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Jo Ann Robinson

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (April 17, 1912 – August 29, 1992) was an activist during the Civil Rights Movement and educator in Montgomery, Alabama.

Early life
Born Jo Ann Gibson, near Culloden, Georgia, on April 17, 1912, she was the youngest of twelve children. Her parents were Owen Boston and Dollie Webb Gibson, who had owned a farm. Her father died when Robinson was only 6 years old. After her father's death, Robinson, her mother, and her eleven other siblings moved to Macon, Georgia. Robinson excelled in school and earned valedictorian at her high school in her graduating year. She became the first person in her family to graduate from college, attending Fort Valley State College.

Career and college
Robinson graduated from Fort Valley State College with her Bachelor's degree in 1934. After college, she became a public school teacher in Macon, where she was married to Wilbur Robinson for a short time. Five years later, she went to Atlanta, where she earned an M.A. in English at Atlanta University. Robinson continued her education even after earning her Masters at New York's Columbia University, and continued to study English. Shortly after, she went to teach at Mary Allen College. After teaching in Texas, she then accepted a position at Alabama State College (now Alabama State University) in Montgomery. She was also active in the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.

Women's Political Council (WPC)
It was in Montgomery, Alabama, where Robinson joined the Women's Political Council, which Mary Fair Burks had founded three years earlier. The WPC was an organization dedicated to inspiring African Americans to rise above the level of mediocrity that they had been conditioned to accept, to fight juvenile delinquency, increase voter registration in the African American community, and to improve their status as a group. The WPC was also in the development in women's involvement in civic affairs, worked towards encouraging African Americans to vote, and helping women who were victims of rape.

Segregation on Montgomery buses
In 1949, Robinson was verbally attacked by a bus driver for sitting in the front "Whites only" section of the bus. The whites-only section was empty except for one person 2 rows in front of her. Out of fear that the incident would escalate and that the driver would go from verbal abuse to physical, Robinson chose to leave the bus. Her response to the incident was to attempt to start a protest boycott against bus segregation in Alabama. However, when Robinson approached fellow WPC members with her story and proposal, she was told that it was "a fact of life in Montgomery." In late 1950, she succeeded Burks as president of the WPC and helped focus the group's efforts on buses, becoming an outspoken critic of the treatment of African Americans on public transportation. To further her efforts, Robinson met with William A. Gayle, the mayor of Montgomery at the time. Robinson met with City Hall's council, but they were not interested in what she had to say. When City Hall's leaders were no help, Robinson took matters into her own hands and organized a boycott once again. The WPC made complaints to the Montgomery City Commission about the bus seating and abusive drivers. They achieved some concessions, including an undertaking that drivers would be courteous, and having buses stop at every corner in Black neighborhoods as they did in white areas.

After Brown vs. Board of Education (1954), Robinson informed the mayor of the city that a boycott would soon rise. After Rosa Parks' arrest, they seized the moment to plan the Montgomery bus boycott.

On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move from her seat in the black area of the bus she was traveling on to make way for a white passenger who was standing. Parks, a civil rights organizer, had intended to instigate a reaction from white citizens and authorities. That night, with Parks' permission, Robinson stayed up mimeographing 35,000 handbills calling for a boycott of the Montgomery bus system, with the help of the chairman of the Alabama State College business department, John Cannon, and two students. The boycott was supported and fought by many. In a 1976 interview, Robinson pointed out, "That boycott was not supported by a few people; it was supported by 52,000 people". The boycott was initially planned for just the following Monday. Robinson passed out the leaflets at a Friday afternoon meeting of AME Zionist clergy, among other places, and Reverend L. Roy Bennett requested other ministers attend a meeting that Friday night and to urge their congregations to take part in the boycott. Robinson, Reverend Ralph Abernathy, two of her senior students and other WPC members then passed out the handbills to high school students leaving school that afternoon.

After the success of the one-day boycott, Black citizens decided to continue the boycott and established the Montgomery Improvement Association to focus their efforts. The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. was elected president. Robinson never became a member of this group. She had declined an official position to the Montgomery Improvement Association because of her teaching position at Alabama State. She served on its executive board and edited their newsletter, at King's request. Behind the scenes, Robinson also helped in carpooling African Americans to work. She was so involved King took notice in his memoir of the boycott, Stride Towards Freedom. Dr. King said of Robinson, "Apparently indefatigable, she, perhaps more than any other person, was active on every level of protest". In order to protect her position at Alabama State College, and to protect her colleagues, Robinson purposely stayed out of the limelight, even though she worked diligently with the MIA. Robinson and other WPC members also helped sustain the boycott by providing transportation for boycotters.

Robinson was the target of several acts of intimidation. Robinson was arrested many times. In February 1956, a local police officer threw a stone through the window of her house. Then two weeks later, another police officer poured acid on her car. The violence was so bad that the governor of Alabama ordered the state police to guard the houses of the boycott leaders. The boycott lasted over a year because the bus company would not give in to the demands of the protesters. On December 20, 1956, the boycotts finally ended after the federal district court deemed segregated seating was unconstitutional. However, Robinson fought hard and took great pride in the eventual success of the boycott. In her memoir, Robinson wrote, "An oppressed but brave people, whose pride and dignity rose to the occasion, conquered fear, and faced whatever perils had to be confronted. The boycott was the most beautiful memory that all of us who participated will carry to our final resting place." The Montgomery bus boycott broke through and gave real hope as it helped to inspire other protests because of its success and, of course, lead to many protests with the importance of nonviolence that MLK preached. After a student sit-in in early 1960, Robinson and other teachers who supported the students resigned their positions at Alabama State College. Robinson left Alabama State College and moved out of Montgomery that year. She taught at Grambling College in Louisiana for one year then moved to Los Angeles and taught English in the public school system. In Los Angeles, she continued to be active in local women's organizations. Robinson taught in the LA schools until she retired from teaching in 1976. Robinson was strongly against discrimination. Robinson inspired many young women to join the protest and to fight. Robinson said, "Women's leadership was no less important to the development of the Montgomery Bus Boycott than was the male and minister-dominated leadership."

Robinson's memoir, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, edited by David J. Garrow, was published in 1987 by the University of Tennessee Press.

Legacy
In 2021, the Georgia Historical Society erected a historical marker for The Birthplace of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson in Monroe County, Georgia.

On September 17, 2021, the Alabama State University board of trustees voted unanimously to name a residence hall after Robinson. The naming ceremony took place in April 2022.

Personal life
Robinson was a member of The Links.

title: Jo Ann Robinson


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Anti-bias curriculum

The anti-bias curriculum is a curriculum which attempts to challenge prejudices such as racism, sexism, ableism, ageism, weightism, homophobia, classism, colorism, heightism, handism, religious discrimination and other forms of kyriarchy. The approach is favoured by civil rights organisations such as the Anti-Defamation League. Bias refers to violation of equality based on equal opportunities (formal equality) or based on equality of outcomes for different groups, also called substantive equality.

The anti-racist curriculum is part of a wider social constructivist movement in the various societies of the Western World, where many scientific worldviews are seen as manifestations of Western cultures who enjoy a privileged position over societies from the "Global South", along with claiming that there is a sociocultural aspect to education, i.e. that the studies of these subjects in Western societies have usually exhibited racial and cultural bias, and that they focus too much on "dead white men", especially in mathematics.

Purpose
The anti-bias curriculum is seen by its proponents as a catalyst in the critical analysis of various social conditions. It is implemented with the intent of reducing social oppression with the ultimate goal of "social justice" in mind.

Examples
Margaret Thatcher, in a speech made during the Conservative Party Conference of 1987, referred to "hard left education authorities and extremist teachers" teaching "anti-racist mathematics—whatever that may be." and later on in 2005, Fox News carried a story detailing "The 'anti-racist education' program in place at Newton Public Schools."

The article The Politics of Anti-Racist Mathematics by George Gheverghese Joseph goes through many different assumptions made by teachers of mathematics that can have a negative effect on students of ethnic minorities. An anti-racist approach to mathematics education could include any or all of the following:
 * Discussion of the mathematical knowledge of ancient civilizations outside of Europe, and non-European contributions to mathematical knowledge and discovery;
 * The avoidance of racial stereotypes or cultural bias in classroom material, textbooks, coursework topics and examination questions. For example, a wide range of names from various ethnic backgrounds might be used in word problem questions.

American mathematics instructor Shahid Muhammed has suggested that poor mathematics performance among African Americans is linked to higher anxiety caused by negative stereotyping, as he states that many associate mathematics with middle-class white people.

Criticism
There has been criticism of aspects of the anti-bias curriculum. Eastern Washington University professor Deirdre Almeida has stated that most anti-bias curricula omit the contributions of non-African ethnic groups, such as Native Americans, Inuit and Alaska Natives. Almeida has claimed that portrayals of Native Americans in anti-bias material conflate actual aboriginal practices with invented, obsolete or erroneous ideas about Native American culture.

Other critics, such as University of Tennessee professor J. Amos Hatch, have claimed that some anti-bias curricula can be construed as actively or passively adopting an anti-European/western racial bias, seeking to minimize contributions of ethnic Europeans in favor of other ethnic groups. Hatch has stated that this ideology has produced "anti-bias" curricula that are overtly biased against people of European descent or in favor of people of African descent.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anti-bias curriculum


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Z/VM

z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. z/VM was first released in October 2000 and remains in active use and development. It is directly based on technology and concepts dating back to the 1960s, with IBM's CP/CMS on the IBM System/360-67 (see article History of CP/CMS for historical details). z/VM runs on IBM's IBM Z family of computers. It can be used to support large numbers (thousands) of Linux virtual machines. (See Linux on IBM Z.)

On 16 September 2022, IBM released z/VM Version 7.3 which requires z/Architecture, implemented in IBM's EC12, BC12 and later models.

title: Z/VM


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Monty Norman

Monty Norman ( Noserovitch; 4 April 1928 – 11 July 2022) was a British film score composer and singer. A contributor to West End musicals in the 1950s and 1960s, he is best known for composing the "James Bond Theme", first heard in the 1962 film Dr. No. He was an Ivor Novello Award and Olivier Award winner, and a Tony Award nominee.

Early life
Monty Norman was born on 4 April 1928 in Stepney in the East End of London. His father, Abraham Noserovitch (anglicised to Norman), was a Jewish cabinet maker who immigrated to the United Kingdom from Latvia when he was a child; his mother, Ann (Berlyn), who was also Jewish, worked as a seamstress. He lived with his Jewish immigrant grandparents for the first few years of his life.

As a child during World War II, Norman was evacuated to St Albans from London but later returned during the Blitz. His mother gave him his first guitar (a Gibson) when he was sixteen. As a young man he did national service in the Royal Air Force, where he became interested in pursuing a career in singing. He also worked as a barber during this time.

Career
During the 1950s and early 1960s, Norman was a singer for big bands such as those of Cyril Stapleton, Stanley Black, Ted Heath, and Nat Temple. He also sang in various variety shows, sharing top billing with other singers and comedy stars such as Benny Hill, Harry Secombe, Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan, Harry Worth, Tommy Cooper, Jimmy James, and Tony Hancock. One of his songs, "False-Hearted Lover", was successful internationally.

From the late 1950s, he moved from singing to composing, including songs for performers such as Cliff Richard, Tommy Steele, Count Basie, and Bob Hope,  and lyrics for musicals and (subsequently) films. In 1957 and 1958, he wrote lyrics for the musicals Make Me an Offer, the English-language version of Irma la Douce (based on a 1956 French musical written by Alexandre Breffort and Marguerite Monnot; the English version was nominated for a Broadway Tony Award in 1961), and Expresso Bongo (which Time Out called the first rock and roll musical). Expresso Bongo, written by Wolf Mankowitz, was a West End hit and was later made into a 1960 film starring a young Cliff Richard. Norman's later musicals include Songbook (also known as The Moony Shapiro Songbook in New York), which was also nominated for a Broadway Tony and won an Ivor Novello Award; and Poppy (1982), which was also nominated for the Ivor Novello Award, and won the SWET award (renamed "the Laurence Olivier Awards" in 1984) for "Best Musical". His further film work included music for the Hammer movie The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960), The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961), the Bob Hope Eon Productions movie Call Me Bwana (1963), and the TV miniseries Dickens of London (1976).

Norman worked for several years on his unpublished autobiography, titled A Walking Stick Full of Bagels.

James Bond Theme
Norman is best known for writing the "James Bond Theme", the signature theme of the James Bond franchise, and the score to the first James Bond film, Dr. No. Norman received royalty payments for the theme from 1962 on. However, as the producers were dissatisfied with Norman's arrangement, John Barry re-arranged the theme. Barry later claimed that it was actually he who wrote the theme, but Norman won two different libel actions against Barry's claim he was the composer, the last against The Sunday Times in 2001. In the made-for-DVD documentary Inside Dr. No, Norman performed a music piece that he wrote for an unproduced stage musical based on A House for Mr Biswas several years earlier, entitled "Bad Sign, Good Sign", that he claimed resembles the melody of the "James Bond Theme" in several places.

Norman collected around £485,000 or £600,000 in royalties between 1976 and 1999 for the use of the theme since Dr. No.

Personal life
Norman married actress Diana Coupland in 1956. Together, they had a daughter before divorcing in 1975. He later married Rina Caesari in 2000 or 2001. They remained married until his death. He was a worshipper at the Liberal Jewish Synagogue.

Norman died on 11 July 2022 at a hospital in Slough. He was 94, and suffered from an unspecified short illness prior to his death.

Musicals

 * Make Me an Offer (1958)
 * Expresso Bongo (1958)
 * Irma La Douce (1958)
 * The Art of Living (revue, 1960)
 * Belle or the Ballad of Dr. Crippen (1961)
 * The Perils of Scobie Prilt (1963)
 * Pinkus (1967)
 * Quick, Quick, Slow (1969)
 * Stand and Deliver (1972)
 * So Who Needs Marriage? (1975)
 * Songbook (1979)
 * Poppy (1982)
 * Pinocchio (1988)

title: Monty Norman


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Eifel Transmitter

The Eifel Transmitter (Sender Eifel) is an FM and TV transmission facility for the German broadcasting company of SWR and is located on the Scharteberg near Kirchweiler, Germany. Until 1985, the Scharteberg transmitter used a 160 metre tall guyed mast. However this mast did not allow good reception in deep valleys, so in 1985 a new, 302 metre tall, guyed, steel framework mast was built, becoming the tallest structure of Rhineland-Palatinate. The elements of this mast were built by the firm of Hein, Lehmann AG, whilst construction work was carried out by BBS AG, Ludwigshafen. The first 20 metres of the mast were built using a small crane. The mast elements in heights between 20 and 100 metres were mounted by the aid of a car crane, while for the sections above a derrick crane was used. The new mast of Scharteberg transmitter consists of a 288 metre tall, guyed, lattice, steel structure with a square cross section, a side length of 2.1 metres and a 14 metre long GFK-cylinder on top for the UHF antenna. The total weight of the structure is 204 tons. The mast is guyed at 4 levels, 57, 123, 195 and 273 metres above ground. It is equipped with an elevator which runs up to a height of 281 metres. For aircraft warning 20 red neon lamps and two blinking lights with 1000 watt lamps are installed.

title: Eifel Transmitter


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Forvie

Forvie was a village in what is now the Forvie National Nature Reserve, located at the modern location of Rockend some fourteen miles north of Aberdeen. It was one of several settlements in northeast Scotland that have been overcome by sand dunes.

There are visible remains of the 12th-century church of St Adamnan and other remains were found by a survey in the 1950s. Little is known of the village, which is believed to have been abandoned during the 15th century. There are records, however, of good oats harvests.

title: Forvie


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Proletcult Theatre

Proletcult Theatre (Russian: Театры Пролеткульта; abbr. from Proletarian Cultural and Educational Organizations Theatre) was the theatrical branch of the Soviet cultural movement Proletcult. It was concerned with the powerful expression of ideological content as political propaganda in the years following the revolution of 1917. Platon Kerzhentsev was one of its principal practitioners.

It was used as a tool of political agitation that promoted a culture of the factory-floor and industrial motifs, but also folk singing and avant-garde. Plot was unimportant; its goal was to shock the audience with its style of performance, lighting techniques, props, radio broadcasts, blown-up newspaper headlines and slogans, projected films, circus elements, etc.

The Proletcult Theatre attempted to affect the audience psychologically and emotionally, producing a shock in the spectator, the effect of which is to make the viewer aware of the condition of their own lives. This style is often referred to as the theatre of attractions, where an attraction is any aggressive emotional shock that provides the opportunity to raise awareness of the ideological reality of life (to “defamiliarize the familiar”), particularly the mundane material reality.

Prince Serge Wolkonsky taught and gave lectures for Proletcult.

Russian film director Sergei Eisenstein was at one time in charge of the Proletcult Theatre before pursuing his film work. His most significant production for the Proletcult was an adaptation of Aleksandr Ostrovsky's satirical comedy Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man in April 1923. He continued many of the experimental and ideologically expressive elements of this theatrical form in his films and intellectual montage technique.

Proletcult collapsed at the end of the civil war due to external as well as internal factors, such disputes among leaders and between intellectuals and workers; it lingered on in vestigial form in the 1920s.

title: Proletcult Theatre


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Talk:Italo Calvino

Il Politecnico
Actually "Il Politecnico" had nothing to do with the Turinese academic institution of the same name. The title was inspired by Cattaneo's pioneering 19th century magazine. See the relevant articles on Italian Wikipedia or check e.g. this Italian academic source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.6.59.14 (talk) 10:13, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

If on a winter's night section
Is If on a winter's night a traveler really that much more popular than his other stories? Enough to warrant a section on it? I haven't really seen any evidence of this anywhere... Recury 19:26, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with Recury on one point: The book shouldn't have its own section in the author article. It has its own extensive article, and it's not his defining work (the way that Il Gattopardo is for di Lampedusa, for example). I think that section should be deleted as redundant. | Keithlaw 20:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * A year and a half later, I finally get around to taking it out. The If On a Winter's Night a Traveler article is pretty good and probably doesn't need anything from this section, but if anyone feels like adding anything from it, here it is. Recury 19:33, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "Perhaps Calvino's most famous novel, this begins with the words, "You are about to begin reading Italo Calvino's new novel, If on a winter's night a traveller." It's a novel therefore in which the reader plays a starring role. The reader gets a love interest, the Other Reader, and obstacles thrown in his way. In particular, the first story runs out after only a chapter. A pattern is quickly set up with single chapters of novels being cut off in their prime. Interspersed with these are chapters in which the reader's story, the pursuit of the end of these intriguing novels, and the pursuit of the Other Reader, is played out. Each chapter is written in the style of a different genre of work."
 * The central concept of this novel is the quest to find a complete and coherent narrative: a quest being undertaken by the actual reader and the Reader as character, struggling to hunt down the ever-elusive Chapters. In fact Calvino does hide a short, elegant story in the book (more of a vignette, really), and with a magician's flair he hides it in plain sight in a part of the book to which most readers give cursory attention."

Image:Calvino-italo.jpg
It doesn't look to be a proper fair use image, since it is part of a book cover that is used to illustrate something besides the book. It will probably have to be deleted. Anyone have any other photos of Calvino? Recury 21:31, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Recury - You may be right. Perhaps a way around this sort of thing is to print a thumb of the full book jacket (including author's image, with a proper caption identifying the book, year, and publisher).  By clicking on the the thumb, the reader should see an enlarged jacket with a reasonably large image of the author (depending, of course, on how large the original uploaded image was).  I think that showing a full book jacket is consistent with the policy at Fair_use.  There are certainly lots of articles out there with pictures of movie posters and the box covers of video games.  From a publisher's point of view, this is free advertising. -WikiPedant 05:10, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That wouldn't work either, since one of the counterexamples listed there is:
 * An image of a magazine cover, used only to illustrate the article on the person whose photograph is on the cover.
 * Which is pretty much the same thing, except that we'd be using a book cover instead of a magazine cover. Showing a full book jacket is fair use, but only if it is used to illustrate the article about the book, not the person pictured. So for example, I'm pretty sure the biography of Calvino has a large photo of him on the cover and we could use an image of that to illustrate an article on the biography itself, but using it in this article would violate fair use. Recury 13:31, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Recury - I think it would be consistent with the policy at Fair_use to use an image of the full jacket of any book authored by Calvino himself, as long as the book is mentioned as one of his works in the Calvino article. (I believe you are correct, though, that it would be inappropriate to use an image of the jacket of a biography of Calvino written by someone other than Calvino.) -WikiPedant 17:35, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No, I don't mean it would not be fair use because someone else wrote the biography. I mean it would not be fair use because the only fair use rationale for book covers given is to illustrate the book itself. If you are including the little photo from inside the dust jacket as part of it to show what he looks like, then that isn't fair use. Plus it would look terrible. Recury 18:23, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Recury - Well, we may have to agree to disagree about this matter. I feel confident that, in an article about an author, it is indeed fair use to show the full jacket of a book by that author if the book itself is mentioned in the article.  This sort of situation is covered in the second sentence of the counterexample which you partially cited earlier from Fair_use: "An image of a magazine cover, used only to illustrate the article on the person whose photograph is on the cover. However, if that magazine issue itself is notable enough to be a topic within the article, then fair use may apply."  As for how good/bad it would look, that would vary depending on the jacket design.  Some jackets have a clean, simple design with a good-sized photo of the author. -WikiPedant 18:40, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

I hope this resolves matters. Richard G. Shewmaker 08:30, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Table format
I've converted the Fiction list into a table. Any objections, or should I continue? -- Quiddity (talk) 09:06, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Please continue as it makes, in my view, for a more comfortable consultation. --Jumbolino (talk) 12:57, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. Please feel free to ask, if there are any problems or difficulties. I tried to do some basic fact checking whilst converting, and added some alternative translation-editions, so hopefully it is especially useful now. :)
 * There are still a few missing entries. I'll try to work on these later, and will start a new section below, for omissions.
 * Thanks. -- Quiddity (talk) 21:53, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Questions:
 * the single short stories - I'm not sure whether to leave the short stories "The Argentine Ant" and "The Watcher" where they are, in the "Fiction" section, or, if just naming the titles in the collections that contain them, would be sufficient? (I don't know how long those 2 stories are, nor how significant). I'm under theimpression that these 2 were published as standalone volumes initially, hence might deserve placement in this section. Similarly, "A Plunge into Real Estate" and "Smog", although I know those 2 are novella-sized. Feel free to advise :)
 * the "Libretti" section - are there actually any full translations of these libretti, or are the English titles that are given just a straight translation of the title itself...? (If so, I'll rearrange the table structure to make that clear) -- Quiddity (talk) 22:32, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Omissions and completion
Okay, I think the article currently lists all the major works that were translated into English, and a few major untranslated works. FYI, I was mainly using these pages as guides (plus more that I've misplaced the links to), plus the few hardcopies I have at hand: I have removed a couple of items that don't appear to have ever been translated directly ("I racconti" and "Cosmicomiche vecchie e nuove"), as the complete list of his Italian works would be too vast for this article.
 * http://www.amazon.com/Italo-Calvino-Martin-L-McLaughlin/dp/0748609172/ (good bibliography section at end, though some publication dates are not the earliest actual years)
 * http://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Calvino-European-American-Literature/dp/0872498581/
 * http://kirjasto.sci.fi/calvino.htm
 * http://www.sodsbrood.com/calvino/calbib.htm
 * http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Calvino_Italo.html
 * http://www.iblist.com/author1346.htm
 * it:Italo Calvino

Let me/us know here, if there's anything missing, or if anyone needs help adding or shifting content. Thanks :) -- Quiddity (talk) 22:32, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Fascism
I got a little lost at the mention of his belonging to a Fascist group in his youth... its placement early on lets one think he held these views as an adult. I'm curious about the source for this, and if true, and that membership was compulsory, maybe this just isn't important enough to include... it gives an odd impression, since he was anti-Fascist and actually fought fot the Resistance... just a thought Semodisesamo (talk) 18:25, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 13:57, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Unitareas
Unitareas, I really appreciate your attempt to prove that a person who had been in the Communist Party for 12 years was not a communist. Now stop it, please. (Same goes for Calvino being an outspoken atheist). You must consider that biographical details should not be changed according to the editor's will.--SandorKrasna (talk) 16:45, 4 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The page says he left the communist party and was a socialist. It also says he was non-religious, so he could be agnostic. Unless you can add citations saying he was still a communist after he left and was an atheist, then I will remove the un-cited categories. --Unitareas (talk) 00:38, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
 * As to your phrase, "he could be agnostic": it violates NPOV as this is speculation based on personal interpretation. Moreover, the article does not state that he was a card-carrying member of the Italian Socialist Party but that he espoused the democratic virtues of Socialism: not at all the same thing. I do agree, however, on verifiable references as a touchstone and will be furnishing these along with various proposals to resolve this minor dispute. In the meantime, the fact remains that you are constantly removing these categories based on your own agenda and ignorance of Calvino's life and work while refusing to engage discussion or even attempt to understand the viewpoints of other editors. I don't call that making a contribution to Wikipedia but simply arrogant and disruptive behaviour.--Jumbolino (talk) 10:26, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Your right, it does violate NPOV to speculate, so until you can find sources that say he was a communist after he left the communist party and an atheist, I will remove these categories. I never said he was a card carrying member of the Italian Socialist Party, but he did believe in "international socialism." I am removing these categories because they have no sources in the article, not based on some conspiracy ignorance "agenda". Refusing to engage discussion? What do you call writing on the talk page then? You're the one who isn't understanding my viewpoint. And don't call me arrogant and disruptive. --Unitareas (talk) 06:14, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Tut tut. Calvino was never a member of the Italian Socialist Party and never championed or joined another political party whether Socialist or Communist after leaving the ICP in 1957. A verifiable reference on this point has been added to the article and anyone familiar with Wikipedia's articles on the ISP and the ICP will agree: to categorize him as an Italian Socialist is a blatant error. The quotation by Calvino's Italian editors is on "the democratic perspectives" of Communism-Socialism, period, and the poor translation has since been rectified. The article also states that he was a member of the Communist party (an historical fact) and this permits classifying him in the category of "Italian communists". I can find no rule at Wikipedia saying one cannot classify a former Communist as such; if the rule exists, then please provide it. Moreover, correctly categorizing him as such helps anyone consulting the list to discover the article and the author's past. Finally, Calvino described himself in two separate essays as an "atheist" and "non-religious". The verifiable source I provided confirms this. And so much for the arrogant, the disruptive, and the ignorant.--Jumbolino (talk) 09:01, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Following what has been done for Calvino, Unitareas's deletions should be reverted for Andrea Camilleri, Mario Monicelli , Marco Bellocchio , Giovanna Mezzogiorno , Gabriele d'Annunzio , Daniele Luttazzi , Margherita Hack , and many more.--Sum (talk) 20:20, 29 May 2011 (UTC)
 * those edits are fine. If there is no verifiability, then I can appropriately remove it. Looks like you don't know basic wikipedia knowledge. --Unitareas (talk) 08:20, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Cyrano de Bergerac
Was Calvino interested in the writer Cyrano de Bergerac (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(writer))? If so, the article incorrectly links to the play by Rostand. If, on the other hand, he was interested in Rostand's play Cyrano de Bergerac, then the article should be edited to name Rostand, in parallel with the remainder of the list which is entirely made up of the names of writers. zadignose (talk) 08:50, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

but all were deemed defective
The use of the passive tense is maddening. Were deemed defective by whom? Rick Norwood (talk) 00:45, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Before diving into correcting the bibliography ...
I thought I'd check to see if anybody's interested enough to comment re: what I'm proposing to do. There are inaccuracies in publication dates and manner of publication (together vs. singly; novel vs. story vs. collection of stories; genre; and more) that I think are worth taking the time to straighten up. That said, I'd rather not if it just turns into a pissing match. I don't have the time for that.

I own almost all of the book versions of Calvino's works (in Italian) and from them it's easy enough to see when the dates indicated in this article are inaccurate as well as when different titles were published together in book form (vs. magazine) for the first time.

Please let me know if you feel strongly about this one way or another. Many thanks. Tadiew (talk) 03:25, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm confident you'll do an excellent clean up. Best --Jumbolino (talk) 16:33, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

 * TYVM. It's very nice getting a response. Please let me know if I use the wrong way of referring to the books. Tadiew (talk) 01:47, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

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True to its historic roots ...
"True to its historic roots, the Waldensian movement today is centred on Piedmont in Northern Italy" is a poster child for wp:OR. (I should say more, hopefully soon.) --Jerzy•t 18:41, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Italo Calvino


text:
List of England cricket captains

This is a list of England cricket captains, comprising all the men, women and youths who have captained an England cricket team at official international level. The international match categories are Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I).

International cricket began in 1877 when the England men's team played in the first-ever Test match. England have played more Test matches, and had more captains, than any other team. In the 19th century, the captains for overseas tours were chosen by the promoters. The early tours were mostly organised by professionals, especially James Lillywhite, Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury. Some amateur-led tours went abroad under Lord Harris and Lord Hawke. Home captains were selected by the home ground authority, who often favoured a local player. For over 73 years, commencing with the 1903–04 tour of Australia and ending with the Centenary Test in 1977, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) organised international tours and selected the England team. On these tours, the team was called MCC in non-international matches and England in the internationals. MCC established a tradition of having amateur, rather than professional, captains. After Shrewsbury in 1886–87, there was no professional captain until Len Hutton in 1952. The amateur/professional distinction was abolished in 1962, though some former amateurs captained England after that. In 1971, Ray Illingworth captained England in their first ODI. In 1977, management of the England team was taken over by the former Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB) until 1 January 1997, and from then by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). England played their first T20I in 2005 under the captaincy of Michael Vaughan.

The England Women's team made their international debut on the 1934–35 tour of Australia and New Zealand when they were captained by Betty Archdale. Women's internationals were played sporadically until the last quarter of the 20th century when ODIs became frequent. The first ODI match was played in 1973 when England Women were led by Rachael Heyhoe-Flint. England Women's first T20I was played in 2004 under the captaincy of Clare Connor.

The England under-19 cricket team began playing Test matches in 1974 and ODI matches in 1976. Their first captains were Nigel Briers and Chris Cowdrey respectively.

Test match captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the England men's team in at least one Test match. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for part of a series. The dagger classification follows that adopted by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.

The table of results is complete up to the fifth Test against India in January 2024.

One Day International captains
This is a complete list of every man who has captained England in at least one One Day International.

The most successful captain in terms of win percentage, after a minimum of 10 games, is Mike Gatting. Eoin Morgan is the only captain to lead England to a trophy, taking England to victory in the 2019 Cricket World Cup.

Eleven men (Alan Knott, Norman Gifford, Adam Hollioake, Graham Thorpe, Paul Collingwood, Eoin Morgan, Stuart Broad, James Taylor, Jos Buttler, Moeen Ali and Zak Crawley) have captained the England ODI side without ever captaining the Test team.

The table of results is complete up to the third ODI against Ireland in September 2023.

Twenty20 International captains
England played their first Twenty20 International in June 2005. Eoin Morgan holds the record for the most games as captain of the England t20I team, with 72 which includes 42 victories.

The most successful captain in terms of win percentage, after a minimum of 10 games, is Eoin Morgan.

The table is complete up to the end of the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.

England v Rest of the World, 1970
In 1970, the proposed South African tour of England was aborted. To replace the tour, a series of five games was played between a "Rest of the World" XI and the England Test team. At the time, these matches were thought of as Test matches. However, later they were stripped of Test status. England's captain in all five games was Ray Illingworth, who won one game, and lost the other four.

Test match captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the England women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match. The table of results is complete to the away Test against India in December 2023. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, that denotes that player was captain for a minor proportion in a series.

Women's One Day International captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the England women's cricket team for at least one Women's One Day International. The table of results is complete to the ODI series against India in July 2021.

Women's Twenty20 International captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the England women's team for at least one Women's Twenty20 International. The table of results is complete as of 14 July 2021.

Test match captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the England under-19s for at least one under-19 Test match. The table of results is complete to 9 September 2021. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player was captain for a minor proportion in a series.

Youth One Day International captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the England under-19 team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. The table of results is complete to the end of the 3rd Youth ODI against the West Indies in 2021.

General

 * Wisden Cricketers' Almanack (2004) ISBN 0-947766-83-9
 * Cricinfo

title: List of England cricket captains


text:
Tahir Mirza

Tahir Mirza (طاهر میرزا) (November 1936 – 29 May 2007) was a senior Pakistani journalist and former editor of Dawn, Pakistan's oldest and most widely circulated English-language newspaper. He became resident editor of this newspaper in Lahore in 1994 and worked as a correspondent in Washington, DC, before becoming editor of the newspaper in Karachi after the retirement of its noted editor Ahmed Ali Khan in 2003.

Early life
Tahir Mirza was born in November 1936 in British India and graduated from the University of Lucknow, India.

Career
Tahir Mirza started his career as a reporter with an English-language newspaper in Dhaka. He migrated to Lahore, Pakistan in the early 1960s and started working for the newspaper, Civil and Military Gazette there. He later went over to work for another newspaper of Lahore, Pakistan Times in 1963.

Later in his long career, he also worked for Khaleej Times of Dubai for some years. His career required that he travel to places like Lucknow, Karachi, Dhaka, Lahore, London, Dubai and Washington to serve as a journalist. He was widely considered to be a mild-mannered but firm professional.

During his service at the newspaper, Pakistan Times, Tahir Mirza participated in trade union activities. He was an active member of Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists (PFUJ) in Karachi during the period of General Ayub Khan's regime (1958 – 1966).

In 1975, Tahir Mirza helped another veteran journalist Mazhar Ali Khan launch a weekly magazine Viewpoint that represented the leftists' views in Pakistan. He also worked for Khaleej Times in Dubai for some years.

Death and legacy
Tahir Mirza served as editor of Dawn newspaper from September 2003 to June 2006, when he resigned from this job due to failing health. He died on 29 May 2007 in Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi, of lung cancer.

During his long career as a journalist, he showed no regrets as having chosen journalism as his career even though it was not among the best paying jobs in Pakistan. He once told his journalist colleagues, "Given a chance, I will repeat it all over again".

Another famous quote by him is..."The only way to get respect is to show respect; and be always respected for your hard work. Once you do that there is no reason why anyone will not respect you".

title: Tahir Mirza


text:
Forvie National Nature Reserve

The Forvie National Nature Reserve is a national nature reserve owned and managed by NatureScot. It is located north of Newburgh in Aberdeenshire, in the northeast of Scotland. The reserve includes the Sands of Forvie, which are the fifth largest sand dune system in Britain, and the least disturbed by human activity. The dune system is an integral part of the Ythan Estuary, which also forms part of the reserve, and separates the sands from Balmedie beach.

The reserve contained at one point the largest breeding colony of breeding common eider in Britain and while they are still a protected feature of the reserve the eider colony suffered dramatic losses starting in 2006 and the subsequent years. The reserve also hosts an internationally important ternery and a protected seal haul-out containing both common seals and grey seals, predominantly the latter.

The area is designated as a both a Special Protection Area and a Special Area of Conservation under the Natura 2000 scheme, as well as being a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The site is designated a Category II protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

The sands were the site of the village of Forvie that was abandoned due to drifting sands.

Sands of Forvie
The Sands of Forvie are one of the largest areas of blown sand in Scotland. The sand at Forvie is formed from the remains of sediment that was transported by rivers to the coast at the end of the last ice age. The sediment settled in the sea, but was gradually washed onshore by the action of waves and wind.

The sand dunes at Forvie can be divided into three distinct parts. The southernmost point of the reserve consists of a sand spit at the point where the River Ythan enters the sea. To the north the sand rests on raised beaches terraces and glaciated rocks. North of this region is an area where the sand lies on top of a rock plateau, with glacial deposits of varying depths sandwiched between the rock and the sand. The dunes are highly mobile, and can reach up to 20 m in height. As there is relatively little plant life on these mobile dunes, they have been likened to the Sahara Desert.

Flora and fauna
The reserve contains large areas of sandy foreshore, mobile and fixed dunes, dune pasture and lowland heath and the successional development of vegetation. The sand dunes are of various stages of evolution and contain plethora of plant species including marram grass (Ammophila arenaria), red fescue, (Festuca rubra), crowberry, (Empetrum nigrum), the cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix), common sedge, (Carex nigra), marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris) and the invasive creeping willow (Salix repens ssp. argentea). Vascular plants are an identified and protected feature of the reserve under the Sands of Forvie and Ythan Estuary SSSI. 15 species are identified on reserve with 10 of which are red book listed species (Astragalus danicus, Carex maritima, Coeloglossum viride, Corollarhiza trifida, Gentianella campestris, Platanthera bifolia, Salsola kali, Mertensia maritima, Radiola linoides and Teesdalia nudicaulis) and five of which are classified as UK scarce species (Equisetum variegatum, Festuca arenaria, Ophioglossum azoricum, Potamogeton filiformis, Puccinellia distans).

Four species of tern breed at Forvie, building their nests among the dunes and on the beach. Little terns and arctic terns favour the foreshore and raised beaches, while the sandwich terns and common terns nest amongst the marram tussocks of the dune system. The breeding success of the terns has fluctuated widely over the years, and since 1995 NatureScot have undertaken selected culling of predating species, specifically crows, gulls and foxes. In addition to culling, NatureScot have also trialled the use of decoy terns to attract little terns into the areas protected from foxes by fences, as well as providing artificial shelters for tern chicks to use to avoid crows and gulls. In recent years the colonies of sandwich tern and black headed gulls have had great success in breeding with some of the highest populations recorded to date in 2019.

The mudflats of the estuary provide an important wintering ground for migratory birds such as wigeon, oystercatcher, golden plover, lapwing, dunlin, curlew and redshank, and around 15,000 geese may be seen on the estuary each spring. The reserve hosts a population of protected breeding eider that spend the breeding season on reserve, with many heading to the Tay estuary for the winter, although there is also a smaller population that remains year-round. In 2005 the reserve held a population of over 5000 eiders but has since suffered losses and in 2019 recorded a spring peak of 1323 eiders.

The cliffs in the northern part of the reserve host breeding colonies of many seabirds, including northern fulmar, shag, cormorant, kittiwake and razorbill. Raptor species such as short-eared owls, kestrel, sparrowhawk, osprey and buzzard are also regularly seen, and in total 255 species of bird have been recorded at Forvie.

Forvie is a popular site for viewing grey and common seals, which haul out onto beaches and mudflats at the mouth of the Ythan estuary. The Protection of Seals (Designated Sea Haul-out Sites) (Scotland) Order 2014 introduced additional protection for seals at 194 designated haul-out sites and in 2017 the seal haul-out site at Forvie National Nature reserve was granted this designation and legal protection. To avoid disturbance to the seals the advised viewpoint is established on the Newburgh beach. The population is growing rapidly with numbers anywhere between 1,000 and 3,000 seals present.

Bottlenose dolphins visit the seas off Forvie, and there is a population of otter on the River Ythan. Other mammals found at Forvie and those typical of northeast Scotland such roe deer, red foxes, badgers and stoats.

History
The coastline at Forvie has a long history of human occupation. The earliest evidence of human activity takes the form of flint working sites and shell middens, which date from around 8,000 years ago. Excavations have also revealed burial cairns from the Neolithic period (around 6,000 years ago), and kerb cairns (built to hold cremation remains) dating from the Bronze Age. Other Bronze Age objects found at Forvie include pieces of a quern-stone and fragments of pottery. The remains of a small village of 31 huts dating from around 700 BC have also been identified. Finds from the village include jet beads, bracelets, querns and pottery.

The deserted village of Forvie lies within the sand dunes. Excavations of the village church, which is dedicated to Saint Adamnan, shown that it was constructed in the 12th-century, and the dating of burials within the church indicate that it had become a ruin by the 15th-century: local folk history tells of a nine-day storm that led to the village being engulfed by sand in August 1413. The parish of Forvie was annexed by the neighbouring parish of Slains in 1573.

In 1959 the Sands of Forvie was declared a national nature reserve (NNR) by agreement between the Nature Conservancy Council (predecessor body of NatureScot) and the landowners; the NNR was extended in 1979 to include the Ythan Estuary. In 2003 65 ha were purchased from the landowners, with the remaining land being purchased in 2012.

During the World Wars
Forvie was active in World Wars I and II, although very few details are recorded on the use of the area. It was incorrectly claimed there was a nine-hole golf course from 1900 to the outbreak of World War II. The course built for Lady Cathcart in 1900 was on the west coast island Uist.

The layout of Forvie and Newburgh could be mistaken for the mouth of the River Don in Aberdeen. With this in mind, defences were put in places around the mouth of the Ythan. These consisted of pillboxes, two gun batteries and anti-tank blocks built by the 143rd Pioneer Corps. From a review of vulnerable beaches from April–October 1941, Forvie appeared on this list and was identified as "blocked with mines". The minefield ran from East to West (WO ref 31/521474 to 538472). These were British Type C land mines weighing about 65 lbs each.

Following a clear-up of the area in July 1944, a number of landmines were unaccounted for due to the shifting sands of the area. Mine clearance altered the area slightly as the Bomb Disposal Unit from the Royal Engineers used a converted Bren gun carrier (known as a wasp) as a flamethrower to scorch vegetation on the mined area. Images of the clearance and the location of the minefield is recorded in a local book covering World War II in northeastern Scotland. Records show on some days 222 mines being dealt with, the actual mine count is unknown but the area took several months to clear. On 27 July 1944, Sapper Harry Dean (28) of 11 coy, Royal Engineers was killed whilst clearing a mine at Forvie. Sapper Dean is buried in Yorkshire.

Forvie sands was used to train the Gordon Highlanders and Highland Light Infantry in desert warfare, in addition to this Forvie Moor was used to train soldiers in the use of grenade, anti-tank grenades and two-inch trench mortars. Since the war, mortar bombs have been found across the moor. Craters are still visible in the area. The soldiers training at Forvie were billeted at the Slains Lodge and buildings in Collieston.

On 3 November 1940, 30 High Explosive Bombs were dropped on Forvie Links by the Luftwaffe. This is listed in the Aberdeenshire Civil Defence register, the craters can be seen in 1941 and 1946 aerial photos.

Whilst soldiers were training there, the moor were off limits to locals. However, on Sundays, the locals could use the moor. During this time, locals collected birds eggs to use as food was rationed, and there was a plentiful supply of rabbits. On Sunday 30 November 1941, three local boys found an unexploded anti-tank grenade in a rabbit burrow that the army had been demonstrating to the home guard. One of the boys (Alex Ross), then threw it away where it exploded causing him to lose sight in one eye.

On 31 March 1941, the British steamer Melrose Abbey ran aground. On 2 April 1941 she was hit by a drifting sea mine blowing a large hole in her side, and settled on the Ythan river bed. During this time, a machine gun was posted at Forvie Sands to offer some protection for the vessel whilst plans were made to move her as she was a target for passing aircraft. The ship was refloated on 26 July 1941 and towed to Aberdeen for repairs. She was later sunk by U-356 on 27 December 1942 north-east of the Azores. Several websites confirm this sinking, but this disagrees with the information in the reference below, which states that "As for Melrose Abbey, she was released from the Royal Navy in May 1945 and returned to her former owners, the Associated Humber Lines." The second reference may help to resolve this mix-up of ship names.

Beside the pill box of Forvie, two mobile naval four-inch guns were places and controlled by 942nd Defence battery.

On 26 January 1942, the SS Lesrix, which was carrying machinery, ran aground off Hackley head during a blizzard. Locals in the community aided in the rescue of some of the crew, although ten crew members were lost. A bronze medal for gallantry was given by the King to one local for his part.

During patrols on the beach and cliffs of Forvie, a dinghy was found and this sparked a search for a spy that had been landed by submarine. This spy was caught in the moray area. It was rumoured that Tillery house near Udny had fascist sympathizers, where spies and airmen were told this was a "safe house" during the war. Since there were also Norwegian army personnel in the area who patrolled the beaches, the coast guard and home guard were issued with passes to identify themselves to the Norwegian soldiers.

In 1948, the Forvie area was earmarked to be a bombing and artillery range for the Royal Air Force and Army, as a site further north than the existing area at Lunan Bay near Arbroath. Forvie was to be used for air to ground and dive bombing practice. This involved a gunnery range out at sea and a rifle range on the moor. This proposal was cancelled in 1950; records exist in the National Archives on the proposal.

Visitors
The Forvie National Nature Reserve is visited by around 35,000 people each year. Stevenson Forvie Centre near Collieston at the northern end of the reserve provides information to visitors. The centre first opened in the 1980s, and was substantially upgraded in 1998 with funding from Shell and a bequest from a local resident, Margaret Stevenson, after whom the centre is now named.

Two waymarked trails to allow visitors to access the reserve. The 5.5 km Dune Trail is a circular route around the southern part of the reserve, through the dunes landscape and out to the beach, passing the site of the abandoned village and the ruins of the kirk. The 3.4 km Heath Trail is a circular route starting and finishing at the visitor centre, passing through the heathland of the northern part of the reserve. The two paths can be linked by a path running along the seafront.

title: Forvie National Nature Reserve


text:
Jahrom

Jahrom is a city in the Central District of Jahrom County, Fars province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Jahrom is the largest city in southern Fars and the second-largest in the province.

Jahrom is one of the historical cities of Iran. The founder of the city of Jahrom, Artaxerxes I of Persia, the son of Xerxes I, the fifth Achaemenid king. Ferdosi has mentioned Jahrom many times in Shahnameh, especially in the stories related to Ardashir I. There are many ancient monuments and tourist attractions in Jahrom, Such as Sangtarashan cave, Jameh Mosque of Jahrom, Jahrom bazaar, Khan school and fire temple of Jahrom (Qadamgah).

Jahrom is 170 km southeast of Shiraz, the capital of Fars Province. Jahrom has a hot semi-arid climate, the average rainfall is about 285 mm per year, and the average temperature is about 20 C. The average height of Jahrom is about 1050 m above sea level. The majority of people in Jahrom are Persians and Shia Muslims.

Jahrom, with several universities, hospitals and medical centers, is one of the academic and medical hubs of southern Iran. Jahrom has two industrial towns, a special economic zone, a dry port, a petrochemical plant, an international airport, an IRIB center, customs and a combined cycle power plant. Jahrom has special governorate and the municipality of the city is the second municipality in Fars province in terms of history of establishment and degree of municipality after Shiraz.

Jahrom's economy is based on agriculture and industry, and its most important agricultural products are dates and citrus. Jahrom produces 1.2% of the world's dates and 6% of its citrus fruits every year. Jahrom International Airport serves the city.

Etymology
There are three theories about the name Jahrom. Based on Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan, in which Jahrom is mentioned as "Zarham"; It is probable that Jahrom means "green space". Based on Ardeshir Piranshahri, the late Iranian historians and philologist, the name Jahrom can be analyzed to render a "warm-place". Jahrom consists of "Ja" and "Hrom", Ja means "place" and "Hrom" in Avestan means "high and forbidden fortress", which is other name of the city of Barzeh (the current Takht-e Soleymān) In Iranian Azerbaijan, near the city of Maragheh.

Nicknames
"Green umbrella" is a nickname of Jahrom due to the resemblance of the huge masses of palm trees of Jahrom to green umbrellas. "Dar ol-Momenin" is the other nickname which means "house of faithful people" because of high percentage of Islam believers in the city.

Jahrom is also known as the "City of Sour Gold" due to production of lime and the "Land of Palms and Oranges", which are the two well-known plant species of the city and surrounding areas.

History
Jahrom's history goes back some 2500 years when the Achaemenids established the Persian Empire. The establishment of the city is attributed to Artaxerxes I of Persia. The Sassanid monument of Qadamgāh is located to the south of the city, experts believe the monument was constructed during the late Sasanian dynastic era (224-651 AD), and it was a Zoroastrian shrine, probably a fire temple. Jahrom is the birthplace of Barbod, who became the main lyricist and musician in the court of the great Sassanid king Khosrau II (Parviz).

Jahrom was conquered by the Muslims in 641 or 644 after a fierce battle. "The Valley of the Martyrs" in west of the city was the site of this battle, which is why it is called so. As it is described in Fars-Nama, Jahrom's taxes were paid to the Crown Prince during the Buyid period. In the late Safavid and early Zand periods, was the start date of planting trees in Jahrom, specially palm trees.

During the Qajar period, the ruler of this city began to build buildings and places for urban affairs, including the construction of the bazaar, as well as numerous caravanserais and the development of the city. In 1887, Mohammad Hassan Mirza Mohandes, introduced Jahrom as the largest and most prosperous city in Persia after Shiraz and Bushehr. Etemad os-Saltanah describes Jahrom in the late Qajar period a larger city than cities like Qom and Kashan. People of Jahrom had an important rule in tobacco protests of 1890 and Persian Constitutional Revolution of early 20th century. Abd al-Husayn Najafi Lari was the Islamic leader of the city in this period.

Jahrom also had an important role in the Islamic revolution of Iran and was one of the 11 cities with martial law in pre-revolution protests. Seyyed Hossein ayatollahi was the Islamic leader of Jahrom in that period. A soldier killed the military governor of Jahrom on the birthday of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on October 6, 1978. 1,200 people of Jahrom were martyred during Iran–Iraq War.

Population
, Jahrom has a population of 141,634, in 25,946 families. Jahrom is the largest city in the southern half of Fars Province, the second one in whole province and 67th most populated city in Iran. As of the same year, the city had a population density of 4754 PD/km2 and +11.38% population growth; while Jahrom County had a population of 228,532 inhabitants; which decreased to 186,269 after the promotion of Khafr District to Khafr County in 2019.

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 103,023 in 25,946 households. The following census in 2011 counted 114,108 people in 32,766 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 141,634 people in 43,349 households.

Ethnicity
The main ethnic group in Jahrom consists of Persians, while Basseries and Arabs constitute small minorities. They had nomadic life and later sedentism. Due to the geographical characteristics of Jahrom, specially good Rangeland for nomads, Jahrom has long been a residing area for these nomadic peoples.

Language
People in Jahrom speak Persian language. They have a special accent which is closely related to Middle Persian. The most significant sign of Jahromi accent is dropping the last letter in words ending in vowels.

Following is an example of a Jahromi poem:

Religion
The majority of city are Shia Muslims, but there is also a small Immigrant Sunni minority in the city. Religion conversion from Zoroastrianism to Islam occurred after Muslims conquer in 641 or 644 AD. Before that era, Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion of Jahrom as the other parts of the Sassanid Iran. Jahrom also had a small Jewish community all of whom migrated to Shiraz and Israel in the past decades. After the establishment of Baháʼí Faith in 1863, a significant Baháʼí community formed in Jahrom, some of whom were killed during anti-Baháʼí rebellions and now all of them have migrated.

Location
Jahrom, the capital of Jahrom County, is located in the south of Fars province. The county has an area of 3962 km2, Khafr County borders it to the north, Fasa and Zarrindasht Counties borders it to the east, Larestan County borders it to the south, and Firuzabad and Qir and Karzin Counties borders it to the west.

About four-fifths of the area of Jahrom County is mountainous and the rest is consist of plains. The heights are parts of Zagros Mountains. The average height of the city is about 1050 m, the highest point of the county is the "Sepidar peak" between Khafr county and Simkan district which is about 3170 m, and the lowest point is about 850 m in Simkan district. Qare Aghaj, Shoor and Simakan are among the rivers of Jahrom County. Salman Farsi Dam is located 40 km west of Jahrom.

Climate
Jahrom has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh); The average rainfall is about 285 mm per year. The average temperature in this city is about 20 C. The maximum temperature in summer reaches 45 C and the minimum temperature in winter reaches -5 C.

Economic
Jahrom's economic is based on agriculture. there are 350,000 palm trees and 5.3 million citrus trees in Jahrom which makes Jahrom an agricultural pole in Iran. Jahrom produces 1.2% of the world's dates and 6% of its citrus fruits every year. Shahani is the most well-known date cultivar of Jahrom. Jahrom is also the biggest Citrus limetta producer of the world.

Jahrom has several factories including flour, dairy, brick, rug, plaster, plastic, jam, lemon juice, macaroni and cake factory. Jahrom is also the citrus sorting hub of Iran. charcoal is also produced in large amounts in Jahrom.

Products
Dates, especially cultivars like Shahani, Rotab, Qasb and Kharak; and also citruses like lemon, orange, tangerine, citrus limetta, bitter orange, and citron are the most well-known products of Jahrom. orange blossom, lemon juice, and date-based sweets like Ranginak and different halvas are also produced in Jahrom. Giveh, carpet, felt, kilim, cuprous dishes, and wickers are handicrafts of the city. Jahromi Gheimeh is a special Gheimeh cooked in Jahrom.

Infrastructure

 * Jahrom combined cycle power plant
 * Jahrom Petrochemistry
 * Jahrom especial economic zone
 * Jahrom economic town
 * Kosar economic town

Colleges and Universities
Jahrom has several academic centers and there is about 20,000 students in its universities. The first higher education center in Jahrom was the Teacher Training University, which was established in 1956. The basic sciences school of Jahrom was established in 1973 and the medical school in 1977. Later in 2011 and 2007 they were promoted to Jahrom University and Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Islamic Azad University of Jahrom was established in 1988 and Payame-Noor university in 1989.

the higher education centers of Jahrom include:
 * Jahrom University
 * Jahrom University of Medical Sciences
 * Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch
 * Payame-Noor university of Jahrom
 * Andisheh College
 * University of Applied Science and Technology, Agriculture College of Jahrom

Health
Jahrom with several hospitals and medical centers is a medical hub in Fars province and Southern Iran. The sterilization center and the Cleanroom of the Southern Iran are located in Jahrom. There is also a Health Technology Development Center in the city.

Hospitals

 * Peymanieh hospital
 * Motahhari hospital
 * Seyyedosh-shohada hospital
 * Aboutalebi heart hospital
 * Rahmanian psychiatric hospital

Medical centers

 * Khatam ol-Anbia Cancer center
 * Javad ol-Aemeh Chemotherapy center
 * Honari Infertility Center
 * Hakim Salman Infertility Center
 * Honari speciality clinic
 * Emam Reza speciality clinic
 * Dental speciality clinic

Communication roads
The most important roads in Jahrom are:
 * Jahrom-Shiraz highway
 * Jahrom-Lar under construction highway
 * Jahrom-Fasa road
 * Jahrom-Qir road
 * Jahrom-Khavaran-Sarvestan road
 * Jahrom-Hakan road
 * Jahrom-Simakan-Meymand road

Airport
Jahrom International Airport, established in 1969, has 4 weekly flights to Tehran Mehrabad International Airport, Mashhad International Airport and Chabahar Konarak Airport.

The flights to Tehran are carried out on Saturdays and Mondays.

Railway
There is an under construction railway project Connecting Shiraz to Bandar abbas which will have a station in Jahrom.

Bus terminal
Shahid Rahmanian is the bus terminal of Jahrom with daily buses to Shiraz, Tehran, Isfahan, Bandar Abbas, Lar, etc.

Notable people

 * Barbad, one of the first musicians in the world
 * Mohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi, Iranian Minister of Information and Communications Technology
 * Mohammad Jahromi, former Iranian minister of labour and social affairs
 * Ali Mohammad Besharati, former Iranian Minister of Interior
 * Mehdi Shabzendedar Jahromi, Iranian Shia jurist and member of the Guardian Council
 * Seyyed Hossein ayatollahi, Shiite clergyman and Ruhollah Khomeini's Representative in jahrom.
 * Abd al-Husayn Lari, clergymen and jurists of South Iran
 * Lotfollah Dezhkam, Ayatollah, Friday leading prayer of Shiraz and Representative of Guardian of the Islamic Jurist in Fars province
 * Sayyid Abdul-Nabi Mousavi Fard, Ayatollah, Friday leading prayer of Ahwaz and Representative of Guardian of the Islamic Jurist in Khuzestan province
 * Mohammad Reza Rezaei Kouchi, Representative of Iranian parliament and head of the civil commission of the parliament
 * Ali-Mohammad Khademi, former general manager of Iran Air
 * Ali Torab Jahromi, Iranian poet
 * Ali Mohammad Haghshenas, Iranian linguist

title: Jahrom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robart's Library

Robart's library

 * Robarts Library already exists as a very good article, this is also the proper spelling of the name. Hou Shuang 19:29, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd agree with you, but isn't a redirect a better solution, since this is a very plausible misspelling? Mpntod 00:32, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with you, don't now why I didn't think of that... thanks. Hou Shuang 23:16, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:4.241.27.52

title: User talk:4.241.27.52


text:
Cayley's formula

In mathematics, Cayley's formula is a result in graph theory named after Arthur Cayley. It states that for every positive integer $$n$$, the number of trees on $$n$$ labeled vertices is $$n^{n-2}$$.

The formula equivalently counts the number of spanning trees of a complete graph with labeled vertices.

Proof
Many proofs of Cayley's tree formula are known. One classical proof of the formula uses Kirchhoff's matrix tree theorem, a formula for the number of spanning trees in an arbitrary graph involving the determinant of a matrix. Prüfer sequences yield a bijective proof of Cayley's formula. Another bijective proof, by André Joyal, finds a one-to-one transformation between n-node trees with two distinguished nodes and maximal directed pseudoforests. A proof by double counting due to Jim Pitman counts in two different ways the number of different sequences of directed edges that can be added to an empty graph on n vertices to form from it a rooted tree; see.

History
The formula was first discovered by Carl Wilhelm Borchardt in 1860, and proved via a determinant. In a short 1889 note, Cayley extended the formula in several directions, by taking into account the degrees of the vertices. Although he referred to Borchardt's original paper, the name "Cayley's formula" became standard in the field.

Other properties
Cayley's formula immediately gives the number of labelled rooted forests on n vertices, namely $(n + 1)^{n − 1}$. Each labelled rooted forest can be turned into a labelled tree with one extra vertex, by adding a vertex with label $n + 1$ and connecting it to all roots of the trees in the forest.

There is a close connection with rooted forests and parking functions, since the number of parking functions on n cars is also $(n + 1)^{n − 1}$. A bijection between rooted forests and parking functions was given by M. P. Schützenberger in 1968.

Generalizations
The following generalizes Cayley's formula to labelled forests: Let Tn,k be the number of labelled forests on n vertices with k connected components, such that vertices 1, 2, ..., k all belong to different connected components. Then $T_{n,k} = k n^{n − k − 1}$.

title: Cayley's formula


text:
Talk:Rip It Up (New Zealand)

Untitled
from VfD:

Moved article's contents to New Zealand Music. Right step? hfool 19:31, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * In that case, it should be redirected. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel (" Sarah ")]] 20:10, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've just made it a redirect. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:33, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Updated editor details, they now match what can be found inside the cover or on the magazines website -User:FakingNovember

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:45, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rip It Up (New Zealand)


text:
Talk:Steve Barton

User M4s2001 :

Actually, it was Steve's sister Betty that I spoke too. And she is someone who does not really like the other side of the family, ie. Denny and Edward. And I'm not the one who said it was ruled a suicide by the district attorney of Bremen - that was an officially published statement from the New York Post. This is the link - http://www.playbill.com/news/article/61510-Report-Phantom-Actor-Steve-Bartons-Death-Was-a-Suicide

Personally, do I think that Steve Barton committed suicide? Not really. Do I think there was an autopsy? Most likey. But there is no proof of that. It is what is known here in the states as a Conspiracy Theory. You are coming on here and spouting off all of this stuff, but you have absolutely no facts with which to back up your claims. As far as Bi-polar disorder, also known as Manic Depressive Disorder, Steve's sister Betty told me herself that, yes, Steve had it. But that no one knew until it was too late. Whether Denny Berry is a good person or not, I don't know because I don't know her personally. I've only talked to her twice, and not about Steve. But Steve loved her and they were married for over twenty years. And Steve loved Edward as well. Did you meet Steve or talk to him when he was alive? How on earth can you claim to know what kind of person he was or whether or not he suffered from Bi-polar disorder? Again, do I think he committed suicide? Not really. I think he had a heart attack in his sleep. But there is no proof of any of this. Show me an actual autopsy report. You say one exists...where is it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spaceboy3005 (talk • contribs) 22:06, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

User Spaceboy3005: It´s obvious you´re one more of the many that Berry has tried to confuse with her lies. Of course there´s an autopsy report, as any not specially brilliant one would believe, but it´s obvious you´ve been brainwashed and are not able to think by yourself. Autopsies are carried in, all over the world when someone is found dead unexpectedly. I´ve seen and read that autopsy myself and the word suicide is not in it at all. You should be more careful when saying it has been ruled a suicide by the district attorney. He´s aware of the content of that autopsy report and because of that, can´t say what the report itself doesn´t. Otherwise you could get involved in legal issues with German authorities for false statements like that. You´re the one who are helping Berry spread those false rumours about a suicide to try to make people see her as a victim and not as she actually is. Barton never suffered of bipolar disorder, he just quit rehearsals to be treated of the depression he suffered. There´s no need to be a specialist to know the difference between bipolarism and depression, but it´s obvious your skills and acting in bad faith, don´t allow you to. When a couple is legally separated, as yourself say they were, the couple is no longer considered wife and husband. You said you talked to two members of the family, Berry and her son I guess, for no real Barton´s family member would have cheated you that way. It seems you should brush up your info about Edward as well, he no longer attends that “B” college, that you even don´t know its correct name, he did quit his studies several years ago, not sure if due to his lack of talent or funds most likely both of them. M4s2001

ATTENTION user M4S2001 :

There is absolutely no proof that an autopsy report exists or that an autopsy was even performed. You state that Steve Barton was "wrongly" known to suffer from Bi-polar disorder. Steve Barton suffered from Bi-polar disorder. That's a fact. I have spoken to two members of Steve Barton's family and they confirm the fact that Steve suffered from Bi-polar disorder. In fact, he had been fired from rehearsals of Jekyll and Hyde in Bremen before the show even opened because he had attempted to committ suicide and had checked himself into a psychiatric clinc. You also state that the alleged "autopsy report" stated that a "minimal-maintenance dose of anti-depressent" was found in Steve's system. This would most likely be false, because Steve had gone off of his anti-depressents because they caused him to gain weight. Therefore, if Steve did committ suicide, it was because he had gone off of his medication. Also - Denny Berry was not Steve's ex-wife. They were married at the time of his death, though legally separated. Also - Edward Barton is the son of Steve and Denny, not just Denny. Edward currently attends Berkley College of Music where he studies the drums. So, all I'm saying is that you keep posting rumors and have absolutely no proof with which to back them up. It could be that you are simply a die-hard Steve Barton fan and do not want to face the fact that Steve could have committed suicide. I'm sorry if you feel this way, but you can't be going on Wikipedia and posting a bunch of rumors and saying that they are fact. Especially since you refuse to cite any references that would back up your claims. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spaceboy3005 (talk • contribs) 19:24, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

hello I haven't found any information about him "dropping out of school". The provided link doesn't confirm this fact either. According to all the sources Steve Barton went to Europe after graduation from the university. There must be a mistake. Bonifaciy (talk) 08:38, 26 January 2009 (UTC)Bonifaciy

 * To M4s2001 and Spaceboy3001: when adding comment to a talk page, please add them at the end of the thread you are commenting upon and sign them (just click the signature icon about the edit window or type 4 tildes - ~ ). --Crusio (talk) 10:21, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

User Spaceboy3005:

Thanks for not posting again what you thought was the truth. The link you mentioned refers to an article which source was Barton´s European ex-agent M. Staringer, someone Barton fired just a couple of days before his passing. As I said before, both Berry and his exagent have manipulated the truth talking about suicide and no autopsy. There´s an autopsy of course that proves that is not true. As you can understand I´m not going to post that private document here, we all would appreciate if you´d believe it as you believed there wasn´t. Barton wasn´t bipolar at all, and if his sister sometime told you that, it was just because that was what she was told by Berry. Answering to your question, I not only talked and saw Barton when alive but I had the luck to be his close friend till the day he passed, for what I know very well what I´m saying. Hope you will understand as well, we can´t use Wikipedia as a private chat. We would appreciate this page would be a trustworthy source of information about the wonderful person and great artist Barton was, a way to honour his memory. Thanks for your understanding. M4s2001
 * To User:M4s2001: if you were a close personal friend ofr Barton, then you have a conflict of interest and would better not edit this page. Also, your personal knowledge cannot be a source for anything that you write on this page, only information that can be sourced to reliable independent sources is admissible. You should also refrain from making unsourced accusations to Barton's sister, (ex-)wife, or (ex-)agent. Thanks. --Crusio (talk) 10:44, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

The content of this article
As it currently stands, this article is not only badly written, it also contains several potentially controversial claims that are completely unsourced. Unless sources are provided soonest, I will remove all unsourced contentions. The editors that have been working on this page and who are fighting each other on this talk page would do good to read some of WPs core policies (such as WP:V and WP:RS). 3Having been told" something by somebody involved is not a source. Accusing somebody else from being "brainwashed" is not very helpful. Accusing somebody who is not even participating in this discussion of spreading lies is potentially libelous. Please stop or you will both be blocked. --Crusio (talk) 06:15, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

How does one go about citing resources? Is that like creating a link to another page? Thanks. Spaceboy3005 (talk) 15:01, 18 January 2010 (UTC) Spaceboy3005
 * No, a link to another wiki article is not considered a reliable source. A reference is cited between reference tags (see bar above edit window, second icon from the right) and cites, for instance, a newspaper or magazine article, a book, etc. Have a look at other good WP articles (most US presidents have good articles, for example) to see how it is done. Most blogs, for example, are not considered reliable sources. Websites that are user-edited are out, too. "Personal communications" are a big no-no. --Crusio (talk) 15:37, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Steve Barton. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Steve Barton


text:
Besieged

Besieged may refer to:

 * the state of being under siege
 * Besieged (film), a 1998 film by Bernardo Bertolucci

title: Besieged