text:
Maquoketa Caves State Park

Maquoketa Caves State Park is a state park of Iowa, United States, located in Jackson County. It stands northwest of the city of Maquoketa. In 1991 111 acre on the east side of the park were listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.

Description
The park contains more caves than any other state park in Iowa. A trail system links the caves, formations, and overlooks while providing a scenic hiking experience. Many areas on these trails have seen new construction, making the journey to the caves safer. Most of the caves may be entered by persons of average physical ability, but some are more advanced. However the park's caves were closed to humans between 2010 and April 2012 in the hopes of protecting the resident bats from white nose syndrome.

The park is in the Driftless Area of Iowa. This region escaped being glaciated in the last ice age, while regions to the east and west were not spared. The park has been subjected to hundreds of thousands of years of natural non-glacial erosion.

The park's caves, limestone formations and rugged bluffs represent a step back in geological time of thousands of years. Stalactites once hung from the ceilings and stalagmites rose from the floor. Souvenir hunters have robbed the caves of this rare beauty, but many formations remain. The park's limestone caves, arches and chimneys including Dancehall Cave, Hernado's Hideaway, Shinbone Cave, Wye Cave, and an unmarked cave within the Dancehall Cavern locally known as Steelgate Cave.

Today a modern interpretive center outside the park entrance provides maps and other informational materials. Inside the park, a central map kiosk includes charts of some of the more interesting caves.

History
Artifacts such as pottery, as well as tools and projectile points made of stone have been found in the caves and surrounding area. These discoveries indicate that the Maquoketa Caves area has been of interest to humans for hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years. Early recorded history tells that the Native Americans in the area were likely visitors to the Raccoon Creek valleys. The first Euro-American explorers first visited the caves as late as the mid-1830s. The area was originally known as Morehead Caves or Burt's Cave. It had become a popular place for exploration, picnics, parties, and dances by the 1860s. A dance floor was constructed north of Natural Bridge in 1868, and a pavilion, which was used until the 1920s, was built sometime later. By the turn of the 20th century the area had become seriously degraded, and its popularity declined.

The first park land was purchased in 1921 by the Maquoketa Women's Club for the purposes of establishing a state park. Originally called Morehead Caves State Park, its name was changed to Maquoketa Caves in 1928. Additional land was acquired in 1931. The majority of the park facilities were constructed from 1932 to 1939 by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Both programs resulted from the federal government effort to make work for Americans during the Great Depression. Their work makes up the contributing properties of the historic district. They include three CCC overlook shelters, the entrance portals, the custodian's residence, the shelterhouse/concession building, the stone picnic circle, and two stone latrines. The noncontributing structures in the park include the CCC/WPA cave improvements, the CCC/WPA trail system, the park ranger's residence, a picnic shelter, and two wood-frame latrines. State Landscape Architect John Fitzsimmons designed the custodian's residence. It and the other historic structures designed by the Central Design Office in Ames, Iowa were built in the Rustic style, which was promulgated by the National Park Service in the 1930s as being appropriate for parks.

The State of Iowa purchased an additional 161 acre on the west side of the park between 1961 and 1981. This section was dedicated as a nature preserve.

In popular culture
The park was once featured on an episode of Rescue 911 when a story was done on a hiker who had fallen and was seriously injured while at the park. The hiker was saved by paramedics and the Maquoketa volunteer fire department.

Familicide
In the early morning of July 22, 2022, an assailant killed three members of a family at the campground. The assailant, identified as 23-year-old Anthony Sherwin of Nebraska, later committed suicide.

title: Maquoketa Caves State Park


text:
Delson

Delson is an off-island suburb (South shore) of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is situated 8 mi/13 km SSE of Montreal within the regional county municipality of Roussillon in the administrative region of Montérégie. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 8,328.

On its small territory, Delson is crossed by Route 132 and the Turtle River (Rivière de la Tortue). The city owns a portion of the Champlain industrial park as well as the Delson commuter train station with service to and from Montreal on the AMT's Candiac Line.

History
The origin of the name Delson comes from the Delaware and Hudson Railway, now a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which runs through the town. The Canadian Railway Museum (Exporail) occupies a large tract between Delson and Saint-Constant.

Delson was founded in 1918 as a village municipality before obtaining its status of a city 21 February 1957. The village of Delson was created from three parishes: St Andrews (1924) of the United Church and St David (1938) of the Anglican church, as well as Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus (1932) of the Catholic faith.

Geography
The city lies along the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, south of the island of Montreal.

Lakes & Rivers
The following waterways pass through or are situated within the municipality's boundaries:
 * Rivière de la Tortue ( 45.40167°N, -73.53639°W ) – runs south to north through the center of Delson, emptying into the Saint Lawrence River.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Delson had a population of $8,328$ living in $3,479$ of its $3,561$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $7,457$. With a land area of 7.64 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable people
Delson is the hometown of retired NHL goalie Marcel Cousineau.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Delson


text:
Talk:Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language groups

deletion vote
For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Critic of Finno Ugric and Uralic language Groups

I set up the critics on a different page to avoid reversions without end. Antifinnugor 20:45, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia knows of other ways to avoid reversions without end, but let's not argue about that.

 * which one(s)? Antifinnugor 17:37, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * A separate article might be a good idea, I don't know. More to the point, the article includes the following sentence:
 * More and more linguists criticize characterization of some languages as being in the Finno-Ugric and Uralic Group.
 * At present, only two linguists are known to subscribe to and endorse this 'Critic of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language Groups', namely Maracz and Marcantonio. I think that using the phrase 'more and more' in this context is a little tendentious. What do you think?  — mark ✎ 00:42, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It has been changed. However,there are more than the two, since the theory is so unlogical. For example Mr. Bakay Kornél, a Historican. Antifinnugor 17:37, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Is this page presenting original argumentation (not appropriate on Wikipedia) or summarizing arguments already published in scholarly journals? Ben Kovitz 11:46, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It presents a summary of arguments of scholars, linguists and also historicans. The finnougric/uralic theory is so erroneous, that it has never been freely accepted by anybody, who thinks. Antifinnugor 17:37, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * At the moment, the References section still only has the two usual suspects, Marcantonio and Marácz. Since the Finno-Ugric grouping "has never been freely accepted by anybody", it should be easy to present many references.  Could you please expand this section?  Dbenbenn 21:03, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Problems with this article
IANALinguist, but I see a number of problems with this page. Several of these issues have been discussed already at Talk:Finno-Ugric languages and Talk:Uralic languages.

The current text says that Hungarian has a verb "to have" ("van"). This has been discussed at Talk:Uralic languages and it is simply incorrect. (AF has never provided any sources that support this.)

 * You say in Hungarian "van egy kutyám"= I have a dog. What sources do you need other, than the language itself? Antifinnugor 15:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The "Selected cognates" table has some changes compared to Uralic languages like listing the Hungarian word "apa" as a cognate with the Finnish "isä" which is incorrect. They mean the same thing but are not cognates.

There is also no explanation why some of the entries in the table are bold.
 * OK, It is now explained that in the article. Linguistical books usually show differences by bolding the very different words in words tables, that try to illustrate similarity, for the sake of correctness. Antifinnugor 15:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Again, I'm no linguist but I'm not sure whether quoting a sentence from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a proper way to educate the reader about language families. There is absolutely no reference to comparative linguistics, or regular sound changes.

 * The texts illustrates the languages. That's why they are there. The Finnish and Estonian ones are quite similar, aren't they? Antifinnugor 15:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I would guess that I could write a very similar article "criticizing" the Indo-european language group if I switched Finnish and Estonian to English and German and Hungarian to Hindi or maybe even Polish. I strongly believe that these word lists and quoting the UDHC are not the arguments that serious linguists would use. (I guess not even the supporters of the Turanian theory.)

 * Well, languages are words and rules, how we create text out of words, what we call grammar. If two languages are related, both the words and the grammar need to be related somehow. In this group the word relation is absolutely marginal, and also the grammar has only one common feature, agglutination, which is also present in other languages in the same style. THat information is stressed here. Antifinnugor 15:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

AF also writes the following: "many grammatical cases (Turkish, Finnish) or no grammatical cases at all (Hungarian)". This is another topic that has been discussed over and over: Talk:Uralic_languages.

I find it unfortunate, that some of the information simply contradicts assertions made on the other two pages.

 * So do I. Antifinnugor 15:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page says Hungarian has no cases but Uralic languages says it has 24 cases or more. Both pages list this as a fact. The cognate tables also contradict each other. This is just not right.

 * Exactly that's why this page must exist. Just to present more correct information for this "group", or at least no one-eyed information. Antifinnugor 15:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

So these are the problems I can spot as a layman. I'd like to see what editors with a background in linguistics think.

And don't even get me started on the POV wording.

Nyenyec 01:15, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

goto
Talk:Finno-Ugric languages. This page is an offshoot of the discussion there. dab (ᛏ) 18:26, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * bachman, you never contributed anything in the subject, except hate, defamation and deletions. Now you add one more- vandalism. Your redirection is simply vandalism, and illustrates, that you do not even understand the subject. Sorry for you, as you are an absolutely incorrect person. Please do not vandalize, this is no good for vikipedia. Thanks, Antifinnugor 09:00, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

this page is a fork of Finno-Ugric languages. You simply copied stuff from there, and made your own povvy version here. This would be ok on Wikinfo, it is not ok here. dab (ᛏ) 12:48, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Critic of Finno Ugric and Uralic language Groups → Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language Groups

 * Critic is the improper term, critique is the proper term. Critic was copy pasted to critique.... So there's also duplicated content (not a redirect, yuck. The edit history is at critic, so that needs to be moved over. 132.205.15.43 03:56, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. I listed the critique version for speedy deletion as a copy-move.  Didn't know about this page.  Both the Critic and Critique pages are currently at VfD; the duplication is muddling the issue a bit.  --Dbenbenn 04:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Following capitalisation conventions, the actual title should be Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language groups. – [[User:Smyth|Smyth]] 19:52, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, but with greater support for Smyth's capitalisation version. Oberiko 16:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, but with Smyth's capitalisation. Guettarda 17:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support but fix capitalization per Smyth. —Tkinias 22:44, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Removing ér from the table of cognates
I removed ér from the table of cognates. I don't know of anyone who thinks that ér is cognate with suoni. The last time ér was added to the table, the edit summary was
 * ér is now bold to indicate, it is no cognate with suoni. OK, Dbennben? Otherwise this would indicate, we do not know the Hungarian word for vein.

On the contrary, as the article explains immediately after the table,
 * Bold illustrates words being quite different in form from the other in a line.

Since the table is described as a table of cognates, it should regardless only have cognates in it. Dbenbenn 20:59, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, Dbenbenn, in this case the whole "vene" line needs to be removed. Is that what you want? In fact, in all lines are very unsimilar words. Do you believe, that in this "language group" there are no cognates at all? I did not want to be that direct, and I did not want to simply delete that table, because there are some really lightly similar words. However, ér and suoni have nothing in common, as do some other words in the list likewise. I put now ér back in -s, since Hungarian has a word for vene. I disagree with removing ér from the list, because that would suggest, that Hungarian has no word for vene, which is a nonsense. What do you suggest otherwise? Removing the whole line? But why to remove Finnish's simularity with other languages? Or do you agree with the  and comment solution? Antifinnugor 07:41, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I checked that list again. The words jan and ten are also clearly not cognates with suoni. Why do you attack the word ér, and not those? The complete cognate list is quite full of non-cognates. I should like to understand the logic here. Antifinnugor 11:28, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Question on cognates
The section on cognates contains the following comment:
 * Bold illustrates words being quite different in form from the other in a line. The word "father", Finnish isä, could be a cognate of the Hungarian word ős (ancestor), but the correct Hungarian word for father is apa.

When talking about cognates, it is entirely irrelevant what the present Hungarian word for father is. Since languages can be developing apart from each other for a very long time, it is not surprising at all to find that a shift in meaning has occured. Given that, the comment contains the proper Hungarian cognate of Finnish 'isä', namely 'ös', 'ancestor'. If no persuasive argument can be given to the contrary, it would be best in my humble opinion to change the bolded 'apa' in the table to the most probable cognate 'ös'.

 * I would not agree with that, since that would indicate, that father means ős in Hungarian, which is incorrect. This article is for the English speaking reader, therefore the English words in front of the lines should match with the meaning of the words in the line. Even cognates should bear similar meaning, anyway, therefore if the word "table" in language A is "boy", and the word "table" in an other language B means "tree", the words table are not cognates in language A and B and do not prove any kind of relation. Antifinnugor 07:49, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your answer. I am afraid I do not understand you. Do you contend that cognates in different languages have to have exactly identical meanings? That would be rather strange, since it seems clear to me that meanings can change over time. Also, if you take that view, you are holding a definition of cognate that is really very different from the usual definiton of cognate in linguistics (see the article). I have the feeling that your boy/table example is not the best analogy — certainly 'father' and 'ancestor' are much closer to each other than table and boy. From a semantic/historical linguistic point of view, it is not surprising at all to see word meanings that are drifted away from each other like this. So I think your argument is not persuasive enough; I don't understand why you would want to keep a arguably clear cognate out of the table of cognates.

Finnish scientists
The Finnish scientists K. Wiik, A. Künnap, K. Julku, Meinander also criticize the Finno-Ugric/Uralic dogma. Antifinnugor 09:00, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Basic Words
In order to find out, if languages are related, linguits created sets of basic words, that are typically used by people living in a simple environment, like family words (mother, father, brother, sister), words for body parts, like eyes, leg, hand, foot, neck, etc., words for living environment like house, grass, way, path, and the like, household tools like fork, bottle, and vessel, and foods like bread, fat, corn, and flesh.

For example, the similarity of the Indoeuropean languages, in this example English and German was based besides of grammatical similarities on the similarity of basic words like Mother (Mutter), Father (Vater), child (Kind), brother (Bruder), sister (Schwester), garten (Garden), house (Haus), water (Wasser), flesh (Fleisch), book (Buch), and the like.

To the redirectors
Since the criticism of the finno-ugric groups does not contain: and It cannot be considered as a useful information for those, who want to understand, why these groups are unteniable.
 * The historical background of these groups (Joseph Budenz & Co)
 * The typology of the Turanic languages
 * The differences between the uralic languages
 * Basic word list of the Uralic group
 * Sample texts of these languages
 * reference to Dr Marácz-s article about the unteniability of these groups
 * The cognate list contains erronous words

Also this article criticizes both the finno-ugric and the uralic groups, which are in fact the same, therefore a redirection to the finno-ugric page is completely incorrect. The typology is one of the woundest point of the finno-ugric/uralic groups.

And also the so called critics text of the fino-ugric page is more critics of the critic, it is not sufficient as a real critic, and no good user information. If we merge the articles, and this text, exactly as it is here, can go into the uralic text, without reverting orgias and zynical deletions, then it is ok from me. If it works for 6 months satisfactory, then I agree with that. Otherwise, it makes no sense. Antifinnugor 16:57, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not want to censor any of this. Budenz and Marácz can go on the main article, if we can agree on a npov wording. typology and sample texts should go to the individual language articles. and there can be articles with specific swadesh lists, e.g. Swadesh list of Finnish and Hungarian. This should just be a list, and not make any claims about "untenability". dab (ᛏ) 16:22, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Please put link to the Marácz article into both articles. Please also put reference about Budenz to the pages, that is essential. Then the Swadesh list-Yes, please do that. There is Komi, Mordvin, Finnish, Estnish and Hungarian available in the Swadesh Table. You should set up a correct and full Swadesh list. At least all the words, that Komi contains, should be in the table, best alphabetic. You may use my list. This illustrates a lot. You do not need to write about untenability, leave that to the reader of wikipedia. Antifinnugor 16:52, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Protection
I've protected this page, as per request. Please work out any issues here. Jayjg | Talk 17:43, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * why was this unprotected? there was no agreement with afu, and the reverts will just continue. dab (ᛏ) 12:24, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * See Special:Log/protect. silsor 12:28, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * so User:Michael Snow has summarily unprotected pages because of "Happy New year!"? I am afraid I do not see the connection. dab (ᛏ) 13:00, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Template:Book decade

Books published in the undefineds

title: Template:Book decade


text:
Talk:Maquoketa Caves State Park

Source
From DNR website policy: Disclaimer and CopyrightUse of Our Material

Any person is hereby authorized to view, copy, print, and distribute documents on this site without condition. We ask you to extend the courtesy of crediting the material to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Any distributed copy of a web document, or portion thereof, is a reproduction and any changes made to any Iowa Department of Natural Resources material will invalidate the document.

I am not sure how to best credit the info to Iowa DNR.

Would be nice if there was some detailed information about each of the caves in this system. How about detailed maps of some of the longer caves? I searched the innerweb for a couple of hours and found nothing. I'd especially like to know how long a particular small crawling cave (enterence located from the Middle Dancehall entrance) is or if it is a dead end? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.202.159.165 (talk) 15:10, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Cave closure
Should we put something up showing the caves are closed due to the bats having whitenose syndrome? TalenSoti —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.26.180.30 (talk) 16:41, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

In need of updating
On Maquoketa Caves State Park shooting talk page user 64.229.88.43 says that the Maquoketa Caves State Park article needs updating. Unfortunately, the user has not been clear about what needs updating in the Maquoketa Caves State Park article and I do not understand what they are referring to precisely. I have added a section and link to the shooting article but I do not know if anything else needs updating. So I thought I would be bold and mention the problem here, in case anyone else knows of other updates that are needed. - Cameron Dewe (talk) 08:47, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maquoketa Caves State Park


text:
Arctic grayling

The Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family Salmonidae. T. arcticus is widespread throughout the Arctic and Pacific drainages in Canada, Alaska, and Siberia, as well as the upper Missouri River drainage in Montana. In the U.S. state of Arizona, an introduced population is found in the Lee Valley and other lakes in the White Mountains. They were also stocked at Toppings Lake by the Teton Range and in lakes in the high Uinta Mountains in Utah, as well as alpine lakes of the Boulder Mountains (Idaho) in central Idaho.

Taxonomy
The scientific name of the Arctic grayling is Thymallus arcticus. It was named in 1776 by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas from specimens collected in Russia. The name of the genus Thymallus first given to grayling (T. thymallus) described in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus originates from the faint smell of the herb thyme, which emanates from the flesh.

Description
Arctic grayling grow to a maximum recorded length of 76 cm and a maximum recorded weight of 3.8 kg. Of typical thymalline appearance, the Arctic grayling is distinguished from the similar European grayling (T. thymallus) by the absence of dorsal and anal spines and by the presence of a larger number of soft rays in these fins. There is a dark midlateral band between the pectoral and pelvic fins, and the flanks may possess a pink iridescence. T. a. arcticus has been recorded as reaching an age of 18 years.

Range
Arctic grayling are widespread in Arctic Ocean drainages from Hudson Bay, Canada to Alaska and in Arctic and Pacific drainages to central Alberta and British Columbia in Canada. They do not occur naturally in the Fraser and Columbia river basins. There are remnant native populations of fluvial Arctic grayling in the upper Missouri River drainage in the Big Hole River and Red Rock basin ("Montana Arctic grayling"). Fluvial Arctic grayling have been reestablished in the upper Ruby River, a tributary of the Beaverhead River. The native range formerly extended south into the Great Lakes basin in Michigan. They occur naturally in the Arctic Ocean basin in Siberia from the Ob to Yenisei drainages and in European Russia in some tributaries of Pechora river. Lake dwelling forms of Arctic grayling have been introduced in suitable lake habitats throughout the Rocky Mountains including lakes in the Teton Range in Wyoming, central Idaho and the high Uinta Mountains in Utah, Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains as far south as Arizona.

Life cycle
Several life history forms of Arctic grayling occur: fluvial populations that live and spawn in rivers; lacustrine populations that live and spawn in lakes; and potamodromous populations that live in lakes and spawn in tributary streams.

The Arctic grayling occurs primarily in cold waters of mid-sized to large rivers and lakes, returning to rocky streams to breed. The various subspecies are omnivorous. Crustaceans, insects and insect larvae, and fish eggs form the most important food items. Larger specimens of T. arcticus become piscivorous and the immature fish feed on zooplankton and insect larvae. Spawning takes place in the spring. Adult fish seek shallow areas of rivers with fine, sand substrate and moderate current. Males are territorial and court females by flashing their colourful dorsal fins; the fins are also used to brace receptive females during the vibratory release of milt and roe. The fish are nonguarders: the eggs are left to mix with the substrate. Although the Arctic grayling does not excavate a nest, the highly energetic courtship and mating tends to kick up fine material which covers the zygotes. The zygote is small (approximately 3 mm in diameter) and the embryo will hatch after two to three weeks. The newly hatched embryo remains in the substrate until all the yolk has been absorbed. They emerge at a length of around 12 to 18 mm, at which time they form shoals at the river margins. The juveniles grow quickly during their first two years of life.

Conservation
Arctic grayling are considered a secure species throughout their range. Although some populations at the southern extent of its native range have been extirpated, it remains widespread elsewhere and is not listed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.

The fluvial population in the upper Missouri river basin once merited a high priority for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by the US Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS). This unique southernmost population is now extirpated from all areas of the basin with the exception of the Big Hole River watershed. In preparation for an ESA listing, the US FWS began implementing a "Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances" (CCAA). This agreement protects cooperating landowners from being prosecuted under the ESA "takings" clause so long as they fulfill specific obligations, spelled out in a contractual arrangement and intended to restore the dwindling population. Finally, in 2014 the FWS determined not to list the grayling under ESA, due to the effectiveness of the CCAA.

The Arctic grayling is economically important; it is a "key subsistence species" for the Iñupiat people of the Alaska North Slope, it is raised commercially for food and it is one of the most important species for Sport fishing  in Alaska.

title: Arctic grayling


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eric Buisson

Eric Buisson
An article about a Frenchman who changed his last name from Bush because he didn't want to share a name with George W. While I can empathize with the sentiment, and he got a small amount of news coverage for it (mostly in France), I don't think it rises to the level of encyclopedic notability. Katefan0 20:48, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)test
 * Delete: Interesting, but it wasn't confirmed. (There was a CA company that made suitcases.  The "Washing and Care Instructions" label had English and French, of course.  The English was straightforward, but the French said, "Please do not blame us.  We know our President is an idiot.  We didn't vote for him."  Funny, but not encyclopedic.)  Geogre 22:21, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Did get some press coverage, but not enough to be notable. Although it does seem a shame to lose it... might we be able to merge it somewhere? [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:41, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Is there an article on European responses to George W. Bush or something like that? Perhaps in one of the (many, I think) iterations of the Iraq War article, in the "reactions" section or something?  I stay away from the political articles, 'cause the boiling point of my blood is too low, but if someone can think of a place to merge this, it would be a good merge & redirect. Geogre 05:33, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 02:27, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Eric Buisson is notable but George Bush is not. :-) [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 21:54, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * footnote into George W Bush. He deserves an entry into Dubya's trivia section. 132.205.15.43 00:31, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Lots of people change their names for lots of reasons - many of them political. That's not enough to qualify for an article.  Delete.  Rossami (talk) 00:55, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and add as a footnote to George W Bush. P Ingerson 12:30, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:TomStar81/Copyrights

The Following Restrictions Apply:
 * 1) All of my User Pages, incuding but not limited to: my User Page, my User Talk page, My Sandbox, and my User Page boxs are not dual licensed. This restriction also applies to all past versions of and any archived versions of my afforementioned User Pages, except where explicitedly noted.
 * 2) To avoid claims of plagerism, please include external links and/or references found on pages that I have created or edited.

title: User:TomStar81/Copyrights


text:
Category:Salmonidae

This category includes taxa of fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae).

de:Kategorie:Salmonidae

title: Category:Salmonidae


text:
Thesis (1996 film)

Thesis (Tesis) is a 1996 Spanish horror-thriller film. It is the feature debut of director Alejandro Amenábar and was written by Amenábar and Mateo Gil. It stars Ana Torrent, Fele Martínez and Eduardo Noriega. The film won seven Goya Awards including Best Film, Best Original Screenplay and Best Director.

Plot
In November 1995, Ángela, a university student in Madrid, is planning to write a thesis on audiovisual violence and the family. Her commuter train is evacuated after a man commits suicide by jumping in front of the train. While being led out of the station, Ángela moves toward the tracks in an attempt to see the man's remains. At her school, Ángela asks her thesis director, Professor Figueroa, to help her find the most violent films in the school's library, and seeks out a fellow student, Chema, who is known for collecting violent and pornographic videos. While Ángela watches a violent film with Chema, Figueroa finds a tape hidden in the school's audiovisual archives. The next day, Ángela finds Figueroa dead of an apparent asthma attack in the screening room and retrieves the tape. A younger professor, Castro, takes over the supervision of Ángela's thesis project. At Chema's house, Ángela discovers the stolen tape is a snuff film in which a woman is tortured, killed, and disemboweled. Chema recognizes the victim is a student from their university named Vanessa, who went missing two years previously. He is able to determine that the killer used a specific model of Sony camera with a digital zoom feature, and that the film was shot in someone's garage.

At the library, Ángela sees a handsome young man named Bosco using the type of camera Chema identified. When she leaves, he pursues and catches up to her. Bosco notices that Ángela has newspaper clippings about Vanessa's disappearance and states that he has information about the case. Ángela pretends she is filming a report about the disappearance and asks to interview Bosco about it. In the interview, Bosco insists that Vanessa must have run away with a boyfriend because she sent a note to her family saying that she was in love. Ángela is willing to accept Bosco's innocence, but Chema tells her that he is a psychopath. Once home, Ángela realizes that Bosco is inside the house waiting for her. Although she is initially frightened, Bosco charms her family and they invite him to stay for dinner. Once alone, Bosco attempts to seduce Ángela but she resists his advances. At the school, Chema asks a security guard to see the security tape of the video library on the night of Figueroa's death. That night, Ángela has a dream that Bosco threatens her with a knife, performs oral sex on her while videotaping it, and then stabs her.

Castro questions Ángela about Figueroa's death, showing her a security footage of her discovering the body and taking the videotape. As Ángela is about to admit why she took the tape, Chema calls and tells her to leave Castro's office immediately, saying that he is involved in the snuff film. Castro fails to catch Ángela as she flees his office. Bosco's girlfriend, Yolanda, confronts Ángela and explains that she, Vanessa, Bosco, and Chema, who was once a friend of Bosco, had gone to a series of director's workshops with Castro two years previously. Yolanda states that she left when they made Vanessa take off her clothes for a short film, that Chema was obsessed with snuff films, and that she believes he killed Vanessa after the workshop ended. Later, Chema admits to Ángela that he knew Bosco, but claims he also left the workshop when things got out of hand. At night, Chema shows Ángela a hidden tunnel he has discovered in the school's video library. In a room off the tunnel, they find shelves of video tapes like the one of Vanessa, indicating that many other women may have been murdered in other snuff films. Suddenly the door to the tunnel closes and they are locked inside. Fearing they will be killed, Chema and Ángela walk further into the tunnel with only matches to light their way. They find an editing room where they fall asleep in each other's arms.

When Ángela wakes, the lights have come back on and Chema is gone. She walks through a doorway and is chloroformed. She awakens tied to a chair facing Castro, who is videotaping her. Castro tells that he only edited the snuff videos, but that he has to kill her and that her death will be painless and much quicker than Vanessa's. As he aims a gun at Ángela's head, Chema appears and wrestles with him. The gun goes off, killing Castro. Ángela and Chema escape. Once at her house, Ángela's father tells her that her sister, Sena, is at a party with Bosco. Terrified, Ángela hurries to the party. Once there, Sena refuses to leave with Ángela, insisting that Bosco is in love with her. In order to persuade her sister to leave, Ángela approaches Bosco and passionately kisses him. The next day, Ángela tells Chema they need to go to the police. Although initially reluctant, Chema agrees but takes a shower before leaving. While he is in the bathroom, Ángela finds a Sony zoom camera among Chema's belongings, which contains a tape showing Ángela from outside her bedroom window. Convinced that Chema has been stalking her, Ángela flees. She goes back home to advise Sena to remain safe, then takes a taxi to Bosco's house. She is followed by a figure in a black rain coat.

At Bosco's house, he and Ángela talk about their relationship. Suddenly, the lights go out and Bosco goes downstairs to check on the power. When Ángela follows him, she finds him lying on the floor; Chema has followed her to the house and knocked out Bosco. However, Bosco revives and in the struggle that ensues, beats Chema to the ground. While Bosco fetches rope to tie up Chema, he tells Ángela to look in Bosco's garage. Ángela does so and recognizes the room from the snuff film of Vanessa. Bosco ties up Ángela and explains how he intends to torture and kill her. However, she cuts her bonds with a knife, slashes Bosco, grabs his gun, and shoots him dead. Ángela visits a recovering Chema in the hospital. On the television in his room, an announcer states that the bodies of six women were found at Bosco's home. Ángela gives Chema a book inscribed with an invitation to have coffee with her and tells him she is going to abandon her thesis. As they leave, the announcer states that footage from a snuff film will be shown on air.

Cast
Main cast:

Critical response
As a film made by a film student about film students, much of Tesis is metafilmic and comments on the Spanish film industry, Hollywood influence and the voyeuristic nature of the horror and snuff genres. Following the aesthetic of the American horror genre, Angela operates as the "Final Girl", or resourceful female protagonist that defies stereotypical feminine traits. Although Tesis fits the suspenseful mold of a Hollywood horror flick rather than its symbol-rich European counterpart, according to European film critic Marguerite la Caze, Tesis has a thesis: "human beings, no matter how well-meaning, are attracted to violence and death in all its forms". Joe Leydon assessed that Amenábar "provides an inventive plot and a sufficient supply of red herrings".

Tesis has generated much critical analysis due to its study of the fascination of violence. Film critic Leora Lev discusses Angela's ethical rejection and simultaneous attraction to violent images as this film's primary conversation. Lev states that Angela's psychosexual conflict with both the snuff film and the murderer, Bosco, is emblematic of the culture that consumes violent films and reality television series.

On the film-critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Thesis has a critical rating of 83% based on 12 reviews.

Accolades

 * rowspan = "8" align = "center" | 1997 || rowspan = "8" | 11th Goya Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Film || Won || rowspan = "8" |
 * Best New Director || Alejandro Amenábar || Won
 * Best Original Screenplay || Alejandro Amenábar || Won
 * Best Actress || Ana Torrent || Nominated
 * Best New Actor || Fele Martínez || Won
 * Best Editing || María Elena Sáinz de Rozas || Won
 * Best Production Supervision || Emiliano Otegui || Won
 * Best Sound || Alfonso Pino, Daniel Goldstein, Ricardo Steinberg || Won
 * }
 * Best New Actor || Fele Martínez || Won
 * Best Editing || María Elena Sáinz de Rozas || Won
 * Best Production Supervision || Emiliano Otegui || Won
 * Best Sound || Alfonso Pino, Daniel Goldstein, Ricardo Steinberg || Won
 * }
 * Best Sound || Alfonso Pino, Daniel Goldstein, Ricardo Steinberg || Won
 * }
 * }

title: Thesis (1996 film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3dmm

3dmm
3dmm was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge with 3D Movie Maker.

I cleaned away all the crap, and now we have an article on a product that nobody cares about. I hate to waste all that work, but delete. hfool 20:52, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain. While I take your point, "It won several industry awards" suggests notability. Anybody know which specific awards it won? [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I'd agree nobody cares about it. 73,000 Google hits for 3dmm isn't insignificant, and indeed it appears to have a cult following. Keep and perhaps one of those cultists will show up to improve it. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 23:38, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, move to proper title (i.e., full name). Mikkalai 02:29, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, redirect to 3D Movie Maker? Niteowlneils 03:08, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with this redirect. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 07:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, duh. Yeah, redirect. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 21:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This article doesn't describe 3D Movie Maker, a notable product, itself. Redirect.  [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 02:01, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3dmm


text: Category:1900s books

title: Category:1900s books


text: File:Mississippi Embayment shaded-relief 1.jpg


text:
Ranitidine

Ranitidine, previously sold under the brand name Zantac among others, is a medication used to decrease stomach acid production. It was commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. It can be given by mouth, injection into a muscle, or injection into a vein.

In September 2019, the probable carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was discovered in ranitidine products from a number of manufacturers, resulting in recalls. In April 2020, ranitidine was withdrawn from the United States market and suspended in the European Union and Australia due to these concerns.

In 2022, these concerns were confirmed in a Taiwanese nationwide population study finding "significant trends of increased liver cancer risk with an increasing dose of ranitidine" (up to 22% higher than control) and increased gastric, pancreatic, lung and overall cancer risk.

Common side effects include headaches, and pain or burning sensation if given by injection. Serious side effects may include cancer, liver problems, a slow heart rate, pneumonia, and the potential of masking stomach cancer. It is also linked to an increased risk of Clostridium difficile colitis. Ranitidine is an H2 histamine receptor antagonist that works by blocking histamine, thus decreasing the amount of acid released by cells of the stomach.

Ranitidine was discovered in England in 1976, and came into commercial use in 1981. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It has been withdrawn at regulator request from most markets, including the United States; according to the UK NHS, it has been discontinued globally.

Former medical uses

 * Relief of heartburn
 * Short-term and maintenance therapy of gastric and duodenal ulcers
 * With nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce the risk of ulceration Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are more effective for the prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers.
 * Pathologic gastrointestinal (GI) hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
 * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD or GERD)
 * Erosive esophagitis
 * Part of a multidrug regimen for H. pylori eradication to minimise the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence
 * Recurrent postoperative ulcer
 * Upper GI bleeding
 * For prevention of acid-aspiration pneumonitis during surgery, it can be administered preoperatively. The drug increases gastric pH, but generally has no effect on gastric volume. In a 2009 meta-analysis comparing the net benefit of PPIs and ranitidine to reduce the risk of aspiration before anaesthesia, ranitidine was found to be more effective than PPIs in reducing the volume of gastric secretions. Ranitidine may have an anti-emetic effect when administered preoperatively.
 * Prevention of stress-induced ulcers in critically ill patients
 * Used together with diphenhydramine as secondary treatment for anaphylaxis; after first-line epinephrine.

Contraindication
Ranitidine has been discontinued globally, according to the NHS, and is contraindicated due to excess cancer risk and the ready availability of H2 antagonist and PPI alternatives.

Adverse effects
These adverse effects for ranitidine have been reported as events in clinical trials:

Central nervous system
Rare reports have been made of ranitidine causing malaise, dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, and vertigo. In severely ill, elderly patients, cases of reversible mental confusion, agitation, depression, and hallucinations have been reported.

Cardiovascular
Arrhythmias such as tachycardia, bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and premature ventricular beats have also been reported.

Gastrointestinal
All drugs in the H2 receptor blocker class of medicines have the potential to cause vitamin B12 deficiency, secondary to a reduction in food-bound vitamin B12 absorption. Elderly patients taking H2 receptor antagonists are more likely to require B12 supplementation than those not taking such drugs. H2 blockers may also reduce the absorption of drugs (azole antifungals, calcium carbonate) that require an acidic stomach. In addition, multiple studies suggest the use of H2 receptor antagonists such as ranitidine may increase the risk of infectious diarrhoea, including traveller's diarrhoea and salmonellosis. A 2005 study found that by suppressing acid-mediated breakdown of proteins, ranitidine may lead to an elevated risk of developing food or drug allergies, due to undigested proteins then passing into the GI tract, where sensitisation occurs. Patients who take these agents develop higher levels of immunoglobulin E against food, whether they had prior antibodies or not. Even months after discontinuation, an elevated level of IgE in 6% of patients was still found in the study.

Liver
Cholestatic hepatitis, liver failure, hepatitis, and jaundice have been noted, and require immediate discontinuation of the drug. Blood tests can reveal an increase in liver enzymes or eosinophilia, although in rare instances, severe cases of hepatotoxicity may require a liver biopsy.

Lungs
Ranitidine and other histamine H2 receptor antagonists may increase the risk of pneumonia in hospitalised patients. They may also increase the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in adults and children.

Blood
Thrombocytopenia is a rare but known side effect. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia usually takes weeks or months to appear, but may appear within 12 hours of drug intake in a sensitised individual. Typically, the platelet count falls to 80% of normal, and thrombocytopenia may be associated with neutropenia and anemia.

Skin
Rash, including rare cases of erythema multiforme, and rare cases of hair loss and vasculitis have been seen.

Disease-related concerns
Relief of symptoms due to the use of ranitidine does not exclude the presence of a gastric malignancy. In addition, with kidney or liver impairment, ranitidine must be used with caution. It should be avoided in patients with porphyria, as it may precipitate an attack.

Children
In children, the use of gastric acid inhibitors has been associated with an increased risk for development of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia. A cohort analysis including over 11,000 neonates reported an association of H2 blocker use, and an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates. In addition, about a six-fold increase in mortality, necrotizing enterocolitis, and infection such as sepsis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection was reported in patients receiving ranitidine in a cohort analysis of 274 VLBW neonates.

Drug tests
Ranitidine may return a false positive result with some commercial urine drug screening kits for testing for drugs of abuse.

Cancer-causing due to inherent instability
In June 2019, Valisure informed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that Zantac-branded and generic ranitidine resulted in very high levels of NDMA in the human body "due to an inherent instability of the ranitidine molecule". In September 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acknowledged that ranitidine medicines, including some products sold under the brand name Zantac, contained a nitrosamine impurity called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), classified as a probable human carcinogen, at low levels. Health Canada announced that it was assessing NDMA in ranitidine and requested that manufacturers stop the distribution of ranitidine products in Canada until the NDMA levels in the products are found to be safe. Health Canada announced that ranitidine drugs were being recalled by Sandoz Canada, Apotex Inc., Pro Doc Limitée, Sanis Health Inc., and Sivem Pharmaceuticals ULC. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) started a European Union-wide review of ranitidine medicines at the request of the European Commission.

In October 2019, the U.S. FDA observed that a third-party laboratory was using higher temperatures in its tests to detect nitrosamine impurities. The NDMA was generated by the added heat, but the higher temperatures are recommended for using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method to test for NDMA in valsartan and angiotensin II receptor blockers. The FDA stated that it recommends using a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) testing protocol to test samples of ranitidine. Its LC-HRMS testing method does not use elevated temperatures, and has shown the presence of much lower levels of NDMA in ranitidine medicines than were reported by the third-party laboratory. International regulators using similar LC-MS testing methods have also shown the presence of low levels of NDMA in ranitidine samples. The FDA provided additional guidance about using another LC-MS method based on a triple-quadrupole MS platform.

In September 2019, Sandoz issued a "precautionary distribution stop" of all medicines containing ranitidine, followed a few days later by a recall of ranitidine hydrochloride capsules in the United States. The Italian Medicines Agency recalled all ranitidine that uses an active pharmaceutical ingredient from Saraca Laboratories. The Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists (Arzneimittelkommission der Deutschen Apotheker) published a list of recalled products, as did the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia.

In November 2019, the FDA stated that its tests found levels of NDMA in ranitidine and nizatidine that are similar to those that one may typically ingest with common foods such as grilled or smoked meats. The FDA also stated that its simulated gastric fluid model tests and simulated intestinal fluid model tests indicated that NDMA is not formed when exposed to acid in the stomach with a normal diet. The FDA advised companies to recall their ranitidine if testing shows levels of NDMA above the acceptable daily intake (96 nanograms per day or 0.32 parts per million for ranitidine). At the same time, it indicated that some levels of NDMA found in medicines still exceeded the agency's acceptable levels.

In December 2019, the FDA asked manufacturers of ranitidine and nizatidine products to expand their NDMA testing to include all lots of the medication before making them available to consumers.

By the end of 2019, ranitidine had already fallen from the 40th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States in 2018, to 53rd place for 2019, with about 13.6million prescriptions for the year, versus nearly 19 million the previous year. This reflects total prescriptions for all of 2019, while safety concerns affected sales in only the final 4 months of the year.

In April 2020, new FDA testing and evaluation prompted by information from third-party laboratories confirmed that NDMA levels increase in ranitidine even under normal storage conditions, and NDMA has been found to increase significantly in samples stored at higher temperatures, including those at which the product may be exposed during distribution and handling by consumers. The testing also showed that the level of NDMA increases as ranitidine medication ages. These conditions may raise the NDMA level above the acceptable daily intake limit. The EMA completed and issued their EU-wide review at the end of the month and the European Commission suspended all ranitidine products in the EU.

In August 2020, the EMA provided guidance to marketing authorization holders for avoiding the presence of nitrosamine impurities and asked them to review all chemical and biological human medicines for the presence of nitrosamines and to test the products at risk. In September 2020, the FDA issued guidance about the control of nitrosamine impurities in human drugs. An implementation plan was issued in February 2021.

In 2022, these concerns were confirmed in a Taiwanese nationwide population study finding "significant trends of increased liver cancer risk with an increasing dose of ranitidine" (22% higher than control) and increased gastric, pancreatic, lung (26%, 35%, and 17% respectively), but "only liver cancer displayed a significant association with long-term ranitidine use" and "there was no continuous dose–response relationship among the other individual cancers". Overall cancer risk also increased by 10% (p < 0.001).

List of recalls
In September 2019, Apotex recalled all over-the-counter ranitidine tablets sold in the United States at Walmart, Rite Aid, and Walgreens. These retailers, along with CVS, removed Zantac and some generics from their shelves.

On 8 October 2019, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency of the United Kingdom (UK) issued a drug alert for ranitidine "... to proactively communicate the recall to hospitals, pharmacies, dispensing practices, retailers and wholesalers in the UK." This included all Zantac-branded preparations, along with all generic preparations of ranitidine from Teva UK Limited,  Rosemont Pharmaceuticals Limited, Omega Pharma Limited and Galpharm International Limited, Perrigo Company plc, Creo Pharma Limited and Tillomed Laboratories Limited,  OTC Concepts Ltd, Relonchem Ltd, Noumed Life Sciences Ltd, and Medreich Plc.,  Accord Healthcare, Medley Pharma Limited, and Medreich Plc.

On 15 October 2019, the Department of Health and Social Care of the United Kingdom issued a supply distribution alert (SDA/2019/005) for all oral formulations of ranitidine.

In October 2019, Sanofi recalled all over-the-counter Zantac in the United States and Canada, Perrigo issued a worldwide recall of ranitidine, Dr. Reddy's issued a recall of all ranitidine products in the United States, and Novitium Pharma recalled all ranitidine hydrochloride capsules in the U.S.

In November 2019, Aurobindo Pharma, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, American Health Packaging, Golden State Medical Supply, and Precision Dose recalled some lots of ranitidine tablets, capsules, and syrup.

In December 2019, Glenmark Pharmaceutical Inc., USA, recalled some lots of ranitidine tablets.

In January 2020, Appco Pharma LLC and Northwind Pharmaceuticals recalled some lots of ranitidine tablets and capsules.

In February 2020, American Health Packaging recalled some lots of ranitidine tablets manufactured by Amneal Pharmaceuticals.

In April 2020, the FDA requested a manufacturer's market withdrawal of ranitidine, meaning that ranitidine products would not be available for prescription or over-the-counter sale in the U.S.

In April 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency recommended the suspension of all ranitidine medicines in the European Union because of the presence of low levels of NDMA. In June 2020, a ranitidine manufacturer requested a re-examination of the CHMP's April 2020 decision.

In December 2020, the EMA confirmed its recommendation to suspend all ranitidine medicines in the European Union. The UK National Health Service (NHS) Web site said "Ranitidine is not currently available in the UK or globally... It's not yet known whether it will be available again in future".

On 1 July 2021 Solara Active Pharma Sciences, which supplies ranitidine active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), said that it had mitigated the risks of the formation of NDMA during the manufacturing of ranitidine API. The company was granted a revised certificate by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare, which proves that the API complies with European rules.

In October 2021 Accord Healthcare was considering the possible reintroduction of ranitidine, but GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, and Teva said they had no plans to reintroduce the drug.

Mechanism of action
Ranitidine is a competitive, reversible inhibitor of the action of histamine at the histamine H2 receptors found in gastric parietal cells. This results in decreased gastric acid secretion and gastric volume, and reduced hydrogen ion concentration. Ranitidine's acid-lowering effect is more pronounced for basal and nocturnal acid secretion than it is for food-stimulated acid secretion. Additional indirect effects of ranitidine are decreased pepsin secretion and increased nitrate-reducing bacterial flora.

Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption: 50%

Protein binding: 15%

Metabolism: The major metabolite in the urine is ranitidine N-oxide, which represents less than 4% of the dose. Other metabolites of ranitidine include ranitidine S-oxide (1%) and desmethyl ranitidine (1%).

Half-life elimination: With normal renal function, ranitidine taken orally has a half-life of 2.5–3.0 hours. If taken intravenously, the half-life is generally 2.0–2.5 hours in a patient with normal kidney function and normal creatinine clearance. In patients with kidney dysfunction, the half-life may increase to 4 to 5 hours.

Excretion: The primary route of excretion is the urine. In addition, about 30% of the orally administered dose is collected in the urine as unabsorbed drug in 24 hours.

Elderly
In the elderly population, the plasma half-life of ranitidine is prolonged to 3–4 hours secondary to decreased kidney function causing decreased clearance.

Children
In general, studies of pediatric patients (aged one month to 16 years) have shown no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameter values in comparison to healthy adults, when correction is made for body weight.

History
Ranitidine was first prepared in England as AH19065 by John Bradshaw in the summer of 1977 in the Ware research laboratories of Allen and Hanburys, part of the former Glaxo organisation. Its development was a response to the first in class histamine H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, developed by Sir James Black at Smith, Kline and French, and launched in the United Kingdom as Tagamet in November 1976. Both companies eventually merged as GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), following a sequence of mergers and acquisitions, starting with the integration of Allen and Hanbury's Ltd and Glaxo to form Glaxo Group Research in 1979, and ultimately with the merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham in 2000. Ranitidine was the result of a rational drug-design process using what was by then a fairly refined model of the histamine H2 receptor and quantitative structure-activity relationships.

Glaxo refined the model further, by replacing the imidazole ring of cimetidine with a furan ring with a nitrogen-containing substituent, and in doing so developed ranitidine. Ranitidine was found to have a far-improved tolerability profile (i.e. fewer adverse drug reactions), longer-lasting action, and 10 times the activity of cimetidine. Ranitidine has 10% of the affinity that cimetidine has to CYP450, so it causes fewer side effects, but other H2 blockers famotidine and nizatidine have no CYP450 significant interactions.

Ranitidine was introduced in 1981, and was the world's biggest-selling prescription drug by 1987. Subsequently, it was largely superseded by the more effective proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) class of drugs, with omeprazole becoming the biggest-selling drug for many years. When omeprazole and ranitidine were compared in a study of 144 people with severe inflammation and erosions or ulcers of the oesophagus, 85% of those treated with omeprazole healed within eight weeks, compared with 50% of those given ranitidine. In addition, the omeprazole group reported earlier relief of heartburn symptoms.

In September 2019, the probable carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was discovered in ranitidine products from a number of manufacturers, resulting in recalls; in April 2020, it was withdrawn from the United States market and suspended in Europe and Australia.

Preparations
Preparations of ranitidine products include oral tablets (75, 150, and 300 mg), effervescent tablets, and syrups, and injectable solutions; with doses of specific ranitidine product preparations are available over-the-counter (OTC) in various countries. In the United Kingdom, only the lowest-strength, 75-mg tablet is available to purchase without a prescription. In Australia, packs containing seven or 14 doses of the 150-mg tablet are available in supermarkets, small packs of 150-mg and 300-mg tablets are schedule 2 pharmacy medicines. Larger doses and pack sizes require a prescription. In the United States, 75- and 150-mg tablets are available OTC. Since 2017, Zantac is marketed in the U.S. by Sanofi. In India, it is sold under the brand name Rantac OD.

title: Ranitidine


text:
Zantac

Zantac can refer to either of two different H2 antagonists used to reduce gastric acid secretion:

 * Ranitidine, prior to its 2020 withdrawal from the market
 * Famotidine, following the withdrawal of ranitidine

title: Zantac


text:
Johann Adam Schall von Bell

Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1 May 1591 – 15 August 1666) was a German Jesuit, astronomer and instrument-maker. He spent most of his life as a missionary in China (where he is remembered as "Tang Ruowang") and became an adviser to the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

Life

Schall von Bell was born to noble parents in Cologne or nearby Lüftelberg (today part of Meckenheim) in the Holy Roman Empire. After he graduated from the Jesuit Gymnasium in Cologne he moved to Rome and studied subjects such as mathematics and astronomy at the Collegium Germanicum. In 1611 he joined the Society of Jesus and continued his education at the Gregorianum.

In 1618 he left for China on a Portuguese ship with a group of missionaries under the lead of Nicolas Trigault. The next year the group reached the Portuguese trading port of Macau where Schall von Bell spent some time learning Chinese. He started missionary work inside China in 1622, but allegedly his success was limited. He participated in the defence of Macau from a Dutch invasion in the same year, and personally took a Dutch captain prisoner from that victorious battle.

Schall von Bell and Giacomo Rho were sent to Beijing in 1630 to continue the work of the deceased Johann Schreck on a reform of the Chinese calendar. With Xu Guangqi, he participated in modifying the Chinese calendar and compiling what is known as the Chongzhen calendar. Named after the Chongzhen Emperor, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, the modified calendar provided more accurate predictions of eclipses of the sun and the moon. Upon Xu's passing, he held the requiem in his honour and oversaw the process of shipping the body back to his relatives in Shanghai. The Ming obtained the services of Father von Bell’s foundry in Beijing, which is said to have produced some five hundred cannon.

After the Ming-Qing Transition in 1644, Schall von Bell gained access to the newly installed Shunzhi Emperor and became one of his trusted counsellors. He was made a mandarin and held an important post in connection with the mathematical school: Director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics.

His position enabled him to procure from the emperor permission for the Jesuits to build churches and to preach throughout the country. Thus Schall von Bell is indirectly credited with 500,000 Chinese that are said to have been baptised by Jesuit missionaries within fourteen years, making him a successful missionary.

The Shunzhi Emperor died in 1661 and Schall von Bell's position started to erode. In 1664 he was challenged by Yang Guangxian and the Muslim astronomers, who accused him of planning a rebellion and of having wilfully miscalculated time and place of a funeral and in that way contributed to the death of Consort Donggo. Schall von Bell and other Jesuits, Ferdinand Verbiest included, were imprisoned. Schall von Bell had a stroke in prison. At trial, Verbiest spoke in his defence, but all were condemned to death. However, after an earthquake, the Jesuits were pardoned and only five Chinese Christians working in the astronomical office were executed. The Jesuits were exiled to Macau. Schall von Bell died within one year of his release. He was buried in the Jesuits' Zhalan Cemetery in Beijing.

Yang Guangxian succeeded as the head astronomer at the court. Four years later, however, the young Kangxi Emperor replaced him with Verbiest, and von Bell's honours were fully restored.

A collection of Schall von Bell's manuscripts was deposited in the Vatican Library.

Dispute

In 1758, an allegation, which is disputed by most Jesuits and Catholic historians, was made public. The secretary to Monsignor Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon reported that during the final years of his life, Schall von Bell lived "separated from the other missionaries and removed from obedience to his superiors, in the house given him by the emperor with a woman whom he treated as his wife and who bore him two children."

No evidence was provided and the allegations are even contradicted by contemporaneous witnesses and official Chinese documents. It is stated that if true, the story would almost certainly have been reported by others who sought to discredit Schall von Bell and other Jesuits. In addition, the Jesuit structure would most likely have reported the fact to authorities at higher levels of the order.

The 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia suggests that the source of the rumour was most likely the adoption by Schall von Bell of the son of a former Chinese servant.

Encounter with Prince Sohyeon
Crown Prince Sohyeon, first son of King Injo of the Korean Joseon dynasty, was held hostage in Shenyang and later in Beijing. He was highly interested in Western sciences and visited Schall von Bell.

Schall von Bell gave him books on Western sciences as well as on the Catholic faith that drew the crown prince's interest. Prince Sohyeon suddenly died when he entered Korea in 1645, which dissipated Schall von Bell's hope to extend the Jesuit's missionary work into Korea.

Continued cultural relevance in China
In 1992, Taiwan issued a commemorative stamp for the 400th anniversary of the birth of Schall von Bell, noting "with all his accomplishments his place in Chinese history is secure".

In 2013, Chinese CCTV published a documentary on Schall von Bell, as part of its series Biographies. At the very end of the film, the commentator noted that the Chongzhen calendar edited by Schall von Bell is still in use today. China International Communication Center's major biographical series of six Westerners in premodern China also featured Schall von Bell. He is also visible in Chinese soap operas, partly because he was close to Shunzhi Emperor and palace drama is the most popular genre on Chinese TV.

title: Johann Adam Schall von Bell