text:
Talk:Great Patriotic War (term)

VOV is often critized
"Since the early 1980s, the Great Patriotic War is sometimes referred to in Russian texts by the acronym ВОВ but this abbreviation is often criticized" Being native Russian, I have never ever heard anyone critizing this "term" inside exUSSR up to current time. This "term" importance is actually many times more important than, say, what WWII means in the West; because it IS this what caused holocaust against USSR citizens and they are celebrated as ones capable to endure, overcome and turn the tides of whole war. Because it is USSR citizens which were targeted by Hilter and which heroically broke his war machine, not Europe, not USA, not Afrika. 93.129.3.218 (talk) 22:35, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
 * , войну выиграли не только русские. И не только русские сражались. Но только русские взяли Берлин "побыстрей" ценой многих сотен жизней. Чтобы такие уроды как ты сейчас могли нести подобную херню про то, что типа: "только русские победили1".188.162.84.18 (talk) 12:01, 27 May 2015 (UTC)
 * . Потому что более 80% потерь Германии - Восточный фронт. Так что да, победили именно русские. Американцы и иже с ними только помогли. Алессия (talk) 21:02, 7 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Great example of ethnic hatred blinding someone. Why bother reading, when you can just randomly strawman anything, and start ranting. 2601:201:8001:790:1494:D13A:8EC:7987 (talk) 10:37, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

Bad Translation
Why do you translate it as "Patriotic War"? In Russian "отечество" means homeland. Therefore, the term should be translated as "The Great Homeland War". I will fix it if you don't mind. 93.173.111.60 (talk) 11:51, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Then "homelander war" --Eugeny1988 (talk) 23:55, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Even better translation of "отечество" is "fatherland". The term must be translated as Great War for Fatherland, or Great Fatherland War.
 * True, but "Great Patriotic War" is the established translation. That's what we were taught when studying English. -- Wesha (talk) 07:53, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Because "Homeland" by itself does not spiritually connect to "отечество", "homeland" connects perfectly with "национальная"/"national". Using a combination like "patriotic homeland war" would match, but "homeland" can be simplified and ommited as a weaker duplicate of original meaning. 93.129.3.218 (talk) 22:46, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

Patriotic, Homeland, Fatherland, Отечество, Отечественная - all the words are tied to "father", which is padre/patre. So, the established translation makes a lot of sense. Fatherland and Patriotic have similar etymology and meaning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Annamuria (talk • contribs) 00:23, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

Term
I've also seen claims of World War 2 being referred to by Russians as the Great Patriotic Anti-Fascist War. The author of the following article claims this. http://www.counterpunch.org/leupp1003.html 67.53.78.15 01:54, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The "Anti-Fascist" is not used. It is sometimes accompanied by wording "Great Patriotic War against facist occupants", but never as "Great Patriotic Anti-Facist War". "Great Patriotic War" is a rock-solid definition. 93.129.3.218 (talk) 22:42, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

I think the tem itself deserves medium importance, while the war itself of course desrves the highest possible mark Alex Bakharev 00:34, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps a different article about this other term, if indeed it is or has been fairly widely used in Russia. Since this article is about an alternative name for the war (alternative outside the US at least) and not about the war itself. There are often different terms for events or place in different countries, so it could be neither irrelevant, nor merely political in nature (as reference to a website that is political in nature and does not pretend the myth of non-bias might make one think). In the US, the war with Vietnam is called the "Vietnam War", in Vietnam I believe it is called something like "the American war". And the word "Japan" is not used by Japanese to describe their country or land, but "Nihon". In the US, veterans will say they went to fight Hitler and fascism, though still will call it World War 2. Author Thomas Mann in his 1938 This Peace (Dieser Friede) criticizes the British ruling class for putting up with Hitler because they like him as a bulwark against communism, it was not all the population that were not for fighting fascism, or even acting as if they had to choose one over the other. I guess what I am trying to say is, acknowledging the term "Great Patriotic Anti-Fascist War" is not pro-Soviet propaganda. In the world outside of wikipedia, I'd personally like to see WW2 more recognized as the anti-fascist war it was. Or, at least the anti-fascist war soldiers knew they were fighting. Children of the generation born after WW2 sang school-kid songs flaming both Mussolini and Hitler. I heard my father sing it for the first time this past year. 67.53.78.15 17:21, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

The separation between Eastern Front (World War II) and Great Patriotic War articles
I would like to say that the current separation between the Eastern Front (World War II) and Great Patriotic War articles here in Wikipedia is an absolute nonsense, since boh terms describes the same event.

To create a tiny separate article called "Great Patriotic War" just to separate the term from the mainstream Historiography is just a mere pro-neo-Soviet POV, in my opinion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.232.230.158 (talk • contribs) 16:32, 17 July 2007

 * O unsigned anonymous editor, the article "Great Patriotic War" is clearly about the TERM rather than the events described. 3 of 4 paragraphs actually begin with "the term". Eleland 19:55, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I would argue that the two articles should be merged and that this article should become a section of the Eastern Front article. Otherwise this article merely seems redundant. Tiger Khan (talk) 13:44, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It's about the term, not the war. The term does intentionally ignore Stalin's earlier invasions of Poland, the Baltics, etc. and collusion with Hitler. That will eventually have to go back in the article. —PētersV (talk) 15:18, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I would still argue that discussion of the term could be part of the greater Eastern Front article, allowing for the consolidation. Tiger Khan (talk) 06:41, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Not nonsense, since boh terms needs to be represented
All opinions are valid. That being said it is an objective fact that World War 2 is not called World war two in Russia (even by pro-neo-fascists in that country) The "Eastern Front" was the WESTERN front to the Soviets. The west is not now and never will be the center of the world. Nor will capitalist imperialist intrests last forever. Ignorance and intolerance, unfortunatley, will always exist. This article describes the term not the event. p.s. proof-read your edits. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.20.167.190 (talk • contribs) 07:30, 22 July 2007

 * The above is a completely pointless discussion on semantics written by a biased source, and I believe should be ignored. Spelling mistakes aside. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sieurfill (talk • contribs) 22:19, 5 December 2007

 * I think the IP expresses points too often overlooked in the West. 118.90.89.74 (talk) 12:37, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Propaganda usage
I had to kill the paragraph which said that the term Great Patriotic War was a deliberate diversion from previous Nazi-Soviet friendly relations and the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact; while an interesting thesis it needs to be sourced and attributed rather than appearing as the opinion of one editor. This being said, it was certainly a term of propaganda, and it would be interesting to have some properly sourced material on its anatomy as such. Eleland 20:07, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Someone desperately needs to change the non-English in the middle of this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2620:104:4000:6D:59D2:132C:B6A3:579E (talk) 16:55, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Why the “(term)” is necessary
The “(term)” is necessary in the title because there is a need to differentiate from the denomination “Great patriotic War” to the event that this name describes — which is known and recognized by most of the world as the Eastern Front of World War II.

This discussion is somehow similar to the Hirohito name question; until now, the “Showa Emperor” article is named this way in Wikipedia because most of the world outside Japan knows and denominate Showa as Hirohito.--MaGioZal (talk) 18:32, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, "(term)" is unnecessary. Any political argument aside, capitalizing every word makes clear that its a proper noun, making it redundant; and the fact that its not commonly used in English-speaking Western countries should be a dead giveaway. The "political" argument is that its used commonly in ex-USSR countries and so is somehow tainted for not being Western or from a US pov (which of course I reject). 118.90.59.31 (talk) 12:30, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Whoops, I mistook the argument. 118.90.59.31 (talk) 12:33, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

"See Also" section is a mess
It is not clear how Soviet invasion of Poland (1939), Winter War, Occupation of the Baltic states, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina articles (all of which describe events pre-GPW) ended up in this section. I'll remove it now. RJ CG (talk) 15:39, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

"Propaganda"
The way the word is usually used is from the US Cold War pov of government sponsored spread of lies. However, "Great Patriotic War" generates genuinely felt and extremely profound emotions in Russians. Consider how the US government uses references to the events of the War of Independence to show noble ideas. 118.90.89.74 (talk) 12:25, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I have no issue with honoring those who died fighting the Nazis after they invaded the Soviet Union. I do have an issue with the Red Army invading BEFORE the Nazis and later claiming to "liberate" in the "Great Patriotic War" those it had earlier already conquered and wreaked havoc upon, as in the Red Army soldier retired in Riga who complained 145,000 died to free Latvia from the Nazis. Well, no, it's likely that many died and more just trying to take the Courland pocket to wipe out Latvia. So look at all the lives Stalin could have saved if he had just kept heading toward Berlin instead. Consider that. V ЄСRUМВА  ♪  21:03, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with Vecrumba. Rudolfensis (talk) 21:30, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

High-resolution poster with readable text
Here's a high-resolution copy of the Родина-мать зовет! poser. http://www.arteveryday.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/27.jpg

The text is clearly readable. Could somebody translate it? --Nbauman (talk) 19:13, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

"Criticism" of term and propagandic value/historical significance
@Greyhood, I don't believe your revert was appropriate, nor did your lengthy edit summary apply. It is quite clear that the "Great Patriotic War" was chosen for its historical significance and, as well, to promulgate the view that the Soviet Union entered the war upon Hitler's assault and not a moment sooner. The content which was added was completely appropriate, as it represents reliable scholarship regarding the decision to apply GPW, the term, to WWII after Hitler's invasion. The correct action would have been to re-title the section to indicate "Criticism of term in reference to World War II" or similar. P ЄTЄRS J V ►TALK 19:04, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
 * As explained by me here, this criticism looks like a marginal point of view and revisionism, contradicting facts. Like the information in this change shows, the term appeared in 1914 and was used in a similar sense and with a similar purpose as in 1941. There is no evidence that Stalin or whoever else ordered the usage of the term to promulgate any views, especially those related to its difference from World War II. Also, of course, the Soviet Union was not in a state of war after the war with Finland and before June 1941, so they indeed entered the war on that day. Re-entered perhaps, from the point of view of some countries outside, but for the vast majority of Soviet citizens it was only in June 1941 that the war began.
 * So it looks like this: the USSR ceased participation in WWII actions for some time (btw, World War II was initially a "world war" mostly for the UK, Germany and France, because they were contesting the global domination and fought on a global scale, while the conflicts with the Soviet participants were regional). Then Germany invaded. As always when invaded, like it was done on two previous occasions in 1812 and 1914, Russians/Soviets proclaimed Patriotic War, meaning a war for the defense of fatherland and intended to boost the morals. And now, 70 years later some smart belletrist historian tells the term was used "to flatter the Russians" (the term actually was used to flatter all the Soviet people), for "marginalizing the Jews" (what's this about?? marginalizing Holocaust in the territory of the USSR perhaps, but than the author is just a bit Holocaust- and Jew-crazy, since nobody in the USSR denied that events, they just weren't so fixed on Jews given the fact that more Slavs perished in absolute terms) and to promulgate "the view that the war began in 1941". But the defensive "war for fatherland" indeed began in 1941 and they used the exact and traditional term, and only by unscientific, retrospective approach one could arrive to a conclusion that it was made for revisionism purposes. The Soviets didn't care about revisionism in 1941-42, they cared about the moral and survival. And after the war ended, they should have renamed their war for fatherland, in which everyone lost friends and relatives, "World War II", just to make modern revisionists happier? Grey Hood   Talk  20:27, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Differences between the term Great Patriotic War and the World War II
I have restored the fragment devoted to the differences between terms. I think it is informative and reasonably important Alex Bakharev (talk) 03:25, 12 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree, there are many cases, when people outside USSR/Russia do not understand difference on the whole or in some specific (sub)conflict of WWII. Section can be improved, but total removing is pointless. Alex Spade (talk) 11:41, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

See Also v2
We are talking about the usage of the word here in the article, correct? Maybe for the see also we could have World War II as a link and decommunization laws(is mentioned in the Ukraine part). I would do it myself but I am relatively inexperienced at wikipedia and I dont want to mess up this. The JJ  chat?  05:43, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

Recent edits
Obviously this edit is problematic because the sources used (a fully state-funded Polish think tank) does not adequately support what is written by the IP and looks like WP:OR. There is no mention of 1939-40 invasions or war crimes being justified in whatever "narrative" IP is referring to. Rather it mentions Kremlin use of the past to justify current foreign policy and its governance. There is already a usage section which mentions the period the term refers to. Sure this part can be expanded, but this edit is not a good one (and the sources are not good enough) and it is referring too much to the holiday and this "narrative" which is not within the scope of the article. There is already an article on the holiday and for contemporary propaganda in general. And not to mention the "propaganda legend" category which I do not think the IP knows what this means, however the IP seems very insistent on edit warring this instead. Mellk (talk) 11:35, 9 August 2022 (UTC)
 * "The primary means of manipulation include holding Western Europe responsible for the rise of Nazism and the outbreak of war, whitewashing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, justifying the invasions of neighbouring countries and the mass repressions against their populations." I admit that the way I edited was quite messy and disorganized, I was planning to expand it when I could and also hoped other users would contribute, and perhaps another section was unnecessary. I would like to know why you think the "Propaganda legends" category shouldn't be included though. -- 2804:248:FB48:0:B8B9:F666:776D:2FB3 (talk) 21:49, 9 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the main issue is that the article is about the term only, not about the memory of WWII, parades, and how Putin's regime uses it to justify his current foreign policy. The article only discusses the history of the term "Great Patriotic War" and the countries that officially use it/used it in the past, as it basically synonymous with Eastern Front of WWII and used in most post-Soviet states. So to me this looks like it is out of scope of the article to mention this undefined "narrative" (is it Kremlin propaganda under Putin you are referring to? Russian/Soviet historiography in general?) which talks about the propaganda about history in general and not the term itself. So it is better to put this in an article about propaganda, like propaganda in Russia (if about historical memory) or something similar (maybe Putinism if it is already mentioned there) and be more specific about this "narrative", as well as using better sources which I am sure there are better sources which discuss this. I am sceptical about the current sourcing and its "facts" it says, for example the reason it became a holiday in 1965, but this is not important for this article. Also the categories do not belong in the article about the term. To me it implies that the Eastern Front itself (again, both terms refer to the same thing) is something made up or some kind of legend. Mellk (talk) 22:24, 9 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I understand your point, perhaps the scope of this article should be expanded or it should be added to another article. But yes, when I talk about the narrative I'm not talking only about Putin's propaganda but Soviet historiography in general, as well as it's political purposes.

 * This article is mostly an study of how the victory cult which exists in Russia today was born, during the Brezhnev era, it cites many sources, and it talks about the reasons for it, how it was created, etc, the most interesting part though is how the war was used to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia and to vilify West Germany:

 * https://history.rutgers.edu/docman-docs/undergraduate/honors-papers-2012/414-no-one-is-forgotten-nothing-is-forgotten-war-memory-under-the-leonid-brezhnev-regime-1965-1974/file

 * Lastly, when I added the "Propaganda legends" category, I was of course referring to the narrative crafted around the "Great Patriotic War", while the term is mostly synonymous with the Eastern Front, it definitely has propaganda aspect to it. -- 2804:248:FB48:0:B8B9:F666:776D:2FB3 (talk) 04:25, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Probably this article is best and already includes much of what you wanted to add. Also, I would not use someone's undergrad thesis as a reliable source, perhaps take a look at WP:RS. Mellk (talk) 04:51, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

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Not only the Greater German Reich
but practically all of Europe fought against the USSR. Some of these were allied countries that sent their armies, the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Italy, the State of Finland, other allied countries sent volunteer formations, the Spanish State. In addition, support was sent by collaborationist regimes, the French State, the Norwegian State, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Slovak State, and the Independent State of Croatia. Large industrial concerns from France and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were part of the Greater German armaments industry

Romanization warring
Note: recent edit-warring at the article related to romanization of Cyrllic by anon users and, may be related to the same pattern of activity seen at this (and other) articles by , recently indeffed as a sock of. Please watch for further warring about this by new IP users, and don't hesitate to revert them. If you see the same activity by logged-in users, they may be s WP:SOCKPUPPET. Mathglot (talk) 20:16, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Patriotic War (term)


text:
User:Brainspawn

Underlinings
Friday, December 17, 2004 In the Future, everything will Work - Schwa (capitalized)

Thursday, December 16, 2004 Reality is the original Rorschach. - Principia Discordia

Tuesday, December 14, 2004 Ted Kaczynski - Industrial Society and Its Future

"The system does not and cannot exist to satisfy human needs. Instead, it is human behavior that has to be modified to fit the needs of the system. This has nothing to do with the political or social ideology that may pretend to guide the technological system. It is the fault of technology, because the system is guided not by ideology but by technical necessity."

Friday, November 05, 2004 "Those who profess to favor freedom, yet deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground. They want rain without thunder and lightening. They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many waters. This struggle may be a moral one; or it may be a physical one; or it may be both moral and physical; but it must be a struggle. Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will." - Frederick Douglass

Friday, March 19, 2004 "Become as senseless and easily handled as a brick!"

"The feeling of humiliation is nothing but the feeling of being an object."

"What is the illusion which stops us seeing the disintegration of values, the ruin of the world, inauthenticity, non-totality?

Is it that I think that I am happy? Hardly! Such a belief doesn't stand up to analysis any better than it withstands the blasts of anguish. On the contrary, it is a belief in the happiness of others, an inexhaustible source of envy and jealousy which gives us a vicarious feeling of existence. I envy, therefore I am. To define oneself by reference to others is to define oneself as other. "

"Blood upsets you? Never mind: men will be bloodless. The promised land of survival will be the realm of peaceful death, and it is this peaceful death that the humanists are fighting for. No more Guernicas, no more Auschwitzes, no more Hiroshimas, no more Setifs. Hooray! But what about the impossibility of living, what about this stifling mediocrity and this absence of passion? "

"Malaise invades me as the crows around me grows. The compromises I have made with stupidity under the pressure of circumstances rush to meet me, swimming towards me in hallucinating waves of faceless heads. Edvard Munch's famous painting, The Cry, evokes for me something I feel ten times a day. A man carried along by a crowd, which only he can see, suddenly screams out in an attempt to break the spell, to call himself back to himself, to get back inside his own skin."

--The Revolution of Everyday Life - Raoul Vaneigem

Unknown date "Either mathematics is too big for the human mind or the human mind is more than a machine." --Kurt Gödel

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Brainspawn


text:
Euproserpinus euterpe

Euproserpinus euterpe, the Kern primrose sphinx moth or euterpe sphinx moth is a small day-flying moth in the family Sphingidae (sphinx moths). The 0.04 in, light green eggs are laid haphazardly on various plants in the vicinity of the evening primrose host plants (Camissonia contorta epilobiodes or Camissonia campestris). Larvae emerge from the eggs about a week after oviposition and begin to feed on the flowers and young leaves of the evening primrose. Larvae hatching from eggs laid on other plants are able to wander significant distances to find the host plant.

First-instar larvae (caterpillar phases) are green with dark brown to black heads, legs, lateral spiracles, thoracic shields, and blunt anal horns. Second- and third-instar larvae are green and red, with red heads, thoracic shields, and prolegs (leg-like appendages that are not true legs). Fourth- and fifth-instar larvae (i.e. caterpillars that have shed their skin three or four times) have red to dark red heads, with green and rust-red bodies accented with black areas around spiracles, anal shield and anal horn. The legs are green and the prolegs are red in these mature larvae. Adult moths have a gray ground color with patterned black and brown markings on the forewings. Hindwings are off white with black marginal banding. Males are slightly smaller than the females and are difficult to distinguish, except by close examination of the antennae. These are small sphinx moths with a wing span of a bit more than an inch (25 mm) from tip to tip.

Adults nectar on a variety of flowering species that occur in the region, including, filaree (Erodium species), goldfields (Lasthenia gracilis), and baby blue eyes (Nemophila menziesii). The adult's flight season occurs from mid-January to the first week of April, with a peak period in mid-February through mid-March. The timing may vary according to the climatic conditions in the region.

Distribution
Distribution is apparently restricted to two locations in California: a privately owned ranch in the Walker Basin, Kern County and the Carrizo Plain National Monument, San Luis Obispo County. The Walker Basin is an agricultural region, primarily growing cereals and cattle. The moth is found in disturbed areas in association with its larval and adult food plants. More specifically, the moth favors the banks of sandy washes, in which the sand has the proper compaction and moisture content for burrowing larvae. It can apparently also use other disturbed areas including road shoulders and abandoned agricultural fields. The population in the Carrizo Plain National Monument was discovered in 2002 and is being managed by the Bureau of Land Management.

Conservation status
It once was believed that Erodium was a serious threat to the sphinx moth because of larval mortality after eggs were mistakenly deposited on this plant. However, emerging research shows that female moths deposit eggs on plants indiscriminately, and the larvae wander to find a suitable host. Erodium is never fed upon. Until 1974 the species was considered to be extinct, at which time a surviving population was found in the eponymous Kern County. Sphinx moths are valuable to insect collectors, who may pose a threat to these small populations. Pesticide or herbicide application could also endanger the moth. But the greatest threat is likely habitat loss and alteration. This species is extremely rare and in most years field surveys of the Walker Basin population have found few or no individuals. However, desert Lepidoptera often show great natural variations in population size in response to climatic conditions, and surveys may more accurately reflect population status in years with above-normal rainfall.

title: Euproserpinus euterpe


text:
Cabanis

Cabanis is the surname of:
 * George Cabanis (1815-1892), American politician
 * Jean Cabanis (1816–1906), German ornithologist
 * José Cabanis (1922–2000), French writer, historian and magistrate
 * Pierre Jean George Cabanis (1757-1808), French physiologist and philosopher

See also
 * Cabaniss, surname

title: Cabanis


text:
Talk:Euproserpinus euterpe

Note on naming
I have filed this article under the Latin binomial, as opposed to a common name - as the Latin binomial is the more commonly used. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 13:07, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euproserpinus euterpe


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Park City

Park City may refer to:

Places

 * National Park City, London, England, UK; see parks and open spaces in London

in the United States
 * Park City, Illinois
 * Park City, Kansas
 * Park City, Kentucky
 * Park City, Montana
 * Park City, Tennessee
 * Park City, Utah
 * Park City Historic District, a residential historic district in Amasa, Michigan

Facilities and structures

 * Park City Center (Sofia), Bulgaria; a shopping centre

in the United States
 * Park City Plaza, Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA; an office building
 * Park City Center, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA; a shopping center
 * Park City Hospital, Utah, USA; see List of hospitals in Utah
 * Park City Branch, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; a rail division
 * Park City Mountain Resort, Park City, Utah, USA; a ski resort
 * Park City High School, Park City, Utah, USA

Other uses

 * MV Park City, a ferry
 * Park City (short story collection) by Ann Beattie
 * Park City Daily News, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA; a newspaper
 * Park City Television, a cable channel based in Utah, USA
 * Park City Film Music Festival, Park City, Utah, USA
 * MS Park City, a Microsoft software package developed at Lehi, Utah
 * Park City Group, a software company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

title: Park City


text:
Vinny Appice

Vincent Samson Appice (born September 13, 1957) is an American rock and metal drummer best known for his work with the bands Dio, Black Sabbath, and Heaven & Hell. Of Italian descent, he is the younger brother of drummer Carmine Appice.

Pre-Black Sabbath
Appice took up the drums at the age of nine, taking lessons from the same teacher as his brother Carmine Appice. When he was sixteen, Appice and his band BOMF met John Lennon at Record Plant Studios. Lennon took a liking to the group and used them as a backing band in several performances, including the final one before his death. He moved on to record with Rick Derringer on Derringer (1976), Sweet Evil (1977), and Derringer Live (1977), before forming his own band Axis and recording It's A Circus World (1978).

Black Sabbath
Appice joined Black Sabbath during the tour in support of the band's Heaven and Hell album in 1980. Sharon Arden had approached him with an offer to join Ozzy Osbourne's new band but he turned it down at the urging of his older brother Carmine. About a month later he was approached by Black Sabbath, whose longtime drummer Bill Ward had just departed mid-tour to deal with personal issues. Appice was told over the phone that Ward was "missing in action", and he subsequently met with Tony Iommi and the pair hit it off. Iommi was a fan of Appice's work on Axis' It's A Circus World and he invited Appice to meet the rest of the band and rehearse in Los Angeles the following day. When he initially joined Black Sabbath, he was expected to only complete the tour, as it was anticipated that Ward would return at some point.

Appice's first show with Black Sabbath was at the Aloha Stadium in Hawaii. Though he had rehearsed the songs in Los Angeles before leaving for Hawaii, he was forced to use hastily written crib notes on stage for each unfamiliar song. "The endings were a bit sloppy and long, but as the tour went on it got tighter and tighter," Appice recalled of his early days in the band. After several months it became apparent that Ward would not be returning, and Appice became the band's permanent drummer. He subsequently appeared on the 1981 Black Sabbath studio album Mob Rules and the 1982 live album Live Evil.

Dio
In late 1982, vocalist Ronnie James Dio left Black Sabbath and asked Appice if he'd be interested in forming a new band with him. Though Appice was still a member of Black Sabbath, he and Dio lived in the same town in New York and the two had a close relationship. As Sabbath were based in England, Appice thought it would be more convenient to stay in the United States and work with Dio, and the band Dio was soon formed along with Vivian Campbell and Jimmy Bain. He recorded the albums Holy Diver (1983), The Last in Line (1984), Sacred Heart (1985), Intermission (1986), and Dream Evil (1987) with the band. In December of 1989, Appice left Dio and briefly teamed up with ex-Dokken bassist Jeff Pilson in the short-lived band Flesh & Blood.

Post-Dio
Ronnie James Dio rejoined Black Sabbath in 1992 to record the album Dehumanizer. The band were working with drummer Cozy Powell, but Powell was unable to record after falling off a horse and breaking his pelvis. They immediately called Appice, who flew to Wales to rehearse and record with the band. "I like Vinny, he's a nice chap," Tony Iommi said of the reunion. "Vinny was asked to continue with the Sabbath thing (in 1982), but he didn't. I like Vinny's playing."

Appice rejoined Dio and they recorded Strange Highways (1994) and Angry Machines (1996). Prior to the 1996 tour, Appice played drums for Las Vegas–based guitarist, Raven Storm, on his album The Storm Project, which also involved long-time Dio engineer and producer, Angelo Arcuri. Arcuri was also a childhood friend of the Appice brothers.

In 2005 Appice appeared on a rap recording by Circle of Tyrants, whose lineup included Necro, Ill Bill, Goretex, and Mr Hyde, also collaborating with Alex Skolnick. Appice played two shows in Las Vegas with the Sin City Sinners in October 2009. Appice rejoined his Black Sabbath bandmates Ronnie James Dio, Geezer Butler, and Tony Iommi in 2006 as Heaven & Hell, touring and releasing one studio album, The Devil You Know, before Dio's death in 2010. In 2006 he recorded the CD Dinosaurs, together with Carl Sentance, Carlos Cavazo and Jeff Pilson. The CD was produced by guitarist-musician Andy Menario (leader of Martiria band) and featured lyrics written by Italian poet Marco Roberto Capelli, who is also Martiria's lyricist.

He is currently participating in "Drum Wars" shows with his brother Carmine, which feature a guest appearance from vocalist Paul Shortino.

Appice formed the band Kill Devil Hill with former Down and Pantera bassist Rex Brown, guitar slinger Mark Zavon and lead vocalist Dewey Bragg. Kill Devil Hill's self-titled debut album was released May 22, 2012, via Steamhammer/SPV and landed at No. 9 on the Billboard Top New Artist Albums (HeatSeekers) Chart, No. 41 on the Top Hard Music Chart and No. 50 on the Independent Album Chart.

Following the death of Dio frontman Ronnie James Dio in 2010, the original lineup of Vinny Appice on drums, Jimmy Bain on bass, Vivian Campbell on guitar and Claude Schnell on keyboards reunited along with vocalist Andrew Freeman to perform covers of Dio songs they originally recorded. This lineup, without Schnell, would become Last in Line.

On November 25, 2013, it was announced that Appice had formed a new band called WAMI, which features vocalist Doogie White, bassist Marco Mendoza, and 16-year-old Polish guitarist Iggy Gwadera. On February 12, 2014, the upcoming album title was revealed to be Kill the King, due for release in the spring. On February 25, the album cover and track listing were revealed.

On March 10, 2014, it was announced that Appice had left Kill Devil Hill, and that former Type O Negative drummer Johnny Kelly was his replacement.

Last in Line began recording tracks for a new album of original material in April 2014, followed by the release of a snippet of the new track "Devil in Me" in June. The album, Heavy Crown, produced by former Dio bassist Jeff Pilson, was released in early 2016. The band has since released further albums.

In early 2014 Appice joined hard rock band Hollywood Monsters where he played on the album Big Trouble (on 8 tracks out of 11) which was released in 2014 on Mausoleum Records. The album features Steph Honde on vocals and guitars, Tim Bogert on bass, Don Airey on keyboards and Paul Di'Anno on lead vocals on the bonus track. The same year, Appice was a guest performer on Eli Cook's album, Primitive Son.

In 2015, it was announced that Appice would appear on the EP "Mainly Songs About Robots" by Australian progressive rock band Toehider, to be released in September 2015. The same year, Appice was invited to play drums for a new project of Whitesnake and former Night Ranger guitarist Joel Hoekstra, called Joel Hoekstra's 13, with an album called Dying to Live, released on October 16.

On September 30, the band Resurrection Kings was announced. The band is formed by Appice with former Dio guitarist Craig Goldy, Sean McNabb on bass and Chas West on vocals.

On January 18, 2017, Appice was inducted into the Hall of Heavy Metal History for his contributions to Heavy Metal drumming.

John Lennon

 * Walls and Bridges (hand claps on "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night"; uncredited) (1974)

Rick Derringer

 * Derringer (1976)
 * Sweet Evil (1977)
 * Derringer Live (1977)

Axis

 * It's A Circus World (1978)

Ray Gomez

 * Volume (1980)

Black Sabbath

 * Mob Rules (1981)
 * Live Evil (1982)
 * Dehumanizer (1992)
 * Black Sabbath: The Dio Years (2007)
 * Live at Hammersmith Odeon (2007)

Dio

 * Holy Diver (1983)
 * The Last in Line (1984)
 * Sacred Heart (1985)
 * Intermission (1986)
 * Dream Evil (1987)
 * Strange Highways (1993)
 * Angry Machines (1996)
 * Inferno – Last in Live (1998)

Hear 'N Aid

 * Hear 'n Aid – "Stars" (1986)

World War III

 * World War III (1990)

War & Peace

 * The Flesh & Blood Sessions (1999 / 2013)

Raven Storm

 * The Storm Project (2001)

Mark Boals

 * Edge of the World (2002)

Power Project

 * Dinosaurs (2006)

3 Legged Dogg

 * Frozen Summer (2006)

Heaven and Hell

 * Live from Radio City Music Hall (2007)
 * The Devil You Know (2009)
 * Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven & Hell (2010)

Kill Devil Hill

 * Kill Devil Hill (2012)
 * Revolution Rise (2013)

Suncrown

 * "Children of the Sea" (Black Sabbath cover) (2012)

Hollywood Monsters

 * Big Trouble (2014)
 * Capture the Sun (2016)

WAMI

 * Kill the King (2014)

Martiria

 * Revolution (2014)

Toehider

 * Mainly Songs About Robots (2015)

Dunsmuir

 * Dunsmuir (2016)

Ian Ray Logan & Serpent's Ride

 * Between Lights and Shadows (2016)

Joel Hoekstra's 13

 * Dying to Live (2015)
 * Running Games (2021)

Stonehand

 * When the Devil Comes (2015)

Resurrection Kings

 * Resurrection Kings (2016)

Last in Line

 * Heavy Crown (2016)
 * II (2019)
 * Jericho (2023)

Ian Ray Logan & King of Twilight

 * Reaching Dreams (on "Success Is to Live (the Life)") (2017)

Adrian Raso

 * Frozen in Time (2017)

The One Man Electrical Band

 * Symptom of the Universe (2017)
 * Dark Things (2018)

Appice

 * Sinister (2017) (with his brother Carmine Appice)

Stagma

 * Stagma (2018)

Concreto (Brazilian Band)

 * Lama EP (2018)

Leviathan Project

 * MCMLXXXII (2024)

title: Vinny Appice


text:
Grenville

Grenville may refer to:

British Prime Ministers

 * George Grenville (1712–1770), Prime Minister 1763–1765
 * William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville (1759–1834), his son, Prime Minister 1806–1807

Other people

 * Anne Grenville, Baroness Grenville (1772–1864), English noblewoman and author
 * Bevil Grenville (1596–1643), English soldier
 * Bruce Grenville (Bruce Ronald Henderson, born 1950), New Zealand anarchist and hoaxer
 * Elizabeth Grenville (1719–1769), British artist and writer
 * George Grenville (disambiguation)
 * Georgina Grenville (born 1975), South African fashion model
 * Henry Grenville (1717–1784), British diplomat and politician
 * Hester Grenville, 1st Countess Temple, (c. 1690 – 1752)
 * Honor Grenville, Viscountess Lisle, (c. 1493–5 – 1566)
 * Kate Grenville (born 1950), Australian author
 * James Grenville (1715–1783), British politician
 * James Grenville, 1st Baron Glastonbury (1742–1825), British politician
 * Jane Grenville (born 1958), British archaeologist and academic
 * John Grenville (disambiguation)
 * Richard Grenville (disambiguation)
 * Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville (disambiguation)
 * Thomas Grenville (disambiguation)

People with the given name Grenville

 * Grenville Anderson (1951–2004), Australian auto racing driver
 * Grenville Astill, British archaeology at the University of Reading
 * Grenville Beardsley (1898–1960), American lawyer, Attorney General of Illinois
 * Grenville Berkeley (1806–1896), British politician
 * Grenville Booth (1925 –1990) English footballer
 * Grenville Clark (1882–1967) American lawyer and author
 * Grenville Cole (1859–1924), British geologist
 * Grenville Cross (born 1951), British barrister
 * Grenville Davey (born 1961), English sculptor
 * Grenville Dietrich (born 1960), retired Australian Rules football player
 * Grenville M. Dodge (1831–1916), American Civil War officer and congressman
 * Grenville C. Emery (1843–1927) American educator and author, founder of Harvard-Westlake School
 * Grenville T. Emmet (1877–1937), American lawyer and diplomat
 * Grenville Goodwin (c. 1898–1951), former Mayor of Ottawa
 * Grenville Hair (1931–1968), English footballer
 * Grenville Johnston (born 1945), British accountant and Territorial Army officer
 * Grenville Jones (1922–2000), Welsh political consultant and politician
 * Grenville Kent (born 1965), Australian author and filmmaker
 * Grenville Kleiser (1868–1953) Canadian author
 * Grenville Lewis (1875–1964), American college football coach and businessman
 * Grenville Mellen (1799–1841), American poet and lawyer
 * Grenville Millington (born 1951), Welsh footballer
 * Grenville Morris (1877–1959), Welsh footballer
 * Grenville Pinto, Canadian violinist
 * Grenville Turner (born 1936) British physicist
 * Grenville Wilson (born 1932), English cricketer
 * Grenville Dean Wilson (1833–1897), American pianist and composer
 * Grenville Lindall Winthrop (1864–1943), American lawyer and art collector

Australia

 * Cape Grenville, Queensland, Australia
 * County of Grenville, Victoria, Australia
 * Electoral district of Grenville, Victoria, Australia, 1859–1927
 * Shire of Grenville, Victoria, Australia, 1861–1994

Canada

 * Grenville, Quebec
 * Grenville-sur-la-Rouge, Quebec
 * Grenville, Grenville-sur-la-Rouge
 * Grenville Channel, a strait on the north coast of British Columbia
 * Grenville County, Ontario
 * United Counties of Leeds and Grenville
 * Grenville (electoral district)
 * Grenville (provincial electoral district)
 * Grenville Parish, Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * Grenville Province, a geological region in eastern Canada
 * Mount Grenville, British Columbia

Grenada

 * Grenville, Grenada
 * Grenville River

United States

 * Grenville, New Mexico
 * Grenville, South Dakota
 * Point Grenville, a headland of Washington State

Other uses

 * Grenville Christian College, Ontario, Canada
 * Grenville College, former boarding school in Devon, England
 * Grenville College, Ballarat, former private school in Australia
 * Grenville orogeny, geological mountain-building event
 * Grenville Secondary School, Grenada
 * HMS Grenville, several Royal Navy ships
 * Grenville House, residential complex in Hong Kong
 * The Two Mrs. Grenvilles, 1987 television miniseries
 * Grenville steam carriage, 1875 road passenger vehicle

title: Grenville


text:
NII

Nii or NII may refer to:

Initialisms

 * National Information Infrastructure, a telecommunications policy buzzword, coined under the Clinton Administration in the United States
 * National Institute of Immunology (disambiguation)
 * National Institute of Informatics, a Japanese research institute for the advancement of studies in informatics
 * National Insurance Institute of Israel (Bituah Leumi)
 * Nautschno-issledovatelskiy institut ("science and research institute"), part of the Russian-language name of a large number of Soviet and post-Soviet research institutions
 * Net Interest Income, a financial term
 * Non-Intrusive Inspection of cargo containers
 * Nuclear Installations Inspectorate, part of the UK Office for Nuclear Regulation
 * Non-Individual Investor (India), resident Indian individuals, Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), (Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), Companies, Corporate Bodies, Scientific Institutions, Societies, and Trusts who apply for more than ₹2 lakhs of IPO shares

Places

 * Nii Station (Hyōgo), a train station in Asago, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
 * Nii Station (Mie), a railway station in Iga, Mie Prefecture, Japan

People

 * Nii Addy, American neuroscientist
 * Nii Addo Quaynor (born 1982), a Ghanaian rapper better known as Tinny
 * Nii Akuetteh, a Ghanaian policy analyst and activist
 * Nii Allotey Odunton, a Ghanaian politician
 * Nii Tonye Quartey, a Ghanaian smeller
 * Nii Amaa Ollennu (1906–1986), a Ghanaian politician
 * Nii Amugi II (1940–2004), former king of Ghana
 * Nii Armah Ashitey, a Ghanaian lawyer and politician
 * Nii Kwaku Sowah, a Ghanaian politician
 * Nii Lamptey (born 1974), a former Ghanaian professional footballer
 * Nii Nortey Ashong (born 1994), a Ghanaian professional footballer
 * Nii Okaidja Adamafio, a former Ghanaian politician
 * Nii Okaija Adamafio, a Ghanaian politician
 * Nii Okwei Kinka Dowuona VI, (born 1963), King of the Ga people of Osu in Ghana
 * Nii Parkes (born 1974), a Ghanaian writer
 * Nii Plange (born 1989), a Burkinabé professional footballer
 * Nii Quaynor, a Ghanaian engineer
 * Nii Tackie Tawiah III, (1940–2012), former king of Ghana
 * Nii Welbeck (born 1976), a retired Ghanaian professional footballer

Other uses

 * Nii language, spoken in the highlands of Papua New Guinea
 * NII Holdings, a wireless telecommunications company with operations in Latin America, based in Reston, Virginia
 * N-II (rocket), Japanese rocket based on the U.S. Thor/Delta family

title: NII


text:
Harlan

Harlan is a given name and a surname which may refer to:

Surname

 * Abram D. Harlan (1833–1908), American politician from Pennsylvania
 * Bob Harlan (born 1936 Robert E. Harlan), American football executive
 * Bruce Harlan (1926–1959), American Olympic diver
 * Byron B. Harlan (1886–1949), American politician
 * Byron G. Harlan (1861–1936), American singer
 * Jack Rodney Harlan (1917–1998), American botanist
 * James Harlan (Iowa politician), (1820–1899), American politician and lawyer
 * James Harlan (Kentucky politician) (1800–1863), American politician and lawyer
 * Jan Harlan (born 1937), German-American film director and producer
 * John Harlan (announcer) (1925–2017), American television announcer
 * John Marshall Harlan (1833–1911), United States Union Army officer and Supreme Court Associate Justice
 * John Marshall Harlan II (1899–1971), former Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
 * Josiah Harlan (1799–1871), American mercenary
 * Kevin Harlan (born 1960), American sportscaster
 * Otis Harlan (1865–1940), American actor
 * Patrick Harlan (born 1970), American-Japanese television presenter
 * Peter Harlan (1898–1966), German musical instrument maker and lute player
 * Richard Harlan (1796–1843), American zoologist
 * Russell Harlan (1903–1974), American cinematographer
 * Thomas Harlan (1929–2010), German film director and writer
 * Veit Harlan (1899–1964), German film director and actor

Given name

 * Harlan Ala'alatoa (born 1988), Australian Rugby League player
 * Harlan Briggs (1879–1952), American actor, vaudeville performer
 * Harlan M. Calhoun (1903–1977), justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
 * Harlan Coben (born 1962), American novelist
 * Harlan Cohen (1934–2020), American volleyball coach
 * Harlan Ellison (1934–2018), American writer
 * Harlan Greene (born 1953), American writer and historian
 * Harlan Howard (1927–2001), American country music songwriter
 * Harlan Hubbard (1900–1988), American artist and author
 * Harlan Huckleby (born 1957), American football running back
 * Harlan Lane (1936–2019), American psychologist
 * Harlan Marbley (1943–2008), American boxer
 * Harlan Mills (1919–1996), American professor of computer science
 * Harlan F. Stone (1872–1946), U.S. Supreme Court Justice
 * Harlan K. Ullman (born 1941), United States military officer and political author
 * Jessie Harlan Lincoln (1875–1948), granddaughter of United States President Abraham Lincoln

Fictional characters

 * Harlan (Stargate), an artificial intelligence in the Stargate SG-1 episode "Tin Man"
 * Harlan Rook, in the 1988 film The Dead Pool
 * Harlan Jane Eagleton, in Gayl Jones's 1998 novel The Healing
 * Harlan Draka, in the Italian comic book series Dampyr
 * Harlan Traub, in House of Cards
 * Harlan Thrombey, in the 2019 film Knives Out
 * Harlan, an AI terrorist and antagonist of the 2024 film Atlas played by Simu Liu

title: Harlan


text:
Lee Evans (American football)

Lee Evans III (born March 11, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Wisconsin Badgers. Evans was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2004 NFL draft with the 13th overall pick. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens.

As the highest drafted receiver for the Bills since Eric Moulds, Evans emerged as a dangerous deep threat for the team. He still ranks among the top five receivers in Bills history in terms of receptions, yards, and touchdowns, despite never making the Pro Bowl.

Early life
Evans was born in Bedford, Ohio, a suburb located southeast of Cleveland, and attended Bedford High School. Evans was also a high hurdler, with personal-bests of 13.59 seconds in the 110 metres hurdles and 37.32 seconds in the 300 metres hurdles.

College career
Evans caught 30 passes for 528 yards and 5 touchdowns in his freshman season at Wisconsin in 2000.

In 2001, Evans put together an incredible season despite having three different quarterbacks (Brooks Bollinger, Jim Sorgi, and Matt Schabert) during the year. Evans caught 75 passes for 1,545 yards (an average of 20.1 yards per reception) and 9 touchdowns.

Evans tore his ACL in the 2002 Spring Game and missed the entire season.

In Evans's last year at Wisconsin in 2003, the star receiver put together a season to remember for the Badgers. He caught 64 passes for 1,213 yards and 13 touchdowns. Possibly his finest game as a Badger came in a 56–21 blowout of the Michigan State Spartans: Evans caught 10 passes for 258 yards and 5 touchdowns.

Buffalo Bills
The Buffalo Bills selected Evans with the 13th overall pick in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Lee was the first wide receiver since Eric Moulds in 1996 to be taken by the Bills in the first round.

Evans was initially assigned the jersey number 84. Evans, as a reference to his full name, had always worn the number 3 in college, a number that was not allowed to be used in the National Football League for wide receivers. At that time, receivers and tight ends were only allowed to wear uniform numbers 80-89. Evans, in order to include the number 3 somewhere in his jersey number, instead chose 83, which required special permission; the Bills had set aside the number after the retirement of former Bills great Andre Reed.

The Bills' first-round draft pick moved into the starting lineup in his first season and emerged as one of the Bills' best players on offense. He caught 48 passes for 843 yards and 9 touchdowns as a rookie. The nine touchdowns remains a Bills rookie record.

During a game between the Bills and Miami Dolphins on December 4, 2005, Evans faced off against his former teammate on the Wisconsin Badgers, Chris Chambers. Evans set then career highs with receiving yards (117) and touchdowns (3), but Chambers set Miami franchise records for receptions (15) and receiving yards (238) as well as scoring the game-winning touchdown in the final seconds.

Evans quickly became a fan-favorite among Bills fans. After the departure of Eric Moulds, he established himself as the Bills' top receiver in 2006 with 82 receptions for 1,292 receiving yards and 8 touchdowns. He became a big ally for then starting quarterback J. P. Losman in the passing game, establishing himself as a deep threat at wide receiver. On November 19, 2006, in a game against the Houston Texans, he set the Buffalo Bills record for receiving yards in one quarter (205) and one game (265). He also became the first player in league history to record two 80-yard-plus touchdowns in one quarter when he caught two 83-yard touchdown passes in the first quarter.

In a 2007 game against the New York Jets, Evans wrestled a long pass away from Jets rookie cornerback Darrelle Revis, which resulted in an 85-yard touchdown reception to clinch the game for the Bills as they won 13–3.

Evans underwent minor shoulder surgery in the 2008 offseason. Coach Dick Jauron stated that the shoulder had been bothering Evans for the previous two years. The offseason surgery did not seem to slow Evans down in the 2008 season as he recorded his second 1,000 yards receiving season with 63 receptions, 1,017 yards, and three touchdowns, including an 87-yard score from Losman, who had since been relegated to the backup for Trent Edwards. Despite his strong play the Bills missed the postseason at 7-9. The next two seasons were less successful for Evans, as his yardage and touchdown count regressed both years with Terrell Owens and later Stevie Johnson taking over Evans' role as Buffalo's top receiver.

On December 12, 2010, Evans injured his ankle against the Cleveland Browns and was placed on injured reserve, which would be the last time he suited up for the Bills. Evans finished his Buffalo career with the third most receiving yards (5,934) and touchdowns (43) in franchise history, in addition to the fourth most receptions (377), which included six passes that each went for more than 70 yards.

Baltimore Ravens
On August 12, 2011, Evans was traded to the Baltimore Ravens for a 4th round pick in the 2012 NFL Draft. He missed a fair amount of the season with injuries. Evans played in 9 games, and finished the season with four receptions for 74 yards. In the AFC Championship Game, a pass was thrown to Evans in the end zone that if caught, would have likely secured a trip to the Super Bowl for the Ravens. The football hit Evans in the hands, but was knocked out by New England Patriots cornerback Sterling Moore. Two plays later, Billy Cundiff missed a field goal that would have sent the game into overtime, and the Patriots won.

Jacksonville Jaguars
On April 15, 2012, Evans signed a one-year contract with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was released on August 12, 2012.

Retirement
In 2012, after he was released by the Jacksonville Jaguars, Evans announced his retirement.

title: Lee Evans (American football)


text:
Jay Ferguson

Jay Ferguson may refer to:
 * Jay Ferguson (American musician) (born 1947), band member of Spirit and Jo Jo Gunne
 * Jay Ferguson (Canadian musician) (born 1968), band member of Sloan
 * Jay R. Ferguson (born 1974), American actor

title: Jay Ferguson


text:
Dunking (biscuit)

To dunk or to dip a biscuit or some other food, usually baked goods, means to submerge it into a drink, especially tea, coffee, or milk. Dunking releases more flavour from confections by dissolving the sugars, while also softening their texture. Dunking can be used to melt chocolate on biscuits to create a richer flavour.

Dunking is a popular way of enjoying biscuits in many countries. A popular form of dunking in Australia is the "Tim Tam Slam", also known as 'tea sucking'. The physics of dunking is driven by the porosity of the biscuit and the surface tension of the beverage. A biscuit is porous and, when dunked, capillary action draws the liquid into the interstices between the crumbs.

Dunking is first reported with ancient Romans softening their hard unleavened wafers (Latin: bis coctum – "twice baked") in wine. Modern day dunking has its roots in naval history when, in the 16th century, biscuits known as "hard tack" were on board Royal Navy ships, which were so hard that the British sailors would dunk them in beer in order to soften them up. The most popular biscuit to dunk in tea in the United Kingdom is McVitie's chocolate digestive. In the US, Oreos are frequently dunked in milk, while the Dunkin' Donuts franchise is named for the practice of dunking doughnuts into coffee. In South Africa and in India, rusks are a popular food for dunking in both tea and coffee. In the Netherlands, stroopwafels are commonly dunked in tea or coffee, often after having been set on above the hot drink for a few minutes to melt the caramel inside. In Nigeria, bread is commonly dunked in tea or hot chocolate, while Acarajé is dunked in pap. In Australia and New Zealand gingernut biscuits are commonly dunked in tea or coffee. most commonly these are Arnotts brand Ginger Nuts.

Dunking is also used as a slang term for intinction: the Eucharistic practice of partly dipping the consecrated bread, or host, into the consecrated wine, by the officiant before distributing.

Etiquette and style
While modern day dunking has its origins in 16th century naval history, it wasn't until the 19th century and the emergence of afternoon tea in the early Victorian era that Great Britain began to regard biscuits as something to be dunked in tea, a British custom that was later exported around the globe. Different cultures have different attitudes toward biscuit dunking. Historically in British high society, dunking was frowned upon and generally seen as children's or working class fashion. However, Queen Victoria herself was said to enjoy dunking her biscuits, a German custom from her younger days. In 2007, a tea room in Brighton, England, banned dunking on its premises.

In the United States, the act took on a marketing purpose for doughnut sellers in the 1930s. They formed the National Dunking Association, which prompted members to follow "rules for dunking" and used the association to market their products.

Science
Physicist Len Fisher of the University of Bristol presented some light-hearted discussion of dunking on "National Biscuit Dunking Day" in the UK, as part of an attempt to make physics accessible. Fisher appeared to be somewhat taken aback by the large amount of media attention, ascribing it to a "hunger for accessible science". Fisher also described his astonishment at journalists' interest in one equation used in the field: Washburn's equation, which describes capillary flow in porous materials. Writing in Nature, he says "the equation was published in almost every major UK newspaper. The journalists who published it took great care to get it right, some telephoning several times to check". Fisher was awarded an Ig Nobel Prize for Physics, in 1999, for his research into biscuit dunking.

In 2012, Michelin-starred English restaurateur Heston Blumenthal researched the effect of dunking chocolate biscuits, and concluded that it improved the biscuit's taste. "If you have chocolate on one side, if it melts a bit, you get a velvety smooth texture and then the delicious flavour as a result."

In 2022, a comparative study concluded that a hobnob style biscuit maintains its integrity for the longest after being dunked in a hot drink.

title: Dunking (biscuit)


text:
Talk:Phase distortion synthesis

As I recall the output of my CZ-1000 on a scope back in 1989, the CZ synths actually generated real sawtooth waves, so I'm deleting the next comment until I can sample a pure saw from the CZ and see it in Audacity: on the CZ synths, the waveform is a rather sine wave shaped saw wave approximation. Samboy 13:14, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Images
This article would be much better if there were images of the waveforms instead of cheesy ASCII art. Kelly Martin 02:19, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

Tuning Problems?
The article says that the oscillator may go out of tune if (yadda yadda ...)

This can't be right. If the DC offset is non-zero, it will go out of phase, not out out of tune, right?

Also the guesswork regarding two oscillators in sync, is the same as saying it has only one oscillator, but with two lookup tables (one sine wawe as carrier, and another for distorting/modulating the phase of the carrier)

And while I'm at it; excactly what means "a period of a level of a basic sine"?

mvh // Jens M Andreasen

The Patent
... is here: Ishibashi; Masanori, Oct 17, 1985, and a brief description can be found as a reference in a later patent here: Kaneko; Yoji, jan 5, 1989

The patent includes a boatload of pretty pictures showing wawes and frequency responses as well as instructions on how to engrave this thing in VLSI silcon.

I have now from the information in the patent, rewritten most of the article as well as expanded it somewhat.

Thanks to Simon Jenkins for the gnuplots.

mvh // Jens M Andreasen

Image deleted
Somebody deleted the image of the saw wawe transform for no good reason. To me this is proof of the inherent instability and failure of Wikipedia. Neither me nor Simon Jenkins wanted to take credit for being able to push buttons on a program plotting out depictions of functions. Oh well ... If you want your facts straight, don't look here. MX44 18:12, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Images deleted ... again (sigh!) This time around the mirrors on the 'net were all leeching on wikimedias bandwidth, so I can't restore them as easily as last time. MX44 (talk) 17:36, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Simulating a resonant filter
This part refers to the CZ synths using a hard sync trick to resemble a resonant filter. If I'm not mistaking then this has nothing to do with phase distortion synthesis. Shouldn't it be moved to the oscillator sync article? --213.176.148.218 15:26, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Right, but phase distortion synthesis is so hardwired to the CZ series so I believe it really ought to stay around here. MX44 17:29, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Context
This article needs more context, and more background information. For the first two paragraphs, I thought it was talking about DNA synthesis.

Pharpend (talk) 17:39, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phase distortion synthesis


text:
User:Jamesday/report/letter frequency

First letter frequency for en Wikipedia, articles which aren't redirects only. 432891 of those on 17 December 2004.

select left(cur_title,1) as a, count(*)/432891*100 as b from cur where cur_is_redirect=0 and cur_namespace=0 group by a order by b desc;

+---+--+ +---+--+
 * a | b   |
 * S | 8.34 |
 * C | 7.43 |
 * M | 6.63 |
 * L | 6.59 |
 * A | 6.48 |
 * B | 5.96 |
 * T | 5.90 |
 * P | 5.40 |
 * H | 4.31 |
 * R | 4.24 |
 * D | 4.00 |
 * G | 3.89 |
 * J | 3.70 |
 * F | 3.45 |
 * E | 3.40 |
 * W | 3.32 |
 * N | 3.04 |
 * K | 2.40 |
 * I | 2.24 |
 * O | 1.94 |
 * U | 1.86 |
 * V | 1.49 |
 * 1 | 1.44 |
 * Y | 0.59 |
 * Z | 0.43 |
 * Q | 0.34 |
 * 2 | 0.27 |
 * X | 0.18 |
 * 3 | 0.12 |
 * 4 | 0.10 |
 * . | 0.08 |
 * 5 | 0.07 |
 * 7 | 0.06 |
 * 9 | 0.06 |
 * 8 | 0.06 |
 * 6 | 0.05 |

title: User:Jamesday/report/letter frequency


text:
Physalis peruviana

Physalis peruviana is a species of plant in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to Chile and Peru. Within that region, it is called aguaymanto, uvilla or uchuva, in addition to numerous indigenous and regional names. In English, its common names include Cape gooseberry, goldenberry and Peruvian groundcherry.

The history of P. peruviana cultivation in South America can be traced to the Inca Empire. It has been cultivated in England since the late 18th century, and in South Africa in the Cape of Good Hope since at least the start of the 19th century. Widely introduced in the 20th century, P. peruviana is now cultivated or grows wild across the world in temperate and tropical regions.

Taxonomy and common names
Physalis peruviana was given a botanical species description by Carl Linnaeus in 1763. and given the genus name Physalis after the - physallís, “bladder, wind instrument” in reference to the calyx that surrounds the berry. The specific name peruviana refer to the country of Peru, one of the countries of the berry's origin.

In Peru, P. peruviana is known as aguaymanto in Spanish and topotopo in Quechua. In neighboring Colombia, it is known by its Aymara name as uchuva, and as uvilla (Spanish for 'little grape') in Ecuador.

It was grown in England in 1774 and by early settlers of the Cape of Good Hope before 1807. Whether it was grown there before its introduction to England is not known, but sources since the mid-19th century attribute the common English name "Cape gooseberry" to this fact. An alternative suggestion is that name refers to the calyx surrounding the fruit like a cape, possibly an example of false etymology, because it does not appear in publications earlier than the mid-20th century. Not long after its introduction to South Africa, P. peruviana was introduced to Australia, New Zealand and various Pacific islands. Despite its common name, it is not botanically related to the true gooseberries of the genus Ribes.

Description
P. peruviana is closely related to the tomatillo. As a member of the plant family Solanaceae, it is also more distantly related to a large number of edible plants, including tomatoes, eggplants, and potatoes.

P. peruviana is an annual in temperate locations, but a perennial in the tropics. As a perennial, it develops into a diffusely branched shrub reaching 1 – in height, with spreading branches and velvety, heart-shaped leaves. The hermaphrodite flowers are bell-shaped and drooping, 15 – across, yellow with purple-brown spots internally. After the flower falls, the calyx expands, ultimately forming a beige husk fully enclosing the fruit.

The fruit is a round, smooth berry, resembling a miniature yellow tomato 1.25 – wide. Removed from its calyx, it is bright yellow to orange in color, and sweet when ripe, with a characteristic, mildly tart grape-like flavor.

A prominent feature is the inflated, papery calyx enclosing each berry. The calyx is accrescent until the fruit is fully grown; at first, it is of normal size, but after the petals fall, it continues to grow until it forms a protective cover around the growing fruit. If the fruit is left inside the intact calyx husks, its shelf life at room temperature is about 30–45 days. The calyx is inedible.

Nutrition
Raw cape gooseberries are 85% water, 11% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g, raw cape gooseberries supply 53 calories and provide moderate levels (10–19% of the Daily Value) of niacin and vitamin C.

Analyses of oil from different berry components, primarily its seeds, showed that linoleic acid and oleic acid were the main fatty acids, beta-sitosterol and campesterol were principal phytosterols, and the oil contained vitamin K and beta-carotene.

Distribution and habitat
The center of genetic diversity for Physalis peruviana is in the Andes mountains of Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, and Peru. It grows in forests, forest edges, and riparian areas. It grows at high elevations of 500 – in its native region, but may also be found at sea level in Oceania and Pacific islands where it occurs widely in subtropical and warm, temperate conditions. Its latitude range is about 45°S to 60°N, and its altitude range is generally from sea level to 3000 m. The plant has become invasive in some natural habitats, forming thickets, particularly in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands. There are believed to be dozens of ecotypes worldwide that differentiated by plant size, calyx shape, and the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. Wild forms are thought to be diploid with 2n = 24 chromosomes, while cultivated forms include varieties with increased ploidy and 32 or 48 chromosomes.

Cultivation
It has been widely introduced into cultivation in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas such as Australia, China, India, Malaysia, and the Philippines. P. peruviana thrives at an annual average temperature from 13 to 18 C, tolerating temperatures as high as 30 C. It grows well in Mediterranean climates and is hardy to USDA hardiness zone 8, meaning it can be damaged by frost. It grows well in rainfall amounts of 800 – if the soil is well drained, and prefers full sun or partial shade in well-drained soil, and grows vigorously in sandy loam.

The plant is readily grown from seeds, which are abundant (100 to 300 in each fruit), but with low germination rates, requiring thousands of seeds to sow a hectare. Plants grown from year-old stem cuttings will flower early and yield well, but are less vigorous than those grown from seed.

Pests and diseases
In South Africa, cutworms attack the Cape gooseberry in seedbeds, red spiders in the field, and potato tuber moths near potato fields. Hares damage young plants, and birds eat the fruits. Mites, whiteflies and flea beetles can also be problematic. Powdery mildew, soft brown scale, root rot and viruses may affect plants. In New Zealand, plants can be infected by Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum.

Culinary
P. peruviana is an economically useful crop as an exotic exported fruit, and is favored in breeding and cultivation programs of many countries. P. peruviana fruits are marketed in the United States as goldenberry and sometimes Pichuberry, named after Machu Picchu in order to associate the fruit with its cultivation in Peru.

Cape gooseberries are made into fruit-based sauces, pies, puddings, chutneys, jams and ice cream, or eaten fresh in salads and fruit salads. In Latin America, it is often consumed as a batido or smoothie, and because of its showy husk, it is used in restaurants as a decorative garnish for desserts. To enhance its food uses, hot air drying improves qualities of dietary fiber content, texture and appearance.

In basic research on fruit maturation, the content of polyphenols and vitamin C varied by cultivar, harvest time, and ripening stage.

Potential for toxicity
Unripe raw fruits, flowers, leaves, and stems of the plant contain solanine and solanidine alkaloids that may cause poisoning if ingested by humans, cattle or horses.

title: Physalis peruviana


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Coombe, Croydon

Coombe is a place in the London Borough of Croydon, situated south-east of central Croydon, between Addiscombe, Selsdon and Upper Shirley. Formerly a hamlet, since the growth of suburban development the area has become swallowed into the London conurbation and often does not appear on modern map.

Coombe is located between the green spaces of Addington Hills, Lloyd Park, Ballards and Coombe Wood. It is unusual in this part of South London as it has barely been urbanised and has retained its collection of large houses fairly intact. Its rural character is maintained by the woodland aspect of the road and an old cattle trough at the junction of Coombe Lane and Oaks Road. Tramlink, however, runs through Coombe. Coombe Lane, the continuation of Coombe Road, is the principal road. Conduit Lane is an ancient unpaved route that is now a woodland path.

There was an estate at Coombe as far back as 1221, recorded as being held by Richard of Coombe. The name comes from the Old English 'cumb', meaning a valley. In Elizabethan times, it was known as Broad Coombe. In the 17th century, it was owned by the brothers of William Harvey, who first described the circulation of blood.

Early history
In 1722, "Some Persons, digging at a Village call'd Coomb, near Croydon in Surry, found a great Number of Roman Urns, and other Antique Curiosities" (sic). The nearby town of Croydon originally developed due to a Roman road, and part of a Roman road has been found in Coombe Street, Croydon.

The houses of Coombe
Coombe House to the north of the road (51.36361°N, -0.07139°W), it dates back to 1761 and is Grade II listed. It is on the site of an older house, the Harveys' home. William Harvey stayed at the house frequently and had tunnels dug in the grounds in order to meditate in the dark. A 145 ft-deep well in the grounds of the house was said to be used by pilgrims to Canterbury on their journey to join the Pilgrims' Way, having come via the Archbishop's Croydon Palace. A Grade II listed brick icehouse is also in the grounds. Substantial changes were made to the house in the 1830s. It was bought in the 1890s by Frank Lloyd, a newspaper magnate. His father Edward Lloyd founded Lloyd Weekly Newspaper, later known as The Sunday News, and also the Daily Chronicle. He lived in Coombe House for 35 years until his death in 1927. Neighbouring Lloyd Park, created from land bequeathed by Lloyd, is named after him. The house was owned by an NHS Trust and was called Geoffrey Harris House. It is now owned by PACT Educational Trust and, in September 2013 reopened as The Cedars School, an independent all-boys senior school with a Catholic ethos. However the school relocated to Upper Norwood in September 2021. It is now occupied by Oakwood Prep School, also part of PACT Educational Trust.

Coombe Lodge is a Grade II Listed Georgian red brick mansion built by the 1760s. (51.36236°N, -0.07136°W) It was once called Coombe Gate House or Coombe Green House. In 1761, the estate joined with Coombe House and Coombe Farm, an estate that was split and reunited several times. A large conservatory, still there, was added in the late 19th century. After World War II the estate was bought by the County Borough of Croydon, which used the house as a home for the elderly. The Council's Parks Department built the Central Nursery in the grounds, and continued to be used until recently for growing Croydon's plants and making Croypost, the municipal compost. Coombe Lodge was sold in 1988 and is now a restaurant and bar, with a large garden and the conservatory for public seating.

Coombe Wood House (51.36208°N, -0.06764°W) was built in 1898 for Arthur Lloyd, brother of Frank Lloyd. Some years later, then-owner William Cash sold the house to Croydon Corporation, which used the house as a convalescent and children's home. It is now a French restaurant, the Château (originally the "Château Napoleon"). The ornamental gardens and 14 acres (57,000 m2) of woodland were kept by the Council and opened to the public in 1948. Coombe Wood Gardens are very popular, with a café in the old stable block, the "Coach House Café".

Coombe Farm is a large farmhouse off Oaks Road, reached via Oaks Lane. Oaks Lane was the former main road, closed by John Maberly of Shirley House in 1803 to increase his privacy. Oaks Road was its replacement and Oaks Lane is now open again to walkers. The building probably dates from the 16th century, with 19th-century additions. In 1893, another brother of Frank Lloyd, Herbert, built a much larger new building with mock-Tudor features beside the original building. The farm is now the centre of Dr. Anwar Ansari's housing services and property development company AA Homes & Housing Limited. There are also old farmhouses and lodges along Oaks Lane.

Towards Croydon
Between Lloyd Park and central Croydon, considerable amounts of 20th-century housing was built, particularly in Park Hill. There were estates here too, with two houses surviving a mile from Coombe itself.

Coombe Cliff on Coombe Road was the home of the Horniman family of tea merchants. John Horniman (1803–1893) and Frederick John Horniman (1835–1906) are known as public benefactors and politicians. Frederick is remembered as the founder of the Horniman Museum. In 1850 John Horniman bought a piece of land known as The Warren and in 1853 he employed the Brown building firm to build a house on the site for him. Coombe Cliff had an important example of a Victorian conservatory with fine ironwork, used for Horniman's plant collection. Its glasswork created a shimmering effect in sunlight. Originally erected in 1894 as a 'lean-to' conservatory, and derelict by 1982, it was dismantled, refurbished and reconstructed as a free-standing conservatory adjacent to the Horniman Museum (in Forest Hill, London) in 1987, where it is in use for recitals, receptions etc.

In 1930 Croydon Corporation purchased the house and gardens for a convalescent home for children, and it had several other uses before finally being used as an adult education centre in 1960. Coombe Cliff's gardens were merged into neighbouring Park Hill and opened to the public.

Coombe Hill House is a red-brick townhouse on Coombe Road, now considered central Croydon but until the 20th century in a rural setting. It was built around 1713 and is attributed to Sir Christopher Wren, although this is likely to be estate agent hype. It was expanded by Robert Amadeus Heath, 2nd Baron Heath, Italian Consul General, in the 19th century before becoming a boys' preparatory school. In 1966 it was bought by Croydon's labour, trade union and co-operative movement and developed into their headquarters, Ruskin House. It retains its sash windows, brick wall and large cedar tree.

Towards Addington
The Ballards estate was a major landholding to the east of Coombe. Until the Reformation it was Prior Ballards, and then passed to the Leigh family of Addington. In 1872, Charles Hermann Goschen, Lord Lieutenant of the City of London and brother of the prominent politician George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen, bought the estate and built a new mansion, demolishing the old building. In the 1920s, the estate was donated to the trustees of the Warehousemen, Drapers, and Haberdashers, School. The new school, built to the side of the mansion, was designed by Sir Aston Webb, architect of Imperial College. The school is now known as Royal Russell School.

Heathfield House (18 acre) was also bought by Goschen in 1872, who rebuilt the former farmhouse and leased it to his brother Henry, one of the last serving members of the East India Company. The house was sold in 1919 to Howard Houlder a former mayor of Croydon and a member of the Houlder Line shipping family. The property was sold a short time later to a Mr. Costain. In 1937, Raymond Riesco bought the property, creating banks of rhododendrons and a walled garden. Riesco arranged for the house, gardens and farmland to be bought by Croydon Council upon his death and donated his collection of oriental ceramics. The house is now the Council's training centre, with the gardens open to the public. The farm is still cultivated, with part used as horse pasture and the Monks Hill estate built on the eastern end. Part of the grounds are also home to the Croydon Ecology Centre. The house is Grade II listed.

Public transport
With the introduction of Croydon Tramlink the 353 bus route that served Coombe was discontinued beyond Addington Village Interchange leaving Coombe with improved privacy but modest public transport links with tramstops some distance from Coombe. The nearest are Coombe Lane tram stop and Lloyd Park tram stop. The area's train station - Coombe Road railway station - closed in 1983.

Coombe Wood School
In 2018, Coombe Wood School opened on the former playing fields at the junction of Melville Avenue and Coombe Road (close to Lloyd Park). Initially in a temporary structure, construction began on a permanent facility in 2019, expected to open in September 2020.

title: Coombe, Croydon


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Andre Carter

Rubin Andre Carter (born May 12, 1979) is an American football coach and former player in the National Football League (NFL) A defensive end, he played college football for the California Golden Bears, and was a unanimous All-American. The San Francisco 49ers selected him with the seventh overall pick in the 2001 NFL draft, and he also played for the Washington Redskins, New England Patriots and Oakland Raiders. Carter currently is a pass rush specialist for the Las Vegas Raiders.

Early life
Carter was born in Denver, Colorado. He attended Oak Grove High School in San Jose, California. As a senior, he was a USA Today All-America high school selection, and the Gatorade California Player of the Year. He was also rated as the top defensive lineman and a high school All-America selection by Parade magazine.

College career
Carter attended the University of California, Berkeley, and played for the California Golden Bears from 1997 to 2000. During his junior and senior years he was a first-team All-Pac-10 selection. As a senior in 2000, he won the Morris Trophy, awarded to the Pac-10's top defensive lineman, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. In addition to being selected as the Golden Bears' most valuable player, Carter was also a finalist for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, given to the nation's top defensive player.

San Francisco 49ers
Carter was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 2001 NFL draft. In the 2005 NFL season, because the 49ers implemented a 3-4 defense under Head Coach Mike Nolan, Carter was moved to outside linebacker. While playing for the 49ers, he made 154 solo tackles, 32 sacks, and 12 pass deflections in 69 games.

Washington Redskins
Carter signed a six-year, $30 million contract with the Washington Redskins as an unrestricted free agent on March 14, 2006. The Redskins moved Carter back to defensive end, his natural position. In his first year with the Redskins, he had 56 total tackles and six sacks. He showed much improvement in 2007, with 55 tackles, 10.5 sacks, and four forced fumbles. He also had a safety in a 34–3 win over the Detroit Lions. Carter's best season as a Redskin came in 2009 when he totalled 11 sacks. However, in 2010 the Redskins hired a new coach, Mike Shanahan, who changed their 4-3 defense to a 3-4 defense which required Carter to play outside linebacker. Carter was never fully comfortable with the move. By mid-season, and at Carter's request, the coaching staff had him playing from a three-point stance on passing downs. The Redskins released Carter on March 1, 2011.

New England Patriots
Carter announced on his Twitter page on August 7, 2011, that he would be playing for the New England Patriots in the 2011 NFL season. This was later confirmed by Ian Rapoport of the Boston Herald and Michael Lombardi of the NFL Network. According to Rapoport, Carter signed a one-year deal with a base salary of $1.75m. He also received a $500k signing bonus and the chance to earn another $500k in incentives, making the contract worth up to $2.75 million. On November 13, 2011, Carter had a career game against the New York Jets, recording 4 sacks and tying the Patriots single game sack record. On Sunday, December 18, 2011, while playing against the Denver Broncos, Carter tore his left quadriceps tendon and missed the remainder of the 2011 regular season as well as the playoffs, as he underwent surgery. Despite being injured, Carter was one of eight Patriots honored by a selection to the 2012 Pro Bowl.

Patriots franchise record

 * Most sacks in a single game: 4 (2011) (vs New York Jets) (tied)

Oakland Raiders
On September 26, 2012, the Oakland Raiders announced they had signed Carter. On April 9, 2013, Carter re-signed with the Raiders on a one-year deal. On August 31, 2013, he was released.

New England Patriots
Carter re-signed with the Patriots on October 22, 2013, to add a veteran presence to a Patriots defense that lost Vince Wilfork and Jerod Mayo to season-ending injuries earlier in the season.

Coaching career
In August 2015, Carter returned to California as an undergraduate assistant. On February 10, 2017, Carter was hired by the Miami Dolphins as an assistant defensive line coach. When Adam Gase was fired by Miami and subsequently hired by the New York Jets, Carter moved with Gase to New York and became the Jets' defensive line coach.

In 2021 Carter became the defensive line coach at Louisiana State University (LSU).

On February 2, 2024, Carter was hired as a pass rush specialist under new Raiders head coach Antonio Pierce and general manager Tom Telesco.

Personal life
Carter is the son of former Denver Broncos defensive tackle Rubin Carter. He has a wife, Bethany, and two children: stepdaughter, Aysha, born in 1993, and a son, Quincy, born in 2007. His middle name was given to him by his father who named him after his close friend and teammate Andre Townsend.

title: Andre Carter


text:
Anthony Grafton

Anthony Thomas Grafton (born May 21, 1950) is an American historian of early modern Europe and the Henry Putnam University Professor of History at Princeton University, where he is also the Director the Program in European Cultural Studies. He is also a corresponding fellow of the British Academy and a recipient of the Balzan Prize. From January 2011 to January 2012, he served as the President of the American Historical Association. From 2006 to 2020, Grafton was co-executive editor of the Journal of the History of Ideas.

Early life and education
Grafton was born on May 21, 1950, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was educated at Phillips Academy (Andover).

He attended the University of Chicago, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1971 and a Master of Arts degree in 1972. He made Phi Beta Kappa in 1970, with honors in history and in the college. After studying at University College, London, under ancient historian Arnaldo Momigliano, from 1973 to 1974, he earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in history from the University of Chicago in 1975. He still retains links with the University of London's Warburg Institute.

Grafton married Louise Erlich in 1972, and was married to her until her death in 2019. They had two children.

Career
After a brief period teaching at Cornell's history department, he was appointed to a position at Princeton University in 1975, where he has subsequently remained. In 2006, he became co-editor of the Journal of the History of Ideas, together with Warren Breckman, Martin Burke, and Ann Moyer.

Works
Anthony Grafton is noted for his studies of the classical tradition from the Renaissance to the eighteenth century, and in the history of historical scholarship. His many books include a study of the scholarship and chronology of Renaissance scholar Joseph Scaliger (2 vols, 1983–1993), and, more recently, studies of Girolamo Cardano as an astrologer (1999) and Leon Battista Alberti (2000). In 1996, he delivered the Triennial E. A. Lowe Lectures at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, speaking on Ancient History in Early Modern Europe. Together with Lisa Jardine, he also co-wrote a revisionist account of the significance of Renaissance education (From Humanism to the Humanities, 1986) and on the marginalia of Gabriel Harvey.

He also penned several essay collections, including Defenders of the Text (1991), which deals with the relations between scholarship and science in the early modern period, and, most recently, Worlds Made by Words. His most original and accessible book is The Footnote: A Curious History (1997; originally published in German in 1995 as Die tragischen Ursprünge der deutschen Fußnote), a case study of how the marginal footnote developed as a central and powerful tool in the hands of historians.

He also writes on a wide variety of topics for The New Republic, The American Scholar, and The New York Review of Books. He owns a bookwheel which he keeps at hand in his home.

Honors

 * Los Angeles Times Book Prize, History, 1993
 * Member of the American Philosophical Society, elected 1993
 * Balzan Prize for History of the Humanities, 2002
 * Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected 2002
 * Fellow of The British Academy, elected 1997
 * Honorary degree from Leiden University, 2006
 * Honorary degree from University of Oxford, 2013
 * The Sigmund H. Danziger, Jr. Memorial Lecture in the Humanities, University of Chicago, 2011
 * Rome Prize
 * Pour le Mérite
 * Guggenheim Fellowship
 * Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Articles

 * Grafton, Anthony. "The History of Ideas: Precept and Practice, 1950–2000 and Beyond". Journal of the History of Ideas 67#1 (2006): 1–32. online

Books

 * Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship, Oxford-Warburg Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983–1993).
 * with Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities. Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London: Duckworth, 1986). ISBN 978-0-7156-2100-4
 * Forgers and Critics. Creativity and Duplicity in Western Scholarship (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
 * Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in the Age of Science, 1450–1800 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1991).
 * Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture (editor) (Washington: Library of Congress, 1993) ISBN 0-300-05442-4
 * New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995).
 * Commerce with the Classics: Ancient Books and Renaissance Readers (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).
 * The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997).
 * Cardano's Cosmos : The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999).
 * Leon Battista Alberti: Master Builder of the Italian Renaissance (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000).
 * Bring Out Your Dead: The Past as Revelation (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001).
 * What Was History?: The Art of History in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
 * with Megan Hale Williams, Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius, and the Library of Caesarea (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2006).
 * Codex in Crisis (New York: The Crumpled Press, 2008). Video:, February 12, 2009.
 * with Brian A. Curran, Pamela O. Long, and Benjamin Weiss, Obelisk: A History (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Burndy Library and MIT Press, 2009).
 * Worlds Made by Words (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009). Review by Véronique Krings, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009.09.32
 * (with Joanna Weinberg), "I Have Always Loved the Holy Tongue": Isaac Casaubon, The Jews, and a Forgotten Chapter in Renaissance Scholarship (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011).
 * Inky Fingers: The Making of Books in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020).
 * with Maren Elisabeth Schwab, The Art of Discovery: Digging into the Past in Renaissance Europe (Princeton University Press, 2022).
 * Magus: The Art of Magic in the Renaissance from Faustus to Agrippa (Belknap Press, Harvard, 2023).

title: Anthony Grafton


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Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)

The Ministry of Defense (,, د ملي دفاع وزارت, ) is the cabinet ministry of Afghanistan responsible for overseeing the military of Afghanistan (currently the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces). The ministry is located in Kabul.

The Democratic Republic period
From the 30th of April until 9 August 1978, Abdul Qadir succeeded the slain Ghulam Haidar Rasuli as Defense Minister of the DRA, responsible for the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, until being succeeded by General Aslam Watanjar. In 1990 forces loyal to Minister of Defense Shahnawaz Tanai and Hezbi Islami leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar attempted a fail coup against then President Najibullah. His forces were thwarted by General Aslam Watanjar who was rewarded the post of Minister of Defence. Watanjar would be the last Minister of Defense of the DRA/ROA. The government collapsed in 1992.

Additionally, the Ministry of Defense also had their own annual publication titled “The Military Magazine” (Pashto: د اردو مجله, Dari: مجله ارتش) which began in 1967, under the Kingdom of Afghanistan. This was continued under the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

The Islamic Republic period
During the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021), the defense minister was nominated by the President of Afghanistan and the National Assembly made the final approval.

One of the functions of the Defense Ministry during that period was the continuance of disarming insurgent groups, through programmes such as the Afghan New Beginnings Programme (which included the rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers). These militant groups coalesced from warlords and former army personnel after the collapse of the Najibullah government in 1992.

title: Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)


text:
Washburn's equation

In physics, Washburn's equation describes capillary flow in a bundle of parallel cylindrical tubes; it is extended with some issues also to imbibition into porous materials. The equation is named after Edward Wight Washburn; also known as Lucas–Washburn equation, considering that Richard Lucas wrote a similar paper three years earlier, or the Bell-Cameron-Lucas-Washburn equation, considering J.M. Bell and F.K. Cameron's discovery of the form of the equation in 1906.

Derivation
In its most general form the Lucas Washburn equation describes the penetration length ($$L$$) of a liquid into a capillary pore or tube with time $$t$$ as $$ L=(Dt)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$, where $$D$$ is a simplified diffusion coefficient. This relationship, which holds true for a variety of situations, captures the essence of Lucas and Washburn's equation and shows that capillary penetration and fluid transport through porous structures exhibit diffusive behaviour akin to that which occurs in numerous physical and chemical systems. The diffusion coefficient $$D$$ is governed by the geometry of the capillary as well as the properties of the penetrating fluid. A liquid having a dynamic viscosity $$\eta$$ and surface tension $$\gamma$$ will penetrate a distance $$L$$ into the capillary whose pore radius is $$r$$ following the relationship:

$$ L=\sqrt{\frac{\gamma rt\cos(\phi)}{2\eta}}$$

Where $$\phi$$ is the contact angle between the penetrating liquid and the solid (tube wall).

Washburn's equation is also used commonly to determine the contact angle of a liquid to a powder using a force tensiometer.

In the case of porous materials, many issues have been raised both about the physical meaning of the calculated pore radius $$r$$ and the real possibility to use this equation for the calculation of the contact angle of the solid. The equation is derived for capillary flow in a cylindrical tube in the absence of a gravitational field, but is sufficiently accurate in many cases when the capillary force is still significantly greater than the gravitational force.

In his paper from 1921 Washburn applies Poiseuille's Law for fluid motion in a circular tube. Inserting the expression for the differential volume in terms of the length $$l$$ of fluid in the tube $$dV=\pi r^2 dl$$, one obtains

 * $$\frac{\delta l}{\delta t}=\frac{\sum P}{8 r^2 \eta l}(r^4 +4 \epsilon r^3)$$

where $$\sum P$$ is the sum over the participating pressures, such as the atmospheric pressure $$P_A$$, the hydrostatic pressure $$P_h$$ and the equivalent pressure due to capillary forces $$P_c$$. $$\eta$$ is the viscosity of the liquid, and $$\epsilon$$ is the coefficient of slip, which is assumed to be 0 for wetting materials. $$r$$ is the radius of the capillary. The pressures in turn can be written as

 * $$P_h=h g \rho - l g \rho\sin\psi$$
 * $$P_c=\frac{2\gamma}{r}\cos\phi$$

where $$\rho$$ is the density of the liquid and $$\gamma$$ its surface tension. $$\psi$$ is the angle of the tube with respect to the horizontal axis. $$\phi$$ is the contact angle of the liquid on the capillary material. Substituting these expressions leads to the first-order differential equation for the distance the fluid penetrates into the tube $$l$$:

 * $$\frac{\delta l}{\delta t}=\frac{[P_A+g \rho (h-l\sin\psi)+\frac{2\gamma}{r}\cos\phi](r^4 +4 \epsilon r^3)}{8 r^2 \eta l}$$

Washburn's constant
The Washburn constant may be included in Washburn's equation.

It is calculated as follows:

\frac{10^4 \left[ \mathrm{\frac{\mu m}{cm}} \right] \left[ \mathrm{\frac{N}{m^2}} \right]}{68947.6 \left[ \mathrm{\frac{dynes}{cm^2}} \right]} = 0.1450(38)$$

Fluid inertia
In the derivation of Washburn's equation, the inertia of the liquid is ignored as negligible. This is apparent in the dependence of length $$L$$ to the square root of time, $$L \propto \sqrt{t}$$, which gives an arbitrarily large velocity dL/dt for small values of t. An improved version of Washburn's equation, called Bosanquet equation, takes the inertia of the liquid into account.

Inkjet printing
The penetration of a liquid into the substrate flowing under its own capillary pressure can be calculated using a simplified version of Washburn's equation:

l = \left[ \frac{r\cos\theta}{2} \right]^{\frac{1}{2}} \left[ \frac{\gamma}{\eta} \right]^{\frac{1}{2}} t^{\frac{1}{2}} $$ where the surface tension-to-viscosity ratio $$\left[ \tfrac{\gamma}{\eta} \right]^{\frac{1}{2}}$$ represents the speed of ink penetration into the substrate. In reality, the evaporation of solvents limits the extent of liquid penetration in a porous layer and thus, for the meaningful modelling of inkjet printing physics it is appropriate to utilise models which account for evaporation effects in limited capillary penetration.

Food
According to physicist and Ig Nobel prize winner Len Fisher, the Washburn equation can be extremely accurate for more complex materials including biscuits. Following an informal celebration called national biscuit dunking day, some newspaper articles quoted the equation as Fisher's equation.

Novel capillary pump
The flow behaviour in traditional capillary follows the Washburn's equation. Recently, novel capillary pumps with a constant pumping flow rate independent of the liquid viscosity   were developed, which have a significant advantage over the traditional capillary pump (of which the flow behaviour is Washburn behaviour, namely the flow rate is not constant). These new concepts of capillary pump are of great potential to improve the performance of lateral flow test.

title: Washburn's equation