text:
Talk:Engineer's degree

Biomed. Eng.
I expect there may well be a biomedical engineering Engineer's degree somewhere, but I couldn't find a Engineer's degree program in an moderately extensive Web search. (E.g. MIT has a biomed program, but only with master's and doctorates).
 * A quick google search revealed a few schools with undergrad Bio-eng programs-
 * http://bme.virginia.edu/ugrad/
 * http://www1.umn.edu/bme/info/undergraduate_program.html
 * http://www.seas.gwu.edu/gwu/academics_programs/undergrad_biomedical.php
 * I'm pretty sure there's plenty more. I know University of Pittsburgh has one as well.--YGagarin 02:33, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

That being the case, I have no authoritative source for the correct degree initialism, but BM sounds like only part of the name, as with the degree "master's in biomedical engineering" (M.S.Bm.E.) which I did find, but which is not an Engineer's degree.

Note: A degree with "engineering" in the name is not necessarily an Engineer's degree! E.g. an "bachelor's in electrical engineering" (BSEE) is not an Engineer's degree. Similarly with the MSBmE. Noel (talk) 21:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * SCU, MIT, and Stanford offer some type of eng. degree. However, I don't see anyone who offers an eng. degree in some variation on biomed. eng. Maybe bioeng. is too new? The eng. degree is something of a holdover. JJL 21:49, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've found it really depends upon the institution giving the degree. For example, I'm an engineering student at McGill university, and as far as I'm aware, all engineering degrees offered here will give you an Engineers accreditatation. In any case I don't think biomedical engineering is too new of a field, its been around for at least a little while, but it seems to be quite an uncommon field.--YGagarin 22:53, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * To avoid confusion, the list below the United States section should refer only to degrees within the United States, or the section should talk about degrees within both the United States and Canada.--YGagarin 23:01, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

See: http://www.stanford.edu/group/biomech/programs.html

Five year degree?
I'm looking at this section:

It might be argued that, because the European high school curriculum covers the topics of the typical U.S. freshman year, the five-year-long Engineer's degree is actually complete equivalent of the U.S. degree.

If someone enters a university having already covered a year's material, and they then complete a 5 year course, they'd have 6 years of university level experience.

Does it take six years to get a degree in an American university?

I ask because most degrees in my country (UK) are three years:- A 6 year course would be more like two degrees than one!

 * In European countries, one must be a technologist in that specific field (sometimes called "technical engineer", "engineering technician" or "field engineer") before being able to enter the two last years. 80.58.6.172 11:10, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Here in Chile there are two engineer titles, each one with its own specialization: "Ingeniero de ejecución" (something like 'execution engineer'), with a long of 4 years; and "Ingeniero Civil" with a long of 6 years. The first doesn't include an academic degree, the second brings the degree of "Licenciado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería" (something like "Engineering' Science Licenciate"). But here we dont have a two years preparatory like Canadá, students comes to the University after their secondary.

 * I am a Mechanical Engineering student in the US. The program I am enrolled in is a four year program, though most of us plan on four and a half years.  Mostly because we've changed our major at least once. 66.62.91.130 20:37, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * In order to be accredited in the US, programs offering a bachelor's degree (not just engineering) must require atleast 120 semester hours (typically four years) including atleast 30 hours of general education courses. For an engineering program to be accredited by ABET, it must require 2 1/2 years of technical courses and a capstone project.  Because the curriculum has to meet both sets of requirements, engineering disciplines typically require more credit hours than others programs.  Although it's generally quite possible to graduate in 3 or 3 1/2 years, given the difficulty of the material and the popularity of co-op programs among engineering students it isn't unusual for four-year curriculums to stretch into the 5th or sometimes 6th year--66.253.174.65 21:38, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not sure about the argument that the TU Delft does not accept the American high school diploma for entry: it does accept the American diploma with AP credits. AP courses are very common in high schools where students are college bound. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.245.222.251 (talk) 17:22, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Links
I have just removed the external links section. It already was, and was becoming a gradually worse, collection of links to particular courses at particular Unis. They added nothing to the encyclopedic discussion of the differing Engineering degrees and were effectively advertising. -Splash 18:38, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Then remove all the academic links, you conveniently leave MIT's link. That is not the only school offering engineer's degrees. All of the articles on specific institutions (including MIT) are nothing more than advertising written by alumni of those schools promulgating how great is their school, so either let everyone have equal time or remove them all.

A typical bachelor's degree at an American university is 120 credits (that is, semester hours). Engineering is typically more, 130 to 160 credits in 4 years. My alma mater (Stevens Institute of Technology) requires 149-155 credits for the B.Eng. degree. A typical engineering master's degree in the US requires 30 credits, therefore, we took the equivalent of a bacehlor's and master's degree for just the undergraduate course.

 * I'm not too sure what you mean. I did remove all the external links, and I can't see an internal link to any University in the article at all, as of my last edit. You may be referring to the actual Wikipedia articles on the Universities; they have no impact here. If you think those articles express a point of view, edit them carefully to retain the facts and eliminate the opinion. -Splash 01:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, you mean the link on this talk page. That's quite different. I was only interested in removing them from the article; talk pages are a different matter and only very rarely have material removed from them. -Splash 01:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

There is a degree in the US called "Bachelor of Engineering". I got one at the SUNY Maritime College. It required approximately 164 undergraduate credits. The program ran 4 calendar years with limited summer and winter breaks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.9.14.138 (talk) 14:09, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Professional Engineer, P.E.
Here in the United States we have a degree (conferred after so many years in an engineering industry and after taking the exam) you become a Professional Engineer. Most PE's highest education level is a Master's in Science or Engineering. They can put P.E. as their title. Thoughts? --ProdigySportsman 00:38, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * That isn't a degree. It's a govt. license. The two aren't related. JJL 02:25, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The section in the article regarding engineering degrees in Canada seemed to have been written by someone under the same misconception. P.Eng is a title, not a degree... Canadian engineers generally have at least a B.Sc in engineering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.35.225.230 (talk) 20:24, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Professional Engineer (Pr.Eng) is a status in South Africa as well. It is not a degree but rather a Professional Certification issued by the Engineering Council of your said country to say that you 'are competent' as an Engineer. Companies require this as in terms of South African law only a Pr.Eng can sign off on projects for example. The equivalent of this in many other other countries is the 'Chartered Engineer' Certification. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.209.175.165 (talk) 11:03, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Engineer's degree holders using MSc
A German-style engineer's degree is considered equivalent to a MSc degree in U.S. or UK and in international context, the holders of the Engineer's degree are authorized to use MSc. Authorized by whom? Miguelrj 06:42, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It probably means that the university translates the name of the degree to Master of Science in Engineering. --Vuo 08:13, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Rename page
The proper term is Engineer degree not engineer's degree, this title is misleading and possibly the source of some confusion. I suggest changing the page title to "Engineer Degree" and merge with the existing "Engineer (degree)" page. Granite07 18:13, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that leaving off the "'s" is probably better. But...leaving aside whether it's U.S.-centric, SCU has it both ways, for example. It isn't as consistent as one might hope, but I think Engineer degree is more precise if less common in everyday speech. I'd rather see the other page and this one redirect to Engineer degree. The current content of that page is very Caltech-centered. JJL 19:42, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Translations in different countries
In Poland Engineer's degree is translated into Bachelor's_degree--Teodozjan (talk) 11:39, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Latin America. Not a good description of an Engineer
The article mentions Latin American education in a very misleading way. The way it is worded may apply to some South American countries, and I may add, only some old programs in those countries. It definitely does not reflect modern education in all countries, so as to treat them all in the banner of Latin America.

A few examples: "For an average terminal engineering degree, the credit courses to be completed exceeds the 220 without taking in consideration research hours, making an "ingeniería" one of the most extensive careers. It usually takes a time frame of 5 to 6 years, depending of the field, the completion of the curriculum after which the student is entitled to present the thesis plan. This thesis is advised normally by two university professors and could be research oriented or focused on the application of the field into a project of university interest. The thesis project can take in some cases up to 3 years to be completed.'"

This evidently only refers to a certain program in a certain country, not a Latin American view.

"Together with the degree of "físico" (physicist) and "matemático" (mathematician), a degree of "ingeniero" (engineer) in most Latin American countries, is the highest achievement in an engineering field."

Exactly what is the source of this statement? What country is it describing?

"Magister's (master's) degrees are usually conferred in business administration (MBA) and in social sciences while doctorate degrees are traditionally granted only to medicine and law (i.e. Doctor en Medicina (M.D). and Doctor en Jurisprudencia (J.D))."

Wrong. In Mexico at least, education since the 1950s has always been structured in similar fashion to the United States. It consists of a bachelor's, a master's and a doctorate. I feel there is confusion in the use of the word "doctor". People who graduate as Medical Doctors, in fact don't have a doctorate, they just obtained their first university degree. Of course, given the intense training they receive (on average 6 years), their degree could easily be equivalent to a Bachelor's and Master's degree combined (4+2 years).

"Therefore, the requirement to be accepted into academia as a full professor or researcher of an engineering department in polytechnic institutes or universities in Latin America is the diploma of "Ingeniero", which can be assumed as the Ph.D. requirement for tenure track positions in American institutions."

Wrong. It is a fact that Latin American countries are not very technically developed, so it is understandable that a tenured professor could only have a lower degree, specially old professors. However, as countries develop, professors are required to have a Master's degree and a Doctorate.

"While a Ph.D. degree was born as a terminal diploma in countries with English based scheme like U.K, United States, Australia, India and some Caribbean Islands, the "ingeniero" degree was created as the top of an engineering career in Latin American countries and Spain."

Wrong. In Mexico, the degrees of Master and Doctor in engineering, have long been established.

"However, the general conception in the U.S.A. academia in regard to engineers who came from universities in Latin America to conduct research at a graduate level, is that they hold a bachelors of engineering degree due to misconception of the word "Ingeniero" (engineer) in addition to the fact that there is not a regulated path to convert their diplomas to a post-master degree. This issue represents an obstacle for Latin America engineers in improving their careers in American or European academia due to the common practice of accepting them into graduate school as bachelors of engineering, adding up more time for them to obtain Ph.D or post-doctoral opportunities."

Again, this does not represents a world view.

Certainly today, the year 2010, many Latin American countries have converted their degrees to conform to the Bologna process, perhaps not explicitly, but practically. This means that it's perfectly common to undertake foreign education following a clearly defined steps at the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels.

Evidently, the person who wrote this wrote it out of personal experience and without consideration for verifiable information across all Latin American countries.---201.127.65.9 (talk) 22:14, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Concerning the education in Latin America, the article does not differentiate between the education provided in the different Latin American countries, the different programmes offered and their programmatic contents. It seems that the writer of this article just provided his/her personal opinion about the topic with no verifiable information about his/her statements. Most of the Engineer titles offered by respectable Latin American Universities (normally 5 years studies plus a graduation thesis) are equivalent to their European counter parts and this can be proved by just investigating and comparing the programmatic contents of both programs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.61.124.9 (talk • contribs) 00:20, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Most of the engineers are not perfect for their field.

Proposed merge with Diploma of Associate Engineering
This article does not present a worldview of the topic. It would make more sense to include it in the Pakistan section of engineer's degree. Tchaliburton (talk) 19:48, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I think an easier solution would be to simply add all the relevant, sourced content from Diploma of Associate Engineering into the Pakistan Section and then nominate Diploma of Associate Engineering for deletion. Myopia123 (talk) 19:51, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge on the grounds that the Diploma of Associate Engineering doesn't appear to match the set of awards discussed on Engineer's degree. Klbrain (talk) 07:50, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

Link showing no content
Link number 10 "National systems of engineering education, QA and accreditation", TREE – Teaching and Research in Engineering in Europe

shows no document. I have found the document here: http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.unifi.it/ContentPages/46760091.pdf

The host of the link is no more a university as it was the case with unifi.it Università degli Studi di Firenze

Maybe the content is simply down for some reason. If it still shows nothing in a few days please replace for the one I gave. Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:F320:F000:60D5:754C:7E68:F4E4 (talk) 20:57, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Out of place content
Quite a bit of the content on this page seems to be about engineering degrees generically, rather than engineer's degrees specifically. This risks turning this page into a fork of Engineering education. The UK section seems to be particularly egregious in this regard, taking 6 paragraphs talking about engineering education without actually having an engineer's degree (and failing to mention the historical Civil Engineer degree at Durham, which would probably be relevant here). My opinion is that this off-topic content needs to be drastically trimmed, what do others think? Robminchin (talk) 23:06, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Engineer's degree


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Julius Ebbinghaus

Julius Ebbinghaus (9 November 1885, Berlin – 16 June 1981, Marburg an der Lahn) was a German philosopher, one of the closest followers of Immanuel Kant active in the twentieth century. He was influenced by the Heidelberg school of neo-Kantianism of Wilhelm Windelband, and wrote on philosophy of law and the categorical imperative. Professor at Marburg University (Philipps-Universität Marburg) since 1940; 1954 professor emeritus, continuing lectures until 1966. In October 1945, he became installed as Rector Magnificus by order of the American occupation forces.

He was the son of famous psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Julius Ebbinghaus


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User:Holroy~enwiki

My name is Even Holen. I'm a Norwegian man, born in 1971, and living my life in Norway. I'm a Master of Computer Science, and have a strong interest in computing in general, and lately in WikiWikis in particular. I also enjoy dancing, and that's what mainly brought me to the wikipedia project.

So mainly I guess I'll be lurking around doing editing in pages related to Swing (dance), and maybe comment on using wikis. But being quite busy, only time will show what I'll actually will do.

I guess I should mention, without promoting, that I'm one of the developers of Tavi:WikkiTikkiTavi, so for more information about me see Tavi:EvenHolen.

title: User:Holroy~enwiki


text:
Talk:Hannibal King

Heroes Reborn
Gtrmp, It's true that the Heroes reborn nonsense didn't technically affect the normal Marvel Universe, but you must admit that after they resolved that mess, they changed a lot of things for the remaining characters. Just about every writer was doing his own thing. Many of them were young and didn't care about continuity laid down before they were born. It was mentioned twice (once in Tomb of Dracula #25(1974), King's 1st appearance and in Doctor Strange #62(1983) I think), that King had been a vampire for 5 years. That Journey into Mystery appearance totally contradicts this. I only excuse it because Marv Wolfman wrote that story. After all, he is known for having a poor memory concerning minor details about the characters he created. For example, he seems to think that just because he created Blade, he owns it. What he forgets is that he was working FOR Marvel at the time, so THEY own it. That's why his lawsuit against Marvel was laughed out of court. D-man.

 * I agree with your assessment of the period, but I took that part out because the retcon wasn't directly related to Heroes Reborn. After all, worse continuity errors were made before HR, and I believe that HR was actually over by the time this story saw print.  -Sean Curtin 00:58, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Image in infobox
That's really not the most common and general visual characterization of Blade, which the infobox parameter requires. The parameter also specifies a front-facing, full-body image where possible, free from clutter. It needs to be replaced. --Tenebrae (talk) 18:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Progress of copy-edit, and other questions
I've gone in and changed to literary present in most cases in the first Biography section. The rest is still needed.

I need some questions answered and feedback regarding the following (especially 1, 2, and 4):

1. It's unclear if the first and second paragraphs of that section predate the actual comic timeline mentioned in the third paragraph? It's confusing, what does the five year period refer to and should it be moved to the beginning of the biography?

2. The "Montesi" formula appears as a name with no context. Is there an article to cross-link, or a brief description anyone who has read the comics can provide in parenthesis??

3. Is the use of "the" Daniel Ketch Ghost Rider correct? What about "the" Meatmarket?

3.5. It appears Ghost Rider ends up teaming up with the team despite being the target of the mission? Can anyone fill in why this reversal occurred so it can be noted briefly in the article?

4. The sentence about helping Blade after the depression bit-- can this be tied into the larger narrative or combined into a paragraph? It feels out of place by itself and out of context. Maybe reference chronology of the comics?

5. Blade's own father's plan seems... out of place. Is there a motivation? Did Blade have a vampire father or...?

We'll see if I can return and finish it off. Please correct any of the past tenses I left if you feel the need. I think I tried to leave it in when it was backstory relative to the literary present or otherwise not contained directly in the comments.

Flyingmoses (talk) 22:25, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hannibal King


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Merovingian script

Merovingian script or Gallo-Roman script (Scriptura Merovingica/Francogallica) was a medieval variant of the Latin script so called because it was developed in Gaul during the Merovingian dynasty. It was used in the 7th and 8th centuries before the Carolingian dynasty and the development of Carolingian minuscule.

Script types
There were four major centres of Merovingian script: the monasteries of Luxeuil, Laon, Corbie, and Chelles. Each script developed from uncial, half-uncial, and the Merovingian charter scripts.

Luxeuil

The Luxeuil type uses distinctive long, slim capital letters as a display script. These capitals have wedge-shaped finials, and the crossbar of ⟨a⟩ resembles a small letter ⟨v⟩ while that of ⟨h⟩ is a wavy line. The letter ⟨o⟩ is often written as a diamond shape, with a smaller ⟨o⟩ written inside. The letter ⟨a⟩ resembles two ⟨c⟩s ("cc"), and because of this distinctive feature the Luxeuil type is sometimes called "a type". The letter ⟨b⟩ often has an open bowl and an arm connecting it to the following letter, the letter ⟨d⟩ can have either a vertical ascender or an ascender slanted to the left; ⟨i⟩ is often very tall, resembling l; ⟨n⟩ can be written with an uncial form (similar to a capital ⟨N⟩); ⟨o⟩ is often drop-shaped and has a line connecting it to the next letter; and ⟨t⟩ has a loop extending to the left of its top stroke. The letter ⟨t⟩ is also used in numerous ligatures where it has many other forms. The letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨r⟩ are also quite often found in ligature.

Laon
The Laon type has thicker display capitals than the Luxeuil type. Capital initial letters are often decorated with animals, and there are many ligatures with the letter ⟨i⟩. Like Visigothic script, there are two different ⟨ti⟩ ligatures, representing two different sounds ("hard" and "soft"). The letters ⟨d⟩ and ⟨q⟩ often have open bowls. The letter a is unique, resembling two sharp points ("<<"), and the letter ⟨z⟩, uncommon in Latin, is nevertheless very distinctive in the Laon type, with a flourish projecting upwards to the left, above the line. Because of these features, Laon type is sometimes called "a-z type".

Corbie
The Corbie type as used in the 8th century, was based on uncial and the Luxeuil type, but was also similar to half-uncial and insular script, with elements of Roman cursive. It is sometimes called "eN-type", as the letter ⟨e⟩ has a high, open upper loop, and the uncial form of the letter ⟨n⟩ (resembling majuscule ⟨N⟩) is very frequently used. After the mid-8th century, the letter (a) also has an open loop and resembles the letter ⟨u⟩; this type is referred to as "eNa-type". A more distinctive type was developed at Corbie in the 9th century, the "a-b type". The letter ⟨b⟩ is similar to Luxeuil type, but the letter ⟨a⟩ has a straight first stroke, resembling a combination of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨c⟩. This type was used from the end of the 8th century until the mid-9th century. The Liber glossarum, a major medieval reference work, was written in the "a-b type" script of Corbie.

Chelles
The Chelles type was similar to the Luxeuil a-b type. Other features include the uncial ⟨N⟩, with strokes leaning to the left; the letter d with an ascender leaning to the left; the letter ⟨g⟩ with a descender resembling the letter ⟨s⟩; the letter ⟨s⟩ with a very small top loop; and the letter ⟨x⟩ with the two strokes crossing near the top of the line rather than the middle.

Development
There was also a Merovingian cursive script, used in charters and non-religious writings. All of these types were later influenced by Carolingian script, which eventually replaced it entirely. Along with resemblances to Carolingian and Visigothic, Merovingian shares some features with Beneventan script.

title: Merovingian script


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Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys

Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys (10 August 1695 – 21 April 1770), was a British Whig politician who represented Worcester in the House of Commons from 1718 until 1743, when he was created Baron Sandys. He held numerous posts in the government of the United Kingdom, namely Chancellor of the Exchequer, Leader of the House of Commons, Cofferer of the Household and First Lord of Trade. He was also a justice in eyre.

Early life
Sandys was the eldest son of Edwin Sandys (himself a descendant of Edwin Sandys, Archbishop of York), and his wife Alice, daughter of Sir James Rushout.

He was educated at New College, Oxford, matriculating in 1711 aged 16. He left Oxford in 1715 without graduating, and embarked on a Grand Tour of Continental Europe.

Opposition
In 1718, at the age of 22, Sandys was elected MP for Worcester, as a Whig. He represented the seat for 25 years.

Initially a supporter of Robert Walpole's government, in 1725 Sandys and his uncle Sir John Rushout went into opposition with William Pulteney. Sandys was seen as second-in-command to Pulteney, the leader of the Patriot Whigs.

In February 1730 Sandys introduced the Pension Bill, to bar from sitting in the House of Commons anyone with any pensions or offices held in trust for them from the Crown. The bill passed through the House of Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords; he reintroduced the bill several times in subsequent sessions, with the same result. Sandys opposed the government's economic policy: in 1733 he opposed both the motion to take £500,000 from the sinking fund and the Excise Bill to tax tobacco and wine imports; in February 1736 he called attention to the increase of the national debt.

On 13 February 1741, Sandys moved a motion to call upon King George II to dismiss Walpole. The Tories did not support the motion, which was defeated by 290 votes to 106; the Tory Jacobite William Shippen commented of Walpole and the opposition Whigs that "Robin and I are two honest men: he is for King George and I for King James, but those men in long cravats only desire places under either one or the other".

Chancellor of the Exchequer
This impression that senior opposition Whigs were motivated by self-advancement rather than by opposition to the government gained substance when Walpole fell in February 1742. Pulteney (created Earl of Bath that year) brokered a deal with the Court, without consulting opposition parties. The new ministry led by Lord Wilmington was a continuation of Walpole's ministry with few personnel changes, but with Sandys appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Sir John Rushout and Phillips Gybbon appointed Lords of the Treasury.

Pulteney and Sandys supported the appointment of a secret committee to investigate Walpole's conduct in office; Sandys was elected a member of the committee. They opposed the repeal of the Septennial Act 1716, and objected to the rejection by the Lords of the Indemnification Bill to recompense witnesses against Walpole. In December 1742 Sandys opposed a Place Bill (to limit the capacity of parliamentarians to hold other paid positions, especially in the military), although he had proposed several such bills when in opposition.

Wilmington died in July 1743, succeeded as First Lord of the Treasury by Henry Pelham. On 12 December 1743, Pelham took the Chancellorship himself.

Later career
Sandys was compensated with a peerage, being created Baron Sandys on 20 December 1743, and appointed as Cofferer of the Household. He later held office as Speaker of the House of Lords in the Pitt–Devonshire ministry (November 1756 – July 1757), and as First Lord of Trade under Lords Newcastle and Bute (March 1761 – February 1763).

Sandys died on 21 April 1770, from injuries sustained when his post chaise overturned on Highgate Hill.

Family
On 9 June 1725 Sandys married Letitia, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Tipping and his wife Anne Cheke. They had seven sons and three daughters:

 * Edwin Sandys (28 April 1726 – 11 March 1797), MP, succeeded as the 2nd Baron Sandys in 1770
 * Cheek Sandys (1727–1737)
 * Thomas Sandys (born 30 September 1728, London, died in infancy)
 * Martin Sandys (baptised 24 November 1729, Ombersley – 26 December 1768), Colonel, Equerry to the Duke of Cumberland
 * Martin's daughter Mary (wife of Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire) inherited the Ombersley estates upon the 2nd Baron's death in 1797, and was granted a new Sandys barony in 1802.
 * Letitia Sandys (baptised 25 August 1731, Ombersley – 10 January 1784)
 * William Sandys (baptised 5 August 1732, Ombersley – 31 October 1749)
 * Anne Sandys (born 10 January 1734 – 1797) married Christopher Bethell
 * John Sandys (baptised 31 October 1735, Ombersley – 1758), soldier, died in Germany
 * Katherine Sandys (baptised 25 September 1736, died in infancy)
 * Henry Sandys (baptised 4 July 1737, Ombersley, died in infancy)

title: Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys


text:
James King (tenor)

James King (May 22, 1925 – November 20, 2005) was an American operatic tenor who had an active international singing career in operas and concerts from the 1950s through 2000. Widely regarded as one of the finest American heldentenors of the post-war period, he excelled in performances of the works of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.

King made several recordings during his career, most notably singing the role of Siegmund in Die Walküre for Sir Georg Solti's famous recording of Wagner's Ring Cycle. He was a member of the voice faculties at the University of Missouri–Kansas City and the Jacobs School of Music of Indiana University.

Biography
King was born in Dodge City, Kansas, to an Irish father and a mother of German lineage. In his youth he actively sang in church choirs and studied the violin. He earned a bachelor's degree in music from Louisiana State University in 1949, where he trained to be a baritone with Dallas Draper. He then pursued a master's degree in vocal performance from the University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC). He then joined the voice faculty of UMKC, where he taught for nine years and began performing in concerts and operas as a baritone.

In 1956 King came to the personal realization that he was in fact a tenor and not a baritone. He began retraining his voice with French baritone Martial Singher and later German tenor Max Lorenz in order to achieve this goal. In 1960 he began his career as a tenor as a resident artist with the Saint Louis Municipal Opera. His last performance of a baritone role was for his debut with the San Francisco Opera as Escamillo in Carmen with Marilyn Horne in the title role in May 1961.

In 1961 King won the American Opera Auditions in Cincinnati, whose prize enabled him to pursue further studies in Italy and make his European opera debut in his first tenor role, Cavaradossi in Puccini's Tosca at the Teatro della Pergola. He was soon offered contracts with major European opera houses, including the Deutsche Oper Berlin (1962), the Salzburg Festival (1962), the Vienna State Opera (1963), the Bayreuth Festival (1965), and La Scala (1968).

King made his Metropolitan Opera (Met) debut on January 8, 1966, as Florestan in Fidelio. Over the next 30 years, he sang 113 performances there. His other Met roles included the Emperor in Die Frau ohne Schatten; Aegisthus in Elektra; Calaf in Turandot; Lohengrin; Don Jose in Carmen; Erik in Der fliegende Holländer; Siegmund in Die Walküre; Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos; Cavaradossi in Tosca; Walther in Die Meistersinger; Captain Vere in Billy Budd; and the Drum Major in Wozzeck. His final appearance was on April 27, 1996, singing Walther in the finale of Die Meistersinger to conclude the James Levine Gala.

Later in life, King was a music and voice professor at the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University (IU) from 1984 until his retirement from teaching in 2002. His last performance was in 2000 as Siegmund at IU.

King died on November 20, 2005, of a heart attack in Naples, Florida.

title: James King (tenor)


text:
George Kruger Gray

George Edward Kruger Gray (25 December 1880 – 2 May 1943) was an English artist, best remembered for his designs of coinage and stained glass windows.

Personal life
Kruger was born in 1880 at 126 Kensington Park Road, London, the son of a Jersey merchant, and was christened George Edward Kruger in Kensington.

He attended Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby and in July 1893 was dramatically rescued from Crosby Beach by Eyton Owen, a schoolmaster of another school, during a tragic incident in which his older brother and their friend, all day boys at Merchant Taylors', were drowned.

He received his tertiary education at the Bath School of Art (today Bath School of Art and Design a department of Bath Spa University). There he won a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in London, from which he graduated with a Diploma in Design in his birth name George Edward Kruger. From 1905 he exhibited water colours at the Royal Academy, specialising in landscapes, flower studies and portraits.

During the First World War, Kruger served with the Artists Rifles, and a camouflage unit of the Royal Engineers which specialised in hiding military items and making dummy objects to confuse enemy forces.

In 1918, following his marriage to (Frances) Audrey Gordon Gray, he changed his name to George Kruger Gray. They had a son, Douglas, in October 1920.

After the war, he continued his career as an artist. In 1923, he exhibited his numismatic works at the Royal Academy of Arts, winning a considerable reputation in that area, and become a 'preferred contractor' for the Royal Mint, designing coins for Great Britain, as well as other parts of the Empire.

In 1938, he became a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE)

Although best known for the design of numismatic items, he also designed and made stained glass windows for churches, universities and the like. As well, he illustrated books, and made posters and cartoons.

Kruger Gray died in Chichester, West Sussex, on 2 May 1943. He is buried in St Mary Churchyard, Fittleworth, Chichester.

Coinage

 * Kruger Gray designed the Reverse ("Tails") of most of Australia's second set of currency, used from 1937 until the changeover to decimal currency in 1966. This included the halfpenny, penny, threepence, shilling, florin and crown. (The sixpence did not change design.) Additionally, he designed the reverses of the commemorative florins for 1927 and 1935.
 * In Canada, he designed the reverse of the one cent (penny) in use from 1937-2012, five cents (nickel) in use from 1937 to the present day, and 50-cent coins in use from 1937 to 1958.
 * For Cyprus, he designed the reverse of the 1938–1940 9 piastres and 18 piastres, 1928 45 and 4½ piastres, and 1947–1949 florin.
 * For Great Britain he designed the reverse for the 1927–1945 silver threepence, 1927–1948 sixpence, 1927–1936 shilling, both the Scottish and English motifs for the 1937–1948 shilling, 1927–1948 florin, 1927–1948 half crown, 1927–1936 crown (except for the 1935 Jubilee crown), and 1937 crown. The 1927 date was issued only as proof specimens. His designs for the shilling (both designs), florin and half crown were continued from 1949-1952, though do not bear his initials 'KG' because the inscription had been modified by the omission of 'IND:IMP' and the layout was therefore modified by another hand.
 * For Jersey, he designed the reverse for the 1927–1952 1/12th shilling (the penny) and the 1/24th shilling (the halfpenny).
 * For Mauritius, he designed the reverse for the 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents and 10 cents for 1937 to 1978, and the 1/4, 1/2 and 1 rupee of 1934–1978, though some of his designs are still being used in the 21st century.
 * For New Guinea, he designed the reverse for the 1936–1944 penny, threepence, sixpence and shilling.
 * For New Zealand, he designed the reverse for the threepence (depicting crossed patu), the sixpence (depicting a huia bird), the shilling (depicting a Maori warrior holding a Taiaha), the florin (depicting a kiwi), and the half crown reverse 1933–1965.
 * For South Africa, he designed the reverse for the ¼d (farthing), ½d (halfpenny), 1d (penny), threepence, sixpence, shilling, florin, and half crown 1923–1960. Reverse 1961–1964 half, two and half, five, ten and twenty cents.
 * For Southern Rhodesia, he designed the reverse side of the 1932–1952 threepence, the 1932–1952 sixpence, the 1932–1952 shilling, the 1932–1954 two shillings, and the 1932–1952 half crown.

Other works
Kruger Gray was a well known artisan of his time, and produced a number of coats of arms, including the version used by The University of Western Australia from 1929 to 1963. He also designed the Flag of the Colony of Aden.

He designed what became an important distinction given to the Royal Naval Patrol Service in the form of an exclusive silver badge. Officers and men of the Patrol Service were awarded this badge after a total of six months service at sea. It could also be awarded beforehand to those showing worthy conduct while engaged in action.

Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1939 wrote in the following minute: FIRST LORD to FORTH SEA LORD I am told that the Minesweepers men have no badge. If this is so it must be remedied at once. I am asking Mr. Bracken to call for designs from Sir Kenneth Clark within one week, after which production must begin with the greatest speed, and distribution as the deliveries come to hand.

The design of the badge measured roughly the size of an old shilling. The design had to symbolise the work of both the minesweeping and the anti-submarine personnel. The finished design took the form of a shield upon which a sinking shark, speared by a marline spike, was set against a background made up of a fishing net with two trapped enemy mines. This was flanked by two examples of the nautical knot and at the top the naval crown. Beneath the badge was a scroll bearing the letters M/S-A/S (Minesweeping Anti-Submarine).

The shark symbolised a U-boat and the marline spike the tool of the Merchant navy. The net and the mines were both symbols of the fishermen who now found themselves at war seeking a new deadly catch. Never before had one section of the Royal Navy been similarly honoured.

His design for an insignia to denote the award of a "King's Commendation for Brave Conduct" was accepted and used for a period from 1943.

In 1940 Gray designed the new George Medal for gallantry based on a bookplate for the Royal Library at Windsor Castle by Stephen Gooden.

title: George Kruger Gray


text:
Tolt River

The Tolt River is located in the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains in north central King County in the U.S. state of Washington. The river begins at the confluence of the North Fork Tolt and South Fork Tolt rivers. It flows southwest joining the Snoqualmie River near Carnation, Washington. The Tolt River watershed is part of the larger Snohomish River and Puget Sound drainage basin.

The South Fork Tolt watershed provides ~30% of the drinking water for Seattle area residents.

Name origin
The name Tolt comes from the Lushootseed village name tultxʷ or tulq.

title: Tolt River


text:
User:Rednaxela

He is interested in nearly everything; from fantasy fiction and comic books to politics, languages and maps.

List of interests in a haphazard disorder:

Martial arts, esp aikido, comic books, esp Batman, Steve Bell cartoons, current affairs, languages, international relations, fantasy fiction: Tolkien, Eddings, Le Guin, etymology, heraldry, taoism, politics.

List of dislikes:

Capers, raw tomato, religion, celery, the BNP, UKIP, a former flatmate plus 2 more, the bullies from school, most military people, dogs, cynophobia.

Favourite quote: To light a candle is to cast a shadow...

title: User:Rednaxela


text:
First Salisbury ministry

The Marquess of Salisbury formed a caretaker government in June 1885, upon his appointment as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by Queen Victoria, succeeding William Ewart Gladstone. His ministry lasted for over seven months.

Cabinet

Changes

 * August 1885 – The Duke of Richmond becomes Secretary for Scotland. Edward Stanhope succeeds him at the Board of Trade; his successor as Vice-President of the Council is not in the Cabinet.
 * January 1886 –
 * The Lord-Lieutenantship of Ireland goes into commission.
 * William Henry Smith becomes Chief Secretary for Ireland. Lord Cranbrook succeeds him as Secretary for War while remaining Lord President.

title: First Salisbury ministry


text:
Equifax Canada

Equifax Canada Inc is one of two credit bureaus which are private companies in Canada that (the other being TransUnion Canada) collect, store, and share information about how Canadians use credit. Reports are provided for both individual and commercial entities. Owned by Equifax of Atlanta, Georgia, Equifax Canada is based in Toronto, Ontario.

Business Services offered:

 * Financial Tracking
 * Fraud Reduction
 * Portfolio Risk Management
 * Market Insights
 * Credit Application Processing
 * Credit Score Services
 * Small Business Operations

Personal Services offered:

 * Financial Credit Reports
 * Credit and Identity Monitoring
 * Identity Theft Protection and Restoration

All credit reporting companies are required by Quebec provincial law to allow Quebec citizens to verify their credit reports and scores online at no cost, Equifax Canada took additional steps in 2021 to expand this access to all Canadians.

title: Equifax Canada


text:
Henry Crookshank

Henry Crookshank (13 February 1893 – 10 August 1972) was an Irish geologist who worked in the Geological Survey of India serving as its superintendent in 1944-45.

Crookshank was born in Dublin, the second son of Elizabeth née Stokes (1867–1945) and Charles Henry Crookshank (1859-1927). His mother was related to the bacteriologist Adrian Stokes and archaeologist Margaret McNair Stokes. He was educated at St. Columba's College and then Trinity College, Dublin where he studied mathematics but World War I interrupted his studies. He joined the Dublin Fusiliers in 1914 and served in the Middle East and France, while his brother Arthur who also served in the war died at Gallipoli. He returned in 1918 to study engineering and joined the Geological Survey of India in 1929. He geological work began with oil surveys near Karachi and later studied sapphires in the Vizag area, and studies in the Satpura Gondwana Basin.

Crookshank served in the Northwest Frontier in the early 1940s but was shot in both legs and flown back to Rawalpindi. After recovering he was posted in charge of mica production in Rajputana.

Crookshank married Eileen "Kitty" Mary Somerville-Lodge in 1921 at Calcutta and they had three daughters including Anne (January 3, 1927 – October 18, 2016) who became a professor of art.

title: Henry Crookshank


text: User talk:142.229.94.182

title: User talk:142.229.94.182


text:
Inventory management

Inventory management may refer to:

 * Inventory management (video games), when a player adjusts the items in their inventory
 * Field inventory management, managing stock in a corporate retail supply chain

title: Inventory management


text:
Talk:Dong Nai

Untitled
This page should be consolidated with Dong Nai province.

title: Talk:Dong Nai


text:
1970 Bhola cyclone

The 1970 Bhola cyclone (also known as the Great Cyclone of 1970 ) was a devastating Tropical Cyclone that struck East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) and India's West Bengal on November 12, 1970. It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the world's deadliest humanitarian disasters. At least 300,000 people died in the storm, possibly as many as 500,000, primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta. Bhola was the sixth and strongest cyclonic storm of the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season.

The cyclone formed over the central Bay of Bengal on November 8 and traveled northward, intensifying as it did so. It reached its peak with winds of 185 km/h on November 10, and made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan on the following afternoon. The storm surge devastated many of the offshore islands, wiping out villages and destroying crops throughout the region. In the most severely affected upazila, Tazumuddin, over 45% of the population of 167,000 were killed by the storm.

The Pakistani government, led by junta leader General Yahya Khan, was criticized for its delayed handling of relief operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and by the international media. The poor and discriminating response from the West Pakistan government led to the increasingly widespread disillusionment from the East Pakistani people, allowing the opposition Awami League to gain a landslide victory in the province during the election that took place a month later as well as the Bangladesh Liberation War 7 months later.

Meteorological history
On November 1, Tropical Storm Nora developed over the South China Sea, in the West Pacific Ocean. The system lasted for four days, before degenerating into a remnant low over the Gulf of Thailand on November 4, and subsequently moved west over the Malay Peninsula on November 5, 1970. The remnants of this system contributed to the development of a new depression in the central Bay of Bengal on the morning of November 8. The depression intensified as it moved slowly northward, and the India Meteorological Department upgraded it to a cyclonic storm the next day. No country in the region had ever named tropical cyclones during this time, so no new identity was given. The storm became nearly stationary that evening near 14.5° N, 87° E, but began to accelerate toward the north on November 10.

The storm further intensified into a severe cyclonic storm on November 11 and began to turn towards the northeast, as it approached the head of the bay. It developed a clear eye and reached its peak intensity later that day, with three-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h, one-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h, and a central pressure of 960 hPa. The cyclone made landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of November 12, around the same time as the local high tide. Once over land, the system began to weaken; the storm degraded to a cyclonic storm on November 13, when it was about 100 km south-southeast of Agartala. The storm then rapidly weakened into a remnant low over southern Assam that evening.

Preparations
There is question as to how much of the information about the cyclone said to have been received by Indian weather authorities was transmitted to East Pakistan authorities. This is because the Indian and East Pakistani weather services may not have shared information given the Indo-Pakistani friction at the time. A large part of the population was reportedly taken by surprise by the storm. There were indications that East Pakistan's storm warning system was not used properly. The Pakistan Meteorological Department issued a report calling for "danger preparedness" in the vulnerable coastal regions during the day on November 12. As the storm neared the coast, a "great danger signal" was broadcast on Radio Pakistan. Survivors later said that this meant little to them, but that they had recognised a No. 1 warning signal as representing the greatest possible threat.

Following two previously destructive cyclones in October 1960 which killed at least 16,000 people in East Pakistan, the Pakistani central government contacted the American government for assistance in developing a system to avert future disasters. Gordon Dunn, the director of the National Hurricane Center at the time, carried out a detailed study and submitted his report in 1961. However, the central government did not carry out all of the recommendations Dunn had listed.

Impact
Although the North Indian Ocean is the least active of the tropical cyclone basins, the coast of the Bay of Bengal is particularly vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones. The exact death toll from the Bhola cyclone will never be known, but at least 300,000 fatalities were associated with the storm, possibly as many as 500,000. The cyclone was not, however, the most powerful of these; the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone was significantly stronger when it made landfall in the same general area, as a Category 5-equivalent cyclone with 260 km/h winds.

The Bhola cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone on record and also one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history. A comparable number of people died as a result of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake, but because of uncertainty in the number of deaths in all four disasters, it may never be known which one was the deadliest.

Bangladesh
The meteorological station in Chittagong, 95 km to the east of where the storm made landfall, recorded winds of 144 km/h before its anemometer was blown off at about 2200 UTC on November 12. A ship anchored in the port in the same area recorded a peak gust of 222 km/h about 45 minutes later. As the storm made landfall, it caused a 10 m high storm surge at the Ganges Delta. In the port at Chittagong, the storm tide peaked at about 4 m above the average sea level, 1.2 m of which was the storm surge.

Radio Pakistan reported that there were no survivors on the thirteen islands near Chittagong. A flight over the area showed the devastation was complete throughout the southern half of Bhola Island, and the rice crops of Bhola Island, Hatia Island and the nearby mainland coastline were destroyed. Several seagoing vessels in the ports of Chittagong and Mongla were reported damaged, and the airports at Chittagong and Cox's Bazar were under 1 m of water for several hours.

Over 3.6 million people were directly affected by the cyclone, and the total damage from the storm was estimated at US$86.4 million (US$450 million in 2006 dollars). The survivors claimed that approximately 85% of homes in the area were destroyed or severely damaged, with the greatest destruction occurring along the coast. Ninety percent of marine fishermen in the region suffered heavy losses, including the destruction of 9,000 offshore fishing boats. Of the 77,000 onshore fishermen, 46,000 were killed by the cyclone, and 40% of the survivors were affected severely. In total, approximately 65% of the fishing capacity of the coastal region was destroyed by the storm, in a region where about 80% of the protein consumed comes from fish. Agricultural damage was similarly severe with the loss of US$63 million worth of crops and 280,000 cattle. Three months after the storm, 75% of the population was receiving food from relief workers, and over 150,000 relied upon aid for half of their food.

The Bhola Cyclone would also lead to increased cholera and typhoid cases in the region due to the contamination of the water supply in the storm. Many attempts of sending aid to the region were impeded by the prevalent cholera, and as a result, medical aid was delayed.

India
The cyclone brought widespread rain to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with very heavy rain falling in places on November 8–9. Port Blair recorded 130 mm of rain on November 8, and there were a number of floods on the islands. MV Mahajagmitra, a 5,500-ton freighter en route from Calcutta to Kuwait, was sunk by the storm on November 12 with the loss of all fifty people on board. The ship sent out a distress signal and reported experiencing hurricane-force winds before it sank. There was also widespread rain in West Bengal and southern Assam. The rain caused damage to housing and crops in both Indian states, with the worst damage occurring in the southernmost districts.

Death toll
Two medical relief surveys were carried out by the Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory: the first in November and the second in February and March. The purpose of the first survey was to establish the immediate medical needs in the affected regions, and the second, more detailed, survey was designed as the basis for long-term relief and recovery planning. In the second survey, approximately 1.4% of the area's population was studied.

The first survey concluded that the surface water in most of the affected regions had a comparable salt content to that drawn from wells, except in Sudharam, where the water was almost undrinkable with a salt content of up to 0.5%. The mortality was estimated at 14.2%—equivalent to a death toll of 240,000. Cyclone-related morbidity was generally restricted to minor injuries, but a phenomenon dubbed "cyclone syndrome" was observed. This consisted of severe abrasions on the limbs and chest caused by survivors clinging to trees to withstand the storm surge. Initially, there were fears of an outbreak of cholera and typhoid fever in the weeks following the storm, but the survey found no evidence of an epidemic of cholera, smallpox, or any other disease in the region affected by the storm.

The totals from the second survey were likely a considerable underestimate as several groups were not included— 100,000 migrant workers who were collecting the rice harvest, families who were completely wiped out by the storm, and those who had migrated out of the region in the intervening three months. Excluding these groups reduced the risk of hearsay and exaggeration. The survey concluded that the overall death toll was, at minimum, 224,000. The worst effects were felt in Tazumuddin, where the mortality was 46.3%, corresponding to approximately 77,000 deaths in the thana alone. The mean mortality throughout the affected region was 16.5%.

The results showed that the highest survival rate was for adult males aged 15–49, while more than half the deaths were children under age 10, who only formed a third of the pre-cyclone population. This suggests that the young, old, and sick were at the highest risk of perishing in the cyclone and its storm surge. In the months after the storm, the mortality of the middle-aged was lower in the cyclone area than in the control region, near Dhaka. This reflected the storm's toll on the less healthy individuals.

Government response
The day after the storm struck the coast, three Pakistani gunboats and a hospital ship carrying medical personnel and supplies left Chittagong for the islands of Hatia, Sandwip and Kutubdia. Teams from the Pakistani Army reached many of the stricken areas in the two days following the landfall of the cyclone. President Khan visited East Pakistan on the way back from a trip to China. In a press conference in Dhaka, Khan accepted the government had made "slips" and "mistakes" in their relief effort for the cyclone victims of then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) but he insisted that "everything was done within the limits of the Government." He then returned to Rawalpindi. No West Pakistani political leaders visited the East.

In the ten days following the cyclone, one military transport aircraft and three crop-dusting aircraft were assigned to relief work by the Pakistani central government. The central government said it was unable to transfer military helicopters from West Pakistan as the Indian government did not grant clearance to cross the intervening Indian territory, a charge the Indian government denied. By November 24, the central government had allocated a further US$116 million to finance relief operations in the disaster area. Khan arrived in Dhaka to take charge of the relief operations on November 24. The governor of East Pakistan, Vice Admiral S. M. Ahsan, denied charges that the armed forces had not acted quickly enough and said supplies were reaching all parts of the disaster area except for some small pockets.

Khan said there was a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster. He also said that the 1970 general election slated for December 7 would take place on time, although eight or nine of the worst affected districts might experience delays, denying rumours that the election would be postponed.

As the conflict between East and West Pakistan developed in March 1971, the Dhaka offices of the two government organisations directly involved in relief efforts were closed for at least two weeks, first by a general strike and then by a ban on government work in East Pakistan by the Awami League. Relief work continued in the field, but the long-term planning was curtailed.

Criticism of government response
Political leaders in East Pakistan were deeply critical of the central government's initial response to the disaster. A statement released by eleven East Pakistan politicians ten days after the storm charged the government with "gross neglect, callous indifference and utter indifference". They also accused President Khan of playing down the news coverage. On November 19, students held a march in Dhaka in protest of the speed of the government response, and Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani addressed a rally of 50,000 people on November 24, when he accused the president of inefficiency and demanded his resignation. Khan's political opponents in West Pakistan accused him of bungling the efforts and some demanded his resignation. Awami League leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman described the destruction caused by the cyclone akin to a "Holocaust" and condemned the military junta's response as "criminal negligence".

The Pakistan Red Crescent began to operate independently of the central government as the result of a dispute that arose after the Red Crescent took possession of twenty rafts donated by the British Red Cross. A pesticide company had to wait two days before it received permission for two of its crop dusters, which were already in the country, to carry out supply drops in the affected regions. The central government only deployed a single helicopter to relief operations, with Khan later stating that there was no point deploying any helicopters from West Pakistan as they were unable to carry supplies.

A reporter for the Pakistan Observer spent a week in the worst hit areas in early January 1971 and saw none of the tents supplied by relief agencies being used to house survivors and commented that the grants for building new houses were insufficient. The Observer regularly carried front-page stories with headlines like, "No Relief Coordination", while publishing government statements saying, "Relief operations are going smoothly." In January, the coldest period of the year in East Pakistan, the National Relief and Rehabilitation Committee, headed by the editor of Ittefaq, said thousands of survivors from the storm were "passing their days under [the] open sky". A spokesman said families who were made homeless by the cyclone were receiving up to 250 rupees (US$55 in 1971; ) to rebuild, but that resources were scarce and he feared the survivors would "eat the cash".

Political consequences
Due to the poor handling and the destructive aftermath of the Bhola Cyclone, leftist parties in both East and West Pakistan boycotted the 1970 Pakistani general election. This allowed The Awami League, headed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to sweep in a landslide victory. The elections for nine national assembly and eighteen provincial assembly seats had to be postponed until January 18 as a result of the storm.

The central government's handling of the relief efforts helped exacerbate the bitterness felt in East Pakistan, swelling the resistance movement there. Funds only slowly got through, and transport was slow in bringing supplies to the devastated regions. As tensions increased in March 1971, foreign personnel evacuated because of fears of violence. The situation deteriorated further and evolved into the subsequent genocide.

International response
India became one of the first nations to offer aid to Pakistan, despite the generally poor relations between the two countries, and by the end of November had pledged US$1.3 million (US$8.7 million in 2020 dollars) of assistance for the relief efforts. The Pakistani central government refused to allow the Indians to send supplies into East Pakistan by air, forcing them to be transported slowly by road instead. The Indian government also said that the Pakistanis refused an offer of military aircraft, helicopters and boats from West Bengal to assist in the relief operation.

U.S. President Richard Nixon allocated a $10 million ($ million in ) grant to provide food and other essential relief to the survivors of the storm, and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan pledged that he would "assist the East Pakistan government in every way feasible." The U.S. sent a number of blankets, tents and other supplies to East Pakistan. Six helicopters – two helicopters at an aid mission in Nepal and four from the U.S. – were also sent. Some 200,000 tons of wheat were shipped from the U.S. to the stricken region. By the end of November, there were 38 helicopters operating in the disaster area, ten of which were British and ten American. The Americans had provided about fifty small boats and the British seventy for supply distribution.

CARE halted aid shipments to East Pakistan the week after the cyclone hit because of unwillingness to let the Pakistani central government handle distribution. However, by January 1971, they had reached an agreement to construct 24,000 cement brick houses at a cost of about $1.2 million ($ million in ). American concerns about delays by the central government in determining how the relief should be used meant that US$7.5 million ($ million in ) of relief granted by the United States Congress had not been handed over in March. Much of the money was earmarked to be spent on constructing cyclone shelters and rebuilding housing. The American Peace Corps offered to send volunteers but were rebuffed by the central government.

A Royal Navy task force, centred on HMS Intrepid (L11) and HMS Triumph (R16), left Singapore for the Bay of Bengal to assist with the relief efforts. They carried eight helicopters and eight landing craft, as well as rescue teams and supplies. Fifty soldiers and two helicopters were flown in ahead of the ships to survey the disaster area and bring relief work. The task force arrived off the East Pakistan coast on November 24, and the 650 troops aboard the ships immediately began using landing craft to deliver supplies to offshore islands. An appeal by the British Disasters Emergency Committee raised about £1.5 million (£ million in ) for disaster relief in East Pakistan.

The Canadian government pledged C$2 million of assistance. France and West Germany both sent helicopters and various supplies worth US$1.3 million. Pope Paul VI announced that he would visit Dhaka during a visit to the Far East and urged people to pray for the victims of the disaster. The Vatican later contributed US$100,000 to the relief efforts. By the start of 1971, four Soviet helicopters were still operating in the region transporting essential supplies to hard-hit areas. The Soviet aircraft, which had drawn criticism from Bengalis, replaced the British and American helicopters that had operated immediately after the cyclone.

The government of Singapore sent a military medical mission to East Pakistan which arrived at Chittagong on December 1, 1971. They were then deployed to Sandwip where they treated nearly 27,000 people and carried out a smallpox vaccination effort. The mission returned to Singapore on December 22, after bringing about $50,000 worth of medical supplies and fifteen tons of food for the victims of the storm. The Japanese cabinet approved a total of US$1.65 million of relief funds in December. The Japanese government had previously drawn criticism for only donating a small amount to relief work. The first shipment of Chinese supplies was a planeload of 500,000 doses of cholera vaccine, which was not necessary as the country had adequate stocks. The Chinese government sent US$1.2 million in cash to Pakistan. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi declared that the disaster was also an Iranian one and responded by sending two planeloads of supplies within a few days of the cyclone striking. Many smaller, poorer Asian nations sent nominal amounts of aid.

The United Nations donated US$2.1 million in food and cash, while UNICEF began a drive to raise a further million. UNICEF helped to re-establish water supplies in the wake of the storm, repairing over 11,000 wells in the months following the storm. UN Secretary-General U Thant made appeals for aid for the victims of the cyclone and the civil war in August, in two separate relief programs. He said only about $4 million had been contributed towards immediate needs, well short of the target of US$29.2 million. By the end of November, the League of Red Cross Societies had collected US$3.5 million to supply aid to the victims of the disaster.

The World Bank estimated that it would cost US$185 million to reconstruct the area devastated by the storm. The bank drew up a comprehensive recovery plan for the Pakistani government. The plan included restoring housing, water supplies and infrastructure to their pre-storm state. It was designed to combine with a much larger ongoing flood-control and development program. The bank provided US$25 million of credit to help rebuild the East Pakistan economy and to construct protective shelters in the region. This was the first time that the IDA had provided credit for reconstruction. By the start of December, nearly US$40 million had been raised for the relief efforts by the governments of 41 countries, organizations and private groups.

The Concert for Bangladesh
In 1971, ex-Beatle George Harrison and Bengali musician Ravi Shankar were inspired to organize The Concert for Bangladesh, in part from the Bhola cyclone, and from the civil war and genocide. Although it was the first benefit concert of its type, it was extremely successful in raising money, aid and awareness for the region's plight.

Post-disaster
In December 1970, the League of Red Cross Societies drafted a plan for immediate use should a comparable event to the cyclone hit other "disaster prone countries". A Red Cross official stated some of the relief workers sent to East Pakistan were poorly trained, and the organisation would compile a list of specialists. The UN General Assembly adopted a proposal to improve its ability to provide aid to disaster-stricken countries.

In 1966, the Red Crescent had begun to support the development of a cyclone warning system, which developed into a Cyclone Preparedness Programme in 1972, today run by the government of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society. The programme's objectives are to raise public awareness of the risks of cyclones and to provide training to emergency personnel in the coastal regions of Bangladesh.

In the thirty years after the 1970 cyclone, over 200 cyclone shelters were constructed in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. When the next destructive cyclone approached the country in 1991, volunteers from the Cyclone Preparedness Programme warned people of the cyclone two to three days before it struck land. Over 350,000 people fled their homes to shelters and other brick structures, while others sought high ground. While the 1991 cyclone killed over 138,000 people, this was significantly less than the 1970 storm, partly because of the warnings sent out by the Cyclone Preparedness Programme. However, the 1991 storm was significantly more destructive, causing US$1.5 billion in damage (US$2 billion inflation-adjusted) compared to the 1970 storm's US$86.4 million in damage.

Footage of the incident appeared in the film Days of Fury (1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by Vincent Price.

In Books
The Vortrex by Scott Carney and Jason Miklian which focused on how Yayhia Khan's failure to respond to the aftermath of Bhola cyclone which sparked 1971 Bangladesh war

title: 1970 Bhola cyclone


text: Category:Greek singers

title: Category:Greek singers


text:
José Luis López

José Luis López may refer to:
 * José Luis López Aranguren, Spanish philosopher, see Prince of Asturias Awards
 * José Luis López Rubio or José López Rubio, Spanish film writer and director
 * José Luis López Vázquez (1922–2009), Spanish film and TV actor
 * José Luis López (Costa Rican footballer), Costa Rican footballer
 * José Luis López (Mexican footballer) (born 1979), Mexican footballer
 * José Luis López (boxer) (born 1973), Mexican boxer
 * José Luis López (handballer) (born 1998), Chilean handball player

title: José Luis López


text:
William Drayton Sr.

William Drayton Sr. (March 21, 1732 – May 18, 1790) was chief justice of the British American Province of East Florida and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina.

Education and career
Born March 21, 1732, near the Ashley River in the Province of South Carolina, British America, Drayton graduated from the Middle Temple in London, England in 1754 and read law in 1756. He was a Justice of the Peace in Berkeley County, Province of South Carolina from 1756 to 1763. He was chief justice of the British American Province of East Florida from 1765 to 1778. He resigned that post due to conflicts with Governor Patrick Tonyn of the Province of East Florida. He was a Judge of the South Carolina Admiralty Court in 1789. He was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of South Carolina in 1789.

Landholdings in Florida
Drayton bought properties in Florida, including what is called Drayton Island, but was an indifferent planter.

Federal judicial service
Drayton received a recess appointment from President George Washington on November 18, 1789, to the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, to a new seat authorized by. He was nominated to the same position by President Washington on February 8, 1790. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 10, 1790, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on May 18, 1790, due to his death in South Carolina. Drayton was the first United States federal judge to die in office.

Family
Drayton was the father of William Drayton, a United States representative from South Carolina.

title: William Drayton Sr.


text:
The Public Interest

The Public Interest (1965–2005) was a quarterly public policy journal founded by Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol, members of the loose New York intellectuals group, in 1965. It was a leading neoconservative journal on political economy and culture, aimed at a readership of journalists, scholars and policy makers.

Overview
Its content included the performance of the Great Society, the fate of social security, the character of Generation X, crime and punishment, love and courtship, the culture wars, the tax wars, the state of the underclass, and the salaries of the overclass. It eschewed foreign and defense policy.

The magazine published prominent writers and scholars including Seymour Martin Lipset, James Q. Wilson, Peter Drucker, Charles Murray, James S. Coleman, Anthony Downs, Aaron Wildavsky, Mancur Olson, Jr., Michael Novak, Samuel P. Huntington, Gertrude Himmelfarb, Martin Feldstein, Leon Kass, Irwin M. Stelzer, Daniel P. Moynihan, Nathan Glazer, Glenn C. Loury, Stephan Thernstrom, Abigail Thernstrom, Charles Krauthammer, Francis Fukuyama and David Brooks.

Editor Irving Kristol was the dominant personality, especially after Daniel Bell relocated to Harvard in 1969. Bell, troubled by what he perceived to be an excessively conservative slant, withdrew in 1973, and was replaced as co-editor by the sociologist Nathan Glazer. Kristol continued, and the magazine become known as the principal house organ of neoconservatism, a hostile label which Kristol embraced. The magazine's sub-editors were considered apprentices, and were seeded into high journalism, academia, and government staff posts. Many policies advanced by the magazine were absorbed into the mainstream of public policy.

In 1988, the journal moved its offices from New York City to Washington, D.C. With foundation support flagging, Kristol aging, and no obvious successor, The Public Interest published its final issue in the spring of 2005. Towards the end, its readership had declined significantly. Kristol wrote on the history of the journal in his article "Forty Good Years" in the final issue.

title: The Public Interest


text:
Talk:Frederick Thornton Peters

Which cruiser?
The VC citation refers to "point blank fire from shore batteries, a destroyer and a cruiser". Which cruiser was this? The following French vessels were captured or destroyed at Oran harbour on 8 November 1942, according to : No cruiser here, unless it escaped. So maybe the sloop La Surprise was mistaken for a destroyer and the destroyer Typhon for a cruiser? Gdr 21:59, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * submarines Actéon, Argonaute, Ariane, Cérès, Danaë, Diane, and Pallas
 * destroyers Tornade, Tramontane, Typhon, and Epervier
 * sloop La Surprise
 * patrol boats L'Ajaccienne, La Bônoise, La  Sétoise, La Toulonnaise

"The French Navy on World War II" by R.Adm. Paul Auphan & Jacques Mordal (Annapolis, Md. : US Naval Institute, 1959) gives the following details at p. 225-226: "At once the patrol vessel on duty and the batteries on the breakwater opened fire. Under fire from the batteries as well as from the vessels getting under way, the venture of the Walney and Hartland became not a disaster, but a slaughter. Swept by fire everywhere from cannon and machine guns at pointblank range, the Walney went down under the impact of more than fifty shells while trying to grapple with the Epervier, which was blazing away at her from a distance of 100 feet. The Hartland, following her wake, suffered a similar fate." The Epervier is being described as a 'super-destroyer', which will be the explanation for the description as cruiser.

"Engage the enemy more closely : the Royal Navy in the Second World War" by Correlli Barnett (London : Norton, 1991) states (p. 567): "At 0310 Walney broke through the boom into the harbour, only to be reduced to a flaming hulk by the French sloop La Surprise and cross fire from submarines and the destroyer Epervier. Walney later sank. The Hartland fared no better, for the destroyer Typhon shattered her at point-blank range, leaving her to blaze from stem to stern in the middle of the harbour until she blew up after daylight."

My conclusion would be: cruiser = super-destroyer Epervier, destroyer = sloop La Surprise.

For more 'bare' details on life & career of Peters you can look at my website World War II Unit Histories & Officers (direct linking is not allowed by the server, so just paste in your address line http://jnh.nce.buttobi.net/RN_officersP.html#Peters) J.N. Houterman 08:39, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That makes sense. I added Epervier to the article. Thank you. Gdr 21:59, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)

What about the novelist?
There is no article about Fritz Peters, the american novelist and Gurdjieff memorist. The desambiguation page is also not working. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arsergei (talk • contribs) 12:39, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

I'm writing an essay about Fritz Peters, author of the landmark gay novel Finistere, and two memoirs, "Boyhood With Gurdjieff," and "Remembering Gurdjieff." I am surprised Peters is not present in the Wiki. It's easily established that he is notable:

"At this moment in our social history, it is difficult for most American authors to write a novel about a homosexual affair without making either a tract or an apologia. Mr. Peters has done neither. Instead, he has kept resolutely in focus his great theme: the corruption and murder of innocence." —Gore Vidal, The Saturday Review   67.236.29.150 (talk) 16:52, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Frederick Thornton Peters


text:
Talk:Metro-North Railroad

FL9 Locomotives
Anyone know whether MNCR is still using FL9 locomotivess? As probably the last F-units in service, that would be noteworthy (especially as the locomotives would be over 50 years old). --Badger151 (talk) 15:39, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Nope, all retired, which is why they're not mentioned in the article. oknazevad (talk) 19:49, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Retired rolling stock?
Where is the retired rolling stock such as FL9s, and ACMUs? Patcat88 (talk) 19:48, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Outside of a few examples that went to museums, scrapped (or soon will be). Either way, this article is not the place to detail their disposal, as Wikipedia is not a railfan directory. oknazevad (talk) 23:26, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

"MNCR" reporting marks? or "MN"?
Sorry, but I can't see those anywhere in any source on the web. All web sources show "MN" for revenue passenger equipment. Even Wikipedia's own page of AAR reporting marks starting with "M" shows it to be "MN". We need absolute clarification here.

71.173.15.112 (talk) 21:02, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

 * No change in the article in two years? Sorry, but there are no AAR reporting marks that show "MNCR" for any railroad in the USA.  Would stand for the article to be corrected.  Who is going to step up?

 * 71.173.10.225 (talk) 22:52, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Highest ridership?
Metro North has higher ridership than LIRR? The source (APTA ridership reports) say otherwise. None of the quarterly rider reports on APTA for 2011 or 2012 Q1 indicate Metro North as having higher ridership, and the 2011 Q4 report (http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2011-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf) says that while MNCR had 81.8 million riders, LIRR had 98 million for the Jan-Dec 2011 period.

The only other online source for this claim is a New York POst article saying MNCR had slightly higher ridership in September 2010, and other reports of MNCR having more riders in 2011 all claim an article that doesn't exist (http://www.lohud.com/comments/article/20120124/NEWS/301230081/Metro-North-ridership-grows-surpasses-LIRR-first-time) as a source.

I ride Metro North myself, and have no personal interest in the ridership rivalry, but I would like to see a good source, not hearsay on railfan forums.Avman89 (talk) 23:23, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Matthew Wallace incident
I've removed the paragraph regarding Matthew Wallace. While the information was sourced, the paragraph as written went beyond what was stated in the source and IMO implied Metro North bore more responsibility than the article makes apparent. While the accident was obviously a tragedy, I'm not certain it's appropriate for discussion in an article focused on Metro North itself. DonIago (talk) 13:04, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It seems that the editor trying to add it is here to blame Metro-North, not dispassionately describe the incident. Since the source comes to no such conclusion, it is especially inappropriate. Sad incident, but not appropriate for the article. oknazevad (talk) 13:38, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * It's also WP:NOTNEWS and shouldn't be there, as it wasn't Metro-North's fault that this accident happened. Epicgenius (talk) 19:48, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Okay, but the previous editor who deleted it claimed the incident had no source, and I just thought I'd try to find it. In the place of that incident, we should add the two other accidents of 2013 in Fairfield in May 2013, and the freight derailment at Spuyten Duyvil in July 2013. -User:DanTD (talk) 22:53, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Definitely on the former, not so sure on the latter; it wasn't a Metro-North train, and unless it was caused by dispatcher error (I don't recall) then it's not a Metro-North incident. oknazevad (talk) 01:49, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

Metro-North stations go way too far back
I've been trying to upgrade scores of Metro-North station articles, as some of you already know. During my research, I've become flabbergasted over how many of the stations along the Harlem and Hudson Lines not only pre-date the acquisition by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, but actually pre-date the Civil War. Even those that are said to have been opened in the early-20th Century, and are listed either on the National Register of Historic Places or the Historic American Building Survey, pre-date the opening dates given by those agencies. I've tagged all the ones on the Upper Harlem Division with "Dubious" tags on their 1905 opening dates, but I'll probably have to do the rest of the line as well. -User:DanTD (talk) 02:41, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

Split
I believe it would be better to have a page uniform with the separate LIRR page, as this article is already very long. RES2773 (talk) 22:57, 19 July 2015 (UTC)RES2773

 * I do too, and some of the details that could be added are a little higher in the chapter, which was why I placed the split-tag there. -User:DanTD (talk) 03:46, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Nice so far, but I think it could use a more expansive lead paragraph, and a history, kind of like the LIRR Rolling Stock page has. -User:DanTD (talk) 06:37, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

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Naming convention discussion occurring
Hello fellow Wikipedians! I have started a discussion over on WikiProject Trains about the naming conventions of Metro-North stations, specifically regarding parenthetical disambiguation. Your input would be much appreciated. Thanks! –Daybeers (talk) 05:20, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Average weekday ridership statistics
Hello! While fixing up some things on this article, I wanted to update the ridership statistics. I would like to use the official MTA website, which says it's 298,300, but APTA says it's 306,900. Is it so different because the data from APTA is just an estimate? Thanks! –Daybeers (talk) 22:51, 24 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Inthink it's the difference between linked trips, that is where trips with transfers are counted as one rider, versus unlinked trips, where each leg of a trip is counted separately. The APTA consistently uses the latter in its stats for all modes. We do as well, as it allows us consistency across many articles, making comparisons much easier. (At first I thought the difference of over 7,000 trips a day seemed large, but then I thought about the upper Harlem Line shuttle and the Connecticut branch lines, and 7,000 passengers a day needing to transfer seems pretty reasonable.) oknazevad (talk) 01:28, 25 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I think you're right. The only thing is for a subway system, the difference becomes much greater. For example, the New York City Subway article uses the MTA's data, which claims 1,756,814,800 trips. APTA says it's 2,750,527,400. For the Washington Metro, that article uses WMATA's data, which claims 179,693,126 trips, while APTA says it's 234,232,100. I understand the difference between linked and unlinked trips, but I feel like using the unlinked trips data paints an inaccurate picture of how many people are using each system. Wouldn't it be better to use official data? –Daybeers (talk) 04:37, 25 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Both are official data, just listed differently; the APTA gets its data from the MTA, which is a member. That said, linked trips does seem like a more accurate way to represent the number of riders. I say make the change. oknazevad (talk) 17:40, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

Scale of subsidies
Whilst the article is excellent in terms of history and engineering, the financial issues of the service don't appear to get any attention. I would find this a useful addition. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 11:46, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Commuter vs. Regional rail
I'm very skeptical of your recent edits to wholesale change out "commuter rail" to "regional rail" here. Both logically speaking, I'm not sure it's a fair thing to do, and it doesn't seem like LIRR should be commuter rail and Metro-North should be regional rail, and the respective commuter rail article gives MetroNorth as an example and the regional rail article doesn't. And, of course, for nostalgic reasons, given that it was styled "Metro-North Commuter Railroad" from 1983 until, err, sometime this century, and I think that's still the official name in some contexts. I'm tempted to revert this — the alternative conclusion that a lot of other conforming edits are required to many other articles for consistency is not too palatable. Anyone? The definitions seem fuzzy so it's hard to say one is really "right." jhawkinson (talk) 01:56, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. Sure, Metro-North operates robustly outside traditional commuter hours, and does have some significant reverse-peak-direction commuter traffic, but regional rail is not commuter rail, and the commuter rail category is the correct one for Metro-North. oknazevad (talk) 17:22, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metro-North Railroad


text: User talk:66.79.173.211

title: User talk:66.79.173.211


text:
TransUnion Canada

Based in Burlington, Ontario, TransUnion Canada is one of two credit reporting agencies in Canada. Like their main competitor, Equifax Canada, they now market their credit reports directly to consumers, in addition to their core business of providing the reports to potential creditors.

Services
Services offered by TransUnion Canada include:

 * Disputes
 * Fraud
 * General
 * Score
 * Consumer disclosures

Legal
In 2012 Consumer Protection B.C issued a compliance order against Trans Union to remove all data it held over 6 years. Trans Union refused to comply with the compliance order as it felt obligated to report "substantiated facts" longer than six years. TransUnion requested a review of the compliance order, which led to court action. The BC Supreme Court ruled in 2014 that the compliance order was lawful.

title: TransUnion Canada