text:
James Henry Reynolds

Lieutenant-Colonel James Henry Reynolds VC (3 February 1844 – 4 March 1932), born Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire), County Dublin, Ireland was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross for his actions at the Battle of Rorke's Drift, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was educated at Castleknock College and Trinity College, Dublin.

Details
Reynolds was 34 years old, and a Surgeon in the Army Medical Department (later Royal Army Medical Corps), British Army during the Zulu War when the following deed took place on 22/23 January 1879, at Rorke's Drift, Natal, South Africa, for which he was awarded the VC: "For the conspicuous bravery, during the attack at Rorke's Drift on the 22nd and 23rd January, 1879, which he exhibited in his constant attention to the wounded under fire, and in his voluntarily conveying ammunition from the store to the defenders of the Hospital, whereby he exposed himself to a cross-fire from the enemy both in going and returning."

Surgeon Reynolds also had by his side the whole time during the battle his fox terrier named Dick. Dick never wavered as shots and spears continued falling around them. He only left his side once to bite a Zulu who came too close. Dick was specially mentioned in the citation for "his constant attention to the wounded under the fire where they fell."

For his conduct in the battle, Reynolds was also promoted to Surgeon-Major (promotion dated 23 January 1879).

The battle was the subject of the 1964 film Zulu, with Reynolds portrayed by the actor Patrick Magee.

His account of the battle
"At 1.30 a large body of natives marched over the slope of Isandhlwana in our direction, their purpose evidently being to examine ravines and ruined kraals for hiding fugitives. These men we took to be our native contingent. Soon afterwards appeared four horsemen on the Natal side of the river galloping in the direction of our post, one of them was a regular soldier, and feeling they might possibly be messengers for additional medical assistance, I hurried down to the hospital as they rode up. They looked awfully scared, and I was at once startled to find one of them was riding Surgeon Major Shepherd's pony. They shouted frantically, ' The camp at Isandhlwana has been taken by the enemy and all our men in it massacred, that no power could stand against the enormous number of the Zulus, and the only chance for us all was in immediate flight.' Lieutenant Bromhead, Acting-Commissary Dalton, and myself, forthwith consulted together, Lieutenant Chard not having as yet joined us from the pontoon, and we quickly decided that with barricades well placed around our present position a stand could best be made where we were. Just at this period Mr. Dalton's energies were invaluable. Without the smallest delay, he called upon his men to carry the mealie sacks here and there for defences. Lieutenant Chard (R.E.) arrived as this work was in progress, and gave many useful orders as regards the lines of defence. He approved also of the hospital being taken in, and between the hospital orderlies, convalescent patients (eight or ten) and myself, we loopholed the building and made a continuation of the commissariat defences round it. The hospital however, occupied a wretched position, having a garden and shrubbery close by, which afterwards proved so favourable to the enemy; but comparing our prospects with that of the Isandhlwana affair, we felt that the mealie barriers might afford us a moderately fair chance.

At about 3.30 the enemy made their first appearance in a large crowd on the hospital side of our post, coming on in skirmishing order at a slow slinging run. We opened fire on them from the hospital at 600 yards, and although the bullets ploughed through their midst and knocked over many, there was no check or alteration made in their approach. As they got nearer they became more scattered, but the bulk of them rushed for the hospital and the garden in front of it.

We found ourselves quickly surrounded by the enemy with their strong force holding the garden and shrubbery. From all sides but especially the latter places, they poured on us a continuous fire, to which our men replied as quickly as they could reload their rifles. Again and again the Zulus pressed forward and retreated, until at last they forced themselves so daringly, and in such numbers, as to climb over the mealie sacks in front of the hospital, and drove the defenders from there behind an entrenchment of biscuit boxes, hastily formed with much judgement and forethought by Lieutenant Chard. A heavy fire from behind it was resumed with renewed confidence, and with little confusion or delay, checking successfully the natives, and permitting a semi flank fire from another part of the laager to play on them destructively. At this time too, the loopholes in the hospital were made great use of. It was however, only temporary, as, after a short respite, they came on again with renewed vigour. Some of them gained the hospital verandah, and there got hand to hand with our men defending the doors. Once they were driven back from here, but other soon pressed forward in their stead, and having occupied the verandah in larger numbers than before, pushed their way right into the hospital, where confusion on our side naturally followed. Everyone tried to escape as best they could, and owing to the rooms not communicating with one another, the difficulties were insurmountable. Private Hook, 2/24th Regiment, who was acting as hospital cook, and Private Connolly, 2/24th Regiment, a patient in hospital, made their way into the open at the back of the hospital by breaking a hole in the wall. Most of the patients escaped through a small window looking into what may be styled the neutral ground. Those who madly tried to get off by leaving the front of the hospital were all killed with the exception of Gunner Howard.

The only men actually killed in the hospital were three, excluding a Kaffir under treatment for compound fracture of the femur. The names were Sergeant Maxfield, Private Jenkins, both unable to assist in their escape, being debilitated by fever, and Private Adams, who was well able to move about, but could not be persuaded to leave his temporary refuge in a small room. The engagement continued more or less until about 7 o'clock p.m. and then, when we were beginning to consider our situation as rather hopeless, the fire from our opponents appreciably slackened giving us some time for reflection. Lieutenant Chard here again shined in resource. Anticipating the Zulus making one more united dash for the fort, and possibly gaining entrance, he converted an immense stack of mealies standing in the middle of our enclosure, and originally cone fashioned, into a comparatively safe place for a last retreat. Just as it was completed, smoke from the hospital appeared and shortly burst into flames. During the whole night following desultory fire was carried on by the enemy, and several feigned attacks were made, but nothing of a continued or determined effort was again attempted by them. About 6 o'clock a.m., we found, after careful reconnoitring, that all the Zulus with the exception of a couple of stragglers had left our immediate vicinity, and soon afterwards a large body of men were seen at a distance marching towards us.

I do not think it possible that men could have behaved better than did the 2/24th and the Army Hospital Corps (three), who were particularly forward during the whole attack"

The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of Military Medicine (Aldershot, England).

title: James Henry Reynolds


text:
George Renny (VC)

Major General George Alexander Renny VC (12 May 1825 – 5 January 1887) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
Renny was the son of a British merchant settled at Riga on the Baltic Sea. After moving to Scotland as a boy, he was educated at Montrose Academy and Addiscombe Military Seminary.

In June 1844 Renny was commissioned second lieutenant in the Bengal Horse Artillery, taking part in the First Sikh War, including the battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846. In 1849 he married Flora Hastings MacWhirter, the daughter of Dr John MacWhirter, late President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. They had three sons and three daughters.

Victoria Cross action
Renny was 32 years old, and a Lieutenant in the Bengal Horse Artillery, Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny on 16 September 1857 at siege of Delhi, when the following deed led to the award of the Victoria Cross:

The storming of Delhi took place between 14–16 September 1857, the aim of the British being to dislodge the mutineers and retake the city. When the Delhi Field Force renewed its advance on 16 September, its progress was steady and sustained. Siege guns had been brought into the city and began battering a breach in the repaired walls of the arsenal allowing the 61st Regiment and the Baluchi Battalion to storm the building.

Within the arsenal were no less than 171 guns and howitzers and a large quantity of ammunition. Realising the enormity of their loss, the mutineers mounted a serious counter-attack, covered by musketry fire from the roofs of nearby buildings. They set fire to the thatched roof of a shed containing explosives. With musket balls cracking around him and in imminent danger of being blown apart, Second Lieutenant Edward Thackeray of the Bengal Engineers extinguished the blaze. Simultaneously, Lieutenant George Renny of the Bengal Horse Artillery climbed the arsenal's wall and flung several shells with lighted fuses into the midst of the attackers. The carnage caused by the explosion of these put an end to the attack. Both Thackeray and Renny were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions.

The citation in the London Gazette of 12 April 1859 read:

Delhi, Indian Mutiny, 16 September 1857, Captain George Alexander Renny, Bengal Horse Artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel Farquhar, Commanding the 1st Belooch Regiment, reports that he was in command of the troops stationed in the Delhi magazine, after its capture on 16 September 1857. Early in the forenoon of that day, a vigorous attack was made on the post by the enemy, and was kept up with great force for some time, without the slightest chance of success. Under cover of a heavy cross fire from the high houses on the right flank of the magazine, and from Selinghur and the Palace, the enemy advanced to the high wall of the magazine, and endeavoured to set fire to a thatched roof. The roof was partially set fire to, which was extinguished at the spot by a Sepoy of the Belooch battalion, a soldier of the 61st Regiment having in vain attempted to do so.

The roof having been again set on fire, Captain Renny with great gallantry mounted to the top of the wall of the magazine, and flung several shells with lighted fuzes over into the midst of the enemy, which had an almost immediate effect, as the attack at once became feeble at that point, and soon after ceased there.

George Renny was invested with his Victoria Cross by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle on 9 November 1860.

Later life
After further service during the Indian Mutiny, Renny was promoted to captain in April 1858 and to brevet major in July 1858 for his services at Delhi. Becoming a brevet lieutenant-colonel in June 1867, he commanded a battery of horse artillery during the Hazara and Black Mountain campaign of 1868. He was promoted regimental lieutenant-colonel in August 1871, and brevet colonel in August 1876. He was granted the honorary rank of major general upon retirement in December 1878.

Major-General Renny died at his home in Bath, England on 5 January 1887, aged 61, and is buried in Locksbrook Cemetery. In early 2007 his grave was cleaned and refurbished by T Battery (Shah Sujah's Troop) Royal Artillery, successor unit of the Bengal Horse Artillery.

His Victoria Cross is displayed in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery of the Imperial War Museum in London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Renny (VC)


text:
Lithuanian Railways

Lithuanian Railways (Lietuvos geležinkeliai, abbr. LTG), is the national state-owned railway company of Lithuania. It operates most of the railway network in the country. It has several subsidiary companies, but the main ones are: LTG Link which provides passenger services, LTG Cargo which provides freight service, and LTG Infra which is responsible for the maintenance and development of the infrastructure.

During 2022, Lithuanian Railways transported 4.69 million passengers and 31.0 million tonnes of freight; the majority of freight conveyed comprised oil products and fertilizers.

History and structure
Lietuvos geležinkeliai was established in 1991 to operate the railways following the independence restoration. It provides numerous rail-related services, typically through its numerous subsidiary companies. While LTG Link is the provider for passenger services, while LTG Cargo is responsible for freight operations. Furthermore, another subsidiary, LTG Infra undertakes the maintenance and development of the railway infrastructure.

In 2008, in response to the Polish oil company PKN Orlen plans to reroute freight from its Lithuanian refinery at Mažeikiai to the Latvian port of Ventspils, the Lithuanian Railways unilaterally and intentionally dismantled the cross-border line to Latvia to prevent this. In 2017, the European Commission (EC) issued a €27.87 million fine to the Lithuanian Railways for breaching European Union (EU) competition law by the track's removal. In 2020, the cross-border line and the freight service was restored at a cost of €9.4m.

In May 2017, Lithuanian Railways was one of several companies that facilitated the launch of a new international tank container train service between Europe and China. In September of that same year, the first electrified cross-border trains started between Lithuania and Belarus. On 29 May 2018, the railway companies of the three Baltic states signed an agreement to launch a new intermodal freight service called Amber Train, linking Tallinn and Riga to the Lithuanian-Polish border at Šeštokai where they can be transhipped to the standard gauge network. EU funding was used to support some of these initiatives. During the late 2010s, there was a noticeable uptick in the volume of freight traffic traversing the Lithuanian rail network, along with corresponding increases in revenue.

Between 2018 and 2019, the company's Freight Transport, Passenger Transport and Railway Infrastructure Directorates were reorganized into separate companies, comprising LG CARGO, LG Keleiviams, and Lietuvos geležinkelių infrastruktura. The holding company LTG Group was also established, it remained a state owned enterprise; any excess profits not reinvested into the organisation is paid out to the Lithuanian government. A new group logo, mirroring the colours of the Lithuanian flag and symbolising movement, was also adopted at this time. During late 2020, the reorganisation was hailed for bolstering the competitiveness of Lithuania's railways and maintaining positive growth while also pursuing greater compliance with EU legislation.

One of the more high-profile infrastructure investments being made by LTG Infra in the wider Rail Baltica project, under which a standard gauge high-speed railway will be constructed between the Polish capital of Warsaw and the Estonian capital of Tallinn. The Lithuanian portion of the project involves a 392km line running north–south across the country as well as a new railway node being built in Kaunas to interface with the conventional network. Furthermore, during the late 2010s, a new strategy of widespread railway electrification was announced; specifically, a target for 39% of the Lithuanian rail network being electrified by 2030 was declared, a substantial increase over the 8% that already energised by 2020. Other areas of investment include track doubling, renovated communications, passenger information systems, energy efficiency schemes, routine maintenance, noise reduction, and track renewal programmes. In 2021, investment into key projects was reportedly doubled to €228.9 million, the majority of which was directed to infrastructure-related efforts.

In May 2020, a pilot freight train between Germany and Lithuania was operated under a partnership between LTG Cargo and the German intermodal specialist CargoBeamer. In September of that year, it was announced that LTG Link and the Polish operator PKP Intercity had signed a letter of intent to jointly develop a cross-border intercity passenger service between Vilnius and Warsaw. In March 2021, it was announced that the German specialist IVU Traffic Technologies would supply its digital resource planning and real-time traffic management software to the Lithuanian Railways. That same year, Lithuanian Railways issued multiple tenders calling for the provision of additional electric traction, including hybrid solutions.

In April 2022, LTG Link launched a new ticketing website, displaying more detailed information about services, customer service channels, and travel planning tools; the launch was connected to the introduction of a new smart ticket system that had been promised two years prior. In October 2022, a contract was awarded to ABB to supply 25kV AC electrification apparatus along the 730km line between Vilnius and Klaipeda.

Rolling stock
At the end of 2021, the fleet consisted of:

 * Locomotives:
 * 218 locomotives
 * TEP70, 2M62, TEM2, Siemens ER20
 * 28 DMUs
 * Pesa 730ML
 * 14 EMUs
 * Škoda EJ 575
 * ER9
 * 13 railcars
 * Pesa 620M, Pesa 630M
 * Wagons:
 * 23 passenger wagons
 * 42 EMU wagons
 * 92 DMU wagons
 * 7176 freight wagons

title: Lithuanian Railways


text:
Padre Burgos

Padre Burgos may refer to:
 * José Burgos, a martyred Filipino Catholic priest
 * Padre Burgos Avenue, a road in Manila, Philippines
 * Padre Burgos, Quezon, Philippines
 * Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte, Philippines
 * Padre Burgos, a 1949 biographical film directed by Gerardo de León

title: Padre Burgos


text:
Mata Amritanandamayi Math

[[File:MAM_Logo.jpg|thumb|260px|The Lotus of supreme devotion blossoms within and immanent knowledge arises as a result of the inner purification attained through the performance of selfless actions, using the instruments of the mind and the intellect. Such people who, through the proper integration of jnana ( #knowledge ), bhakti ( #devotion ), and karma ( #action ), become the embodiment of the divine sound Aum, spread a sweet and divine fragrance throughout the entire world.

The lotus leaves = mind and intellect

The lotus flower = devotion

Water = action

The sun = knowledge

The conch = the sacred sound, Aum.]]

The Mata Amritanandamayi Math (MAM) is an international charitable organization aimed at the spiritual and material upliftment of humankind. It was founded by Indian spiritual leader and humanitarian Mata Amritanandamayi in 1981, with its headquarters in Paryakadavu, Alappad Panchayat, Kollam district, kerala and is also known as amritpuri

. Along with its sister organization, the Mata Amritanandamayi Mission Trust, MAM conducts charitable work including disaster relief, healthcare for the poor, environmental programs, fighting hunger and scholarships for impoverished students, amongst others. It also runs the seven-campus university known as Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, 90 chain of English medium CBSE schools known as Amrita Vidyalayam, and classes in yoga, meditation and Sanskrit.

MAM is a volunteer organization, basing its activities on the principle of karma yoga (work as an offering to the divine). Its headquarters are home to more than 3,000 people, a mix of householders, monastics and monastic students. People make the pilgrimage to MAM every day in order to receive the blessings of Mata Amritanandamayi.

MAM, along with Amritanandamayi's other centers and organizations throughout the world function collectively under the umbrella title of Embracing the World.

Association with the United Nations
On July 24, 2005, in recognition of MAM's outstanding disaster-relief work and other humanitarian activities, the United Nations conferred Special Consultative Status to MAM, with its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), thus enabling collaboration with UN agencies. In December 2008, the UN's Department of Public Information approved MAM as an associated nongovernmental organization to help its work of disseminating information and research into humanitarian issues.

Disaster Relief
Beginning with the 2001, the Mata Amritanandamayi Math has consistently dedicated volunteers and resources in response to disasters within India. Its most extensive disaster-relief program followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In response, MAM provided a value of $46 million in relief, including the construction of 6,200 tsunami-resistant houses in India and Sri Lanka, as well as 700 new fishing boats. It also constructed a multimillion-dollar bridge providing Alappad Panchayat, a tsunami-at-risk peninsula community, an evacuation route to the mainland. MAM has provided a combination of medical care, food, shelter, monetary aid and other forms of relief following the flooding of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in 2009, Bihar in 2008, and Gujarat in 2005 and Bombay in 2005, as well as the Kashmir-Pakistan earthquake of 2005. It also reconstructed 1,200 homes following the 2001 Gujarat earthquake.

In connection with its sister organizations, such as the Mata Amritanandamayi Center in the United States, it also has responded to disasters outside India as well, including medical supplies, blankets and care for orphans following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a donation of $1 million U.S. to the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund, following Hurricane Katrina, and $1 million U.S. in relief aid to victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, with a focus on children orphaned in the disaster.

Empowering Women
MAM's Amrita SREE program was launched in 2006, with the goal of aiding 100,000 women through the development of 5,000 self-help groups. As of January 2011, there are more than 6,000 such groups, with more than 100,000 women participating throughout India. MAM has also set up an additional 1,000 self-help groups in Andaman Island. Through providing vocational education, start-up capital, marketing assistance and access to microcredit loans and microsavings accounts, the Amrita SREE program equips unemployed and economically vulnerable women with the skills and means to set up small-scale, cottage-industry businesses. As of January 2011, MAM has helped 3,500 groups to receive microcredit loans to expand their businesses, benefitting more than 60,000 families. In the aftermath of the 2004 Asian tsunami, India’s coastal communities found that the aquatic creatures —upon which they relied so heavily for sustenance—had been entirely disrupted. As with so many of their needs, hopes and sorrows, they brought this crisis to Amma. It was then that Amma, who recognized an urgent need for an alternate livelihood for every family in the tsunami-affected areas, launched the Ashram’s first community-based self-help programmes. It was Amma’s firm resolve that at least one member in each family engage in a profession that was not reliant upon increasingly unpredictable weather patterns. To that end, Mata Amritanandamayi Math (MAM) facilitated training in the following vocations:

Tailoring: MAM established nine tailoring schools and distributed 2,000 sewing machines—one to every program participant. Nursing: 450 women were provided free training in nursing assistance along with a stipend to study at AIMS (Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences—MAM’s super-specialty charitable hospital). Driving: 500 youths received free driving lessons and received driver’s licenses to facilitate employment as professional bus, truck and taxi drivers. Education: Seven eligible women received full scholarships to attend Amrita University Mysore’s School of Education and earned master's degrees in Education. Handicrafts: 1,500 women trained in making coir (coconut fiber) and coir-based products and over 150 women trained in handloom weaving. Electronic Repair: 200 youths trained in niche trades including mobile phone and TV/VCR repair; plumbing; fashion design and handmade bag production.

Plumbing Lessons For Women
AMMACHI (Amrita Multi-Model Applications using Computer-Human Interaction) labs of Amrita Engineering college has developed a plumbing course administered through simulation and haptic technologies.

Homes & Slum Renovation
In 1997 MAM launched its Amrita Kuteeram housing program, an initiative to build 25,000 homes for the homeless throughout India. In 1998, keys to the first 5,000 homes were distributed. The initial target was reached in 2002. Currently MAM is striving to build another 100,000 homes. As of January 2011, more than 40,000 such homes have been constructed. These homes include 1,200 built in order to rebuild three villages following the 2001 Gujarat earthquake and 6,200 built in order to replace homes destroyed by the Indian Ocean tsunami. Amrita Kuteeram homes have thus far been built in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Pondicherry, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andaman Island. Through its sister organization, the Mata Amritanandamayi Center, houses have also been constructed in Sri Lanka. Often Amrita Kuteerams are built not as single homes but as entire villages, complete with town halls, roads, wells, electricity, sewage systems and clean drinking water.

Community Outreach
MAM runs a number of programs aimed at the upliftment of the general community. These include Amrita Nidhi, a financial-aid program started in 1998 that provides monthly pensions for 50,000 widows and physically and mentally disadvantaged individuals. The pensions are given for life. It is MAM's stated goal to provide 100,000 such pensions.

MAM also runs four homes for the elderly, one in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, one in Kottayam, Kerala, and two in Karnataka (Karwar and Bangalore). The care homes include prayer halls where community functions and cultural programs are held on a regular basis.

For the benefit of youth, MAM runs a program called AYUDH, a movement to empower young people to integrate universal values into their daily lives. Members take part in service activities, including caring for the elderly, homeless and physically disadvantaged.

Meditation classes are also offered free to the general public. Monastic disciples and other volunteers teach Mata Amritanandamayi's Integrated Amrita Meditation Technique (IAM Technique) throughout the world. The technique is regularly being taught at schools, businesses, and at the request of the Indian government, to the 1.3 million members of India's paramilitary.

Other Community Outreach programs include sponsored weddings for impoverished couples, a prisoner's welfare project (through MA Center in USA), a seed-distribution program to promote home-grown food, and a hostel for women in Trissur, Kerala.

Care Homes for Children
MAM runs two care homes for children. Amrita Niketan is a facility for 500 children in Paripally, Kollam, Kerala. The majority of Amrita Niketan residents are from poor tribal communities. In 2009, through a sister organization known as Amma-Kenya, MAM started an orphanage in Nairobi for 108 children.

Education for Everyone
MAM has founded and manages a wide range of educational institutions for the underprivileged and disadvantaged sections of society. These include Amrita Speech & Hearing Improvement School (ASHIS) in Trissur, Kerala; the Amrita Institute for the Differently Abled (AIDA) in Kozhikode, Kerala; adult education classes in Idukki, Kerala, and in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu; and the Industrial Training Center (ITC) in Karungappally, Kerala. MAM also has runs schools for tribal children in Attappadi and Idukki, Kerala.

Furthermore, MAM is providing 32,000 scholarships to disadvantaged children, many of whom have lost a parent due to suicide or have a parent suffering from AIDS. Known as Vidyamritam, the scholarship program is currently running in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. It was originally started as part of MAM's campaign to curb India's problem of farmer suicide, by providing children of agricultural families a means to education that will expand their vocational options. It is MAM's stated goal to eventually provide 100,000 such scholarships throughout India.

Through Amma-Kenya, MAM runs the Amrita Vocational Training Center in Kenya, equipped with 35 computers.

Research for a Better World
Through MAM's university, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, volunteer researchers are conducting research and development in disciplines including nanotechnology, biotechnology, robotics and satellite-enabled software solutions. The stated goal behind the research is: "To harness the power of modern technology to provide effect, targeted aid to communities and individuals in crisis." Projects include a sensor network system for landslide detection, a high-quality low-cost insulin pump for diabetics, a system for early-cancer detection and stem-cell research.

Sakshat Amrita Vocational Education (SAVE) is a program funded by the Government of India's e-learning program, Sakshat. SAVE's goal is to provide vocational training to remote and impoverished areas through haptic devices. The Department of Biomedical Informatics at SUNY-Buffalo and Arizona State University are collaborating on the project.

Amrita Virtual Interactive E-learning World (AVIEW) is project developed by MAM researchers. AVIEW allows a teacher at one location to connect with students at another place, using Internet and satellite connectivity. Lectures are recorded and can be viewed later. AVIEW was inaugurated by the former President of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in 2009.

Healthcare
In 1998, MAM opened the Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (AIMS) in Cochin, Kerala. Most of AIMS' patients receive subsidized care. The hospital has 1,300 beds and an attached medical college with a 400-bed facility, as well as a 210-bed Intensive Care Facility. Since 1998, AIMS and MAM's other charitable medical institutions have treated more than 5.5 million patients.

AIMS has an extensive pain and palliative home-care program, telemedicine facilities and conducts medical camps in remote areas. MAM also runs four other charitable hospitals, including three in Kerala (one in Kalpetta, one in Pampa and one in Amritapuri) and one in Mysore, Karnataka.

MAM also runs an HIV/AIDS Care Center in Trivandrum, Kerala, the Amrita Kripa Sagar Cancer Hospice in Mumbai and the Amrita Health Center in Port Blair, Andaman Island.

Fighting Hunger
MAM feeds more than 10 million people every year throughout India, distributing uncooked rice, milk and other staples to remote tribal areas. Outside of India, through sister organizations such as Amma-Europe and the Mata Amritanandamayi Center in the USA, more than 1,000,000 meals to the homeless and hungry are provided annually.

Green Initiatives
MAM is a member of the United Nations Billion Tree Campaign and has organized the planting of more than one million trees throughout the world since 2001. MAM also has an international environmental organization to promote environmental awareness called GreenFriends. It also runs a Plastic Project that creates shopping bags, purses, sandals and hats, etc., through the weaving recycled plastic. In 2009, in New York, in the presence of Steven Clark Rockefeller, Amma endorsed the Earth Charter, a declaration of fundamental principles for building a sustainable and peaceful world.

Public Health
MAM started the Amala Bharatam Campaign (ABC) in 2010 in order to improve public health and restore India's physical beauty. Through ABC, MAM volunteers clean public areas, construct public toilets and spread awareness regarding environmentally friendly ways of disposing of trash.

Amrita Institutions
MAM runs a number of other institutions. On the educational front, there is the Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, a seven-campus, multi-disciplinary university and more than 90 Amrita Vidyalayam value-based CBSE high schools across India.

Amritapuri Ashram, MAM's headquarters in Kollam District, Kerala, is a spiritual center and international pilgrimage site, where free classes on Vedanta, Sanskrit, meditation and yoga are held. MAM has built and consecrated 20 Brahmasthanam Temples throughout India, and has hundreds of branch centers throughout the country as well. Amrita Kutambam, or Amrita Families, are community groups who come together for the purpose of group prayer and spiritual company.

MAM also publishes dozens of spiritual books and two magazines in various languages.

Awards
On February 19, 2010, the President of India Pratibha Patil bestowed the Dharma Khadgam Award to MAM in recognition of its charitable activities. MAM's president, Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, has received numerous awards for her role as the founder, inspiration and manager of MAM's charitable activities.

title: Mata Amritanandamayi Math


text:
File:VCThomasEdwardRendle.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Thomas Edward Rendle, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Franklyncards.

title: File:VCThomasEdwardRendle.jpg


text:
Thomas Edward Rendle

Sergeant Thomas Edward Rendle VC (14 December 1884 – 1 June 1946) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
He was 29 years old, and a bandsman in the 1st Battalion, The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 20 November 1914 near Wulverghem, Belgium, Bandsman Rendle attended to the wounded under very heavy rifle and shell fire and rescued men from the trenches in which they had been buried from the blowing in of the parapets by the fire of the enemy's heavy howitzers.

Later life
Rendle later achieved the rank of sergeant.

Rendle was a Freemason and was initiated into Needles Lodge No. 2838 on the Isle of Wight on 2 August 1916.

After the war, he emigrated to South Africa where he became bandmaster of the Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles.

The medal
His VC is displayed at the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry Museum in Victoria Barracks, Bodmin, Cornwall.

title: Thomas Edward Rendle


text:
Street medic

Street medics, or action medics, are volunteers with a minimum of first aid medical training supplemented by specific protest-related training, who attend protests and demonstrations as support or mutual aid roles to provide medical and wellness care. Unlike emergency medical technicians (EMTs) or paramedics, who have undergone education for professional medical care, street medics usually operate under Good Samaritan clauses and use methods learned through specific protest-medicine training programs which individuals are required to undertake in order to be recognized as a trained street medic.

Street medics may treat trauma injuries, chemical agent and other crowd control weapon ailments, animal attacks, as well as general care for things like heat stress or cold exposure, epileptic seizures, and general well-being.

History
Street medics originated in the U.S. during the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement in the 1960s. They conceived of medicine as self-defense, and provided medical support to the American Indian Movement (AIM), Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), Young Lords Party, Black Panther Party, and other revolutionary formations of the 1960s and 1970s. Street medics were also involved in free clinics developed by the groups they supported. The street medic pepper spray removal protocol (MOfibA - Mineral Oil followed immediately by Alcohol) was later adopted by the U.S. military. Because the MOfibA protocol can cause severe damage to the patient if done incorrectly, it was largely replaced by the LAW (Liquid Antacid and Water) protocol.

Interaction with law enforcement
Due to the nature of the work performed, street medics would inevitably be placed directly in the scene where a conflict between protesters and law enforcement occurs, which could bring potential harm to street medics. As identification, most street medics wear identifications that clearly display a red cross.

While combat medics on battlefields are protected by First Geneva Convention and must not be attacked while providing first aid, there is no agreement how should street medics be treated by law enforcement officers.

Another kind of Street Medic, tries to give individual Medical Treatment to the Homeless in Los Angeles and other Cities in the USA.

title: Street medic


text:
Herbert Taylor Reade

Herbert Taylor Reade (20 September 1828, Perth, Upper Canada – 23 June 1897, Bath), was a Canadian born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious British honour. The award was for gallantry in the face of the enemy.

He became a Doctor of Medicine in 1850, and joined the British Army as an Assistant Surgeon in November of that year.

Victoria Cross
He was 28 years old, and a surgeon in the 61st Regiment (later The Gloucestershire Regiment), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deeds took place during the Siege of Delhi for which he was awarded the VC: "61st Regiment, Surgeon Herbert Taylor Reade

Date of Acts of Bravery, September 14th and 16th, 1857

During the siege of Delhi, on the 14th of September, 1857, while Surgeon Reade was attending to the wounded, at the end of one of the streets of the city, a party of rebels advanced from the direction of the Bank, and having established themselves in the houses in the street, commenced firing from the roofs. The wounded were thus in very great danger, and would have fallen into the hands of the enemy, had not Surgeon Reade drawn his sword, and calling upon the few soldiers who were near to follow, succeeded, under a very heavy fire, in dislodging the rebels from their position. Surgeon Reade's party consisted of about ten in all, of whom two were killed, and five or six wounded.

Surgeon Reade also accompanied the regiment at the assault of Delhi, and, on the morning of the 16th September, 1857, was one of the first up at the breach in the magazine, which was stormed by the 61st Regiment and Belooch Battalion, upon which occasion he, with a sergeant of the 61st Regiment, spiked one of the enemy's guns."

Later life
He later achieved the rank of Surgeon General, and retired in 1887. After his military service, he served as a surgeon to Queen Victoria.

Reade is buried at Locksbrook Cemetery, Bath, Somerset, England. His headstone in located in section FJ, Grave 864. The headstone, in the form of a cross, has a carving of the Victoria Cross at the foot of the cross.

Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum.

title: Herbert Taylor Reade


text:
Shah Faisal Colony

Shah Faisal Colony, founded as Drigh Colony (Drigh Village Refugee Colony) is a residential and commercial area in Karachi, Sindh province of Pakistan.

Shah Faisal Colony having markets at Shah Faisal colony no 1 and 3 and having big food street at Shah Faisal colony no 2. Shah Faisal colony also have hospitals like Fauji Foundation Hospital and Al Mustafa Hospital.

History
It is founded in 1952.

It is located in Shah Faisal town of Korangi district.

The area is named after the late King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Drigh Colony was the previous name of this area.

It is the house of Drigh Colony railway station.

title: Shah Faisal Colony


text:
Talk:Olduvai theory/Archive 1

Olduvai theory first presented in 1989, not 2000
The article has been fixed.

Academic circles
Is the thoery accepted in academic circles? The article does not give any indication. Brianjd 02:10, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

q 08:52, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

The Olduvai theory is argued about in academic circles.

Merge - The Peak of World Oil Production and the Road to the Olduvai Gorge
I think the information on the above article should be merged into this article. But should the predictions be credited to the Olduvai theory or to Richard C. Duncan's paper with that title?

Brianjd 04:06, 2004 Nov 14 (UTC)

I thought I made it clear that the information in the above article should be copied to this article BEFORE creating the redirect, as should be standard practice on Wikipedia! Brianjd

Huh?
How could it be predicted in 1989 that something that had already lasted more than 100 years would last no more than 100 years? Michael Hardy 00:14, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

See "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge" by Richard C. Duncan (2000). Brianjd

Picture
It would be nice to get an illustration to go along with the article. A graph would make this much easier to understand. Would it be possible to get a public domain illustration to accompany the article?

Consistency
Duncan's theory has changed over the years in the specific details (but not in the general conclusions). I am unsure how to express that in the article. For example, in his 1996 paper Duncan has the limit of industrial society at 37% peak per capita energy use but in his 2005 paper he revises it down to 30% Also in his 2000 paper he introduces the analogies of slide, slope and cliff. Where as in the 2005 paper he revises the analogy to plateau and cliff.

How should the article be revised to reflect this?

- Suggest you present the original theory as text (noting that it is the original), then have one table showing the numbers versus the revision. You'd then have a nomenclature subsection detailing each of the analogies and what their purpose was, then have a table plotting nomenclature versus the revision. Jcday 19:58, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Peak Oil
Why were their references to peak oil production per capita in this article? The theory is based on energy use per capita not oil use per capita. I have removed those sections as didn't seem related to the theory. Also, why in the world should this be merged with Hubbert's peak?!? Hubbert's peak is about geological constraints on oil production for a given geographic area. It has nothing to do with per capita energy usage and its effects on modern civilization.

If Wikipedia wants to be scientifically accurate (and at least parts of it are), this article needs to stress that the usage of "theory" in this case is a complete misnomer. A "theory" is a well defined and EMPIRICALLY TESTED knowledge domain. This "theory" is not. It does not even have the characteristics of a scientific hypothesis. In contrast, "peak oil"/"Hubbert's peak" is a well tested description of events which have been observed in many oil producing regions on scales which range from single fields to complete oil producing countries (and beyond).

Population Increases in Developing Countries
This discussion is confusing - see below.

I would like to add the following, but Wikipedia should be completely factual, so this should be verified first:

"One of the arguments used by the paper is that energy production per capita has already begun falling. It must be remembered that most of the recent population increases have been in developing countries, which would cause a decrease in energy production per capita, even if there was no effect on developed countries."

OK, but that would still result in a reduction in energy per capita. Doesn't falsify the theory.

Energy use per capita is not a valid measure of living standards. This is pretty obvious to every commuter who spends two or three hours a day inside a car in a traffic jam. The energy used by the car that allows the driver to spend a remarkable fraction of their life in this completely unproductive state does not increase the driver's quality of life. And yet, the same amount of energy per capita could easily elevate most African countries to a remarkable level of prosperity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.47.14.162 (talk) 00:01, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Exile 12:39, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

That's exactly the point. This argument seems to imply a reduction in living standards, but it does not, because most of the population increases were in areas with below-average energy production per capita, so energy production per capita in developed countries might actually be increasing. Brianjd | Why restrict HTML? | 09:24, 2005 Mar 20 (UTC)

The paper states that energy production per capita has already begun falling, which I don't dispute. The paper then implies that this means that living standards are falling, which I do dispute. It could just mean that the population with below-average living standards is rising faster than the population with above-average living standards.

I think it should be mentioned in the article. Can someone verify it? Brian Jason Drake 06:25, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Olduvai Gorge
The article doesn't make it clear how the actual Olduvai gorge figures into this theory. Is it a metaphor? Are you going to be reduced to the level of the earliest pre-humans? Or what? --Jfruh 20:18, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * From Duncan's paper ...

I chose the name "Olduvai" because (1) it is justly famous, (2) I've been there, (3) its long hollow sound is eerie and ominous, and (4) it is a good metaphor for the 'Stone Age way of life'. In fact, the Olduvai way of life was (and still is) a sustainable way of life — local, tribal, and solar — and, for better or worse, our ancestors practiced it for millions of years.
 * --noösfractal 20:38, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Added this to article. Brian Jason Drake 06:58, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Great Depression comparison
Can we have something about how 2000-2005 hasn't resembled the Great Depression, and prove it with statistics? Superm401 | Talk 00:32, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * While 2000-2005 hasn't been a Great Depression, I'd say give the theory a bit more time, since the full 12 years has yet to elapse. If gas prices continue at their current rate, a great depression in a few years doesn't sound far fetched to me at all. After all, when gas prices rise so sharply, other prices will eventually be affected too (shipping rates increase, prices on all goods that must be shipped increase, etc.) -GamblinMonkey

 * -- "Can we have something about how 2000-2005 hasn't resembled the Great Depression?" -- How about something on how it has resembled the Great Depression?

 * - http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3236364.stm - BBC, 2003 -

 * "The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) annual report says nearly 850 million people go to bed hungry every night, mainly in Africa and Asia. The number of undernourished people is climbing by 5 million a year, it says."

 * - http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0708-01.htm - 2003 -

 * "Despite a widespread assumption that all countries are slowly getting richer, the report says that 54 are poorer now than they were in 1990, while life expectancy fell in 34 countries -- primarily because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic -- and 21 countries are hungrier than they were in 1990."

 * - http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0319-26.htm - 2005 -

 * "Time reports that nearly half of the world's 6 billion residents are poor. Over one billion of them subsist on less than $1 a day.

 * In the United States, according to the US Census Bureau, the number of impoverished Americans rose 3.7 percent in 2003. The number of children living in poverty rose 6.6 percent."

 * -- The entire population of the world during the Great Depression was on the order of 2.25 - 2.5 billion, so arguably more people now are living in conditions as bad or worse than those during the Depression. - 200.141.108.170 02:50, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This kind of explanation isn't scientific. That being said, this article as a whole needs its claims to be cited, especially in the "Details of the Theory". Whether or not the theory has been validated by experience, should be pointed out, and cited, and if this is not possible, then that it is not possible should be mentioned.  Themusicgod1 06:14, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Not only is it non scientific, it's simply wrong. Poverty, starvation and human suffering in general has seen tremendous reduction over the past decades, as described in Hans Rosling's talk here.  With the exception of sub-saharan Africa, humanity seems to be on the up and up.  TastyCakes (talk) 21:21, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Unemployment
Though I haven't read the paper, from the article it sounds like the author was focusing on unemployment when he compared the predicted economic climate of 2000-2005 to the Great Depression. From the research I have done, it appears we are not yet near the global unemployment rate of the Great Depression. The current global unemployment rate (as of 2004) is 6.1%, according to the International Labor Organization. However, I have yet to find any global figure for the Great Depression's rate. I have emailed the ILO and asked whether they can give me an estimate. Superm401 | Talk 14:28, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It is important to keep in mind that the paper was actually referring to the period 2000-12. It may be a bit early to compare predictions with results (see above). Brian Jason Drake 06:56, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Time's up! It is now 2012, so what is the bottom line on this "theory"'s predictions for this time period?Kdammers (talk) 03:44, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Import?
What has been the reception of this paper in peer-reviewed journals? Is this an important paper worthy of mention in an encyclopedia, or a minor, redundant, or ill-conceived paper, in the eyes of the scientific community? -- Beland 03:01, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Ditto. I don't see any mention of solar, fission or fusion.  And "we're running out of oil!!!DOOM!" started in the 1970s.  In adjusted dollars, gas isn't substantially more expensive and there are plenty of existing proved reserves and more coming online.  So what is he basing this on?Mzmadmike 03:31, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Reserves are not that important in all of this, provided you accept that there are a finite number of them, that they have finite capacity and that humans have finite ability to tap them. The need for energy is rising exponentially, particularly in massively developing economies, but our ability to address those needs is flat in many places and sub-linearly increasing in only a handful of countries. You may be able to run a store on credit schemes, but you can't run a power grid on power that doesn't yet exist.

 * To address your other points, the "peak oil" theory has now been largely accepted and the current timeline (already happened through to 2012) is generally taken as fact. This is about the time that was expected in the 1970s, so it seems a little unfair to slam them for being right about something. Gas is not substantially more expensive, but if peak oil has not been hit, there'll be no significant inflationary pressure on it. Even if it has been hit, it will take time - economies have massive latencies.

 * Other power sources? Solar power is great for heating water and cooking even as far north as Scotland, which could be used to relieve pressure on the power grid, but there is no real effort to deploy it. Wave power might have worked well, but the nuclear industry effectively killed the Salter Duck and other such systems some time back. Fission might be usable, but uranium reserves are extremely limited and a certain former oilman was quoted as saying that Iran didn't need nuclear power as it was awash with hydrocarbons. Whether he was right or not is not important. What matters is that they have been forbidden from using fission, whether they want to use it or not. Nobody has yet built a self-sustained fusion reaction, the political wars over where to build a test reactor demonstrated that politicos don't want a solution as much as they want status. The US could start building a dozen test reactors tomorrow if they wanted, with the best going online when complete. Much can be assembled in parallel, if you want to spend the money. If you want to pay the taxes needed to to this, fusion by 2010 could be achieved. Hands up all those who want to pay significantly higher taxes! --Jcday 20:33, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Small Uranium reserves in nonsense drummed up by the anti-nuke crowd.
 * Indeed, the world possesses uranium reserves sufficient to power it for hundreds if not thousands of years and are located in peaceful, stable places. And the comment about Iran is just plain confused - what does Iran not using nuclear have to do with the rest of the world?  This is the big picture, not one isolated (and in this case unique) situation.  And what are you babbling on about with fusion?  No one is suggesting that could be of any use to our energy situation except in the very long term.  You're ignoring the huge quantities of coal in the world, especially the US, and don't mention wind, the only renewable (other than hydro) that's even vaguely competitive at today's economics.
 * I would further add that peak oil being reached by 2012 is only "taken as fact" by people with the least to do with the industry. Oil companies and most middle eastern exporters (who are 75% of the story when it comes to reserves) are not nearly as accepting of this, and they ought to know much better than alarmist laymen screaming fire.  Will we reach peak production at some point and have to reduce our per capita energy use or else find some replacement for it in transportation etc?  Of course.  But I doubt it will be as early or as devastating as the stereotypical "peakers" (a group which, I'm sorry to say, I believe you fall into) would have us believe.  TastyCakes (talk) 21:43, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * On notability, neither Olduvai theory nor Richard C. Duncan appear in any articles on jstor, and Duncan's published papers have appeared in non-peer reviewed journals including 'The Social Contract Quarterly', Oil & Gas Journal, Population and Environment, and at least one peer reviewed journal, Natural Resources Research. Dialectric (talk) 14:32, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Green energy
Green energy reduces greatly the need for oil based energy sources. This theory takes nothing of green or alternative energy sources into account. Does anybody have any source showing it factored in? If not i'd say this theory did not take alternative energy sources into account, maybe a fatal flaw in a theory? I could be wrong. Mad_Gouki 16:23 4 July 2006 (EST)
 * Don't know about that, but I know George W. Bush and Dick Cheney have made their ranches solar powered and are stockpiling them up to harness alternative sources of energy... //// Pacific PanDeist * 06:42, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't have exact numbers but it is widely known that green energies are too much unproductive to tamper with oil substitution. Could be said that OT is about a bird's eye view, only making assumptions based on the overall energy world graphs, unconsidering in-depth analysis, and thus be completely wrong. But unless a deus ex machina new technology comes out of the blue, I would consider this scenario as a big possibility, even if it's dates calculation isn't exact and rigorous.

Ditto! And carbon induced global warming is likely to whack us hard well before oil reserves decline to 25% (note also that there is plenty more gas before we reach "peak-gas" I think and gas burns much cleaner (something like 2/3rds) than oil. The order of cleanliness is Coal, Oil, Gas but not exactly sure where shale and bitumen sands fit in (probably towards the coal end of the equation (th ey take alot more energy and therefore CO2 to refine to oil)). Nice idea but this guy is off the mark and sustainable energy sources whilst expensive are supportable with a huge effort on efficiency which also throws his calculations/predictions out again if we can do alot more with less which we can if the body politic and politcal had the wherewithall but then "global warming" will see to that if only we have the time - several decades or more - to make the switch to renewables and nuclear fission (unfortunately the latter is essential to avoid the depression he predicts and buy us more global warming time for the sustainable transition). 220.240.58.190 17:38, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * "Anthropogenic Global Warming" is a crack fantasy. Even if it weren't, the Earth receives 40% more energy from the Sun now than it did 4 billion years ago.  I can just hear the extinction events outside my windows./sarcasmMzmadmike 03:34, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, whether or not global warming is happening isn't the subject of this discussion. Green Energy might help us out, but, I mean, there will be a while at least after oil peaks when we'll be in a whole lot of trouble.  You have to consider, too, that he came up with this theory in the 1970s, and back then 'green energy' was a pipe dream.

Comments moved from main article
I'm not sure who the original author is, but this shouldn't be on the main page. —Viriditas | Talk 20:56, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

This site is no longer accessible. Some versions of this site, however, are available in the Internet Archive at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http%3A//www.halcyon.com/duncanrc/.

Help with dead link

 * If you have trouble getting the above hyperlink [at "web.archive.org"] to work ... then I would recommend to try this [other] "web.archive.org" URL, instead: http://web.archive.org/web/20020601155344/http://www.halcyon.com/duncanrc/
 * I hope that helps... --Mike Schwartz (talk) 18:31, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

"Stone Age" Why ?
Why would the depletion of oil reserves "send us back to the stone age" ? Surely the worst it would do would be to send us back to the medieval age ? 80.229.222.48 17:33, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The whole idea behind it is that - with the depletion of oil reserves, imagine a "Mad Max" or Apocalyptic world where oil becomes much more powerful than it is now (since machines run on it) - how will you stay warm in cold months? how will you see in the dark? how will you manufacture anything? The concept is that population depletion will occur from starvation, war, etc brought on by a number of things, whether it be hyperreaction to events, wars from resources, loss of production (and therefore, access) to food, etc. The list goes on and on. Rarelibra (talk) 23:44, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The above criticism points out an important flaw in the theory. What conditions would force a loss of the accumulated knowledge of mankind on the scale of the stone age? Even in conditions of war and instability, people can still use wood for fuel and construction, and knowledge of accumulated human knowledge of small structure building, farming, and animal husbandry, for instance, would continue to be applicable.(The world of 'Mad Max' might not be the best example of a stone age, as the dystopia involves guns and cars.) Dialectric (talk) 16:31, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Seems even weirder when you consider that the Olduvai Theory suggests that we would go back to 1930s era lifestyles. I'm pretty sure that the 1930s were way outside of the stone age.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.168.155.165 (talk) 00:49, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

It seems to me the language of "sending us back to the stone age" was used largely for dramatic effect. Which is not particularly surprising coming from someone that was, in my view, an alarmist doomsday guru. TastyCakes (talk) 21:49, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * And anybody who had described the events (banking collapses, lack of liquidity, price falls, etc) related to the economic downturn in 2008 before it happened would of been cast as a dramatic alarmist as well. It is the implications of a great technological reversal that is most relevant not the details of exactly what age would best describe a global collapse that is hypothesized in the theory. Besides that, the stone age may be apt if you consider that many people in Africa and Asia are currently living in pre-industrial age conditions and further impoverishment might mean a return to stone age-like conditions for them. - Shiftchange (talk) 22:44, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd say it's directly analogous to people that predicted a "great depression" out of the economic downturn you describe. That has proved (so far, knock on wood) to be hyperbole, just as, IMO, the Olduvai Theory is likely to prove hyperbole when it says it will send humans "back to the stone age".  TastyCakes (talk) 15:16, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Criticism?
The remark about postulate 2 being contradicted (through quotation 8 and 9) by the rise in energy consumption is incorrect. Duncans paper defines (e) as the ratio of enery production to population not energy consumption. Please provide other sources to support the claim or delete the remark. Prudentis (talk) 12:52, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It seems that Duncan himself uses both terms interchangeably (see OT page 11, "definitions"), so I guess the remark is valid. Prudentis (talk) 13:13, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

I’m somewhat surprised by the fact that this article seems to suggest that industrialized society began in 1930 (the height of the great depression). Frankly, a serious look at the Olduvai Theory has led me to believe it to be nothing more than a pseudo-Malthusian derivative. Industrialized society has been the norm of the United States since the beginning of the 20th century, and for England since the 1850s. In both cases, while there has been industrial slow down, the idea of total collapse as predicted by this theory is sheer lunacy and has already been disproved. And while I’m not an “authority” I think that some of what I just wrote should be noted somewhere in this article.

 * It is based on the Industrial Revolution, the effects of which were not fully in place until the 1930's. Remember - they lit up lower Manhattan in the late 1890's, but factories did not fully have electricity until the late 1920's. Rarelibra (talk) 23:45, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

First, I would profoundly disagree that we first began to feel the effects of the industrial revolution in the 1930's. I would defy you to find one credible source which says that.(Remember 1930 was the height of the great depression, US Steel was two year away from a negative output, and unemployment was nearly 1/3). Besides, your response does not explain the English Industrial Revolution which was going on since the 1850's with coal. And they have not collapsed into the stone age? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.165.62.46 (talk) 22:16, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

I am the same poster who posted above. This is not a legitimate theory. The Industrial Revolution and its effects were felt in the world LONG BEFORE 1930. This theory has about as much validity as geocentrism. I would further argue that the only grounds for not deleting the article outright would be because of its historicity. I will add these changes to the criticisms personally if they continue to be ignored by administrators. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.165.62.32 (talk) 19:41, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

More Criticism: as per the green energy section above, this theory seems not to take into account alternative energy. That section focuses on solar, but the alternative energy currently most exploited is hydroelectric power. the Hydroelectricity article sites statistics showing that almost 20% of the world's power is hydroelectric-generated, and given that many large river systems currently have no hydro in place, it seems an an area for significant potential growth in energy production; while the current tradeoffs, particularly environmental, of large dam projects are prohibitive, I imagine they would be overcome in the face of some sort of immanent population crash. Dialectric (talk) 11:40, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

I think that he was saying that the 1930s were when we first really started using a lot of oil. Before then, most of it came from coal, and the earliest industrial machines were actually just human powered machines that could produce things on a really massive scale. In short, 'industrial society' might not be the best description. 'Oil consuming society' might be better.

It is interesting that the actual research shows that per capita energy consumption increased, as one would expect. Worldwide births peaked in 2007, so if that "Malthusian collapse" is going to happen, it has to happen soon. 2001:569:FACB:DA00:781A:497A:5C2A:9A5A (talk) 19:55, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

Malthusian catastrophe / transient-pulse theory
Rethin1 edited the article, giving this edit summary:

 * rephrased the into to exclude reference to malthus as the subjet is unrelated

and replacing:

 * ...modern argument supporting the Malthusian catastrophe.

with:

 * ...quantitative basis of the transient-pulse theory of modern civilization.

Malthus is unrelated? According to that article, later formulations deal with economic growth limits, which are (presumably) closely related to energy production limits.

Also, what is the "transient-pulse theory of modern civilization"? I've never heard of it anywhere else. Brian Jason Drake 06:13, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Energy Per Capita
Please provide a definition of energy per capita instead of just assuming it is well-known.

thanks 173.115.204.189 (talk) 12:51, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

I think it is hardly possible to know exact figures of "energy per capita", because coal/oil/gas is not the same (and exactly now they are sure worse, because low hanging fruits are already picked), also there is problem with EROEI (net energy). US now producing more coal, than 10-15 years ago, but less energy, because of worse grades. And some of this "energy per capita" is used to get energy - growing biofuels, making wind/solar equipment, transporting water/chemicals for hydraulic fracturing. 88.222.99.66 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 11:47, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

Link to Mayan 2012 phenomenon?
The Olduvai cliff (2012–2030) - 'begins ... in 2012 when an epidemic of permanent blackouts spreads worldwide, i.e. first there are waves of brownouts and temporary blackouts, then finally the electric power networks themselves expire'

2012, anyone?

General Notability and Reference Issues
The majority of the references in this article are to primary sources authored by the theory's creator, Richard C. Duncan. Casual Google search shows it referenced on some blogs or older websites discussing peak oil, but I don't see much evidence of peer reviewed publication or significant discussion by secondary or tertiary sources. As it stands, the article looks like self-promotion of an eschatological theory. Is there any evidence that this theory has been widely discussed outside of the author's own work and a few peak oil websites? --Spasemunki (talk) 23:56, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Not obviously from the article. It should probably be deleted; but I find it fun to come back to this article every now and then to note just how wrong his predictions proved. Robofish (talk) 11:57, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:38, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Http karlnorth.com wp-content uploads 2017 09 olduvai-scenario.jpg

title: Talk:Olduvai theory/Archive 1


text: Category:427 deaths

title: Category:427 deaths


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the human erythrocyte

Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the human erythrocyte was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the human erythrocyte
Was listed for Speedy, but not a CSD. Bringing it here, instead. It is a copy/paste from, a government source. SWAdair | Talk 11:52, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. This is not encyclopaedic. --timc | Talk 11:55, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a report of a study, it means absolutely nothing to the layman, and people who do understand this sort of thing would and should not rely on Wikipedia for their information. Simply does not belong here. --Woggly 12:13, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or Cleanup. Has some potential to be useful for something, if someone can interpret it and put it into English so its understandable by non-scientific persons.  --Randy 12:25, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Is it not just an abstract of a research paper? --timc | Talk 12:58, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's an abstract, it's about a possible mechanism for metabolizing of second messenger nucleotides cAMP cGMP by red blood cells.  It's twenty years old and probably very out of date--Alfred Gilman and Martin Rodbell won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1994 for their discovery of G-Proteins; in 1984 the mechanism was much less fully understood.  And the abstract is not only non-encyclopedic, it's a copyright violation. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 13:50, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic, and it looks like a copyvio.  --Idont Havaname 23:42, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * comment. If it is from a government source, it is public domain --WhiteDragon 01:23, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * False assumption; it's an abstract of a paper which has had the abstract published online via a government organisation (I think PubMed is a branch of NIH). The copyright of the abstract remains with the publisher (or the author, depending on the journal, but it's usually safe to assume publisher) - in this case, whoever publishes Clin Physiol Biochem (Clinical Physiology and Biochemistry); some poking around on Web of Knowledge tells me they're a Munich-based organisation. Republishing the abstract is probably fair use, and almost certainly NIH has had permission granted for it anyway... but merely having had the government handle the information does not make it public domain. (Note also that the assumption breaks down if you're dealing with non-US governments...) Shimgray 20:31, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You can't assume that. A research paper and its abstract are the intellectual property of its authors, not the government. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 06:51, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I wish I understood it well enough to know if the topic is encyclopedic. Abstain --Improv 07:25, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Put it this way: I don't think there are any established facts in the article. It's research and (unless we have a cytology expert in the house) unverifiable.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 07:29, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, the conclusions are factual, I guess, insamuch as anything in a research paper is. However... it's been cited three (only three) times since 1984 that I can find in a citation search - once by one of the original authors, once by one of their co-authors on that paper, and a third time in 1995. That almost certainly classes as "not significant". Shimgray 20:35, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete:This should not be a debate about the merits of the material. It is an abstract of someone's research. The subject is real, but in its current state this article is not valid. This is about the article and how it is a straight copy/paste.Raazer 09:27, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Henry Blake

Henry Blake may refer to:

 * Sir Henry Arthur Blake (1840–1918), British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong
 * Henry Blake (baseball) (1874–1919), American baseball player
 * Henry Blake (lighthouse keeper) (1837–1871), American lighthouse keeper
 * Sir Henry Charles Blake, 4th Baronet (1794–1880), of the Blake baronets
 * Henry N. Blake (1838–1935), first chief justice of the Montana Supreme Court after statehood

Fictional characters

 * Henry Blake (M*A*S*H), a character in the television series M*A*S*H

title: Henry Blake


text: Category:People from Kansas

title: Category:People from Kansas


text:
Pemangkat

Pemangkat (Chinese: 邦戛, Pinyin: Bāngjiá) is a coastal town in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is located in the northwest of the provincial capital Pontianak.

Demographic
Most of the Pemangkat population are Malay and Tionghoa. The natives of Pemangkat are commonly referred to in Hakka language as Pangkatnyin, meaning people of Pemangkat.

Geography
Pemangkat has a famous temple, Shin Mu Nyong, which is located on the Elephant mount (Gunung Gajah). This temple is a worship place to a god whom local Chinese believe to be protecting fishermen when sailing out on the sea. This small town still practices many traditional Chinese cultures which can rarely be seen in other places. It has many natural resorts, such as Selindung waterfall, Tanjung Batu beach and Sinam beach.

title: Pemangkat


text:
Cossington, Kent

Cossington is a small farm settlement on Blue Bell Hill north of Maidstone in the English county of Kent.

It is the site of a spring and also the site of a now lost group of sarsen stones thought to possibly be the remains of a Neolithic chambered long barrow and one of the Medway megaliths. The area is very close to the nearby sites of Kit's Coty House and the Countless Stones.

Little is known of the stones at Cossington; the lack of available knowledge and antiquarian interest at the site may mean that they may not be megalithic remains but natural periglacial stones. The upstanding stones may have been destroyed in the nineteenth century to provide building stone for the military garrisons at Sheerness and Chatham further downstream in the Medway valley.

In 1980 four stones buried in a pit were found in the area by a local farmer who broke his plough on them. The precise location has not been shared by the archaeologist who excavated them, apparently for fear of treasure hunters.

title: Cossington, Kent


text:
Talk:Lou Reed

Lou Reed - Bettye Kronstad
Removal of the outside reference # 58 and the line from that reference which is here included in quotation marks:

Reed married Bettye Kronstad in 1973. "She later said he had been a violent drunk when on tour.[58]" I seriously doubt the only thing to say about Bettye Kronstad other than that Reed married her is this very negative comment that has been chosen to represent his first wife, which is patently offensive. The woman supported him emotionally, personally and professionally as his confident, muse and best friend, as well as the first love he married. There are several songs Reed wrote where she is mentioned or referred to including, most obviously "Perfect Day," which he wrote for her after they spent a day together, about which Reed specifically commented in an interview when asked who/what the song was about. His reply was that the song was about a guy and the girl and a day they spent together in so many words. Obviously, Reed loved and cared about her a great deal, and considering how long she stayed with him and through one of the most turbulent periods of his life, it is offensive that this should be her only mention -- that she called him a violent drunk when on tour. Even if she did say that, it was in response to a question, and the quote is being cherry picked. Kronstad wrote a memoir entitled PERFECT DAY about their five year relationship and there's plenty of quotes where she says incredibly beautiful, sensitive and moving things about him as a person, a writer and a musician/performer, let alone the newspaper articles she has written and is quoted saying very beautiful things about her first husband as an artist and a person. Please remove this offensive inclusion, and if you'd like me to make a suggestion as to what you could replace it with, you can contact me at my email address, which you have with my registration.

Thank you!

Satelliteofluv Satelliteoflov (talk) 20:53, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Why not edit the article yourself with more complete reliably sourced information yourself? --John (User:Jwy/talk) 02:20, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, I’ve never edited a Wiki entry before, but would like to learn, as Bettye deserves a proper inclusion here, which would credibly represent her role in his life and career. Satelliteoflov (talk) 04:25, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Addiction
"Reed's work did not translate into sales, leading him deeper into drug addiction and alcoholism." This is absolute rubbish. There is *nothing* noteworthy about an addict spiraling down into severe disability, death, and/or the need for institutional care. Blaming his lack of commercial success FOR his addictions has the cart before the horse. It's more likely that his compromised executive function was a primary CAUSE of his career nose-dive.98.17.181.251 (talk) 18:46, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lou Reed


text:
Paul Zacharia

Paul Zacharia, popularly known mononymously as Zacharia, is an Indian writer of Malayalam literature. Known for his body of literary works composed of short stories, novellas, travelogues, screenplays, essays, columns and children's books, Zacharia is a distinguished fellow of Kerala Sahitya Akademi. He is also a recipient of the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story.

Biography
Born Mundattuchundayil Paul Scaria (M.P. Scaria) on June 5, 1945, in Urulikunnam, near Kottayam, then in Travancore, Zacharia was the youngest of the three children of M. S. Paul Mundattuchundayil, a farmer, and his wife, Thresiakutty Paul. His early education was at Sree Dayananda Primary School, a local school in Urulikunnam and later he continued his studies at St Joseph's High School, Vilakumadom from where he matriculated in 1960. Subsequently, he completed the pre-University course at St. Thomas College, Palai in 1961 and moved to St. Philomena's College, Mysore to earn his bachelor's degree in English Literature, History, and Economics in 1964. His post-graduate education was at the Central College of Bangalore and after earning a master's degree in English literature in 1966, he started his career as a lecturer of English at MES College, Malleswaram where he worked for a year.

Returning to his home state, Zacharia joined St. Dominic's College, Kanjirappally in 1967 as a lecturer and stayed there until his move to Coimbatore in 1971 to take up the position of the area manager of Ruby Tyre and Rubber Works, Bengaluru. His stay in Coimbatore lasted only a year and shifted his base to New Delhi to spend the next two decades there, working with various media and publishing houses such as Affiliated East-West Press, All India Management Association (AIMA), Press Trust of India (PTI) and the Malayalam edition of the India Today. He returned to Kerala in 1993 and was a part of the group that founded Asianet. There, he also co-hosted a show, Patravisesham, the first television program review, along with a senior journalist, B. R. P. Bhaskar, which ran for 7 years.

Zacharia lives in Thiruvananthapuram.

Literary career
Zacharia has been compared to Jorge Luis Borges as he has limited his creative writing to short stories and novellas. He writes regularly for Kerala's leading newspapers and magazines, has been a public speaker for over two decades airing his non-conformist stance in politics, and his writing is marked by humour and unconventional themes. His columns and articles in English have also appeared in national periodicals such as ‘India Today’, ‘Outlook’, ‘The Week’, ‘The Hindu’ ‘Deccan Herald,’ ‘The Pioneer’, ‘The Times of India’ ‘The Economic Times’, ‘The Hindustan Times,’ ‘Tehelka’, ‘The New Indian Express’ and ‘The Indian Express’.

A keen traveller, Zacharia has published travelogues on Africa, England, Saudi Arabia, and China, as well as the Kumbh Mela. In his writing career spanning six decades, he has been the recipient of several awards and honours such as the Kendra Sahitya Akademi (Indian Academy of Literature) Award and Kerala Sahitya Akademi (Kerala Academy of Literature) Award. In November 2013 he was elected a Distinguished Fellow of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi.

Paul Zacharia is a member of the Press Club of India, New Delhi and Trivandrum Club, Thiruvananthapuram. He lives in Thiruvananthapuram, and is married to Lalitha. They have a daughter and a son.

Collections of essays

 * Govindam Bhaja Moodamathe – Current Books, Kottayam, 1992
 * Matha Amrithanandamayi: Bhagyavathiyum Nirbhagyavathiyum – Current Books, Thrissoor, 1999
 * Matham, samskaram, Mathamoulikavaadam – Current Books, Thrissoor, 2001
 * Amrithanandamayi: Khattam Randu – Haritham Books, Kozhikode, 2003
 * Kayyoppukal, Haritham Books, Kozhikode, 2003
 * Sthuthiyayirikkatte – Rainbow Books, Chengannoor, 2004
 * Italian Connection – Sankeerthanam Publications, Kollam, 2006
 * Chavattukuttakal Undakunnathu – Pulari Books, Chennai, 2007
 * Njan Ezhuthunnathu Enthukondu? – Sankeerthanam Publications, Kollam, 2008
 * Bhakthiyum Pathrapravarthanavum – Olive Books, Kozhikode, 2009
 * Ezhuthukaaranu Parayanullathu, Green Books, 2017
 * Maayaasooryan, Green Books, 2017
 * Ezhuthukaarkku Indiakku Vendi Enthu Cheyyan Kazhiyum? Olive Books. 2017
 * Njan Ezhuthunnathu Enthukondu? – Sankeerthanam Publications, Kollam, 2008
 * Bhakthiyum Pathrapravarthanavum – Olive Books, Kozhikode, 2009
 * Ezhuthukaaranu Parayanullathu, Green Books, 2017
 * Maayaasooryan, Green Books, 2017
 * Ezhuthukaarkku Indiakku Vendi Enthu Cheyyan Kazhiyum? Olive Books. 2017
 * Maayaasooryan, Green Books, 2017
 * Ezhuthukaarkku Indiakku Vendi Enthu Cheyyan Kazhiyum? Olive Books. 2017

Children's literature

 * Vaayanasaala, – Kearal State Institute of Children’s Literature, Trivandrum, 2008''
 * Padayaali – Kerala State Institute of Children's  Literature, Trivandrum, 2009
 * Shanthanuvinte Pakshikal – Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature, Trivandrum, 2011

Translations into Malayalam

 * Bhavanayude Anthyam – Arundhathi Roy, DC Books, Kottayam, 1999
 * Njangal Ningalkku Bhoomi Vittaal – Chief Seattle's speech, DC Books, Kottayam, 2010
 * Oru Enthinenthinu Penkutty – Mahaswetha Devi, Tulika, Chennai, 2003

Screenplays

 * Janani – Sign Books, Trivandrum, 2005
 * Janani – Sign Books, Trivandrum, 2005

TV serials

 * Kairalivilasam Lodge, Doordarshan, Thiruvananthapuram, 1988

English

 * This is My Name - The Little Magazine, New Delhi, 2002 (extract from full translation)
 * This is My Name - The Little Magazine, New Delhi, 2002 (extract from full translation)
 * This is My Name - The Little Magazine, New Delhi, 2002 (extract from full translation)
 * This is My Name - The Little Magazine, New Delhi, 2002 (extract from full translation)
 * This is My Name - The Little Magazine, New Delhi, 2002 (extract from full translation)

Kodava

 * Babu Patela- Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy, Madikeri, 1996

Awards

 * Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award (Indian Academy of Literature)
 * Ezhuthachan Puraskaram 2020
 * Vallathol Award 2019
 * Mathrubhumi Literary Award 2023
 * Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story (Kerala Academy of Literature)
 * Distinguished Fellowship of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi

title: Paul Zacharia