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4-Hydroxynonenal

4-Hydroxynonenal, or 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal or 4-HNE or HNE, (C9H16O2), is an α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal that is produced by lipid peroxidation in cells. 4-HNE is the primary α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal formed in this process. It is a colorless oil. It is found throughout animal tissues, and in higher quantities during oxidative stress due to the increase in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction, due to the increase in stress events. 4-HNE has been hypothesized to play a key role in cell signal transduction, in a variety of pathways from cell cycle events to cellular adhesion.

Early identification and characterization of 4-hydroxynonenal was reported by Esterbauer, et al., who also obtained the same compound synthetically. The topic has since been often reviewed, and one source describes the compound as "the most studied LPO (lipid peroxidation) product with pleiotropic capabilities".

Synthesis
4-Hydroxynonenal is generated in the oxidation of lipids containing polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acids, such as arachidonic and linoleic acids, and of their 15-lipoxygenase metabolites, namely 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acids. Although they are the most studied ones, in the same process other oxygenated α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (OαβUAs) are generated also, which can also come from omega-3 fatty acids, such as 4-oxo-trans-2-nonenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-hexenal, 4-hydroperoxy-trans-2-nonenal and 4,5-epoxy-trans-2-decenal.

Protein adducts
4-HNE can attach to proteins via a Michael addition reaction, which can target cysteine, histidine or lysine, or through the formation of a Schiff base, which can target arginine or lysine.

The lysine adduct ((4-HNE)-lysine or 4-hydroxynonenallysine) has been referred to as an "oxidation-specific epitope" and a lipid oxidation "degradation product". It is generated by the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein through the direct addition of carbonyl groups from 4-HNE onto lysine.

Pathology
These compounds can be produced in cells and tissues of living organisms or in foods during processing or storage, and from these latter can be absorbed through the diet. Since 1991, OαβUAs are receiving a great deal of attention because they are being considered as possible causal agents of numerous diseases, such as chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, adult respiratory distress syndrome, atherogenesis, diabetes and different types of cancer.

There seems to be a dual and hormetic action of 4-HNE on the health of cells: lower intracellular concentrations (around 0.1-5 micromolar) seem to be beneficial to cells, promoting proliferation, differentiation, antioxidant defense and compensatory mechanism,  while higher concentrations (around 10-20 micromolar) have been shown to trigger well-known toxic pathways such as the induction of caspase enzymes, the laddering of genomic DNA, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, with the eventual outcome of cell death (through both apoptosis and necrosis, depending on concentration). HNE has been linked to the pathology of several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cataract, atherosclerosis, diabetes and cancer.

The increasing trend to enrich foods with polyunsaturated acyl groups entails the potential risk of enriching the food with some OαβUAs at the same time, as has already been detected in some studies carried out in 2007. PUFA-fortified foods available on the market have been increasing since epidemiological and clinical researches have revealed possible effects of PUFA on brain development and curative and/or preventive effects on cardiovascular disease. However, PUFA are very labile and easily oxidizable, thus the maximum beneficial effects of PUFA supplements may not be obtained if they contain significant amounts of toxic OαβUAs, which as commented on above, are being considered as possible causal agents of numerous diseases.

Special attention must also be paid to cooking oils used repeatedly in catering and households because in those processes very high amounts of OαβUAs are generated and they can be easily absorbed through the diet.

Detoxification and related reactions
4-HNE has two reactive groups: the conjugated aldehyde and the C=C double-bond, and the hydroxy group at carbon 4. The α,β-unsaturated ketone serves as a Michael acceptor, adding thiols to give thioether adducts.

A small group of enzymes are specifically suited to the detoxification and removal of 4-HNE from cells. Within this group are the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) such as hGSTA4-4 and hGST5.8, aldose reductase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase. These enzymes have low Km values for HNE catalysis and together are very efficient at controlling the intracellular concentration, up to a critical threshold amount, at which these enzymes are overwhelmed and cell death is inevitable.

Glutathione S-transferases hGSTA4-4 and hGST5.8 catalyze the conjugation of glutathione peptides to 4-hydroxynonenal through a conjugate addition to the alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl, forming a more water-soluble molecule, GS-HNE. While there are other GSTs capable of this conjugation reaction (notably in the alpha class), these other isoforms are much less efficient and their production is not induced by the stress events which cause the formation of 4-HNE (such as exposure to hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet light, heat shock, cancer drugs, etc.), as the production of the more specific two isoforms is. This result strongly suggests that hGSTA4-4 and hGST5.8 are specifically adapted by human cells for the purpose of detoxifying 4-HNE to abrogate the downstream effects which such a buildup would cause.

Increased activity of the mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has been shown to have a protective effect against cardiac ischemia in animal models, and the postulated mechanism given by the investigators was 4-hydroxynonenal metabolism.

Export
GS-HNE is a potent inhibitor of the activity of glutathione S-transferase, and therefore must be shuttled out of the cell to allow conjugation to occur at a physiological rate. Ral-interacting GTPase activating protein (RLIP76, also known as Ral-binding protein 1), is a membrane-bound protein which has high activity towards the transport of GS-HNE from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space. This protein accounts for approximately 70% of such transport in human cell lines, while the remainder appears to be accounted for by Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1).

title: 4-Hydroxynonenal


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Giorgio Scarlatti

Giorgio Scarlatti (2 October 1921 – 26 July 1990) was a racing driver from Italy. He participated in 15 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 13 May 1956.

Formula One career
Scarlatti was born in Rome. He got interested in racing right after the end of World War Two. His first outings were with a Maserati A6. In 1955 he entered the Naples Grand Prix at the wheel of a Ferrari 500 F2 and finishing fourth.

Scarlatti's performance caught the eye of Maserati who decided to hire him for the 1957 Formula One season. Scarlatti's best results were at the Pescara Grand Prix, where he narrowly missed out on the points-scoring positions when his Maserati 250F was overtaken in the latter stages by Stuart Lewis-Evans and the Italian Grand Prix, where he finished fifth, sharing the car with Harry Schell.

Sports car racing
In 1957 Scarlatti competed at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, sharing a Maserati with Joakim Bonnier. Bonnier and Scarlatti were forced to retire after 7 hours due to a clutch problem.

In 1958 he finished second at the Targa Florio together with Jean Behra on a Porsche 718. In 1961 Scarlatti and Lorenzo Bandini won the 4 Hours of Pescara on a Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

 * '' * Indicates shared drive with Harry Schell

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Giorgio Scarlatti


text:
Jackie Lewis

Jack Rex Lewis (born 1 November 1936) is a British former racing driver, born in Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Career
Lewis' racing career began in Formula Three. In 1958 Lewis bought a Formula Three Cooper-Norton from Cheltenham based Ivor Bueb and made his debut at Mallory Park, remarkably coming fourth. At Brands Hatch he made front page news for surviving a crash - a lucky photographer captured Jack’s upside-down Cooper showing Jack’s hand appearing to hold the car up. Just a week later he came first at Full Sutton and then won again at Oulton Park. In his first season in Formula 3 he raced 13 times - he won three of his races and was on the podium for a further four.

A year later, in a Formula Two Cooper-Climax Lewis won his first F2 race at Paris Montlhéry – winning by over two minutes. The following year Lewis' determination paid off and he took the F2 champion title – ahead of Australian World Champion Jack Brabham.

The following year, he tried his hand at Formula One and purchased a Cooper T53 from the Surbiton factory. He made his Grand Prix debut at the Belgian Grand Prix in Spa in June 1961. His maiden season showed much promise – qualifying often mid-grid and finishing ninth in his first ever race and at the Nürburgring. He achieved fourth in Italy.

Aside from Stirling Moss, Lewis was the only independent driver to score any points in 1961 and was listed as a Grade A driver for the following year.

In 1962 Lewis formed the Ecurie Galloise (Welsh Racing Team) sponsored by the Western Sporting Press and his father's business H&L Motors of Stroud - of which Lewis was now also a director. He bought a 1961/62 BRM V8 to race, but the car was unsatisfactory and eventually went back to the factory. He had no option but to return to his Cooper which he used the previous season. Although he achieved seventh place at the Dutch Grand Prix, it was overall a disappointing season for Lewis. The politics of F1 were beginning to affect him – he had been quicker than three works drivers at Monaco, yet had been denied a starting slot by the organisers. Lewis survived a few dangerous moments – losing a wheel at speed at Oulton Park and ramming Graham Hill in the French Grand Prix. He participated in 10 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix in all, scoring a total of three championship points.

By 1963, feeling despondent, Lewis retired from a promising racing career and took on a farm in Llandovery, Carmarthenshire where he bred Arab horses, and raised two daughters. After 18 years as a sheep farmer, in 1981, Lewis returned to Gloucestershire to help his father run H&L Motors, a motorcycle business. In 1988 he fathered a son, Jack Lewis Jnr, and currently lives in his town of birth, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Jackie Lewis


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Joie Chitwood

George Rice "Joie" Chitwood (April 14, 1912 – January 3, 1988) was an American stuntman, racing driver, and businessman. He is best known as a daredevil in the Joie Chitwood Thrill Show.

Early life
Chitwood was born in Denison, Texas. He was orphaned as a 14-year-old and he ended school after eighth grade. He lived in Topeka, Kansas during the Dust Bowl-era, and was seeking employment during the Great Depression. His main job was a shoe shiner; he also worked as a candy butcher for a burlesque show to earn additional income. He started learning a trade by helping at a welding shop.

Early career
Chitwood built his first race car from an Essex, driving the car after the driver failed to appear; he finished second. He started his racing career in 1934 at a dirt track in Winfield, Kansas. From there, he began racing big cars. In 1937 and 1938, he finished second in the Central States Racing Association (CSRA) season points standings. In 1939 and 1940 he switched to the American Automobile Association (AAA) East Coast Sprint car championship. He switched back to the CSRA and won its title in 1942, winning 14 consecutive CSRA features that season.

Championship and sprint car career
Between 1940 and 1950, Chitwood raced in the Indianapolis 500 seven times, finishing fifth on three occasions. He was the first man ever to wear a safety belt, beginning at the 1941 Indianapolis 500. Chitwood took the belt out of his dirt car because he liked how he was jostled around less, and could keep his foot on the throttle easier. Chitwood promised AAA officials Rex Mays and Wilbur Shaw that he would release the belt in the event of a crash, because drivers thought that it was safer to be thrown from a car during an accident. He won six major sprint car races in 1946. Chitwood won nine AAA East Coast features in 1947, including the first race at Williams Grove Speedway. He retired from racing in 1950.

World Drivers' Championship career
The AAA/USAC-sanctioned Indianapolis 500 was included in the FIA World Drivers' Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indianapolis during those years were credited with World Drivers' Championship participation, and were eligible to score WDC points alongside those which they may have scored towards the AAA/USAC National Championship.

Chitwood participated in one World Drivers' Championship race at Indianapolis. He finished in fifth place, scoring one World Drivers' Championship point.

Nickname
Chitwood was dubbed "Joie" during his racing career, after a newspaper reporter misheard and misspelled Chitwood's name in an article. The writer confused St. Joe, Missouri (where Chitwood's race car was built) with "George", and when typesetting the article, added an "i" by mistake to spell "Joie." The nickname stuck for life.

The Joie Chitwood Thrill Show
In 1942, stuntman Lucky Teter died, and Chitwood took over the show after being asked by Teter's widow to sell the equipment. Chitwood was unable to find a buyer during World War II. Chitwood was deemed 4-F, and taught welding at factories. He began operating what he called "the Joie Chitwood Thrill Show." The show was an exhibition of auto stunt driving, and became so successful Chitwood cut back his racing endeavors significantly.

Often called "Hell Drivers," Chitwood had five units that for more than forty years toured across North America, thrilling audiences in large and small towns alike with death-defying automobile stunts. Although not claiming to be of Native American descent, Chitwood often portrayed a character known as 'Chief Wahoo.' Audiences found the act believable on account of Chitwood having a darker skin tone. He also performed a ramp-to-ramp jump, using a car that devised by Teter. Later on he and his son, Joie Jr., perfected driving a car on two wheels.

Chitwood's show was so popular that in January 1967, their performance at the Islip Speedway in New York was broadcast on ABC television's Wide World of Sports.

Chitwood's sons, Joie Jr. and Tim, both joined the thrill show, and continued to run it after their father's retirement. The Chitwood show toured the U.S. from 1945 until 1998. On May 13, 1978, Joie Jr. set a world record when he drove a Chevrolet Chevette for 5.6 mi on just two wheels.

Media appearances and legacy
Chitwood's show was featured during season 3 of CHiPs in an episode entitled "Thrill Show". Joie Jr. did stunts for Miami Vice on several occasions. Joie Jr. also appeared as a guest challenger on the TV game show To Tell The Truth. Joie Jr. worked in over 60 feature films and national commercials.

In 1983 Chitwood's show was featured in the movie Smokey and the Bandit Part 3, where Sheriff Justice ends up the star of the show during his pursuit of The Bandit.

Chitwood's show was credited by Evel Knievel as being his inspiration to become a daredevil when his show appeared in his home town of Butte, Montana.

World-champion auto dive bomber Dusty Russell began his 50+ year career as a stunt driver in 1951, when he performed at the age of 15 for Joie Chitwood's Auto Daredevils show in Idaho.

Hollywood Stuntman
Chitwood was frequently hired by Hollywood film studios to either do stunt driving for films or to act as auto-stunt coordinator. Chitwood was one of the stunt drivers in the Clark Gable and Barbara Stanwyck 1950 film about auto racing, To Please a Lady.

Personal life
Chitwood's wife, Marie, worked as a dancer; she quit dancing after their marriage. The couple had two sons - Timmy and Joie Jr. (born 1944) Joie Jr. had a son Joie Chitwood III (born 1971).

Retirement and death
After Chitwood retired, his sons took over the business. Joie Chitwood died on January 3, 1988, in Tampa Bay, Florida.

Legacy
Chitwood was named the President of the 100 Mile An Hour Club at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1967. The Eastern Auto Racing Club Old Timers Club inducted him in 1979, and he received the Walt Ader Memorial Award in 1986. He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1993. Chitwood was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2010. Among his contributions to the sport was the supervision of the construction of Pennsylvania's Selinsgrove Speedway in 1945.

Indianapolis 500 results
* shared drive with Tony Bettenhausen

FIA World Drivers' Championship results
(key)
 *  * Indicates shared drive with Tony Bettenhausen.

title: Joie Chitwood


text:
Anthem of Bogotá

The Anthem of Bogotá is the musical composition that symbolizes the Colombia's capital city. It was officially adopted through the decree 1000 of July 31, 1974.

History
The anthem's lyrics were written by the poet Pedro Medina Avendaño and the music was composed by the musician Roberto Pineda Duque. The anthem was selected through a public concourse announced following the agreement 71 of 9 September 1967, whose judge was named by the decree number 731 of 3 July 1974 and the prize was 50.000 pesos. The judges of the concourse selected this song on 31 July 1974 and the mayor Anibal Fernandez de Soto signed the decree that declared the song as the official anthem of the city. Its debut was on 7 August 1974 in a concert made in the Jorge Eliecer Gaitan Theater. The agreement 1 of April 19, 1988, fixes the rules for the use of the symbols of the city of Bogotá, the decree 120 of March 14, 1991, obligates the citizens to teach the symbols of the city in the educative centers and also to intone the anthem at every public event within the city. Finally the decree 64 of February 12 of 1993 requests every educative establishment to raise the city's flag weekly along with the intonation of the anthem. Since the declaration of this decree, some football fans intone the anthem on every sport event, something that helps to promote the learning of the anthem among the youth of the city.

title: Anthem of Bogotá


text:
User talk:Gogol999

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:02, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Gogol999


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Paco Godia

Francisco Godia Sales (21 March 1921 – 28 November 1990), better known as Paco Godia, was a racing driver from Barcelona, Spain. He drove intermittently in Formula One between and, participating in 14 World Championship Grands Prix and numerous non-Championship races. He was the first Spaniard ever to take part in a Formula One Grand Prix.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key)

title: Paco Godia


text:
User talk:KapilTagore

Someone who prefers to replace supposed left-wing bias with real right wing bias instead.

WikiProyecto y Wikiportal
Bien ya podemos ver los wikiproyecto y wikiportal de Colombia en esta wiki:
 * Portal Colombia
 * Proyecto Colombia - para mantener el portal y las páginas sobre colombia
 * Proyecto Departamentos de Colombia - para estandarizar las páginas de departamentos, municipios y ciudades
 * Proyecto Presidents de Colombia - para estandarizar las biografías de presidentes

Estos portales y proyectos están también en la wikipedia en español (pueden seguir los interwikis).

— Carlos Th (talk) 11:47, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Man Ray, Vol. 3

The article Man Ray, Vol. 3 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NMUSIC. No significant coverage or other evidence of notability found."

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Proposed deletion of Man Ray, Vol. 2

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Proposed deletion of Man Ray, Vol. 1

The article Man Ray, Vol. 1 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NMUSIC. No significant coverage or other evidence of notability found."

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title: User talk:KapilTagore


text:
User talk:Diomidis Spinellis

Welcome!
Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:03, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Hello there, I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia myself. I had a look at your contributions and found them intersting. Nico AKA Etz Haim 13:27, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, but the List of English words of Greek origin is not really my work and I don't deserve any credit for it. I'll be experimenting with your "grconv" for a while, trying to combine it with [ ia ] spell. Etz Haim 15:08, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Literature Collaboration of the Week
Patrida, I'm rallying up support for Alexandros Papadiamantis in Literature Collaboration of the Week. So, go vote! :D

Project2501a 16:36, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Need Help
The article vanavsos is up for deletion. Can you please help in this regard. Second, I am having difficulty with Wikinfo:Classical definition of republic and am having trouble on Talk:Republic because they won't allow an external link. It was deleted off of Wikipedia, and I believe it needs to come back on. A serious mistake in deleting this article. Thanks for your time.WHEELER 18:30, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

caliper
Just a belated reply to your caliper note and edit. I'd completely forgotten about their map and drafting usage, which just goes to show how much overlap there is in a tools usage. I also see now what you meant by swift, you only created that page three days ago! Graibeard 11:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Poll (Macedonian Slav or Macedonian)
I hope that this message is of interest to you, if not please accept my apologies. There is a poll in the talk page of the 'Macedonian Slavs' article here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonian_Slavs#The_poll

Some people are lobbying for changing the article's name to Macedonians without any qualifier. As it seems, a number of these people come from the Macedonian/Macedonian Slav wikipedia project. It seemed only fair to attract the attention of people possibly from the other side of the story. Your contributions to the discussion and the poll are welcomed.

Wikipedians in Greece
Hi, I understand that you are either Greek Wikipedian or a Wikipedian living in/with an interest in Greece.

The category page Wikipedians/Greece has been replaced with Category:Wikipedians in Greece but your name still appears on the old list. You might considering moving it. You might also consider adding adding Template:Greekwiki to your user page.

A Greek Wikipedians' notice board has been in existence for some time but is terribly underutilised. It would certainly benefit from your involvement.--Damac 12:12, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

I personally loved your lego model. Two thumbs up! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Neuve (talk • contribs) 10:55, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Lego model of alternating tread stairs
Thanks for the Lego model of alternating tread stairs. Can you please join the discussion at Talk:Stairway on the accuracy of it? Thanks. Samw 04:25, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Congratulation for the new image of alternating tread stairs. Now it shows exactly the advantage of this Stair. Can you upload this image in the commons so i could integrate this Image in the German Page Treppe. Greetings from Ronaldo (German WP) --84.170.249.68 02:57, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

lists, etc.
Sorry — but there was no sign that that was what was going on. The List of Greek people article overlapped a number of other lists, and just one link was to a category, hence my actions. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 23:29, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Γεια

 * Σε είδα στο Macedonia (terminology). Διάβασα και το site σου. Έχεις σχέση με τον συνονόματό σου Ίωνα στην Uniesse/KEM? Στη φωτογραφία μοιάζετε πάντως... :-) NikoSilver 10:50, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ναι, αδελφός μου είναι. Στείλε μου email. --Diomidis Spinellis 11:11, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Good work
Hello. I once used one of your programs and found it useful, then I learnt more about you through your books, the Wikipedia article on you, and your website, and now I find you editing on Wikipedia. Keep up your good work! NerdyNSK 01:26, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

OLPC
Sorry for the bounced email, it was because of bad configuration of my new IMAP server combined with lots of spam, and I have fixed it now. I am happy to learn that you are trying to contribute to the OLPC project. I will consider creating a Greek demo in Squeak if I find time, I think it would be interesting. What kind of contributions do you make to the OLPC effort? NerdyNSK 16:30, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Comparison of open source and closed source edits
Hi Diomedis,

I've reverted the recent inclusion of a new section in this article. It appears that you're the author of the study referenced in the section, so its inclusion should really be discussed on the article's talk page before being added. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 07:50, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Diomidis Spinellis! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 4 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 15:39, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Stephen J. Mellor -
 * 2) Bruce Shriver -
 * 3) Ted Lewis (computer scientist) -
 * 4) Nikiforos Diamandouros -

Copyright concerns with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(computer_scientist)
I've marked this as a potential copyvio, and thought you might want to provide input. A claim on the talk page of handing over a preexisting copyright isn't really sufficient to insure that WP can lawfully reproduce this content and give it to others to do so. Moreover, Mr. Lewis' resume does not conform to WP standards in any case. -- j ⚛ e decker  talk  22:16, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Fixed by revision http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Lewis_(computer_scientist)&oldid=391049752 Diomidis Spinellis (talk)

File:Wikipedia clear type.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Wikipedia clear type.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.  S ven M anguard  Wha?  00:27, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Speedy deletion nomination of Bruce Shriver

A tag has been placed on Bruce Shriver requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a clear copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from http://web.archive.org/web/20060105052322/http://www.genesis2.com/. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. If you are not the owner of the external website or image but have permission from that owner, see Requesting copyright permission. You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. — Diannaa (talk) 15:56, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

Just to reiterate from the above template, the way to formalize permission for the content is to have the copyright holder send the permission email directly to the OTRS team. There's instructions at WP:donating copyright materials and a sample permission email at WP:Consent. Once the permission email is on its way, please place the template on the article talk page. That will prevent the article from getting deleted before the email is processed (like many parts of the wiki, the OTRS system is expericencing backlogs). — Diannaa (talk) 21:25, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Plum-headed Parakeets.jpg

The file File:Plum-headed Parakeets.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned image, low resolution, blurry. Plenty of other, better pictures of Plum-headed Parakeets now available."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  16:44, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Your article authorship
I added to the Ambrose Hollingworth WP article which you created. It seems "off beat" from your usual editing, which aroused my curiousity. Thanks for creating it! Activist (talk) 23:31, 27 February 2021 (UTC) LThanks to you, I looked up chaistic structure and it mentions the Qu'ran, which I thought was written entirely by Mohammed. Since only a small part was written in that format, I wondered how such a lengthy work could have just a single example of the use of that structure? In reading further, I discovered that it was perhaps entirely dictated and the many scribes wrote it down from memory. Activist (talk) 21:01, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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title: User talk:Diomidis Spinellis


text:
User talk:Alexandre.tp

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:03, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Alexandre.tp


text:
Kincardine Bridge

The Kincardine Bridge is a road bridge crossing the Firth of Forth from Falkirk council area to Kincardine, Fife, Scotland.

History
The bridge was constructed between 1932 and 1936, to a design by Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, Consulting Engineers, and Architect, Donald Watson. It was the first road crossing of the River Forth downstream of Stirling, completed nearly thirty years before the Forth Road Bridge, which stands 15 mi to the south-east.

The bridge was constructed with a swinging central section which remained in use until 1988, that would allow larger ships to sail upstream to the small port at Alloa. The bridge is part of the A985 road (formerly A876), and carries a single lane in each direction. Until the opening of the Clackmannanshire Bridge in 2008, it was the customary diversion route for traffic north from Edinburgh and eastern Scotland when the Forth Road Bridge was closed or under repair. As a result of the additional traffic using the bridge at these times, joining the high volume of regular commuter traffic, the town of Kincardine was frequently congested.

In 2023 work began to replace a section of the southern viaduct which had been assessed in 1984 as 'substandard' and reinforced in 1992 with steel supports.

Second bridge
The original bridge, at over 70 years old, was identified by the Scottish Executive as being in need of replacement. The new Clackmannanshire Bridge was opened on 19 November 2008. The original bridge was given Category A listed status by Historic Scotland in 2005, and was closed temporarily for upgrading works in 2011.

With the opening of the new bridge, the Kincardine Bridge was re-numbered as part of the A985 while the new Clackmannanshire Bridge became part of the re-routed A876, forming the Kincardine bypass.

title: Kincardine Bridge


text:
User talk:TheFlow

UTA maps
On behalf of the regular contributers to Salt Lake City topics (which includes User:JonMoore, User:Bob rulz, and User:Davejenk1ns, among others), I would like to thank you for your work on UTA. I wonder, though, what kind of permission you got for the maps; was it for any maps they have? Can we also get a simple schematic map of TRAX (one that just shows a blue line and red line, with circles for all the stops). I'm thinking of expanding the UTA TRAX article to include capsule information on all of the stops like their names and nearby destinations. Cool Hand Luke  10:12, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hey
Hi!

I am new to wikipedia... so I don't know if I should respond here or on your talk page...?

But anyway,

I got permission to use any of their maps for wikipedia, as long as there is a statement saying that the pictures were made by them, and found on their website.

I am glad that you have found Utah Transit Authority usefull!

I will try to get a new map for the TRAX line, seeing that you are right... the current one isn't really that good.

Thank you,

TheFlow

 * You're pretty good with wiki syntax! It took me a while before I found out how to make tables without html.
 * Anyway, most people answer talk comments on the other person's talk page, but many users just reply on their own talk page so that the conversations are intact. I'm thinking about doing that myself, but if you do it's usually polite to put a message at the top of your talk page stating that you will normally only reply on your own talk page. Cool Hand Luke  00:56, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi!
Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for the Utah Transit Authority page. It looks well researched. I'm curious where you got your info. I searched for a long time for history info, and sort of got the runaround from UTA to try and get the info.

As to responding to talk, it's best to do it on that user's talk page. That way they get the "new messages" message when they log in and know that you responded.

Again, thanks for the new pages. Please feel free to contribute to the articles related to Salt Lake City! There is alot there already, and many that need to be written. We (User:Cool Hand Luke, Bob rulz and myself) are working on getting the main SLC page as a featured article on the main page. Anything you can add to get it there would be appreciated.

Again, welcome! [[user:JonMoore|Jon, Conqueror of Men | (Talk!)]] 01:00, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheFlow


text:
Special Victims Unit

A Special Victims Unit (SVU) or Special Victims Division is a specialised division within some police departments. The elite squad of detectives in this division typically investigate crimes involving sexual assault or victims of non-sexual crimes who require specialist handling such as children, the elderly, or the disabled.

New York City
The New York City Police Department's Special Victims Division investigates sex crimes. It is housed in separate Borough Patrols (Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Staten Island and Brooklyn). The Special Victims Division only investigates the following types of cases:

 * Any child under 11 years of age who is the victim of abuse by a parent or person legally responsible for the care of the child.
 * Any child under 13 years of age who is the victim of any sex crime or attempted sex crime.
 * Any victim of rape (all degrees) or attempted rape (all degrees).
 * Any victim of a criminal sexual act (all degrees) or attempted criminal sexual act (all degrees).
 * Victims of aggravated sexual abuse (all degrees).
 * Victims of sexual abuse 1st degree.

They also deal with children, disabled and elderly victims of non-sexual crimes who require special handling. The Special Victims Division does not investigate murder or child sexual exploitation material cases. Murders are investigated by the precinct detective squad in which the murder was committed and/or the borough homicide squad. Child sexual exploitation material cases are investigated by various computer crime squads and task forces. Robberies are investigated by precinct detective squads and/or borough robbery squads. If a sex crime is involved, the Special Victims Division may assist in the investigation.

In June 2022, the Justice Department announced a federal investigation into the division's "deficiencies", including “failing to conduct basic investigative steps and instead shaming and abusing survivors and re-traumatizing them during investigations.”

In popular culture
The American television show Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, the first spin-off in the Law & Order franchise, follows the cases of a fictional NYPD SVU division. Another U.S. television show Homicide: Life on the Street makes references to the Sex Crimes Unit, another name for Special Victims Unit.

title: Special Victims Unit


text:
Brixia Model 35

The Brixia Model 35 was an Italian small-sized, rapid-firing light mortar of World War II. The Brixia Modello 35 provided light supporting fire to the infantry companies. It was issued at battalion level, with each battalion containing nine mortars parceled out to each infantry company. It had a reasonable rate of fire but lacked power due to the small round. It was widely used and saw action on every major Italian front.

Description
The Brixia light mortar is a 45 mm calibre light mortar mounted on a legged base and designed for operation by two crew. The rear legs are fitted with a pad for the gunner to lay forward behind the mortar or sit upon when the situation allows. A lever allowed for operating the breech and firing the weapon while the loader fed ammunition. Well-trained teams could reach up to 18 rounds per minute, although the operational rate of fire was less intense to avoid damage to the firing tube. The Brixia mortar differed from comparable World War II weapons in that it was trigger-fired with the help of separate ignition cartridges to be fed into a special magazine, making the weapon more similar to modern cannon mortars than conventional parabolic grenade launchers of the time.

At the tactical level, an infantry battalion had two platoons of 9 Brixia mortars assigned. Each Brixia mortar platoon was divided into three squads with three mortars each, distributed to the companies. The heavier 81mm mortar was assigned to the heavy weapons company of the regiment.

The Brixia was a complicated weapon but could lay down exact and intense fire curtains. This was offset by the shells, which fragmented poorly and, due to the limited calibre, had a very light and low-yield warhead. The weapon served on every front where Italian troops were involved (North Africa, Balkans, East Africa, Southern Russia, France) and was employed to defend the homeland against invading allied troops. During clashes between RSI formations and Italian partisans on both sides, due to many Italian partisans having a former military background, it was one of the few support weapons that could be found in the hands of the local Resistance. Mortars used by the German units fighting alongside the Italians were given the designation 4.5 cm GrW 176(i).

Users

 * Nazi Germany
 * Kingdom of Greece: captured from the Italians
 * Kingdom of Italy
 * Italian Social Republic
 * Yugoslav Partisans

title: Brixia Model 35


text:
User:Spambit

My name is Daniel Walker and I am a third-year doctoral student studying mathematics at the University of North Texas. My field of study is set theory, but I also enjoy mathematical logic and topology. I finished my undergraduate studies at UCLA in June, 2005 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics.

I was born on August 9, 1983 in Walnut Creek, CA. I spent the first 22 years of my life living in the most beautiful city in the world, Dublin, CA, but I now live in Denton, TX.

My favorite movies are (in no particular order except that the first is my favorite): Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Back to the Future, Return of the Jedi, Almost Famous, A Few Good Men, and Ishtar. My favorite author is the great C.S. Lewis. My favorite novels are (in descending order), Till We Have Faces, The Great Divorce, Ender's Game, Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell, and Neverwhere.

As one should be able to guess from my top two novels, I am a very devout Christian. May the name of the Lord be praised!

P.S. I am currently looking for Descriptive Set Theory by Yiannis Moschovakis. If you know where I can buy a copy, please let me know.

title: User:Spambit


text:
User talk:Spambit

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:05, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hey hey hey... Look who's got themselves a Wikipedia account. :) - Walkiped 14:38, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi Spambit, you have deleted the entry to my "No Shortcuts" paradox and commented "It is clearly mathematically false and the reference gives no justification of the 'fact'". What do you mean "mathematically false"? If the mathematical reasoning were sound, it wouldn't be a paradox, would it? By clearly mentioning "paradox" and because of the last paragraphs, it is obvious that somewhere the "proof" is wrong. Please do not delete my entry again, unless you have educated me as to where it is not a proper paradox. Best Regards, ClassA42

DFW Meetup
Hi! Hello! Howdy! You've been invited to the Dallas/Fort Worth meetup (part of Meetup). If you are interested, visit our page and sign up and suggest something, or help us decide where and when the next meeting will be. Cheers! Basketball110 My story/Tell me yours 00:38, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spambit