fourth, Goiás. In 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul was also one of the largest maize producers in the country with 10.1 million tons. Brazil is the second largest corn producer in the world, with 107 million tons harvested in 2019.

Goiás is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the country, 11.3% of national production, with 75.7 million tons harvested in the 2019/20 harvest. Mato Grosso do Sul ranks fourth, with about 49 million tons harvested. Mato Grosso harvested 16 million tons, remaining in sixth place.

Mato Grosso is also the largest producer of cotton in Brazil, with around 65% of the national production (1.8 of the 2.8 million tons harvested in the country). Goiás is in fourth place.

Mato Grosso is the third largest producer of bean in the country, with 10.5% of the Brazilian production. Goiás was the fourth largest producer of beans in Brazil in the 2017/18 harvest, with 374 thousand tons, and has about 10% of the country's production. Brazil is the third largest producer of beans in the world.

Goiás and Minas Gerais represent 74.8% of the Brazilian production of sorghum. Goiás has the national leadership: it produced 44% of the Brazilian agricultural production in the 2019/2020 cycle, with a harvest of 1.09 million tons.

Goiás is also the leader in Brazilian tomato production: in 2019 it produced more than 1.2 million tons, a third of the country's total production.

The Central-West Region also has relevant productions of garlic, sunflower and manioc.

Livestock

In cattle, Brazil had almost 215 million head of cattle in 2017. The Center-West had 74 million head, 34.5% of the Brazilian total, being the leading region of the country. Regarding pork, Brazil had almost 42 million pigs in 2017. The Central-West had almost 15% of the total (6.2 million). In poultry, Brazil had a total of 1,400 million chickens in 2017. The Central-West had 12.2% of the total (172 million). In milk production, Brazil produced 33.5 billion liters in 2017. The Center-West produced 12% of the total (almost 4 billion liters). In egg production, Brazil produced 4.2 billion dozen in 2017. The Center-West produced 11.6% (489 million dozen).

Mining

Goiás has 4.58% of the national mining participation (3rd place in the country). In 2017, in nickel, Goiás and Pará are the only two producers in the country, with Goiás being the first in production, having obtained 154 thousand tons for a value of R $ 1.4 billion. In copper, it was the second largest producer in the country, with 242 thousand tons, at a value of R $ 1.4 billion. In gold, it was the fourth largest producer in the country, with 10.2 tons, with a value of R $ 823 million. In niobium (in the form of pyrochlor), it was the second largest producer in the country, with 27 thousand tons, with a value of R $ 312 million. In aluminum (bauxite), it was the 3rd largest producer in the country, with 766 thousand tons, for a value of R $ 51 million. Still in 2017, in the Center-West, Mato Grosso had 1.15% of the national mining participation (fifth place in the country) and Mato Grosso do Sul had 0.71% of the national mineral participation (sixth place in the country). Mato Grosso had production of gold (8.3 tons worth R $ 1 billion) and tin (536 tons worth R $ 16 million). Mato Grosso do Sul had production of iron (3.1 million tons with a value of R $ 324 million) and manganese (648 thousand tons with a value of R $ 299 million).

Industry

The Central-West has 6% of the country's industrial GDP.

In Brazil, the automotive sector represents about 22% of industrial GDP. Goiás has Mitsubishi, Suzuki and Hyundai factories.

In Três Lagoas, the production of paper and cellulose is considerable. Mato Grosso do Sul recorded growth above the national average in the production of pulp, reached the mark of 1 million hectares of planted eucalyptus trees, expanded its industrial park in the sector and consolidated itself as the largest exporter of the product in the country in the first quarter of 2020. Between the years 2010 to 2018, the production of Mato Grosso do Sul soared by 308%, reaching 17 million cubic meters of roundwood for paper and pulp in 2018. In 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul reached the leadership of exports in the product in the country, with 9.7 million tons sold: 22.20% of total Brazilian pulp exports that year.

Tourism and recreation
Tourism has grown at impressive speed in the last decades there, attracting visitors from several parts of Brazil and the world; who all enjoy the Region's flora and fauna riches, as well as its numerous marvelous views.

Located in the middle of the vast Central Upland, the Central-West Region reveals how attractive the tours in the interior of the country can be. Starting in the west part of Mato Grosso do Sul State and the southeast part of Mato Grosso State, we have Pantanal Mato-grossense; the largest swampy plain area in the world, cut by the Paraguai River. Its fauna and flora riches draw the attention of the world. In the same state, it's possible to take tours through pleasant places, such as Alta Floresta, where ecotourism is the greatest attraction; Bonito, one of the places with the most crystalline waters in the country; and Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, full of mountains and beautiful landscapes offered by the meadow vegetation.

Dividing the States of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás, the Araguaia River attracts numerous fishermen from all parts of Brazil and the world. And in the state of Goiás, historical attractions, such as Pirenópolis draw many visitors all year long, with its steep stone-paved streets and its colonial houses. Other attractions in the same state include Chapada dos Veadeiros and the National Park of Emas, where the contact with nature is the essence of the tours. In the Federal District, the National Park of Brasília is one of the greatest local attractions.

International airports
Brasília International Airport - President Juscelino Kubitschek (BSB/SBBR) serves the metropolitan area with major domestic and international flights. Brasília International Airport is the third largest in Brazil in terms of passenger movement. Because of its strategic location it is considered a civil aviation hub for the rest of the country. This makes for a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual flights to have to wait in the holding pattern to land. Following the airport's master plan, Infraero built a second runway, which was finished in 2006. The runway at Marechal Rondon International Airport was opened to traffic in 1956. In February 1975, Infraero took over the airport's administration and began various upgrades to meet the needs of the airport complex. As of 1996, Marechal Rondon Airport, located 10 km (6.21 mi) from the city center, started receiving international flights. Currently it serves more than 900 thousand passengers a year. The operation of Campo Grande International Airport is shared with the Campo Grande Air Base. The airport has two runways. Construction of the main runway, made of concrete, began in 1950 and was finished in 1953. The passenger terminal was concluded in 1964, and in 1967 concrete aprons were built for both military and civilian aircraft. As commercial aviation demand grew, it became necessary to widen the civil aircraft apron, which was completed 12 years after its construction. The airport has been administered by Inferaero since 1975.
 * Brasília
 * Cuiabá
 * Campo Grande

National Airport
Santa Genoveva Airport is the main airport of Goiânia, providing flights to major cities in Brazil. Modernization work is underway to construct a new runway and terminal to handle the growing number of air passenger in and out of Goiânia.
 * Goiânia

title: Central-West Region, Brazil


text:
Talk:Dynasties of China

Do we need a controversy section?
The whole idea that there are many different "dynasties" of one continuously existing country called "China" is increasingly challenged by many historians, such as Hidehiro Okada. It might be worth having a section about this in which the alternative view is at least mentioned. The alternative view is that we need to look at what happened in each period in its own terms, not necessarily as a stage on the way to the present-day situation. The story should be framed in a regional context, highlighting how peoples moved, states rose and fell, frontiers fluctuated, trade flowed and cultures hybridised.Nero Calatrava (talk) 15:33, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

 * This is a potentially interesting point, I always appreciate trying to unstick one's mind from structures like these if that's possible. I'm trying to look into the work of Okada now, do you have any starting points? Or, does anyone have any works in this historiographical area? Remsense  聊  06:31, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Given that this is going to be a heavily politically contentious point, I would recommend that a thorough discussion on exactly what is to be included in the section be held here before anyone makes WP:BOLD edits. I think such a section would be useful, especially considering that what was considered Chinese or not varied quite considerably thorought history. That said, nobody seems to have really raised similar issues in articles like History of Russia, even though the breadth of that article is... also potentially problematic. I would also be quite hesitant to start a section on this view based only on Japanese historians. Fermiboson (talk) 16:44, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, that would've been the second point I wanted to make. I just heard about the PRC putting the History of Qing project on ice this morning, apparently in large part due to New Qing History-related turbulence—and while this in summary is facially absurd and embarrassing and the PRC isn't interested in historiography for its own sake here—something Western observers very often forget is, the last time a lot of people outside China got really interested in the Manchu-ness of the Manchus, for example, it was due to the direct propaganda efforts of the empire carving a bloody colony out of the northeast of their country. So certainly, I think looking at Chinese perspectives is paramount. Remsense  聊  19:26, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

dates
The listing of dynasties would be far more useful if dates were attached to it, CE. That's what I came here looking for and I was sorry to see so much writing without such a useful feature. 108.51.169.236 (talk) 15:10, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Look at the column "Year" in the table. Double sharp (talk) 10:12, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 27 October 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: There is consensus to move to Dynasties of China. (non-admin closure) Fermiboson (talk) 01:53, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

Dynasties in Chinese history → Chinese dynasties – Seems a no-brainer, easiest WP:COMMONNAME, WP:PTOPIC name for the article. Remsense 聊  05:04, 27 October 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Polyamorph (talk) 06:40, 3 November 2023 (UTC)  — Relisting. – robertsky (talk) 17:54, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment Major dynasties like the Yuan and Qing were Mongol and Manchu respectively so using Chinese as an adjective might carry some ethnic connotations that are not entirely accurate. Killuminator (talk) 05:48, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It's an appropriate point to consider! But certainly, Chinese ≠ Han, and one might peruse the Qing's rhetoric about the Manchu (and Mongols, etc.) being an integral Chinese people group as an example of how there really aren't understood to be fraught ethnic connotations if they're simply called 'Chinese dynasties'—they're dynasties in China taking part in Chinese history, and those are often understood to be coterminous concepts, especially by modern scholarship in modern times. That's my understanding at least. Remsense  聊  05:58, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:NATURALNESS. It's a more natural title. Rreagan007 (talk) 18:31, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONCISE. Sutyarashi (talk) 17:20, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose instead use Dynasties of China; as this concerns rule of most of China, and not rule of non-China. Such as, where the Triệu dynasty is sometimes called the Chinese dynasty of Vietnam -- 65.92.247.90 (talk) 23:10, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * 65.92.247.90, is this a common name for the dynasty in English? — Remsense  聊  23:19, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The Vietnamese diaspora sometimes uses it to refer to it in English. Vietnamese nationalist scholars do as well. -- 65.92.247.90 (talk) 05:57, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * 65.92.247.90, this seems like a situation where a hatnote would be apropos? — Remsense  聊  06:00, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I find my suggestion a better fit though. It distinctly identifies the country (the region of the Heavenly Mandate) without the frequently confused demonyms/adjectives, and doesn't have any potential problem with ethnicity, language, and nationality concerns as Killuminator has pointed out with English language meaning of "Chinese", with the Mongolians (Yuan) with a sinitic civil service, the sinicized Jurchen/Manchu (Jin/Qing) -- 65.92.247.90 (talk) 05:18, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * 65.92.247.90, I do think your suggestion is good, and I appreciate your input! — Remsense  聊  10:58, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The current title is a better descriptive title. This article is about dynasties as a concept, framework, institution... The current title gets that across clearly. Srnec (talk) 11:23, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I know it's subtle, but could you explain why you feel the proposed title isn't equally descriptive? Remsense  聊  18:54, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Support; the naturalness argument is what convinced me. Either works though.  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 04:07, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: There seems to be a general support for a move, however it seems to be a split between "Chinese dynasties" or "Dynasties of China". Relisting to hopefully determine a clearer consensus. – robertsky (talk) 17:54, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * If consensus leans more towards Dynasties of China, then I fully support that, I think it's equally good. Remsense  聊  02:47, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject China has been notified of this discussion. – robertsky (talk) 17:55, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject History has been notified of this discussion. – robertsky (talk) 17:55, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Prefer Dynasties of China, mostly because English doesn't differentiate between an adjectivised toponym and a demonym. Folly Mox (talk) 18:43, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Also the move towards geographical words that can't be misconstrued as demonyms or ethnic labels is well established at CfD. I note the category for this article is already Category:Dynasties of China, not Category:Chinese dynasties. Folly Mox (talk) 18:47, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Prefer Dynasties of China. Consistent with Category:Dynasties of China and Dynasties of ancient Egypt. --Wengier (talk) 01:53, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree that Dynasties of China is preferable to the proposal, but I don't see how it is a big improvement over the current title. Srnec (talk) 01:39, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * One point i'd make toward it not being a WP:COMMONNAME, in a bit of a subtle way, is that it's somewhat redundant. A dynasty is a historical object already. It's like saying "Abacuses in Chinese mathematics" Remsense  聊  02:20, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support move to Dynasties of China. I think that this title is most natural. Also avoids the potential thorn of whether "Chinese" is used an ethnic descriptor (there were Manchus that ruled China for quite a while) or a national one. — Red-tailed hawk  (nest) 22:21, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Dynasties of China