text:
Parallel coordinates

Parallel Coordinates plots are a common method of visualizing high-dimensional datasets to analyze multivariate data having multiple variables, or attributes.

To plot, or visualize, a set of points in n-dimensional space, n parallel lines are drawn over the background representing coordinate axes, typically oriented vertically with equal spacing. Points in n-dimensional space are represented as individual polylines with n vertices placed on the parallel axes corresponding to each coordinate entry of the n-dimensional point, vertices are connected with n-1 polyline segments.

This data visualization is similar to time series visualization, except that Parallel Coordinates are applied to data which do not correspond with chronological time. Therefore, different axes arrangements can be of interest, including reflecting axes horizontally, otherwise inverting the attribute range.

History
The concept of Parallel Coordinates is often said to originate in 1885 by a French mathematician Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne. d'Ocagne sought a way to provide graphical calculation of mathematical functions using alignment diagrams called nomograms which used parallel axes with different scales. For example, a three-variable equation could be solved using three parallel axes, marking known values on their scales, then drawing a line between them, with an unknown read from the scale at the point where the line intersects that scale.

The use of Parallel Coordinates as a visualization technique to show data is also often said to have originated earlier with Henry Gannett in work preceding the Statistical Atlas of the United States for the 1890 Census, for example his "General Summary, Showing the Rank of States, by Ratios, 1880", that shows the rank of 10 measures (population, occupations, wealth, manufacturing, agriculture, and so forth) on parallel axes connected by lines for each state.

However, both d'Ocagne and Gannet were far preceded in this by André-Michel Guerry, Plate IV, "Influence de l'Age", where he showed rankings of crimes against persons by age along parallel axes, connecting the same crime across age groups.

Parallel Coordinates were popularised again 87 years later by Alfred Inselberg in 1985 and systematically developed as a coordinate system starting from 1977. Some important applications are in collision avoidance algorithms for air traffic control (1987—3 USA patents), data mining (USA patent), computer vision (USA patent), Optimization, process control, more recently in intrusion detection and elsewhere.

Higher dimensions
On the plane with an XY Cartesian coordinate system, adding more dimensions in parallel coordinates (often abbreviated ||-coords, PCP, or PC) involves adding more axes. The value of parallel coordinates is that certain geometrical properties in high dimensions transform into easily seen 2D patterns. For example, a set of points on a line in n-space transforms to a set of polylines in parallel coordinates all intersecting at n − 1 points. For n = 2 this yields a point-line duality pointing out why the mathematical foundations of parallel coordinates are developed in the projective rather than euclidean space. A pair of lines intersects at a unique point which has two coordinates and, therefore, can correspond to a unique line which is also specified by two parameters (or two points). By contrast, more than two points are required to specify a curve and also a pair of curves may not have a unique intersection. Hence by using curves in parallel coordinates instead of lines, the point line duality is lost together with all the other properties of projective geometry, and the known nice higher-dimensional patterns corresponding to (hyper)planes, curves, several smooth (hyper)surfaces, proximities, convexity and recently non-orientability. The goal is to map n-dimensional relations into 2D patterns. Hence, parallel coordinates is not a point-to-point mapping but rather a nD subset to 2D subset mapping, there is no loss of information. Note: even a point in nD is not mapped into a point in 2D, but to a polygonal line—a subset of 2D.

Statistical considerations
When used for statistical data visualisation there are three important considerations: the order, the rotation, and the scaling of the axes.

The order of the axes is critical for finding features, and in typical data analysis many reorderings will need to be tried. Some authors have come up with ordering heuristics which may create illuminating orderings.

The rotation of the axes is a translation in the parallel coordinates and if the lines intersected outside the parallel axes it can be translated between them by rotations. The simplest example of this is rotating the axis by 180 degrees.

Scaling is necessary because the plot is based on interpolation (linear combination) of consecutive pairs of variables. Therefore, the variables must be in common scale, and there are many scaling methods to be considered as part of data preparation process that can reveal more informative views.

A smooth parallel coordinate plot is achieved with splines. In the smooth plot, every observation is mapped into a parametric line (or curve), which is smooth, continuous on the axes, and orthogonal to each parallel axis. This design emphasizes the quantization level for each data attribute.

Reading
Inselberg made a full review of how to visually read out parallel coordinates relational patterns. When most lines between two parallel axes are somewhat parallel to each other, it suggests a positive relationship between these two dimensions. When lines cross in a kind of superposition of X-shapes, it's a negative relationship. When lines cross randomly or are parallel, it shows there is no particular relationship.

Limitations
In parallel coordinates, each axis can have at most two neighboring axes (one on the left, and one on the right). For a n-dimensional data set, at most n-1 relationships can be shown at a time without altering the approach. In time series visualization, there exists a natural predecessor and successor; therefore in this special case, there exists a preferred arrangement. However, when the axes do not have a unique order, finding a good axis arrangement requires the use of experimentation and feature engineering. To explore more relationships, axes may be reordered or restructured.

One approach arranges axes in 3-dimensional space (still in parallel, forming a Lattice graph), an axis can have more than two neighbors in a circle around the central attribute, and the arrangement problem can be improve by using a minimum spanning tree. A prototype of this visualization is available as extension to the data mining software ELKI. However, the visualization is harder to interpret and interact with than a linear order.

Software
While there are a large number of papers about parallel coordinates, there are only few notable software publicly available to convert databases into parallel coordinates graphics. Notable software are ELKI, GGobi, Mondrian, Orange and ROOT. Libraries include Protovis.js, D3.js provides basic examples. D3.Parcoords.js (a D3-based library) specifically dedicated to parallel coordinates graphic creation has also been published. The Python data structure and analysis library Pandas implements parallel coordinates plotting, using the plotting library matplotlib.

Other visualizations for multivariate data

 * Radar chart – A visualization with coordinate axes arranged radially.
 * Andrews plot – A Fourier transform of the Parallel Coordinates graph.
 * Sankey diagram - A visualization that emphasizes flow/movement/change from one state to another.

title: Parallel coordinates


text:
Chukka

Chukka can refer to:

 * A period of play in polo, also spelled chukker, which is 7 minutes long.
 * A period of play in field hockey, which is 15 minutes long.
 * Chukka boots, a type of ankle-length boot
 * Chukka Ramaiah (born 1928), Indian educationist and politician
 * A curry dish in India made by sauteeing a choice of meat with spices

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chukka


text:
Bradford William LePage

Bradford William LePage (February 19, 1876 – December 4, 1958) was a Canadian politician and the 15th Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island.

Born in Rusticoville, Prince Edward Island, LePage owned and operated a general store prior to entering politics. He and his family moved to Charlottetown after his election to the provincial legislature. LePage sold his store to his brother, Garfield LePage, and opened the Lepage Shoe Company which was operated for many years by his son, William Reuel, and his grandsons, Walter B. LePage and Don Wonnacott (Don was the last to own and operate The LePage Shoe Co.).

LePage was first elected as a member of the Liberal Party of Prince Edward Island in the district of 2nd Queens in the 1919 election. He was re-elected in the 1927, 1931, 1935, and the 1939 elections.

He was Lieutenant Governor from October 1, 1939 to May 30, 1945.

On February 24, 1897, he married Harriett Christie. They had two children, William Reuel and Hilda Ruth.

title: Bradford William LePage


text: Category:Constitutions

title: Category:Constitutions


text: File:Daniel DeBourg - Tell The World.jpg


text:
Talk:Noggin

 * Quote: "also known as THE N at nighttime, is aimed tword older viewers and offers slightly more juvenile discussion. ex:high school life"
 * Being presumably one of those "older viewers", I seem to have lost something in the translation here and would be obliged if you could enlighten this old codger what all this means. Whoever wrote this. Dieter Simon 23:32, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

MOS:DP
Removed ''Abbreviation for the Neuronal Oscillations Group in the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at the University of Oxford. Also know as the NOG and Paulsen Lab interested in the cellular basis of information processing in the mammalian brain.'' in accordance with MOS:DP on two grounds, 1. not the purpose of DP, not a disambiguation in that it attempts definition of term on the page rather than redirect to the appropriate subject article 2. No such article to refer to. If you want to have this in here you need first to establish an article in in its own right on the subject and subsequently link from disambigation to capture those likley to search on noggin. However, seems uncertain why people searching for NOG would search on noggin, no such usage seen in quick survey of your site. Ex nihil (talk) 00:23, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Noggin


text:
Talk:Green-cheeked parakeet

Nonsense sentence
The article says: "The name Green-cheeked Conure is primarily used in aviculture, while the name Green-cheeked Conure is used elsewhere." It repeats "Green-cheeked Conure" twice... maybe one of those was supposed to be "Green-cheeked Parakeet"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.30.146.103 (talk) 05:54, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Indeed one of them was. :) Fixed it. Thanks for pointing that out. The error was probably introduced when the article was moved last year... --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 17:40, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Pic for Page
Here, I have a green-cheeked yellow-sided conure. Here's the pic:

Direct Link: http://i205.photobucket.com/albums/bb246/fireheart7397/MegCameraPics--KodiacDigitalCamera2.jpg

Fireheart7397 (talk) 18:16, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The trouble with that is photobucket images are not allowed on the wiki, because of the licence terms in which they are accepted onto photobucket. May I suggest that you take some more photographs in good light and get some from the front, some from the side, and some from behind. Please upload the best ones (perhaps six) to wiki. Snowman (talk) 18:38, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Seconded. Beautiful bird you have there, by the way. --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 18:45, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, images from flickr can be uploaded to the wiki, provided they are on flickr with a creative commons licence that permits modifications and commercial use. Snowman (talk) 18:47, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

reason for move
Did this move pre knowing the "official" route. The longer argument for the move from Green-cheeked Conure to Green-cheeked Parakeet is: All major authorities use Green-cheeked Parakeet rather than Green-cheeked Conure, notably the South American Classification Committee (and therefore also AOU), as well as the three main World check-lists: Sibley & Monroe, Clements and Howard & Moore. It is also the name used in the recently published BIRDS OF THE WORLD Recommended English Names by Gill & Wright. Having spend considerable times in the field where it occurs, I have yet to hear anyone referring to it as a conure in these regions. This term is strictly used in aviculture. I have seen the argument used that it, as well as other members of the genus Pyrrhura, are conures, but not parakeets (and it would therefore be wrong to call them parakeets), but this is wrong, as both groups as typically defined (see conure and parakeet) are polyphyletic.Rabo3 06:27, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
Some bird pages are reaching GA and FA status with common names and not by following the strict WP:bird rules (see Blackbird and House Martin). As this bird is known by most people as the "Green-cheeked Conure" there seems to be no reason for "Green-cheeked Parakeet" to be used, now that WP:bird rules are being used less strictly. Snowman (talk) 23:46, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose per reasoning at Talk:Red-masked Parakeet Sabine's Sunbird  talk  19:48, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No longer going to oppose per my comments at WP:BIRD. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  21:09, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Oppose. I think Wikipedia should stick with the names used in science. —JerryFriedman (Talk) 06:24, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Featured articles like "House Martin" and "Blackbird" use the common names of the birds, so I do not follow your reasoning. It is because few people use the "official" names "Common House Martin" and "Eurasian Blackbird" in their English speaking ranges, and similarly most people know this parrot as a conure. Snowman (talk) 10:19, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

(Morally) support - a more a exacting epithet. Casliber (talk · contribs) 06:46, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Support move to name most commonly associated with the bird. --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 17:35, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Support If you went into a pet store, this bird would be called a Green-cheeked conure, not parakeet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oayfer (talk • contribs) 05:36, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

"Support' It is commonly known as a conure, and the much cited Juniper & Parr "Parrots" also uses the conure terminology. I think it is fine to reference the official terminology in the text, but that the title should be conure. Enviropearson (talk) 01:05, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Moved the article to Green-cheeked Conure on 4/1/08. -Enviropearson (talk) 21:16, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

""Support"" Move to Green-Cheek Conur they are  never referred to as a Parakeet. JGG59 (talk) 03:43, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Subspecies Section
I just added a subspecies section and plan to expand it. Anyone have any more info on the chromosome studies mentioned in the Maroon-bellied parakeet page? It would be interesting to know more about the genetic relationship between the species. Enviropearson (talk) 01:08, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in process
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Nanday Parakeet which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. — Snowman (talk) 18:04, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Citations Needed
I noticed there are several citations missing. One of the citations that is missing is about green cheeks and tool use. Would a picture or a video be sufficient to back up this claim, or do we really need a citation? I could probably find an article somewhere stating that green cheeks can use tools, but I already posted a photo to back it up, so do we really need a citation as well?

--J-a-x (talk) 19:04, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * To me a still image does not prove it. Snowman (talk) 19:11, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

 * What's your take on these videos (there are a few more too)? I was a little sceptical myself until I saw them...

 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMYxpi6sD78
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG6GHtNjLu8
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U28Kg1vptdM
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ANRZByR7Ms
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuzsNA5ADWk
 * --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 22:20, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Nothing very conclusive to me. Except one or two seem to use what they have in their foot and use it to scratch or just raise it to one side of their head. I am not convinced the parrot thought it needed a scratch and then collected the tool. I am interested in the "handedness" of parrots. I have noticed that parrots use the same foot when holding something to their beak to eat. Snowman (talk) 12:59, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I recall something about handedness as well, but not sure where. Would be good to source and add to (maybe) parrot article. Casliber (talk · contribs) 19:43, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It would be great to see parrot handedness added on the parrot page, but I can not add my own observation. Snowman (talk) 20:06, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I've had that fact quoted at me too... ;) I'm not sure about other parrot species but it is apparently the case that cockatoos are nearly always 'left-handed'. A cursory scan through Google and Google Scholar (search for 'cockatoo footedness') would appear to turn up sources (mostly paywalled) that support this. As for Snowman's point about the Conures - whether the birds collected the tools because they needed to scratch, as opposed to just using the objects they were currently playing with to scratch with when the urge arose; to me, it sounds like an almost impossible thing to prove with any certainty either way, as to do so would require an observer with the ability to read the bird's thoughts. However, both circumstances could be considered 'tool use', could they not? --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 21:33, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * On TV there was a giraffe that was scratching its ear on a high branch. Cats sharpen, clean, or exercise their claws on trees. Are these animals using these structures as tools? I would like to think that "using a tool" does suggest something purposeful. Have you ever seen a cockatoo open the door of its own cage? Snowman (talk) 22:17, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I've seen a macaw turning the key in a padlock to enable it to open its own cage, if that helps. Is that tool use? I honestly wouldn't like to say... Anyhow, if we look at Tool use by animals, the Jones and Kamil definition of 'tool use' would seem to me to cover a conure using an almond shell or a swab stick to scrat at its head feathers, whatever the whys and wherefores of the situation. Your mileage my vary, as they say... --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 22:48, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

For me, it would be much more convincing, if the tool is being used for something that it can not do with its own foot or beak. If the key was in the keyhole, then the macaw was just using its beak. If the key was collected and taken to the lock then this is would be using the key to open the lock, which it could not do with its beak or feet. Snowman (talk) 00:05, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Often when I find Lupe (my green cheek) scratching with a stick or a feather or a ball, he's often scratching parts of his body that his legs cannot reach, such as the back of his neck or the top of his head. That's why I consider it tool use. I think the photo I chose might not have been the best example because he is scratching the front of his neck where his toes could most likely reach, but he's just so damn cute in that photo it was hard to chose anything else.--J-a-x (talk) 17:21, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * As a matter of interest, are GCCs considered to be of high intelligence, as far as small parrots go? I was just browsing YouTube again and I noticed that all the 'tool using' Conure videos on there feature Green-cheeks. There are a handful of larger parrots that appear to be doing the same sort of thing, but those would be Amazons, Greys and Macaws - the great apes of the bird world. --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 02:11, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, yes they are very intelligent for their size. Green cheeks are definitely much more intelligent than cockatiels which are slightly larger, and I would say they are on par with other larger conures. --J-a-x (talk) 21:50, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Algeries
I understand that conures do not produce bird dust. I have algeries to bird dust, ie cockateels. Would I be safe with a conure. Thanks, JackHowjack2912 (talk) 21:13, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

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Taxobox image
Current image is of a yellow sided conure. This is a rare color variant.

Should the taxobox pic not be a more typical example of the species? 146.200.128.134 (talk) 06:37, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I've located some photos of wild birds on iNaturalist and replaced the top two cagebirds with wild origin, known subspecies photos - MPF (talk) 17:41, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Peer review
Peer Review S20044663 (talk) 16:21, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green-cheeked parakeet


text:
Tell the World (Daniel de Bourg album)

Tell The World is the debut album by pop singer Daniel de Bourg, that was released in 2002 on DreamWorks Records. Tell the World was later reissued in 2009 on de Bourg's independent label DDB Records.

All of the songs on the album were produced by the production team Tim & Bob, with the exception of "I Need an Angel", which was written and produced by R. Kelly.

Track listing

 * 1) "Intro" – 1:14
 * 2) "Tell the World" - Tim Kelley, Bob Robinson – 4:17
 * 3) "24 Hours" - Kelley, Robinson – 4:05
 * 4) "Flowers" - Kelley, Robinson, de Bourg – 4:18
 * 5) "Made for Me" - Kelley, Robinson   – 4:38
 * 6) "Don't Worry About a Thing" - Kelley, Robinson – 4:29
 * 7) "I Need an Angel" - R. Kelly – 5:17
 * 8) "My World" - Kelley, Robinson  – 4:01
 * 9) "Give It to You" (Featuring Heavy D) - de Bourg, Heavy D, Kelley – 4:22
 * 10) "Let Yourself Go" - Kelley, Robinson – 4:04
 * 11) "Don't Make Me Wait" - Kelley, Robinson – 5:30
 * 12) "In the Morning" - Kelley, Robinson – 4:56
 * 13) "Really Need You" - Kelley, Robinson – 4:59
 * 14) "Shadow" - Kelley, Robinson – 4:30
 * 15) "Interlude" - Kelley, Robinson – 3:15
 * 16) "Book of Love" - Kelley, Robinson – 5:00
 * 17) "Interlude" – 0:15

Personnel

 * Percy Bady - Keyboards
 * Daniel de Bourg - vocals
 * Dalvin DeGrate - drums
 * Thomas Dienner - String instruments
 * Assa Drori - Strings
 * Brent Fischer - Strings
 * Clare Fischer - String Arrangements
 * Yvonne Gage Choir - Chorus
 * Maurice Grants - Strings
 * Tim Kelley - Executive Producer, Arranger, Drum Programming, Keyboards, Guitar, Piano
 * Igor Kiskatchi - Strings
 * Donnie Lyle - Guitar
 * Jeffrey Morrow Choir - Chorus
 * Jennifer Munday - Strings
 * Andrew Picken - Strings
 * Bob Robinson - Keyboards
 * Julie Rogers - Strings
 * Anatoly Rosinsky - Strings
 * Johnny Rutledge Choir - Chorus
 * Robert Sanov - Strings
 * Richard Treat - Strings
 * Joan Walton Choir - Chorus
 * Cheryl Wilson Choir - Chorus

Production

 * Producers: Tim & Bob, R. Kelly
 * Executive producers: Tim Kelley and Bob Robinson, Robbie Robertson
 * Background Vocals: Daniel de Bourg,

Charts
Singles - Billboard (North America)

title: Tell the World (Daniel de Bourg album)


text:
Talk:Goldfields–Esperance

I have moved "Goldfields-Esperance" to "Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia". Some regions have extremely general names, such as "South West". This is already a disambiguation page. Also, some regions are not unique across states; for example, both Western Australia and Queensland have a region known as "South West". Therefore this move is necessary to ensure consistent sensible naming across all regions. I will move the other regions too. Snottygobble 23:37, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Goldfields–Esperance


text: Category:Daniel DeBourg albums

title: Category:Daniel DeBourg albums


text:
Technical Pan

Technical Pan is an almost panchromatic black-and-white film that was produced by Kodak. While it can reproduce the visible light spectrum, it leans to the red, and so unfiltered outdoor shots render blues, most notably the sky, with additional darkening and reds with some lightening. It was generally used as a very slow film, rated at EI 25 or even 16, although it could be rated at up to EI 320 with a distinct loss of tonal range and a bunching of shadow and highlight detail. This film has unmatched fine grain, especially when rated at a low speed, and makes excellent enlargements while preserving fine details. Kodak stopped selling it in 2004. It has not been replaced by a film (from any manufacturer) with its characteristics (although Kodak's own Panchromatic Separation Film 2238, a motion-picture lab film used for making archival positives, has been referred to as "poor man's Tech Pan" due to similar properties ). Although some of its particularities were unique and no emulsion in actual production could replace it, its resolution capabilities were surpassed by another film by ADOX, CMS 20 II.

Technical Pan is a Continuous tone film emulsion that was made panchromatic through the addition of sensitizing dyes, as is the case with all panchromatic films. If developed in a general-purpose developer such as D-76, Tech Pan displays extreme contrast. It becomes a pictorial film when developed in a very low-contrast developer.

The film can be developed at home, mainly by using the chemical mixture Technidol, which Kodak sold for that purpose alone. Other two-bath "split" developers have been used on Tech Pan as well as highly dilute developers such as Agfa's Rodinal. To achieve exact results, small-tank development was often the preferred process and "clip testing" (developing a small piece cut from a roll to test developing times and dilutions) was usually done. Like other panchromatic films, it must be developed in darkness.

When the film was discontinued, Kodak revealed that none had been made for many years nor could any more be made because the coating line had been shut down and many of the materials used to make it had been discontinued, and that it was still on the market only due to a large roll being found in frozen storage. The film was created for the military and was no longer required for that purpose. Consequently, Kodak cut the roll into commercially viable formats and continued to sell it. Unexposed Technical Pan is now quite valuable.

Tech Pan or Technipan, as it is often known, was very popular among some professional photographers and astronomers, as it is capable of recording extremely fine detail, and its sensitivity curve extended much further into the red than most films. In particular, it was very sensitive to light emitted by hydrogen at 656.28 nm (H-alpha), which made it very useful for a wide range of astronomical imaging. Tech Pan was also useful for electron and laser photography. The film was popular with photographers in the art and fashion industries for its extremely high-contrast results when up-rated and processed in an abrasive, high-strength developer.

This description comes from Kodak publication No. P-255, copyright 1985:

KODAK Technical Pan Film is a black-and-white panchromatic negative film with extended red sensitivity. The 2415 Film is available in both 35 mm and 4 x 5-inch sizes; it has a dimensionally stable 4-mil (100 μm) ESTHAR-AH Base with a built-in 0.1-density dye that suppresses light piping. The 6415 Film is available in 120 size with a 3.6-mil acetate base. Both 2415 and 6415 Films have good latent-image keeping and a dyed-gel backing to suppress halation and curl.

title: Technical Pan


text:
Ed Viesturs

Edmund Viesturs (born June 22, 1959) is an American high-altitude mountaineer, corporate speaker, and well known author in the mountain climbing community. He was the first American to climb all 14 of the eight-thousander mountains, and the 5th person to do so without supplemental oxygen. Along with Apa Sherpa, he has summitted eight-thousanders on 21 occasions, including Mount Everest seven times.

Viesturs took part in the 1996 IMAX filming of Everest shortly after the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, which became the highest grossing documentary up to that time. Thirteen days after the disaster, his team summited Everest accompanied by a film crew. He also had a cameo in the 2000 film Vertical Limit. Clive Standen plays Viesturs in the 2015 remake of Everest telling of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.

Early life
Viesturs was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, of Latvian and German descent. He was raised in Rockford, Illinois, Viesturs moved to Seattle, Washington in 1977 to attend the University of Washington. It was here that he began his mountaineering career on the slopes of Mount Rainier. Viesturs graduated from the University of Washington in 1981 with a BS in zoology and worked as a guide for Rainier Mountaineering. He later obtained a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Washington State University.

Climbing career
His interest in mountaineering was sparked in high school by reading Maurice Herzog's account of the first climb of Annapurna, titled Annapurna. After climbing Kangchenjunga in 1989, Mount Everest in 1990 and K2 in 1992, Viesturs became an international mountain guide and was sponsored for full-time mountaineering. He served as a guide for Rob Hall's Adventure Consultants company during their 1995 Everest expedition. Viesturs climbs with Finnish partner Veikka Gustafsson.

In 1992, he and fellow American Scott Fischer brought down French climber Chantal Mauduit, suffering from exhaustion, after her summit of K2. Viesturs was in the IMAX climbing team during the 1996 Everest Disaster. He was featured in David Breashears' documentary film Everest (1998), and filming was delayed as a blizzard struck. The IMAX team postponed shooting and followed Viesturs up the mountain to aid the stranded climbers. The team ultimately decided to keep going, and summitted Everest on May 23, 1996. Viesturs was also featured in the Nova television documentary, Everest: The Death Zone (1998), in which he and Breashears climbed Everest to the summit, while undergoing physical and mental tests to record the effects of altitude on humans.

In July 2003, Viesturs and a Kazakh team, headed by Denis Urubko, were instrumental in the rescue of French climber Jean-Christophe Lafaille from Broad Peak. Lafaille had developed high-altitude pulmonary edema and was unable to complete his descent. They coordinated a rescue attempt in the dark, and were able to get Lafaille safely off the mountain and helicoptered out for medical help.

In 2005, Viesturs became the first American, and 12th climber in history, to summit all 14 mountains over 8,000 meters (collectively known as the eight-thousanders). He is the 5th climber in history to do it without using supplemental oxygen. Viesturs has summitted Mount Everest seven times. Research published in 2022 estimated that Viesturs was one of only three climbers in history to have stood on the "true" geographical summit of all the eight-thousanders and that Viesturs was the first to do so.

Viesturs' more recent climbs have included Broad Peak (the world's 12th highest mountain) and Nanga Parbat (the world's ninth highest mountain) in 2003, Annapurna (the world's 10th highest mountain) in 2005, and Mount Everest (for the seventh time) in 2009. On July 8, 2009 he led an expedition to Mount Rainier as part of the United Way Climb for the Community effort. UCLA coach Jim Mora, Seahawks CEO Tod Leiweke, and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell took part in this charitable enterprise, summiting the 14,410 ft peak. Viesturs led an expedition to Antarctica, in January 2011, to climb its highest peak, Vinson Massif. In May 2021, he summitted Mount Rainier for the 216th time. Viesturs now acts as a guide for RMI Expeditions.

Other work
Viesturs was a cinematographer for the film Trio for One (2003), which told the story of French alpinist Jean-Christophe Lafaille's mission to climb Dhaulagiri, Nanga Parbat, and Broad Peak in a period of two months. He acts as a design consultant for manufacturers of outdoor equipment, and is a representative of his adopted hometown's football team, the Seattle Seahawks. He is a member of the board of directors for Big City Mountaineers, an urban youth organization that offers wilderness experiences. Viesturs has also found a niche as a corporate motivational speaker.

Awards
Viesturs is a recipient of the David A. Sowles Memorial Award (1992) from the American Alpine Club. He is also the recipient of the Explorers Club Lowell Thomas Award (2001) He was named National Geographic's Adventurer of the Year (2005).

Books

 * Peter Potterfield wrote Himalayan Quest: Ed Viesturs on the 8,000-Meter Giants (February 2003), chronicling Viesturs' climbing career to that point. Viesturs contributed photographs for the book and David Breashears wrote the introduction.
 * Viesturs has published his autobiography, No Shortcuts to the Top: Climbing the World's 14 Highest Peaks (October 2006), documenting his 16-year journey summitting all 14 eight-thousanders, and his strategies to manage risk in extreme mountain environments.
 * Viesturs and David Roberts published the book K2: Life and Death on the World's Most Dangerous Mountain, (October 2009) which tells the story of six expeditions to the world's second tallest mountain.
 * Viesturs published The Will to Climb: Obsession and Commitment and the Quest to Climb Annapurna--the World's Deadliest Peak (October 2011), which he describes his own experiences on Annapurna as well as those of others who have attempted to climb the most dangerous (statistically) 8000 meter peak.
 * Viesturs and David Roberts published The Mountain: Epic Adventures on Everest (October 8, 2013), which both surveys Viesturs' personal ascents and recounts other historical ascents of Mount Everest.

Films

 * He was a featured climber in David Breashears' Everest IMAX film in 1998.
 * He made a cameo appearance as himself in the film Vertical Limit (2000).
 * He was portrayed by Clive Standen in the 2015 adventure film Everest.

Games

 * Viesturs featured in a.k.a. studios' Everest (1999) published by GT Interactive.
 * Viesturs and some of his footage of Mount Everest are featured in Big Fish Games' game Hidden Expedition: Everest (2007). It achieved first runner-up for Best Hidden Object Game of 2007.

Periodicals

 * He was featured on the cover of Outside Magazine's 30th anniversary issue in 2007.

Television

 * He was a guest on The Daily Show on December 7, 2006.
 * He was a guest on Charlie Rose on January 16, 2007.
 * He appeared on The Colbert Report on March 14, 2007, where he agreed to plant a Colbert Report flag atop Mount Everest the next time he went; on July 2, 2009, he brought the Colbert Nation flag back from Everest's summit to the show.

title: Ed Viesturs


text:
Ruggiero Ricci

Ruggiero Ricci (24 July 1918 – 5 August 2012)  was an American violinist known for performances and recordings of the works of Paganini.

Biography
He was born in San Bruno, California, the son of Italian immigrants who first named him Woodrow Wilson Rich. His brother was cellist George Ricci (1923–2010), originally named George Washington Rich. His sister Emma played violin with the New York Metropolitan Opera. His father first taught him to play the violin. At age seven, Ricci studied with Louis Persinger and Elizabeth Lackey. Persinger would become his piano accompanist for many recitals and recordings.

Ricci gave his first public performance in 1928 at the age of 10 in San Francisco where he played works by Wieniawski and Vieuxtemps. He gained a reputation for being a child prodigy. At the age of 11, he gave his first orchestral performance, playing the Mendelssohn concerto, and soon after he had his highly successful debut at Carnegie Hall.

In the 1930s Ricci studied in Berlin with Georg Kulenkampff, where he learned a "German style" of playing in the tradition of Adolf Busch. He also studied with Mishel Piastro and Paul Stassevich.

He served in the US Army from 1942 until 1945, where he was an "entertainment specialist".

In 1947, Ricci was the first violinist to record the complete 24 Caprices, Op. 1, by Paganini, in their original form. Ricci's first recording was on the Decca recording label. After his time in the military, he uncovered many pieces by 19th-century composers that he would perform solo. In 1993, he recorded the Complete Works for Violin and Orchestra by Saint-Saens. He also performed the world premieres of pieces by many contemporary composers, including the violin concertos by Gottfried von Einem, Carlos Veerhoff and Alberto Ginastera.

Aside from performing over 6,000 concerts in 65 countries during his 70-year solo career, Ricci also made over 500 recordings, on every major label. He taught violin at Indiana University, the Juilliard School and the University of Michigan. He also taught at the University Mozarteum in Salzburg, Austria. Ricci held master classes in the United States and Europe. He wrote Left Hand Technique, a pedagogical volume for violin published by G. Schirmer. The Persian volume of this book is also published by Mohsen Kazemian, Iran.

Ricci died of heart failure in August 2012 at his home in Palm Springs, California, aged 94.

Selected performances
With the aim of showcasing great masterpieces of violin concerto repertoire, Ricci, accompanied by members of the American Symphony Orchestra, performed 15 concertos over a series of four concerts at Lincoln Center's Philharmonic Hall, all in a span of 30 days, under a different conductor each time.
 * 17 November 1964, Gerhard Samuel (1925–2008), conductor
 * Bach – Violin Concerto in E major
 * Mendelssohn – Violin Concerto
 * Hindemith – Kammermusik No. 4
 * Prokofieff – Violin Concerto No. 2
 * 1 December 1964, Ezra Rachlin, conductor
 * Mozart – Violin Concerto No. 5
 * Bartók – Violin Concerto No. 2
 * Tchaikovsky – Violin Concerto
 * 8 December 1964, Jacques Singer, conductor
 * Paganini – Violin Concerto No. 1
 * Stravinsky – Violin Concerto
 * Brahms – Violin Concerto
 * 16 December 1964, Igor Buketoff, conductor
 * Vivaldi – Four Seasons (counts as 4 concertos)
 * Beethoven – Violin Concerto

Ricci reunited with Singer in Portland with the Oregon Symphony, and performed the Paganini, Stravinsky, and Brahms Concertos.

Paganini Caprices recordings
Ricci made the first complete recording of the 24 Caprices in their original version in 1947 in London. Ricci later made further recordings of the complete set, as stated below:
 * 1947 | 2LPs | Decca LK.4025, Nos. 1–12; LXT.2588, Nos. 13–24 mono; 1950 reprint | 2LPs | London Decca LL.264, Nos. 1–12; LL.252, Nos. 13–24, mono (London, July 1947)
 * 1959 | LP | Decca LXT.5569 mono / SXL.2194 stereo (Victoria Hall, Geneva, 1–9 April 1959)
 * 1973 | LP | Vox Turnabout TV-S 34528 | plus premiere recording of Caprice d'adieu in E major, MS 68 (USA, 1973)
 * 1978 | 2LP | Price-Less C–93042 (CD reprint: Price-Less D12179) | "Golden Jubilee" – recorded direct-to-disc at Soundstage Recording Studio, Toronto, Canada | plus Caprice d'adieu in E major, MS 68 plus Duo merveille in C major, MS 6 (Toronto, 1978)
 * 1988 | CD | Radio Vaticana 061–003 / Biddulph LAW 016 | performed on Paganini's Guarneri del Gesù "Il Cannone" (Genova, 16–20 April 1988)
 * 1998 | CD | Dynamic CDS244 | 80th Birthday Concert, live in Szeged Synagogue, Hungary | version for violin and orchestra by Laszlo Meszlény (Nos. 1–23) and Chris Nicholls (No. 24), based on the piano accompaniment composed by Robert Schumann (Hungary, 17 May 1998)
 * 1982 | LaserDisc-NTSC | One Eleven, Ltd. URS-V-91610 | 69 mins. | BBC Scotland, Live television performance (p)1991
 * 1987 | VHS-NTSC | Shar Products Company RR–1 (Michigan University, 10 January 1987) | unedited performance

title: Ruggiero Ricci


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MC Oral B

MC Oral B
Gets 9 google hits, while MC Frontalot gets 6000+. He's non-notable in a non-notable group of other small-timers. Website links to Alien loves Predator...hfool 23:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Make that 5 hits after you filter out wikipedia, encyclopedia and dictionary; seeing as how this is nerdcore and the primary distribution method of nerdcore is via the internet, to say this subject is non-notable would be the understatement of the year. The website the article links to does not display any of his released music, if any exists.  May be a hoax or joke, but in anycase it is certainly non-notable vanity of the highest order.  Verdict: EXTREME DELETE.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 23:50, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Non-notable MC, rapvanity. Geogre 01:33, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete--ATi:) 17:40, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gtabary 17:42, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense. Speedy? [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:16, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, what they said. Wyss 21:14, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but I love that name. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:41, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)


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Hugh J. Addonizio

Hugh Joseph Addonizio (January 31, 1914 – February 2, 1981) was an American Democratic Party politician who was sentenced to prison for corruption. He was the 33rd Mayor of Newark, New Jersey, from 1962 to 1970, and a U.S. Congressman from 1949 to 1962.

Early life and education
Born in Newark to an Italian family, Addonizio attended West Side High School and played quarterback at Saint Benedict's Preparatory School. Addonizio graduated from Fordham University in New York City in 1939, attending with an athletic scholarship, and went to work for A&C Clothing Company, working for his father, where he became vice president in 1946.

World War II
During World War II he had served in the United States Army earning the Silver Star; he served in North Africa, Italy and France. Addonizio was among the first Americans drafted in 1940, a year before Pearl Harbor. He rose from the rank of private, was discharged with the rank of captain, and was named to the Officer Candidate School Hall of Fame at Fort Benning.

Political career
In 1948, he ran for and won a seat in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat, representing New Jersey's 11th congressional district. He resigned his seat on June 30, 1962, to run for mayor of Newark. He ran on a reform platform, defeating what he characterized as the corrupt political machine of Leo P. Carlin, who had been mayor since 1953.

Corruption investigation
Addonizio served as mayor from 1962 until 1970, when he lost his reelection bid. A state investigation into his administration commenced following the 1967 Newark riots that occurred during his tenure, which led to the discovery that he and other city officials were taking kickbacks from city contractors. In December 1969, he and nine current or former officials of the municipal administration in Newark were indicted by a federal grand jury; five other persons were also indicted.

In July 1970, the former mayor and four other defendants were found guilty by a federal jury on 64 counts each, one of conspiracy and 63 of extortion. In September 1970, Addonizio was sentenced to ten years in federal prison and fined $25,000 by U.S. District Court Judge George H. Barlow for his role in a plot that involved the extortion of $1.5 million in kickbacks, a crime that the judge said "tore at the very heart of our civilized society and our form of representative government".

Addonizio served around half of his ten-year sentence before being released on parole.

Death
Addonizio died of cardiac arrest in 1981 and was interred in Gate of Heaven Cemetery in East Hanover.

title: Hugh J. Addonizio


text:
Talk:Economy of South America

Expansion Citing
I´ve decided to help in the expansion, but the truth is that most of my information is coming from first-hand sources of my visits there, so I´m not sure how to cite this (if I should, because I personally don´t want people calling me just to fact check me, but email is ok) or if this information is valid.

Fephisto The Date

GDP
The article was wrong. PPP (2,645.997 trillion), currency (0.96881 trillion).

 * Not only that, the article is very poorly done with tables after tables....and MORE TABLES! and the very little that is said isn't even cited. - not sure how to sign 14, jan 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.234.108.162 (talk) 06:29, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Tables need to be updated, Colombia's GDP (per capita) is $9,000 according to the CIA profile as of 2008. I would update it myself but it's just too much work as it would involve changing EVERY other table and its respective countries. The source of my claim can be found here: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2004.html, 11:21pm 24 January 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.234.110.55 (talk)

Errors in the article
Hi get grammarly!, peru's GDP is $217.5 billion (2007 est.) and NOT 27.5 million. You can check it out in the webpage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.40.71.187 (talk) 03:07, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Besides, Peruvian economy's growing at 9%per year... I'm suggesting, you should keep an eye on it a correct these mistakes. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Giover187 (talk • contribs) 03:18, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * And also the GDP per capita's wrong, according to the mere source u gave, Peru's GDP is around 7,803 ranking on 79 ... Please, I'll very very thankful if you correct these mistakes.

I deleted this:

"Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, and Colombia, in this order, have the largest economies in South America, while Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay have the best Human Development Index of South America. Venezuela, in turn, has large oil reserves that have turned the nation into an important player in world trade."

because it simply isn't true, and there is no source verifying it. Venezuela is far from being a heavy weight in the South American economy. - not sure how to sign either :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.234.108.162 (talk) 06:20, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Removed a section because it is unsourced and most likely writen by a patriotic venezuelan. - (Eticacero) 10:41, 24 Jan 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.234.110.55 (talk)

Merger
I made a suggestion at Talk:Economy_of_North_America, please add your comments there so as to keep the debate in one place. Cheers. Grunners 01:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:52, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * General Motors Rosario.jpg

Social
Learn 49.126.74.22 (talk) 15:44, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Merger proposal 2024
I propose merging Latin American economy into Economy of South America. I think the South American content in Latin American economy can better be explained in the context of Economy of South America (especially Mercosur and the Andean Community), and a merge would not cause any article-size or weighting problems in Economy of South America. Economic integration efforts within South America rarely go beyond South America, and often include non-"Latin" countries such as Suriname and Guyana. The emphasis on language thus seems unwarranted. The non-South American content of Latin American economy can instead be merged into Economy of Central America. User:Duckmather tagged this page and Latin American economy for merging, but did not create a discussion, so I am doing that right now. NLeeuw (talk) 15:08, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Support - I'm really struggling to see what is the point of this article. There is no such thing as a "Latin American economy" to begin with, and there are no articles on Wikipedia such as "Economy of the Anglosphere", for example. Torimem (talk) 14:47, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That's a good comparison. NLeeuw (talk) 16:14, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I do not think it is a good comparison. The anglosphere is not one geographic block. South America does not include the Central American latin countries. I suggest this article discuss more the interconnectivity of Latin American countries as a block. The article can minimize and focus on the Mercosur economy, similarily to Economy of the European Union. O.maximov (talk) 12:07, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Latin America is not "one geographic block" either. It excludes Suriname, Guyana, Belize, etc. because they don't have a Romance language as the official language or lingua franca. The Darién Gap effectively cuts South America off from Central America, which is why there is no actual Pan-American Highway. Claiming that Latin America is "one geographic block" is wishful thinking, based on an over-emphasis on languages. In practice, economic integration happens within South America, especially through Mercosur, and often within subregions, namely the Andean Community on the one hand, and Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and often Brazil on the other. NLeeuw (talk) 12:16, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * There are characteristics of Latin American countries as a block and affinity between countries. The article can switch its focus to Mercosur's relations with other countries in South and Central America. Or intra trade in Latin American countries or between Mercosur and it's neighbors. I see value in an article that explores the economy of Central and South America togethor. O.maximov (talk) 12:38, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of South America


text:
File:Mcgarrigle-vache.jpg

CD cover

title: File:Mcgarrigle-vache.jpg


text:
Salawa Abeni

Salawa Abeni Alidu (born 5 May 1961) is a Nigerian singer. An Ijebu Yoruba from Ijebu Waterside, in Ogun State, she began her professional career in waka music when she released her debut album titled, Late General Murtala Ramat Mohammed, in 1976, on Leader Records. It became the first recording by a female artist in Yoruba Songs to sell over a million copies in Nigeria.

Abeni continued recording for Leader until 1986, when she ended a relationship with the record label's owner, Lateef Adepoju. She married Kollington Ayinla and joined his record label instead, staying with him until 1994.

She was crowned "Queen of Waka Music" by the Alaafin of Oyo, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi in 1992. Waka is an Islamic-influenced, traditional Yoruba music style, popularized by Batile Alake; it is a much older genre than jùjú and fuji.

Controversy
When speaking to the News Agency of Nigeria, Abeni created controversy when she advised fellow musicians to "stay away from homosexuality", likening it to drug addiction. Activists called her comments "a display of ignorance", however her remarks were recently echoed by Nigerian model Olajumoke Orisaguna in her YouTube video Olajumoke Sauce 7: Trends and Acceptance uploaded in February 2018. Under Nigerian law based on British colonial jurisprudence, same-sex relationships between LGBT people remain a criminal offence, with maximum punishments ranging from 14 years imprisonment to the death penalty.

Discography

 * Late Murtala Muhammed (Leader, 1976)
 * Iba Omode Iba Agba (Leader, 1976)
 * Shooting Stars (Leader, 1977)
 * Ijamba Motor (Leader, 1978)
 * Okiki Kan To Sele/Yinka Esho Esor (Leader, 1979)
 * Orin Tuntun (Leader, 1979)
 * Irohin Mecca (Leader, 1980)
 * Ile Aiye (Leader, 1980)
 * Omi Yale (Leader, 1980)
 * Ija O Dara (Leader, 1981)
 * Ikilo (Leader, 1981)
 * Enie Tori Ele Ku (Leader, 1982)
 * Challenge Cup ’84 (Leader, 1983)
 * Adieu Alhaji Haruna Ishola (Leader, 1985)
 * Indian Waka (Kollington, 1986)
 * Ìfẹ́ Dára Púpọ̀ (Kollington, 1986)
 * Mo Tun De Bi Mo Se Nde (Kollington, 1986)
 * Awa Lagba (Kollington, 1987)
 * Abode America (Kollington, 1988)
 * Ileya Special (Kollington, 1988)
 * I Love You (Kollington, 1988)
 * We Are The Children (Kollington, 1989)
 * Maradonna (Kollington, 1989)
 * Candle (Kollington, 1990)
 * Experience (Alagbada, 1991)
 * Congratulations (Alagbada, 1991)
 * Cheer Up (Alagbada, 1992)
 * Waka Carnival (Alagbada, 1994)
 * Beware cassette (Sony, 1995)
 * Live In London ’96 cassette (Emperor Promotions, 1996)
 * Appreciation cassette (Sony, 1997)
 * With Barrister Evening Of Sound cassette (Zmirage Productions, 1997)
 * Good Morning In America (Alagbada, 1999)

title: Salawa Abeni


text:
I Need an Angel

"I Need an Angel" is a song by singer Daniel DeBourg released on his Tell the World album in 2002, that made number 30 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart. The song was produced and written by R. Kelly.

A version performed by R. Kelly himself was included on advance copies of his 2004 double album, Happy People/U Saved Me, but was replaced with the song "I Surrender" on the final release.

The song was remade by second-season American Idol winner Ruben Studdard in 2004, as the title track of his album I Need an Angel. It peaked at number 32 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.

title: I Need an Angel


text:
Andrew Neiderman

Andrew Neiderman (born October 26, 1940) is an American novelist. In 1987, he became the ghost writer for V. C. Andrews following her death in 1986. He formerly taught English at Fallsburg Jr./Sr. High School, in upstate New York.

Neiderman is arguably best known as the author of The Devil's Advocate, later adapted into a film starring Keanu Reeves, Al Pacino, and Charlize Theron, and directed by Taylor Hackford. Neiderman also adapted the novel Rain into a film, based on a series of novels released under Andrews's name.

Neiderman wrote the stage adaptation of Flowers in the Attic based on the novel by V.C. Andrews, published online in 2014. The world premiere was produced in New Orleans, Louisiana, in August 2015 by See 'Em On Stage: A Production Company and was directed by Christopher Bentivegna.

Neiderman has written the libretto for a musical stage adaptation of The Devil's Advocate.

He also co-authored the screenplay for Duplicates, a USA Network cable movie, and has had six of his other novels adapted into films.

With the publication of Guardian Angel by Dorchester Publishers in January 2010, Neiderman has, between his V. C. Andrews novels and those under his name, reached 125 published novels.

A resident of Palm Springs, California, Neiderman was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars on October 17, 1997.

Novels
This list of novels does not include works by Neiderman ghostwritten as by "the V. C. Andrews Trust".

 * Illusion (1967)
 * Sisters (1972)
 * Weekend (1980) (with Tania Grossinger)
 * Pin (1981) (adapted as a film in 1988)
 * Brainchild (1981)
 * Someone's Watching (1983)
 * Tender, Loving Care (1984) (adapted as an interactive movie in 1997)
 * Imp (1985)
 * Child's Play (1985)
 * Love Child (1986)
 * Reflection (1986)
 * Teacher's Pet (1986)
 * Night Howl (1986)
 * Sight Unseen (1987)
 * Playmates (1987)
 * The Maddening (1987) (adapted as a film in 1995)
 * Surrogate Child (1988)
 * Perfect Little Angels (1989)
 * The Devil's Advocate (1990) (filmed in 1997 by director Taylor Hackford)
 * Bloodchild (1990)
 * The Immortals (1991)
 * The Need (1992)
 * Sister, Sister (1992)
 * The Solomon Organization (1993)
 * After Life (1993)
 * Angel of Mercy (1994)
 * Duplicates (1994)
 * Thirsty (1995)
 * The Dark (1997)
 * In Double Jeopardy (1998)
 * Neighborhood Watch (1999)
 * Curse (2000)
 * Zombies (2000)
 * Amnesia (2001)
 * Dead Time (2002)
 * Under Abduction (2002)
 * The Baby Squad (2003)
 * Deficiency (2004)
 * The Hunted (2005)
 * Finding Satan (2006)
 * Unholy Birth (2007)
 * Life Sentence (2007)
 * Deadly Verdict (2008)
 * Guardian Angel (2010)
 * Garden of the Dead (2011)
 * Lost in His Eyes (2015)
 * Undercover Lovers (2022)

title: Andrew Neiderman


text:
Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)

Breakaway is the second studio album by American pop singer Kelly Clarkson, released on November 30, 2004, by RCA Records. The album is the follow-up to her successful debut album, Thankful (2003). Breakaway sees Clarkson collaborating with various producers and songwriters for the first time, primarily Dr. Luke, Max Martin, John Shanks, Kara DioGuardi, Ben Moody, and David Hodges; the latter two are former members of American rock band Evanescence. Despite the established commercial success of Thankful, music critics still continued to typecast Clarkson as an American Idol winner and were also critical of her attempts of establishing a commercial appeal on her own. Wanting to stray from those, she was convinced by Davis to work with Dr. Luke and Martin in Stockholm, and with Moody and Hodges in Los Angeles, in pursuit of a pop rock direction. This also led her to part ways with her manager Simon Fuller and hire the management services of Jeff Kwatinetz before the album's release. Breakaway is primarily a pop rock record with elements of rock and soul music, marking a departure from the R&B-oriented sound of Thankful; its lyrics explore themes of heartbreak, love, and escapism.

Breakaway received a positive response from music critics, with many commending the album's new-found pop rock sound and Clarkson's vocal performances. It received several awards and nominations, including winning two Grammy Awards and receiving a nomination for a Juno Award. The album became a commercial success worldwide. By selling over 12 million copies worldwide, Breakaway is Clarkson's best selling album of her career so far, and one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century and by a female artist. After debuting at number three on the Billboard 200 in the United States, it stayed on the top twenty of the chart for more than a year, eventually being certified 6× multi-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of more than six million copies.

Breakaway's singles "Since U Been Gone", "Behind These Hazel Eyes", "Because of You", "Walk Away", and "Breakaway" became worldwide hits and have become some of Clarkson's signature songs. Their successes prompted Billboard to credit her for landscaping the core sound of mainstream pop music as an uptempo dance-oriented sound in the 2000s. Furthermore, Breakaway established Clarkson as one of the four highest-selling acts of Sony BMG in the 2000s. Internationally, the album topped the music charts of Ireland and the Netherlands and became the world's 7th biggest-selling release of 2005, eventually being certified platinum in over 17 countries. To promote the album, Clarkson embarked on three international concert tours from 2005 to 2006: the Breakaway Tour, Hazel Eyes Tour, and the Addicted Tour. Billboard placed the album 77th in the Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums.

Background and production
In early 2004, Clarkson began working on new material for her second studio album, which followed her successful debut album Thankful (2003), while co-headlining the Independent Tour with Clay Aiken, the runner-up from the second season of American Idol. She had also expressed intentions to record with Fantasia Barrino, who had then just won the series' third season; both were expected to release their albums in the same month.

As she began to work for the album with music executive Clive Davis, Clarkson was invited by Whitney Houston to record the song "Breakaway", which would be included for the soundtrack of the 2004 Walt Disney Pictures feature film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, which Houston had co-produced. The song, written by Matthew Gerrard, Bridget Benenate, and Avril Lavigne, was initially written for Lavigne's debut album Let Go (2002) but deemed unsuitable for the album's themes at the time. Initially reluctant, Clarkson agreed to record the song. "Breakaway" was first released in July 2004 by Walt Disney Records as a single from the soundtrack, acting as an interim record until her second album's lead single was released. After debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 60, it peaked at number six, a week before the album's release.

In April 2004, Clarkson entered the studio immediately after the Independent Tour. She said in an interview, "I've written most of (the songs) so far, but there's some people who have some stuff for me. I'm not one of those people who thinks you have to write everything. (I'll sing it) as long as I can relate to it." During the album's development, Davis revealed that he was reluctant to let Clarkson write material for the album. He revealed, "I always encourage people to write their own songs, but in the pop arena, where the career is totally dependent on hits, you get skeptical. Artists with great voices like Melissa Manchester and Taylor Dayne could have had much longer careers if they didn't insist on writing their own material." Clarkson reiterates that she's been writing songs since her teens, but rather than argue over labels or abilities, the two reached a détente—she would co-write half the album, with the other half being penned by other songwriters and producers. She said, "I just think it's funny that all these middle-age guys told me, 'You don't know how a pop song needs to sound.' I'm a 23-year-old girl! But I was fighting those battles alone." In February 2004, Clarkson met with musicians Ben Moody and David Hodges, who had just departed from their band Evanescence in late 2003. She said, "I didn't know that he (Moody) wasn't with Evanescence anymore," Clarkson said. "I just really liked their vibe and I thought it might be cool to work with one of them. So I just randomly asked people I work with, 'Hey, do you think that he'd work with me?' And then I found out that he kind of split and that's what he's doing ... so it worked out perfectly." Moody recalled, "It's cool because she wants to do some branching out, and I'm doing nothing but branching out, we got together and she had all these songs in mind of what she wanted to do. It's just a really, really cool process for me, because everybody is a new experience. Everybody works differently."

Worried of Clarkson being continually typecast as a talent show winner, Davis met with various producers, primarily Max Martin, and encouraged them to produce records for Clarkson in a pop rock direction. Clarkson revealed that she expected that she'll always be labeled as an American Idol winner; she remarked, "I'm the first one, so it's going to be on my grave, I'm aware of that. (There's no getting away from it) so why even try?" Upon their meeting, Martin presented songs he wrote with Dr. Luke. These songs include "Since U Been Gone" and a demo version of what would have been "Behind These Hazel Eyes". Davis wanted Clarkson to record the songs, describing them having "a sharp rock edge but were still capable of being pop hits. They would push Kelly in a promising direction for her, while maintaining and even growing her audience." Martin insisted that the songs should be given to rock acts, wanting to stray from his reputation for producing pop singles for the Backstreet Boys and Britney Spears in the 1990s. Davis recalled, "Max was looking to move on from what he had done with Backstreet Boys, and I really spent time convincing them that an American Idol winner could bring all the feeling and passion that was required to the song." Martin and Dr. Luke eventually agreed and invited Clarkson to travel to Sweden to record the songs. Upon hearing the tracks, Clarkson was skeptical of the pop elements; and the three eventually decided to develop a rock sound, a move Clarkson claimed Davis did not approve. Davis reiterated that he was ecstatic with the prospect, claiming that she disliked it and demanded that both the songs be removed from the album. Clarkson then asserted that she wanted it to be on the record and claimed that Davis had detested "Because of You" instead, saying that she "was a shitty writer (sic) who should be grateful for the gifts that he bestows upon her". Davis reiterated that he loved the song and felt that Clarkson could indeed write hits.

Music and lyrics
Wanting to stray away from the R&B-styled music of Thankful, which she described as a showcase of versatility, she revealed that Thankful's success "empowered me to step more into rock, step more into the soulful vibe." She described the music of the second album as "like the first CD in the sense that it's versatile, but it's more into the rock, It's more into the soulful roots, and it's just a little bit deeper, so it's pretty cool." Dr. Luke revealed in an interview that alternative music and indie music were inspirations to "Since U Been Gone", saying, "That was a conscious move by Max [Martin] and myself, because we were listening to alternative and indie music and talking about some song-I don't remember what it was. I said, 'Ah, I love this song,' and Max was like, 'If they would just write a damn pop chorus on it!' It was driving him nuts, because that indie song was sort of on six, going to seven, going to eight, the chorus comes ... and it goes back down to five. It drove him crazy. And when he said that, it was like, light bulb. 'Why don't we do that, but put a big chorus on it?' It worked." Songs such as "Behind These Hazel Eyes", and "Because of You" were also inspired by her real life experiences, the former about her relationship with an ex-boyfriend and the latter about her experience after her parents' divorce.

Clarkson shares writing credits on six songs from Breakaway. "Breakaway" was included as the album's opening and title track. She described it as a simple song, and further explained, "I think that its simplicity is what's beautiful about it. Whenever writers or producers come to work with me, they take advantage of the fact that I can really belt it out. What's cool about 'Breakaway' is that it doesn't take advantage of that. The song just uses the simplicity of my voice. I've done country music, I've done pop, I've done gospel... all of my singles have sounded different. But this song was different from everything I've done; people didn't even know it was me!" Written by Max Martin and Dr. Luke, Clarkson described the second track "Since U Been Gone", as "not as "smooth" as pop or R&B. Clarkson said of the track, the very last to be recorded for the album, "It's very emotional. Vocally, it can be a lot more challenging, but is very fun to play live." Written by Clarkson, Dr. Luke, and Martin, the third track, "Behind These Hazel Eyes", was the last song she had co-written for the album. She recalled, "I wrote 'Behind These Hazel Eyes' about my last boyfriend. It's the last song I wrote for the album, I almost didn't make the deadline." The fourth track, "Because of You", was originally intended for Thankful. Clarkson wrote a draft of the song after a late night talk with a friend who had hard time with her family, with Moody and Hodges providing additional writing. "Gone", the fifth track, was written by Kara DioGuardi and John Shanks. Clarkson admits she cannot relate thoroughly to the song, but felt that it should be heard nonetheless. The sixth track, "Addicted", was written by Clarkson, Ben Moody, and David Hodges. Clarkson revealed that the song was inspired by the songs featured on Evanescence's debut album Fallen (2003). She remarked, "I wanted to work with someone as passionate about music as I am. And then I heard that Evanescence record ... I loved their record because of the passion behind it.

Clarkson co-wrote the seventh track, "Where Is Your Heart", with DioGuardi and Chantal Kreviazuk. She revealed that it was also about her boyfriend, Hodges, whom she described as "wanting to get really into our relationship, and I just thought, 'Where are you in our relationship?'" "Walk Away", the eight track, was also written by the three, with additional writing by Raine Maida. Clarkson described it as "one of the brighter songs" on Breakaway, and said that "It's very blunt and to the point. 'I'm done with you, you're upsetting me.'" DioGuardi and Shanks co-wrote the ninth track, "You Found Me". Clarkson revealed, "When I recorded this one, I was actually in a good place with a guy. It was very fitting at the time that I recorded it." DioGuardi had also co-written the tenth track, "I Hate Myself for Losing You", with Jimmy Harry and Shep Solomon. Clarkson described the song as "depressing", but felt it could be used as a foreshadowing device. She explained "I read something that Sting said in an interview, he talked about how the great thing about writing is that it is an emotional and therapeutic thing and you can get it out." The eleventh track, "Hear Me", was written by Clarkson, DioGuardi, and Clif Magness. Clarkson explained the song, "The song is almost like a prayer to God. I haven't met the person whom I will spend the rest of my life with, but the song is a prayer to God about that. That's what the song is. 'God, I'm ready for 'the one!'" The twelfth and closing track is a live recording of "Beautiful Disaster", originally from Thankful. Clarkson admitted that she hated Thankful's version of the song, and thought the production was distracting from the lyrics. So she decided to record a piano ballad version instead.

Release and promotion
Breakaway was first released in North America on November 30, 2004, by RCA Records, 19 Recordings, and S Records, following an influx of releases by American Idol contestants Clay Aiken, Ruben Studdard, and Fantasia Barrino. The New York Times columnist Jeff Leeds noted that the releases could benefit from the holiday season, but "it could also hinder their efforts to establish themselves as recording artists with distinctive personalities and the legitimacy needed for long careers." Clive Davis reiterated that the release was intended to recede from their ties from American Idol, saying, "I'm not interested in merely souvenir sales". The album was titled Breakaway to capitalize on the success of The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement soundtrack single "Breakaway", which was also reissued as the album's final single. Immediately before the album was released, Clarkson left 19 Management, dismissed Fuller as her manager, and quickly hired the managing services of Jeff Kwatinetz of The Firm, though still contracted to 19 Recordings. A promotion plan was created for Clarkson for Breakaway's release. Davis positioned her to be RCA's top global priority, and at the recommendation of The Firm, removed American Idol from her official biography. Rather than being booked on arenas for her tour, Kwatinetz booked Clarkson for smaller amphitheaters to hone her performance skills. He remarked, "American Idol gave her a lot of exposure that allowed her to skip some steps in her development, and that's hazardous." Breakaway was first released internationally on January 3, 2005, by the Bertelsmann Music Group (now Sony Music Entertainment), and was released in the United Kingdom on July 18, 2005, by RCA. In November 2005, a special edition CD+DVD was released, containing additional bonus tracks and music videos.

Clarkson, along with Studdard and Barrino, hosted a television musical special on the Fox Broadcasting Company entitled Kelly, Ruben & Fantasia: Home for Christmas on November 25, 2004. On the eve of Breakaway's release, she performed "Since U Been Gone" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. In February 2005, she appeared on Saturday Night Live to perform "Since U Been Gone" and "Breakaway". In September 2005, she appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and performed "Breakaway" as well as "Because of You". Clarkson also performed in award ceremonies and events; she performed "Since U Been Gone" on the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards at the American Airlines Arena and on the Brit Awards 2006 at the Earls Court. She performed "Because of You" on the 48th Annual Grammy Awards at the Staples Center and on the 15th Echo Awards at the Estrel Hotel.

From 2005 to 2006, Clarkson embarked on three concert tours to promote Breakaway: the Breakaway Tour, Hazel Eyes Tour, and the Addicted Tour. The Breakaway Tour, which took place before, in between and after the Hazel Eyes Tour, marked Clarkson's first world tour, visiting theaters and arenas throughout North America, Europe and Oceania. The Hazel Eyes tour took place in various theaters throughout North America, with the concert at UCF Arena being streamed live on AOL and AOL Radio. Upon returning to the United States, she then embarked on the Addicted Tour, performing at various amphitheaters across the United States.

Singles
Breakaway's lead single, "Since U Been Gone", was released in November 2004, but gained traction at the beginning of 2005. After debuting at number seventy, it peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number two, and stayed in the chart's top ten for 20 weeks. Despite a number two peak, "Since U Been Gone" remains as Clarkson's most successful single on the Billboard Hot 100, outpacing even her number one hits on the chart. It also topped nine other Billboard charts, including the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 and the Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay, and became a successful hit around the world. The second single, "Behind These Hazel Eyes", was released in April 2005 and continued the chart success. After debuting at number 87 on the Billboard Hot 100, it peaked at number six while "Since U Been Gone" was still in the top ten. It stayed on the chart's top ten for 15 weeks, and also became an international hit. The third single, "Because of You", released in August 2005, performed successfully along with its predecessors, peaking at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. While "Since U Been Gone" became Breakaway's most successful release in the United States, "Because of You" became the album's most successful release internationally. It topped the Dutch Top 40 chart in the Netherlands, the Schweizer Hitparade chart in Switzerland, the Tracklisten Airplay chart in Denmark and became a number one single on the Billboard European Hot 100 Singles chart; while also attaining a top ten position in nine regions. The follow-up track, "Walk Away", was released in January 2006 as Breakaway's fourth single and its final release in the United States. After debuting at number 97, it peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and became a top forty hit internationally. Originally released as a single from The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement soundtrack in July 2004, the title track "Breakaway" was reissued as the album's fifth and final single in May 2006. After peaking on the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, it became a top twenty hit internationally.

Critical reception
The album received positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine, who gave it four out of five stars, wrote "what gives Breakaway its spine are the driving, anthemic pop tunes, numbers that sound simultaneously mainstream and youthful, which is a hard trick to pull off" and describing the tracks as the ones that illustrate Clarkson as a rare thing in the 2000s: "a pop singer who's neither hip nor square, just solidly and enjoyably in the mainstream." Sputnikmusic's Dave Donnelly gave it a "4" rating, remarking that "Breakaway is not a Thriller to her Off The Wall by no means, but she has at least created a rare type of album: a one that offers a full selection of potential singles, reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Bad or Thriller, which he described as having a mass appeal with artistic integrity and perceived longevity. Breakaway may be remembered in years to come as a pop classic, alongside Madonna's early material perhaps." Raymond Fiore of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a "B" rating, noting its rock direction and describing it as "Avril-meets-Evanescence, with a splash of Pat Benatar." Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine gave Breakaway a three-and-a-half star rating and commented that "though her rocky leanings were hinted at on the less coherent Thankful Charles Merwin wrote for Stylus Magazine that the album's probable non-singles still maintain a quality "high enough to quell worries about the "I love the singles, but that's all I really need to hear" arguments." He described Clarkson as ranking some where at the top of her class as far as rock albums go among the teen pop set, saying that she "has a long way to go before we'll ever feel comfortable calling her anything besides an American Idol, but for now she has a sound that seems believable enough to support her considerable chops." In a quick review, Billboard described Breakaway as a "rare exhibition of substance over style".

Some critics, however, were less impressed by the album. Shirley Halperin of Rolling Stone offered a mixed review by giving the album a three-star rating and saying "Clarkson isn't ready for her new sound." She asked, "You can't help but wonder, Who is the real Kelly Clarkson, and when will she stop wearing her big sister's hand-me-downs?" Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian gave it a two-star rating, saying that "the title track expresses Clarkson's novel desire to "spread my wings and learn to fly", but settles into a catchy enough rut at times."

Accolades
Breakaway received various accolades from several music industry awards. It won Grammy Awards for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Since U Been Gone" at the 48th ceremony, making Clarkson the first alumnus ever from American Idol to win in the awards show. The album was also nominated for a Juno Award for International Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2006. In the American Music Awards of 2005, Breakaway received four nominations, including Favorite Pop/Rock Album, and earned Clarkson two awards for Artist of the Year and Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist. In addition, Clarkson won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist at the American Music Awards of 2006. The album also won nine out of her twelve nominations at the 2005 Billboard Music Awards. At the 2005 Teen Choice Awards, Breakaway won four awards, including a Choice Album award. At the TMF Awards, the album enabled Clarkson to win three awards, including a Best Pop Artist and a Best Female Artist award.

Breakaway also appeared on decade-end best-of lists. Newsweek ranked it as the ninth best album of the 2000s. Entertainment Weekly ranked it as the 29th of the 100 best albums from 1988 to 2008. Rolling Stone ranked it as the 11th top album in their decade-end reader's poll.

Commercial performance
Breakaway is currently Clarkson's most successful release to date, with sales of over 12 million copies worldwide. On the week ending December 18, 2004, the album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States with 250,000 copies sold, which were 47,000 less than her first week sales of Thankful. Music commercial analysts noted that Clarkson's commercial appeal has endured beyond American Idol, but also commented on its slumping performance. Billboard director Geoff Mayfield noted the lackluster performance may have been caused by being released in a competitive holiday market. Despite failing to top the chart, the record stayed on the top twenty of the Billboard 200 for 61 consecutive weeks, and became the first title in five years to spend its entire year in the top twenty of the chart. By the end of 2005, Breakaway became the year's third best-selling album in the United States, according to Nielsen Soundscan. It was certified 6× multi-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on May 23, 2007, and as of September 2017, it has sold over 6,355,000 copies in the United States, becoming her best-selling record in the region.

Breakaway has also enjoyed commercial success internationally; it became her first album to chart in over nineteen regions. By the end of 2005, the album became the world's seventh best-selling release of the year according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. In the United Kingdom, it debuted on the Official UK Albums Chart at number ten with 17,631 copies. At the beginning of 2006, the album ascended to number three on the chart. As of 2012, it has sold over 1,571,278 copies in the region. In Australia, Breakaway debuted on the ARIA Albums Chart at number twenty-nine, and also spent its entire year on the top fifty, peaking at number two. In Ireland, the album debuted on the IRMA Artist Albums chart at number twenty-one, and topped the chart in 2006. Together with the Australian Recording Industry Association, the Irish Recorded Music Association certified the record as 7× multi-platinum, its highest certification overall. In the Netherlands, the album debuted on the Mega Album Top 100 at number forty-seven and topped the chart for three weeks. Additionally, Breakaway peaked in the top five in the national charts of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, New Zealand, Portugal, and Switzerland; and has attained top twenty positions in six additional regions worldwide.

Impact and legacy
According to Billboard, as of 2022, Breakaway is one of the 15 best-performing 21st-century albums without any of its singles being number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100.

Music commercial analysts reported that Clarkson attained a commercial appeal on her own with Breakaway, despite their initial skepticism of her establishing prominence beyond American Idol. Clive Davis recalled that "with the songs "Since U Been Gone" and "Behind These Hazel Eyes", we were able to take Clarkson to a major seller of albums all over the world where they had never even heard of American Idol." According to Mediabase, which monitors radio station airplay in North America, Clarkson was the most played artist on the radio in 2006. David Corey, program director of WXKS-FM, described the feat as "very rare". Just before the release of her third studio album, Davis also stated that she was one of the top four artists at Sony BMG. According to Seattle Post-Intelligencer, "the turning point for Idol's credibility may have been the success of Clarkson's sophomore album, released in 2004. While her first album, released soon after her win on "Idol," was a platinum success, it only generated two hit singles and her success seemed tied into her newfound fame. But her hard-rocking second disc, which contained smashes like "Since U Been Gone" and the ballad "Because of You", garnered her critical acclaim and made her a bonafide success apart from Idol."

Billboard credits Clarkson for landscaping the core sound of mainstream pop music in the 2000s to an uptempo dance-oriented sound with the release of "Since U Been Gone" and the singles that followed it. The album's producers also came into prominence due to the album's success. Dr. Luke, who was the house band lead guitarist for Saturday Night Live at the time of Breakaway's release, has credited "Since U Been Gone" as his first big break. Max Martin, who had already found major success as a music producer in the 1990s and early 2000s with, among others, Britney Spears, Backstreet Boys and NSYNC, achieved more prominence due to the success of "Since U Been Gone" and "Behind These Hazel Eyes".

Breakaway's critical acclaim also enabled Clarkson to also earn critical respect, particularly from the rock and indie music scene, who had looked down upon American Idol contestants. In his memoir, Davis recalled a meeting with Simon Fuller and Sony BMG President Charles Goldstuck, where Fuller acknowledged how the worldwide success of Breakaway had validated American Idol itself. The popularity of "Since U Been Gone" among the rock community also resulted in various cover versions by rock acts, such as A Day to Remember, Ted Leo, and Tokyo Police Club. Clarkson herself recalled, "It's ridiculous how well that song was received by hard rockers, by indie people. I was walking around with a friend of mine and this hard-rock guy came up to me and was like, 'I look stupid, but I tell my friends I love this song.' People at concerts are like, 'That's my guilty pleasure. I don't mean to be mean, but I didn't want to like the American Idol girl.' But they love that song, and it kind of won them over."

Personnel
Vocals
 * Kelly Clarkson – all vocals

Musicians

 * Kenny Aronoff – drums (9)
 * Paul Bushnell – bass (5)
 * David Campbell – string arrangements (4, 6)
 * Mark Colbert – drums (4, 6)
 * Randy Cooke – drums (7, 8)
 * Olle Dahlstedt – drums (2)
 * Josh Freese – drums (10, 11)
 * Lukasz Gottwald – all instruments (2, 3)
 * Jason Halbert – acoustic piano (12), arrangements (12)
 * David Hodges – acoustic piano (4, 6), string arrangements (4, 6), programming (6)
 * Chantal Kreviazuk – string arrangements (7, 8)
 * Jason Lader – programming (7, 8), bass (7, 8)
 * Victor Lawrence – cello (7, 8)

 * Clif Magness – keyboards (10, 11), programming (10, 11), acoustic guitar (10, 11), electric guitars (10, 11), bass (10, 11), acoustic piano (11)
 * Raine Maida – guitars (7, 8), string arrangements (7, 8)
 * Max Martin – all instruments (2, 3)
 * Ben Moody – guitars (4, 6)
 * Marty O'Brien – bass (4, 6)
 * Shanti Randall – viola (7, 8)
 * Mark Robertson – violin (7, 8)
 * Shawn Pelton – drums (3)
 * Jeff Rothschild – drums (1, 5)
 * John Shanks – keyboards (1, 5, 9), guitars (1, 5, 9), bass (1, 5, 9)
 * Phil X – guitars (7, 8)
 * Shalini Vijayan – violin (7, 8)

Production

 * Jon Berkowitz – assistant engineer (7, 8)
 * Johan "Brorsan" Brorsson – Pro Tools technician (2, 3), instrument recording assistant (3)
 * Dan Certa – recording (4, 6)
 * Sergio Chavez – recording assistant (4, 6)
 * Clive Davis – album producer
 * Tony Duran – photography
 * Toby Francis – live engineer (12)
 * Lars Fox – additional engineer (5, 9)
 * Simon Fuller and 19 Entertainment – management
 * Brian Garcia – recording (7, 8)
 * Şerban Ghenea – mixing (2, 3, 4, 6-11)
 * Brad Gilderman – mixing (12)
 * Lukasz Gottwald – recording (2, 3)
 * Kevin Guarnieri – recording (3)
 * John Hanes – additional Pro Tools engineer (2-11)
 * Robin C. Hendrickson – art direction
 * Mark Kiczula – assistant engineer (7, 8, 10, 11)

 * Brett Kilroe – art direction
 * Aaron Lepley – assistant engineer (12)
 * Clif Magness – engineer (10, 11)
 * Raine Maida – recording (7, 8)
 * Lasse Mårtén – recording (2, 3), instrument recording (2, 3)
 * Max Martin – recording (2, 3)
 * Renson Mateo – assistant engineer (12)
 * Glenn Pittman – recording assistant (5, 9)
 * Tim Roberts – instrument recording assistant (2, 3), mix assistant (2, 3, 4, 6-11)
 * Jason Rankins – instrument recording assistant (3)
 * Jeff Rothschild – recording (1, 5, 9), mixing (1, 5)
 * John Shanks – mixing (1, 5)
 * Shari Sutcliffe – music contractor (1, 5, 9), production coordinator (1, 5, 9)
 * Mark Valentine – additional engineer (5, 9)
 * Cameron Webb – recording (7, 8), string recording (7, 8), digital editing (10, 11)
 * Joe Yannece – mastering

Studios
 * Recorded at Henson Recording Studios (Hollywood, California); NRG Studios (North Hollywood, California); Westlake Audio (Los Angeles, California); Whitecoat Sound (Malibu, California); Blue Iron Gate Studios (Santa Monica, California); Dr. Luke's (New York City, New York); Maratone Studios and Decibel Studios (Stockholm, Sweden).
 * Mixed at Henson Recording Studios; The Little Big Room (Burbank, California); MixStar Studios (Virginia Beach, Virginia).
 * Mastered at Hit Factory Mastering (New York City, New York).

title: Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)


text:
Talk:Atoroidal

Untitled
I've never run across a situation where (geometrically) atoroidal also includes acylindrical. I think that should be removed. --C S 23:45, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fine: I've fixed it per your suggestion. But I do think discussion of anannular should stay here, (1) as the concepts are so closely related and (2) to avoid an article that's pure dict.def. —msh210 02:53, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it's a good idea to have these definitions on one page also. As long as everything redirect here, it's not a problem.  Nice pictures, BTW (in boundary parallel. --C S 04:16, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, Kirby's Problems has a definition of geometrically atoroidal that includes anannular. I quote from his introduction to chapter 3:

$$M^3$$ is called atoroidal if
 * (geometric definition) M contains no essential, properly imbedded, nonperipheral annulus or torus;
 * (algebraic definition) each $$Z\oplus Z$$ in $$\pi_1(M)$$ is conjugate to a subgroup in $$\pi_1(\partial M).$$
 * —msh210 19:37, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I never said nobody made this definition or that it doesn't make sense (it does). I've never seen it outside of your reference though, although this claim is suspect as I'm familiar with Kirby's list, so my memory has been shown fallible. --C S 07:21, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Anyway, I will restore your deleted comment. --C S 08:55, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Relations between notions of atoroidality
I modified "Any algebraically atoroidal 3-manifold is geometrically atoroidal and acylindrical" to omit acylindrical as it is not true. For example, take a torus cross an interval. There is an incompressible annulus that has each boundary component on a different boundary component and thus is not boundary parallel. I took a look at the reference from above (Kirby's list), which is where I presume the original statement came from. Kirby seems to be saying (after proper reinterpretation to avoid this and similar examples) that it ought to be true as long as we avoid certain "small" Seifert fiber spaces, e.g. base space is a disc and there are two exceptional fibers. --C S (Talk) 17:16, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, to my chagrin I note that my last statement about those SFSs is incorrect as they are not even algebraically atoroidal (there are immersed essential tori). Nonetheless my first example is still a counterexample, and I suppose one can even take surface x I to get more examples.  So it's not totally clear what Kirby means, but things cannot be as he states.

 * So, it might be good to bring up that I believe geometrically atoroidal plus acylindrical does imply algebraically atoroidal excepting certain special cases (such as SFSs with base space a sphere and three exceptional fibers). That would be one reason for taking the defn of geom. atoroidal to include acylindrical.  In any case, I'm confident of the current statement of alg. atoroidal implies geom. atoroidal but not nec. the converse.  --C S (Talk) 19:54, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atoroidal