text:
Talk:Politics of Angola

Merger proposal
Cabinet of Angola should be merged into Politics of Angola under the Executive Branch section. Ouanor (talk) 14:37, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree. Just go ahead! Aflis (talk) 16:14, 3 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Strongly disagree. They're distinctly different articles and should be further developed as such. Prburley (talk) 11:00, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

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 * Can link political power: ...ational Assembly of Angola|National Assembly]]. Currently, political power is concentrated in the Presidency. The executive branch of ...
 * Can link executive branch: ...tly, political power is concentrated in the Presidency. The executive branch of the government is composed of the President, the Prime M...
 * Can link Council of Ministers: ...ter (currently Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos) and Council of Ministers . The Council of Ministers, composed of all government minis...
 * Can link Constitutional Law: ...ppointed by and serve at the pleasure of the president. The Constitutional Law of 1992 establishes the broad outlines of government struct...
 * Can link legal system: ...cture and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The legal system is based on Portuguese and customary law but is weak and fr...
 * Can link customary law: ...es of citizens. The legal system is based on Portuguese and customary law but is weak and fragmented. Courts operate in only 12 of mo...
 * Can link Supreme Court: ...ourts operate in only 12 of more than 140 municipalities. A Supreme Court serves as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court wi...
 * Can link Constitutional Court: ...lities. A Supreme Court serves as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review has never been constituted d...
 * Can link judicial review: ...e appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review has never been constituted despite statutory authorization....
 * Can link People's Republic: ...lica de Angola * local short form: Angola * former: People's Republic of Angola... (link to section)
 * Can link presidential system: ...'' republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system ... (link to section)
 * Can link Cuando Cubango: ...cias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, L... (link to section)
 * Can link Cuanza Norte: ... provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lu... (link to section)
 * Can link Cuanza Sul: ...engo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Mal... (link to section)
 * Can link Lunda Norte: ...o, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire... (link to section)
 * Can link Lunda Sul: ...te, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire... (link to section)
 * Can link Independence Day: ...' 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)... (link to section)
 * Can link civil law system: ...and 26 August 1992 Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate politic... (link to section)
 * Can link pluralism: ...d customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets... (link to section)
 * Can link SANTOS: ...s appointed by the president * elections: President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one... (link to section)
 * Can link one-party system: ...TOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elect... (link to section)
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 * Can link Liberal Democratic Party: ...ted by the president  Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA]; National Front for the... (link to section)
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 * Can link IFRCS: ... IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), IT... (link to section)
 * Can link UN Security Council: ...O (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, SADC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WI... (link to section)
 * Can link UNCTAD: ...(observer), OAU, SADC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO... (link to section)
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 * In Economy of Angola, can backlink Government of Angola: ...une 2001, but the IMF remains engaged. In this context, the Government of Angola has succeeded in unifying exchange rates and has raised fue...

Given Angola's enormous income from oil and its lucrative trade links with China, the notion that "The ongoing grave economic situation largely prevents any government support for social institutions. " is unsupportable. Could someone knowledgeable but not connected with the government of Angola please give a more reasonable explanation for the continuing poverty in the country?

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Angola" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

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Prime Minister
The Paulo Kassoma article states that the post of Prime Minister was eliminated by the new constitution. However, Paulo Kassoma is still stated as the prime minister in this article and the politics section of the Angola article. Elfalem (talk) 03:41, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Title
What exactly is "Politics of Angola"? Are we talking about "Political system in Angola"/ "Angolan political system"? Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 01:44, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

Experience with democracy
@Hello Rui Gabriel: The justification given for the edit you made today surprised me quite a bit. In the first place, because - looking at the history of the article -  I wonder what is the version you consider as the original one. In the second place, it is for me obvious that the text you eliminated is anything but "original research": it is 100% basic common knowledge among people who are reasonably acquainted with the subject - to the extent that it would even be slightly comical to refer to sources (although these exist abundantly....). I am sure you are aware of both aspects, and thus wonder what is the motivation behind your reaction...Aflis (talk) 19:08, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * @Aflis, I am more surprised that you sometimes still display such profound lack of understanding of how the WP works. Please note that "100% basic common knowledge among people who are reasonably acquainted with the subject" is just that - people reasonably acquainted with the subject. And "people reasonably acquainted with the subject" are NOT sources and anything they add based on being "people reasonably acquainted with the subject" is exactly what is termed original research. Unfortunately your and my experience and knowlede of the country count for very little. The advantage is that we know the subject and are therefore in a better position to spot somehting that sounds odd and look into it and to add anything that we know is missing, and do so once we have found an independent tertiary source. The fact that you rewrote what was there and kept the same source is a second reason for removing because the source orignally added and your edit say different things. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 15:36, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Politics of Angola


text:
Talk:Telecommunications in Angola

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 * Can link domestic system: ...diotelephone]] is used extensively for military links. The domestic system consists of a limited system of wire.  It also uses link to section)

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title: Talk:Telecommunications in Angola


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Talk:Transport in Angola

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title: Talk:Transport in Angola


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Talk:Angolan Armed Forces

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 * Can link Minister of Defense: ...med Forces]], headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the Minister of Defense . There are three divisions--the Army, Navy, Air Force. Tota...
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 * Can link Defense Forces: ...aville).  Military branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Police Force...
 * Can link Police Force: ...anches:''' Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Police Force ...

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title: Talk:Angolan Armed Forces


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Talk:Foreign relations of Angola

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 * Can link Western Europe: ...:''' used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and other African states...

was Angola split up by religions
"split up" is certainly exaggerated. In some rural regions, Catholics and Protestants were separated by the missionaries, but those walls have mostly broken down. The leadership of UNITA was mostly composed of Ovimbundu who had been socialized in the Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola, which created a social identity where ethnicity, religion, and party politics constituted a specific mixture. For some period of time, a similar mixture existed in the Northwest: Bakongo/Baptista/FNLA. The cleavages resulting from these social identities still exist in a certain measure, but are loosing importance. -- Aflis (talk) 23:30, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Libya
Sources? -- Aflis (talk) 23:19, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

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Bayfield

Bayfield may refer to:

Boats

 * Bayfield 25, a Canadian sailboat design built in Bayfield Ontario.

People

 * Bayfield (surname)

Places

 * in the United States:
 * Bayfield, Colorado, a town
 * Bayfield, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Bayfield, Missouri, a ghost town
 * Bayfield, Wisconsin, a city
 * Bayfield County, Wisconsin
 * Bayfield (town), Wisconsin
 * in Canada:
 * Bayfield, New Brunswick, an unincorporated community
 * Bayfield, Nova Scotia, a village
 * Bayfield, Ontario, a village
 * Bayfield River in Ontario
 * in New Zealand:
 * Bayfield High School, Dunedin
 * Bayfield, Barbados, village

Geology

 * Bayfield group, sandstone found in Wisconsin

title: Bayfield


text:
Walter Samuel

Walter Adrián Samuel (born Walter Adrián Luján; 23 March 1978) is an Argentine former professional footballer. Samuel has been regarded as one of the best centre-backs of his generation, and as one of football's toughest defenders, with former international teammate and Inter captain Javier Zanetti referring to him as the "hardest player" he has played with.

Samuel began his club career with domestic club Newell's Old Boys in 1996, later moving to Boca Juniors the following year. This was soon followed by a move to Europe in 2000, and spells with Italian club Roma, and Spanish club Real Madrid. In 2005, he returned to Italy, joining Inter, where he remained for nine seasons, winning five consecutive Serie A titles; he played a key role in the club's treble success in the 2009–10 season, partnering with Lúcio in defence under José Mourinho. At an international level, he has accumulated over 50 caps for the Argentina national team, representing his country at two FIFA World Cups, the 1999 Copa América, and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, where he won a runners-up medal.

Early life and personal life
He was born Walter Luján, making his professional debut for Newell's and playing the World Youth Cup under that name. He later took the last name of his stepfather, Óscar Samuel. He has two sisters.

Samuel is married to Cecilia. They have two sons and a daughter.

Early career
Samuel started playing professionally in 1996 in Argentina for Newell's Old Boys, and a year later moved to Boca Juniors, where he played 103 matches and scored five goals in all competitions until 2000. In that year, Roma bought his contract for 40.265 billion Italian lire (about €20 million). He gained fame as one of the best defenders in the Italian league and gained a nickname to match, winning the Serie A title with Roma in 2001. His quality attracted interest from Spanish team Real Madrid.

Real Madrid paid €25 million for his transfer in 2004. Samuel failed to make an impact at Madrid. He was one of the three non-EU players of the team, along with Ronaldo and Roberto Carlos; they all obtained Spanish passports, however, in 2005.

Inter Milan
In August 2005, he returned to the Serie A with a transfer to Inter Milan on a four-year contract for reported €16 million fee. He began his Inter adventure by winning the 2005 Supercoppa Italiana versus Juventus, entering in 63rd minute as Nerazzurri won at extra-time thanks to the winner of Verón. Later on 21 September, he made his league debut for his new side by starting in the 1–0 away win over Chievo. On 24 November, during a Champions League group stage match against Petržalka, Samuel played in a line-up of 11 foreign players on the pitch, with Luís Figo being the only european. He finished his first season at Inter by making 42 appearances in all competitions, with the team winning the championship following the relegation of Juventus due to match-fixing, and Coppa Italia by defeating Roma 4–2 on aggregate, with Samuel playing on both finals, thus completing an unforeseen domestic treble.

In the Derby della Madonnina on 23 December 2007, Samuel hurt himself whilst marking the Brazilian international Kaká, and a couple weeks later, he had reconstructive surgery on his anterior cruciate ligament. He was expected to be out until the end of the 2007–08 season. In actuality, he started training with the first team again in October of the 2008–09 season and promptly earned a first team place back under manager José Mourinho. He played his first match in more than nine months on 9 November by starting in the 1–0 home win over Udinese.

Samuel was one of the most important players under Mourinho in the 2009–10 season, partnering Lúcio in defence as they won the Serie A title, the Coppa Italia, and the UEFA Champions League, completing a historic treble. He scored his first goal of the season on 20 October in the third Champions League group stage match versus Dynamo Kyiv which prevented Inter from losing; he headed home a Wesley Sneijder cross to make it 2–2. This draw extended Inter winless run in the UEFA Champions League to eight matches.

Later on 9 January, Samuel scored a last-minute winner in the 4–3 win versus Siena by beating goalkeeper Gianluca Curci with a left-footed shot. His goal later resulted decisive as Inter won the title two points ahead of Roma. He played his 100th Serie A game for Inter later on 24 April in the 3–1 win over Atalanta. Samuel finished the season by making 42 appearances and scoring 4 goals; he was praised for his defensive performances against Barcelona and Bayern Munich on Inter's road to the Champions League title.

Samuel suffered a severe knee injury - a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament, this time on his other knee - on 7 November 2010 fixture against Brescia. This forced him to miss the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup triumph in United Arab Emirates. He returned in action on 15 May of the following year by entering in the last minutes of a 1–1 away draw versus Napoli. After the match Samuel expressed his delighting for playing his first match in almost six months, stating: "I'm feeling good and I'm delighted at having been able to play the last few minutes of this match. I would like to thank the medical staff for the work they did after my injury, my family who has always stood by me, and all the fans." He finished the 2010–11 season by making 15 appearances in all competitions.

On 5 February 2012, Samuel played his 500th match as a professional in the 4–0 defeat at Roma. At the end of the season, he signed a new one-year contract with the club, lengthening his Inter career up to eight seasons. Later on 7 October, he scored inside three minutes in the derby versus Milan which resulted the winning goal, meaning that Samuel has won all 10 derbies that he has played. In June 2013, Samuel extended his contract for another season, in what would be his final season. He scored his first goal of the season on 9 February 2014, a header which resulted the winner in the match against Sassuolo for the first win of 2014.

Samuel wore the captain armband for the first time on 15 February 2014 in the 2–1 win at Fiorentina due to Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso being on bench. His final goal for the club came in the 4–0 win at Sampdoria in April 2014. Samuel left the club at the end of 2013–14 season, having made 236 appearances and winning 13 trophies in nine years. His last appearance for the club occurred on 10 May 2014 in the 4–1 home win over Lazio which gave the team a spot in UEFA Europa League next season.

Basel
After nine seasons with Inter, on 23 July 2014, Samuel signed a one-year contract with Basel in the Swiss Super League. He joined the team for their 2014–15 season under head coach Paulo Sousa. After playing in one test game Samuel played his debut for his new club in the Swiss Cup away game on 23 August 2014 as Basel won 4–0 against CS Italien (GE). He played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 31 August as Basel won 3–1 against Young Boys.

Basel entered the Champions League in the group stage. They reached the knockout phase on 9 December 2014, as they managed a 1–1 draw at Anfield against Liverpool. But they were knocked out of the competition by Porto in the round of 16. Samuel scored his first goal for his club in the last match of that season on 25 May 2015. It was a home game in the St. Jakob-Park and Basel won 4–3 against St. Gallen. At the end of the 2014–15 season, Basel won the championship for the sixth time in a row. In the 2014–15 Swiss Cup Basel reached the final. However, for the third time in a row they finished as runners-up. Basel played a total of 65 matches (36 Swiss League fixtures, 6 Swiss Cup, 8 Champions League and 15 test matches). Under manager Paulo Sousa, Samuel totaled 26 appearances, 13 League, 1 Cup, 4 Champions League, as well 8 in test games. He scored 2 goals in these matches.

In June 2015, Samuel prolonged his contract with Basel for another year. However, on 16 October he communicated his intention to retire at the end of the 2015–16 season, due to physical difficulties. He made his 100th UEFA club competition appearance playing in the closing match of the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League group stage during the 1–0 away win in the INEA Stadion against Lech Poznań on 10 December 2015. Samuel played the final match of his career in a 1–0 home defeat against Grasshoppers, on 25 May 2016, at the age of 38. At the end of the 2015–16 Super League season, under new head coach Urs Fischer, Samuel won the championship for the second time.

During his two seasons with the club, Samuel played a total of 61 games for Basel scoring a total of four goals. 21 of these games were in the Swiss Super League, five in the Swiss Cup, 11 in the UEFA competitions (Champions League and Europa League) and 16 were friendly games. He scored two goals in the domestic league, one in the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League against Saint-Étienne and the other was scored during the test games.

International career
Samuel was part of Argentina U20 which emerged victorious in the 1997 edition of FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his debut in the tournament in the opening Group E match versus Hungary which was won 3–0, and went on to play in the remaining two matches as Argentina topped their group.

Samuel has played 56 matches for Argentina between 1999 and 2010, scoring five goals. He played for his country in the 2002 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup, as well as in the 1999 Copa América, and in the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, in which Argentina won a runners-up medal.

Style of play
Regarded as one of the best defenders of his generation, Samuel was a large, quick, powerful, and aggressive centreback, who excelled in the air, both defensively, and as a goal threat on set pieces. His defensive skills, which included an excellent positional sense, an ability to read the game, as well as tough, tight marking, and hard tackling, made him extremely effective at anticipating opponents. His strong, consistent, and uncompromising style of play earned him the nickname Il Muro ("The Wall"). Despite his ability as a defender, his career was also marked by several injuries that affected his fitness.

After football
In August 2019, Samuel enrolled in the UEFA Pro Licence courses at Coverciano. He is the assistant coach for Argentina and has held the position since 2019.

He was recently part of the Argentina managerial team who won the 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar.

Club
.

International
Source:

 * Argentina score listed first, score column indicates score after each Samuel goal.

Honours
Boca Juniors
 * Primera División: 1998 Apertura, 1999 Clausura
 * Copa Libertadores: 2000

AS Roma
 * Serie A: 2000–01
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2001

Inter Milan
 * Serie A: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Coppa Italia: 2005–06, 2009–10, 2010–11
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010
 * UEFA Champions League: 2009–10

FC Basel Argentina U20
 * Swiss Super League: 2014–15, 2015–16
 * FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1997
 * Toulon Tournament: 1998

Argentina Individual
 * FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 2005
 * South American Team of the Year: 1999
 * ESM Team of the Year: 2001–02, 2003–04
 * Serie A Defender of the Year: 2010
 * FIFA FIFPro World XI Nominee 2005, 2009, 2010
 * IFFHS Argentina All Times Dream Team (Team C): 2021

Managerial
Argentina (as assistant manager)

 * FIFA World Cup: 2022
 * Copa América: 2021, 2024; third place: 2019
 * CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022

title: Walter Samuel


text:
Hato Rey

Hato Rey is a former barrio located in the northwest part of the dissolved municipality of Río Piedras. It now stretches over three barrios of the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico: Hato Rey Norte, Hato Rey Central, and Hato Rey Sur.

Urban landscape
Its name means "king's cattle farm" (hato). In the 18th century, cattle would roam among the sugar cane fields in the area. Its proximity to residential areas such as San Juan, Río Piedras, Miramar made it a perfect location from where to produce what its residents would eat. The area also used to be known as Las Monjas (the nuns) due to a convent that used to be located in the area in the 19th century.

The Northern portion of Hato Rey is a startling contrast between blight and poverty and La Milla de Oro (The Golden Mile), a stretch that effectively covers only one mile but that is home to the headquarters of many large local and international banks. It is one of the most important centers of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean's economy and many upper middle class condominiums are also located here.

Hato Rey is also home to a series of boutiques and restaurants (mostly along Roosevelt Avenue). The José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum and the Tren Urbano metro system have also reshaped Hato Rey by bringing people and business into the area after work hours. The metro system is also helping to ease traffic woes in the area by decongesting the roads. Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity's main headquarters are located in Mexico Street in Hato Rey. The Hato Rey Lions Club, founded in 1955, is located in Alhambra Street, across from the Polytechnic University.

Because of its location, many commuters travelling to Old San Juan must drive through Hato Rey.

Economy

Important buildings in Hato Rey include the Banco Popular headquarters, which in 1965 was the tallest building in Hato Rey. Plaza Las Américas, a large mall is located in Hato Rey, as is the Roberto Clemente Coliseum. Puerto Rico's FBI headquarters are also located in Hato Rey. Because of the area's closeness to the airport, major airlines, such as Avianca, have offices in Hato Rey.

Compaq at one point operated its Puerto Rico offices in Hato Rey.

Government and infrastructure
The Federal Office Building, a U.S. Federal Courthouse, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) San Juan field office are in Hato Rey.

The Puerto Rico Department of Education is headquartered in Hato Rey.

title: Hato Rey


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Drogeham

Drogeham is a village of about 1,700 inhabitants in the Dutch province of Friesland.

It is in a rural area of the municipality of Achtkarspelen. Agriculture still plays an important part in the town, but small-scale industry is on the increase. Many people have their jobs in nearby larger towns like Drachten, Surhuisterveen, and Leeuwarden. The most common language is still West Frisian although there are more and more people coming to Drogeham who have Dutch as their mother-tongue.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1475 as Asterham, Drogheham, and means dry land in a bend of a stream. Drogeham developed to the west of the monastery of Buweklooster. The tower of the Protestant church of Drogeham dates from circa 1225 and was restored in 1704. The church itself extensively modified in 1876. In 1840, Drogeham was home to 264 people.

Notable buildings

 * The Protestant church of Drogeham

title: Drogeham


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Dobre Miasto

Dobre Miasto (Guttstadt ; literally Good City) is a town in Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship with 9,857 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the northwestern part of the Masurian Lake District in the heart of the historical region of Warmia. It is also the seat of Dobre Miasto Commune which consists of the main town and 21 village administrative divisions, with a total population of 16,014.

Middle Ages
Dobre Miasto was founded on the place of a destroyed Old Prussian settlement. It received German town privileges on 26 December 1329. The name of the town was spelled in different ways: Guddestat, Godenstat, Gudinstat, Gutberg, Gutenstat, Guthenstadt, Guthinstadt. The Latin name of the region (Pogesania) was derived from the Old Prussian word gudde (a bush/thicket). It is possible that the name of the town originated from this word. The Teutonic Order changed the Old Prussian pronunciation of the name into Guttstadt. However, as early as in 1336 the Latin translation of the name appeared - Bona Civitas. The Polish name is a literal translation from the German language, and historically it was spelled both Dobre Miasto and Dobremiasto. In English both Guttstadt and Dobre Miasto mean "good town".

The first burgomaster of the town was Wilhelm von Wormditt. The coat of arms of the town was a deer holding an oak-twig with two acorns. The town tinctures were white (argent) and green (vert). The patron of the town was Saint Catherine of Alexandria.

In 1347 a Collegiate Chapter was transferred here from Głotowo (Glotau), which event was of great importance for further development of Guttstadt. In the course of the following decades, the canons erected a church, a parish school and a hospital. The town, similarly as the whole region of Warmia, was the scene of different war campaigns. In 1440 the town joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed the Teutonic Order, and at the request of which in 1454 King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of incorporation of the town and region to Poland. The town recognized the Polish King as rightful ruler shortly after and pledged allegiance in Elbląg. In the peace treaty signed in Toruń in 1466, Warmia and Dobre Miasto were finally renounced by the Teutonic Knights and recognized as part of Poland. Administratively it was part of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in the province of Royal Prussia in the larger Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown.

Modern era
In 1538 Nicolaus Copernicus visited the town when he accompanied Bishop Johannes Dantiscus. The 16th century was a period of peace, which ended abruptly with Swedish invasion in 1626. The Swedes overran the town several times but the inhabitants suffered most severely during the Deluge in the years 1655-1660.

In 1772 the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Partition of Poland. The population of the town numbered 1831. In 1807 Guttstadt was seized in turn by the French, the Prussians and the Russians. In the Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen on 5 and 6 June 1807, the Russian army under General Levin August, Count von Bennigsen attacked Marshal Michel Ney's French corps. Though badly outnumbered, Ney conducted an effective rear-guard action and escaped to the southwest across the Pasłęka River with most of his troops. Napoleon Bonaparte spent a night in the Collegiate between 8 and 9 June 1807. The Collegiate chapter was dissolved and its properties were parcelled out on the strength of the edict issued by King Frederick William III of Prussia on 5 October 1810. In the years 1830-1834 the evangelical church was erected, mainly thanks to the donations of Frederick William III.

It was not until 1812 that three Jewish families were allowed to settle in Guttstadt. In 1814 they bought land for a Jewish cemetery. In 1855, the town's synagogue was consecrated - serving the 240 community members.

During World War II, Guttstadt was 65% destroyed during its capture by the Soviet Red Army and the NKVD. After the Potsdam Conference the town was again handed over to Poland and renamed to its historic Polish name Dobre Miasto. The town's German population was expelled towards the remainder of Germany, and many Poles displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union settled in the town. On 1 August 1945, a Soviet garrison handed over power to Jan Majdecki, the first post-war mayor of the town.

Main sights

 * The Gothic collegiate complex built from 1357–1389, with a church on which Pope John Paul II conferred the title of minor basilica (1989). One of the tourist attractions besides the interior and the furnishings of the church is the organ with 49 tones and 3522 pipes. The former capitulary library houses a parish museum, which is open to visitors. It contains the remains of the old outfit of the collegiate. The collection of books and manuscripts largely scattered after World War II.
 * The St Nicholas Church, in Baroque style, built from 1736-1741. At present it is a Greek Catholic parish temple.
 * The Stork Tower (Baszta Bociania) with fragments of the medieval city walls. The tower owes its name to storks which have nested on its top. At present the tower is the residence of one of the sections of the Cultural Society. In the summer season tourists can visit a miniature museum created by the members of the society.

Sports
The local football team is. It competes in the lower leagues.

Notable residents

 * Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski (1650–1711), Polish preacher, translator, Chancellor of the Crown and Catholic bishop; died in Dobre Miasto
 * Augustinus Bludau (1863–1930), Catholic bishop
 * Curt Johannes Braun (1903-1961), German screenwriter
 * Friedrich Ernst Dorn, (1848–1916), German physicist
 * Waldemar Milewicz, (1956–2004), Polish journalist
 * Łukasz Kadziewicz, (born 1980), Polish volleyball player
 * Norbert Wojnarowski, (born 1976), Polish politician

International relations
Dobre Miasto is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Quakenbrück, Germany (2000)
 * 🇫🇷 Montierchaume, France (2002)
 * 🇺🇦 Kostopil, Ukraine (2007)

title: Dobre Miasto


text:
List of quantum gravity researchers

This is a list of (some of) the researchers in quantum gravity who have Wikipedia articles.

 * Jan Ambjørn: expert on dynamical triangulations who helped develop the causal dynamical triangulations approach to quantum gravity.
 * Augusto Sagnotti: the physicist who demonstrated that perturbative quantum gravity diverges at two loops, and made a number of important contributions to string theory (most notably the discovery of the orientifold, which connects type I string theory to type IIB string theory).
 * Giovanni Amelino-Camelia: physicist who developed the idea of doubly special relativity, and founded Quantum-Gravity phenomenology.
 * Abhay Ashtekar: inventor of the Ashtekar variables, one of the founders of loop quantum gravity.
 * John Baez: mathematical physicist who introduced the notion of spin foam in loop quantum gravity (a term originally introduced by Wheeler).
 * Julian Barbour: philosopher and author of The End of Time, Absolute or Relative Motion?: The Discovery of Dynamics.
 * John W. Barrett: mathematical physicist who helped develop the Barrett–Crane model of quantum gravity.
 * Martin Bojowald: physicist who developed the application of loop quantum gravity to cosmology.
 * Steve Carlip: expert on 3-dimensional quantum gravity.
 * Louis Crane: mathematician who helped develop the Barrett–Crane model of quantum gravity.
 * Bryce DeWitt: formulated the Wheeler–DeWitt equation for the wavefunction of the Universe with John Archibald Wheeler.
 * Bianca Dittrich: mathematical physicist known for her contributions to loop quantum gravity and spin foam models, currently working on coarse-graining of spin foams.
 * Fay Dowker: physicist working on causal sets as well as the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
 * David Finkelstein: physicist who has contributed much quantum relativity and the logical foundations of QR.
 * Laurent Freidel: mathematical physicist known for his contributions to loop quantum gravity and spin foam models, in particular the Freidel-Krasnov model.
 * Rodolfo Gambini: physicist who helped introduce loop quantum gravity; coauthor of Loops, Knots, Gauge Theories and Quantum Gravity.
 * Gary Gibbons: physicist who has done important work on black holes.
 * Brian Greene: physicist who is considered one of the world's foremost string theorists.
 * James Hartle: physicist who helped develop the Hartle-Hawking wavefunction for the universe.
 * Stephen Hawking: leading physicist, expert on black holes and discoverer of Hawking radiation who helped develop the Hartle-Hawking wavefunction for the universe.
 * Michał Heller: mathematical physicist, philosopher & theologian working on non-commutative geometry.
 * Christopher Isham: physicist who focuses on conceptual problems in quantum gravity.
 * Ted Jacobson: physicist who helped develop loop quantum gravity.
 * Michio Kaku: physicist one of the foremost leading String theorist and also known for the Popular Science.
 * Renate Loll: physicist who worked on loop quantum gravity and more recently helped develop the causal dynamical triangulations approach to quantum gravity.
 * Luboš Motl: physicist who worked on string theory.
 * Fotini Markopoulou-Kalamara: physicist who works on loop quantum gravity and spin network models that take causality into account.
 * Roger Penrose: mathematical physicist who invented spin networks and twistor theory.
 * Jorge Pullin: physicist who helped develop loop quantum gravity, co-author of Loops, Knots, Gauge Theories and Quantum Gravity.
 * Carlo Rovelli: one of the founders and major contributors to loop quantum gravity.
 * Lee Smolin: one of the founders and major contributors to loop quantum gravity.
 * Rafael Sorkin: physicist, primary proponent of the causal set approach to quantum gravity.
 * Andrew Strominger: physicist who works on string theory.
 * Leonard Susskind: physicist who is considered to be one of the three fathers of string theory.
 * Frank J. Tipler: mathematical physicist.
 * Bill Unruh: physicist engaged in the study of semiclassical gravity and responsible for the discovery of the so-called Unruh effect.
 * Cumrun Vafa: physicist and developer of F-theory, known for Vafa-Witten theorem and Gopakumar-Vafa conjecture.
 * Robert Wald: physicist in the field of quantum field theory in curved spacetime.
 * Anzhong Wang: physicist, major contributor to Horava-Lifshitz gravity; String theory and applications to cosmology.
 * Paul S. Wesson: physicist, cosmologist and writer, known as founder of the "Space-time Consortium" and his work on Kaluza–Klein theory.
 * John Archibald Wheeler: physicist in the field of quantum gravity due to his development, with Bryce DeWitt, of the Wheeler–DeWitt equation.
 * Edward Witten: mathematical physicist in string theory and M-Theory

title: List of quantum gravity researchers


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Paperback Writer

"Paperback Writer" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Written primarily by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, the song was released as the A-side of their eleventh single in May 1966. It topped singles charts in the United Kingdom, the United States, Ireland, West Germany, Australia, New Zealand and Norway. On the US Billboard Hot 100, the song was at number one for two non-consecutive weeks, being interrupted by Frank Sinatra's "Strangers in the Night".

"Paperback Writer" was the last new song by the Beatles to be featured on their final tour in 1966, and debuted globally on the 1966 compilation album A Collection of Beatles Oldies, except in the United States and Canada, where it debuted on the 1970 collection Hey Jude.

Background and inspiration
"Paperback Writer" was largely written by Paul McCartney, who based the lyrics on a challenge made to him by his Aunt Lil. McCartney said in 1966: "Years ago, my Auntie Lil said to me, 'Why do you always write songs about love all the time? Can't you ever write about a horse or the summit conference or something interesting?' So, I thought, 'All right, Auntie Lil.'" According to a Radio Luxembourg DJ, the inspiration for the song came backstage at a concert venue when McCartney, mindful of his aunt's request, saw Ringo Starr reading a book and declared his intention to write a song about a book.

The lyrics are in the form of a letter from an aspiring author addressed to a publisher. McCartney completed the song with John Lennon in response to pressure from EMI for a new Beatles single in April 1966, early on in the sessions for the band's Revolver album. Intrigued by the rhythmic possibilities of the phrase "paperback writer", McCartney came up with the framework for the song during his hour-long drive from London to Lennon's house in Surrey.

Discussing "Paperback Writer" with Alan Smith of the NME that year, McCartney recalled that he and Lennon wrote the lyrics in the form of a letter beginning with "Dear Sir or Madam", but that the song was not inspired by "any real-life characters". However, according to a 2007 piece in The New Yorker, McCartney said he started writing the song in 1965 after reading in the Daily Mail about an aspiring author, "possibly Martin Amis" (who would have been a teenager at the time). The Daily Mail was Lennon's regular newspaper and copies were in Lennon's Weybridge home when Lennon and McCartney were writing songs.

Aside from deviating from the subject of love, McCartney had it in mind to write a song with a melody backed by a single, static chord. "John and I would like to do songs with just one note like 'Long Tall Sally.' We got near it in 'The Word. McCartney claimed to have barely failed to achieve this goal with "Paperback Writer", as the verse remains on G until the end, at which point it pauses on C.

Lennon told Hit Parader in 1972 that "Paperback Writer" was primarily written by McCartney: "I think I might have helped with some of the lyrics. Yes, I did. But it was mainly Paul's tune." Speaking in 1980, Lennon described "Paperback Writer" as "son of 'Day Tripper' – meaning a rock'n'roll song with a guitar lick on a fuzzy, loud guitar – but it is Paul's song".

Recording
The Beatles recorded "Paperback Writer" at EMI Studios in London on 13 and 14 April 1966. The 14 April session was attended by a photographer from Beatles Monthly, while EMI engineer Phil McDonald's handwritten notes similarly documented the band's experimentation with overdubs on the basic track. In the search for a suitable arrangement, George Harrison briefly switched to bass guitar, and producer George Martin contributed on tack piano, sent through a Leslie speaker, and on Vox Continental organ, neither of which were retained in the completed track.

"Paperback Writer" is marked by the boosted bass guitar sound, which was partly in response to Lennon demanding to know why the bass on a certain Wilson Pickett record exceeded that on any Beatles records. Geoff Emerick, who had been promoted to the role of the Beatles' recording engineer for Revolver, later said: "'Paperback Writer' was the first time the bass sound had been heard in all its excitement. Paul played a different bass, a Rickenbacker. Then we boosted it further by using a loudspeaker as a microphone. We positioned it directly in front of the bass speaker and the moving diaphragm of the second speaker made the electric current." McCartney's playing was also more melodic and busy than on previous tracks.

According to McCartney, the harmony vocals on the track were arranged during the recording session. Martin later commented: "The way the song itself is shaped and the slow, contrapuntal statements from the backing voices – no one had really done that before." In their backing vocals over the third verse, Lennon and Harrison sing the title of the French nursery rhyme "Frère Jacques".

Emerick stated that the "Paperback Writer" / "Rain" single was cut louder than any other Beatles record up to that time, due to a new piece of equipment used in the mastering process, referred to as "Automatic Transient Overload Control", which was devised by the EMI maintenance department.

Promotion
In Britain, the single was promoted with a photograph depicting the Beatles draped with pieces of raw meat and decapitated baby dolls. This photograph was later used, albeit briefly, as the Yesterday and Today album cover in the US, and in that capacity it became known as the "butcher cover". For the American release of the single, the picture sleeve showed the Beatles playing live, but with Lennon and Harrison's images reflected so that it appeared they were playing left-handed.

Michael Lindsay-Hogg directed four promotional films for the song shot on 19 and 20 May 1966. On the first day they recorded a colour performance at EMI Studios, for The Ed Sullivan Show, which was shown on 5 June, and two black-and-white performance clips for British television. The latter aired on Ready Steady Go! and Thank Your Lucky Stars on 3 and 25 June, respectively. The Beatles also filmed a personal introduction to Ed Sullivan with their faces hidden behind colour transparencies of the butcher cover.

On 20 May, a second colour film was made at Chiswick House in west London. The Beatles mimed to the song, and they were shown in a statue garden and inside the conservatory in the grounds of the house. The clip was first broadcast in black and white on BBC-TV's Top of the Pops on 2 June. The 20 May promo clip was included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation 1, and both the 19 May colour film and the 20 May film were included in the three-disc versions of the compilation, titled 1+.

The Beatles appeared on Top of the Pops to mime to "Paperback Writer" and "Rain" on 16 June. This television appearance – which was the Beatles' only "in person" appearance on the BBC's flagship pop music show of the era – was subsequently lost due to the BBC's habit of wiping expensive video tape for reuse, leading to efforts by the corporation to find an original copy. In 2019, a collector unearthed 11 seconds of the performance; a longer 92 seconds' worth was found later in the year.

Release and reception
"Paperback Writer" was issued as a single in the US by Capitol Records on 30 May 1966, with the catalogue number 5651 and "Rain" as the B-side. The UK release, on EMI's Parlophone label, took place on 10 June, with the catalogue number R 5452. It was the Beatles' first UK single since the "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" double A-side in December 1965. Other than their brief performance at the annual NME Pollwinners Concert on 1 May, promotion for the new record was also the first sign of public activity by the band since the start of the year.

Reviewing the single for the NME, Derek Johnson said that "Paperback Writer" "swings along at a thundering pace", with McCartney's lead vocal "aided by some startling chanting". He admired Starr's "cymbal bashing" and concluded, "those sudden breaks in tempo help to increase the impact." In Disc and Music Echo, Penny Valentine said the song had a "marvellous dance beat" and was "very striking" due to its "break-up drumming and ethereal surf chorus". Record World's reviewer wrote that with a new Beatles single, "the rush is on", and commented on the band's use of "interesting electronic effects to good effect", while Cash Box predicted that the group would easily continue their run of "blockbuster" singles and described the A-side as "a rhythmic, pulsating ode with an infectious repeating riff all about the creative urge".

The more widely held view was one of disappointment, according to author Peter Doggett, and dismissal as "a brash, insubstantial throwaway". Writing in The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, NME critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler described "Paperback Writer" as "the first Beatles single to receive less-than-universal acclaim", saying that it was "perhaps a trifle too 'clever'" and criticism was focused on "the triviality of the lyric and a slight nagging suspicion that the Beatles were playing at 'being songwriters' at a time when the world was waiting for The Word". The band's apparent aloofness also alienated many of their fans, who wrote into Record Mirror to disparage the group's new music. The UK music press were similarly offended by the ads for the single, which included a second "butcher" photo appearing in full colour on the cover of Disc and Music Echo, accompanied by the caption "Beatles: What a Carve-Up!" In author Nicholas Schaffner's description, this image led "one crusty columnist to rail against the importation of American 'sick humor' into the United Kingdom".

Such was the Beatles' status, they were scrutinised in the press when, like "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out", the single failed to top all of the UK's sales charts straightaway. On the Record Retailer chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart), "Paperback Writer" entered at number 2, behind Frank Sinatra's "Strangers in the Night", before taking the top position the following week. On the national chart compiled by Melody Maker, the song debuted at number 1, remaining there for a total of four weeks. Amid a climate of failing domestic economy, despite the country's strong exports through music, the record's UK sales were the lowest for any Beatles single since "Love Me Do" in 1962.

In the US, "Paperback Writer" topped the Billboard Hot 100 for two non-consecutive weeks. It replaced the Rolling Stones' "Paint It Black" and was then deposed by Sinatra's single for a week before returning to number 1. It was certified as a gold record by the Recording Industry Association of America on 14 July. The single also topped the charts in Australia, West Germany and many other countries around the world.

The song's release coincided with London being feted by the US media as the "Swinging City" of international culture. In his book on the 1960s, social historian Arthur Marwick says the Beatles represented the popular image of a phenomenon in which "hitherto invisible swathes of British society became visible and assertive" and "Paperback Writer" was the song that best conveyed "the new class-defying tide of individualistic enterprise".

"Paperback Writer" was the only new song the Beatles included in their 1966 tour setlist. Their inability to reproduce the layered vocal effect of the studio recording was a source of embarrassment for the group, however.

In addition to moulding their characters and sound on the Beatles, the Monkees used "Paperback Writer" as the basis for their debut single, "Last Train to Clarksville".

Subsequent releases and other versions
A stereo mix of "Paperback Writer" was first carried out in late October 1966 for inclusion on the UK compilation album A Collection of Beatles Oldies and then appeared in an alternate stereo mix on the 1970 US compilation album Hey Jude. Following the Beatles' break-up, the song was included on compilations such as 1962–1966 (1973), Past Masters, Volume Two (1988) and 1 (2000). In 1995, a mix featuring only vocals was among several tracks that were in the running for inclusion on the three Beatles Anthology compilation albums but were ultimately passed over.

The single was released as part of a Record Store Day reissue in 2010. "Paperback Writer" was included on the Beatles' 2012 iTunes compilation Tomorrow Never Knows, which the band's website described as a collection of "the Beatles' most influential rock songs".

Other artists who have recorded the track include the Bee Gees, the Charles River Valley Boys, the Cowsills, Floyd Cramer, Eric Johnson, Kris Kristofferson, Kenny Rogers, the Shadows, Sweet, Tempest and 10cc. McCartney has often played the song in concert. Live versions appear on his 1993 album Paul Is Live and 2009 album Good Evening New York City.

Personnel
There is some dispute over who played what on "Paperback Writer". In the July 1990 and the November 2005 issues of Guitar Player magazine, McCartney stated that he played the song's opening riff on his Epiphone Casino guitar, and photos from the recording session seem to be consistent with this. In the 2005 edition of his book Revolution in the Head, Ian MacDonald gives Harrison as the sole lead guitarist, and Kenneth Womack similarly lists McCartney only on bass and lead vocal. Robert Rodriguez and Walter Everett each credit McCartney as the player of the song's main guitar riff, and state that Harrison added lead guitar "fills" over his initial rhythm part.

The following line-up is per Rodriguez:

 * Paul McCartney – lead vocal, lead guitar (riff), bass
 * John Lennon – backing vocal, tambourine
 * George Harrison – backing vocal, rhythm guitar, lead guitar (fills)
 * Ringo Starr – drums

title: Paperback Writer


text: Category:Battlestar Galactica episodes

title: Category:Battlestar Galactica episodes


text:
Matheran

Matheran is an automobile-free hill station and a municipal council in the Karjat taluka of the Raigad district located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Matheran is part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, and one of the smallest hill stations in India. It is located in the Western Ghats, at an elevation of around 800 m (2,625 feet) above sea level. It is about 90 km from Mumbai, and 120 km from Pune. This proximity to these urban areas makes it a weekend getaway for many. Matheran, which means "forest on the forehead" (of the mountains) in Marathi, is an eco-sensitive region, declared by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. It is Asia's only automobile-free hill station.

There are many hotels and Parsi bungalows in the area. Old British colonial architecture is preserved in Matheran. The roads are made of red laterite earth.

History
Matheran was identified by Hugh Poyntz Malet, the then district collector of Raigad district in the May of 1850. Lord Elphinstone, the then Governor of Bombay laid the foundations of the development as a future hill station. The British developed Matheran as a getaway from the regional summer heat. It is also the birthplace of freedom fighter Veer Bhai Kotwal.

The Matheran Railway

The Matheran Hill Railway was built in 1907 by Sir Adamjee Peerbhoy and covers a distance of 20 km, through forest land. The railway was inspected by UNESCO officials, but failed to make it to the list of the World Heritage Sites. India's other Hill Railways like the Darjeeling Railway, the Kangra Valley Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway are already on the list. The Toy train was shut down for the most part in 2016 and 2017. It became re-operational since 26 January 2018 and was re-inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Mr. Devendra Fadnavis. However, it was temporarily suspended again after a landslide in the 2019. Thereafter, it operates shuttle rides between Aman Lodge and Matheran Station on an hourly basis. And Battry Oprated E-Rikshaw Also Run From Amanlodge to matheran Market

Soil and rocks
Geographically the rock types are solely composed of Deccan trap with inter trappeans of Cretaceous, Eoceuerage and laterites of a still younger age. The rock is basalt, which has given rise to secondary alteration known as laterite. The laterite predominates the hills and almost covers the hilltops. This makes the hard exposed surfaces of the laterite show red gravelly earth. The soil has a vermicular or pisolitic structure and contains a large amount of water. There is little soil cover over most of the hilltop. The topmost layer of rock is a soft porous iron-clay, through which there is drainage of water by the beginning of summer.

Forest and vegetation
Semi-evergreen forests are present in the Matheran. The trees are evergreen, making the plateau forests very dense and even congested in places. The laterite, porous soil along with very heavy rainfall mixed with dense fog has resulted in unique flora rich in diversity on the plateau. The forests show vegetation in top, middle and ground storeys. The trees form a cover over a large variety of shade-loving herbs, climbers, ferns and mosses. The forests of Matheran have attracted many botanists: Smyth J.Y.(1871), Birdwood H.M. (1886) and (1896), Cooke T. (1887–1901), Woodrow G.M. (1897–1901), Irani N.A.(1962), Satyanarayann & Mudliar (1959), Vartak, V.D.(1966), Kothari & Moorthy (1993). A good collection of the dried plants is deposited in the Blatter Herbarium, St. Xavier's College, Bombay, Mumbai. Matheran has a huge number of medicinal plants and herbs. It was declared an Eco-Sensitive zone (ESZ) by the Union Environment Ministry on 4 February 2003. The declaration as ESZ has led to the stoppage of developmental activities and construction of hazardous industries.

List of trees reported to be found in Matheran

The vegetation of the area depends on the type and depth of the soil. Due to poor soil depth, the vegetation on the edges of the plateaus is poor. Due to heavy rainfall, dissected hilly terrain and excessive leaching of the soil, the exposed areas become less fertile and become less moisture retentive, resulting in shallow rooted vegetation. It is required to plant trees to protect the soil cover from losing its valuable humidity and fertility. The winds are very strong and blow from west or southwest during monsoon and also dry winds blow during the three months from January to March. These winds tend to shear and bend the plants while absorbing their moisture.

Wildlife
The town also has a large monkey population, including bonnet macaques and Hanuman langurs. Domesticated horses for riding are also in large numbers and are one of the icons of Matheran. Inside the forests, animals like barking deer, Malabar giant squirrels, foxes, wild boars, mongooses can be found. But these animals are rare in numbers compared to the monkeys and usually do not venture to places with human activity.

Leopard Sightings

There have been reports of leopard sightings in Matheran a few times in last decade. Leopards are not known to dwell in Matheran however. Dense forests in the valleys surrounding Matheran have been suspected of housing them. Their dwindling population in India however has led their sightings to be extremely rare nowadays. There have been zero reported incidents of leopard attacks in Matheran.

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Matheran had a population of 5139. Males constituted 58% of the population and females 42%. Matheran had an average literacy rate of 71%; male literacy being 75%, and female literacy being 66%. In Matheran, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age. Languages spoken include Marathi, Hindi, and English.

Geography and Climate
Matheran is located at 18.98°N, 73.27°W. It has an average elevation of 800 m (2,625 ft) above sea level. Lying in an elevated region, it has a cooler and dryer climate relative to its surroundings, making it popular during summer. Temperatures range from 32°C (90°F) to 16 °C (61 °F).

October to November The monsoon retreats prior to this time period,making the temperature cool,but not humid.Such weather facilitates sightseeing.

December to February
The winter months are cool with the temperature usually staying above 11 °C. While the days are mostly sunny, evenings and early mornings tend to get a bit chilly. Couples prefer this time period to visit Matheran for their honeymoons.

March to May
The temperatures can go over 35 °C during the day. However, tourists do not report displeasure despite the temperature.

June to September
This time period sees heavy rainfall in Matheran.

Transportation
Matheran is connected to Mumbai (100 km) & Pune (120 km) by rail and road, with the closest railway station being in the foothill town of Neral. The nearest airport is the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai.

Rail
Matheran has a narrow gauge railway station in the town center. The old Matheran Hill Railway offers several daily trains to Neral.

The toy train is connected to the mainline rail route at the Neral Junction. Mini train or toy train service started between Neral and Matheran from 22nd October 2022. The train between the Aman lodge and Matheran is also in place at intervals of approximately every hour having approximately 85 seats.

Presently 2 up and 2 down train service has been started.

The first train starts at 850am from Neral, second train is at 220pm. You will reach Matheran at 1130am and 5pm respectively.

Matheran to Neral trains are at 245pm and 420pm that will reach Neral at 530pm and 7pm respectively.

Road
There is a taxi service available from the Neral railway station till Aman Lodge, while bus services are available from the railway stations of Neral and Karjat both. No automobiles except for a Municipality operated ambulance are allowed inside Matheran.

Non-automobile transportation
Beyond Aman Lodge, the only available transport facilities are horses and hand-pulled rickshaws.

Emerging solutions
The Municipality has expressed its interest in permitting electronic rickshaws beyond Aman Lodge as well. However, this has seen opposition from many Matheran locals. Despite this, test trials for the above solution have been granted authorization by the Municipality.

Places of Interest
Altogether, there are 40 points, two lakes, two parks, four major worship places and a race course to visit in Matheran.

Viewpoints
The following are some of the major viewpoints on Matheran:
 * 1) Alexander PointAlexander Point Matheran.jpg
 * 2) Rambaug PointRambaug Point Matheran 2.jpg
 * 3) Little Chowk Point
 * 4) Big Chowk Point
 * 5) One Tree Hill Point
 * 6) Belvedere Point
 * 7) Lord's PointLord's ViewPoint Matheran.jpg
 * 8) Celia Point
 * 9) Echo PointEcho Point Matheran1.jpg
 * 10) Monkey PointMonkey Point Matheran.jpg
 * 11) Porcupine Point (also known as Senset Point)
 * 12) Panorama Point (also known as Sunrise Point)
 * 13) Khandala Point
 * 14) Madhavji Point
 * 15) Louisa PointLouisa Point Matheran.jpg
 * 16) Myra Point
 * 17) Maria Point
 * 18) Garbett point: This is the least visited point in Matheran as it is very far away from central Matheran, when compared to the other points. The vast green stretch of Garbett plateau serves as a major attraction during monsoon.

Historical places of interest

 * 1) Forts: The hill station has two medieval forts in its close proximity, them being Prabalgad and Pebkilla.  The Vikatgad fort is also a trekking destination, which is connected to the hill hosting Matheran itself.
 * 2) Horse Race Courses: Olympia Race Course (established in 1892–93 by Sir Dhunjibhoy Bomanji).
 * 3) The Matheran railway Station

Religious Places of interest

 * 1) Pisarnath Temple
 * 2) Matheran Shiv Mandir

Lakes
The water to the Matheran is supplied from Lake Charlotte. This dam overflows during monsoon, making it a tourist attraction.

Parks
The "Paymaster park" at Matheran is maintained by the local Municipality. Games for children and pagodas are organised here.

Trekking Routes
Matheran has various trekking routes, reported to be easy to traverse over by tourists:

Sunset Point Route
This route starts from Dodhani village and ends at the Sunset Point at Matheran. This is the most popular route for trekkers.

2) Garbett Point Route
This route starts from "Sagachiwadi", a small tribal village near the Dhom dam. This is the second most popular route.

3) Rambaug Point Route
This route goes from Rambaug point to a small village called Pokharwadi near Chowk village. The route passes through a waterfall during the rainy season. There is a view of the Morbe Dam's backwater while going through this route.

4) One Tree Hill Route
The route's base village is the Ambewadi village. Ambewadi is near Pokharwadi, where the route to Rambaug point begins. There is a view of the Morbe Dam's backwater while going through this route.

5) Vikatgad Route
This is reported to be the most difficult trekking route of Matheran. It starts from the base village Mamdapur and takes about 3 hours to reach Matheran via the Vikatgad fort.

All treks have been reported to take between 2 and 3 hours to be completed. The Rambaug Point and One Tree Hill routes are usually not taken by any trekkers nowadays.

title: Matheran


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Mpongwe people

The Mpongwe are an ethnic group in Gabon, notable as the earliest known dwellers around the estuary where Libreville is now located.

History
The Mpongwe language identifies them as a subgroup of the Myènè people of the Bantus, who are believed to have been in the area for some 2,000 years, although the Mpongwe clans likely began arriving in only the 16th century, possibly in order to take advantage of trading opportunities offered by visiting Europeans. The Mpongwe gradually became the middlemen between the coast and the interior peoples such as the Bakèlè and Séké. From about the 1770s, the Mpongwe also became involved in the slave trade. In the 1830s, Mpongwe trade consisted of slaves, dyewood, ebony, rubber, ivory, and gum copal in exchange for cloth, iron, firearms, and various forms of alcoholic drink.

In the 1840s, at the time of the arrival of American missionaries and French naval forces, the Mpongwe consisted of 6,000-7,000 free persons and 6,000 slaves, organized into about two dozen clans. Four of these clans were preeminent; the Asiga and Agulamba on the south shore, and the Agekaza-Glass and Agekaza-Quaben on the north shore. Each of these clans was ruled by an oga, translated as "king" by Europeans, although clan leadership was largely oligarchic.

The Mpongwe engaged in extensive coastal trade across the Central African coast. An account of this trade includes that of Paul Du Chaillu in the mid-19th century. Mpongwe boats could be 60 feet in length, $$3\tfrac{1}{2}$$ in breadth and 3 feet deep. Larger vessels included masts and sails made of woven palm fronds, with a load capacity of 8–10 tons.

French colonial rule
The French took advantage of longstanding inter-clan rivalry to establish a foothold; while "King Denis" (Antchouwé Kowe Rapontchombo) of the Asigas talked the French out of using his clan's area, "King Glass" (R'Ogouarowe) of the Agekaza-Glass submitted only after a bombardment in 1845, and "King Louis" (Anguilé Dowe) of Agekaza-Quaben ceded his village of Okolo and moved, leaving the French to establish Fort d'Aumale on the village's site in 1843.

The combination of slave trade suppression and direct contact by Europeans with the interior reduced Mpongwe fortunes, but at the same time missionary schools enabled young Mpongwe to work in the colonial government and enterprise. The population declined greatly as a result of smallpox, and an 1884 estimate lists only about 3,000 Mpongwe. Fang migration pressure converted many Mpongwe to urban life in the early 20th century, and they came to be leaders in both the French colony and independent Gabon.

Social relations with Europeans
As African and European communities converged along the coast, the Mpongwé adjusted traditional practices to incorporate interracial relationships between Mpongwé women and European men. By mid 19th century, it was commonplace for Mpongwé women to engage in sexual and domestic acts with European men in exchange for a bridewealth. As a result of centuries of contact with the Europeans, a mixed-race population emerged: the métis. Métis could be found in almost every Mpongwé family during this time. Mpongwé families even encouraged their daughters to engage with European men. Such unions were not considered legitimate marriages under French law, but were in Mpongwé communities as long as family consent and a bridewealth were given. These marriages provided an avenue for women to acquire property and to obtain French citizenship. As these interracial unions continued into the 20th century, African and French societies sought to restrict these unions as Mpongwé women began to claim their European ancestry as a means to assert their voice in society. The métis population not only confronted gender roles within the African community, but also challenged the permeability of social and legal hierarchies under colonial rule.

Notable people

 * Simone Saint-Dénis (1930-2008) - Gabonese trade union leader

title: Mpongwe people


text:
Talk:Mpongwe people

From 1911EB, but likely needing independent verification from modern sources: "MPONGWE (PONGOS), a settled Bantu people of the Gabun, West Africa, constantly confused with the Mpangwe or Fang (q.v.). The Mpongwe, who call themselves Ayogo or the Wise, have a rich collection of national songs, myths and traditions, and the tribal elders know the Hidden Words, a kind of secret language of unknown origin. Their language, a Bantu dialect, has been the means of communication between the tribes of the interior and the Europeans. The family organization is intricate and very similar to the Roman patnia potestas; wives, children and slaves being all subservient to the father, who alone is really free. They practise the poison ordeal, and reverence vague and malignant spirits who require propitiation by offerings and ceremonies. The ghosts of the dead are especially feared." Stan 11:58, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article development
The article about the Mpongwé people of Gabon lacks the information to accurately represent this population. The English Wikipedia article does not include the current situation of this population in Gabon, whereas the French Wikipedia very briefly in one sentence mentions the mixed population, and how much of the population they make up today. The Wikipedia article should incorporate different headings for different aspects of the culture, such as language, history, current status etc. like the French Wikipedia Page does: (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpongwe_(peuple). In the sources I have read, the word Mpongwé has an accent over the last e. Is this really the case? If so, then the English and French Wikipedia page should update the spelling. AfricanCivLG (talk) 13:04, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree that this article is in need of some work, I think more information like this about social history is certainly a step in the right direction. The sources are really useful as well. I'll add some headings to help direct and encourage future development. Also, it is not clear what their status is today? Behemothing (talk) 14:23, 8 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Relating to the issue of their status today -- some academic articles online seem to make an argument for the slow "vanishing" (whatever that may mean...) of the Mpongwe as a group at various times in the past and present, that should probably be addressed as well at some point.ThomasMannFan (talk) 18:25, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mpongwe people


text:
Panchgani

Panchgani, called Paachgani, is a hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. Panchgani attracts tourists throughout the year. It is also known for having many convent boarding schools.

Panchgani is around 108 kilometres from Pune and 250 kilometres from Mumbai.

History
Panchgani was developed by the British during the British Raj as a summer resort under the supervision of Lord John Chesson in the 1860s. Panchgani was developed as a retirement place because its climate remained pleasant throughout the year. He surveyed the hills of this region with Rustomji Dubash, and finally decided on this nameless area around the five villages: Dandeghar, Godavali, Ambral, Khingar, and Taighat. The place was aptly named Panchgani, meaning "land between five villages", and Chesson was made superintendent.

To develop the infrastructure, Chesson encouraged various professionals - tailors, dhobis, butchers, vegetable vendors, building contractors - to also settle in Panchgani. The area below the bazaar was allotted to them, and is now known as the gaothan. He is credited with planting plant species from the western world in Panchgani, including silver oak and poinsettia, which have flourished since then in Panchgani. Chesson is buried in the graveyard of St. Peter's Church. In 1971 or '72, his death centenary was observed in a big way when for the first time, the town folk and the schools participated together in a ceremony to remember the founder of Panchgani.

Boarding schools
A number of schools were started in the 19th century across different communities, and Panchgani started flourishing as an educational town.

In the 1890s, Kimmins High School was started for European boys and girls. 1902, the boys' section separated to become European Boys High School, now known as St. Peter's School, Panchgani, and Kimmins became an exclusive girls' school. In 1895, the Roman Catholic order of nuns known as "Daughters of The Cross" started St. Joseph's Convent School, Panchgani. All three boarding schools were modeled on the English Public Schools of that time, and were affiliated to Cambridge University. The board exams would be held in December, the question papers being sent from England by sea. The answer papers were sent back by sea and the results were declared in June.

Shortly afterward, other communities started their schools. These schools were affiliated to matriculation examination of the Bombay Presidency. The Parsi School, the first of these schools, later became the Billimoria School. The Muslim School became the Union High School, and is now known as Anjuman-I-Islam School. Both these schools were modelled on the English Public Schools. Hindu High School was started, now known as the Sanjeewan Vidyalaya. This was modelled on Rabindranath Tagore's Shantiniketan. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India runs the New Era High School. A retired teacher from the Parsi High School, Mr. S. M. Batha started the S.M. Batha School, Panchgani International School and junior College is also one of the Best School in Panchgani.

Convalescence center
The fresh air and invigorating climate of Panchgani made it a good place for convalescence. A well-known tuberculosis specialist from Bombay, Dr. Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria set up the Bel Air sanatorium, in the 1940s, as a centre for the treatment of TB. Till the advent of antibiotics, "Dalkieth" (Bel Air) was the premier place for the treatment of tuberculosis in the Bombay Presidency.

Geography
Panchgani is nestled in the middle of five hills in the Western Ghats alias Sahyādri mountain ranges. There are five villages around Panchgani named Dandeghar, Khingar, Godavali, Ambral & Taighat. The Krishnā River flows in the valley on which the Dhom Dam has been built approximately 9 km from Wai. The east of the Panchgani is Wai, Bavdhan & Nagewadi dam, at west is Gureghar, at the south is Khingar & Rajpuri & on the north is Dhom Dam.

The five hills surrounding Panchgani are topped by a volcanic plateau, These plateaus, alternatively known as "table land", are a part of the Deccan Plateau, they were raised by pressure between the earth plates. The area has high seismic activity, with an epicenter near Koynānagar where the Koynanagar Dam and a hydroelectric power plant have been built.

Environmental issues
In recent times, Paachgani has been facing ecological problems because of poorly controlled commercial activities, excessive traffic, and temperature inversion (because of humidity) from the new dams which have been built in the vicinity for water storage.

Weather
The temperature in Panchgani is around 12 degrees Celsius during winter, and sometimes reaches 34 degrees Celsius during summer; humidity level is very low except in the Monsoon. Monsoon rainy season spans between June and September.

Demographics
As per Census India 2011, Panchgani town has a population of 13,393 of which 6,974 are males and 6,419 are females. Males constituted 52.07% of the population, and females, 47.93%. The population of children between age 0-6 is 1,368 which is 10.21% of total. The sex-ratio of Panchgani is around 920 compared to 929 which is average of Maharashtra state. Literacy rate of Panchgani is 80.56% out of which 84.6% males are literate and 76.16% females are literate. There are 9.62% Scheduled Caste (SC) and 2.75% Scheduled Tribe (ST) of total population in Panchgani.

Education
Panchgani is known for its boarding schools established since the late 19th century. They attract students from the nearby cities of Mumbai and Pune. The schools in Panchgani are:

 * Kimmins High School
 * St. Peter's School, Panchgani
 * St. Joseph's Convent School, Panchgani
 * Billimoria School
 * Anjuman-I-Islam School
 * Sanjeewan Vidyalaya
 * New Era High School
 * S. M. Batha High School
 * Panchgani international school and Junior College
 * Shalom International

Economy
Strawberries are cultivated year round in Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar region. The strawberry grown here has been granted a Geographical indication status.

Tourism- The town is a popular tourist resort in Maharashtra due to its proximity to Mumbai and Pune. In the past till around the 70s the town used to close down for tourists in the monsoon season but now this is year round tourist destination

The global charity Initiatives of Change opened "a centre for introspection and dialogue", a 68-acre campus called Asia Plateau at Panchgani in 1967. Over the past four decades Asia Plateau has been used for holding training programmes and conferences of Initiatives of Change, particularly to address issues of corruption and governance within companies and public institutions. On certain occasions, the centre is used for programmes of like-minded institutions. It is also running a model farm and rural training centre called Grampari, aiming at propagating good practices in the Indian villages, to foster hygiene, local democracy and economic development. There are also various Jam and crushes stores found throughout the Town

Events

 * Strawberry festival: The Strawberry Festival is held every year in summer in Panchgani.
 * I Love Panchgani festival: The I Love Panchgani festival takes place every winter in Panchgani. Schools and local businesses participate in the festival.

Tourist attractions

 * Tableland: Table Land is the second longest mountain plateau in Asia. It is capped with laterite rock. It is located at a height of 1387 m above MSL. There is a small lake within this table land.
 * Sydney Point: This point is situated on a hillock facing the Krishna Valley, and overlooks the waters of the Dhom Dam, and Pāndavgad and Mandhārdeo. Sydney's point is about 2 km from Panchgani bus stand.
 * Parsi Point: This point is situated toward Mahabaleshwar, and overlooks the Krishna valley and the waters of the Dhom Dam.
 * Devil's Kitchen: Situated at the south of the table land, the Devil's Kitchen has a mythology associated with it: It is believed that the Pāndavas of the Mahābhārat epic had stayed here for a while. Pāndavgad caves (near Wāi) are said to be built by them then.
 * Mapro Garden: Mapro Gardens is a garden park known for their strawberry produce. It is located in village of Gureghar on the way to Mahabaleshwar and developed and maintained by Mapro, a food processing company.

In popular culture
The "Table Land " was a shooting spot for Raja Hindustani, Mela, Taare Zameen Par. Television series Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani were filmed here. In 2021 Kartik Aaryan filmed Freddy (2022).

Nearest Railway Stations

 * Satara railway station - 60 km
 * Sangli railway station - 160 km
 * Pune railway station -120 km

title: Panchgani


text:
Johnsonville crater

The Johnsonville crater or the Snow's Island crater is a circular geophysical feature situated at the junction of the Lynches River and the Pee Dee River in South Carolina, United States, which has been interpreted by some scientists as an impact crater. Snow's Island, at that point, is believed to be the upthrust formed at the center of the crater after the impact. The structure is approximately 8 mi in diameter, but is not well defined at the surface. It was discovered by magnetic anomalies, supported by the study of well drilling cores. Supposed impact breccia was found in these cores. The Russian Academy of Sciences lists the structure as a proven impact crater, though the Earth Impact Database (EID) does not list it as confirmed.

title: Johnsonville crater


text:
Maitland River

The Maitland River is a river in Huron County, Perth County and Wellington County in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is in the Great Lakes Basin and empties into Lake Huron at the town of Goderich. It is 150 km long, and is named after Sir Peregrine Maitland, Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada from 1818 to 1828. It was formerly known as the Menesetung River.

Course
The river begins in geographic Arthur Township in the municipality of Wellington North, Wellington County. It flows west into the municipality of Minto and its main centre, the community of Harriston, with its triple junction of Ontario Highway 9, Ontario Highway 23 and Ontario Highway 89. The river continues west into the municipality of Howick, Huron County, where it passes over two small dams, at Gorrie (maintained by the Maitland Valley Conservation Authority) and at Wroxeter (maintained by the community), passes through the municipality of Morris-Turnberry, and reaches the community of Wingham in the municipality of North Huron, where it passes over a dam and takes in the left tributary Middle Maitland River. The river then turns southwest and enters the municipality of Ashfield–Colborne–Wawanosh. From the community of Auburn to Goderich, the river forms the boundary between Ashfield–Colborne–Wawanosh and the municipality of Central Huron. The river continues southwest, takes in the left tributary South Maitland River, turns northwest, and reaches its mouth at Lake Huron at the town of Goderich.

Natural history

The lower Maitland (to Wingham) has a trout and salmon run, and is home to several species at risk including queen snake, wavy-rayed lampmussel and butternut tree, as well as several Carolinian forest species, including bitternut hickory, American sycamore, summer grape and green dragon.

Tributaries

 * Cemetery Creek (left)
 * Sharpes Creek (right)
 * Hopkins Creek (left)
 * South Maitland River (left)
 * Blyth Brook (left)
 * Belgrave Creek (left)
 * Middle Maitland River (left)
 * Little Maitland River
 * Lakelet Creek (right)
 * Salem Creek (right)

title: Maitland River