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List of University of Nottingham people

A list of people related to the University of Nottingham or to its predecessor, University College, Nottingham.

Chancellors

 * John Boot, 2nd Baron Trent (1949 - 1954)
 * William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland (1954 - 1971)
 * Sir Francis Hill (1971 - 1978)
 * Sir Gordon Hobday (1978 - 1993)
 * Ronald Dearing, Baron Dearing (1993 - 2000)
 * Fujia Yang (2000 - 2012)
 * Sir Andrew Witty (2013–2017)
 * Baroness Young of Hornsey (2020–present)

Vice-Chancellors

 * Bertrand Hallward (1948 - 1965)
 * Frederick Dainton, Baron Dainton (1965 - 1970)
 * John Butterfield, Baron Butterfield (1971 - 1975)
 * Basil Weedon (1976 - 1988)
 * Sir Colin Campbell (1988 - 2008)
 * Sir David Greenaway (2008 - September 2017)
 * Shearer West (October 2017 – present)

Academia

 * Bob Boucher – Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield
 * Arthur Carty – National Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of Canada
 * Sir Bernard Crossland – President of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers
 * Paul Dibb – Australian defence intelligence official and Head of the ANU Strategic and Defence Studies Centre
 * Louis Essen – physicist
 * Charles Bungay Fawcett – geographer
 * Pamela Gillies – Vice-Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University
 * Sir Clive Granger – 2003 Nobel Laureate, Economics
 * Gerald Hawkins – Professor of Astronomy, noted for his interest in Stonehenge
 * Harriet Hawkins – Professor of Human Geography, noted in the field of geohumanities
 * Nigel Healey – Vice-Chancellor of Fiji National University
 * Sir Brian Heap – Master of St Edmund's College, Cambridge and former Vice-President of the Royal Society
 * Reginald Hugh Hickling – lawyer, colonial civil servant, law academic and author
 * John Pilkington Hudson – the university's first Professor of Horticulture
 * Jack Lewis, Baron Lewis of Newnham – chemist
 * Scot McKnight – Professor of Religious Studies at North Park University, recognised for his scholarship on the New Testament, early Christianity, and the historical Jesus
 * Victor Mundella — Physicist; Professor of Physics, Northern Polytechnic Institute; Principal of Sunderland Technical College
 * Sir Keith O'Nions – geologist, Director-General UK Research Councils
 * Brian Norton – solar energy technologist, President, Dublin Institute of Technology
 * Austin Quigley – Dean, Columbia College
 * Nigel Shadbolt – Principal of Jesus College, Oxford and Chairman of the Open Data Institute
 * Roger Tomlinson – "father of GIS"
 * Carl Trueman – author, Presbyterian theologian, and Professor of Historical Theology and Church History, Westminster Theological Seminary.
 * Graham Twelftree – Distinguished Professor of New Testament, Regent University School of Divinity, renowned for his contribution to the Third Quest for the Historical Jesus and his extensive work on miracles in the New Testament
 * Matthew P. Walker – Professor of Neuroscience and Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, and Founder and Director of the Center for Human Sleep Science
 * Silke Weinfurtner – Physicist and quantum gravity researcher

Arts and media

 * Sue Arrowsmith - artist
 * Matthew Bannister – BBC broadcaster and administrator
 * Olav Bjortomt – quiz setter for The Times and notable contestant
 * Robert Brustein – Harvard English professor, founder of Yale University repertory theatre and the American Repertory theatre
 * Don Broco - British rock group
 * Liz Carr – comedian and disabled rights activist
 * Michael Coren – author and broadcaster
 * Ian Dickson – judge of Australian Idol
 * Mike Dilger – nature presenter on The One Show
 * Elliott Gotkine – BBC South America correspondent
 * Haydn Gwynne – actress
 * London Grammar - British pop group
 * Chris Hawkins – radio personality
 * Oliver James – psychologist and TV presenter
 * Theo James – actor
 * Colin Matthews – composer
 * David Matthews – composer
 * James Moir – former controller of BBC Radio 2
 * Jeff Randall – Daily Telegraph editor-at-large and Sky television presenter
 * Katie Rowley Jones – actress
 * Frances Ryan – journalist and author
 * Clive Tyldesley – lead football commentator for ITV
 * Ruth Wilson – actress
 * Helen Willetts – BBC weather presenter
 * Tracie Young – pop singer
 * Natalie Pinkham - Sky Sports F1 presenter

Business

 * Jonathan Browning – Chairman, Vauxhall Motors
 * Hosein Khajeh-Hosseiny - founder OpenX Innovations
 * Clive Hollick, Baron Hollick – former owner of United News
 * Steve Holliday – CEO, National Grid plc
 * Tim Martin – Chairman of Wetherspoons
 * Judith McHale – President and CEO, Discovery Communications
 * Kike Oniwinde – founder of BYP Network
 * Sir Robert Phillis – Chief Executive, Guardian Media Group
 * William Henry Revis - a lace and hosiery manufacturer and major benefactor of Nottingham University College.
 * John Rishton – CEO, Royal Ahold and Rolls-Royce
 * John Timpson – Chairman, Timpson
 * Andrew Witty – CEO, GlaxoSmithKline

United Kingdom

 * Tim Aker MEP - UK Independence Party
 * Andrew Bridgen MP – Conservative
 * Jeremy Browne MP – Liberal Democrat, Minister of State at the Foreign Office
 * Neil Carmichael MP – Conservative
 * David Drew MP - Labour
 * Michael Dugher MP, Labour, PPS
 * Parmjit Dhanda - Former Labour MP
 * Tom Ellis - Former Labour MP, before defecting to Social Democratic Party
 * Charlie Elphicke MP – Conservative
 * John Henry Hayes MP – Conservative, Minister of State for Transport
 * Jimmy Hood MP – Labour
 * Kelvin Hopkins MP – Labour
 * Tony Lloyd MP – Labour, former Minister of State at the Foreign Office
 * Stephen Mosley MP – Conservative
 * Meg Munn MP – Labour, former Minister for Women and Equality
 * John Pugh MP – Liberal Democrat
 * Merlyn Rees - Former Labour MP and Home secretary
 * Angela Smith MP – Labour
 * Antoinette Sandbach MP - Conservative
 * Dari Taylor - Former Labour MP
 * Paddy Tipping - former Labour MP
 * Nadia Whittome - Labour MP

International politics

 * Peter Ala Adjetey – Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana between 2001 and 2005
 * Isaac Kobina Abban – 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana
 * Philip Edward Archer – 8th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana
 * Zainab Bangura – Sierra Leone Foreign Minister, human rights campaigner, former Presidential Candidate
 * Lateefa Al Gaood – first female Member of the Council of Representatives of Bahrain
 * Abdoulie Janneh - former United Nations Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
 * Alpha Kanu - Sierra Leonean politician and the current Sierra Leone minister of Presidential and Public Affairs.
 * Leon Lillie - US member of the Minnesota House of Representatives.
 * Judith McHale – US Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
 * Tun Dato Seri Haji Hamdan Bin Sheik Tahir – former Governor of Penang, Malaysia
 * Tunku Tan-Sri Imran ibni Tuanku Jaafar – former Malaysian ambassador and Sultan of Negeri Sembilan
 * Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen Ismail – former Malaysian Minister of Defense, former Malaysian Minister of Foreign Affairs.
 * Mikhail Svetov – Russian politician, one of the main ideologists and popularizers of libertarianism in Russia
 * Riza Yunos – Bruneian politician, Deputy Minister at the Prime Minister's Office.

Royalty

 * His Majesty Sultan Tuanku Ja'afar – tenth King of Malaysia, Yang Dipertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan
 * His Majesty Sultan Raja Azlan Shah – ninth King of Malaysia, 34th Sultan of Perak
 * Zara Salim Davidson – wife of the Raja Muda (Crown Prince) of Perak and grandniece of the first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman
 * Tuanku Bahiyah – fifth Raja Permaisuri Agong (Queen) of Malaysia
 * Iman Afzan – Daughter of the 16th King of Malaysia

Government

 * Akierra Missick – Deputy Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands
 * Sir John Sawers – former Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations who later went on before retiring to become Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)
 * Sir Richard Tilt – Social Fund Commissioner, former Director General HM Prison Service
 * Sir Mike Tomlinson – Chief Inspector of Schools
 * Najib Razak – former prime minister of Malaysia (2009–2018)

Military

 * Air Vice Marshal Johnnie Johnson – pilot, Second World War flying ace

Engineering

 * Reginald Coates - civil engineer and former President of the Institution of Civil Engineers
 * Frank Halford – aircraft engine designer
 * Peter Hansford – civil engineer and (from November 2012) UK government's chief construction adviser
 * Onyeche Tifase - electrical engineer and MD/CEO of Siemens Nigeria

Natural sciences

 * Michael Creeth - Biochemist who confirmed the existence of hydrogen bonds between the purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA
 * David Dolphin - Chemist and lead creator of Visudyne
 * Anil Kakodkar - Nuclear scientist and mechanical engineer
 * Ian Wilmut – embryologist who managed the team who cloned Dolly the sheep

Medicine

 * Monica Lakhanpaul - medical doctor, public health expert, and academic

Religion

 * David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes – former Lord Archbishop of York
 * Alan Jones - former Dean of the Episcopal Grace Cathedral in San Francisco
 * Henry Luke Orombi - former Archbishop of the church of Uganda

Other

 * Kweku Adoboli - former UBS employee known for his role in the 2011 UBS rogue trader scandal
 * Richard Best, Baron Best – Director, Joseph Rowntree Foundation
 * Sue Biggs CBE - Director General of the Royal Horticultural Society
 * Mary Marsh – Director of the NSPCC
 * John Monks – former General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress
 * Adam Powell – game designer and co-founder of Neopets
 * Donna Powell – game designer and co-founder of Neopets
 * Dame Helen Reeves – Chief Executive of Victim Support
 * Kemebradikumo Pondei – acting managing director of Niger Delta Development Commission
 * David Sharp - mountaineer
 * Sir Nigel Sweeney – High Court Judge
 * Greville Wynne – British spy, imprisoned by the KGB
 * Levison Wood - Explorer

Sport

 * Tim Baillie – London 2012 Canoe Slalom (C2) Olympic gold medallist
 * Chris Bartley – London 2012 Men's Four Rowing Olympic silver medallist
 * Tim Brabants – three-time Olympic medallist in canoeing
 * Kristan Bromley – Skeleton World Cup winner 2003/2004
 * Eva Carneiro – British Physician, Chelsea FC Team Doctor (2009-2015)
 * Melissa-Jane Daniel – 5 world records in archery
 * David Florence – Beijing 2008 Canoe Slalom(C1) and London 2012 Canoe Slalom (C2) Olympic Silver medallist
 * Sir Denis Follows – General Secretary, The Football Association; Chairman, British Olympic Association
 * David Mercer – sports broadcaster
 * Brian Moore – England rugby union representative footballer and commentator
 * Deryck Murray – former Trinidad and Tobago and West Indies wicket-keeper
 * William Henry Revis – scored the first goal for the Nottingham Reds, the UK's oldest football league team.
 * Lynn Simpson – former World Individual and World Series Canoe Slalom Champion
 * Matt Smith – Leicester Tigers rugby player
 * Etienne Stott – London 2012 Canoe Slalom (C2) Olympic gold medallist
 * Campbell Walsh – Athens 2004 Canoe Slalom (K1) Olympic silver medallist; Canoe Slalom World Cup Champion 2004
 * Keith Wyness – former Chief Executive, Everton FC
 * Deng Yaping – four times Olympic table tennis champion, voted Chinese female athlete of the century
 * Michael Gill – professional cyclist riding for UCI Continental team Saint Piran
 * Rob Carmichael – tallest professional rugby union player in the world, playing for Edinburgh Rugby

Writers and literature

 * Meena Alexander – writer and poet
 * Christopher Bigsby – novelist and literary critic
 * Peter Boardman – mountaineer and writer
 * Michael Bracewell – novelist
 * Idris Davies – poet
 * Nirpal Singh Dhaliwal – novelist
 * Jonathan Emmett – children's author
 * John Harvey – crime writer
 * Michael Hirst – screenwriter, Elizabeth
 * Alan Jones – author and Dean of Grace Cathedral, San Francisco
 * Bert Keizer – author of Dancing with Mister D: Notes on Life and Death
 * D.H. Lawrence – novelist
 * Stanley Middleton – novelist, winner of the Booker Prize
 * Blake Morrison – novelist, poet, critic and journalist
 * Michael Scammell – biographer, translator, Professor of Writing at Columbia University
 * Rajesh Talwar - Indian writer

Notable academics

 * Gwen Alston - aerodynamicist and educationalist
 * Viacheslav Belavkin – mathematician, pioneer of quantum probability
 * Wilfrid Butt – biochemist and endocrinologist
 * Kenneth Cameron - toponymist of English place-names
 * George Carey – Archbishop of Canterbury
 * George Checkley – modernist architect
 * Bryan Campbell Clarke – pioneering geneticist, particularly noted for his work on apostatic selection, and work with snails
 * Stephen Daniels – cultural geographer
 * Robert Edgeworth-Johnstone - first Lady Trent professor of chemical engineering
 * Esther Eidinow – ancient historian
 * Ivan Fesenko – mathematician
 * Sir John Ambrose Fleming – pioneer of electronics
 * Hugh Gaitskell – Chancellor of the Exchequer, Leader of the Opposition 1955-1963
 * Andre Geim – Nobel Prize–winning physicist
 * Clive Granger – Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economist
 * David Greenaway – economist and Vice Chancellor (2008–2017)
 * Don Grierson – geneticist
 * George Garfield Hall – mathematician
 * F. B. Hinsley - founder of the School of Mining Engineering
 * Susan Howson – first female winner of the Adams Prize (for mathematics)
 * Robin Lyth Hudson – mathematician, pioneer of quantum probability
 * Luce Irigaray
 * Sir Ian Kershaw – historian, one of the world's leading experts on Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich
 * Graham Kendall - Professor of Computer Science and the Provost and CEO of University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
 * Sir Michael Lyons – Chairman, BBC Trust
 * Sir Peter Mansfield – physicist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * David H.H. Metcalfe – President, Royal College of General Practitioners
 * Tom Paulin – poet and literary critic
 * Monica Partridge - first woman Prof at Nottingham University.
 * Ivy Pinchbeck - economic historian
 * Lewis Thorpe – translator of Medieval works; Professor of French
 * Sir Martyn Poliakoff – chemist
 * Prof. John Rich - emeritus professor in the department of Classics
 * Sir John Cyril Smith – lawyer
 * Vivian de Sola Pinto – poet and literary critic
 * W. J. H. Sprott – Professor of Philosophy
 * John Webster – mycologist
 * Vernon White – formerly special lecturer in theology, now principal of STETS and Canon of Winchester
 * Richard G. Wilkinson – public health
 * Robert Wood - special professor 1998-2005, psychologist and writer
 * Xu Zhihong – President, Peking University

title: List of University of Nottingham people


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Talk:Plate armor

spelling in parallel with Armour. dab 13:03, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Plate armor


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Queens Museum

The Queens Museum (formerly the Queens Museum of Art) is an art museum and educational center at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the borough of Queens in New York City, New York, U.S. Established in 1972, the museum has among its permanent exhibitions the Panorama of the City of New York, a room-sized scale model of the five boroughs originally built for the 1964 New York World's Fair. It also has a large archive of artifacts from both the 1939 and 1964 World's Fairs, a selection of which is on display. , Queens Museum's director is Sally Tallant.

The museum's building was constructed for the 1939 New York World's Fair as the New York City Pavilion. The structure was used as an ice-skating and roller-skating rink during the 1940s and 1950s, except when it housed the United Nations General Assembly from 1946 to 1951. The building also served as the New York City Pavilion for the 1964 World's Fair and was preserved following the fair. The museum opened in the northern part of the building in November 1972. The museum was renovated in the late 1970s, during which a community gallery was added; another renovation in the 1990s added an entrance from the east. The museum was expanded significantly in the 2010s, during which the ice rink was closed. Another expansion was announced in the 2020s.

1939 World's Fair
The Queens Museum is located in the New York City Pavilion at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, designed by architect Aymar Embury II for the 1939 World's Fair. The fair was first announced in 1935, and engineering consultant J. Franklin Bell drew up preliminary plans for the fairground the next year, including a structure for the New York City government. The building was originally proposed as a two-story "glass house", but it was ultimately erected as a more conventional rectangular building. Mayor Fiorello La Guardia said he wanted the building to showcase "modern municipal government in all its aspects". In April 1937, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the sale of $180,000 in bonds to fund the construction of the City Building's foundation. That August, Psaty & Fuhrman submitted a low bid of $556,000 for the building's construction. The building's ceremonial cornerstone was laid in January 1938, and the facade was completed by the beginning of May. La Guardia used the building as his "summer City Hall" during mid-1938, and his office there was fitted with temporary mechanical equipment while other parts of the building were being completed.

The New York City Pavilion ultimately cost $1.645 million. The pavilion was the second-largest structure at the fair, after the United States pavilion, and it was intended as a permanent structure for the outset, in contrast to nearly all the other structures, which would have been demolished. Next to the building was a plaza named City Hall Square, which separated it from the Trylon and Perisphere, the central monument of the 1939 fair. Around it was a spiral hedge ranging from 1 to 20 ft tall, as well as English boxwood trimmed in the shape of the fair's seal. Malvina Hoffman designed a bas-relief called Dances of the Races to the east of the building, while William Zorach designed the sculptural group Builders of the Future to the west. Inside the pavilion were dioramas, murals, models, and displays about various departments of the city government. The pavilion included exhibits on such topics as the WNYC radio station, the city's courts, and the Independent Subway System, along with stage shows and a voting demonstration. There were a total of 63 exhibits, as well as an auditorium.

La Guardia dedicated the building when the fair opened on April 30, 1939. The fair ran for two 6-month seasons until October 26, 1940. A special edition of New York Advancing, a book about the city government, was published in celebration of the fair's opening. The special edition included an official guide to the New York City Pavilion. After the end of the fair's first season in November 1939, the space east of the building was converted to a concert area, and furniture was stored in the pavilion prior to the 1940 season. A memorial plaque was installed on the New York City Pavilion after two policemen were killed in 1940 while attempting to defuse a bomb nearby.

United Nations and skating rink
The New York City Building was one of seven structures at Flushing Meadows to be preserved following the 1939 fair. Within days of the fair's closure in October 1940, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation had requested $25,000 from the New York City Board of Estimate to convert the building to an ice rink. The building was divided into a roller skating rink to the north and an ice-skating rink to the south. The roller rink measured 150 by, while the ice rink measured 168 by and could be used for other sports such as basketball and tennis. The rinks opened on January 12, 1941, as the park's first sporting facility. Skaters had to pay an admission fee, and spectators were also charged a fee after late 1941. The rinks recorded 150,000 total visitors in their first three months and 1.4 million total visitors in five years.

The United Nations was planning a permanent headquarters during the 1940s. While the organization was deciding on a permanent headquarters, UN Secretary-General Trygve Lie decided in April 1946 to use the New York City Pavilion as a meeting hall for the United Nations General Assembly. The city and UN agreed to spend $2.27 million to renovate the pavilion and environs, and workers began renovations in May 1946. A wall was built between the northern and southern halves of the building, and an auditorium and small annex was built in the northern half. The southern half was converted to space for air conditioning equipment. Workers also planted a flower garden at the site of the Trylon and Perisphere, in addition to 1,000 trees, 2,500 shrubs, and 200,000 other plants around the building. In addition, nearby roads were upgraded. Early plans called for the General Assembly to use the building for only six months; the building would have continued to function as a roller-skating and ice-skating rink afterward.

Once the renovations were completed, the UN took over the building that September, and a formal ceremony was hosted on October 18, 1946. Later that year, the UN decided to build its permanent headquarters in Manhattan, and the UN was allowed to stay at the New York City Pavilion until the Manhattan headquarters was finished. Numerous significant events occurred at the New York City Pavilion in the UN's early years, including the creation of UNICEF, the partition of Korea, and the authorization of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (during which Israel was created). The UN renewed its lease of the building in late 1947. The pavilion was the temporary home of the General Assembly until October 20, 1951, and the General Assembly met in Manhattan afterward.

After the UN vacated the space, contractors converted the building back into a rink as part of a $237,000 renovation. A 116 by wooden roller-skating rink and a 116 by ice rink were added, and ramps and public announcement systems were also installed. The rink reopened on October 18, 1952, and was renovated again in mid-1953. To celebrate the New York City Pavilion's usage as a temporary General Assembly hall, the building was depicted in a stamp released by the United Nations in 1958. By the 1960s, it was one of two major structures in Flushing Meadows Park that remained from the 1939 fair, the other being Billy Rose's Aquacade.

1964 World's Fair
The Flushing Meadows site was selected in 1959 for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Gilmore David Clarke and Michael Rapuano, who had redesigned the park for the 1939 World's Fair, were retained to tailor the park layout for the new fair. New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses was appointed as president of the World's Fair Corporation, which was to operate the fair. Moses decided to reuse the New York City Building as the city's exhibition space during the 1964 World's Fair. Almost all of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was closed in early 1961 in advance of the fair, except for the New York City Building's ice skating rink. In June 1961, the New York City Board of Estimate awarded a contract for the construction of the Panorama of the City of New York, a scale model of New York City within the City Building. The city government announced in 1962 that it would spend $832,500 to renovate the building's skating rink. The architect Daniel Chait was hired to renovate the City Building. Moses requested $1.066 million for the building's renovation in June 1962, and the Board of Estimate ultimately approved $2 million in funding. In mid-1963, two figure-skating companies were selected to perform at the City Building as part of a show called Dick Button's Ice-Travaganza.

The New York City Building was formally rededicated on April 25, 1964, two days after the 1964 World's Fair opened. Tickets to the ice-skating show ranged from $1 to $2, while tickets for simulated helicopter rides above the Panorama cost 10 cents apiece. The main attraction in the building was the Panorama of the City of New York, which had cost the city $600,000 and taken two years to construct. The building's ice rink was equipped with a ski run, in addition to six movable stages and 12 stationary stages. Memorabilia and artworks from 34 museums were displayed inside the building to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the British conquest of New Netherland, and a film displayed the history of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA). Radio station WNYC also moved much of its broadcasting operations to the City Building during the 1964 World's Fair. A replica of a New York City Police Department precinct was added to the building.

During the 1964 season, there were rarely any queues to get inside the City Building. The Panorama was initially relatively unpopular with visitors, but it ultimately recorded an average of 1,400 visitors a day. Dick Button's Ice-Travaganza was also unsuccessful, despite the building's central location within the World's Fair grounds. The New York City Building operated until the end of the 1964 World's Fair on October 1965. From the outset, Moses planned to preserve the New York City Building after the 1964 World's Fair, and the World's Fair Corporation set aside funding for the building's renovation at the end of the fair. The initial plans called for the Panorama to be moved from the building to the Civic Center of Manhattan, allowing the City Building to be used as a skating rink. Moses subsequently offered to have the TBTA take responsibility for the Panorama. The City Building was one of the few buildings to remain from the 1964 fair, along with the Unisphere, Singer Bowl, New York State and U.S. pavilions, and the Hall of Science. The structure was used by the TBTA in the 1960s, and the city government took over the surrounding park in 1967.

Creation of museum
After the TBTA moved out of the New York City Pavilion, city parks commissioner August Heckscher II announced in November 1971 that part of the New York City Pavilion would be converted into Queens' first art museum. Heckscher organized a board of 14 trustees, and the city government provided $100,000 for the museum. During mid-1972, the mechanical systems for the building's skating rink were refurbished, and part of the building was renovated to accommodate the museum. A local group, the Flushing Meadows Corona Park World's Fair Association, also asked the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission to conduct a historical study of the New York City Pavilion. Queens borough president Donald Manes announced in July 1972 that the Queens County Art and Cultural Center had been established at the New York City Pavilion. The museum opened on November 12, 1972, with Clare Fisher as the museum's first director. The writer Lawrence R. Samuel wrote that the building's conversion into a museum helped to raise Flushing Meadows Park's profile, and The New York Times described the museum as "a primary force in [the] renaissance of the arts" in Queens.

Originally, the Queens County Art and Cultural Center occupied 50000 ft2, and two-fifths of the museum's space was taken up by the Panorama. There was only about 10,000 ft2 of actual display space, which meant that the museum had to close every time a temporary exhibit was being added or replaced. The museum had four to five school groups per day, though nearly as many school groups had to be denied admission to the lack of space. The museum's main entrance was at the northern end of the New York City Pavilion building, while the ice-skating rink occupied the structure's southern half. The museum's collection also had no clear focus; according to a 1991 New York Times article, many visitors assumed the Queens Museum was a history museum or knew only about its Panorama. Shortly after the museum opened, the city allocated $140,000 for additional upgrades to the New York City Pavilion, which was later increased to $317,000. The ice-skating rink continued to operate five days a week.

Mid-1970s to 1980s
The Queens County Art and Cultural Center changed its name to the Queens Museum in late 1973. The board of trustees fired Fisher as the museum director that year, following disagreements over policy. Kenneth Kahn was hired to replace Fisher in 1974. The museum's eight employees subsequently expressed dissatisfaction with the lack of personnel guidance from the board of trustees, and the staff sought to restructure the museum. Kahn alleged in early 1975 that the trustees were "a closed corporation, representing a narrow spectrum of the community". The Friends of the Queens Museum, a volunteer group for the museum, suspended its operations to protest the trustees' actions. The museum's board of trustees fired Kahn in February 1975, along with the museum's administrator Betty Miller the next month. Several trustees also resigned, and the museum's staff took over the museum's gift shop from the Friends group. Kahn later sued several trustees, claiming that they had broken a contract and slandered him.

Thomas Hoving, the Metropolitan Museum of Art's director, was hired as the museum's interim director in March 1975, and the dissent surrounding the museum subsided. Blanche Taub, the leader of the Friends, was also elected to the museum's board of trustees, and the board itself was replaced shortly thereafter. Amid the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, the city reneged on a $350,000 grant that it had offered to the museum's staff for a renovation of the building. It took more than two years before a permanent director was hired. Janet Schneider was hired as the museum's executive director in February 1978. Geraldine Eiber, who was appointed the same year as the museum's president, wanted to increase public awareness of the museum, in addition to obtaining new art and corporate sponsorships. The New York City Council provided more than $500,000 for an expansion of the Queens Museum shortly afterward, which would add over 20000 ft2 of exhibition space. The Queens Museum's Community Gallery opened in September 1979 as an exhibit space for the local community. The Queens Museum also began visiting local groups in an attempt to increase residents' involvement with the museum.

The museum continued to expand its space within the New York City Pavilion through the 1980s. By 1982, the New York Daily News reported that the museum's gallery, studios, workshops, office, and backroom spaces took up nearly half the building. The Queens Museum began developing a sculpture hall in 1983, when Chase Manhattan Bank gave the museum $150,000 to fund the acquisition of casts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection. Ultimately, the Queens Museum loaned 40 casts permanently, and the sculpture hall opened in 1986 with 22 casts. The museum also considered restoring the Panorama and adding moving walkways to that exhibit. Schneider resigned in 1989 after twelve years as the museum's director; by then, the museum was planning a $14 million expansion. Steven Klindt was hired as the new director later that year. By then, the museum had 100,000 annual visitors (many times higher than in the 1970s), though membership was less than projected, with 1,200 members. Furthermore, many visitors were either part of school groups or came specifically to see the Panorama.

1990s
In the early 1990s, the museum received $13.5 million from the city government for a renovation of the New York City Pavilion. Despite citywide budget cuts, the museum was able to keep most of its programs intact, though it did have to fire some staff. Queens Museum officials began renovating the museum building in June 1991, and the museum's name was lengthened from "Queens Museum" to "Queens Museum of Art". The architect Rafael Viñoly reconfigured the structure into galleries, classrooms, and offices. A new entrance and galleries were built to the east, facing the Unisphere, and a 117-seat auditorium was also built. In addition, a ramp was constructed between the upper and lower levels of the museum. The Panorama, the museum's sole permanent exhibit, was removed so workers could update it. A renovation of the facade was completed by 1992.

During the renovation, the museum recorded fewer visitors, in part because the Panorama was temporarily removed and because the existing exhibits did not appeal to Queens' increasingly ethnically diverse population. The museum also began looking to hire an executive to help raise funds, and Carma C. Fauntleroy was hired as the museum's executive director in 1993. In addition, museum executives began meeting with Queens community groups, as the museum wanted to host more shows that signified Queens' cultural diversity. The renovation was completed in November 1994 with double the amount of gallery space. Fauntleroy said the new galleries would allow the museum to display more visual art. The renovation ultimately cost $15 million. In the long term, the museum also wanted to expand into the space occupied by the ice rink.

By the late 1990s, Queens borough president Claire Shulman was considering replacing the New York City Pavilion's ice rink with a new rink at Cunningham Park in eastern Queens. The relocation would allow the Queens Museum to expand even further, though the proposal was controversial. Laurene Buckley took over as the museum's executive director in July 1999, with plans to expand the permanent collection and attract more visitors. That November, she initiated the First Thursdays program, in which the museum hosted events and activities one Thursday a month.

2000s and early 2010s
In August 2001, the Queens Museum of Art hosted an architectural design competition for a proposed renovation of its building; the museum hired Eric Owen Moss to design the expansion that December. The plans called for the relocation of the ice skating rink in the southern end of the New York City Building, as well as a bent-glass roof, an exhibition space at the center of the structure, and a dirt mound facing Grand Central Parkway to the west. Architectural critics derided Moss's original design, which museum officials later voted to scale down.

Tom Finkelpearl was hired as the museum's director in 2002. Finkelpearl said at the time that many visitors to Flushing Meadows Corona Park continued to ignore the museum because the building looked "like it's closed, even when we're open". By then, the city had agreed to provide $22.5 million for the renovation, but the museum needed to raise another $15 million. He was advocating for changes to the museum's renovation plans by late 2004. Accordingly, Moss was replaced in March 2005 by Grimshaw Architects. Grimshaw announced revised designs for the expansion the next year. At the time, the renovation was supposed to cost $37 million, of which $21 million came from the Queens borough president's office.

The museum began an expansion project in 2009. Grimshaw Architects, along with the engineering firm of Ammann & Whitney, developed plans for 50,000 ft2 of exhibition, education and office space as well as eight new artist studios. The new space would be created on the site of the old ice skating rink. The ice rink was relocated to a new facility in the northeastern section of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. and the interior of the ice rink was demolished by the beginning of 2010. The project ultimately ended up costing $69 million. The expanded museum reopened in November 2013 with a new entrance at Grand Central Parkway. After it reopened, the museum shortened its name to Queens Museum.

Mid-2010s to present
Finkelpearl resigned in 2014 when he was hired as commissioner of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. Subsequently, the Queens Museum appointed Laura Raicovich as its director that October. The New York Times wrote that, in contrast to other museum directors (who tended to be politically uninvolved), Raicovich was politically outspoken during her tenure as the Queens Museum's director; Raicovich said her actions were intended to make the museum more attractive to Queens' diverse population. During the inauguration of Donald Trump as U.S. president in January 2017, the museum closed temporarily in conjunction with a protest hosted by artists. The museum also began hosting events at nearby houses and streets. Raicovich told the Times that these events had been intended to counter a decline in visitor numbers that occurred after Trump's election.

In 2017, the museum controversially canceled an agreement to rent space for a party celebrating the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence. Raicovich had called the party a "political event". Local politicians worked to restore the museum's commitment to host the event, which was ultimately reinstated at the museum. The event included a staged reenactment of the November 29, 1947, United Nations vote to partition the British Mandate for Palestine. As a consequence of the controversy, the Queens Museum's board commissioned an investigation into misbehaviors by Raicovich and deputy director David Strauss. Raicovich resigned in January 2018, and Strauss was fired. The British curator Sally Tallant was hired as the museum's new director in late 2018.

The Queens Museum was closed temporarily from March to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. The city government gave the museum $26.4 million in September 2021 to complete the second phase of its expansion. In mid-2022, the museum hired Levenbetts to design the renovation, which museum officials predicted would cost $69 million. The project would create a children's museum wing; add 2600 ft2 of storage space; build a 5500 ft2 art lab; and add classrooms, conservation, and exhibit preparation spaces. The project was to involve repairing the south facade as well. The city allocated another $8.5 million for the children's museum space in August 2023.

Building
The museum building, originally the New York City Pavilion, covers 105000 ft2 following the 2013 renovation. As constructed, the building measured 360 by across, with a ceiling 40 ft high. The building includes exhibit spaces, event spaces, artists' studios, a cafe, and an atrium. The structure is one of five buildings that survive from the 1939 World's Fair. The other structures include a boathouse and an administration building in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park; the Parachute Jump on Coney Island; and the Belgian Building at Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia.

The exterior is primarily made of concrete. When the New York City Pavilion was built, it had rectangular pillars, glass-block walls, and a geometric cornice. In advance of the 1964 fair, the glass blocks were covered up, and the cornice was removed. Prior to the 2013 renovation, the building had no main entrance; thus, many visitors to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park did not know of the museum's existence. After the 2013 renovation, there is a 200 ft, 27 ft glass wall on the western facade of the museum building. The glass facade consists of fritted glass panels interspersed with aluminum panels. At night, the facade is illuminated by LED lights that are visible from Grand Central Parkway immediately to the west. The eastern end of the building has a set of revolving doors embedded within a 30 ft curtain wall, which in turn is recessed behind a colonnade.

Permanent collection
The museum's permanent collection includes 10,000 items related to the 1939 and 1964 World's Fairs. As of 2013, about 900 World's Fair objects are on permanent display. Acquisitions over the years have included works by Salvador Dalí and Mark Dion.

Panorama of the City of New York
The largest permanent exhibition at the Queens Museum is the Panorama of the City of New York, which was constructed by Lester Associates for the 1964 World's Fair. A celebration of the city's municipal infrastructure, this 9335 sqft architectural model includes almost every building that existed in all five boroughs in 1992, at a 1:1200 scale. One hundred employees from Raymond Lester Associates built the model in three years. The model is made of 273 panels. The panorama depicts 895,000 individual structures, which are made of plastic or wood. All of the bridges are made of brass. The panel depicting the Far Rockaway neighborhood was not originally installed due to space limitations; in 1987, the Far Rockaway panel was installed in its own room.

After the Fair closed, the Panorama remained open to the public, and Lester's team updated the map in 1967, 1968, and 1969. After 1970, very few changes were made until 1992, when again Lester Associates was hired to update the model, adding over 60,000 structures. In March 2009, the museum announced that it would allow people to donate at least $50 to have accurate scale models created and added. The mechanical "helicopter" vehicles for conveying exhibition visitors were showing signs of wear, and were removed before the 1994 reopening. The Panorama has also hosted temporary exhibits, such as models of unbuilt structures the 2018 exhibit Never Built New York.

The current installation, dating to a 1990s renovation of the museum by Rafael Viñoly, features accessible ramps and an elevated walkway which surround the Panorama. Since 2023, the museum has also allowed visitors to look at individual structures in the Panorama.

Relief Map of the New York City Water Supply System
The museum also displays the Relief Map of the New York City Water Supply System, which measures 18 by across, with a total area of 540 ft2. The map is a scale model of the New York City water supply system and watershed. Tunnels and reservoirs are marked by lights that are placed across the map. The map is divided into 27 panels so it can be easily disassembled.

The Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity (a predecessor to the New York City Department of Environmental Protection) commissioned the Cartographic Survey Force of the Works Progress Administration to create the map for the 1939 World's Fair. Work began in 1938, with a budget of $100,000, but it was not displayed at the 1939 fair. The reason for this is variously attributed to World War II-era security concerns and the map's large area. The map was displayed at Grand Central Palace in 1948, the only time in the 20th century that it was publicly displayed. For the rest of the century, the map remained in storage and experienced dust and water damage. The map was restored by the McKay Lodge Fine Arts Conservation Lab in Oberlin, Ohio, between 2006 and 2008, then displayed at the Queens Museum.

World's Fair Visual Storage and Gallery
Located on the second floor of the Queens Museum, this exhibit displays memorabilia from both the 1939 and 1964 World's Fairs. About 900 objects are displayed on-site. The online catalog contains over 10,000 items in total from both fairs.

Neustadt Collection of Tiffany Glass
Since 1995, the museum has maintained a partnership with the Neustadt Collection of Tiffany Glass. Selections from the collection are on long-term display, drawn from a large private Tiffany collection assembled by Egon Neustadt and his wife Hildegard starting in the mid-1930s. The pieces originally went on display in 1997, after the museum's expansion was completed, and were intended to be exhibited for a decade. There are 440 pieces in the collection, most of which are kept in storage in Long Island City, Queens, and are not on public view. The history of the creation of Tiffany's artworks is featured in the Queens Museum exhibitions, as Tiffany Studios and Furnaces was once located in Corona, which were closed in the 1930s.

Temporary exhibits
The museum also stages temporary exhibits regularly. In its first decade, the museum staged eight to ten temporary exhibits annually. The museum's first-ever exhibition was a set of 19th-century landscapes from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Starting in the 1970s, local artists' work was displayed at the museum every year, and there were two or three annual exhibitions of local artists' work. The topics of other exhibits in the 1970s included works by Joseph Cornell, animals in art, historical representations of cows, sports-themed art, the history of Queens, and items from the 1939 and 1964 fairs. During the 1980s, the topics of the museum's exhibits included American art films, 18th- and 19th-century European prints, Spanish gold artifacts, and the creation of the Panorama exhibit. By the end of that decade, the museum displayed about 15 exhibits a year.

The museum began hosting exhibits relating to Queens residents and ethnic groups in the 1990s. These included exhibits about Korean Americans and the musician Louis Armstrong. Exhibits in the 2000s included photographs, such as a 2000 showcase of crime scene photographs from the Daily News Archive and a 2007 exhibit of photographs of Robert Moses's work by Andrew Moore. In 2003, the museum displayed nearly 1,000 drawings by the court reporter and political cartoonist William Sharp. During the 2010s, temporary exhibits included collections of World's Fair artifacts. When the museum reopened after the COVID-19 pandemic, it hosted exhibitions about the concept of home, the photographer Bruce Davidson, and children's art.

Programs and outreach
The Queens Museum has run numerous outreach programs for the surrounding community. In the 1970s, it offered a free art program for local youth. The museum also hosted Latin American cultural events and arts-education activities during the 1990s. When the museum building was closed during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Queens Museum organized a food pantry for residents of the surrounding neighborhood. The museum launched an activist program for teens, the Queens Teens Institute for Art and Social Justice, in 2023.

It has also been involved in community projects. These have included the restoration of Corona Plaza, a public plaza near the New York City Subway's 103rd Street–Corona Plaza station, in the early 21st century.

Management
The museum is operated by the Queens Museum of Art, which is classified as a 501(c)(3) organization since 1972. , Queens Museum's director is Sally Tallant. In the 1970s, the Queens Museum was part of the Flushing Arts Council, a group of Flushing cultural institutions that also included Flushing Town Hall and Queens Botanical Garden.

Attendance and funding
The museum accommodated 60,000 or 100,000 annual visitors in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Roughly half of visitors came as part of school field trips. By the 2010s, the museum had 200,000 annual visitors; prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the museum accommodated 30,000 students annually. In 2020, the Queens Museum made admission free for all visitors, and the museum instead operates on a pay what you want model.

When the museum opened, it sold annual memberships. Members received regular newsletters and bulletins, and the museum also hosted member-only events and exhibition previews. , the Queens Museum sells four tiers of memberships, and the museum hosts member-only publications, events, and exhibition previews. The Queens Museum is also part of the Culture Pass program, whose members can enter for free.

In the 1970s, the museum's annual operating budget totaled $150,000, of which four-fifths came from the New York City government. The budget grew steadily during the 1970s and 1980s, reaching $2 million by 1989. During the 1990s, the museum had an operating budget of $1.8 million, and seven-tenths of the budget was funded by the city or other public sources. For the fiscal year ending on June 30, 2022, the Queens Museum recorded total revenue of $6.38 million, expenses of $6.59 million, assets of $36.6 million, and liabilities of $364,000.

title: Queens Museum


text:
Pagėgiai Municipality

Pagėgiai Municipality (Pagėgių savivaldybė) is a municipality in Tauragė County, Lithuania.

Geography
The majority of the municipality is situated in the lower valley of the Nemunas River, except for the Vilkyškii Ridge, which rises in the eastern part. The southern border of the area is delineated by the Nemunas River, which leaves behind numerous old riverbeds, known as meanders, and receives several tributaries. Along the banks of the Nemunas, Rambynas Mountain is located. The area is also characterized by the dense forests of Pagėgiai and Bitėnai.

Seniūnijos (Elderships or Wards)
The Pagėgiai municipality contains 5 seniūnijos (in English: elderships or wards); the main town or village is listed for each.

 * 1)  – Pagėgiai
 * 2)  – Stoniškiai
 * 3)  – Vilkyškiai
 * 1)  – Stoniškiai
 * 2)  – Vilkyškiai

Population by locality

 * Status: M, MST - city, town / K, GST - village / VS - steading

title: Pagėgiai Municipality


text:
Bill Pitt (politician)

William Henry Pitt (17 July 1937 – 17 November 2017) was a British politician. A Liberal Member of Parliament between 1981 and 1983, he was the first candidate elected to Parliament under the banner of the SDP–Liberal Alliance.

Early life
Pitt was born on Brixton Hill, South London in 1937. His family later moved to Upper Norwood, where he attended Heath Clark School, followed by the London Nautical School and South Bank Polytechnic where he studied to be a Lighting Engineer. He spent some time in Wales working on a farm and learning to play the tuba, prior to his National Service in the Royal Army Service Corps. His initial political allegiance was to the Conservatives; he was Chairman of South Norwood Young Conservatives from 1959 to 1960. He joined the Liberal Party in the 1960s. He had a keen interest in theatre and music from his teens onwards, and was offered a place in Leslie Crowther's Repertory Company aged 16, which he was unable to take up. He had an abiding love for and interest in France, French film and French language engendered by his teacher Arthur Birtles; French was his second language. The rest of his education did not match up to Mr Birtles' standards, but his passion for learning and self-education continued throughout his life.

Liberal politics
In the 1970s, Pitt worked as a local government officer for Lambeth London Borough Council. Whilst working as an Environmental Health Officer in the Mayall & Railton Roads Housing Action Area of Brixton he became Chair of Lambeth NALGO. He stood as Liberal candidate for Croydon North West in February 1974 obtaining 23% of the vote. He stood again in the October election, but this time, the vote for most Liberal Candidates declined, including his own. In the 1979 general election he, like 60% of Liberal candidates in London and 50% overall, lost his deposit. He was, however, popular within the party and served as Chairman of the London Liberal Party and as a member of the Liberal Party National Executive Committee and the Party Council from 1977 until 1981. He took on the editorship of Radical Bulletin following Peter Hain's move to Labour. Pitt unsuccessfully stood for the Greater London Council seat of Brent East in 1977 and Croydon North West in 1981.

By-election
When the Conservative MP Robert Taylor died, who had represented Croydon North-West since 1970, Pitt was quickly chosen as the prospective Liberal candidate for the following by-election. As a bearded local government officer, Pitt looked more like a stereotypical Liberal Party member, unrepresentative of the newly formed Social Democratic Party, which was working in alliance with the Liberals. The choice of Pitt as by-election candidate was resisted by some senior members of the party, who were keen to give the SDP a chance to win its first Parliamentary election (potentially with a big name like Shirley Williams as the candidate), but Pitt and the local Liberal Association were insistent, and there was no way to force them to cede the candidature. He had "nursed" the seat since 1974 and was the approved Candidate at national, regional and local level. Considerable pressure was put on the CNW Committee, especially on Alan Mead—Chairman at the time—who was also at the time Chair of Croydon CHE (which prompted a Guardian article entitled "the queering of Croydon"), as well as the Regional Party. The Liberal Party Council of 17 July 1981 further endorsed Pitt and thus put an end to any speculation or manipulation.

Pitt was elected at the Croydon North West by-election on 22 October 1981 with a majority of 3,254 (standing as "Liberal with SDP support"). During the campaign, posters summed up the relationship between the two parties as "The Alliance" and the term stuck as the official name thereafter, although it had originally been intended as a stopgap slogan. Pitt's was the first in a sequence of SDP-Liberal by-election victories during the period when support for the Labour Party was at a low ebb. Pitt's win delighted Liberal leader David Steel who said after the result was known that the party had won a greater majority than they had expected. Pitt himself claimed that his victory showed that the Alliance had "caught the imagination of the voters" and that as consequence there were "no longer any safe seats for Tory or Labour in the country."

Parliament
He served in the House of Commons as Liberal Home Affairs Spokesman and led for the Alliance throughout the first Police and Criminal Evidence Bill, which fell when Margaret Thatcher called a general election. Pitt lost his seat to the Conservative, Humfrey Malins, in the 1983 general election. He fought two further elections for the Liberals in South Thanet in 1987 and 1992.

Later career
Taking a break from campaigning, Bill took a degree in Classics and Philosophy at Polytechnic of North London, graduating with a BA in 1987, achieving his long-held wish. Like many of his generation and class from South London, his education was generally poor, and he left school at 16 with one O Level in spite of his clear intelligence.

Bill and his wife Janet moved to Broadstairs in 1988, becoming quickly involved in the local community. In 1996, Pitt joined the Labour Party, disillusioned with the Liberal Democrats (which had been formed by the merger of the Alliance parties) and concerned with preventing Jonathan Aitken holding his seat in Thanet South. He campaigned for Labour in Thanet and for Malcolm Wicks in Croydon North in the 1997 general election.

He retired from full-time employment in August 2003, having been Head of Training for the Canary Wharf Group, where he set up a Construction Apprenticeship Programme, initiating and embedding a training programme for all staff; he well understood the value of lifelong learning to improve personal wellbeing and improve society.

In 2005, he became editor of the Norwood Review, the newsletter of the Norwood Society.

Following retirement, he became Chairman of the Occupational Pensioners Alliance. He was a member of the Methodist Church for over 55 years and was latterly Senior Steward for Canterbury & East Kent Methodist Circuit. He became a senior member of the Academy FM Thanet news team after joining the station in 2013, and was a helpful mentor to less experienced colleagues. Pitt loved radio and the opportunities it gave him to interview politicians, alongside local and international artists (including Grayson Perry, a favourite) as well as highlighting community activity.

His hobbies included photography, while music was a lifelong enthusiasm: his tastes embraced folk, classical, jazz and many more recent genres, including punk. He sang in choirs for over 50 years, including latterly the Amici Choir (part of Canterbury Cantata Trust). He was a keen and active member of Thanet University of the Third Age (Thanet U3A).

Pitt died late on 17 November 2017 in Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Hospital, Margate after a short illness, leaving his wife Janet and daughter Jane. He was 80.

title: Bill Pitt (politician)


text:
Talk:Rudolph Hermann Lotze

Rudolf Hermann Lotze already exists. There should of course be a merge, once the more correct name (f/ph) can be determined. Charles Matthews 13:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oh good, I was worried that there wasn't an article. I did this article off of a desk encyclopedia abstract, this was the spelling it had. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 20:20, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rudolph Hermann Lotze


text: Category:Politics of Bangladesh

title: Category:Politics of Bangladesh


text:
Forti

Forti Corse, commonly known as Forti, was an Italian motor racing team chiefly known for its brief and unsuccessful involvement in Formula One in the mid-1990s. It was established in the late 1970s and competed in lower formulae for two decades. The team's successes during this period included four Drivers' Championships in Italian Formula Three during the 1980s, and race wins in the International Formula 3000 championship, in which it competed from 1987 to 1994. From 1992, team co-founder Guido Forti developed a relationship with the wealthy Brazilian businessman Abílio dos Santos Diniz that gave Diniz's racing driver son, Pedro, a permanent seat in the team and the outfit a sufficiently high budget to consider entering Formula One.

Forti graduated to Formula One as a constructor and entrant in, but its first car—the Forti FG01—proved to be uncompetitive, and the team failed to score a point. Despite this setback, Forti was committed to a three-year deal with Diniz, which was broken when Pedro moved to the Ligier team prior to the 1996 season, taking most of the team's sponsorship money with him. Nevertheless, Forti continued to compete in the sport, and produced the much-improved FG03 chassis, before succumbing to financial problems mid-season after an ultimately fruitless deal with a mysterious entity known as Shannon Racing. The team competed in a total of 27 Grands Prix, scoring no points, and is recognised as one of the last truly privateer teams to race in an era when many large car manufacturers were increasing their involvement in the sport.

Establishment and early years
Forti was founded by Italian businessmen Guido Forti, a former driver, and Paolo Guerci, an engineer, in the late 1970s and was based in Alessandria in northern Italy. It was registered as a Società a Responsabilità Limitata, or Limited liability company. It was initially run in lower motor racing categories such as Formula Ford and Formula Three, both at Italian and European levels. The team was well equipped and soon became a regular winner. Forti drivers Franco Forini, Enrico Bertaggia, Emanuele Naspetti and Gianni Morbidelli (who would all go on to drive in Formula One) won Italian Formula Three titles in 1985, 1987, 1988 and 1989 respectively. In addition, Bertaggia won the prestigious Macau F3 Grand Prix and the Monaco Grand Prix F3 support race in 1988, and Morbidelli won the FIA European Formula Three Cup in 1989. Teo Fabi and Oscar Larrauri also raced for the team in its early years, the former winning the Italian FFord 2000 championship in 1977, and the latter racing as far afield as South America, in the Argentine Formula Three Championship. Forti continued racing in Formula Three until the end of 1992, when it quit the formula in order to concentrate solely on International Formula 3000.

Formula 3000

For 1987, Forti moved up to International Formula 3000 with less immediate success than experienced in Formula Three. The main reason for this was the chassis the team chose to compete with. Instead of using customer Lolas, Marches or Ralts, all of which were produced by established companies who had many years' experience of designing and building such cars, Forti stuck with their Italian Formula Three chassis supplier Giampaolo Dallara, who had just designed his company's first F3000 machine. Forti was the first team to use this machine, which was dubbed the Dallara 3087 (a chassis which later would make a single appearance in Formula One for the BMS Scuderia Italia team, as that team's car was not ready for the first race of the 1988 season). This combination of an inexperienced team and an untested car did not score any points in its first F3000 year, nor did the team attend every race on the schedule. Forti used 1988 to gain valuable experience in F3000, and this helped the team to perform better in following seasons, as did a change to more competitive Lola and then Reynard chassis.

After a full season in 1988 and the team's first championship points, courtesy of Claudio Langes in 1989, it became apparent that Forti was improving as a competitive force. In 1990, Gianni Morbidelli scored Forti's first victory in an F3000 race, and although no Forti driver won a championship title in this category, the team established itself as a frequent front-runner, scoring nine wins and five pole positions in International F3000. From 1993 onwards, Forti concentrated solely on F3000, and ran drivers such as Naspetti, Fabrizio Giovanardi, Andrea Montermini and Hideki Noda. 1991 was Forti's most successful season in F3000, with Naspetti finishing third in the Drivers' Championship, ten points behind champion Christian Fittipaldi. Although the team's form dipped over subsequent years, by 1994 Forti was the most experienced team in the championship, employing Noda and Pedro Diniz as drivers.

Preparation
As his team became more successful, Guido Forti started to think about a move upwards, into Formula One. However, there had been several discouragingly recent examples of teams, such as Coloni and Onyx, which had graduated from F3000 into Formula One and failed more or less immediately due to a lack of finance. Conversely, Eddie Jordan had shown that the move could be made successfully, with an impressive performance in with his Jordan team, which had finished fifth in the Constructors' Championship with a total of seven points-scoring finishes. Forti considered a solid financial base to be the most important factor for success. In 1991 he therefore started working on his Formula One project. At the end of, he signed a deal with wealthy Brazilian driver Pedro Diniz, whose personal fortune and sponsorship connections proved invaluable in increasing the team's budget. Diniz's father, Abílio dos Santos, was the owner of the large Brazilian distribution company Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição and the supermarket chain Pão de Açúcar. By offering companies preferential product-placement in the Brazilian market, the Diniz family was able to obtain personal sponsorship deals with brands such as Arisco, Duracell, Gillette, Kaiser, Marlboro, Parmalat and Sadia, in addition to backing from Unibanco, to fund Pedro's career. By, through Abílio dos Santos, Forti met Carlo Gancia, an Italo-Brazilian businessman. Gancia became a co-owner of the team, buying Guerci's shares, and started working on the team's Formula One project. He finally managed to ensure a respectable budget for Formula One by late, which was "effectively underwritten by the Diniz family". He also hired several experienced personnel, including designer Sergio Rinland and former Ferrari team manager Cesare Fiorio. Furthermore, retired driver René Arnoux was employed as a consultant and driver coach for Diniz. Guerci remained with Forti as one of its race engineers.

This securing of financial assistance and recruitment of staff meant that Forti's ability to participate in Formula One for was assured. Financed by the companies brought in by Abílio Diniz, the team was guaranteed financial stability in the short term, with a claimed first year budget of around $17 million. In addition, this was only the first year of a planned three-year contract with Diniz and his backers.

Forti FG01 car
The hardest task for the team was designing and building its own car for the first time, instead of buying one from a general supplier such as Dallara or Lola, as was required by the Formula One Technical Regulations. Guido Forti's first attempt at an F1 chassis, the Forti FG01, resulted in an outdated, overweight and very slow machine, and has been described as nothing more than "a revised F3000 car" and, more harshly, "a fearful pile of junk".

The FG01 had many influences. Design consultant Rinland had previously worked on the Brabham BT60 chassis in and Fondmetal GR02 chassis in, the latter under the auspices of his own company, Astauto, before moving to the United States to work on a Champ Car project. In late 1994, Forti bought the remaining assets of the now defunct Fondmetal team, including the remaining GR02 chassis, and requested Rinland's assistance in developing the bespoke Forti chassis based on a planned Fondmetal chassis for the season. Rinland thus provided a great deal of input on the FG01 chassis, assisting experienced Italian engineers Giorgio Stirano and Giacomo Caliri in designing and building the car. The car's aerodynamics were completed by former Brabham, Fondmetal and Astauto employee Hans Fouche using wind tunnels in South Africa, and composite work was done by the Belco Avia company. However, it was rumoured that the FG01 was little more than a re-working of the GR02.

Thus the FG01 did not promise much in terms of performance. It was angular and bulky, with poor aerodynamic performance negatively affecting grip and handling; it had a plump nose, initially no airbox, and was overweight and under-powered, using a small Ford-Cosworth ED V8 customer engine largely financed by Ford do Brasil, which developed an estimated 100 bhp less than the most powerful engine in the field, the Renault V10 supplied to the Benetton and Williams teams. It was also the only car to have a manual gearbox in the 1995 F1 season. The car was liveried in a distinctive yellow-and-blue colour scheme accompanied by fluorescent green wheel-rims, illustrating the team's Brazilian influence in its first year. The precise hue of each colour was chosen as a tribute to Ayrton Senna, who had been killed at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix; the cars were liveried in identical shades to those used on the Brazilian's helmet design.

1995 season
Forti's number one driver for the season was rookie Pedro Diniz who had raced for Forti in F3000, but without much success. However, he was guaranteed a seat as his family and sponsors were paying a significant amount of the team's budget. The second driver was later confirmed as his more experienced compatriot Roberto Moreno, who had last competed in F1 back in when he had a disastrous year driving for the infamous Andrea Moda team. However, his seat was initially only guaranteed on a race-by-race basis, as Portuguese driver Pedro Lamy, in addition to the team's former F3000 drivers Emanuele Naspetti and Andrea Montermini, were also considered. It was speculated that whoever joined the team would be contractually bound to be number two to Diniz and that his father had insisted on an all-Brazilian driver line-up. A Forti spokesman indeed confirmed that Moreno's nationality, in addition to his experience, was the main reason for his selection. The team later attempted to enter its former F3000 driver Hideki Noda for the 1995 Pacific Grand Prix, but he was refused an FIA Super Licence despite driving in three races for Larrousse in 1994.

Unlike some of the existing teams, Forti was able to test its chassis extensively prior to the start of the season. However, Diniz proved to be around seven seconds per lap off the pace of the leading runners in group testing at the Estoril circuit in March, indicating that the team was likely to be mired at the back of the field. Diniz finished 10th in the season-opening Brazilian GP, but was seven laps down on winner Michael Schumacher. In Argentina, this situation became worse, as, although both drivers finished, they were both nine laps down on winner Damon Hill at the end of the race (with Diniz ahead) and neither were classified, as they had failed to complete 90% of the race distance. The drivers' similar fastest laps during the race were over ten seconds slower than Schumacher's fastest race lap, and almost five seconds slower than the next slowest runner's fastest lap (Domenico Schiattarella in the Simtek). Imola was similarly poor, as both drivers finished seven laps down (with Diniz again ahead) and again failed to reach the 90 per cent threshold for classification. Forti was already the butt of paddock jokes, and were far slower than the other (and financially poorer) backmarkers: Pacific, Simtek, and Minardi. However, the budget enabled improvements to be made to the car. During the season, its weight was reduced by a significant 60 kilograms (approximately 10 per cent of the F1 minimum weight limit of 595 kg ), and a semi-automatic gearbox, an airbox and redesigns of the front wing, sidepods and monocoque were introduced. The personnel count also doubled during the course of the season. This resulted in a gradual improvement in pace throughout the year, and there were no more non-classified finishes.

In between the Brazilian and Argentine Grands Prix, Rinland returned to Europe full-time to take the official post of the team's Technical Director. His long-term task was to establish an English-based design office for the team, but his initial job was to improve the competitiveness of the FG01 through a series of technical upgrades. However, Rinland subsequently left the team after a few weeks, after falling out with the team's management over the car's lack of competitiveness.

Indeed, Forti's finishing record was good for rookies at 50 per cent (excluding the non-classifications), helping Diniz to establish a reputation as a steady, dependable driver. Forti were then elevated when Simtek folded after the Monaco GP, and Pacific's lack of finance and development enabled Forti to start matching them from the half-way point of the season. At the German GP, both Fortis outqualified both the Pacifics for the first time, and this happened on two further occasions during 1995. Forti's improvement was also aided by Pacific taking on two slower pay drivers, Giovanni Lavaggi and Jean-Denis Délétraz, to ensure that the team finished the season. At the final race of the season, in Adelaide, Forti seemed to have established a firm base for the season, emphasised by Moreno qualifying within 107% of pole position for the first time – a crucial result, as this percentage of the pole time would be used to determine non-qualifiers in 1996 – and Diniz scoring the team's best result in F1, with a reliable run to seventh place, ahead of Gachot in the Pacific. This was only one position behind the points-scoring placings. Nevertheless, despite not scoring any points, Forti finished a de facto 11th in the Constructors' Championship, ahead of Pacific and Simtek by virtue of better finishes outside of the points.

Post-championship, Forti took part in the 1995 Bologna Motor Show, where three FG01s—driven by Montermini, Lavaggi and Vittorio Zoboli—raced against, and lost to three Minardis in the Formula One Indoor Trophy.

Despite the progress made by Forti during the course of the season, 1995 was still regarded as a failure. The team had spent more money than its immediate rivals in designing, building and developing a fundamentally inefficient car. Diniz and his sponsors were described as "throwing their money away", and the Brazilian's reputation as a serious F1 driver was damaged, as it took him several years to prove that he was not just in the sport because of his funding. In addition, Moreno's participation with Forti was lamented by many observers, who felt that the experienced driver did not deserve the ignominy of such an uncompetitive car. The only positives were the reasonable reliability record and the fact that the Diniz family were contracted to fund the team for the next two years.

1996 season

With a solid base to build on and a healthy budget, looked promising for Forti. The team negotiated for the most powerful and expensive Cosworth V8 engines in late 1995 to replace the outdated and underpowered ED models, and its financial security was demonstrated by rumours during the 1995 season that the more competitive but less well-funded Minardi team was considering a merger with Forti as a means of maintaining its own presence in the sport. However, these aspirations were dealt a devastating blow when Pedro Diniz signed for the more competitive Ligier team, taking Martin Brundle's vacated seat as the latter moved to Jordan. Forti's sponsors brought in by the Diniz family, including Parmalat and Marlboro, all left; the budget was significantly dented. For a time it seemed that the team would not compete in 1996 at all, and its survival was constantly questioned. The new car was delayed, and the team was forced to use the uprated FG01B car for the start of the season with the only slightly more competitive Ford Zetec-R V8 engine (instead of the "JS" unit it had been negotiating for), and to rely on temporary sponsors. Nevertheless, Forti remained in the sport for the 1996 season. Moreno was not retained; the team signed Minardi and Pacific refugees Luca Badoer and Montermini to take the two empty seats (although Hideki Noda was also considered ), both drivers bringing a small amount of personal backing. Frenchman Franck Lagorce was also signed as a test driver. Pacific had folded during the off-season, and it was clear that Forti would be some way behind the rest of the field in the slow FG01B. Badoer and Montermini failed to make the new 107 per cent cut in qualifying for the and thus did not start the race, but both then managed to qualify for the Grands Prix held in Brazil and Argentina, scoring a 10th- and an 11th-place finish between them in the races. Badoer, however, attracted attention in Argentina for a different reason. As Diniz attempted to lap him, the two collided and Badoer's car flipped over; the Italian escaping injury. Both cars then failed to qualify at the Nürburgring.

Forti produced a new chassis, the FG03, for the next race of the season in Imola. It had been designed by the same personnel as the previous year, with further work carried out by George Ryton after the latter moved to the team from Ferrari and took up the post of Technical Director mid-season. Both drivers judged it a significant improvement over the old car, with increased aerodynamic downforce and directional sensitivity, but there was only one FG03 available, and Montermini failed to qualify in the old car. Badoer, however, qualified last, but comfortably within the 107 per cent cut-off, and only 0.7s behind Ricardo Rosset in the Footwork. Badoer finished 10th and last, but had suffered reliability problems in the new car and was two laps behind Pedro Lamy's Minardi. Both drivers qualified in Monaco, but Montermini crashed in the wet warm-up session and did not start the race, whilst Badoer struggled in the slippery conditions and took out Jacques Villeneuve as he was being lapped by the Williams. He was fined $5000 and received a two-race suspended ban.

Deal with Shannon Racing

After the Monaco GP, there were rumours that Forti would not survive the season without some form of takeover. In the period before the next race, the Spanish GP, Belco Avia boss Arron Colombo announced that a deal had been reached between Guido Forti and an entity known as Shannon Racing for the latter to buy a 51 per cent share of the team. The deal was concluded later in the month, on June 30. Shannon Racing and its parent company FinFirst were Irish-registered sections of a Milanese financial group, and had already established teams in various Formula Three championships and in International Formula 3000 in 1996. The group was keen to move into Formula One, and Forti provided an opportunity for this to happen. It was believed that Colombo had organised the deal, which was scheduled to continue throughout 1996 with an option for, because Belco Avia was owed money by Forti. As part of the management change, Cesare Fiorio left the team to join Ligier and was replaced by Daniele Coronna, whilst designer George Ryton joined from Ferrari.

For the Spanish GP, the cars therefore appeared in a new green-white-red livery (based on the Italian flag), apparently confirming Shannon Racing's acquisition of 51 per cent of Forti. This financial boost appeared to ensure the team's survival. With the off-track confusion, both drivers again failed to qualify. Nevertheless, at the Canadian and French Grands Prix, both Fortis made it to the grid, Badoer even outqualifying Rosset in Montréal. However, Forti had lost its good 1995 reliability record, as these starts only resulted in four retirements. By this time, Forti's financial problems, caused by a conflict of team ownership between Guido Forti and Shannon Racing, were becoming increasingly urgent in nature. Both cars retired with "engine problems" at the French GP, although it was widely rumoured that this was due to the team running out of engine mileage as it went into debt with engine suppliers Cosworth.

Bankruptcy and withdrawal
Guido Forti alleged that Shannon Racing had not paid him any money within the stipulated six-day deadline after the deal was concluded and refuted the claim that it now owned 51 per cent of his team. As the team ran out of money, it was doubtful whether it would turn up at the British GP. In the end, Forti took part, only for the cars to complete a mere handful of laps each in practice and thus failing to set a time quick enough to qualify. This was because it was becoming increasingly in debt to Cosworth and was running out of engine mileage for its cars, only having enough to make a token effort at participation. The team made it to the next race – the German GP – but both cars remained unassembled in the pit garages throughout the weekend after the engine supply was finally cut off.

Guido Forti, after discussing the matter with commercial rights-owner Bernie Ecclestone, had decided to withdraw the team from the German GP as negotiations over the team's ownership between himself and Shannon continued, despite the threat of the FIA (F1's governing body) imposing a fine on the outfit for missing the race. Following the failure of these negotiations, he then announced that Shannon's deal had fallen through and that he was back in charge of the team. He hoped to finalise some more sponsorship deals which would allow Forti to compete in the Hungarian GP. Shannon responded by claiming it still owned 51 per cent of the team, and that it intended to solve Forti's financial problems itself, in addition to replacing Guido Forti as Team Principal. He duly took the company to court over the matter, an arduous process in the Italian legal system.

With the team in limbo whilst the ownership dispute was judged, Forti's situation was bleak. The team faced the prospect of further heavy FIA-imposed fines for missing races if the situation did not improve, or even exclusion from the championship for bringing the sport into disrepute, as had happened to the Andrea Moda team in. Forti withdrew his team from the sport; it did not make an appearance at the Hungarian GP, the Belgian GP, nor at any further point in the championship. Badoer and Montermini were left without drives, and the promising FG03 chassis would no longer race. By the time Shannon Racing won the court case in September, Forti had ceased to exist. Shannon Racing's teams in the lower motorsport categories also closed down. Coincidentally, Guido Forti had signed the 1997 Concorde Agreement shortly before his team's demise, which could have given his team a chance of surviving if it had made it into that year due to the extra television revenue that was duly granted to each of the teams under the terms of the agreement.

Legacy
Forti's withdrawal marked not only the end of its participation in Formula One, but also terminated a team which had enjoyed success in International Formula 3000 and other minor categories. It is generally agreed that Forti may have succeeded if it had its 1995 budget and the FG03 car at the same time, and that Diniz's departure meant that it stood little chance of survival, but the team has become another example of a small, backmarking team unable to finance its aspirations. One of the final "privateer" teams to enter the sport in an era of increasing influence and participation from the large car manufacturers, Forti is often cited along with Pacific and Simtek as prime examples of this tendency. It was also argued that the increasing amount of money involved in financing an F1 team which was forcing many of the smaller teams to withdraw in the early to mid-1990s was a long-term threat to the future of the sport. Alternatively, some saw Forti and similar tail-enders as undeserving of a place in F1, and it has been suggested that the imposition of the 107 per cent rule by the FIA in 1996 was a move to force them to raise their game or leave the sport altogether.

However, the Forti F1 cars have since been used for other purposes. Examples of the FG03 are currently being used as part of F1-themed track days in the United Kingdom at motor racing circuits such as Rockingham.

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Forti