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Alone in the Dark 2 (video game)

Alone in the Dark 2 is a 1993 survival horror video game developed and published by Infogrames. It is the second installment in the Alone in the Dark series. It was ported to the PC-98 and FM Towns in 1994 and to the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in 1995 under the same name, and to the Sega Saturn and PlayStation in 1996 as Alone in the Dark: Jack Is Back in Europe, and renamed as Alone in the Dark: One-Eyed Jack's Revenge in North America.

Gameplay
The original game's horror theme has been significantly de-emphasized in the sequel. While there are some supernatural goings-on (Voodoo black magic), the main villains are gangsters and pirates. While the enemies are revealed to be possessed by evil spirits, and are green and zombie-like in appearance, they are far from the shambling walking corpses of the first game, and walk, talk, and behave much like ordinary people, arming themselves with guns and shooting at the player. The player can pick up weapons on the way with firearms such as the Revolver equipped at the start of the game, Shotguns, Tommy guns, a Derringer pistol, Flintlock pistols and melee weapons such as Swords. The game world is larger than that of the original, encompassing not only a mansion, but also the surrounding gardens as well as a pirate ship hidden in caverns beneath the house; however, unlike the first game, with the exception of the main house, its locations may only be explored in a strictly linear sequence, a pattern that would continue in later sequels.

Although much of the game is spent playing as Carnby, the player will occasionally take control of Grace Saunders. Grace, a child, cannot fight and is instantly captured if the gangsters spot her, so instead she must sneak around and defeat the gangsters by turning common household objects into booby traps.

Plot
It is Christmas of 1924, three months after the events in Alone in the Dark. "Supernatural Private Eye" Edward Carnby and his partner Ted Stryker are investigating the kidnapping of young Grace Saunders. The trail of clues leads to an old mansion named "Hell's Kitchen" - the home of an infamous gangster boss and his gang. Edward decides to pick up the trail when he learns of Ted's disappearance in the mansion, but Edward soon finds out that Ted has been murdered.

Carnby eventually finds out that the mobsters are the corporeal forms of the spirits of pirates that plundered the sea hundreds of years ago, the lot having sold their souls in exchange for eternal life through voodoo magic. Fighting his way into the house and ultimately onto a pirate ship hidden in the cliff on which Jack's house is built, Edward must survive, discover the secret of the pirates' apparent immortality, rescue little Grace, and find out why the pirates are so interested in her.

Jack in the Dark
Jack in the Dark is a small game made during production of Alone in the Dark 2. It was used as a promotional game distributed during Christmas in 1993 (just before Alone in the Dark 2 was released). The game was on a single floppy disk in a golden wrapping featuring a Jack-in-the-box illustration on the top. It is a short adventure featuring the young child Grace Saunders. During Halloween, she enters a small toy store after dark and gets locked in it. There, the toys are alive, and Grace must save Santa Claus from an evil Jack-in-the-box. Jack in the Dark is an adventure game that focuses purely on puzzles and has no combat. Later CD versions of both Alone in the Dark and Alone in the Dark 2 came packaged with Jack in the Dark.

Release
There were two DOS versions of the game, the floppy disk version and the CD-ROM version. While the floppy version was the original, the CD-ROM release added a full Red Book audio reworked soundtrack, dialogue speech (in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Japanese, depending on the country the game was released) and a new playable section of Grace Saunders not present in the original version, which connected the mansion and the ship areas. This version also removed the copy protection from the floppy disk release.

As with the first instalment in the series, outside of Europe the game was distributed in North America by Interplay Entertainment and in Japan by Arrow Micro-Techs Corp, which once again developed and published Japanese-exclusive versions for the PC-98 and FM Towns computers.

The console releases of Alone in the Dark 2 included a port for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer released in 1995 which is very similar to the DOS CD-ROM version, and also versions released for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation in 1996 which featured reworked and fully textured polygonal models, instead of the flat shaded ones from the DOS versions and 3DO port. New FMV cutscenes were also added to these ports. All console releases were also published in Japan by Electronic Arts Victor, with the Sega Saturn and PlayStation versions being released as Alone in the Dark: Jack Is Back.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in April 1994 said that the computer version of Alone in the Dark 2 "looks rich enough to meet gamers' expectations for a solid sequel". In May 1994 the magazine said that with improved graphics, it "offers plenty of game play for those who like their adventures with a dash of the macabre". In June 1994 the magazine said that the game was not "for those who are easily frustrated". It concluded that "Despite its weak ending ... Alone 2 is a good, solid challenge. Much more so than its predecessor, it will test players' reflexes as well as their minds". Reviewing the PlayStation version, Maximum called the PC original "one of the most ground-breaking arcade/adventures to date" and hailed its appearance on the PlayStation as "the first true arcade/adventure for the system." They commented approvingly on the H. P. Lovecraft-inspired locations, the way the player is eased into the controls, and the twist of having to play through a segment of the game as Grace. However, they remarked that the game is outdated and outclassed by the upcoming Resident Evil. Next Generation emphasized the last point: "frankly it's yesterday's news, and releasing it to PlayStation in the wake of Resident Evil just makes it redundant."

Steve Bradley reviewed the PlayStation version of Alone in the Dark: Jack Is Back for Arcane magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. Bradley comments that "The 3D graphics are superb, the use of camera angles dynamic, but the strength of AITD is the sheer suspense generated as you explore a haunted mansion and its environs - it's genuinely frightening. Sure, the control can be a bit iffy (a general rule of thumb in such fare as this) and the graphics are a mite patchy, but it's by far the best roleplaying adventure game for the PlayStation."

Maximum was more harsh with the 3DO version, saying that the game is far too old to be worth converting to home console. They said it looks especially poor due to being (by pure coincidence) released in Europe at the same time as the PlayStation version: "The Sony conversion boasts texture-mapped characters moving at higher speeds and with less loading time, whilst the poor old 3DO struggles with flat shaded polygons, a smaller screen size and a chugging frame rate." A reviewer for Next Generation complained that a combination of poor control and awkward fixed camera angles makes battling enemies more difficult than it should be. He nonetheless gave it a strong recommendation, and summarized it as "a direct port of the PC title, and a huge game with a great cinematic feel and lots of fiendishly clever puzzles."

The Saturn version received generally negative reviews. Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it a 4.25 out of 10, citing difficult aiming, poor graphics, confusing cutscenes, absurd voice acting, and camera angles which change too frequently, making it difficult to hit enemies or get a sense of direction. Rob Bright of Sega Saturn Magazine commented that the game has "a well worked plot mixing the fantasy and myth of pirates with a bootlegging 1920s America to create a sort of Gothic noir", but echoed Electronic Gaming Monthly ' s criticisms with the aiming, graphics, and camera angles. GamePro ' s Scary Larry remarked that even though the original Alone in the Dark was the probable inspiration for Resident Evil, the sequel dramatically fails to measure up. He particularly commented that the graphics and audio lack the realism and life that made Resident Evil so scary, and that "The quirky controls don't help the less-than-appealing gameplay or the boring story line." Yasuhiro Hunter of Maximum similarly commented that the game is a feeble attempt at giving the Saturn an equivalent to Resident Evil, with a poor CG intro, frustrating controls, and animations which fail to induce Resident Evil's sense of fear. He said that Alone in the Dark 2 did have a deep plot and was very good at the time of its original release on PC, but had become very outdated in the two years since. Next Generation, while acknowledging that the game was dated next to recent efforts, contended that it "still manages to hold up fairly well on its own." The reviewer criticized the sometimes poorly chosen camera angles but was pleased with the game's graphics and massive size.

In 1994, PC Gamer UK named Alone in the Dark 2 the 7th best computer game of all time, calling it "an incredibly involving and film-like experience".

title: Alone in the Dark 2 (video game)


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User talk:Furchild

Rutabaga & Misty
Whoops, sorry for the belated response: thanks for those names, they're great. :) Oddly enough, my parents have a cat named Misty. :) func (talk) 18:55, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Electric Universe Model
(This is a response to my post in here. --Furchild)

 * Thank you! Actually, a no consensus vote is basically akin to a keep vote. You can't do what he did. No place for that. I reverted it back to the article and I made a note on the talk page. Thanks for letting me know. --Woohookitty 04:18, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Re: Thank you
Furchild wrote:
 * [Thank you] for your speedy deletion of the "Alejandro sanz is ..." page. :)

 * Why do people post such things? --Furchild 07:54, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

No idea. I wish I knew – Gurch 11:40, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Furchild


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Oleksander Ostrogski

Prince Aleksander Ostrogski (Аляксандар Астрожскi Олександр Острозький Aleksandras Ostrogiškis) (c. 1571–1603) was a nobleman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Son of voivode of Troki and Hetman Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski and Zofia Tarnowska h. Leliwa, the daughter of voivode of Ruthenia and Kraków Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski h. Leliwa and Zofia Szydłowiecka h. Odrowąż.

He was voivode of Wołyń since 1593 and starost of Pereiaslav. In 1592 he married Anna Kostka h. Dąbrowa a Roman Catholic.

Aleksander stay the only son of Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski who remained Orthodox. Together with his father he acted against the Union of Brest. He founded the Monastery of Holy Trinity in the village of Mezhirich. Aleksander was buried in the Church of Lord's Theophany in Ostróg.

Marriage and issue
Aleksander married in 1592 Anna Kostka h. Dąbrowa, the daughter of voivode of Sandomierz and podskarbi Jan Kostka h. Dąbrowa and Elżbieta Elenborg z Eilemberku and had five children:

 * Zofia Ostrogska (1595–1622), married voivode of Ruthenia and Kraków Prince Stanisław Lubomirski h. Szreniawa, mother of Marshal and Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski h. Szreniawa
 * Konstanty Ostrogski (died 1618)
 * Janusz Ostrogski (died 1619)
 * Anna Alojza Ostrogska (1600–1654), married Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz h. Kościesza
 * Katarzyna Ostrogska (1602–1642), married voivode of Podole and Kijów (Kyiv, or Kiev) Chancellor Tomasz Zamoyski h. Jelita, grandmother of King of Poland Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki

title: Oleksander Ostrogski


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Steve Bartkowski

Steven Joseph Bartkowski (born November 12, 1952) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Atlanta Falcons (1975–1985), Washington Redskins (1985) and the Los Angeles Rams (1986). He was a two-time Pro Bowl selection. Bartkowski played college football for the California Golden Bears, earning consensus All-American honors as a senior in 1974. He was selected by the Falcons with the first overall pick of the 1975 NFL draft.

College career
Bartkowski attended the University of California, Berkeley. In 1972, he threw for 944 yards with four touchdowns and 13 interceptions. In 1973, he threw for 910 yards with four touchdowns and seven interceptions. As a senior with the Golden Bears in 1974, Bartkowski was a consensus All-American and led the nation in passing. He threw for 2,580 yards, 12 touchdowns, and seven interceptions. He completed 182 passes out of 325 attempts. In addition to playing football, Bartkowski was also an All-American baseball player at first base for the Bears.

Professional career
Bartkowski was chosen with the first overall pick in the 1975 NFL draft by the Atlanta Falcons (after the Falcons acquired the pick in a trade with the Colts). Bartkowski was the NFL Rookie of the Year as well as The Sporting News NFC Rookie of the Year in 1975. He was the first client of sports agent Leigh Steinberg.

Bartkowski is one of ten quarterbacks in NFL history who have achieved consecutive 30-touchdown passing seasons (1980 and 1981) at least one time in their career. Bartkowski was selected to the Pro Bowl after both the 1980 and 1981 seasons and was selected 2nd Team All-NFC following the 1980 campaign. Bartkowski led the NFL in passing in 1983 with a passer rating of 97.6. Bartkowski set the record for consecutive games with at least three touchdown passes at home with five which he established over the 1980 and 1981 seasons. The record was held until the 2004 season when it was surpassed by Peyton Manning.

In 1984, Bartkowski started the Falcons' first 11 games, but was injured late in the season and replaced by Mike Moroski. Bartkowski began 1985 as the starter, but an 0-5 start led to his benching and losing the job to David Archer. He was placed on the injured reserve list before the eighth game and then released in November.

On December 12, 1985, Bartkowski signed with the Washington Redskins on a two-week contract. He was added to their roster as an emergency quarterback, due to the current starter, Jay Schroeder, playing with a fractured rib. Bartkowski served as the third string quarterback for Washington’s final two regular season games.

The Los Angeles Rams signed Bartkowski in the 1986 pre-season when holdover Dieter Brock suffered a season- (and career-) ending injury. Bartkowski started six of the Rams' first seven games and the team was 4-2 in those games, but Bartkowski was largely ineffective and lost the starting job to Steve Dils. The Rams would eventually turn the reins over to rookie Jim Everett. Bartkowski retired after the 1986 season.

Bartkowski was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame on May 19, 2007.

Post-NFL career
Bartkowski is currently on the Falcons Board of Advisors. He has a wife, Sandee, and two sons, Philip and Peter, and resides outside Atlanta. Bartkowski's elder son, Philip is married to Robin Fortin, the sister of former Falcons lineman Roman Fortin. In 1993, Bartkowski was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame and in 2012, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

title: Steve Bartkowski


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Charles, Duke of Bourbon

Charles, Duke of Bourbon can refer to:
 * Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
 * Charles II, Duke of Bourbon
 * Charles III, Duke of Bourbon

title: Charles, Duke of Bourbon


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Faith (shoe retailer)

Faith was a British shoe retailer founded in 1964 by London accountant Samuel Faith and his wife. In the following years new stores were gradually added, primarily in the South of England. After Samuel's retirement, his son Jonathan acquired the family business which he subsequently sold to Bridgepoint Capital in December 2004 for £65 million.

The company entered administration in 2010, and Debenhams purchased the brand and 115 Faith concessions operating within its stores.

History
In the 1980s the brand launched its prosperous 'faith solo' brand, taking styles and ideas straight from the catwalk and selling them to a mainstream audience. The company also began a programme of opening concessions within selected Dorothy Perkins and Topshop stores.

In 1996 a contract was agreed with Topshop for Faith to open a concession in every Topshop store in the UK and Ireland. In the late 1990s Debenhams also approached Faith with a long-term view to becoming the main concession partner for young fashion ladies footwear. This form of expansion therefore became the only means of growth for the business for several years until 2001.

By 2001, concessions accounted for 75% of sales mainly through the Arcadia stores of Topshop, Dorothy Perkins and Miss Selfridge. In the autumn of 2001, Arcadia served notice that they intended to terminate the contract. Faced with this loss of revenue, the company embarked on a substantial programme of opening own-brand stores.

Topshop asked Faith to leave its stores in the summer of 2003 as they found there would be a higher profit in producing its own brand of footwear. This led to a huge expansion of both Faith branches and profits. Latterly there was only one Faith concession within Topshop (at Oxford Circus).

In 2004 there were approximately 1700 employees in the UK and Ireland, with further concessions operating under licence in the Middle East. There was also a division servicing the main UK mail order catalogues, such as Freemans and Littlewoods.

The brand celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2004. In December 2004, Faith Shoes was bought for £65 million by private equity group Bridgepoint Capital, and some years later entered into a pre-pack administration agreement in 2008, when John Kinnaird bought the business.

In April 2010, all stores were closed as part of a new administration procedure. Prior to administration it had 72 stand alone branches, as well as concessions in Allders, Debenhams, Sunwin House, and Beatties. Debenhams purchased the 115 Faith concessions trading within its stores in July 2010.

"Hope" store
In April 2010, after Faith Footwear Ltd went into administration, 70 stores were closed, and more than 1700 staff lost their jobs. Inspired by the former Dorchester Woolworth's Store Manager Claire Robertson's success in reopening her store as 'Wellworths', the Chelmsford branch of Faith got together and reopened their store on 3 July 2010 as 'Hope'.

In the official press release Store Manager Justina Pay stated: "We were inspired by Claire Robertson and her success in turning her old Dorchester Woolworths store into Wellworths, a great example of someone who has had a massive success from a very sad redundancy. Customers were genuine in their sadness that our stores were closing and were concerned as to where they could buy quality shoes from, we knew we had to 'do a Wellworths' and try and bring it back!".

title: Faith (shoe retailer)


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Kunoy

Kunoy (, lit. 'Woman island') is an island located in the north-east of the Faroe Islands between Kalsoy to the west (with which there is no physical link) and Borðoy to the east (to which it is linked via a causeway).

Settlements and transport
There are two settlements on Kunoy: Kunoy (population 64) on the west coast and Haraldssund on the south-east coast. These have been connected by a tunnel since 1988. Haraldssund is connected by a causeway to the neighbouring island of Borðoy to the east of Kunoy. Before the causeway was built, travel to the island was by ferry. Nowadays the 504 bus runs a regular service across the causeway, with a route from Klaksvík through Ánir then across to Haraldssund and through the tunnel to Kunoy.

A third settlement, Skarð, was the site of a fishing accident on Christmas Eve, 1913 which killed seven men (all the male population except a 14-year-old and a 70-year-old). The women decided to move to Haraldssund, and the area is now deserted.

Important Bird Area
The coastline of the northern tip of the island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding site for seabirds, especially European storm petrels (250 pairs) and black guillemots (200 pairs).

The brown rat, was introduced on purpose by people from Klaksvík, to the island in 1914 over some slight, and it has done tremendous damage to the bird population since then, most notably the Atlantic puffin.

Mountains
The island has the following eleven mountains, shown with their overall rank in the Faroe Islands: The top of Klubbin is well known for its vegetation, as it is one of the few areas where there never have been grazing sheep.

Notable people

 * Símun av Skarði (1872–1942), the Faroese poet, politician and teacher and founder of the Faroese Folk High School (Føroya Fólkaháskúli) was born in Skarð, which was a small settlement on Kunoy, which was abandoned in 1919. He wrote the Faroese National Anthem, Mítt alfagra land.

title: Kunoy


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Flipper Anderson

Willie Lee "Flipper" Anderson Jr. (born March 7, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Los Angeles Rams (1988–1994), the Indianapolis Colts (1995), the Washington Redskins (1996), and the Denver Broncos (1997). As a Bronco, he was part of their Super Bowl XXXII championship team over the Green Bay Packers. As a Ram, he set the NFL record for most receiving yards in a game with 336 against the Saints on November 26, 1989. In his record-breaking game, Anderson accumulated 40 of those yards in overtime.

Early life
Anderson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He played high school football at Paulsboro High School in southern New Jersey and was one of the nation's top high school football recruits of the Class of 1983.

College career
Anderson played college football at UCLA, where he was a receiving target for quarterback Troy Aikman.

In his time at UCLA, Anderson had eight games with at least 100 receiving yards. His eight games reaching the mark were the most in school history at the time of his departure to the NFL.

Los Angeles Rams
Anderson was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the second round (46th overall) of the 1988 NFL Draft. He was the seventh wide receiver to be selected that year.

1988 season
In his rookie season, Anderson finished with 11 receptions for 319 receiving yards in 1988. He was part of a crowded receiving unit that contained Pro Bowler Henry Ellard.

1989 season
In Week 4, against the San Francisco 49ers, Anderson scored his first professional touchdown on a 65-yard reception in the 13–12 victory. He finished the season with a career-high 1,146 yards off just 44 receptions, giving him an average of 26 yards per reception. Anderson led the NFL in yards per reception in the 1989 season. Anderson and Henry Ellard combined to be a 1,000-yard receiving duo for the Rams.

Record-breaking game
Anderson set the National Football League record for most receiving yards and yards from scrimmage in a game, with 336 yards on 15 receptions with a 22.4 yards per reception average, during the 12th week of the 1989 season in a 20–17 overtime victory over the New Orleans Saints. He broke the previous mark of 309 yards, set by Stephone Paige of the Kansas City Chiefs, in 1985. He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his record-breaking game.

1989 postseason
On January 7, 1990, during a Divisional Round game, the Rams won the coin toss after taking the New York Giants to overtime. The Rams drove 77 yards in four plays, the last being a 30-yard touchdown pass to Anderson, who caught the ball in the end zone and ran directly through the tunnel and into the locker room. He caught two touchdown passes in that 19–13 win.

1990 season
Anderson had four games with at least 100 receiving yards in the 1990 season. In the 1990 season, Anderson finished with 51 receptions for 1,097 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns. For the second consecutive season, he led the NFL in yards per reception. In addition, Anderson and Ellard gave the Rams' a 1,000-yard receiving duo for back-to-back seasons.

1991 season
Anderson was inactive for four games with a back injury. In the 1991 season, Anderson appeared in 12 games and finished with 32 receptions for 530 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.

1992 season
From Weeks 12–15, Anderson recorded a receiving touchdown in four consecutive games. In the 1992 season, Anderson appeared in 15 games and recorded 38 receptions for 657 receiving yards and seven receiving touchdowns. He led the Rams in receiving touchdowns.

1993 season
In the 1993 season, Anderson finished with 37 receptions for 552 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns in 15 games. He tied for the team lead in receiving touchdowns with Troy Drayton.

1994 season
In Week 2, against the Atlanta Falcons, Anderson had five receptions for 154 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in the 31–13 loss. In the 1994 season, Anderson finished with 46 receptions for 945 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns. He led the team in receiving yards and receiving touchdowns.

Indianapolis Colts
The Colts signed Anderson as a free agent before the 1995 season.

1995 season
In the 1995 season opener for the Colts, Anderson scored two touchdowns in the 24–21 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. Anderson suffered a knee injury in Week 2, which sidelined him for the rest of the season. The Colts later waived Anderson.

Washington Redskins
During the 1996 season, the Redskins signed Anderson. He only appeared in two games and recorded no statistics.

Denver Broncos
Anderson joined the Broncos for the 1997 season. He appeared in four games and recorded no statistics. He won a Super Bowl title when the Broncos defeated the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII.

Anderson finished his career with 267 receptions for 5,357 yards and 28 touchdowns, giving him a 20.1 career yards per catch average.

Personal life
Anderson lives in Suwanee, Georgia and is a high school basketball referee. His son, Dres Anderson, played wide receiver for the Utah Utes. His other son, Seth, plays wide receiver for the Iowa Hawkeyes.

title: Flipper Anderson


text: Category:Stem cells

title: Category:Stem cells


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Michelangelo (disambiguation)

Michelangelo most often refers to the Tuscan Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet.

Michelangelo may also refer to:

 * Michelangelo (given name)
 * Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles), originally Michaelangelo
 * 3001 Michelangelo, asteroid named after the artist
 * SS Michelangelo, an ocean liner named after the artist
 * Michelangelo (computer virus)
 * "Michelangelo" (song), by Björn Skifs
 * "Michelangelo", a song by Emmylou Harris from her album Red Dirt Girl
 * The Michelangelo, a hotel in New York
 * Michelangelo (crater), an impact basin in the Michelangelo quadrangle of Mercury

title: Michelangelo (disambiguation)


text: User talk:24.170.45.31

title: User talk:24.170.45.31


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Multistable perception

Multistable perception (or bistable perception) is a perceptual phenomenon in which an observer experiences an unpredictable sequence of spontaneous subjective changes. While usually associated with visual perception (a form of optical illusion), multistable perception can also be experienced with auditory and olfactory percepts.

Classification
Perceptual multistability can be evoked by visual patterns that are too ambiguous for the human visual system to definitively and uniquely interpret. Familiar examples include the Necker cube, Schroeder staircase, structure from motion, monocular rivalry, and binocular rivalry, but many more visually ambiguous patterns are known. Because most of these images lead to an alternation between two mutually exclusive perceptual states, they are sometimes also referred to as bistable perception.

Auditory and olfactory examples can occur when there are conflicting, and so rival, inputs into the two ears or two nostrils.

Characterization
The transition from one precept (an undefined term) to its alternative (the defined term) is called a perceptual reversal (Paradigm shift). They are spontaneous and stochastic events that cannot be eliminated by intentional efforts, although some control over the alternation process is learnable. Reversal rates vary drastically between stimuli and observers. They are slower for people with bipolar disorder.

Cultural history
Human interest in these phenomena can be traced back to antiquity. The fascination with multistable perception probably comes from the active nature of endogenous perceptual changes or from the dissociation of dynamic perception from constant sensory stimulation.

Multistable perception was a common feature in the artwork of the Dutch lithographer M. C. Escher, who was strongly influenced by mathematical physicists such as Roger Penrose.

Real-world phenomena
Photographs of craters, from either the moon or other planets including our own, can exhibit this phenomenon. Craters in stereo vision, such as our eyes, normally appear concave. However, in monocular presentations, such as photographs, the elimination of our depth perception causes multistable perception, which can cause the craters to look like plateaus rather than pits. For humans, the "default" interpretation comes from an assumption of top-left lighting, so that rotating the image by 180 degrees can cause the perception to suddenly switch. This phenomenon is called the concave/convex, or simply up/down, ambiguity, and it confuses computer vision as well.

In popular culture
In literature, the science fiction novel, Dhalgren, by Samuel R. Delany, contains circular text, multistable perception, and multiple entry points.

Multistable perception arises with the theater segments of Mystery Science Theater 3000, as due to the construction of the Crow T. Robot puppet, its head can appear to be facing towards the camera rather than towards the film being shown. This was addressed by the creators of the series, even likening Crow to a Necker cube or The Spinning Dancer.

title: Multistable perception


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Karel Doorman-class frigate

The Karel Doorman-class frigates are a series of eight multi-purpose vessels built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. Its namesake is Karel Doorman, a Dutch naval officer whose ship was struck by a Japanese torpedo in the Battle of the Java Sea in 1942, and went down with his ship as a result.

Design history
In the 1970s, Dutch naval authorities deemed the Roofdier-class frigates old, outdated, and therefore in need of replacement. This led to the construction of the Karel Doorman-class frigates in the mid 1980s after the Dutch navy had finalised the design and requirements for the frigates at the end of the 1970s and early 1980s.

The design of the M-frigates was made in-house at the Royal Netherlands Navy, in close collaboration with construction site De Schelde in Vlissingen and design agency Nevesbu. For the first time stealth techniques were used in the design, such as the sloping walls of the bridge section. Much attention was also paid to the care and facilities for the crew, with more privacy and improved comfort.

The Karel Doorman class were designed as multi purpose frigates that could perform a wide range of missions. Their armament reflects this by incorporating many features, such as the ability to engage submarines, aircraft and surface vessels. Besides warfare the armaments can also be used to support anti-drug and piracy operations.

First amongst this class to be launched was HNLMS Karel Doorman (F827). Laid down in February 1985 and launched in April 1988, it was commissioned by the Dutch navy in May 1991. Karel Doorman was followed by HNLMS Willem van der Zaan (F829), HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes (F830), HNLMS Van Amstel (F831), HNLMS Abraham van der Hulst (F832), HNLMS Van Nes (F833), HNLMS Van Galen (F834), and HNLMS Van Speijk (F828). Even while the ships were still under construction, Dutch authorities tried, and ultimately failed, to negiotate purchase orders by interested foreign navies.

However, six decommissioned Karel Doorman-class frigates were eventually bought by the Belgian, Chilean, and Portuguese navies, and the proceeds were subsequently invested in development of the Holland-class offshore patrol vessel.

Armament
These multi-purpose frigates can be used in the anti-submarine, anti-aircraft, or surface combat roles. Their primary surface armament consists of two quad RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship launchers with a range of up to 120 km. Also available is an OTO Melara 76 mm gun, which has both anti-ship and anti-air capabilities.

Air defence is provided by an AIM-7 Sparrow medium-range semi-active radar homing air-to-air missile with a range of up to 14 km Sixteen VLS cells are mounted on the port external bulkhead of the hangar. The Goalkeeper close-in weapon system provides close-range air defence and can fire up to four thousand 30 mm rounds per minute at a range of 200 to 3000 m.

For anti submarine warfare, each ship is equipped with two twin torpedo launchers, firing Mark 46 torpedoes; and carries one NH-90 or Westland Lynx helicopter. The helicopter is also armed with 2 Mk 46 torpedoes, and carries dipping sonar and forward looking infrared systems.

Chile
In 2004 two ships, Tjerk Hiddes and Abraham van der Hulst were sold to Chile and renamed Almirante Riveros (FF-18) and Blanco Encalada (FF-15) respectively. Blanco Encalada commissioned into the Chilean Navy on 16 December 2005, with Almirante Riveros to be commissioned in April 2007.

Belgium
On 20 July 2005, the Belgian government decided to buy two of the remaining six Dutch M-class frigates to replace the two remaining frigates of the Wielingen-class frigate in service with the Belgian Naval Component, which in turn might be sold to Bulgaria. On 21 December 2005, Karel Doorman and Willem van der Zaan were sold to Belgium and renamed Leopold I (F930) and Louise-Marie (F931) respectively. They were recommissioned between 2007 and 2008.

Portugal
In May 2006, Portugal's National Defense Minister, Luís Amado, showed interest in buying two Karel Doorman-class frigates to replace the two remaining frigates of the João Belo-class frigate in service with the Portuguese Navy — instead of buying two frigates of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate, offered by the United States. A committee of the Portuguese government arrived in the Netherlands to evaluate the condition of two frigates to be bought.

On 1 November 2006, the Portuguese Defense Minister Nuno Severiano Teixeira signed a contract for the purchase of the frigates HNLMS Van Nes (F833) and HNLMS Van Galen (F834). Van Nes, renamed NRP Bartolomeu Dias (F333), was transferred to Portugal on 16 January 2009 and Van Galen, renamed NRP Dom Francisco de Almeida (F334) was transferred on 15 January 2010. With the sale of two M-class frigates to Portugal only two of the eight ships remain with the Royal Netherlands Navy.

Modernisation
The Royal Netherlands Navy and the Belgian Naval Component decided to upgrade the four frigates by rebuilding both hangar and helicopter deck for the NH-90 helicopter as well to replace the forward mast for fitting the new Thales SeaWatcher 100 phased array surface search radar and Gatekeeper electro-optical surveillance system. The first ship to receive the upgrade was Van Speijk in April 2012, next was Leopold I, followed by Van Amstel and Louise Marie is currently undergoing the modernization. SMART-S 3D search radars will not be replaced by SMART-S MK2.

Seawatcher 100 is a non-rotating active phased array radar for naval surface surveillance. The system automatically detects and tracks asymmetric threats and very small objects such as swimmers and periscopes in all weather conditions. Seastar can also be used for helicopter guidance. Seastar is internationally marketed as Sea Watcher 100

Gatekeeper is a 360-degree panoramic electro-optical surveillance and alerter system based on IR/TV technology. Designed to counter emerging asymmetric threats down to small boats and swimmers, Gatekeeper increases short-range situational awareness in littoral environments.

In 2018 the Portuguese Navy decided to modernize its two Karel Doorman-class frigates (Mid-life update), the first frigate started modernization in 2018 and was delivered in September 2021, the second frigate started modernization in 2020 and was received in October 2022.

Replacement
The two multipurpose M-frigates which are still in service with the Royal Netherlands Navy are reaching the end of their life; they were designed to last until 2018/2023. Because of this the Dutch Ministry of Defence started design studies in 2013. The new frigates are again planned to fulfill a general purpose role with anti-submarine warfare as its specialty. However, since the Netherlands Royal Navy only owns six frigates in total by 2017, the new ships have to be able to perform well in all areas of the spectrum. This means that anti-air equipment also has to be present, in the form of VLS (vertical launch)-cells carrying Standard Missile 2 or ESSM-projectiles. Due to budget cuts, the replacement program was delayed and is now projected to deliver the first ships in 2028–29.

First designs
In November 2013 on a techbase in Amsterdam a 3D-printed model of one of the designs was shown to the public. The ships were going to be, just like their predecessor, multipurpose-frigates with anti-submarine being the main task. This new class is going to have an integrated mast made by Thales Nederland; the ships of the Holland class did also get this type of mast. At first this new class was to be replacing the Karel Doorman-class vessels in 2020; however, Minister of Defence Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert had changed this date to 2023. This was subsequently further pushed back to the end of the decade.

By 2017, it was made clear the new 'Future Surface Combatant (Koninklijke Marine)' will be developed in cooperation with the Belgian Marine Component and at least four vessels are to be built (two for the Royal Dutch Navy and two for the Belgian Marine Component), with the possibility more will be ordered as soon as the acquisition procedure reaches a more definitive phase.

title: Karel Doorman-class frigate


text:
Donatello (disambiguation)

Donatello was an Italian Renaissance sculptor

Donatello may refer to:
 * Donatello Brown (born 1991), American football player
 * Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles), a fictional character in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series
 * Donatello (singer), an Italian singer
 * Donatello Stefanucci (1896–1987), Italian painter
 * Carmine Crocco (1830–1905), also known as Donatello, an Italian brigand
 * Donatello, one of the three Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules.
 * David di Donatello, the Italian film award

title: Donatello (disambiguation)


text:
Henry Ellard

Henry Austin Ellard (born July 21, 1961) is an American former football wide receiver who played for the Los Angeles Rams (1983–1993), the Washington Redskins (1994–1998), and the New England Patriots (1998) of the National Football League (NFL). Ellard also qualified for the Olympic trials in 1992 in the triple jump, although he injured his hamstring during the Trials and did not make the team.

High school and college
Ellard attended Hoover High School in Fresno, California. He won the CIF California State Championships in the triple jump in 1979 For college, Ellard stayed in town and attended Fresno State University from 1979 to 1982 where he set an NCAA record with 1,510 receiving yards in his final season. In Fresno State history, Ellard is tied for third in touchdown catches (25), fifth in receiving yards (2,947) and 11th in receptions (138).

 * 1979: 9 catches for 136 yards with 3 TD
 * 1980: 28 catches for 493 yards with 3 TD.
 * 1981: 39 catches for 808 yards with 4 TD.
 * 1982: 61 catches for 1510 yards with 15 TD.

Ellard still holds the NCAA record for yards per catch in a season, 24.4, set while playing for Fresno State in 1982. His Quarterback was current Fresno State head coach Jeff Tedford.

Ellard was also an All-American triple jumper on the Fresno State track and field team. In 1982, he set and still holds the Fresno State school record in the triple jump at 55' 0.5".

Los Angeles (1983–1993)
Ellard was drafted in the second round (32nd overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams. Ellard would have a carousel of quarterbacks to catch from in his time that ranged from Jeff Kemp to Jim Everett. In his rookie year, Ellard was used mostly in the field as a returner on kicks. He made 31 combined returns on punts and kicks for 531 yards with one touchdown. He also made 16 catches for 268 yards (on the depth chart, receivers like Mike Barber and Dickerson would get the catches and yards, although Ellard outclassed both in yards per catch). The 1983 season for the Rams ended up being buoyed by the draft picks made for Ellard alongside Eric Dickerson to result in nine wins. While Dickerson set rookie records in yards and other various categories, Ellard would play his part in helping to clinch a playoff spot in the final game of the regular season. Needing a win against the New Orleans Saints to clinch a wild card berth, the Rams would not score a single touchdown from their offense, but they still pulled off a nail-biting 26–24 win. Ellard returned a punt 72 yards for a touchdown (his first in his career) that was in the middle of a sudden 16-point upswing after trailing 7–0 early in the first quarter. For his part, Ellard made six combined punt and kick returns for 130 yards. In the playoffs, Ellard was used sparingly in the playoff run by the Rams. He made four total catches for 61 yards with 13 returns for 168 yards in two combined postseason games.

In the following year, Ellard would be used slightly more on the offensive side of the ball, starting each game of the season. He caught 34 total passes for 622 yards with six touchdowns, all of which were highs on the team. Ellard would score eight total touchdowns in the season, with a significant part of that being a four game stretch from September 30 to October 22. In those four games, he caught a combined 6 passes for 134 total yards with three touchdowns while returning six punts for 207 yards and two touchdowns Ellard was selected as a punt returner for the Pro Bowl that year (alongside an All-Pro selection), having returned 30 punts for 403 yards and two touchdowns. The Rams made it back to the postseason once again with Ellard as a starter this time. He would catch 2 passes for 22 yards while returning 2 punts for 17 yards, but the Rams would lose 16–13.

The following year, Ellard kept improving (despite no selections from the press). He caught 54 passes for 811 yards and five touchdowns. He had his first 100-yard game of his career against the Atlanta Falcons on September 29, catching five passes for 123 yards and a touchdown. On punt returns, he made 37 of them for 501 yards and a touchdown. The Rams made it back to the playoffs once again. Ellard played a small key role in the Divisional Round game versus the Dallas Cowboys. He had a 23 yard punt return that would be followed by a 21-yard catch to eventually lead L.A. to the only points of the first half (a field goal). Ellard caught 2 passes for 33 yards while returning four punts for 37 yards while Dickerson and the Rams ran over Dallas 20–0. In the NFC Championship Game the following week, Ellard caught and returned just once as the Bears won 24–0. In the 1986 season, Ellard missed the first eight games before returning to catch 34 passes in eight starts for 447 yards and four touchdowns. In the strike plagued 1987 season, Ellard started in 12 of 15 games for the Rams. He caught 51 passes for 799 yards and three touchdowns.

In 1988, Ellard finally soared. He caught a career high 86 passes for a league-high 1,414 yards with ten touchdowns. His 88.4 yards per game also led the league. Ellard was awarded the NFC Offensive Player of the Month award for December, having caught 18 total passes for 298 yards and three touchdowns in three wins to help the Rams into the playoffs. He continued his run in 1989, although he played in fourteen games. He caught 70 passes for 1,382 yards for 8 touchdowns while leading the league again with 98.7 yards per game. He had the best game of his career in Week 2, catching 12 passes for 230 yards and three touchdowns against the Indianapolis Colts. Although Ellard led the team in receptions/yards/touchdowns once again, he was joined this time with Flipper Anderson to create a duo of 1,000 yard receivers, which they would do again the following year. Ellard finally had a playoff run to remember in 1989. His four catches for 87 yards with a touchdown was his best game to his career in the postseason (which was his eighth played), as the Rams charged to the NFC title game, with Ellard having a 100-yard game against the Giants. However, the San Francisco 49ers neutralized him for two catches on 18 yards in a 30-3 loss. Despite playing for nearly ten more years, Ellard had played his last postseason game, as the Rams were doomed to irrelevance for the rest of their tenure in the city.

Ellard continued on in 1990 at the start of the decline of the Rams. In 15 games he caught 76 passes for 1,294 yards for four touchdowns (ranking in the top five for the former two alongside yards per catch and game). For 1991, he caught 64 passes for 1,052 yards (his fourth straight) with three touchdowns, ranking in the top ten for yards per catch and per game. Ellard moved down in 1992 in every category to break a 1000-yard season. For the first time since his rookie year, Ellard did not lead the way in the receiving side, as Cleveland Gary had more catches (52) with equal touchdowns (although Ellard outfoxed him in yards). 1993 however proved somewhat better, as he caught over 60 passes for the fifth time in his last six seasons with 945 yards to lead the team in both categories. However, it would be his last season with the Rams, as he moved to the Washington Redskins. At the time of his move, Ellard held Rams' team records for career receptions (593), receiving yards (9,761), 100-yard games (26), punt return average (11.3), and total offense (11,663).

Career closure (1994–1998)
On a team that won just three games, Ellard caught 74 passes for 1,397 yards (102 behind league-leader Jerry Rice) to start a new run of 1,000 yard seasons while having six touchdowns. His 87.3 yards per game was the best since the 1990 season as he led the Redskins in catches, yards and touchdowns while catching from quarterbacks such as Heath Shuler. The next year, Ellard would flourish again as the best receiver for the team, catching 56 passes for 1,005 yards and five touchdowns. The 1996 year was his last impact season. Playing in each game, he caught 52 passes for 1,014 yards (leading the team once again) with two touchdowns, garnering his seventh 1,000 yard season while leading the league in yards per reception with 19.5. He clinched a 1,000 yard season in the final game against the Dallas Cowboys, catching 7 passes for 155 yards in the 37-10 win. Ellard played in 11 games to close his Redskins career in 1997, catching 32 passes for 485 yards (the lowest since 1986) with four touchdowns, as receivers like Jamie Asher and Brian Mitchell shone for the team in receiving (however, no one caught for 1,000 yards). Ellard moved on to the New England Patriots for 1998, although he was inactive for the first eight games. Ellard played in five games and caught five total passes before being shuttled to Washington for two games (catching two passes) before retirement. In total, he made seven appearances with seven catches with no touchdowns (the second time held with no scores in his career as a receiver, the first being his rookie year).

Legacy
He retired after the 1998 season with 814 receptions for 13,777 yards, which placed him third on the all-time list, and 65 touchdowns. He also gained 1,527 yards returning punts, 364 yard returning kickoffs, 50 rushing yards, and 4 punts returned for a touchdown. Overall, he gained 15,718 total yards.

Despite Ellard's numbers, it took decades for him to even reach being a semifinalist for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He believes this to be a consequence of the eventual move of the Rams to St. Louis, as well as his having caught passes from less stellar quarterbacks than similar receivers of his era. Curiously, his closest comparison among receiving leaders is in the Hall of Fame, as Ellard played six fewer games than Andre Reed (who entered the league in 1985 and retired after Ellard in 2000) but managed slightly more receiving yards (each had over 13,000) despite having a hundred fewer catches (Reed had 951 while Ellard had 814); Reed had more touchdowns and Pro Bowl selections while Ellard was named an All-Pro twice and led the league in receiving yards (as opposed to Reed doing neither of those things). Returns and run-happy offenses hampered Ellard for five years before he began to flourish as a receiver. At the time of his retirement in 1998, Ellard was sixth all-time in receptions. Each player above him is in the Hall of Fame, while only one other in the top ten (Irving Fryar, who eventually passed him) is not already inducted. Ellard also ranked third at the time of retirement for yards (between James Lofton and Steve Largent). All except him and Fryar in the top ten are in the Hall of Fame. Ellard became a semifinalist for the Hall of Fame the class of 2023, which is both his first time reaching this stage and his last year with the Modern Era class.

In the 1991 cult classic Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) video game Tecmo Super Bowl, Ellard is the only player besides Jerry Rice to have a Receptions Score of 81, the highest rating for all receivers in the game set during the 1990–91 NFL season.

Personal life
Henry Ellard is married to Lillian Ellard and they have three children together: Christiana, Alexandria and Adriana. Henry also has two children from a previous marriage: Henry Jr and Whitney.

Coaching career
After his retirement, Ellard became an assistant coach at Southern California Christian High School, then became an assistant track-and-field coach at Villa Park High School. In 2000, he was a coach at Fresno State before taking the receivers coaching job for the St. Louis Rams in 2001. On January 25, 2009 Ellard came to the New York Jets as the wide receivers coach. He was named the wide receivers coach for the New Orleans Saints on March 14, 2012, and spent three seasons with the club before leaving after the 2014 season. He served as the head football coach at San Antonio Christian School from 2016 to 2021. The most notable players he coached were Torry Holt, Issac Bruce, Parker Johnson, Mason Norris, Alex King, Austin Hotchkiss, Brandon Trevino, and Drew Brees.

Head coaching record
Source:

title: Henry Ellard


text: User talk:82.44.189.106

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text: User talk:66.208.43.50

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Talk:Molsheim

Websites

 * www.mairie-molsheim.fr
 * Tourism: www.ot-molsheim-mutzig.com

title: Talk:Molsheim


text:
Boos, Bavaria

Boos is a municipality in the district of Unterallgäu in Bavaria in Germany. The town is the seat of the municipal association with Fellheim, Heimertingen, Niederrieden and Pleß.

title: Boos, Bavaria


text: Category:Nervous tissue cells

title: Category:Nervous tissue cells


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User talk:Iodni 1

Bold textI am looking for a modle of a Flexible flyer Bus or a toy modle. Contact me at [[Media:tomyart47@yahoo.ca]]

title: User talk:Iodni 1


text: Tommyrot

title: Tommyrot


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User talk:Kirawales

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. - snoyes 19:14, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

OK, that's low
Insults are one thing. But insulting someone's daughter based on a disability? That is truly disgusting. A2Kafir 19:20, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sollog isn't noted for his tact... Fire Star 19:54, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kirawales


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User talk:DarkProdigy

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Reference errors on 27 October
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Sorry
I would like to apologise for reverting your edit as it was valid. From my pov tho it did look like vandalism because of the addicting of dick in the titles. Sorry, — RealFakeKim  T  12:58, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

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Talk:Not proven

References to 'defendant' in this article are not really appropriate as under Scots law the person after being charged but before being convicted is known as the 'accused.' Likewise, the other party can be known as the 'complainer.' This differs from English law where it is the 'defendant' and 'complainant' respectively.

Not PROVED not "Proven"
Actually, the verdict is "Not Proved" not "Not Proven."

not proven
In an unusual use of the not proven verdict, Senator Arlen Spector voted not proven in the Impeachment of Bill Clinton, citing Scottish law. The verdict was unusal, because not proven is not a verdict available in United States criminal or civil law. Spector later wrote, "History will not say the president was not guilty, although he was entitled to acquittal because the charges were not proved at a Senate trial, but historians will reject William Jefferson Clinton's brazen contention that it was all Republican politicians and a right-wing conspiracy."

I wonder if this might be a suitable addition to the article? It's not clear to me, as the article is, after all, about Scottish law. On the other hand, this instance might be of wide interest outside of the UK. Michael Ward 19:15, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd happily go along with that, indeed the text you've used above would be fine (though I'd link 'Senate' and 'W.. J.. Clinton' personally) --[[User:VampWillow|Vamp:Willow]] 19:30, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I trimmed the Specter quotation, thinking the reference was enough. The evidence from the Senate trial is ambiguous: Senator Specter announced both not proven and not guilty, and in remarks soon after he suggested that he had meant not proven but had also said not guilty just to keep Chief Justice Rehnquist from counting him "present." And I changed impeachment to impeachment trial, because the impeachment happened in the House of Representatives. I revised the rest of the article, too. (February 26, 2006.)

"Not Proven" in caps
I've changed references to verdicts from capital letters to lower-case, as there is no case (NPI) in grammar for the use of capitals. Chriscf 17:48, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Not Guilty Vs. Innocent
"Some modern commentators have suggested that if a reduction in the number of possible verdicts is desired, it is the 'not guilty' verdict (in the sense of 'innocent') which should be discarded. This is based on the logic that if sufficient evidence exists to convict then 'guilty' is the appropriate verdict. If however insufficient or no evidence exists then the charge against the defendant can not be proved. Therefore the result should be 'not proven'. These are the only two logical and legal conclusions which can be drawn. To declare someone 'innocent' is a moral judgment, not a legal one..."

In legal terms "not guilty" and "innocent" are not synonymous. Not guilty means that the defendent has been judged to have not commited the crime whereas there is already the presumption of innocence until a defendent is found to be otherwise. This whole paragraph needs to be dropped.

Ironcorona 00:16, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "Innocence" in a legal sense can be held to have been found when a wrongfully-convicted person is subsequently exhonorated. This differs from a reversal on appeal, a commutation of sentence, or a pardon, as it is a formal setting aside of the previous verdict and the declaration by a court of competent jurisdiction that the accused never actually committed the offense charged in the original conviction.  After conviction, the burden of proof then switches over to the convicted, who can only truly be exhonorated by the discovery of or admission of previously unavailable evidence, or the proving that the original proceedings were fatally flawed due to corruption of the process by means such as bribery or other incontravertible demonstrances of error (such as the subsequent conviction of another for the identical offense).  166.152.222.225 (talk) 00:58, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

Yellow Smiley
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Since the above seems to have broken, may I add this as an alternative?! This flag once was redpropagandadeeds 10:25, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Sources?
I have edited one sentence to include "citation needed", but I think to put them everywhere there is ambiguous language like "Some Historians" or people named without actual sources/citations to back them up would clutter the whole article with these edits. I believe this article should be reviewed and sources cited where necessary under WP:NOR and WP:CITE. I also suggest adding "Primarysources" to the top of the page. Wushupork 17:33, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Quantum of evidence?
In the U.S. and British system, conviction requires proof of guilt by the quantum of evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt." I gather this is also the quantum required for a "proven" or "guilty" verdict in Scots law.

In the U.S. and Britain, anything less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt requires a "not guilty" verdict. In Scots law, this could lead to a "not guilty" or a "not proven" verdict.

What quantum of evidence divides "not guilty" from "not proven?" Does a quantum equal to or greater than a "preponderance of the evidence," but less than "beyond a reasonable doubt" require a "not proven" verdict, while evidence less than a preponderance requires a "not guilty" verdict? Or is there a different quantum? Pirate Dan 22:03, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Piraten, you totally fail to understand the not proven verdict. The verdict is a statement of the facts and a not proven verdict is technically equivalent to not guilty. The real difference is that a not guilty verdict is a statement of the rights of a jury to judge the whole case, whilst a not proven verdict is the submission of the jury to confine its judgement only to the facts. The practical implication of not guilty is that it can be used in a wider range of circumstances. E.g. it can be applied when the verdict according to the facts would be "proven" but the jury feals justice requires a not guilty verdict, but usually it is brought in when a jury feals that a simple "not proven" verdict would be against natural justice and as such it is effectively a rebuke of the prosecution for bringing a case which was clearly not sustainable. Bugsy 17:27, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Piraten, it's safer not to refer to a "British system" at all - Scotland has always had its own criminal and civil legal systems (and education system, and banknotes...) and it's difficult enough convincing Americans that "England" cannot be used interchangeably with "Britain"! BTW - the sentence "The main difference between a "not proven" and "not guilty" verdict lies in the protections of double jeopardy not applying to a defended acquitted on "not proven"" in this article is wrong.  Both verdicts are acquittals and - other than as provided for by the Double Jeopardy (Scotland) Act 2011 - both protect the accused from double jeopardy.86.130.149.145 (talk) 11:53, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

For the reason of the last sentence above, I removed the section "Modern Use" as it was factually incorrect. Quote from www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN02710.pdf: "judges have already taken action on their own initiative to ensure that juries understand that where the case against an accused person is found not proven, that person may not be prosecuted again for the same crime." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.49.58.117 (talk) 13:47, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Frequency
Are there any available data on the comparative frequency of Not Guilty and Not Proven, both currently and historically? Dynzmoar (talk) 18:13, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Scot free
I have heard a number of times that the phrase "Scot free" relates to a not proven verdict. As those who get away with a crime are said to have "got off Scot free", as if they had been given a "not proven" verdict in a Scottish court. In general though most internet sources claim that the "scot" was in fact about an old tax system. Can anyone clear this up? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.111.162.127 (talk) 17:32, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Interesting line of thought! Control-alt-delete ★ user◾talk◾favs 17:31, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Interesting perhaps, but wrong. It comes from not having to pay 'skat', a 10th century Viking tax. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.220.35.161 (talk) 20:26, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

Madeleine Smith
It isn't clear that the not proven verdict was particularly damaging to her (as compared to not guilty of course) since she had already been socially ruined by the revelation of her affair. In fact she seems to have lived quietly and respectably, albeit away from Glasgow. Madeleine Smith (talk) 11:52, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Use in Other Jurisdictions
The paragraph about three outcomes in the Anglo-American system is made-up garbage, at least with respect to American jurisdictions. Juries can return Guilty, or Not Guilty, but never Innocent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.84.198.154 (talk) 05:13, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

IANAL but based on the link provided, in my opinion none of the not guilty verdicts in the Italian system correspond to "not proven". Even though I'm a lowly IP address, I will remove that sentence if no one objects. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.237.234.150 (talk) 18:38, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

If the line about one of the Italian verdicts roughly corresponding to 'not proven' is correct, then the page Italian Code of Criminal Procedure is incorrect in the meanings it provides for the five verdicts. I looked at the source for this line, it can be found here. This source gives these as the five acquittal verdicts ("from strongest to weakest"):

1) that no crime was committed; 2) that there was a crime, but the defendant did not commit it; 3) that the defendant is innocent of the crime, because evidence was insufficient to convict him; 4) that there was no crime, because the defendant had a justification for his action (such as self-defense or necessity); 5) that it was not possible to decide the case due to a procedural fault.

Numbers 1), 2) and 4) correlate well with the first three acquittal verdicts on Italian Code of Criminal Procedure. But 3) (the 'not proven' verdict) and 5) simply don't match the other two, which are

 * Perché il fatto non è previsto dalla Legge come reato ("because the action is not included by the Law as an offence"), and
 * Perché l'imputato non è punibile ("because the accused is not punishable").

If you read the interpretations of these in the wiki article, they look even less like what the source describes. The Italian wiki article Formula assolutoria provides more detail and agrees with the English-language article. So it seems most likely to me that the source is simply wrong. It's possible that 5) is actually referring to the non-acquittal non doversi procedere ("one must not proceed") verdict. Lukeuser (talk) 10:59, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

Confusing verbiage
This paragraph goes back and forth between Specter/Clinton impeachment and the O.J. Trial, and is repetitive about Specter. I'd like for whoever wrote this in the first place to have a chance to edit it, but I'll check back in a couple weeks and fix it if no one has gotten to it by then.

''The Scottish verdict has not been permanently adopted outside its home country, but it was sometimes used in colonial Canada, especially by some judges in southwestern Ontario[citation needed]. Its most famous use outside of Scottish law came when Senator Arlen Specter tried to vote "not proven" on an article of impeachment of Bill Clinton[5] (see Lewinsky scandal -- his votes on the two articles in question were recorded as "not guilty"), and when, at the O.J. Simpson murder case, various reformers, including Fred Goldman, Ron Goldman's father, pushed for a change to "not proven" because of what they felt was an incorrect presumption of innocence on the part of Simpson.[6] Despite the appeal to Scottish law, Senator Specter's vote was recorded as one of "not guilty".[7]''

KConWiki (talk) 02:42, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

U of C Law Review Article
I don't think that this Law Review article implies what the "Not proven" article says that it does. Far from saying that this verdict should be added to the American system, the article rather argues that whilst it has been proposed that America add this verdict to the jury's choices that in practice such should not be allowed, due to an overwhelming public conception of the necessity of a high standard of proof prior to conviction, namely "proof beyond reasonable doubt", and the equally high recognition of "the presumption of innocence". The article argues that due to the public's knowledge and awareness of these concepts, that it is already aware that many of the persons found "not guilty" in all likelyhood actually committed the offenses with which they were charged but that the high standard required for conviction was not attained by the prosecution and resulted in acquittal; hence the verdict of "not proven" would be unnecessary and duplicative in the American system. 166.152.222.225 (talk) 01:09, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

A Third of Acquittals
In the 'Modern Usage' section, the article states 'Approximately one third of all acquittal verdicts by Scottish juries use the formulation Not proven', while in the 'Criticism' section, it says 'The number of "not proven" verdicts in sexual assault cases is proportionally large; about three out of ten of these cases end with an acquittal, and a third of these acquittals (a tenth of all verdicts in such cases) are judged "not proven"'.

Is one of these 'thirds' wrong, or is it not actually proportionally large in sexual assault cases? 86.135.43.140 (talk) 00:51, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

 * "Proportionally large" is an odd construction. the usual phrase is "disproportionally large." Proportionally large would mean the opposite. And would fit those numbers you cited. But even if that were intended, that would be a strange way to use words :/ Firejuggler86 (talk) 11:06, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Consequence and Difference
Can we have a section that explores the actual consequence/different between the two terms. What difference does it make in practice? IceDragon64 (talk) 00:30, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

Modern usage statement in the lede is not properly sourced
Because of a recent high profile trial returning a Not Proven verdict of sexual assault there are a lot of claims being made on social media that "Not Proven" means the jury were convinced of guilt but didn't have sufficient evidence. I am alarmed to see this claim in the lede of the article referenced by one PDF of an official study which does not support anything like a statement of that concreteness.

Why has this study been cited and why has it been glossed in this apparently misleading way?

I can quite easily find another official source which states regarding the meaning of "Not Proven" much more clearly and unequivocally that:

"This means there was not enough evidence to prove the case 'beyond reasonable doubt' or there were other reasons why the accused was not found guilty.

Both these verdicts have the same effect and mean the accused will be excused from the court – they will be free to leave."

https://www.mygov.scot/criminal-court-case/verdicts/

One is left with the suspicion that there may be some editorializing going on by those with an interest in shaping the narrative around the mentioned high profile trial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.147.117.34 (talk) 20:25, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Not proven


text:
Talk:Astro Boy

Fallacious and incorrect argument
While discussing the 1962 film it says: "It can be clearly seen that it was made at the beginning of Japanese movie making history, as we can see that pistols have their barrels covered with white paper before they are shot, as it can be seen in some of the scenes being cut up to match some dynamic movement and or stunt moves. Special effects and Scenography can be compared to, that time, American B-Class movies.

The film's quality has nothing to do with the development of Japan's film industry. This is simply ridiculous. Johnmiguelking (talk) 00:51, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Beginning of Japanese film!?
"It can be clearly seen that it was made at the beginning of Japanese movie making history"

1962 is not anywhere near close to the beginning of Japanese movie making. In fact, Japan has one of the best film making traditions of all of Asia, with the most famous director (Kurosawa) having numerous classics going back into the 1940s. This line should be altered or deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.107.104.215 (talk) 06:34, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Indeed, the Japanese were making movies (including anime - animated cartoons) - as far back as 1917 ot even earlier. Das Baz, aka Erudil 18:59, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Pinocchio
Why no mention of Pinocchio, the classic story on which Astro Boy is based?22:29, 31 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.88.154.149 (talk)

there is no source saying so.Bread Ninja (talk) 16:16, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Besides, our hero was a boy (Toby) before he was a robot. Das Baz, aka Erudil 17:12, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Astro Boy 2003
Why there is no mention of Astro Boy 2003 anime? there is the astro boy film which holds most of it's influence from the 2003 anime. So why no mentoin of the 2003 anime in this article?Bread Ninja (talk) 16:16, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Gold Key Comics Astro Boy
Gold Key Comics published an Astro Boy comic book in the 1960's - at the same time they were publishing Magnus, Robot Fighter - There was at least one issue published, which I bought. Does anyopne know how many issues were there, and the dates of their publication? Das Baz, aka Erudil 17:11, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Astro Boy: Robot or android?
While some may think it is more accurate to call Astro Boy an "android", I feel that because Dr. Tezuka only referred to Atom as a robot I think it is more accurate to call him a "robot". To call him an android is misleading because he is not only a "mechanical" substitute for Tobio Tenma, he also has special powers which most fictional android characters do not. Actually it might be more accurate to call him a "humanoid robot" beacuse while he essentially resembles a human he has other characteristics that make him appear non-human, such as his hair! The strongest arguement for calling him a robot is that that is the way he is described by his creator! —Preceding unsigned comment added by ANASTROFAN (talk • contribs) 22:30, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * An android is a humanoid robot. So using the term "android" is more precise, is widely understood, and avoids excessive wording. —Farix (t | c) 00:24, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * In all articles about Astro Boy he is referred to as a robot! This is how he is known to the general public! To call him an android would cause confusion because to many an android is almost an exact replica of a human which Astro Boy is not! How many androids do you know with rockets in their boots? Unlike Data of Star Trek:The Next Generation fame Astro Boy is a character primarily created for children to enjoy! The word android has already been corrupted by Star Wars! Again this is how his creator described him, which should be respected and because he is known around the world as a "robot"! This is how it should read for any one coming to this site for info re: Astro Boy! —Preceding unsigned comment added by ANASTROFAN (talk • contribs) 01:44, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * (ec) I've seen Astro Boy referred to as an android, and (as Farix pointed out) "android" is a more specific type of robot. I don't know of anyone who thinks an android is an exact replica of a human (which would be a human, being an exact replica and all). Yes, many androids in fiction have a human-like appearance, but there are many (such as the one from the original Metropolis film) which are not very humanlike at all. Astro Boy is an android (albeit with rocket feet). There's no reason to get high blood pressure over this and try to shout everyone else down. No one editor owns this article, so no one editor may impose his/her preferences on it. So, please, calm down and stop with the exclamatory statements. Thanks. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 02:11, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Just because Astro Boy has rockets and weapons doesn't make him any less an android. An android is simply a humanoid robot or a "synthetic organism". Beyond the rockets and weapons, Astro Boy's depiction is very much human-like and is portrayed as a living entity. —Farix (t | c) 04:34, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Simplish question: in the English release of the manga, which is he called? In the anime? In reliable sources (reviews, books, etc?) -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 17:19, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Straw poll
As there is some disagreement over this, how about we have a straw poll. Please indicate below your opinion on whether Astro Boy should be called an android or a robot followed by your rationale supporting it. I've advertised this on the WikiProject Anime and manga talk page in order to bring more eyes to this discussion. Please remember to be civil and no need for shouting. Thanks! ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 16:48, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Android as it is a more specific type of robot, and therefore more precise. Astro Boy clearly fits all of the requirements for being an android (see my argument above). ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 16:48, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Android an anthropomorphic robot. --KrebMarkt 16:56, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Android Synthetic organism rather then a lifeless automaton. Dandy Sephy (talk) 17:16, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Android is the precise description, but a one-time mention of "humanoid robot" should be made as its definition. Arsonal (talk) 17:45, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Whatever is used by the author, unless another term is used prevalently by reliable sources. Nihonjoe's reasoning would be sound if it were a simple fact that an android "is a more specific type of robot" and that Astro Boy "fits all of the requirements for being an android". That is not the case. For example, Yahoo!'s dictionary defines an android as "[a]n automaton that is created from biological materials and resembles a human" (emphasis mine) and Longman's online dictionary defines an android as "a robot that looks completely human" (emphasis mine). In any case, the decision should not rest with Wikipedia editors, if only to avoid original research.  Good raise  19:20, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * That definition upholds my argument as it states, "...a robot that looks completely human" (emphasis mine). That definition indicates that an android is a specific type of robot (defined after stating that it's a robot). ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 20:25, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Note: Nihonjoe replied to the original version of my post. I realized that my original post read as if I was giving the example to contradict Nihonjoe's statement, while I had actually intended to give an example of a definition that doesn't fit Astro Boy. Unfortunately, the expansion I made to my post to work around that issue was (most likely by accident) undone by . (See both versions here.) I have now reinstated the expansion of my post.  Good raise  21:11, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * In all articles about Astro Boy, he is referred to as a "robot", especially by his creator! (I like using exclamation points; so sue me!) I have never heard the automaton (another word that can describe Astro Boy!) from Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" described as an android! Of course that is neither here nor there. I think the main thing is to accurately display the entry to conform to the historical description! Although I have seen a source in reviewing Astro Boy state that "Astro Boy could be more accurately described as an "android", this was just one reviewer's opinion and all sources list "Astro Boy" as the adventures of a "robot boy"! This is the consensus as this is how he is known to the general public! To call him anything else would be confusing. Especially since the term "android" is a more esoteric term! But as a compromise maybe somewhere in the entry it could be mentioned that "Astro Boy" can be described as a "humanoid robot" or "android"! (Although for me the term android has been corrupted by the Star Wars movies!)signed ANASTROFAN! —Preceding undated comment added 13:28, January 27, 2010.
 * Whether Star Wars used a corrupted version of "android" is irrelevant to this discussion so there is no reason to bring it up over and over. The Metropolis android is often described as a "gynoid", which is an android designed to look female. No one is going to be confused by Astro Boy being referred to in the article as an android (and since the word is linked to the article "Android", they can click on the link if they perchance need further clarification on the topic). ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 20:25, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * NOW I AM GETTING PISSED! I did not undo anything accidently or otherwise! And noone can tell me what I can and cannot say! Nor can thay say what may or may not be confusing to someone else! I thought the purpose of this straw poll was to discuss the question of whether Astro Boy should be referred to as an android or more simply as a robot, not attack someone who has a different opinion! I already stated my opinion and even offered a compromise! Astro Boy is a robot plain and simple! signed by ANASTROFAN! —Preceding unsigned comment added by ANASTROFAN (talk • contribs) 00:53, 28 January 2010 (UTC)
 * There is no reason to be "pissed". No one is telling you what you can and can not say, either. You are welcome to say whatever you wish as long as it remains within what is acceptable according to WP:CIVIL. So far, while you are obviously very passionate about this issue, you have remained well within acceptable, so there's no reason to become upset at a discussion. Wikipedia operates by consensus, and no one person controls the content or wording of this or any other article here. In order to determine quickly where people stood on this issue, this straw poll was set up to determine if "android" should be used instead of "robot". Currently, it appears that the majority of participants believe "android" should be used, but we will probably keep this straw poll open for a little longer in order to see if anyone else wishes to express an opinion. Now, if it is determined that an overwhelming majority of people participating believe that one word or another should be used, then that is what we will go with. However, it's perfectly acceptable to tweak the wording along the lines of what you proposed above, even if your exact wording is not used.
 * This is a discussion. People are welcome to ask questions of each other, probe reasoning behind an opinion, etc., as long as the discussion remains civil. That's how Wikipedia is run. I'd be happy to discuss this issue (consensus, discussion, etc.) further with you if you have concerns regarding it, but this talk page is not the location for that. Feel free to drop a note on my talk page if you have any questions. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 01:33, 28 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Whichever is used in the manga and anime. The Creator is the authority here.  VMS Mosaic (talk) 02:18, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay here is the main reason why it should be robot. First and foremost because that is the way Dr. Tezuka described him. I would like for a citation where Astro Boy is described as "an android". In fairness I feel the best way to settle this is to compromise. Who knows if Dr. Tezuka were here and able to provide his opinion, he might concede that Astro Boy could definitely be described as an "android" (or he might not after all, he always got annoyed whenever someone mentioned Asimov's Laws of Robotics to him and applied it to Astro Boy.) Now should one description be held over another... Aye there's the rub! signed Yours truly, ANASTROFAN —Preceding unsigned comment added by ANASTROFAN (talk • contribs) 02:53, 28 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Android As I stated previously, it is a more precise term and is easily understood by the general reader. One doesn't need to make an interpretation to determine that the main protagonist is an android any more than than it is an interpretation that a tree has green leaves. —Farix (t | c) 03:45, 28 January 2010 (UTC)
 * If Merriam-Webster's definition was the one and only definition of the term android, then you would be right, but it's not. (See also my post above.) Also, as pointed out below, your tree analogy is simply flawed.  Good raise  18:37, 28 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Except of course in the fall when leaves are not necessarily green! Another reason for robot is tradition! Astro Boy has been traditionally referred to as a "robot". This entry is for the general public! I still recommend that some sort of compromise be made because there are valid points on both sides of the argument! So what say you my fellow wikipedians, should another straw poll be started! Can we "robots" live in harmony with "androids"? I say yea; that is what Astro Boy is all about!--signed Yours Truly, ANASTROFAN —Preceding unsigned comment added by ANASTROFAN (talk • contribs) 13:49, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

I say whatever they call him on in the series. If they call him robot, leave it as robot, if it's android then put android. But if we choose one over the other, even though the original term is the one being used within the series, than that would be Original Research.Bread Ninja (talk) 17:30, 28 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Android. If a reader doesn't know what it is, it is easily linked to a definition. Using 'robot' instead of 'android' is akin to having our George Washington article describe him as a '4-limbed vertebrate' - technically correct, but...
 * If it's OR to use words (which have no negative or positive connotations) which weren't in the source material, then all of Wikipedia is OR and a 'non-OR' article will be selcouth indeed. (Oh no! I have just guaranteed this post is OR because 'selcouth' is such an obsolete & obscure English word that it appears in the sources of maybe a dozen - if that - of our 3-4 million articles!) --Gwern (contribs) 18:56 28 January 2010 (GMT)

 * Both at varying times throughout the article. Variety is the spice of life, and makes for a better reading experience.  --Malkinann (talk) 21:07, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay so far, by my count it's five for android, three for what is in the source material (and because in the original manga and anime Tezuka refers to Astro Boy as a robot, that is also three votes for robot) and there are two votes for compromise, mine being one of them! You do all understand that calling Astro Boy an android is a matter of opinion and not fact! Different authors use different terms to denote different things! Android was a term used by some authors to describe different characters in their respective works! It is not an official designation! It is merely a literary device. Should we impose one author's literary device on another, simply because we prefer one over the other? I think android should be included in some way in the Astro Boy pages, but I do not think it should replace robot because that would (in my opinion) be superceding the creator's intent! Okay so what say ye!--signed Respectfully, ANASTROFAN! —Preceding unsigned comment added by ANASTROFAN (talk • contribs) 03:45, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Information.svg|25px|link=]] Hello. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four halfwidth tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. You could also click on the signature button Insert-signature.png located above the edit window.  This will automatically insert a signature with your username or IP address and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you.  ··· 日本穣 ? ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 04:01, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This is an odd one; why would we not use what the official translation of the manga itself uses? If Astro Boy is technically an android, by all means find an article on the science of Tezuka (I'm positive there is one, if only in Japanese) and source some additional information from that, but it seems like a lot of fuss over interchangeable synonyms. I would also be perfectly fine with using the two words interchangeably within the article. Doceirias (talk) 00:33, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

 * In the manga, Atom (Astro Boy's original Japanese name)is referred to as "robotto" which translates as "robot". [Thank you for the lesson in etiquette, Nihonjoe!] ANASTROFAN (talk) 13:34, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Lost Original Episodes
The source for saying the original Japanese episodes is lost is a blog? Really? That's the best source that anyone can find? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.45.24.64 (talk) 03:33, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I think Jay Rath (1980 Skunk voice) confirmed it on a forum. It is not 100% confirmed that the user is Jay Rath though, but it may be possible to contact the user to do a "real world action" such as editing the article with an authentified account if he has one. Fafner (talk) 09:23, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Article Separation
I strongly believe that this article should be split into two, one covering the original manga and the other covering the anime. Both of these are notable enough to have their own article(s). Androids101 (talk) 00:35, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Astro boy semi-protection request
Not done: is not required for edits to semi-protected, unprotected pages, or pending changes protected pages. Jnorton7558 (talk) 18:20, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Dubious claim
The characters appearing in Latin American works are almost certainly unauthorized, this is like saying "Disney characters appear in French originated comic strips". Sorta like the Japanese use of Micky Mouse in the war, is it official, no, but does it count? ChrisGualtieri (talk) 13:16, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Editing
For this article that I will be revising, I will edit all the paragraphs. It seems that some of the sentences does not flow well, and some have run-on sentences. Michelle Lee123 (talk) 19:12, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

Mighty Atom
For the first sentence of this article I have edited as this... Astro Boy, known in Japan by its original name Mighty Atom (鉄腕アトム), is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka... Is that okay? Rayayala17 (talk) 22:03, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

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Mobile Games
by Animoca: * Tezuka World: Astro Crunch * Astro Boy Zap! * Astro Boy Dash * Astro Boy Flight * Astro Boy Piano * Astro Boy Siege: Alien Attack 2001:4C50:18D:6300:2CCE:3E26:B17:6996 (talk) 11:35, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

Inspired?
nothing partial about inspiration. it is or it isnt. 2600:1700:5FA1:61B0:F41D:B607:76E4:8522 (talk) 05:16, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

First volume cover
Hi everyone. I suggest to use the first volume cover as profile picture for this article. Why? Because in any Japanese manga series that consists of many volumes, using the first volume cover is the best to introduce anyone to the series and avoiding spoilers for newcomers. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.1.220.13 (talk) 16:39, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Adding the respective magazine (Weekly Shonen Sunday)
Hi everyone. Could someone please add the respective magazine on which the series was published? Weekly Shonen Sunday it is, if I'm not mistaken. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.1.220.13 (talk) 16:45, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * There is no source stating that. WSS is a Shogakukan magazine. Astro Boy was originally published by Kobunsha in a magazine called "Shōnen", - Xexerss (talk) 18:02, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Then the Spanish Wikipedia article of Astro Boy is wrong. Because it says explicitly "Weekly Shonen Sunday" while the English article says only Shonen. I thought that you missed writing the rest... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.1.220.13 (talk) 23:32, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I checked the source cited there and it's the same thing I wrote before. Obviously someone just wrote incorrect information in the infobox. - Xexerss (talk) 23:39, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Also, Astro Boy debuted in 1952. The first WSS issue was launched in 1959. - Xexerss (talk) 23:54, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Astro Boy