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Wisteria Lane

Wisteria Lane is the name of a fictional street at the center of U.S. television drama series Desperate Housewives. Desperate Housewives storylines primarily center on the residents of the street. The set for Wisteria Lane is located inside Universal Studios Hollywood, and is actually named Colonial Street, an area that has been used for many motion pictures and television shows. Other film and television productions in which Colonial Street has featured include the original Leave It to Beaver series, Gremlins, The 'Burbs, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Production
In 2005, for the second season of Desperate Housewives, the street went through some heavy changes. During the first season only one part of the street had been seen on the show – the cul-de-sac at the end of the street, known as 'Circle Drive' among film crews, had been left out. Now the majority of the buildings and facades in this part of the street were either heavily remodeled or removed. Among the most noticeable changes were the removals of a church facade, seen on Murder, She Wrote, in order to make room for Edie's house, and of the so-called Colonial Mansion, which was replaced by a park. In the film Beethoven's 3rd (2000) the street can clearly be seen with the shops and the church still in place around 'Circle Drive'. The shot begins in circle drive at the shops then Mrs McCluskey's, Lynette's, Katherine's, Bree's, Susan's, Mary Alice's, Betty's and Gaby's are also in shot. The shot then continues into Gaby's driveway and then down the rest of the street. Colonial Street – including Circle Drive – has sixteen main buildings, with three of them located outside the Desperate Housewives filming area. The house closest to the settings, located next to what's called 4348 Wisteria Lane within the show, is being used by guards to stop any unauthorized access to "Wisteria Lane".

Lots
The following overview is based upon details and maps given within the show as well as Universal Studios' official website - see below for further details.

No. 4344
No.4344 This house was used only once on the show, in season 2. Lisa Sidmen and her son live there. This house is just an empty shell and is largely uncared for.

No. 4345
No. 4345

This house has never been used on the show and was seen only once in season 5. It appears to be an old abandoned house.

No. 4346
No. 4346

This house was owned by Sharon Shesin in season 2. Mona Clarke was shown living here with her husband and her children in season 5. After her death in season 6 it is assumed that the Clarke family moved out.

No. 4347
No. 4347 is the Greenbergs' house. Ida Greenberg resides here in seasons 1-4. After her death, the house is temporarily occupied by Karen McCluskey. Since season 6 it has been occupied by Mitzi Kinsky. This house is actually a facade and has no interiors.

No. 4348
No. 4348 is Rose Kemper's house from season 1 through season 5. In season 5 she goes to live in a nursing home, and it is unknown who resides there after. This house is in truth just an empty shell.

No. 4349
No. 4349 is the home of Carlos and Gabrielle Solis, who have lived there since the summer of 2003. They move out to a mansion in Beverly Hills a year after the series ends. This house has an actual entry and living room. All other interiors shots are filmed on a soundstage in the studio. The backyard of this house (with pool and jacuzzi) was filmed on an actual house in San Fernando Valley.

No. 4350
No. 4350 (commonly known as the Old Huber House) is owned in season 1 by Martha Huber, who had owned the house years earlier as well. After her house burns down, Edie Britt resides with Martha until her new house is re-built. When Paul Young murders her, her sister Felicia Tilman moves in. Felicia stays in the house until the end of season two, where she frames Paul for her "death". This house has an actual first floor (entry, kitchen and living room). The second floor does not exist and was not rebuilt on a soundstage.

Bree Van de Kamp buys the house for her son Andrew Van de Kamp and his partner Alex Cominis in season five. They are still shown living there in season seven. In the middle of the season, Alex moves out because of Andrew's alcohol problems. By the second half of season eight, Andrew has to move out as well since he lost his job, so he moves back in with Bree.

No. 4351
No. 4351 is the house of the Mullins Family for the vast majority of season 1. Then Betty Applewhite and her son Mathew Applewhite move in at the end of Season 1 and stay there for the duration of season 2. Then it is briefly owned by Alma Hodge during Season 3. Then, Beginning in season 4, it is owned by Bob Hunter and Lee McDermott. In season 7 Lee sells his house to Paul Young, and is implied to have gotten it back after Paul returned to prison.

The house for 4351 was strictly avoided by the Desperate Housewives filming crew during season one. This was because it was considered to be too recognizable since being the main setting of The Munsters. Following the decision to introduce the Applewhites, and having them living in the Munster home, the house was completely remodeled. This house has an actual first floor(entry, living room, kitchen and dining room). Second floor is rebuilt on a soundstage in the studio.

No. 4352
No. 4352 is the home of Mary Alice Young. In season five the house has been painted green and the archway and the beginning of the house has been removed. The Youngs moved in the house in 1990.

In season one, Mary Alice kills herself and leaves the house to be maintained by her husband Paul Young and her son Zachary Young. The two remain in the house until season two, when Paul is arrested for the apparent murder of Felicia Tilman, and Zach inherits his grandfather's fortune. The house is then put on the market by Edie Britt, who sells it to Arthur Shepherd. Art moves out after his sister's death and the residents convincing themselves that he is a pedophile.

In season five, the house is bought by Edie and Dave Williams who rents the house out to Mike Delfino. Mike stays in the house until he moves into Katherine Mayfair's house.

In season six, the Bolen family moves in. The family stay in the house until the end of the season, where Angie Bolen and Nick Bolen move to Atlanta, and their son Danny Bolen goes to New York.

In season seven, the house is reclaimed by Paul Young, who lives across the road in Susan's house. Towards the end of season seven, Paul Young confesses about Martha Huber's murder. In season eight, the resident of 4352 is unknown.

This house has a partial first floor (entry, living room and dining room). All other inside shots(kitchen, family room and second floor) are filmed on a soundstage in the studio. The house is a reproduction of the original Leave it to Beaver house and was constructed for the 1997 Universal film of the same name.

No. 4353
No. 4353 is Susan Mayer's house. Paul Young rented the house throughout the seventh season, with his new wife Beth Young, until Beth kills herself, and Paul soon lets Susan and Mike move back in.

The Mayers moved into the house in 1992. Before season one, Susan lived in the house with her husband Karl Mayer, they divorced and throughout the first four seasons, Susan lived with her daughter Julie Mayer. Her off-and-on relationship meant that Mike Delfino often stayed. At the end of season three, Susan and Mike married, so Mike became a permanent resident.

They remained together in season four. At the end of season four, Julie moved out to go to college, and Susan gave birth to Maynard James Delfino. In season five, Susan and Mike divorced, and Susan started seeing Jackson Braddock. Jackson wanted to move in, but Susan did not allow him to. At the end of season five, Susan and Mike remarried and live in 4353 for season 6.

At the end of season six, Susan and Mike move to an apartment and rent out their house due to financial troubles; unknown to them, Paul Young moves in with his wife Beth. In season seven, Paul finds out the truth about Beth and he throws her out.

In the end of season seven, Mike, Susan and MJ all move back into 4353, when Paul Young is arrested for murder. In season eight, they came back on the lane, but later Mike was murdered by a loan shark. Susan decides to sell her house at the end of the series to a couple named Jennifer and Steve, who are hiding a secret. This house has an actual entry, a dining room and a kitchen. All other interior shots (living room and second floor) are filmed on a soundstage in the studio.

No. 4354
No. 4354 is Bree and Rex Van de Kamp's house. Together in this house, they raised their children, Andrew Van de Kamp and Danielle Van de Kamp. They moved into the house in 1994.

In season three, Bree remarries to Orson Hodge and he becomes a permanent resident in the house. Gloria Hodge, Orson's mother also moves in, a few episodes later and remains until she is kicked out by Bree.

In season four, Danielle gives birth to Benjamin Hodge and he stays in Bree's care until season five. With this, both Andrew and Danielle move out as well. Also at the end of season four, Orson goes to jail for Bree and stays there for three years. When he is released, he returns to the home.

In season five Bree's garage has been reconverted into her and Katherine's test kitchen. The ground floor contains the kitchen and the top floor contains their offices.

At the close of season six, Orson moves out after asking for a divorce. In season seven Bree's contractor boyfriend Keith moves in with her. But when Keith finds out he has a son, the relationship starts to crumble. He tries to get Bree to move to Florida but it ends up in only him leaving. In season eight, Andrew moves back in due to financial reasons.

Three years after the series end, Bree and her former lawyer/new husband, Trip Weston, move off the lane to Kentucky.

This house has no interiors, with it being used as a break room for the cast and crew. Along with Lynette's house, it is one of only two houses to have a backyard on the Colonial Street set.

No. 4355
No. 4355 is the Scavos' house. Since the beginning Lynette and Tom Scavo have owned the house. They moved into the house in 1997, living there with their five children, Preston Scavo, Porter Scavo, Parker Scavo, Penny Scavo, Paige Scavo, and Kayla Huttington Scavo. Kayla lives in the house full-time for the middle of season three and all of season four. In season seven, Porter and Preston move out. By the end of season seven, Lynette and Tom decide to separate and divorce after a long fight between the two. In season eight Tom moves out and the twins, Porter and Preston, move back in temporarily. Tom moves back in during the two part finale as they reconcile. They move out four weeks later to New York City where they live in a penthouse overlooking Central Park. This house is just a shell with no interiors. Interior shots are filmed on a soundstage in the studio.

No. 4356
No. 4356 is commonly known as the Simms House (before season one), The Delfino House (first three seasons), Mayfair House (season four to season six), the Graham House (first half of season seven) and then The Tilman House (middle of season seven to end of season seven). It is assumed that Katherine Mayfair sold the house to Emma Graham (Dana Glover), and then she sold it to Paul in season 7. Felicia Tilman was the owner of the house after inheriting it from her daughter, Beth. Ben Faulkner moved into the house at the start of season eight. It is not known whether Ben still lives in this house or if he moved in with his new wife Renee.

No. 4358
No. 4358 is the home of Karen McCluskey. She is one of the oldest residents on the lane and has lived there for 35 years. After the tornado in "Something's Coming", Karen's home was completely destroyed. A replacement blue house has been constructed in time for the fifth season. This house has a working second floor.

In season six, Karen starts a relationship with Roy Bender and he moves in. They marry in between the end of season six and beginning of season seven. Not wanting to return to Bree, Orson Hodge had arranged to stay with them, but Bree took him back.

Karen dies in the series finale so the house is only occupied by Roy.

No. 4362
No. 4362 is the home of Edie Britt until her death in season five. She moved onto the Lane sometime in early 2003. The original house was burned down by Susan Mayer in the pilot episode. The house was rebuilt for season two in 2005.

At the beginning of season seven, the house was rented by Renee Perry, a college friend of Lynette's. It is not known whether Renee still lives in this house or if she moved in with her new husband Ben. For unknown reasons, in episodes "Sorry Grateful" and "Finishing the Hat" the numbers on the door of Renee's house were changed to 4359.

Residents
These are the known residents of Wisteria Lane, covering episodes (1.01—5.24). Note that no residents 4348 (Drew House) and 4360 Wisteria Lane have been mentioned, although an unnamed woman, played by an uncredited actress, is seen living in no. 4360 in episode 4.02. Also in Season 2, there is a black haired woman living here. In Season 3, there is a blonde haired cheating housewife here. Also, in Season 3, Mrs McCluskey is seen reporting a man washing his pet Pig on the lawn of 4360. Most likely neighborhood big mouth Mona Clark lives here, although in Season 5 she is shown living at the Corner House.

Changes
Before the large changes to the set after Season One, 4360 and 4362 Wisteria Lane, as well as the park, situated around the cul-de-sac, were not shown.

Where 4360 Wisteria Lane was built, was formerly store façades and a school façade. At 4362, Edie Britt's home, was originally a church façade that was removed. That church was seen in Murder, She Wrote (1984) as "Cabot Cove's community church". Where the park is now (see map), was previously a relatively larger home, "Colonial Mansion." In season 1 Susan Mayer burns down Edie Britt's house and there are changes to the kitchen and exterior.

Before the start of Season 4, Mike's old house is completely remodeled. The walls around the staircase have been torn down to open up the ground floor completely. Both the upstairs and downstairs are re-wallpapered with bright reds and pastel colors. Gabrielle Giaquinta resided in the Delfino house for awhile, before Mike moved back in with Susan and M.J.

After the tornado in "Something's Coming", Karen McCluskey's home was completely destroyed. A replacement blue house has been constructed in time for the fifth season. This house has a working 2nd floor. In addition to this, the former residence of Mary Alice Young has been painted green and the archway and the beginning of the house has been removed. Bree's garage has been reconverted into her and Katherine's test kitchen. The ground floor contains the kitchen and the top floor contains their offices. Also in season five 4350, the former home of Martha Huber and Felicia Tilman has been painted a pale yellow - green color however by the time of season six it has been restored to its original color, green.

It is revealed during "Color and Light" (Season 2) that Mona Clark lived at number 4360. But in season 5 and 6 we can see that she lived in 4348. She was, however, strictly a background character and was even credited at Mother #2, until her death in the Season 6 episode "If...".

1989-1996 Colonial Street map
The official website of Universal Studios Hollywood presents a map of Colonial Street, as it looked between 1989 and 1996. Besides the changes made during the first year of Desperate Housewives, the main difference between this map and the current look of the street is that the houses known in Desperate Housewives as 4352 Wisteria Lane and 4354 Wisteria Lane (Mary Alice's and Bree's houses) replaced two older buildings in 1996.

Mike's map
In episode two of Desperate Housewives, "Ah, But Underneath", a map of the street and details about its residents is seen in one of Mike's lockers. This map confirms the location of Susan's, Lynette's, Gabrielle's, Bree's, Mary Alice's, Mike's and Martha Huber's houses, as well as the existence of one house between Susan's and Gabrielle's, one house beyond Gabrielle's and one house beyond Mike's. However, it does not cover the part of the street that include the house on the far side of Martha Huber's house, nor the buildings around the cul-de-sac, which wasn't included in the show's setting at the time. With two exceptions, all ten houses have the same number as otherwise stated in the series.

There are some differences between Mike's map and the established version:
 * Although most house numbers are the same as otherwise stated, there are two exceptions: The house between Susan's and Gabrielle's houses (later known as the Applewhite house) is noted as 4354, and Bree's house is said to be 4359. Generally these houses are shown to be 4351 and 4354 Wisteria Lane, respectively, with Mike's map being the only exception.
 * The residents of the house between the houses of Gabrielle and of Susan are said to be Trent and Debra Nelson, although the Mullins is mentioned in the dialogue earlier in the same episode. This is the only time the Nelson's names has occurred in the series.
 * The resident of 4347 Wisteria Lane is not said to be Ida Greenberg - this character is not introduced until episode five, "Come In, Stranger". Instead there are two other names noted, but too blurry to be read properly. However, Morris, their last name, is readable. Also, one of them seems to be named Gary, and they're 42 and 38 years old respectively.
 * Also to be noted is that Lynette's daughter Penny is called Daisy on the map.

In addition, although the camera briefly passes by 4358 Wisteria Lane - the house that (starting with episode 14, "Love Is in the Air") would be known as Karen McCluskey's home - it turns away before any names are shown.

"Behind Closed Doors" map
A map of Wisteria Lane is also included in the official season one companion book, Desperate Housewives: Behind Closed Doors, published in 2005. This map does not show the house numbers but confirms the existence and location of most Wisteria Lane houses to appear on the show. The exceptions are the three buildings beyond Karen McCluskey's house, which were not added to the shows filming location until season two. Also - while most of the houses on the map are labeled "The Scavo House", "The Young House" etc., the houses now known as the McCluskey house, the Greenberg house and 4348 Wisteria Lane, are left without any description.

title: Wisteria Lane


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A Tale of Two Springfields

"A Tale of Two Springfields" is the second episode of the twelfth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 250th episode of the series overall in both broadcast and production order. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 5, 2000. In the episode, Homer discovers that Springfield has two different area codes and ends up leading a revolt that splits the town in two.

The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Shaun Cashman and guest starred the Who. The episode was inspired by Don Payne, based on the area where his mother lived, where one side of town would spread rumors about the other side. Larry Doyle then pitched that the two sides of Springfield would be divided because of a telephone area code. The episode features cultural references to the Who and the Norman Rockwell painting Freedom of Speech, and has received positive reviews from critics.

In November 2004, Channel 4 chose this episode to be the first episode to be broadcast on the channel, having taken the terrestrial rights to air the show from BBC Two.

Plot
A badger takes up residence in Santa's Little Helper's doghouse. After several failed attempts to lure it out (including sending in Homer, whom the badger attacks), Homer calls animal control. When he is unable to get through, Marge explains that the phone company has introduced a new area code to Springfield. Half of the town keeps the original 636 area code, the other has 939. Homer becomes infuriated when he loses out on winning tickets to see the Who live in concert to Mr. Burns in a radio show's give-away. At a town meeting, after being shown a patronising, deflective film produced by the telephone company, Homer rallies an angry mob to protest the change, noting that the upper class side of town got to keep their area code while the poorer half were forced to switch. After failing to detonate a bomb vest he wore to the meeting, Homer then proposes that the town split into two halves, and the mob agrees.

Homer is declared mayor of New Springfield. After Homer pelts Mayor Quimby with beer cans (whilst the latter was giving a speech calling for conciliation), tensions arise between the two towns. Old Springfield businesses discriminate against customers from New Springfield, and condescend to them on the nightly news. Bart and Homer shut off the power to Old Springfield. Old Springfield hijacks a beer truck heading for New Springfield and dumps its contents in the river; Homer and New Springfield then cut off their water supply. When the lack of water reveals gold in the river bed, making Old Springfield even richer and allowing the town to purchase a French water factory, an enraged Homer has a wall built between the two towns. However, a lack of supplies and sanitation drives all of the New Springfield residents over to Old Springfield, leaving the Simpsons alone.

Bitter, Homer attempts to sabotage the Who concert in Old Springfield by convincing them to play in New Springfield instead. When the people of Old Springfield realize this, they confront the Simpsons at the wall. After a brief riot during which flaming garbage is catapulted into New Springfield, the members of the Who hear about the area code problem and suggest that the townspeople get speed dial. Pete Townshend's opening riff from "Won't Get Fooled Again" crumbles the wall, and the citizens of Springfield reunite and dance to the music as the badger leads an animal invasion of the town.

Production
The episode was pitched by John Frink and Don Payne. The episode was inspired by Don Payne's mother's neighborhood, where one side would spread rumors about the other side. Larry Doyle then pitched that the sides split apart because of different area codes. During production the staff did not want one side to be slobs like Homer Simpson and the other snobs like Mr. Burns, but this ended up happening in the final product. The writers later created a website about what badgers eat.

The phone from the educational cartoon was voiced by Dan Castellaneta. Pete Townshend did not guest star in the episode as he did not know he would be providing his own voice and assumed someone else would, as in Yellow Submarine. Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle and Pete's brother Paul Townshend provided guest voices in the episode. After a number of calls were made by the show's casting director in Los Angeles to the Who's managers in London, the group agreed to appear on the show. The Who recorded their lines in England, but weighed in on script details. During the production the staff decided to animate Keith Moon in honor of him since he died in 1978 instead of the Who's current drummer Zak Starkey.

Deleted scenes
When Roger Daltrey hits Marge with his microphone he improvised and said "Shut the fuck up, Marge." This was later included in the deleted scenes on The Simpsons – The Complete Twelfth Season DVD release. In the TV broadcast version, Daltrey says "Get out of the way, Marge".

Cultural references
The episode title is a play on the name of Charles Dickens' novel, A Tale of Two Cities. When Homer stands up in the press conference it is a reference to Norman Rockwell's painting Freedom of Speech. When it is suggested that Homer be the mayor of New Springfield, he imagines himself in the opening sequence of The Rifleman, instead as the Mayor. The scene in which Homer and Marge take a picture is a staff in-joke about "Trash of the Titans" when the voice director told Bono to smile. The episode also features several references to the Who, including "Magic Bus" and Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy. Moe's comment "That fat, dumb, and bald guy sure plays a mean hardball" is a reference to a Who song, "Pinball Wizard". The wall itself is a reference to the Berlin Wall, with "New Springfield" representing East Berlin.

The two telephone area codes used in the episode are actual area codes in the North American Numbering Plan. 636 is assigned to phone numbers in the western suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri, while 939 is primarily used by mobile phones in Puerto Rico.

Reception
Colin Jacobson of the DVD Movie Guide gave the episode a positive review saying "Maybe it’s the low expectations that accompany 21st century Simpsons episodes, but “Tale” works for me. It takes a simple premise and turns in a good number of strong comedic bits. Hey, and a mention of “golden showers” keeps the Season 12 perverted sexual practices streak going!", although he criticized the animation of the Who other than Daltrey, saying that "That’s particularly odd in the case of Pete, as he’d gone awfully bald and gray by 2000." Jennifer Malkowski of the DVD Verdict said the greatest moment was a tie between "Sacred bond" and "Who huddle." Nancy Basile of About.com gave the episode a 5 writing "Finally! I loved this episode because, flashy guest stars aside, it got back to the heart and soul of the show."

In 2007, Simon Crerar of The Times listed the Who's performance as one of the thirty-three funniest cameos in the history of the show. There was a backlash from Internet fans who found the scene of Homer nearly getting disemboweled by the badger and showing his internal organs to Lisa to be too disgusting for The Simpsons, citing the gore to be more at home in such animated shows as South Park and Family Guy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A Tale of Two Springfields


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Members of the Australian Senate, 1999–2002

This is a list of members of the Australian Senate from 1999 to 2002. Half of the state senators had been elected at the March 1996 election and had terms due to finish on 30 June 2002; the other half of the state senators were elected at the October 1998 election and had terms due to finish on 30 June 2005. The territory senators were elected at the October 1998 election and their terms ended at the next federal election, which was November 2001.


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Walter Browne

Walter Shawn Browne (10 January 1949 – 24 June 2015) was an Australian-born American chess and poker player. Awarded the title Grandmaster by FIDE in 1970, he won the U.S. Chess Championship six times.

Early years
Browne was born to an American father and an Australian mother in Sydney. His family moved to the New York area when he was age 3. Browne moved to California in 1973.

Browne won the U.S. Junior Championship in 1966.

Browne had dual Australian and American citizenship until he was 21, and represented Australia for a short time. He won the 1969 Australian Chess Championship. He tied first with Renato Naranja while representing Australia at the 1969 Asian Zonal tournament in Singapore, earning the International Master title, though Naranja qualified for the 1970 Interzonal on tie breaks.

His zonal result earned him an invitation to an international grandmaster tournament in San Juan, Puerto Rico. There, he gained the Grandmaster title by tying for 2nd–4th places, with Bruno Parma and Arthur Bisguier, behind reigning world champion Boris Spassky. He became the first Grandmaster born after World War II.

Browne played for Australia at the 1970 and 1972 Chess Olympiads, before switching to representing the United States in 1974.

U.S. championships
He won the U.S. Chess Championship six times. His victories were at Chicago 1974 with 9½/13, Oberlin 1975 with 8½/13, Mentor 1977 with 9/13, Greenville 1980 with 7½/12, South Bend 1981 with 9/14, and 1983 with 9/13. Of these six titles, three were shared, with three-way ties in 1980 and 1983, and a two-way split in 1981. His six titles have been exceeded only by the eight titles of Bobby Fischer, all won outright by at least a point, and Samuel Reshevsky.

Interzonals
Browne qualified for three Interzonal tournaments, but never came close to qualification for the Candidates Tournament. At the Manila Interzonal 1976, Browne scored 8½/19 for 15th place. At the Las Palmas Interzonal 1982, he placed last of 14 contestants with 3/13. Finally, at the Taxco Interzonal 1985, he scored 6½/15 for a tied 9–13th place.

Olympiads
Browne generally performed well at the Chess Olympiad in his six appearances. He represented Australia twice and the United States four times, winning a total of five medals, all bronze. He scored 55½/86 points (+40−15=31), for 64.5 percent. His detailed results, from olimpbase.org, follow.

 * Siegen 1970, Australia board 1, 14/19 (+10–1=8);
 * Skopje 1972, Australia board 1, 17½/22 (+15–2=5), board bronze;
 * Nice 1974, United States board 3, 10½/17 (+7–3=7), team bronze;
 * Buenos Aires 1978, United States board 2, 4½/9 (+3–3=3), team bronze;
 * Lucerne 1982, United States board 1, 5½/10 (+4–3=3), team bronze;
 * Thessaloniki 1984, United States board 4, 3½/9 (+1–3=5), team bronze.

Other results
Browne was a dominant presence in American chess in the 1970s and 1980s. Aside from his U.S. Championship wins, he also won the National Open eleven times, the American Open seven times, the World Open three times, and the U.S. Open Chess Championship twice (1971 and 1972).

Browne also enjoyed many international successes from the early 1970s into the mid-1980s. His international firsts include Venice 1971, Wijk aan Zee 1974, Winnipeg 1974 (Pan American Championship), Lone Pine 1974, Mannheim 1975, Reykjavík 1978, Wijk aan Zee 1980, Chile 1981, Indonesia 1982 (shared  with Ron Henley in a 26-player round-robin tournament), the 1983 New York Open, Gjøvik 1983, and Naestved 1985. His chess accomplishments earned him not one but two nicknames: "Six-time" and "King of the Swiss."

However, after dominating the U.S. Championship for a decade, Browne was unable to approach the same level in that event after 1983. In U.S. Championships, he scored just 7½/17 in 1984, 6½/13 in 1985, 6/15 in 1986, 6/13 in 1987, and 6/15 in 1989. He won the 1991 Canadian Open Chess Championship.

Later life
Browne was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 2003. He won the U.S. Senior Open in June 2005. In 2012 he published an autobiography and collection of his best games, The Stress of Chess ... and its Infinite Finesse.

In December 2014, he won the Pan-American Senior Championship in the 65+ age category, held in São Paulo, Brazil. On 22 June 2015, Browne played in the 50th Anniversary National Open Chess Championship at the Westgate Resort and Casino in Las Vegas. He tied for 9th–15th. At the 2015 Las Vegas International Chess Festival, Browne also gave a 25-board simultaneous exhibition, a lecture series, and taught a chess camp. That same weekend, Browne took byes in the National Open so he could play in the 2015 Senior Event at the World Series of Poker. He played well but did not win money.

After a week of chess and poker, Browne stayed at the home of a lifelong friend in Las Vegas, and died in his sleep on 24 June 2015. He was 66. He was survived by his wife of 42 years, Dr. Raquel Browne, a clinical psychologist, their three sons, and eight grandchildren.

Playing style
Browne tended to spend a lot of his allotted time during the opening moves and early middlegame; consequently, he often wound up in. This sometimes led to mistakes, even though Browne played well in time trouble, and good play during this phase could unsettle his opponents. A world-class speed chess player, Browne in 1988 formed the World Blitz Chess Association, but it ended in 2004 after encountering financial troubles.

As Browne's play improved through the 1970s, his deportment and demeanor at tournaments reportedly changed as well:"With this improvement in play there also came a marked improvement in tournament etiquette and behaviour. Always noted for his fighting spirit, there had been a number of occasions when his allegedly unsporting behaviour had offended both organizers and players alike. But the new Browne, while retaining his competitive and aggressive spirit, was more amenable to tournament discipline and in consequence a more formidable grandmaster."

Notable games
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Be7 4.Nf3 Nf6 5.Bg5 0-0 6.e3 Nbd7 7.Bd3 dxc4 8.Bxc4 c5 9.0-0 a6 10.a4 cxd4 11.exd4 Nb6 12.Bb3 Bd7 13.Ne5 Bc6 14.Bc2 Nbd5 15.Bb1 Nb4 16.Re1 g6 17.Bh6 Re8 18.Ra3 Qd6 19.Ne2 Rad8 20.Rh3 Qd5 21.Nf3 Qa5 22.Nc3 Nbd5 23.Ne5 Nxc3 24.bxc3 Bxa4 25.Qe2 Bd7 26.Bg5 Nd5 27.Nxf7 Bxg5 28.Rxh7 Nf6 29.Bxg6 Nxh7 30.Qh5 Qxc3 31.Qxh7+ Kf8 32.Rf1 Qxd4 33.Ne5 Qf4 34.Nxd7+ Rxd7 35.Qh8+ Ke7 36.Qxe8+ Kf6 37.Qxd7 Kxg6 38.Qxe6+ Bf6 39.Qe8+ Kh6 40.g3 Qb4 41.Re1 a5 42.Re6 Qb2 43.Qf7 Kg5 44.h4+ Kg4 45.Qg6+ Kh3 46.Qf5
 * One of Browne's best games, a coruscating against International Master Bernard Zuckerman:
 * Browne vs. Zuckerman, New York 1973

1.d4 e6 2.c4 b6 3.d5 Ba6 4.e4 exd5 5.exd5 Nf6 6.Nc3 Bb4 7.Qe2+ Be7 8.Qc2 c6 9.Bd3 b5 10.cxb5 cxb5 11.Nge2 b4 12.Ne4 Nxd5 13.0-0 0-0 14.Rd1 Qa5 15.N2g3 g6 16.Bh6 Re8 17.Qd2 Nf6 18.Qf4 Qb6 19.Bxa6 Nxa6 20.Rd6 Bxd6 21.Nxf6+ Kh8 22.Bg7+ Kxg7 23.Ngh5+ gxh5 24.Qg5+ Kh8 25.Qh6 Bxh2+ 26.Kh1 Qxf6 27.Qxf6+ Kg8 28.Qg5+ Kh8 29.Qf6+ Kg8 30.Qg5+ Kh8 31.Kxh2 Re6 32.Rd1 Rg8 33.Qf4 Reg6 34.g3 f6 35.Rxd7 Nc5 36.Rd6 h4 37.Qxh4 a5 38.Qd4 1–0
 * Another brilliant win, this one against grandmaster Larry Christiansen:
 * Browne vs. Christiansen, U.S. Championship 1977

Poker
Browne was a professional poker player starting in the early 1970s. In 2007, he was runner up in the $2500 HORSE event of the World Series of Poker. Browne cashed in live events for $269,203.

title: Walter Browne


text:
Charity record

A charity record or charity single is a song released by musicians with most or all proceeds raised going to a dedicated foundation or charity.

George Harrison's "Bangla Desh" single in 1971 is commonly acknowledged as the first ever purpose-made charity single – in this case to help fund relief efforts following the 1970 Bhola cyclone and the Bangladesh Liberation War. The money raised was donated to UNICEF, as were takings from Harrison's all-star charity concert (again, the first of its kind) held at Madison Square Garden, New York, and its spin-off live album and concert film. This is one way of using artistic talent as art for charity.

Some of the other early charity records came from the January 1979 Music for UNICEF Concert, with the likes of ABBA's "Chiquitita" and the Bee Gees' "Too Much Heaven" released as singles, all the royalties from which went to UNICEF. Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in November 1984 began the revolution of the charity record, which would be popularised throughout the 1980s.

In the United States, charity records reached their peak with USA for Africa's "We Are the World" in 1985, but then essentially died out afterwards. In the United Kingdom, however, charity singles (especially Comic Relief), have become annual hits.

Purpose-made "charity singles" however were not the first charity records. As early as 1956, The Lord's Taveners released a 78 rpm disc which contained six tracks donated by popular artists at the time. This was made with the gratitude of The Decca Record Company and the entire profits of the record together with the royalties and fees from artists, publishers, etc., were donated to The National Playing Fields Association. This was the first charity record to make the UK charts and reached Number 2. Due to its success, it was followed by a second compilation in 1957.

1990s

 * "Who Do You Think You Are" is the Comic Relief side

2010s

 * Unlike the single by Sam Smith in 2015, the charity version of "What Do I Know?" was combined with the original's sales when calculating the chart position with no official listing for Kurupt FM.

title: Charity record


text:
Kara language

Kara language may refer to:

 * Kara language (Korea), a language of the Gaya confederacy in southern Korea
 * Kara language (Papua New Guinea), an Austronesian language spoken in the Kavieng District, Papua New Guinea
 * Kara language (Tanzania), a Bantu language spoken by the Kara people of Tanzania
 * Kara languages, a group of languages spoken in the Central African Republic
 * Kara or Tar Gula language
 * Kara or Fer language, spoken in the Central African Republic
 * Kàrà, a dialect of the Northwest Gbaya language, spoken in Cameroon and the Central African Republic
 * Caranqui language, also spelled Cara or Kara, an extinct language of Ecuador

title: Kara language


text:
Talk:Bullet with Butterfly Wings

Untitled
Songs and singles at AMG get seperate pages. The song's review was favorable, but the single's wasn't. -- LGagnon 01:25, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you think it would be more appropriate to link to the single page? As it is now it's confusing; reader sees "2.5 stars", clicks link, and finds a favorable review.  I guess the optimal solution would be to link to both pages, somehow.  --Dbenbenn 02:03, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Alternative metal?
While I certainly believe that "Bullet with Butterfly Wings" is a relatively heavy song, I don't think it's quite that heavy. Perhaps "alternative metal" could be replaced with "hard rock?" -- Dylan 620  (contribs, logs) 20:38, 9 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Alternative rock sums up the song fine. The Pumpkins have never been categorized as an alternative metal band. Quite a few alt-rock bands have metal influences without being alternative metal, Nirvana and Pearl Jam being the other most prominent examples. WesleyDodds (talk) 00:14, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I was contesting the song's categorization as alternative metal when I wrote my post - apparently it has since been removed. --Dylan620 (I'm all ears) 00:58, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

The song itself, to me, sounds very Grungy and hard rockish. Maybe too raw to simply be labelled under the umbrella term for Alternative Rock. Alternative Metal sounds just about right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.21.102.96 (talk) 08:13, 25 September 2012 (UTC) Agreed. This is very Grungy, angst lyrics, harsh distorted guitar sounds in the main chorus. I'm adding in Grunge in the Genre type; if anyone is willing to provide a source/citation for Alternative Rock then please do so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pentrazemine (talk • contribs) 21:28, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Enough is enough. This is Grunge not just Alternative Rock.
This song fits the Grunge criteria perfectly. Raw, angsty lyrics. Distorted guitar vocals, hard drums. Alternative Rock is too broad. Just because a band is known as an Alternative Rock band doesn't mean some of their songs can't fit certain sub-criteria's. I'm adding in Grunge. This is 100% Grunge. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pentrazemine (talk • contribs) 02:53, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Genre changes
Nearly all of the edits over the past several years have been genre changes. It seems this is the only attraction as far as editing goes, but really, it's a problem with all music related articles. Changes seem to rotate around combinations of alternative rock, alternative metal, hard rock and grunge. The fact is this kind of classification is highly subjective. I'm not sure what the best course of action should be... maybe just include all of the aforementioned genres? —  MusikAnimal talk 04:31, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, this song (which is one of my favourites) is difficult to pin down for genres. It was written that way. When I listen to the music and the vocals, I can identify all the genres you have listed. I would affirm them all as absolutely this song. The "rat in a cage" chorus is decidedly metal and grunge for me.  But "highly subjective" quickly brings us to "original research". I am in favour of having alt rock, alt metal, grunge and hard rock listed as genres as long as we have sources. I am an inclusionist for multiple genres.  Fylbecatulous talk 05:17, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't see why we would add any genres to this page without sources. If you can find sources, I'm 100% fine with changing to anything they say.  But without them we should stick to the genre of the parent album, which is alternative rock. hbent (talk) 13:21, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
 * We of course should only add sourced genres. Per this discussion I've added back hard rock, for which it was very easy to find a source. Low and behold "alternative metal" was not so easy... and I had a feeling it wouldn't be. Side unrelated note: I've changed this discussion back to indentation format rather than a list, as we're sort of replying to each other, as opposed to !voting in a survey. —  MusikAnimal talk 19:40, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

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Akira imagery
Watching the video, the repeated scene of Billy Corgan on the thrown really evokes Tetsuo from Akira. Not sure if this has been discussed anywhere, but with "Anim..." Written on the wall behind it, kinda hard to ignore for me. 198.91.167.152 (talk) 02:38, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

"though it is likely in the context of the interview that these statements were sarcastic"
I would strike this phrase from the article as original research, except that it is the (unintentionally, presumably) funniest thing I've read in a mainspace wikipedia article in ages. CAVincent (talk) 04:19, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

"Despite all my rage" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Despite_all_my_rage&redirect=no Despite all my rage] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Rusalkii (talk) 21:42, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bullet with Butterfly Wings


text:
Flexner Report

The Flexner Report is a book-length landmark report of medical education in the United States and Canada, written by Abraham Flexner and published in 1910 under the aegis of the Carnegie Foundation. Flexner not only described the state of medical education in North America, but he also gave detailed descriptions of the medical schools that were operating at the time. He provided both criticisms and recommendations for improvements of medical education in the United States.

Many aspects of the present-day American medical profession stem from the Flexner Report and its aftermath. While it had many positive impacts on American medical education, the Flexner report has been criticized for introducing policies that encouraged systemic racism and sexism.

The Report, also called Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four, called on American medical schools to enact higher admission and graduation standards, and to adhere strictly to the protocols of mainstream science principles in their teaching and research. The report talked about the need for revamping and centralizing medical institutions. Many American medical schools fell short of the standard advocated in the Flexner Report and, subsequent to its publication, nearly half of such schools merged or were closed outright.

Colleges for the education of the various forms of alternative medicine, such as electrotherapy, were closed. Homeopathy, traditional osteopathy, eclectic medicine, and physiomedicalism (botanical therapies that had not been tested scientifically) were derided.

The Report also concluded that there were too many medical schools in the United States, and that too many doctors were being trained. A repercussion of the Flexner Report, resulting from the closure or consolidation of university training, was the closure of all but two black medical schools and the reversion of American universities to male-only admittance programs to accommodate a smaller admission pool.

Background
During the nineteenth century, American medicine was neither economically supported nor regulated by the government. Few state licensing laws existed, and when they did exist, they were weakly enforced. There were numerous medical schools, all varying in the type and quality of the education they provided.

In 1904, the American Medical Association (AMA) created the Council on Medical Education (CME), whose objective was to restructure American medical education. At its first annual meeting, the CME adopted two standards: one laid down the minimum prior education required for admission to a medical school; the other defined a medical education as consisting of two years training in human anatomy and physiology followed by two years of clinical work in a teaching hospital. Generally speaking, the council strove to improve the quality of medical students, looking to draw from the society of upper-class, educated students.

In 1908, seeking to advance its reformist agenda and hasten the elimination of schools that failed to meet its standards, the CME contracted with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching to survey American medical education. Henry Pritchett, president of the Carnegie Foundation and a staunch advocate of medical school reform, chose Abraham Flexner to conduct the survey. Neither a physician, a scientist, nor a medical educator, Flexner held a Bachelor of Arts degree and operated a for-profit school in Louisville, Kentucky. He visited every one of the 155 North American medical schools that were in operation at the time, all of which differed greatly in their curricula, methods of assessment, and requirements for admission and graduation. Summarizing his findings, he wrote:

The Report became notorious for its harsh description of certain establishments. For example, Flexner described Chicago's fourteen medical schools as "a disgrace to the State whose laws permit its existence . . . indescribably foul . . . the plague spot of the nation." Nevertheless, several schools received praise for excellent performance, including Western Reserve (now Case Western Reserve), Michigan, Wake Forest, McGill, Toronto, and particularly Johns Hopkins, which was described as the 'model for medical education'.

The Report ultimately produced many unintended consequences, and many of the repercussions of the Report are still seen in American medicine today. Minority groups, such as African Americans and women, faced fewer opportunities as a result of the publishing of the Flexner Report. Additionally, many medical schools for alternative medicine and osteopathic medicine eventually closed as a result of the Report.

Recommended changes
To help with the transition and change the minds of other doctors and scientists, John D. Rockefeller gave many millions to colleges, hospitals and founded a philanthropic group called "General Education Board" (GEB).

In the nineteenth century, it was relatively easy to not only receive a medical education, but also to start a medical school. When Flexner researched his report, many American medical schools were small "proprietary" trade schools owned by one or more doctors, unaffiliated with a college or university, and run to make a profit. A degree was typically awarded after only two years of study with laboratory work and dissection optional. Many of the instructors were local doctors teaching part-time. There were very few full-time professors, dedicated to medical education. Medical schools did not receive funding, and their only money came from the students' tuitions. Regulation of the medical profession by state governments was minimal or nonexistent. American doctors varied enormously in their scientific understanding of human physiology, and the word "quack" was in common use.

Flexner carefully examined the situation. Using the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as the ideal medical school, he issued the following recommendations:
 * 1) Reduce both the number of medical schools (from 155 to 31) and the number of poorly trained physicians;
 * 2) Increase the prerequisites to enter medical training;
 * 3) Train physicians to practice in a scientific manner and engage medical faculty in research;
 * 4) Give medical schools control of clinical instruction in hospitals;
 * 5) Hire trained, full-time staff for medical education;
 * 6) Grant medical schools increased funding;
 * 7) Strengthen state regulation of medical licensure

Flexner expressed that he found Hopkins to be a "small but ideal medical school, embodying in a novel way, adapted to American conditions, the best features of medical education in England, France, and Germany." To Flexner, Hopkins incorporated the high standards of German medical education, while keeping the American standard of high respect for patients by physicians. In his efforts to ensure that Hopkins was the standard to which all other medical schools in the United States were compared, Flexner went on to claim that all the other medical schools were subordinate in relation to this "one bright spot." In addition to Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Flexner also considered the medical schools at Harvard, University of Michigan, and the University of Pennsylvania to be strong schools. He said that medical schools that did not meet these high standards must change their approach to medical education or close their doors.

Flexner also believed that admission to a medical school should require, at minimum, a high school diploma and at least two years of college or university study, primarily devoted to basic science. When Flexner researched his report, in the nineteenth century, only 16 out of 155 medical schools in the United States and Canada required applicants to have completed two or more years of university education. By 1920, 92 percent of U.S. medical schools required this prerequisite of applicants. Flexner also argued that the length of medical education should be four years, and its content should be what the CME agreed to in 1905. Flexner recommended that the proprietary medical schools should either close or be incorporated into existing universities. Furthermore, he stated that medical schools needed to be part of a larger university since a proper stand-alone medical school would have to charge too much in order to break even financially.

Less known is Flexner's recommendation that medical schools appoint full-time clinical professors. During the research of his report, Flexner noted a lack of dedicated, full-time professors. American medical education needed committed professors to teach the next generations of physicians. Holders of these appointments would become "true university teachers, barred from all but charity practice, in the interest of teaching." Flexner pursued this objective for years, despite widespread opposition from existing medical faculty.

Flexner was the child of German immigrants, and he had studied and traveled in Europe extensively. He was well aware that one could not practice medicine in continental Europe without having undergone an extensive specialized university education. There were many aspects of German medical education that Flexner, along with other medical educators and physicians who had traveled to Germany, admired, such as their national standards for students and universities, academic freedom, and the expectation of postgraduate training. Furthermore, many physicians who traveled to Europe to receive postgraduate training were impressed with the German dedication to research, innovation, and teaching. In effect, Flexner demanded that American medical education conform to prevailing practice in continental Europe.

By and large, medical schools in Canada and the United States followed many of Flexner's recommendations. However, schools have increased their emphasis on matters of public health.

Impact of the report
Many aspects of the medical profession in North America changed following the Flexner Report. Medical training adhered more closely to the scientific method and became grounded in human physiology and biochemistry. Medical research aligned more fully with the protocols of scientific research. Average physician quality significantly increased.

Medical school closings
Flexner wanted to improve both the admissions standards of medical school and the quality of medical education itself. He recognized that many of the medical schools had inadequate admissions requirements and a lack of adequate education. Consequently, Flexner sought to reduce the number of medical schools in the United States. A majority of American institutions granting MD or DO degrees as of the date of the Report (1910) closed within two to three decades. (In Canada, only the medical school at Western University was deemed inadequate, but none was closed or merged subsequent to the Report.) In 1904, before the Report, there were 160 MD-granting institutions with more than 28,000 students. By 1920, after the Report, there were only 85 MD-granting institutions, educating only 13,800 students. By 1935, there were only 66 medical schools operating in the United States.

Between 1910 and 1935, more than half of all American medical schools merged or closed. The dramatic decline was in some part due to the implementation of the Report's recommendation that all "proprietary" schools be closed and that medical schools should henceforth all be connected to universities. Of the 66 surviving MD-granting institutions in 1935, 57 were part of a university. An important factor driving the mergers and closures of medical schools was the national regulation and enforcement of medical school criteria: All state medical boards gradually adopted and enforced the Report 's recommendations. In response to the Flexner Report, some schools fired senior faculty members as part of a process of reform and renewal.

Impact on the role of physician
The vision for medical education described in the Flexner Report narrowed medical schools' interests to disease, moving away from an interest on the system of health care or society's health beyond disease. Preventive medicine and population health were not considered a responsibility of physicians, bifurcating "health" into two separate fields: scientific medicine and public health.

Impact on African-American doctors and patients
The Flexner Report has been criticized for introducing policies that encouraged systemic racism.

Flexner advocated for the closing of all but two of the historically black medical schools. As a result, only Howard University College of Medicine and Meharry Medical College were left open, while five other schools were closed. Flexner emphasized his view that black doctors should treat only black patients and should play roles subservient to those of white physicians. Flexner promoted the idea that African American medical students should be trained in "hygiene rather than surgery" and be employed as "sanitarians," with a primary role to protect white Americans from disease. Flexner stated in the Report:

""

Furthermore, along with his adherence to germ theory, Flexner argued that, if not properly trained and treated, African-Americans posed a health threat to middle and upper-class whites. Flexner argued that African American physicians should be educated in order to stop the transmission of diseases among African Americans and to prevent the contamination of white people from those same diseases.

""

Flexner's findings also restricted opportunities for African-American physicians in the medical sphere. Even the Howard and Meharry schools struggled to stay open following the Flexner Report, having to meet the institutional requirements of white medical schools, reflecting a divide in access to health care between white and African-Americans. Following the Flexner Report, African-American students sued universities, challenging the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson. However, those students were met by opposition from schools that remained committed to segregated medical education. It was not until 15 years after Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 that the AAMC ensured access to medical education for African-Americans and minorities by supporting the diversification of medical schools.

The closure of the five schools, and the fact that black students were not admitted to many U.S. medical schools for the 50 years following the Flexner Report, has contributed to the low numbers of American-born physicians of color as the ramifications are still felt, more than a century later. Tens of thousands of African American physicians disappeared as a result of the Flexner Report. In relation to the national Census, physicians belonging to minority groups, including African Americans, remain underrepresented in medicine.

In response to the racist writings of the Flexner Report, the AAMC decided to rename the prestigious Abraham Flexner award in 2020. David Acosta, M.D., the chief diversity and inclusion officer of AAMC, stated, "We must not ignore medicine's racist history and make every effort toward reparation when this history is identified." However, the view that Flexner and the Report were detrimental to black medical schools is largely refuted by Thomas N. Bonner, a scholar referred to as a “distinguished historian” by the AAMC. Bonner contended that Flexner worked to save the two black medical schools that were graduating most of the black physicians at that time.

Impact on women
The Flexner Report has also been criticized for introducing policies that encouraged sexism. Before the publication of the Flexner Report, in the mid-to-latter part of the nineteenth century, universities had just begun opening and expanding female admissions as part of both women's and co-educational facilities with the founding of co-educational Oberlin College in 1833 and private all-women's colleges such as Vassar College and Pembroke College. Furthermore, many women opened their own medical schools for women as a response to other medical schools refusing to admit them.

In the Report, Flexner noted that there were few women in medical education. Flexner believed that the small numbers of female medical students and female physicians was not due to a lack of opportunity because, as he saw it, there were ample opportunities for women to be educated in medicine. Thus, he believed that the low numbers were due to a decreased desire and tendency to enter medical school. "" Flexner also emphasized women's particular role in medicine throughout the Report: "Woman has so apparent a function in certain medical specialties…". [1] While some people thought that women were intellectual equals of men, more people thought that women were naturally nurturing and loving, so they should pursue a medical career in child health, occupational health, and maternal health. Today, these consequences of the Report are still seen as many female physicians specialize in pediatrics and obstetrician and gynecologist.

Impact on alternative medicine
When Flexner researched his report, "modern" medicine faced vigorous competition from several quarters, including osteopathic medicine, chiropractic medicine, electrotherapy, eclectic medicine, naturopathy, and homeopathy. Flexner clearly doubted the scientific validity of all forms of medicine other than that based on scientific research, deeming any approach to medicine that did not advocate the use of treatments such as vaccines to prevent and cure illness as tantamount to quackery and charlatanism. Medical schools that offered training in various disciplines including electromagnetic field therapy, phototherapy, eclectic medicine, physiomedicalism, naturopathy, and homeopathy, were told either to drop these courses from their curriculum or lose their accreditation and underwriting support. A few schools resisted for a time, but eventually most schools for alternative medicine complied with the Report or shut their doors.

Impact on osteopathic medicine
While almost all the alternative medical schools listed in the Flexner Report were closed, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) brought a number of osteopathic medical schools into compliance with Flexner's recommendations to produce an evidence-based approach and practice. Today, the curricula of DO- and MD-awarding medical schools are now nearly identical, the chief difference being the additional instruction in osteopathic schools of osteopathic manipulative medicine.

title: Flexner Report


text:
The Gypsies (Sri Lankan band)

The Gypsies are a Sri Lankan baila band that performs Sinhala and English songs. The band was founded in the early 1970s and has since garnered a huge fan base across Sri Lanka and is one of Sri Lanka's most famous bands. They are a highly paid band in Sri Lanka, as they constantly perform at parties, dances and at many concerts.

The band was once banned by the Government of Sri Lanka due to many of its songs carrying antigovernmental sentiments.

History
The band was formed in 1970 by Anton Perera, father of lead singer Sunil Perera and a confectioner working for the Glucorasa company. The band composed of his five sons- Sunil, Nihal, Piyal, Nimal and Lal- all of whom had recently completed high school. Anton Perera renovated a portion of his house on Galle Road (in Rathmalana) into a recording studio and the band began recording their first album.

Initially, the band only performed western music, but after a few years, the band began to perform Sinhala songs as well, and eventually the band members began composing their own Sinhala music. The first Sinhala songs released by the Gypsies, Linda Langa Sangamaya and Amma Amma, were released in 1973.

In the thirty years that followed, many changes have occurred in the group's membership that have led to the eight members present today. As of today, Piyal Perera is the only living member from the original line up.

The early success of the Gypsies was thanks to a series of 5 albums released by the band in the late 1970s (entitled Dance With the Gypsies). In the 1980s the group released their first audio cassette containing their novelty hit Kurumitto (Dwarfs), which was a translated cover of Dutch musician Father Abraham's The Smurf Song. With the arrival of CDs in Sri Lanka, the Gypsies released their first CD Gypsies Gold containing 17 songs, and following its success, the band released two more CDs, Dance With the Gypsies and Signore, which were also well received by fans.

The Gypsies have since released many other records and continue to enjoy success. Sunil Perera and the Gypsies were world-famous for their baila music. The Gypsies have also collaborated with other Sri Lankan stars like Desmond De Silva, and are credited for composing the first ever baila non-stop medley.

Their first performance outside of Sri Lanka, in Delhi, as the resident band of the Delhi Taj Hotel for three months, was followed by many more tours in other foreign countries, where many members of the Sri Lankan diaspora reside, such as the United Kingdom, Singapore, United States, New Zealand, Australia and Canada.

Corrine Almeida, the long-standing female vocalist of the group, and Sharon Nesaduray, better known as "Lulu", eventually left the group. followed by Radhika Rajavellu after the departure of female vocalist Ginger (Judith White). The current female singer is Monique Wille (Ex-Ultimate).

Buongiorno was released in 2018, which was the first hit song to be released under Gypsies label after a period of four years.

On 6 August 2021, Sunil Perera tested positive for COVID-19, and was put on oxygen after experiencing breathing difficulties. Rumors of Perera's death began circulating on social media. In spite of his treatment, on 5 September, Perera was re-admitted to the hospital due to pneumonia and died in the early hours of 6 September 2021, one week before his 69th birthday.

The Gypsies celebrated its Golden Jubilee amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by arranging several virtual concerts, to commemorate 50 years since the band's formation.

Current

 * Piyal Perera – percussion, vocals
 * Lal Witiwalla – drums
 * Monique Wille – vocals
 * Laksiri Ranga – bass guitar
 * Ranuka Prabhath – lead guitar
 * Shenal Nissanka - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Ravi Terrence – keyboards

Former

 * Sunil Perera – lead vocals (1970–2021)
 * Dushan Jayathilake - keyboards. vocals
 * Shezry Shirajudeen - bass guitar
 * Nalin Samath - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Ranil Vas – lead guitar, vocals
 * Corrine Almeida – vocals
 * Sharon Nesaduray – vocals
 * Ginger (Judith White) – vocals
 * Dileepa Mangala – Keyboards
 * Ronnie Leitch – vocals

Discography

 * The Beginning
 * Signore
 * Gold
 * Piti Kotapan None
 * Dance With The Gypsies
 * This Land Belongs To You
 * Oye Ojaye
 * Lankawe Ape Lankawe
 * Kurumitto
 * Lunu Dehi
 * I Don't Know Why
 * Lassana Lokaye

title: The Gypsies (Sri Lankan band)


text:
Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1980–1983

This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 1980 to 1983, as elected at the 1980 federal election.

 * 1 Liberal member Eric Robinson died on 7 January 1981; Liberal candidate Peter White won the resulting by-election on 21 February 1981.
 * 2 Liberal member John McLeay Jr. resigned on 22 January 1981; Liberal candidate Steele Hall won the resulting by-election on 21 February 1981.
 * 3 Liberal member Victor Garland resigned on 22 January 1981; Liberal candidate Allan Rocher won the resulting by-election on 21 February 1981.
 * 4 Liberal member Bob Ellicott resigned on 17 February 1981; Liberal candidate Peter Coleman won the resulting by-election on 11 April 1981.
 * 5 Liberal member Sir William McMahon resigned on 4 January 1982; Labor candidate Michael Maher won the resulting by-election on 13 March 1982.
 * 6 Liberal member Sir Phillip Lynch resigned on 22 October 1982; Liberal candidate Peter Reith won the resulting by-election on 4 December 1982.


text:
Rhoose

Rhoose (Y Rhws, from y rhos "the moor" ) is a village and community near the sea (the Bristol Channel) in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, near Barry. The wider community includes villages and settlements such as Font-y-Gary, Penmark, East Aberthaw and Porthkerry. The population of the community in 2011 was 6,160.

Description
The village is the location of Cardiff Airport, formerly RAF Rhoose. Commercial flights began in the 1950s and control passed to Glamorgan County Council in 1965, after which date the airport expanded.

The village also has a Holiday Park (Fontygary Leisure Park), some shops, a library, two public houses (The Fontygary Inn and the Highwayman), Rhoose Social Club, and an active Surf Lifesaving Club (Rhoose Lifeguards) established in 1968.

Rhoose is one of the fastest growing villages in the Vale of Glamorgan, with the three newest developments being "The Hollies", and more recently, Rhoose Point, and the newest development being the affluent Golwg y Mor (Welsh for "Sea View") development in the eastern part of the village. Further development of Rhoose Point was halted in 2008, because of concerns the drainage infrastructure would not cope.

Rhoose Cardiff International Airport railway station, which was scheduled to re-open in 2003, suffered numerous bureaucratic delays before eventually re-opening in June 2005. There are now hourly train services to Cardiff and Bridgend via Barry and the Vale of Glamorgan.

Politics and administration
Rhoose does not have its own community council but gives its name of the electoral ward of Rhoose, represented by two county councillors on the Vale of Glamorgan Council.

A by-election was due to take place on 14 February 2019. Candidates included the sitting Conservative Party Senedd Member, Andrew RT Davies. Davies was duly elected and pledged to oppose plans by the Conservative-led council to close the local primary school.

Representation has historically been shared by the Labour Party and Conservative Party.

Notable people

 * Andrew RT Davies, lives in the community and was elected as leader of the Welsh Conservatives in 2019.
 * David Gwilym John

title: Rhoose


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User talk:Gaul

Hi Gaul, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 01:31, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Riverbed technology.png
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title: User talk:Gaul


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mikry Drei

Mikry Drei
Non-notable - only Google hits are Wiki mirrors and the club's home page. Denni ☯ 01:31, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable, hasn't been touched/expanded in months Cdc 03:18, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Today's "Cabaret Voltaire Zurich" isn't the Cabaret Voltaire of Zurich, and the exhibitors today aren't the exhibitors of 1919. Art is really, really hard to verify and assess if the authors don't give us help.  Google testing is worthless, for, while it will turn up 20,000 hits for Bob's New Theory of Eternal Youth, it will turn up 0 for serious and important painters, librettists, etc.  We're handcuffed by the poor writing and the substub of the article.  The article doesn't make them notable or verify, so there's nothing to do but delete. Geogre 03:50, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Katefan0 19:30, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no reason to believe they are notable and the article is a substub. Jacob1207 21:15, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete No evidence of notability. Wyss 22:35, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. —tregoweth 21:03, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Samboy 23:26, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Sean Burroughs

Sean Patrick Burroughs (September 12, 1980 – May 9, 2024) was an American professional baseball third baseman, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2002 to 2005 and 2011 to 2012 for the San Diego Padres, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Minnesota Twins. He won a gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Early life and amateur career
Burroughs was the son of outfielder Jeff Burroughs and born in Atlanta, Georgia, when Jeff was a member of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). He starred in the Little League World Series as a pitcher when he was growing up in Long Beach, California. His team won the 1992 Little League World Series after their opponent in the championship round was disqualified for using over-aged players. He pitched consecutive no-hitters during the 1993 Little League World Series, which his team won.

Burroughs worked as an extra in Hollywood projects including Knots Landing, Saved by the Bell, and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. He attended Woodrow Wilson Classical High School in Long Beach and committed to attend the University of Southern California (USC) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans.

San Diego Padres
The San Diego Padres selected Burroughs in the first round, with the ninth overall selection, of the 1998 MLB draft. He signed with the Padres rather than attend USC.

Burroughs played in Minor League Baseball for the Fort Wayne Wizards and Rancho Cucamonga Quakes in 1999, the Mobile BayBears in 2000, and the Portland Beavers in 2001. In 2000, Burroughs appeared in the All-Star Futures Game, and was named the game's most valuable player. He also played baseball at the 2000 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal.

Burroughs made the Padres' Opening Day roster for the 2002 season. He split the season between the Padres and Portland, batting .271 with one home run and 11 runs batted in in 63 games played for the Padres and .302 for the Beavers. Burroughs became the Padres' full-time third baseman in the 2003 season, batting .286 with seven home runs. He did not develop into the power hitter that the Padres thought he could become, and the Padres demoted Burroughs to the minor leagues during the 2005 season.

Tampa Bay Devil Rays
After the 2005 season, the Padres traded Burroughs to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in exchange for Dewon Brazelton. He batted .190 in eight games for the Devil Rays before he was optioned to the Durham Bulls, Tampa Bay's Triple-A affiliate. The Rays released Burroughs on June 22.

Seattle Mariners
On December 24, 2006, Burroughs signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. He played four games for Seattle's Triple-A affiliate, the Tacoma Rainiers, before walking away from baseball because he had lost his passion for the game. He stopped playing baseball until 2010, partly due to a drug habit.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On November 22, 2010, Burroughs signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He had his contract purchased by Arizona on May 18, 2011, after four seasons out of the major leagues. He was placed on waivers on June 19, after hitting .261 for Arizona and outrighted to the minor leagues. After third baseman Melvin Mora was released, he was returned to Arizona's starting lineup on July 1, 2011. Burroughs played in 20 games for the Diamondbacks as they won the National League West division title. He batted 1-for-3 during the 2011 MLB postseason as a pinch hitter and became a free agent after the season.

Minnesota Twins
During the 2011–12 offseason, Burroughs played in the Venezuelan Winter League, batting .316. Gene Glynn, the manager of the Minnesota Twins' Triple-A affiliate, coached Burroughs there and recommended him to the Twins, who signed him to a minor league contract. He made the major league team in spring training. The Twins designated him for assignment on May 1. In October 2012, he elected minor league free agency.

Later career
Burroughs signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2013 and played for the Chattanooga Lookouts, their Double-A affiliate. He played in 57 games for the Lookouts and hit .220.

Burroughs signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball for 2014 season. He re-signed with the Bluefish for the 2015 season. On August 8, 2015, he was traded to the rival Long Island Ducks for outfielder Bryan Sabatella. On August 1, 2016, the Bluefish reacquired Burroughs from the Ducks in exchange for pitcher D. J. Mitchell.

Death
Burroughs collapsed and died of a fentanyl overdose at age 43 in a parking lot on May 9, 2024 after dropping off his son for a Little League game in Long Beach.

title: Sean Burroughs