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Greater Hartford

Greater Hartford is a region located in the U.S. state of Connecticut, centered on the state's capital of Hartford. It represents the only combined statistical area in Connecticut defined by a city within the state, being bordered by the Greater Boston region to the northeast and New York metropolitan area to the south and west. Sitting at the southern end of the Metacomet Ridge, its geology is characterized by land of a level grade along the shores of Connecticut River Valley, with loamy, finer-grained soil than other regions in the state. Greater Hartford (the metropolitan area as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau), had a total population of 1,213,531 at the 2020 United States census.

Hartford's role as a focal point for the American insurance industry is known nationally. The metropolitan area's affluence and its vibrant music and arts scene define the region's culture. The region's economy is closely tied with Springfield, Massachusetts, with both cities being served by Bradley International Airport and with their shared presence within the Knowledge Corridor, being only 25 miles apart. The area is also served by the smaller Hartford-Brainard Airport.

New England City and Town Area
New England City and Town Areas (NECTA) are cluster of cities and towns throughout all of New England defined by the Office of Management and Budget. The Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT Metropolitan NECTA consists of 54 towns, including 25 in Hartford County, 5 in Litchfield County, 6 in Middlesex County, 2 in New London County, 12 in Tolland County, and 4 in Windham County.

Metropolitan statistical area
The United States Census Bureau also defines the Hartford–East Hartford–Middletown, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) based on towns as building blocks. The area contains 54 towns of Hartford County, Tolland County, and Middlesex County. The 2015 population estimate for the MSA is 1,211,324, and is ranked as the 47th-largest metropolitan area by population in the United States. The MSA definition of the area contains a significant portion of the Lower Connecticut River Valley, which is not commonly considered as part of Greater Hartford.

A region very similar to the MSA is covered by the combination of the Hartford Service Delivery Area and the Mid-Connecticut Service Delivery Area, covering 56 towns.

100,000 or more inhabitants

 * Hartford

50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants

 * Bristol
 * East Hartford
 * Manchester
 * New Britain
 * West Hartford

10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants

 * Avon
 * Berlin
 * Bloomfield
 * Canton
 * Clinton
 * Colchester
 * Coventry
 * Cromwell
 * East Hampton
 * East Windsor
 * Ellington
 * Enfield
 * Farmington
 * Glastonbury
 * Granby
 * Mansfield
 * Middletown
 * Newington
 * Old Saybrook
 * Plainville
 * Rocky Hill
 * Simsbury
 * Somers
 * South Windsor
 * Southington
 * Stafford
 * Suffield
 * Tolland
 * Vernon
 * Wethersfield
 * Windsor
 * Windsor Locks

1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants

 * Andover
 * Bolton
 * Burlington
 * Chester
 * Columbia
 * Deep River
 * Durham
 * East Granby
 * East Haddam
 * Essex
 * Haddam
 * Hartland
 * Hebron
 * Killingworth
 * Marlborough
 * Middlefield
 * North Stonington
 * Portland
 * Westbrook
 * Willington

Fewer than 1,000 inhabitants

 * Union

Town also included in the Springfield, Massachusetts NECTA

Notable companies based in Hartford city proper

 * Aetna
 * Eversource Energy (co-headquarters in Boston)
 * The Hartford
 * Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company
 * The Phoenix Companies
 * Travelers Insurance (home of largest office, headquarters in New York City)
 * Virtus Investment Partners

Notable companies based in surrounding towns

 * Barnes Group (Bristol)
 * Carrier Corporation (Farmington)
 * Cigna (Bloomfield)
 * Colt's Manufacturing Company (West Hartford)
 * Connecticut Natural Gas (East Hartford)
 * Doosan Fuel Cell America (South Windsor)
 * ESPN Inc. (Bristol)
 * Gerber Scientific (Tolland)
 * Henkel (Rocky Hill, U.S. headquarters)
 * Kaman Aircraft (Bloomfield)
 * Legrand (West Hartford, U.S. headquarters)
 * Otis Elevator (Farmington)
 * Pratt & Whitney (East Hartford)
 * Stanadyne (Windsor)
 * Stanley Black & Decker (New Britain)
 * Systematic Automation (Farmington)
 * Trumpf (Farmington, U.S. headquarters)
 * United Technologies (Farmington)
 * Voya Financial (Windsor, home of largest office, headquarters in New York City)

Division of United Technologies (Otis and Carrier are under the UTC Building & Industrial Systems division)

Public colleges and universities
Public, four-year universities in the area include:.
 * Central Connecticut State University (New Britain)
 * University of Connecticut (Storrs, main campus)
 * University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine (Farmington)
 * University of Connecticut School of Law (Hartford)
 * University of Connecticut School of Medicine (Farmington)

Community and technical colleges
Public, two-year community colleges in the area include:
 * Asnuntuck Community College (Enfield)
 * Capital Community College (Hartford)
 * Manchester Community College (Manchester)
 * Middlesex Community College (Middletown)
 * Tunxis Community College (Farmington)

Private colleges and universities
Private, nonprofit, four-year universities in the area include:
 * Goodwin College (East Hartford)
 * Hartford Seminary (Hartford)
 * Rensselaer at Hartford (Hartford)
 * Trinity College (Hartford)
 * University of Hartford (West Hartford)
 * University of Saint Joseph (West Hartford)
 * Wesleyan University (Middletown)

Healthcare
There are numerous hospitals in the Greater Hartford area, including five teaching hospitals (of which, one is a pediatric hospital) and two psychiatric hospitals.

Teaching hospitals
All of the above hospitals are affiliated with the University of Connecticut School of Medicine
 * Connecticut Children's Medical Center (Hartford)
 * Hartford Hospital (Hartford)
 * The Hospital of Central Connecticut (New Britain and Southington)
 * Saint Francis Hospital & Medical Center (Hartford)
 * University of Connecticut Health Center, John Dempsey Hospital (Farmington)

Psychiatric hospitals

 * Connecticut Valley Hospital, owned and operated by the state of Connecticut (Middletown)
 * The Institute of Living, a division of Hartford Hospital (Hartford)

Performing arts
The Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts is one of the largest indoor performing arts venues in the area. It houses two theaters within the complex: the 2,800-seat Mortensen Hall and the 906-seat Belding Theater, and is home to the Hartford Symphony Orchestra, the premiere orchestra in Connecticut. Other theaters in the area include the Hartford Stage and TheaterWorks.

The area is also home to the Xfinity Theatre, a 7,500-seat open-air amphitheater. The lawn outside the theater is capable of holding roughly 22,500 people, bringing total capacity to around 30,000 people.

Conventions and exhibitions
The Connecticut Convention Center is located in downtown Hartford adjacent to the Hartford Marriot Downtown. The facility has more than 140000 sqft of exhibition space, a 40000 sqft ballroom, and 25000 sqft of space for meetings and conferences. Since 2005, it has hosted ConnectiCon, an annual, multi-genre, pop culture convention.

The New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks also hosts many events, with three large hangars available for use. One of the more popular events held there is FlightSimCon.

In addition, AOPA has held their annual aviation summit in Hartford.

Notable museums

 * American Clock & Watch Museum (Bristol)
 * Connecticut Historical Society (Hartford)
 * The Children's Museum, Connecticut (West Hartford)
 * Connecticut Science Center (Hartford)
 * Connecticut State Library, Museum of Connecticut History (Hartford)
 * Connecticut Trolley Museum (East Windsor)
 * New Britain Museum of American Art (New Britain)
 * New England Air Museum (Windsor Locks)
 * Old State House (Hartford)
 * Wadsworth Atheneum (Hartford)

Sports
Greater Hartford is home to multiple minor league professional sports teams and college teams. There are currently no major league professional sports teams. However, it was home to the Hartford Whalers ice hockey team from 1974 to 1997. The Whalers came to Hartford playing in the World Hockey Association, until they were admitted to the National Hockey League in 1979. In 1997, the team relocated to North Carolina, where they were renamed the Carolina Hurricanes.

Throughout the mid-1990s, the New England Patriots were negotiating with the state of Connecticut for a brand new football stadium located in downtown Hartford to replace the aging Foxboro Stadium where they played. The team eventually agreed to another proposal that saw the construction of Gillette Stadium. With the Patriots no longer in the equation, the state instead decided to construct a smaller football stadium on the former United Technologies-owned airfield in East Hartford. Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field seats approximately 40,000 spectators and is home to the Connecticut Huskies football team.

Collegiate sports teams
Greater Hartford is also home to the Travelers Championship golf tournament (formerly known as the Greater Hartford Open/Buick Championship).

Shopping centers
Major shopping centers in the area include:
 * Blue Back Square (West Hartford)
 * Enfield Square Mall (Enfield)
 * The Shoppes at Buckland Hills (Manchester)
 * Westfarms Mall (West Hartford)

Print
The Hartford Courant is the daily broadsheet newspaper serving the Greater Hartford area. Founded in 1764 as the Connecticut Courant, it is generally considered to be the oldest continually published newspaper in the United States. It is owned by Tribune Publishing.

From 1817 to 1976, the area was also served by another daily newspaper, the Hartford Times.

Television
Greater Hartford and Greater New Haven form a single television market. This television market is served by the following broadcast television stations:

English language

 * WFSB (CBS)
 * WTNH (ABC)
 * WCCT (The CW)
 * WEDH (PBS)
 * WHPX (Ion Television)
 * WVIT (NBC)
 * WCTX (My Network TV)
 * WTIC (Fox)

Spanish language

 * WUVN (Univision)
 * WHCT (Azteca)
 * WUTH (UniMás)
 * WRDM (Telemundo)

Interstate highways
Highway transportation in Greater Hartford is primarily run by two mainline Interstates:

There were several plans to expand the highway system (with at least one plan calling for a full beltway). Various plans encountered resistance due to budgetary and environmental concerns. However, some highways were ultimately constructed, if only partially:
 * (serves as the northeastern portion of the partial beltway)
 * (spur route into eastern Connecticut)
 * (originally a connection to Willimantic)

U.S. Routes
In the area, four major U.S. Routes serve the area's towns/cities:

Other major expressways
Some state highways also serve as major expressways:
 * (initially part of the larger I-491 plan)
 * (serves as the southwestern portion of the partial beltway)
 * (serves as the southwestern portion of the partial beltway)

Bus
Public bus transportation is operated by the Hartford division of CTTransit. It provides service to 30 local routes and 12 express routes seven days a week throughout the metropolitan area.

2015 saw the opening of the CTfastrak, a bus rapid transit system that runs from downtown New Britain to Hartford Union Station. The dedicated busway is over 9 miles long and stops at 10 stations.

Airport
Bradley International Airport is located in the town of Windsor Locks, approximately 10 miles from Hartford. Bradley is the second-largest airport in New England (behind Logan International Airport), and was ranked the 55th busiest airport in the United States in 2008. Southwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines, JetBlue Airways, and US Airways account for more than half of the airport's passenger traffic. The Bradley Airport Connector provides highway access to the airport from Interstate 91.

Bradley is a dual-use civil/military airport, with the Bradley Air National Guard Base serving as the home of the Connecticut Air National Guard 103d Airlift Wing.

Hartford–Brainard Airport is a smaller reliever airport located in the southeastern section of Hartford. It is primarily used for general aviation purposes.

Rail
Several Amtrak routes run through the metropolitan area, including the Northeast Regional, Vermonter, as well as a daily shuttle between New Haven and Springfield, Massachusetts.

The Hartford Line is a commuter rail service between New Haven, Connecticut, and Springfield, Massachusetts, using the Amtrak-owned New Haven–Springfield Line. CTrail-branded trains provide service along the corridor, and riders can use Hartford Line tickets to travel on board most Amtrak trains along the corridor at the same prices. The service launched on June 16, 2018.

title: Greater Hartford


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Fandi Ahmad

Fandi bin Ahmad (born 29 May 1962) is a Singaporean professional football manager and former player. He is the current technical advisor and head coach of Malaysia Super League club Sri Pahang. During his professional career, he played mainly as a striker, but also occasionally as a midfielder. Along with the Singapore FA, he also played for Malaysia Cup state sides Kuala Lumpur FA and Pahang FA, and won titles with all three, including two doubles in 1992 and 1994, as well as the Golden Boot in 1988. Fandi also played for Indonesia's Niac Mitra, Netherlands' Groningen as well as local Singaporean clubs Geylang United and SAFFC.

Internationally with the Singapore national team, Fandi earned 101 caps and scored 55 goals, a record he holds today, as well as winning three Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games) silver medals while being captain from 1993 to 1997. After his retirement, he began his managerial career in 2000 by helming his former playing club SAFFC, before moving on to Indonesia's Pelita Raya and Malaysia's Johor Darul Takzim, while also serving as the assistant national coach on numerous occasions while and running his own Fandi Ahmad Academy.

Fandi has been described as a national legend for Singapore. In 1994, he was awarded the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Medal) for his achievements, which included being the first Singaporean footballer to play in Europe, the first Singaporean millionaire sportsperson and the first Singaporean sportsperson to have a published biography. He has five children with his wife, South African model Wendy Jacobs, and his father is Ahmad Wartam, a former national goalkeeper. Fandi was ranked sixth in a list of Singapore's 50 Greatest Athletes of the Century by The Straits Times in 1999. His children, most notably Ikhsan, Ilhan and Irfan, are also professional footballers.

Early life
As a young child, Fandi was obsessed with football and spent much of his time kicking a ball. His family lived in a two-room public housing flat in Hougang. His family was working class; Fandi had to sell nasi lemak to help support the family. Fandi's father, Ahmad Wartam was then a goalkeeper for the national team in the 1960s. Fandi started playing as a goalkeeper, but switched to a midfield position under the advice of his teacher when he studied at Yio Chu Kang Primary

When he was 12, his parents divorced, after which he lived in a kampong at Jalan Eunos with his father and paternal grandparents. At Serangoon Gardens Secondary School, Fandi played for the school football team, but neglected his studies and was held back a year. He then transferred to the Singapore Vocational Institute and obtained a National Trade Certificate 3. He played for Kaki Bukit SC in the amateur National Football League, where he was spotted by Singapore FA coach Sebastian Yap.

By the time he was 15, Fandi had become a regular for the Singapore national youth football team. In 1977, Fandi was vice-captain of the Singapore Under-17 national team that won the Lion City Cup youth tournament. In 1978, he became captain of the team which retained the Lion City Cup. In August that year, Fandi was called up for a senior national team squad for a training tour in Russia, becoming the youngest footballer to represent Singapore.

Singapore FA
Fandi joined Singapore FA in 1979 and became a regular midfield player, scoring four goals in his first Malaysia Cup season. The retirement of Arshad Khamis and Dollah Kassim prompted Jita Singh, the new Singapore FA coach, to play Fandi as a striker. During the 1980 Malaysia Cup season, Fandi scored eight goals, including the winning goal in the final against Selangor FA. He enlisted for National Service in September 1980 and was given light duties, such as collecting the camp garbage, so he could continue playing for Singapore FA. In 1981, Fandi won the FAS Footballer of the Year award for helping Singapore FA reach the Malaysia Cup final. The following year, Singapore FA did not play in the Malaysia Cup for political reasons, and Fandi underwent a shoulder operation; he could not play football for six weeks and was discharged early from National Service.

Playing against Diego Maradona

Selangor FA invited Fandi to play for them against Argentine club Boca Juniors, which featured Diego Maradona, in a friendly game, in which Fandi scored the only goal for Selangor FA; the score was 2–1. Fandi was just 19 while serving national service at the time and after the match, Boca's chief coach Vladislao Cap said he was keen on signing the Singaporean, whom he described as "a superb striker who can fit into any team".

Offers from Europe and final decision

Fandi received offers from several Malaysia Cup teams, Indonesian side Niac Mitra, Swiss club Young Boys and Dutch side Ajax. It was Ajax he eventually chose, but after a three-week trial, Fandi rejected Ajax's three-year deal and with it, the opportunity to work with and be honed by the legendary Johan Cruyff and play up front with the likes of a young Marco van Basten and Jan Molby, whom he had been scouted along with but Fandi ended up signing a one-year contract with Niac Mitra instead earning S$75,000 annually, choosing to ply his trade nearer to home. Fandi is joined with compatriot, David Lee in Niac Mitra. Fandi helped them successfully defend their Galatama League title and was the third-highest scorer with 13 goals. In a friendly match between Niac Mitra and Arsenal, Fandi scored a goal in a 2–0 victory; however, he left Niac Mitra due to a sudden Galatama League ban on foreign players.

FC Groningen
In 1983, Fandi moved to the Netherlands and signed a two-year contract with FC Groningen. A thigh injury acquired in a friendly match kept him off the field for ten weeks, but in his first Eredivisie game he scored twice in a 2–0 victory over Go Ahead Eagles. On 19 October 1983, Fandi played in the first leg of a UEFA Cup second-round match against Italian side Internazionale, and scored the second goal in a 2–0 win with another goal came from Erwin Koeman, though in the second leg Groningen were defeated 1–5. The Inter team boasted a couple of legendary names such as Giuseppe Baresi, Giuseppe Bergomi, Alessandro Altobelli, Evaristo Beccalossi, Riccardo Ferri, Fulvio Collovati and goalkeeper, Walter Zenga. The Groningen fans voted Fandi the most popular player and the most skilful player that season; he scored 10 goals in 29 games to help the Dutch club rise from ninth to fifth place in the Eredivisie. As an April Fools' Day joke, The Straits Times published a front-page story claiming that Manchester United had signed on Fandi. His second season was marred by a recurrence of his thigh injury and a dispute with his coach. He played only two full games that season and Groningen did not offer him a new contract. During his time in the Netherlands, Fandi scored 11 league goals in 36 league games for Groningen. Fandi Ahmad teammate at Groningen who went on to become a global renowned player is Erwin Koeman, Ronald Koeman, Adri van Tiggelen, Jan van Dijk and Ron Jans.

Kuala Lumpur FA
The next club that Fandi played for was Malaysia Cup side Kuala Lumpur FA, which in 1987 won its first Malaysia Cup title. It was Malaysia Cup champions again the following season; Fandi won the Golden Boot, having scored 21 goals. After a third season at Kuala Lumpur FA, in which it won a third consecutive Malaysia Cup,

OFI Crete
Fandi signed a two-year contract with Greek club OFI Crete in 1990. However, problems with his International Transfer Certificate prevented him from playing for Crete, so he left Greece after two months.

Pahang FA
Fandi then joined Pahang FA, where he reverted to playing mainly in midfield due to his advancing age. Fandi missed several months of games because of heel and thigh injuries, and scored three goals to help Pahang FA win the Malaysia Cup and Malaysian League Double in 1992. That year, he became the first Singaporean sportsperson to have career earnings exceeding a million Singapore dollars (not adjusted for inflation).

Return home to Singapore
Fandi rejoined Singapore FA after it was relegated to the second tier of the Malaysian League. Singapore FA was promoted and reached the Malaysia Cup final in 1993, and finished the 1994 season as Malaysia Cup and Malaysian League champions. Captain Fandi played in 39 of Singapore FA's 41 games in the double-winning season, was the top scorer with 26 goals and was voted Player of the Season; he was also awarded a state medal, the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Medal). The following season, Singapore FA withdrew from the Malaysia Cup and a fully professional Singaporean league, the S.League, was formed.

Geylang United
In its inaugural S.League season in 1996, Fandi joins and captained Geylang United where he was the joint top scorer with 11 goals, including the equaliser that confirmed Geylang as league champions. The Asian Football Confederation declared him the Player of the Month of June 1996. Geylang was given special dispensation to pay Fandi thrice the S.League salary cap.

Singapore Armed Forces
Fandi playing career concluded with three seasons at SAFFC, during which they won two S.League titles and two Singapore Cups. Because of injuries, Fandi was limited to mainly short substitute appearances, but he continued to score crucial goals, notably two against Cambodian side Royal Dolphins in the Asian Club Championship, until his retirement in 1999.

International career
From 1979 to 1997, Fandi made 101 appearances for the Singapore national football team, scored 55 goals and earned a place in the Asian Football Confederation Hall of Fame. He started as captain of the national youth team that won the Lion City Cup in 1976 and 1977, then joined the senior national team on a tour of Russia, where he played in two friendly games and scored two goals in the second. His first senior cap came at 17 years, 3 months and 23 days, making him Singapore's youngest-ever full international, until his record was broken by Hariss Harun in 2007. However, in his first international competition, the 1979 SEA Games, Fandi did not score in four matches. He scored against India and North Korea in the Olympic Games qualifiers, but did not score in three FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. In the 1981 Ovaltine Cup, Fandi scored all Singapore goals in the 3–2 aggregate victory over Malaysia. Fandi scored a goal in a 1–2 loss to Thailand in the 1981 King's Cup and a hat-trick against the Philippines at the 1981 SEA Games. In 1992, Fandi scored twice against Nepal and once against Thailand in the King's Cup, then scored when Singapore beat Malaysia 3–1 in the Ovaltine Cup.

The following year, Fandi helped Singapore win the first of three SEA Games silver medals, with two goals in a 3–0 group stage win over Brunei and two against Malaysia in the semi-final. Despite suffering an ankle injury in the 1–2 final defeat by Thailand, he played in the 1983 Merlion Cup, and scored in a 1–0 semi-final win against of China. The second SEA Games silver medal came in 1985, when Fandi scored against Malaysia and the Philippines in the group stage, then two goals against Brunei in the semi-final. At the 1989 SEA Games, Fandi scored in the 4–0 victory over Myanmar that took Singapore past the group stages, the last-minute winner in the semi-final against defending champions Indonesia and Singapore's single goal in the 1–3 final defeat by Malaysia. This completed the hat-trick of silver medals, though in 2007, he said that "not winning the SEA Games gold medal" was among "his biggest regrets". Fandi also played at the 1990 Asian Games and scored in the 6–1 win against Pakistan.

During the 1991 SEA Games, Fandi scored both Singapore goals against Myanmar in the group stage, but was substituted in the semi-final match, after Indonesian fullback Herry Setyawan elbowed him in the eye. That match ended goalless and the Lions lost on penalties. Fandi also missed Singapore's failed attempt to qualify for the 1992 Asian Cup, having sustained a heel injury. At the 1993 SEA Games, captain Fandi scored a hat-trick in the 7–0 defeat of the Philippines, followed by the second Singapore goal in the 3–3 semi-final draw with Myanmar and scored once in the 3–1 win over Indonesia that secured a bronze medal for Singapore. Fandi also played in the inaugural Tiger Cup, and scored an equaliser against Malaysia, a goal against Brunei and two against the Philippines. 1997 was a disappointing year for Fandi, who failed to score in the Dunhill Cup and the World Cup qualifiers. After the 1997 SEA Games, where his goal in the semi-final could not prevent a 1–2 defeat to Indonesia, Fandi retired from international football.

Coaching career
After his retirement from playing, Fandi worked as a coach. He started as the assistant to Singapore's national coach, Vincent Subramaniam, for the 1999 SEA Games, where Singapore finished fourth. In 2011, he founded the Fandi Ahmad Academy, which organises training programmes and overseas opportunities for talented young Singaporean footballers. Fandi is one of seven Singaporean coaches with a professional AFC coaching diploma and is widely considered a future coach of the Singapore national football team;

Singapore Armed Forces
In 2000, Fandi became coach of SAFFC and guided them to the 2000 S.League title, and he won the S.League Coach of the Year Award. Under Fandi, SAFFC ended the 2001 season without winning a trophy and the following year, were the 2002 S.League champions by a 20-point margin. Fandi then simultaneously served as assistant national coach, helping Singapore win the Tiger Cup in 2005.

Young Lions
In 2005, Fandi become the coach of Young Lions, which rose from the bottom of the S.League in 2003 to two third-place finishes in 2004 and 2006 which up to this date remains as their highest league placing in the club history.

Pelita Raya
From November 2006 to March 2010, Fandi managed Indonesian side Pelita Raya, where he adopted a youth policy that helped them win promotion from the second division, then guided the club to two mid-table finishes in the Indonesia Super League.

Scout for Vicenza Calcio
Since then, he has been a scout for Italian club Vicenza Calcio, a regional project manager for the Genova International Soccer School.

Johor Darul Ta'zim
On 3 February 2012, Malaysian Super League side Johor Darul Ta'zim owner, the Crown Prince of Johor, Tunku Ismail Idris approached Fandi after the club first year of rebranding the whole organisation structure and its footballing activities which he accept and being the first manager during the club first era after being revamp. Fandi reportedly earned $S30,000 a month. In his first season, he guide JDT all the way to the 2013 Malaysia FA Cup Final but lost 1-0 to Kelantan FA. Johor finished third in the 2013 Malaysia Super League behind LionsXII and Selangor FA. The side also paraded ex-Spanish international striker, Dani Güiza who won the Euro 2008, former SS Lazio player, Simone del Nero and as well as a host of Malaysian internationals, including Malaysia captain, Safiq Rahim and star player, Safee Sali, Norshahrul Idlan Talaha and the both twins, Aidil Zafuan and Zaquan Adha. On 30 July 2013, he was relieved off his duties.

LionsXII
On 7 December 2013, he became head coach of the Singapore LionsXII, with Nazri Nasir as his assistant. On 23 May 2015, he led LionsXII to clinch the 2015 Malaysia FA Cup, their first trophy of the season.

2nd stint at Young Lions and interim coach of Singapore
Fandi was appointed as the head coach of Young Lions for the newly revamp 2018 Singapore Premier League season, replacing Richard Tardy. In May 2018, he was appointed as the interim head coach of the Singapore national football team until the end of the 2018 AFF Suzuki Cup. Fandi's contract with FAS was extended in November 2019, with the new role as head of elite youth. He aims, together with technical director Joseph Palatsides, to enhance the pathways and structure for the development of youth players for the national teams. After leading the Singapore under-22 at the 2019 SEA Games, Fandi's Young Lions and the under-22s will be taken over by Nazri Nasir in 2020. Fandi will also be part of national team's coach Tatsuma Yoshida's backroom staff.

Sri Pahang
On 21 July 2022, Fandi returned to Sri Pahang as a technical adviser. The appointment comes three weeks after he left the Football Association of Singapore (FAS) following a seven-year stint. His contract as head of elite youth ended on 30 June 2022. It was reported in May that Fandi had several options from club sides in the region which he had turned down offers from sides in Indonesia, and was also linked to Malaysian teams due to his vast connections across the Causeway, such as his good relationship with Sri Pahang president, Tengku Abdul Rahman Sultan Ahmad Shah.

In January 2023, Fandi takes over as Sri Pahang coach from Malaysian legend Dollah Salleh who had taken temporary charge after the resignation of Frenchman Christophe Gamel last season. This will be Fandi's second stint as head coach of a Malaysia Super League team. His team started off into season well after 11 games with 7 wins, 4 draws and 0 lost before losing the undefeated streak to Johor Darul Takzim 2-0. On 9 June 2023, when all hopes seems lost with the score favouring to Negeri Sembilan 1-3 into the last 10 mins into the match, Fandi team bounce back unexpectedly to win the match with the score being 4-3 at full time.

Personal life
Fandi is a devout humble Muslim, avoids scandals, does not smoke or drink, and is often described as humble, filial and compassionate. He married South African model Wendy Jacobs in 1996 and the couple have five children, namingly sons Irfan, Ikhsan, Ilhan, Iryan and a daughter Iman; the four sons are footballers (Irfan, Ikhsan, Ilhan and Iryan). Irfan and Ikhsan who impressed at trials at Arsenal, Chelsea and Milan plays for Thai League 1 club BG Pathum United, Ilhan plays for Challenger Pro League club Deinze while Iryan plays for Singapore Premier League club Hougang United. The eldest three (Irfan, Ikhsan and Ilhan) plays for the Singapore national team. On 26 March 2022 against Malaysia, the three brothers played together in the same match for the first time at the Singapore National Stadium.

Fandi is also cousins with Hafiz Abu Sujad and the national team's physiotherapist Nurhafizah.

In 2023 after the match between Selangor & Sri Pahang, during the interview on Astro Arena, Malaysian legend, Azman Adnan is confirmed to be his cousin.

He is the first Singaporean sportsperson to be the subject of a biography, which was released in 1993 and called The Fandi Ahmad Story. It sold 17,000 copies in two months and was also translated into Malay.

Endorsement

Products Fandi has endorsed include Lotto sportswear, Royal Sporting House sportswear, Uncle Tobys cereal, Carnation milk and energy drink Isomax. In 1996, he released an album of English and Malay songs and produced Meniti Pelangi, a television programme about disadvantaged Malay Singaporeans. Three years later, he opened a restaurant and a car dealership, but both closed down within two years. He has also served as an ambassador for national anti-smoking and anti-drug campaigns, raised funds for victims of the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and participated in a Northeast Community Development Council initiative to organise community service programmes.

Player
Niac Mitra
 * Galatama: 1982–83

Kuala Lumpur
 * M-League: 1988
 * Malaysia Cup: 1987, 1988, 1989

Pahang
 * M-League: 1992
 * Malaysia Cup: 1992

Singapore FA
 * M-League: 1994
 * Malaysia Cup: 1980, 1994

Geylang United
 * S.League: 1996

Singapore Armed Forces
 * S.League: 1997, 1998
 * Singapore FA Cup: 1997
 * Singapore Cup: 1999
 * League Cup: 1997

Singapore
 * Southeast Asian Games:
 * Silver medal – 1983, 1985, 1989
 * Bronze medal – 1991, 1993, 1995

Head coach
Singapore Armed Forces
 * S.League: 2000, 2002

LionsXII
 * Malaysia FA Cup: 2015

Individual

 * S.League Coach of the Year: 2000

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fandi Ahmad


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Talk:Backbone cabal

his article seems to have been largely plagarised
This article seems to have been largely plagarised from the [http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/B/backbone-cabal.html Jargon File article] about the cabal. I don't know anything about this subject so I'm not going to attempt a rewrite, but a rewrite should be strongly considered. Gsgeorge 05:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Jargon File is PD, so we can use it. Removed copyvio notice & restored original content. --SJK 04:53, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't this be marked w/ a template indicating this origin like the FOLDOC-based articles? --Cybercobra 02:21, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This doesn't have to be done for PD works, since you can use them without restrictions. For Copyleft, you do. Halo 17:21, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

(I just linked a few things in here for you guys in case people don't fully understand what some of your terms mean. Valeriya 21:48, 27 February 2007 (UTC))

WP
Can I ask why this mainspace article exists? --Mark H Wilkinson (t, c) 13:28, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I deny this article existsPdeitiker 16:22, 3 September 2007 (UTC) (member#666: TINC since 2000)

 * What article? Rissa (talk) 21:18, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There is no article

Neutrality
This page is too one sided. I'm tagging it for neutrality. J- ſtan TalkContribs 22:14, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

there is no "other side" to compare neutrality against. I'm not just making a TINC joke. usenet, especially ALT.* was and is a different world, with different rules. it's "slanted" because it reflects the attitude and reality of usenet as opposed to the "real world" (which would be more like "huh?")mxt96.24.93.114 (talk) 20:00, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

A published reference
A published reference is:

Hardy, Henry Edward, 1993. The Usenet System, ITCA Teleconferencing Yearbook 1993, ITCA Research Committee, International Teleconferencing Association, Washington, DC. pp 140-151, esp. p 146 at subheading "The Great Renaming" and "The Breaking of the Backbone Cartel".

NB I have not put this in the main body of the article as I am the author of the reference provided above from the ITCA Yearbook, and therefore will leave the determination about including it to others.

I'm dubious about leaving the Jargon File as the principle reference, as it exists in many forks and versions and contains much "myth" and "folklore". It lacks proper sourcing and dates to provide context and verifiability.

Scanlyze 17:27, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Could someone make this remotely comprehensible?
I mean, I've read it four times now, and all I can really pick up is that it was some bunch of guys who supplied servers for USENET who are involved in the Masons? Or something? 82.41.76.233 21:07, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Umm, perhaps you should read it again. If you can make it more comprehensible, you don't even need to know about the subject, just help its readability. J- ſtan TalkContribs 01:30, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree. One cannot make something more readable without knowing the subject. I also think the article does not define the meaning of "Backbone cabal" in a clear way. Wed Jul 16 15:10:51 CEST 2008

Cabal lasted well after 1988
The Cabal was around well after 1988. It was around into the 2000s at least. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.102.189.168 (talk) 00:31, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

no. it wasn't. there is no cabal. it cannot have existed in a reduced form with different members until 2003. one cannot learn more about it in alt.config, so don't go look up the archives. -mycroft xavier tanstaafl (there is no mycroft xavier tanstaafl, either)96.24.93.114 (talk) 19:56, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

This article both says that it lasted until the 2000s (in the intro) and that it was disbanded in late 1988 (in the body). Does anyone know which is actually accurate? So that this article can be internally consistent and correct? IllQuill (talk) 21:02, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

2 external links (faqs.org) not giving expected result
Hi,

It seems that the two external links to faqs.org do not give the expected page anymore.

I don't know what they were pointing to, but here are suggestions:

 * http://www.faqs.org/faqs/by-newsgroup/alt/alt.conspiracy.usenet-cabal.html (meta information on the FAQ)

 * http://www.filewatcher.com/m/cabal-conspiracy-FAQ.8716-1.html (links to the copies of the contents of the Usenet cabal FAQ)

I let contributors to this article amend as I am unsure what to do.

Cheers — Boism  00:54, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Backbone cabal


text:
Category:Osaka Prefecture

Osaka Prefecture (大阪府 Ōsaka-fu) is a prefecture located in the Kansai (also called Kinki) region on Honshū island, Japan. The capital is the city of Osaka.

title: Category:Osaka Prefecture


text:
Bishopric of Dorpat

The Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval prince-bishopric, i.e. both a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church and a temporal principality ruled by the bishop of the diocese. It existed from 1224 to 1558, generally encompassing the area that now comprises Tartu County, Põlva County, Võru County, and Jõgeva County in Estonia. The prince-bishopric was a sovereign member of the Holy Roman Empire (formally from 6 Nov 1225) and part of the Livonian Confederation until its dissolution in 1561.

History
The first Bishop of Dorpat (the current Tartu) was Hermann von Buxhövden, the brother of Albert von Buxhövden, Bishop of Riga and leader of the Livonian Crusade. The Estonian Diocese was established by the Bishop of Riga in 1211 and its first nominal seat was Leal (Lihula) in western Estonia. In 1224, Bishop Hermann took possession of parts of what is today southeastern Estonia and chose Dorpat as his new seat. On 6 November 1225 he was enfeoffed with his principality by Henry VII of Germany, King of the Romans, and on 1 December Dorpat was created a March of the Holy Roman Empire. The principality was founded mainly on territories of the Ugaunian tribe of ancient Estonians. In 1242, Bishop Hermann with his Ugaunian subjects was defeated by Novgorod's prince Alexander Nevsky in the famous Battle on Lake Peipus.

During 1268, Fredrik, the then Bishop of Dorpat, is known to have called himself also as the "Bishop of Karelia", the background of the short-lived title remaining open.

The Bishopric of Dorpat was an important Hanseatic trade center.

At the end of the 14th century, former Dietrich Damerow became the Bishop of Dorpat. He was the archenemy of the Livonian Order and made a coalition against it with Lithuania, Mecklenburg, and the Victual Brothers (notorious pirates of the Baltic Sea). He even asked King Richard II of England to take Dorpat under his protection. The Order invaded the bishopric in 1379 with no success. After settling the conflict the Livonian Order lost its right to demand that vassals of bishoprics take part in military campaigns.

During its last years, the Bishopric of Dorpat had a dispute with Russia which became later the main pretext of the Livonian War. Tsar Ivan the Terrible demanded that the bishopric pay a huge tribute of 40,000 talers. Ivan insisted that the Dorpat was the ancient Russian fortress of Yuryev (referring to the short-lived Rus' rule of the area after its conquest by Yaroslav I the Wise, 1030–61(?)). The rulers of Dorpat tried to negotiate a smaller amount in the interest of extending the truce, but Ivan dismissed the diplomats and started the war. In 1558 Tartu was conquered by Russian troops and the Bishopric of Dorpat ceased to exist.

Beside Dorpat (Tartu) there were five more stone castles in the Bishopric:
 * Odenpäh (Otepää) as the ancient centre of Ugandi and the first stone stronghold of bishopric;
 * Kirrumpäh (Kirumpää) and Neuhausen (Vastseliina) by the important ancient Dorpat–Pleskau (Tartu–Pihkva) road;
 * Oldentorn (Vana-Kastre) and Warbeke or Caster (Uue-Kastre) by the Emajõgi river which runs from Dorpat to Lake Peipus.

There was also an outstanding Cistercian monastery, Kärkna Abbey (also Valkena or Falkenau) near Dorpat.

The former Bishopric today
The center of the bishopric was the Tartu (Dorpat) castle (Toomemägi). The castle was damaged during the Northern War and was dismantled during the 18th century. Later (at the beginning of 19th century) an observatory was built on the site. The seat of the bishopric, Dorpat Cathedral, was damaged during the Protestant Reformation and has been in ruins since the 17th century.

Bishops of Dorpat

 * Hermann von Buxhöwden 1224–48
 * Alexander 1263–68
 * Friedrich von Haseldorf 1268–88
 * Bernhard I 1289–1302
 * Dietrich I Vyshusen 1302–12
 * Nikolaus 1312–23
 * Engelbert von Dolen 1323–41
 * Wescelus 1342–1344
 * Johannes I Viffhusen 1346–73
 * Heinrich I von Velde 1373–78
 * Dietrich II Damerow 1378–1400
 * Heinrich II Wrangel 1400–10
 * Bernhard II Bülow 1410–13
 * Dietrich III Resler 1413–41
 * Bartholomäus Savijerwe 1441–59
 * Helmich von Mallinckrodt 1459–68
 * Andreas Pepler 1468–73
 * Johannes II Bertkow 1473–85
 * Dietrich V Hake 1485–98
 * Johannes III von der Rope 1499–1505
 * Gerhard Schrove 1505–13
 * Johannes IV Duesborg 1513–14
 * Christian Bomhower 1514–18
 * Johannes V Blankenfeld 1518–27
 * Johannes VI Bey 1528–43
 * Jodokus von der Recke 1544–51
 * Hermann II Wesel 1552–60

Sources and external links

 * World Statesmen Estonia: Prince-bishopric of Dorpat (Tartu)
 * GigaCatholic Diocese of Dorpat

title: Bishopric of Dorpat


text:
Acetabularia

Acetabularia is a genus of green algae in the family Polyphysaceae. Typically found in subtropical waters, Acetabularia is a single-celled organism, but gigantic in size and complex in form, making it an excellent model organism for studying cell biology. In form, the mature Acetabularia resembles the round leaves of a nasturtium, is 4 to 10 cm tall and has three anatomical parts: a bottom rhizoid that resembles a set of short roots; a long stalk in the middle; and a top umbrella of branches that may fuse into a cap. Unlike other giant unicellular organisms, which are multinucleate, members of this genus possess a single nucleus located in the rhizoid, which allows the cell to regenerate completely if its cap is removed. The caps of two Acetabularia may also be exchanged, even from two different species. In addition, if a piece of the stem is removed, with no access to the nucleus in the rhizoid, this isolated stem piece will also grow a new cap.

In the 1930s–1950s Joachim Hämmerling conducted experiments in which he demonstrated Acetabularia's genetic information is contained in the nucleus. This was the first demonstration that genes are encoded by DNA in eukaryotes; earlier studies by Oswald Avery and others had shown that this was true for prokaryotes.

Etymology
The name, Acetabularia, derives from the Latin word acetabulum, a broad, shallow cup used for dipping bread; the upturned cap of Acetabularia resembles such a cup. For this reason, it is also sometimes called mermaid's wineglass.

In the 19th century, the same designation Acetabularia was proposed by George Edward Massee for a genus of fungi (now Cyphellopus), but this usage is obsolete and considered invalid as the algal name takes precedence.

Anatomy and life cycle
Acetabularia, as well as being unicellular, is also a uninucleate organism. It has three basic parts: its rhizoid, a short set of root-like appendages that contain the nucleus and anchor the cell to fissures in a substrate; its median stalk, which accounts for most of its length; and its apex, where its cap forms. There are usually several whorls of hair-like appendages close to the apex.

Acetabularia are among the largest single-celled organisms, having also a remarkably large nucleus. During sexual reproduction, the nucleus undergoes multiple rounds of mitosis, forming many daughter nuclei all within one nuclear membrane. These nuclei undergo meiosis and are transported to the tips of the branches, the sporangia, where they are released as gametes.

Hämmerling's experiment
Each Acetabularia cell is composed of three segments: the "foot" or basal segment which contains the nucleus, the "stalk", and the "cap". Hämmerling exchanged caps between individuals from two species, A. mediterranea and A. crenulata. A. mediterranea has a smooth, disc-shaped cap, while A. crenulata has a branched, flower-like cap.

After the exchange, each transplanted cap gradually changed from its original form to the form typical for the species of the base it was now attached to. This showed that the nucleus controlled the form of the cap.

In another experiment, Hämmerling inserted a nucleus from one species of Acetabularia into an intact Acetabularia of a different species. The Acetabularia then produced a hybrid cap with characteristics of both species. This showed that both nuclei influenced the form of the cap. Hammerling's results showed that the nucleus of a cell contains the genetic information that directs cellular development.

Morphogenesis
Although a single cell, Acetabularia exhibits a remarkably complex shape and has therefore long been a model organism for studying gene expression and morphogenesis. It seems to transport messenger RNA molecules (in an inactive riboprotein form) from the nucleus to its apical tips, where they are translated into proteins. These molecules may be activated by proteolysis of their protein carrier molecules, but this has not been verified as yet.

Internal chemical gradients
In addition to its gradient in specific mRNA molecules, Acetabularia exhibits concentration gradients in several types of molecules, such as ascorbic acid.

Circadian rhythms
Acetabularia has been used to study circadian rhythms. Studies have shown Acetabularia has a diurnal circadian rhythm. These rhythmic changes in respiratory and photosynthetic activity are maintained under constant conditions, even with the removal of the nucleus, showing the regulation of the rhythm is independent of the nucleus. However, the nucleus isn't completely uninvolved, as it is responsible for the shifting of the cycles due to external changes. In one experiment a nucleus from a specimen trained on one circadian rhythm was transplanted into a de-nucleated plant on a rhythm that differed by 12 hours, over a period of days the donated nucleus changed the circadian rhythm of the receiving organism to that of the donor organism.

Aquarium trade
Acetabularia species occasionally make their way into the aquarium trade. They are generally considered to be more difficult or unappealing macroalgae to care for in the reef aquarium, a fish-only, or a FOWLR (Fish Only With Live Rock) system, as they are delicate, readily eaten by herbivorous fish, grow slowly, and do not have the high nutrient uptake that reef aquarium refugium species (such as Chaetomorpha and Caulerpa) do. However, they are suitable for a macroalgae display tank, and thus macroalgae suppliers often carry species of Acetabularia.

title: Acetabularia


text:
Reddam House, Berkshire

Reddam House Berkshire is a co-educational, independent school in Wokingham, in the English county of Berkshire. Reddam House provides education for boys and girls aged between 3 months and 18 years. The school is set in 125 acres of wood and open parkland, and is housed in the Victorian mansion of Bearwood House. The current principal is Mr Rick Cross. The school has around 670 students and offers day places as well as weekly and termly boarding for all ages.

History

In 1816, John Walter II (1776–1847), owner of The Times newspaper, purchased the 304-acre estate known as "Bear Wood" from the crown estate of King George III, on which the school is now located. By 1822, John Walter had constructed a modest Georgian villa on the exact spot on which the present mansion still stands. In 1865, John Walter's son, John Walter III (1818–1894), also owner of The Times, decided to tear down his father's house and employed the Scottish architect Professor Robert Kerr to design and build a new house at Bearwood. Construction lasted from 1865–1874 and cost £150,000 (£17,200,000 today). The Bearwood Mansion is one of the largest Victorian country houses in England. Nikolaus Pevsner described it as "the climax of country mansions, in its brazen way one of the major Victorian monuments of England". Bearwood has also been described as "a Victorian monument of stone and oak", "a Palace of a Prince of the Press" and "the Second Palace of Berkshire" (after Windsor Castle).

During the Great War (1914–1918), Bearwood was occupied by Canadian soldiers who had been fighting on the Western front. In mid-1915 John Walter V, offered the mansion to the Canadian army as a convalescent hospital. In 1919, John Walter V sold the mansion to Sir Thomas Devitt and Sir Alfred Yarrow, two merchants from London. The two gifted the magnificent mansion and 100 acres of surrounding woods and parkland to the Royal Merchant Navy School.

The Royal Merchant Navy School was established in 1827 in the City of London. Originally called The Merchant Seamans' Orphan Asylum, the purpose of the orphanage was to clothe, care for and to educate children whose fathers were lost at sea. In 1861, the orphanage moved to Snaresbrook were Prince Albert, the Prince Consort laid the foundation stone for the new orphanage. This would be the last public ceremony of its kind performed by Prince Albert before his untimely death just six months later, on 14 December 1861. In 1902, the orphanage was given the title of "Royal" by King Edward VII, and so was renamed the Royal Merchant Seaman's Orphanage. In 1922, King George V ordered that the word "orphanage" be dropped from the name of the organisation, and so it was renamed The Royal Merchant Navy School. In 1921, the school moved to Sindlesham near Wokingham, Berkshire into the Victorian mansion, Bearwood House.

In 1961, the Royal Merchant Navy School became an all-boys school. In 1965/66 the school changed its name to Bearwood College. In 1991, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II opened the Bearwood Theatre as Patron of the college, and in 1995 the school became co-educational again. Bearwood College faced a period of uncertainty as a protracted legal proceedings threatened its future on the site which was resolved in 2010 at the High Court, London. Declining student numbers and the cost of maintaining the mansion, boarding houses, school buildings and the estate led to the closure of the college in June 2014.

The school and mansion were subsequently bought by the Reddam House group in 2014, and in 2015 Reddam House Berkshire was established on the site. Reddam House, Berkshire is part of the international portfolio of 27 schools run by the Reddam House group. Reddam House Berkshire has maintained informal links with the Royal Merchant Navy School and Bearwood College alumni association since its creation in 2014 and has invited Old Royals members to various events and services held throughout the school year within the Victorian mansion house and chapel.

Facilities
On-site facilities at Reddam House Berkshire include a chapel, 350 seat professional theatre with conference facilities, 25m indoor swimming pool, gymnasium, 4G Astro turf hockey pitch, 5 netball courts and 4 tennis courts as well as multiple pitches for cricket, football and rugby. There is also the facility to hold sailing, archery, paintballing and climbing within the school grounds.

The theatre was built in 1991 as part of Bearwood College and opened by Queen Elizabeth II. It was refurbished in 2014/2015 by Reddam House Berkshire upon their purchase of the site.

The Theatre is used by the school and local and community groups, including the annual Opera at Bearwood.

Bearwood mansion has been used as a venue for weddings, anniversaries, birthdays, christenings and other family celebrations. Other public events such as car shows, charity races and endurance events have been held in the school grounds.

Reddam House Group of Schools
Reddam House Group was established in 2000 in Cape Town, South Africa. Reddam House group is part of Inspired Educational Group which provides financial backing, logistical support, and professional oversight for its schools and educators.

Old Reddamians

 * Douglas Chalmers, British Army officer
 * Megan Aimee Jones, artist

title: Reddam House, Berkshire