text:
Talk:List of recessions in the United States

Panic of 1792
Should the Panic of 1792 be included on here, or was it part of the broader Copper Coin Panic of 1788? There seems to be no mention of it, although there is a page dedicated to it Panic_of_1792 which indicates it isn't one of the disputed crises. EconomicHisorianinTraining (talk) 02:08, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

USA Recessions
Should this article be re-entitled List of USA Recessions? How about 1960-62? Was there a recession?
 * Renamed. Also, consensus appears to be that there was no recession during that period in the United States. Gary King (talk) 04:17, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

1953 Recession
Is the 1953 Recession for real? The paragraph, and the associated article The Recession of 1953, looks sensible, but was created by a user whose only other contribution to Wikipedia is a joke page. Rocksong 05:12, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I've referenced the recession. Gary King (talk) 04:20, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

some other crisis in US?
These events boost the industrialization of the US. Jackzhp 18:55, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
 * event of 1807 caused by the Embargo Act of 1807 passed by Thomas Jefferson. Textile industry benefited enormously. Shipping industry suffered.
 * Added. Gary King (talk) 04:29, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * event of 1812 caused by the war of 1812.
 * Get me a solid reference and I'll add it in. Gary King (talk) 04:31, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

the recession of the 1840s in europe was bad enough to cause the revolutions of 1848

could this be included?

Only american recessions
There appear to be no recessions from other countries. Eg, the recession in England during the Thatcher era.
 * There are a number of American ones, and we do need others, but the list is mostly of global recessions. Most likely the Thatcher downturn you are thinking of was part of the Early 1980s recession. That article needs work to cover more than just the United State. - SimonP 11:16, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Resolved. The article has now been moved to make it specific to the United States. PeterSymonds | talk  04:39, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Duration of recessions
As far as I know, NBER is the institution which establishes when recessions start and when they end. Duration of recessions on its page doesn't match with duration of recessions as listed here. -- Vision Thing -- 19:30, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

I agree with the above comment on the Duration of Recessions. I added a Web Citation (number 3), which provides these durations. It notes that Month the Recession Starts and then the Trough when the contraction ends (Trough) and growth begins again. Should I update this article to note the NBER durations or should we have two Duration Columns. I am not sure what the current duration column means (Peak to Peak?). ITBlair (talk) 05:14, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

contradictions on duration of crisis still exist, this should be deleted until sources are added or contradictions removed. (LVAustrian (talk) 05:08, 16 June 2009 (UTC))

Title "List of recessions in the United States" inappropriate
The title is simply appropriate.

NBER is the acknowledged authority that carefully tracks the cycles using economic data. This page uses judgement of wikipedia editors to define the recessions.

Recession is USA is a well defined term. This page may mislead the readers into thinking that this is an authoritative list. It is not.

It should be called a list of financial crises.--Chakreshsinghai (talk) 19:42, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The problem with renaming it to 'Financial crises' is that this will greatly expand the scope of the article, which is not a good idea while it is still nominated as a WP:FL. It'd be better to keep the scope restricted and remove or add whatever items are necessary to make it complete rather than to expand the scope so greatly that every item will require much greater scrutiny. Gary King (talk) 19:47, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The information given does not confirm with official dates of US recessions. Something must be done to fix this.--Chakreshsinghai (talk) 23:11, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Late 1980s recession?
I see no mention of this. Timeshift (talk) 13:06, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably because it was a boomtime. Real year-on-year GDP growth averaged 3.6% in 1986-89, and never fell below 2.5% for even a single quarter.DOR (HK) (talk) 08:44, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * What about the Crash of 1987? The way I understand it, at least some areas of the US (e.g. New England; Texas) were in recession as early as 1986. Better double check your facts. Shanoman (talk) 18:38, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There are no partial recessions in this article; each of the ones listed is big enough, or wide enough to cover the entire economy. Regional recessions might be a good topic for another article. But, in addition, stock market slumps downturns  corrections  realignments  buying opportunities crashes are all about the financial markets, and not the real economy. This article is about the real economy, Main St, not Wall St. DOR (HK) (talk) 05:40, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

I'm concerned at the causes listed for the 2001 recession. Since the NBER says the recession was over before 9/11, it shouldn't be listed as a cause (i.e., an event preceeding recession). Totally inappropriate, except for its impact on the recovery. DOR (HK) (talk) 08:44, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * That recession was not over before September 11. It ended in November.  Moreover, an event that occurs during a recession can cause the recession to lengthen and thus reasonably be considered a cause for part of a recession.  This is not just conjecture -- the NBER has addressed this question directly  From the NBER: "Before the attacks, it is possible that the decline in the economy would have been too mild to qualify as a recession. The attacks clearly deepened the contraction and may have been an important factor in turning the episode into a recession." --JayHenry (talk) 17:38, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

"Recession" 2008?

We're not actually in a recession for sure yet, are we? By definition, we're not officially in one yet, because we haven't had two quarters of contracting GDP. We may have entered one, but we won't know for sure until GDP numbers come out. People have been saying since the 2nd quarter that we're in one, and we still had positive GDP growth in Q2. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.58.233.6 (talk) 17:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, you sure have alot of skeptics referring to the Reaganomics "boom" as nothing more than the "Great Ronald Reagan Recession" of 1982-87 for a large subsection of the USA, major cities & industrial areas were still in full-fledged decline from the 1960's and mid 1970's. In fact, the so-called war of poverty document in 1967 wrote about the nation's 3 poorest areas: the Mississippi Delta, the Ozarks and the Appalachians had been in "depression" since the 1930's. The state of California was constantly in recession and/or stagnated growth from 1987 to 95, perhaps the worst of any state or region, with the early 2000's high-tech bust and the 2003 California budget loss foreshadowed the current 2009 California budget lockdown. + 71.102.3.86 (talk) 11:28, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

 * In fact, it appears that you're the first person in the history of the Internet to ever refer to the "Great Ronald Reagan recession". You have a valid point that different parts of the country experience the economy differently, but why decades of poverty in Appalachia for example would be blamed on Reagan is unclear. --JayHenry (talk) 17:38, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

The chart was stolen
The chart was stolen from the following site: link title Please rewrite the chart and don't rely on simple copy+paste. Wikipedia does not tolerate plagiarism. 99.243.193.64 (talk) 04:32, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Just curious if you have evidence that Wikipedia copied the recession.org site, and not the other way around. Looking through the edit history, the table definitely does not "feel" like it was copied from another source, but gradually converged to its present form.  So I'm inclined to say that Wikipedia probably did not plagiarize this content.  If there is any evidence to the contrary, please present it.  siℓℓy rabbit  (  talk  ) 12:25, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Economic crisis of 2008
The economic crisis of 2008 is clearly a legitimate See also link for this article, even if not yet declared a recession. A POV-pushing IP address keeps removing the link from the section. Is there consensus to delete this link? It seems quite relevant. If someone came to this page expecting also to find information on the recent crisis, then the reader can find it in the see also section. I don't understand what the objection is here. Please explain rather than engage in an edit warring. siℓℓy rabbit (  talk  ) 13:10, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I meant to remove it from the table that purports to list specific recessions. I have no problem, and actually support the linking of it in the "See Also" section. It is clearly relevant.

 * I'd also suggest a section on how recessions are determined for this list - additionally, we should include a comparative list of those periods which conform to the classical two quarter definition of a recession. It would mae for a much more complete, balanced and informative entry on the subject. I have hacked in a section with links and verbatim quotes, I will also immediately revert it - it's only intention is to lay some possible groundwork for a future editor75.49.223.74 (talk) 03:05, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

The 2008 "recession" lacks empirical evidence. Economics is not a field of prescription and recession has a clear economic definition. If an when a credible source confirms a recession, you can add it back to this page. Absent references, assuming that the US will face a recession currently has no basis in mainstream economic theory and thus this entry should be deleted.Downzero (talk) 20:06, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

I have edited it, I suggest you leave it until you can find a credible source to back your claims. 98.222.59.54 (talk) 08:13, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

The definition of "recession" is 2 consecutive quarters of negative growth. This has not yet happened.

"The New Great Depression"?! Where did THAT come from? The last 12 months may qualify as a recession by some metrics but certainly not a depression. And GREAT? Gimme a break. Schnaz (talk) 00:59, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

The last 12 months do not even qualify as a recession, much less a depression. As I stated before, this material should be deleted from the article as it is contrary to mainstream economic theory on what represents a recession.Downzero (talk) 20:06, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The economists seem to disagree with you on that. It is a very serious recession and was declared in early December and believed to be one by many economists months before that. Tim  meh  !  21:20, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Eichengreen, B. and K.H. O’Rourke. 2009. “A Tale of Two Depressions.” In progress. 74.96.8.55 (talk) 21:32, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

I would like to see "Late 2000s recession" changed to "Panic of 2007". I think that would be historically consistent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dekuntz (talk • contribs) 14:44, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Calling it the Panic of 2007 would not be appropriate. This is a challenge since there's no official name yet and it's not clear what term historians will coalesce around.  I'm extremely skeptical this will be remembered as the Panic of 2007.  The period of greatest panic was in 2008 following the Lehman Collapse, and most references to the "Panic of 2007" were written in 2007, and apply to a secondary mortgage market collapse that occurred before the recession itself began.  I've noticed a growing number of commentators referring to this recession as "The Great Recession" (capital G, capital R), but I think it may be premature to call it that? --JayHenry (talk) 21:53, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Funny. they called the 2009 Recession a Depression in other parts of the World... I remember being in London and reading headlines that the US is really in a Depression, just a different type than that of the 1930s. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.215.86.48 (talk) 18:51, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

S&L Crisis
It seems that this chart makes no account of the S&L Crisis and resulting downturn beginning in 1987 and lasting through 1989. Also consider this:

1817-1821: U. S. Federal Debt reduced 29%. Depression began 1819.

1823-1836: U. S. Federal Debt reduced 99%. Depression began 1837.

1852-1857: U. S. Federal Debt reduced 59%. Depression began 1857.

1867-1873: U. S. Federal Debt reduced 27%. Depression began 1873.

1880-1893: U. S. Federal Debt reduced 57%. Depression began 1893.

1920-1930: U. S. Federal Debt reduced 36%. Depression began 1929.

Rodger Malcolm Mitchell
 * Comments moved here from article by SimonP (talk) 23:08, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * As noted explicitly in the article, the standard dating for US recessions is performed by the NBER. The S&L Crisis was a factor of the 1990-91 recession, but did not cause one prior to that. --JayHenry (talk) 02:29, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Two sections (anyone watching?)
If anyone is watching this page and could weigh in, I'd appreciate it. At the FLC, someone suggested adding GDP data for recessions. I resisted since prior to WWII this data is annual and a bit controversial. However, what do people think of the idea of splitting the list into two sections post- and pre-WWII? Since WWII, the data in the US is very standardized and widely accepted, and it would be useful to compare not only GDP but other indicators as well. --JayHenry (talk) 17:34, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * You don't need to split the list. Just create two sections in the list. This would be the best procedure. Read my reply on the FLC.--Diaa abdelmoneim (talk) 18:20, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

The Big Lie
We know that the US economy grew very rapidly in the 1800s. Yet an eyeball comparison of the "duration of recession" and "time since previous recession" in the period "free banking era to Great Depression" suggests that we were in recession nearly as often as we were in expansion. And the figures given for contraction of business activity are enormous. Put it all together, and you're suggesting that our economy grew at spectacular rates (such as 50%!) in the expansion years. This is an untrue representation, and it's particularly appalling given this page's status as a featured list. Is anybody listening, or do I need to take down the page? Jlcfa (talk) 13:39, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Useless Comparisons
This list uses different markers to compare economic downturns throughout history. How can one compare free banking era recessions to central bank era recessions without being given the appropriate criteria?

If the list is going to exist, it should at least compare the same exact metrics across the board, and not use revised metrics where it's simply more convenient. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.208.76 (talk) 02:17, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think the existence of a lender of last resort changes the definition of a recession. there are certainly data and interpretation problems as we go older, but those aren't directly related to the existence of a central bank. Protonk (talk) 18:08, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Table sorting issues
I was trying to view the last table in order of "percent change in GDP" and the numbers are all sorts of wonky in the bottom half. What should be descending order is -2.7, -3.7, -3.2, -18.2, -5.1, -12.7, and -26.7. I looked at the coding and found that some of the numbers are entered into the sortable table incorrectly ('37, '58, and the late 2000s). I wanted to fix them but I didn't know which one was right. In looking through the talk page I noticed this seems to be a well written/edited article with a long history, so I figured somebody would know better than me which number is correct. I tried to figure out the first one on my own (because the '37-'38 recession is what led me to this list in the first place), but I got something completely different. :/ So yeah, any help? –MetallichickX (talk) 04:49, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

Not Quite Dead Yet
The sentence "The crisis led to the failure or collapse of many of the United States' largest financial institutions: Bear Stearns, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, Citi Bank and AIG" at least implies that all of these organizations suffered the same fate or at least that they suffered a fate that was different than that suffered by organizations not in the list. Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers are indeed gone; Fannie, Freddie, and AIG suffered but are still going; Citibank (note the single word spelling) had become Citigroup well before the time in question and it still does deposit my paycheck on a regular basis so it and I both believe that Citi is a going concern. Bear Stearns was sold to JPMC and Lehman Brothers is just plain dead so the list probably needs to separate the survivors from the others. More significantly, there were institutions that suddenly became banks so as to take part in the TARP program and that is a pretty significant item that I don't see mentioned. Docdave (talk) 00:56, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

"Impacts on Different Groups"
I think the following should be removed:

"While recessions may be viewed as undesirable, some people benefit from them. Modern recessions tend to create monetary winners and losers by rapidly shifting assets. Recessions harm middle-class and lower earners the most, and upper earners may lose small businesses and have greater assets at risk. But wealthy individuals and cash-rich companies can benefit dramatically from the results of a recession by buying commercial properties at tremendous discounts and waiting just a few years for property values to return, multiplying their wealth. Large corporations benefit by eliminating or absorbing competitors and by trimming labor and other costs. The overall result is a transfer of assets from the general populace to the wealthy."

No citation, written informally, and sounds a lot like someone's opinion.

152.17.59.182 (talk) 04:22, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Also while this might be relevant on a general discussion about recessions, not so much on a list of recessions in the United States. 152.17.59.182 (talk) 04:25, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

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The second entry in the notes section is displaying incorrectly
displaying code: Cite error: Invalid tag; name "Thorp" defined multiple times with different content

I don't know how to fix it. 96.28.39.103 (talk) 00:03, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

The Trump Slump
Can someone start preparing a section for the Trump Slump, probably in 18 months time???

Combination of higher interest rates, higher borrowing in 2019/2020, likely to lead to slowdown after 9-10 years of growth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.153.34.18 (talk) 23:52, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

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Tables
The tables' layout is poorly thought out, wastes a lot of space, and compresses a lot of text into a narrow column.
 * Name 	Period Range 	Duration (months) Time since previous recession

The first column, Name, can hold also dates, eliminating Period Range, and the Duration and Time since previous recession columns can be eliminated as they are superfluous and redundant.
 * Business activity [nb 3] Trade & industrial activity[nb 3] 	Characteristics

Business activity and Trade and industrial activity can be compressed into one column, or the second can be eliminated, as in most rows this entry is blank.-Inowen (nlfte) 08:57, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

2020 might not be an official recession
To date, the NBER has never declared a recession shorter than 6 months (the 1980 recession); the next shortest is 8 months. NBER doesn't use the Econ 101 "two quarters of negative GDP" definition, but instead looks at month-by-month economic indicators to determine exactly which months the economy peaked & bottomed.

 * https://www.nber.org/cycles.html
 * The NBER does not define a recession in terms of two consecutive quarters of decline in real GDP. Rather, a recession is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales.

The US economy likely peaked in mid-March, before all the stay-at-home orders started, and bottomed in mid- to late-April, when the first states began to reopen. This 5- or 6-week peak-to-bottom is likely too short to be a recession, though NBER will make the final judgment, possibly months if not years after the fact. For the time being, I believe the "COVID Recession" should not be listed on this page, until/unless it is made official.

Aaaaaabbbbb111 (talk) 04:15, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

 * This has been up for 18 months and there has been no further comment? He's right. The alleged "Covid Recession" does not meet any definition for recession and should not be on this list.  -134.167.1.1 (talk) 20:21, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Covid Pandemic US recession end date
Did the COVID pandemic US recession really end within 2 Months from Feb to April 2020? That seems impossible and incredible. Please stop switching the end date from Ongoing to April 2020 without bringing any credible proof.69.244.83.111 (talk) 19:38, 30 August 2021 (UTC) COVID Recession Ended in April 2020. https://www.nber.org/research/data/us-business-cycle-expansions-and-contractions — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.162.101.52 (talk) 19:18, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 December 2021
Suggested change to the "Characteristics" section in the list entry for "1828–1829 recession":

The citation as follows can be added to the final sentence (after footnote #9 -- Thorp, Willard Long).

In addition, the following sentence can be added, with the same citation: Textile manufacturers in England and New England were particularly impacted by this recession. Grisé (talk) 17:41, 30 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I do not see any errors in Notes section. Ruslik_ Zero 19:41, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Micro Depression
There are no sources for this term, it's literally just something whoever wrote the overly-lengthy section on covid made up. Someone needs to edit that beast down to size and remove the "internet expert" additions like 'micro depression', a black swan event isn't remotely comparable to the 2008 or 1929 recessions.173.66.17.167 (talk) 19:17, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

Covid Recession Theory
Since there are no article hyperlink for Covid Recession Theory, It'd be best to change it back to Covid Recession — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:40:801:3:39A0:1197:DEBF:1E00 (talk) 14:13, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

I am the one who deleted (twice now) the covid recession speculation from the chart of recent US recessions. 99% of economists would say the speculation in that section is bunk. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aithon (talk • contribs) 01:42, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

Update Covid Recession duration
The Covid recession in US isn’t over yet.

Proof: https://www.reuters.com/business/is-it-over-yet-still-no-recession-end-date-us-economy-hums-along-2021-05-04/

Please comment evidence links below to prove that the Covid Recession ended on April 2020. Jackthekim (talk) 18:26, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

 * In the US the NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research) is the official arbiter of when a recession begins and ends. The NBER concluded back in 2021 that the Covid recession lasted 2 months. https://www.nber.org/research/data/us-business-cycle-expansions-and-contractions 65.78.16.216 (talk) 04:50, 31 March 2022 (UTC)
 * [Https://www.nber.org/news/business-cycle-dating-committee-announcement-july-19-2021 https://www.nber.org/news/business-cycle-dating-committee-announcement-july-19-2021] 65.78.16.216 (talk) 05:36, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Covid Recession Ended in April 2020 US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.162.101.52 (talk) 19:20, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Covid Recession in 2020 is classified as recession according to NBER
Please do not delete the covid 2020 recession from table.

Business Cycle Dating Committee Announcement July 19, 2021

"...Nonetheless, the committee concluded that the unprecedented magnitude of the decline in employment and production, and its broad reach across the entire economy, warranted the designation of this episode as a recession, even though the downturn was briefer than earlier contractions. https://www.nber.org/news/business-cycle-dating-committee-announcement-july-19-2021 138.75.15.127 (talk) 14:06, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

'''NBER Business Cycle Dating: '''

The NBER's definition emphasizes that a recession involves a significant decline in economic activity that is spread across the economy and lasts more than a few months. In our interpretation of this definition, we treat the three criteria—depth, diffusion, and duration—as somewhat interchangeable. That is, while each criterion needs to be met individually to some degree, extreme conditions revealed by one criterion may partially offset weaker indications from another. For example, in the case of the February 2020 peak in economic activity, the committee concluded that the subsequent drop in activity had been so great and so widely diffused throughout the economy that, even if it proved to be quite brief, the downturn should be classified as a recession.

https://www.nber.org/research/business-cycle-dating

138.75.18.58 (talk)

Mention of 2022 GDP downturn?
While the current decline in GDP may not be a good suit for the table due to not being declared official by the NBER, it should at least receive a mention in the article, as it was a rare exception to the commonly referenced definition of a recession consisting of two quarters of declining economic growth; this rule only having two exceptions since WW2 and being a fair source of debate amongst the American political landscape. 24.220.61.241 (talk) 20:37, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Support Although the NBER has not officially listed it as a recession, the conventional and nearly universal definition of a recession worldwide is two consecutive quarters of GDP decline. The GDP of the United States declined in both Q1 and Q2 2022.

 * Support As this is two consecutive quarters of GDP decline is the common definiiton it should be noted in the article and I believe included in the table. Grahaml35 (talk) 03:11, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Sourced from the IMF: "Most commentators and analysts use, as a practical definition of recession, two consecutive quarters of decline in a country’s real (inflation adjusted) gross domestic product (GDP)—the value of all goods and services a country produces".

 * Sourced from Baird Private Wealth Management: "The textbook definition of recession is: two consecutive quarters of negative real (inflation adjusted) GDP." Crossover1370  (talk | contribs) 00:46, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Maybe, but if added needs a noticeable asterisk next to it denoting that it is still developing and not accepted by everyone.-- Mvqr (talk) 10:46, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Support Agreed per the reasons above. Auror Andrachome (talk) 10:10, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

Political motivation to remove NBER definition as commonly accepted
'''Funny how they need to wait for an agreed consensus when the editor isn't even presenting any arguments against it just merely saying "no its not" lmao. But Sure its totally not commonly accepted. Political motivation as always. ''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.40.118.147 (talk) 15:51, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

It's commonly accepted, not even slightly a question, heres the bank of england, the central bank of the united kingdoms definition of a recession. Its exactly the same definition as NBER, any edits to remove this will be reverted and users will be warned with an edit war warning Bank Of England's Definition Thanks 47.40.118.147 (talk) 15:30, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

 * It's extremely inappropriate to say that if anybody removes what you've added they'll be reverted and given an edit war warning. What part of this do you think is political? That wording hasn't been on this page before which is why it's to be left off until a talk page discussion concludes. Hey man im josh (talk) 15:23, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Don't even pretend like its not politically motivated by a certain US president. There was numerous attempts to remove NBER, so don't act like we can't see the edits from politically motivated editors. How about you stick to the topic at hand though? NBER's definition is commonly accepted by numerous countries, banks and common people until recently because a certain US president needs a certain party to look good for a Midterm election in less than 90 days away.

 * I sourced the Bank of England's offical website stating what a recession is, the bank of England is what most modern banks are based on. So please tell me how its NOT commonly accepted? 47.40.118.147 (talk) 15:27, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Please try to use WP:INDENTS.
 * Seriously? You're accusing me of attacking you? Remember to assume good faith of fellow editors because I still don't understand how you're trying to say my edits are politically motivated. If anything it sounds like you're the one politically motivated at the moment.
 * What gives you the idea that most modern banks look to based what they do and think off what the Bank of England says and does? Hey man im josh (talk) 15:31, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

Quite literally wikipedias own page on the Bank of England says that. So guess you better go change that too? and again the main point is its not just the US that uses that definition as you can tell from the bank of englands website. Anyways you have yet to explain why its NOT commonly accepted, I would like an answer as to why not? And more importantly if you cannot find a reason why its not why are you continuing to edit war?[|Guess Wikipedia's lying too!]
 * One link does not make a term commonly accepted. Please try to behave less aggressive towards other users (including edit summaries), as this is a collaborative effort where users need to work together instead of against one another. Hey man im josh (talk) 15:54, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

i took the time to read over this dispute, and noticed the ip editor making controversial changes while claiming bad faith political bias from other editors.
 * hi kids,

Saintstephen000 (talk)

Again attacking me directly instead of sticking to the argument at hand. Please tell me how its NOT the commonly accepted definition. Not a single person here has presented evidence to the contrary. It's not controversial if everyone accepted it as the definition before a certain US president had to change the definition to look better. 47.40.118.147 (talk) 16:04, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The onus is on you to prove that it is a commonly accepted definition to include such text, not on anyone else. Once again you're claiming personal attacks against are being made against you but you fail to point out by who and when. Instead you . Hey man im josh (talk) 16:06, 11 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
Institutionalism

Institutionalism may refer to:
 * Institutional theory, an approach to the study of politics that focuses on formal institutions of government
 * New institutionalism, a social theory that focuses on developing a sociological view of institutions, the way they interact and the effects of institutions on society
 * Institutional economics, an economic school approaching economic issues from a macro sociological point of view
 * New institutional economics, an economic school that analyzes social norms, organizational arrangements etc.
 * Historical institutionalism, a social science method of inquiry that uses institutions as subject of study in order to find, measure and trace patterns and sequences of social, political, economic behavior and change across time and space
 * Institutionalism in political parties, an approach that sees political parties as having some capacities for adaptation, but also sees them as being "prisoners of their own history as an institution"
 * Liberal institutionalism, an approach to international organizations in international relations
 * Legal institutionalism, a judicial and legal school of thought

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Institutionalism


text:
Category talk:Geography of Northern Ireland

Untitled
I listed this category for deletion because it was empty and orphaned. There was some discussion. I'm archiving it here instead of deleting the category to facilitate reorganziation as many later be deemed necessary. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 19:39, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Two comments on Geography of Northern Ireland:

 * 1) The category was also a subcategory of Category:Northern Ireland and Category:Geography of the United Kingdom. Is what was categorised there still identified as Northern Irish, as far as this is useful?
 * 2) If the geography of the British Isles it to be categorised by island, shouldn’t Category:Geography of the United Kingdom be moved to Category:Geography of Great Britain?
 * Susvolans 15:23, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Susalovans' points; Remove the other Irish ones (football, schools, etc), they make more sense divided between the Republic and the north, but the Geography one should stay because it is both part of the island of Ireland and part of the United Kingdom, and therefore should be a subcategory of both. [[User:Grutness|Grutness talk [[Image:Grutness.jpg|30px|]]]] 07:15, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't feel strongly about any of these. They were all empty when I found them. If you feel like the geography categories should be reorganized and labeled in a way that makes more sense, please do so. Personally, I don't know enough about Irish geography to be able to separate them. I can point out, from my limited experience, that many of the geographical features of Northern Island (rivers, mountains) are also a part of the Republic of Ireland.
 * Since we're talking about childess orphans, I don't believe the regular CfD standard of not touching the category until it is off CfD really applies, as long as you 1-don't move in hundreds of articles that may need to be moved out and 2-don't remove the CfD notice. Also see the somewhat lengthy conversation at Category talk:Ireland. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 18:05, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It's clearly absurd to divide the geography of Ireland by state. After all, there's only been a divided Ireland (politically speaking) for the past 80 years.
 * Many other Irish-related topics are apolitical and do not need politicisation by their partition into Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland.
 * zoney ♣ talk 10:19, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that it is actually political to ignore the usual practice of dividing categories by state. Half the countries and borders in the world didn't exist 85 years ago. Perhaps we should also abolish the Ukraine categories and put all the articles under Russia? CalJW 03:52, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Loh

Loh may refer to:

People
 * Betty Loh Ti (1937–1968), Chinese actress
 * Christine Loh Kung-wai, Hong Kong university professor
 * John M. Loh (born 1938), USAF Chief of Staff
 * Po-Shen Loh (born 1982), American mathematician
 * Loh Boon Siew (1915–1995), Penangite businessman
 * Loh (Ramayana) in Hindu mythology
 * Valerie Solanas, aka Onz Loh, U.S. writer
 * Sandra Tsing Loh (born 1962), US writer
 * Loh Kean Yew, Singaporean badminton player

Places

 * A locality of Affoltern am Albis, Zürich, Switzerland
 * A misspelling of Lo Island, Vanuatu

Others

 * Loh Kooi Choon v Malaysia (1977), a legal case about the constitution
 * A variant spelling of the Chinese surname, Lu

LOH may refer to:
 * Loss of heterozygosity in genetics
 * Light Observation Helicopter, US
 * HAL Light Observation Helicopter
 * Lostock Hall railway station, England, National Rail code
 * Ciudad de Catamayo Airport, Loja, Ecuador, IATA code
 * Late-onset hypogonadism, a medical condition

title: Loh


text:
Livenka (music)

The livenka (ливенка) or Livenskaya garmoshka (Ливенская гармошка) is a specific variety of accordion used in Russian folk music, specifically in the region around the town of Livny (Oryol Oblast), from which the instrument takes its name.

Description

 * The livenka is a unisonoric instrument, meaning that each button produces the same tone, regardless of the direction of the bellows.
 * The right-hand buttons (of which there may be 12 to 15) play the notes of the obikhodnyy pitch set, which may also be thought of as a series of overlapping Mixolydian modes. (Banin, A.A. 1997. p.161)
 * The left-hand levers play intervals of thirds or fourths, so that adjacent levers operated simultaneously will play a triad.
 * The livenka has a very long bellows, when compared to other accordions—sometimes having forty folds, and extending to over a meter in length.

History
The name of the inventor of the livenka was not preserved. It is believed to have been developed in the second half of the 19th century as a modification of existing German or Russian button accordions.

title: Livenka (music)


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MV Skeena Queen

MV Skeena Queen is a ferry built in 1997 and named after the Skeena River. She was intended to be part of a class of spartan, utilitarian ferries, in the "Century ferry class", designed by the naval architects McLaren and Sons In 1994 the 10-year plan of BC Ferries called for construction of three Century-class ferries, to service the busier Gulf Island routes in British Columbia operated by BC Ferries. The name for the class was derived from the capacity, which is approximately 100 cars. However, the only ferry of the class actually built was Skeena Queen. She runs solely on the Swartz Bay-Saltspring Island (at Fulford Harbour) route (except for a brief four-day trial on the Horseshoe Bay to Bowen Island run from April 23 to April 26, 1998 and providing partial coverage between Swartz Bay and Pender Island in Spring of 2018 due to another vessel being removed from service for repairs).

There is some speculation as to why the other two vessels in the class were not built. The obvious reason is that the high speed ferry program consumed all available funds. Others point to the problems with the four owner selected main propulsion engines that plagued Skeena Queen following commission, including excessively high noise levels and cylinder counterbore cracking in the high-speed engines. On April 15, 2002 Skeena Queen was removed from service and her four high-speed Mitsubishi S12R diesel engines were replaced with four Mitsubishi medium-speed engines, model S6U. The new engines were provided by Mitsubishi at a never disclosed price.

Skeena Queen has the following characteristics:

 * Overall length: 110.0 m
 * Gross tonnage: 2,453
 * Vehicle capacity: 100 spaces 17.5 feet long by 8.5 feet wide
 * Passenger and crew capacity: 600
 * Service Speed: 14.5 knots at 3500 bhp
 * Installed Power: 5,040 hp (3.8 MW)

Skeena Queen has very little cabin space because the Century ferry class was intended to be used on short commuter runs of less than a half-hour duration where most of the passengers stay in their vehicles. Skeena Queen operates solely on the route between Swartz Bay and Fulford Harbour, which is a 35-minute crossing.

title: MV Skeena Queen


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David Hawkes (VC)

David Hawkes VC (c. 1822 – 14 August 1858) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Imperial forces.

Details
Hawkes was 35 years old, from Witham, Essex and a private in the 2nd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place at the Siege of Lucknow for which he, Henry Wilmot and William Nash were awarded the VC: "Rifle Brigade, 2nd Battalion. Private David Hawkes

Date of Act of Bravery, 11th March, 1858

For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow on the 11th March, 1858. Captain Wilmot's Company was engaged with :a large body of the enemy, near the Iron Bridge. That officer found himself at the end of a street with only four of his men, opposed to a considerable body. One of the four was shot through both legs, and became utterly helpless: the two men lifted him up, and although Private Hawkes was severely wounded, he carried him for a considerable distance, exposed to the fire of the enemy, Captain Wilmot firing with the men's rifles, and covering the retreat of the party. Despatch of Brigadier-General Walpole, C.B., dated 20th of March, 1858."

He was killed in action at Faizabad, British India, on 14 August 1858. As he was killed before he could hear news of the award of a VC (24 December 1858) it was decided to send his father William the award. His VC is located at The Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge.

title: David Hawkes (VC)


text:
File:VCHenryWilliamPitcher.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Henry William Pitcher, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Simon Manchee.

title: File:VCHenryWilliamPitcher.jpg


text:
Henry William Pitcher

Henry William Pitcher VC (20 December 1841 – 5 July 1875) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross.

Details
Pitcher was born at Kamptee in British India, the second son of Vincent Pitcher and Rose Mary le Geyt, daughter of Admiral George le Geyt. His elder brother Colonel Duncan George Pitcher also served in India.

He was about 22 years old and a lieutenant in the Bengal Staff Corps, 4th Punjab Infantry, British Indian Army during the Umbeyla Campaign. On 30 October 1863 in North-West India, Lieutenant Pitcher led a party to recapture the Crag Picquet after its garrison had been driven in by the enemy and sixty of them killed. He led the party up the narrow path to the last rock until he was knocked down and stunned by a large stone thrown from above. On 16 November, the lieutenant displayed great courage in leading a party to the Crag Picquet when it had again fallen into enemy hands. He led the first charge, but was wounded in the action. For this deed he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

He later achieved the rank of captain and died of heatstroke, while serving with the 1st Punjab Infantry, on 5 July 1875 at Dehra Ghazi Khan. His VC is on display in Jersey Museum.

Early life
Pitcher is one of five that attended Victoria College, Jersey whom were awarded the Victoria Cross. A replica is on display opposite the Headmasters office in The Main Building.

title: Henry William Pitcher


text:
Talk:Whittier

Soliciting opinions- would this make mroe sense as a disambig page? Are people most likely to always mean the city in California when typing in "Whittier", or would it make sense to have a disambig to offer the city or John Greenleaf Whittier the poet/editor (or whoever else there might be?) I was hoping to get a wiser opinion than mine on the subject, rather than just changing it immediately; I didn't want to make the change if people thought it was likely to just waste people's time in searching. Does anyone ever look up poets by last name? -FZ 19:46, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * People only know poets by their last name, of course! There's a million John poets let me tell ya that. I say leave this as a disambig. .:DavuMaya:. 20:55, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whittier


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Bricktown, Oklahoma City

Bricktown is an entertainment district just east of downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. It was formerly a major warehouse district. The major attractions of the district are the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, the navigable Bricktown Canal, and the 16-screen Harkins movie theatre.

Boundaries and management
Bricktown Entertainment District includes some 50 square city blocks bounded between the Oklahoma River on the south, I-235 on the east, Deep Deuce District to the North, and the Oklahoma City Central Business District to the West. The general boundary of the Bricktown Core Development District (also known as Upper Bricktown) is as follows: An area bordered generally by the BNSF Railway; Reno Avenue; Centennial Expressway; and the railroad right-of-way between Main and NE 1st.

The district is administered by the Bricktown Urban Design Committee which was established by the City of Oklahoma City to oversee modifications to the buildings and new construction within the district. Downtown Oklahoma City Inc. (an arm of the Greater Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce) is charged with maintenance and operations of the district and oversees promotion alongside the Oklahoma City Tourism and Visitors Bureau. All entities are united with the ultimate goal of preserving Bricktown's historic 'warehouse district' flavor while allowing modern entertainment, commercial, retail, and residential development to flourish.

History

Four railroad companies had freight operations east of the Santa Fe tracks in what is now Bricktown in the late 19th and early 20th century. The first brick structures, which were typically only one or two stories, appeared between 1898 and 1903. Larger brick buildings were constructed between 1903 and 1911, and the tallest brick buildings were built between 1911 and 1930. Working-class houses were built nearby.

Oklahoma City's first black newspaper, the Black Dispatch, was located in Bricktown at 228 E. First; it reported on the struggle to end racially segregated housing in the city. Also in that area was the first local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded in the early 20th century to work for the civil rights of African Americans.

The decline of the area began with the onset of the Great Depression, which diminished businesses in the area. The growth of eastern suburbs and subsidized highways during and after World War II attracted many residents to newer housing. Railroads restructured and freight traffic moved to trucks and highways. By 1980, Bricktown had become a cluster of abandoned buildings.

In the 1990s, mayor Ron Norick persuaded Oklahoma City residents to approve a series of tax incentives to lure new businesses, but these were not sufficient. A visit to Indianapolis, Indiana, which had recently beat the city in a competition for a new airline maintenance plant, led him to believe that Oklahoma City needed a vibrant downtown. It lacked the range of activities and amenities to attract more residents and visitors. Along with Greater Oklahoma City Chamber President Ray Ackerman, Norick and their staffs developed the Metropolitan Area Projects or MAPS, which approval led to the construction of the Bricktown ballpark and a tree-lined, mile-long canal through the district, as well as other projects in downtown. The ballpark opened in 1998 and the canal opened in July 1999. Water taxis provide interactive guided tours featuring Oklahoma City history, Bricktown businesses, and local art along the canal.

Arts and culture
The district contains a number of public sculptures and murals, including a monument to the Oklahoma Land Run. The Centennial Land Run Monument, a large bronze sculpture by artist Paul Moore, is at the south end of Bricktown Canal. It commemorates the Land Run of 1889, which marked the opening of the Unassigned Lands area to settlement. This area is now a city park, open 24 hours a day, year round, and there is no admission fee.

An annual Bricktown Art Festival is held in mid-July.

Transportation
The Oklahoma City Streetcar loops around Bricktown and connects the neighborhood to downtown. It opened in December 2018.

Amtrak's Heartland Flyer service to Fort Worth departs every morning from the old Santa Fe Depot, located by the west entrance to Bricktown, and returns in the evenings.

title: Bricktown, Oklahoma City


text:
Talk:Cișmigiu Gardens

Linking to a site just for one photo
I'm usually a little wary of linking to a site just for one photo, although the fotocomunity picture linked be User:Molteanu do is an excellent photo with no pop-up problems, etc. -- Jmabel | Talk 19:50, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

Statues
Is it Rondul Roman or Rondul Român? -- Jmabel | Talk 07:48, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Rondul Român. The statues are from Romanian writers. Bulă 17:45, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

That's what I figured. Corrected. - Jmabel | Talk 21:55, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

The English name
Why "Cișmigiu Gardens" and not "Cișmigiu Park"? In Romanian both "Grădina Cișmigiu" and "Parcul Cișmigiu" are used (I haven't been able to find the official name; even on the same map both names are sometimes used). There are 650,000 googlits for "Parcul Cișmigiu" and 123,000 for "Grădina Cișmigiu".-Mycomp (talk) 10:17, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cișmigiu Gardens


text:
Palos Verdes Peninsula High School

Palos Verdes Peninsula High School is a public high school in Rolling Hills Estates, Los Angeles County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of 2023, it is a top-ranked school in the Los Angeles, CA Metro Area (#16) and California (#42), according to US News & World Report.

History
The school was formed in 1991 when Miraleste High School, Palos Verdes High School, and Rolling Hills High School were merged into a single high school. The former Rolling Hills High School campus (opened 1964) had the highest capacity and was used for the combined school. When overcrowding became a problem after 1999, the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District elected to re-open Palos Verdes High School in 2002.

Demographics
In the 2021-22 year, there were 2,338 students enrolled in Palos Verdes Peninsula High School. Enrollment by race/ethnicity was 39.09% Asian, 37.08% White, 12.49% Hispanic, 2.44% Black, and 8.9% other. Enrollment by gender was 49.87% male and 50.13% female.

Athletics
In 2014, as a senior, future major leaguer Eli Morgan had a 10–2 win–loss record with a 1.23 earned run average. He was named Bay League Co-Pitcher of the Year and All-California Interscholastic Federation First Team.

Extracurricular Activities and Programs
Palos Verdes Peninsula High School offers a large variety of extracurricular activities including, but not limited to, Model United Nations, Speech & Debate, Mock Trial, CyberPatriots, FRC Robotics, Science Research, and Academic Decathlon. Its Speech & Debate and Model United Nations programs are nationally ranked.

In October 2022, the school's Model United Nations program, together with Rotary Club of Palos Verdes Sunset and Rotary E-Club of District 2750 Tokyo Yoneyama, hosted the 1st Rotary Peace Conference with speakers such as Best Delegate CEO, Kevin Chan, and Ihor Kukhlevsky, a Ukrainian refugee. It was dedicated to bringing awareness to the atomic bombings in 1945 and nuclear weapons. A tree from Heiwa (Hiroshima Survivor Trees) was planted by California Assemblymember, Al Muratsuchi, afterwards.

Academics and writers

 * Julie Otsuka, author
 * Julie Reuben, historian
 * Lauren Williams, mathematician

Entertainment and media

 * Steven Appleton, visual artist and ecological activist
 * Duane Chase, actor
 * Duane Davis, actor
 * Denzel Whitaker, actor
 * Vince DiFiore, jazz trumpeter
 * Liz Gateley, TV producer
 * Stephanie Hsu, actress
 * Joe Inoue, singer-songwriter, music producer, You Tuber
 * Lauren Iungerich, TV producer
 * Jon Jafari, Youtuber
 * Jirard Khalil, Youtuber
 * Kellen Goff, voice actor
 * Araksya Karapetyan, Television News Anchor
 * Van Ling, special effects coordinator for motion pictures
 * Tom Martin, TV writer
 * Petros Papadakis, radio/television personality
 * Debbi Peterson, member of The Bangles
 * Vicki Peterson, member of The Bangles
 * Lee Ritenour, jazz guitarist
 * Yoko Yazawa, Japanese singer-songwriter

Sportspeople

 * Bill Auberlen, professional race car driver
 * Tracy Austin, professional tennis player
 * Jay Bilas, ESPN commentator
 * Dave Butler, NBA basketball player
 * Greg Butler, NBA basketball player
 * Whitney Engen, professional soccer player
 * Nick Frasso, professional baseball player
 * Clark Haggans, NFL football player
 * Kevin Hartman, professional soccer player
 * John Hennigan, WWE professional wrestler
 * Scott Jackson, NFL football player
 * Robin Leamy, 1984 Olympic gold medalist in swimming
 * Erik Lorig (born 1986), NFL football player
 * Kevin Moen, University California Berkeley, football player famous for "The Play"
 * Eli Morgan (born 1996), MLB pitcher (Cleveland Indians)
 * Merrill Moses (born 1977), Olympic water polo player
 * Don Slaught (born 1958), MLB catcher
 * Craig Stevens, NFL player
 * Eric Stevens, NFL player
 * Steve Sharp, professional soccer player
 * Shawn Weinstein (born 1985), Filipino-American professional basketball player
 * John Welbourn, NFL football player

title: Palos Verdes Peninsula High School