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Rabbit River (Michigan)

The Rabbit River is a 62.1 mi tributary of the Kalamazoo River within Allegan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The river's watershed covers 187200 acre of land and drains most of north-central and northeast Allegan County as well as small portions of Barry, Kent and Ottawa counties.

The river rises in farmland in the southeast portion of Leighton Township and flows generally westward, traversing the northern portion of Wayland Township, the city of Wayland, the northern portion of Hopkins Township, the extreme southwest corner of Dorr Township, Salem Township, Overisel Township, Heath Township, Hamilton, and Manlius Township, where it merges with the Kalamazoo near New Richmond.

Tributaries
Main tributaries are (from east to west):
 * Green Lake Creek
 * Buskirk Creek
 * Miller Creek (Hopkins Township)
 * Bear Creek
 * Little Rabbit River
 * Black Creek
 * Miller Creek (Monterey Township)
 * Silver Creek

The Little Rabbit River is an 11.0 mi tributary of the Rabbit River, with a 30850 acre watershed that drains sections of four townships in Allegan and Kent counties: Byron Township in Kent County, and Leighton, Dorr and Salem townships in Allegan County. The upper reaches consist of two small branches: the Red Run Drain, which rises in the extreme western edge of Leighton Township just north of Moline and the Dorr & Byron Drain, which rises in the southern portion of Byron Township. The branches converge west of Dorr and then empty into the Rabbit River in southwest Salem Township.

title: Rabbit River (Michigan)


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Talk:Stephenson, Michigan

Headline text
Stephenson, Michigan

This town is great. It is small and not like upstate N.Y. (and best of all, no terrorist threats) Come to this town, North of Marinette, Wisconsin, right after Menominee, Michgan. If you go over a big hill, and past a gas station/taco bell (rumor: taco bell), and go past a bridge that goes to a grocery store, or past a sign that says 'WELCOME TO STEPHENSON' and it displays the time and degrees, you have missed our little town. -S.B. and student at Stephenson High School --206.61.32.149 02:31, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC) Sleona

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Stephenson, Michigan


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USS Davis

Four ships of the United States Navy have borne the name Davis. The first three were named in honor of Admiral Charles H. Davis. The fourth, DD-937, was named for Commander George F. Davis.

 * USS Davis (TB-12), a torpedo boat, launched 1898, sold for scrap 1920
 * USS Davis (DD-65), a Sampson-class destroyer, launched 1916, sold 1934
 * USS Davis (DD-395), a Somers-class destroyer, launched, 1938, sold 1947
 * USS Davis (DD-937), a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer, launched 1956, decommissioned 1982

title: USS Davis


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Poznań Society of Friends of Learning

The Poznań Society of Friends of Learning or Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences (Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, PTPN) is a learned society in Poznań, Poland, established in 1857, by scholars and scientists in all branches of learning. It has been one of the largest and most important general learned organizations in Poland.

When founded in the 19th century, the Poznań Society was the chief Polish scientific and cultural organization in Prussian Poland, and until the creation of Kraków's Academy of Learning (Akademia Umiejętności) in 1871–73 it was the most important learned society in all the Polish lands. In addition to its learned activities, the Society collected and secured art works and Polish national mementos.

In 1919 the Society initiated the founding of University of Poznań (currently Adam Mickiewicz University).

Presidents

 * August Cieszkowski
 * Tytus Działyński
 * August Cieszkowski (second term)
 * Karol Libelt
 * Stanisław Egbert Koźmian,
 * August Cieszkowski (third term)
 * Archbishop Edward Likowski
 * Heliodor Święcicki
 * Bronisław Dembiński
 * Zygmunt Lisowski
 * Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Kazimierz Tymieniecki, Stefan Barbacki, Gerard Labuda, Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk, Zbigniew Zakrzewski.

Noted members

 * August Cieszkowski (1814–94), Polish philosopher, social and political activist, co-founder of the Polish League (Liga Polska), co-founder and president of the PTPN
 * Tytus Działyński (1796–1861), Polish political activist, protector of arts
 * Kazimierz Jarochowski (1828–88), Polish historian, publicist of the Dziennik Poznański (Poznań Daily), co-founder of PTPN
 * Karol Libelt (1807–75), Polish philosopher, political and social activist, president of PTPN
 * Teofil Matecki (1810–86), Polish physician, social activist, member of PTPN, founder of the Adam Mickiewicz monument of Poznań
 * Leon Wegner (1824–73), Polish economist and historian, co-founder of PTPN

Periodicals

 * Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią
 * Roczniki Historyczne
 * Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
 * Slavia Occidentalis
 * Lingua Posnaniensis
 * Studia Automatyki

title: Poznań Society of Friends of Learning


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Earth 2160

Earth 2160
Publicity for a game that hasn't been released yet. P Ingerson 02:33, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. This should not be deleted. It serves to inform people of a game that is soon to come out. I don't think it is publicity. Murdocc 21:57, 9 Dec 2004 (EST)
 * Keep. The game hasn't been released, but has an established release date (although it was apparently delayed), and is part of an established series. There also seems to be some moderate amount of excitement over its graphics. See . Aerion 07:56, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Do we have anything else on this series already? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:15, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes we have Earth 2150. Jeltz 13:08, Dec 10, 2004(UTC)
 * And Earth 2150: The Moon Project. Murdocc 15:55, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * Delete: When it is released and becomes notable, then we should have an article.  At this point, all you can say is that it is anticipated to have X rendering, that it is expected to concern Y plot event, etc.  It is otherwise unverifiable.  Geogre 13:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Conditionally delete: Place the content in the Earth 2150 article, and leave Earth 2160 only as a redirect to there. When the day comes that the program is released, Geogre's advice makes sense.
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a fortune teller. Also, many software projects get delayed or cancelled, so, unlike, say, regularly scheduled elections, they are not predictable enuf to have 'coming soon' articles. Niteowlneils 18:51, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete until it's released. Wikipedia is not a "coming attractions" notification service. Katefan0 20:07, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete And help formulate and express support for a no "futures" policy to apply to books, games, films, and software. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:23, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete until it is released. Brief mention in another article is sufficient for now.  Rossami (talk) 22:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 08:56, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This game can't possibly be notable until it has at least been released. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 13:38, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.ditto Fledgeling 05:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We already have entries for it's predecessors. We had Halo2 before it was released. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:38, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - unverifiable, speculative. Cdc 06:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete computer games that aren't even released yet are not worthy of an entry in an encyclopaedia (nor a most which have been released). --Bucephalus 21:36, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Earth 2150. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:36, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Mukti-yogyas

In Dvaita theology,  Mukti-yogyas are a class of souls classified by Shri Madhvacharya as eligible for mukti or moksha. Madhva divides souls into three classes: one class of souls which qualifies for liberation (Mukti-yogyas), another as subject to eternal rebirth or eternal transmigration (Nitya-samsarins), and a third class that is eventually condemned to eternal hell Andhatamisra (Tamo-yogyas).

Mukti-yogyas are Jivas or souls who are receptive to spiritual values, and through repeated embodiments, they evolve into better people, and finally through concentrated spiritual discipline and God's grace attain salvation.

title: Mukti-yogyas


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USS De Haven

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS De Haven, in honor of Edwin J. De Haven, an American naval officer and explorer.

 * USS De Haven (DD-469), was a Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1942 and sunk in 1943.
 * USS De Haven (DD-727), was a Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer, launched in 1944 and struck in 1973, when she was transferred to South Korea and renamed Incheon. She was stricken and scrapped in 1993.

title: USS De Haven


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Atlee

Atlee or Attlee may refer to:
 * Clement Attlee, UK Prime Minister (1945 to 1951)
 * Atlee (name) or Attlee, a given name and surname
 * Atlee (director), Indian film director
 * Earl Attlee, a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom
 * Atlee (comics), a DC Comics character
 * Attlee Glacier, Antarctica
 * Atlee, Alberta, Canada, a locality
 * Atlee, Virginia, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Atlee High School

title: Atlee


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Pascal Boyer

Pascal Robert Boyer is an Franco-American cognitive anthropologist and evolutionary psychologist, mostly known for his work in the cognitive science of religion. He studied at université Paris-Nanterre, and taught at the University of Cambridge for eight years, before taking up the position of Henry Luce Professor of Individual and Collective Memory at Washington University in St. Louis, where he teaches classes on evolutionary psychology and anthropology. He was a Guggenheim Fellow and a visiting professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of Lyon, France. He studied philosophy and anthropology at University of Paris and Cambridge, with Jack Goody, working on memory constraints on the transmission of oral literature. Boyer is a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Work
Pascal Boyer, an anthropologist of French origin, studies how human biases and cognitive faculties have resulted in or encouraged cultural phenomena. He advocates the idea that human evolution resulted in specialized capacities that guide our social relations, culture, and predilections toward religious beliefs. Boyer and others propose that these cognitive mechanisms make the acquisition of “religious” themes, like concepts of spirits, ghosts, ancestors or gods, highly transmissible within a community.

Boyer has conducted long-term ethnographic fieldwork in Cameroon, where he studied the transmission of Fang oral epics and its traditional religion. Most of his later work consists of an experimental study of cognitive capacities underlying cultural transmission. He also conducted studies on supernatural concepts and their retention in memory and a general description of cognitive processes involved in the transmission of religious concepts. More recently, he has written on the concept of Folk economics, which proposes that evolved cognitive biases play an important role in how laypeople view the economy.

Religion Explained
Of Boyer's books, Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought is the best known. Boyer introduced cognitive anthropology, which provided a new understanding of religion. Religion for Boyer consists of cultural representations, that is, ideas that appear in roughly similar forms in the minds of different individuals in a group. To explain how religion emerges and is transmitted, we must explain how these ideas are acquired, stored and transmitted better than other possible ideas. Findings from cognitive and developmental psychology suggest that some combinations of ideas are particularly easy to acquire and remember. Among these, we find many standard themes of supernatural and religious imagination, such as the notion of an agent with counter-intuitive physics and standard psychology, e.g. ghosts and gods that are not material but have the same mental capacities as humans. According to Boyer, there are only a few such combinations of intuitive and counter-intuitive material that are optimal for acquisition and memory - and these happen to be the most frequent ones in the world's religions.

In this cognitive paradigm belief in supernatural agents is natural and part of human cognition. However, religion is not "special". That is, there are no specific mental systems that create religious ideas. Rather, these ideas are an expected by-product of mental systems that evolved for other reasons, not for religion. For instance, we easily entertain the notion of a "god" or "ghost" because of our intuitive psychology, what psychologists sometimes call "Theory of Mind".

Justin L. Barrett has argued that Boyer’s book, The Naturalness of Religious Ideas: A Cognitive Theory of Religion is an attempt to reform traditional models and allow understanding religion in terms of cognitive science. Boyer dismantles many traditional assumptions of cultural studies. However, Barrett claims, Boyer lacks clarity – mostly due to the shift in anthropological to psychological jargon.

Minds Make Societies
In this book, Boyer explains the relevance of evolutionary psychology and cultural evolution to understanding human societies, from the small-scale communities in which humans evolved to modern mass-societies. The blurb states that the book "integrates insights from evolutionary biology, genetics, psychology, economics, and more to explore the development and workings of human societies".

In Boyer's view, this new integrated social science can provide new answers, based on scientific evidence, to important questions about society. Each of the six chapters in the book focuses on one of these questions: (1) Why do humans favor their own group?, (2) Why do people communicate so much wrong information (rumors, superstition, etc.)?, (3) Why are there religions?, (4) What is the natural family?, (5) How can societies be just? and (6) Can human minds understand human societies?

One running theme in the book is that social sciences can progress if they abandon "chimerical" notions like "nature" and "culture", that do not correspond to anything in the world, and rather consider how the particular history of natural selection in the human line resulted in specific preferences and capacities. Social scientists should also abandon classical assumptions that name problems instead of solving them, like the idea that power is similar to a force, or that social norms exist outside the heads of human beings.

Boyer recommends the kind of "consilient" social science outlined by E. O. Wilson, and he argues that we already have the elements of such a social science, as illustrated in his book.

Books

 * Cognitive Aspects Of Religious Symbolism. Edited by Pascal Boyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992.
 * Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought (2001) Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00696-5.
 * Translated into Greek as Και ο Άνθρωπος Έπλασε τους Θεούς, by Dimitris Xygalatas and Nikolas Roubekas (ISBN 9789602882252).
 * Translated into Polish as “I człowiek stworzył bogów… Jak powstała religia?” (ISBN 8373379851).
 * Translated into Russian as "Объясняя религию. Природа религиозного мышления" (ISBN 9785916716320)
 * Memory in Mind and Culture. Edited by Pascal Boyer and James V. Wertsch. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2009.
 * The Fracture of an Illusion: Science and the Dissolution of Religion. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht August 23, 2010.
 * Minds Make Societies, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018 (ISBN 9780300223453).
 * The Fracture of an Illusion: Science and the Dissolution of Religion. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht August 23, 2010.
 * Minds Make Societies, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018 (ISBN 9780300223453).

title: Pascal Boyer


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Naucratis

Naucratis or Naukratis (Ancient Greek:, "Naval Command"; Egyptian: njwt-kꜣrṯ, nskꜣrṯ, pr-mryt, Coptic: Piemro) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean sea and the city of Alexandria. Naucratis was the first and, for much of its early history, the only permanent Greek settlement in Egypt, serving as a symbiotic nexus for the interchange of Greek and Egyptian art and culture.

The modern villages of Kom Gi'eif, el-Nibeira and el-Niqrash cover the archaeological site, which is of great importance. It is the source of numerous art objects in many of the world's museums, as well as pottery inscribed with some of the earliest known examples of Greek writing.

The sister port of Naucratis was the harbour town of Heracleion, which was discovered in 2000.

Background
Archaeological evidence suggests that the history of the ancient Greeks in Egypt dates back at least to Mycenaean times (1600–1100 BC) and more likely even further back into the proto-Greek Minoan age. This history is strictly one of commerce as no permanent Greek settlements have been found of these cultures to date.

After the collapse of Mycenaean Greek civilization and the ensuing Greek dark ages (c. 1100–750 BC), a "renaissance" of Greek culture flourished in the 7th century BC—with it came renewed contact with the East and its two great river civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Nile.

The first report of Greeks in 7th century BC Egypt is a story in the Histories of Herodotus of Ionian and Carian pirates forced by storm to land on or near the Nile Delta. It relates the plight of the Saite Pharaoh Psammetichus I (Psamtik) (c. 664–610) of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt overthrown and in desperation seeking the advice of the Oracle of Leto at Buto, who cryptically advises him to enlist the aid of the "bronze men" who would "come from the sea." Inspired upon seeing the bronze armor of the shipwrecked pirates, he offers them rewards in return for their aid in his campaign of return to power. Upon the success of this endeavor, he makes good on his word and bestows on the mercenaries two parcels of land (or "camps," στρατόπεδα) on either side of the Pelusian branch of the Nile.

At present these sites remain uncertain but this may be a reference to the city of Daphnae.

History
Naukratis was the site of an Egyptian town before the Greeks arrived, later becoming established as a military settlement occupied by mercenaries. Naukratis was located on the Canopic branch of the Nile in the western Delta some 16 km from Sais. The Canopic tributary was one of the major waterways linking the Nile valley with the Mediterranean, and the most accessible of the Nile's tributaries during the Saite Period. The early settlement then developed into a busy trading port. They exchanged goods with the Greeks and with other Mediterranean states. Greeks traders settled in Naukratis and a large Greek community began to develop.

Ancient sources
In 570 BC, the Pharaoh Apries (Wahibre, reigned 589–570 BC) led the descendants of his mercenary army made up of 30,000 Carians and Ionians against a former general turned rebel by the name of Amasis. Although fighting valiantly, the mercenaries suffered defeat and Amasis II became Pharaoh (reigning 570–526 BC). Amasis shut down the "camps" and moved the Greek soldiers to Memphis where they were employed "to guard him against the native Egyptians."

Herodotus stated that "Amasis was partial to the Greeks, and among other favors which he granted them, gave to such as liked to settle in Egypt the city of Naucratis for their residence." Notice that he says "gave the city (πόλῐν)," which seems to indicate the existence (now borne out by archaeological evidence) of a "city" already there. This older city, settlement more likely, was no doubt small and inhabited by a mix of native Egyptians, Greeks and possibly even Phoenicians. Thus it seems the city was turned over to the Greeks, "chartered," in the years immediately following 570 BC. The earlier date of c. 625 BC put forward by archaeologists may be the actual establishment of a settlement at the site.

Amasis indeed converted Naucratis into a major treaty-port and commercial link with the west. This was done most likely as a means to contain the Greeks and concentrate their activities in one place under his control. It became not the colony of any particular city-state but an emporion (trading post) similar to Al Mina, the largest market port of north Syria. According to Herodotus the walled shrine known as the Hellenion was a co-operative enterprise financed by nine eastern Greek cities:
 * Four Ionian: Chios, Klazomenai, Teos and Phocaea
 * Four Dorian: Rhodes, Halicarnassus, Knidos and Phaselis
 * One Aeolian: Mytilene
 * Miletus, Samos and Aegina had their own separate sanctuaries. Thus the natives of at least twelve Greek city-states worked in a collaboration that was not only rare but proved to be lasting.

Naucratis later became an important center of Greek culture under the Roman Empire, producing several celebrated orators of the Second Sophistic in the second and early third centuries AD. The third century writer Athenaeus came from Naucratis. In the Deipnosophistae, he writes that in Naucratis the people dine in the Prytaneion on the natal day of the Hestia Prytanitis (Ἑστίας Πρυτανίτιδος).

Archaeology
The site was discovered by Flinders Petrie who dug there in 1884–1885. He was followed by Ernest Arthur Gardner and finally David George Hogarth, in 1899 and 1903. Hogarth was assisted in the 1903 dig by Campbell Cowan Edgar.

The archaeological focus fell into two areas of northern and southern quarters. Found farthest south was a large Egyptian storehouse or treasury (A on sketch at right—originally identified by Petrie as the "great temenos") and just north of that a Greek mud-brick Temple of Aphrodite roughly 14 m × 8 m (curiously not mentioned in Herodotus' list.) Directly east of this temple was unearthed a small factory for faience scarab seals.

In the northern section were found several temple ruins (E: Temple of Hera, F: Temple of Apollo & G: Temple of Dioscuri) including what may be Herodotus' Hellenion discovered by Hogarth in 1899 (directly east of F). "None of the votive pottery found here need have arrived earlier than the reign of Amasis, so it may well be that the Hellenion was founded as the result of his reorganization of the status of Naucratis, while the independent sanctuaries ... are of the earlier years of the town."

More recently American archaeologists W. Coulson and A. Leonard founded "The Naucratis Project" in 1977 carrying out surveys in 1977–1978 and further surveys and excavations to the south of the site from 1980–1982 (under the auspices of the American Research Center in Egypt). Unfortunately they found the original northern sanctuary section submerged under a lake formed by the risen water table and roughly 15 m deep. This part of the site remains under water today, making further work there difficult if not impossible. Their assessment of the approach taken and methods used by their predecessors was less than complimentary. "Unfortunately, much of the emphasis of the early excavators was placed on these religious structures at the expense of the commercial and domestic quarters. Consequently our knowledge of the mercantile character of ancient Naukratis—the very facet of its early history that made it so exceptional—has suffered greatly. Furthermore, the later historical sequences, such as the Hellenistic and Roman periods, were almost totally neglected." Also discouraging to them was the destruction wrought by the local populace on the site. "Already in Petrie's day about a third of the half-mile by quarter-mile site of Naukratis had been dug away by the local farmers for use as high-phosphate fertilizer (sebakh) in their fields.... In the intervening 100 years or so, the sebakhin have totally destroyed this eastern portion of the site." The barrier of the high water table made it impossible for them to find anything older than the Ptolemaic era. They agreed with Hogarth that the "great temenos" of Petrie was actually an Egyptian building and that indeed the entire south section of the town appeared to be non-Greek. Overall most of the finds were vases (some whole, most fragmentary) used as votives in the temples, but also perfume flasks (several in the form of a hedgehog) and stone statuettes and scarab seals. These are scattered to museums and collections around the world, the earlier material largely brought to Britain (mostly in the British Museum) and the latter to the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria.

Impact
The Egyptians supplied the Greeks with mostly grain but also linen and papyrus while the Greeks bartered mostly silver but also timber, olive oil and wine. Naukratis, and the associated Greek "forts" in the general delta area, as demonstrated by accounts given above, became a ready source of mercenary fighting men for the Saite pharaohs, men with superior hoplite armor and tactics, also possessing invaluable naval expertise.

Naucratis soon became a profound source of inspiration to the Greeks by re-exposing them to the wonders of Egyptian architecture and sculpture lost to them since the Bronze Age. Egyptian artifacts soon began their flow along the Greek trade routes finding their way into the homes and workshops of the Ionian Greek world and, via Aegina, the city-states of mainland Greece. Although Greek art and ideas in turn came back the other way their absorption into a largely xenophobic Egyptian culture was strictly minimal.

Although Herodotus claimed that geometry (γεωμετρία) was first known in Egypt and then passed into Greece, it is now generally accepted by scholars that what the Greeks learned were more like "surveying techniques" and hardly deserve the designation "geometry" in the sense of a purely intellectual mathematical practice. Indeed, Greeks like Thales were already accomplished geometricians before their travel to Egypt and very likely Herodotus assumed that because the Egyptian γεωμετρία was older, the Greeks must have got it from there.

In terms of our modern understanding of the Greeks, and in particular the early use of their nascent Greek alphabet, the finds of Naucratis have turned out to be foundational. "The inscriptions on the pottery have yielded what Mr. Ernest Gardner considers—apparently on firm grounds—to be the oldest Ionic inscriptions, as well as some in the Korinthian, Melian, and Lesbian alphabets." Of particular interest are the several examples of an evolutionary variation from the original Phoenician alphabetic script. Much has also been learned by comparing these alphabets with the forms they assumed a century later, forms that were destined to become universal across the Hellenic world.

Naucratis was not only the first Greek settlement in Egypt but also Egypt's most important harbor in antiquity until the rise of Alexandria and the shifting of the Nile led to its decline. Nevertheless, the ancient city of Heracleion/Thonis also rivalled Naucratis as an important port city of Egypt, especially from the 6th to the 4th century BC.

title: Naucratis


text:
Tricia Helfer

Tricia Janine Helfer (born April 11, 1974) is a Canadian and American actress. She is known for portraying Number Six in the science fiction series Battlestar Galactica (2004–2009). She also voiced Sarah Kerrigan in the video game StarCraft II and its expansion packs (2010–2015), and portrayed Charlotte Richards/Goddess in the urban fantasy series Lucifer (2016–2021).

Early life
Helfer was born in rural Donalda, Alberta, Canada, to Dennis and Elaine Helfer.

She studied at William E. Hay Composite High School in Stettler, Alberta. She lived and worked on the family's grain farm with her three sisters: Trena, Tammy, and Tara.

Helfer was discovered at age 17 by a modeling agency scout while standing in line at a movie theatre.

Modelling
In 1992, she won Ford Models' Supermodel of the World contest. Helfer retired from fashion modelling in 2002 and claimed all her shoots since then are related to projects or product endorsements. She has appeared in ad campaigns for Ralph Lauren, Versace, Chanel, and Giorgio Armani.

Helfer has walked for top fashion shows, such as Carolina Herrera, Christian Dior, Claude Montana, Givenchy, John Galliano, and Dolce & Gabbana. Helfer has appeared on the covers of Flare, Amica, ELLE, Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, and Vogue, among others. She also regularly appeared in photo shoots by Maxim magazine, was the magazine's wall calendar girl for 2005, and was ranked #57 on the Maxim's Hot 100 Women of 2007. Helfer was also featured as the cover model for the February 2007 issue of Playboy.

Acting

Helfer relocated to Los Angeles in 2002 to pursue a full-time acting career. Her first acting assignment was a co-starring role as Sarah on the television series Jeremiah. She later played a model named Ashleigh James on the May 16, 2002 episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation ("The Hunger Artist"). In 2002, she played Eva in the independent film White Rush.

In 2003, she played Number Six on Battlestar Galactica. In 2004, she portrayed Farrah Fawcett in the telefilm Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels. Concurrent with her role in Battlestar Galactica, Helfer began producing and hosting Canada's Next Top Model on May 31, 2006. She appeared in Spiral and The Green Chain later the same year.

In October 2006, it was announced that Helfer would not return to host the second season of Canada's Next Top Model so she could concentrate on Battlestar Galactica. Helfer also played a major role in Electronic Arts' video game Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars, as the high-level Nod general Kilian Qatar, along with her Battlestar Galactica co-star, actress Grace Park. She also starred in the episode "Roadkill" on the second season of Supernatural.

Helfer had a recurring role on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men. She played Gail, best friend of Charlie's (Charlie Sheen) fiancée Chelsea (Jennifer Taylor). When Chelsea finds out that her friend is recovering from a breakup, she says she should do so at Charlie's house. Shortly after Chelsea and Charlie begin a trial separation, Gail begins a sexual relationship with Charlie.

Battlestar Galactica
In 2003, the television series Battlestar Galactica was used as the basis for a three-hour miniseries on the Sci Fi channel. The project was written and produced by Ronald D. Moore and directed by Michael Rymer. Helfer played the role of Number Six, a humanoid Cylon operative. She continued that role as a regular cast member in the TV series, which completed its fourth and final season on March 20, 2009. Due to the special nature of the Number Six character – there are many "copies" of Number Six with distinct personalities – Helfer has, in effect, played numerous roles on the series. In 2009, she reprised her role as Number Six in Battlestar Galactica: The Plan – a television movie that tells the story of the series from the Cylons' point of view. In 2012, she voiced a prototype Cylon in the prequel Battlestar Galactica: Blood & Chrome.

Awards:
 * Leo Awards, Best Lead Performance By A Female in a Dramatic Series, Tricia Helfer ("Pegasus")

Nominations:
 * Scream Awards, Breakout Performance, Tricia Helfer as Number Six
 * Scream Awards, Best Television Actress, Tricia Helfer

2008–2015
In August 2008, Helfer appeared on the stage of NVISION 08, an event sponsored by NVIDIA, where she discussed her role in Battlestar Galactica as well as the use of computer graphics on the show. Helfer appeared in an episode of the NBC series Chuck, and as Michael Westen's nemesis in the USA Network series Burn Notice as "Carla Baxter". She appears as herself in Old 97's music video for their song, "Dance with Me".

She guest starred in "Resonance", the second episode of Warehouse 13 as FBI Agent Bonnie Belski on Syfy. She made a guest appearance in the pilot episode of Fox's 2009 mid-season series Human Target. She has played several prominent video game roles in recent years; including Kilian Quatar in Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars, Veronica Dare in Halo 3: ODST and EDI, the artificial intelligence aboard the Normandy SR-2 in Mass Effect 2 and Mass Effect 3. She voices Sarah Kerrigan in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty and the expansion sets Heart of the Swarm and Legacy of the Void. Helfer voices Black Cat in The Spectacular Spider-Man and reprised her role in Spider-Man: Web of Shadows.

Helfer joined the cast of Jerry Bruckheimer's TNT drama, Dark Blue, as FBI Special Agent Alex Rice. The show was cancelled in November 2010 because of low ratings. In October 2010, she made a guest appearance on Lie to Me.

In 2011, she starred in The Black Keys' music video for "Howlin' for You". She made guest appearances in No Ordinary Family (2011), and Franklin & Bash (2011). In 2011, Helfer starred as Morgana, a necromancer, in the TV series pilot 17th Precinct from Ron Moore with Galactica ' s co-stars James Callis and Jamie Bamber. In October 2011, she got the lead role in the TV pilot Scent of the Missing as Susannah, a K-9 Search and Rescue Volunteer. In November 2011, she appeared in the Hallmark TV movie Mistletoe Over Manhattan. For 2012, she signed for the recurring role of Alex Clark in the new NBC TV Series The Firm. On May 16, 2012, she appeared in season seven of the CBS series Criminal Minds, in which she led a team of bank-robbing serial killers. She guest starred in the second season of the Jane Espenson web series, Husbands.

In 2014, she played Molly Parker on ABC's Killer Women, a remake of the Argentinian drama Mujeres Asesinas, with producer Sofia Vergara. Also in 2014, she played Viondra Denniger, the steward and captain's wife of the titular starship in the miniseries Ascension on its long journey carrying people to populate a new world. Helfer voiced Sonya Blade in the fighting game, Mortal Kombat X, which was released in April 2015.

In 2015, she appeared in the series finale of Falling Skies as the Espheni Queen, the leader of the alien race that had invaded Earth and devastated humanity. She also played Louise, a woman attending a doll convention, in the web series Con Man.

2016–present
In 2016, Helfer was added to the main cast for the second season of the Fox series Lucifer, playing the vessel of the titular character's real mother and “Goddess of all creation”. She served as the primary antagonist of Season 2, and a minor character in Season 5.

In 2015–16, she played a recurring role as Evan Smith, a corporate attorney in the USA network series Suits.

In 2019, she was added to the main cast for the fourth season of the SyFy series Van Helsing, playing Dracula, the Dark One, who is the ruler of the vampire species.

Personal life
In 2003, Helfer married Jonathan Marshall, a lawyer whom she met at a mutual friend's birthday party. They separated in May 2017 and Helfer filed for divorce in January 2018, citing irreconcilable differences. The divorce was settled in 2019.

In 2011, Helfer became an American citizen.

She has four artificial discs in her back: two in her neck, resulting from an incident in which a piece of luggage was dropped on her head while she was sitting on an airplane, and two in her lower back from mishaps while doing her own stunts.

She co-founded the charity web site "Acting Outlaws" with former Battlestar Galactica co-star Katee Sackhoff; the web site collects donations for several causes and charity events. She is also involved in various causes, from animal rescue to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In 2014, she appeared in a PETA video campaign, encouraging cat owners to keep their cats indoors.

Helfer is a vegetarian.

title: Tricia Helfer


text:
List of peers 1060–1069

This article lists all non-royal peers who carried extant titles between the years 1060 and 1069.

Peerage of England

 * Earl of Hereford (1067)||William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford||1067||1072||New creation
 * Earl of Kent (1067)||Odo, Earl of Kent||1067||1088||New creation
 * Earl of Cornwall (1068)||Robert, Count of Mortain||1068||1095||New creation
 * Earl of Cornwall (1068)||Robert, Count of Mortain||1068||1095||New creation
 * Earl of Cornwall (1068)||Robert, Count of Mortain||1068||1095||New creation

title: List of peers 1060–1069


text:
Eriocoma hymenoides

Eriocoma hymenoides (common names: Indian ricegrass and sand rice grass) is a cool-season, perennial bunchgrass. It is native to western North America.

Description
In the wild, Eriocoma hymenoides typically grows 10 to 61 cm tall and 20 to 30 cm wide. It has narrow, rolled leaf blades.

Distribution and habitat
Eriocoma hymenoides is native to western North America east of the Cascades from British Columbia and Alberta south to southern California, northeastern Mexico, and Texas.

It grows in a variety of habitats from desert scrub to ponderosa pine forests. It can live in sandy to clayey textured soils. It can stabilize shifting sand.

Cultivation
Indian ricegrass is an important food for wild grazers such as bison, bighorn sheep, elk, mule deer, pronghorns, and jackrabbits. For some of these species, it is especially vital in late winter, as it produces green shoots earlier than other grasses. The seeds are heavily consumed by many rodents and birds. Seed caching rodents may enhance seedling survival and long-term survival of the plant.

Indian ricegrass is preferentially consumed by cattle and is an early casualty of overgrazing. It has been eliminated from many sites throughout its range.

Uses
In the past, the grass was a staple food of Native Americans, especially when the maize crop failed, and for non-agricultural tribes. Seed of the ricegrass was gathered and ground into meal or flour and made into bread. Since 2000, the ricegrass has been cultivated in Montana and marketed under the trade name Montina as a gluten-free grain. The Zuni people used the ground seeds as a staple before the availability of corn.

In culture
It was officially recognized as the Nevada state grass in 1977, and as the Utah state grass in 1990.

title: Eriocoma hymenoides


text: Category:Lists of peers by decade

title: Category:Lists of peers by decade


text:
Nitya-samsarins

Nitya-samsarins (नित्यसंसारिन्) or nitya-samsaris is a concept in Hindu philosophy, referring to an individual who believes that their self is eternally bound in the cycle of rebirth called samsara. The existence of nitya-samsari is used to offer credibility to the concept of the periodical creation and the dissolution of the universe.

Dvaita
The philosopher Madhva divides souls into three classes: one class of souls that qualifies for moksha (mukti-yogyas), another as subject to samsara (nitya-samsaris), and a third class that is eventually condemned to the hell named Andhatamisra (tamo-yogyas).

Vishishtadvaita
In the philosophy of Vishishtadvaita, a nitya-samsari is an individual who is described to be bound to their karma at all times.

title: Nitya-samsarins


text:
List of U.S. state grasses

The following is a list of official U.S. state grasses.

title: List of U.S. state grasses


text: Category:Polish regional societies

title: Category:Polish regional societies


text:
University of Maine at Farmington

The University of Maine at Farmington (UMaine Farmington or UMF) is a public liberal arts college in Farmington, Maine. It is part of the University of Maine System and a founding member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges.

History
In March 1863, a Normal School Act passed into law, and that fall, Farmington was chosen from a list of possible locations for a normal school. Founded in 1864 as the state's first publicly funded normal school, the first class graduated from the Western State Normal School in 1866. Over the following hundred years, the school's name would change several more times: Northern State Normal School (1878), Farmington State Normal School (1889), Farmington State Teachers College (1945), and Farmington State College (1965).

Farmington State College was finally merged into the University of Maine System in 1968, initially known as the Farmington State College of the University of Maine, before taking on its current name in 1971.

Many early graduates attended the school for its liberal arts offerings alone. Among these were the Stanley brothers, famous for building the Stanley Steamer automobile, and John Frank Stevens, engineer of the Panama Canal. Comedian Bob Marley graduated with a degree in community health.

Interest in the liberal arts continued unabated, and the college offered its first degree programs in the liberal arts in 1971. By the 1974–75 school year, nearly 300 students were enrolled in liberal arts majors.

In early 2016, the University of Maine at Farmington Education Center was named in honor of its longtime President Theodora J. Kalikow, who served from 1994 to 2012. Now named the Theodora J. Kalikow Education Center, the LEED-Silver certified building is home to the UMF College of Education, Health and Rehabilitation. The 44,500 square foot building features a geothermal heating and cooling system as well as recycled and sustainable construction materials.

Athletics
The UMaine Farmington Beavers compete in the NCAA Division III North Atlantic Conference. The school's official colors are maroon and white.

UMaine Farmington has 12 NCAA varsity teams, including men's teams in baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer; and women's teams in basketball, cross country, field hockey, soccer, softball, and lacrosse. Athletics sponsors varsity men's and women's programs in alpine and Nordic skiing and snowboarding that compete through the United States Collegiate Ski & Snowboard Association (USCSA). There are also club teams in cheerleading, ice hockey, men's rugby, women's rugby, and men's and women's ultimate disc sport. Recent NAC champions include men's cross country (2003–2005), women's basketball (2004, 2006, 2007), women's cross country (2004–2005), women's field hockey (2003–2004, 2006, 2007), women's soccer (2003), women's softball (2005) and men's basketball (2010). Recent NCAA tournament appearances include women's basketball (2006), women's field hockey (2004, 2006, 2007), women's soccer (2003) and women's softball (2005). In 2010 the men's basketball team advanced to the second round of the NCAA Division III National Tournament.

In addition to the outdoor athletic fields and Dearborn Gymnasium, UMF has a Fitness and Recreation Center that houses a cardio fitness area with machines, a weight room, four multipurpose courts, a 1/8-mile walking/jogging track, and a 25-yard swimming pool for the use of UMF students and members of the area community.

Notable alumni

 * Sharon H. Abrams, executive director, Maine Children's Home for Little Wanderers
 * Steve Clifford, professional basketball head coach
 * Lance Harvell, state legislator
 * Otis Wells Johnson, Wisconsin state legislator
 * H. Scott Landry (born 1948 or 1949), Maine state legislator
 * Sam Leal, head men's basketball coach at Wartburg College
 * Bob Marley, comedian
 * David Miramant, Maine state legislator
 * Francis Edgar Stanley, inventor of the Stanley Steamer
 * Freelan Oscar Stanley, inventor of the Stanley Steamer and builder of the Stanley Hotel
 * John Frank Stevens, designer of the Panama Canal
 * Charlotte Warren, Maine state legislator and former mayor of Hallowell, Maine
 * Alexander Willette, Maine state legislator
 * Chandler Woodcock, politician

title: University of Maine at Farmington


text:
Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Puffy

Pa Pa Pa Pa Puffy (also known as Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa Puffy, パパパパパフィー) was a variety TV show which aired in Japan (TV Asahi) from 1 October 1997 to 27 March 2002, and re-aired as a PUFFY 10th anniversary broadcast for a short time in 2006. It was hosted by Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. Rodney Alan Greenblat was responsible for most of the visual design of the show.

Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Puffy featured guests such as Lenny Kravitz, Sylvester Stallone, Harrison Ford, Aerosmith, and rock band Garbage.

Main cast
The Puppets
 * Ami Onuki
 * Yumi Yoshimura
 * Muffy, a yellow squirrel who narrates some segments of the show.
 * Little Lemon, a lemon like puppet creature with a high-pitched voice.
 * Very Shy Mouse, a gray shy mouse that does not say much.
 * Captain Catfish, a catfish who speaks in a very gruff voice.
 * Cosmo, a parrot who is little known about.

Semi-Regulars
Men Women
 * Yo Oizumi
 * Pierre Taki
 * Nanase Aikawa
 * Miho Kanno
 * Tomoe Shinohara

title: Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Puffy


text:
Tamo-yogyas

In Dvaita philosophy, Tamo-yogyas are a group of souls, classified by Madhvacharya, which consists of the souls who are damnable. Madhvacharya divides souls into three classes: one class of souls which qualifies for moksha, or liberation (Mukti-yogyas); another as subject to samsara, eternal rebirth or transmigration (Nitya-samsarins); and a third class that is eventually condemned to eternal hellish life in Andhatamisra (Tamo-yogyas).

According to Madhvacharya, Naraka (hell) is temporary for sinners like thieves and drunkards, but not for those who express eternal hatred against God, the Dvaita gurus or the Vedas. Therefore, the eternally damned would consist of the most evil, sadomasochistic living entities, including the demon Kali, who although he carries out the orders of God also enjoys being punished, and who is said to be the most wicked being. They would sink down into Andhatamisra, which would remain independently during every kalpa. Some Dvaitins regard this as an expression of universal kindness, because it would fit in with their nature, comparing it to the neem tree, which prefers bitter minerals for its growth.

title: Tamo-yogyas


text:
Mode of limited transposition

Modes of limited transposition are musical modes or scales that fulfill specific criteria relating to their symmetry and the repetition of their interval groups. These scales may be transposed to all twelve notes of the chromatic scale, but at least two of these transpositions must result in the same pitch classes, thus their transpositions are "limited". They were compiled by the French composer Olivier Messiaen, and published in his book La technique de mon langage musical ("The Technique of my Musical Language").

Technical criteria
"Based on our present chromatic system, a tempered system of 12 sounds, these modes are formed of several symmetrical groups, the last note of each group always being common with the first of the following group. At the end of a certain number of chromatic transpositions which varies with each mode, they are no longer transposable, giving exactly the same notes as the first."

There are two complementary ways to view the modes: considering their possible transpositions, and considering the different modes contained within them.

Definition by chromatic transposition
Transposing the diatonic major scale up in semitones results in a different set of notes being used each time. For example, C major consists of C, D, E, F, G, A, B, and the scale a semitone higher (D♭ major) consists of D♭, E♭, F, G♭, A♭, B♭, C. By transposing D♭ major up another semitone, another new set of notes (D major) is produced, and so on, giving 12 different diatonic scales in total. When transposing a mode of limited transposition this is not the case. For example, the mode of limited transposition that Messiaen labelled "Mode 1", which is the whole tone scale, contains the notes C, D, E, F♯, G♯, A♯; transposing this mode up a semitone produces C♯, D♯, F, G, A, B. Transposing this up another semitone produces D, E, F♯, G♯, A♯, C, which is the same set of notes as the original scale. Since transposing the mode up a whole tone produces the same set of notes, mode 1 has only 2 transpositions.

Any scale having 12 different transpositions is not a mode of limited transposition.

Definition by shifting modal degrees
Consider the intervals of the major scale: tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone. Starting the scale on a different degree will always create a new mode with individual interval layouts—for example starting on the second degree of a major scale gives the "Dorian mode"—tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone, tone. This is not so of the modes of limited transposition, which can be modally shifted only a limited number of times. For example, mode 1, the whole tone scale, contains the intervals tone, tone, tone, tone, tone, tone. Starting on any degree of the mode gives the same sequence of intervals, and therefore the whole tone scale has only 1 mode. Messiaen's mode 2, or the diminished scale, consists of semitone, tone, semitone, tone, semitone, tone, semitone, tone, which can only be arranged 2 ways, starting with either a tone or a semitone. Therefore, mode 2 has two modes.

Any scale having the same number of modes as notes is not a mode of limited transposition.

Messiaen's list
Messiaen's first mode, also called the whole-tone scale, is divided into six groups of two notes each. The intervals it contains are tone, tone, tone, tone, tone, tone – it has two transpositions and one mode.

The second mode, also called the octatonic, diminished, whole-half, or half-whole scale, is divided into four groups of three notes each. It contains the intervals semitone, tone, semitone, tone, semitone, tone, semitone, tone – it has three transpositions, like the diminished 7th chord, and two modes:

The third mode is divided into three groups of four notes each. It contains the intervals tone, semitone, semitone, tone, semitone, semitone, tone, semitone, semitone – it has four transpositions, like the augmented triad, and three modes.

The fourth mode contains the intervals semitone, semitone, minor third, semitone, semitone, semitone, minor third, semitone – it has six transpositions, like the tritone, and four modes.

The fifth mode contains the intervals semitone, major third, semitone, semitone, major third, semitone – it has six transpositions, like the tritone, and three modes.

The sixth mode has the intervals tone, tone, semitone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, semitone – it has six transpositions, like the tritone, and four modes.

The seventh mode contains the intervals semitone, semitone, semitone, tone, semitone, semitone, semitone, semitone, tone, semitone – it has six transpositions, like the tritone, and five modes.

Are there others?
Messiaen wrote, "Their series is closed, it is mathematically impossible to find others, at least in our tempered system of 12 semitones." More modes can be found that fit the criteria, but they are truncations of the original seven modes. Indeed, all these modes can be regrouped mathematically speaking in a lattice (wherein one set of notes is connected with those containing it). If one excludes modes with 0, 1, 11 or 12 notes which can be construed as too extreme, there are 15 generalized Messiaen modes which are represented on clock diagrams. Some of the ones omitted by Messiaen are arguably of musical importance, like the hexatonic collection 0 1 4 5 8 9. The augmented scale: 0 3 4 7 8 11 (Root, minor 3rd, major 3rd, 5th, augmented 5th, major 7th, or minor 3rd, semitone, minor 3rd, semitone, minor 3rd, semitone) may appear to be an inexplicable omission on Messiaen's part. It is a symmetrical scale used frequently by modern jazz improvisers. However closer inspection reveals it to be a truncated version of his Third Mode.

Truncation
Truncation involves the removal of notes from one of the modes to leave a new truncated mode. Both the notes removed and the notes remaining must preserve the symmetry of the parent mode, and must therefore fulfill the conditions for limited transposition. For example, consider mode 1.

 * C D E F♯ G♯ A♯

Removing alternate notes creates a new truncated mode of limited transposition.

 * C E G♯

Removing two notes for every one kept creates a new truncated mode of limited transposition.

 * C F♯

Keeping two notes for every one removed creates another truncated mode of limited transposition.

 * C E F♯ A♯

Only Messiaen's mode 7 and mode 3 are not truncated modes: the other modes may be constructed from them or from one or more of their modes. Mode 7 contains modes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. Mode 6 contains modes 1 and 5. Mode 4 contains mode 5. Mode 3 contains mode 1.

Pure intervallic truncations

 * Tritones, truncation of modes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7: augmented fourth, augmented fourth – 1 mode and 6 transpositions
 * Major thirds, truncation of modes 1, 3, 6 and 7: major third, major third, major third – 1 mode and 4 transpositions. See Augmented triad
 * Minor thirds, truncation of modes 2, 4, 6 and 7: minor third, minor third, minor third, minor third – 1 mode and 3 transpositions. See Diminished seventh chord
 * Whole tones (mode 1), truncation of modes 3, 6 and 7: tone, tone, tone, tone, tone, tone – 1 mode and 2 transpositions

Other truncations

 * Truncation of modes 2, 4, 6 and 7: semitone, tone, minor third, semitone, tone, minor third – 3 modes, 6 transpositions. (Modes are "mirror" inversions of Petrushka Chord modes.)
 * Truncation of modes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7: major third, tone, major third, tone – 2 modes, 6 transpositions. See French Sixth and Dominant seventh flat five chord
 * Truncation of modes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7: perfect fourth, semitone, perfect fourth, semitone – 2 modes, 6 transpositions. See 1:5 Distance model
 * Truncation of mode 3: minor third, semitone, minor third, semitone, minor third, semitone – 2 modes, 4 transpositions. See augmented scale
 * Truncation of modes 2, 4, 6 and 7: minor third, tone, semitone, minor third, tone, semitone – 3 modes, 6 transpositions. See Petrushka Chord

Use and sound
Messiaen found ways of employing all of the modes of limited transposition harmonically, melodically, and sometimes polyphonically. The whole-tone and octatonic scales have enjoyed quite widespread use since the turn of the 20th century, particularly by Debussy (the whole-tone scale) and Stravinsky (the octatonic scale).

The symmetry inherent in these modes (which means no note can be perceived as the tonic), together with certain rhythmic devices, Messiaen described as containing "the charm of impossibilities".

The composer Tōru Takemitsu made frequent use of Messiaen's modes, particularly the third mode. The composer Alexander Tcherepnin has adopted the third mode as one of his synthetic scales, and it is known as the "Tcherepnin scale".

In other temperaments
There are no modes of limited transposition in any prime equal division of the octave, such as 19 equal temperament or 31 equal temperament.

Composite divisions, such as 15 equal temperament or 22 equal temperament, have them. The 12-note chromatic scale can itself be considered such a mode when viewed as a subset of a larger system that contains it, such as quarter tones or 72 equal temperament.

For example, eight equal temperament, the lowest non-prime equal temperament not completely included in 12-tet (due to a scale step in 24-tet), would have modes of limited transposition. The first would be 0, 2, 4, 6 (steps: 2222), which has only two transpositions and one mode. Another would be 0, 1, 4, 5 (steps: 1313 and 3131), which has 4 transpositions and 2 modes (the other is 0, 3, 4, 7).

title: Mode of limited transposition


text:
Hausa music

The Hausa are one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Sudan, Cameroon and in many other West and Central African countries. Their folk music has played an important part in the development of Nigerian music, contributing such elements as the Goje, a one-stringed fiddle. There are two broad categories of traditional Hausa music: rural folk music and urban court music. They introduced the African pop culture genre that is still popular today.

Ceremonial music (rokon fada) is performed as a status symbol, and musicians are generally chosen for political reasons as opposed to musical ones. Ceremonial music can be heard at the weekly sara, a statement of authority by the emir which takes place every Thursday evening.

Courtly praise-singers like the renowned Ibrahim Narambada, are devoted to singing the virtues of a patron, such as a sultan or emir. Praise songs are accompanied by kettledrums and kalangu talking drums, along with the kakaki, a kind of long trumpet derived from that used by the Songhai cavalry.

Rural folk music includes styles that accompany the young girls' asauwara dance and the bòòríí or Bori religion both well known for their music. It has been brought as far north as Tripoli, Libya by trans-Saharan trade. The bòòríí cult features trance music, played by calabash, lute or fiddle. During ceremonies, women and other marginalized groups fall into trances and perform odd behaviors, such as mimicking a pig or sexual behavior. These persons are said to be possessed by a character, each with its own litany (kírààrì). There are similar trance cults (the so-called "mermaid cults") found in the Niger Delta region.

Popular Hausa music artists include Muhamman Shata, who sings accompanied by drummers, Dan Maraya, who plays a one-stringed lute called a kuntikii, Audo Yaron Goje, who plays the goje, and Ibrahim Na Habu, who plays a small fiddle called a kukkuma.

title: Hausa music


text:
Talk:Ward Melville

Untitled
mention Thom McCann? or Thom McAn?

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:iPuTvJhnIkkJ:gethelp.library.upenn.edu/guides/business/CVS_Company_History.pdf+thom+mccann+shoes+melville&hl=en

I believe it is Thom McCann, with two letter Ns. EmilW 20:03, 29 December 2006 (UTC)EmilW

Condemnation of Properties in Stony Brook
Why is there nothing in here referring to Ward Melville's infamous condemnation of 50 houses and their properties, along with the local school at the time? He had these properties condemned along with the school and had these properties and their families relocated to a less desirable part of Stony Brook village so that he could in turn acquire the property without compensating them... Why is there no mention of this in this article? Stevenmitchell (talk) 01:02, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Errors in the Ward Melville writeup
I grew up somewhat knowing the Melvilles which should be no surprise since he was very close to my paternal grandmother.

The home in Old Field was always Sunwood during our overlapping years; if it had an earlier name i do not know it. Yes, Mr. Melville donated the land for part of SUNY SB which he envisioned as a small teachers’ college at first, but not the high school land if my memory serves. Yes, he remade part of Stony Brook itself and that certainly was a contentious topic for decades with pluses for the town but negatives for some families. There are errors in the write-up, i am afraid.

i do not know why, but for a number of years when he was a child, he and his mother rented an upstairs apartment in Brooklyn from my grandmothers’ parents. The two small families became close for the rest of their lives and my grandmother, Sarah Graves, often helped care for him. He regularly visited her and her parents after her marriage and her family’s move to Port Jefferson and said that played a large role in him coming to appreciate the neighboring Three Villages area. 47.18.31.227 (talk) 15:14, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

 * BTW, Graves was Grandma’s maiden name, so the essential one to know if people seek records on Melville’s childhood. 47.18.31.227 (talk) 15:17, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ward Melville


text: Talk:Hausa music

title: Talk:Hausa music


text:
Lionel Martin

Lionel Walker Birch Martin (15 March 1878 – 21 October 1945) was an English businessman who co-founded the company that became Aston Martin.

Early life
He was born at Nansladron at Pentewan near St Austell in Cornwall, and was an only child. His father was Edward Martin (born in 1843), the owner of Martin Brothers China Clay Merchants in St Austell, who lived at Treverbyn, and who also owned the Lee Moor porcelain factory in Plympton. Martin Brothers, founded in 1837, became part of English China Clays.

His mother was Elizabeth Emily Birch (born in 1851 in Salford), she had previously been married to Walter Braithwaite who died; her father was William Singleton Birch, who had founded chalk and lime merchants, Singleton Birch, later run by his uncle Thomas Birch. His parents had married on 26 April 1877 at Lillington, Warwickshire; he was baptised on 20 May 1878 at Lillington church. He grew up in Knightsbridge.

In 1891 he went to Eton College. In 1897 he went to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he was an enthusiast member of the Oxford University Bicycle Club, then joined the Bath Road Club (BRC) In 1900 he went to Marcon's Hall, also known as Charsley's Hall, run by Charles Abdy Marcon. He graduated with a BA in 1902.

Cycling
At university his tandem partner in 1901 was Henry Curtis-Bennett, where they tried to set records in September 1901. He rode with the BRC in 1902. On Wednesday 27 August he left Land's End at 7.06am and rode to London, getting to Hyde Park Corner at 5.22am, completing the immense journey in 22 hours and 16 minutes, much faster than the previous record of 25 hours and 25 minutes. The current record for cycling Land's End to John o' Groats is nine days. He rode the distance on an Imperial Rover.

On Saturday 11 April 1903 at 7am, he rode from Edinburgh post office and arrived at York post office at 7.17pm, in 12 hours 17 minutes, shortening the record by 43 minutes, for a tandem bicycle (a Swift Royal), with Thomas Vade-Walpole (1879-1915), who was part the Walpole family of Norfolk; Thomas's brother Horatio would also be killed in 1918; Horatio (1881-1918) was the grandfather of Robert Walpole, 10th Baron Walpole, the father of diplomat Alice Walpole. This record was beaten by 42 minutes on Friday 7 July 1905 by Knipe and Irving.

He gave up cycling in 1904, but returned to the sport in 1910, due to his driving ban. On Monday 27 June 1910, he attempted the Edinburgh to York record again, but faced a strong head wind, so after 149 miles and 11 hours, he finished in Northallerton. He now cycled with Robert Bamford and together formed a sales business in December 1912.

Motorcycling
In a motorcycle and side car, himself and Robert Bamford would take part in the annual competition from London to Gloucester, and back, held by the North West London Motor Cycle Club. The route would start from Jack Straw's Castle, Hampstead via Brockley Hill, Aston Hill, Princes Risborough, and Cirencester. It would return via Birdlip Hill, Aston Rowant, and High Wycombe, a distance of 235 miles.

A hill climb was held by the Cyclecar Club at Aston Clinton, on Saturday 4 April 1914; the winning team included H. F. S. Morgan, W. G. McMinnies, George Hands of Calthorpe cars, and John Talfourd Wood (of Walton-on-Thames) of GWK. He also competed in a cyclecar around Pebblecombe Hill, near Betchworth for the Westall Cup, with the Cyclecar Club, and with Auto-Cycle Union events around the Peak District, and with the British Motor Cycling Racing Club at Brooklands. With the Motor Cycling Club, he took part in the classic trial to Edinburgh, starting at the Old Gate House Hotel in north London, via Carlisle and Galashiels.

Career
Through the Bath Road Club he met Montague Napier, and in 1903 went into partnership with Napier to sell cars.

In 1909 after not paying a fine, when caught speeding on 15 April 1909 on Kew Road at 26mph, he was banned from driving for two years at Guildford, under the Motor Car Act 1903. Being represented by Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury (Lord Tiverton), he appealed at the High Court on 12 January 1910, but lost the appeal, given by John Alexander Strachey Bucknill and Sir Reginald More Bray at the King's Bench Division.

For the next two years he rode bicycles, gaining the fastest record from Edinburgh to York in 1911.

Aston Martin

During his driving ban he had become friends with another cyclist in the Bath Road Club, Robert Bamford. In 1912 they began to sell cars together. They co-founded Bamford and Martin Limited, at Henniker Mews in Kensington. Martin participated in competitions of the Motor Cycling Club, including those from London to Edinburgh. Their first advert was in the Bath Road News.

Their first prototype was registered in March 1915. To provide an evocative name for the car, the pair remembered their races at Aston Hill, and called the car the Aston-Martin; the AM radiator badge went onto their cars.

It was through the money from the Singleton Birch family minerals company Martin had the funds to expand his business.

In November 1925, Bamford and Martin Ltd went into receivership, and Martin was no longer a director of the company. At this time, Martin was working for Singleton Birch. After 1925, he never owned an Aston Martin car.

Personal life
In 1909, Martin married Christine Murray (born 1888) of Auchendinny in Midlothian; Christine died in April 1913, shortly after the birth of their son (born 19 March 1913). Martin then married Katherine King (born 14 July 1888) on 25 January 1917 in Kensington. Katherine died in 1959.

In 1904 he lived at 7 St Leonard's Mansions on St Leonard's Terrace in Chelsea. In 1905 he lived at 51 Cheyne Court, Chelsea. In 1909 he lived at 3 Ryder Street in St James's In the 1920s he lived at Pembroke Villas in Kensington. In his later years he was a diabetic.

Due to petrol rationing in the Second World War, he returned to travelling on his bicycle; on 14 October 1945 he was knocked off at a set of traffic lights on Gloucester Road near his home, dying aged 67 in Kingston County Hospital on 21 October 1945. He had lived from 1932 at Palings Cottage on Warboys Road at Kingston Hill, in the Municipal Borough of Malden and Coombe. His funeral was at 3pm on Monday 29 October 1945 at St. John the Baptist in Kingston Vale. He was buried at Putney Vale Cemetery.

title: Lionel Martin


text: Template:Ohio five

title: Template:Ohio five


text:
Pete Franklin

Pete Franklin (September 22, 1927 – November 23, 2004), nicknamed "The King", "Sweet Pete" and "Pigskin Pete", was an American sports talk radio host who worked in Cleveland, New York and San Francisco. He is widely credited with pioneering the more aggressive, acerbic and attention-grabbing form of the genre, which has since been adopted by generations of sports media personalities, and bringing it to a multinational listening audience.

Early life and career
Franklin was born September 22, 1927, in East Longmeadow, Massachusetts. His first broadcasting job was for Armed Forces Radio, and his first radio station job was in 1952 in Oakdale, Louisiana. "I worked 70 hours a week, and my main job was to get to the station early and kill the snakes with a baseball bat," he said of his Louisiana assignments. "They came out of the swamp to the heat of the generator. And I read the farm news. The glamour of show business."

He later worked at radio stations in North Carolina, Georgia, New Jersey, California and Texas, often as a disc jockey. He worked as operations director for WOIO in Canton, Ohio, before moving to WERE (1300 AM) in Cleveland in 1967 to host a sports talk show from 7 to 11 PM, after which he hosted a multi-subject talk show from midnight until 5 AM.

WWWE in Cleveland
The zenith of Franklin's career came when he hosted Sportsline on 50,000-watt Cleveland AM station WWWE ("3WE") 1100-AM (eventually renamed WTAM) from 1972 to 1987. Arguably the most popular host on the station, he was popular for his extensive knowledge, outspoken opinions, gruff demeanor and rude banter with callers. Among his trademarks were playing the sound of a flushing toilet as he cut off callers he considered offensive, playing funeral music when the Indians were hopelessly out of contention for the season in question (thus giving them a "proper burial", usually in midsummer given their poor play at that time), his winner and the loser of the day preceded by appropriate introductory music for each, and boasting that his station's nighttime signal could be heard "over 38 states and half of Canada" (a claim still stated on air by WTAM talk-show hosts to this day). His caustic personality was a primary reason why "3WE" lost its status as the flagship station of the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers in 1981 when he feuded with team owner Ted Stepien. Franklin and Cavaliers' radio voice Joe Tait openly questioned Stepien's ability to operate the team after multiple poor trades and unwise free agent signings leading to a depletion of talent. He went so far as to refer to Stepien again and again by his initials, "T.S.", which Franklin said stood for "Too Stupid." Stepien retaliated by canceling WWWE's radio contract and firing Tait.

Franklin popularized several regular callers by giving them nicknames like "The Swami", "The Prosecutor", and "Mr. Know-It-All". The latter, Mike Trivisonno, eventually became a radio host and became Franklin's full-time replacement.

Later career
In August 1987, Franklin announced he had been hired by upstart all-sports station WFAN in New York City to be its afternoon host starting the following month. His initial contract with the station was for two years and $600,000. But his act wore thin in the Big Apple, where critics and callers alike disliked his condescending style. New York Times columnist George Vecsey wrote that Franklin was a "so-called big name ... whose specialty was hurling insults at fans who knew vastly more than he did." After much controversy and dismal ratings, he resigned in July 1989 two months before the end of his contract, and was replaced by the Mike and the Mad Dog program.

He returned to Cleveland and "3WE" immediately afterward. The station even held a press conference to herald his homecoming, but management dropped him after a year. He moved west, working at KNBR 680 AM in San Francisco from 1991 to 1997 and mostly hosting his own show. He revived his "Winners and Losers of the Day" in sports, and his "Pigskin Pete Predicts" during the football season from his Cleveland days. He later joined Bob Fitzgerald as co-hosts of The King and The Kid.

Franklin returned for a third time to the WTAM airwaves in 1998, briefly hosting Sportsline but from a studio in his California home. He joined KNBR's sister station KTCT 1050 AM in 1999, and finished his broadcasting career there in 2000.

His book entitled You Could Argue But You'd Be Wrong was published in 1988.

Death
Pete Franklin died on November 23, 2004, at age 77 in Nipomo, California, after a long illness.

title: Pete Franklin


text:
USS Grenadier

Two vessels of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Grenadier, named in honor of the grenadiers, a family (Macrouridae) of soft-finned deep-sea fishes with long, tapering bodies and short, pointed tails, also known as rattails.

 * The first USS Grenadier (SS-210), was a Tambor-class submarine, commissioned in 1941 and was scuttled in 1943.
 * The second USS Grenadier (SS-525), was a Tench-class submarine, commissioned in 1951 and struck in 1973.

title: USS Grenadier


text:
Gdańsk Scientific Society

Gdańsk Scientific Society (Polish: Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, GTN) is a general scientific society in Gdańsk (Danzig), Poland.

It was established in 1922 as the Society of the Sciences and Arts Friends in Gdańsk (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauki i Sztuki w Gdańsku) and was active till 1939, abolished during World War II, reactivated in 1945, having had its present name since 1956.

Today it has five divisions.

Its main publications include:
 * Gdańsk Yearbook (Rocznik Gdański)
 * Acta Biologica

title: Gdańsk Scientific Society


text:
User:Marchawg

Marchawg (Welsh) - Horseman

Name: Nick

Region: New England

Website: NJ Designs

Interests: Huns, Slavs, Pirates, War, Guitar, Jazz

Links: Guitar Guide

title: User:Marchawg


text:
User:Moosattack

Moos moo moo and moo.

title: User:Moosattack


text:
User talk:Marchawg

Talk.

title: User talk:Marchawg


text:
Adam Melhuse

Adam Michael Melhuse (born March 27, 1972) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Colorado Rockies, Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers. He was the hitting coach for the Detroit Tigers AAA Toledo Mud Hens.

High school, college years
Melhuse attended Lincoln High School in Stockton, California and was a student and a letterman in basketball and baseball. He was 1991 West Coast Conference Freshman of the Year in baseball at Santa Clara before transferring to UCLA. In 1991, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and returned to the league in 1992 to play for the Brewster Whitecaps.

Major League Baseball career
Previously, Melhuse played with the Los Angeles Dodgers, Colorado Rockies, Oakland Athletics, and Texas Rangers. He throws right-handed and is a switch-hitter.

Colorado Rockies
Melhuse collected his first career hit on August 22,, in the 12th inning of an unusual game between the Rockies and Atlanta Braves. Out of pitchers, Rockies manager, Buddy Bell, asked injured catcher, Brent Mayne, who was unable to swing a bat due to a sprained left wrist, if he could pitch. Mayne pitched the 12th inning and held the Braves scoreless. The following inning, with two outs and the bases loaded, Melhuse, pinch hitting for Mayne, singled off of Stan Belinda over shortstop Walt Weiss' head to win the game in walk-off fashion by a score of 8-7. This victory also earned Mayne a pitching win in what would be his only career outing on the mound.

Oakland Athletics
On November 6, 2002 Melhuse signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics. He would spend four seasons with the club as a backup to Damian Miller and later Jason Kendall, with his best year coming in 2004 when he hit .257/.309/.463 with 11 home runs and 31 RBI in 69 games.

Texas Rangers
On June 10,, Melhuse was traded by the Athletics to the Texas Rangers for cash. Adam's career as a Texas Ranger was short-lived, as the club traded for fellow catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia on July 31, 2007, which lessened Melhuse's playing time. Melhuse was designated for assignment on August 24, 2007, and would later be released.

Oakland Athletics (second stint)
He re-signed with the Athletics for his second stint in 2007 on September 1 when rosters were expanded. Despite being on the Athletics for a second go-around in September, Melhuse sat on the bench the whole time and did not get into a game. He declared free agency on October 8, 2007, though not before being outrighted to the minors on October 5.

Texas Rangers (second stint)
on January 11, Melhuse signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Texas Rangers. He made the team out of spring training as a backup to starting catcher Gerald Laird, but injured his hand in a game against the Detroit Tigers on April 24, resulting in his release.

Colorado Rockies (second stint)
In late June 2008, Melhuse signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies and was called up on August 14, 2008. On August 30, 2008, Melhuse was called up to the Rockies from the Triple-A Sky Sox to replace Yorvit Torrealba who was placed on the DL.

Texas Rangers (third stint)
Melhuse signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers in January 2009. However, he was released on April 4.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On May 8, 2009, he signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Retirement
On June 17, 2009 Melhuse announced his retirement.

Post-playing career
Melhuse spent four seasons as an advance scout for the Chicago Cubs and two seasons in the Los Angeles Angels system as manager of the Burlington Bees. In 2018, he joined the Los Angeles Dodgers organization as hitting coach for the Oklahoma City Dodgers. He was transferred to the Tulsa Drillers for 2019.

title: Adam Melhuse


text:
User:Goatbear

just going to do cleanup on stuff that's totally non-controversial...

title: User:Goatbear


text:
USS Greenling

USS Greenling has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Greenling (SS-213), a submarine in commission from 1942 to 1946
 * USS Greenling (SSN-614), a submarine in commission from 1967 to 1994.

title: USS Greenling


text:
Religion Explained

Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought is a 2001 book by cognitive anthropologist Pascal Boyer, in which the author discusses the evolutionary psychology of religion and evolutionary origin of religions.

Summary
Boyer describes the genesis of religious concepts as a phenomenon of the mind's cognitive inference systems, comparable to pareidolia and perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena resulting from face perception processes within the human brain. Boyer supports this naturalistic origin of religion with evidence from many specialized disciplines including biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, cognitive science, linguistics, evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, neuroscience, and information processing.

Religion Explained frames religious practices and beliefs in terms of recent cognitive neuroscience research in the modularity of mind. This theory involves cognitive "modules" ("devices" or "subroutines") underlying inference systems and intuitions. For instance, Boyer suggests culturally-widespread beliefs in "supernatural agents" (e.g., gods, ancestors, spirits, and witches) result from agent detection: the intuitive modular process of assuming intervention by conscious agents, regardless of whether they are present. "When we see branches moving in a tree or when we hear an unexpected sound behind us, we immediately infer that some agent is the cause of this salient event. We can do that without any specific description of what the agent actually is." Boyer cites the anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard's classic Zande story about a termite-infested roof collapsing. "For the anthropologist, the house caved in because of the termites. For the Zande, it was quite clear that witchcraft was involved. However, the Zande were also aware that the termites were the proximate cause of the incident. But what they wanted to know was why it happened at that particular time, when particular people were gathered in the house."

Within Boyer's hypothesis, religion is a "parasite" (or "spandrel") offshoot from cognitive modules, comparable to the way the reading process is parasitic upon language modules. "As I have pointed out repeatedly, the building of religious concepts requires mental systems and capacities that are there anyway, religious concepts or not. Religious morality uses moral intuitions, religious notions of supernatural agents recruit our intuitions about agency in general, and so on. This is why I said that religious concepts are parasitic upon other mental capacities. Our capacities to play music, paint pictures or even make sense of printed ink-patterns on a page are also parasitic in this sense. This means that we can explain how people play music, paint pictures and learn to read by examining how mental capacities are recruited by these activities. The same goes for religion. Because the concepts require all sorts of specific human capacities (an intuitive psychology, a tendency to attend to some counterintuitive concepts, as well as various social mind adaptations), we can explain religion by describing how these various capacities get recruited, how they contribute to the features of religion that we find in so many different cultures. We do not need to assume that there is a special way of functioning that occurs only when processing religious thoughts."

Boyer admits his explanation of religion "is not a quick, shoot-from-the-hip solution of the kind that many people, either religious or not, seem to favor. There cannot be a magic bullet to explain the existence and common features of religion, as the phenomenon is the result of aggregate relevance – that is, of successful activation of a whole variety of mental systems."

Reception
Critical reception of Religion Explained has been mixed.

The psychologist Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi called the book "a milestone on the road to a new behavioral understanding of religion, basing itself on what has come to be known as cognitive anthropology, and pointedly ignoring much work done over the past one hundred years in the behavioral study of religion and in the psychological anthropology of religion." He continues: "The clearest virtue of this book is that of dealing with the real thing. Even today, most scholarly work on religion consists of apologetics in one form or another, and we are deluged by offers of grants to study 'spirituality' or teach 'religion and science'. This all serves to make us forget that religion is a collection of fantasies about spirits, and Boyer indeed aims to teach us about the world of the spirits in the grand tradition of the Enlightenment. Any general introduction to the world of the spirits must be ambitious because it hasn't been done and also because it has been done intuitively by all of us."

The journalist David Klinghoffer wrote in National Review that "Boyer's talk of 'religion is suspiciously generic" and describes his work as "professorial noodlings" that attempt to raise the question whether "all religions are somehow the same". He further claims that "debunkers like Boyer ... have their own unconscious motivations (to undermine religious faith, after all, is to set oneself free of its many inconvenient strictures)."

Michael Shermer, founder of The Skeptics Society, described Boyer's book as: "a penetratingly insightful scientific analysis of religion because as an anthropologist he understands that any explanation must take into account the rich diversity of religious practices and beliefs around the world, and as a scientist he knows that any explanatory model must account for this diversity. Boyer is at his ethnographic best in describing the countless peculiar religious rituals he and his anthropological brethren have recorded, and especially in identifying the shortcomings of virtually every explanation for religion ever offered. … As a consequence, however, Boyer himself fails to provide a satisfactory explanation because he knows that religion is not a single entity resulting from a single cause."

Brigitte Schön, a theology professor at the University of Bonn, wrote, "Apart from being fascinating to read and containing many more highly original ideas than could be mentioned here, Religion explained is an important book for a number of reasons. First of all, Boyer is able to present a very dense network of theories which not only explains many religious phenomena but also sets them in relation to each other. The integration of cognitive science research leads to a very realistic model of how religious concepts are processed and communicated, something which has been conspicuously absent from most theories of religion so far. Boyer's account of the natural basis of religion explains very well the persistence and re-emergence of religion even in a secularized environment, as well as the tensions between official and folk religion."

Garry Runciman, sociologist at Trinity College, Cambridge, asked "Are we hardwired for God?" "The diverse beliefs which Boyer cites extend from Apollo and Athena, to shamanism among the Panamanian Cuna, to aliens from remote galaxies allegedly landing in New Mexico. But his central agenda is the particular set of unobservable causal agencies cited in his subtitle, and his primary concern is with the question of how we are to account for beliefs that involve the attribution of conscious agency to beings other than humans and animals of the normal and familiar kind. Such beliefs are, as Boyer says, remarkably widespread, and for all their variant forms the variation is neither limitless nor random. His answer falls into two parts: first, these beliefs have in common a counterintuitive attribution of a certain range of properties to certain kinds of quasihuman being; second, the explanation of their diffusion and persistence is to be sought not in the extensive anthropological literature about the origins and functions of religion, but in recent advances in developmental, cognitive and evolutionary psychology."

Author and economist Zachary Karabell found stylistic faults. "Boyer's use of cognitive psychology, anthropology and other disciplines does generate a new template for examining old questions. But his method, however compelling, does not save the book from its considerable flaws. To begin with, the writing is frequently impenetrable." He concludes, "Of course, Boyer may be right. Human existence may simply be a story of living, breathing, eating and dying. But by not grappling with the possibility that a nonmaterial realm exists, Boyer has written a book about religion that is occasionally illuminating and utterly unconvincing."

The comparative religion author Karen Armstrong reviewed Boyer's thesis. "Religion, he argues, is nothing more or less than a by-product of the human mind. It is a side effect of having a particular kind of brain. By far the most fascinating part of this highly accessible and informative book is Boyer's description of the way our minds work. We have an inbuilt set of ontological expectations and a tendency to dwell on intuitions which violate these, such as mountains that float or companions whom we do not see. From the dawn of modern consciousness, men and women have focused on certain imaginary personalities that transcend the norm, convinced that they can help them in strategic ways. These supernatural agents link with other mental systems, such as our moral intuitions and social categories, for which we can find no conceptual justification."

John Habgood, formerly Archbishop of York, wrote. "This is a bold and far-reaching book. What its author lacks in modesty, he makes up for in cogency of argument and elegance of style. His 'explanation' of religion is lucid, entertaining, full of valuable insights and almost, but not quite, convincing. The usual explanations of religion—as an attempt to explain what is otherwise puzzling, as a provider of comfort, as a good thing for society or as an escape from reason—are quickly dismissed. Pascal Boyer seeks to demonstrate that its origins and motivations are more deep seated in our mental structures than any of these, which is why religion is so universal, so powerful and so unlikely to disappear even though, as he also claims, it is in the end only a mental phenomenon. Recent experience of the dreadful consequences of religious fanaticism gives his analysis a frightening contemporary relevance, not least because of the minor role within religion that he assigns to rationality."

Editions and translations
Boyer's book is available in several English versions, as well as Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian and Polish translations. Publishers have variously altered the Religion Explained title.

The American edition was published as:
 * Religion Explained: The Human Instincts That Fashion Gods, Spirits and Ancestors, hardcover, Basic Books, 2001, ISBN 0-465-00695-7.
 * Religion Explained: The Human Instincts That Fashion Gods, Spirits and Ancestors, paperback, Vintage, 2002, ISBN 0-09-928276-3.
 * Religion Explained, paperback, Basic Books, 2002, ISBN 0-465-00696-5.

The British edition, which changed the subtitle from "The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought" to "The Human Instincts That Fashion Gods, Spirits and Ancestors", was published as:
 * Religion Explained: The Human Instincts That Fashion Gods, Spirits and Ancestors, hardcover, William Heinemann Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0-465-00695-7.
 * Religion Explained: The Human Instincts That Fashion Gods, Spirits and Ancestors, paperback, Vintage, 2002, ISBN 0-09-928276-3.

Translated editions of Religion Explained are available in several European languages:
 * Finnish translation by Tiina Arppe as Ja ihminen loi jumalat: kuinka uskonto selitetään [And Man Created the Gods: How to Explain Religion], WSOY 2007, ISBN 978-951-0-31815-7.
 * French translation by Claude-Christine Farny as Et l'homme créa les dieux: Comment expliquer la religion [And Man Created the Gods: How to Explain Religion], Paris: Robert Laffont, 2001, ISBN 978-2-221-09046-6.
 * German translation by Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, and Rolf Schubert as Und Mensch schuf Gott [And Man Created God], Klett-Cotta, 2004, ISBN 978-3-608-94032-9.
 * Greek translation by Dimitris Xygalatas and Nikolas Roubekas as Και ο Άνθρωπος Έπλασε τους Θεούς [And Man Created the Gods], Thessaloniki: Vanias, 2008. ISBN 978-960-288-225-2.
 * Italian translation by Donatella Sutera Sardo as "E l'uomo creò gli dei. Come spiegare la religione" [And man created the Gods. How to Explain Religion], Bologna, Odoya, 2010 ISBN 978-88-6288-073-2.
 * Polish translation by Krystyna Szeżyńska-Maćkowiak as I człowiek stworzył bogów... [And man created the gods...], Warsaw, 2005, ISBN 83-7337-985-1.
 * Dutch translation by Leo Gillet as "Godsdienst verklaard", Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2002 ISBN 90-234-7083-4.
 * Russian translation by Mariya Desyatova as "Объясняя религию. Природа религиозного мышления" [Religion Explained. Nature of religious thinking], Moscow: Alpina nonfiction, 2016 ISBN 978-5-91671-632-0.

title: Religion Explained


text: User talk:68.40.239.194

title: User talk:68.40.239.194