text:
The Louvin Brothers

The Louvin Brothers were an American musical duo composed of brothers Ira and Charlie Louvin (né Loudermilk). The brothers are cousins to John D. Loudermilk, a Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame member.

The brothers wrote and performed country, bluegrass, and gospel music. Ira played mandolin and generally sang lead vocal in the tenor range, while Charlie played rhythm guitar and offered supporting vocals in a lower pitch. They helped popularize the vocal technique of close harmony in country and country-rock. After becoming regulars at the Grand Ole Opry and scoring a string of hit singles in the late 1950s and early '60s, the Louvin Brothers broke up in 1963 due in large part to Charlie growing tired of Ira's addictions and reckless behavior. Ira died in a traffic accident in 1965. They were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001, and Charlie died of cancer in 2011. Rolling Stone ranked the Louvin Brothers number four on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.

Background
Brothers Ira (April 21, 1924 – June 20, 1965) and Charlie (July 7, 1927 – January 26, 2011) Louvin (né Loudermilk) adopted the name Louvin Brothers in the 1940s as they began their career in gospel music. Their first foray into secular music was the minor hit "The Get Acquainted Waltz", recorded with Chet Atkins. Their other hits include "Cash on the Barrelhead" and "When I Stop Dreaming". They joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1955 and stayed there until breaking up in 1963.

Their songs were heavily influenced by their Baptist faith and warned against sin. Nevertheless, Ira Louvin was notorious for his drinking, womanizing, and volcanic temper. He was married four times; his third wife Faye shot him four times in the chest and twice in the hand after he allegedly tried to strangle her with a telephone cord. Although seriously injured, he survived. When performing and drinking, Ira would sometimes become angry enough on stage to smash his mandolin when he was unable to tune it, and - when sober - glue it back together. His style was heavily influenced by Bill Monroe, and his brother Charlie Monroe, who had a tempestuous relationship with Ira, considered him one of the top mandolin players in Nashville.

In his New York Times review of Charlie's biography Satan Is Real, Alex Abramovich said, "Ira Louvin was a full head taller than his younger brother, played the mandolin like Bill Monroe, and sang in an impossibly high, tense, quivering tenor. Charlie strummed a guitar, grinned like a vaudevillian, and handled the bottom register. But every so often, in the middle of a song, some hidden signal flashed and the brothers switched places — with Ira swooping down from the heights, and Charlie angling upward — and even the most careful listeners would lose track of which man was carrying the lead. This was more than close-harmony singing; each instance was an act of transubstantiation."

In 1963, fed up with Ira's drinking and abusive behavior, Charlie started a solo career, and Ira also went on his own.

Ira died on June 20, 1965, at the age of 41. His fourth wife, Anne Young, and he were on the way home from a performance in Kansas City when they came to a section of construction on Highway 70 outside of Williamsburg, Missouri, where traffic had been reduced down to one lane. A drunken driver struck their car head-on, and both Ira and Anne were killed instantly. At the time, a warrant for Ira's arrest had been issued on a DUI charge.

Charlie died of pancreatic cancer on January 26, 2011, at age 83.

Legacy
Country-rock band The Byrds recorded the Louvin-penned "The Christian Life" for their 1968 release Sweetheart of the Rodeo.

Emmylou Harris had a hit with the brothers' tune "If I Could Only Win Your Love" in 1975. Her cover version reached number four on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and earned the top spot on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.

In 2001, the Louvin Brothers were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. The tribute CD Livin', Lovin', Losin': Songs of the Louvin Brothers, produced by Carl Jackson and Kathy Louvin and released in 2003, won the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Country Album.

Satan Is Real album

Although the brothers are still remembered today for their musical talent, they are also remembered for the unusual cover used for their 1959 album, Satan Is Real. Designed by Ira Louvin, the cover features the brothers standing in a rock quarry in front of a 12 ft plywood rendition of the Devil as several hidden tires soaked in kerosene burn behind them as fire and brimstone. Some reviewers count this as being one of the "greatest iconic album covers of all time."

The opening bars of the album's title track "Satan Is Real" can be heard at the beginning of Hank Williams III's "Medley: Straight to Hell / Satan Is Real", on his Straight to Hell album of 2006. It is also excerpted in Will Ferrell's 2009 one-man Broadway show, You're Welcome America. A Final Night With George W Bush.

Partial discography

 * 1956: The Louvin Brothers (MGM)
 * 1956: Tragic Songs of Life (Capitol)
 * 1957: Nearer My God to Thee (Capitol)
 * 1958: Ira and Charlie (Capitol)
 * 1958: The Family Who Prays (Capitol)
 * 1958: Country Love Ballads (Capitol)
 * 1959: Satan Is Real (Capitol)
 * 1960: My Baby's Gone (Capitol)
 * 1960: A Tribute to the Delmore Brothers (Capitol)
 * 1961: Encore (Capitol)
 * 1961: Christmas with the Louvin Brothers (Capitol)
 * 1962: The Weapon of Prayer (Capitol)
 * 1963: Keep Your Eyes on Jesus (Capitol)
 * 1964: The Louvin Brothers Sing and Play Their Current Hits (Capitol)
 * 1965: Thank God for My Christian Home (Capitol)
 * 1966: Ira and Charles (Hilltop)
 * 1967: Two Different Worlds (Capitol)
 * 1967: The Great Roy Acuff Songs (Capitol)
 * 1968: Country Heart and Soul (Capitol)
 * 1973: The Great Gospel Singing of The Louvin Brothers (Capitol)
 * 1975: Live at New River Ranch (Copper Creek)
 * 1976: I Don't Believe You Met My Baby (Hilltop)
 * 1978: Songs That Tell a Story (Rounder)
 * 1990: Early MGM Recordings (Rounder)
 * 1992: Close Harmony (Bear Family Records)
 * 1995: Greatest Hits (Capitol)
 * 1995: When I Stop Dreaming: The Best of the Louvin Brothers (Razor & Tie)
 * 2006: The Essential Louvin Brothers 1955–1964: My Baby's Gone (Raven)

Charted singles

 * AB-side to "You're Running Wild".

title: The Louvin Brothers


text:
Talk:Herumor

Question on relevancy

 * 1) Is the material at the top actually legitimate? (And if so, does this extremely minor character deserve an article?)
 * Checked with the source. I don't see why he would need an article though: the rôle of the Black Númenóreans in the Last Alliance is more fully treated in the LA article, and in the Umbar article. Anárion 20:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Is there any reason not to remove everything after, "In the defunct Middle-earth Role Playing game, Herumor was given an extended history. Fuinor is there his son and successor", which pretty much sums up everything MERP-related? -[[User:Aranel|Aranel (" Sarah ")]] 20:20, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem with that at all. Anárion 20:22, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Herumor


text:
Carrie & Barry

Carrie & Barry is a British television sitcom. First broadcast on BBC One between 2004 and 2005, it stars Neil Morrissey, Claire Rushbrook, Mark Williams and Michelle Gomez.

Produced by Hartswood Films, it reunited Morrissey with writer Simon Nye, executive producer Beryl Vertue and director Martin Dennis. It was produced by Sue Vertue.

Neil Morrissey plays part-time taxi driver Barry and Claire Rushbrook is his beautician wife Carrie. The couple find themselves with the daily challenges of keeping the spice in their marriage and the fun in their day jobs – as well as having to deal with Barry's teenage daughter Sinéad (Sarah Quintrell) from his disastrous first marriage. In an interview for Best magazine in 2012 Neil Morrissey stated that this role remains the one role of which he is the most proud.

Mark Williams plays Barry's mate Kirk, who co-owns his black cab (he does the night shifts) whilst Michelle Gomez is Carrie's acid-tongued best friend and fellow beautician Michelle.

title: Carrie & Barry


text:
User talk:Smitti

Sock-puppets are not impressive. — David Remahl 20:26, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

�:Wikipedia is a global web site. There are no local "community standards" that we have to follow. And remember, the CDA was declared partially unconstitutional in the United States. — David Remahl 20:36, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

You have now reverted the page three times. If you revert again, you will have violated the three revert rule. — David Remahl 20:42, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You have now violated the three revert rule. --Jirate 20:46, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smitti


text:
Cluj-Napoca Bánffy Palace

Bánffy Castle is a baroque building of the 18th century in Cluj-Napoca, designed by the German architect Johann Eberhard Blaumann. Built between 1774 and 1775 it is considered the most representative for the baroque style of Transylvania. The first owner of the palace was the Hungarian Duke György Bánffy (1746–1822), the governor of Transylvania.

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife Caroline Augusta of Bavaria were hosted in the palace during their visit in Kolozsvár, between 18 and 27 August 1817. This was the first occasion when a ruler from the Habsburg family visited the city. Franz Joseph I of Austria was also the guest of the palace between 2-4. August 1852 and 22–24 September 1887. The palace (along with the Răscruci castle of the Bánffy family) features in the reminiscences of an English governess, Florence Tarring, who worked for one of the branches of the Bánffy family during the First World War (1914–1919).

In February 1951 the council of the city decided to empty the palace to establish an Art Museum there; the works were finished in the summer of 1954. The museum was opened in the restored palace on 30 December 1965. The cinema occupying the inner yard of the palace was demolished in 1974. The floor area of the palace is 66×48 m, its inner yard is 26×26 m. The wings on the sides include one row of rooms while the front and back wing includes two rows. The yard is surrounded by a portico at the second-floor level.

The facade is decorated with statues of Mars, Minerva, Apollo, Diana, Hercules, Perseus, and the coat of arms of the Bánffy family with gryphons, without crown. In the median risalit there is a gate, above this is a loggia with seven pillars.

Art museum
Since 1951, the palace has housed the National Museum of Art Cluj-Napoca, which includes, in its Virgil Cioflec collection the works of arts of many important Romanian artists, such as Nicolae Grigorescu, Ştefan Luchian, Dimitrie Paciurea, Theodor Pallady, Camil Ressu and others. The museum also includes works by noted Hungarian artists József Koszta, Károly Lotz, László Mednyánszky, Mihály Munkácsy, Béla Nagy Abodi and István Réti. The international collection features paintings of major European artists like Luca Giordano, Carlo Dolci, Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin, Félix Ziem, Ivan Aivazovsky, Herri met de Bles, and Franz Defregger, as well as sculptures of Claude Michel, Antoine-Louis Barye and Ernst Barlach. The graphics collection includes works of great European printmakers of the 16th-20th centuries. Among those, the museum hosts the works of Salvator Rosa, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Honoré Daumier, Théodore Géricault, Edgar Degas and Käthe Kollwitz.

title: Cluj-Napoca Bánffy Palace


text:
Talk:History of the Yosemite area

/Archive 1

Transportation Section Added
I added a section "Transportation" that adds more details on transportation development in Yosemite. It starts with the use of horse trails and stagecoaches, moves to the railroad era, and finally to the increasing use of automobiles. The material highlights the ongoing issues with vehicle traffic in Yosemite, starting from as early as the 1900s when the National Park Service first attempted to regulate the entry of private automobiles.

Even though some efforts were made to address these challenges, traffic and congestion problems continue up to today. This added information gives a more complete understanding of Yosemite's history, the changes over time, and the continued struggle to balance park access and preservation. I included over 20 inline citations, including reference books I bought during a recent trip to Yosemite, where I visited stage and rail routes. — --Guywelch2000 (talk) 02:29, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

Removed from article
The below text needs to be cited before it can be put back in the article. --mav (Urgent FACs/FARs/PRs) 16:19, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Mono Paiutes were the only group that kept returning to the Valley on a regular basis. They lived in established native villages in the Valley into the early 20th century. As older tribe members died, younger ones tended to favor non-traditional housing provided by the National Park Service. A few Paiute and Miwok families still live in the Valley and are employed by the Park Service. A reconstructed "Indian Village of Ahwahnee" is now located behind the Yosemite Museum, which is next to the Yosemite Valley Visitor Center. The museum has exhibits that interpret the cultural history of Yosemite's indigenous residents from 1850 to the present. In addition, the museum has regularly scheduled demonstrations of basket-weaving, beadwork, and traditional games by Native American presenters.

 * Stanford University mechanical engineering student Arthur Clarence Pillsbury arrived in Yosemite for the first time by bicycle in 1895. The young man fell in love with Yosemite and in 1897 bought a studio there. He visited Yosemite many times and photographed Muir, Galen Clark, George Fiske, and Teddy Roosevelt. These photos were published as postcards by the Pillsbury Picture Company. Pillsbury had begun producing postcards with his photos as soon as this innovative form of communication was authorized by Congress in 1898. His many nature films, eventually shown in theaters as well as in schools, clubs and for his lecture tours awakened the public to the need for conservation in the wake of Muir's death in 1914.

 * Many visitors fail to realize the wild aspect of the park, and tend to treat it like a zoo — feeding animals, petting them, taking mementos home; this is a dramatic safety issue for the visitors and is also illegal. Squirrels that feed all summer become obese, making them prey for Mountain Lions, which are a safety issue unto themselves. Food left in cars are easy pickings for the local Black Bear populations. Petting Mule Deer risks serious injury (the only person killed in Yosemite by an animal was killed by a deer). The Park Service, in conjunction with businesses and groups in the park, are trying to encourage people to experience and learn about Yosemite.

 * Trails and high use areas are redesigned to reduce impact. A free shuttle bus system has been developed to help relieve summer traffic congestion in the valley. Proposals to exclude cars in the summer that are not registered at a hotel or campsite within the valley have been investigated (this has already been implemented at other parks, such as Zion National Park in Utah). Many agencies in the Park offer educational activities and trips. Ironically, only about 14 square miles (36 km²) of the 1,200 mi² of the park are visited by a majority of the people.

 * In March 1986 the California Department of Fish and Game, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Forest Service reintroduced Bighorn Sheep just east of the park in Lee Vining Canyon. The herd reached a peak of nearly 100 individuals in 1994, but almost 60% of the herd died in the winter of 1994–1995. About 55 bighorns from the herd were counted in the 1996 census.

Details that need to be verified
I have carried out a couple of edits but have extrapolated some details to make them. From the context I have assumed logging is no longer allowed in the area. If this is false the sentence I introduced to that effect should be removed. I also noticed while moving the sentence "yet there were still 1,300 buildings in Yosemite Valley and 17 acres (6.9 ha) of the valley floor were covered by parking lots in the late 1990s" that the source this comment is attributed to is from 1994 so I don't see how it can make comments about the late 1990s. Lambanog (talk) 02:12, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Ownership of the land that became Yosemite
After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the territory that is now the State of California was transferred to ownership and sovereignty of the United States. The federal government recognized private land claims by all residents including former Mexican citizens (but not the native people). All unclaimed land was then owned by the federal government, and sold to private interests after it was surveyed. These sales are known as "land patents" and are still recorded in the BLM records. Yosemite was set aside as a reservation as an act of Congress. Lincoln really had very little to do with it aside from signing the act -- he signed 250+ acts that year including dozens of other land grant acts. Ownership was transferred to the state of California by this act. See the works of Paul Wallace Gates for more on federal land policy, including an important paper on federal land policy in California. LaurentianShield (talk) 13:29, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on History of the Yosemite area. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20070808144117/http://www.nps.gov:80/archive/yose/nature/articles/anniversary.htm to http://www.nps.gov/archive/yose/nature/articles/anniversary.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070107180730/http://www.nps.gov/archive/yose/nature/water.htm to http://www.nps.gov/archive/yose/nature/water.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090731142719/http://www.nps.gov:80/archive/yose/planning/yvp/about.html to http://www.nps.gov/archive/yose/planning/yvp/about.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110715193817/https://rockandice.com/news/451-Coffees-Free-at-Camp-4 to https://rockandice.com/news/451-Coffees-Free-at-Camp-4
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100422210033/http://www.nps.gov:80/yose/naturescience/invasive-plant-management.htm to http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/invasive-plant-management.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:35, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

Stock yards photo
The image "The Stock Yards, Yosemite Valley, Calif (NYPL b12647398-62656)" is included in the article. While the file title identifies it as being in the Yosemite Valley on both Commons and the New York Public Library's web page (which is the source of the image), the image itself is clearly captioned "6134 Stock Yards, Chicago, Illinois". There is no mention of stock yards in the article (except for the caption for this image) and I think this is either a mistake or a joke that has evaded detection. I will remove it from the article in a week unless someone can explain why it should stay. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 21:19, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I took it out. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 03:08, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

colonial perspective / not neutral point of view
There is a paragraph in the beginning of the article that reads,

"In 1864, Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoia trees were transferred from federal to state ownership. Yosemite pioneer Galen Clark became the park's first guardian. Conditions in Yosemite Valley were made more hospitable to people and access to the park was improved in the late 19th century. Naturalist John Muir and others became increasingly alarmed about the excessive exploitation of the area. Their efforts helped establish Yosemite National Park in 1890. Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove were added to the national park in 1906."

Perhaps it should be mentioned that the land was taken from the indigenous people if there is going to be mention of it being transferred from federal to state ownership. Should also be noted that the Indigenous people were the parks first guardians, not Galen Clark. Further, there is no citation for that statement. Really the entire paragraph should be rewritten. In what way was he a guardian? He seems like a gatekeeper that allowed white people in and forbid indigenous people. The third sentence can be picked apart in the same way. Yosemite Valley became more hospitable for settlers and less hospitable for the indigenous people that had been living there for millenia. Really, visiting Yosemite Valley was life threatening for indigenous people. John Muir exploited the area as a place to vacation in complete disregard for the way the indigenous people were being treated. Writers of that time spoke out against what was happening and John Muir really had no excuse for white washing Yosemite.

2600:1700:7A51:10B0:21FA:C1D:80EF:54F7 (talk) 17:25, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

Too much white oriented
There are some 8 pictures of white people, but only one blurry picture of Native American activity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:AB71:AB00:509A:BDC4:1A62:C6C5 (talk) 18:05, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the Yosemite area


text: User talk:192.115.134.51

title: User talk:192.115.134.51


text:
Mwanga II of Buganda

Danieri Basammula-Ekkere Mwanga II Mukasa (1868 – 8 May 1903) was the 31st Kabaka of Buganda who ruled from 1884 until 1888 and from 1889 until 1897.

Claim to the throne
He was born at Nakawa on 3rd June 1868. His father was Muteesa I of Buganda, who reigned between 1856 and 1884. His mother was Abakyala Abisagi Bagalayaze, the 10th of his father's 85 wives. He ascended to the throne on 18 October 1884, after the death of his father. He established his capital on Mengo Hill.

Reign
Mwanga came to the throne at the age of 16. He increasingly regarded the greatest threat to his rule as coming from the Christian missionaries who had gradually penetrated Buganda. His father had played-off the three religious traditions – Catholics, Protestants, and Muslims – against each other and thus had balanced the influence of the powers that were backing each group in order to extend their reach into Africa. Mwanga II took a much more aggressive approach.

On his orders, the Uganda Martyrs, a group of 22 Catholic and 23 Anglican converts to Christianity in the kingdom of Buganda, now part of Uganda, were executed between 31 January 1885 and 27 January 1887. The deaths took place at a time when there was a three-way religious struggle for political influence at the Buganda royal court. The episode also occurred against the backdrop of the "Scramble for Africa" – the invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers.

These murders and Mwanga's continued resistance alarmed the British, who backed a rebellion by Christian and Muslim groups who supported Mwanga's half brother and defeated Mwanga at Mengo in 1888. Mwanga's brother, Kiweewa Nnyonyintono, was elevated to the throne. He lasted exactly one month and was replaced on the throne by another brother, Kabaka Kalema Muguluma. However, Mwanga escaped and negotiated with the British. In exchange for handing over some of his sovereignty to the British East Africa Company, the British changed their backing to Mwanga, who swiftly removed Kalema from the throne in 1889. Mwanga later converted to Christianity and was baptized as a Protestant.

Final years
On 26 December 1890, Mwanga was to sign a treaty with Lord Lugard, granting certain powers over revenue, trade and the administration of justice to the Imperial British East Africa Company. These powers were transferred to the crown on 1 April 1893.

On 27 August 1894, Mwanga was forced accept Buganda becoming a Protectorate. As a result, on 6 July 1897, he declared an anti-colonial war on the British and launched an attack but was defeated on 20 July 1897, in Buddu (in today's Masaka District). He fled into German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania), where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba.

He was deposed in absentia on 9 August 1897. Tenacious and anti-imperialist as he was, he escaped and returned to Buganda with a revolutionary army that was determined to free Buganda of colonial influence, but was again defeated on 15 January 1898. He was captured, tortured and in April 1899 was exiled to the Seychelles. While in exile, he was coerced into the Anglican Church by way of forced baptism and was given the name Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile but his anti-imperialist resolve was never broken. He remained deeply resentful about the conquest of his own people by the British and urged them to keep up the struggle against a European rule. He died in the Seychelles on 8 May 1903, aged 34 or 35 as a result of torture by British soldiers and starvation. On 2 August 1910, his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi.

Married life
Mwanga is on record as having married 17 wives:
 * 1) Damali Bayita Nanjobe
 * 2) Naabakyaala Dolosi Mwaan'omu Bakazikubawa
 * 3) Esiteri Nabunnya
 * 4) Naabakyaala Eveliini Kulabako, Omubikka
 * 5) Naabakyaala Loyiroosa Nakibuuka, Kaddulubaale
 * 6) Naabakyaala Samali Namuwanga, Sabaddu
 * 7) Nabweteme
 * 8) Nakijoba Nabulya (Elizabeeti Oliva Kyebuzibwa born of Mwanje Bikaali)
 * 9) Bezza Batwegombya
 * 10) Naabakyaala Ntongo, Kabejja
 * 11) Naabakyaala Nabisubi, Omuwanga
 * 12) Namirembe
 * 13) Lakeeri Mbekeka
 * 14) Nalwooga, Omuyigiriza
 * 15) Elizaabeeti Buteba
 * 16) Nattimba Binti Juma
 * 17) Amalemba Tutsi

Issue
Mwanga II fathered several sons and daughters from his 16 wives including Daudi Chwa II of Buganda:

 * 1) Prince (Omulangira) Kagolo, whose mother was Damali Bayita Nanjobe. He was killed by his uncle Kalema, in 1889.
 * 2) Prince (Omulangira) Mulindwa, whose mother was Nabweteme
 * 3) Prince (Omulangira) Nganda, whose mother was Lakeeri Mbekeka
 * 4) Prince (Omulangira) Abdallah Mawanda whose mother was Lakeeri Mbekeka. Perceived as a potential agitator during the reign of Chwa, he was appointed as one of the British Agents to Kigezi in South Western Uganda.
 * 5) Daudi Chwa II of Buganda, who reigned from 1897 until 1939. His mother was Eveliini Kulabako.
 * 6) Prince (Omulangira) Yusuufu Suuna Kiweewa, whose mother was Esiteri Nabunnya. He was born at Mengo, Uganda on 16 February 1898 and was educated at Mengo High School and King's College Budo. Commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in October 1914. He served in the Great War from 1915 until 1919. Promoted to Lieutenant in the 7th Territorial Battalion on 25 May 1939. He served in the Second World War in Eastern Africa and in North Africa, from 1939 until 1940. Retired on 18 March 1940. He was implicated in the Buganda riots of 1949 and exiled to the Ssese Islands, where he died in 1949.
 * 7) Prince (Omulangira) Tobi, whose mother was Nabisubi
 * 8) Prince (Omulangira) Nayime?, whose mother was Loyiroosa Nakibuuka
 * 9) Princess (Omumbejja) Najjuma Katebe, whose mother is not mentioned
 * 10) Princess (Omumbejja) Anna Nambi Nassolo, whose mother was Samali Namuwanga
 * 11) Princess (Omumbejja) Mboni Maliamu Kajja-Obunaku, whose mother was Nattimba. She was educated at Saint Monica's School in Zanzibar.

Quotes
"I do not want to give them my land. I want all Europeans of all nations to come to Buganda, to build and to trade as they like."
 * Mwanga's message to Euan Smith, British Consul in Zanzibar, 1890

"I am Mutesa's son, and what Mutesa was in Buganda that I will also be, and against those who will not have it so I shall make war."
 * Mwanga to Karl Peters, 1890

"The English have come; they have built a fort; they eat my land; they have made me sign a treaty; they curtail my powers; and I get nothing from them in return."
 * Mwanga after signing treaty with Captain Frederick Lugard, 1890

"Abalangira timba buli afuluma amira munne." [Princes are like pythons they swallow each other.]
 * Mwanga after defeating the Muslim faction, 1893

"When I die it will be the end of the kingdom of Buganda. Europeans will take over (eat) this country of mine."
 * Mwanga before joining forces with Kabalega, 1898

Quotes about Mwanga II
"To his (Mwanga's) distorted view the missionaries were men banded together for the undermining of his authority, for sapping the affections and loyalty of his subjects and for ultimately occupying the whole of Buganda."
 * Henry Morton Stanley, In Darkest Africa, 1890

"... there was, however, much good feeling and even tenderness in his character when he could be kept from bad habits and was free from evil influences."
 * John Roscoe, Twenty Five Years in East Africa, 1921

"Mwanga was a jovial, friendly person who had many friends."
 * Batolomewo Zimbe, Buganda ne Kabaka, 1939, p.53.

"Mwanga fought to free himself and his country of the intruders for all his reign. He did not like or want them; he was impressed by their power, but not interested in their ideas. He could not recover the old way of life nor adapt himself to the new, and in his perplexed and unhappy groping in the gap between he seems to me to deserve some sympathy."
 * Kabaka Mutesa II, Desecration of My Kingdom, 1967

"He had wanted to be master in his own house, but unfortunately for him and for the monarchy, chieftainship triumphed over royal authority in a manner that had never happened before."
 * MSM Kiwanuka, "Kabaka Mwanga and His Political Parties", 1969

"When Mwanga was brought to the capital as a captive the administration expected the people to be happy now that the enemy of their peace and religion was going into exile. On the contrary, people wanted him pardoned."
 * Fr. John-Mary Waliggo, The Catholic Church in Buddu, 1976

"Mwanga ... was demonstrably unequal to the task of controlling the foreigners who were subverting his kingdom under his very nose. He did not have the experience or the prestige that had enabled his father to keep foreigners in their place within his kingdom."
 * Samwiri R. Karugire, A Political History of Uganda, 1980

"Mwanga was quite right to seek to be the master in his own kingdom just as his forefathers had been, all his excesses and fault of character notwithstanding. Some of his predecessors had been guilty of worse acts of cruelty and injustice and nothing drastic had befallen them. In other words even if all the charges levelled against Mwanga by his numerous Christian and Muslim detractors were true, he was still right to claim supreme authority in the kingdom of his forefathers."
 * Samwiri R. Karugire, A Political History of Uganda, 1980

"... Mwanga struck them (Ganda elders) as being kinder and gentler than Mutesa had been while a youth. For sheer tyranny, Mwanga II was easily outclassed by his father, grandfather and great grandfather, each of whom was remembered in Ganda tradition at the time of the British colonial take-over as having become uncontrollable at some stage during their respective reigns. This is something Mwanga never became."
 * Morris Twaddle, Kakungulu, 1993

"No Kabaka of Buganda had ever faced the challenges that Mwanga faced, dealing with mighty religious parties which eventually drove him from the throne and his kingdom."
 * Samwiri Lwanga Lunyigo, Mwanga II, 2011, page 4

"Mwanga II should be judged within the context of nineteenth century Buganda, where kings had absolute executive, legislative, judicial, military and even economic power. To see him through the lenses of his foes, those who took away the sovereignty of his country and their local collaborators is to miss him. He cannot be understood through the fairy tales of his enemies who denounced him."
 * Samwiri Lwanga Lunyigo, Mwanga II, 2011, p.35

Social media trend
In early 2023, a social media trend emerged in Uganda and worldwide, featuring the name 'Kabaka-Mwanga.' The trend originated from a video shared on Ugandan social media platforms, in which a young boy from the suburbs of Uganda used the phrase as an exclamatory statement. This trend sparked renewed interest in the historical figure of Mwanga. The phenomenon captured the attention of both older Ugandans familiar with Mwanga's legacy and younger generations who were previously unaware of him.

title: Mwanga II of Buganda


text:
Talk:List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999

List contents
This list of spacewalks includes some that took place inside a spacecraft i.e 28 May 1995 Dezhurov and Strekalov and 8 June 2001 Usachev and Voss.

In order to ensure the list is complete I believe the following should be included - in each case the crewmembers were wearing spacesuits with the spacecraft hatch open, but they did not exit the spacecraft.

Gemini 10    20 July 1966     Young & Collins     Equipment jettison     Duration 0.01

Gemini 11    13 September 1966     Conrad & Gordon     Equipment jettison     Duration 0.02

Apollo 11    21 July 1969     Armstrong & Aldrin     Equipment jettison on moon     Duration 0.02

Apollo 12    20 November 1969     Conrad & Bean     Equipment jettison on moon     Duration 0.02

Apollo 14    06 February 1971     Shepard & Mitchell     Equipment jettison on moon     Duration 0.02

Apollo 15    02 August 1971     Scott & Irwin     Equipment jettison on moon     Duration 0.02

Apollo 16    23 April 1972      Young & Duke     Equipment jettison on moon     Duration 0.02

Apollo 17    14 December 1972     Cernan & Schmitt     Equipment jettison on moon     Duration 0.02

Apollo 17    14 December 1972     Cernan & Schmitt     Equipment jettison on moon     Duration 0.01

Timeline source
Here is better source (http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/crew/event_timeline.html) for STS-114 then timeline given by http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/crew/event_timeline.html since the nasa.gov since timeline on nasa.gov is not updated correctly.

Link misdirection
The external link labeled "JSC Oral History Project" actually points to NASA's U. S. Human Spaceflight History page. The correct link to the oral histories is: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm WVhybrid 22:56, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Total number
The external link to NASA gives a total of 243 spacewalks while we list 253. However there were some other errors noted on that page. We have 78 spacewalks from Mir while they list only 75 - possibly they subtracted the 3 internal spacewalks twice. (Seven more to identify.) Rmhermen 17:17, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Spacewalks/EVA
I'm wondering how many europeans, except Thomas Reiter has performed EVAs? Or was Reiter the first one? --84.49.146.87 07:14, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Voskhod2.jpg
Image:Voskhod2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:18, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Featured List Criteria
After reading the FL removal discussion, it seems that the list of improvements needed to bring the article back to featured status isn't very long, but will require a bit of work. I've started that list here. Please feel free to add to it as you deem necessary.

I have addressed one specific complaint in the removal discussion, that the first EVA had no reference. It does now.
 * 1) Sortable table
 * 2) In-line references (for every entry??)  (Can an article have too many references?)
 * 3) Better, more up-to-date lead.  Perhaps a couple of sections.
 * 4) More detail and better grammar in comments.  (Are complete sentences required?)

WVhybrid (talk) 06:33, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * To return List of ISS spacewalks to FL status, it required that I add inline references for each and every single EVA performed, so I would expect the same would be true for this list. This page has been on my list of things to do, but would be difficult to get sources for some EVAs, especially those performed during the cold war era by Russia (and I just haven't had the time to work on this list). Yes, complete sentences are required, simply saying "Add solar array" or some such, is contrary to the classification of a featured list. "It comprehensively covers the defined scope, providing a complete set of items where practical, or otherwise at least all of the major items; where appropriate, it has annotations that provide useful and appropriate information about entries." and "It features professional standards of writing." Due to this, it would also be a good idea to format it more like the ISS spacewalk list, with the comments section on the bottom. Again, not a small task, lol. I personally do not see any reason to have a table such as this sortable, and would not consider that a high priority, rather, a simple legend could be used to distinguish Russian EVAs, shuttle EVAs, ISS EVAs (see the above FL for reference). It also greatly needs to be separated into sections, at the very least, by decade. Ariel  ♥  Gold  22:45, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the reply. I agree the table format used for the ISS spacewalks is more pleasing to the eye. And I've not been very excited about table sorting, but it does seem to be "a la mode" in FLs. As for all the work that is needed, I guess I can say:  "Oh, Brother".  I might give it a try.  It certainly gives me the excuse to go ahead and get a good editor instead of just using my browser.

 * As for difficulty finding out about the early Russian spacewalks, there probably is enough info available now days to allow at least a sentence or two about each one. As a lark, I went looking for details about the first Salyut-6 spacewalk, and I was able to find some details from an interview with one of the cosmonauts.

 * Anyway, I propose a collaboration, if you are interested. WVhybrid (talk) 23:58, 31 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'd be happy to work on it some, if I have the time in the next few weeks, but no promises :) As for sorting, it is not mandatory, nor is it a requirement for a FL. I personally don't see how this list would benefit from having all the columns sortable, it makes little sense to me. The list is a timeline, and if it is made clear (either by a legend, or perhaps by different cell background colors, although I personally dislike those in long tables such as this) which EVAs were done by which agency, from what location, I see no real benefit to having the table sortable. If anyone can give a valid reason for having sorted columns, I may possibly change my mind, but I can't see why it would make the list any better. The main issues (as I see them) are the lack of sections, lack of references, poor writing, and poor lead. Ariel  ♥  Gold  02:27, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Great. I'm okay with copying the table format used on ISS spacewalks, if that's okay with you.  I'll get started on the non-ISS and non-MIR references.  Yesterday I bought a couple used books on Soviet space history on half.com to help out. WVhybrid (talk) 16:33, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

I've been thinking about your comment on my talk page WVhybrid. I'm not necessarily worried about the size of the article, as long as it increases "readability". What I am worried about however, is the duplicity between this list and the ISS/Mir spacewalks list. We are duplicating content here, and that looks like a bad idea to me. However, I have little clue on how to solve that issue. Anyone else ? --Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 12:31, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comment, DJ. Regarding length, why don't we take the position that if the article has to be split to make FL, then we split it. If we can get FL status without splitting, then we don't split.  Regarding duplication, I don't think splitting out the Mir and ISS spacewalks is possible if we want a chronological order list, because the Space Shuttle-only spacewalks are on a mixed timeline with the Mir and ISS spacewalks. WVhybrid (talk) 23:59, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Duplication of entries on multiple EVA lists
Some time ago I looked at the question of entries that need to appear on multiple lists. If the number of lists is small, cut/paste copying the text (and re-copying it if gets updated) is a "simple" solution. Cut/paste does not, however, "scale well." That is, if there were dozens of lists of EVAs, and each list contained some subset of the comprehensive list of all EVAs, keeping all those dozens of lists up-to-date would be quite a chore!

In fact, there should be dozens of lists of EVAs, because there have been dozens of spacewalkers and it would be totally cool to have, for example, a list of all EVAs conducted by Franklin Chang-Diaz on the Franklin Chang-Diaz page, and so on.

The technology which the wikimedia software provides for this is WP:Templates, which can be quite complex to use. In summary, though, templates could be used to generate from a single list of EVAs any number of different EVA tables, where each table shows those EVAs which match the criteria of a given "selector". The prior work that I did pursuing this approach is still available at User:Sdsds/Template. (sdsds - talk) 07:32, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Bringing the spacewalk list back to FL status is a LOT of work. For instance, only about 25% of the data entries have in-line citations so far.  Creating templates for each astronaut would probably require creating a template for each spacewalk.  That sounds like even more work.
 * I would urge the priority should be to bring the list up to FL status, then work on additional items, such as the template plan described by User:Sdsds. Now, if we have to go to templates to meet FL status, that's a different story. WVhybrid (talk) 13:26, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Flag Icons
I think that for the purposes of this list, the flag icons should be removed, for a couple reasons. First, flag icons are distracting, and they put emphasis on nationality, not on the person or the activity the list is detailing. Second, nationality is not relevant to the missions, or the EVAs. Any astronaut could do the EVAs, not just those of a certain nationality. Additionally, it is really just a table full of US and Russian flags, which is unnecessary in my opinion. If someone wants to know what country the person is, they can simply click on their name. MOS:ICON details what the purpose of these small icons are, and they are most used in national sporting lists, where representation of a country is an important aspect of the list. In this case, the list is about spacewalks, not about what country performed those EVAs. Additionally, keeping in mind WP:Accessibility, the sheer number of icons in this list provides issues for those with visual disabilities. Overall, I think in this list, the use of flags is not helpful to the list, and is very distracting, especially since they are used over and over and over, for the same person repeatedly, and I do not think that it adds anything to the list. I've removed the most recent flags, but then discovered the entire first part of the list has them. I would suggest removing them prior to attempting to get this list to FL status. Ariel ♥  Gold  04:02, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I must disagree with ArielG's conclusion.
 * First, the flags are not distracting. They convey useful information, and, I believe, help depict the international flavor of the exploration of space as it has developed the last few years.
 * Second, as AG may have noticed while deleting some flagicons, not all flags are US or Russian (half the flags deleted by AG were Swedish and had been put there by someone with a Swedish IP address).  I reject the idea that the country of origin is unimportant, and that the astronauts' and cosmonauts' country is mere trivia. If that was true, astronauts wouldn't wear their country's flag on their uniform, and the ISS web site wouldn't display the flags of all the participating countries.  What better a way to show the growing international presence in orbit than to show the flags of the participating countries.  As for the guidelines of using flag icons for international sporting events, I can't think of a greater "sporting" event than spacewalking.  I especially like the flags that depicted astronauts from two different countries on a single spacewalk.
 * Third, this is a really long list, and the flag icons add a little "color" to the list.
 * Fourth, all of the flag icons meet the accessibility requirement for alt text or captions. Some visually impaired readers may find the flag information useful.
 * Lastly, I've think I've been quite accommodating, and I believe, polite, to ArielG's comments regarding reference archiving, table formatting and photo locations, even if I disagreed with those conclusions.  I was a little disappointed when my request to her to please help rewrite the lead didn't even receive a reply, but I kept quiet about that as well (until now).  But now, deleting flag icons without a discussion does, I think, deserve this reply.  I've put a lot of work into trying to bring this article back for demotion, and think my opinion should be considered.
 * WVhybrid (talk) 22:55, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * On another note, thank goodness the international team on the ISS survived the space junk scare today! WV
 * I deleted only four or so icons, from the last section because when viewing only that section, there were only a couple icons and they seemed out of place. It was only after that, that I noticed the entire table was full of them. I personally find them overwhelming, especially when the same flag is used over and over for the same astronaut when they make repeated EVAs. I personally don't think that nationality should be emphasized in this list, because these are EVAs, nationality has nothing to do with who performs EVAs. That is, however, my personal opinion, which is why I posted the suggestion here. It is not an insult to the work you've done, WV. It seems that you're upset with me that I didn't work on this table, but first of all, you seemed to be doing fine, and I did not think you needed any help, second, I've been seriously ill, and have not edited much at all, so I have not had the time to look over the list. If you disagreed with the reformatting of the table, or other suggestions I had, just say so, and don't do the changes. However, the format of the old list was very hard to read, it being one giant list with no sections, so I'm not sure why you would have disagreed with that. Keep in mind that you asked for my thoughts, my opinions, and I gave them. You don't have to agree with them, or make the changes. When it goes to FLC, others can give their input.  Ariel  ♥  Gold  00:38, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry to hear that you have been ill, AreilG. I sincerely hope things go better for you. WVhybrid (talk) 21:16, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

List split
I split the list, not because of any problem with the aesthetics of the list, but because the length was making it very tough to edit -- the length of time required to save the data frequently caused saving failures, for instance (a WP-internal problem, not a problem with the computer). RandomCritic (talk) 01:45, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Grey background
Some sort of explanation needs to be given as to why some EVAs have a grey background listed. There is nothing to explain this rather visually striking change in some of the EVAs (it would appear that they are ones conducted on the moon, but it should be explained at the top for those unfamiliar with the reasoning). Ariel ♥  Gold  14:24, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080827201045/http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws459.txt to http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws459.txt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080908064422/http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/mirnews463.txt to http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/mirnews463.txt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080827200539/http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/mirnews464.txt to http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/mirnews464.txt

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:06, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 20 external links on List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5il9QixAg?url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf to http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://uu.cx/flight/49/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws337.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws338.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws357.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws380.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws382.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws391.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws393.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws394.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws402.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws403.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws415.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws416.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws417.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws418.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws419.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws439.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ik1sld.org/mirnews/dat_mirnws446.txt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070808173330/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/EVA/EVA_totals_table.html to http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/EVA/EVA_totals_table.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:24, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090211111705/http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/machines/vkh2.sht to http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/machines/vkh2.sht
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110930222247/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2007/may/13/Boomers-collect-artifacts-memories-of-NASAs/ to http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2007/may/13/Boomers-collect-artifacts-memories-of-NASAs/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:18, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081223041538/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/leonov.htm to http://www.astronautix.com/astros/leonov.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090227031147/http://www.legislative.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/A14_MissionReport.pdf to http://www.legislative.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/A14_MissionReport.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:37, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Oldest rock discovered
" Genesis Rock, the oldest rock recovered during the Apollo missions." No - the Genesis Rock article disputes this. 137.188.108.49 (talk) 21:38, 14 November 2023 (UTC)


text: User talk:64.211.27.67

title: User talk:64.211.27.67


text:
Steve Thompson (rugby union)

Steve Thompson MBE (formerly Steve Walter; born 15 July 1978) is a former rugby union player who played at hooker for Northampton Saints and England. He was once England's most capped hooker, and played for the British & Irish Lions.

Northampton Saints
Formerly Steve Walter, born 15 July 1978 in Hemel Hempstead, he started playing rugby at 15 at the Northampton School for Boys and Northampton Casuals rugby club, Steve went on to play for Northampton Old Scouts alongside Ben Cohen in a youth team. He also trained with the youth section of Saints and, at 18, was selected for the apprentice scheme at the club's academy as a back row forward. Former Saints coach Ian McGeechan and coaches at the Northampton academy persuaded him to convert to being a hooker. Despite competing against the Argentinian Federico Méndez in the 1999–2000 season for his club place, he still managed to force his way into the England A squad. Thompson continued to develop as a player and became co-captain of Northampton Saints. At Northampton he was a replacement in the victorious 2000 Heineken Cup Final as they defeated Munster.

Retirement and return with Brive
On 15 April 2007 Thompson announced his immediate retirement from rugby due to a neck injury that he had suffered during the closing Heineken Cup pool match against Biarritz at Franklin's Gardens in January 2007.

For the 2007/2008 season he signed for CA Brive as a "recruitment and technique adviser". But on 22 October 2007, Thompson announced he would be returning to the game after consulting medical staff. He first played (and won) with Brive on 9 November 2007 in the European Challenge Cup against Connacht. Thompson represented the club in three Top 14 campaigns.

Back in the Premiership
On 31 May 2010 Thompson finally agreed a 2-year deal with Leeds Carnegie after a lot of speculation. This saw him join up with former International teammate Neil Back who was head coach at Leeds. Leeds were relegated from the 2010–11 Aviva Premiership. On 1 May 2011 it was announced that he had signed a 3-year deal with London Wasps. However, on 3 December 2011 Thompson announced his immediate retirement from the game, following a recurrence of a serious neck injury sustained in Wasps' training in late October, which required surgery to relieve symptoms of numbness and dizziness. Continuing to play would have been a serious health risk.

International career
Thompson was selected for England's summer tour to North America in 2001, where he did well. He made his test debut for England in the 2002 Six Nations with a win against Scotland. He scored his maiden test try against Italy in the 2003 Six Nations, a tournament which saw England win the Grand Slam. Thompson made a significant contribution to England's southern hemisphere tour in June 2003, playing in both victorious tests against New Zealand and Australia.

He was a member of the England team that won the 2003 Rugby World Cup, playing a part in all but one of England's World Cup performances in Australia. He scored his second test try in England's opening World Cup match against Georgia in Perth.

Thompson continued as an England regular in the Autumn games of 2004. He was selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand; on the tour he seemed to have regained some of his form after a poor 2005 Six Nations.

On 19 May 2009 Martin Johnson gave Thompson a surprise call up for England's summer games against The Barbarians and Argentina. Thompson was recalled to the England squad for the 2009 autumn internationals along with 2003 world cup winners Jonny Wilkinson and Lewis Moody.

In the 2011 Six Nations he scored the only try for England in their match against Ireland on 19 March 2011, a tournament which saw England win the Six Nations, but were denied the Grand Slam and Triple Crown with defeat to Ireland in Dublin. He also played in England's 2011 Rugby World Cup campaign, and was one of a minority of players whose reputation did not suffer.

Post-retirement
Thompson has been based in Dubai and has acted as an ambassador for the Christina Noble Children's Foundation. He has also been appointed as sports ambassador for security and facilities management services company Transguard, and worked in the media as rugby analyst for OSN and ESPN (UK).

Health and dementia
In December 2020, Thompson, aged 42, revealed that he had been diagnosed with early onset dementia with probable chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which is caused by repeated blows to the head (CTE can only be confirmed by post-mortem dissection of the brain). He said that he has no memory at all of events such as winning the 2003 Rugby World Cup and sometimes forgets his wife's name. He has also said he would not play rugby again, and would not like his son to take up rugby "the way it is at the moment".

Thompson and seven other players under 45 with a similar diagnosis were proposing to take legal action against World Rugby for failing to protect them.

On 23 September 2021, Thompson announced that he had decided to donate his brain for CTE research.

title: Steve Thompson (rugby union)


text:
Benson Records

Benson Records was founded by Bob Benson and John T. Benson, who formed the John T. Benson Music Publishing Company in 1902. The record label started out as Heart Warming Records, creating house labels such as Impact Records, Greentree Records, RiverSong, StarSong, Power Discs and Home Sweet Home. In the 1970s, Impact became the top label with artists such as New Dawn, the Imperials, J.D. Sumner & The Stamps Quartet, the Rambos, Dottie Rambo, the Archers, the Bill Gaither Trio, the Speer Family and Sandi Patty (her Impact catalog is owned by Curb Music).

History
In 1980, Paragon Associates formed a partnership with Zondervan to own/operate Benson Records. Paragon Assoc. was founded in 1975, by Bob MacKenzie and Bill Gaither (gospel singer). Paragon sold its interest to Zondervan in 1983, where under the leadership of Bob Jones, Jr. saw the Benson company grow even bigger in the 1980s. Artists included Gold City, The Kingsmen Quartet, DeGarmo & Key, Dallas Holm, and others producing several hits.

In the 1980s, Benson Records continued with success by signing a contract to distribute a new label, founded by Dan R Brock, Eddie DeGarmo, Dana Key and Ron W. Griffin. Forefront Records was born, and in 1989 Dc Talk was signed. In 1996, Forefront Records was sold to Capitol Christian Music Group (owned by Universal Music Group, and this acquisition includes the entire DeGarmo & Key catalog). On July 27, 1993, Benson Music Group distributed the christian children's music series Kids Classics with the first six titles including Bible Songs, Action Bible Songs, Sunday School Songs, Songs of Praise, Silly Songs, and Lullabies. In 1994, the name Impact Records was sold to Landmark Distribution. On July 26, 1994, Benson Music Group released two new Kids Classics including Toddler Tunes and Hymns. On November 1, 1994, Kids Classics changed the new name into Cedarmont Kids. In 1995, they acquired Diadem Music Group which included GospelJazz pioneer Ben Tankard's Tribute Records label contracts. These contracts included Tankard, Yolanda Adams, Twinkie Clark and Bob Carlisle. Carlisle is best known for his hit song, "Butterfly Kisses".

Benson Records was sold to Provident/Zomba in 1997, which is now a part of Sony Music Entertainment. The Benson label was reformatted to focus on new artists. Zomba closed the label in late 2001.

Most recently, the name Heart Warming Records and RiverSong was sold to Homeland Entertainment. Homeland is owned by Bill Traylor and former President of Zondervan, Bob Jones, Jr.

Artists

 * 4Him
 * Yolanda Adams
 * Angelo & Veronica
 * The Archers
 * Andrus, Blackwood & Co
 * Ray Boltz
 * Brush Arbor
 * Bob Carlisle
 * Commissioned
 * Carman
 * Twinkie Clark
 * DeGarmo & Key
 * Bryan Duncan
 * Gary Dunham
 * East to West
 * Farrell & Farrell
 * Don Francisco
 * Bill Gaither Trio
 * Glad
 * Gold City
 * Fred Hammond
 * Harvest
 * Dallas Holm
 * The Imperials
 * Kingsmen Quartet
 * Oak Ridge Boys
 * Sandi Patty
 * Chuckie Perez
 * Pilgrim Jubilees
 * Dottie Rambo
 * The Rambos
 * Songfellows Quartet
 * Speer Family
 * Billy Sprague
 * J.D. Sumner & The Stamps Quartet
 * Straight Company
 * Michael Sweet
 * Three Crosses
 * Tourniquet
 * Truth
 * Hezekiah Walker
 * Whisper Loud
 * Thomas Whitfield
 * J.C. White and the TFT Church Choir

Resources

 * Powell, Mark Allan. The Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music Hendrickson Publishers, August 2002. (ISBN 1565636791 ISBN 978-1-56563-679-8)

title: Benson Records


text:
Minister of Health and Social Services

Minister of Health and Social Services can refer to:

 * Minister of Health and Community Services (Manitoba)
 * Minister of Health and Social Services (Northern Ireland)
 * Minister of Health and Social Services (Nunavut)
 * Ministry of Health and Social Services (Quebec)

title: Minister of Health and Social Services


text:
Battle of Punta Quemada

The Battle of Punta Quemada, fought sometime in January 1525, was a brief encounter between a band of Spanish conquistadors and the "warlike natives" of Colombia, thought to be a northern tributary tribe to the Andean Kingdom of Quito, subordinate to and as well northern capital of the Inca Empire. Though it marked the end of Francisco Pizarro's first tentative expedition along the Pacific coast, the battle also represented a crucial step to Spain's discovery and conquest of the Peru. For weeks before their landfall at Punta Quemada, Pizarro and his company had, both on sea and on land, steadily crawled southward along the coast of Colombia, enduring both the inhospitality of the terrain and the dangers of tropical tempests. Famine and fatigue alike had ravaged the group, leaving several dead and many on the brink of incapacitation, and only Pizarro's personal charisma and the iron constitution of the Castilians had kept the crew from collapsing into mutiny and despair.

Upon reaching Punta Quemada, Pizarro, leading his men inland along unusually agreeable terrain, had discovered and occupied a large native village, the residents of which, to all appearances, had fled in terror at the sight of the Europeans. Delighted at the luck of having established quarters in such a defensible position, and mindful that his battered vessel out on the shore would not carry him much farther, Pizarro elected to send a contingent of men under Lieutenant Montenegro back to Panama for repairs and supplies while his own troops manned the village ramparts and awaited the arrival of Diego de Almagro, whose own expeditionary force, following the path of Pizarro's, was bound to arrive shortly.

But the Quitians were warriors and, contrary to Spanish assessment, had abandoned their settlement only to see their women and children to safety. Armed with bows, slings, and spears, they had closely monitored the invaders and gathered unseen in the jungle in preparation for an attack.

Montenegro's column, the more vulnerable of the two Castilian parties, fell into a Quitian ambush just as it emerged from the heavy jungle foliage onto Andean foothills where arrows and other projectiles could fly unobstructed. A volley of arrows and stones struck the Spaniards. The Castilians began to fall back in panic and disarray as the natives bore down upon them.

Montenegro, rallying his men, ordered a return volley at the onrushing Quitians. The Spaniards shredded the native charge with a flurry of crossbow bolts, then countercharged, driving the unarmoured Quitians back. The Quitians orchestrated a similar assault on Pizarro's camp and stormed the village, unleashing a shower of missiles at the defenders. Prescott recounts that Pizarro, too bold and fiery of temper to be held inside a set of walls by enemy fire, sallied out to meet the threat, rousing his men into a charge that drove the natives back. However, the natives counterattacked, and the Spanish troops faltered.

Montenegro, fearing for his leader, had ordered an immediate march back to camp. He now appeared at the edge of the ridge and drove into the rear of the Quitian formations, shattering their resolve. Unable to resist this new threat, the natives fled into the jungle, leaving Pizarro wounded in no less than seven places.

The conquistadors realized that the village was far less defensible than they had previously assumed, and fearing subsequent hostile encounters and unable to continue south by sea, Pizarro chose to end his expedition at Punta Quemada.

Almagro, following in Pizarro's footsteps, later attacked and burned the village, losing an eye in the process.

title: Battle of Punta Quemada


text:
Mayor of Bucharest

The Mayor of Bucharest (Primarul General al Municipiului București), sometimes known as the General Mayor, is the head of the Bucharest City Hall in Bucharest, Romania, which is responsible for citywide affairs, such as the water system, the transport system and the main boulevards. The title of General Mayor is sometimes used to distinguish the office from that of the mayors that lead each of Bucharest's six administrative sectors, and which are responsible for local area affairs, such as secondary streets, parks, schools and cleaning services. All decisions of the mayor have to be approved by the 55-seat General Council of Bucharest.

The office was created on 7 August 1864, when a new French-style local administration law was adopted.

The two before last elections saw Sorin Oprescu elected as Mayor of Bucharest, for the first time in June 2008 and afterwards for a second term in June 2012. On 6 September 2015, Sorin Oprescu was detained on suspicion of corruption and bribery charges.

On 15 September 2015, he was replaced by a general council elected deputy-mayor for the remainder of his term which ended the following year.

On 5 June 2016, Gabriela Firea was elected Mayor with 246,553 votes (42.97%) and she was sworn in on 23 June.

On 27 September 2020, Nicușor Dan was elected Mayor and he was sworn in on 29 October.

On 9 June 2024, Dan was re-elected as Mayor of Bucharest and is expected to begin his new term in October.

title: Mayor of Bucharest


text:
Senate of Romania

The Senate (Senat) is the upper house in the bicameral Parliament of Romania. It has 136 seats (before the 2016 Romanian parliamentary election the total number of elected representatives was 176 ), to which members are elected by direct popular vote using party-list proportional representation in 43 electoral districts (the 41 counties, the city of Bucharest plus 1 constituency for the Romanians living abroad), to serve four-year terms.

First Senate (1859–1944)
The parliamentary history of Romania is seen as beginning in May 1831 in Wallachia, where a constitution called Regulamentul Organic ("Organic Statute") was promulgated by the Russian Empire and adopted. In January 1832 it came into force in Moldavia also. This laid the foundations for the parliamentary institution in the two Romanian principalities. At the Congress of Paris of 1856, Russia gave up to Moldavia the left bank of the mouth of the Danube, including part of Bessarabia, and also gave up its claim to be the protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Moldavia and Wallachia, while remaining under the suzerainty of the Ottomans, were recognized as quasi-independent self-governing principalities under the protection of the other European Powers.

The Paris Convention of 19 August 1858 promulgated Statutul Dezvoltător ("Expanding Statute"), to introduce a bicameral parliament, with an upper house named in Romanian Corpul Ponderator ("Moderating Body"). This was later renamed the Senat. A formal Union of the two principalities came in 1859. On the initiative of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, a plebiscite in 1864 enlarged the principle of national representation.

The 1866 Constitution of Romania proclaimed constitutional monarchy as Romania's form of government, on the basis of national sovereignty and the separation of powers. Legislative power was to be exercised by the new Prince (Carol I of Romania) and a bi-cameral parliament, with an Assembly of Deputies and a Senate.

On 9 May 1877, the Declaration of Romania's independence was read under the dome of the Romanian Parliament.

The 1923 Constitution, approved by both houses of parliament in May 1923, again entrusted legislative power to the Senate, the Assembly of Deputies, and the King. The constitution instituted the membership by right (senator de drept) in the Senate for:
 * The heir to the throne;
 * Metropolitan bishops and diocesan bishops of the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic churches;
 * Heads of state-recognised religious bodies;
 * The president of the Romanian Academy;
 * Former presidents of the Council of Ministers;
 * Former ministers with at least six years' seniority;
 * Former presidents of either legislative chamber who held this function for at least eight ordinary sessions;
 * Former senators and deputies elected to at least ten legislatures, irrespective of their duration;
 * Former presidents of the High Court of Cassation and Justice;
 * Reserve and retired generals;
 * Former presidents of the National Assemblies at Chișinău, Cernăuți, and Alba Iulia, which previously proclaimed their respective provinces' union with Romania in 1918 (see Union of Transylvania with Romania, Union of Bessarabia with Romania).

Additionally, the Senate included an elective element, chosen by corporatist electoral colleges, including the chambers of commerce, industry, and agriculture, as well as university professors.

In February 1938, amid the political crisis which soon led to the Second World War, King Carol II imposed a more authoritarian monarchy. Under the Constitution of 1938, Parliament lost some of its main powers. The Senate was to be composed of members appointed by the King, members by right, and members elected in single-member electoral areas, in the same manner as Assembly members. The proportion of appointed and elected members was to be equal, while senators by right still had to meet the conditions set out in the 1923 Constitution.

Suspension and abolition (1940–1944)
In September 1940, after the abdication of King Carol, the National Legionary State suspended the parliament but itself lasted less than five months. It was succeeded by Ion Antonescu's military dictatorship and the parliament remained suspended.

After the royal coup of 23 August 1944, on 15 July 1946 the government controlled by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) issued an electoral law that re-organized the parliament as a single legislative body, called the Assembly of Deputies, thus disestablishing the Senate. Under the 1948 constitution this became the Great National Assembly, a relatively impotent body subordinate to the power of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR).

Senate recreated (1990)
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 opened the way to restoring pluralistic representative democracy. Under the country's new post-communist Constitution of 1991, approved by a national referendum in 1991, Romania returned to a bicameral parliamentary system, in which the Senate is an elected body.

A referendum on modifying the size and structure of the Parliament from the current bicameral one with 137 senators and 334 deputies to a unicameral one with a maximum of 300 seats was held on 22 November 2009, at the same time as the first round of the 2009 presidential election. The electors approved by a percentage of 77.78% (50.95% turnout) the adoption of a unicameral Parliament, however as of 2024 the necessary constitutional changes to achieve this have not been put into effect.

Former locations
The first Romanian Senate functioned between 1864 and 1869 in a small building, which still exists today on the Calea Șerban Vodă. Once the new building of the University of Bucharest was inaugurated, the Senate moved in a bigger hall in that building. Between 1929 and 1940, it was temporarily housed in a building on the Regina Elisabeta Boulevard, while a new Palace of the Senate was to be built in today's Națiunile Unite Square. This building was never finished.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Senate was housed in the "Palace of the Senate" (Palatul Senatului), located in Revolution Square. That U-shaped structure was built from 1938 to 1941 under engineer Emil Prager's coordination, following the plans of architect Emil Nădejde. It housed the Council of Ministers and from 1958 to 1989 it was the headquarters of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). During the Revolution, Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena fled by helicopter from the roof of the building. In 2005 the senators moved into the Palace of the Parliament, joining their colleagues from the Chamber of Deputies. "Palatul Senatului" now houses the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

2020–2024
! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Present seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 136 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 136 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 47
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 34.55%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 46
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 33.82%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 41
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 30.14%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 39
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 28.67%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 25
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18.38%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 22
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16.17%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance for the Union of Romanians
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 14
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.29%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 12
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 8.82%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Force of the Right
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2.20%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Liberal Humanist Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Romanian Nationhood Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.47%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Vacant
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.47%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Vacant
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * }

2016–2020
! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | End seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 136 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 136 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 67
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 49.26%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 59
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 43.38%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 30
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 22.05%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 26
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 19.11%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9.55%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9.55%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.14%
 * style="text-align:left;" | People's Movement Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 8
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.88%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3.67%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Humanist Power Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.47%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11.02%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.47%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11.02%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11.02%
 * }

2008–2012
In December 2008, the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) and the political alliance established between the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and Conservative Party (PC) formed a coalition government.

2004–2008
In the 2004 Romanian general election, held on 28 November 2004, the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) won the greatest number of seats, even though no party won an outright majority. The President of the Senate for this legislature was Nicolae Văcăroiu, who was elected on 20 December 2004. Following his ad interim presidency of Romania, he delegated his attributions to the vice president Doru Ioan Tărăcilă. After Văcăroiu was sworn in as president of the Court of Accounts, Ilie Sârbu was elected as the new President of the Senate.

Until April 2007, the Justice and Truth Alliance governed in coalition with other minor parties. In April 2007, after the break-up of the Justice and Truth Alliance, the National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians (UDMR/RMDSZ) formed a minority government coalition (highlighted in bold in the table below).

2000–2004
Elections to the Senate were held on 26 November 2000, in which the Social Democratic Party (then abbreviated PDSR) won an overall majority. Then President of the Senate of Romania was former Prime Minister (between 1992 and 1996) Nicolae Văcăroiu, who was elected in December 2000. The allocation of seats was as follows:

Presidents of the Senate (1990–present)
Last election of the President of Senate: November 2021

The Standing Bureau of the Senate consists of the President of the Senate, four vice-presidents, four secretaries, and four quaestors. The President of the Standing Bureau also serves as the President of the Senate. The President is elected, by secret ballot, for the duration of the legislative period.

The political stance of the presidents of the upper house of the Parliament of Romania (after the development of a modern party system) is given by the following legend table:

Ad interim (acting) officeholders are denoted by italics. The Rule of the Senate states that at the first standing of the house, the meeting is headed by the eldest senator and helped by the youngest senator. Those bear the title of Interim President of the Senate, and, as their term is very short (one or two days) are not listed. The interim officeholders listed have hold the office in different circumstances and for a longer time (i.e. for more than one or two days).

Notable senators

 * Michael I of Romania (November 1939 to September 1940), before becoming King and thereby acceding to the throne of the Kingdom of Romania for the second time during his second and last short-lived reign.

title: Senate of Romania


text:
George Chuter

George Scala Chuter (born 9 July 1976) is an English rugby union ex player who played at Hooker for Leicester Tigers.

Biography
Chuter was born in Greenwich. He first started playing as a 12-year-old, when he went to Trinity School of John Whitgift in the London Borough of Croydon. He quickly established himself at hooker. He went on to play his club rugby for Old Mid-Whitgiftians and gained representative honours for the London Division U18 side.

Club career
Chuter was invited to trial for Saracens F.C. at the age of 19, where he played for five years.

Chuter took a year off and decided to travel in the U.S. and Australia; he was in Sydney for the 2000 Olympic Games. On returning he signed for Leicester Tigers in December 2000. After the departure of Richard Cockerill in the summer of 2002, he competed with Dorian West as first choice hooker.

In the 2006–07 season, Chuter played as Leicester won the final of the Guinness Premiership and Heineken Cup.

Chuter started in the final of the 2008–09 Guinness Premiership, which Leicester won, and 2008–09 Heineken Cup. Chuter started in the final of the 2009–10 Guinness Premiership, winning his third Premiership medal.

Chuter retired in 2014.

Chuter is currently Director of Rugby at Hinckley Rugby Club.

International career
In 1994–95 Chuter won his first cap for England Colts against Scotland and also went on that year's summer tour to Canada. In 1998 he made a try-scoring debut for England A against France A at Tours, and in the same year went on the senior England 'tour to hell' against, New Zealand and , featuring in the uncapped match at Invercargill against New Zealand Academy.

In 2003 Chuter was back in the England reckoning, and in 2004 was a member of the England A squad at the 2004 Churchill Cup in Canada. He was then selected for the Elite Player Squad but a second citing in October resulted in his missing the opportunity to take part in the November Tests. Chuter made his debut against Australia during England's 2006 Tour of Australia. In the second test of the series and his second England appearance Chuter scored a try in a 43–18 defeat.

Sporting a full beard, he featured in the 2007 World Cup squad, battling with Mark Regan for the role of first-choice hooker. Chuter was a used replacement in the 2007 Rugby World Cup Final.

title: George Chuter


text:
Sparrow Records

Sparrow Records is a Christian music record label and a division of Universal Music Group.

History
Sparrow Records was founded in 1976 by Billy Ray Hearn, then artists and repertoire (A&R) director at Myrrh Records. Barry McGuire was the first artist signed to the label, followed quickly by John Michael Talbot and his brother Terry, Janny Grein, and Annie Herring of 2nd Chapter of Acts; all of whom released albums with Sparrow in May of that year. Sparrow Records rose to prominence with the signing of singer, songwriter, Contemporary Christian musician, and minister Keith Green. Within a year of his 1976 signing by Sparrow, Green was the top selling Christian artist in America.

Purchased by Thorn EMI in 1992, Sparrow's parent underwent a demerger four years later to become the EMI Group, and the label is now part of the Capitol Christian Music Group.

As of 2009, Sparrow's artists include Britt Nicole, Chris Tomlin, Mandisa, Matt Redman, Matthew West, Steven Curtis Chapman and Switchfoot. Since 1996, a popular production of Sparrow Records has been the annual WOW Hits contemporary Christian music series. In 1998, the WOW franchise then added the annual WOW Gospel series of albums. The WOW Worship series was introduced in 1999, an annual compilation of the greatest hits in contemporary worship music.

Roster

 * Source: Artist List

 * Alexander Pappas
 * Amy Grant
 * Anna Golden
 * Anne Wilson
 * Benjamin William Hastings
 * Blessing Offor
 * Brian Courtney Wilson
 * Brooke Ligertwood
 * Bryan & Katie Torwalt
 * Chris Davenport
 * Chris McClarney
 * Chris Quilala
 * Chris Tomlin
 * Christian Paul
 * Christine D'Clario
 * Cody Carnes
 * Crowder
 * Danny Gokey

 * Ellie Holcomb
 * Evvie McKinney
 * Gene Moore
 * Hannah Hobbs
 * Hillsong United
 * Hillsong Worship
 * Hillsong Young & Free
 * HLE
 * Housefires
 * Jeremy Camp
 * Jeremy Rosado
 * Jesus Culture
 * Jon Foreman
 * Jonathan Traylor
 * JUDAH.
 * Karen Clark Sheard
 * Kari Jobe
 * Kevin Quinn
 * Kim Walker-Smith
 * LaTocha
 * Mac Powell
 * Mosaic MSC
 * Newsboys
 * Passion
 * Pat Barrett
 * Rachel Mac
 * Rend Collective (with Rend Family Records)
 * Ricky Dillard
 * Riley Clemmons
 * SANCTUARY Worship
 * Sean Curran
 * Social Club Misfits
 * Stephen Stanley
 * Tasha Cobbs Leonard
 * Tauren Wells
 * TAYA
 * The Baylor Project
 * TobyMac (also with ForeFront Records)
 * Tye Tribbett
 * We the Kingdom

Former

 * 2nd Chapter of Acts (disbanded)
 * Above the Golden State
 * Susan Ashton (active, unsigned)
 * Audrey Assad (active, independent)
 * Avalon (active, with Red Street Records)
 * Margaret Becker (active, with Kingsway Music)
 * Bellarive
 * Lisa Bevill (active, independent)
 * Dan Bremnes
 * Steve Camp (active, unsigned)
 * Michael Card (active, unsigned)
 * Marcos Vidal (active, unsigned)
 * Carman (deceased)
 * Steven Curtis Chapman (active, with Reunion Records)
 * City Harbor
 * Daryl Coley (deceased)
 * David Crowder*Band (disbanded, had moved to sixstepsrecords)
 * Danyew
 * DC Talk (hiatus)
 * Delirious? (disbanded)
 * Bethany Dillon (active)
 * Dogs of Peace (active)
 * Earthsuit (disbanded)
 * The Elms (disbanded)
 * Kirk Franklin (active, with GospoCentric Records)
 * Peter Furler (active, independent)
 * Keith Green (deceased)
 * Steve Green (active, unsigned)
 * Rickey Grundy, (active, independent)
 * Charlie Hall (active, with sixstepsrecords)
 * Matt Hammitt
 * Tramaine Hawkins
 * Tim Hughes (active, with Survivor Records)
 * Kari Jobe (active, with Capitol Christian Music Group)
 * Jump5 (disbanded)
 * Phil Keaggy (active)
 * Donald Lawrence
 * Luminate
 * Mandisa (deceased)
 * Barry McGuire (active, unsigned)
 * Geoff Moore and the Distance (disbanded)
 * Michael W. Smith (active, with Rocketown Records)
 * Needtobreathe (active, with Atlantic Records)
 * Newsboys (active, with Fair Trade Services)
 * Christy Nockels (active, with sixstepsrecords)
 * Out of the Grey (on hiatus)
 * Twila Paris (active, with Koch Records)
 * Charlie Peacock (active, independent)
 * Marty Raybon
 * Matt Redman (active, with Integrity Music)
 * Resurrection Band
 * Sanctus Real (active, with Fair Trade Services)
 * Sarah Reeves
 * Samestate
 * Robbie Seay Band (active, unsigned)
 * Something Like Silas
 * Soulfire Revolution
 * Aaron Spiro (active, unsigned)
 * Kristian Stanfill (active, with sixstepsrecords)
 * Starfield (active, independent)
 * Switchfoot (active, with lowercase people records) (Switchfoot still has a distribution agreement with Sparrow Records)
 * Russ Taff (active, with Springhouse Records)
 * John Michael Talbot (active, with Troubadour for the Lord)
 * Steve Taylor
 * Dave Thrush (active, independent)
 * Chris Tomlin (active, with sixstepsrecords)
 * Michelle Tumes (active, with EMI CMG)
 * James Vincent
 * The Waiting (active, independent)
 * Sheila Walsh (active)
 * Matthew Ward (active, independent)
 * Matthew West
 * Lisa Whelchel
 * White Heart
 * Josh Wilson (active on Black River Christian)
 * Deniece Williams (last worked, with Shanachie Records)
 * ZOEgirl (disbanded)
 * Danniebelle Hall (deceased)
 * West Angeles Church of God in Christ Mass Choir and Congregation ("Saints in Praise" series)
 * The Archers (musical group)
 * Jimi Cravity
 * Kristene DiMarco
 * Colton Dixon (with 19 Recordings)
 * Shawn McDonald
 * NF (with Capitol Records)
 * Britt Nicole (with Capitol Records)
 * Christy Nockels
 * Nichole Nordeman
 * Kristian Stanfill
 * The Young Escape

Compilations

 * Firewind: A Contemporary Dramatic Musical (1976)
 * Christmas (1988)
 * Passion: Awakening (2010)

Sparrow projects

 * WOW Worship Series

title: Sparrow Records


text:
IHB

IHB may refer to:

 * Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
 * Indiana Historical Bureau
 * Irregular heartbeat
 * International Hydrographic Bureau or as it's more currently known the International Hydrographic Organization

title: IHB