text:
Conrail Shared Assets Operations

Conrail Shared Assets Operations (CSAO) is the commonly used name for modern-day Conrail (reporting mark CRCX), an American railroad company. It operates three networks, the North Jersey, South Jersey/Philadelphia, and Detroit Shared Assets Areas, where it serves as a contract local carrier and switching company for its owners, CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. When most of the former Conrail's track was split between these two railroads, the three shared assets areas (a total of about 1,200 miles of track) were kept separate to avoid giving one railroad an advantage in those areas. The company operates using its own employees and infrastructure but owns no equipment outside MOW equipment.

North Jersey Shared Assets Area
The North Jersey Shared Assets Area stretches from the North Bergen Yard in North Bergen, New Jersey south into Jersey City and Newark, and beyond to Manville (Port Reading Junction) and Trenton, much of which is operated over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and New Jersey Transit lines through trackage rights. Primary connections are to CSX's River Subdivision north to Albany, New York at North Bergen, NS's Southern Tier Line northwest to Buffalo, New York at Croxton Yard in Jersey City, NS's Lehigh Line west to Allentown, Pennsylvania and CSX's Trenton Subdivision southwest to Philadelphia at Manville, and the Conrail South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area at Trenton. Oak Island Yard in Newark is the principal yard for the region with smaller ones at Bayonne, Greenville (Jersey City), Linden, Manville, Metuchen, Newark, Old Bridge, and Port Reading in Woodbridge.

 * Center Street Branch, Kearny Meadows, "P&HL", Centre Street Bridge (demolished)
 * Passaic and Harsimus Line "P&HL", formerly Northeast Corridor at Waverly Yard In Newark, New Jersey, now Oak Island Yard to Jersey City
 * Northern Running Track "NRTB", from 'CP Hack' and interchange with Passaic and Harsimus Line with connections to Marion Junction, New Jersey, Croxton Yard, interchange with New York Susquehanna & Western at 'CP West Croxton' and ending at 'CP-1' of CSX North Bergen Yard
 * National Docks Branch "NATB", Northern Running Track at Bergen Junction, New Jersey to Upper Bay Bridge to Oak Island Yard
 * Garden State Secondary formerly Chemical Coast Line "COAS", Oak Island Yard to North Jersey Coast Line at Perth Amboy
 * Lehigh Line "LEHL", National Docks Branch, Bayonne to CSX Trenton Subdivision and NS Lehigh Line at Manville
 * Perth Amboy Running Track, comes off Garden State Secondary to service industries in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
 * Amboy Secondary "AMBS", from William to Midway Amtrak. Connects to NJ Transit North Jersey Coast Line via the Essay and Church Running Tracks in South Amboy, New Jersey.
 * Sayreville Running Track, Gillespie Running Track and Phoenix Branch
 * Southern Secondary "SOUS", trackage rights over NJ Transit's North Jersey Coast Line from South Amboy to Red Bank, New Jersey, to an interchange with the Delaware and Raritan River Railroad located in Red Bank.
 * Port Reading Secondary "MANS", a line that runs from Port Reading Junction and Yard to Bound Brook where it connects with the Lehigh Line - recently upgraded and may lose its 'secondary' status.
 * Staten Island Railroad "NOSL", from 'CP Ralph' in Elizabeth, NJ over the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge to Arlington Yard in Staten Island, NY including the Travis Industrial Track, which runs from Arlington Yard to a New York Department of Sanitation Waste Transfer Facility at Fresh Kills.
 * Hightstown Industrial Track, an Industrial Track that runs from a junction with the Amboy Secondary in Jamesburg, NJ to Cranbury, NJ.
 * Bonhamtown Branch, runs from NEC south of Metuchen Station to Raritan Center, interchanges with Raritan Central Railway at Metuchen Yard.

South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area
The New Jersey Department of Transportation anticipated in 2010 increased freight activity in South Jersey that has led to capital improvement and expansion projects for this designated area.

The South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area is operated out of Pavonia Yard in Camden, New Jersey, with smaller yards in Marcus Hook, Paulsboro, Millville, Morrisville, Frankford Junction, Burlington, Port Richmond and South Philadelphia.

 * Atlantic City Line, trackage rights along New Jersey Transit from Bordentown Secondary at Delair, New Jersey to Winslow Junction, New Jersey
 * Bordentown Secondary, CP Hatch to Northeast Corridor at Millham in Trenton, New Jersey
 * Robbinsville Industrial Track, Bordentown Secondary at Bordentown, New Jersey to Yardville, New Jersey in Hamilton Township.
 * Northeast Corridor, trackage rights along Amtrak (Northeast Corridor) from Northern New Jersey operations border at Princeton Junction, New Jersey to Philadelphia.
 * Delair Branch, Pavonia Running tracks at CP Hatch Delair, New Jersey to CSX (Philadelphia Subdivision) at Park Junction in Philadelphia.
 * Pemberton Running Track, runs from NJT CP Jordan (Pennsauken) to Hainesport, NJ.
 * Beesley's Point Secondary, Vineland Secondary at CP Brown in Camden, New Jersey to Beesley's Point Industrial Track at Palermo, New Jersey. Primary trackage rights below Winslow, New Jersey to Palermo, New Jersey has been leased to the Cape May Seashore Lines as of 2022, but Conrail has retained secondary trackage rights depending on what happens with the shuttered B.L. England Generating Station site.
 * Beesley's Point Industrial Track, via Beesley's Point Secondary at Palermo to Beesley's Point, New Jersey
 * Vineland Secondary, Camden Running track at CP Mill at the south end of Pavonia Yard in Camden to Millville, New Jersey
 * Grenloch Industrial Track, Vineland Secondary in Gloucester City, New Jersey to the Interstate Business Park in Bellmawr, New Jersey.
 * Penns Grove Secondary, Salem Secondary and Vineland Secondary at Woodbury, New Jersey to Deepwater Point Running Track at Penns Grove, New Jersey
 * Deepwater Point Running Track, Penns Grove Secondary at Penns Grove, New Jersey to Deepwater, New Jersey
 * Salem Running Track, Penns Grove Secondary and Vineland Secondary at Woodbury, NJ to Swedesboro, NJ for a connection to the Southern Railroad of New Jersey's Salem Branch. Leased to SRNJ in 2018.
 * Chester Secondary, CSX RG yard at Eastwick to SEPTA's Airport Line, Lester, and ends at Eddystone.

Delair Bridge
The south track at the Delair Lift Bridge (part of the Delair Branch) is used by Conrail; the north track is used by New Jersey Transit's Atlantic City Line.

Detroit Shared Assets Area
The Detroit Shared Assets Area consists of:
 * Detroit Line, from junction with Norfolk Southern Detroit Line in Gibraltar, Michigan at MP 20 to junction with Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-West Detroit.
 * North Yard Branch, from junction with Conrail Detroit Line at CP-West Detroit to junction with Conrail Sterling Secondary at CP-North Yard.
 * Sterling Secondary and Utica Industrial Track, from junction with the Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-North Yard to the end of the Utica Industrial Track at MP 27.
 * Michigan Line (runs parallel to Michigan Avenue, US Hwy 12), CP-Townline in Dearborn (junction with Amtrak Michigan Line) to CP-Bay City Jct.
 * Lincoln Secondary, from junction with CSXT Toledo Terminal Subdivision at Carleton to Ecorse Junction in Detroit. Trains can operate track authority EC-1 forms issued by the CSX RL Dispatcher located in Calumet City, Illinois.

CP-West Detroit, Delray, CP-YD, and River Rouge Yard lie close to each other on the Utica/MP 20 line, giving the whole a rough K-shape. Various spurs and industrial tracks branch off from this trackage. Mileage in both directions is measured from the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel.

Locomotives
Conrail Shared Assets utilizes the following types of locomotives, all supplied by CSX and Norfolk Southern.
 * EMD GP38-2
 * EMD GP40-2
 * EMD SD40-2
 * EMD SD45-2
 * EMD SD40E3

title: Conrail Shared Assets Operations


text:
Siren (Heather Nova album)

Siren is the third studio album by Heather Nova, released in 1998.

Critical reception
The Washington Post wrote: "The singer and three different producers have combined folk-rock guitar, discreet synthbeats and lush keyboards and strings into a deftly eclectic contemporary sound. The only time this slick pop-rock doesn't upstage Nova's sensibility, however, is when she's dispensing the breathless come-ons of songs like 'Make You Mine'."

AllMusic concluded that "it's Nova's unique vocal style and winning pop sensibilities that make Siren work as well as it does, doing double duty as substantive singer/songwriter statement and perfect pop-radio product."

Track listing
All songs written by Heather Nova.

 * 1) "London Rain (Nothing Heals Me Like You Do)" – 3:49
 * 2) "Blood of Me" – 3:59
 * 3) "Heart and Shoulder" – 3:58
 * 4) "What a Feeling" – 4:46
 * 5) "Valley of Sound" – 4:20
 * 6) "I'm the Girl" – 5:23
 * 7) "Winterblue" – 4:56
 * 8) "I'm Alive" – 3:40
 * 9) "Widescreen" – 4:19
 * 10) "Paper Cup" – 3:29
 * 11) "Avalanche" – 4:07
 * 12) "Make You Mine" – 4:56
 * 13) "Ruby Red" – 4:05
 * 14) "Not Only Human" – 5:06

Australian bonus disc
 * 1) "Grow Young"
 * 2) "Water From Wine"
 * 3) "London Rain" (acoustic)
 * 4) "Blind"
 * 5) "Walk This World" (acoustic)

Japan bonus tracks
 * 1) "Grow Young"
 * 2) "Water from Wine"
 * 3) "London Rain" (acoustic)

B-sides
 * 1) "London Rain" (acoustic)
 * 2) "Days & Nights"
 * 3) "The Ship Song" (Nick Cave cover)
 * 4) "Nothing"
 * 5) "Many Rivers to Cross"
 * 6) "Grow Young"
 * 7) "Water to Wine"

Musicians

 * Heather Nova – acoustic guitar, violin, vocals
 * David Ayers – guitar (14)
 * Marcus Cliffe – bass guitar (4)
 * Danny Cummings – percussion
 * Geoff Dugmore – drums
 * Guy Fletcher – piano, Hammond organ, tamboura, mellotron, Hawaiian guitar, Wurlitzer
 * Nikolaj Juel – guitar, Moog synthesizer, Fender Rhodes
 * Nadia Lanman – cello
 * Monti – drums (2, 5, 8, 9)
 * John Moore – saw
 * Paul Sandrone – bass guitar
 * Satin Singh – percussion
 * Neil Taylor – guitar
 * Youth – guitar (6), bass guitar (3, 6, 11)

Production

 * Jon Kelly, Felix Tod, Youth – producers
 * Lorraine Francis, Hugo Nicholson, Andrew Scarth – engineers
 * Anne Dudley, Andy Green, Jon Kelly, Will Malone, Hugo Nicholson, Andy Wallace – mixing
 * Steve Sisco – mixing assistant
 * Roger Lian, Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Brian Fanning – PQ editing
 * Jason Mayo, Felix Tod – programming
 * Mike Diver, Heather Nova – photography
 * Emma Jones – recording assistant

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Siren (Heather Nova album)


text:
Sapelo Island

Sapelo Island is a state-protected barrier island located in McIntosh County, Georgia. The island is accessible only by boat; the primary ferry comes from the Sapelo Island Visitors Center in McIntosh County, Georgia, a seven-mile (11 km), twenty-minute trip. It is the site of Hog Hammock, the last known Gullah community. It is illegal to visit the island without a permit issued by state tourism authorities.

Approximately 97 percent of the island is owned by the state of Georgia and is managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources; the remainder is under private ownership. The western perimeter of Sapelo is the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR) which is part of NOAA's National Estuarine Research Reserve system (NERR). The University of Georgia Marine Institute, which is focused on research and education, is located on 1500 acre on the south end of the island. The Reynolds Mansion, a Georgia State Park, also lies on the south end of the island. Visitors to the island must be a part of an organized tour or guests of residents on the island.

Hog Hammock
The community of Hog Hammock, also known as Hogg Hummock, includes homes, a general store, bar, public library, and other small businesses including vacation rentals. There are two active church congregations in Hog Hammock: St. Luke Baptist Church, founded in 1885, and First African Baptist Church, established in 1866. The latter congregation has an older building known as First African Baptist Church at Raccoon Bluff, constructed in 1900 in the former Raccoon Bluff community north of Hog Hammock. It is used for special services and programs.

Many of the full-time inhabitants of the Hog Hammock Community are African Americans known as Gullah-Geechees, specifically Saltwater Geechees, who descended from enslaved West African people brought to the island in the 1700s and 1800s to work on island plantations. The current population of full-time Gullah-Geechee residents in the community is estimated to be 47 (2009). The residents must bring all supplies from the mainland or purchase them in the small store on the island. The children of Hog Hammock take the ferry to the mainland and then take a bus to school, as the island school closed in 1978.

Hog Hammock is also home to the Sapelo Island Cultural and Revitalization Society, Inc. (SICARS), a non-profit organization whose mission is to preserve and revitalize the Hogg Hummock Community. SICARS was founded in 1993 by Hogg Hummock residents and non-resident descendants who wanted to enhance the future of their community by educating all visitors to the island about the history and to increase awareness that Sapelo has existed as an African community for over 200 years. SICARS was incorporated in 1994, has over 600 members, and continues to grow each year. The organization hosts a Cultural Day festival every third Saturday in October.

The entire 427 acre of the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as Hog Hammock Historic District.

In the 1990s, people from the mainland began acquiring parcels of land from the Gullah-Geechee people to construct vacation homes. In 2012, McIntosh County property tax appraisers notified Hog Hammock residents of huge property tax increases, even though there was no longer a school on the island and the DNR manages and pays for water, trash removal, and the ferry and barge system. There are no emergency services on the island, everything is volunteer-run by the residents and state staff. One Hog Hammock property owner's annual tax bill soared from $600 to $2,100.

In 2013, a legal fight over the sudden tax hikes was well underway, with some residents claiming they would be driven from land they had owned for many generations for the benefit of mainlanders who would acquire more of Hog Hammock's homes. The major paved roadways on the island were unmaintained by the county and had significant issues with flooding and overflowing ditch networks. A resolution was agreed, on which the county was to pay for new equipment for a volunteer fire station and revamp an aging building for a community center.

In 2023, McIntosh County again came under legal issues with the Hog Hammock community and Sapelo Island. They issued a zoning ordinance update which changed the historic area’s mandated restriction of only 1,400 sq ft indoor space to 3,200 sq ft. This came after a local non-descendant, Bill Hodges, who is also on the McIntosh County Industry and Development Authority Board, filed a complaint that he could not build a large enough vacation home for his family. This in turn led to McIntosh County Planning proposing a rather radical ordinance in contrast to their Comprehensive Plan, which stated it would protect the historic nature of Hog Hammock community. The community’s residents were barred from bringing recording equipment or phones into the public hearing for the new ordinance and the hearing was set with very little notice and after the last ferry left for the island that day, leaving many residents to choose between attending the hearing and sleeping in their home for the night.

Numerous complaints were heard, including officials from the state about the lack of capacity in the water system for larger homes, from residents about the changing historic nature of the island and the tax hike that would result, and from scientists stating the flooding would increase in the community from the added weight of larger homes, and from religious leaders who stated Hog Hammock was a religious center for Muslim and Christians alike and allowing large vacation homes and the other proposed changes would result in less affordable options for current historic homeowners. McIntosh County planning department pushed the ordinance forward anyways, stating that the commissioners could vote to send it back to them to fix all of the obvious problems instead of pulling the ordinance and reworking it with the community. They reassured the community several times stating that the commission would return it back to them to fix the issues, but they had to go ahead with it as written for now. Numerous lawyers present commented on the situation as the meetings procedure was “extremely out of the ordinary for a public hearing” and did not keep with Ga laws and regulations for “numerous reasons”.

At the first of two commission meetings, which were held not even 3 days later and again held after the last ferry left for the day, the public comment period was fraught with controversy and outcry. Then some of the county commissioners and the county manager maintained that the county was trying to keep residents happy and allow progress in the protected community, but several accused Commissioners of not abiding by their own regulations and comprehensive planning process to abide new developers' interests in the island over the residents. The County Manager, Patrick Zoucks, publicly accused the DNR of causing the issue as public lands in the states holding are not on the tax bracket in the county, forcing the county to be desperate for funds. He posted this to the county Facebook page and in newspaper articles.

After several complaints were filed, the press and recording devices were then allowed for the last commissioners meeting- during which the commission voted for the ordinance to be passed in a 3-2 vote. Three in favor were of the vote were the Chairman at the time, David Stevens, Commissioner Kate Karwacki (a local realtor), and Commissioner at large Davis Poole. The two votes not in favor were of Commissioner William E. Harrell and Commissioner Roger Lotson, whose district actually holds Sapelo Island and who had been on the island and seen firsthand why 3,400 sq ft homes would not work logistically. In a controversial move, Commissioner David Stevens ended the meeting after the vote by saying that “this new generation [on Sapelo] just didn’t have it” and insulted the community saying this was their own fault for “being greedy” and selling their land to developers to begin with. Numerous complaints, legal challenges, and referendums have now been filed and are still pending.

History
Sapelo Island is speculated to be the site of San Miguel de Gualdape, the short-lived (1526–1527) first European settlement in the present-day United States, and if true, it would also be the first place in the present-day U.S. that a Catholic mass was celebrated.

Sapelo, a name of Indian origin, was known to the Spanish as Zapala. During the 17th century, the island was part of the Guale missionary province of Spanish Florida. After 1680, several missions were merged and moved to the island under the mission Santa Catalina de Guale.

In the early 19th century, Thomas Spalding, a future senator and U.S. Representative, bought the island and developed it into a plantation, selling live oak for shipbuilding, introducing irrigation ditches, and cultivating Sea Island Cotton, corn, and sugar cane. Spalding brought 400 slaves to the island from West Africa and the West Indies to work the plantation and build what became the Spalding Mansion.

One of the slaves owned by Thomas Spalding was Bilali Muhammad, an Islamic scholar from West Africa who wrote a 13-page document about Islamic law on the island — possibly the first manuscript of Islamic law written in the United States.

In 1820, a Winslow Lewis brick lighthouse was built on the island. Although it remained dark for over 90 years, it was restored and relit in 1998.

Spalding opposed the abolition of slavery, and he died in 1851 returning from a convention to assert Georgia's position on the matter. When freed, the former slaves established several settlements on the island; the last remaining is Hog Hammock, with approximately 70 remaining land owners. During the Civil War, the Spalding home was heavily vandalized and lay in ruins.

By the early 20th century, the International Road Races were attracting notables from the motor world to Savannah, Georgia. One attendee was Howard E. Coffin, founder of the Hudson Motor Car Company. Coffin purchased the entire island, except for the land owned by the former slaves, for $150,000 in 1912. Like Spalding, the Coffins embarked on numerous projects. Miles of shell-covered roads were laid, creeks were bridged, old fields were cultivated and large tracts were set aside for cattle grazing. The Coffins also renovated and enlarged the Spalding house, creating an island paradise unsurpassed on the coast. Former presidents Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover as well as aviator Charles Lindbergh were guests in the home.

Tobacco heir Richard Joshua Reynolds Jr., of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company bought Sapelo from Coffin in 1934 during the Great Depression, and continued the tradition of agricultural experimentation of the previous owners. Reynolds and his family used his private island paradise as a part-time residence for three decades, consolidating the island's African-American residents into Hog Hammock. Many worked as servants in South End House, later renamed the Reynolds Mansion by the State of Georgia.

Ecology research
In 1923, Sapelo owner Howard Coffin introduced imported chachalacas from Mexico to diversify the game bird population for his hunting pals. These chicken-like birds have established a stable, non-native population of 30 to 40 that at times has spread to neighboring islands.

Sapelo owner R.J. Reynolds, Jr. founded the Sapelo Island Research Foundation in 1949. He later funded the research of Eugene Odum, whose 1958 paper The Ecology of a Salt Marsh won wide acclaim in scientific circles. Odum's paper helped show the fragility of the cycle of nature in the wetlands.

Reynolds' Sapelo Research Foundation also helped fund the University of Georgia's research on the island. Reynolds' widow, Annemarie Reynolds, sold Sapelo to the state of Georgia for $1 million, a fraction of its worth, in two separate transactions in 1969 and 1976. The latter sale resulted in the creation of the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve, a state-federal partnership between the Georgia Department of Natural Resources and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In part to the philanthropy of the Reynolds family, Sapelo is now open to the public by appointment.

Geologic history
Sapelo Island is located within the Georgia Bight, a tidally influenced coastline that experiences two tidal cycles each day. Average difference between low and high tides at Sapelo Island is ~7 ft. Consequently, Sapelo island is an example of a tidally influenced barrier island system. Over the last 2.5 million years (Neogene and Quaternary Periods), sea-level fall occurred in response to growth of the Northern Hemisphere ice cap. The resulting regression generated shoreline complexes that preceded the modern Holocene shoreline, with the most recent known as the late Pleistocene Silver Bluff Formation. The Silver Bluff deposits underlie Holocene Sapelo Island sediments, and they are visible along the southwestern bank of Blackbeard Creek as the Raccoon Bluff. During the last glacial maximum (LGM) approximately 18,000 years ago (latest Pleistocene), maximum regression forced the Sapelo Island shoreline eastward approximately 62 mi from its present-day location. During the subsequent transgression, a Holocene shoreline formed the present Sapelo Island shoreline complex, including Cabretta and Nannygoat beaches.

Hurricane Irma
In 2017, storm surge from Hurricane Irma caused a tidal inlet to breach the southern end of Blackbeard Island, and it created a small island between Sapelo Island and Blackbeard Island.

Tourism
The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) offers tours several days a week. These can be booked through the Sapelo Island Visitors Center. Additionally, many island residents offer private tours, which can often be customized to fit the interests of individual tourists. A state campground is also available to groups of 15 to 25 people on Cabretta Island, adjacent to Sapelo Island.

In popular culture
Sapelo Island resident and descendant of Bilali Muhammed, Cornelia Walker Bailey, wrote the book God, Dr. Buzzard and the Bolito Man: A Saltwater Geechee Talk About Life on Sapelo Island, Georgia, which is a first-person account of growing up on Sapelo; co-author Christena Bledsoe.

R. J. Reynolds' grandson Patrick Reynolds and author Tom Shachtman co-authored The Gilded Leaf: Triumph, Tragedy and Tobacco - Three Generations of the R. J. Reynolds Fortune and Family, which offers an unvarnished view of R. J. Reynolds, Jr. during the time he owned Sapelo.

Author Tom Poland wrote a novel titled Forbidden Island ... An Island Called Sapelo.

Singer Larry Jon Wilson has recorded a song titled "Sapelo", which is about the island on the album Testifying - The Country Soul Revue.

Author and island resident Michele Nicole Johnson published the photograph book Sapelo Island's Hog Hammock in 2009.

Author T.C. Boyle set his 1990 novel East Is East on a fictional island in Georgia, much of which resembles Sapelo Island, such as the presence of Hog Hammock and proximity to Darien.

An episode of Season 6 of the show Dirty Jobs featured the termite research program at the University of Georgia Marine Institute on Sapelo Island.

The Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) hosts a Podcast titled ‘Sapelo NERRds’ about the research being conducted on the island and across Coastal Georgia.

An episode of ESPN's Outside the Lines was filmed on Sapelo Island and the Hog Hammock community in 2013, documenting the childhood of Allen Bailey and telling the community's story and current property tax issues.

The podcast Uncivil was mostly based on the experience of local Gullah people struggling to keep their land and culture intact despite many legal struggles. "A 19th century promise, and a 21st century betrayal. The past and present of 40 acres and a mule."

PBS America Reframed has an episode on Sapelo. About 90 minutes, it includes extensive footage of interviews of Cornelia Walker Bailey and her family.

title: Sapelo Island


text: Talk:Siren (Heather Nova album)

title: Talk:Siren (Heather Nova album)


text:
Robert Trent Jones

Robert Trent Jones Sr. (June 20, 1906 – June 14, 2000) was a British–American golf course architect who designed or re-designed more than 500 golf courses in 45 U.S. states and 35 countries. In reference to this, Jones took pride in saying, "The sun never sets on a Robert Trent Jones golf course." He is often confused with the famous amateur golfer Bobby Jones with whom he worked from time to time. Jones received the 1987 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. Also in 1987, he was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame.

Early life and education
Robert Trent Jones was born on June 20, 1906, in Ince-in-Makerfield, England, to Welsh parents. At age five or six, Jones emigrated with his parents to the United States, where they arrived in East Rochester, New York. Jones worked as a caddie at The Country Club of Rochester and accepted a job as golf professional at Sodus Bay Heights Golf Club in nearby Sodus Point, New York. He met Donald Ross as a youth and, taking up the game, recorded the best score of all the amateur golfers at the 1927 Canadian Open and set a course record at Rochester.

While working as a golf professional, Jones attended Cornell University, undergoing a customized course of study that would allow him to pursue his interest in golf course design, during which time he designed nine holes of the university's golf course, now known as the Robert Trent Jones Golf Course at Cornell University (he designed the other nine holes in 1954). While at Cornell, Jones joined Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE) Fraternity.

Jones was married to Ione Jones, who died in 1987 and with whom he had two sons: Robert Jr. and Rees, both of whom became golf course architects.

Career

Jones went into business with Canadian architect Stanley Thompson after concluding his studies at Cornell, and with him designed courses in Canada. Following his partnership with Thompson, Jones went into business on his own and began designing local courses in the United States in the 1930s. Many of these, such as the 1936 course at Green Lakes State Park (see photo), were built using labor provided by the Works Progress Administration.

Shortly after World War II, Jones got his first major assignment designing the Peachtree Golf Club in Atlanta in collaboration with golf legend Bobby Jones. At Bobby Jones' request, Jones redesigned the 11th and 16th holes at Augusta National Golf Club. Despite the similarity of their names, the two men were not related. To make this distinction clear, Robert began using the middle name "Trent" shortly afterward.

In 1955, Gene Hamm helped Jones build the Duke University Golf Course in Durham, North Carolina. He moved from there to Delaware to continue work with Jones, and then in 1959 moved back to Raleigh where he began his own design career. During the 1950s, Jones' annual income was reported as being $600,000—according to Golf Digest, no one other than Ben Hogan earned more money from golf at that time.

Jones' clients included U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, for a putting green at the White House and a single hole at Camp David, as well as the Rockefeller family, Aga Khan and Hassan II of Morocco, for private courses. He was commissioned in 1990 to design a set of 18 courses in Alabama, the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, the largest single golf design contract in history.

In 1979, the Northern California Golf Association selected Robert Trent Jones Jr., son Jones Sr., to design the Poppy Hills Golf Course situated in Pebble Beach, California. Jones Sr. had previously crafted the Spyglass Hill Golf Course in Pebble Beach, and during this project, he received valuable assistance from his son. Their combined expertise has led them to design of over 400 golf courses worldwide.

Death
Jones continued to design golf courses in his later years until health problems prompted him to retire to Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, where he died on June 14, 2000, at age 93. His final course, the Southern Highlands Golf Club, was completed in 1999.

Awards

 * 1987 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
 * 1987 World Golf Hall of Fame
 * 1972 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement

title: Robert Trent Jones


text:
Category:Blue Ensigns

The Blue Ensign is one of three British ensigns in use and is also the basis of the flags of numerous British overseas territories and former colonies in the British Empire.

title: Category:Blue Ensigns


text: User talk:66.161.161.70

title: User talk:66.161.161.70


text:
DGA

DGA may refer to:

Codes

 * Dangriga Airport in Dangriga, Belize (IATA Code: DGA)
 * dga, the ISO 639-3 code for the Southern/Central Dagaare language

Organizations

 * Democratic Governors Association, a Democratic Party-affiliated organization of U.S. state governors
 * Direcția Generală Anticorupție, the Internal Affairs directorate of the Romanian Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform.
 * Direction générale de l'armement, the French governmental organization for defence procurement
 * Directors Guild of America, a motion picture industry labor union
 * Dramatists Guild of America, an organization of playwrights, composers and lyricists.

Companies

 * Disc Golf Association (DGA), a disc golf company

Science and technology

 * DGA, a series of planes built by Howard Aircraft Corporation
 * Differential graded algebra
 * Diglycolic acid
 * Dissolved Gas Analysis, the analysis of gases dissolved in dielectric oils from high voltage transformers

Computing

 * Direct Graphics Access, an X Window System extension
 * Domain generation algorithm, a family of algorithms used by malware to obfuscate their original Command & Control servers' IP address

Other uses

 * Data Governance Act, legislative proposal by the European Commission
 * Designer graphique agréé, a Canadian professional designation for graphic design
 * Diego Garcia, island of the British Indian Ocean Territory, ITU country code
 * Dietary Guidelines for Americans
 * Digital Graphic Artwork (also D.G.A. abbrev.)

title: DGA


text:
File:Dama de Elche 1.jpg

Frontal view of Lady of Elche at the Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid.

From http://enciclopedia.us.es/index.php/Imagen:Dama_de_Elche.jpg

See also Image:Dama de Elche ampliada.jpg

title: File:Dama de Elche 1.jpg


text:
User talk:Warbola

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:14, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

"Negro"
I'm willing to concede that your recent addition at Negro is probably accurate, so I won't mess with it, but do you have any citations for any of this? -- Jmabel | Talk 23:33, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

My addition is based on reading newspapers in several languages over many years which are not easy to cite. But discussions about the topic are easy to find and here are some links. Sorry, none of them are in English (my comment was about discussions in foreign languages).

In Finnish : Is the word 'neekeri' offensive? http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1999/19.marraskuu/nekr4699.htm

In Swedish :What is wrong with the word 'neger'? (news article) http://www.bgf.nu/debattorer/baksi/neger.html

In Norwegian: (news article about word "neger" controversy) http://nrk.no/redskap/utskriftsvennlig/2754550.html

In Russian: About political correctness http://www.forum.msk.ru/print-only.cgi?file=991113155347

Warbola 22:39, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Rhesus macaque DNA
Hi, Do you have a reference for humans and macaques share about 93% of their DNA sequence in the Rhesus Macaque article, please? The BBC report at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6550865.stm says rhesus macaque, chimp and humans share about 97.5% of the same genes and, following the link to Science, I found The average 3% difference between macaque and human genes... in http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/316/5822/216 --Cavrdg 18:13, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I relied on purported quote from Richard Gibbs The macaque genome agrees with the human genome 93 percent . He is the leader of the whole project, which made it sound like a reliable source. I have seen other numbers too and am not sure where the difference comes from.Warbola 04:43, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks. It's a strange one. The Washington Post, which you'd think would be reliable, has about 97.5 percent similar to those of chimps and humans but the press release from the Human Genome Sequencing Center itself has The macaque genome differs by approximately seven percent from that of humans, while chimpanzees are just one to two percent different. I think I'll add the link to the press release to the article as a reference. --Cavrdg 06:22, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Human evolution
The evolution of the 'human line' before the emergence of great apes group is not a distinct topic. While this would be an appropriate introduction to an article in a popular science magazine, in an encyclopedia we should be covering this topic in other places. 90% of your addition would apply equally to such articles as rodent evolution and cetacean evolution. Perhaps you could apply some of this toward mammal evolution and primate evolution, articles we definitely need. Thanks.--Pharos 15:54, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Derrogatory name
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Samoyedic_languages#Derrogatory_name Barefact 00:07, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Mahalanobis distance
Dear User.

You contributed to the Mahalanobis distance article. Some of its content lacks citations for verification, has been challenged and may be removed. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.Calimo (talk) 10:22, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Warbola


text:
Talk:Ice Climber

release
Im not sure about the date of the release, it says 1985 here, but i found a video that says 1984, it may be the vs game, what do i know. http://youtube.com/watch?v=MKEXN9NxMBA

~That is the NES version of Ice Climber however the '84 date is a marking for when the game was developed, not released. ~Blackbox77~
 * It was released in Japan in 1984, and America in 1985. Most old NES copyrights were based on the Japanese release. (Fryguy64 (talk) 14:57, 11 January 2008 (UTC))

Freezie?
The Freezie article states that the item has no connection to the Ice Climber series. Which is mistaken? MIT Trekkie 05:17, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

On Super Smash Bros. Melee the Freezie trophy is listed as first appearing in Mario Bros. Arcade. So the only link with Ice Climbers would be that the weapon is made of ice. (user:Falcolombardi87)

Relationship?
Is it ever stated what the relationship between Nana and Popo is? Brother and sister? Friends? Rivals? Enemies? Husband and wife?

It used to be stated here that they weren't siblings. I don't know why it was removed(perhaps no source). I liked that bit of info on the page since its something that is greatly questioned.

 * The general consensus among enthusiastic Ice Climbers players in Super Smash Bros. Melee is that they are "less than lovers, but more than friends." Interpret as you will. Either way, the intro video depicts a heart over their heads as they celebrate parka pwnage with a high five.

 * --  Randall00  Talk 17:32, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

I really recall an interview where Sakurai (I believe) reflects on his decision on the Ice Cimbers' relationship in SSBM, that they were lovers... Anyone know what I'm talking about? 208.101.156.13 17:11, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Merging
I tried to merge this before, but was reverted in edit war --Larsinio 14:56, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Brawl?
Will they be in Super Smash Bros. Brawl?

It hasn't been announced, but in the meantime, ignore stupid completely unsourced rumours of them being removed. By the way, I'm taking that part out of the article. We've been hearing it for over a month now and it has yet to be posted on the official site or confirmed by Nintendo.

From what little info, its been mentioned they won't be back. With pit representing the nes. Which was what popo and nana were doing in melee.

I'm sorry, I must have missed the announcement that there would only be one NES rep per game (which Pit really isn't, since Sakurai was looking more for arcade style games to rep in Melee judging by the rejected franchises he lists on his site). Do not add anything about them being in or not being in until it is official. 199.126.137.209 02:24, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It is also factually incorrect. Popo and Nana were chosen to represent the early Famicom (before 1985), while Pit was a Famicom Disk System character like Samus. Pit has not officially unseated anybody. (Fryguy64 15:45, 26 June 2007 (UTC))

Well well. Looks like this issue is over now that they're confirmed. 75.153.231.20 07:04, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

'Climber' = 'Ice Climber'?
Does the Game & Watch game Climber really represent Ice Climber? From my limited knowledge, Climber involves a generic man (not an Eskimo) jumping up (not breaking through) brick (not ice) platforms. There isn't even a mallet to attack. The only loose connection seems to be birds and jumping.

I honestly don't know much else. It really doesn't seem like Climber was created to be Ice Climber for Game & Watch. That's like saying any vertically scrolling, jumping game about being a "climber" is based off the original Eskimo game. Another argument against it is that specific Mario and Zelda games were created for the G&W format. Climber does not have the same game design as Ice Climber IMO.

Does anyone know anything about this G&W game that does merit Climber being a part of the Ice Climber lineage? I can admit to being wrong.

 * It's probably safe to say that the inspiration may have been there, as the other two games in Climber's range were based on the Super Mario Bros. and Balloon Fight Famicom games. But there are no connections between the characters, enemies or even the gameplay styles. The only connection is they both feature people who climb things, and have the word "Climber" in the title. (Fryguy64 15:47, 26 June 2007 (UTC))

 * Climber is a generic version of Ice Climber, because the Game & Watch title pretty much resembles the NES title. Read the "G&W version's similarities segment" for a lot of things they have in common and for the differences between them. Parrothead1983 18:18, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, Climber does seem to be inspired by Ice Climber; due credit there. But if Ice Climber really has canon (NOW I feel like a dork), Climber is certainly not part of it. A hypothetical Nintendo game may draw on Mario games as a working inspiration, but if it has nothing to do with the Mario universe, it's not Mario. --Blackbox77 19:51, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * So if Climber's plot doesn't have anything from Ice Climber's plot (e.g. Seals/Topis, Polar Bears, Condors, etc.), then that means Climber does not follow the Ice Climber series. Right? - Parrothead1983 21:56, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, yes, that's correct. Any story or fictional universe Climber may follow or exist within does not appear in Ice Climber.  For me it is an issue totally separate from gameplay.  Lots of games may have similar gameplay but they shouldn't be grouped together on that issue alone.  I wish User:A Link to the Past would get in on this discussion instead of changing the article when some disagrees with his opinion... --Blackbox77 17:33, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright. I believe you.  What I'm really saying is that Climber was inspired by Ice Climber.  And did you know that the NES and arcade title, Urban Champion, was inspired by a Game & Watch title, Boxing? --Parrothead1983 18:49, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Who is Older?
Popo? Nana? Or are they twins?

 * It is never stated, so any answer given would be fan speculation. In the original game it isn't even stated what their relationship is. In Super Smash Bros. Melee their relationship is defined as being romantically involved (as said on the official SSBM page by Sakurai, and seen in the opening to the game). (Fryguy64 15:43, 26 June 2007 (UTC))

Seal Slugger
It is widely circulated on the internet that Nintendo of America changed the Topis of the original Ice Climber from seals into yetis due to concerns of seal clubbing and animal cruelty. Where does this nugget of information come from? Has there ever been a statement by Nintendo that claims this or is it merely a rumor gone wild? I've searched far and wide for a source and have never found one. Anybody know the answer to this mystery? --Blackbox77 23:07, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

The Notability of Popo and Nana
Unlike many Nintendo characters, Popo and Nana have no Wikipedia article to call their own. Rightfully so because their character does not exist outside of a single game (excluding non-canonical stuff like Smash Bros). Because of this, if their is interesting or new relevant information regarding Popo and Nana that does not have a direct connection to the 1984 video game, it should not be limited from appearing in this article. In a roundabout way, it all owes its existence to Ice Climber. --Blackbox77 18:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

GA Review
Hi, I'm your GA reviewer. Funny, looks like someone didn't finish the GA nomination and put up the template that you're supposed to use on this page. But this article was listed at WP:GAN anyway, so I'm going to take a look at it.

Unfortunately, I have to quick-fail this article, because it has "a complete lack of reliable sources" (see criterion 1 of the quick-fail criteria). It also looks like it might violate criterion 4, "being the subject of recent edit wars" with all the recent reverts. Now, granted some of that can be taken as vandalism.

You may be thinking "But there's 10 sources, how is there a complete lack of reliable sources?". Well, for starters, several sections are completely unsourced, most notably the Gameplay section. There needs to be sources for that section.

Also, I took a look into each of your sources, and here's what I turned up. I'll tell you what I think of every source in this convenient list:

 * 1. Reliable, an IGN review by a qualified reviewer is a reliable source.
 * 2. Not reliable. The site has no copyright information, nothing to indicate that it is reliable.
 * 3. Reliable.
 * 4. Not reliable. This site also has no copyright information or anything to indicate it is reliable.  If you want evidence for the changes indicated in the section you cited by the reference, try borrowing the images and using them under a fair use rationale.
 * 5. Not reliable, anyone can edit the page if they have an account.
 * 6 through 10 are reliable, but they're not referencing much.

You guys are going to need to put in some decent work into this article's referencing. Because I quick-failed the article, it did not receive a full review. If you have questions or comments, feel free to contact me at my talk page, and if you think this review was unfair, you can take it to the guys at WP:GAR and they'll take another look. Thanks for your time. Red Phoenix (Talk) 14:01, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Animal Crossing
Ice Climber is one of the NES games playable on the orginal Animal Crossing, should this be added?Murkrow (talk) 17:35, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * You are correct - Ice Climber is found within Animal Crossing. :) In my view, I've always seen the "Releases" table displaying distinct times Nintendo has packaged and released the individual game for retail.  Currently, the paragraph before this makes note that IC does indeed appear within Animal Crossing as well as Animal Forest.  Hope that clears it up! --Blackbox77 (talk) 03:30, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Who keeps changing this page?
If you own the orignal game, have the manual, or even look up the instructions online, you know that the bonus item on EVERY fifth level gives you an extra life. Someone keeps putting in that only the corn does this. The current source is uncheckable. There were several sources placed on this page that listed the original instructions as a source. These have been taken down. Is this ignorance and arogance prevailing over fact in the world yet again? I changed it, but I'm sure someone will come in and screw with the page for their own self purpose yet again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tidusrules (talk • contribs) 14:59, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry I missed the talk page discussion about this when I changed it.  (It's so rare the talk page is used here!)  And I definitely mean no personal offense by the point of contention.  However, that being said, I will disagree with you.  Full disclosure, I have the original game and the instruction manual.  When I saw the article edited to say any fifth level gives an extra life, I replayed the game starting from the 32 mountain just to try out.  I only gained that extra life from the corn.  Also, the instruction manual very specifically says it is corn.  To quote it verbatim, "Getting even one ear of corn (*image of corn here*) in the bonus round adds one man; however, note that the screen only shows up to 3 men."  Let me know if you still disagree.  As far as several sources placed here referring to the instruction manual, I'm not sure I know what happened.  As I like sourcing info on this page, I can definitely say I wouldn't have taken down sources like that.  I'd love to have sources like that back up.  --Blackbox77 (talk) 00:37, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Presidential approval
According to fi.Wikipedia, some time in 1990s, President of Finland Mauno Koivisto was a fan of this game (which is entirely plausible, as this was a NES pack-in game for a while). Regrettably, the articles don't have any specific sources for this... apart of nebulous "Finnish tabloids in the 1990s" and some editor in the talk page mentions that the comedian Jope Ruonansuu made parody song about Koivisto's video game hobby. Sounds fascinating - any help with this? --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 11:26, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

 * That info actually use to be on this page...before I deleted it. ;) I went back into this article's history and saw I deleted it Feb 2007. My edit summary was "Such a unique, interesting, and specific piece of trivia deserves a credible source."  I'd love to find something helpful to backup a quirky fact though.  Until then, it really does need a source.  Anybody on the Finnish article have any sources to back it up?--Blackbox77 (talk) 18:09, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Should there be a sequel?
I, --Hallo1198 (talk) 23:05, 2 June 2009 (UTC), think that there should be a sequel to ice climbers for wii, in which you climb mountains for money, used to get better equipment. who agrees?
 * This is not a forum. It is where you talk about fixing up the article. --Blake (talk) 20:43, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

SSB4 glitch
I added the following sentence to the article, but it was reverted for being "trivia":

A glitch in the 3DS version makes it so that spectators will chant the Ice Climbers' names when playing as the Villager against Dr. Mario.

Do you think it should be included since it shows how far their development may have gone? And also, it truly is an appearance in "Other media".  [  Soffredo  ]    12:53, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It's not really important in the scope of Ice Climbers being in Smash Bros. It's already established that work was done to put Ice Climbers in the game but were scraped, so some assets will still exist in the final build. The glitch just reveals one of those assets, but it doesn't tell us anything else. The Ice Climbers appear in the game as a trophy, which I consider a more notable than a glitch. Plus, the source is an uploaded video to DailyMotion, which is not favorable nor reliable. --ThomasO1989 (talk) 13:14, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090331053648/http://www.zelda.com/universe/game/twilightprincess/inside09.jsp to http://www.zelda.com/universe/game/twilightprincess/inside09.jsp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081224165924/http://andre.facadecomputer.com/saw/pc88.html to http://andre.facadecomputer.com/saw/pc88.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100619064232/http://nindb.net/game/ice-climber.html to http://www.nindb.net/game/ice-climber.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100619064232/http://nindb.net/game/ice-climber.html to http://www.nindb.net/game/ice-climber.html

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Ice Climber. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100403094656/http://www.nintendo.com/wii/virtualconsole/games/detail/P32v6Gw7R3ONW25Fy0Xv9zqlWFJwIZ0d to https://www.nintendo.com/wii/virtualconsole/games/detail/P32v6Gw7R3ONW25Fy0Xv9zqlWFJwIZ0d

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Reddit post on release date
User:(Oinkers42) pointed out a Reddit thread in the WPVG Discord questioning the October 1984 release date: https://www.reddit.com/r/nintendo/comments/10p5sqo/the_ice_climber_conspiracy_what_year_did_the_ice/

More specifically, the user cites whoever the heck the archive.org uploader of the 2005 Akagi book being used as a reference. The introduction at https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n129/mode/2up does say "However, due to it's scope, it is not completely accurate. (The reposter of this material has found several errors even in the Japanese materials)." How much to take the word of a random uploader is hard to say, but then again, this kind of "giant pile of facts we found" almanac kind of book is known to have more frequent errors than books on more focused topics, since there's a lack of a "sanity check" of someone diving really deeply into one topic.

Is the archive.org disclaimer enough to call the NA vs. Ice Climber release date disputed or unknown? Reddit itself isn't citable, of course, but we can use our own good judgment to decide that this book isn't reliable as well. SnowFire (talk) 05:47, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ice Climber


text:
Talk:Second World

Map
Perchè non ci sono l'Argentina e il Cile tra i Paesi del primo mondo e c'è il Sud Africa

translation(?) Why not there are the Argentine and Chile between the Countries of the first world and is the South Africa —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.57.97.56 (talk) 18:50, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Why the map includes Yugoslavia as Second World, when it portrayed itself as "the leader of the Third World"? (as political category) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.243.220.42 (talk) 18:32, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Finland in the Third World? Really??--95.165.139.167 (talk) 00:31, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

If this article is true, why is Thailand not in red in the map? 223.24.61.49 (talk) 19:32, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

Contemporary existence?
Is there a proof that such term actually existed during the Cold War? Isn't it a backward formation from the "Third World"? Hellerick (talk) 14:42, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Original research?
"the clearest definition for the Second World would be newly industrialized countries"—is this just speculation? Lacking any reliable sources claiming this, it seems like OR to me.  · rodii ·  17:45, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Second World


text:
User talk:Phully

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --fvw *  05:19, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phully


text:
User:Copyleft~enwiki

Hi everyone, I'm majoring in Information Management in Taiwan. I love this site.

title: User:Copyleft~enwiki


text:
Rock music in Spain

Spanish rock is the term used for the variety of rock music produced in Spain. Most bands formed in Spain have sung in Spanish, but many others have sung in English, French and Italian, in addition to the other languages spoken in Spain, such as Catalan, Galician, Basque, Aragonese, and Asturian.

Beginnings (1950s–early 1960s)
At first, rock music was influenced by the surrounding countries like France or Italy. Despite Francoist censorship, many albums were released and mass media started to introduce the new sounds of international music. The most important rock scenes were in Madrid, Zaragoza, Sevilla, Cádiz, Barcelona, and Valencia.

Beat, pop, psychedelia (1960s)
Rock in Spain started to spread nationally. After the British Invasion, many artists such as Los Bravos, Lone Star (Spanish band), Los Brincos and Miguel Ríos appeared. Los Brincos achieved some international success in France, Portugal and Italy. Los Bravos hit some international charts with their single "Black Is Black", as did Mike Ríos with "A Song of Joy".

Progressive and hard rock (1970s)
While mainstream Spanish rock declined during this decade, the underground scenes of progressive rock and rock urbano emerged. Spanish progressive rock was a commercial failure. In the mid-1970s, a new style called Andalusian rock that combined flamenco with prog rock started to gain some popularity with bands like Triana. During the Spanish transition to democracy in the late 1970s, hard rock acts appeared. Some hard rock bands influenced by early punk rock like Leño pioneered the rock urbano movement.

Golden Era. New wave, post-punk, heavy metal and punk (1980s)
Punk rock in Spain started its most successful stage with bands like Kortatu, La Polla Records and Eskorbuto. La Movida Madrileña was a countercultural movement that produced many bands influenced by punk and new wave, such as kaka de luxe, Derribos Arias, Radio Futura, Alaska y Dinarama, Gabinete Caligari, Nacha Pop, Loquillo y los Trogloditas and Los Secretos. Since many of the bands from La Movida did not achieve enough commercial success, many discographies left them supporting other bands like Mecano, which achieved some international success, Siniestro Total, or Aerolíneas Federales. Hard rock acts such as Los Suaves or Barricada emerged with lack of promotion. Heavy metal bands also appeared in the early 1980s like Barón Rojo and Obús. Also of note is a Galician combo named Golpes Bajos part of a movement similar to the La Movida Madrileña but here since it was from Galicia (Spain) it was named Movida viguesa after the town of Vigo.

Indie and alternative (1990s–present)
The band Héroes del Silencio achieved international success, hitting some charts in Europe and Latin America. Los Rodríguez also became popular in Spain and Latin America. In the mid-1990s, some cult bands like Los Enemigos, Extremoduro and Platero y Tú started to achieve mainstream success. Indie rock bands like Los Planetas appeared. Ska-punk band Ska-P and folk metal band Mägo de Oz emerged, showing the rise of rock diversification.

title: Rock music in Spain


text:
Hennepin Avenue Bridge

The Hennepin Avenue Bridge is the structure that carries Hennepin County State Aid Highway 52, Hennepin Avenue, across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at Nicollet Island. Officially, it is the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge, in honor of the 17th-century explorer Louis Hennepin, who was the first European to see the Saint Anthony Falls, a short distance downriver. Two of the three previous structures have been suspension bridges, while a third—which existed nearly a century—was composed of steel arch spans. The original crossing, which opened as a toll bridge on January 23, 1855, is believed to have been the first permanent span across the Mississippi at any point. Other bridges were completed in 1876, 1891, and most recently 1990. Today, the bridge's main span is 190 m in length.

title: Hennepin Avenue Bridge


text:
Talk:Phytochorion

No reference here to the Wikipedia entries Ecozone Biome and Ecoregion; these need to be integrated with this still somewhat isolated entry. --Wetman 05:21, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It would be nice to have these provinces mapped out. QuinnHK 21:31, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Kenya and Tanzania
These countries were omitted. Berton 13:55, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

phytochorion versus floristic province versus ?
Can someone try to explain the difference between these terms (and perhaps others)? Based on the definition I found for phytochorion, it seems to refer to something like oak-hickory forest, rather than the coarser areas which form floristic provinces (much less regions or kingdoms). But am I right about this? Do people call them phytochoria in Africa and other terms elsewhere? The term phytochorion shows up in a search often enough for me to believe it is not just in use by a tiny set of people, but I'm not sure how widely or in what context, or whether we even are using it correctly in this article. Kingdon (talk) 23:55, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Removal of cats
There are no Category:Flora of California or Category:Flora of Oregon so I changed "regions of" to "geography of", as this is not a region except as defined by one specific field. Confusion of different kinds of fields is an endemic problem throughout and across WikiProjects and their associated series of articles.....Skookum1 (talk) 21:17, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh, OK, there are flora categories, I'll amend....Skookum1 (talk) 21:18, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Non-existing Adriatic Floristic Region
There is no such a thing as an Adriatic Floristic Region, or anything alike. Nor anybody can talk of Mediterranean floristic up to Gulf of Venice. It cannot even be: Mediterranean climate ends in Istria in the east, and Conero in the west (yes it is asymmetric). So there is a big difference, generally speaking between North and Central-South Adriatic, and they cannot be included in the same region, type or whatever. I am from Venice region and I lived 3 years in South-Western Slovakia, and I call tell you that flora is more or less the same. The map is therefore wrong: maybe we could include North Adriatic in Submediterranean type, since there are indeed a few small microclimate areas (southern ridges of hills, or e.g. Lake Garda) where olive trees and other Mediterranean flora can grow. But all of the Venetian plain and shoreline cannot support Mediterranean flora - nor they have - because of hostile climate (cold and foggy winters, and hot but wet/rainy summers); out of course of gardens, where Mediterranean flora can be grown but has to be protected from winter cold and does not give any fruit (like grande olive trees). I therefore suggest to discard the map too, unless it can be changed with a more precise one. Filippo83 (talk) 11:30, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:22, 2 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests- Africa (1992) (20689316341).jpg

title: Talk:Phytochorion


text:
Marble Canyon

Marble Canyon is the section of the Colorado River canyon in northern Arizona from Lee's Ferry to the confluence with the Little Colorado River, which marks the beginning of the Grand Canyon.

Lee's Ferry is a common launching point for river runners starting their journey through Marble Canyon and then onward to the Grand Canyon. Marble Canyon is also well known for the Navajo Bridge, where US Highway 89A crosses the Colorado River.

Marble Canyon marks the western boundary of the Navajo Nation. In 1975, the former Marble Canyon National Monument, which followed the Colorado River northeast from the Grand Canyon to Lee's Ferry, was made part of Grand Canyon National Park.

The name Marble Canyon is a misnomer because there is no marble there. Although John Wesley Powell knew this when he named the canyon, he thought the polished limestone looked like marble. In his words, "The limestone of the canyon is often polished, and makes a beautiful marble. Sometimes the rocks are of many colors – white, gray, pink, and purple, with saffron tints."

Marble Canyon is the site of one of the last great proposed dam projects on the Colorado, the Marble Canyon Dam. Proposed and investigated in the early 1950s by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, the proposal met substantial opposition, notably from the Sierra Club, when a revived proposal was considered by the state of Arizona as part of the Central Arizona Project from 1965 to 1968. The proposed dam was finally abandoned in 1968. Exploratory holes, which were drilled in the Redwall Limestone of the canyon walls in an early phase of the abortive project, can still be seen at Mile 39.2.

Geology
The uppermost walls of Marble Canyon are composed of Kaibab Limestone upon the Toroweap Formation upon Coconino Sandstone.

Ecology
Marble Canyon is the only home of the endangered cactus Pediocactus bradyi.

title: Marble Canyon


text:
Country House (song)

"Country House" is a song by English alternative rock band Blur. It was released as the lead single from the band's fourth studio album, The Great Escape (1995), on 14 August 1995 by Food and Parlophone. Released on the same day as the Oasis single "Roll with It" – in a chart battle dubbed the "Battle of Britpop" – "Country House" reached number one in the UK Singles Chart (the first of two Blur singles to reach number one, the second being 1997's "Beetlebum"). The song is the band's best-selling single, with over 540,000 copies sold as of May 2014. Its music video was directed by Damien Hirst and nominated for Best Video in the 1996 BRIT Awards.

Background and writing
In an interview for the South Bank Show, Damon Albarn explained that it was inspired by former Blur manager Dave Balfe, who left Blur's label Food Records and bought a house in the country. Balfe moved to The Bury in 1994 at Church End, Barton-le-Clay in southern Bedfordshire off the A6. The house had 4 acres of land, nine bedrooms with five en-suite. He moved with his wife Helen and their children aged 2 and 4, when he was 36. The house was advertised in 2015 for £2m. It was Grade 2 listed in February 1975.

Content
The song is about a man who retires to an expensive country house to escape the pressures of the city. The cover art features a horizontally-flipped image of Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria.

Release and "battle" with Oasis
"Country House" received a great deal of media attention when Blur's label Food Records moved the original release date to the same day as Oasis's "Roll with It". The British media had already reported an intense rivalry between the two bands and this clash of releases was seen as a battle for the number one spot, dubbed the "Battle of Britpop". In the end, "Country House" won the "battle", attaining the No. 1 spot while "Roll with It" came in at No. 2. Albarn himself was surprised that "Country House" topped the charts. He told NME, "I sort of believed all the papers, including NME, who told me Oasis were going to win."

Critical reception
David Stubbs from Melody Maker felt the song "sounds at first to be taunting us with that old Britpop standard, um, thingummy, the one that goes Our house is a very, very, very nice house/With two cats in the yard.. but turns out to be a cynical account of the miserable fat-rat city achiever attempting to find solace in the big rural pile of his dreams — a seemingly chirpy but ultimately very unsettling vignette hinting at Blur's darker edges." Mark Sutherland from NME named it Single of the Week, writing, "Yup, Blur's first new material since the epoch-shaping Parklife LP is nothing short of a classic pop single. In the space of the time-honoured three-and-a-bit minutes, it manages to recall everyone from Madness to The Beatles to, um, Chas and Dave, craft the most infectious chorus of modern times and still squeeze in the astonishing line He's reading Balzac, knocking back Prozac before tea-time. And you can't really ask for much more than that." Another NME editor, Johnny Cigarettes, described it as "feisty, upbeat singalong pop".

Music video
The music video for "Country House" was directed by English artist and art collector Damien Hirst, who had attended Goldsmiths, University of London, with members of Blur. It features the band and a businessman (played by Keith Allen) in a flat with the band playing a board game called "Escape from the Rat Race" before they become trapped in the game where they are with farm animals and other people before appearing in the flat again. The band appears in the video alongside British comic actor Matt Lucas and models Sara Stockbridge, Jo Guest and Vanessa Upton. It features pastiches of—or tributes to—Benny Hill (Lucas' doctor chasing scantily clad young women culminating in the entry of the milk van of Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)) and Queen's 1975 video for "Bohemian Rhapsody". It was nominated for Best Video in the 1996 BRIT Awards.

The external shots of the video are at Pyrton Manor, Pyrton, in east Oxfordshire, west of junction 6 of the M40, near the B4009 and Watlington. It is now home of Vogue writer Laura Bailey, and is the former home of the 1956 High Sheriff of Oxfordshire. It is Elizabethan, built around the start of the 17th century.

Track listings
All music was composed by Albarn, Coxon, James and Rowntree. All lyrics were written by Albarn.

 * UK CD1 and Australian CD single
 * 1) "Country House" – 3:58
 * 2) "One Born Every Minute" – 2:18
 * 3) "To the End" (with Françoise Hardy) – 5:06

Note: All tracks were recorded live at the Mile End Stadium in London, England, on 17 June 1995
 * UK CD2
 * 1) "Country House" – 5:01
 * 2) "Girls & Boys" – 5:08
 * 3) "Parklife" – 4:13
 * 4) "For Tomorrow" – 7:35

 * UK 7-inch and cassette single; European CD single
 * 1) "Country House" – 3:58
 * 2) "One Born Every Minute" – 2:18

 * Japanese CD single
 * 1) "Country House" – 3:58
 * 2) "One Born Every Minute" – 2:18
 * 3) "To the End" (with Françoise Hardy) – 5:06
 * 4) "Charmless Man" – 3:44

Production credits

 * "Country House" and "Charmless Man" produced by Stephen Street
 * "One Born Every Minute" produced by Blur and John Smith
 * "To the End (la comedie)" produced by Stephen Hague, Blur and John Smith
 * Damon Albarn: Lead vocals, keyboards, organ
 * Graham Coxon: Guitar, saxophone, backing vocals
 * Alex James: Bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Dave Rowntree: Drums, percussion, backing vocals
 * Additional brass by: The Kick Horns

Cover versions
The song was covered by the Wurzels on their 2002 album Never Mind the Bullocks, 'Ere is The Wurzels and Out of the Blue on their 2005 album Freefall.

title: Country House (song)


text: File:Country House CD single.jpg

title: File:Country House CD single.jpg


text:
User:MarkSweep/architectural photography

Here are some observations about common practices and conventions in architectural photography. As always, there are no hard and fast rules, so don't take this too seriously.

A lot of the architectural images on Wikipedia look amateurish. I know that people post them with the best intentions, but I think some reasonable criticism is nevertheless allowed. Here are some examples and suggestions for improvements.

Avoid seasickness
I recently came across the following photograph on WP. Not a bad picture at all, but I automatically tilt my head to the left whenever I look at it.

It helps to keep the bottom edge of the film/sensor area parallel to the ground. If for whatever reason this cannot be achieved during exposure, the image can be rotated in the darkroom, on the scanner, or using photo editing software. Perspective adjustments are harder to achieve with traditional means, but are easy to do in software. Here's an example of what the result might look like (image quality suffers, of course).

Avoid leaning buildings
Buildings generally don't lean backwards. However, leaning backwards is exactly what the building in the following picture appears to be doing.

The problem here is that the image (film/sensor) plane was not kept perpendicular to the ground during the exposure. The resulting perspective distortion can be corrected in software.

Problems with lens optics

Sometimes correcting perspective is not enough: an image may appear distorted as the result of lens optics. The image above underwent simple perspective correction, but a modest amount of barrel distortion is still visible.

Don't go overboard


text:
Talk:John Belushi

Elizabeth Taylor anecdote
As a first time reader, the Elizabeth Taylor anecdote in Death feels out of place. I'd be in favour of removing it unless someone has an argument for what it adds? BrightVamp (talk) 14:10, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

The Elizabeth Taylor quote illustrates how widespread the conversations about Belushi’s death were for many years thereafter. Ms. Taylor did not comment on the deaths of rock singers or rock guitarists, but she did comment on a comic actor who had made fun of her viciously.

The quote from her also illustrates that the occasional viciousness of Saturday Night Live led to bad karma.

Ms. Taylor was married to a Republican United States senator when Belushi made fun of her. The senator supported increases in defense spending. SNL writers and fans were not fond of him, but his wife outlived the SNL cast member who appeared stoned in public and died young. Maybe the pre-baby boom generation of parents wasn’t wrong about everything. This became clear in the widespread conversations about Belushi’s death. They lasted for many years until YouTube allowed people to appreciate his life and his work.Brent Brant (talk) 05:01, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Please read my previous long comment before you revert the edit I made a few minutes ago. If you feel compelled to revert it, please explain why here.  The edit from a few minutes ago restores Elizabeth Taylor’s comment on John Belushi making fun of her when she had been obese and Virginia residents had noticed her overeating at public events. She had attended them as the wife of United States Senator John Warner, Republican from Virginia.  Warner’s politics had not gone unnoticed by Saturday Night Live‘s writers.Brent Brant (talk) 19:03, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Samurai Widow into John Belushi. The current Samurai Widow article currently contains no references or citations. The material in the book directly could be used as refernce material for the John Belushi page. Moreover, the author of the Samuri Widow book, Belushi's widow, is already re-directed to the John Belushi article. The Samurai Widow article is very small and, if not merged, should possibly be considere for a wp:afd. ThePhantom65 (talk) 17:27, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I mean you can merge it if you want as a Belushi fan I approve of your proposal Kirbopher2004 (talk) 20:43, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Nope; the content of the article on the book is too much detail to incorporate in the Belushi article, (section titled Tributes, legacy, and popular culture, I tried), and is sufficiently noteworthy in itself, with sources. I'll go do the ref section now, and if I aint had a response on here in the next 7 days I'll remove the suggestion tags. Hope this is helpful Mark  Dask  20:18, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm for keeping the book biographies and judy belushi's entries distinct and different, only for merged articles to end up being drasticly reduced a mere paragraph, and chopping out unique links to websites. I think it's a terrible idea for someone to run to various national lampoon films and projects where the information can be more complete on judy belushi's page. We want wikipedia to be a useful tool as much as imdb, not less. 2604:3D08:9B77:AB00:A18A:405B:4B42:95BB (talk) 01:10, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

Missing death of judy on wiki?
Why did wiki suddenly drop judy belushi's biography and deaths in 2024? I see it's been saved on a portal off wiki though. 2604:3D08:9B77:AB00:A18A:405B:4B42:95BB (talk) 22:41, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Seems judy belushi's deaths in 2024 entry disappeared again, with this war of her entry isnt important, and its good enough to cut out 70% of her wiki entry to be a footnote in john belushi's entry. People think oh it vanished because someone is improving and expanding a biography, when it's not. This happens too often where you'll go to french, italian and german wikipedias because they have stuff the english wikipedia keeps wiping. 2604:3D08:9B77:AB00:95F6:5611:158B:CD96 (talk) 15:53, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Many many thanks for some of you getting the Judy Jacklin biography reinstated, can we add some links to it from John's bio. 2604:3D08:9B77:AB00:5CAB:D456:1B28:E6BF (talk) 00:40, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Belushi


text:
Talk:ITER

POWER GAIN
This statement "ITERs goals are: to achieve enough fusion to produce 10 times as much output power as input" is false. I have attempted to correct it but two other editors, for what seem to be to be arbitrary reasons, insist on keeping the sentence in, and as is.

If Wikipedia itself is assumed to be a Reliable Source, then a decade of this same false/misleading claim on the English, French, and Chinese Wikipedia ITER pages (until I corrected them) should be sufficient evidence of the importance of being accurate and precise on this matter now. http://news.newenergytimes.net/2019/02/10/a-decade-of-false-and-exaggerated-iter-power-claims-on-wikipedia/

I have run out of time. For now, this Wikipedia page will mislead readers who either fail to read the third paragraph or get confused at the apparent inconsistency. This is likely to cause non-experts, students, and journalists to think, citing Wikipedia, that is okay to say that one of "ITER's goals is to achieve enough fusion to produce 10 times as much output power as input." That phrase, as is, if published by people who are informed on the subject, is a lie and is an abuse of the spirit and purpose of Wikipedia. StevenBKrivit (talk) 02:35, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

 * 1) The source you cite is YOUR OWN website. WP:SPS

 * 2) Wikipedia is NOT a Reliable Source. From WP:CIRC: "Do not use articles from Wikipedia (whether this English Wikipedia or Wikipedias in other languages) as sources since Wikipedia is considered as a user-generated source. Also, do not use websites that mirror Wikipedia content or publications that rely on material from Wikipedia as sources. Content from a Wikipedia article is not considered reliable unless it is backed up by citing reliable sources. Confirm that these sources support the content, then use them directly.[10]"

 * 3) You still have not provided ANY Reliable Sources WP:RS to support your CLAIM that anyone will misunderstand this (other than you). --- Avatar317 (talk) 03:43, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

 * If you think everyone apart from you is driving on the wrong side of the road... you might re-evaluate who is misunderstanding things. --mfb (talk) 08:08, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, Sabine Hossenfelder talks about this very issue in her latest Youtube video. That video itself is not a reliable source, of course (the author is a physicist though). But maybe it can help to locate better sources and improve the neutrality of the Wikipedia article. Some reliable sources are linked in the video description. It seems like the issue raised above is actually a very real one, but most WP:RS get it wrong. Renerpho (talk) 18:01, 2 October 2021 (UTC)
 * , yes most "WP:RS" sources got it wrong. I made this very clear in my film, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnikAFWDhNw&t=1s released on April 11, 2021. I also made it clear in my book Fusion Fiasco, published in 2016. My work has been cited internationally for many years in many reputable sources. http://newenergytimes.com/v2/about/in-the-media.shtml.
 * StevenBKrivit (talk) 17:00, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I understand that Steven Krivit and his New Energy Times Web site are not considered by most Wikipedia editors as reliable sources and that my conversation with Nick Holloway, the UKAEA/CCFE spokesman, as I published in my 2016 book Fusion Fiasco http://news.newenergytimes.net/2021/10/05/uncovering-the-700-mw-input-needed-for-the-joint-european-torus-reactor/ cannot be cited by Wikipedia. You can cite this one instead for a RS for the 700 MWe input that JET required: It's a EURATOM document in the University of Pittsburgh Archive http://aei.pitt.edu/94542/1/jet_joint..__50695.pdf
 * Oh, and reliable sources to show that people have misunderstood fusion power gain?
 * June 15, 2021, New Scientist: "The plan is to create 500 megawatts of usable energy from an input of 50 megawatts."
 * Oct. 21, 2020, World Nuclear News: "Iter is a major international project to build a 500MW tokamak fusion device requiring an input of 50MW."
 * Nov. 11, 2019, Nuclear Engineering International: "Iter, a 500 MW tokamak fusion device, requires an input of 50MW."
 * March 27, 2017 New York Times: "ITER will benefit from its larger size, and will produce about 10 times more power than it consumes."
 * HUNDREDS of other examples where people got it wrong http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/iter/ITER-fusion-reactor-effects.shtml
 * "If you think everyone apart from you is driving on the wrong side of the road... you might re-evaluate who is misunderstanding things." You could be right. It's also possible that the Emperor doesn't have any clothes. History will show who was helpful to other people on this matter and who was not.
 * StevenBKrivit (talk) 15:52, 6 October 2021 (UTC)
 * You assert that most "WP:RS" sources got it wrong – even if we take this as granted (and you have not provided a compelling reason why we should), the fact remains that all WP can do is echo to its readers what the reliable secondary sources say. There is an essay somewhere (I can't be bothered digging it out) which says something to the effect of "If Wikipedia were around in 1500 it would report the consensus that the Sun orbits the Earth, and that would be A Good Thing". For WP to take any side, even the one that posterity judges to be the correct one, in an ongoing scientific dispute, would be to violate its policy on neutrality – to violate it egregiously, in fact. I would also note that the sources you refer to would typically be considered reliable, and any attempt to put your own personal website on the same level as them is likely to constitute a conflict of interest (in addition to having serious likely problems re undue weight and promoting marginal views). Per mfb above, it might be time to drop this particular WP:STICK. Archon 2488 (talk) 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I guess you are referring to Verifiability,_not_truth. There is a difference here, in that the scientific literature on ITER most certainly has it right; it's just what's reported by the media, in statements made by politicians, and in statements by scientists directed at media/politicians, where the error frequently pops up. So it shouldn't be too hard to find the correct meanings of the reported Q values, hidden in the scientific literature. One just has to be careful taking secondary sources (news reports etc.) as reliable at face value. Renerpho (talk) 16:52, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I have been attempting to address this issue myself in the last couple of edits. I found a good source for the misleading Q-value problem and added the following sentence to clarify this section: "The European STOA Fusion Project cautions that this figure refers only to the energy of the plasma itself, and that practical capture of this energy for electricity production would introduce significant inefficiencies which ITER is not designed to overcome." It was partially removed by an anonymous editor, but I hope the clarifications are to their satisfaction. Ddevault (talk) 15:30, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

"ITER's thermonuclear fusion reactor will use over 300MW of electrical power to cause the plasma to absorb 50 MW of thermal power, creating 500 MW of heat from fusion " So, it will create 500MW, but consume 300MW. That's not a ten fold gain, that's a barely 50% gain. Using the 500 MW / 50 MW == 10X is the most dishonest creative accounting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:E41C:1C01:6D77:3D5A:30C:42ED (talk) 10:17, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

New map needed
This map is inaccurate the UK and Switzerland should not be dark blue I suggest make a new map and make these countries along with Canada, Australia, Kazakhstan, and Thailand light blue to differentiate between them and the dark blue countries Black roses124 (talk) 03:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * The UK and Switzerland are not non-members though. They operate through the EU signatory (Fusion For Energy) which is a member. Therefore I don't think the map needs changing- and if it is changed, the UK and Switzerland should not be put in the same category as non-members. Mark63424 (talk) 17:42, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * The UK and Switzerland are in a unique position where they operate through the EU signatory. This is very different from the non-members. Mark63424 (talk) 19:41, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
 * ITER do not list the UK as a non-member on their about page and instead reference it in a separate paragraph saying "The United Kingdom will continue to participate in ITER post-Brexit through its membership in Fusion for Energy, the European Domestic Agency for ITER.".
 * Since the UK is operating through the Fusion for Energy signatory it is in the same position as an EU member state (despite no longer being in the EU). Mark63424 (talk) 15:40, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

Thank @Afiaki Black roses124 (talk) 22:58, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

new particle or a big bang theory
sorry for asking, i just wonder iter and tesla almost the same, just like old time energy using sun and heat. sorry afaik QuaMbear (talk) 09:57, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

Empathy for readers with poor internet connections
Earlier today, I made nineteen modest edits to the "See also" section, where I added brief descriptions and links to a few major research efforts in the United States that were otherwise not referenced (e.g., MIT’s Alcator C-Mod reactor, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory’s National Spherical Torus Experiment, and the Helically Symmetric Experiment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison). I also expanded brief descriptions of the advanced tokamak of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, the stellarator of the Max Planck IPP in Germany, the UK’s concept for an affordable Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production, as well as the extraordinary statistics characterizing Nuclear power in France. I hope these expansions (and several others) meet with the approval of senior editors; I welcome any improvements.

However, a major impetus behind my edits today was empathy for Wikipedia users with slow internet connections — which I myself suffer sometimes, even as a resident of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Merely having internal links without an informative description of what the reader will get if they hit on a link can be frustrating for those with poor interconnectivity, as this ties-up one’s computer unnecessarily to access an inadequately described Wikipedia page that’s ultimately not useful. Thus I added links with brief but informative descriptions, as well as expanded existing links, to better describe what they offer a reader. Theophilus Reed (talk) 23:28, 12 December 2022 (UTC) Theophilus Reed

 * The informative descriptions are GREAT and useful, Thanks! It is quicker to read an inline description than to click to read the article, no matter how fast your internet. --- Avatar317 (talk) 22:37, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Remove false claim from the first paragraph
The claim ITER is "...aimed at creating energy by replicating, on Earth, the fusion processes of the Sun" should be removed from the first paragraph because it is false. The Sun relies on fusion of "standard" hydrogen (sometimes called protium in context) - a fuel that really is cheap and limitless. No contemplated fusion facility on Earth, and certainly not ITER, relies on this physical process. All tokamak-type reactors rely on deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion, a significantly different physical process. This change is important because the "fusion processes of the Sun" falsehood helps propagate the more significant "cheap and limitless fuel" myth. I say "myth" because tritium is expensive and severely constrained, not cheap and limitless. As the concerned community confronts the reality of the worldwide tritium shortfall later in the 2020s and 2030s, it will become increasingly important to correctly describe the physical processes involved in order to reset understanding of the issue after decades of such falsehoods. This proposed change is a first step in that direction. For a less technical discussion of the issue, see https://www.science.org/content/article/fusion-power-may-run-fuel-even-gets-started; for a more technical discussion, see https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/abbf35/pdf. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.240.194.99 (talk) 03:32, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I apologize for not creating an account until now - I am "73.240.194.99", the creator of this paragraph. Pdxjjb (talk) 03:52, 26 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I see your point, (and that Science.org source could be used for a statement in the article) but as in any summary or teaching of a subject, we start with generalities which may not be exactly accurate and then progress to the exceptions. I've changed that to a hopefully more accurate statement.  Thanks for pointing this out. --- Avatar317 (talk) 23:41, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

Article seemed to ignore the 2022 construction problems and effect on timescales
Article seemed to ignore the 2022 construction problems and effect on timescales - eg. - Rod57 (talk) 23:21, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * There was a brief mention in Manufacturing (using an older ref) - now also noted in Introduction and Timelines and status. - Rod57 (talk) 23:48, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

Article needs updating, many sections have "as of 2023", and claims about "by the end of the year"; a time that has already passed.
I wrote the whole comment in the title InterGraphenic (talk) 19:31, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Eric Lerner in criticism section
Lerner is a well-known crackpot with a personal financial interest in dismissing ITER. I don't see a reason to give him a platform as primary source (!) in this article. Any objections to removing it? --mfb (talk) 07:32, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I support removing it, and also the following sentence, ("Other critics, such as Daniel Jassby, ...")sourced to an advocacy organization. --- Avatar317 (talk) 01:34, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Outdated sentence in the opening
My attempt to remove a sentence has been reverted, so I open this discussion. The sentence was obviously added before the start of JT-60SA and the end of the Joint European Torus: ITER will be the largest of more than 100 fusion reactors built since the 1950s, with ten times the plasma volume of any other tokamak operating today. Here are the numbers for plasma volumes in m³: ITER 840, JT-60SA 140, JET 100 (reference). I decided against changing to "six times" because of No original research. Kallichore (talk) 11:40, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I'd be ok with changing that statement to "since the 1950's, with six times the plasma volume as JT-60SA." with the new reference, just please don't remove the old reference, it is informative to the reader to state that we've build more than 100 fusion reactors to date. --- Avatar317 (talk) 00:30, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

There is also a doubling of "largest reactor" in the first paragraph, which makes it possible to remove one sentence:

ITER (initially the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, iter meaning "the way" or "the path" in Latin) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject aimed at creating energy through a fusion process similar to that of the Sun. It is being built next to the Cadarache facility in southern France. Upon completion of construction of the main reactor and first plasma, planned for 2033–2034, ITER will be the largest of more than 100 fusion reactors built since the 1950s, with six times the plasma volume of JT-60SA, the largest tokamak operating today.

Are there objections to this change? I also prefer "creating energy through nuclear fusion" instead of "creating energy through a fusion process similar to that of the Sun", but this is another point. --Kallichore (talk) 14:37, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I changed the first paragraph. For this I had to move the wikilink for Magnetic confinement fusion.--Kallichore (talk) 13:50, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:ITER