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.my

.my is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malaysia. MYNIC is the agency responsible for the domain, and is under the Ministry of Digital and regulated by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).

MYNIC administers the name space for .my, as well as its subdomains: .com.my, .org.my, .net.my, .biz.my, .coop.my, .edu.my, .gov.my, .mil.my, and .name.my. This involves the registration of domain names as well as the maintenance and operation of a domain name registry (a central database for .my domain names).

Second-level global relaunch
On 20 June 2024 the .my TLD will relaunch and will be available for any natural or legal person worldwide, dropping the Malaysian presence requirement. MYNIC partnered with Tucows Registry Services for technical operation of the TLD and Internet Naming Co. for marketing the TLD and its relaunch. For this relaunch the domain lifecycle and registration agreement was updated to align more with generic TLDs. All SLDs will be unaffected by this and thus continue to have a local presence requirement.

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 * Registering a .my domain name
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title: .my


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User:Wiktoria

To be brave is to love someone unconditionally, without expecting anything in return. To just give. That takes courage, because we don't want to fall on our faces or leave ourselves open to hurt. Madonna

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Wiktoria


text:
Kahina

Al-Kahina (الكاهنة), also known as Dihya, was a Berber warrior-queen of the Aurès and a religious and military leader who lived during the seventh century AD.

Her legacy has been retold through the oral tradition since her lifetime. There are various written accounts of her from precolonial and postcolonial perspectives. Generally, she is known to have united various Berber tribes under her leadership to fight against the ongoing Arab conquest of North Africa, leading the indigenous North African defense of the region then known as Numidia. She fought in multiple battles, notably defeating Muslim Umayyad forces in the Battle of Meskiana. Afterwards, she became the uncontested ruler of the whole Maghreb region,   and remained so until being decisively defeated at the Battle of Tabarka.

Anthropologist Abdelmajid Hannoum wrote "though the story of the Kahina may vary from one informant to another, the pattern is the same: the Kahina is the Berber heroine who fought the Arabs for independence." In modern times, Kahina is established as a popular North African folk heroine and role model for North African women. Feminist scholar Fatima Sadiqi has stated that "Kahina’s female leadership did not rely on institutionalized authority, but on recognized personal charismatic power".

There are various accounts of the circumstances surrounding her death, but she is thought to have died in modern-day Algeria towards the end of the seventh century. She is considered one of the most famous figures of her era in the history of the Berber resistance to the Arab conquest.

Name
Her personal name is one of these variations: Daya, Dehiya, Dihya, Dahya or Damya. Her title was cited by Arabic-language sources as al-Kāhina (the priestess soothsayer) (الكاهنة). This was the nickname given to by her Muslim opponents because of her alleged ability to foresee the future.

Origins and religion
Al-Kahina led the Jarāwa Zenata tribe. She may have been Jewish. For five years she ruled a free Berber state from the Aurès Mountains to the oasis of Gadames (695–700 AD). But the Arabs, commanded by Musa bin Nusayr, returned with a strong army and defeated her. She fought at the El Djem Roman amphitheater but finally was killed in combat near a well that still bears her name, Bir al Kahina in Aures.

Various sources suggest that she was of Jewish religion or that her tribe were Judaized Berbers. According to al-Mālikī, she was accompanied in her travels by an "idol". Both Mohamed Talbi and Gabriel Camps interpreted this idol as a Christian icon, either of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint protecting the queen. M'hamed Hassine Fantar held that this icon represented a separate Berber deity, suggesting she followed traditional Berber religion. However, Al-Kahina being a Christian remains the most likely hypothesis.

The idea that the Jarawa were Judaized comes from the medieval historian Ibn Khaldun, who named them among seven Berber tribes. Hirschberg and Talbi note that Ibn Khaldun seems to have been referring to a time before the advent of the late Roman and Byzantine empires, and a little later in the same paragraph seems to say that by Roman times "the tribes" had become Christianized. As early as 1963, the Israeli historian H.Z. Hirschberg, in retranslating the text of Ibn Khaldun and rigorously repeating the whole document, questioned this interpretation, and in general the existence of large Jewish Berber tribes in the end of Antiquity. In the words of H.Z. Hirschberg, "of all the known movements of conversion to Judaism and incidents of Judaizing, those connected with the Berbers and Sudanese in Africa are the least authenticated. Whatever has been written on them is extremely questionable."

Over four centuries after her death, Tunisian hagiographer al-Mālikī seems to have been among the first to state she resided in the Aurès Mountains. Seven centuries after her death, the pilgrim at-Tijani was told she belonged to the Lūwāta tribe. When the later historian Ibn Khaldun came to write his account, he placed her with the Jarawa tribe.

According to various Muslim sources, al-Kāhina was the daughter of Tabat, or some say Mātiya. These sources depend on tribal genealogies, which were generally concocted for political reasons during the 9th century.

Ibn Khaldun records many legends about Al-Kahina. A number of them refer to her long hair or great size, both legendary characteristics of sorcerers. She is also supposed to have had the gift of prophecy and she had three sons, which is characteristic of witches in legends. Even the fact that two were her own and one was adopted (an Arab officer she had captured) was an alleged trait of sorcerers in tales. Another legend claims that in her youth, she had supposedly freed her people from a tyrant by agreeing to marry him and then murdering him on their wedding night. Virtually nothing else of her personal life is known.

Conflicts and legends
Al-Kahina succeeded Kusaila as the war leader of the Berber tribes in the 680s and opposed the encroaching Arab Islamic armies of the Umayyad dynasty. Hasan ibn al-Nu'man marched from Egypt and captured the major Byzantine city of Carthage and other cities (see Muslim conquest of North Africa). Searching for another enemy to defeat, he was told that the most powerful monarch in North Africa was "the Queen of the Berbers" (Arabic: malikat al-barbar) Al-Kahina, and accordingly marched into Numidia. In 698, the armies met near Meskiana in the present-day province of Oum el-Bouaghi at the Battle of Meskiana (or "battle of camels") in Algeria.

Al-Kahina defeated Hasan so soundly that he fled Ifriqiya and holed up in Cyrenaica (Libya) for four or five years. Realizing that the enemy was too powerful and bound to return, she was said to have embarked on a scorched earth campaign, which had little impact on the mountain and desert tribes, but lost her the crucial support of the sedentary oasis-dwellers. Instead of discouraging the Arab armies, her desperate decision hastened defeat.

The story of the Kahina is told by a variety of cultures, and each story often offers a different, or even contradictory, perspective. For example, the story is used to promote feminist beliefs. Additionally, it is even told by Arabs to promote their own nationalism. For the Arabs, they told the story in a perspective that made the Kahina seem like a sorcerer, all in an attempt to discredit her. The story of the Kahina was told to paint colonialism in a positive light. The story was told with a message saying that it represented the freeing of Berbers from the Arabs.

Another, lesser known account of Al-Kahina claimed that she had an interest in early studies of desert birds. While this view may or may not be plausible, some evidence has been recovered at the site of her death place, modern-day Algeria. Several fragments of early parchment with a painting of a bird on them were found, although there's no way to conclude the fragments were hers. However, it is possible that she began her interest while in Libya, as the painting was of a Libyan bird species.

Defeat and death
Hasan eventually returned and, aided by communications with the captured officer Khalid bin Yazid al-Qaysi adopted by Al-Kahina, defeated her at the Battle of Tabarka (a locality in present-day Tunisia near the Algerian borders) about which there is some uncertainty. According to some accounts, Al-Kahina died fighting the invaders, sword in hand. Other accounts say she committed suicide by swallowing poison rather than be taken by the enemy. This final act occurred in the 690s or 700s, with 703 CE given as the most likely year. In that year, she was, according to Ibn Khaldun, 127 years old. This is evidently yet another of the many myths which surround her. In either case she was beheaded, and her head was sent back to the Umayyad Caliph in Damascus as proof of her death.

According to many historians, Bagay and Khenchla converted, and led the Berber army to Iberia. However, the historian Ibn al-Athīr says they died with their mother.

Legacy
Al-Kahina was adopted as a symbol by women, and was used as a symbol against foreign occupation, and later as a symbol against male hegemony. Indeed, already during the period of French colonisation of Algeria, Kahina was a model for the militant women who fought the French. In the Kabyle insurrection of 1851 and 1857, women such as Lalla Fatma N'Soumer and Lalla Khadija Bent Belkacem, who were known as chief warriors took Kahina as a model.

Also, the French, in the early 20th century, anxious to Frenchify Algeria by Romanising its past, drew parallels between themselves and the Romans. The Algerian nationalists, seeking to tie Algeria to the East instead, draw the same parallels, but for them both Rome and France were colonial powers, responsible for the decline of Phoenician civilisation in the past, and Arabic civilisation in the present. Both ideologies used Kahina's mythology as a founding myth. On one side, she was the one who fought the Arabs and Islam to keep Algeria Christian, on the other, she was the one who fought all invaders (Byzantines or Arabs) to create an independent state.

In the present day, the image of Kahina is constantly used by Berber activists to showcase how they, as a people, are strong and will not be conquered or diminished by other communities. Her face is often seen in graffiti and sculptures around Algeria to showcase their support for the progressive ideals she represents. While her true appearance is still unknown, artists have depicted her with certain aspects that reinforce the progressive movement she is known to represent. However, not all governments accept the ideals behind Kahina. One statue of Kahina in Baghai was condemned by the government due to blasphemy. The president of the Defense of the Arab Language, Othman Saadi, said that Kahina represented the resistance to Islam, and thus, should be condemned.

title: Kahina


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Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/168.209.97.34/Evidence

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Evidence presented by User:OneGuy
9 Nov 2004: Vandalism of my user page three times: 1, 2, and 3.

29 Nov 2004: More Vandalism. Alan Johnson page:

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Alan_Johnson&diff=7968270&oldid=7961688 CAN YOU SEND ME ALAN JOHNSON'S E -MAIl ADDRESS PLEASE, I NEED TO SEND HIM INFORMATION OF AN INVESTMENT OPPERTUNITY FOR THE UK'S PENSION FUNDS. REGARDS JA ENGELBRECHT jaeng@sanlam4u.co.za]

Notice the date 29 Nov 2004. He is not a new user. He has been here for many months and knows that this edit would be considered vandalism.

On 9 Nov 2004, he added out of context verses to Jihad page. One example, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies." 4. Surah 8:60 .. The verse with context reads, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies. But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all things)." Surah 8:60-61 5  After this was pointed out by the Mirv and me on the talk page 6 (archive page --see the last half of the page), 168.209.97.34 went into extensive revert war, refusing to allow the correction. All these are his reverts with Mirv and me refusing to allow the correction 7, 8, 9, 10, and many more reverts were there. This was just a sample.

On 17 Nov 2004, he changed the last sentence in Margaret Hassan article, "handgun by a masked man" to "handgun by a masked Muslim man." (made bold by me). 11. After the word "Muslim" was removed from the killer description by other users, he continued this for the next two or three days 12, 13 (without discussing it on talk page).

Since 17 May 2004, to the article Allahu Akbar, he has been adding POV phrases like, "when they attack people of a different religion" 14, and a link to a hate site with text, "hooded Muslim Men yelling "Allahu Akbar" while cutting off a civilian's head", 15, and then reverted it again, 16, and again 17, "the phrase invokes fear as the phrase is often spoken by Muslims while attacking others", 18, and again got into revert war with someone 19 and again 20 and more POV continued 21, 21 .. and much more is there, but to cut it short his last contribution to the page was 22

On 28 Sep 2004 he got involved on revert Nick Berg page with adding irrelevant links, apparently 23 the site http://www.islamic.co.za/ was originally added by him too. It was removed eventually by some here: 24. He also added an irrelevant paragraph to the page 25 that had nothing to do with Nick Berg. See Talk:Nick Berg for detail. He also got involved in revert war with me on insisting POV word "terrorist" be added to Hamas and Hizbullah 26. See talk page again.

On 25 May 2004, to the article Aisha, he added the highly offensive and POV phrase She "was raped by Muhammad when she was nine." 27. He got involved with people on revert war there too. Later around 17 Nov 2004, he started deleting arguments from the article that some Muslims use to show Aisha was older than nine. That was extensive revert war this time with me with 30 or so reverts, just one example 28

He also has an extensive history of addling POV phrases and words to Muhammad article and getting involved in revert wars. 29, 30 and revert war with someone again 31. His is basically a vandal with no use to wiki other than creating problems OneGuy 20:34, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

8 Dec 2004. The article Jihad was protected for a long time because of revert war that was going on between User:Alberuni and other users. The article was finally unprotected yesterday. The first person to revert it immediately was 168.209.97.34 who didn't participate at all on the talk page while the page was protected 32. The problem here is that 168.209.97.34 who didn't post anything on the talk page while the article is protected, reverts it immediately when it gets unprotected. OneGuy 14:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sock puppets
I am pretty sure that User:Mohammad-Goldenberg is another account of 168.209.97.34. If the arbitrators have access to IPs, please check the IP of User:Mohammad-Goldenberg. If that's the case, this would be his third ID on wikipedia (User: Lothario--, User:-lothario- and this). If creating Sock puppets is a violation of wiki policy, please take a note of that OneGuy 13:36, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

And add the fourth one to the list User:Muhammad-Goldenberg .. notice it's different because of the spelling Muhammad verses Mohammad OneGuy 13:43, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

And also User:Wikiwakiwaka. Please check all these accounts. If these are sock puppets, here is another violation of policy OneGuy 19:07, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Evidence presented by User:Vague Rant
User:168.209.97.34 (who also appears to edit as User:Mudthang in addition to the accounts listed on the main page) has also posted numerous copyright violations to the Wikipedia. Among these are Tom Sotis, Leo T Gaje Jr (already deleted and redirected), AMOK! South Africa, Kun Tao Silat, and Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade.

Upon my tagging and reporting of Leo T Gaje Jr, 168 visited my LiveJournal (as opposed to my talk page) to leave a comment:. Do note that entry he commented on is dated September 21, 2004.

When I did not respond (for lack of seeing a comment mal-addressed to a months on LiveJournal entry rather than somewhere more likely to be viewed, he approached User:Slowking Man on his talk page with a profane tirade about my actions, seemingly requesting that Slowking either block or ban me.

After I suggested he be more civil (see User talk:Mudthang), he modified his remarks on Slowking Man's talk page, adding information to support his own point of view that he was following correct procedure. - Vague | Rant 07:38, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

168.209.97.34 is a proxy server for South Africa's largest ISP
Keep in mind that 168.209.97.34 is a transparent shared proxy server used by the largest ISP in South Africa. As you can tell by the different writing styles not all of the above edits were done by the same user. 152.111.1.29 12:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
HMS Plym

Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Plym, after the River Plym:

 * HMS Plym (1795) was a gunvessel, previously a hired packet brig. She was fitted out in 1795 and sold in 1802.
 * HMS Plym (K271) was a River-class frigate launched in 1943. She was vaporised in Operation Hurricane, the atomic bomb test in 1952.

title: HMS Plym


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.mz

.mz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mozambique. Registrations are at the third level beneath the second-level names co.mz, net.mz, adv.mz, mil.mz, org.mz, ac.mz, gov.mz and edu.mz.

title: .mz


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Srečko Kosovel

Srečko Kosovel (18 March 1904 – 26 May 1926) was a Slovenian poet, now considered one of central Europe's major modernist poets. He was labeled an impressionistic poet of his native Karst region, a political poet resisting forced Italianization of the Slovene areas annexed by Italy, an expressionist, a dadaist, a satirist, and as a voice of international socialism, using avant-garde constructivist forms. He is now considered a Slovenian poetic icon.

Most of Kosovel's works were published almost four decades after his early death at 22. In his homeland, Kosovel entered the 20th-century Slovene literary canon as a poet who produced an impressive body of work of more than 1000 drafts, among them 500 complete poems, with a quality regarded as unusually high for his age.

Life
Srečko Kosovel was born as the youngest of five children to father Anton Kosovel, a Slovene teacher, who was not allowed to continue teaching in the Slovene language after the Austrian Littoral was annexed by Italy with the Treaty of Rapallo, 1920, and mother Katarina (née Streš) who was 40 years old at the time of his birth and nurtured the artistic talents of their children. Kosovel's sister played the piano and one of his brothers was an aspiring writer. Born in Sežana, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kosovel lived in the nearby village of Tomaj until 1924.

Before the annexation of his native Karst region by Italy, he familiarized himself with works of Slovene culture in general, especially Slovene literature, as well as drama at the Slovene theatre in Trieste, housed in the Trieste National Hall, the cultural center of Slovenes in Trieste.

Kosovel has been compared to Rimbaud, sharing the young age at which they were exposed to human suffering during war. The Battles of the Isonzo—one of the worst engagements of the First World War, began when Kosovel was 12 and officially ended when he was 17—were near Kosovel's native village, and Rimbaud's native village was near the battles of the Franco-Prussian War. Kosovel had regular contacts with wounded soldiers and saw corpses because the battlefield was only some 15 kilometers from his home, which had a traumatizing effect on him. His parents wanted him to be removed from the vicinity of the war, and so in 1916 both he and his sister moved to Ljubljana, where he stayed until his early death. With the Treaty of Rapallo and Italian annexation of Slovene territories, including his native Karst region, Kosovel felt robbed of his beloved landscape because this and all Slovene schools and organizations were forbidden by the Fascist regime. Slovene intellectuals were subjected to reprisals, and this has been called one of the tragedies of his short life, evoking in him grief, anger, displacement, and disorientation. This was especially because his new homeland, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, also showed no interest in the suffering of the Slovene minority under the Fascist regime in Italy. Even in his negotiations with Italy in 1923, when Benito Mussolini wanted to modify the Rapallo borders in order for Italy to annex the still-independent state of Rijeka, King Alexander preferred "good relations" with Italy over the proposals for border corrections at Postojna and Idrija proposed by SHS Prime Minister Nikola Pašić. This led to Kosovel's political and artistic radicalization. He had contacts with the radical political and insurgent anti-Fascist organization TIGR. In 1926, he visited the Yugoslav town of Zagorje to perform one of his recitals, and while waiting for the train to return to Ljubljana caught a cold, which eventually developed into meningitis. He returned to his home village of Tomaj, where he died on 26 May 1926.

Work
His early works were mainly about his feelings of longing for his family and native Karst landscape. Kosovel met his peers, Slovenes that have left Italy-annexed ethnic Slovene areas, at the University of Ljubljana and they established literary magazine called Lepa Vida ("The Fair Vida", a motive from Slovene folk poetry), where Kosovel served as the magazine's editor. Kosovel became acquainted with more radical ideas at the "Ivan Cankar Club", named after the Slovenian radical author, and increasingly became attracted by the revolutionary ideas and the avant-garde Soviet and German works that Ivo Grahor introduced him to.

The constructivist turn

In 1925, together with a constructivist artist Avgust Černigoj, Kosovel was considering establishing a new magazine Konstruktor ("Constructor") and started writing his constructivist poems, called konsi (kons in singular), short for konstrukcije ("constructions"). With the constructivism he turned away from a silent lyric to a loud, presumptuous, offensive poetry full of linguistic innovations: language free of syntax and logical ordering, freedom of imagery, use of typography, styles and colors, mathematical symbols, equations, paper collages, and all other sorts of experimental writing.

At about the same time, Kosovel prepared to publish a collection of his early poems, entitled Zlati čoln ("Golden Boat"). With this selection of poems, he intended to put an end to his early style, strongly influenced by the impressionist poetry of Josip Murn. He was however crushed by the negative response of both publishing houses and some of his closest friends.

Kosovel then turned exclusively to his constructivist poetry, which he wanted to publish in a collection entitled Konsi. He however never managed to achieve this; his constructivist poetry would remain unknown to the public until as late as 1967, when Anton Ocvirk decided to release Kosovel's collection under the title Integrali '26.

The same year, in 1925, Kosovel became editor of the magazine Mladina (Youth). This had an enormous impact on his life: he had very ambitious plans with the journal, intending to transform it into a nationwide left-wing publication that would attract all modernist and avant-gardiste artists from Slovene Lands and Yugoslavia, as well as serving as the platform for a radical Slovenian political agenda. He remained the programme editor of the paper until his death.

Late works
The year 1925 was Kosovel's most productive period. It was also a time that saw him shift his politics to the left. As his prose became simpler in style, it had a greater appeal to the proletariat. Kosovel conceived the idea of a proletarians' writers union and a publishing house called Strelci ("Archers"), in which his collection of constructivist poetry could also be published.

Reception
The poetry of Kosovel is seen to come from three artistic movements: Impressionism, Expressionism and Constructivism. Kosovel's poetry also incorporates elements with Dadaism, Surrealism and Futurism. His style is too complex to be identified by a particular movement or current. His works show his concern with social and political oppression in the Slovene Lands, the fate of Slovenes threatened by foreign powers, the feeling of a decadence of Europe and the hope for a "new dawn". The Karst region, with its ascetic and rigid scenery, is one of the main motifs in Kosovel's poetry. His verses are full of wit, irony, depth and a sentiment of tragedy.

He has been often compared to other brilliant and tragic European authors from his same generation, such as the Hungarian Attila József, Italian Cesare Pavese, or Spanish Federico García Lorca.

Slovene composer Breda Šček set Kosovel’s texts to music.

Posthumous publications
In 1927, Alfonz Gspan published his late friend's early poems in a booklet consisting of 66 works. In 1946, Anton Ocvirk published Kosovel's "Collected Works", which were received by interest from the literary community. Ocvirk further published "The Golden Boat" in 1954. These publications however omitted Kosovel's late works. Only in 1967, a book called "Integrals '26" was published, edited by Ocvirk. The third volume of "Collected Works" was published in 1977.

Kosovel also left unfinished works in lyrical prose form, sketches, note, diaries and essays and criticisms concerning cultural problems. Much of it was published in 2004, on the 100th anniversary of Kosovel's birth, in the monograph entitled Ikarjev sen ("Icarus'es Dream"), edited by the literary critics Aleš Berger and Ludwig Hartinger.

A new selection of Kosovel's poetry has been translated into English by Bert Pribac, David Brooks, assisted by Teja Brooks Pribac: "The Golden Boat: Selected Poems of Srečko Kosovel" (Salt 2008). Many further works by Srečko Kosovel have been translated into English by Lesley Zore: "Best of Srečko Kosovel's Work, Translated by Lesley Zore" (self-published, 2020-2021).

title: Srečko Kosovel


text:
Talk:Pyrophosphate

Chemical structure
What is the molecular structure of pyrophosphate anion P2O7(2-)?

163.175.162.3 15:11, 2 December 2004 (UTC)

Origin of the name pyrophosphate
Anyone know the origin of the name? I would have called it diphosphate. --Drewlew 06:31, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * According to the OED, pyrophosphoric acid is obtained by heating phosphoric acid, and the prefix pyro- refers to that heat (πυρ, pur, means fire in Greek). Pyrophosphate is the only molecule which contains bridging oxygen. (user jyoti)--Ben 10:55, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * My understanding of "pyro-" is as follows. You get fire when you don't have water to put it out.  Let's apply the principle here.  Two molecules of hydrogen phosphate have 6 hydrogen atoms, 8 oxygen atoms and 2 phosphorus atoms.  One molecule of hydrogen pyrophosphate has 4 hydrogen atoms, 7 oxygen atoms and 2 phosphorus atoms. Thus, in colliding two hydrogen phosphates to form one hydrogen pyrophosphate, you lost 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom, which is the formula for a water molecule. You lost a water molecule that you needed to "put out the fire", so you got PYROphosphate.
 * As a further illustration, one of the classic du Pont polyimide formulations is their product PI-2540, which is delivered in beta-stage poly(aryl amide) with suspending solvent (principally NMP). PMDA is an acronym for "pyromelletic dianhydride". This is just benzene, except between vertices 1 and 2 and again between vertices 4 and 5 you yank off the 4 hydrogens and attach two acid anhydrides (ketone-oxygen-ketone).  The acid anhydride is a condensation of two carboxylic acid radicals, so PMDA represents a loss of two water molecules, whence "pyro-". User:rabjrsoaksitup  —Preceding undated comment added 16:24, 11 June 2009 (UTC).

 * It's interesting that "losing a water", or a dehydration reaction between two hydrogen phosphates, goes well with the "pyro" part of the etymology. It makes sense that a dehydration reaction is carried by heating a sample of hydrogen phosphate. However, this is all original research without a secondary source discussing the same reaction as well as the word association. --Chibibrain (talk) 18:23, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * If the "pyro" in "pyrophosphate" comes from "fire," why not include this basic information, which anyone reading this article would expect to find, in the actual text of the article, in order to make it properly encyclopedic? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 16:23, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Theory for Life's First Energy Source
http://news.yahoo.com/s/livescience/20100612/sc_livescience/newtheoryforlifesfirstenergysource —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.85.14.106 (talk) 13:17, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

why PPi?
What does the "i" stand for in PPi? Strange that it's not mentioned in the article. --89.204.136.53 (talk) 22:54, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Usually, this denotes inorganic phosphate, so perhaps some mention should be made? Or a link to the inorganic compound page? Ardkorjunglist (talk) 23:24, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I added that PPI stands for inorganic pyrophosphate, and I wikilinked the first occurrence on the page of 'inorganic phosphate'. Manudouz (talk) 09:36, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

WHERE ARE SIDE EFFECTS?
WHY do you not give informations on side effects and dangers of this food additif? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.227.244.217 (talk) 06:52, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:35, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pyrophosphate


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Toyota Celica 2004 GT-S

[[Media:TC2004GTS-AP.jpeg|Toyota Celica, 2004 GT-S Model]]
This is a self-nomination. This picture illustrates the Toyota Celica article. A picture was taken by me specifically for this article (at the time, only older model was pictured, and, considering how Celica changed over time, it was not enough).
 * Nominate and support.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 15:11, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Do you have a larger resolution version perhaps? -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 15:30, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I can rescan it. What resolution would you like to use?—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 16:01, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While it may be a nice crisp picture, I would really have to stretch to see it in any way suitable as a featured picture. It is not "beautiful, striking, shocking, impressive, titillating, fascinating, or in short just brilliant" in any way. Nice snapshot though. Wish my car looked that good. Denni ☯ 23:23, 2004 Dec 2 (UTC)
 * Comment. Couldn't you say that it's just about as "beautiful, striking, shocking..." as Image:Corvette-je-1958.jpg? Or perhaps it's the change in background from nice scenery to a brick wall? Enochlau 20:45, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. A good photo, but not a featured picture. Definitely upload a higher resolution version though. ed g2s  •  talk  04:50, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Don't like the lighting. Shadows too prevalent.  I don't think this shot would be good enough for a Toyota catalogue... so I don't think it's featured quality. -- GWO
 * And if shadows are removed?—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 15:55, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 00:10, 06 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 03:38, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Janderk 14:17, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. andrewphelps 23:52, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) How in God's name is this image "beautiful, striking, shocking, impressive, titillating, fascinating" or "brilliant"? It's a picture of a car, and one that is of standard composition and light quality. It's not entirely in focus, the background is ugly, and the crop is too loose. It's completely non-unique. The list of "Featured Pictures" should be extremely short! Images in this list elicit an immediate and uncontrollable "Wow" upon viewing. // Appendage: By the way, I am not trying to be an ass or criticize anyone's contributions. I just want this list taken seriously.
 * Oppose. Nice shot but not feature-quality.
 * Not promoted. +2/-5. ed g2s  •  talk  04:43, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tibco Software

marketing spiel
Someone pasted in a load of marketing spiel from the Tibco website here: http://www.tibco.com/company/default.jsp

The text of the Tibco website is copyrighted, but also it's the most uninformative pile marketing speil imaginable! "TIBCO's mission... Making our customers & partners enormously successful everyday". ...Please. -- Nojer2 15:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rendezvous
I'm confused: the First Paragraph says that TIBCO is synymous with its product Rendezvous, and a later paragraph says that TIBCO spun off TIBCO Software, whose main product is Rendezvous. So what's up? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.104.238.130 (talk) 19:30, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

I see no statement that TIBCO is "synonymous with Rendezvous."

So I removed the contradiction note; I assume that note was related to some piece of text that had been cleaned up before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.100.100.5 (talk) 11:39, 22 September 2006

I've used many of TIBCO's products before and the reason RV (Rendezvous) was called synymous is because it is frequently used as a generic term for their products. As in "TIBCO went down so we had to restart the xyz app". However, it's becoming more common for people to refer to BusinessWorks (one of their products) as the generic TIBCO. Bobtheowl2 02:34, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Right Bobtheowl. TIBCO BW is the new RV -- it's odd that in TIBCO's current environmental deployment recommendations, they actually recommend using their EMS product for the domain transport instead of RV.  But yes, when someone says "we'll do it in TIBCO", they are generally referring to some development in BW (and sometimes also in BusinessEvents). Okipatrick 03:54, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Reference to TIBCO Rendezvous disappeared from the article. Therefore, I have appended a link to TIBCO Rendezvous in the section Tibco Software. Oliver H (talk) 15:51, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

advertisement?
Seems like spam —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.174.225.205 (talk) 23:36, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

After reading this article I saw the note about this being an advertisement. Perhaps this refers to an earlier version of this article, but as the content now stands it doesn't appear to be an advertisement to me. It's simple background information about a company which is certainly large and influential enough to warrant description (2 Billion in market cap, and several products that define their market). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.81.69.219 (talk) 09:43, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I know this is an old comment above, but after reading parts of the article, it sounds to me like advertising. Sentences like the following stand out to me;

It goes on. I am not sure what the process is for dealing with this kind of thing. --Boy.pockets (talk) 10:58, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "...Teknekron embarked on a consulting project with Goldman Sachs to redefine the "trading floor of the future" applying this approach..."
 * "TIBCO's products focus on fulfilling the company's vision for "Enterprise 3.0,...""
 * "...designed to simplify the development, deployment and management of composite..."
 * "...that enables organizations to identify meaningful patterns across their business..."

Early TSI/TIBCO Employees
The two references to Dr. JoMei Chang should be moderated (e.g., the link to her post-TIBCO award removed from this TIBCO-centric page) and balanced by references to other key early TSI/TIBCO employees, including Dale Skeen (co-founder of Vitria), John Mathon (founder of Mathon Systems), Fred Meyer (ex-CEO of CastIron Systems), and Mark Bowles (founder of BondMart). Similarly, a reference to TSI's incubator (Teknekron Corp.) and its founder Harvey E. Wagner, should be included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.100.100.5 (talk) 00:36, 5 June 2007 (UTC) (comment edited by 193.129.26.250 on 12:37, 3 April 2008 (UTC))

Company Name
The company's name should be written in all caps as "TIBCO," rather than the mixed case "Tibco." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.100.100.5 (talk) 00:10, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Major newspapers render it as "Tibco". Please see WP:MOSTM for a discussion of why we don't blindly reproduce the ALL CAPS TRADEMARKS advocated by marketroids. —ptk✰fgs 06:47, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Whether or not there are marketing issues involved, the company is legally incorporated in Delaware as "TIBCO Software Inc." It is an error to write "Tibco Software Inc." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.100.100.5 (talk) 17:28 and 18:53, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It would be an error if we were preparing legal documents, perhaps. We are not. Most of the all-caps trademarks covered by WP:MOSTM are also registered that way. It does not apply to us. —ptk✰fgs 18:17, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's an error because the company's corporate name is "TIBCO Software Inc." This is not a trademark issue, as discussed in the style section to which you refer, it's an issue of rendering the company's name correctly.  Numerous other examples of all-caps company names can be found within Wikipedia, including ARCO, AT&T, BEA Systems, CSX Transportation, E*TRADE, NASD, Inc., PETCO, SBC Communications, and U S WEST.  Several of these are pronounced as words (ARCO, E*TRADE, PETCO), as is "TIBCO."  In other cases, like NAR, IBM, PEPCO and SEBI, all-caps acronyms are used in place of an underlying corporate name, with "IBM" (both as text and as a logo) being a registered trademark of the International Business Machines Corporation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.100.100.5 (talk) 21:46, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS —ptk✰fgs 02:04, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS refers specifically to deletion arguments, which this is not. Regardless, the point still stands that "TIBCO Software Inc." is the proper capitalization of the name of the company; similar in nature to the examples cited previously.  Whether or not Wikipedia chooses to capitalize trademarks, you've not explained why the name of the company itself is being misrepresented. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.100.100.5 (talk) 22:34 and 22:38, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Note that the manual of style also states: "but, don't invent new formats: MCI is standard English, while "Mci" is essentially never used."  Likewise, "Tibco" is simply never used and never has been, therefore using it constitutes the invention of a new format.  Also note that TIBCO is an acronym.  As such, TIBCO is the proper usage. Lucky Bottlecap 20:17, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Edits from Employee
While I edited it as an an employee, I made it less commercial and there was vandalism with a "notable alumni" section. I have made it objective as compared to previous versions and added citations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Azambataro (talk • contribs) 18:10, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Independent
I have desinged trading systems based on TIBCO(Teknecron) Rendezbous, Smartsockets, ICE and CORBA and want to compare them side by side from a developers perspective. EMS as is mentioned here is bascially only a layer(interface) on top of RV and Java Message Queue.

--Malin Randstrom (talk) 11:16, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

This is nonsense, EMS is unrelated to Rendezvous in terms of technology used. And please spell Rendezvous correctly.

Merge the architect
Can someone merge this article here and than delete it? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_the_Architect Part of it is already done. --Dia^ 10:01, 9 June 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dia^ (talk • contribs)

 * Most of article moved to Tibco Software article on 23 October 2008, but without "Cast of Charachters" (sic) section and small Quotes section. Moving those two sections into Tibco Software article and changing Greg the Architect page into redirect. --EarthFurst (talk) 23:44, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Add Tibco article to Category:Advertising characters? (since Greg the Architect was in that category) --EarthFurst (talk) 23:51, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Sounds a bit funny, but maybe someone is looking for it in the categories. --Dia^ (talk) 11:22, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

It isn't obvious why this link is still here? Surely it should be either explained or deleted? http://www.loaf.org.uk/ (talk) 08:32, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

list of largest software companies
On 04:33, 8 July 2009, Esoteric Rogue removed "In 2008 TIBCO ranked 72nd on the list of largest software companies in the world" (removed text had softwaretop100.org as ref). I have not re-added it because softwaretop100.org is unclear on what position Tibco is in: http://www.softwaretop100.org/tibco says "Current Top 100 position 72", but softwaretop100's Top 100 Largest Software Companies in the US page has Tibco in position 57. --EarthFurst (talk) 23:02, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * At Softwaretop100.org they have different lists. One of them is just for US and one is global.

Tibco in 2009 was listed 57th in the US list and 72nd in the Global list. In the update for 2010 ( Interim Update December 2009 ) Tibco is down to 83 in the Global list. http://www.softwaretop100.org/software-top-100/global-software-top-100-edition-2009 http://www.softwaretop100.org/software-top-100/global-software-top-100-interim-update-december-2009 --Dia^ (talk) 11:20, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved per WP:MOSTM -- JHunterJ (talk) 13:31, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

Tibco Software → TIBCO Software – Tried to move this myself, and an error was produced which said "The page could not be moved: a page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid." The proper formatting and capitalization of this company should be TIBCO Software. See: http://www.tibco.com/ MountainMan11 (talk) 21:25, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose the proposed name goes against the WP:MOSTM which calls for proper capitalization over the preferences of trademark owners. There are a few exceptions but none of them seem to apply here. One the same note the articles for the company's products TIBCO Rendezvous and TIBCO Hawk should be moved in accordance with guidelines and the cases of the use of TIBCO in the rest of the article should be changed to Tibco. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.93.169.157 (talk) 22:02, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. At least until the relevant provisions at WP:MOSTM are rationalised and clarified through consensual discussion. Compare Ikea, which currently redirects to IKEA. Why? N oetica Tea? 00:36, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * My best guess would be because of from that statement in the article the company is named as an acronym comprising the initials of the founder's name (Ingvar Kamprad), the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home parish (Agunnaryd, in Småland, South Sweden) I am not sure if that counts a traditional acronym (acronyms are one of the exceptions regarding the MOSTM) so I can't say if that article should be moved to Ikea but this since there is no evidence that TIBCO is an an acronym the potential exception for the IKEA article would not apply here.--174.93.169.157 (talk) 00:54, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

 * TIBCO is an acronym for "The Information Bus Company." Here's a source: http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/bi/201202011 Since it's an acronym like ESPN or IBM, TIBCO should be in all caps. MountainMan11 (talk) 08:43, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose - even if it's a strained acronym, this is normal WP style. Dicklyon (talk) 16:40, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Tibco Software


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Supreme Science

Supreme Science was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Supreme Science
Essay on esoteric subject. No potential to become encyclopaedic. Zeimusu 15:13, 2004 Dec 2 (UTC) I tried to add to the subject of Advaita with "Supreme Science" The response was not unexpected. I cannot understand how anyone can understand what Advaita "not-two" is about without knowing where it came from: MEDITATION and the study of thoughts in meditation-- ie the Supreme Science. From meditation we get to Samadhi, the Reality of dreamless-sleep. ONLY from this REALITY, Atman, Brahman, can someone hope to connect language with the Reality that is beyond name and form, language. Advaita tries to do the impossible and explain the Reality that is beyond language with language. This Study of thoughts, probably the oldest (and only?) science has been called by some the Supreme Science. Because it is the oldest science it seems to be too "esoteric" to be included in Wikipedia, even though Physics calls it its Unified Field Theory that has been around for over 5000 years. --geepee 17:39, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC) Geza Pal I edited a lot out. BUT please DELETE it if it is threatening, or ??, as it seems to be. --geepee 06:53, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Personal essay, delete. Actually, calling this original research might be giving it too much credit -- Ferkelparade π 15:41, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Where else is the study of thoughts, the first science, covered in your encyclopedia? Connecting Advaita with the universe and modern science and its unified field is "esoteric." If we don't understand what words are saying in simple English then we call it "esoteric." And since "I" cannot understand it then it cannot have "potential to become encyclopaedic." What about asking someone who knows something about physics and Advaita?  User: Geza Pal.
 * Delete. Google finds < 500 results for this subject - that makes it unencyclopedic. David Johnson 17:17, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You may want to keep it around (in the background?)because it is the Unified Field Theory that has been around for over five thousand years. Modern science, medicine, psychology, stops at the mind and fails to address thoughts. That's like physics stopping to ask questions once it gets to its atoms. User: Geza Pal.
 * Delete: Original research and signed (and therefore copyrighted). As for the subject, there is virtually no name for thinking about thinking, and yet there are a dozen.  There is no single, settled term, that I'm aware of, but "Supreme Science" turns up nothing substantial relating to this.  (You cannot see your eye with your eye.  You need a mirror.  Systems are valid as they interact with other systems.)  Geogre 19:33, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 21:46, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * RaD Man is probably the only one who knows what he’s writing about. The rest of you people have no idea of what I’m trying to say. I’m trying to say that life is a dream. This means that literally everything your mind has ever considered important is not only maningless but a sort of joke. If your mind can understand this, however, then you are free and untouchable – like the Buddha and Jesus himself. Sorry for bothering you with my dream. LOVE Geza Pal
 * Delete: I agree. It makes no sense and if it did it would make both Einstein and Stephen Hawking look like fools. Kill it. User:  Geza Pal.
 * You are now voting to delete the article you wrote and which you defended above? I'm very confused.  As for the subject, there are many areas of science which study thoughts - psychology, philosophy, neurobiology, metaphysics and epistemology to name a few.  Many have attempted to correlate eastern mysticism with western quantum physics.  Like most other attempts, this one does so only be either misunderstanding or misstating selected principles of quantum physics.  Delete as an original essay.  Rossami (talk) 23:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Following Zeimusu's total rewrite on 09:06, 5 Dec 2004, the article no longer reads as an original essay in metaphysics. I still have significant concerns about it's verifiability, though.  I have not been able to find any reference to the use of the specific phrase "Supreme Science" in this context.  Can anyone source this back to the correct name in the original language?  Rossami (talk) 16:48, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There is a section on the Advaita page, Advaita and science, to which some of this content might be taken. Zeimusu
 * SUPREME DELETE! —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:19, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. In fact this should have been speedily deleted. --AlainV 05:05, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge any relevant info with the science section in Advaita and delete - Skysmith 08:18, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I added this to the discussion section of Advaita - I hope it explains why this Supreme Science is worthy of some attention:
 * Delete as quasi-mystical likely-original-research pseudoscience. --Fastfission 20:56, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP, TOTAL REVISION. Please delete it if it is fiction. --geepee 14:03, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fiction isn't grounds for deletion, "original research" is. I made some further revisions but what this page needs to justify it's existence is references. There needs to be some evidence that the term "supreme science" is in general use and isn't one person's coinage.
 * Comment: It's possible that Geza Pal aka geepee is just playing around with us. For example see: Mister Anderson. Paul August 21:59, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - Any merit in the content should exist as a subpage of Advaita or Hinduism. rturus 17:08, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)

The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a committee of the Bank of England, which meets for three and a half days, eight times a year, to decide the official interest rate in the United Kingdom (the Bank of England Base Rate).

It is also responsible for directing other aspects of the government's monetary policy framework, such as quantitative easing and forward guidance. The Committee comprises nine members, including the Governor of the Bank of England, and is responsible primarily for keeping the Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation close to a target set by the government, currently 2% per year (as of 2019). Its secondary aim – to support growth and employment – was reinforced in March 2013.

Announced on 6 May 1997, only five days after that year's General Election, and officially given operational responsibility for setting interest rates in the Bank of England Act 1998, the committee was designed to be independent of political interference and thus to add credibility to interest rate decisions. Each member has one vote, for which they are held to account: full minutes of each meeting are published alongside the committee's monetary policy decisions, and members are regularly called before the Treasury Select Committee, as well as speaking to wider audiences at events during the year.

Purpose
The committee is responsible for formulating the United Kingdom's monetary policy, most commonly via the setting of the rate at it which it lends to banks (officially the Bank of England Base Rate or BOEBR for short). As laid out in law, decisions are made with a primary aim of price stability, defined by the government's inflation target (2% per year on the Consumer Price Index as of 2016). The target takes the form of a "point", rather than the "band" used by the Treasury prior to 1997. The secondary aim of the committee is to support the government's economic policies, and help it meet its targets for growth and employment. That secondary aim was reinforced by then Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in his March 2013 budget, with the MPC given more discretion to more openly "trade off" above-rate inflation in the medium run to boost other economic indicators. The MPC is not responsible for fiscal policy, which is handled by the Treasury itself, but is briefed by the Treasury about fiscal policy developments at meetings.

Under the Bank of England Act 1998 (c. 11) the Bank's Governor must write an open letter of explanation to the Chancellor of the Exchequer if inflation exceeds the target by more than one percentage point in either direction, and once every three months thereafter until prices are back within the allowed range. It should also set out what plans the Bank has for rectifying the problem, and how long it is expected to remain at those levels in the meantime.

In January 2009 the Chancellor announced an Asset Purchase Facility (APF), to be administered by the MPC, aimed at ensuring greater liquidity in financial markets. The committee had already started to cut rates the previous autumn, but the effect of such changes can take up to two years and rates cannot go below zero. By March 2009, faced with very low levels on inflation and interest rates already at 0.5%, the MPC voted to start the process of quantitative easing (QE) – the injection of money directly into the economy – via the APF. It had the Bank buy government bonds (gilts), along with a smaller amount of high-quality debt issued by private companies. Although non-gilts initially made up a non-negligible part of the APF portfolio, as of May 2015 the entirety of the APF was held as gilts. On 7 August 2013, Governor Mark Carney issued the committee's first forward guidance as a third tool for controlling future inflation.

Criticism of the MPC has centred on its predominant focus on inflation to the detriment of growth and employment, although that criticism may have been mitigated by the March 2013 revisions to the committee's remit. There have also been complaints about the reluctance of lenders to pass on rate changes, and about the extent to which the introduction and management of QE have risked politicising the committee.

History
Traditionally, the Treasury set interest rates. After reforms in 1992, officials held regular meetings and published minutes, but were not independent of government. The result was a feeling that political factors were clouding what should be purely economic judgements on monetary policy.

On 6 May 1997, operational responsibility to set interest rates was granted to the independent Bank of England by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown. Guidelines for the creation of a new "Monetary Policy Committee" were laid out in the Bank of England Act 1998. The Act also set out the responsibilities of the MPC: it would meet monthly; its membership comprise the Governor, two Deputy Governors, two of the Bank's Executive Directors and four members appointed by the Chancellor. It should publish minutes of all meetings within six weeks (in October 1998 the committee announced plans to publish far more quickly, after only one ). The Act gave the government responsibility for specifying its price stability target and growth and employment objectives at least annually. The original inflation target the government set for the MPC was 2.5% per year on the RPI-X measure of inflation, but in 2003 this was changed to 2% on CPI. The government reserved the right to instruct the Bank on what rate to set in times of emergency.

The years 1998 to 2006 witnessed an unprecedented period of price stability – during which inflation stayed within a percentage point of the target – despite earlier predictions that it could sit outside the range forty or more per cent of the time. A 2007 report produced for the Treasury Committee noted that the MPC's independence of government "has reduced the scope for short-term political considerations to enter into the determination of interest rates". The creation of the MPC, it said, brought with it "an immediate credibility gain". During this time, the MPC kept interest rates relatively stable between 3.5% and 7.5%.

However, the financial crisis of 2007–08 ended this period of stability, and, on 16 April 2007, the governor (at that time Mervyn King), was obliged to write the first MPC open letter to the chancellor (Gordon Brown), explaining why the inflation had deviated from the target of 2% per year by more than one percentage point (3.1%). By February 2013, he had had to write 14 such letters to chancellors. Between October 2008 and March 2009 the base rate was cut six times to an all-time low of 0.5% in order to avoid deflation and spur growth. In March 2009, the MPC launched a programme of quantitative easing, initially injecting £75 billion into the economy. By March 2010, it had also increased the amount of money set aside for quantitative easing to £200 billion, a figure later increased by a further £75 billion in the months following October 2011. The MPC announced two further £50 billion rounds of quantitative easing in February and July 2012, bringing the total to £375 billion whilst simultaneously keeping the base rate at 0.5%. In March 2013, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, called on the MPC to follow its American counterpart (the Federal Reserve Board) in committing itself to keeping interest rates low for a prolonged period of time via appropriate forward guidance, which it did on 7 August.

These measures eventually proved insufficient to avoid deflation. Having taken over in August 2013, Governor Mark Carney wrote his first open letter in February 2015 to explain why inflation had fallen below 1% for the first time in the MPC's history. This was followed by deflation of 0.1% in April 2015, the first month of negative CPI growth since the 1960s, and triggering a second letter. As of February 2015, Carney has written five such letters. Following the UK's vote to leave the European Union in June 2016, the MPC cut the base rate from 0.5% to 0.25%, the first change since March 2009. At the same time, it announced a further round of quantitative easing, valued at £60 billion, bringing the total to £435 billion.

In December 2014, the Bank adopted the recommendations of a report prepared by Kevin Warsh aimed at improving the transparency of the committee's decision making processes.

Composition
Following a reshuffle in April 2014, the committee currently comprises:
 * The Governor of the Bank
 * The three Deputy Governors for Monetary Policy, Financial Stability and Markets and Banking
 * The Bank's Chief Economist
 * Four external members, appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer for a renewable three-year term

Each member has one vote of equal weight, for which they can be held publicly accountable. The Governor chairs the meeting and is the last to cast a vote, acting as a casting vote in event of a tie. Representatives from the Treasury may attend the meeting, but only as non-voting observers.

Meetings
The MPC meets eight times a year, including four joint meetings with the Financial Policy Committee. After a half-day "pre-MPC meeting", usually the Wednesday before, meetings are held over three days, typically a Thursday, Monday and Wednesday. Prior to the implementation of the reforms recommended by Kevin Warsh, meetings were generally held monthly on the Wednesday and Thursday following the first Monday of the month, although this was sometimes deviated from. In 2010, for example, the meeting was postponed from the 5/6 to the 7/10 May in order to avoid conflicting with the general election scheduled for the 6th. The May 2015 meeting was similarly delayed.

On the first day of the three, the Committee studies data relating to the UK economy, as well as the worldwide economy, presented by the Bank's economists and regional representatives, and topics for discussion are identified and addressed. The second day consists of a main policy discussion during which MPC members explain their personal views and debate the correct course of action. The Governor chooses the policy most likely to command a majority and, on the third day of the meeting, a vote is taken; each member gets one vote. Those in the minority are asked to give the action they would have preferred. The committee's decisions are announced at noon the day after the meeting has concluded. Following a procedural change in 2015, minutes of each meeting (including the policy preference of each member) are published on the Bank's website at the same time as any decision is announced, resulting in a "Super Thursday" effect. Prior to August 2015, the committee's decisions were published at noon on the final day of the meeting, but there was a two-week delay before any minutes were published. Starting with the March 2015 meeting, full transcripts of meetings will also be published, albeit after an eight-year delay.

Outside of meetings, members of the MPC can be called upon by Parliament to answer questions regarding their decisions, via parliamentary committee meetings, often those of the Treasury Committee. MPC members also speak to audiences throughout the country, with the same aim. Their views and expectations for inflation are also republished in the Bank's quarterly inflation report.

Membership
As of February 2024, the current Committee comprises:

 * Andrew Bailey (16 March 2020 to 15 March 2028, Governor)
 * Ben Broadbent (1 July 2014 - 30 June 2024, Deputy Governor for Monetary Policy)
 * Dave Ramsden (1 September 2017 – 31 August 2027, Deputy Governor for Markets and Banking)
 * Sarah Breeden (1 November 2023 - 31 October 2028, Deputy Governor for Financial Stability)
 * Huw Pill (6 September 2021 - 5 September 2024, Chief Economist and Executive Director for Monetary Analysis)
 * Jonathan Haskel (1 September 2018 - 31 August 2024, external member)
 * Catherine L. Mann (1 September 2021 - 31 August 2024, external member)
 * Swati Dhingra (9 August 2022 - 8 August 2025, external member)
 * Megan Greene (5 July 2023 - 4 July 2026, external member)

Other, former members of the committee by date of appointment are:

 * Sir Edward George (June 1997 – June 2003)
 * Howard Davies (June – July 1997)
 * Willem Buiter (June 1997 – May 2000)
 * Charles Goodhart (June 1997 – May 2000)
 * Ian Plenderleith (June 1997 – May 2002)
 * Mervyn King (June 1997 – June 2013)
 * Dame DeAnne Julius (September 1997 – May 2001)
 * David Clementi (September 1997 – August 2002)
 * Sir Alan Budd (December 1997 – May 1999)
 * Sir John Vickers (June 1998 – September 2000)
 * Sushil Wadhwani (June 1999 – May 2002)
 * Christopher Allsopp (June 2000 – May 2003)
 * Stephen Nickell (June 2000 – May 2006)
 * Charles Bean (October 2000 – June 2014)
 * Dame Kate Barker (June 2001 – May 2010)
 * Marian Bell (June 2002 – June 2005)
 * Paul Tucker (June 2002 – 20 October 2013)
 * Sir Andrew Large (September 2002 – January 2006)
 * Richard Lambert (June 2003 – March 2006)
 * Rachel Lomax (July 2003 – June 2008)
 * David Walton (July 2005 – 21 June 2006)
 * Sir John Gieve (16 January 2006 – March 2009)
 * David Blanchflower (June 2006 – May 2009)
 * Tim Besley (September 2006 – August 2009)
 * Andrew Sentance (October 2006 – May 2011)
 * Spencer Dale (July 2008 – May 2014)
 * Paul Fisher (March 2009 – July 2014)
 * David Miles (June 2009 – August 2015)
 * Adam Posen (September 2009 – August 2012)
 * Martin Weale (August 2010 – July 2016)
 * Mark Carney (July 2013 - March 2020)
 * Kristin Forbes (July 2014 – June 2017)
 * Nemat Shafik (August 2014 – February 2017)
 * Charlotte Hogg (March 2017 – 28 April 2017)
 * Ian McCafferty (September 2012 – August 2018)
 * Andy Haldane (1 June 2014 - June 2021)
 * Gertjan Vlieghe (September 2015 – August 2021)
 * Michael Saunders (9 August 2016 - 9 August 2022)
 * Silvana Tenreyro (5 July 2017 - 4 July 2023)
 * Jon Cunliffe (November 2013 - October 2023)

The dates listed show when their current terms of appointment are due to, or did, end.

As of January 2008, Mervyn King, the Bank of England's then Governor, was the only MPC member to have taken part in every meeting since 1997. As a result, after the MPC meeting in July 2013, the first after King retired, no single member had attended every meeting. As of 2016, Kate Barker is the only external member to date to have been appointed for three terms, each lasting three years.


title: File:Xcopilot-linux.conf.au-2004.gif


text:
Telangana Praja Samithi

Telangana Praja Samithi or Telangana Peoples Convention was an Indian political party which fought for statehood for the Telangana region.

History
TPS was founded in 1969. The founding president of the party was Ananthula Madan Mohan, but later taken over by Marri Chenna Reddy who spearheaded the Telangana agitation and eventually winning over 10 Lok Sabha seats in the 1971 elections. Telangana Praja Samithi's support was not crucial as Indira Gandhi got complete superiority in that election. Chenna Reddy dissolved the Telangana Praja Samiti a few days after the resignation of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy on September 24, 1971. Later the members merged into the Congress party.

The party was revived again in 1983 with Vande Mataram Ramchander Rao, as the President, Pratap Kishore was the General Secretary. After the death of Vandemataram Ram Chander Rao, Gandhian Bhoopati Krishnamurthi (Telangana Gandhi) was elected president and led the party for nearly two decades up to his death in January 2015. After Bhoopati Krishnamoorthi Neera Kishore, was elected as President of Telangana Praja Samithi. ₰₰₰

Movement
TPS organized a series of strikes and demonstrations throughout the Telangana region to push their demand for a separate state. In June 1969 general strikes in Hyderabad organized by the TPS led to widespread violence as TPS supporters clashed with supporters of a unified Andhra state and with police.

Elections
In the 1971 Lok Sabha elections, TPS won 10 out of 11 seats in Telangana. However, in September 1971 TPS merged with Congress, and the Telangana agitations temporarily disappeared and P V Narsimha Rao was made the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.

title: Telangana Praja Samithi


text:
Emil Fischer (disambiguation)

Emil Fischer (1852–1919) was a German Nobel laureate in chemistry.

Emil Fischer may also refer to:
 * Emil Fischer (American football executive) (1887–1958), American football executive and businessman
 * Emil Fischer (bass) (1838–1914), German dramatic basso
 * Emil Fischer (cartographer) (1838/9–1898), German-born American cartographer

title: Emil Fischer (disambiguation)


text:
Mandinka language

The Mandinka language (Mandi'nka kango; Ajami: مَانْدِينْكَا كَانْجَوْ), or Mandingo, is a Mande language spoken by the Mandinka people of Guinea, northern Guinea-Bissau, the Casamance region of Senegal, and in The Gambia where it is one of the principal languages.

Mandinka belongs to the Manding branch of Mande and is similar to Bambara and Maninka/Malinké but with only 5 instead of 7 vowels. The variety spoken in The Gambia and Senegal borders on a pitch accent due to its proximity with non-tonal neighboring languages like Wolof.

Phonology
Mandinka is here represented by the variety spoken in Casamance. There is little dialectical diversity.

Tone
Mandinka has two tones, high and low. Unmodified nouns are either high tone on all syllables or low tone on all syllables. The definite suffix -o takes a low tone on high-tone nouns and a falling tone on low-tone nouns. It also assimilates any preceding short vowel, resulting in a long /oo/ with either low or falling tone. It shortens a preceding long high vowel (ii > io, uu > uo; ee optionally > either eo or ee) or assimilates itself (aa remains aa) leaving only its tone:
 * /búŋ/ 'a room' > /búŋò/ 'the room'
 * /tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' > /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree'
 * /kídí/ 'a gun' > /kídòò/ 'the gun'
 * /kòrdàà/ 'a house' > /kòrdáà/ 'the house'

In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of pitch accent under the influence of local non-tonal languages such as Wolof, Serer, and Jola.

The tonal system remains more robust in the Eastern and Southern Mandinka dialects (Tilibo) spoken in the Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Eastern Senegal. These conservative dialects merge into other conservative Manding languages like Maninka, the once official language of the Mali Empire, Bambara, and Susu. All of these preserve the typical West African terraced downstep in tonality that is only lightly alluded to in the Western Mandinka dialects spoken in much of Gambia and Senegal.

Vowels
Vowel qualities are. All may be long or short. There are no nasal vowels; instead, there is a coda consonant /ŋ/. Long vowels are written double: aa, ee, ii, oo, uu.

Consonants
The following table gives the consonants in the Latin orthography, and their IPA equivalent when they differ.

Syllabic nasals occur, such as in nnààm 'yes!' (response), ŋte "I, me". Word-initial mb, nd, ndy, ng occur but are not particularly common; it is not clear whether they should be considered syllabic nasals or additional consonants.

Consonants may be geminated in the middles of words (at least /pp, cc, jj, kk, ll, mm, nn, ññ/). The only other consonant found at the ends of syllables in native words is. It assimilates to the following consonant: /ns, nc, mb/ etc. Syllable-final /r/ and /s/ are found in French loans (e.g. /kùrtù/ "pants").

Orthography
The Latin alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are widely used for Mandinka; the former is official, but the latter is more widely used and older. In addition, the pan-Manding writing system, the N'Ko script, invented in 1949, is often used in Guinea-Bissau, north east Guinea, and in bordering communities in Ivory Coast and Mali. Additionally, the Garay alphabet, originally developed for Wolof, has seen some limited use.

In the Latin script, c represents, ŋ , and ñ ; the letters v, x, z, and q are not used. Vowels are as in Spanish or Italian and are doubled to indicate length or distinguish words that are otherwise homophones.

The Arabic script uses no extra letters (apart from, rarely, an extra vowel mark for e), but some of the letters are pronounced differently from in Arabic.

The Latin and Arabic consonants correspond as follows:

Letters in italics are not normally used in native Mandinka words. ه (h) may also be used to indicate a final glottal stop, which is not noted in the Latin script. The letter ŋ of the Latin script is often indicated with vowel signs in the Arabic script; see below.Letters in italics are not normally used in native Mandinka words. ه (h) may also be used to indicate a final glottal stop, which is not noted in the Latin script. The letter ŋ of the Latin script is often indicated with vowel signs in the Arabic script; see below.

The vowels correspond as follows (diacritics are placed over or under the consonant in Arabic):

In addition, a small Arabic 2 (۲) may be used to indicate reduplication, and the hamza may be used as in Arabic to indicate glottal stops more precisely.

Titles

 * Faama: "father," "leader," or "king"
 * Mansa (title): "sultan", "king" or "emperor"

title: Mandinka language


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Template/Evidence

Based on our experience at Requests for arbitration/HistoryBuffEr and Jayjg/Evidence, a thoughouly confusing page, I have made a change in format requiring that each person who enters evidence present evidence in their own section only. Fred Bauder 15:20, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree wholeheartedly. →Raul654 20:42, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

Link change
I changed the link to the workshop to /Workshop because when you open cases you won't have to fix the links manually. If there's something wrong with this, please let me know and revert. Johnleemk | Talk 09:26, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

It would please me greatly
It would please me greatly if this template did not use my name as an example. Cute, but... :-)--Jimbo Wales 20:09, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Evidence length
Updated to reflect two points arising in Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Attachment Therapy:

 * Length is mostly for the primary evidence, responses should be kept short as well, but are not necessarily part of the "rule of thumb" 1000 words/100 diffs. Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Attachment Therapy/Evidence

 * Clerk judgement on reasonable evidence length/layout may apply on cases with unusual complexity. comment clerk opinion

FT2 (Talk 13:37, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

May I edit your evidence template, arbs?

 * As I'm credibly informed that nobody reads this talkpage, I've crossposted the message to Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration.

Hi. I've written a couple of tutorials on how to produce diffs and permanent links, and have gotten good feedback about their usefulness. My impetus was the utter practical uselessness, (though perhaps philosophical interest) of help:diff, which is usually linked to when newbies ask how to produce diffs. I don't understand above one word in ten in it, so how's a newbie supposed to?

Also, help:diff is only about diffs, whereas it's sometimes a lot more convenient to link one's evidence to a short section on a talkpage or on ANI. If those section links aren't done right, they'll go dead as soon as the page is archived. In the case of ANI, that means after a day or two. I noticed yesterday that one user went into his evidence section in the COFS case and effortfully changed all his section links to point to the archive into which they had just disappeared. I mentioned the tutorials to him, and he said he had been trying unsuccessfully to find that kind of information when he compiled his evidence. So, what do you say, arbitrators, would you like me to mention this simple tutorial and/or this really, really simple tutorial at, say, the top of the evidence template? I've discussed it with NYBrad, and he seemed to think it would be helpful. Changing the relevantparagraph to something like this is what I have in mind:

 * As such, it is extremely important that you use the prescribed format. Submitted evidence should include a link to the actual page diff, or to a short page section; links to the page itself are not sufficient. Never link to a page history or an editor's contributions, as those will probably have changed by the time people click on your links to view them. Please make sure any page section links are permanent. See Diff and link tutorial.

Bishonen | talk 23:14, 27 July 2007 (UTC).

 * Looks good. I wonder in general if the header is too wordy, and could use a rewrite from scratch, but everything in there now seems to be something that needs to be said.  Hmmm.... Thatcher131 21:45, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Offset parameters
Melsaran, that's an intriguing point about offset parameters you added, but... when I edited the template instructions recently to simplify them, and asked the arbs and clerks for input — see the history, and the replies here, and especially Thatcher's reply above — it was clearly a concern to keep them as clean and simple as possible. For new users, I think your addition may add to the noise level and make them even less confident about submitting evidence. Wikinerd and gnomes, on the other hand, can probably get there without telling. And people in between, like me, who do need telling, will be frustrated by not getting told how to use these parameters. Perhaps you could ask about it on WT:RFAR ? User:Newyorkbrad recommended me to do that, as nobody, he said, reads this page. Best, Bishonen | talk 19:35, 18 August 2007 (UTC).

 * Ah, that's a good point. I could create a help page about offsets (there's currently nothing about it in Help:Page history) and link to it, because you're right in pointing out that it is a little confusing to just mention the word "offset" without an explanation here. I'll think it over and see what's the best solution :) thanks for your thoughts.  Mel sa  ran  23:59, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * When you decide when and where to explain offsets, please let me know; I've never heard of them. :) Regards, Newyorkbrad 00:03, 19 August 2007 (UTC)


text:
Athlone Town A.F.C.

Athlone Town Association Football Club (Cumann Peile Bhaile Áth Luain) is an Irish football club from Athlone who are playing in the League of Ireland. The club is the oldest in the League as it was founded in 1887. First elected to the League of Ireland in 1922, they play their home matches in Lissywollen, their new stadium which opened in 2007. The club's colours are blue and black. Away kits vary from year to year although orange and black has been worn most recently.

1920s
Athlone first competed in the League of Ireland in the 1922–23 season, finishing sixth. They were the first non-Dublin club in the Irish Free State to compete in the national Free State League. They competed in the league until 1928 and not again until the 1969–70 season.

Athlone Town won the FAI Cup, their first domestic success in 1924, beating Fordsons. Dinny Hannon scored the only goal of the game, as Athlone went through the whole competition without conceding a goal.

Hannon was one of five Athlone Town players chosen to represent the Irish Free State at the 1924 Paris Olympic Games. The other players were Tommy Muldoon, Frank Ghent, John Joe Dykes and Paddy O'Reilly.

Domestic success and European competition
The club finished second in the league in the 1974–75 season, earning a place in the UEFA Cup, the first time they had ever qualified for European competition. Their first-round game was against Norwegian side Vålerenga who they beat 3–1 at home before drawing 1–1 away. Athlone's second round tie was against Italian side AC Milan, drawing 0–0 in the first leg at St. Mel's Park, setting a record attendance of 9,000 before losing the second leg at the San Siro 3–0.

Athlone won their first league title in the 1980–81 season. They played KB in Europe the following season, earning a draw in the first leg in Denmark and again at St. Mel's Park, going out on the away goal rule.

In the 1981–82 season Athlone Town won the League Cup for the second time, beating Shamrock Rovers. However, they failed to retain their league title that year finishing 4th. Athlone Town were again crowned league champions in the 1982–83 season and qualifying for Europe, and also retained the League Cup, beating Dundalk. Their opponents in Europe on this occasion were Belgian outfit Raymond Goethals managed Standard Liège, losing 3–2 at home and 8–2 in Liège.

In 1985 six new clubs were elected to the league, increasing the league's participation to 22. As a result, the current two division (Premier and First) structure was adapted with Athlone Town in Premier Division. In 1987 the club finished last and were relegated to the First Division. Their stay there was short, finishing top of First Division the following season, gaining promotion to the Premier Division. The club remained in the top flight until the 1991–92 season, when they finished eleventh and were subsequently relegated to the First Division.

Athlone Town again gained promotion to the Premier Division in the 1993–94 season, finishing runners-up to Sligo Rovers that season.

Relegation
The club were once again relegated in 1996, narrowly missing out on promotion in 2001 by one point to Monaghan United.

Since 2001 Athlone have finished each season in the bottom half of the first division. In that time eight different managers have been appointed. In 2007 the club moved from St Mel's Park to a new stadium, which was opened on 9 March when the home side hosted Kilkenny City in the opening game of the season.

On 15 December 2008, the club held an emergency E.G.M. with supporters stating that they were in financial difficulties. Part finance had been raised and the club worked towards raising the rest. The club received funds through the patron scheme with over 350 fans contributing.

On 27 September 2013, Athlone clinched the First Division title with a 1–0 win over Waterford United.

In 2014, Athlone Town had a bad campaign in the Premier Division, finishing last in the championship, in the Leinster Senior Cup it was eliminated in the quarterfinals by St Patrick's Athletic, in the FAI Cup it was eliminated in the second round by Longford Town, and in the League Cup lost to Longford Town again in the first round.

In September 2017 the FAI banned goalkeeper Igors Labuts and midfielder Dragos Sfrijan for 12 months after a UEFA investigation found "clear and overwhelming betting evidence" of fixing of Athlone's 29 April match against Longford Town in the 2017 League of Ireland First Division. The Professional Footballers' Association of Ireland said the decision was based on "half-baked innuendo".

In 2018, a dispute over ownership of Athlone Town Stadium arose.

In November 2020, Athlone Town lost 11–0 to Dundalk F.C. in the FAI Cup semi final, a new record for the biggest win from a team in the history of the competition

There are many youth teams, ranging from u13 boys' to u17 women's team.

The club currently plays in the League of Ireland First Division.

Honours
Source:
 * League of Ireland: 2
 * 1980–81, 1982–83
 * FAI Cup: 1
 * 1923–24
 * League of Ireland Cup: 3
 * 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83
 * Leinster Senior Cup (association football): 3
 * 1969–70, 1987–88, 1991–92
 * LFA President's Cup: 1
 * 1983–84
 * Tyler Cup: 1
 * 1979–80
 * League of Ireland First Division: 2
 * 1987–88, 2013
 * League of Ireland B Division: 2
 * 1968–69, 1983–84
 * FAI Junior Cup
 * 1934–35, 1937–38: 2
 * FAI Youth Cup
 * 1983–84: 1

Former managers

 * 🇮🇪 Billy Young (1969)
 * 🇮🇪 Mick Dalton (1970)
 * 🇮🇪 Amby Fogarty (1974–76)
 * 🏴 Trevor Hockey (1976)
 * 🇮🇪 Tommy Carroll (1976–77)
 * 🇮🇪 Seán Thomas (1977–79)
 * 🇮🇪 Turlough O'Connor (1979–85)
 * 🇮🇪 Padraig O'Connor (1987–89)
 * 🇮🇪 Mick Leech (1990–91)
 * 🇮🇪 Pat Devlin (1991–92)
 * 🇮🇪 Michael O'Connor (1992–95)
 * 🇮🇪 Tony Mannion (1995–96)
 * 🇮🇪 Dermot Keely (1996)
 * 🇮🇪 Terry Eviston (1996–97)
 * 🇮🇪 Liam Buckley (1997–98)
 * 🇮🇪 Jimmy Greene (1999–00)
 * 🇮🇪 Liam Buckley (2000–02)
 * 🇮🇪 Aaron Callaghan (2004)
 * 🇮🇪 Stephen Kelly (2004–05)
 * 🇮🇪 John Gill (2005)
 * 🇮🇪 Michael O'Connor (2005–07)
 * 🇮🇪 Dermot Lennon (2007–09)
 * 🇮🇪 Brendan Place (2009–10)
 * 🇮🇪 Mike Kerley (2011–12)
 * 🇮🇪 Padraig Moran (2012)
 * 🇮🇪 Roddy Collins (2012–13)
 * 🇮🇪 Mick Cooke (2014)
 * 🇮🇪 Keith Long (2014)
 * 🇮🇪 Eddie Wallace (2014–15)
 * 🇮🇪 Alan Mathews (2015–16)
 * 🇮🇪 Colin Fortune (2016–17)
 * Ricardo Monsanto (2017)
 * Ricardo Cravo (2017)
 * 🇮🇪 Roddy Collins (2017–18)
 * 🇮🇪 Aaron Callaghan (2018)
 * 🇮🇪 Terry Butler (2018–2019)
 * 🇮🇪 Adrian Carberry (2019–2021)
 * 🇮🇪 Paul Doolin (2021)
 * 🇮🇪 Martin Russell (2022)
 * 🇮🇪 Dermot Lennon (2022–2023)
 * 🇮🇪 Gordon Brett (2023)

title: Athlone Town A.F.C.


text: User talk:205.223.214.108

title: User talk:205.223.214.108


text: User talk:67.101.87.233

title: User talk:67.101.87.233


text:
Triolet

A triolet is almost always a stanza poem of eight lines, though stanzas with as few as seven lines and as many as nine or more have appeared in its history. Its rhyme scheme is ABaAabAB (capital letters represent lines repeated verbatim) and often in 19th century English triolets all lines are in iambic tetrameter, though in traditional French triolets, from the 17th century on, the second, sixth and eighth lines tend to be iambic trimeters followed by one amphibrachic foot each. In French terminology, a line ending in an iambic foot was denoted as masculine, while a line ending in an amphibrachic foot was called feminine. Depending on the language and era, other meters are seen, even in French. The first, fourth and seventh lines are identical, as are the second and final lines, thereby making the initial and final couplets identical as well. In a traditional French triolet, the second and third non-repeating lines rhyme with the repeating first, fourth, and seventh lines, while the non-repeating sixth line rhymes with the second and eighth repeating lines. However, especially in German triolets of the 18th and 19th centuries, one will see this pattern often violated.

History
The triolet is a close cousin of the rondeau, the rondel, and the rondelet, other French verse forms emphasizing repetition and rhyme. The form stems from medieval French poetry and seems to have had its origin in Picardy.

The earliest written examples are from the late 13th century. In this century, possibly the earliest surviving triolet is from "Li Roumans dou Chastelain de Couci et de la Dame de Fayel", where it is referred to as simply a song ("chanson"). Seven more easily datable 13th century triolets (also known as songs) are to be found in "Cléomadès" by Adenet le Roi. In the early 14th century, the songwriter, Jean Lescurel, wrote many triolets under the term of rondel. Lescurel was followed by Guillaume Machaut and, at the end of the century, by Jean Froissart. In the early 15th century, Christine de Pisan experimented with a slightly abbreviated seven-line variation of the triolet which she, like her predecessors, also termed a rondel. Toward the end of this century, Dutch language triolets (though designated as rondels) by Anthonis de Roovere appear. Also, at the end of the 15th century, the term triolet appears for the first time. It was probably first so designated by Octavien de Saint-Gelais, whose colleague André de la Vigne appears to have designated his own triolets as rondelets. In the 16th century, variously designated French and Dutch triolets continue to appear, though they largely lose favor by the end of the century. In the 17th century from 1648 to 1652, triolets designated as triolets became suddenly popular in France during the civil uprisings of the "Fronde" when triolets were used for propaganda purposes and for character assassination. However, what remains easily accessible from this period are, basically, two poems, one by Marc-Antoine Girard, Sieur de Saint-Amant and another by Jacques de Ranchin. Saint-Amant's poem is a triolet about writing a triolet and Ranchin's, also known as the "king of triolets", is about falling in love on the first of May. Though the triolet did not recover its former popularity in 18th century France, it did, with the appearance of Théodore de Banville in the mid-19th century, experience a revival of interest with triolets being written by Arthur Rimbaud, Maurice Rollinat, Alphonse Daudet, and Stéphane Mallarmé.

The earliest known triolets composed in English were written in 1651 by Patrick Cary, briefly a Benedictine at Douai, who purportedly used them in his devotions. None of Cary's poetry was published until the late 18th century and his triolets did not achieve notice until Sir Walter Scott published them in 1820. Probably, the two earliest publications of a triolet in English were both translations of Ranchin's king of triolets, with one being published in 1728 and the other in 1806. In 1835 a rondel of Froissart was translated into English as a triolet. In 1870 Robert Bridges became the first English poet to write original triolets in English that were published and achieved recognition in England. This, though, was less through his own efforts than through the impact of an influential article written by Edmund Gosse and printed in 1877 in the Cornhill Magazine reintroducing the triolet to the English public at large, among whom it enjoyed a brief popularity among late-nineteenth-century British poets.

Not only did the triolet come to enjoy popularity in the late 19th century among English writers, but in the 18th and 19th centuries, it also came to enjoy a certain popularity among writers of other European languages. Among the various languages in which the triolet appeared, German writers of triolets, in particular, were not only numerous, but, by and large, made a point of developing it in new directions not seen with English and French writers. In addition to German, the triolet also appeared in Dutch, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and possibly other languages during these two centuries. Moreover, in Brazil in the late 19th century, the triolet spawned a new, somewhat abbreviated, six-line verse form known as the biolet.

Though possessing a long history, triolets, with the exception of France in the years from 1648 to 1652, have always been a relatively rare verse form. Nevertheless, the number of languages in which triolets have been written and the number of poets who have written triolets has steadily increased and it seems to be exhibiting a new vitality with the advent of the 21st century.

Examples
The following five triolets were written in 1651, 1806, 1870, 1877 and 1888, respectively, the first four being written by Englishmen and the last by an American.

1. Farewell all earthly joys and care

Worldly designs, fears, hopes, farewell! Farewell all earthly joys and cares! On nobler thoughts my soul shall dwell, Worldly designs, fears, hopes, farewell! At quiet, in my peacefull cell, I'll think on God, free from your snares; Worldly designs, fears, hopes, farewell! Farewell all earthly joys and cares

— Patrick Cary

2. The first of May

The first morn in the month of May I prize far more than all the rest; For thee I saw and told that day, The first morn of the month of May, That thou my heart had'st stolen away. If thee please what I then confessed, The first morn in the month of May I prize far more than all the rest.

— Robert Fellowes

3. When we first met

When first we met we did not guess That Love would prove so hard a master; Of more than common friendliness When first we met we did not guess Who could foretell this sore distress, This irretrievable disaster When first we met? We did not guess That Love would prove so hard a master.

— Robert Bridges

4. Love's but a dance

Oh, Love's but a dance, Where Time plays the fiddle! See the couples advance,— Oh, Love's but a dance! A whisper, a glance, — Shall we twirl down the middle? Oh, Love's but a dance, Where Time plays the fiddle!

— Austin Dobson

The French example referred to above[which one?], by Ranchin in c. 1690, was described by Edmund Gosse as "No more typical specimen of the [early French] triolet could be found":

Le premier jour du mois de mai Fut le plus heureux de ma vie: Le beau dessein que je formais, Le premier jour du mois de mai! Je vous vis et je vous aimais. Si ce dessein vous plut, Sylvie, Le premier jour du mois de mai Fut le plus heureux de ma vie.

The modern English triolet
The following is an example of a modern English triolet.

"Birds At Winter"

Around the house the flakes fly faster, And all the berries now are gone From holly and cotoneaster Around the house. The flakes fly! – faster Shutting indoors the crumb-outcaster We used to see upon the lawn Around the house. The Flakes fly faster And all the berries now are gone!

— Thomas Hardy

In the last line the punctuation is altered; this is common although not strictly in keeping with the original form. Furthermore, the fact that the "berries now are gone" has a new relevance, the birds are going unfed, creates a new significance from the line repetition.

title: Triolet


text:
Lord Kennet

Lord Kennet may refer to:

 * Robert Bruce, Lord Kennet (1718–1785), Scottish advocate, legal scholar and judge
 * Baron Kennet, of the Dene in the County of Wiltshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
 * (Edward) Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet (1879–1960), British politician and writer
 * Wayland Hilton Young, 2nd Baron Kennet (1923–2009), British writer, Labour Party and SDP politician who served in numerous national and international official and unofficial capacities

title: Lord Kennet