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Babak Khorramdin

Bābak Khorramdin (, Bābak-e Khorramdin, from, Pāpak/Pābag; 795 or 798 – January 838) was one of the main Iranian revolutionary leaders of the Iranian Khorram-Dinān ("Those of the joyous religion"), which was a local freedom movement fighting the Abbasid Caliphate. Khorramdin appears to be a compound analogous to dorustdin "orthodoxy" and Behdin "Good Religion" (Zoroastrianism), and are considered an offshoot of neo-Mazdakism. Babak's Iranianizing rebellion, from its base in Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran, called for a return of the political glories of the Iranian past. The Khorramdin rebellion of Babak spread to the Western and Central parts of Iran and lasted more than twenty years before it was defeated when Babak was betrayed. Babak's uprising showed the continuing strength in Azerbaijan of ancestral Iranian local feelings.

Etymology
Bābak (بابک) is a New Persian name meaning "father", which is derived from the Middle Persian Pāpak/Pābag (𐬞𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬐-𐭯𐭠𐭯𐭪𐭩), a common name in pre-Islamic Iran and also the hereditary name of the Sasanian Empire, whose founder Ardashir I ((r. 224 – 242)), was the son of a prince named Pabag. The original name of Babak was al-Hasan.

Background
Babak was born in 795 (or 798) in Bilalabad in the Mimadh district of the Ardabil area, which was part of Azerbaijan, a region in north-western Iran. The Mimadh district had provided the Sasanian marzban ("margrave") of Ardabil with troops during the Muslim conquest of Iran in 633–654, which resulted in the fall of the Sasanians and the conquest of Azerbaijan. The region was briefly occupied by the Khazars in 730–731, and had since the mid 8th century been under occupation by the Arab Rawadid clan. Azerbaijan was populated by an Iranian people known as the Adhari, who although closely related, were distinct from the Persians. They spoke Adhari, which according to the 10th-century geographer al-Maqdisi, was similar to Persian.

Babak was most likely himself not of pure Persian extraction, but of Adhari. His mother Mahru (meaning "Moon-Face") was a non-Muslim wet-nurse from Azerbaijan. She is described as being "one-eyed" in Muslim sources and furthermore, by Al-Tabari, as having become pregnant with her son after being raped by a mercenary. However, these stories are more than likely fabrications created by hostile authors in order to disgrace Babak. As for the identity of Babak's father, there are also multiple conflicting accounts. Al-Waqidi, as quoted by Ibn Al-Nadim, states that he was an oil-seller from al-Mada'in (Ctesiphon), who had settled in Azerbaijan. Crone takes this to mean that he was of Aramean origin. However, Dinawari, a contemporary of Babak, concludes and states that there is ample evidence to support that his father's true name was Mutahar, a descendant of Abu Muslim through his daughter, Fāṭema. C.E. Bosworth argues that more credence should be lent to this latter account, as other sources are hostile and are eager to propose lowly or otherwise less honorable origins for Babak. In the other sources, his name is variably given as Abdallah, Merdas, Matar, Amir ibn Abdallah, or Amir ibn Ahad, all which suggest that he was seemingly a Muslim. Likewise, Babak's father is also the subject of derogatory fabrication in Muslim sources.

Masudi noted in his ″Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawāhir″: ″What seems to us to be true and proven is that Bābak was a son of Moṭahhar, the son of Abū Moslem's daughter Fāṭema, and that the Fāṭemīya group of the Khurramites took their name from this Fāṭema, not from Fāṭema the daughter of God's Prophet″.

The original faith of Babak is uncertain; he was born with the Muslim name of al-Hasan, and his three brothers, Mu'awiya, Abdallah, and Ishaq, also had Muslim names. Having a Muslim name is not in itself proof of any religious beliefs, as it was not uncommon for people to have a Muslim name in order "to move freely in Muslim society by virtue of their high position in their own community, such as the Armenian princes" (Crone). According to Crone, who follows Al-Waqidi, Babak's parents were probably no more than landless villagers, but knew that Babak and his brothers' futures lay with the Arab warlords of Azerbaijan, and thus as a way of adapting to the standards of the new world, raised them as Muslims.

Early life
During Babak's youth, his travelling father was killed near Sabalan. Till the age of twelve, Babak worked as a cowherd, and afterwards entered the service of an Arab warlord named Shibl ibn al-Muthanna al-Azdi in Sarab, where he worked as a groom and servant. The ghilman ("slaves") of Shibl taught Babak how to play the lute. Babak also learned to recite poetry, probably in the local Adhari dialect. According to the 11th-century writer Abu'l Ma'ali, Babak played the lute and sang songs for the locals whilst working as a fruit vendor in the village. Babak later established himself in the city of Tabriz. There he worked under another Arab warlord, Muhammad ibn Rawwad Azdi for two years, until he reached adulthood and left for his village, Bilalabad. There Babak encountered a wealthy and influential landlord named Javidhan, who was reportedly impressed with the latters cleverness, and as result recruited him into his service. Unlike the previous men Babak had served, Javidhan was a local Iranian, and the leader of one of the two Khurramite movements in Azerbaijan. The leader of the other Khurramite movement was a certain Abu Imran, who often clashed with Javidhans forces. During one of the clashes, Abu Imran was defeated and killed, whilst Javidhan was mortally wounded, dying three days later. Javidhan was succeeded by Babak, who had already converted to Khurramism under the latters service. It was most probably during this period that Babak changed his name from al-Hasan to Babak.

Movement

In 755, Abu Muslim was murdered. Although he had helped the Abbasids to defeat the former Caliphs, the Umayyad dynasty, the ruling Caliph had given the order to kill him, probably because of his increasing popularity among Iranians and non-Muslims. This incident led to many revolts, mostly by angry Khurramiyyah (Khorram-Dinān) and some Zoroastrians. This, in turn, forced the Caliphs to use more violence against the Iranian population in order to keep the eastern provinces under control. The constant revolts did not come to an end in the following decades, and the Iranian population of the Caliphate was constantly being oppressed.

Babak joined the Khurramiyyah (Khorram-Dinān). The story of joining the Khorrami movement is being told in Waqed's account, in summary, as follows: "Two rich men named Javidhan b. Shahrak (or Shahrak) and Abu 'Emran were then living in the highland around the mountain of Badd and contending for the leadership of the highland's Khorrami inhabitants. Javidhan, when stuck in the snow on his way back from Zanjān to Badd, had to seek shelter at Balalabad and happened to go into the house of Babak's mother. Being poor, she could only light a fire for him, while Babak looked after the guest's servants and horses and brought water for them. Javidhan then sent Babak to buy food, wine, and fodder. When Babak came back and spoke to Javidhan, he impressed Javidhan with his shrewdness despite his lack of fluency of speech. Javidhan therefore asked the woman for permission to take her son away to manage his farms and properties, and offered to send her fifty dirhams a month from Babak's salary. The woman accepted and let Babak go." Under the direction of his mentor Javidhan, a leader of one of the sects of the Khorramdin, Babak's knowledge of history, geography, and the latest battle tactics strengthened his position as a favorite candidate for commander during the early wars against the Arab occupiers.

Bābak was a highly spiritual person who respected his Zoroastrian heritage. He made every possible effort to bring Iranians together and also with leaders such as Maziar to form a united front against the Arab Caliph. According to the medieval historian, Ibn Esfandyar, who composed the book Tarikh-e Tabaristan (History of Tabaristan), Maziar said:

"I (Maziyar), Afshin Kheydar son of Kavus, and Babak had made an oath and allegiance that we re-take the government back from the Arabs and transfer the government and the country back to the family of the Khosrows (Sasanians)." However, one of the most dramatic periods in the history of Iran was set under Bābak's leadership between 816–837. During these most crucial years, they not only fought against the Caliphate, but also for the preservation of Persian language and culture.

After the death of Javidhan, Babak married Javidhan's wife and became the Khorramis' leader, sometime in the year 816–17 during al-Ma'mun's reign. Babak incited his followers to rebel against the caliphate.

According to Vladimir Minorsky, around the 9th–10th century:

"The original sedentary population of Azarbayjan consisted of a mass of peasants and at the time of the Arab conquest was compromised under the semi-contemptuous term of Uluj ('non-Arab') – somewhat similar to the raya (*ri’aya) of the Ottoman empire. The only arms of this peaceful rustic population were slings, see Tabari, II, 1379–89. They spoke a number of dialects (Adhari (Old Azeri language), Talishi) of which even now there remains some islets surviving amidst the Turkish speaking population. It was this basic population on which Babak leaned in his revolt against the caliphate."

At that time of Babak, there were Khorramis scattered in many regions of Iran, besides Adharbayjan, reportedly in Tabarestan, Khorasan, Balkh, Isfahan, Kashan, Qom, Ray, Karaj, Hamadan, Lorestan, Khuzestan as well as in Basra, and Armenia.

Tabari records that Babak claimed he possessed Javadan's spirit and that Babak became active in 816–817. In 819–820 Yahya ibn Mu'adh fought against Babak, but could not defeat him. Two years later Babak vanquished the forces of Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid. In 824–825 the caliphal general Ahmad ibn al Junayd was sent against Babak. Babak defeated and captured him.

In 827–828 Muhammad ibn Humayd Tusi was dispatched to fight Babak. He won a victory and sent some captured enemies, but not Babak, to al-Ma'mun. However, about two years later, on June 9, 829, Babak won a decisive victory over this general at Hashtadsar. Muhammad ibn Humayd lost his life. Many of his soldiers were killed. The survivors fled in disarray.

Babak's victories over Arab generals were associated with his possession of Babak Castle on Badd, an inaccessible mountain stronghold according to the Arab historians who mentioned that his influence also extended even to the territories of today's Azerbaijan – "southward to near Ardabil and Marand, eastward to the Caspian Sea and the Shamakhi district and Shervan, northward to the Muqan (Moḡan) steppe and the Aras river bank, westward to the districts of Jolfa, Nakjavan, and Marand".

In 835–836 the caliph al-Mu'tasim sent his outstanding general Afshin against Babak. Afshin rebuilt fortresses. He employed a relay system to protect supply caravans. Babak tried to capture the money being sent to pay Afshin's army, but was himself surprised, lost many men and barely escaped. He did succeed in capturing some supplies and inflicting some hardship on his enemies. Amongst Babak's commander, various names have been mentioned including Azin, Rostam, Tarkhan, Mua’wiyah and Abdullah.

The next year Babak routed the forces of Afshin's subordinate, Bugha al-Kabir. In 837–838 al-Mu'tasim reinforced Afshin and provided him clear military instructions. Patiently following these enabled Afshin to capture Babak's stronghold of Babak Castle. Babak escaped. Al-Mu'tasim sent a safety guarantee for Babak to Afshin. This was taken to Babak who was very displeased. He said: "Better to live for just a single day as a ruler than to live for forty years as an abject slave."

He decided to leave the country for the Byzantine Empire and on his way Babak met Sahl Smbatean (Sahl ibn Sunbat in Arab sources), Prince of Khachen, who was Armenian according to the Armenian historiography and Caucasian Albanian according to the Adharbayjani historiography. Sahl Smbatian, however, handed Babak over to Afshin in return for a large reward. Al-Mu'tasim commanded his general to bring Babak to him. Afshin informed Babak of this and told him since Babak might never return, this was the time to take a last look around. At Babak's request, Afshin allowed his prisoner to go to Badhdh. There Babak walked through his ruined stronghold one night until dawn.

Eventually, Bābak, his wife, and his warriors were forced to leave Ghaleye Bābak after 23 years of constant campaigns.

Death
He was eventually seized by Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin and was handed over to the Abbasid Caliph. During Bābak's execution, the Caliph's henchmen first cut off his legs and hands in order to convey the most devastating message to his followers. It's said that Bābak bravely rinsed his face with the drained blood pouring out of his cuts, thus preventing the Caliph and the rest of the Abbasid army from seeing his pale face, a result of the heavy loss of blood. He was then gibbeted alive whilst sewn into a cow's skin with the horns at ear level to gradually crush his head as it dried out.

Legacy
Babak Khorramdin was not well known outside academia until the 20th century; however, due to Soviet nation building efforts and Babak's following of the teachings of Mazdak with its proto-socialist themes, Babak Khorramdin was proclaimed a national hero in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. For example, the Soviet era scholar Ziya Bunyadov, claimed that "Babak was a national hero of Azerbaijani people" while the Russian ethnologist, historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann dismisses Bunyadov's theory, criticizing Bunyadov for not mentioning that Babak spoke Persian, and ignoring the witness accounts of Babak's contemporaries who call him Persian. To this day, in the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, Babak is a cult figure and celebrated as a national hero. A city and a district in Azerbaijan were named after Babak, and a popular Azerbaijani film was released in 1979 about his life.

In modern Iran, due to the rise of nationalism in the 20th century, and renewed interest in pre-Islamic Iran, Babak Khorramdin was rediscovered during the reign of Reza Shah, and is celebrated as a national hero. However, Babak remains a controversial figure in the Islamic Republic, whose idolization is criticized by some Shia clerics.

title: Babak Khorramdin


text:
Condor (Argentine missile)

The Argentine Condor missile was a multinational space research program started in the 1970s. It involved significant contract work being performed by German company MBB (now a group within Daimler AG), but later developed into a ballistic missiles program.

Condor I
The original Condor had little military capability but helped build expertise later used for the Alacrán missile program. The Alacrán program developed a functional short-range ballistic missile.

Specifications (Condor I)

 * Length: 8 m
 * Maximum diameter: 70 cm
 * Stages: 1
 * Fuel: HTPB
 * Guidance system: inertial
 * Apogee: 300 km
 * Range: 100 km
 * Payload: 500 kg

Alacrán (Condor IAIII)
The Alacrán missile was a short range ballistic missile derived from the Condor Missile Program.

Derived from the Condor IAIII prototype, the Alacrán missile had shorter stabilization fins, an inertial guidance system, and a 1000CAP1 cluster warhead.

Specifications (Condor IAIII - Alacrán)

 * Length: 8 m
 * Maximum diameter: 70 cm
 * Stages: 1
 * Fuel: HTPB
 * Guidance system: inertial
 * Apogee: 100 km
 * Range: 115 km
 * Warhead: 1000CAM1 cluster munition warhead, 500 kg

Condor II
During and after the 1982 Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas), France (which supplied missiles) placed an arms embargo on Argentina, causing the Argentine Air Force, under the command of Ernesto Crespo, to develop its own medium-range missile in the Condor II program.

This program was undertaken in close collaboration with Egypt, and then Ba'athist Iraq (the Iraqi version was called BADR-2000), however it was discontinued in the early 1990s by President Carlos Menem because of political pressure from the United States. The missile was developed in Falda del Carmen, Córdoba Province.

The Condor missile had a range of 800 km to 1,000 km and a 1000CAP1 500 kg cluster munition warhead.

In 1997, the Argentine Air Force reported to the US Congress that it still possessed two of the missiles that were to be destroyed.

Condor III
There have been reports of a Condor III program. The Condor III would have an increased range to some 1,500 km with the same payload as the Condor II.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Condor (Argentine missile)


text:
User talk:Perryso

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 18:55, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Perryso


text:
User talk:Rizzoj

User:Rizzoj/List of bands that could theoretically reform
This already exists on your userpage, so why not mark the accidentally-created article as db-author and get rid of it quickly? (aeropagitica) 05:59, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks much for the advice, that's what I did. I had only meant for it to be on my user page but in my haste left out the leading slash.  Anyway, I learned something here about how deletion works, so thanks to all who contacted me. Rizzoj 13:03, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on PTP (band), requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. – Stuart. (Sjb90 | talk) 12:55, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Greetings to you. You are right, this shouldn't have been deleted. You may not be aware of this (and I wasn't until I just reviewed it) but the page was vandalised making it look like complete nonsense, which is why it was removed. I have restored the page without restoring the vandalised versions. Thanks for letting me know about this, Malla  nox  21:54, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

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AfD nomination of Nikon Coolpix SYSTEM ERROR
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 Thanks for uploading Image:William rieflin.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:Rizzoj


text:
User:Ernesto Rodrigues

ERNESTO RODRIGUES

1959 | Lisbon | Portugal | Performer, Composer | Violin, Viola, Electronics

He has been playing the violin for 20 years and in that time has played all genres of music ranging from contemporary music to free jazz and improvised music, live and in the studio. His main interest shifted towards contemporary improvised and composed music, as well as indeterminate and graphic scores by Gerhard Stäbler. Studies with contemporary composers Emmanuel Nunes and Paulo Brandão. The relationship with his instruments is focused in sonic and textural elements. Electronic music was an early influence on his approach to violin playing, which challenges traditional romantic concepts of the violin/viola through use of preparations and micro tuning. Has created music for films, dance, performance, video, etc. Active in different settings on the Portuguese scene for free improvised music, both as a collaborator and in leading his own groups including many important and creative musicians such as Nuno Rebelo, Carlos Bechegas, José Oliveira, Margarida Garcia, Manuel Mota, Alfredo Costa Monteiro, Guilherme Rodrigues, Carlos Zíngaro, Sei Miguel, Vítor Rua, Tim Goldie, Jeffrey Morgan, Oren Marshall, Gianni Gebbia, Gerhard Uebele, Nicolas Field, Jaime Fennelly, Gregg Moore, John “Sugar” Rottiers, Blaise Siwula, Will Guthrie, Pawel Grabowski, Michael Thieke, Alejandro Novoa, Michel Stawicki, Wade Matthews, Leonel Kaplan, Diego Chamy, Gabriel Paiuk, Barry Weisblat, Joe Giardullo, Jassem Hindi, Taku Unami, Ingar Zach, Masahiko Okura, Tisha Mukarji, Hans W. Koch, Bettina Wenzel, Ulrich Krieger, Phill Niblock, Christine Sehnaoui, Sharif Sehnaoui, Guillermo Torres, Toshihiro Koike, Alexandre Bellenger, Romaric Sobac, Jean-Luc Guionnet, etc. Has also worked with contemporary dancers like Ana Galan, Isabel Valverde, Mário Calixto, Anna Pázstor, Valérie Métivier, etc. Workshops with Carlos Zíngaro, Peter Kowald, Richard Teitelbaum, Jason Kahn, Cecil Taylor, Jeffrey Morgan, Workshop de Lyon, Takashi Kako, Han Bennink, Steve Potts, Evan Parker, Ken Filliano,  Eugene Chadbourne, Jorge Peixinho, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Constança Capdeville, Iannis Xenakis, etc. Has created the record label Creative Sources Recordings in 1999, wich mainly concentrates on releasing experimental and electro-acoustic music. Performs at festivals all over Europe.

Discography

Movement Sounds - CD Leo Lab 032, London 1997; Self Eater and Drinker - CD audEo 0399, Lisbon 1999; Multiples - CD CS 001, Lisbon 2001; Sudden Music - CD CS 002, Lisbon 2002; 23 Exposures - CD CS 003, Lisbon 2002; Ficta - CD CS 005, Lisbon 2002; Assemblage - CD CS 007, Lisbon 2002; Cesura - CD CS 008, Lisbon 2003; Contre-Plongée - CD CS 011, Lisbon 2004; Dorsal - CD CS 012, Lisbon 2004; Kreis - CD CS 020, Lisbon 2005; Prisma - ST4001, USA 2005

title: User:Ernesto Rodrigues


text: Category:Acute-phase proteins

title: Category:Acute-phase proteins


text:
Caldervale

Caldervale may refer to:

 * Caldervale, Queensland, a locality in the Blackall-Tambo Region, Queensland, Australia
 * Calder Valley line, a railway line in Northern England, previously known as the Caldervale line
 * Caldervale, also known as 'Fin Me Oot', a former mining village near Blantyre, South Lanarkshire in Scotland

title: Caldervale


text:
Methodist Church (USA)

The Methodist Church was the official name adopted by the Methodist denomination formed in the United States by the reunion on May 10, 1939, of the northern and southern factions of the Methodist Episcopal Church along with the earlier separated Methodist Protestant Church of 1828. The Methodist Episcopal Church had split in 1844 over the issue of slavery and the impending Civil War in America. During the American Civil War, the southern denomination was known briefly as The Methodist Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America.

Its book of liturgy used for the reunited denomination was The Book of Worship for Church and Home, editions of which were published in 1945 and later revised in 1965. They had two official hymnals, the first being The Methodist Hymnal, published in 1935 and 1939 by the same three church bodies that later became The Methodist Church. It was replaced in 1966 by The Book of Hymns.

The Methodist Church then later merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church on April 23, 1968, to form the United Methodist Church (UMC) with its headquarters, offices and publishing houses in Nashville, Tennessee. Over the next few years most of the individual local congregations in the two bodies under the names of "Methodist Church" or "Evangelical United Brethren Church" changed the latter part of their name to: "--  United Methodist Church". The new UMC became one of the largest and most widespread denominations in America. Earlier in 1946, some Methodists formed the Evangelical Methodist Church, separating from the Methodist Church, citing the influence of modernism in that church as the reason for entering into schism.

title: Methodist Church (USA)


text:
User:Davidl9999

What can I say - I have a page! ;-D

title: User:Davidl9999


text:
IFL

IFL may refer to:

 * American football
 * Intense Football League, (2004–2008) in the United States, merged into the Indoor Football League
 * Indoor Football League, (2008–present) in the United States
 * Intercontinental Football League, a European league proposed by the NFL in the 1970s
 * Israel Football League, (2007–present) in Israel
 * Italian Football League, (2008–present) in Italy

 * Association football
 * Indonesian Futsal League
 * Indian Football League, a precursor of India's I-League
 * Irish Football League, Northern Ireland

 * Other
 * Interflug (1963–1990), national airline of East Germany
 * International Fight League, a former American mixed martial arts league
 * Imperial Fascist League, British fascist group of the 1930s
 * Imperial Federation League, advocated consolidation of the British Empire
 * Intact forest landscape
 * Integrated Facility for Linux, an IBM mainframe processor for the Linux operating system
 * Baylor Institute for Faith and Learning, division of a Baptist university in Texas
 * IFL (chemotherapy), a chemotherapy regimen
 * Institute for Learning, a defunct UK body intended to promote teaching
 * Indian Federation of Labour (1941–1948), a British-supported federation of Indian trade unions
 * International Ferro Metals, a ferrochrome producer operating in South Africa
 * Innisfail Airport, IATA airport code "IFL"

title: IFL


text: User talk:137.9.121.123

title: User talk:137.9.121.123


text:
Leggings

Leggings are several types of leg attire that have varied through the years. Modern usage from the 1960s onwards has come to refer to elastic close-fitting high-rise garments worn over the legs typically by women, such as leg warmers or tights. Usage from the 18th century refers to men's wear usually made of cloth or leather that is wrapped around the leg down to the ankle. In the 19th century, leggings usually referred to infants' leg clothing that were matched with a jacket, as well as leg-wrappings made of leather or wool and worn by soldiers and trappers. Leggings prominently returned to women's fashion in the 1960s, drawing from the form-fitting clothing of dancers. With the widespread adoption of the synthetic fibre Lycra and the rise in popularity of aerobics, leggings came to further prominence in the 1970s and 1980s, and eventually made their way into streetwear. Leggings are a part of the late 2010s into the 2020s athleisure fashion trend of wearing activewear outside sporting activities and in casual settings.

History
Leggings in various forms and under various names have been worn for warmth and protection by both men and women throughout the centuries. The separate hose worn by men in Europe from the 13th to 16th centuries (the Renaissance period) were a form of leggings, as are the trews of the Scottish Highlands. Separate leggings of buckskin leather were worn by some Native Americans. These were adopted by some Long Hunters, French fur trappers, and later by mountain men. They are the leatherstockings of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales. The Buckskins were mostly a dull grey brain-tan, not the bright, glossy vegetable tanned leather commonly used today.

Ninjas wore leggings (leg wraps) around calves for swift movement but also to prevent clothing snagging on trees et cetera as well as to prevent ruffling noises of clothing brushing against each other or against the floor.

Cowboys wore leggings of buckskin to protect from chapping caused by riding, wear and tear to their pants, and bites from animals, such as snakes or insects in the scrub, such as ticks.

In many places, especially in colder countries such as Russia and Korea, men and women continued to wear wool leggings into modern times, often as an additional outer layer for warmth.

The linen pantalettes worn by girls and women under crinolines in the mid-19th century were also a form of leggings, and were originally two separate garments. Leggings became a part of fashion in the 1960s, as trousers similar to capri pants but tighter.

Military use

Since the late 19th century, soldiers of various nations, especially infantry, often wore leggings to protect their lower leg, to keep dirt, sand, and mud from entering their shoes, and to provide a measure of ankle support. At first, these were usually puttees—strips of thick woollen cloth resembling a large bandage—which were wrapped around the leg to support the ankle. They were usually held in place by a strap attached to the cloth. Later, puttees were replaced by some armies with canvas leggings fastened with buckles or buttons, usually secured at the bottom with an adjustable stirrup that passed under the sole of the shoe, just in front of the heel. The soldier placed the leggings around his calf with the buttoned side facing out and adjusted them and the strap to achieve a proper fit. Leggings typically extended to mid-calf and had a garter strap to hold them up and were secured with a tie just below the knee. Military leggings extended to the bottom of the knee and buttoned to the bottom button on the knee breeches. They are sometimes confused with gaiters, which extend to the high ankle and are worn with full-leg trousers.

During World War II, United States Army foot soldiers were referred to as legs by paratroopers and other U.S. forces that did not wear the standard Army leggings issued with the field service shoe. Late in World War II, after experiments with the general issue of high-top combat boots and jump boots for soldiers, leggings began to disappear from military service. In 1943, the United States Army modified their field service shoe by adding a taller leather upper that reached to the lower calf; secured by a combination of laces and buckles, the new design was designated the Type III Field Boot. However, the United States Marine Corps retained canvas leggings throughout the war, and used them in combat as late as the Korean War; Marines were referred to as Yellow Leg troops by North Korean and Chinese Communist forces.

By the 1960s, the old style of field shoe had given way to combat boots in most military forces, and leggings of any kind were obsolete. Leggings, usually bright white and often made of patent leather or buff are now worn primarily for ceremonial purposes.

Modern fashion

Leggings in the form of skin-tight trousers, a tighter version of the capris ending at mid-calf or near ankle length, made their way into women's fashion in the 1960s, and were worn with a large belt or waistband and slip-on high heels or ballet flat–styled shoes.

Leggings made from a nylon-lycra blend (usually 90% nylon, 10% lycra) have long been worn during exercise. Nylon lycra leggings are often referred to as bicycle or running tights, and are shinier in appearance than those made from cotton. Some have racing stripes or reflective patterns to further distinguish them as athletic wear and provide extra safety. However, since the 1980s exercise-style leggings have also been worn for fashion and as street wear.

Leggings made from cotton-lycra, or a cotton-polyester-lycra combination, are more typically worn for fashion, but are also worn as exercise wear. Cotton-lycra leggings are available in many colors, prints and designs; but black, navy and various shades of gray remain the most commonly worn.

Wearing black leggings under long, often diaphanous, skirts was part of a general fashion trend of wearing gym or dance clothes as street wear that evolved along with the fitness craze and under the influence of the movie Flashdance and the long-running Broadway show A Chorus Line. A more recent trend has been the wearing of black leggings with miniskirts.

By the early-1990s, leggings were actually outselling jeans in many parts of the United States. It was very common to see leggings worn with long oversized tee-shirts, oversized sweatshirts or oversized sweaters, slouch socks and Keds by girls from toddler to over college age. Fashion turned against leggings for a short time in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

In 2005, leggings made a "comeback" into fashion, particularly in indie culture, with capri-length leggings being worn with miniskirts and dresses with ballet flats or short-length flat boots. Consequently, leggings are also now popular to wear with oversized, long sweaters, sweatshirts and tops denim miniskirts, plaid skirts, short dresses, short shorts and with socks worn over them. Leggings are also worn under athletic shorts i.e. Nike Tempo shorts especially in colder weather. Leggings also come in capri length and bike short length. The bike short length is popular under sports uniform shorts and under skirts and dresses as a fashionable item and to keep from showing too much.

For men
At the Marni Men's show during the Fall 2007 Fashion Week, outfits with leggings designed solely for men were introduced.

Men's leggings, dubbed "meggings" (a portmanteau of the words "men" and "leggings") were presented as the latest fashion trend for men at spring/summer 2011 fashion runways, supposed to be styled and layered beneath shorts and preferably with large, baggy, loose or long tops such as T-shirts.

K-pop idols have been wearing male leggings under shorts as a fashion item since the 2010s.

Shiny leggings

Shiny leggings, sometimes called leather-look leggings, have a shiny, metallic (lamé), or wet-like appearance. They emerged as a popular fashion trend in the late-2000s (decade), particularly in 2008 as reported by Stylesignal and other trend forecasters. These leggings are most often a blend of nylon and spandex and come in a variety of colors, although most commonly in black, silver, or gold. These types of leggings are notable for their leather, or even latex appearance and are most often worn as evening or clubwear.

Shiny leggings were featured on fashion runways by many leading designers and were further popularized by celebrities such as Lauren Conrad, Kelly Clarkson and Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. Popular makers of shiny leggings include Members Only and American Apparel.

Jeggings
"Jeggings", a registered brand name of Sanko Group, are leggings made to look like skin-tight denim jeans. Jeggings were brought on by the resurgence in style of skinny jeans in the late 2000s, when a higher demand for an even tighter style of pants came about. In 2011 "Jeggings" was entered into the twelfth edition of Concise Oxford English Dictionary.

In sports
Leggings are sometimes worn during sports and other vigorous activities. Runners, dancers, and exercisers may wear them alone or with athletic shorts over them—particularly in cold weather under a sports uniform, e.g. in soccer, with soccer shorts, shin guards and soccer socks over the leggings, under a cheerleading uniform with socks over the leggings, or field hockey players under their skirts with socks over the leggings. Leggings have even been worn by a hurling full back. Boys and men can also be seen wearing them under athletic shorts with socks over them when exercising or running track or cross country etc. Also, boys and men dancers wear leggings. Leggings and bike shorts are now accepted and allowed to be worn as part of a tennis outfit on various leagues and the professional WTA tour.

In school uniforms
Leggings have become a part of many school uniforms. Many schools that have uniform requirements allow leggings as an option in cooler and colder weather as long as the required skirt or dress and required socks are worn over them.

Use as outerwear

There has been societal debate about whether leggings are clothing on their own, which can be worn without covering, or are an accessory only to be worn with other items covering them, such as skirts, dresses or shorts. In a 2016 poll of its readers Glamour magazine said that 61% of its readers thought that leggings should only be worn as an accessory, whereas an article that same year from Good Housekeeping concluded that "...Leggings do, in fact, count as pants—provided they are opaque enough that they don't show your underwear."

There have been a number of instances of people wearing leggings as pants who have been restricted or criticized for their actions. In 2013, schools in Sonoma County, California, banned students from wearing them as outerwear, as did a Massachusetts school in 2015. Schools in Oklahoma, Illinois, and North Carolina have enforced or suggested similar dress codes. A state legislator in Montana introduced a bill in 2015 intended to ban leggings and yoga pants.

In March 2017, three children flying on a company pass were barred from boarding a United Airlines flight by a gate agent who decided that their leggings were inappropriate. United Airlines defended its position, while rival airline Delta stated via Twitter that leggings were welcome on its flights; United said in a statement that it does not bar regular female passengers from boarding if they are wearing leggings. Although some public figures, including actress Patricia Arquette and model and actress Chrissy Teigen, were critical of United's decision, a survey encompassing 1,800 travelers carried out by Airfarewatchdog found that 80% of their respondents backed the airline's decision to ban "inappropriate clothing", although the term was not defined in the poll.

Restrictions on wearing leggings is sometimes linked to slut shaming or body shaming, with critics noting that "...not being able to wear leggings because it's 'too distracting for boys' is giving us the impression we should be guilty for what guys do."

title: Leggings


text:
Integrated Facility for Linux

The Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) is an IBM mainframe and Power Systems processor dedicated to running the Linux operating system. On IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE machines, IFLs can be used with or without hypervisors such as z/VM and KVM. IFLs are one of three most common types of "specialty" IBM mainframe processors that give software vendors (and their customers) more granular control over software licensing and maintenance costs. (The other most common specialty processors are zIIPs and ICFs). Microcode restricts IFLs to Linux workload by omitting some processor instructions not used by the Linux kernel (that other operating systems use), but the underlying processors are physically identical to general purpose processors (CPs). When IBM adds features and performance improvements to its mainframes' general purpose main processors (which can also run Linux), those features and improvements nearly always apply equally to IFLs. In fact, in recent IBM Z machines IFLs support simultaneous multithreading, a feature not available for general purpose processors.

IBM announced IFLs on August 1, 2000, and started shipping them on September 29, 2000. At the same time, IBM introduced a special Linux-only, VM-like product called the S/390 Virtual Image Facility for Linux to cater to IT staff previously unfamiliar with IBM mainframes. IBM soon discovered that z/VM was not too difficult for new IT staff to learn (and worked better), so IBM withdrew S/390 Virtual Image Facility for Linux from marketing on April 30, 2002.

Customers could purchase IFLs for all IBM mainframes as far back as the G5 series and can purchase IFLs for all recent IBM Z and LinuxONE machine models. IFLs also support select IBM software appliances such as the IBM Db2 Analytics Accelerator, zAware, and z/VSE Network Appliance, and they also supported the Z port of the now abandoned OpenSolaris operating system. Fujitsu and Hitachi also offered IFLs on certain models of their machines.

On Power Systems IFLs are also specially priced for both the processors and many software products.

title: Integrated Facility for Linux


text:
Shelby County Republican Party (Tennessee)

The Republican Party of Shelby County is the Republican political organization for Shelby County, Tennessee. It has a long history of impacting politics in Shelby County long before the Republican Party was popular in the south.

Despite being in a heavily Democratic county, the Republican Party of Shelby County is the largest county Republican Party in the state. Though Tennessee does not register by party, it is estimated that there are roughly 272,000 Republican voters in Shelby County.

History
The party has its origins in the Lincoln League, which was founded by Robert Church Jr. in 1916 to promote black voter registration. Church was one of the most prominent African-American businessmen in the nation and is credited with the early development of Beale Street. By the 1950s conservative Democrats were joining the party as blacks were leaving.

In the 1970s the party remade itself as a suburb-focused party that relied on activities like backyard parties, door-to-door campaigning and telephone networks to coordinate conservative voters in the suburbs.

Starting in 1992, the party began holding a primary election to pick candidates in the general election. It was scheduled for the same day as Tennessee's presidential primary, and represented the first partisan local elections in the County since before 1900. The county Democratic party soon copied the practice. The move meant the end of nearly a century of nonpartisan elections in the county.


text:
Talk:Fuse (explosives)

Redirect?
Hi - making a change for clarity.

As the article uses the American spelling 'fuze' throughout surely it should be moved to that title with this spelling (fuse) kept as a redirect? Lisiate 21:59, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"Fuze" is NOT "the American spelling," it is the correct spelling for what is a quite distinct and separate word.

This article is mis-named, it is discussing FUZES, note "fuses." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.5.105.137 (talk) 12:46, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

"Fuze" is most certainly an Americanism. Quote from Brittanica.com "The United States and some other military forces have adopted the “z” spelling for the device in ordnance munitions; the fuze sets off the munition, regulates its functioning, and causes it to perform only under predetermined conditions. It is distinct from the primer or firing pin that initiates the launching of a rocket or artillery shell. Impact fuzes function as they hit the target. Time fuzes delay the functioning for a certain period from the starting time. Command fuzes function on signal from a remote-control point..."

Fuse vs. Fuze
The article is currently rather confusing on the distinction between the two spellings "fuze" and "fuse". It suggests that "fuze" is the correct spelling in the US and the UK, and "fuse" is correct elsewhere (where?). In the five online dictionaries I checked (OED, WordNet, dictionary.com, MSN encarta dictionary, Merriam-Webster) none give this distinction. All of them list "fuze" as an alternative spelling of "fuse" (in the context of an explosive detonator); some claim that it is used "often" or "usually" (but don't give it its own entry).

The following comes from a textbook on explosives, and is repeated in other chemistry textbooks: "Note the spelling of fuze: a fuze is a device for initiating the explosion of high-explosive shells or of bombs, shrapnel, mines, grenades, etc; a fuse is a device for communicating fire." - Davis, The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, Angriff (1972). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.234.118.181 (talk) 06:50, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

"Fuse," as stated below, is a simple delay device like a burning section of blackpowder-filled cord. A "fuze" is a sophisticated delay or target-sensing initiator such as a mechanical-time or variable time fuze, a proximity-sensing fuze or similar.

This is current and previous (of long standing) US military usage. It may be otherwise in British or other English-language military usage, but if so, I have not observed it.

Google is not an adequate source. Check the nomenclature used in any of the US military Field Manuals and Technical Manuals; they quite consistently use those spellings for those different categories. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.5.105.137 (talk) 12:40, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

An older version of this page claimed that "fuse" was for simple detonators (like the cord on a firecracker) and "fuze" was for actual detonating devices. It was taken out with a comment about "artificial distinction". Some cursory Googling supports this usage.

What is the real distinction, if any? --Andrew 22:12, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * The distinction you took out is exactly what I was taught in my military service, i.e. fuSe is a piece of safety fuse or similar material which burns down at a set rate to provide a simple pyrotechnic time delay to a charge, while a fuZe is a complex device used to control the detonation of an explosive weapon. However a few google tests do not support this as being a common usage, at least in Internet land; in every word combination I tried, fuZe came up as much rarer than fuSe. It might be most correct then to say that fuZe is used mainly by military ordnance types. Securiger 15:30, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Just to clarify: I didn't take it out, and in fact, I favour your usage (since I think it's what people who know what they're talking about use). --Andrew 23:04, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * My apologies, I misparsed "It was taken out" as passive voice! Securiger 17:23, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Isn't 'fuze' just another Americanism, like 'analyze'? My Oxford English dictionary says fuze is the American spelling of fuse. I had not heard of a fuze, until I stumbled across this page. Sprintstar 14:48, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm Australian. Securiger 17:23, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No,

Fuze and fuse are NOT interchangeable, nor an Americanism. In addition to NATO, most unfriendly nations also agree that a fuse is different from fuze. Military usage supercedes common usage. As a Bomb Tech, I see our usage as no different than if we were arguing a plumbing term. I would trust the plumbers over a dictionary.

-Shawn srh@esper.com 7/4/2005

Here are some sources from the US Gov. that deal with fuzes and these sources are ratified by other countries in NATO The tiles to these documents can be found by seaching here. This site also in lists some other standards with fuze in title.--138.162.0.43 19:02, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * MIL-STD-331 Fuze And Fuze Components, Environmental And Performance Tests For
 * MIL-HDBK-777 Fuze Catalog Procurement Standard And Development Fuze Explosive Components
 * NATO STANAG 4369 Design Requirements for Inductive Setting of Large Calibre Projectile Fuzes
 * NATO AOP-22 Design Criteria and Test Methods for Inductive Setting of Electronic Projectile Fuzes
 * NATO STANAG 2916 ''Nose Fuze Contours and Matching Projectile Cavities for Artillery and Mortar Projectiles

General dictionaries describe how words and spellings are used by populations at large, which includes the mentally lazy and ill-informed. This implies that if a population constantly mis-spells or misuses a word or phrase, that is what the dictionary must and does list. It is not an authority on correct usage. I agree with the poster above, about trusting the plumber's usage of his specialist terms - and militaries in English-speaking countries use fuze for gadgets to ignite ammo. z = bang. No confuzion. So in Wikipedia articles specifically about ordnance and ammo, z is the way to go. Rcbutcher (talk) 12:55, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Remove merge recommendation
Can we remove the merge articles suggestion, as it's clearly in error and a result of someone's fuse/fuze confusion? I will do it in a week if nobody objects. Georgewilliamherbert 03:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree that the merge articles suggestion should be removed 138.162.0.41 13:20, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Fuze vs. Fuse
fuse : for civilian useage. fuze: for military useage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.220.235 (talk) 06:55, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

I just want to say that as a born and bred American, a native speaker and the holder of a graduate degree, that I have never, ever seen the word "fuze" before. When I first saw it here on wikipedia, I assumed that it was a Britishism. Now, the 'z'-spelling may have currency as a very specific kind of device, but I would say that to call it an Americanism is patently false, as an alternate spelling for 'fuse'. My two cents, at least. 70.92.1.10 04:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm a United States Marine and an ammunition technician. Fuzes are, among other things, ancillary items required to detonate our rounds, and you'll also find fuzes inside, for instance, hand grenades. As stated above, fuses are slow-burning materials that detonate an explosive (or, even, as with a fragmentation grenade, a fuze) in a set period of time. A fuze initiates a high-explosive train and detonates a main charge. 68.118.13.103 05:20, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Fuse & Fuze are the same thing, the Z version does not denote anything different to the S version

 * No, they aren't the same thing. Please read all the above.  Military usage is consistent.  Georgewilliamherbert 18:54, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually they are the same thing, the only distinction is in the Americanisation of the term fuse. If you trained outside of the US, you would find the term fuse used to denote anything from a burning fuse to a VT etc.  In fact the term fuse, is referenced by The United States of America in several patent applications, and can be referenced online on various US websites, so even in the US ther term fuse is used by many. "TheNose | Talk" 19:02, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have in my posession English, German, Israeli, and NATO weapons operational manual and design specification documents that use "Fuze" in the US standard method (and that's just on quick look, I've probably got more around somewhere). This is not just an americanism.  Please read the above discussions - this keeps coming up, and there's plenty of evidence that in at least significant parts of the world there is a difference in the terms.  Even if it was only in the US (and it clearly ISN'T), it would require noting that the usage is different in places.  Georgewilliamherbert 19:06, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Quoting "in the US standard method", I wasnt aware Wiki was American only.
 * UN in Pakistan refer to Artillery fuse
 * Daily Telegraph Quoting American Human rights watch regarding an incident in Gaza
 * US Military MSDS Safety Information for M762 ARTILLERY FUSE

 * I could go on, but as fuse is the same as fuse, and all my training manuals refer to fuse. "TheNose | Talk" 19:18, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The first 2 citations are popular press articles, which are not reliable sources for precise technical jargon within a field. The last is a Materials safety data sheet, which uses "fuse" at the top (again, this is a popular and not specific military or explosives field document) and then about a page down says that the precise name for the item is a "Fuze".
 * There's no dispute that there are tendencies for popular usage to use them interchangably. There is clear consensus that at least in the US, and in many foreign military documents (not UN, actual military usage), Fuse and Fuze are different.  Specific technical usage in a field trumps popular misuse of terms.  Please stop making this change.  Georgewilliamherbert 19:52, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If I might make a suggestion:
 * One way to approach this issue would be to keep the fuse/fuze distinction (as it does seem to be legitimately used in a substantial number of sources), but also add a section discussing the terminology per se and outlining the various subtleties (of which I suspect there are many, not least the CoEn/AmEn issues) with the use of each term in different contexts. Kirill Lokshin 20:35, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would respectively disagree, the 2 spellings of the word fuse have the same meaning. Just because some people have taken to using a different spelling to describe what is fundamentally the same thing "something that causes something to burn/detonate or deflagrate".  The use of the word dates back hundreds of years and can still be referenced to modern day munitions used in WWI, WWI, Korea, Vietnam, Falkland Islands, Suez, Gulf 1 & 2 and so on.  In fact references to the word fuse can be found in the US patent database to describe IPR in modern day artillery shells/equipment.  The correct spelling is fuse, I agree some people have chosen to spell it differently that is fine, but not necessariuly correct.  Why does Georgewilliamherbert chose to keep reverting my amendments (3 reverts today), further more why revert chnages made after the correction of the spelling. "TheNose | Talk" 22:17, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Fuze is correct by US military standard and in common use within NATO countries and former Warsaw Pact countries, China, India, Israel, and even English defense industry; that's enough to leave the article as-is at least pending more detailed discussions here. Please stop making the changes to the article (fuze->fuse) until we have an adequate chance to discuss it here on the talk page.
 * If I reverted another edit of yours, unrelated to the fuse->fuze spelling, then I apologize. I didn't spot that in the article history.  Feel free to re-add it.
 * Thanks for engaging in the discussion here. Georgewilliamherbert 22:32, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * (edit conflict) The reverting of other changes is unfortunate, and hopefully something that won't be repeated; in any case, everyone should be discussing things rather than just forging ahead with large-scale modifications of the article.
 * As far as the question of "correct" spelling: it's clear that there is some distinction in how the terms are (correctly or otherwise) used—even if only one of national dialects—and this ought to be documented in the article. Whether the distinction need actually be employed throughout the text is something that might better be answered by a more thorough comparison of different sources to determine how prevalent any actual fuse/fuze usage difference is.  (This comparison, would, incidentally, provide ample sources to actually document the dispute itself, as well.) Kirill Lokshin 22:34, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Fuze and Fuse references
Let's drop references info here in a new section. Georgewilliamherbert 22:49, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

The OED says a fuse is "A tube, casing, cord, etc., filled or saturated with combustible material, by means of which a military shell, the blast of a mine, etc. is ignited and exploded."

Merriam-Webster's Eleventh Collegiate says under fuse "1: a continuous train of a combustible substance enclosed in a cord or cable for setting off an explosive charge by transmitting fire to it 2 also fuze: a mechanical or electrical detonating device for setting off the bursting charge of a projectile, bomb, or torpedo. Tom Harrison Talk 00:04, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Fuze

 * http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/23-90/ch3.htm (easily accessable FM 23-90)
 * http://www.atk.com/ProductsSolutions/conventionalammo_largecaliber.asp Alliant Technosystems large caliber ammo webpage
 * http://www.kdi-ppi.com/html/m734_bio.htm M734 fuze for mortar ammunition
 * http://www.army.mod.uk/linked_files/rahs/Winter05_Text.doc UK Ministry of Defense artillery history presentation
 * http://www.army.mod.uk/linked_files/ratdt/strike/AS90_L4.pdf AS90 mechanised artillery crew training manual, UK MOD
 * http://www.resheffuzes.com/RESHEF/company.html Israeli fuze manufacturing company
 * http://www.drdo.org/labs/arma/arde/achieve.shtml India's Defense Research and Development Organization Armaments establishment
 * Comment: uses term fuse
 * Reply: Where? I just did a find-in-page and got zero "fuse" in the page.  Georgewilliamherbert 23:52, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * google "artillery fuze" site:.mil
 * http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?fid=1486&lang=3&pdb=1 Rheinmetall SMART artillery round webpage
 * Comment: uses term fuse
 * Reply: Where? Find in page says no "fuse" one "fuze"  Georgewilliamherbert 23:52, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Fuse

 * http://www.roe.ru/cataloque/airdef_cataloque.html
 * Comment - search in page showing no instances of "fuze" or "fuse" in this one... Georgewilliamherbert 00:02, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/lsd/mincs_l_40_10/mincs_l_40_10.cfm
 * http://www.essentialsomme.com/extracts/nvg94_extract.htm WWI
 * (comment - this one is a history website not military technology Georgewilliamherbert 23:49, 15 November 2006 (UTC))
 * http://www.global-defence.com/1999/weapons/weapons11.htm South Africa
 * http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ammunition/rheinmetall/ Germany
 * http://defense-update.com/events/2006/summary/eurosatory06-ammo.htm 2006 Eurosatory Exhibition
 * http://www.mlmintl.com/155MM-HE.pdf American Company producing fuses
 * Comment - not producing fuses - they're a munitions import/export company. Their "fuse" usage is on a page describing M107 155mm artillery, which is strangely consistent across several other references, but inconsistent with other US artillery usage.  Georgewilliamherbert 23:56, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.engrtech.com/sitepages/indirectfire.html General Dynamics(US)
 * Comment - this one uses "Fuze" Georgewilliamherbert 23:59, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * & FUSE
 * Only for M107 155mm round Georgewilliamherbert 23:59, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?fid=3903&lang=3 German Company

 * google "time fuse" site:.mil
 * "Google artillery fuse" site:.mil
 * http://www.drdo.com/pub/techfocus/doc1/smart.htm India's Defense Research and Development Organization Armaments establishment
 * Note: uses "fuze" for detonator, "fuse" for pyrotechnic separator, consistent with separate term usage claims. Georgewilliamherbert 23:55, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

US Government Definitions - no "fuze"
Please, just visit the US Department of Labor's dictionary of explosives terms. (The USDL regulates worker safety.) It never mentions "fuze". http://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/blasting.html Scott Adler 22:38, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

OSHA doesn't regulate military equipment. Look at all the DOD links above: this is a real, verified, confirmed, commonplace military munitions term. Georgewilliamherbert 04:10, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Spelling
Fuze is what is written on artillery ammunition packaging in English speaking countries.

OFG Hogg in his 'Artillery: its Origin, Heyday and Decline'(1969)states the following(pg 183): 'The word "fuze" is often spelt "fuse" by those unaquainted with artillery usage. This is incorrect. "Fuse", derived from fusus, the past participle of fundo, means "to melt", e.g., the term "fuse-wire" used in electrical circuits. "Fuze", on the other hand, is the shortened or modern method of spelling "fuzee", meaning a tube filled with combustible material. It is a derivation of fusus, a spindle and from the French fusee, a spindle full of thread. It is well to make this point at the outset.'

You can use fuse wherever you want unless you are referring to the fuze that is a component of artillery ammunition.

Incidentally the word 'fuze' apears to have been standard in UK military use in the early 20th Century. Don't have any contemporanious documents to check earlier.

Nfe 07:34, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that just about ends the argument, Nigel ! Proof that fuze is in fact a different word, which unfortunately sounds like another unrelated word. Hence people get confuzed. If the military in all the English-speaking countries insist on fuze, I think Wikipedia articles dealing with ammo and ordnance should follow. British ordnance manuals as far back as 1872 used fuze exclusively. As in Pettman's General Service Fuze.Rcbutcher (talk) 13:02, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Spolettes (I think it is spelled with one o)
As far as I know these are most commonly created with a thick walled paper tube instead of a hollow wooden dowel.

The spolette is also most often ignited by the quickmatch leader fuse rather than the lift charge (the shell is loaded with the spolette oriented upwards to reduce pressure on this weak spot, the solid disc in the other end of the shell can handle more pressure) the lift charge is then ignited by a passfire fuse (quickmatch) connected to the spolette and placed along the side wall of the shell towards the bottom where the lift charge is placed.

Pyrotechnica IX and XI contains articles by A. Fulcanelli where traditional Italian / American shell design is described in great detail. Ere 09:47, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Fuse vs. Fuze (again)
This has surfaced again over at Talk:Contact fuse. Following a request to rename it to the correct spelling, one editor's response has been to start edit-warring by rewriting the whole article (and its references) to use "fuse". Andy Dingley (talk) 11:18, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

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Spelling (6)
Just in case anyone here isn't already aware, there is an ongoing discussion at Talk:Fuze. Burninthruthesky (talk) 09:42, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Whose English?
Is this article in English or American English? At the moment, it doesn't say. If that can be clarified, then the spelling can be corrected as appropriate. Hengistmate (talk) 06:34, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

American 'English' is so far from 'real' English - in spellings and grammar - that it might well be called 'Usan', the main language used by Usans in Usa! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sala hantle (talk • contribs) 17:25, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Fuse (explosives)


text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver

The Archdiocese of Denver (Archidiœcesis Denveriensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in northern Colorado in the United States.

It is part of the XIII Conference Region and includes 113 parishes, 307 priests, and an estimated 550,000 lay Catholics. The mother church of the archdiocese is the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Denver. As of 2023, the archbishop of Denver is Samuel Aquila.

Area
The Archdiocese of Denver covers an area of 40,154 sqmi. It includes the city/county of Denver and the following counties:

Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Jefferson, Larimer, Logan, and Weld.

It is the metropolitan archdiocese of its ecclesiastical province. The province includes three suffragan dioceses:

 * Diocese of Cheyenne
 * Diocese of Colorado Springs
 * Diocese of Pueblo

1860 to 1890
The first Catholic church in Denver was founded in 1860 by Joseph Machebeuf. It would later become St. Mary's Cathedral.

In 1868, Pope Pius IX erected the Vicariate Apostolic of Colorado and Utah, taking its territory from the Diocese of Santa Fe and the Diocese of Grass Valley. The pope named Machebeuf as the vicar apostolic. In 1870, Pius IX removed the Utah Territory from the vicariate, creating the Vicariate Apostolic of Colorado. The pope named Machebeuf as vicar apostolic.

While vicar apostolic, Machebeuf founded an academy and a school for boys in Denver, a convent of the Sisters of Loretto, St. Joseph's Hospital in Denver, the House of the Good Shepherd and the College of the Sacred Heart in Denver. The Catholic population of Colorado increased under his tenure from a few thousand to approximately 50,000. Sacred Heart of Jesus, the first Catholic church in Boulder, was dedicated in 1877. In 1878, Michaud funded the purchase of a wooden building in Fort Collins to become St. Joseph's, the first Catholic church in that city.

On August 16, 1887, Pope Leo XIII suppressed the Apostolic Vicariate of Colorado, replacing it with the Diocese of Denver, which covered all of Colorado. The pope named Machebeuf as the first bishop of Denver. That same year, the pope named Nicholas Matz as coadjutor bishop to assist Machebeuf. When Machebeuf died in 1889, Matz automatically succeeded him as bishop.

1900 to 1941
During his 28-year-long tenure, Matz made Catholic education his top priority, establishing dozens of parochial schools. He demanded that Catholic parents send their children to these schools under pain of mortal sin. In 1905, he founded St. Thomas Seminary in Denver, staffed by the Vincentians. He broke ground for the new Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in 1902, later dedicating it in 1912. He also established thirty-four new parishes, a cemetery, and a diocesan newspaper. However, Matz met opposition from many priests and his ambitious building projects drove the diocese into a large amount of debt. He was a strong opponent of labor unions, especially the Western Federation of Miners.

After Matz died in 1917, Bishop John Henry Tihen of the Diocese of Lincoln was appointed bishop of Denver by Pope Benedict XV. During World War I, Tihen supported Liberty bonds and the National Catholic War Council, and organized students at Catholic schools as the U.S. Boys Working Reserve and the Children's Red Cross Campaign. Tihen was forced to defend the church in Colorado from the Ku Klux Klan, which he condemned as "an anti-Catholic and un-American society." He also supported women's suffrage and the labor movement, and founded The Denver Catholic Register in 1905. During his tenure, Tihen organized the diocesan Catholic Charities; increased the number of parochial schools from 31 to 49, and the number of priests from 174 to 229; dedicated 41 churches; and established Loretto Heights College in Denver, three hospitals, an orphanage, and a home for the elderly. Tihan retired in 1931.

In 1931, Urban John Vehr was appointed the fourth bishop of Denver by Pope Pius XI. Vehr soon visited every parish in the diocese, wearing out the new Studebaker automobile given to him by his clergy. The number of parishes in the diocese fell from 111 in 1930 to 87 in 1940 due to the Great Depression. Vehr cooperated with the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, asking priests to celebrate mass at the two dozen Civilian Conservation Corps camps established in Colorado. He reorganized diocesan affairs and placed ownership of all parish properties in the name of the bishop.

1941 to 1986
On November 15, 1941, Pope Pius XII elevated the Diocese of Denver to the Archdiocese of Denver. At the same time, he took territory from the Diocese of Denver to erect the new Diocese of Pueblo. The pope named Vehr as the first archbishop of Denver. Under the slogan of "Every Catholic Child in a Catholic School," Vehr began a fundraising campaign to raise $3.5 million to acquire new school sites and make additions to existing ones. In 1965, Vehr launched the Archdiocesan Development Program to accommodate Colorado's Catholic population, which had tripled in size since his arrival in 1931. He also erected 43 new parishes and expanded St. Thomas Seminary, which reached its peak enrollment of 274 seminarians during Vehr's tenure.

When Vehr retired in 1967, Pope Paul VI appointed Bishop James Casey of Lincoln as the second archbishop of Denver. Soon after arriving in Denver, he earmarked $1 million in archdiocesan funds on efforts to help the poor. Among these efforts was the Samaritan House Homeless Shelter. He created the archdiocesan Office of Hispanic Concerns in 1968, later raising it to the vicariate level in 1981.

In 1972, Casey moved out of the episcopal mansion in Cheesman Park and into a penthouse at the Park Lane Apartments in Washington Park. He gave greater power to laity and nuns, and was forced to close or consolidate several Catholic schools. He joined the Colorado Council of Churches, and allowed Catholics to participate in the crusades of the evangelist Billy Graham. During his 19-year-long tenure, Casey dedicated 24 parishes. He also increased the number of priests from 327 to 356, and the number of Catholics in the archdiocese rose from 261,844 to 330,270. In 1983, Pope John Paul II erected the Diocese of Colorado Springs, taking territory from the archdiocese. Casey died in 1986.

1986 to present
The next archbishop of Denver was Bishop James Stafford from the Diocese of Memphis, named by John Paul II in 1986. In 1990 the Vincentian Fathers announced the closing of St. Thomas Seminary in Denver due to falling enrollment. Stafford decided to buy the seminary property and plan a brand new institution, Saint John Vianney Theological Seminary. The new facility opened in 1999. In 1993, Stafford hosted the World Youth Day, the first such event in North America. In 1996, he launched the first capital campaign in forty years and a "Strategic Plan" for Catholic schools. That same year, Stafford was appointed to a position in the Roman Curia at the Vatican.

To replace Stafford, John Paul II selected Bishop Charles J. Chaput from the Diocese of Rapid City as the next archbishop of Denver. Chaput became archbishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia in 2011. In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named Bishop Samuel Aquila of the Diocese of Fargo as the fifth and current archbishop of Denver.

Reports of sex abuse
In a 2005 Denver Post article, five men described being fondled during the 1960s when they were boys by Harold White. In 1983, one of the men wrote to Stafford, accusing White of abusing him. The archdiocese responded that White was to "...receive an evaluation from competent personnel to determine whether there are any recurring difficulties.” The archdiocese allowed White to work in parish ministry until 1993. He was laicized by the Vatican in 2004.

Tim Evans, pastor at St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Parish in Fort Collins, was convicted of sexual assault in 2007. He was sentenced to 14 years to life in prison for assaulting a teenage boy. In January 2023, Scott Venti sued the archdiocese, claiming that he had been sexually abuse multiple times during the 1990s by Evans in Fort Collins.

In October 2019, Colorado Attorney General Phil Weiser released the preliminary results of an eight-month investigation on sexual abuse of children by Catholic clergy in Colorado. The report stated that at least 127 children had been molested by 22 clergy serving in the archdiocese. In late 2019, a man reported to authorities that he had been sexually molested multiple times by James Moreno between 1978 and 1980 at various church locations within the archdiocese.

In October 2020, a voluntary program established by the Colorado dioceses to compensative sexual abuse victims announced that it was planning to $6.6 million in compensation to 81 victims of clergy sex abuse that year.

In December 2020, Weiser's final report was released. It named an additional nine clergy with credible accusations of sexual abuse and 46 alleged victims in both in the archdiocese and the Diocese of Pueblo. A total 52 priests who served in the Colorado diocese were named in the final report as having committed acts of sex abuse. Among other priests, the report had comments about these individuals:

 * Harold White – Accused of sexually abusing 63 children, the report called White "the most prolific known clergy child sex abuser in Colorado history." The report also revealed that White was first accused of sexual abuse of children in 1960.  The archdiocese then transferred him to different parishes throughout Colorado until 1993.
 * John Stein – Arrested for sex abuse charges in 1946 and 1956, he was allowed to continue in ministry by the archdiocese, molested at least three children
 * Charles Woodrich – Known for his work in local homeless shelters, Woodrich was accused of sexually molesting three teenagers during the 1970s and 1980s.

In August 2022, a woman sued the archdiocese, claiming sexual abuse by Marshall Gourley from age seven to 11 at the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church during the early 1980s. The plaintiff stated that the diocese had received similar complaints about Gourley during the same time period, but did nothing about them.

Vicar Apostolic of Colorado
Joseph Projectus Machebeuf (1868–1889)

Bishops of Denver

 * 1) Joseph Projectus Machebeuf (1868–1889)
 * 2) Nicholas Chrysostom Matz (1889–1917)
 * 3) John Henry Tihen (1917–1931)
 * 4) Urban John Vehr (1931–1941), Elevated to Archbishop

Archbishops of Denver

 * 1) Urban John Vehr (1941–1967)
 * 2) James Vincent Casey (1967–1986)
 * 3) James Francis Stafford (1986–1996), appointed President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity and later Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary (elevated to Cardinal in 1998)
 * 4) Charles J. Chaput, OFM Cap (1997–2011), appointed Archbishop of Philadelphia
 * 5) Samuel Joseph Aquila (2012–present)

Auxiliary bishops of Denver

 * David M. Maloney (1961–1967), appointed Bishop of Wichita
 * George Evans (1969–1985)
 * Richard Hanifen (1974–1984), appointed Bishop of Colorado Springs
 * Jose Horacio Gómez Velasco (2001–2005), appointed Archbishop of San Antonio and later Coadjutor Archbishop of Los Angeles and subsequently succeeded to the latter see
 * James D. Conley (2008–2012), appointed Bishop of Lincoln
 * Jorge Rodríguez-Novelo (2016–present)

Other diocesan priests who became bishops

 * Hubert Michael Newell, appointed Coadjutor Bishop (in 1947) and later Bishop of Cheyenne
 * Ralph Walker Nickless, appointed Bishop of Sioux City in 2005
 * John Baptist Pitaval, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Santa Fe in 1902 and later Archbishop of Santa Fe

High schools

 * Bishop Machebeuf Catholic High School, Denver
 * Holy Family High School, Broomfield

Seminaries

 * Saint John Vianney Theological Seminary, Denver

Cemeteries

 * Saint Simeon Catholic Cemetery in Aurora is operated by the Archdiocese of Denver.
 * Mount Olivet Cemetery, Wheat Ridge, consecrated 1892
 * Saint Simeon Catholic Cemetery, Aurora, dedicated 2004

Media
Denver's first Catholic newspaper, the Denver Catholic, published its first issue in 1900, under editor F. J. Kramer. It received the endorsement of Bishop Matz. The Catholic published its last issue in 1904, due to a lack of revenue.

In 1905, Thomas Casey began publishing the Catholic Register of Denver as an edition of the Catholic Register of Kansas City, Missouri. It became the Denver Catholic Register beginning with the next issue. In 1910, a group of priests and laymen formed the Catholic Publishing Society, which took over management of the Register, made it the diocese's official newspaper. The owners directed that all profits go to the support of orphans. However, it proved to be a money-losing enterprise.

In 1913, Hugh McMenamin, the rector at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, bought a controlling stake in the Catholic Publishing Society and named Matthew J. Smith as its editor. Smith quickly turned the business around. In 1921, Bishop Tihen gained a controlling interest in the paper, placing it under diocesan ownership. In 1925, the diocese began publishing The Register on Tuesdays while the Denver Catholic Register continued to publish on Thursdays, as part of a plan to eventually publish daily.

In 1927, Smith launched a national edition, the National Catholic Register, with four pages of national and international news. The two editions would soon merge, as the Register became a national chain of Catholic newspapers. In 1970, Patrick Frawley's Twin Circle Publishing Co. purchased the National Catholic Register from the archdiocese. The Denver Catholic Register reverted to being a local publication. In 2015, its name was shortened to Denver Catholic, and it became a magazine in 2020.

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vintage shirts

Vintage shirts

 * Advertising. User:Facts (reason from edit summary, added correctly to Vfd by Rmhermen)
 * Hmm. I'm not sure it's really advertising.  It could be an OK article, with some cleanup. Katefan0 20:28, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Almost the same content as punk shirts, above. Again, references to web sites to go buy vintage shirts and a warning about real ones, etc.  Geogre 22:11, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic - Wikipedia is not a shopping guide. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:16, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 02:25, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)