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Michael Hollett

Michael Hollett, born 1955, is the founder and president of North by Northeast (NXNE) music festival which happens every June in Toronto since 1995. Hollett is also founder of the national print and online arts magazine, NEXT, available in Toronto, Vancouver and Calgary since December, 2020. Hollett is co-founder of Toronto's longest-running free alternative newsweekly, Now Magazine. He was editor and publisher of Now from 1981 to 2016.

Early life
Hollett was born in Oakville, Ontario to journalist parents. While at York University, studying English, Hollett became editor of the university newspaper, Excalibur during the late 1970s, where he met his future partner, Alice Klein. They were in left-wing politics during this period and were members of the Socialist League.

Hollett went on to edit small-town newspapers throughout Ontario, including the Orangeville Citizen, the Caledon Citizen and the "Halton Hills Herald", Georgetown, Ontario.

Career
In 1981, Hollett co-founded NOW with his partner Alice Klein. The paper has remained independent ever since. Although a number of alternative weekly newspapers had been attempted in Toronto without success in the past, Now ' s early decision to be distributed without charge proved to be crucial in its success. Buzz Burza helped develop the free distribution initiative after the paper initially charged 50 cents per copy.

The magazine also continues to reflect the editorial slant that Hollett brought to it, notably favouring the New Democratic Party (NDP) politically.

In 1995, Hollett became a founder of the North by Northeast (NXNE) music festival.

In 2004, he provided the liner notes for a greatest hits CD release by the band Blue Rodeo.

Hollett served on the board of directors of the Association of Alternative Newsmedia (AAN) a continental organization representing alt weeklies and digital media across North America from 2009 until 2016. He was also a founding member of the Alternative Media Foundation. Hollett resigned from both boards when he resigned from NOW Magazine in 2016. He resigned from NOW to focus on growing NXNE and to spend more time writing. He is a founding board member of Music Canada Live, launched in 2014, and remains active in the association. Hollett continues to travel the world attending music festivals and conferences, often as a speaker, expanding NXNE's contacts and looking for talent to book. He recently spoke at the Golden Medlody Awards, Conference and Festival in Taipei, Taiwan in June, 2018 and again in 2019.

Personal life
Hollett resides in the Toronto neighbourhood of Riverdale. He is an avid hockey fan and player, and was active with the Friends of Maple Leaf Gardens, an organization dedicated to the preservation of the historic hockey arena in downtown Toronto who helped preserve and re-purpose the building.

title: Michael Hollett


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Authorship of the Pauline epistles

The Pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle.

There is strong consensus in modern New Testament scholarship on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon. Several additional letters bearing Paul's name are disputed among scholars, namely Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on whether or not Colossians and 2 Thessalonians are genuine letters of Paul. The remaining four contested epistles – Ephesians, as well as the three known as the Pastoral epistles (1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus) – have been labeled pseudepigraphical works by most critical scholars. Some scholars have proposed that Paul may have used an amanuensis, or secretary, in writing the disputed letters, although such a solution would not explain the fact that the disputed letters appear to have been written at least a decade after Paul’s death.

There are two examples of pseudonymous letters written in Paul's name apart from the New Testament epistles, the Epistle to the Laodiceans and 3 Corinthians.

The Epistle to the Hebrews is actually anonymous, but it has been traditionally attributed to Paul. The church father Origen of Alexandria rejected the Pauline authorship of Hebrews, instead asserting that, although the ideas expressed in the letter were genuinely Pauline, the letter itself had actually been written by someone else. Most modern scholars generally agree that Hebrews was not written by the apostle Paul. Various other possible authorships have been suggested.

Criteria used by scholars
Scholars use a number of methods of historiography and higher criticism to determine whether a text is properly attributed to its author. The primary methods used for Paul's letters are the following:

Internal evidence
Internal evidence consists of what the author states about themself in the letter, either explicitly – the author clearly identifies themself –  or implicitly –  provides autobiographical details. This evidence is important in spite of its problems. For example, because the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews never identified him or herself, scholars as early as Origen of Alexandria in the 3rd century suspected that Paul was not the author.

External evidence
This consists of references, again either explicit or implicit, to the text, especially during earliest times by those who had access to reliable sources now lost. Explicit references would be mentioning the text or letter by name, or a recognizable form of that text. Examples include a list of accepted biblical books, such as the Muratorian fragment, or the contents of an early manuscript, such as Papyrus 46. Unfortunately, these witnesses are often either damaged or too late in date to provide much help.

Implicit references are quotation from Paul, especially indirect or unattributed, or expressing ideas and phrases that appear in his works. This use or reference implies the material quoted was in existence at the time the external evidence was created. For example, the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians is named by Irenaeus in the mid-2nd century, as well as Justin Martyr and Ignatius of Antioch; it is considered unlikely for the surviving version of this letter to have been written after this time. On the other hand, lack of witness by ancient sources suggests a later date, an argument from silence. However, use of this line of reasoning is dangerous, because of the incompleteness of the historical record: many ancient texts are lost, damaged, have been revised or possibly contrived.

Historical setting
An independently written narrative of Paul's life and ministry, found in the Acts of the Apostles, is used to determine the date, and possible authorship, of Pauline letters by locating their origin within the context of his life. For example, Paul mentions that he is a prisoner in his Epistle to Philemon 1:7; based on this statement, J. A. T. Robinson argued that this captivity was Paul's imprisonment in Caesarea, while W. M. Ramsay identified this as Paul's captivity in Rome, while others have placed the captivity in Ephesus.

One difficulty with this position is the limited data available on Paul's historical setting, and this is especially true with the conclusion of the narrative of Acts prior to Paul's death. It also assumes that the book of Acts was written by an actual traveling companion of Paul's. Recent scholarship challenges the validity of using the Acts of the Apostles to determine anything about Pauline letters. Borg and Crossan cautiously comment that "the author of Acts was not concerned with factual inerrancy"; Dewey et al. note in similar vein that "in much of Acts as a whole, Luke gives us historical fiction rather than an historical report." They therefore "recommend against using Acts, either as a whole or in part, as a historical source for Paul's career".

Language and style
Vocabulary, sentence structure, employment of idioms and common phrases, etc. are analyzed for consistency with the author's other known works. A similar style implies common authorship, while a radically divergent vocabulary implies different authors. For example, E. J. Goodspeed argued that the vocabulary of the Epistle to the Ephesians showed a literary relationship with the First Epistle of Clement, written around the end of the 1st century. Similarly, E. Percy argued that the speech and style of Colossians more strongly resembled Pauline authorship than not. Of course, style and language can vary for reasons other than differing authorship, such as the subject of the letter, the recipient, the circumstances of the times, a different amanuensis, or simply maturation on the part of the author.

Contents and theology
Similar to internal evidence, doctrinal consistency and development are examined against the author's other known works. Theological themes like the eschaton or the Mosaic Law could reappear in different works, but in a similar manner. A consistent point of view implies a common author; contradictory or unrelated teachings imply multiple authors. For example, W. Michaelis saw the Christological likeness between the Pastoral Epistles and some of Paul's undisputed works, and argued in favor of Pauline authorship. A problem with this method is analyzing the coherence of a body of diverse and developing teachings. This is seen in the disagreement between scholars. For example, with the same epistles mentioned above, B. S. Easton argued their theological notions disagreed with other Pauline works and rejected Pauline authorship. G. Lohfink argued the theology of the Pastoral epistles agreed with Paul's, but took this as proof someone wishing to enjoy the authority of an apostle copied the famous church leader.

Undisputed epistles

The name "undisputed" epistles represents the scholarly consensus asserting that Paul authored each letter.

The undisputed letters are:

 * Romans
 * First Corinthians
 * Second Corinthians
 * Galatians
 * Philippians
 * First Thessalonians
 * Philemon

These seven letters are quoted or mentioned by the earliest of sources, and are included in every ancient canon, including that of Marcion (c. 140). There is no record of scholarly doubt concerning authorship until the 19th century when, around 1840, German scholar Ferdinand Christian Baur accepted only four of the letters bearing Paul's name as genuine, which he called the Hauptebriefe (Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, and Galatians). Hilgenfeld (1875) and H. J. Holtzmann (1885) expanded Baur's four into seven, by adding Philemon, 1 Thessalonians, and Philippians.

Nowadays, few scholars argue against this list of seven epistles, which all share common themes, emphasis, vocabulary and style. They also exhibit a uniformity of doctrine concerning the Mosaic Law, Christ, and faith.

Colossians
Although Colossians is witnessed by the same historical sources as the undisputed texts, Pauline authorship of Colossians has found some critics. It was originally doubted by F. C. Baur, though others working from his general thesis, such as H. J. Holtzmann, argued that an original brief Pauline text experienced many interpolations by a later editor. The basis for this early objection was that the letter aimed at refuting Gnosticism, a heresy which had not reached its ascendancy until the early 2nd century. This thesis subsequently declined, especially following an analysis of Gnosticism by R. Wilson, in which he contended that the supposed parallels to Gnosticism were unsupported.

Another argument centers on differences in style and vocabulary. W. Bujard attempted to show significant stylistic differences between Colossians and Paul's other works, such as unusual genitive constructions. Others have analyzed the style and reached opposite conclusions.

The extensiveness of the theological development in the epistle compared to other epistles has also led to skepticism concerning Pauline authorship. H. Conzelmann made such an argument, pointing to differing theological concepts of "hope". Others accepting this analysis have asserted that the text is merely a late text of Paul, though the thesis has not found wide scholarly concurrence. Many have argued that Colossians has an ecclesiology that is incompatible with the authentic Pauline texts. While Romans and 1 Corinthians, like Colossians, speak of a body of Christ, it is clear that Paul imagines the church as the body of Christ on earth (Rom 7:4, 12:5; 1 Cor 12:27). Conversely, the text of Colossians seems to imagine that Christ is the head of the body, which is the church (Col 1:18). Additionally, detractors of the traditional authorship of Colossians point to the work's "realized eschatology." Whereas Paul, an apocalyptic Jew, anticipated the bodily resurrection of the faithful in the future (Rom 6:4-5), Colossians indicates that believers have already been raised with Christ (2:12; 3:1). Similarly, though Paul envisions Christ's triumph over rulers and authorities as a future event (1 Cor 15:24), Colossians 2:15 acknowledges this as having already occurred. Another intriguing distinction between the Colossian correspondence and the "7 authentic letters" is the lack of a financial request for the poor in Jerusalem. Kiley notes that while every one of Paul's main letters wish for financial report, Colossians is mysteriously lacking such a request.

The connection between Colossians and Philemon, an undisputed letter, is significant. A certain Archippus is referred to in both Philemon 2 and Colossians 4:17, and the greetings of both letters bear similar names. Additionally, the nearly identical phrases of Philemon 5 and Colossians 1:4 and the presence of Onesimus in both letters stands out. However, the connection between the two epistles can be used by those on both sides of the Pauline vs. deutero-Pauline debate. To those who favor Pauline authorship of Colossians, this is evidence of same authorship; to those who do not, this, combined with the other evidence noted, is indicative of a skillful forger.

Ephesians
The author of Ephesians claims to be Paul in the opening address, itself identical to those of Second Corinthians and Colossians. There were no doubts in the late-second century church that Paul wrote the epistle: it was quoted authoritatively by church fathers, including Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Irenaeus, among others. Ephesians may be an amended version of the letter to the Laodiceans in the Marcion canon (130) and the Muratorian fragment (before 180).

The authenticity of this letter was first disputed by the Dutch Renaissance scholar Desiderius Erasmus, and in more recent times has drawn detailed criticism.

The letter is made up of 50 sentences, 9 with over 50 words. The closest, Romans, has 3 out of 581 sentences of such length. E. J. Goodspeed, and C. L. Mitton argued the style was unlike Paul's other works. Many words in the letter are not in the "undisputed" epistles. However, still, some scholars do not find the style of Ephesians to be unlike Paul's authentic letters. In antiquity, the Greek Church Fathers, many of whom noticed the divergent Greek style of Hebrews, made no such comments about Ephesians.

In this letter, the word ecclesia is used to refer theologically to the universal church rather than, as Paul typically employs it, to the local churches that he had founded. Also, the eschatological tone is more subdued than in other letters: the expectation of Christ's imminent return is unmentioned, while future generations are (3:21), as is a concern for social order. W. G. Kümmel argued that the theology is later than Paul.

There is a close literary relationship between the Colossians and Ephesians. E. F. Scott argued that Paul used one letter as a model for the other, whereas others have considered Ephesians to be derivative of Colossians, edited and reworked by another. Donald Guthrie summarized the implications of this: "Advocates of non-Pauline authorship find it difficult to conceive that one mind could have produced two works possessing so remarkable a degree of similarity in theme and phraseology and yet differing in so many other respects, whereas advocates of Pauline authorship are equally emphatic that two minds could not have produced two such works with so much subtle interdependence blended with independence."

Paul founded and built up the church in Ephesus; however, this letter does not appear to contain the usual specific greetings, seen in Paul's other letters, addressed to people he remembers. There is some evidence that the Letter to the Ephesians might have been sent to several different churches. Some of the oldest manuscripts of this letter are not addressed to "God's holy people who are at Ephesus," but merely to "God's holy people." Marcion, around 140, quoted from this letter and attributed the quote to Paul's "Letter to the Laodiceans." In the 17th century, James Ussher suggested that this might have been a "circular letter" that Paul sent to several churches, including Ephesus and Laodicea. This would explain why Paul's usual personal greetings are absent: these could not be included in a letter sent to several different churches.

Summary of the reasons for thinking Ephesians is not by Paul:

 * The language and style are different. Ephesians contains 40 new words, e.g. 1:3 "heavenly places"; "family, or fatherhood" (3:15). 1:19 has four different words for "power"; Ephesians and Colossians use a different word for "reconcile" from Paul's word (Col 1:20, 22; Eph 2:16). And they both use many very long sentences, e.g. 1:3-14; 1:15-23; 3:1-7; 4:11-16; 6:14-20. Also Col 1:9-20.
 * Ephesians is similar to Colossians at many places. Eph has 155 verses, 73 of which are similar to ones from Col: e.g. Eph 4:1-2 ≈ Col 3:12-13, Eph 5:19-20 ≈ Col 3:16-17, Eph 6:21-22 ≈ Col 4:7-8.
 * Ephesians takes many key ideas from Colossians. Wisdom, mystery. The word of truth. Gospel of salvation. Saints of God.
 * Ephesians also refers to most of the other letters of Paul. In many ways it seems like a summary of Paul's ideas, written by a disciple of his, and brought up to date for the Church of his own time.
 * Metaphors, or illustrations in Paul are turned into actual objective realities in Ephesians (and sometimes in Colossians also). E.g. faith, gospel, word of God, reconciliation, salvation, human resurrection and glorification, the Church as the Body of Christ, Minister, Saints of God.
 * Ephesians shows that the Church is becoming an advanced and powerful universal institution. In Paul's time there was no universal Church in that sense, but only informal gatherings of individual believing communities.
 * Ephesians contains no mention of charismatic gifts.
 * Ephesians shows Jesus acting on his own account and by his own authority without making explicit that he is acting on God's behalf and with God's blessing; in Paul's other letters, this is more explicit.

See the section above on Colossians for the view of N.T. Wright.

Second Epistle to the Thessalonians
The epistle was included in the Marcion canon and the Muratorian fragment; it was mentioned by name by Irenaeus, and quoted by Ignatius, Justin, and Polycarp. The Pauline authorship of 2 Thessalonians was first questioned by J.E.C. Schmidt in 1801. In recent times, criticism of Pauline authorship was raised by H. J. Holtzmann and G. Hollmann (see above). Much of the dispute concerns the linguistic similarity between 1 Thessalonians and 2 Thessalonians. For example, 1 Thessalonians 2:9 is almost identical to 2 Thessalonians 3:8. This has been explained in the following ways: Paul wrote 2 Thessalonians soon after writing 1 Thessalonians or with the aid of a copy of 1 Thessalonians, or Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians himself but a later writer imitated him, or the linguistic similarities are seen as subtle enough to make imitation an unnecessary hypothesis.

Udo Schnelle argued that 2 Thessalonians was significantly different in style from the undisputed epistles, characterizing it as whole and narrow, rather than as a lively and abrupt discussion on a range of issues. Moreover, Alfred Loisy argued that it reflected knowledge of the synoptic gospels, which, according to the current scholarly consensus, had not been written when Paul wrote his epistles. Bart D. Ehrman viewed the insistence of genuineness within the letter and the strong condemnation of forgery at its start as ploys commonly used by forgers. G. Milligan observed that a church which possessed an authentic letter of Paul would be unlikely to accept a fake addressed to them. However, Milligan's analysis assumes that 2 Thessalonians is not a late forgery and thus was received by the Thessalonian community.

2 Thessalonians is often regarded as pseudonymous due to its apparent divergence in theology/content from Paul's authentic letters. Perhaps the most frequent attack on authenticity concerns the letter's eschatology in relation to 1 Thessalonians and the rest of the Pauline corpus. It is often said that 1 Thessalonians (4:15; 5:2-3), like the historical Paul (1 Cor 7:29; Phil 4:5), expects an imminent end to the world, while 2 Thessalonians sees it as a future event (3:6-12). However, others understand 2 Thessalonians to be a correction of his audience's misunderstanding of 1 Thessalonians, which explains Paul's tone shift.

It has also been argued that the Christology of 2 Thessalonians is at odds with the true Paul, as what is attributed to Jesus in 2 Thessalonians is normally attributed to God in his other letters. As identified by M.J.J. Menken, several phrases in 2 Thessalonians seem to share a theme with phrases in 1 Thessalonians, yet with an elevated role of Christ. In particular, Jesus is described as the giver of salvation rather than God (2 Thess 2:13 vs. 1 Thess 1:4). Norman Perrin claimed that, in the time of Paul, prayer usually treated God the Father as ultimate judge, rather than Jesus. From this hypothesis he contrasted 2 Thessalonians 3:5 with 1 Thessalonians 3:13 and contended that 2 Thessalonians was written sometime after Paul's death. Still, some see the texts in 2 Thessalonians that seem to elevate the role of Christ as overblown. Abraham Malherbe, for example, acknowledges the presence of Jesus as eschatological judge already in 1 Thessalonians 2:19; 3:11-12.

2 Thessalonians 2:2 seems to warn its readers against accepting teachings from a letter forged in Paul's name, indicating that either a pseudonymous author was attempting to disarm the letter's audience into accepting his forgery as authentically Pauline, or that Paul himself was writing to warn his readers that forged letters were being circulated in his name.

Pastoral epistles
The First Epistle to Timothy, the Second Epistle to Timothy, and the Epistle to Titus are often referred to as the Pastoral Epistles and are the most disputed of all the epistles ascribed to Paul.

Despite this, these epistles were accepted as genuine by many, perhaps most of the ante-Nicene Church Fathers. Some scholars have argued that the letters were certainly accepted as Pauline by the time of Irenaeus. They were also included in the Muratorian fragment. According to Jerome, the gnostic Christian Basilides also rejected these epistles, and Tatian, while accepting Titus, rejected other Pauline epistles. Marcion (c. 140) excluded all three, along with Hebrews, from his otherwise complete Pauline corpus, and it is impossible to determine whether or not he knew of them. Donald Guthrie, for instance, argues that Marcion's theology would have been cause to reject the letters since it was incompatible with certain passages, such as 1 Tim 1:8 and 1 Tim 6:20, while Ehrman suggests that 2nd-century proto-orthodox Christians had motivation to forge the Pastorals to combat the Gnostic use of other Pauline epistles. Even the ancient writer Tertullian (c. 220), in Adv. Marc. V.21, expresses confusion as to why these epistles had not been included in Marcion's canon. Modern scholars postulate that the Pauline Epistles originally circulated in three forms, for example, from The Canon Debate, attributed to Harry Y. Gamble:

 * 1) "Marcion's collection that begins with Galatians and ends with Philemon;"
 * 2) "Papyrus 46, dated about 200, that follows the order that became established except for reversing Ephesians and Galatians;"
 * 3) "[T]he letters to seven churches, treating those to the same church as one letter and basing the order on length, so that Corinthians is first and Colossians (perhaps including Philemon) is last."

Beginning in the early 19th century, many German biblical scholars began to question the traditional attribution of these letters to Paul. The vocabulary and phraseology used in the Pastorals is often at variance with that of the other epistles. Over 1/3 of the vocabulary is not used anywhere else in the Pauline epistles, and over 1/5 is not used anywhere else in the New Testament, while 2/3 of the non-Pauline vocabulary is used by 2nd-century Christian writers. For this reason, and because of a claimed precedence of 1 Clement, some scholars have associated these works with later 2nd-century Christian writings. The precedence of 1 Clement was challenged by R. Falconer, while L. T. Johnson challenged the linguistic analysis as based on the arbitrary grouping of the three epistles together: he argued that this obscures the alleged similarities between 1 Timothy and 1 Corinthians, between Titus and the other travel letters, and between 2 Timothy and Philippians.

Norman Perrin argued that Paul's travels to Crete (Titus 1:5-6), again to Ephesus (1 Tim 1:3), Nicopolis (Titus 3:12), and Troas (2 Tim 1:15, 4:13) cannot be fit into any reconstruction of Paul's life or works as determined from the other epistles or from Acts. In this he was preceded by several scholars who rejected Pauline authorship. Robinson argued against this analysis, while others have debated whether this should be grounds for rejection of Pauline authorship, as Acts concludes while Paul is still alive. Harnack, Lightfoot and other scholars have suggested hypothetical scenarios that would have these epistles written near the end of Paul's life without contradicting biographical information in the other epistles or Acts. Scholars arguing for the authenticity of the pastorals posit a "second career" of Paul to explain the occasion for the visits mentioned in these letters, though contemporary scholars generally consider the "second career" of Paul to be a creation of later Christian communities.

Other reasons for a 2nd-century date have been argued. The Pastoral Epistles lay out church organization concerning the character and requirements for bishops, elders, deacons, and widows. Some scholars have claimed that these offices could not have appeared during Paul's lifetime. In terms of theology, some scholars claim that the Pastorals reflect more the characteristics of 2nd century (Proto-orthodox) church thought, than those of the 1st century. In particular, whilst in the 1st century the idea of Christ's return being immediate was current (see parousia, as also described in the non-pastoral epistles), in the 2nd century it was seen as more distant, matching the choice of the pastorals to lay down instructions for a long time after the passing away of the apostles. Lastly, some have argued that the Pastorals condemn forms of Hellenic mysticism and gnosticism, which were seen as not significant in the 1st century; however, recent scholarship of 1st-century Gnosticism has suggested an earlier dominance of Gnostic views.

Hebrews
Unlike the thirteen epistles above, the Epistle to the Hebrews is internally anonymous. Moreover, scholars such as Robert Grant have noted the many obvious differences in language and style between Hebrews and the correspondence explicitly ascribed to Paul.

Church Fathers and ante-Nicene writers such as Tertullian noted the different manner in which the theology and doctrine of the epistle appear. This variance led many to name other candidates for authorship, such as the fellow traveller of Paul called Barnabas (favored by Tertullian), a follower of John the Baptist called Apollos (favored by Martin Luther and several modern scholars), as well as less likely candidates such as Silas and even Priscilla.

Origen of Alexandria (c. 240), as quoted by Eusebius (c. 330) had this to say on the matter: "That the character of the diction of the epistle entitled To the Hebrews has not the apostle's rudeness in speech, who confessed himself rude in speech, that is, in style, but that the epistle is better Greek in the framing of its diction, will be admitted by everyone who is able to discern differences of style. But again, on the other hand, that the thoughts of the epistle are admirable, and not inferior to the acknowledged writings of the apostle, to this also everyone will consent as true who has given attention to reading the apostle…. But as for myself, if I were to state my own opinion, I should say that the thoughts are the apostle's, but that the style and composition belonged to one who called to mind the apostle's teachings and, as it were, made short notes of what his master said. If any church, therefore, holds this epistle as Paul's, let it be commended for this also. For not without reason have the men of old handed it down as Paul's. But who wrote the epistle, in truth God knows. Yet the account which has reached us [is twofold], some saying that Clement, who was bishop of the Romans, wrote the epistle, others, that it was Luke, he who wrote the Gospel and the Acts."

Modern scholars consider the evidence against Pauline authorship of Hebrews too solid for dispute. Donald Guthrie, in his New Testament Introduction (1976), commented that "most modern writers find more difficulty in imagining how this Epistle was ever attributed to Paul than in disposing of the theory." Harold Attridge states that "it is certainly not a work of the apostle"; Daniel Wallace states, "the arguments against Pauline authorship [...] are conclusive." As a result, few supporters of Pauline authorship remain. As Richard Heard notes, in his Introduction to The New Testament, "modern critics have confirmed that the epistle cannot be attributed to Paul and have for the most part agreed with Origen's judgement, 'But as to who wrote the epistle, God knows the truth.'"

History of the Pauline canon
There are no preserved lists of a Christian New Testament canon from the 1st century and early 2nd century.

The Second Epistle of Peter, a pseudepigrapha written between 60-130 and attributed to Saint Peter refers to the Pauline epistles, but does not specify which ones it is referring to.

Pope Clement I (c. 35-99 AD) quotes from 1 Corinthians and alludes to Paul's epistles to the Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians, Titus, 1 Timothy, numerous phrases from the Epistle to the Hebrews, and possible material from the Acts of the Apostles.

Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 110 AD) appears to have quoted from Romans, 1 Corinthians, Ephesians, Colossians, and 1 Thessalonians.

Polycarp of Smyrna (69–156 AD) not only quoted from 2 Thessalonians but also the Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke, Acts of the Apostles, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to the Hebrews, 1 Peter, 1 John, 3 John.

The Epistle of Barnabas, written between 96 and 135, quotes from Galatians.

Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-215 AD) quotes all the books of the New Testament with the exception of Philemon, James, 2 Peter, and 2 and 3 John.

The earliest extant canon containing Paul's letters is from the 2nd century:

 * It is a canon compiled by Marcion, the founder of Marcionism. Marcion did not include any of the modern Gospels, only his Gospel of Marcion, which according to his enemies he had edited from the Gospel of Luke, whereas he claimed that it was their version which was edited from his original gospel. He includes ten epistles by Paul, omitting the Pastoral Epistles (Titus, 1 and 2 Timothy), as well as To the Hebrews.
 * The Muratorian fragment (c. 140) accepts all Pauline epistles as authentic, but does not mention the Epistle to the Hebrews and rejects the Epistle to the Laodiceans and the Epistle to the Alexandrians as spurious.
 * Papyrus 46, one of the oldest New Testament manuscripts (c. 200), contains the last eight chapters of Romans; all of Hebrews; virtually all of 1–2 Corinthians; all of Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians; and two chapters of 1 Thessalonians. Because it is damaged there is no scholarly consensus on whether to consider the omission of a text definitive.

Historical criticism of the authorship of the epistles
In the nineteenth-century, a group of scholars at the University of Tübingen, led by Ferdinand Christian Baur, engaged in radical bible study, including the claim that only Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, and Galatians were authored by Paul (i.e. Hauptbriefe). During the same period, another group of Dutch scholars led by Allard Pierson (Dutch Radical School), argued that all Pauline epistles were pseudepigrapha, a view that was also shared by Bruno Bauer, Rudolf Steck and Arthur Drews.

title: Authorship of the Pauline epistles


text:
Louise McKinney

Louise McKinney (Crummy; 22 September 1868 – 10 July 1931) was a Canadian politician, temperance advocate, and women's rights activist. She was the first woman elected into the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and the first woman to serve in a legislature in the British Empire. She served in the Alberta legislature from 1917 to 1921 as a member of the Non-Partisan League. Later she was one of the Famous Five who campaigned successfully for the right of Canadian women to be appointed to the Senate. A former schoolteacher and temperance organizer, she came to Alberta in 1903 as a homesteader.

McKinney was heavily involved in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and she served as president of the Alberta branch for 22 years, from 1908 to 1930. In 1930, she was elected president of the Dominion WCTU, and organized the 1931 World Convention in Toronto. McKinney supported stricter immigration laws and the creation of institutions for "feeble-minded" people. In 2009, the Senate of Canada voted to make McKinney and other members of the Famous Five Canada's first honorary Senators.

Early life
McKinney was born Louise Crummy on 22 September 1868 in Frankville, Ontario, the sixth of ten children of Richard Crummy and Esther Empey. Her father had immigrated from Ireland to settle in Upper Canada in 1842, later bringing his wife in 1857. McKinney graduated from Athens High School intending to become a physician but faced difficulty entering medical school due to her gender. Instead, she attended Ottawa Normal School to become a teacher. She taught for four years in Ontario before moving to North Dakota, where she taught for three more years.

Involvement in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
While teaching in North Dakota, McKinney became interested in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In 1894 she became one of the union's local organizers, travelling around the state to preach about the dangers of alcohol. While working in this capacity, she met James McKinney, whom she married in March 1896. They had one son, Williard, named after Frances Williard, the founder of the WCTU. She was elected as the North Dakota WCTU's District President in 1898 and represented her area at the National Convention the following year. The McKinneys continued to farm in North Dakota until 1903, when they moved to the Northwest Territories (present-day Alberta) and settled near Claresholm.

Within a few weeks of arriving in Alberta, McKinney had already set out to establish a local branch of the WCTU. The following year, she met with women from across the Northwest Territories to discuss forming a larger union. The Northwest Territories' WCTU was established, which was later renamed the Alberta and Saskatchewan WCTU when they became provinces in 1905. By 1912, the organization had so many members that it split into separate groups for each province. McKinney served as president of the Alberta WCTU for 22 years, from 1908 to 1930. For the same period, she served as vice-president of the Dominion WCTU. In 1930, she was voted president of the Dominion WCTU and organized the 1931 World Convention in Toronto, where she was elected vice-president of the World WCTU.

Political career
McKinney ran for a seat in the Alberta Legislature for the electoral district of Claresholm in the 1917 general election, the first election in which women were allowed to vote. She defeated Liberal incumbent William Moffat as a candidate for the Non-Partisan League. In winning the election, she became the first woman elected to a legislature in the British Empire. Much of her term in office was focused on working towards more effective prohibition, and she gained a reputation as a capable debater. Together with Henrietta Muir Edwards, she drafted and introduced a motion which ensured widows would receive a portion of their husbands' estate. After passing, it became known as the Dower Act.

Several of her fellow Famous Five members, including Parlby, Murphy, and McClung, were supporters of the eugenics movement in Alberta. It is unknown whether McKinney supported mandatory sterilization of "mental defectives", but she advocated for the creation of institutions to prevent the reproduction of feeble-minded people. McKinney also indirectly supported the eugenics movement by promoting stricter immigration laws.

She ran for a second term in the 1921 Alberta general election as a member of the United Farmers. She was defeated by independent candidate Thomas Milnes by a margin of 46 votes. Although she never ran for political office again, she remained active and was one of four women, and the only woman from Western Canada, selected to sign the Basis of Union for the United Church of Canada in 1925.

Persons Case
McKinney was one of the Famous Five, along with Irene Parlby, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Emily Murphy and Nellie McClung, a group of five women who fought for the right to be considered "persons" and be eligible to serve in the Senate of Canada. The case is officially titled Edwards v Canada (AG) but is popularly known as the Persons Case. In 1927, the case was taken to the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled that women were not eligible to serve in the Senate. In 1929, the ruling was appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Canada's highest court at the time. The Judicial Committee overturned the Supreme Court's decision, and the first woman, Cairine Wilson, was appointed to the Senate the following year.

Death and honours
McKinney fell ill during the WCTU World Convention in June 1931, and her sickness became worse after her return to Claresholm. She died after returning home the following month, less than two years after her victory in the Persons Case. Her death came as a shock to the WCTU, and tributes came from across the country and the world.

In 1939, the government of Canada recognized McKinney as a Person of National Historic Significance. A plaque commemorating this is on display at the post office in Claresholm. In 1997, the Persons Case was recognized as a National Historic Event. In 2000, two identical monuments were created in Calgary, Alberta, and near the Senate of Canada Building, in Ottawa, Ontario. The monuments, called Women are Persons!, depict the members of the Famous Five reading the news about their victory in the Persons Case. The monuments were later featured on the $50 banknote of the Canadian Journey series. In October 2009, the Senate voted to name McKinney and the rest of the Famous Five Canada's first "honorary senators".

title: Louise McKinney


text:
Greater Sudbury City Council

Greater Sudbury City Council (Conseil municipal du Grand Sudbury) is the governing body of the City of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

The council consists of the mayor plus a twelve-person council. The city is divided into twelve wards; each ward is represented by one councillor. The council meets at Tom Davies Square.

The city was created by amalgamating the former City of Sudbury with six suburban municipalities on January 1, 2001. Initially, the council structure consisted of six wards, each represented by two councillors. Ward boundaries in the new city were drawn by grouping former suburban municipalities with adjacent neighbourhoods in the former city. For the 2006 municipal election, council was reorganized into twelve single-member wards.

Past mayors of the city and the former suburban municipalities are listed at List of mayors of Sudbury, Ontario.

2000–2003
Council elected in the 2000 municipal election:

2003–2006
Council elected in the 2003 municipal election:

2006–2010
Council elected in the 2006 municipal election:

2010–2014
Council elected in the 2010 municipal election.

As the vacancies in wards 1 and 8 occurred less than six months prior to the 2014 municipal election, by provincial law both were required to be filled by temporary appointment to the seat rather than in a conventional by-election. Sizer was appointed on June 26 to succeed Belli, and McIntaggart was appointed on July 8 to succeed Cimino. Unlike many cities in similar circumstances, Greater Sudbury City Council opted not to impose a requirement that the appointed councillors could not run for reelection in 2014; Sizer chose to run as a candidate and won reelection, while McIntaggart did not run.

2014–2018
Council elected in the 2014 municipal election.

2018–2022
Council elected in the 2018 municipal election.

2022–2026
Council elected in the 2022 municipal election.

Ward boundaries

 * Ward 1: Gatchell, Robinson, the West End, Copper Park, Moonglo, South of Ontario St., and West of Regent St.
 * Ward 2: Walden (Whitefish, Naughton, Lively, Worthington), Copper Cliff
 * Ward 3: Onaping Falls (Onaping, Levack, Dowling), Chelmsford, Hull, Larchwood
 * Ward 4: Azilda, Bélanger, Simard, Elm West, Donovan
 * Ward 5: Val Caron, Blezard Valley, Nickeldale, Cambrian Heights Guilletville, Notre Dame, LaSalle area west of Rideau
 * Ward 6: Val Thérèse, Hanmer
 * Ward 7: Garson, Falconbridge, Skead, Capreol
 * Ward 8: New Sudbury (east of Barry Downe Rd.)
 * Ward 9: Coniston, Wahnapitae, Wanup, McFarlane Lake, South End
 * Ward 10: Lockerby, Lo-Ellen, University Area, Kingsmount, Bell Park, Downtown (south of Elm Street)
 * Ward 11: Minnow Lake, New Sudbury (west of Barry Downe Road, east of Arthur St, south of Lasalle Blvd.)
 * Ward 12: Flour Mill, Downtown (north of Elm Street), New Sudbury (east of Rideau Street, west of Barry Downe Road & north of Lasalle Blvd.), Kingsway-Bancroft area

Former boundaries
From amalgamation in 2001 until reorganization in 2005, the wards were as follows:

 * Ward 1: former Town of Walden, plus the communities of Copper Cliff, Gatchell, Robinson and the West End in the former city of Sudbury.
 * Ward 2: former Towns of Rayside-Balfour and Onaping Falls, and the northwestern corner of old Sudbury.
 * Ward 3: former City of Valley East, New Sudbury west of Rideau Street and the Cambrian Heights neighbourhood.
 * Ward 4: former Town of Capreol, the northern half (Garson-Skead) of the former Town of Nickel Centre, the newly annexed geographic townships north and east of Lake Wanapitei, and New Sudbury east of Barry Downe Road.
 * Ward 5: southern half (Coniston-Wahnapitae) of the former Town of Nickel Centre, the downtown core, most of the former Sudbury south of Ramsey Lake, and the newly annexed townships south of the former Regional Municipality.
 * Ward 6: the only ward whose boundaries lay entirely within the old City of Sudbury, included the Flour Mill, Minnow Lake, Adamsdale and New Sudbury between Barrydowne Road and Rideau Street.

title: Greater Sudbury City Council


text:
Burkholderia

Burkholderia is a genus of Pseudomonadota whose pathogenic members include the Burkholderia cepacia complex, which attacks humans and Burkholderia mallei, responsible for glanders, a disease that occurs mostly in horses and related animals; Burkholderia pseudomallei, causative agent of melioidosis; and Burkholderia cepacia, an important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Burkholderia species is also found in marine environments. S.I. Paul et al. (2021) isolated and characterized Burkholderia cepacia from marine sponges of the Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.

The Burkholderia (previously part of Pseudomonas) genus name refers to a group of virtually ubiquitous Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are motile by means of single or multiple polar flagella, with the exception of Burkholderia mallei, which is nonmotile. Members belonging to the genus do not produce sheaths or prosthecae and are able to use poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) for growth. The genus includes both animal and plant pathogens, as well as some environmentally important species. In particular, B. xenovorans (previously named Pseudomonas cepacia then B. cepacia and B. fungorum) is renowned for being catalase positive (affecting patients with chronic granulomatous disease) and its ability to degrade chlororganic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. The conserved RNA structure anti-hemB RNA motif is found in all known bacteria in this genus.

Due to their antibiotic resistance and the high mortality rate from their associated diseases, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are considered to be potential biological warfare agents, targeting livestock and humans.

History
The genus was named after Walter H. Burkholder, plant pathologist at Cornell University. The first species placed in the genus were transfers from Pseudomonas, on the basis of various biochemical tests.

Until recently, the genus Burkholderia was inclusive of all Paraburkholderia species. However, the genus Paraburkholderia is phylogenetically distinct, and can be distinguished from all Burkholderia species on the basis of molecular signatures that are uniquely found for each genus.

Taxonomy
Burkholderia species form a monophyletic group within the Burkholderiales order of the Betaproteobacteria. Currently, the 48 validly named species can be distinguished from related genera (i.e. Paraburkholderia) and all other bacteria by conserved signature indels in a variety of proteins. These indels represent exclusive common ancestry shared among all Burkholderia species.

The genus has three distinct monophyletic clusters. One group consists of all species belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, another clade comprises B. pseudomallei and closely related species, and the last clade encompasses of most of the phytogenic species within the genus, including B. glumae and B. gladioli . Conserved signature indels are specific for each of these subgroups within the genus that aid in demarcating members of this extremely large and diverse genus.

Research
Recently, research in Burkholderia species has investigated a range of topics and characteristics including metabolomic response to antibiotics, contact-dependent interactions between bacterial communities, and genomic potential to yield beneficial products.

In Burkholderia species, certain antibiotics such as trimethoprim has been shown to induce and upregulate a large amount of the metabolome, inducing over 100 silent secondary metabolite gene clusters in Burkholderia thailandensis. These global activators can be used as a source of investigation into how the metabolomes of pathogenic bacterial species respond to antibiotic stress and how bacterial species can vary in response to them. It has been shown that closely related cystic fibrosis-associated Burkholderia species respond to trimethoprim with differing levels of expression of various secondary metabolites, highlighting the personalized nature of metabolomics in related bacterial strains.

Research focused on interbacterial signaling using Burkholderia has shown that contact-dependent growth inhibition plays a significant role in mediating cell to cell communication specifically in B. thailandensis. In this interaction, cells release protein toxins to the surrounding environment, and only those with a corresponding protective protein (usually bacteria of the same strain) will not have its growth inhibited or die. Furthermore, recipient cells that have the corresponding protein then undergo changes to gene expression and phenotype that promotes community formation in the form of biofilms. This occurs even if the recipient cell was not of the same bacterial strain which highlights the importance of this system. The genes that encode the protein toxins and the rest of the contact-dependent inhibition system can become mobile in the form of a transposon that can transfer between cells and is critical to communal aspect of the system. Thus, contact-dependent signaling plays a significant role in bacterial self recognition and community formation.

Burkholderia species have been shown to be a potential source of beneficial products such as antimicrobials and biosurfactants. Along with the related genus Pseudomonas, Burkholderia can synthesize a particular class of biosurfactant called rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipids synthesized by Burkholderia have differing chemical characteristics (compared to those synthesized by Pseudomonas) and thus have the potential for novel applications.

Species
List of species:

 * Burkholderia alpina
 * Burkholderia ambifaria

 * Burkholderia anthina

 * Burkholderia arboris

 * Burkholderia cenocepacia
 * Burkholderia cepacia

 * Burkholderia contaminans

 * Burkholderia diffusa

 * Burkholderia dolosa

 * Burkholderia gladioli

 * Burkholderia glumae

 * Burkholderia humptydooensis

 * Burkholderia lata
 * Burkholderia latens
 * Burkholderia mallei

 * Burkholderia metallica

 * Burkholderia multivorans

 * Burkholderia oklahomensis

 * Burkholderia plantarii
 * Burkholderia pseudomallei
 * Burkholderia pseudomultivorans

 * Burkholderia puraquae
 * Burkholderia pyrrocinia

 * Burkholderia seminalis

 * Burkholderia singaporensis
 * Burkholderia singularis

 * Burkholderia stabilis
 * Burkholderia stagnalis

 * Burkholderia territorii
 * Burkholderia thailandensis

 * Burkholderia ubonensis

 * Burkholderia vietnamiensis

title: Burkholderia


text:
Blobject

A blobject is a design product, often a brightly-coloured household object which has smooth curves and no sharp edges. The word is a portmanteau of "blob" and "object".

Blobjects can be made of any material in any size or scale for the home, office, car, or outdoors. Common materials used in fabricating blobjects are plastic (especially polycarbonate, polypropylene, or polyethylene), metal, and rubber, with the aim being to give a more organic and animate feel.

Etymology
The origin of the term is disputed, but it is often attributed to either the designer-author Steven Skov Holt or the designer Karim Rashid.

Holt has defined a blobject as a colorful, mass-produced, plastic-based, emotionally-engaging consumer product with a curvilinear, flowing shape. This fluid and curvaceous form is the blobject's most distinctive feature.

Rashid, the contemporary designer who wrote the book I Want to Change the World, was an early leader in creating blobjects and has become one of the most celebrated designers of his generation.

Overview
While often viewed as a modern concept, Blobject can be traced all the way back to prehistoric sculptures like Venus of Willendorf. In the early 20th century, in the work of Joan Miró and Jean Arp, these characteristics appeared. After World War II, these design started appearing in home goods like La Chaise chair.

In the 1990s, designers like Philippe Starck, Marc Newson, and Karim Rashid led the way with the use of technology. Many of the most famous blobjects appeared in this decade.

Blobjects can also be found in most areas of contemporary visual culture. A blobject can be a typographic font (cf. Neville Brody), an animation (cf. Monica Peon), a piece of furniture (Marc Newson), an article of clothing (Rei Kawakubo), a motorcycle (GK Dynamics), a car (GEMCAR), a building (Future Systems), a painting (Rex Ray), a piece of sculpture (Hadeki Matsumoto), or ceramics work (Ken Price).

The blobject trend has largely been driven by advances in computer-aided design, information visualization, rapid prototyping, materials, and injection molding. These technologies have given designers the chance to use new shapes and to explore transparency and translucency without significant extra production costs.

title: Blobject


text:
Talk:Jive Records

Bonjour
BONJOURS MOI J AI 13 ANS J AIME TROP CHANTER!!!!JE VEUX EN FAIR MON MéTIER MAIS SEULEMENT J ORAI BESOIN DE COUPS DE POUCE PORODUCTION ET TOUT SA ALORS SI VOUS PENSER POUVOIR M AIDER A RéALISé MON REVE LE PLUS CHèRE VOUS POUVEZ ME CONTACTES SUR MON ADRESSE MSN MISSY-BROWN_1217@HOTMAIL.COM SVP.J AIME LE RNB LE HIP HOP TOUT SA JE VEUX ETRE COMME PAR EXEMPLE BEYONCé C EST COMME SA QUE JE ME VOIS ET J ADROR CHRIS BROWN SI JE DEVIEN UNE STAR JE COMPTE BIEN TRAVAILLé AVEC LUI.

List of Artists
I suggest either there be a master list of artists with information about whether they are present or past in parentheses, or two separate lists: one for past and one for present. Constafrequent, infrequently constant 02:26, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * ✅ Done. Although, since all remaining artists moved to RCA, the List of Current Artists seems redundant.Jonpatterns (talk)

Good label 232 on 342
Good label good R&B/rap artists. --So Fresh and So Clean_Wish U Was Me 02:51, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Why did jive records drop reel big fish?
Why did jive records drop reel big fish? can someone research and find out for me? i'm confused about the drop.

It states on Reel Big Fish's website that they had been wanting to be released from Jive Records ever since Cheer Up! had been released and they were happy once they were. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.102.118.208 (talk) 21:15, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Co-founder
Why no mention of co-founder Ralph Simon? 68.199.33.181 (talk) 16:52, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Move from Hiphop to pop
In this interview KRS makes it seem like in the late 90s a conscious move was made to drop hiphop in favor of pop. Jonpatterns (talk) 13:23, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Steps
Steps were part of Jive Records and no mention of them on the page anywhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.215.216.243 (talk) 22:39, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

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Need talent agent/mgr.
Tired of singing showers....Time to get serious "ME FIRST!!!!" BORNsinger90 (talk) 19:40, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

They're still active in Germany and Italy so do we change it from was to is?
Jive is still a label and pretty big in Italy and Germany and they even have a website in Germany so do we change it from was to is because It technically still exists? ReadRead0109802 (talk) 16:01, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jive Records


text:
Link REIT

Link Real Estate Investment Trust (, or ), previously known as The Link Real Estate Investment Trust (, or ), is a wholly-owned private real estate investment trust managed by Link Asset Management Limited. It is the first real estate investment trust in Hong Kong and the largest in Asia by market capitalisation.

Link REIT's portfolio consists of 126 properties with about 9 million sq ft of retail and office space in Hong Kong, as well as 7 properties with about 6 million sq ft of retail and office space outside Hong Kong.

Link REIT has its head office at The Quayside in Kwun Tong.

History
The LINK REIT was established by the Hong Kong government, which hived off assets from the Hong Kong Housing Authority that included 151 retail facilities – mainly within public housing estates – and 79,000 parking spaces. The date for the listing was 25 November 2005, at a valuation of HK$22.02 billion (Valuation = 2,137,454,000 x HK$10.30 = HK$22.02 Billion) (US$2.82 billion). Upon privatisation, Link Reit remains tied to terms in existing tenancy agreements, but will no longer require approval from government to increase rents for new leases. However, financial analysts expected attractive dividend yields – up to 7 per cent – from the privatised company and greater commercial orientation, although some feared that the scope for increasing rental income and cutting labour costs might be limited due to most of its properties being tied to the public housing sector.

Initial public offering
IPO of The Link REIT, delayed for a year until 2005 through legal action by housing tenants worried that rents would rise, was eventually 18 times oversubscribed. About 510,000 Hong Kong residents, or seven percent of the city's population, placed US$36 billion of orders while institutional investors were ready to commit US$40 billion.

The IPO's joint global coordinators were Goldman Sachs, HSBC Holdings plc, and UBS AG. JPMorgan Chase & Co. was the financial adviser to the Housing Authority.

The proposed flotation of The Link REIT by the Housing Authority was delayed when a public housing tenant, Lo Siu-lan, challenged the legality of the proposed divestment of the properties. Lo's lawyer submitted that the Housing Authority had "breached its duty under the Housing Ordinance to provide housing to people in need. Instead, it was selling assets to a private company, which could sublet the properties at market rates rather than benefiting the underprivileged". She represented a concern among many residents of public housing that existing amenities would no longer be public and that The Link would raise rents, thereby forcing price rises in shops without due consideration of the public good. Some NGOs also were concerned that the reduced income of the Housing Authority would eventually lead to rent rises for public tenants. Lo's request for judicial review of the privatisation was rejected at the Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal.

Since the listing in 2005, Link has engaged in a process of 'asset enhancement works', seeking to raise the value of the properties through upgraded physical structure, replacing low-end utility local shops with higher-paying brands and chains, enhanced 'customer service', and promotional activities. The Link also overhauled many of the wet markets under its management. The renovations have led to higher rents, higher prices, and the loss of local shops.

Acquisition of properties
In moves to diversify its property portfolio and mix, Link acquired the shopping mall portion of Nan Fung Centre with parking facilities in Hang Hau, from Nan Fung Group mid 2010 for a total of $1.17 billion.

In late 2010, Link acquired the shopping mall portion of Maritime Bay Shopping Mall with parking facilities in Hang Hau, from Sino Group, for a total of $588.4 million

In mid 2014, Link acquired The Lions Rise Mall with parking facilities in Wong Tai Sin, from Kerry Properties, for a total of $1.38 billion.

In 2015, The Link took its first step in purchasing by government land auction when it partnered with Nan Fung Group to buy land lot NKIL 6512 in Kwun Tong for a total of $5.86 billion in January. Then, Link surprised the market by successively making its first two purchases in mainland China, when it acquired Beijing EC Mall, for a consideration of ¥2.5 billion; it acquired two commercial buildings in Shanghai for ¥6.6 billion. The company has a target where mainland properties would not exceed 12.5% of its portfolio.

On 19 February 2016, a subsidiary of the Link purchased the Trade and Industry Department Tower in Mong Kok (formerly the Argyle Centre Tower II) from the government for a sum of HK$5.91 billion.

In April 2020, LINK REIT completed its purchase of 100 Market Street in Sydney at approximately AUD683 million from Blackstone Group. It is a building is 10-storeys office tower of 28,385 square metre above the Westfield mall in Sydney's CBD.

Sale of properties
In mid-2014, Link REIT sold four commercial properties, to four different buyers, for a total of $1.24 billion. The properties are Hing Tin Commercial Centre (in Lam Tin), Kwai Hing Shopping Centre (Kwai Chung), the Tung Hei Court shopping centre (Shau Kei Wan), and Wah Kwai Shopping Centre (Pokfulam).

In late 2015, they sold five properties, namely: Fung Wah Estate Retail and Car Park, Ka Fuk Shopping Centre, Kwong Tin Shopping Centre, Siu On Court Retail and Car Park, and Tin Wan Shopping Centre.

In late 2016, they sold five properties again, namely: Sui Wo Court Commercial Centre, On Yam Shopping Centre, Sun Tin Wai Commercial Centre, Cheung Hong Commercial Centre and Shek Wai Kok Commercial Centre.

Green Bond
In July 2016, Link REIT issue a green convertible bonds, raising US$500 million at 2.875% fixed rate due 2026.

Change of Name
On 19 August 2015, Link announced the changing of its corporate name to Link REIT. Some have alleged that the purpose of the name change is to disassociate itself from its past activities.

Senior Leadership

 * Chairman: Nicholas Allen (since April 2016)
 * Chief Executive: George Hongchoy (since May 2010)

List of former chairmen

 * 1) Peter Wong (2004–2005)
 * 2) Paul Cheng (2005–2007)
 * 3) Nicholas Sallnow-Smith (2007–2016)

List of former chief executives

 * 1) Victor So (2004–2007)
 * 2) Ian Robbins (2007–2010)

Economic hardship on lower classes
The Link was called a "bloodsucker" by housing estate residents after the company acquired the Housing Authority shopping centres, renovated them, and raised rents. This has led to local shops being pushed out, higher prices, and the dominance of chain stores within the estates. This trend has reduced entrepreneurship opportunities for lower income people in Hong Kong's public housing estates and new towns, diminishing their chances to achieve social mobility, and has increased the cost of living.

A 2012 campaign by The Link to promote "nostalgic restaurants" in its shopping centres was widely derided on social media as hypocritical. Users on Golden Forum and Facebook wrote that the company "first killed the shops, then makes money from their death" and criticised the company for only allowing chain stores in their properties. In 2006, The Link cut thousands of staff, a move "fiercely criticised by unionists, who said Link Management had dishonoured a pledge to protect the welfare of its frontline workers when it took over the operation from the Housing Authority". The Link replied that "the job cuts were in line with private practice".

By mid 2015, NGO Link Watch published a report that showed big chains made up 76 per cent of the 2,075 shops in 22 shopping centres run by the firm, but the Link's CEO claimed, "We continue to maintain roughly 60 per cent of our shops leased to smaller operators."

Anti-Link REIT protests have become increasingly common in recent years. Link REIT headquarters in Kwun Tong has been the site of demonstrations, scuffles, and sit-ins, leading the company to seek a court order to bar activists from entering the building.

Market management
In addition to indoor shopping centres, The Link also acquired many local estate markets in 2005. Such markets are covered facilities with small stalls and shops let out to local residents, generally offering fresh meat and vegetables as well as daily necessities and home wares. As with the shopping centres, The Link has raised rents and also renovated some properties, leading to increased food prices and financial hardship on low-income households.

In Tin Shui Wai, where The Link exercises a near-monopoly on commercial space, the company was criticised by local residents and Legislative Councillors in 2015–16 for planning to convert the Tin Yiu Market into a conventional shopping centre. The market supplies fresh vegetables, meat, and fish to residents of the surrounding public housing estates. The next closest market is 5 to 10 minutes' walk away.

Stall operators at Cheung Fat Estate on Tsing Yi have gone on strike, in 2010 and 2016, to protest rent increases. By the latter strike it was reported that rents had doubled in ten years. Some local residents stated that they visit a government-run market in Tsuen Wan instead owing to the higher prices at Cheung Fat. The Cheung Fat stall owners also protested the outsourcing of the market's management to Uni-China (Market) Management Limited, which they feared will lead to untenable rent increases. Uni-China (Market) Management also manages the market at Leung King Estate in Tuen Mun, which is also owned by The Link. In February 2016 a group of men dressed in dark jackets with "manager" (管理員) printed on the backs acted in an intimidating manner toward hawkers in the area of the shopping centre since 2 February. More than 200 showed up to protest against the men combating hawkers on the night of 8 February. Some minor clashes broke out between the self-proclaimed managers and the protesters, and required mediation by the police. Two protesters were arrested and one reporter was injured during the clash.

Conflicts between the management and the public reoccurred on the night of 9 February. The men were filmed beating up protesters while police stood by and prevented others from being involved. A reporter was also beaten up by the control team. A 31-year-old man was arrested for causing disorder in a public place. He allegedly interfered with a worker performing his duties at Leung King Estate. The Link REIT distanced itself from the clashes and denied the hawker control team was part of its staff.

Illegal wastewater discharges
In 2016 the Environmental Protection Department initiated prosecution against the Link REIT under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance because wastewater from the Mei Lam Shopping Centre, owned and managed by the Link, was being illegally discharged into the Shing Mun River. The company was fined $15,000 in November 2016 and ordered to rectify the situation immediately.

Bloodsucking landlord
Due to its history as monopoly landlord of community shopping malls, controversial business ethics and unfriendly treatment to neighbourhoods, small business owners and investors. The company is well known as a "bloodsucking landlord" as bipartisan parties has put it over the years for its unyielding fist on its tenants. According to Richard Harris's opinion, Link Reit has been widely considered a "corporate monster" in Hong Kong partly responsible for the city's socioeconomic issues.

Ill managed rodent issue during COVID-19
In Aug 2020, dozens of rats were found crawling over fresh pork laid on the floor outside the vendor during the early hours in Link REIT's Sau Mau Ping wet market.

Government response
Link REIT has been widely condemned by officials on both sides of the political spectrum. Starry Lee, chairperson of the pro-Beijing DAB, reported that former chief executive Leung Chun-ying "strongly criticised" Link REIT in a meeting with the DAB. In an interview with the South China Morning Post, Leung questioned whether the remuneration structure for top management of Link REIT had led to the trust's behaviour. He said that, as the previous owner of the public housing commercial space, the Hong Kong government has a responsibility to public housing tenants "to satisfy their needs and if necessary to provide alternatives to Link REIT properties". He said that a Link REIT monopoly in public estates was not acceptable as elderly tenants could not be expected to carry their heavy shopping to and from other markets. He said there was no plan to buy back the Link, but the government could explore providing alternatives if the Link was not serving nearby residents.

Carrie Lam, ex-Hong Kong chief executive, was reported in 2016 to have called Link REIT one of the "three mountains" – i.e. one of the major sources of contention in Hong Kong society – that the government sought to conquer. Lam stated that the government should explore different avenues toward tackling the problem, including launching a potential legal battle against the company.

Similarly, in April 2019, legislator Alice Mak moved a motion in the Legislative Council urging the government to "overcome the 'three big mountains'" that she wrote had plagued the local community, one of which is Link REIT. Various other legislators moved motions to this amendment suggesting means of tackling the problem, including amending the Housing Ordinance to regulate rent increases; constructing more public markets and bazaars to diminish Link REIT's commercial monopoly in many areas, and provide residents with greater shopping choices; creating a dedicated team within the Lands Department to inspect Link REIT properties, and to conduct enforcement against violations of land lease conditions by the company; and buying back Link REIT properties and placing them back under government management.

title: Link REIT


text:
Talk:IIT Bombay

Topics to be added
A little pondering would yield that each IIT is different in its own aspect, even to the level that each branch has many different groups of researchers. It would be very helpful if a comprehensive listing be made so that undergraduate entrants have a more meaningful exercise of their choice of IITs and branches.
 * Hostel structure
 * Mood Indigo
 * Techfest
 * Selection Procedure (i.e. JEE and others)
 * GC Sports and Cult
 * How IIT Bombay fares against other undergraduate colleges in academics, research & consultancy, sports and extra curricular activities
 * LAOTSE network of leading European and Asian universties
 * I would also suggest that a full comparison study of all the IITs be made.

I think that Mood Indigo and Techfest should be described in different articles, with some amount of description in the IITB page itself Lawliet 92 (talk)

 * Hi Thank you for suggesting potential contributions to the article. I have added your suggestions to the to do list. Agrawal.akshay98 (talk) 16:19, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Merging
I favor merging the other article into this one. Actually, IITB artice was mostly just advertising and cut and paste, so a redirect will do, IMO. I've added the redirect now, but did not remove the tag - go ahead if you agree with my move. Jens Nielsen 21:36, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Merging is logical
I support merging of IIT-B into this article. It's more complete.

President or Director?
It should be noted that IIT Bombay does not have a title of "President" per se. Prof. Ashok Mishra is appellated as Director of the Institute. Shouldn't the page reflect that? --Pankajahire 16:19, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Its correct, all IITs have a director ...ankitml —Preceding undated comment added 20:08, 10 June 2010 (UTC).

a picture
maybe the one of main building used on Indian_Institutes_of_Technology

Moving page
It has been suggested that this article be moved to Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. (Discuss here) — Ambuj Saxena (talk) 06:25, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Template:Infobox Indian Institute of Technology
This article uses the template Infobox Indian Institute of Technology. This template was forked from Infobox university way back in 2006. The template Infobox university has been completely rewritten since then, and this forked template has not benefitted from these improvements. From the point of view of maintenance, a few standard templates are better than a collection of many specific ones.

If the template Infobox Indian Institute of Technology in this article were replaced with Infobox university, the only parameter that would be lost is alumni. (The Deputy Director could be included using the parameter pair head_label / head.) The number of alumni depends, for the most part, on how long the institute has existed, and so I would suggest that this is not very useful information. An advantage of switching to the template Infobox university is that the parameter mottoeng would start to work.

I therefore suggest that the template Infobox Indian Institute of Technology in this article is replaced with Infobox university. HairyWombat 20:43, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Later. Done. HairyWombat 16:12, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Wrong Devanagari in Motto of IIT Mumbai Logo
The devanagari wording for the motto of IIT Mumbai is technically wrong. It should be [ज्ञानं परमं ध्येयम् = jñānaṁ paramaṁ dhyeyam (exact romanization)]. The Logo needs to be changed. Please contact the designer or the IIT authorities. How to contact them? -59.95.53.12 (talk) 19:29, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge all the material from Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, IIT Bombay to Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. The minor material available in Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, IIT Bombay does not merit an article, but here it would serve well. --Muhandes (talk) 08:03, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Notable alumni
I have reverted the addition of several alumni, all of which had red links. If these people are notable then please start articles on them, or at least justify their inclusion on this talk page. Verbcatcher (talk) 19:21, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130317235017/http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/AdmissionFile/Admission_Handbook_2012-13.pdf to http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/AdmissionFile/Admission_Handbook_2012-13.pdf

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121220223030/https://www.iitbombay.org/contact-us/history-of-iit-bombay to https://www.iitbombay.org/contact-us/history-of-iit-bombay
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120201193243/http://www.iitb.ac.in/history_book/News%20Item.html to http://www.iitb.ac.in/history_book/News%20Item.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090720015120/http://www.iitb.ac.in/academic/rsrchprgm.html to http://www.iitb.ac.in/academic/rsrchprgm.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721091608/http://ambient.media.mit.edu/people/pranav/about/pranav.html to http://ambient.media.mit.edu/people/pranav/about/pranav.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140410130852/http://www.alumni.iitb.ac.in/daa_award-2007.aspx to http://www.alumni.iitb.ac.in/daa_award-2007.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110110052048/http://www.hindustantimes.com/IIT-Bombay-gets-3-million-gift/Article1-646487.aspx to http://www.hindustantimes.com/IIT-Bombay-gets-3-million-gift/Article1-646487.aspx

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Abusive motto in Devnagari
A Google search for IIT Bombay shows results of Wikipedia page with an abusive message as motto in devnagari. Please rectify it asap. Pratik nik (talk) 05:10, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Can someone please remove the abusive motto on Wikipedia Search results. 20:37, 31 July 2018 (UTC)20:37, 31 July 2018 (UTC)20:37, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't see anything written in that script. Can you point out where in the article that is? Natureium (talk) 20:39, 31 July 2018 (UTC)
 * A bunch of IPs were vandalizing the motto in the article's infobox over the last couple of days. Though the vandalism was soon reverted and the page temporarily semi-protected, Google may have crawled and cached the "wrong" version, and may be displaying it alongside some search results. That should be remedied soon, as Google updates its database, although we at wikipedia have n control over when exactly that happens. Abecedare (talk) 20:46, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Abusive language still there when searching Saurabh Pola (talk) 02:41, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

Motto in Sanskrit language is still vandalized. It is in English, not in Devnagari though. Malaydhamelia (talk) 10:00, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:44, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
 * IITB Lawn.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:20, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
 * IITB Main Building.jpg

Requested move 23 October 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved  (t · c)  buidhe  03:11, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

– As per WP:COMMONNAME similar to the case of Georgia Tech and the recent move of Delhi University. This is also a consensus building move for the other 19 IITs listed in Indian Institutes of Technology except for IIT (BHU) Varanasi and IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, which due to their history will each have there own RMs. Also a consensus for the 6 notable alumni pages under Template:Indian Institutes of Technology. The IITs will be moved to the page name mentioned under the name column. Currently the RM is listed in the two most visited and sought after IITs - Bombay and Delhi. The last substantial discussion on such a move happened way back in 2004, Talk:Indian Institutes of Technology/Archive 1 and its clear from the discussion that since then a number of guideline and practices have changed. Note: this not a RM for moving Indian Institutes of Technology to IIT as there are number of other institutes with that acronym and the use of IIT may not be understood worldwide for Indian Institutes of Technology. However the use of the acronym IIT with the city name is the normal standard and perfectly makes it clear to anyone that its referring to a specific institute.
 * Indian Institute of Technology Bombay → IIT Bombay
 * Indian Institute of Technology Delhi → IIT Delhi
 * List of Indian Institute of Technology Bombay people → List of IIT Bombay people

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is the full name, but very rarely used. Even the official website displays IIT Bombay more prominently, and the official twitter account  is IIT Bombay. The faculty, students, alumni, general populace and the media all either refer it to as IIT Bombay or as IITB, IIT B. The worldwide google trend for last 12 months shows IIT Bombay being searched 66 times more than Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. IIT Bombay is also searched more than 3 times compared to its nickname IITB or IIT B. Just recent articles (within last few days) in all top media houses refer to as IIT Bombay    IIT Delhi google trend  shows IIT Delhi being searched 53 times more than Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. Similar is the case with all other 19 IITs. Roller26 (talk) 13:01, 23 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 18:50, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Iit Bombay
Iit Bombay in 2409:4064:119:B8C:0:0:28B8:58A5 (talk) 12:20, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Iit BOMBAY
Iit BOMBAY 223.190.159.188 (talk) 09:18, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

Caste based discrimination at IIT Bombay
IIT Bombay is filled with casteist upper caste students who discriminate against Dalits(SC) and Moolnivasi/Advasi students. Non-Caste conscious Upper caste students do not deserve to study in IIT Bombay, they use casteist terms like "meritocracy", "undeserving", "topper", "backbencher", "AIR one", "Stupid", "Quota", "Reservation" etc. These students mock Dalits and Adivasis for not getting good ranks in the entrance exams. These entitled upper caste think that Dalits are not equal as they entered through Quota. They are filled with Manuvaad. They also have upper caste only groups, these groups are not openly upper caste only group but they have members from Upper Caste only as they get good marks. They should also hangout with Dalit Students. You will find castesim in dating in IIT Bombay, Women do not like to Date Dalit/SC and Adivasi boys as they don not date boys with worse ranks than them. Women should not discriminate against SC and ST students. Many women don't swipe right by looking at our surname. But upper caste boys get good dates, even women who are themselves from SC and ST category are dating upper caste boys. The OBC category and upper caste students have good relations, and they treat themselves equally but both of General and OBC students look down on SC and ST students. This situation should change in IIT campus, it should have safe space for Dalits where we can freely discuss our caste trauma. Dalits also face discrimination in getting internships and High Paying Jobs becasue of castits recruiters and upper caste getting marks because of their privilege. Here are certain links from reputed media, maybe we should include Caste discrimination in this article.

Anti-caste (talk) 13:54, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * https://thewire.in/caste/iit-bombay-suicide-did-authorities-fail-to-act-even-after-surveys-pointed-to-rampant-casteism
 * https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ranks-asked-of-over-37-scst-students-iit-bombay-survey/article66606424.ece
 * https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/months-before-dalit-students-death-iit-bombay-surveyed-caste-discrimination-on-campus/article66513321.ece
 * https://www.thequint.com/news/education/iit-bombay-delhi-madras-suicide-darshan-solanki-dalit-student-caste-discrimination-india-education-news
 * https://theprint.in/india/dalit-students-death-at-iit-b-ignites-caste-discrimination-row-first-yrs-face-most-harassment/1375911/
 * https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iit-bombay-reacts-to-caste-discrimination-charge-after-students-death-3781153
 * https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dalit-students-death-iit-bombay-prejudice-on-campus-8482252/
 * https://scroll.in/latest/1045440/37-sc-st-students-at-iit-bombay-were-asked-ranks-to-know-their-caste-shows-internal-survey

Remove line pertaining to music clubs at IIT Bombay
IIT Bombay have tens of club and having specific mention about 2 particular music clubs irrelevant. The clubs also do not hold any particular social impact or point to inclusivity in the campus like NCC or LGBT alliance club Saathi. I think either we should remove mention about music clubs or add a list of all clubs operating at IIT Bombay. AJ2412 (talk) 16:17, 23 August 2023 (UTC) Italic text'Italic text''

title: Talk:IIT Bombay