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Native American hip hop

Native American Hip Hop is hip hop culture practiced by people of (often urban) Native American heritage, including Canadian First Nation hip hop artists. It is not a specific form of hip hop but varies in style along the lines of hip hop in general. Native Americans have been present in hip hop culture since its inception as breakdancers, DJs, rappers, and graffiti artists. The Native American contribution to hip hop can occasionally be veiled by the ethnic umbrella term of Hispanic or Latino, terms that may refer to Native Americans in certain contexts.

Hip hop has grown in popularity not only in urban settings but also in reservations since it has become ubiquitous on television and radio. Political activism and its expression in art have been of great influence due to many social issues present in indigenous communities. Artists such as John Trudell (with his spoken word poetry) and Russell Means (with what he calls his rap-ajo music) have been some of influences with their artistic endeavors.

Notable artists
Melle Mel, the first rapper to ever use the epithet MC, is Cherokee and Ernie Paniccioli, a photographer of hip hop culture who grew up in Brooklyn, is Cree. Funkdoobiest, Solé, and Litefoot (winner of the Native American Music Award), are also well-known Native American hip hop artists. Wu-Tang affiliate King Just is also Native American and the Ol' Dirty Bastard also claimed to be of Native American descent. Flavor Unit member Apache has also been assumed to be Native American, though a reliable source has yet to be found. In the past, the majority of Native American hip hop was to be found in the underground scene, rarely gaining exposure beyond regional hits. However, artists such as Drezus, Frank Waln, Lil' Cory, Supaman, DJ oTTo  and Red Eagle are just a few newer artists that have gained substantial popularity in recent years.

Some Indigenous artists worry that their blend of traditional music with their own may be seen as disrespectful to their ancestors. However, many elders and hip hop listeners are able to appreciate the mixture, as it can bring multiple generations together through music.

Hatchet Warrior, the second album by Native American hip hop artist Anybody Killa, was released in 2003, and peaked at #4 on the Billboard Top Independent Albums chart, #42 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and #98 on the Billboard 200.

The organization Beat Nation is a Canadian not-for-profit Indigenous hip hop collective with the goal of giving public space to Indigenous artists and their listeners. It is run through a website and exhibits which aim to share Beat Nation's work and music, as well as give space for Indigenous hip hop culture to operate.

Rapper Young Kidd from Winnipeg, Manitoba is of Jamaican and Aboriginal heritage, and two of the trio group, Winnipeg's Most, are Aboriginal - Jon C and Brooklyn. Winnipeg's Most have won several Aboriginal Peoples Choice Music Awards. Both Young Kidd and Winnipeg's Most have achieved high levels of local success in Winnipeg.

Florida rapper Denzel Curry, a pioneer of the Cloud Rap and Soundcloud Rap scene, is of Bahamian and Native American heritage.

Early Internet pioneering
The first URL dedicated to Native hip hop in the north was Redhiphop.com, which was started in December of 1999. It was unlike other existing online databases in that it was a standalone site with its own domain name. The site had individual artist sections and playable and downloadable MP3s. Unlike the Native Hip Hop Geocities page, this site had working contracts with artists involved - it was started by Manik out of the Redwire Magazine office. At that time there was already a Geocities page which served as the first online database. After Redhiphop.com, the Geocities page followed suit and bought its own URL - NativeHiphop.net.

Stretching back as early as October 17, 2000, one of the main websites promoting Native hip hop performers has been NativeHipHop.net, a collective effort with submissions from various artists and members of the public.

Offering a wealth of website links, artist reviews and MP3 downloads – NativeHipHop.net was, in the early days, instrumental and invaluable in networking with Indigenous North American hip hop artists and groups such as Shadowyze, Atzlan Underground, Anishinaabe Posse, Gary Davis, Manik, Natay, 7th Generation, Red Power Squad, Quese The Emcee, Night Shield, Reddnation, Rollin Fox, Supaman, King Blizz and War Party, giving them a voice online.

In the five years after 2000, the website grew in popularity and acted as a 'spring-board' for many of the Native hip hop artists around today.

title: Native American hip hop


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Sebastián González

Sebastián Ignacio González Valdés (born 14 December 1978), also known as Chamagol, is a Chilean former footballer who played as striker.

Club career
He began his football career at Colo-Colo of the first tier of his country, in which he scored 27 goals in 77 appearances during four seasons. In June 2002, he was sold for an undisclosed fee (believed to be a high sum) to Mexican Primera División club Atlante. In his first season with that club, the Apertura Tournament of the same year, González scored 13 goals in 19 appearances and in the following, the 2003 Clausura Tournament, he netted 16 goals in the same number of games, becoming the league's top scorer.

There were rumors saying that González was asking for more money from Atlante and that he was not happy to be there. They did give him a raise but that still did not help him want to stay on the team. He was sold to Tigres for about 3.5 million if not 4 million dollars. In the press conference he claimed that his goal was to score over 20 goals in the season. When asked by a reporter why he had chosen such a high number of goals, he responded by saying, "last season I set a number of goals as my goal, and I beat that number. So I want to beat my goal of 20 goals this season."

After a successful pass at the club of Cancún, which back then played at Estadio Azteca as well as Neza 86 Stadiums, both at Mexico City, González was sold in January 2006 to UANL Tigres of the same league and country. In the next season, was loaned to Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz and the Argentine Primera División club in that moment, Olimpo de Bahía Blanca. In 2008, he signed for Liga de Ascenso of Mexican side León, in where was received by several fans in his first training of the club. In January of the next year, he returned to Colo-Colo on loan, being presented in European style by the team's captain Arturo Sanhueza. In his third game for the club, González scored a goal in an historic 3–1 away win over Palmeiras at Parque Antártica.

He joined Cypriot First Division side APOP Kinyras FC, after an unsuccessful season in Colo-Colo, returning in mid-year to Mexico for play in Atlante's filial team Potros Neza, scoring eight goals in 27 games for the Liga de Ascenso tournament. Despite his performance and the will of the Chilean to play again for the first team and stay at Mexico, Atlante did not consider González for the first squad due to his lack of form according to that club's coach, and he signed for the Bolivian giants The Strongest. He is currently signed to Venezuelan club Caracas FC after a successful stint in Bolivia. After just playing nine matches without scoring for the Venezuelan giants despite belong considered one of the most promising signings of the club, González returned to Chile to play for Palestino in the Chilean Primera División; he argued his decision to end his career scoring seven goals which would leave him at 200 goals in his career. Despite his desire to either retire at Atlante or Colo-Colo, where he is considered historic, González said that he was thankful to be received by Palestino as he was willing to return to Chile. He is currently training to be a coach as well.

International career
González played internationally with the Chile national football team at the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney, winning the bronze medal also, and in the 2004 Copa América celebrated in Peru. He has scored six goals for his national team in 17 appearances between 2001 and 2005, being two of those officials against Paraguay and Peru.

Personal life
González is the nephew of the Chilean former international footballer Francisco Chamaco Valdés, a historical player of Colo-Colo. Due to the nickname of his uncle, he is known as Chamagol.

Post retirement
González has worked in different radio and TV media, such as Radio La Clave, Canal del Fútbol (CDF) and ADN Radio.

He graduated as a Sport Manager. In 2021, he was in charge of Deportes Iberia as sports director. In 2022 he assumed the charge of Sports Manager of Deportes Recoleta.

Club

 * Colo-Colo
 * Primera División de Chile: 1998

 * Tigres UANL
 * InterLiga: 2006

 * The Strongest
 * Bolivian Primera División: 2011 Apertura

International

 * Chile
 * Bronze medal: 2000 Summer Olympics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sebastián González


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Maneki Neko/archive

Maneki Neko
Self-nom: created by me and written largely by BC Lafferty. I'm not sure if it's quite up to featured snuff, but I think it's pretty close. Andre ( talk )A| 02:56, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. I hate these things with a passion that you can only dream of, although I admit that may not be actionable.  More constructively, it's missing discussion of when, how, and maybe why they have become popular outside Japan; also (in Thailand at least) there is a practice of propitiating them with various offerings, which could do with being mentioned, and there doesn't seem to be any discussion of the ones with moving arms .  Mark1 04:55, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * minor Object. So thats what it is. The Asian restaraunt at my campus ahs one (witha moving arm) and I always wondered what its significance is. No print references, just external links. Minor trivia: Is there any relationship between this and Meowth?--ZayZayEM 07:23, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've added some print references and a mention of the moving arm ones. However, I can't find any information about how they've become popular or this stuff about offerings. Andre ( talk )A| 22:54, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a vote. Meowth probably comes from a saying that "It's useless to give a koban (gold coin) to a cat" because a cat cannot understand its value. It's a joke from creators of Pokemon. Revth 05:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * has some mention of it- it seems to be a specifically Thai thing. Mark1 06:09, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4

You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4 is a two-CD set of live recordings by Frank Zappa, recorded between 1969 and 1988, and released in 1991.

Track listing
All tracks written by Frank Zappa, except where noted.

Musicians

 * Frank Zappa – vocals on tracks 1-1, 1-2, 1-4 to 1-6, 1-8, 1-9, 2-4 to 2-7, 2-8 (sensitive vocal), 2-10 to 2-12, 2-16, and 2-18; lead guitar on tracks 1-4, 1-5, 1-7, 1-10 to 1-16, 2-1 (1st solo), 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-07, 2-10, and 2-11
 * Ray White – guitar on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-9, 1-13, 2-1 to 2-6, 2-11, 2-16, and 2-18; vocals on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-9, 2-1 to 2-6, 2-11, 2-16, and 2-18
 * Ike Willis – guitar on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-7, 1-9, 1-10, 1-13, 1-15, 2-3, 2-6, 2-11, and 2-16; vocals on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-7, 1-9, 1-14, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 2-11, and 2-16
 * Steve Vai – guitar on tracks 1-8, 2-1 (2nd solo), 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, and 2-18
 * Lowell George – guitar on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12; vocals on tracks 2-8, and 2-12
 * Mike Keneally – guitar on tracks 1-14, and 1-15
 * Warren Cuccurullo – guitar on track 2-7
 * Denny Walley – slide guitar on tracks 1-12, 1-16, and 2-7; vocals on tracks 1-1, and 2-7
 * Bobby Martin – keyboards on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-8, 1-10, 1-13 to 1-15, 2-1 to 2-6, 2-11, 2-16, and 2-18; saxophone on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-8, 1-10, 1-13, 2-1 to 2-6, 2-11, 2-16, and 2-18; vocals on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-8, 2-2 to 2-6, 2-11, 2-16, and 2-18
 * Allan Zavod – keyboards on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-7, 1-10, 1-13, 2-3, 2-6, 2-11, and 2-16
 * Tommy Mars – keyboards on tracks 1-1, 1-8, 1-9, 1-12, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, and 2-18; vocals on tracks 1-8, 1-12 (2nd solo), 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, and 2-18
 * Don Preston – keyboards on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12
 * George Duke – keyboards on tracks 1-5, 1-16, and 2-10; vocals on tracks 1-5, and 2-10
 * Peter Wolf – keyboards on tracks 1-1, and Minimoog solo on track 1-12
 * Mike Keneally – synthesizer on tracks 1-14, and 1-15
 * Don Preston – synthesizer on tracks 2-8, and 2-12
 * Scott Thunes – bass on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-8, 1-10, 1-13 to 1-15, 2-1 to 2-6, 2-11, 2-16, and 2-18
 * Arthur Barrow – bass on tracks 1-1, 1-9, 1-12, and 2-7
 * Roy Estrada – bass on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12; vocals on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12; keyboards on track 1-9
 * Tom Fowler – bass on tracks 1-5, 1-16, and 2-10
 * Patrick O'Hearn – bass on tracks 1-1, and 1-12; vocals on track 1-1
 * Chad Wackerman – drums on tracks 1-2, 1-4 to 1-8, 1-10, 1-13 to 1-15, 2-1 to 2-6, 2-11, 2-16, and 2-18
 * Arthur Dyer Tripp III – drums on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12
 * Vinnie Colaiuta – drums on tracks 1-1, 1-12, and 2-7
 * Jimmy Carl Black – drums on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12
 * Chester Thompson – drums on tracks 1-5, and 2-10
 * Ralph Humphrey – drums on track 1-5
 * David Logeman – drums on track 1-9
 * Terry Bozzio – drums on track 1-16
 * Captain Beefheart – harmonica and vocals on track 1-16
 * Ian Underwood – alto saxophone on tracks 2-8, and 2-12; clarinet on track 1-11
 * Paul Carman – alto saxophone on tracks 1-14, and 1-15
 * Napoleon Murphy Brock – saxophone on tracks 1-5, 1-16, and 2-10; vocals on tracks 1-5, and 2-10
 * Bunk Gardner – tenor saxophone on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12
 * Albert Wing – tenor saxophone on tracks 1-14, and 1-15
 * Archie Shepp – tenor saxophone solo on track 1-10
 * Kurt McGettrick – baritone saxophone on tracks 1-14, and 1-15
 * Motorhead Sherwood – baritone saxophone on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12
 * Buzz Gardner – trumpet on tracks 1-11, 2-8, and 2-12
 * Walt Fowler – trumpet on tracks 1-14, and 1-15; vocals on track 1-14
 * Bruce Fowler – trombone on tracks 1-5, and 1-14 to 1-16
 * Ed Mann – percussion on tracks 1-1, 1-8, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, and 2-18
 * Ruth Underwood – percussion on tracks 1-5, and 2-10
 * Dave Samuels – percussion soloist on vibes on track 1-11

Production

 * Frank Zappa – producer, liner notes, editing
 * Bob Stone – remix engineer, and engineering supervision
 * Kathleen Philpott – package design


text:
Nguyễn Sĩ Bình

Nguyễn Sĩ Bình is a South Vietnam-born Vietnamese American democracy activist. He serves as the chairman of the People's Action Party of Vietnam.

Nguyen Si Binh attended the University of Maryland, College Park, and graduated with a degree in nuclear engineering in 1981.

He worked for Bechtel Corporation, then in 1988 settled in Atlanta, Georgia, and joined a real estate developing firm as a Regional Manager.

On April 25, 1991, he and 16 members of this party were arrested in Vietnam, while trying to form a secondary political party. The government of Vietnam charged him with trying to overthrow the government.

title: Nguyễn Sĩ Bình


text:
User talk:Libiun

Regarding your removal of Michael Jackson to MICHAEL, please don't move Wikipedia articles without explanation. Psychonaut 02:57, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Libiun


text:
Talk:Battle of Austerlitz

Endgame
This title seems kinda frivolous and inappropriate. Could we get something more encyclopedic? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.59.128.48 (talk) 23:55, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

The description of the battle does use emotionally descriptive terms. Is this the accepted style? --Armulwp (talk) 21:53, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

180
--Diablorex 16:39, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

???UberCryxic 19:23, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Artillery captured
The 'Aftermath' states there were 180 cannons captured, yet Napoleon's speech states they captured 120 artillery pieces. Which is it?

--24.72.119.125 21:19, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps Napoleon's speech would have been more percise; It placed the number lower. NapoleonAlanparte 11:09, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

'American' General Kutuzov
why does the article say "American" general Kutuzov?

Just check the history - it happened several times in past days. Now - 10/12 at 14.09 GMT - it is OK, it is repaired. User:Radoneme
 * Because someone felt that this page needs to be vandalized.

Austerldiitz???
From the article "Austerldiitz (the modern town of Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic)...". Is this vandalization too? Saigon from europe 18:44, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Folklore
There are some myths and stories about the battle included in the article - one of which is:

"Another story features an unfortunate French soldier running from Cossacks; apparently, the soldier climbed through a chimney trying to hide, but the Cossacks found and killed him anyway."

Is something missing from this? It seems like a pretty ordinary event from a battle at this time - a guy runs away, tries to hide, gets killed. Ok, it's a chimney - but still it seems a bit pointless Gardar Rurak 00:43, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

I've heard a few legends about the Coalition defeat causing the fervently anti-Bonaparte British PM William Pitt the Younger to die of a broken heart. In reality, the stress of the defeat did contribute to Pitt's failing health. Would it be worth mentioning this in the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.31.7.6 (talk) 01:23, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That entire section was taken word for word from a website, not a reliable source and has been deleted.Tttom1 (talk) 05:27, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Naming
I made some minor changes, inserting the Czech name Slavkov u Brno and the German name Brünn, clarifying historic and modern place names. Sca 14:57, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Now it seems someone has reverted my changes out. Who, and why? Sca 17:10, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The page was vandalized and a paragraph was removed from the introduction. The vandalism was removed, but the removed paragraph was not restored in that edit. Attilios then restored the removed paragraph by (presumably) editing an older version of the page which did not have your edits included. Olessi 19:44, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

The naming should be consistent, It should be Slavkov u Brna(Austerlitz) and Brno(Brünn). First being an official name in Czech and English language. Austerlitz and Brunn is in German. The name of the battle shouldn't be changed as "Battle of Austerlitz" is a common name. Also the place of the battle should be "Slavkov u Brna, Czech Republic" to conform with contemporary English name for the place. (the same case as for battles which took place in contemporary Germany for instance) (194.212.194.194 16:50, 10 August 2007 (UTC))

I second the above comment. It looks absolutely bizarre to me to see all these German place names. It's like seeing an article in English in which the US is referred to as "Die Vereinigten Staten" Does wikipedia have a place naming standard? I don't even see why it should be necessary to include the germanized names at all, except for cases like 'Austerlitz' and 'Brünn'. 209.6.22.185 (talk) 19:08, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Wow....that vandal is funny and has an active imagination.--64.121.1.55 23:41, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Austerlitz seems to come from the old "Nausedlicz". Slavkov probably is a name that also exists for ages and has been used by Czech and Moravians, where Germans called it “Hausterlitz” (Nausedlitz). "1361, a reference in regional annals to “villa Pyrpaum vulgariter Hrušky prope Slavkov” (Brno regional annals, page 45, n 5). Concerning this, there is no doubt that the name “Slavkov” was, at that time, already used." see: Development of Slavkov’s name -VanArtevelde (talk) 17:48, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Location Vandalism
I couldnt revert it, could some one please revert the obvious vandalism.--64.121.1.55 05:27, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you be more specific? I don't see anything obvious. -- Jim Douglas (talk)  (contribs)  05:47, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Someone already fixed it.--64.121.1.55 23:40, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Location distance from Brno
I cite from article: "The battle took place at Austerlitz (Slavkov u Brna) about 6.5 km (four miles) east of Brünn (Brno) in Moravia." If you look at the map, you see the battle took place between Brno and Slavkov. In fact, centers of Brno and Slavkov are more than 20 kms far away (I guess some 28 kms, but I do not remember precisely). As the military actions took place on large area, this characterization (6.5 km from Brno) seems to be very unprecise and perhaps even wrong. --Ruziklan 21:07, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Allied commander?
Wasn't Kutuzov commander of coalition forces at Austerlitz?--Staberinde 12:46, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No, he was not. He was one of the commanders there, but the overarching commander was the Czar by general agreement between the Austrians and the Russians. If Kutuzov had been the commander, no one today would have heard of that little village called Austerlitz because there would not have been a battle.UberCryxic 21:52, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Nobody hears about Austerlitz today. The village has been renamed. //roger.duprat.copenhagen —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.184.74.219 (talk) 06:17, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Why did the battle occur??
Why did the battle occur  in  the  first  place??

Someone answer. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.42.21.81 (talk) 04:42, 14 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Napoleon was threatened by the Third Coalition, and wanted to defeat the Russian and Austrian decisively. The more bellicose Austrians and Russians persuaded their more cautious colleagues to fight. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:30, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Height of Pratzen Heights incorrect
I live in the village of Prace, below the Pratzen Heights, and I can assure you it is much more than 40 feet high ! I will find out it's true height as soon as I can and get back to you.

62.92.82.7 15:19, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Sorry dude, but look at Google Earth. The Prätzen height is not really high. In battles back then, some minor hills could be the difference between victory or defeat.

--Arsaces (talk) 11:43, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Just a thought
"Napoleon redirected his gunners to fire at the ice. The men drowned in the viciously cold ponds... Many regard this incident as one of Napoleon's cruelest acts in war."

It's a referenced statement so I'm not disputing it or anything (not sure about the "many" part though, who?)... just found it rather an odd point of view, that drowning fleeing enemies is somehow more cruel than shooting them in the back and leaving them to bleed to death or tearing them apart with shrapnel. One way to look at it is that both drowning and freezing are relatively peaceful ways to go, their bodies would have been releasing endorphins. Not that I'm suggesting it was in any way merciful, just, doesn't really seem more cruel than regular war, just a tad more creative. 121.45.189.3 15:21, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Well I guess the cruelty is that all these soldiers on pond were just fleeing the battle trying to save their lives as the battle was basicly over. Interesting is that according to official report of Austrian army only two soldiers drowned there and same states local chronicles ( 3 soldiers ), when the pond was cleaned afterwads they found only horses and cannons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.100.4.188 (talk) 18:16, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

HRE
I haven't looked at the discussions here, but could we not put "End of Holy Roman Empire" as a Result in the campaign box? Also, under combatants, the Holy Roman Empire could be placed, couldn't it?Tourskin 23:44, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The result in the battle box says "Decisive French victory, effective end of the Third Coalition".-- Bryson { Talk } { Edits } 00:56, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It could be said that they fought, but if they did, they fought under the name of the Austrians, since the Austrian Emperor was named as also the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Once that name was neglected by the Austrian Emperor after that battle, there was no more head of state, and more importantly no actual nation for him to be emperor over. Hence it was considered the HRE to have officially ended Xavier Dragnesi (talk) 23:42, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

Troop Number
The number of troops in artical is different from the number in the map. Which one is correct? Also I thought Napoleon was outnumbered in this battle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NineBlade (talk • contribs) 22:01, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Different sources give different numbers, its hard to tell who is 'correct'. Generally the number given is around 73,000 for French (counting Davout's III Corps) and around 86,000 for Allies.--Bryson 22:10, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've said it before and I'll say it again; there are very few battles in which the troop numbers are precisely agreed upon. I prefer giving high and low estimates. Deltabeignet 05:45, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

broken wikisource link
the wikisource link (in the 'aftermath' section) is broken... might i recommend changing to 'Proclamation after the Battle of Austerlitz' 24.224.147.37 (talk) 23:55, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

broken sentence
Someone who knows what horse artillery is and what it does may want to fix this sentence in the "One Sharp Blow" section: "The horse artillery of the Guard also unlimbered a deadly toll on the Russian cavalry and fusiliers." The dictionary says you can unlimber a gun, whatever that means, and you can exact a toll of course. I'd change the sentence myself but I don't think I could guess what the author wants to say. Wegesrand (talk) 10:27, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Unlimbering a gun means, essentially, deploying it ready for use. No one has made a change here so I'll do it. 203.217.150.69 (talk) 00:37, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

officer's comissions in Russian Army
The WIKIPEDIA article on comissions purchase states that Russian Prussian armies never had custom of comissions purchasing - therefore corrections are needed.....

Andrey —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.138.40.173 (talk) 06:03, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

1,305 French Dead?
A PBS Special, made by David Machullah, can be found on youtube @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e34HS6cmneA&feature=related, says that it was over 9,000....SteveSmithIIV (talk) 15:29, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Nah... the usual obsessive anti-French rhetoric pervasive in the US. Historians (i.e. experts of history, not TV anchors) agree that the French lost about 1,300 soldiers. This statistics is not too hard to verify accurately, since the Napoleon army was thoroughly organized and rosters of the troops were kept updated. It could be that another 8,000 guys died in the following years after being wounded in battle, but that's irrelevant. If a 45 year old ex-soldier dies of alcoholism 20 years after the end of the war, the same alcoholism he acquired while serving in the army, he still should not be counted as a casualty. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.45.191.193 (talk) 05:02, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Yes this is ridiculous. This number is out of the imagination Francophobe (many in the United Kingdom and the United States or one like it "break" in French) - Swax, 01:02 09/02/2010  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.67.81.143 (talk) 00:03, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Official French army report says 1389 dead and 7260 wounded soldiers that is in total loss of 8649 (as among losses are usually counted all dead and wounded), but than French propaganda says only around 1800 wounded, dont forget that history is written by winners so most of the numbers and statistics are coming from French side sometime directly from Napoleon himself. There is legend that one of the French officers asked Wienna citizens why they are preparing so many beds after battle (10000 by order of French army) and he was given reply "these 10000 beds are for your 1800 wounded soldiers"

?!
Can somone explain this conversation: Alexander I: What are you doing, Kutuzov !? Kutuzov: I am waiting for the other units to gathered in full number. Alexander I: This place is not the Tsaritsyn Square where the units gathered in full number in a military parade ! Kutuzov: Your Majesty, because this is not the Tsaritsyn Square that I am waiting for the other units to gathered in full number. And if Your Majesty ordered...

I'm missing a point...-- VuXman talk 14:01, 4 September 2011 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Serbianboy (talk • contribs)
 * This appears to come from an official school textbook of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: The character of modern history (Volume II / Russian) by Le Phung Hoang and Nguyen Thi Thu; Ho Chi Min City, 1997 (and thanks to Google Translate for this information). It appears to be a translation into Vietnamese from an unacknowledged European work, probably War and Peace Chapter 15, re-translated back into English. Dialogue from a scene in a novel shouldn't be used as a source in an encyclopedia. Foreign-language sources shouldn't be used where English ones are available. I'm going to delete it. --Old Moonraker (talk) 06:02, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Who is Murat?
Somewhere in the article, before the battle commences, Murat is introduced rather abruptly:

...instructed the Allied Army to accept Murat's ceasefire proposal so that the allied army could have more time to retreat. Napoleon soon realized Murat's mistakes ...

Perhaps someone could explain what Murat had proposed and where he blundered? Right now, the allusion is a bit incomprehensible. -- Syzygy (talk) 08:54, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Combat on the Pratzen heights
Does any user know which units of the second (Langeron's) and fourth (Miloradovich and Kollowrath's) columns were engaged in the firefight on the Pratzen heights, at the moment when Soult's corps attacked the Russian centre? Guard Chasseur (talk) 17:51, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Comment on the lead
"The battle was a tactical masterpiece of the same stature as the ancient battles of Gaugamela and Cannae, in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC" - the citation for this doesn't give a page number, and seems to be stating it as fact when I believe that such a statement is the assessment of a certain historian, and likely to be a matter of much debate - therefore shouldn't it read "the battle has been cited by X, Y [et al.] to be a tactical masterpiece of the same stature as the ancient battles of Gaugamela and Cannae, in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC." What is more, the citation is for something called "Encyclopedia of warfare"... is there a better citation or a more renowned historian/source to quote? I didn't want to spoil a FA by sprinkling "attribution needed" tags all over it. Any thoughts? --S.G.(GH) ping! 15:00, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Sun of Austerlitz
If the article is going to refer to the 'legendary Sun of Austerlitz', shouldn't it at least explain what that is and why it's so legendary? --2.105.139.62 (talk) 16:01, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Four Columns
As it's written on the main article the Allies had four columns to attack the French right flank. But when Soult's IV Corps assaulted the Pratzen hights they fought some of the delayed detatchments of the Russian IV Corps and destroyed them. As you let us to understand the IV Corps was the fourth attacking column and after its destruction it is written that the French also enacountered some of the detatchments of the Second Column which forced them to withdraw to the slopes. How is that possible? I mean those Allied forces that forced the French back before they were counter-attacked by Saint-Hilaire's division must be logically detatchments of the THIRD column or I have misunderstood something with their deployment. Can somone give me a specific explanation about this?

Odd sentence
What does "This battle is one of four that Napoleon never awarded a victory title, the others being Marengo, Jena, and Friedland" mean? Myrvin (talk) 18:43, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

This says that N gave his marshals titles of many of his other battles, but kept Austerlitz for himself. Not that I understand what that means either. I can't see the other battles mentioned. Myrvin (talk) 18:51, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

The article victory title makes some sense of this. The present article seems to be saying that, for each of his victories apart from the four named ones, he gave a title, based on the battle, to one of his marshals. Myrvin (talk) 19:09, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

 * From the hundreds of battle Napoleon fought, it's absolutely impossible he just didn't gave titles from these four. And actually the book just said he didn't gave a victory title of Austerlitz, nothing more. Bertdrunk (talk) 00:07, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
 * We need to change it then. Do you have access to the cited book? Myrvin (talk) 06:34, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
 * No, but I assume it's safe to edit it or change the ref for your book. Bertdrunk (talk) 16:34, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

Vandal in action
The lede has been vandalized. Carlotm (talk) 21:42, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

Why on earth are Davout's men not counted in the overall number of Frenchmen?
It is quite bizarre to not include Davout's III corps in the table especially as they contributed significantly to the battle. The actual number should be 75,000 men as accurately estimated by Robert Goetz in his dedicated military history of the battle of Austerlitz. So why on earth are Davout's men not included in the count?Parsa1993 (talk) 05:26, 18 March 2016 (UTC)
 * No response after almost three years - I think nobody knows any reason to keep them separate. 91.10.1.125 (talk) 13:31, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Dead and wounded
Why does it list the Coalition dead and wounded as one big number, "16,000", but then gives the French dead and wounded separately, "1,305 dead, 6,940 wounded". I gives the impression of smaller numbers then simply writing "8,245 dead and wounded", which the reader can instantly see is roughly half the number, without having to do mental arithmetic. Giving two numbers, one in the "1,000" range and one in the "6,000" range seems to have a similar effect as writing "$9.99" instead of "$10.00" (a tactic which is proven to work). The only time the total numbers are given is when the captured are included into the count as well, which gives an even greater impression of disparity. Which, undoubtedly there was, I just think it should be as transparent as possible.AnnaGoFast (talk) 14:01, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Featured article review needed
This Featured article was promoted in 2006, and is not at FA standards. There is a good deal of uncited text, unresolved questions on talk, and a MOS review is needed. Unless someone is willing/able to bring this article to standard, it should be submitted to Featured article review. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  00:19, 29 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree: serious sourcing issues would need a lot of work to resolve. buidhe 04:12, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

Infobox
Is there any reason why the infobox uses a non-standard term ("decisive")? Template:Infobox military conflict says the result field that this parameter may use one of two standard terms: "X victory" or "Inconclusive". . . Do not introduce non-standard terms like "decisive", "marginal" or "tactical", or contradictory statements like "decisive tactical victory but strategic defeat". I can't see any reason why this should be ignored, so perhaps some consensus can be formed so any future disruption can be nipped in the bud. FDW777 (talk) 19:21, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The page is now semi-protected, so that should stop the disruptive IPs for a while. I too see no reason for the non-standard wording. DuncanHill (talk) 00:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Very conveniently, a non-autoconfirmed editor who has been editing since early October chose to continue the edit war 24 hours after the semi-protection expired. I would suggest seeks consensus for the change, but since I cannot think of any reason why this article should ignore the infobox instructions I will simply suggest they stop edit warring against consensus instead. FDW777 (talk) 14:36, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

There is simply no reason to not include it since the term is inconsistent and judging from the accomplishments, it should be considered a decisive considering the fact that many similar articles use said non-standard terms. Then again, I'm still new so maybe I'm missing something. SuperSkaterDude45 (talk) 10:06, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * There is a reason, the infobox instructions say not to. Did we not mention that point enough already? FDW777 (talk) 15:28, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Sébastiani's rank
As everyone else's ranks are given, Horace Sébastiani looks a bit lonely. Based on the chronology on his page, he would have pretty unambiguously been a général de brigade; he'd received that grade in 1803, and was promoted to général de division immediately after Austerlitz. I can't see that this edit is contested, so I'm going ahead and adding it in. ThirdEchelon (talk) 03:07, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

Commanders Ranks
I believe that the ranks of the Generals and leaders should be removed and brought in line with usual representations of battles, by possibly implementing a system similar to Battle of Leipzig or Battle of Borodino since it just presents unnecessary information and clutters the infobox.

 Crecy1346 (talk) 16:32, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I have now amended the infobox. If you feel the need to revert it, please let me know why you have done so.
 * Thanks
 *  Crecy1346 (talk) 16:32, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

Infobox "Result"
Please note that Template:Infobox military conflict states against "result" that "this parameter may use one of two standard terms: "X victory" or "Inconclusive"." The infobox has been amended to reflect this. Please read the template "result" guidance in full before amending or reverting. It would probably be best to discuss any proposed change here first to seek consensus. Thanks. Gog the Mild (talk) 17:29, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

Liechtenstein in participants?
I wonder if Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein should be considered under the participants of Liechtenstein, rather than Austria? Given that he was the prince at the time, and Liechtensteiner troops fought in the battle, albeit under the command of Austrian leaders. I just feel as if it should be mentioned somewhere. TheBritinator (talk) 16:26, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Austerlitz


text:
Talk:You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:03, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Wrong Links
The links for Peter Wolf and Bobby Martin lead to wrong persons, I'm pretty sure — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.123.63.172 (talk) 07:42, 14 October 2014 (UTC)


text:
Collegiate Gothic

Collegiate Gothic is an architectural style subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture, popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries for college and high school buildings in the United States and Canada, and to a certain extent Europe. A form of historicist architecture, it took its inspiration from English Tudor and Gothic buildings. It has returned in the 21st century in the form of prominent new buildings at schools and universities including Cornell, Princeton, Vanderbilt, Washington University, and Yale.

Ralph Adams Cram, arguably the leading Gothic Revival architect and theoretician in the early 20th century, wrote about the appeal of the Gothic for educational facilities in his book The Gothic Quest: "Through architecture and its allied arts we have the power to bend men and sway them as few have who depended on the spoken word. It is for us, as part of our duty as our highest privilege to act...for spreading what is true."

Beginnings
Gothic Revival architecture was used for American college buildings as early as 1829, when "Old Kenyon" was completed on the campus of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. Another early example was Alexander Jackson Davis's University Hall (1833–37, demolished 1890), on New York University's Washington Square campus. Richard Bond's church-like library for Harvard College, Gore Hall (1837–41, demolished 1913), became the model for other library buildings. James Renwick Jr.'s Free Academy Building (1847–49, demolished 1928), for what is today City College of New York, continued in the style. Inspired by London's Hampton Court Palace, Swedish-born Charles Ulricson designed Old Main (1856–57) at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois.

Following the Civil War, many idiosyncratic High Victorian Gothic buildings were added to the campuses of American colleges. Examples include Worcester Polytechnic Institute (Boynton Hall, 1868, by Stephen C. Earle); Yale College (Farnam Hall, 1869–70, by Russell Sturgis); the University of Pennsylvania (College Hall, 1870–72, Thomas W. Richards); Harvard College (Memorial Hall, 1870–77, William Robert Ware and Henry Van Brunt); and Cornell University (Sage Hall (1871–75, Charles Babcock). In 1871, English architect William Burges designed a row of vigorous French Gothic-inspired buildings for Trinity College – Seabury Hall, Northam Tower, Jarvis Hall (all completed 1878) – in Hartford, Connecticut.

Tastes became more conservative in the 1880s, and "collegiate architecture soon after came to prefer a more scholarly and less restless Gothic."

Movement
Beginning in the late-1880s, Philadelphia architects Walter Cope and John Stewardson expanded the campus of Bryn Mawr College in an understated English Gothic style that was highly sensitive to site and materials. Inspired by the architecture of Oxford and Cambridge universities, and historicists but not literal copyists, Cope & Stewardson were highly influential in establishing the Collegiate Gothic style. Commissions followed for collections of buildings at the University of Pennsylvania (1895–1911), Princeton University (1896–1902), and Washington University in St. Louis (1899–1909), marking the nascent beginnings of a movement that transformed many college campuses across the country.

In 1901, the firm of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge created a master plan for a Collegiate Gothic campus for the fledgling University of Chicago, then spent the next 15 years completing it. Some of their works, such as the Mitchell Tower (1901–1908), were near-literal copies of historic buildings.

George Browne Post designed the City College of New York's new campus (1903–1907) at Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, in the style.

The style was experienced up-close by a wide audience at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. The World's Fair and 1904 Olympic Games were held on the newly completed campus of Washington University, which delayed occupying its buildings until 1905.

The movement gained further momentum when Charles Donagh Maginnis designed Gasson Hall at Boston College in 1908. Maginnis & Walsh went on to design Collegiate Gothic buildings at some twenty-five other campuses, including the main buildings at Emmanuel College (Massachusetts), and the law school at the University of Notre Dame.

Ralph Adams Cram designed a series of Collegiate Gothic buildings for the Princeton University Graduate College (1911–1917).

James Gamble Rogers did extensive work at Yale University, beginning in 1917. Some critics claim he took historicist fantasy to an extreme, while others choose to focus on what is widely considered to be the resulting beautiful and sophisticated Yale campus. Rogers was criticized by the growing Modernist movement. His cathedral-like Sterling Memorial Library (1927–1930), with its ecclesiastical imagery and lavish use of ornament, came under vocal attack from one of Yale's own undergraduates:

"A modern building constructed for purely modern needs has no excuse for going off in an orgy of meretricious medievalism and stale iconography."

Other architects, notably John Russell Pope and Bertram Goodhue (who just before his death sketched the original version of Yale's Sterling Library from which Rogers worked), advocated for and contributed to Yale's particular version of Collegiate Gothic.

When McMaster University moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canadian architect William Lyon Somerville designed its new campus (1928–1930) in the style.

Origins of the term
American architect Alexander Jackson Davis is "generally credited with coining the term" documented in a handwritten description of his own "English Collegiate Gothic Mansion" of 1853 for the Harrals of Bridgeport, Connecticut. By the 1890s, the movement was known as "Collegiate Gothic".

1904 commentary
In his praise for Cope & Stewardson's Quadrangle Dormitories at the University of Pennsylvania, architect Ralph Adams Cram revealed some of the racial and cultural implications underlying the Collegiate Gothic:

"It was, of course, in the great group of dormitories for the University of Pennsylvania that Cope and Stewardson first came before the entire country as the great exponents of architectural poetry and of the importance of historical continuity and the connotation of scholasticism. These buildings are among the most remarkable yet built in America ...

First of all, let it be said at once that primarily they are what they should be: scholastic in inspiration and effect, and scholastic of the type that is ours by inheritance; of Oxford and Cambridge, not of Padua or Wittenberg or Paris. They are picturesque also, even dramatic; they are altogether wonderful in mass and in composition. If they are not a constant inspiration to those who dwell within their walls or pass through their 'quads' or their vaulted archways, it is not their fault but that of the men themselves.

The [Spanish-American War Memorial] tower has been severely criticized as an archaeological abstraction reared to commemorate contemporary American heroism. The criticism seems just to me, though only in a measure. American heroism harks back to English heroism; the blood shed before Manila and on San Juan Hill was the same blood that flowed at Bosworth Field, Flodden, and the Boyne. Therefore the British base of the design is indispensable, for such were the racial foundations."

Culmination
Collegiate Gothic complexes were most often horizontal compositions, save for a single tower or towers serving as an exclamation.

At the University of Pittsburgh, Charles Klauder was commissioned by University of Pittsburgh chancellor John Gabbert Bowman to design a tall building in the form of a Gothic tower. What he produced, the Cathedral of Learning (1926–37), has been described as the literal culmination of late Gothic Revival architecture. A combination of Gothic spire and modern skyscraper, the steel-frame, limestone-clad, 42-story structure is both the world's second tallest university building and Gothic-styled edifice. The tower contain a half-acre Gothic hall supported only by its 52-foot (16 m) tall arches. It is accompanied by the campus's other Gothic Revival structures by Klauder, including the Stephen Foster Memorial (1935–1937) and the French Gothic Heinz Memorial Chapel (1933–1938).

21st-century revival
A number of colleges and universities have commissioned major new buildings in the Collegiate Gothic style in recent years. These include Princeton University's Whitman College, designed by Porphyrios Associates, and Benjamin Franklin College and Pauli Murray College, both designed by Robert A.M. Stern Architects, at Yale University. The University of Southern California's USC Village was created as an inexpensive post-modern nod to collegiate revival. (Harley Ellis Devereaux, 2017).

Architects of the Collegiate Gothic style

 * Julian Abele
 * Snowden Ashford
 * Allen & Collens
 * Cope & Stewardson
 * Ralph Adams Cram
 * William Augustus Edwards
 * Philip H. Frohman
 * Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue
 * Charles C. Haight
 * Guilbert and Betelle
 * William Burges
 * Charles Klauder
 * Pond and Pond
 * George Browne Post
 * James Gamble Rogers
 * Horace Trumbauer
 * Dan Everett Waid
 * David Webster
 * York and Sawyer

title: Collegiate Gothic


text:
Talk:Maneki-neko

It beckons (sort of) like a Portuguese!
To Americans and Europeans it may seem as if the Maneki Neko is waving rather than beckoning. Over here in Portugal we use both forms of beckoning - the "Euro/American" fingers-up is slightly more authoritative, and the "Asian" fingers-down is more familiar and playful. -- Tintazul 10:44, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * In the article it is written: "To Americans and Europeans it may seem as if the Maneki Neko is waving rather than beckoning." Can anybody tell a non native speaker the difference between waving and beckoning? --Tubesship (talk) 06:44, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * A wave is a greeting or a goodbye. A beckoning gesture means 'Come here'. --Thnidu (talk) 02:33, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

On exchange rate
So if a Maneki Neko's koban is worth 10 million ryō, and a ryō is $1000, the coin is worth roughly $10 Billion. Is there maybe some mistake here?... Odedee 04:17, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Jiseiin cat temple
There should be an article on this. Chris 17:24, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Color/Handedness
What does it mean if a cat is green with it's left paw raised? In other words: the left paw / right paw issue in the leader seems unverifiable and vague, like it belongs somewhere else, and it doesn't have a cited reference either. Anybody can clear that up? --24.199.103.240 22:38, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Japanese bobtail beckoning behavior
I have a Japanese bobtail cat who is always making this gesture (reaching out to me). I wonder if it is something common to the breed? 67.149.150.252 01:51, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

We have a calico cat who often raises her paw... and often swipes at a passing leg with it. My wife asked on a forum whether this is typical of cats (this is our first cat), and two people independently said "Only calicos!" The Maneki neko has calico coloration, so I'd say the answer is "Yes." --Thnidu (talk) 02:39, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

In Japan, most cats wash their faces regardless of their coloration. I am surprised to hear Western cats don't. They say if a cat washes her face, it will rain. My cat makes this gesture when the humidity level is high. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.0.142.202 (talk) 00:08, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

I had a red figurine with two tablets and when it got broken open it seemed to have blue veins going throughout that lead into a black ball in the center, is that common for these statues? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.186.225.248 (talk) 15:04, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

I have ordinary cat, taken from the streets, he isn't some kind of breed, simple cat, but he waves to refrigerator. I know cats well, i had cats all my life, lot of cats are waving, it is the way they beg. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.84.1.247 (talk) 09:43, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Meaning of the chinese sentences
I just bought a golden cat, with a choixe of sentences you can stick to the arm for good luck. They are in chinese. I don't understand them. Are these standard phrases ? Should I post the images of the phrases ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.57.182.248 (talk) 10:40, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, please post them. --89.56.175.237 (talk) 01:50, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

the bells
The article says "small bells were attached for decoration and to keep track of the cat's whereabouts.". Where the bells not to prevent the cat's from hunting? Cat bells are still used for that purpose today. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.61.20.245 (talk) 15:40, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

In the early Edo period, cats were imported pets and very expensive. So the owners attached bells to the cat collars. Now a collar with a bell is less popular but still sold in a store. It is a fun to hear your cat dashing from the far end of the garden to welcome you home. My neighbor's cat had a collar with a small bell but brought me dead mice almost every day. Even the bell was very sensitive, she could move without making any sound when she got serious about hunting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.0.142.202 (talk) 00:43, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

Meowth
Any sources for Meowth aside from him looking like it and it looking like a cat? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.137.207.191 (talk) 13:59, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Lucky Tai Fish
I have seen some of these maneki neko holding a red fish (a carp?). Does anyone know what that symbolises? --Fauzi (talk) 11:02, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

RE: >> Yes, let me quote "Another item that one of these cats may be seen carrying is a hammer, known as the Uchide no Kozuchi (打ち出の小槌), used to represent wealth. This “miracle mallet”, when shaken, is said to bring the person whatever they wish for, in this case, money. In some cases, you may see a maneki neko holding onto a fish, most likely a carp; a daruma (達磨), a Japanese paper maché doll..." - http://www.jappleng.com/articles/view/culture/13/maneki_neko I have found that Jappleng is a VERY credible source so I trust that is entirely correct. --22:08, 14 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.61.81.66 (talk)

Maneki Neko real life
The Wired reports a struggling japanese rural railway choose a female cat as its new president and now they have good ridership, as everybody wants to touch her. 82.131.210.162 (talk) 11:44, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Leu Tempo Festival Poster 2009 (Collector !)
Hi, you can see this cat on the poster (Leu Tempo Festival 2009) here: http://www.lesechoir.com/rubrique/leu_tempo2007.php?id_cat=2&id_ss_cat=20 or http://www.lesechoir.com/boutik/data/photo/427.jpg 90.43.62.247 (talk) 06:39, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

good faith but unencyclopedic, moving to talkpage as still valuable and interesting
[Add/supplement :] If you travel west from Tokyo via the Odakyu rail line into Setagaya-ku, you can find a temple named Gotoku-ji. This Buddhist temple is located near the station of the same name, a short walk away. And walking behind the main hall of the temple you can find what looks like a memorial, a grave, with many offerings about it - and prayer notes offered for good fortune. About the gravestone stand many cats - ceramic cats painted in white or other colours, adorning the site. For this is the resting place of the maneki-neko : the beckoning cat.

This story began a few hundred years ago, during the Edo period in Japan - the time when this country was ruled by the bakufu - a military dictatorship, headed by its great commander, or shogun - as some Westerners might better recall.

At this time, the temple was struggling to survive - donations were inadequate to maintain its buildings, and there seemed some danger it might collapse and have to close down. The head priest was vexed, and spoke of his worries to the several cats he looked after - they were his companions. How can we find some way to save our temple ? he wondered aloud to the cats. What ideas do you suggest ? The cats offered no ideas for him then, and simply continued to wash themselves again, a normal cat response to questions without easy answers.

Some time later, during a dark and rainy night a group of samurai traveled by on horseback. The weather had caught them, and they were seeking some kind of shelter. Then, passing a ramshackle temple, their leader stopped: his eye had caught the sight of a small cat outside the gate, seeming to signal them. Here we should explain that the gesture used in Japan to attract attention, or beckon for help for example, is different to that Westerners are accustomed to - a hand is held beside the head and the fingers moved in a small flickering wave. So no doubt the sight of a cat washing one ear might at first simply appear that way. Amused by this, the visitors dismounted and tethered their horses, then entered the temple and were welcomed in to its meager shelter by the priest.

By this time a violent thunderstorm had erupted, and the samurai counted their good luck at suddenly finding such shelter in this way. The priest served them tea, apologized for the wretched state of his hospitality, and then to pass the time while the storm raged he read to them a sermon. His simple kindness impressed them.

The leader of this group was Lord Ii Naotake from Hikone, in central Japan. He decided then to endorse this temple with funding to assure its survival, and so it continues today. The story became famous as a part of folklore, and after the later death of the responsible cat it was buried in a small grave by the temple's burial area, even with its own headstone. It became a widely believed symbol of good luck, with a craft trade in painted ceramic figures of the cat, many deposited by the gravestone by visitors seeking to earn some of the fortune associated with the cat's story.

And so many restaurants and other such public businesses have also adopted the figure of this "beckoning" cat, although relatively few of them would these days know about the historic and folkloric background to this figure.

(Story recounted to author in Tokyo, 1970 - by writer Lewis Bush

 * A synopsis of this story should be included in the folk tales section. Also, I had heard a version of the story explain that a samurai was riding past a temple when he saw the cat beckoning.  He dismounted and led his horse towards the cat, and at that moment, lightning struck the ground where he had stopped.  That was another explanation for the beckoning cat as a symbol of good luck.

TheBaron0530 (talk) 14:11, 17 February 2018 (UTC)theBaron0530

exact meaning of the Japanese characters on the cats
Dear native and non-native speakers of the Japanese language, could you translate the stuff that is written on the cats, e.g. here: ? --Baruch ben Alexander - ☠☢☣ 22:04, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

It means 10 million ryo. Ryo is a currency in the Edo period. Actually, the largest coin was about 10 ryo. "10 million ryo" is a rhetoric to express a large amount of money. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.0.142.202 (talk) 00:51, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

Capitalization, plural and hyphenation
Why is “Maneki Neko” capitalized? Is it a proper noun? Is the plural also “Maneki Neko” as the article suggests? — Dan337 (talk) 23:13, 6 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Because some people obsessively capitalize everything they think is important or special. MOS:CAPS specifically deprecates capitalization as a form of emphasis, but people who don't know better keep doing it anyway, just like greengrocers keep writing "Apple's 4 for $1" and "Express aisle, 15 items or less".  I've fixed it in this article.  I have no idea about the plural, nor whether this really should be hyphenated the way it presently is (I suspect not, but I'm no specialist in Japanese-to-English transliteration).  I've rarely seen this hyphenated in the real world. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ɖ⊝כ⊙þ Contrib.  06:42, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Japanese words and phrases do not generally get the plural -s ending. I agree that it is incorrect to capitalize any part of maneki-neko. Hyphenation in Japanese transliteration is generally inconsistent, so I'm willing to leave that alone in this case. Krychek (talk) 20:31, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

History vs. Legends & Stories
One or two paragraphs that seem to be legends/stories are in the History section. Is there any reason why these are in History while the rest are in Legends & Stories? M-1 (talk) 09:24, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Color meanings
I was told (by a Japanese-American) than the white ones stand for good luck generall, the gold for monetary fortune, and the black for good health. Did not comment on the rare red ones or any other color. Anyone ever seen a reliable source for something like that? — SMcCandlish Talk⇒ ɖ⊝כ⊙þ Contrib.  06:38, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * There is no "Japanese-American". You are either Japanese or American, you cannot be both! For details, read US president Theodore Roosevelt's book "America for Americans" 217.250.174.7 (talk) 09:19, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Color claim Failed Verification
The Color section begins with a claim about the most common colors of maneki-neko, then that such colors are traditional, followed by a source (the Daruma article). Since the source doesn't support either claim, I removed the inline citn and tagged the claims CN. Richigi (talk) 01:11, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

Hello Kitty
Seems to me that Hello Kitty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Kitty) is very much related to this, and should be included in the popular culture section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.119.246.70 (talk) 19:48, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

Third floor of buildings
To my knowledge it was the number four that is surrounded with superstition in Japan, due to the word for four, shi, being similar to the word for death. Is it supposed to the the fourth floor of buildings? --95.204.173.237 (talk) 03:57, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Eighteenth Century vs 1800s...
The History section seems very clear that the first evidence of this kind of statue is the late Edo period, and cites several dates for various "firsts", mostly around the 1850s. Immediately next to this is an image from the Brooklyn Museum of Art of a Maneki-neko statue from the 18th century, 150 to 50 years before. This seems inconsistent (although possibly nobody mentioned them for the first 150 years). Should the page mention the inconsistency, or how should that be handled?MichaelCroft (talk) 04:25, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

Translations?
I'm astounded that there are no translations! kencf0618 (talk) 02:16, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Meowth source is dubious
The article cited for the statement that Meowth is based on a maneki-neko is fan-written, unsourced and speculative. I’ve added a dubious marker to reflect this. 5th Curtis (talk) 09:56, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

Sourcing appearances in Sticker Star and Color Splash
There was an attempt make a few weeks ago by a user more active on the MarioWiki to add in some fairly relevant information on the Paper Mario series, which was rejected on the grounds that it was unsourced. However, is there some way to source those appearances through non-conventional means. I mean, in certain video game articles themselves, certain quotes are used to source parts of plot summaries, so couldn't there be something similar here? ToThAc (talk) 20:09, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Would suggest to ask WikiProject Video games about it. Include a link to the rejected edit. Gryllida (talk) 22:07, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Done. ToThAc (talk) 01:54, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * The reverters seem not to have included a link to one of the policy-based reasons why the edits were declined and which explains fairly clearly what you are proposing to do is not the way to go about it.  — jmcgnh (talk) (contribs) 04:57, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maneki-neko


text:
Canadian humour

Humour is an integral part of the Canadian identity. There are several traditions in Canadian humour in both English and French. While these traditions are distinct and at times very different, there are common themes that relate to Canadians' shared history and geopolitical situation in North America and the world. Though neither universally kind nor moderate, humorous Canadian literature has often been branded by author Dick Bourgeois-Doyle as "gentle satire," evoking the notion embedded in humorist Stephen Leacock's definition of humour as "the kindly contemplation of the incongruities of life and the artistic expression thereof."

The primary characteristics of Canadian humour are irony, parody, and satire. Various trends can be noted in Canadian comedy. One thread is the portrayal of a "typical" Canadian family in an ongoing radio or television series. Examples include La famille Plouffe, with its mix of drama, humour, politics and religion and sitcoms such as King of Kensington and La Petite Vie. Another major thread tends to be political and cultural satire: television shows such as CODCO, Royal Canadian Air Farce, La Fin du monde est à 7 heures and This Hour Has 22 Minutes, monologuists such as Yvon Deschamps and Rick Mercer and writers, including Michel Tremblay, Will Ferguson and Eric Nicol draw their material from Canadian and Québécois society and politics. Other comedians portray absurdity; these include the television series The Kids in the Hall and The Frantics, and musician-comedians such as The Arrogant Worms, Three Dead Trolls in a Baggie and Bowser and Blue. Elements of satire are to be found throughout Canadian humour, evident in each of these threads, and uniting various genres and regional cultural differences.

As with other countries, humour at the expense of regional and ethnic stereotypes can be found in Canada. Examples are 'Newfie' jokes (with 'Newfie' being a colloquial term for a person from the island of Newfoundland) and jokes revolving around English-speaking Canadians' stereotype of French Canadians, and vice versa.

Humber College in Toronto and the École nationale de l'humour in Montreal offer post-secondary programs in comedy writing and performance. Montreal is also home to the bilingual (English and French) Just for Laughs festival and to the Just for Laughs museum, a bilingual, international museum of comedy.

Literature
According to author Stephen Scobie, Canadian humorous writing has tended more towards prose than poetry. An early work of Canadian humour, Thomas McCulloch's Letters of Mephibosheth Stepsure (1821–23) appeared in the Halifax weekly Acadian Recorder. Northrop Frye described McCulloch's satirical letters as "quiet, observant, deeply conservative in a human sense"; he  asserted that McCulloch's persona, the "conventional, old-fashioned, homespun" farmer, was an extension of a centuries-old satiric tradition, and that the letters set the tone for later comedic writing in Canada.

Compared to McCulloch's dry and understated style, Thomas Chandler Haliburton showed the same conservative social values in the brash, overstated character of Sam Slick, the Yankee Clockmaker. Haliburton's Sam Slick persona in The Clockmaker (1836), as Arthur Scobie notes in The Canadian Encyclopedia, "proved immensely popular and, ironically, has influenced American humour as much as Canadian."

Authors responded with folk humour and satire to the domination of 19th-century French Canadian culture by the Catholic Church. Napoléon Aubin satirized Quebec public life in his journals Le Fantasque (1837–45) and Le Castor (1843), and through his theatre troupe, Les Amateurs typographiques,  established in 1839. He was imprisoned during that same year for his views. This cosmopolitan tradition is also seen in the journalism of Arthur Buies, editor of La Lanterne canadienne (1868–69), a highly satirical journal of that era.

Light comedy that mocked local customs was typical of 19th-century theatre in Quebec. Examples include Joseph Quesnel's L'Anglomanie, ou le dîner à l'angloise (1803), which criticized the imitation of English customs, and Pierre Petitclair's Une partie de campagne (1865). More serious dramas attacked specific targets: the anonymous Les Comédies du status quo (1834) ridiculed local politics, and Le Défricheteur de langue (1859) by Isodore Mesplats, (pseudonym of Joseph LaRue and Joseph-Charles Taché), mocked Parisian manners. Other examples of theatrical satire were Félix-Gabriel Marchand's comedy, Les faux brillants (1885) and Louvigny de Montigny's Les Boules de neige (1903), which took aim at Montreal's bourgeoisie. Humorous magazines in French included La Guêpe, "journal qui pique", published in Montreal 1857–1861.

By the early 20th century, the satirical tradition was well developed in English Canada as exemplified in the writing of Stephen Leacock. In Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town (1912), Leacock, already known for his satirical wit, used tragic irony and astute insight in examining day-to-day, small-town life. The book remains a classic of Canadian literature, and was followed by Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich in 1914. An annual Canadian literary award, the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour, is named in his memory. The award is presented to the year's best work of humorous literature by a Canadian. Donald Jack, three-time winner of the Leacock Medal, wrote a number of comedies for the stage, radio, and television, but is best known for his nine-part series of novels about aviator Bartholomew Bandy.

Following the Révolution tranquille in Quebec, theatrical satire reappeared in 1968 with Michel Tremblay's play Les Belles sœurs, written in Québécois joual. The controversial play picked apart the myth of a stable bourgeois Quebec society with a mix of realistic comedy and allegorical satire. Following Tremblay's lead, Jean Barbeau exposed Quebec popular culture in La Coupe stainless (1974). Tremblay and Barbeau set the stage for reviews such as Broue (1979), a collective production, which toured English-speaking Canada as Brew (1982).

Humorous fiction in French Canada draws from the oral tradition of folk songs and folktales which were the common coin of humour in the 19th century. Only a few of these folk tales surfaced in writing prior to the 20th century. However, contemporary writers such as Jacques Ferron (Contes du pays incertain, 1962) in Quebec and Antonine Maillet in Acadian New Brunswick (La Sagouine, 1974, and Pélagie-la-Charrette, 1979), rely extensively on folk humour and popular culture. Other Quebec writers noted for their humour include Roger Lemelin, Gérard Bessette, Jacques Godbout, Roch Carrier and Yves Beauchemin. Beauchemin's picaresque novel Le Matou (1981) is the all-time best-selling novel in Quebec literature.

The plain talking alter-ego as an instrument of satire continued with Robertson Davies' series of Samuel Marchbanks books (1947–67) and John Metcalf's James Wells in General Ludd (1980). Davies is one of many Canadian writers of "serious" literature who were also known for humour in their work. Margaret Atwood, Farley Mowat, Paul Quarrington, Mordecai Richler, Raymond Fraser, Carol Shields, W. O. Mitchell, Ray Guy, Pierre Berton, M.A.C. Farrant and Miriam Toews are all well-known writers of mainstream literature who have also been acknowledged for using humour and wit in their writing. Many other writers of Canadian humour have been published as newspaper or magazine commentators, including Gary Lautens, Richard J. Needham, Eric Nicol, Joey Slinger, Will Ferguson, Marsha Boulton and Linwood Barclay.

Humour is also central to the work of Canadian children's writers such as Gordon Korman, Dennis Lee and Robert Munsch.

Music
Particularly in recent years, Canada has produced a number of musical groups who have been described as "comedy rock". Bands such as Barenaked Ladies, Odds, Crash Test Dummies, The Awkward Stage and Rheostatics are sometimes misunderstood as being strictly novelty bands, but in fact many of their songs use humour to illuminate more serious themes. A number of other acts, such as Corky and the Juice Pigs, Arrogant Worms, Three Dead Trolls in a Baggie and Bowser and Blue write specifically comedic songs.

Nancy White is a noted Canadian musical satirist, whose comedic folk songs about Canadian culture and politics have regularly appeared on CBC Radio programs.

In addition to more serious material on his primary albums, folk musician Geoff Berner — who has also run for political office as a candidate of the Rhinoceros Party — frequently releases pointedly satirical songs, such as "Official Theme Song for the 2010 Vancouver / Whistler Olympic Games (The Dead Children Were Worth It!)", as free downloads from his website.

Don Ast, a stand-up comedian who performed in character as befuddled Ukrainian immigrant Nestor Pistor, had his greatest popular success with an album in which he sang country songs in character as Pistor. His single "Winestoned Plowboy", a parody of Glen Campbell's "Rhinestone Cowboy", was a hit on Canada's country music charts in 1977; Pistor returned to more conventional standup comedy thereafter, but received three Juno Award nominations for Comedy Album of the Year in the next three years.

Jann Arden, a singer-songwriter renowned for writing sad love songs, is also paradoxically known as one of Canada's funniest live performers, whose witty, unpretentious stage patter about herself and her family is as much a part of her relationship with her audience as her music is. Rapper Shad tackles weighty topics with his lyrics but is also known for using humour; for one of his most successful singles to date, "The Old Prince Still Lives at Home", he filmed a video that essentially parodied of the opening credits to The Fresh Prince of Bel Air.

Another noted Canadian musical comedian is Mary Lou Fallis, an opera singer who performs both in classical opera roles and as the comedic character "Primadonna", a touring stage show in which she parodies popular stereotypes of opera divas.

Canadian heavy metal frontman Devin Townsend is known for using humour in his music. Projects such as Punky Bruster and Ziltoid the Omniscient are heavily comedy driven, and Devin's heavy metal band, Strapping Young Lad, use satire and sarcastic tongue in cheek lyrics as well.

Radio
Many of Canada's comedy acts and performers have started out on radio, primarily on the national Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) network.

While individual comedy show and segments have been around almost as long as the network, the focus has tended be more on specific shows featuring particular groups of comedians. The real beginnings of Canadian radio comedy began in the late 1930s with the debut of The Happy Gang, a long-running weekly variety show that was regularly sprinkled with corny jokes in between tunes. It debuted in 1938 and ran until 1959. The Wayne & Shuster show debuted on CBC radio in 1946, their more literate and classy humour regularly appearing on the airwaves well into the early 1960s. Max Ferguson's long-running shows After Breakfast Breakdown and the Max Ferguson Show featured short satirical skits based on current events, with a variety of characters voiced by Ferguson.

The Royal Canadian Air Farce started as a radio show debuting in 1973 featuring mainly political and some character-based comedy sketches. It ran for 24 years before making a permanent transition to television. It started a tradition of topical and politically satirical radio shows that inspired such programs as Double Exposure, The Muckraker and What a Week.

A zanier, more surreal brand of radio comedy was unveiled in the early 1980s with the debut of The Frantics' Frantic Times radio show, which ran from 1981 to 1986. Its smart and surreal style fostered a new take on Canadian radio comedy that was followed by the likes of successor shows as The Norm, Radio Free Vestibule and The Irrelevant Show.

Another enduring radio comedy program is The Vinyl Cafe, hosted by Stuart McLean. The show is centred around McLean's Dave and Morley stories, a series of narrated short stories about a Toronto family and their friends and neighbours; many of the stories have been compiled in book form, and the books have often won or been nominated for the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour.

By the 1990s the satirical and zany elements merged into two of the more notable CBC radio comedy shows of the 1990s: The Dead Dog Cafe Comedy Hour, a show that offered bitingly satirical pieces from a First Nations perspective mixed in with general silliness; and Great Eastern, a show set in a fictitious Newfoundland "national" radio station featuring improbable news stories, fictitious archival recordings and unlikely archeological findings played straight.

CBC Radio continues to play an important part in developing comedy performers on radio. Madly Off In All Directions became a weekly national forum for regional sketch and stand-up comics, a practice that continues in the more recent series The Debaters and Laugh Out Loud.

Just for Laughs Radio, a channel programmed and broadcast by SiriusXM Satellite Radio to Canada and the United States, features predominantly Canadian comedy.

Television
CBC Television's first Canadian-produced television series was Sunshine Sketches, an adaptation of Stephen Leacock's iconic humour book Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town.

Original Canadian television comedy begins with Wayne and Shuster, a sketch comedy duo who performed as a comedy team during the Second World War, and moved their act to radio in 1946 before moving on to television. They became one of Canada's most enduring comedy teams on Canadian television and in the United States as well: they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show 67 times, a record for any performer. Their Julius Caesar sketch, Rinse the Blood off My Toga, with its legendary catchphrase, "I told him, Julie, don't go!", was particularly noted.

Wayne and Shuster continued to appear on CBC Television until the late 1980s, with specials that mixed new sketches with their classic material.

La famille Plouffe, the first regularly scheduled television drama in Canada, was produced in 1953 by Radio-Canada, in French. The program was broadcast on both English and French networks of CBC TV from 1954 to 1959, (in English as The Plouffe Family). It was a mix of drama, humour and social commentary about a working-class Quebec family in the post-World War II era. Another of the CBC's earliest productions was Sunshine Sketches, a television adaptation of one of the enduring classics of Canadian humour writing, Stephen Leacock's Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town.

Another pioneer in Canadian television comedy was, oddly, a news series. This Hour Has Seven Days, which debuted in 1964, was primarily meant as a newsmagazine, but its segments included political satire as well as serious news reports. Later series such as Royal Canadian Air Farce, This Hour Has 22 Minutes and Rick Mercer Report have all drawn on the tradition of political satire established by Seven Days, and have been among Canadian television's most popular comedy series in recent years.

Canadian born Lorne Michaels, who had moved from Toronto to Los Angeles in 1968 to work on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In, launched the NBC comedy show Saturday Night Live in 1975. Over the years, several Canadians were part of the SNL cast, including Dan Aykroyd, Martin Short, and Mike Myers. Michaels also produced The Kids in the Hall for Canadian TV in the 1980s.

Many Canadian comedy shows, while not directly about politics per se, have made profound political statements by satirizing society and pop culture. This includes shows such as SCTV, Buzz and CODCO. CODCO, in particular, was intensely controversial at times for its use of comedy in tackling sensitive subjects; founding member Andy Jones quit CODCO in protest after the CBC refused to air a sketch that made a very explicit political statement about the Mount Cashel Orphanage child abuse scandal. The series History Bites was ostensibly a show presenting history in a sketch comedy, but frequently used the historic setting to satirize current political events and social trends.

Other shows, such as The Kids in the Hall, 4 on the Floor, Bizarre and Puppets Who Kill, revelled in absurdist humour, making household names out of characters such as Chicken Lady, Mr. Canoehead and Super Dave Osborne.

Other notable sketch series have included Zut!, The Gavin Crawford Show and The Holmes Show. Canadian television also frequently showcases stand-up comedians. The popular series Comics!, based around one comedian each week, has been the first national television exposure for many of Canada's current comedy stars. Another series, Just for Laughs, has for many years presented comedians appearing at the Montreal Comedy Festival. That series has also spawned the more recent Just For Laughs Gags, a practical joke show similar to Candid Camera.

Although several notable Canadian sitcoms have been produced, such as Excuse My French, King of Kensington, Hangin' In, Corner Gas, Little Mosque on the Prairie, Letterkenny, Mr. D, Kim's Convenience, and Schitt's Creek, many other sitcoms, including Material World, Mosquito Lake, Snow Job, Check it Out!, The Trouble with Tracy, Rideau Hall and Not My Department, have often fared poorly with critics and audiences. Critic Geoff Pevere has pointed out, however, that American television has produced a lot of bad sitcoms as well. The difference, according to Pevere, is that the economics of television production in Canada mean that whereas an unpopular American sitcom may be cancelled and largely forgotten after just a few weeks, Canadian television networks can rarely afford to lose their investment — meaning that a Canadian sitcom almost always airs every episode that was produced, regardless of its performance in the ratings.

According to television critic Bill Brioux, there are a number of structural reasons for this: the shorter seasons, typical of Canadian television production, make it harder for audiences to connect with a program before its season has concluded, and put even successful shows at risk of losing their audience between seasons because of the longer waiting time before a show returns with new episodes; the more limited marketing budgets available to Canadian television networks mean that audiences are less likely to be aware that the show exists in the first place; and the shows tend to resemble American sitcoms, in the hope of securing a lucrative sale to an American television network, even though by and large the Canadian sitcoms that have been successful have been ones, such as Corner Gas or King of Kensington, that had a more distinctively Canadian flavour.

On the other hand, Canadian television comedy fares much better when it breaks the sitcom form, especially with dramedy. Unconventional comedy series such as The Beachcombers, Due South, Made in Canada, Kenny vs. Spenny, Chilly Beach, The Newsroom, Primetime Glick, The Red Green Show, La Petite Vie, Seeing Things, Trailer Park Boys, Supertown Challenge, Les Bougon and Twitch City have been much more successful than most of Canada's conventional sitcoms, both in Canada and as international exports.

Canada has a national television channel, The Comedy Network, devoted to comedy. Its programming includes some of the classic Canadian comedy series noted above, repeats of several hit American and British series such as The Simpsons, South Park and Absolutely Fabulous, and original series such as Kevin Spencer, Odd Job Jack, The Devil's Advocates, Improv Heaven and Hell and Puppets Who Kill.

Rick Mercer began his career in 1990 with a touring one-man show, Show Me the Button, I'll Push It, about Canadian life in the immediate aftermath of the failed Meech Lake Accord. That show was a sellout success; in 1993, he made his television debut as one of the writers and performers on This Hour Has 22 Minutes. Mercer's "rants", short op-ed pieces on Canadian politics and culture, quickly became the show's signature segment. When he published a collection of rants in 1998 as Streeters, the book quickly became a bestseller. Mercer left 22 Minutes in 2000 to devote more time to his other series, Made in Canada. When that series ended its run, he launched the new Rick Mercer Report.

Another famous comedic export in the same era was Tom Green, whose surreal and sometimes grotesque humour on The Tom Green Show began as a community cable show in Ottawa before becoming a hit on MTV.

As with many other genres, Canadian television comedy also frequently plays with the topic of Canada's relationship with the United States. Mercer turned another 22 Minutes segment, Talking to Americans, into a 2001 television special, which was a ratings smash. In Talking to Americans, Mercer, in his 22 Minutes guise as reporter "J.B. Dixon", visited American cities to ask people on the street for their opinion on a Canadian news story — the joke for Canadians was that the news story was always fabricated, and either inherently ridiculous (e.g. a border dispute between Quebec and Chechnya or an annual Toronto polar bear hunt) or blatantly out of context (e.g. wishing Canadians a "Happy Stockwell Day".)

Another notable show, the sitcom An American in Canada, reversed that formula, finding comedy in the culture shock of an American television reporter taking a job with a Canadian TV station. Tom Green once played with this staple of Canadian comedy as well, during a controversial segment in which he burned a Canadian flag.

Film
Film critic Barry Hertz created a list of the 23 best Canadian comedy films ever made for The Globe and Mail in 2023, although he included two films that had Canadian themes, settings and creative participants but were not Canadian productions:

• BlackBerry — Matt Johnson

• Coopers' Camera — Warren P. Sonoda

• Crime Wave — John Paizs

• The Decline of the American Empire (Le Déclin de l'empire américain) — Denys Arcand

• The Exchange — Dan Mazer

• The F Word — Michael Dowse

• FUBAR — Michael Dowse

• Goon — Michael Dowse

• Hobo with a Shotgun — Jason Eisener

• I Like Movies — Chandler Levack

• Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy — Kelly Makin

• Maps to the Stars — David Cronenberg

• Meatballs — Ivan Reitman

• My Internship in Canada (Guibord s'en va-t-en guerre) — Philippe Falardeau

• PG: Psycho Goreman — Steven Kostanski

• Scott Pilgrim vs. the World — Edgar Wright

• Seducing Doctor Lewis (La Grande séduction) — Jean-François Pouliot

• Starbuck — Ken Scott

• Strange Brew — Rick Moranis, Dave Thomas

• Turning Red — Domee Shi

• The Twentieth Century — Matthew Rankin

• Waydowntown — Gary Burns

• The Wrong Guy — David Steinberg

In addition to Hertz's own selections, sidebars asking other notable figures in Canadian comedy to identify their own choices singled out the films Rare Birds as a choice of Mercer and You're Sleeping Nicole as a favourite of Levack, while Mark Critch reiterated Hertz's choice of Seducing Doctor Lewis.

Web
In the same vein as Air Farce and 22 Minutes, a number of notable web sites have emerged to publish articles that either satirize real events or wholly invent stories that lampoon aspects of Canadian culture. Frank magazine, which originated as a printed publication, has been joined in recent years by The Beaverton, The Daily Bonnet, and Walking Eagle News each broadly modelled after The Onion.

Comedy clubs
Notable Canadian comedy clubs and showcases include The Second City branch in Toronto (originally housed at The Old Fire Hall), the Yuk Yuk's chain, and The ALTdot COMedy Lounge. The top clubs in Canada are Rumor's Comedy Club in Winnipeg, The Comic Strip in Edmonton, The Laugh Shop in Calgary, and Absolute Comedy in Ottawa.

Awards
The Canadian Comedy Awards were founded by Tim Progosh and Higher Ground Productions in 1999, and present awards for achievements in Canadian comedy across a variety of domains, including live performance, radio, film, television, and Internet media.

The Canadian Screen Awards present a number of awards for television comedy, including Best Comedy Series and awards for performance, writing and direction in comedy series.

Just for Laughs and SiriusXM Canada stage an annual SiriusXM Top Comic competition for Canadian stand-up comedians. The annual Tim Sims Encouragement Award also provides a $2,500 prize to an emerging comedian.

The annual Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour is presented to works of comedic literature, across both fiction and non-fiction genres.

title: Canadian humour


text:
Book of Rites

The Book of Rites, also known as the Liji, is a collection of texts describing the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou dynasty as they were understood in the Warring States and the early Han periods. The Book of Rites, along with the Rites of Zhou (Zhōulǐ) and the Book of Etiquette and Rites (Yílǐ), which are together known as the "Three Li (Sānlǐ)," constitute the ritual (lǐ) section of the Five Classics which lay at the core of the traditional Confucian canon (each of the "five" classics is a group of works rather than a single text). As a core text of the Confucian canon, it is also known as the Classic of Rites or Lijing, which some scholars believe was the original title before it was changed by Dai Sheng.

History
The Book of Rites is a diverse collection of texts of uncertain origin and date that lacks the overall structure found in the other "rites" texts (the Rites of Zhou and the Etiquette and Ceremonial). Some sections consist of definitions of ritual terms, particularly those found in the Etiquette and Ceremonial, while others contain details of the life and teachings of Confucius. Parts of the text have been traced to such pre-Han works as the Xunzi and Lüshi Chunqiu, while others are believed to date from the Former Han period.

During the reign of Qin Shihuang, many of the Confucian classics were destroyed during the 213 BC "Burning of the Books." However, the Qin dynasty collapsed within the decade and Confucian scholars who had memorized the classics, or hid written copies recompiled them in the early Han dynasty. The Book of Rites was said to have been fully reconstructed, but the Classic of Music could not be recompiled and fragments principally survive in the "Record of Music" (Yueji) chapter of the Book of Rites.

Since then, other scholars have attempted to redact these first drafts. According to the Book of Sui, Dai De reworked the text in the 1st century BC, reducing the original 214 books to 85 in the "Ritual Records of Dai the Elder" (大戴禮記 Dà Dài Lǐjì), his nephew Dai Sheng further reduced this to 46 books in the "Ritual Records of Dai the Younger" (小戴禮記 Xiǎo Dài Lǐjì), and finally Ma Rong added three books to this bringing the total to 49. Later scholarship has disputed the Book of Sui's account as there is no reliable evidence to attribute these revisions to either Dai De or Dai Sheng, although both of them were Confucian scholars specialising in various texts concerning li. Nevertheless, at this time these texts were still being edited, with new script and old script versions circulating, and the content not yet fixed. However, when Zheng Xuan, a student of Ma Rong, composed his annotated text of the Rites he combined all of the traditions of ritual learning to create a fixed edition of the 49 books which are the standard to this day. Zheng Xuan's annotated edition of the Rites became the basis of the "Right Meaning of the Ritual Records" (禮記正義 Lǐjì Zhèngyì) which was the imperially authorised text and commentary on the Rites established in 653 AD.

In 1993, a copy of the "Black Robes" chapter was found in Tomb 1 of the Guodian Tombs in Jingmen, Hubei. Since the tomb was sealed around 300 BCE, the find reactivated academic arguments about the possible dating of the other Liji chapters by the Warring States period.

“Li”
Confucius described “Li” as all traditional forms that provided a standard of conduct. “Li” literally means "rites" but it can also be used to refer to "ceremonial" or "rules of conduct.” The term has come to generally be associated with "good form,” "decorum" or "politeness.” Confucius felt that “li” should emphasize the spirit of piety and respect for others through rules of conduct and ceremonies. As outlined in the “Book of Rites,” “li” is meant to restore the significance of traditional forms by looking at the simplicity of the past. Confucius insisted that a standard of conduct that focused on traditional forms would be a way to ease the turmoil of collapsing Zhou state. The absolute power of “li” is displayed in the “Book of Rites”: "Of all things to which the people owe their lives the rites are the most important..." The ideas of “li” were thought to become closely associated with human nature, ethics, and social order as the population integrated “li” into their lives. “Li” is beneficial to society because it guides people to recognize and fulfill their responsibilities toward others.

Legacy
As a result of the Book of Rites' chapters, using a syncretic system later scholars formed both the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean. These two books were both believed to be written by two of Confucius' disciples one specifically being his grandson. The Neo-Confucian Zhu Xi and his edited versions of the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean influenced the Chinese society to place much more attention on these and two other books creating the Four Books. Following the decision of the Yuan dynasty (followed by the Ming and Qing) to make the Five Classics and the Four Books the orthodox texts of the Confucian traditions, they were the standard textbooks for the state civil examination, from 1313 to 1905, which every educated person had to study intensively. Consequently, the Book of Rites and two of its by-products were large integral parts of the Chinese beliefs and industry for many centuries.

title: Book of Rites


text:
Pocket universe

A pocket universe or bubble universe, also colloquially called pocket dimension, is a concept in inflationary theory, proposed by Alan Guth.

Description
It defines a realm like the one that contains the observable universe as only one of many inflationary zones.

Astrophysicist Jean-Luc Lehners, of the Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, has argued that an inflationary universe does produce pockets. In his 2012 journal, Lehners wrote about how pocket universes can emerge as a result of eternal inflation. The mechanisms of inflation within these pocket universes could function in a variety of manners, such as slow-roll inflation, undergoing cycles of cosmological evolution, or resembling of the Galilean genesis or other 'emergent' universe scenarios. Lehners goes on to discuss which one of these types of universes we live in, and how that is dependent on the measurement of the regulation of infinities inherent in eternal inflation.

But, Lehners continues, "the current leading measure proposals—namely, the global light-cone cutoff and its local counterpart, the causal diamond measure—as well as closely related proposals, all predict that we should live in a pocket universe that starts out with a small Hubble rate, thus favoring emergent and cyclic models." Lehners adds, "Pocket universes which undergo cycles are further preferred, because they produce habitable conditions repeatedly inside each pocket."

In media
Pocket dimensions are used as a plot device in myriad media. In the SCP Foundation series of collaborative writing, SCP-106, otherwise known as "The Old Man," dwells in a pocket dimension into which it lures its victims.

title: Pocket universe