text:
Talk:Cree

Restructuring of IPNA.... IPNA/Nish recast?
Here is a question I had posed at WP:IPNA/Nish that I'm cross-posting here. As topics associated with Indigenous Peoples of the Americas are in need of better attention, IPNA proposes to restructure, bring about a macroproject to cover all of the Americas, create a new Indigenous Peoples of South America project, and have 6 regional subprojects or categories for both, with 2 multi-regional subproject/categories for the reorganized IPNA. The current proposal is to have IPNA/Nish to include all Cree peoples, and then this combined multi-regional subproject, together with a parallel multi-regional subproject covering all the various Dene peoples. Would we here at IPNA/Nish mind broadening of the scope to include all the Cree as well so that we have a set of dedicated group of people who would work on both Cree-related and Anishinaabe-related articles? Please go to WP:IPNA and comment on the project restructuring. Miigwech. CJLippert (talk) 15:43, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Total population
Where was gotten info about total population Cree people in Canada? What sources?--Kaiyr (talk) 15:05, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Source or verification for the list of Cree Communities?
This is not intended in a harshly critical way, but... Going through Canadian gov't sources, it is not easy to distinguish Cree reservations from non-Cree, and many First Nations comprise both Cree and non-Cree groups in the same political unit. I notice some other problems that raise an eyebrow... e.g., a broken link for Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man that just names the F.N. as "Mosquito Grizzly Bear's Head First Nation" (thus excluding one of the bands, intentionally or accidentally?). Does anyone know what published source this list derives from, or, better still, a published source that this could be compared to (either for verification or improvement)?71.17.90.240 (talk) 15:46, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 3 February 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Favonian (talk) 22:22, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Cree → Cree people – for the people 76.120.164.90 (talk) 21:58, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment if this is moved, then the disambiguation page should replace it at the base location -- 65.94.40.137 (talk) 05:19, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose No rational given. 117Avenue (talk) 05:04, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose as per 117Avenue. Also the past couple of years discussions on this type of article have gone with the people being at an undisambiguated title where the people are the primary target. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 19:44, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * like English, French, Spanish for example? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.120.164.90 (talk) 22:08, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * With the exception of a few comments about using Spaniards in 2012 not one of those articles has had a move request. That of course would be because there is no reason to assume that the people of those three articles are the primary target. All of this was hashed out at Naming conventions (ethnicities and tribes) and Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (ethnicities and tribes). Why go backwards with this when the primary usage of Cree is for the people. Look at Talk:Assiniboine. And Talk:Chipewyan and the section below it was what started everything I think. Although the original request was declined I think several of them have since been moved. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 07:28, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Just checked and of that list there are about six of them that are still at the "Foo people" title. The rest have been moved to the undisabiguated "Foo". CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 07:32, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * 'Strong oppose per 117 Avenue and Cambridge Bay Weather and also per WP:DEADHORSE, adding unneeded disambiguation to unique names with a clear PRIMARYTOPIC has been proven/demonstrated to be against guidelines and policy (TITLE per the Five Characteristics) and more. There is no grounds for this move in guidelines, or in reality either.Skookum1 (talk) 09:31, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Image
User:Isambard Kingdom has twice replaced the photo of Buffy St. Marie, a notable, living Cree person, with an 1913 black-and-white image of an unknown group of people from the British Museum's collection. We don't know who these people are or if they are really Cree, whereas Buffy St. Marie can be identified from similar photos at the same concert. The message the antique, anonymous image sends is pretty obvious—that First Nations people are from the past, not the present, and live in tipis as opposed to having careers in music today. The user has never contributed to the Cree or any other Native article previously, so I'm mystified by her/his insistence, but an image of a living, named tribal member is more accurate than an antique image of anonymous people. Wikipedia exists to share facts not stereotypes. Yuchitown (talk) 18:02, 21 December 2015 (UTC)Yuchitown
 * Please don't jump to an assertion that I believe in stereotypes. The image I inserted into the lead is already in the article itself. I would like to see good and representative images for all articles. Thank you, Isambard Kingdom (talk) 18:45, 21 December 2015 (UTC)
 * A living ethnic group should be represented by living people in color photographs. 18:59, 21 December 2015 (UTC)Yuchitown — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yuchitown (talk • contribs)
 * Okay, I accept your opinion on this subject. Please refrain from jumping to conclusions about stereotypes. Isambard Kingdom (talk) 19:02, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I gotta say, it's a terrible picture for representing an entire people. Curly Turkey 🍁 ¡gobble! 10:46, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Do you have a better photo of living Cree people that you'd be willing to put into public domain? Yuchitown (talk) 17:19, 1 March 2016 (UTC)Yuchitown

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Notables
Many of these notables have no article and no footnotes .. and if they are not provided they will be subject to deletion. --2604:2000:E020:9500:13C:B448:63DE:59A4 (talk) 07:08, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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Buffy Sainte-Marie
I've removed Buffy Sainte-Marie from the list of Cree people following the CBC News article. She is an adopted member of the Piapot First Nation, but not indigenous Cree according to that source. If she is added back to this article, there should be an explanatory note. gobonobo + c 17:18, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you! She's an adopted member of one family within with the First Nation, but I haven't heard anything about the nation itself adopting her. (And my apologies for including her photo in the past. Live and learn!) Yuchitown (talk) 16:13, 31 October 2023 (UTC)Yuchitown

Medical claims in the ethnobotany section
There are a few statements in the Ethnobotany section which seem to be sourced to Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa.

Does anybody have access to this source to verify what type of claim is being made? For example, we are saying in wikivoice that the Cree use Vaccinium myrtilloides to “prevent pregnancy”. But does it actually have a contraceptive effect? Or should the wording be something like “traditionally believed to prevent pregnancy”. Barnards.tar.gz (talk) 13:36, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cree


text:
Pico da Neblina

Pico da Neblina (, Mist Peak) is the highest peak in Brazil, 2995.3 m above sea level, in the Serra da Neblina, part of the Serra do Imeri, a section of the Guiana Highlands on the Brazil-Venezuela border. As determined by a border survey expedition in 1962, its summit lies just within Brazilian territory, at a horizontal distance of only 687 m from the Venezuelan border at Pico 31 de Março. It is a common misconception to refer to this mountain as the highest point in South America outside the Andes while ignoring the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia.

As the peak's name suggests, it is shrouded in dense clouds most of the time. It was first ascended in 1965 by members of a Brazilian Army expedition.

Location
Officially, Pico da Neblina is located in the municipality of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, state of Amazonas. However, the mountain is not directly accessible from the urban seat of the municipality, which is about 180 km away, and federal authority over the national park, the Yanomami reservation and the border security area supersedes municipal authority in all practical respects. The nearest city is actually São Gabriel da Cachoeira, about 140 km in a straight line, from where virtually all climbing expeditions depart.

The mountain is contained in the Brazilian Pico da Neblina National Park; its northern slopes are also protected in Venezuela's Serranía de la Neblina National Park. The twin parks, together with the neighbouring Parima Tapirapecó National Park (Venezuela), form a protected area complex of about 80,000 km², possibly the largest national park system in tropical rainforests in the world. Pico da Neblina is also located within the territory of the Yanomami people's reservation.

Common misconceptions
Pico da Neblina is often mentioned as being on the exact border between Brazil and Venezuela. This is true for its massif as a whole, but the main summit is wholly in Brazil, 687 metres from the actual border. It is also sometimes mentioned as being the highest point in South America outside of the Andes, but this is not correct either: the title belongs to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, which is almost twice the height of Pico da Neblina and completely detached from the Andes. However, Pico da Neblina is indeed the highest point east of the Andes range, and therefore of a large portion of the continent. Neighbouring Pico 31 de Março, which is on the precise international border, is also the highest point in Venezuela outside of the Andes.

Elevation measurements
For 39 years, based on an uncontested measurement performed in 1965 by topographer José Ambrósio de Miranda Pombo, using a theodolite, the elevation of Pico da Neblina was thought to be 3014 m, but a much more accurate measurement performed in 2004 with state-of-the-art GPS equipment by cartographer Marco Aurélio de Almeida Lima, a member of a Brazilian Army expedition, put it at 2993.78 m. This was then officially recognised by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the federal government's official geographic survey and census agency, which jointly organised the expedition.

In February 2016, IBGE slightly revised again the official altitude of Pico da Neblina to 2995.30 m, a 1.52-metre difference. There was no new expedition or field measurement at the time; the new value is simply a mathematical recalculation of the altitude, based on the previously obtained GPS field data, taking into account a newly available, more precise mapping of the Brazilian territory regarding the geoid (the imaginary surface based on the Earth's gravitational field that is the reference for altitudes). This explains why Pico da Neblina and Pico 31 de Março, which are next to each other, had both exactly the same altitude correction.

Geology and topography
The Neblina Massif is composed of a tilted block of sandstone overlying Precambrian metamorphic rocks. The peak is an impressive sharp rock pyramid or tooth, towering high (when the peak is visible) over the nearby lowlands on the Brazilian side, as the Imeri range quickly rises from only about 100 metres above sea level to about 2,000 metres at the base of the peak in just a few kilometres; from there the peak rises sharply.

The Venezuelan side of the massif is hillier and the altitude gradient to the northern plains is less abrupt, although deep chasms and high walls still exist. Neighbouring Pico 31 de Março can be considered a secondary summit of Pico da Neblina; it has a smoother, rounder shape and is sometimes difficult to be clearly distinguished from Pico da Neblina on photographs, depending on angle and distance. Due to Pico da Neblina's equatorial latitude, while it can be cold on top, sub-freezing temperatures and frost appear to be rare (no permanent measurements are undertaken), and there is no snow. One non-authoritative source gives an average temperature of 20 C during the day and 6 C at night.

Discovery

There is little documentation available today on the peak's discovery, and virtually none of it is authoritative, even though Brazilians only discovered the mountain fairly recently, in the mid-20th century. This late discovery can be understood if one remembers how extremely remote, inaccessible and uninhabited that part of the Amazon region is even today, and that it could hardly be expected that such a high mountain (by Brazilian standards) could be found standing next to the vast, low-lying Amazon Basin, even though it was known that there were mountains in that area. Moreover, as its own name states, Pico da Neblina is clouded and hidden from view most of the time.

All this led to it only being discovered in the 1950s. The exact date and circumstances are obscure and not documented, but a popular story often heard in Brazil says that it was supposedly seen and reported by an airline pilot who overflew it at a luckily cloudless moment. However, the massif was known well before that on the Venezuelan side, where it was called Cerro Jimé. In 1954, eight years before the Pico da Neblina was successfully climbed, the area was visited from the north by an expedition led by botanist Bassett Maguire, who reached the northern summit plateau of the massif and observed the highest peak, then unnamed, estimating it to be between "8,000-9,000 feet". The whole massif was named Cerro de la Neblina, since Maguire and Reynolds considered at the time that the massif constituted a separate formation from the Imeri range to the southeast.

Soon after the expedition, the highest peak, although unclimbed, was named Pico Phelps in honour of eminent ornithologist William H. Phelps Jr. At that time, the peak was thought to lie entirely within Venezuelan territory. During the 1962 Brazilian expedition, it was determined that the highest summit lies entirely in Brazil. The Brazilian expedition renamed the summit peak to Pico da Neblina, causing some confusion with the name Cerro de la Neblina, which is used in Venezuela to refer to the whole massif. The subsidiary summit on the Venezuelan-Brazilian border was named Pico 31 de Março in Brazil, but it is now known as Pico Phelps in Venezuela.

In the 1950s, it was not yet clear whether Pico da Neblina was in Brazilian or Venezuelan territory, and its precise elevation was not yet known. Therefore, it was still widely held for many years after the peak's discovery that Brazil's highest mountain was Pico da Bandeira (2,891 m or 9,486 ft), between the southeastern states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, in a much more populated, developed and easily accessible region. Only in 1965 it was found and became widely known that Pico da Neblina was the country's highest mountain. Pico da Bandeira remains the highest Brazilian mountain outside of the Amazon region, and the third-highest overall, after Pico da Neblina and 31 de Março.

Access
Due to its location in a national park in a border area that is also part of Yanomami territory, access to the area is restricted and depends on a special permit by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), the Brazilian government organisation responsible for national parks. The permit can be obtained at ICMBio's office in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, but all climbers must take an accredited local guide. A four-day trek each way should be expected, three of which consisting of a jungle trek in the rainforest that can be as hard and challenging as the climb itself. Rescue is close to impossible in the area.

Onchocerciasis or "river blindness," a parasitic disease that can cause permanent blindness and is transmitted by a black fly, is endemic in the area, albeit with a low incidence; malaria and yellow fever transmission are also possible. Therefore, climbers are advised not only to take the utmost precaution in avoiding insect bites but also to discuss preventive and/or therapeutic strategies with qualified physicians who are familiar with tropical diseases.

Robson Czaban, a Brazilian photographer who climbed Pico da Neblina in 1998, reports on his adventure account (in Portuguese) that there are always some gold panners on a small plateau just below the peak, at about 2000 m, called Garimpo do Tucano, which serves as the base camp for the last and steepest part of the climb. While the panners' presence there is technically illegal, they are widely tolerated by Brazilian authorities, and Czaban speculates that this would be because in such a remote area, they are believed to watch the border and nature better than the park rangers and the army would have the means to do. Czaban reports them to be very friendly and helpful.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pico da Neblina


text: User talk:81.139.181.186

title: User talk:81.139.181.186


text:
Talk:Gordon Chung-Hoon

Nationality of ancestors
Does anyone else find that pointing out that his mother was Hawaiian and his grandfather was Chinese a tad offensive? After all, the admirals of Irish descent don't have that pointed out, nor do the Italians or the Jewish. What's the intent of including this information? Jinian 13:38, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems noteworthy to me; How many Asian-Americans were Annapolis grads in the 1930s? Was he the first, or the first to reach flag rank? By comparison, by then Irish- and Italian-Americans were thick on the ground. I'd never heard of him before, but I guessed his names were Polynesian and Chinese/Korean--I clicked on the link to learn more. A lot of people would just recognise it as some unfamiliar kind of exotic.

 * A quick look through American admirals and generals finds some with their ethnic background prominently mentioned: Walter Krueger, Hyman Rickover, Pedro Del Valle, Luis R. Esteves, Frederick Lois Riefkohl, Benjamin O. Davis Sr., Antonio Taguba and others not: Robert Eichelberger, Chester Nimitz, Edmund P. Giambastiani, Antonio Rodriguez Balinas, Maurice Rose.
 * —wwoods 02:43, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't feel strongly about this, but most of the times when ancestry is mentioned, it's because the person was not born in the United States (Philippines, Russia, Puerto Rico - although it is a territory like Hawaii was at the time of Chung-Hoon's birth) or because they were the first. If he was the first Chinese-American to attend the Academy or reach flag or have a ship named for him or whatever, then we should mention that. Or simply mention that he was born in Hawaii (which the article can without saying "oh! oh! look! His granddad wasn't born here! and his mom had native heritage!).

 * Speaking of being "Hawaiian", see [] for a discussion of what that word even means. Jinian 14:10, 18 Dec 2004

(UTC)

The name: " Chung- Hoon" sounds more Korean then Chinese. People might mistaken him has Chinese but I wouldn't be surprised his actually Korean or Korean-Chinese.
 * I hope you are aware than Hanyu Pinyin isn't the only romanization method of Chinese... especially since many Chinese in America in the old days used archaic romanizations for their personal names... "Chung" is Wade-Giles for any of the characters that in Hanyu Pinyin would be pronounced "zhong" (e.g. 中，种，忠， etc), for example, Chunghwa Post. "Hoon" is a common corruption of "heng" in Singaporean-Chinese and Malaysian-Chinese names, so I don't see why it can't be used for Chinese-American names. --  李博杰   | —Talk contribs email 05:10, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Gordon Chung-Hoon. Favonian (talk) 11:33, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Gordon Paiʻea Chung-Hoon → Gordon Chung-Hoon – Not all references agree that the subject of the article's name had an Okina.

Some references such as this one, excludes it. Others use another type of marker. As the recent change was done boldly it can be contested.RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 09:58, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Per WP:CANVASS I have placed please see templates in the talk pages of some of the WikiProjects that support this article. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 10:02, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * He is Gordon Chung-Hoon. This yields 5 post-1980 results on Google Books. There are also 3 results for Gordon P. Chung-Hoon. The full name, Gordon Paiʻea Chung-Hoon, should be given boldface in the opening. Kauffner (talk) 15:23, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I should add that "Gordon Chung-Hoon" is also the way his name was given in newspaper reports at the time, as you can see here. Kauffner (talk) 16:29, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is the case than his middle initial should be dropped from the article title per WP:COMMONNAME; I have changed the move request accordingly.
 * Also, not all references use the Okina. Can it be shown the majority of references use the Okina? If they do not, it shouldn't be used here per WP:WEIGHT. A footnote can be added as to other spelling variations, but the majority use in found verifiable references should be used. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 18:10, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The 'okina is not a common name issue. We don't have to go with the majority. The Honolulu Advertiser uses it. I assume they know how to spell Hawaiian names. Kauffner (talk) 18:32, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
 * That is one source out of many, not all sources use the okina. Therefore, I have suggested the compromise that the most common name be provided, with variants of its spelling be included in a footnote. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 18:38, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Gordon Chung-Hoon


text:
San Antonio, Nueva Ecija

San Antonio, officially the Municipality of San Antonio (, Kapampangan: Balen ning San Antonio), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 83,060 people.

Etymology
The present name of the town was given in 1843 in honor of the patron saint, San Antonio Abad, by Father Leocadio Luis, the first priest of the town. Before its organization and recognition as a town by means of a decree promulgated during the Spanish regime, this was a barangay of Gapan and was known as Barrio Delinquente.

History
San Antonio was previously called as the barrio of Delinquente as old residents claimed that the name Delinquente originated by the sinking of a Casco (big boat or banca) fully loaded with palay in Pampanga River.

It was partitioned from the town of Gapan in 1843 by the order of Governor-General Marcelino Oraa, along with the town of San Isidro. The movement of the separation of Barrio Delinquente from the town of Gapan, and its organization as an independent municipality was ignited in 1839. The petition of the residents of Barrio Delinquente was finally approved in November 1842 but the definite separation from the town of Gapan took place in 1843. San Antonio, along with its origin Gapan, Aliaga, Cabiao, and San Isidro were transferred from Pampanga to Nueva Ecija in 1848.

It is bounded by the towns of Jaen to its eastern side, Zaragosa is to the north, Cabiao and San Isidro, and Concepcion in the Province of Tarlac is at its western border.

Travelling from the Philippine capital city of Manila, a popular route going to San Antonio is via the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX). Turning north-east and exiting the NLEX at the San Simon junction, the journey continues to Arayat, the last town of Pampanga before reaching Cabiao. From Cabiao, one can opt to continue towards the town of San Isidro and then take a left turn towards Jaen and then before Jaen town proper take another turn towards San Antonio. There is an alternative backroad route leading to the southern part of San Antonio and this can be taken immediately after entering Brgy. Concepcion, turning left towards the Santa Isabel Bridge which crosses the Pampanga river.

The older and now slower route is the bus transport route which leaves the NLEX at Santa Rita and traverses the Pan-Philippine Highway across the length of the Province of Bulacan up to Gapan in Nueva Ecija and turning left on the Gapan-Olongapo Road.

Barangays
San Antonio is politically divided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Buliran
 * Cama Juan
 * Julo
 * Lawang Kupang
 * Luyos
 * Maugat
 * Panabingan
 * Papaya
 * Poblacion
 * San Francisco	(KC-1) Kaisiwan
 * San Jose (Cabungan)
 * San Mariano
 * Santa Barbara
 * Santa Cruz (Parang)
 * Santo Cristo
 * Tikiw

Local government
Municipal elected official (2022–present):
 * Mayor
 * Arvin Salonga
 * Vice Mayor
 * Julie Maxwell
 * Councilors:
 * Roberto Carpio
 * Manolito Balcos
 * Daniel Pamintuan
 * Christopher Cunanan
 * Renier Umali
 * Eduardo Ostares
 * RC Cruz
 * Roy Juliano

title: San Antonio, Nueva Ecija


text:
Talk:Fabien Barthez

Initial message
fabien was married to model linda evanglista (not sure how to spell her name)they apparently got divorced.And had no children together. now he is with his girlfriend Aurelia (not sure how to spell)and they have a baby boy together called Lenny Barthez who is Two yrs of ages...CUTE! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.33.191.85 (talk) 13:42, 15 December 2004 (UTC)

Couple things
I heard he once had a relationship with Madonna, shouldn't that be included? Also, there's barely a mention of his role as goalkeeper for the 1998 World Cup champion France team. Aplomado talk 16:31, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

I think his relationship with Madonna shouldn't be included...because it's craps! He once was with Linda Evangelista, but this article is about a goalkeeper, not a gigolo. We'd beter add material about the 98 world cup than his sexual life. madlozoz — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.56.150.217 (talk) 13:31, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Dubious Information
Caps and goal figures in the article likely contain European cup/Domestic cup data in addition to Domestic League data (this is very certain based on this user's previous edits containing similar information . Please correct this issue and leave a note here, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Alfmaster#Footballers.27_European_goals, to warn this person about putting improper information on Wikipedia. --Palffy 21:20, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Retirement in 2007
Somebody needs to make a better paragraph than the one sentence we currently have for hus current retirement. I'd do it myself right now but I'm busy with FIFA 2007 XD - John Jacques — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.158.25.229 (talk) 23:39, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Pic
I think the picture of Barthez can be changed. There's nothing much you can see in it other than his big bald head. - Up and over for a six! (talk) 02:27, 3 September 2008 (UTC) Done. If you want you can change the images in the foreign languages wikis to this image. PrisonMan (talk) 16:31, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * No, you can't, because the image you inserted is a copyright violation. Hekerui (talk) 13:01, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Information about his career before moving to Man United?
He played many games in the french league, shouldn't there be something written about it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.107.161.127 (talk) 01:30, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

Height 180 cm
In his recent databases as a driver he states his height as 180 cm http://www.gt-tour.fr/fabien-barthez/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.59.122.11 (talk) 20:18, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

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His wife is Aurélie Dupond, not Ophélie Winter
Fabien Barthez never married Ophélie Winter. He married Aurélie Dupond who does look a bit like miss Winter. I saw the source and traced it back to a mistake a french tabloid had made about the identity of miss Dupond when they first started dating. WOuld someone please correct the mistake? Source: https://photo.femmeactuelle.fr/equipe-de-france-1998-ou-en-est-leur-vie-amoureuse-29861#fabien-barthes-aurelie-dupond-2003-515212

Miss Winter never married nor had kids. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.138.122.24 (talk) 01:41, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fabien Barthez


text:
Talk:Thierry Henry

Not a replacement for Anelka
Wenger stated lots of times that he did not buy Henry to replace Anelka. His original plan was to play they together up front. In the end Anelka wanted to leave but Arsene still wanted Henry. 155.4.133.194 (talk) 02:07, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I assume your comment refers to the line "Brought in as a replacement for fellow French forward Nicolas Anelka, Henry […]" in the section "1999–2007: Move to Arsenal, breakthrough, and success". That statement is supported by an WP:inline citation, an article by the The Observer: https://web.archive.org/web/20120115044738/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2004/oct/03/newsstory.sport1. Wenger stated lots of times that he did not buy Henry to replace Anelka. His original plan was to play they together up front. In the end Anelka wanted to leave but Arsene still wanted Henry. We would need sources supporting those claims. Can you supply them? Kind regards, Robby.is.on (talk) 10:00, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thierry Henry


text:
User:Psyco path industries

A user from the united states. Due to being a phonetic speller, he is not the best editer in the world although appreciates and loves the Wiki idea and philosophy.

title: User:Psyco path industries


text:
Resistance thermometer

Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a heat-resistant ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu). The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.

RTDs, which have higher accuracy and repeatability, are slowly replacing thermocouples in industrial applications below 600 °C.

Resistance/temperature relationship of metals
Common RTD sensing elements for biomedical application constructed of platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu) have a repeatable, resistance versus temperature relationship (R vs T) and operating temperature range. The R vs T relationship is defined as the amount of resistance change of the sensor per degree of temperature change. The relative change in resistance (temperature coefficient of resistance) varies only slightly over the useful range of the sensor.

Platinum was proposed by Sir William Siemens as an element for a resistance temperature detector at the Bakerian lecture in 1871: it is a noble metal and has the most stable resistance–temperature relationship over the largest temperature range. Nickel elements have a limited temperature range because the temperature coefficient of resistance changes at temperatures over 300 °C (572 °F). Copper has a very linear resistance–temperature relationship; however, copper oxidizes at moderate temperatures and cannot be used over 150 °C (302 °F).

The significant characteristic of metals used as resistive elements is the linear approximation of the resistance versus temperature relationship between 0 and 100 °C. This temperature coefficient of resistance is denoted by α and is usually given in units of Ω/(Ω·°C):
 * $$\alpha = \frac{R_{100} - R_0}{100~^\circ\text{C} \cdot R_0},$$

where
 * $$R_0$$ is the resistance of the sensor at 0 °C,
 * $$R_{100}$$ is the resistance of the sensor at 100 °C.

Pure platinum has α = 0.003925 Ω/(Ω·°C) in the 0 to 100 °C range and is used in the construction of laboratory-grade RTDs. Conversely, two widely recognized standards for industrial RTDs IEC 60751 and ASTM E-1137 specify α = 0.00385 Ω/(Ω·°C). Before these standards were widely adopted, several different α values were used. It is still possible to find older probes that are made with platinum that have α = 0.003916 Ω/(Ω·°C) and 0.003902 Ω/(Ω·°C).

These different α values for platinum are achieved by doping – carefully introducing impurities, which become embedded in the lattice structure of the platinum and result in a different R vs. T curve and hence α value.

Calibration
To characterize the R vs T relationship of any RTD over a temperature range that represents the planned range of use, calibration must be performed at temperatures other than 0 °C and 100 °C. This is necessary to meet calibration requirements. Although RTDs are considered to be linear in operation, it must be proven that they are accurate with regard to the temperatures with which they will actually be used (see details in Comparison calibration option). Two common calibration methods are the fixed-point method and the comparison method.
 * Fixed-point calibration: is used for the highest-accuracy calibrations by national metrology laboratories. It uses the triple point, freezing point or melting point of pure substances such as water, zinc, tin, and argon to generate a known and repeatable temperature. These cells allow the user to reproduce actual conditions of the ITS-90 temperature scale. Fixed-point calibrations provide extremely accurate calibrations (within ±0.001 °C). A common fixed-point calibration method for industrial-grade probes is the ice bath. The equipment is inexpensive, easy to use, and can accommodate several sensors at once. The ice point is designated as a secondary standard because its accuracy is ±0.005 °C (±0.009 °F), compared to ±0.001 °C (±0.0018 °F) for primary fixed points.
 * Comparison calibrations: is commonly used with secondary standard platinum resistance thermometers and industrial RTDs. The thermometers being calibrated are compared to calibrated thermometers by means of a bath whose temperature is uniformly stable. Unlike fixed-point calibrations, comparisons can be made at any temperature between −100 °C and 500 °C (−148 °F to 932 °F). This method might be more cost-effective, since several sensors can be calibrated simultaneously with automated equipment. These electrically heated and well-stirred baths use silicone oils and molten salts as the medium for the various calibration temperatures.

Element types
The three main categories of RTD sensors are thin-film, wire-wound, and coiled elements. While these types are the ones most widely used in industry, other more exotic shapes are used; for example, carbon resistors are used at ultra-low temperatures (−273 °C to −173 °C).

 * Carbon resistor elements: are cheap and widely used. They have very reproducible results at low temperatures. They are the most reliable over extremely wide range of temperatures. They generally do not suffer from significant hysteresis or strain gauge effects.

 * Strain-free elements: use a wire coil minimally supported within a sealed housing filled with an inert gas. These sensors work up to 961.78 C and are used in the SPRTs that define ITS-90. They consist of platinum wire loosely coiled over a support structure, so the element is free to expand and contract with temperature. They are very susceptible to shock and vibration, as the loops of platinum can sway back and forth, causing deformation.

 * Thin-film elements: have a sensing element that is formed by depositing a very thin layer of resistive material, normally platinum, on a ceramic substrate (plating). This layer is usually just 10 to 100 ångströms (1 to 10 nanometers) thick. This film is then coated with an epoxy or glass that helps protect the deposited film and also acts as a strain relief for the external lead wires. Disadvantages of this type are that they are not as stable as their wire-wound or coiled counterparts. They also can only be used over a limited temperature range due to the different expansion rates of the substrate and resistive deposited giving a "strain gauge" effect that can be seen in the resistive temperature coefficient. These elements work with temperatures to 300 °C without further packaging, but can operate up to 600 °C when suitably encapsulated in glass or ceramic. Special high-temperature RTD elements can be used up to 900 °C with the right encapsulation.

 * Wire-wound elements: can have greater accuracy, especially for wide temperature ranges. The coil diameter provides a compromise between mechanical stability and allowing expansion of the wire to minimize strain and consequential drift. The sensing wire is wrapped around an insulating mandrel or core. The winding core can be round or flat, but must be an electrical insulator. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the winding core material is matched to the sensing wire to minimize any mechanical strain. This strain on the element wire will result in a thermal measurement error. The sensing wire is connected to a larger wire, usually referred to as the element lead or wire. This wire is selected to be compatible with the sensing wire, so that the combination does not generate an emf that would distort the thermal measurement. These elements work with temperatures to 660 °C.

 * Coiled elements: have largely replaced wire-wound elements in industry. This design has a wire coil that can expand freely over temperature, held in place by some mechanical support, which lets the coil keep its shape. This “strain free” design allows the sensing wire to expand and contract free of influence from other materials; in this respect it is similar to the SPRT, the primary standard upon which ITS-90 is based, while providing the durability necessary for industrial use. The basis of the sensing element is a small coil of platinum sensing wire. This coil resembles a filament in an incandescent light bulb. The housing or mandrel is a hard fired ceramic oxide tube with equally spaced bores that run transverse to the axes. The coil is inserted in the bores of the mandrel and then packed with a very finely ground ceramic powder. = This permits the sensing wire to move, while still remaining in good thermal contact with the process. These elements work with temperatures to 850 °C.

The current international standard that specifies tolerance and the temperature-to-electrical resistance relationship for platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) is IEC 60751:2008; ASTM E1137 is also used in the United States. By far the most common devices used in industry have a nominal resistance of 100 ohms at 0 °C and are called Pt100 sensors ("Pt" is the symbol for platinum, "100" for the resistance in ohms at 0 °C). It is also possible to get Pt1000 sensors, where 1000 is for the resistance in ohms at 0 °C. The sensitivity of a standard 100 Ω sensor is a nominal 0.385 Ω/°C. RTDs with a sensitivity of 0.375 and 0.392 Ω/°C, as well as a variety of others, are also available.

Function
Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability, accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies nearly linearly with temperature per the Callendar–Van Dusen equation.

The platinum detecting wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film is supported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or other strains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made from iron or copper are also used in some applications. Commercial platinum grades exhibit a temperature coefficient of resistance 0.00385/°C (0.385%/°C) (European Fundamental Interval). The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC 60751:1995). The American Fundamental Interval is 0.00392/°C, based on using a purer grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from the Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this standards field. As a result, the "American standard" is hardly the standard even in the US.

Lead-wire resistance can also be a factor; adopting three- and four-wire, instead of two-wire, connections can eliminate connection-lead resistance effects from measurements (see below); three-wire connection is sufficient for most purposes and is an almost universal industrial practice. Four-wire connections are used for the most precise applications.

Advantages and limitations
The advantages of platinum resistance thermometers include:
 * High accuracy
 * Low drift
 * Wide operating range
 * Suitability for precision applications.

Limitations:

RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 660 °C. At temperatures above 660 °C it becomes increasingly difficult to prevent the platinum from becoming contaminated by impurities from the metal sheath of the thermometer. This is why laboratory standard thermometers replace the metal sheath with a glass construction. At very low temperatures, say below −270 °C (3 K), because there are very few phonons, the resistance of an RTD is mainly determined by impurities and boundary scattering and thus basically independent of temperature. As a result, the sensitivity of the RTD is essentially zero and therefore not useful.

Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small temperature changes and have a slower response time. However, thermistors have a smaller temperature range and stability.

RTDs vs thermocouples
The two most common ways of measuring temperatures for industrial applications are with resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and thermocouples. The choice between them is typically determined by four factors.
 * Temperature: If process temperatures are between -200 and 500 C, an industrial RTD is the preferred option. Thermocouples have a range of -180 to 2320 C, so for temperatures above 500 C it is the contact temperature measurement device commonly found in physics laboratories.
 * Response time: If the process requires a very fast response to temperature changes (fractions of a second as opposed to seconds), then a thermocouple is the best choice. Time response is measured by immersing the sensor in water moving at 1 m/s with a 63.2% step change.
 * Size: A standard RTD sheath is 3.175 to 6.35 mm in diameter; sheath diameters for thermocouples can be less than 1.6 mm.
 * Accuracy and stability requirements: If a tolerance of 2 °C is acceptable and the highest level of repeatability is not required, a thermocouple will serve. RTDs are capable of higher accuracy and can maintain stability for many years, while thermocouples can drift within the first few hours of use.

Construction

These elements nearly always require insulated leads attached. PVC, silicone rubber or PTFE insulators are used at temperatures below about 250 °C. Above this, glass fibre or ceramic are used. The measuring point, and usually most of the leads, require a housing or protective sleeve, often made of a metal alloy that is chemically inert to the process being monitored. Selecting and designing protection sheaths can require more care than the actual sensor, as the sheath must withstand chemical or physical attack and provide convenient attachment points.

The RTD construction design may be enhanced to handle shock and vibration by including compacted magnesium oxide (MgO) powder inside the sheath. MgO is used to isolate the conductors from the external sheath and from each other. MgO is used due to its dielectric constant, rounded grain structure, high-temperature capability, and its chemical inertness.

Two-wire configuration

The simplest resistance-thermometer configuration uses two wires. It is only used when high accuracy is not required, as the resistance of the connecting wires is added to that of the sensor, leading to errors of measurement. This configuration allows use of 100 meters of cable. This applies equally to balanced bridge and fixed bridge system.

For a balanced bridge usual setting is with R2 = R1, and R3 around the middle of the range of the RTD. So for example, if we are going to measure between 0 and 100 C, RTD resistance will range from 100 Ω to 138.5 Ω. We would choose R3 = 120 Ω. In that way we get a small measured voltage in the bridge.

Three-wire configuration

In order to minimize the effects of the lead resistances, a three-wire configuration can be used. The suggested setting for the configuration shown, is with R1 = R2, and R3 around the middle of the range of the RTD. Looking at the Wheatstone bridge circuit shown, the voltage drop on the lower left hand side is V_rtd + V_lead, and on the lower righthand side is V_R3 + V_lead, therefore the bridge voltage (V_b) is the difference, V_rtd − V_R3. The voltage drop due to the lead resistance has been cancelled out. This always applies if R1=R2, and R1, R2 >> RTD, R3. R1 and R2 can serve the use of limiting the current through the RTD, for example for a PT100, limiting to 1 mA, and 5 V, would suggest a limiting resistance of approximately R1 = R2 = 5/0.001 = 5,000 Ohms.

Four-wire configuration

The four-wire resistance configuration increases the accuracy of measurement of resistance. Four-terminal sensing eliminates voltage drop in the measuring leads as a contribution to error. To increase accuracy further, any residual thermoelectric voltages generated by different wire types or screwed connections are eliminated by reversal of the direction of the 1 mA current and the leads to the DVM (digital voltmeter). The thermoelectric voltages will be produced in one direction only. By averaging the reversed measurements, the thermoelectric error voltages are cancelled out.

Classifications of RTDs
The highest-accuracy of all PRTs are the Ultra Precise Platinum Resistance Thermometers (UPRTs). This accuracy is achieved at the expense of durability and cost. The UPRT elements are wound from reference-grade platinum wire. Internal lead wires are usually made from platinum, while internal supports are made from quartz or fused silica. The sheaths are usually made from quartz or sometimes Inconel, depending on temperature range. Larger-diameter platinum wire is used, which drives up the cost and results in a lower resistance for the probe (typically 25.5 Ω). UPRTs have a wide temperature range (−200 °C to 1000 °C) and are approximately accurate to ±0.001 °C over the temperature range. UPRTs are only appropriate for laboratory use.

Another classification of laboratory PRTs is Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (Standard SPRTs). They are constructed like the UPRT, but the materials are more cost-effective. SPRTs commonly use reference-grade, high-purity smaller-diameter platinum wire, metal sheaths and ceramic type insulators. Internal lead wires are usually a nickel-based alloy. Standard PRTs are more limited in temperature range (−200 °C to 500 °C) and are approximately accurate to ±0.03 °C over the temperature range.

Industrial PRTs are designed to withstand industrial environments. They can be almost as durable as a thermocouple. Depending on the application, industrial PRTs can use thin-film or coil-wound elements. The internal lead wires can range from PTFE-insulated stranded nickel-plated copper to silver wire, depending on the sensor size and application. Sheath material is typically stainless steel; higher-temperature applications may demand Inconel. Other materials are used for specialized applications.

History
Contemporary to the Seebeck effect, the discovery that resistivity in metals is dependent on the temperature was announced in 1821 by Sir Humphry Davy. The practical application of the tendency of electrical conductors to increase their electrical resistance with rising temperature was first described by Sir William Siemens at the Bakerian Lecture of 1871 before the Royal Society of Great Britain, suggesting platina as a suitable element. The necessary methods of construction were established by Callendar, Griffiths, Holborn and Wein between 1885 and 1900.

In 1871 Carl Wilhelm Siemens invented the Platinum Resistance Temperature Detector and presented a three-term interpolation formula. Siemens’ RTD rapidly fell out of favour due to the instability of the temperature reading. Hugh Longbourne Callendar developed the first commercially successful platinum RTD in 1885. A 1971 paper by Eriksson, Keuther, and Glatzel identified six noble metal alloys (63Pt37Rh, 37Pd63Rh, 26Pt74Ir, 10Pd90Ir, 34Pt66Au, 14Pd86Au) with approximately linear resistance temperature characteristics. The alloy 63Pt37Rh is similar to the readily available 70Pt30Rh alloy wire used in thermocouples.

The Space Shuttle made extensive use of platinum resistance thermometers. The only in-flight shutdown of a Space Shuttle Main Engine – mission STS-51F – was caused by multiple failures of RTDs which had become brittle and unreliable due to multiple heat-and-cool cycles. (The failures of the sensors falsely suggested that a fuel pump was critically overheating, and the engine was automatically shut down.) Following the engine failure incident, the RTDs were replaced with thermocouples.

Standard resistance thermometer data
Temperature sensors are usually supplied with thin-film elements. The resistance elements are rated in accordance with BS EN 60751:2008 as:

Resistance-thermometer elements functioning up to 1000 °C can be supplied. The relation between temperature and resistance is given by the Callendar–Van Dusen equation:
 * $$R_T = R_0 \left[ 1 + AT + BT^2 + CT^3 (T-100) \right] \; (-200\;{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C} < T < 0\;{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}),$$
 * $$R_T = R_0 \left[ 1 + AT + BT^2 \right] \; (0\;{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C} \leq T < 850\;{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}).$$

Here $$R_T$$ is the resistance at temperature T, $$R_0$$ is the resistance at 0 °C, and the constants (for an α = 0.00385 platinum RTD) are:
 * $$A = 3.9083 \times 10^{-3}~^\circ\text{C}^{-1},$$
 * $$B = -5.775 \times 10^{-7}~^\circ\text{C}^{-2},$$
 * $$C = -4.183 \times 10^{-12}~^\circ\text{C}^{-4}.$$

Since the B and C coefficients are relatively small, the resistance changes almost linearly with the temperature.

For positive temperature, solution of the quadratic equation yields the following relationship between temperature and resistance:
 * $$T = \frac{-A + \sqrt{A^2 - 4B\left(1 - \frac{R_T}{R_0}\right)}}{2B}.$$

Then for a four-wire configuration with a 1 mA precision current source the relationship between temperature and measured voltage $$V_T$$ is
 * $$T = \frac{-A + \sqrt{A^2 - 40B(0.1 - V_T)}}{2B}.$$

Temperature-dependent resistances for various popular resistance thermometers
Copied from German version, please do not remove

title: Resistance thermometer


text:
Talk:Patrick Vieira

French Captain
Patrick vieira is now captain of the french team, since marcel desailly retired from the international side.

Inter Milan
He is NOT on Inter Milan. It is just a rumour. Please do not say he is on Inter until it is official.--michfan2123 02:23, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

''I see how it is...my portion of the discussion can be callously deleted, but the fabricated "Manchester United Career?" section is perfectly fine. I guess we'll see what happens. http://www.soccer365.com/EUROPEAN_NEWS/Italy_News/page_179_124662.shtml''

Vieira is just an POS on so many levels..

Family background
His surname is Portuguese origin, but is Cape Verde or Cap-Vert? Matthew_hk  t  c  05:00, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Donalé??
He's Patrick Paul Vieira per UEFA. What's that Donalé?? --necronudist (talk) 10:45, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Donalé might be his mother name...But associating mother and father names are very rare in France...--Latouffedisco (talk) 17:40, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I have removed his middle name from the article entirely. I have done extensive searching online, and most of the places that have "Patrick Donale Vieira" appear to have taken their information from Wikipedia. Before I edited, someone had further changed it to "Patrick Donald Vieira", which is even less plausible: this Wikipedia page was literally the only searchable site on the internet which had the phrase "Patrick Donald Vieira". As for "Patrick Paul Vieira", I cannot find any corroborating sources beyond the UEFA booking sheet. While UEFA is ostensibly a reliable source, the fact that a UEFA booking sheet is pretty much the only place on the internet where his name appears as Patrick Paul Vieira suggests that it doesn't meet the threshold of credibility for this article. If any reliable and corroborated information comes to light, then someone is welcome to make that justification and insert a middle name - if indeed he has one. But until then, we should prefer to have just his first and last names, which convey sufficient information to be useful. Cyril Washbrook (talk) 02:33, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

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Niers

The Niers is a river in Germany and The Netherlands, a right tributary of the river Maas (Meuse). Its wellspring is near Erkelenz, south of Mönchengladbach, in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany).

Course and length
The Niers flows through Mönchengladbach, Viersen, Wachtendonk, Geldern and Goch before flowing into the Meuse just across the border with the Netherlands, in Gennep, Limburg (Netherlands).

Its overall length is 116 km - 108 km in Germany, 8 km in the Netherlands.

title: Niers


text: User talk:207.75.1.101

title: User talk:207.75.1.101


text:
Kalinjar Fort

Kalinjar (कालिंजर) is a fortress-city in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh, in India. It was ruled by several dynasties including the Guptas, the Vardhana dynasty, the Chandelas, Solankis of Rewa, Mughal and the Marathas.

The fortress has several temples dating back to the Gupta dynasty of the 3rd–5th centuries. It is strategically located on an isolated rocky hill at the end of the Vindhya Range, overlooking the plains of Bundelkhand.

Etymology
Kalinjar is a portmanteau of the Sanskrit words Kaal, meaning time, and jar, meaning destruction, translating to destroyer of time.

Mythology
Kalinjar finds its mention in ancient Hindu mythological texts. According to Hindu legends, it is said that after the Samudra manthan, when Shiva consumed poison that turned his throat blue, he came to Kalinjar and defeated the kaal i.e. achieved victory over death. This is the reason why Shiva temple at Kalinjar is called Neelkanth (blue-throated). Since then, the hill has been considered a holy site.

Early history
Kalinjar has also been mentioned in Buddhist literature, particularly in the travelogues of Buddha. The Chedi dynasty ruled here during the time of Gautama Buddha (563–480 BC). Following this, it was absorbed into the Maurya Empire and came to be known as Vindhya-Atavi.

The fort eventually came under the rule of the Shunga dynasty and the Pandu dynasty. In the Prayag Prasathi inscription of the Allahabad Pillar this region is mentioned by the name Vindhya Atavi. The Fort was in the control of the Gurjara Pratiharas, and remained until the rule of Nagabhatta II. Chandela rulers used to be their Mandalik kings. The mention of Kalinjar is found in almost every text or inscription of that time.

Medieval period
According to the 16th century Persian historian Firishta, the town of Kalinjar was established by one Kedar Raja in the 7th century. Rastrakutas later seized the fortress. The fort came to prominence during the Chandela rule. According to Chandela-era legends, the fort was built by a Chandela ruler. The Chandela rulers used the title Kalanjaradhipati ("Lord of Kalanjara"), which shows their importance to the fort.

In 1023, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and received a tribute from Kalinjar, Mughal emperor Babur captured the fort in 1526, when his forces drove away Raja Hasan Khan Mewatpatti. It was also the place where Sher Shah Suri met his death in 1545, when he was mortally wounded by a gunpowder explosion from one of his own cannons, with his soldiers capturing the fort before his death. In 1569, Akbar captured the fort and it was under Mughal rule until its capture by the Marathas. Kalinjar played a prominent part in history down to the time of the Revolt of 1857, when it was held by a small British garrison. Both the fort and the town, which stands at the foot of the hill, are of interest to the antiquary on account of the remains of temples, sculptures, inscriptions, and caves.

In the early 18th century, the fort was captured by the Peshwa Bajirao after defeating the Mughal general Bangash Khan of Allahabad. In order to stop the Mughals from entering Bundelkhand again, he established a Maratha light infantry huzurat of 5000 under the command of Sardar Ram Singh Bhatt, Yashwantrao Bhatt, Parshuram Bhau Bundela, Bhaskar Pandit, and Sheshrao Pant Bundela, all veterans of war and Maratha class one generals. In due course of time, the Marathas conquered the nearby territories and expanded to the Bengal frontiers. They inflicted a crushing defeat on Awadh ally Nawab of Rampur and Ala Vardi Khan. The fort was used to levy chauth to nearby territories like Benares, Mirzapur, Pratapgarh, Kunda, and Bundela.

Colonial period
In 1803, the Peshwa was involved in direct skirmishes with the East India Company in which he was defeated. In the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon, Peshwa Bajirao II ceded Bundelkhand to the East India Company after his defeat in the Second Anglo-Maratha war. The fort came under the management of the East India Company in 1805-06. The Old Bhatt royalty was expatriated and was granted separate sanads of Kirwi, Attra, Chitrakut Mathond, and Khurand.

The fort was placed under the pre-Maratha constitution of Bundela - Jhijhotiya Chubes. However, during the first War of Independence in 1857, The Old Bhatta Aristocracy recaptured the fort driving Bundela back to Ajaygarh. In 1858, the British attacked the fort but the people at large resisted and fought a tough battle with Major Hugh Rose. A long drawn siege ensued in which almost 800 British and 3000 Indians were killed. This proved to be the toughest battlefield in Bundelkhand where English suffered maximum casualties. The English with the help of the states of Panna and Rewa captured this fort on 4 May 1858. The Last Bhatta Peshwas surrendered and were sent to Rewa as prisoners. Kalinjar subah was distributed in between Bundela, Rewa Solanki and Chaubes of Rajaula. The fort was decommissioned and its buildings were demolished, to prevent any further maratha garrisoning at Kalinjar, thus ending the legacy of this fort. The total chauth collection was estimated at 40 lakh shahi mohars. The Naukahai campaign of Rewa and Chunar Fort, was launched directly from Kalinjar in which the Sohagpur Amarkantak and Shahdol paragana were attached to Peshwa territories. Almost all the occupants of the fort were moon worshipers and are called Chandravanshi clans of Kshatriya, Brahmanas, Kalchuries and Yadavas.

In 1812, the British troops marched into Bundelkhand, and after a long battle, they were able to annex the fort. The British seizure of Kalinjar proved to be a great watershed, transferring the legacy of the old aristocracy into the hands of the new bureaucracy of officials, who showed their loyalty to British imperialism by damaging the captured fort. The damages caused to the fort can still be seen on its walls and open spaces.

Air
The nearest airport is at Khajuraho, 100 km away but has limited connectivity. Kanpur Airport which is well connected with metropolitan cities of India is 175 km and 4 hours drive from Kalinjar.

Rail
The nearest railway station is at Atarra 36 km away, on the Banda-Satna route, 65 km from Banda Railway Station.

Road
The Kalinjar fort is linked by road to all the important centres in the region with regular bus services. Some of the major road distances are: Chitrakoot, 78 km; Banda, 65 km; Khajuraho, 130 km; and Allahabad, 205 km.

title: Kalinjar Fort


text:
Quiet as a Nun

Quiet as a Nun is a thriller novel, written by Antonia Fraser. First published in 1977, it features Fraser's sleuthing heroine Jemima Shore as she revisits the convent school where she was educated following the mysterious death of one of the nuns. A six-part television dramatisation of the book (written by Julia Jones) was part of ITV's anthology series Armchair Thriller in 1978.

Plot summary
The novel begins with the death of a nun, Sister Miriam, who apparently starved herself to death in a ruined tower, known as the 'Tower of Ivory', which adjoins the grounds of the Convent of the Blessed Eleanor, a nunnery and a girls' school.

The tower has specific significance to the Order, as it was the original convent building. The tower and the ancient history of the Order are recorded in the Treasury of the Blessed Eleanor, a manuscript that is referenced throughout the story. Though it is never stated explicitly, Blessed Eleanor is presumed to be Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was once Queen of England.

Television reporter Jemima Shore is a former schoolfriend of Sister Miriam, who was also known as Rosabelle Powerstock and was heiress to "the Powers fortune", one of the largest fortunes in Britain. Jemima is invited back to the convent by Reverend Mother Ancilla, where she uncovers a number of mysteries, including the suggestion that Miriam, whose family owned the convent lands, may have written a second will bequeathing them away from the Order, and into the hands of another charity.

The tension builds when the girls at the convent school tell Jemima that the Black Nun, a malevolent faceless spectre reputed to appear whenever a death is about to take place within the grounds, was seen just prior to Sister Miriam's death, and has been sighted again.

Television adaptation
Quiet as a Nun was adapted for television by ITV in 1978, as part of the Armchair Thriller series. The adaptation starred Maria Aitken as Jemima Shore, along with Renée Asherson (Mother Ancilla), Brenda Bruce (Sister Elizabeth) and Sylvia Coleridge (Sister Boniface). Patsy Kensit, then just nine years old, plays one of the convent schoolgirls, Tessa Justin, who has a significant role in the final two episodes.

In the final minutes of the third episode, aired on 18 April 1978, Jemima Shore goes alone into the Tower at night. As she climbs into the attic, she encounters the faceless Black Nun sitting in a rocking chair. Jemima screams as the Black Nun advances towards her, at which point the episode ends. The scene was ranked 63rd in Channel 4's Top 100 Scary Moments list.

Episodes and original airdates

 * Part One: "The Tower" – 11 April 1978
 * Part Two: "The Chapel" – 13 April 1978
 * Part Three: "The Black Nun" – 18 April 1978
 * Part Four: "Witness And Wills" – 20 April 1978
 * Part Five: "Powers Of Darkness" – 25 April 1978
 * Part Six: "Death And Decision" – 27 April 1978

Cast

 * Maria Aitken as Jemima Shore
 * Renée Asherson as Mother Ancilla
 * Brenda Bruce as Sister Elizabeth
 * David Burke as Tony Amyas, MP
 * James Laurenson as Alexander Skarbek
 * Doran Godwin as Sister Lucy
 * Margaret D'arcy as Sister Clare
 * Kate Binchy as Sister Edward
 * Linda Slater as Dodo
 * Sarah Webb as Margaret
 * Michelle Winstanley as Blanche
 * Patsy Kensit as Tessa Justin
 * Catrina Hylton as Mandy Justin
 * Mary Healey as Beatrice O'Dowd
 * James Appleby as Joe
 * Susan Engel as Sister Agnes
 * Sylvia Coleridge as Sister Boniface

Crew

 * Julia Jones – writer, adaptation
 * Moira Armstrong – director
 * Jacqueline Davis – producer
 * Bill Palmer – production designer
 * Roger Webb – incidental music
 * Robert Banks Stewart – script editor

DVD release
Network released Armchair Thriller on DVD in 2008, both in separate volumes for each story and as an 11-disc set featuring all of the episodes produced by Thames Television.

title: Quiet as a Nun


text:
Schwalm (Meuse)

The Schwalm (German) or Swalm (Dutch), is a small river in Germany and the Netherlands, tributary to the river Meuse. Its source is near Wegberg, in the district Heinsberg, south-west of Mönchengladbach, in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). The Schwalm flows through Wegberg and Brüggen before flowing into the Meuse across the border with the Netherlands, in Swalmen. Its total length is 45 km.

Course
The source of the Schwalm is in a wetland area south of the German village of Wegberg-Tüschenbroich at an elevation of about. From there the river flows mainly through the Maas-Schwalm-Nette Nature Park, its riverbed running between the rivers Rur, Nette and Niers.

Of its total length from this source to its mouth on the Meuse, near the village of Swalmen at about, 13 kilometres of the river run through Dutch territory.

Parts of the river which, for example, run past the villages of Wegberg, Niederkrüchten, Schwalmtal, Brüggen-Born, Brüggen and Swalmen, form natural meanders.

The catchment area of the Schwalm is 268.7 square kilometres, of which around 27 square kilometres lie in the Netherlands.

Tributaries

 * Beeckbach
 * Mühlenbach
 * Knippertzbach
 * Kranenbach
 * Elmpter Bach

Flora and fauna
The carr and heath/bog areas along the Schwalm provide a diverse habitat for fauna and flora. Frogs, dragonflies, damselflies, bluethroat, kingfisher and golden oriole are to be found as are water crowfoot, bog myrtle and other rare plants. brown trout, barbel and chub are at home in the river; along the river banks are also various members of the eter water rat family.

title: Schwalm (Meuse)


text:
Talk:Lilian Thuram

Untitled
too right lilian is one of the best around in the footballing world... most people describle as a unversity student which he does look like...

Lilian left Gaudelope at a very young age, when his mother came to france to look for a job, she left her children back in guadelope so that she can provide for them and so, that she can bring them over to france.

Eventually lilian arrived in france and never recieved a good reception at school where he was bullied due to his skin colour (ashame) he once said in a article that he tried not to take it personally.

He then grew up a bit a met Sandra his girlfriend when he was at JUVENTUS, Later they married, and have a son called Marcus.

Name controversy
IMHO isn't clear what is his complete name...I think Ruddy Lilian are the given names and Thuram-Ulien is the bracket-surname... am I wrong? There's a comma after Ruddy and I don't understand what it means...usually a comma divides a surname from a given name...as written seems that Ruddy is the surname and the rest are given names. --necronudist 02:28, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * He has two given names, Lilian and Ruddy, this is fairly common. He also has two family names, Thuram and Ulien, maybe his parents are divorced or separated. There's a comma after Ruddy to separate the two given names, as seen in this official document (the national team was awarded France's Légion d'honneur on July 1998). It's the same for Barthez (Fabien, Alain), Deschamps (Didier, Claude), Petit (Emmanuel, Laurent), etc. NGRSH 22:34, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Lazio
I remember an interview with him where he said he turned down a move to Lazio due to their reputation for a large Fascist/Neo-Nazi following. Maybe not encyclopedic, but something I say he deserves a lot of respect for. 80.6.98.250 13:10, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:12, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

COME TO MLS
he needs to finish his carrer in MLS —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mick foley (talk • contribs) 04:12, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Bronze Ball
What is "FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball" which Thuram supposedly won in 1998? The link leads to World Cup awards, but there is no mention of that award in the article. Zhelja (talk) 15:20, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The Bronze Ball is an award for the third-best player in the tournament. The other awards are the Gold Ball and the Silver Ball. – PeeJay 12:22, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

MLS
If he goes to the MLS, then he's just another over-the-hill has-been who isn't good enough to play in any of Europe's top leagues any more but still gets payed like he is. He should go to one of France's smaller clubs but he'll probably to to America because the clubs there will offer him much higher wages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.208.53.35 (talk) 20:51, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

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Mattythewhite
User:Mattythewhite is erroneously reverting. Not much I can do to stop what is allegedly a thirteen year editor. MtW has been following my edits. Registered user should review this reverting on this article and MtW's contrib history. 77.97.97.103 (talk) 16:12, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * If you are concerned about my editing, you are always welcome to raise it at WP:ANI. I would refute your claim that I have been "following" your edits; I reverted your edit at this article, and that's it. Mattythewhite (talk) 16:26, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * What is your reason for reversion? 77.97.97.103 (talk) 20:32, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Every reversion has been made by you, over a wide period of time. No other user has issue here with factual posts. 77.97.97.103 (talk) 20:36, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I've removed the material you continue to restore. There is no reason to expand on the definition of Guadalupe in an article unrelated to the geographical region itself. The word is wikilinked so that any reader wondering "geez, what is Guadalupe anyway"? can just click the link to learn more.-- Jezebel's Ponyo bons mots 20:54, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Thuram's height
User:Mattythewhite you cannot unilaterally revert the editions of other users without consensus. The opinion of one Wikipedia user (in this case you) is not consensus, and so I invite you to stop reverting the editions others make without debating on the talk page and reaching consensus.

In particular, it is known that 6 ft is 183 cm, while 5 ft 11 1/2 in is 182 cm. In other words, 182 cm is not an equivalent of 6 ft, but rather of 5 ft 11 and a half. What is the reason why you want to put 6 ft when Thuram is under 6 ft? Is it because Wikipedia has some kind of fixed height system that we cannot change? If that is the case, then Wikipedia has some kind of completely inexact height system that merely says "5 ft 10", "5 ft 11", "6 ft" and so on. It would classify as same height a person measuring 182 cm (6 ft) and a person measuring 184 cm (6 ft), despite the fact that there would be 2 cm of difference between them. The correct measurement would be 182 cm (5 ft 11 1/2 in) and 184 cm (6 ft 1/2 in).James343e (talk) 21:11, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * See WP:BOLD. We can revert others' edits, but should then discuss if there is a disagreement.  The infobox automatically converts height measurements, so if you disagree with what the imperial output is then you need to take that up at Template talk:Height. Mattythewhite (talk) 21:28, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lilian Thuram


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paratodos

Paratodos
Paratodos was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Portugese lyrics do not an article make. --fvw *  14:03, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * How is the content related to the title? Delete unless somebody edits the article to make sense. Thue | talk 15:08, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "Paratodos" is the name of the song by Chico Buarque, and the lyrics are easily found on the web . Doesn't appear to be particularly notable (624 google hits for "Chico Buarque Paratodos" ), so I'm going to vote weak delete. --Spangineer 16:23, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, as probable copyvio. Wyss 18:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete because it violates Don't include copies of primary sources, it's presumably a copyvio, and it's probably not notable enough for an article of its own. Sietse 20:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: As Sietse says: copyvio plus primary plus non-encyclopedic content plus a non-notable topic. Geogre 04:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't belong here. utcursch 08:23, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.