text:
Talk:Habsburg Spain

To include
If anybody is taking care of this article, I have improved Isabel Clara Eugenia and created Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Alonso de la Cueva, which I think may be ilinked from the current article. I know to little about HS to be sure myself if I am right, though. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 15:13, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I made a passing mention of Isabel Clara Eugenia and Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, though I couldn't find a way to make a mention of Alonso de la Cueva without having to write a new paragraph. One of the difficulties with these three characters is that they are integral to Spain's external policy, and one of the chief criticisms of the article the first time it went through FAC was that it was too focused on external affairs. Adam Faanes 12:45, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Datest in section headers
Consider removing the dates from the sections that span the entire period. In general, dates in headers make them look rather dry and far less dynamic and should be avoided when possible. The time span is, after all, already summarized in the lead.

Peter Isotalo 08:23, May 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * So do you propose removing them from only the sections you previously removed them from, leaving part with dates and part without? --DanielNuyu 23:26, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I'd prefer no dates in sections at all, but most of the sections seem to merit them. I don't see any reason to specify dates for sections that indeed cover the entire period and are about very general subjects. Your call. / Peter Isotalo 03:20, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

Images
I added three images back: Zaragoza, by Velasquez, to the economy section, Ricci's Inquisition to the Society and the Inquisition section, and Titian's Charles V to the 1521-1556 section. There are still no more than two images per section, and I don't think that the formatting was damaged. Charles V, at least, certainly deserves a picture in the article. Adam Faanes 12:34, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Defense of Cadiz´s painter is Zurbaran not Velazquez

Picky bit of semantics
"Spain's maritime supremacy was symbolized by the victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571, but in the following decades they suffered defeat at sea against England and the Netherlands." The word 'symbolized' doesn't make sense. A lion on a flag symbolizes courage- but the actual act of courage isn't symbolic. It's like saying "walking symbolizes motion." I'd edit it, but since it's in the midst of being featured, I haven't the gumption. Maybe "Spain's maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto..." or just put it in the active voice, "Spain's victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1517 left them as the preeminent maritime power in Europe, but in the following decades..."

This is quite picky, but it is being featured and that sort of error gives the impression of forced sophistication.
 * My agreement is symbolized by a significant modification. Hasta Luego. Provocateur (talk) 03:22, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

inherited the throne from his father
Charles inherited Spain from his grandparents, a bit complicated, but not from his father Philip. Philip left him only the Nethjerlands and Franche-Comte. It is of course easy (but erroneous) to follow the path that everything is inherited by son from his father, but sometimes inheritances go in a different way than the ages-old patriarchal way. This is a sad incorrectness, factual error, in the article. 62.78.105.66 05:42, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rename
I'd suggest renaming Habsburg Spain into History of Spain under Habsburgs, as the current name suggest articles about a former states, when in fact it is just history of a current state article. Consider also an example of History of Poland (1945–1989) vs. People's Republic of Poland, or History of Poland (1569-1795) vs. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Note also that as this article is purely history, I don't think this is a valid enough reason to de-FA it (as I am suggested should be done to several others, like Byzantine Empire or Old Swiss Confederacy, but eventually this name must be given up to former state article and current one moved to History of... name. Note this reasoning applies to several others History of Spain articles as well.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 21:29, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Spanish inquisition
I think more information should be given in the respective section. There is no reference to the Black legend and I the article would benefit from more details on how it operated.

Look at this sentence: Although torture was common in Europe, the way the Inquisition was practiced encouraged corruption and betrayal, and it became a driving factor in the decay of Spanish power.

What does torture got to do with corruption/betrayal and eventually with the decay of Spanish power? I dont contest the statement, but it seems to try to condense a whole paragraph into one sentence.

As a historical account, it would benefit from a more clear statement of how the inquisition was set up, how it was organized and the problems it posed. Regards Carlos Cgonzalezdelhoyo 07:08, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Q
Can anyone who watches this page direct me to a relatively brief, in English, but authoritative account of when, how and why the Mesta collapsed? Thanks, Slrubenstein  |  Talk 00:52, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

"The beginnings of the empire": two questions
In the last sentence of the first paragraph, "However, the Spanish Habsburg created..." — do we mean "the Spanish Habsburgs created" or "the Spanish Habsburg [noun] created..."?

I'm not sure with what to replace the redlink Landriano. [[War of the League of Cognac | Landriano]] ? -- LaNaranja (talk) 16:14, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Possible Nomination of GA status
From what I've read, this article could certainly recieve a GA status pending a few edits, but I need to know if the person(s) that worked on this article are willing to edit and add extra citations (most definitely needed) in order for it to qualify (I wouldn't review it, obviously, but I'd like to see well-written articles such as this achieve GA or FA status.) Thanks for reading! LeftAire (talk) 22:41, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Copy-Editing Required for Last Paragraph in Intro
"Spain as a unified state came into being de jure only after the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707 (that were a unilateral Royal edict) from the contested successor to the multiple Crowns of its former realms. After the death in 1700 of Charles II and with it the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, the Spanish Succession war lasted for many years between its contesting dynasties from France and Austria and their respective supporting allies, until the ascension of Philip V and the inauguration of the Bourbon dynasty when this centralizing legal vehicle for new State formation, without legal precedent in the Iberian realms (or the ratification of the dismissed Courts of Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia, whose Laws were not sworn in order to be crowned) and of clear foreign origin, in all comparable after those in France under the Old Regime Absolutism, were established after de facto."

This entire paragraph probably needs extensive copy-editing, starting with the fact that everything from "After the death in 1700" to "were established after de facto" is a run-on sentence. Added emphasis on particularly troublesome expressions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.92.71.67 (talk) 15:40, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:25, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Battle of Lepanto 1571.jpg

title: Talk:Habsburg Spain


text:
Transforming growth factor

Transforming growth factor (, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.

The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically related to one another, and they act through different receptor mechanisms. Furthermore, they do not always induce cellular transformation, and are not the only growth factors that induce cellular transformation.

Types

 * TGFα is upregulated in some human cancers. It is produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes, and induces epithelial development. It belongs to the EGF family.
 * TGFβ exists in three known subtypes in humans, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3. These are upregulated in Marfan's syndrome and some human cancers, and play crucial roles in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system.  Isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) are also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. They belong to the transforming growth factor beta family. TGFβ receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors.

Function
These proteins were originally characterized by their capacity to induce oncogenic transformation in a specific cell culture system, rat kidney fibroblasts. Application of the transforming growth factors to normal rat kidney fibroblasts induces the cultured cells to proliferate and overgrow, no longer subject to the normal inhibition caused by contact between cells.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Transforming growth factor


text:
Gretchen Cryer

Gretchen Cryer (née Kiger; born October 17, 1935) is an American playwright, lyricist, and actress. Along with Nancy Ford, she created several successful stage musicals, including Shelter, I'm Getting My Act Together and Taking It on the Road, and The Last Sweet Days of Isaac.

Early life
Cryer was born Gretchen Kiger in Dunreith, Indiana, the daughter of Louise Geraldine (née Niven; 1911-1991) and Earl William "Bill" Kiger, Jr. (1911-2004), who sold school supplies and ran a home printing business. Cryer attended DePauw University as an English major.

Career
In one of her music classes, she met Nancy Ford, and the two forged a friendship that eventually led to a number of professional collaborations as the first female composer-lyricist team in Off-Broadway and Broadway New York theater. Their first work, For Reasons of Royalty, was produced at DePauw University and their musical Rendezvous was done at Boston University.

Their first professional New York production was Now Is The Time For All Good Men (1967), a highly political piece about Cryer's pacifist brother, who spent time as a teacher in a conservative mid-western high school, that was panned by the critics. Undaunted, they mounted The Last Sweet Days of Isaac – with Austin Pendleton and Fredricka Weber – in 1970, winning not only rave reviews, but the Obie, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards as well.

From there they moved to Broadway, but the musical, Shelter (1973), was not a success, despite a few good reviews. It would prove to be their only Broadway production. Using the pseudonym Sally Niven (Niven is her mother's maiden name), Cryer played the leading role in Now Is the Time... opposite her real-life husband, David. Dagne Crane had originally been cast in the part, but left shortly before the opening to become a regular on the soap opera As the World Turns.

Cryer and Ford's most notable success was I'm Getting My Act Together and Taking It on the Road (1978), based on Cryer's life experiences. She not only co-wrote the piece, but performed in it as well. Despite being lambasted by the critics, the show began to find an audience via word-of-mouth, and producer Joseph Papp moved it from his Public Theater in lower Manhattan to the Circle in the Square Downtown, where it ran from 12/14/1978 to 3/15/1981. Cryer and Ford's latest musical, Einstein and the Roosevelts, premiered at DePauw University in October 2008.

Cryer appeared in the 1987 film Hiding Out as the aunt of her real-life son, Jon Cryer.

Cryer's additional work as a performer included roles on Broadway in Little Me (1962), 110 in the Shade (1963) and 1776 (1969).

Personal life
Cryer and her husband, actor/singer David Cryer, divorced in 1971. She has two daughters – Robin, who has appeared with her in cabaret shows, and Shelley, who is a theatrical make-up artist. Her son is film and television actor Jon Cryer.

Cryer is a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma.

title: Gretchen Cryer


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Katalin Vad

Katalin Vad, better known by her porn star name Michelle Wild vad'' literally means "wild" in Hungarian;]], (born 16 January 1980) is a Hungarian actress and former pornographic actress who worked mainly for Private Media Group (international) and LUXx Video (Hungary).

Career
Her first adult film, Sex Opera, was shot in 2001, and she subsequently worked repeatedly with the same company, Private Media Group, and the director Kovi, producing such adult films as Brides & Bitches and The Sex Secrets of the Paparazzi. She has also worked with such prominent porn directors as John Leslie (Crack Her Jack 1) and Rocco Siffredi (Animal Trainer 5).

In 2003, Private produced a semi-documentary-style adult film entitled The Private Life of Michelle Wild. The film featured snippets of Wild speaking about her desires, interspersed with scenes from her previous films.

She had a regular column in the men's magazine FHM and co-hosted a late night radio talk show. She met her future husband, a cocktail bartender, when he was a guest on her radio show.

She played "Ivett Janovics", a nurse in a hospital-themed daily soap opera called Jóban Rosszban ("Good Times, Bad Times") on Hungary's TV2.

Since her retirement from the adult business and the birth of her daughter, she has said, in several interviews in Hungary, that she has completely changed and, although she does not deny her past, she would not take the porn actress road again.

In 2009, she appeared in the documentary The Outsiders.

Awards and nominations

 * 2003 Venus Award winner – Best Actress (Hungary)
 * 2003 Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival Ninfa Award winner – Best Supporting Actress (Hot Rats)
 * 2004 European X Award winner – Best Actress (Germany)
 * 2004 AVN Award winner – Best Tease Performance (Crack Her Jack 1)

Partial mainstream filmography

 * A Bus Came... (2003), as "The Girl" in the segment "No Comment"
 * La memoria de los peces (2004), as "Pamela"
 * Nomen est Omen avagy Reszkess Szabó János! (2004)
 * Rom-Mánia (2004)
 * Dobogó kövek (2010)

title: Katalin Vad


text:
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title: User:Anthony/Categories I've edited


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George Morgan (singer)

George Thomas Morgan (June 28, 1924 – July 7, 1975) was a mid-20th-century American country music singer. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame and a former member of the Grand Ole Opry. He is best known for his 1949 hit single "Candy Kisses". He was the father of singer Lorrie Morgan, who is also a country music star.

Biography
Morgan was born to Zachariah "Zach" Morgan and Ethel Turner in Waverly, Tennessee, United States, but was raised in Barberton, Ohio. He was, along with a few other contemporaries (most notably Eddy Arnold and Jim Reeves), referred to as a "country crooner;" his singing style being more similar to that of Bing Crosby or Perry Como than that of Ernest Tubb or Lefty Frizzell.

Morgan was a member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1948, and is best remembered for the Columbia Records song "Candy Kisses", which was a No. 1 hit on the Billboard country music chart for three weeks in 1949. He also had several hits based on a "rose" theme: "Room Full of Roses", "Red Roses for a Blue Lady", and "Red Roses From the Blue Side of Town". His version of "Almost" (1952), written by Vic McAlpin and Jack Toombs, was Morgan's second million selling record. In the early 1950s he hosted a 15-minute radio program syndicated nationally by RadiOzark Enterprises in Springfield, Missouri.

In 1974, Morgan was the last person to sing on the stage of the Ryman Auditorium, before the Grand Ole Opry moved to the new Grand Ole Opry House. A week later, he was the first to sing on stage at the venue.

Death
He died in 1975 of a heart attack after undergoing open heart surgery, and was interred in the Spring Hill Cemetery in Madison, Tennessee.

Personal life
His daughter, country music singer Lorrie Morgan, released two songs as duets with her late father dubbed in: "I'm Completely Satisfied" (1979) and "From This Moment On" (2006).

Singles
A"Room Full of Roses" also peaked at No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100.

title: George Morgan (singer)


text:
Crank! A Record Company

'''crank! A Record Company''' was an independent record label based in Santa Monica, California, which was started by Jeff Matlow in September 1994. The label "played a huge role in the spreading of emo in the mid-’90s", according to Alternative Press magazine. The label's first release was a 7" by Vitreous Humor, released under the name Geerhead Records; all subsequent releases were issued as crank! A Record Company.

Artists

 * Acrobat Down
 * Boys Life
 * Cursive
 * Errortype:11
 * Fireside
 * The Get Set
 * The Gloria Record
 * The Icarus Line
 * Jupither
 * Last Days of April
 * Mineral
 * Neva Dinova
 * Onelinedrawing
 * The Regrets
 * Sunday's Best
 * The Vehicle Birth
 * Vitreous Humor

title: Crank! A Record Company


text:
Dubai Shopping Festival

Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF; مهرجان دبي للتسوق) is an annual month long event put together by the Dubai Festivals & Retail Establishment (DFRE), which is a part of Dubai's Department of Economy and Tourism. During the festival, shops offer discounts on their merchandise, daily car raffles and prize drawings are held to win items such as gold and cars, and there is a fireworks display. There are also a range of family activities and live shows that take place throughout Dubai.

History
The Festival first began on 16 February 1996 and took a total of 45 days to construct before launching. The idea for the festival was first created by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. The year 2019 is its 24th year of operation. The 24th edition of the Dubai Shopping Festival from 2018 to 2019 will take place for over five weeks, which marks the longest period of time that the festival has run so far. "One World, One Family, One Festival" is the motto for the Dubai Shopping Festival.

Economic growth
The festival was originally constructed to attract increases in the retail trade industry in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, but was later promoted as a tourist attraction. The first Dubai Shopping Festival in 1996 attracted more than one and a half million people who spent over of US$500 million during the one month event. These statistics have since grown, with more than three million people attending the festival and over 2 billion dollars being earned at the Dubai Shopping Festival in 2009. The Festival industry has been a big contributor in Dubai's economy, helping to stimulate tourism and the retail market. In the most recent festival from 2018 to 2019, over 700 brand names and 3000 stores will have participated.

News
Multiple world records have been set in Dubai during the Dubai Shopping Festival. In 1999, the world's longest gold chain and sofa as well as the biggest chair, stationary bicycle, and mattress were shown at the festival. In 2001, the largest incense burner, shopping bag, and bowl of biriyani were displayed at the festival. In 2002, the largest entry visa in size was issued, along with the showcase of the largest magazine and box of chocolates. In 2004, the largest shopping cart and calendar, as well as the longest buffet were displayed. In 2006, the festival was postponed, and later cancelled due to the death of Dubai's ruler, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum. In 2013, Dubai Metro held the first fashion show that took place on a moving train as a part of the DSF festivities. The Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF) 2023-2024 will be held from December 15, 2023 to January 29, 2024.

title: Dubai Shopping Festival


text:
Talk:Fifteenth Army

Comments
My husband and I are still trying to find more information on the 15th Army which he was part of. According to him, it consisted of 450 men from the 94th infantry who were "kicked" out and the government had no place to put them, thus the 15th Army was formed. They traveled the rails for several weeks, without supplies, and was finally parked on a spur line.

title: Talk:Fifteenth Army


text:
Yves Giraud-Cabantous

Yves Aristide Marius Giraud-Cabantous (8 October 1904 – 30 March 1973) was a racing driver from France. He drove in Formula One from to, participating in 13 World Championship Grands Prix, plus numerous non-Championship Formula One and Formula Two races.

Giraud-Cabantous was born in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. He drove a Talbot-Lago-Talbot in 10 Championship races in 1950 and 1951, and his final three events were in an HWM-Alta. He amassed a total of 5 Championship points, 3 at the 1950 British Grand Prix (also his highest finish, a 4th place) and 2 at the 1951 Belgian Grand Prix. He died in Paris, aged 68, and is buried at Ivry Cemetery, Ivry-sur-Seine.

Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Yves Giraud-Cabantous


text:
Mushrikites

The Mushrikites (الْمُشْرِكِين or الْمُشْرِكُون, singular مُشْرِك) were the Arab polytheists who opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his Muslims in the early 7th century. Their leaders were mostly from the Quraysh, but others also belonged to the Qays.

After Muhammad's declaration of prophethood, the Mushrikites harassed members of the nascent Muslim community and were led by Amr ibn Hisham. Following the increase of tensions between the Mushrik and the Muslims, Muhammad and his companions (ṣaḥāba) migrated to the neighboring city of Medina, where the Islamic prophet was offered sovereignty over the city. An Islamic state was formed in Medina, which received vehement opposition from the Mushrikites, and subsequently, both parties fought at the Battle of Badr in 624, resulting in a defeat.

Etymology
The word Mušrikūn is derived from širk. The term is sometimes translated as 'polytheists' as well. The Meccan polytheists who opposed Islam, were the initially the ones to be referred to as the Mushrik.

Early opposition to the Muslims
Muhammad initially preached Islam privately, mainly among his near relatives and close acquaintances. In 613, the Islamic prophet began preaching publicly, which invited vehement opposition from the wealthy and leading clans of the Mushrik, who feared the loss of their ancestral religion as well as their lucrative pilgrimage business. The sect harassed members of the nascent Muslim community, and often persecuted new converts. The Mushrik assassinated numerous early Muslims, with the most prominent being Sumayya bint Khabbat and Yasir ibn Amir.

Boycott of the Banu Hashim
As his followers increased, Muhammad might have become a threat to the Mushrikite rulers of the city, whose wealth rested largely upon the Kaaba, the focal point of the Mushrikite religious life that they feared Muhammad to overthrow. The leaders of the Mushrikites offered Muhammad admission into the inner circle of the local merchant community and an advantageous marriage in exchange for his abandonment of Islam, however Muhammad refused this offer.

In 616, the Mushrik started a public, social and economical boycott of the Banu Hashim, Muhammad's clan. According to Islamic tradition, the banishment was carried out in order to put pressure on Banu Hashim to withdraw its protection from Muhammad.

Migration to Medina
Following Abu Talib's death in 619, the Mushrikites plotted to assassinate Muhammad. To escape persecution, Muhammad migrated to Medina, along with his close friend Abu Bakr. In Medina, the Islamic prophet united the Muslims by creating a bond of 'brotherhood' between the Ansar (lit. 'Helpers'), natives of Medina, and the Muhajirun (lit. 'Emigrants'), the natives of Mecca who migrated to Medina.

Battle of Badr
In early 624, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb led a trade caravan from Syria, returning to Mecca. Muhammad gathered a small expeditionary force of around 300 men to intercept the caravan. Abu Sufyan was informed of this plot by his spies, and he called for aid. In response, the Mushrikites dispatched an army of strong 1,000 men, led by Amr ibn Hisham. In the ensuing confrontation, Abu Sufyan, "by skillful and vigorous leadership eluded the Muslims", according to the historian W. Montgomery Watt. However, under Amr's command, the Mushrik pursued a direct confrontation with the Muslims, which resulted in the Battle of Badr.

Though the Muslims were largely outnumbered, they nevertheless defeated the Mushrik's forces and managed to kill Amr. Among other Mushrik casualties were Utba ibn Rabiah, Umayya ibn Khalaf, Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt, and several other prominent members.

Battle of Uhud
Following Amr ibn Hisham's death, Abu Sufyan was acknowledged the preeminent leader of the Mushrikites. The latter was exhorted to avenge the human and material losses suffered by them at Badr and vowed to conduct a retaliatory raid on Medina. Abu Sufyan formed an army of 3,000 men, led by Amr ibn al-As, with the left and right flanks commanded by Ikrima ibn Amr and Khalid ibn al-Walid respectively. Subsequently, Abu Sufyan inflicted significant losses on the Muslims at the Battle of Uhud in 625, but the Mushrik were generally unsatisfied with the battle's results.

Battle of the Trench
In December 626, Abu Sufyan led the attempted siege of Medina, but was defeated by the Muslim defenders at the Battle of the Trench, and his morale may have taken a blow at this failure. The command of the Mushrik forces was transferred to Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl and Suhayl ibn Amr.

Islamic conquest of Mecca
In December 629 or January 630, the Muslims conquered Mecca and almost without bloodshed. Abu Sufyan, Ikrima, Safwan and Suhayl all converted to Islam and the Mushrikites ceased to exist.

Battle of Hunayn
Following the Muslim conquest of Mecca, the Muslims fought the Mushrikites of the Qays and gained a victory.

Aftermath and legacy
Following the defeat of the Mushrikites, the Muslims began to expand and conquer lands of the Christian Byzantines and the Zoroastrian Sasanians. This resulted in the early Muslim conquests. The Mushrikite culture and tradition died and was replaced by Islamic culture.

title: Mushrikites


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Talk:Black Friday (shopping)

No mention of price manipulation?
It's often been said that Black Friday prices are offered at other times of the year and/or that regular prices are rapidly marked up so that they can be "brought down" during Black Friday. Take this BBC article on Which?'s findings for this year for example:

Of course the counter-argument that immediately springs to mind is "of course they're going to be at the same price or cheaper given how many other sale events are held throughout the year", but surely some sort of mention is due?--Dvaderv2 (talk) 18:51, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

I see that no movement has been made on this despite nearly a whole year having passed. Meanwhile, here are a few articles on "Black Friday prices are offered at other times of the year and/or that regular prices are rapidly marked up so that they can be "brought down" during Black Friday" for this year's Black Friday: I'd probably add a section on this phenomenon myself if I was more confident about this being a constant occurrence and not just something from this year and last, this being something happening in other countries and not just the UK, and so on. - Dvaderv2 (talk) 17:07, 22 November 2022 (UTC)
 * BBC - Black Friday: Shoppers warned most offers are not cheaper
 * Sky News - 'Just one in seven' Black Friday deals are real discounts - as worst offenders exposed
 * The Guardian - Black Friday: check deal is really a bargain, UK shoppers are told

“the Friday after Thanksgiving in the United States” ≠ “the last Friday in November”
The introductory text currently states, first, that “Black Friday is a colloquial term for the Friday after Thanksgiving in the United States”, then, that Black Friday occurs “on the last Friday in November”. These characterizations differ for years such that the 1st of November is a Thursday (such as in 2018). For such a year, Thanksgiving occurs on the 22nd of November (fourth Thursday), thus, “the Friday after Thanksgiving” is the 23rd of November whereas “the last Friday in November” is the 30th of November. This contradiction should be fixed (which I didn’t do because I don’t know which version is the right one). OlivierMiR (talk) 13:39, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * OlivierMiR, this was just a good faith but mistaken IP edit and has been reverted. As you note, Black Friday is not always the last Friday in November. John M Baker (talk) 18:46, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Retail sales impact table numbers don't add up
If you multiply the number of shoppers by the average spent, the product is much higher than the numbers in the total spent column for the years before 2017 (2005-2014).

Are the numbers copied directly from the NRF data? Where can the data for these years be found? The surveys are also preliminary, i.e. they are asking people if they plan to shop on Black Friday, and how much they are planning to spend. Are some numbers from the survey and some from actual retail results? Sardtok (talk) 09:59, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

Page should be updated to "Auto Confirmed Protection"
This page appears to be experiencing a high amount of vandalism. NesserWiki (talk) 09:55, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA23 - Sect 202 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Kiki6789 (talk) 21:44, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Friday (shopping)


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Penn & Teller Get Killed

Penn & Teller Get Killed is a 1989 black comedy film directed by Arthur Penn, starring the magicians Penn & Teller, who play themselves in a satirical account of what the audience would perhaps imagine them doing in their daily lives. Most of the action involves Penn and Teller playing practical jokes on each other and Penn's girlfriend, Carlotta (Caitlin Clarke). The final joke, as the title implies, has serious consequences for all three. It was the last theatrical film directed by Arthur Penn, and received mostly negative reviews from critics.

Plot
Penn and Teller appear on a television show where Penn jokingly comments that he wishes someone were trying to kill him. Soon after, the magicians are off to a scheduled show in Atlantic City. At the airport, a religious zealot mockingly confronts Penn about his comments from the television show the night before. Teller and Carlotta play a prank on Penn while going through security and Penn gets back at Teller by planting a toy gun on him while at the airport.

After exposing fraudulent psychic surgery to Carlotta's wealthy Uncle Ernesto, Penn and Teller are kidnapped by angry Filipinos wishing revenge for damaging their reputation. Immediately before being brutally tortured, the situation is revealed to Penn as a birthday prank played by Teller, Carlotta and Uncle Ernesto.

Soon after, while leaving the theatre from their nightly performance, someone opens fire on Penn, shooting him in the arm. Teller is accused of hiring an assassin as a joke, but as time goes on it becomes clear that Teller is not part of the joke. Teller purchases a gun for self-defense and femme fatale Officer MacNamara vows to keep Penn safe from snipers.

Officer MacNamara announces that a nameless villain, a supposed vehement Penn & Teller fan who dresses and acts like Penn, has been arrested. Penn and Teller get to tour his bizarre apartment turned Penn & Teller shrine. Teller innocuously disposes of his gun in a trashcan of the apartment. Shortly after MacNamara departs, Penn is stabbed in the stomach by an assailant on the street. Penn rushes off to the hospital where, once Teller is out of sight, he appears perfectly fine. Teller proceeds to pursue the would-be assassin in a peculiar chase scene back to the apartment.

The madman, dressed as Penn, forces Teller to enact a Penn & Teller routine with him, hanging in gravity boots in front of a camera. He then uses duct tape to secure the hapless Teller to the gravity boot rig. Officer MacNamara returns and the assassin leaves to finish off Penn. MacNamara confesses to Teller her contempt of Penn and Teller. The confused Teller is able to grab the gun from the wastebasket and threatens MacNamara with it. He hears a voice behind him and as the individual grabs him, he shoots the individual only to realize it's Penn, who appears to fall over dead.

MacNamara laughs, thinking that it's a new joke. She then reveals herself as Carlotta. The implications of what has just happened suddenly catch up with them: The whole event had been a joke on Teller who turned everything around on the players. Teller, breaking silence for the first time, immediately thinks they switched the gun for a replica, but then realizes the gun he was holding is real and he just killed his partner. Teller turns the gun on himself.

Carlotta, stricken with grief, throws herself out the window. Upon returning to his apartment and finding everyone dead, the "hired assassin", realizing he'll certainly be implicated in the deaths, shoots himself. Others who come into the apartment and find the carnage shoot themselves. Gunshots are heard in the distance, while the Bee Gees song "I Started a Joke" plays in the background. In a voice-over, Penn explains this is the definitive end of it all.

Cast

 * Penn Jillette as himself
 * Teller as himself
 * Caitlin Clarke as Carlotta
 * Celia McGuire as Officer McNamara
 * David Patrick Kelly as The Fan
 * Leonardo Cimino as Ernesto
 * Bill Randolph as Floor Director
 * Jon Cryer as Frat Boy
 * Christopher Durang as Jesus Freak
 * Tom Sizemore as Mugger
 * James Randi as Rope Holder

Reception
Quentin Tarantino has said that this film exemplifies the poor quality of directors' final movies.

title: Penn & Teller Get Killed


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Kaufbeuren

Kaufbeuren (Bavarian: Kaufbeiren) is an independent town in the Regierungsbezirk of Swabia, Bavaria. The town is an enclave within the district of Ostallgäu.

Districts
Kaufbeuren consists of nine districts:
 * Kaufbeuren (town core incl. historical town)
 * Kaufbeuren-Neugablonz (built for displaced Germans after WWII)
 * Oberbeuren
 * Hirschzell
 * Kleinkemnat
 * Großkemnat
 * Märzisried
 * Ölmühlhang
 * Sankt Cosmas

Mayors
Stefan Bosse (CSU) is the Lord Mayor of Kaufbeuren since November 2004. He was reelected in March 2014 with 57.48% of the votes and again in March 2020 with 54.5% of the votes.

Landmarks

 * Town hall (built 1879–1881)
 * Crescentiakloster (founded 1150)
 * Historical town with partially conserved historical town wall
 * St.-Martins-Kirche
 * Fünfknopfturm (Five-Button-Tower)
 * St.-Blasius-Kirche
 * Hexenturm
 * Gerberturm
 * Pulverturm
 * Münzturm
 * Sywollenturm
 * Zollhäuschen
 * Stadttheater Kaufbeuren
 * Kunsthaus Kaufbeuren

Museums

 * Stadtmuseum
 * Feuerwehrmuseum
 * Puppentheater-Museum
 * Isergebirgs-Museum (Neugablonz)

Notable people

 * Maria Crescentia Höss (1682–1744), nun, beatified 1900, canonised 2001
 * Sophie von La Roche (1730–1807), writer
 * Ludwig Ganghofer (1855–1920), writer
 * Rudolf Roessler (1897–1958), publisher and spy
 * Wilhelm Walcher (1910–2005), physicist
 * Hans Liebherr (1915–1993), master mason, inventor of the mobile tower crane and founder of the Liebherr
 * Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929-2022), poet, writer and publisher
 * Walter Riester (born 1943), politician (SPD), Secretary of State for Employment 1998–2002
 * Erich Weishaupt (born 1952), ice hockey player
 * Dieter Hegen (born 1962), ice hockey player
 * Alexander Sulzer (born 1984), ice hockey player

Kaufbeuren Air Base
The Kaufbeuren Air Base was established as a Luftwaffe station in 1935. When seized by the United States Army in May 1945 at the end of World War II it was discovered to be the final location of Nazi Party's top secret FA signals intelligence and cryptanalytic agency. After serving as a U.S. airbase during the post-war period, the field was ultimately returned to the town on 16th December 1957, and today serves as a German Air Force training field.

Culture
The Tänzelfest is a festival, which takes place usually at the end of June. Children reenact the history of the town in traditional costume. There are a lot of events at this time.

Sports
The town is known for their ice hockey team ESV Kaufbeuren. They currently play in DEL2, the second level of ice hockey in Germany. Kaufbeuren is also known for its soccer team which plays in the Bezirksliga South.

Twin towns – sister cities
Kaufbeuren is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Ferrara, Italy (1991)
 * 🇭🇺 Szombathely, Hungary (1992)
 * 🇨🇿 Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic (2009)

title: Kaufbeuren


text:
Wikipedia talk:Local Embassy/Archive 1

English

 * American English (not Americanese) spells certain words differently, such as color/colour, from Australians and Britons. It would be very respectful for everybody to respect these differences in the Wikipedia community. Andrew pmk 05:08, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Generally, Wikipedia does use both types of English. I would guess that we have more contributors coming in from the United States, so I would imagine there is a bias towards American English. However, the general policy is to use whichever spelling of words is more appropriate for the given article. So, for example, Harry Potter articles and Winston Churchill would use English spelling, being British topics. The other main thing is to make sure that each article is consistent within the article in terms of which type of English it uses. Cheers! Ëvilphoenix Burn! 21:42, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I would say that this may be an example of systemic bias of the computer related industries in general. I guess it would be uneconomical to attempt to shift the whole wiki from American English to, say, Commonwealth Standard English -- not to mention the resulting flamewars. Thus, a majority decision (inherently biased) seems to be the only logical thing to do here.
 * It's pretty much something you just have to live with and an example why democracy is inherently biased, but it's probably the same to Austrian and Swiss German speakers on the German Wikipedia. Unless someone decides to split off en-US.wikipedia.org and en-GB.wikipedia.org, I don't think this can be changed. And that event would be highly unlikely, simply because of the amount of articles that would need to be "translated".
 * The Germans have a huge number of Wikipedias in a range of different dialects. Most of them contain fewer than 10 000 articles. I for one would hate to see that happen to the English Wikipedia. Bobby1011 05:11, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't like it either, but at least you don't have to worry when contributing, because if you deviate from the set spelling of a long article in an edit, somebody else will likely catch it and fix it for you. So try to be coherent within an article, but don't worry too much. -- Ashmodai 06:50, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't wish to seem parochial but I hope that there will be some allowance for "English" rather than "Americanese". I find reading "American" very difficult because they keep missing out letters from words. Can there at least be a balance and not just go to the least common denominator and have some of the input in 'real' ENglish. Thank You

Iv nvr hrd tha ths s a feture of amercn nglish Nathanww 21:24, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

I am afraid the same argument could be used by Americans/Australians/Canadians, saying "I find reading British/Australian/Canadian English very difficult because they _____________________." I agree with the current policy. --Puchiko 20:58, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * There would also be heated debate over moin which version of English would appear as default or predominant English. Given that British English is what 'Americanese' is derived from and given that the vast majority of English spoken outside of the USA is British English (due to our colonial past) it would seem the right to split Americanese off from 'true' English, or English English as it were. On the other hand, Wikipedia was founded by an American and as an international website has undeniable affiliations with American and therefore should be written in Americanese. I find it particularly annoying when an article such as [Automobile] is named 'automobile' when in actual fact, for most of the English speaking world this will actually be known as 'Car' or given it's full title, 'Motor car'. It is certainly an extremely important issue to look into as in many ways it could be considered discrimination toward International English speakers as Wikipedia's grammar and spellings are on the whole favour American English. As British English is commonly considered to be the International and most widely spoken dialect of the language then it seems logical to adopt it as Wikipedia's primary language. Numerous times have I had my edits revoked as I spelt 'colour' as 'color' when in fact the former was correct Internationally. Perhaps the best solution is not for two separate languages with separate articles but instead the same articles available in two different modes via the user preferences panel. As British English is the most International is should be enabled by default but users can opt for American spelling by changing a variable in the control panel. I'm not quite sure how the technical details would be worked out but I would assume a dictionary could replace any words spelt incorrectly for the particular language and vice versa depending on preferences. In conclusion, this IS a very serious issue (not at all trivial) and one that should be dealt with swiftly and appropriately. Oliverwk  talk  22:48, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Translating the little request for help bit
I translated (poorly) the little welcome blurb under the list of French speaking users. If others would like to translate those same sentences for the other sections that would be amazing. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 21:36, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've done the same with the Spanish text. Again, please make corrections as necessary. --Lor 15:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikizine
Hi, I am nl:gebruiker:Walter of the dutch Wikipedia. I am writing you because your are listed as ambassador of your wiki. I have something to say that I think you will find useful and possibly others of your wiki also.

You know it is not easy for the members of a local wiki to be informed about what is going on in the higher levels of the Wikimedia family. This because of the language problem and the high level of fragmentation of places where you can find information.

I am now making a weekly news letter (Wikizine) that attempts to provide the news of the Wikimedia projects. The concept is to list only a very short description of the news an give the relevant url to the subject. I want it to be short, only give the news that is important for all projects. The target audience include the ambassadors. It is for people who are interested in what it going on outside there own wiki. I emphasize on the news that is practical-technical. The information comes form several "news"-pages on several wikis, the mailinglists and IRC. There will be news I can not discover. If you have news found somewhere or from you own wiki please let my know. wikizine AT wikipedia.be

I can only create one version in something that supposed to be English. I count on the readers to inform there local wiki about the news in there own language.

Wikizine is send by use of the mailinglist Announce-l. It is only used for this. So people can subscribe without being swamped by emails like the lists.

http://mail.wikipedia.org/mailman/listinfo/announce-l

I hope that you and others of your wiki will subscribe to Wikizine and give feedback. So that Wikizine can become really a source where Wikimedians can find out what is going on. Greetings, w:nl:gebruiker:Walter ''PS: do not repond here. I will not see it.''

hi
Hi as I already sent an email to you, I want to cooperate seriously with wikipedia in translation works. My native language is Turkish/Kurdish and especially farsi and I am able to translate texts from these languages into english. I want to know how can I directly jelp you in translation. my emai: mehranworld@gmail.com website: www.itinews.com

An interesting ambassadorial matter, perhaps
An anonymous user, 200.125.110.99, has left the following message on Talk:Main page. It seemed that a response other than disregard was indicated, but I didn't know what that was. I've suggested that we may have an obligation to look into his situation, and so set about finding the right place, which may in fact be here.

Here is the message, dears Friends: In the Wiki in spaniard languaje. En la Wikipedia en idioma español Wikipedia algunos "bibliotecrios" (CEST) bloquean a su capricho o antojo a aquellos colaboradores del wikiproyecto que no les gusta o no les place, se nota lo que en español (spanish) se llama "amiguismo": "aquel que no es amigo, es "enemigo" y, a la menor ocasión es bloqueado bajo cualquier pretexto, o sus artículos son borrados (censureds) o alterados hasta la tergiverzación total bajo pretexto de "wikification", a estas horas por ejemplo un sujeto que se apoda "taichi" o algo así está bloqueando vandalicamente al proyecto de toda la wiki, ese sujeto increiblemente ha llegado a ser (por "amiguismo") nombrado "cest" y, aunque el reglamento o estatuto de Wikipedia diga todo lo contrario se cree "dueño" de la Wikipedia en español y con los "botones" que se le han cedido está bloqueando e incluso borrando  lo que otros wikipedistas editan e informan. Si el proyecto sigue controlado a nivel "bibliotecarios" (así se les llama en la Wikipedia española) pierde toda credibilidad.--200.125.110.99 05:01, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

I have suggested that there may be an obligation on the part of en:Wikipedia at least to raise the issue in the appropriate forum, as it appears that:
 * He has no confidence in es:Wikipedia administrators or in the state of es:Wikipedia process
 * Alleges that practices are well outside of core standards, to the detriment of es:Wikipedia content and community
 * He may be presumed not to understand the finer ins-and-outs of Wikipedia practice
 * Does not have a functional command of English

It seems this may be the proper forum in which to first raise the matter. What do you think the next step should be? I await your response with interest.

StrangerInParadise 23:21, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Becoming an Ambassador
How can I become an ambassador? I speak and write Spanish fluently and can read French, Latin, and Italian relatively well. How can I join? User:Andrew C. Bowman 21:31, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sign up on the page there! I've been an Ambassador for months now, and noones bothered me at all, its great? Er...Ëvilphoenix Burn! 23:58, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Sorry if I sound stupid, but where is the page? Andrew 12:30, 28 March 2006 (UTC) Hello? Andrew 16:45, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think he's talking about this page, i.e. the page this talk page refers to =) There's also an Embassy page on the Meta-Wiki, you may have to root around for that. --Lor 20:28, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Promoting Cooperation between Language Wikis
I understand that we have a translation department which translates requested articles between the various language wikis, but I was wondering whether it would be helpful for the Embassy to promote cooperation and knowledge sharing between these different langauge wikis.

Certain people may already do this, but I think it'd be great if we could take advantage of the larger pool of multilingual users we have at our disposal when we take into account all of the other language wikis together. As the Embassy we could contact users of the other wikis and give them information and help regarding any articles that need translation into English. In turn we could provide translators from the EN wiki to other language wikis to help them translate articles from English into their language.

This is just a rough idea at the moment, and I understand that the Embassy isn't necessarily primarily concerned with translation, but it's just a thought I had about how to make the Embassy more pro-active. Anyone have any comments, suggestions? --Lor 10:00, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Hankyeol

Potential Ambassador Interested In Assisting French Speakers
I learned French well enough to score 100% on the New York State French exam. I need a way not to lose that French and to learn new words, and French-speaking Wikipedians could need help coordinating projects across French and English versions of Wikipedia. If whoever runs this particular embassy is interested in an ambassador who's bilingual in English (primary) and French (secondary), e-mail me at odinfromcentr2@aol.com with the subject title "Wikipedia Embassy" so that I don't wind up deleting it mistakenly from my spam folder should the message wind up there. I also know a limited amount of Latin, if that means anything.

A question that applies to all languages, not just English
is this:

"in what countries do the authors of Wikipedia articles live?"

Isn't it possible, almost easily possible, to find out the location of every author via their IP address? I don't mean to tread on anyone's civil liberties, all I want to know is whether, say, German language Wikipedia authors are in Germany or Switzerland or Austria or elsewhere; English language Wikipedia authors in the US or UK or Canada or Australia and so forth; Chinese language Wikipedia article authors in the PRC or Taiwan or ..., the same question over and over, language by language. This ought to be easy to do, I think.

I realize this has nothing to do with ethnicity or nationality/citizenship or tracking "mother" tongue or anything else, those would be technically much harder. What I seek ought to be almost automatic, no? And fall under Wikipedia:Statistics?

There is so much to learn from this, or at least it would provide data to help begin answering questions like why does on Wikipedia grow and another not: is this a cultural, socio-economic, socio-political, geographic, technological...question? I don't know who would need to implement such an information gathering project, but surely if we can count hits to read the Wikipedia by country of origin, we can count hits to write the articles, no?

It would also, I think, be really interesting to collect/see statistics about the translation projects. Which language pairs are most active? And are more translations done into or from a given language should be equally easy to learn. And where the translators (in any given direction) live should likewise be information that we are already getting, we just don't seem to be keeping it anywhere I can find.

Thanks, and I would be happy to "talk" further about this with anyone.

Prairie Dad 19:18, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

I would like to know something
How do I become a member of the embassy? Laleena

 * Stick your name in the appropriate place on the page, I think – Qxz 20:15, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

A few questions
Why aren't Americans able to contribute to Wikipedia off-line through human service? 208.100.195.22 20:17, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

I believe that Wikipedia has no use for off-line volunteers. What work do you imagine doing? Besides, I am sure that should the need arise, off-line volunteer work would not be restricted to Americans.--Puchiko 21:16, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

cry for help
hi embassy,i ve been trying hard to get my visa ticket in order to travell to united state to study,but coundnt get one,please am a student with ambition to study electrical and have skills,i will be greatly happy if my request for travelling is treated urgent with syphatic mind,i dont have money any more please help.my name is christian (E-Mail removed for security purposes) intrested personel should help,am 21 male. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 196.1.190.6 (talk • contribs).

 * Wonderful edit! Looooooooooooooooool!  Snowolf (talk) CON COI  -  20:31, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, we can't help you with that. -- ReyBrujo 22:09, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * LOL! Maybe we should clarify some things about this particular embassy. Wouldn't it be great, though, if Wikipedia was involved in international affairs? We can appoint some people to the UN as observers... Ed  ¿Cómo estás? 04:31, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Multilingual
Hello, I am a Romanian surfer and I'm wondering about the mechanics of this website. Especially what concerns it's multilingual aspect. Are the articles translated from one site format to another ? And what does it take to get Romanian language included in the site's structure? Thank you,85.204.222.235 14:50, 13 March 2007 (UTC)Valentine
 * Hello there. Actually, there are many different "Wikipedias", theorically as many as one per language. You can find the full list at List of Wikipedias. The romanian language is at http://ro.wikipedia.org, if I recall correctly. Commonly, every Wikipedia develops its own articles, although it is possible to just translate articles from a language to another (in example, if an article about a Romanian artist is very good at the Romanian Wikipedia, Romanian users from the English Wikipedia can translate the text to improve the one in English). Text in Romanian, however, is not used here unless it is to give a context and in Romanian articles. Cheers! -- ReyBrujo 16:23, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Thai
Will you have wikipedie soon in Thai language? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 157.130.142.14 (talk • contribs).
 * There is already one at http://th.wikipedia.org -- ReyBrujo 20:26, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Sign
Must I sign all posts using four tildes? This something which I find wastes electro-resources and is generally counterproductive to the nascent mission of Wikipedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.96.212.147 (talk • contribs).
 * It is really recommended, because as more join the discussion, it is necessary to be able to distinguish who is saying what (and also, it allows other contributors to quickly notice when someone is trying to edit the comment from someone else). There is a bot who signs for you when you don't, but sometimes it misses some comments. -- ReyBrujo 03:22, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

English: US vs UK
Dear Sir/Madam,

I was wondering if it would be possible to set up a UK Wikipedia, only I have noticed that the English Wikipedia only accepts American spelling, causing UK residents to become acquainted and misled by a foreign tongue. One comment I found rather foolish, namely, "Humourous is not a recognised word in any language of the modern era". I would really appreciate it if the UK could be provided with its own embassy and Wikipedia. Thank you very much for your time and effort. Whiskey in the Jar 09:48, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It is generally accepted that British topics can use British spelling, North American topics can use US spelling, and the other topics can use whichever spelling they either decide on the talk page, or the first spelling used in the article (which most of the time is American). Creating a new Wikipedia for UK spelling seems a kind of waste of time (personally!), it would be like having a Spanish version for Spain and another Spanish version for Latin America Spanish. But then again, we have a neutral Spanish that both should use. Note that if an article has a spelling (either American or British) and someone changes it all to another without a good rationale (which, of course, does not include "I use X", "X is the most used here", "X looks better", etc), it should be reverted back, and continuous modification may result in user block (as happened when someone changed the spelling of "colour" to "color" without justification). In any case, if you do want to hear opinions, you should head to Proposals for new projects (note that you need another account, since it is in the Meta Wiki) and ask around. -- ReyBrujo 11:58, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the advice, tis kinda confusing but I'll try and stick to it! Whiskey in the Jar 12:05, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

'Humourous' isn't a standard word even in British English, which also spells it 'humorous'. It's like 'glamorous'. 163.1.230.154 01:52, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Humourous is a word as is Glamourous in British English and also in Australian English. I don't know about the other dominions. This was all the more obvious as many people in Australia believed Fergie to be spelling the word incorrectly. 124.186.59.76 04:56, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Humourous is an adjective found in British English and International English. It means to be "full of or characterised by humour." It is this kind of ignorance that British Wikipedia users have to put up with on a day to day basis with regard to edits being revoked due to apparently, "poor spelling". Oliverwk  talk  22:53, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

My trip to Dublin, Ireland
Hi my name is Allara and I would like to know what I would need to travel from Cairns (Queensland,Australia) to Dublin (Ireland)? Do I need a Visa etc etc....... could you please let me know what i will need as i am planning for a trip over there by next year february! My email address is as follows: [email address removed]

Yours Kindly,

Allara

 * As said below, this is not a real embassy so we don't do that kind of stuff. You might be able to look on Wikitravel or on an actual Embassy website. -Skunkmaster 03:46, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Featured pages;
I have noticed just of late that your site has began to show a featured page. What qualifies an entry as a featured page? Also does your site offer the ability to stream videos or even post videos.

A featured page must meet the Featured article criteria. Once this criteria is met, any editor (=anyone) may nominate the article here. Unfortunately Wikipedia does not enable the streaming or posting of videos. --Puchiko 21:26, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

america visa form
i want to know how to apply into america visa form,and the real web site,thks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 41.219.212.110 (talk • contribs).
 * Sorry, but this is not actually a real Embassy or has anything to do with real embassies. If you want, you can ask at Reference desk/Miscellaneous, where you may find someone actually able to answer your question. -- ReyBrujo 01:06, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Myself
Hello I would like to introduce myself to the English Embasy. I can understand your people, but am nor English. If you would like any help with trasnlation, let me know.

Thank you and God bless —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * Translation to what? --Skunkmaster 03:58, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Communication w/ user on different language
I need to contact a user who uses the Volapuk wikipedia but for some reason I cannot access the Volapuk Wikipedia. Can we use the Embassy to contact users in other languages? He speaks english but is not active on the english ones apparently so I have not been able to reach him.

Thanks, Skunkmaster 03:43, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Embassy
I think we should put somewhere on the Embassy page that tells people that we are not a real embassy and that we cannot help them w/ visas, passports, etc.

Skunkmaster 03:51, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

you should really consider having armenian language translations on the website thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.92.51 (talk) 21:12, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Help with translation
Hello

If you require help translating to/from English to/from my native language, I can help, as I am very fluent in both

Thank you God bless

203.173.44.84 00:50, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Can I add a new language
Hi. I know that for the languages on the list, you just stick your name under the language. However, my native language (Czech) is not on the list. Can I just add it? I think it would be beneficial as Czech has over 10 million speakers, and the Czech Wikipedia has over 78 000 articles. --Puchiko 15:38, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Looking for information
-BEBEL71-Bebel71 06:36, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Iam looking for architecture faculty contacts.fhone numbers

admissions, students conselors.

thanks

Hellow,

I am Tigest Tafa in Ethiopia. I went to talk about your program I don't have knowlage or any Idea. So Can you explain about this Program. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.55.78.156 (talk) 08:28, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

THANK YOU FOR HELP BUT I NEED MORE HELP OK SEND TO M E NOW OK —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.158.179.194 (talk) 16:54, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that you should post your question here. User: (talk • contribs • email) 16:17, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Question to all the other Ambassadors
I want to ask the Ambassadors, have they received ever a help request? Because I'm wondering if the page helps something or, as I suspect, it's not very much used :(

Happy editing,  Snowolf How can I help? 23:09, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Any Greek Wikisource users here?
Greetings. I've imported a number of English translations of ancient Koine Greek texts into the English Wikisource. I'd like to import the original Greek texts into the Greek Wikisource, and link to them, but I don't know Greek. This means I don't know the Greek versions of, , etc. I've imported ΚΛΗΜΕΝΤΟΣ ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ Α, and I was wondering if someone would be able to add the relevant header information to it for Wikisource texts. If so, I'll import many more there. (I can't find the embassy on the Greek Wikisource, or I'd ask there.) Thanks, – Quadell (talk) (random) 13:22, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

how far is warsaw from irkutsk
good morning i am doing my family tree i would like to know how far irkutsk is from warsaw. thankyou kind regards linda [email address removed] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.104.162.150 (talk) 10:57, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi. Though such questions are best asked at WP:Reference desk, I'll answer it anyway. The distance between Irkutsk, Russia and Warsaw, Poland is 5344 kilometres (3321 miles)-counted "as the crow flies". Source:City Distance Tool Welcome to Wikipedia and happy editing! Puchiko (Talk-email) 14:20, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Finding somebody
Hello

I apologise for the intrusion, I know it's very irregular, but i'm desperately trying to find a lady that I knew 1966, in Braemar. We worked toghether at the " Invercauld Arms Hotel ". Her name Christine Stewart. If possible, I would like to know how I can inquire about her; to know if shi is still alive etc. Again, forgive me, I never meant to disrespect you. I know leave in Toronto and my name is Graziano Da Riva. If there is fee to be paid, I'll pay it.Respectfuly. Graziano Da Riva

PS I don/t know what else to do. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.138.101.234 (talk) 05:19, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but we are not able to help you with this kind of tasks. You may be able to contact the hotel to ask for some contact information, but Wikipedia is not able to help you. Sorry again. -- ReyBrujo (talk) 17:24, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Banner
Considering the huge number of misplaced queries, I think we should make a header on the top of this page, something among the lines of: ''Welcome to the Embassy's discussion place. This page is for discussing Wikipedia-related multilingual coordination. Please do not enquire about visas, passports, missing persons, or general geographical information, as we are unable to help yo with such queries.'' Okay, that obviously sucks. But if we slightly reworded it, and put it on the standard yellow background common for talk page headers, I feel we could greatly reduce the number of off-topic posts. Puchiko (Talk-email) 09:28, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * That would be necessary, yes. Also, we could have a template with a standard reply. -- ReyBrujo (talk) 17:26, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay. I've made a quick rough draft of the header at Wikipedia talk:Local Embassy/Header. Lets improve it, and transclude it on the top of this page when it's done. --Puchiko (Talk-email) 22:15, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably link to it from the community portal also rather than the main page as it is now. - cohesion 05:23, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Removing inactive ambassadors
When I tried to find a French speaking person to reply to the above message, I looked through quite a few users before I had found somebody who has edited in the last week or so. I didn't mind, I looked through the contributions, and for a language like French it wasn't long before I found somebody who's edited recently. But then a thought came to my mind. The primary target of this page doesn't speak English and is often new to Wikipedia. If he leaves a message at an ambassador's talk page, who has left Wikipedia, he will not get a response. The newbie is then frustrated, he has left a message yet he got no response! What on earth is he supposed to do now? So my idea is, that we should go through the list and check out the user contributions of each ambassador. If he hasn't contributed in the past half year, I'd remove him and leave a message at his talk page explaining what happened, and encouraging him to re-add his name should he return. Or if that's too much work, we could do what some WikiProjects do. Just give the list of ambassadors to a bot, who will leave messages at talk pages encouraging those who still want to participate to sign up again. Puchiko (Talk-email) 10:46, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Seems like a good bot job - but reduce the time to 1 month. The bot should run once a month - this way, the maximum lag is 2 months. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 09:09, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Edmund Ironside
Is there any thing about the 'ZimorodA No well Im needing info about IRONSIDE'' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.108.239 (talk) 18:24, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

By the way, this isn't the best place to ask, try the WP:Reference desk next time. --Puchiko (Talk-email) 14:47, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm not sure if you're looking for the 11th century English king (in that case, the information is available at Edmund Ironside) or the 20th century British soldier (in that case the information you need is at Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside).

Dear ambassador
Even before I thought about defending the tradition, culture and language of historical Kingdom Wu. How come the Chinese Communist party (CCP) already select a deputy in their central committee (Dr. Wang), who promised to stick to Marxism as hinted to me in TV to monitor the movement of preserving one of an unique sample of creation?

Dialect Wu already missed her letter expression, only the soft beautiful tone resilient over the submergence and encroaching of official language of PRC: mandarin. Do the people who share the tongue from their parents need hard toil to make her fullbrown language or just behold the heavenly wonder of beloved endorments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Juyuefen (talk • contribs) 19:40, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi. Unfortunately, we are unable to help you with your query. The Wikipedia Embassy is to help those from other language Wikipedias find someone who speaks their language and can translate. We are unable to help you with real life issues. --Puchiko (Talk-email) 13:52, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Español/Ingles
Soy bilingue en ingles español, mi idioma materno es el español si puedo ayudarlo mi email es  (email removed for security reasons)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.64.32.222 (talk) 22:28, 22 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That's great that you would like to help out, the first way to start is to create a wikipedia account. Look at the top right hand corner to get started, then come back and find this page.  J o s h  23:22, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Collaboration
J'ai souvent collabore pour des articles concernant des villes d'Haiti et quelquefois apporter des modifications sous le couvert anonyme dans des articles presentes avec des erreurs ou fautes, cependant je n'ai pas vraiment collabore pour des editions creoles puisque je parle plus en francais dans mon milieu. Mais quelquefois j'en ai mal de voir certaines traductions creoles dans les documents que presentent surtout les Etats-Unis pour les haitiens vivant en diaspora dans l'etat de la floride. J'aimerais bien apporter une collaboration dans ce domaine. contact Rony Jean-Pierre, Gestionnaire-Comptable Professeur de Belles-Lettres  (email removed for security reasons)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.229.97.10 (talk) 17:09, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Du bearbeitest diese Seite unangemeldet. Wenn du speicherst, wird deine aktuelle IP-Adresse in der Versionsgeschichte aufgezeichnet und ist damit unwiderruflich öffentlich einsehbar.
Du bearbeitest diese Seite unangemeldet. Wenn du speicherst, wird deine aktuelle IP-Adresse in der Versionsgeschichte aufgezeichnet und ist damit unwiderruflich öffentlich einsehbar. Fetter Text —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.138.128.86 (talk) 16:34, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Was ist Ihre Frage? Seddσn talk Editor Review 20:43, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Ja, sie wird gespeichert und öffentlich ansehbar. Nur wenn du angemeldet bist, wird das nicht passieren. Admiral Norton (talk) 22:25, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Anyone here speak Telugu
I finished Featured articles in other languages/Telugu and I would like someone who can read Telugu to create the two articles Featured on that Wikipedia, but not here. I hope this is the right place. Thanks,  Spencer T♦C 18:28, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Václav Havel Article
Maybe someone could do a translation from the Esperanto article, which is on their featured article list? I don't know a word of Esperanto. Vltava 68 (talk  contribs ) 07:27, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Buscando mis familiares
Espero que por este medio encuentre a alguien que me pueda ayudar con la busqueda de parte de nuestra familia. El abuelo de mi mama imigro a La Republica Dominicana hace muchos anos atras. Yo me imagino eso fue como para el 1940 no puedo decir si fue antes o despues. Yo quisiera tratar de encontrarlos. El nombre de el abuelo de mi mama era Leonsio Bonilla, nacido en Puerto Rico. Nosotros tenemos conocimiento de que el tuvo hijos con su nueva esposa. Ellos deben de tener el apellido de el. Ellos son hijos legales de un puerto riqueno por tanto ellos son ciudadanos americanos tantos sus hijos como los hijos de sus hijos. Por favor si pueden ayudarme mi correo electronico es (censored)@example.com, cualquier informacion que puedan darme va hacer apreciada por nosotros. Muchas gracias por haber tomado el tiempo de leer esta carta y por favor dejemen saber si pueden ayudarme. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.189.42.237 (talk) 02:41, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Translation: I hope that here is someone who can help me with finding a part of our family. The grandfather of my mom to La Republica Dominicana imigro many years ago. I imagine it was like for 1940 can not say whether it was before or after. I try to find them. The name of my mother's grandfather was Leonsio Bonilla, born in Puerto Rico. We have learned that the child was with his new wife. They must have the name of it. They are sons of a legal port riqueno so many of them are American citizens and their children their children's children. Please if you can help my email is  (email removed for security reasons)  any information that may make you give me appreciated by us. Thank you very much for taking the time to read this letter and please let me know if you can help me.

Reply: Wikipedia no es una embajada real y no puede ayudarle con su solicitud. Por favor consulte a su embajada dominicana .Ipatrol (talk) 15:42, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Local Embassy/Archive 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erisism

Erisism was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Erisism
Discordian hoax with a single perpetrator. Transwiki to the Encyclopedia Discordia—failing that, zap out of existence. Fnord. JRM 14:05, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * Amendment: recommend against redirect just to prevent recreation; "Erisism" just isn't anything (nonsense redirects may be slightly less bad than nonsense articles, but still...) JRM 14:16, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

 * Delete --Gene s 14:36, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Keep Please I would ask that you do not delete my article.I would like to say that I truly am an Erisian and it is my religion. This is no hoax and I am truly upset that others find this article as useless, which its writing has been a serious allotment of my own personal time. If this is voted to be deleted, then I ask that I am given enough time to retrieve my work. It seems that you cannot respect my beliefs enough to even tolerate them. I shall remove my sigs from the article, that was merely an honest mistake by a new Wiki user, I thought that the articles that you do that you should have some information on who complied it. I leave it in the hands of the admins, if anyone wishs to bring this matter up then you can email me on wiseguyhec@hotmail.com. --by WiseGuy H.E.C. 19:00, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: One Google hit to a non-English site. DCEdwards1966 19:52, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Amendment: I have checked through the external links and they are more relevant and work correctly.

 * Amendment: I have also double checked the accuracy of the article and have updated it so it is totally correct.

 * Amendment: I have removed my signiture from the article, my mistake that one.

--by WiseGuy H.E.C. 22:04, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete (with prejudice). Additional reasons: vanity, plus the above claim that the article is "totally correct". --MarkSweep 22:24, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. You can state that you are truly an Erisian on your user page. or on another website, but not in an encyclopedia article. RSpeer 22:28, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. While i do not think that this is a hoax, i do think that Wikipedia does not need to have a page on a religion whose members couldn´t fill a basement. Just because it´s true doesn´t mean it´s notable.  --Handel 22:40, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Discordianism. -Sean Curtin 23:03, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: vanity --Carnildo 00:03, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete And I'm not too sure about Discordianism either... [[User:GeorgeStepanek|George\talk ]] 03:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Discordianism is pretty well-known. Rhobite 00:33, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erisism


text: Category:1285 births

title: Category:1285 births


text: Category:Land counties of Poland

title: Category:Land counties of Poland


text: Category:1281 births

title: Category:1281 births


text: Category:1282 births

title: Category:1282 births


text:
Moses Isserles

Moses Isserles (משה בן ישראל איסרלישׂ; Mojżesz ben Israel Isserles; 22 February 1530 / 25 Adar I 5290 – 11 May 1572 / 18 Iyar 5332), also known by the acronym Rema, was an eminent Polish Ashkenazi rabbi, talmudist, and posek (expert in Jewish law). He is considered the "Maimonides of Polish Jewry."

Biography
Isserles was born in Kraków, Poland. His father, Israel ben Josef (known as Isserl), was a prominent talmudist and independently wealthy, who had probably headed the community; his grandfather, Jehiel Luria, was the first rabbi of Brisk. (In an era which preceded the common use of surnames, Moses became known by his patronymic, Isserles.) He studied in Lublin under Rabbi Shalom Shachna, who would later become his father-in-law. Among his fellow pupils were his relative Solomon Luria (Maharshal)—later a major disputant of many of Isserles' halachic rulings, and Chayyim b. Bezalel, an older brother of the Maharal. His first wife died young, at the age of 20 and he later established the "Rema Synagogue" in Kraków in her memory (originally his house, built by his father in his honor—which he gave to the community). He later married the sister of Joseph ben Mordechai Gershon Ha-Kohen.

He returned to Kraków about 1550, establishing a large yeshiva where as a wealthy man, he supported his pupils. In his teaching, he was opposed to pilpul and emphasized simple interpretation of the Talmud. In 1553 he was appointed as dayan; he also served on the Council of the Four Lands. He became a world-renowned scholar and was approached by many other well-known rabbis, including Yosef Karo, for Halachic decisions. He was one of the greatest Jewish scholars of Poland, and was the primary halakhic authority for European Jewry of his day. He died in Kraków and was buried next to his synagogue. On his tombstone is inscribed: "From Moses (Maimonides) to Moses (Isserles) there was none like Moses". Until the Second World War, thousands of pilgrims visited his grave annually on Lag Ba'omer, his Yahrzeit (date of death).

Not only was Isserles a renowned Talmudic and legal scholar, but he was also learned in Kabbalah and studied history, astronomy, and philosophy. He taught that "the aim of man is to search for the cause and the meaning of things." He also held that "it is permissible to now and then study secular wisdom, provided that this excludes works of heresy... and that one [first] knows what is permissible and forbidden, and the rules and the mitzvot". Maharshal reproached him for having based some of his decisions on Aristotle. His reply was that he studied Greek philosophy only from Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed, and then only on Shabbat and Yom Tov - and furthermore, it is better to occupy oneself with philosophy than to err through Kabbalah.

Isserles had several children: "Drezil (named after his maternal grandmother), wife of R. Bunem Meisels. A daughter whose name is unknown to us.... A son, R. Yehuda.... A third daughter... who is totally unknown to us." He is buried in the eponymous Remuh Cemetery in Kraków.

Genealogy
A reputed descendant of King David through Rashi, he has many notable descendants, among which are included members of the Meisel family, alongside Rabbi Yakov Kuli Slonim, son-in-law of the Mittler Rebbe, the composers Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer, the pianist Julius Isserlis, the cellist Steven Isserlis, the author Inbali Iserles, the mathematician Arieh Iserles and the statistician Leon Isserlis.

Approach
Isserles is perhaps best known for his halakhic works, chief among them his notes to the Shulchan Aruch by Yosef Karo. He is noted for his approach to customs (minhagim): "it should be remembered that R. Isserles did not regard the Jewish Minhag lightly. On the contrary, he too expressed reverence and respect for it, and whenever possible endeavored to uphold it and also to explain its origin. Only, unlike many great Talmudic scholars, he refused to follow it blindly. When convinced of the unsound basis of a Minhag, he was ready to repudiate it regardless of its acceptance by the people."

Furthermore: "The Talmud is, of course, the great reservoir to which R. Isserles turns as the first step in attempting to solve a problem. The question at hand is immediately referred to an identical or similar case in the Talmud. The second step is the weighing of the opinions of the ראשונים, i.e. Alfasi (רי”ף), Tosafists, Nachmanides, etc. expanding and explaining the text. The opinion of the majority is followed by R. Isserles and even Maimonides, whom he respected very highly, is disregarded if he was in the minority. After the Rishonim, R. Isserles proceeds to examine writings of אחרונים, i.e. Mordechai, Ashri and Tur, and the latter is followed especially when the Tosafists agree with him. At this point, the Responsa of still later authorities are cited extensively in accordance with the well-established principle of הלכה כבתרא, paying due attention even to the opinions of contemporaries and to customs of Polish Jewry which the ב”י omitted. Thus, Isserles, in his responsa as well as in the ד”מ and his commentary on the Shulchan Aruch, served as a supplement and offered his community the code of Law adjusted to its authorities, customs, and needs. He spread the “cloth” over the table prepared by his contemporary, the ב”י."

Isserles, like Yosef Karo in the Shulchan Aruch, often quotes Kabbalistic sources and opinions in his various works, and writes of his great joy upon finding that his ruling concurred with what he later found written in the "words of the Zohar which were given at Sinai...".

Writing to a friend who had become a rabbi in Germany, Isserles expressed his preference for living in Poland over Germany: "You would be better off living with us in Poland on stale bread if need be, but safe".

Works
Isserles is renowned for his fundamental work of Halakha (Jewish law), entitled ha-Mapah (lit., "the tablecloth"), an inline commentary on the Shulchan Aruch (lit. "the set table"), upon which his "great reputation as a halakist and codifier rests chiefly."

Darkhei Moshe
Darkhei Moshe (דרכי משה) is a commentary on the Tur as well as on the Beth Yosef, which is Yosef Karo's commentary on the Tur and the work underlying the Shulkhan Aruch. Isserles had originally intended the Darkhei Moshe to serve as a basis for subsequent halakhic decisions. As such, in this work he evaluates the rulings of the Tur—which was widely accepted among the Ashkenazim and Sephardim—comparing these with rulings of other halakhic authorities. The Beth Yosef was published while Isserles was at work on the Darkhei Moshe. Recognizing that Karo's commentary largely met his objectives, Isserles published the Darkhei Moshe in a modified form. "In publishing the דרכי משה, R. Isserles rendered a great service to Ashkenazic Jewry, for he reestablished its Talmudic authorities as the deciding factor in determining a law." An abridgement of the original work is published with the Tur; the complete version of the Darkhei Moshe is published separately.

HaMapah
HaMapah (המפה) is written as a gloss to the Shulchan Aruch of Yosef Karo, discussing cases where Sephardi and Ashkenazi customs differ. Hamapah is the "tablecloth" for the Shulkhan Aruch, the "set table". Karo had based his normative positions on three authorities: Maimonides, Asher ben Jehiel (the Rosh), and Isaac Alfasi (the Rif). Of these, only Asher ben Jehiel had non-Sephardic roots, having lived most of his life in Germany before moving to Spain, but even so, his work is largely Sephardic in orientation. Isserles thus created a series of glosses, in which he supplemented Karo with material drawn from the laws and customs (Minhagim) of Ashkenazi Jewry, chiefly based on the works of Yaakov Moelin, Israel Isserlein and Israel Bruna.

All editions of the Shulchan Aruch since 1578 include HaMapah embedded in the text (introduced by the word: הגה Hagahah, meaning "gloss"), and distinguished by a semi-cursive "Rashi script". Isserles' HaMapah was "considered to be an interpretation and supplement to Karo's work, while also challenging its claim to universal authority by introducing Ashkenazic traditions and customs that differed from the Sephardic ones. Rather than challenge the status of the Shulhan ‘Arukh, however, Isserles established the status of the Shulhan ‘Arukh as the authoritative text. In most of the editions since 1574, the Shulhan ‘Arukh was printed with HaMapah, thus creating an interesting tension that was realized on the printed page. It was an act of integrating the Sephardic tradition and its accommodation into the Ashkenazi world, the confirmation of the authority and its undermining appearing on the same page."

The citations "indicating the sources in earlier authorities of the decisions in the annotations to the Shulchan Aruch, were not placed by Isserles. This may be seen from the fact that many times incorrect references are given. An anonymous scholar placed them at the end of each comment and gradually they have been mistaken as being indications of the author himself."

Isserles' weaving "his comments into the main text as glosses, indicates, besides upholding the traditional Ashkenazi attitude to a text, that the work itself, meant to serve as a textbook for laymen, had been accepted in Rema's yeshivah at Krakow as a students' reference book. Instead of the Arba‘ah Turim, the main text for the study of posekim in the Ashkenazi yeshivah up to Rema's day, he chose to use the new book, which was free of accumulated layers of glosses and emendations, up-to-date and lucid, and arranged along the same lines as the old Turim so that it could easily be introduced into the yeshivah curriculum. This was the crucial step in altering the canonical status of the Shulhan Arukh."

Today, the term "Shulchan Aruch" refers to the combined work of Karo and Isserles. This consolidation of the two works strengthened the underlying unity of the Sephardi and Ashkenazi communities. It is through this unification that the Shulkhan Aruch became the universally accepted Code of Law for the entire Jewish people, with the notable exception of Yemenite Jews who still follow the Rambam (Maimonides).

Published works

 * Shulchan Aruch Archives - Orach Chayim, Torah.org
 * Shulchan Aruch Archives - Yoreh De'ah, Torah.org
 * Torath ha-Olah fulltext (PDF, Hebrew)

Other works
Isserles also wrote:
 * Torath ha-Chatath, a legal guidebook focusing primarily on Jewish dietary laws
 * Torath ha-Olah, an in-depth philosophical explanation of the significance of the Temple in Jerusalem and of its rites
 * Mechir Yayin, a commentary on the Book of Esther
 * Teshuvot Rema, a collection of responsa - see History of Responsa: Sixteenth century

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Talk:Roderick Burgess

Birth year
Just changed his birth year back to 1863. I got it wrong in the first place (sorry), and whoever changed it to 1863 was right (I just checked it and besides if he was born in 1963 he'd have been born after he died). Number 0 14:13, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roderick Burgess