text:
Lavas

Lavas may refer to

 * Lava
 * Lavaş (lavash) flatbread
 * Lavaş cheese produced in Turkey
 * Manne Lavås (born 1944), Swedish speed skater

title: Lavas


text: Category:People from Illinois

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:People from Illinois


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Beer Wolf

Beer Wolf
Beer Wolf was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

 * Band still working on their debut album. No evidence of current notability.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:43, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable. Even if they get the debut album finished it takes a lot more than that to be listed i an encyclopedia. DreamGuy 23:02, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless this ensemble is composed of Astronauts or Olympic Competitors or some such. Pedant 23:31, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Delete Nothing what is realy of interest for the rest of the world ... and definitely for an encyclopedia Berwein 01:00, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete. More garage band vanity. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 02:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. You might call this "bandcruft." Bandcruft, the listing of non-notable local bands on Wikipedia, is clogging up Wikipedia worse than the high school/Pokemon cabal. --Szyslak 06:33, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gtabary 10:09, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete. This even meets my own definition of band vanity.  There is no saving this one.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 10:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete with extreme prejudice, I'm with RaD Man... I'll vote to keep almost any band with some recordings and regional notability, but this is too much. Wyss 11:00, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What Wyss and RaD Man said. Heck, what everyone's said.  Extreme delete. - Lucky 6.9 18:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:54, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Logan Township

Logan Township may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Logan Township, Baxter County, Arkansas, in Baxter County, Arkansas
 * Logan Township, Logan County, Arkansas, in Logan County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Logan Township, Peoria County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Logan Township, Dearborn County, Indiana
 * Logan Township, Fountain County, Indiana
 * Logan Township, Pike County, Indiana

Iowa

 * Logan Township, Calhoun County, Iowa
 * Logan Township, Clay County, Iowa
 * Logan Township, Ida County, Iowa
 * Logan Township, Lyon County, Iowa
 * Logan Township, Marshall County, Iowa
 * Logan Township, Sioux County, Iowa
 * Logan Township, Winnebago County, Iowa

Kansas

 * Logan Township, Allen County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Barton County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Butler County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Decatur County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Dickinson County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Edwards County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Gray County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Lincoln County, Kansas, in Lincoln County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Marion County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Marshall County, Kansas, in Marshall County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Meade County, Kansas, in Meade County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Mitchell County, Kansas, in Mitchell County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Ottawa County, Kansas, in Ottawa County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Pawnee County, Kansas, in Pawnee County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Phillips County, Kansas, in Phillips County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Sheridan County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Sherman County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Smith County, Kansas, in Smith County, Kansas
 * Logan Township, Washington County, Kansas, in Washington County, Kansas

Michigan

 * Logan Township, Lenawee County, Michigan, now Adrian Charter Township
 * Logan Township, Mason County, Michigan
 * Logan Township, Ogemaw County, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Logan Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota
 * Logan Township, Grant County, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Logan Township, Reynolds County, Missouri
 * Logan Township, Wayne County, Missouri

Nebraska

 * Logan Township, Adams County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Antelope County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Buffalo County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Burt County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Clay County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Cuming County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Dixon County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Dodge County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Gage County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Kearney County, Nebraska
 * Logan Township, Knox County, Nebraska

New Jersey

 * Logan Township, New Jersey

North Dakota

 * Logan Township, Burleigh County, North Dakota, in Burleigh County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Logan Township, Auglaize County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Logan Township, Blair County, Pennsylvania
 * Logan Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania
 * Logan Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania

South Dakota

 * Logan Township, Beadle County, South Dakota, in Beadle County, South Dakota
 * Logan Township, Clark County, South Dakota, in Clark County, South Dakota
 * Logan Township, Hand County, South Dakota, in Hand County, South Dakota
 * Logan Township, Jerauld County, South Dakota, in Jerauld County, South Dakota
 * Logan Township, Minnehaha County, South Dakota, in Minnehaha County, South Dakota
 * Logan Township, Sanborn County, South Dakota, in Sanborn County, South Dakota

title: Logan Township


text: Template:Canada-gov-stub

title: Template:Canada-gov-stub


text:
User talk:Isaiah R

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 22:44, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isaiah R


text: Category:Canada government stubs

title: Category:Canada government stubs


text:
User talk:LotSolarin

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 22:48, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:LotSolarin


text:
Hillingdon

Hillingdon is an area of Uxbridge within the London Borough of Hillingdon, centred 14.2 miles (22.8 km) west of Charing Cross. It was an ancient parish in Middlesex that included the market town of Uxbridge. During the 1920s the civil parish bore a rapid, planned increase in population and housing, and was absorbed by Uxbridge Urban District in 1929. It has formed part of Greater London since 1965.

Much of Hillingdon has lasting, albeit minor, administrative effect as the current Hillingdon East ward for electing councillors to Hillingdon London Borough Council. In November 2010, the ward had a recorded population of 12,403.

Toponymy
The name Hillingdon appears in the Domesday Book (1086) as Hillendone, possibly meaning "hill of a man named Hille". The name could also mean 'hill of a woman named Hilda'.

Local government
Hillingdon was an ancient parish, and had within it the chapelry of Uxbridge, which became a separate civil parish in 1866. When a local board of health was created for Uxbridge, the western part of Hillingdon parish was included within it. Under the Local Government Act 1894, Hillingdon parish was divided in two along the boundary of the board of health district. Hillingdon West became, with Uxbridge, part of the Uxbridge Urban District. Hillingdon East, now governed by the Hillingdon East Parish Council, became part of the Uxbridge Rural District. Uxbridge Rural District and the parish council were abolished in 1928, with the Hillingdon East parish being added to the Uxbridge Urban District. Both Hillingdon East and Hillingdon West parishes were abolished in 1938 and added to Uxbridge parish. In 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, Hillingdon became the name of the westernmost borough of Greater London.

Urban development
The A40 (Western Avenue) was rerouted in the early 1990s to run slightly north of its original route, thereby allowing traffic to flow without interruption at the junction of Hillingdon Circus. Hillingdon tube station was required to be demolished in order for the new road to be constructed, and a new station was opened further south along the line in 1994, winning the Underground Station of the Year award for that year.

Parliamentary constituency
Hillingdon is a traditional Conservative stronghold lying within the Uxbridge and South Ruislip constituency, represented from 2015 until 2023 by Boris Johnson. Before that, John Randall MP had represented the constituency since 1997, following the death of fellow Conservative Sir Michael Shersby.

Education
Primary schools in Hillingdon include Oak Farm Juniors, St Bernadette's Roman Catholic Primary School, St Helen's College, Hillingdon Primary and Ryefield Primary.

Secondary schools, ACS Hillingdon, Bishopshalt School, Oak Wood School, Vyners School and Swakeleys School for Girls.

Moorcroft School in Colham Green is a special school, run by the Eden Academy Trust. It was formerly located at Moorcroft Park on Harlington Road, the old Moorcroft House hospital site.

Transport
Hillingdon tube station is served by the Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines of the London Underground.

West Ruislip tube station is served by the Central line of the London Underground.

The Oxford Tube and Oxford X90 services between Oxford and central London also serve Hillingdon.

Bus route U2 serves Hillingdon, operating between Uxbridge station and Brunel University.

Bus route A10 connects Uxbridge to Heathrow Central Bus Station.

Church of St John the Baptist
The church of St John the Baptist stands at the top of Hillingdon Hill, at its junction with Royal Lane. It was built in 1629, replacing an earlier building deemed to have become unsafe. In 1846, the architect George Gilbert Scott (father of George Gilbert Scott Junior) was asked to design an extension, as the increasing population meant the church was becoming too cramped. This extension was completed between 1847 and 1848 by the Fassnidge builders from Uxbridge.

On 8 November 1940, a bomb fell on the south side of the church, damaging many of the windows on the south and east sides of the church. The windows were repaired after the war. The barrel roof of the chancel was renovated in 1953 to commemorate the coronation of Elizabeth II. In 1964, a vestry was built on the north-eastern side of the church. There is a notable brass on the north wall of the south aisle dedicated to John, 8th Baron Strange of Knokin and his wife Jacquetta (1509). The nearest station to the church is Uxbridge which is at the distance of 1.73 km.

Hillingdon Court
Hillingdon Court was built in 1858 by Sir Charles Mills as his family home, after he had bought separate adjacent properties in Vine Lane. Both buildings were demolished and the plots combined to allow the construction of the new property. The mansion remained in the family's ownership until Charles Mills, 2nd Baron Hillingdon died in 1919. Part of the estate was bought by the local authority, while the mansion was bought by the Roman Catholic Order of the Sacred Heart and became a nursing home in 1920. After the Second World War, the mansion became a girls' school, and in 1978 it was bought by ACS International Schools to become ACS Hillingdon. Under the ownership of ACS International Schools, the mansion has been extended and converted in parts to meet the needs of a school. The area of land bought by the local authority remains today as Hillingdon Court Park.

Notable people

 * Actor Michael Anderson Jr., was born in Hillingdon
 * Writer A. M. Burrage (1889–1956) was born in Hillingdon
 * Comedian James Corden was born in Hillingdon
 * Actress Lynne Frederick (1954–1994) was born in Hillingdon
 * Actor Denis Gilmore was born in Hillingdon
 * Kwame Kwei-Armah was born in Hillingdon
 * Conductor and composer Eugene Goossens (1893–1962) lived in Hillingdon
 * Actor Huw Higginson was born in Hillingdon
 * Actress Elspeth March (1911–1999) lived in Hillingdon
 * Comic actor and comedian Alfred Marks (1921–1996) lived in Hillingdon
 * Screenwriter and film director Simon Monjack (1970–2010) was born in Hillingdon
 * Claire Richards was born in Hillingdon and attended Bishopshalt School
 * Meinhardt Schomberg (1641–1719) built and lived in Hillingdon House
 * Actor and director Tony Tanner was born in Hillingdon
 * Actress Heather Thatcher (1896–1987) lived in Hillingdon at the time of her death
 * Footballer Ray Wilkins was born in Hillingdon
 * Musician Ronnie Wood was born in Hillingdon
 * Footballer Glenn Hoddle was born in Hillingdon
 * Footballer Tariq Lamptey was born in Hillingdon

title: Hillingdon


text:
Maha Sarakham

 Maha Sarakham is the capital city of Maha Sarakham province in Thailand's northeastern (Isan) region. Sarakham, as it is known to its inhabitants, is in a rice-growing area on the southern Khorat plain, straddling the Chi River. Mahasarakham is 475 km northeast of Bangkok and 73 km southeast of Khon Kaen.

The city has long been known as a regional education centre, the so-called "Taxila of Isan" (taking this name from the ancient Hindu centre of learning). It is home to six colleges, as well as Mahasarakham University (MSU) and Maha Sarakham Rajabhat University. Sarakham has the feel of a student town with the younger, more cosmopolitan population much in evidence in the downtown campus area and near MSU's second campus seven kilometres away at Kham Riang.

For a time Mahasarakham ranked with Sisaket as among the poorest cities in Isan. This is changing, partly under the influence of the rapidly growing student population. Today Maha Sarakham possesses two cinemas, a modern department store and market, and branches of major retailers. There has been extensive building, especially on the eastern fringes of the city.

Maha Sarakham has no railway station or airport, and the main transport links are via express bus, or by road connections to the airports in Khon Kaen and Roi Et. Recently the road link south was upgraded and is now mainly dual carriageway highway.

title: Maha Sarakham


text: Category:People from Louisiana

title: Category:People from Louisiana


text:
Talk:Kyōiku kanji

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Zontas (talk • contribs) 23:20, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

Macrons
The Kyouiku list is 1006 *without* the roman numerals; you can run a kanji count on the list given in this article and see that. Is there some reason you're using circumflexes instead of macrons for long vowels? adamrice 03:52, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I did that because it was the way it was spelled on the French Wikipedia page, and googling was inconclusive. But if you think it makes more sense to go with the macrons, I have no objection to that. I'm not an expert on this subject, and I'll defer. --Arcadian 04:07, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

subpages
Hi. Aren't all those links with kanji information better placed in the wiktionary? Therefore, wouldn't it be better if they link directly to wiktionary entries? Another case would be if there would be some additional information, but all I could think of is info as how to learn them, e.g. "looks like...", i.e. according to some system, and this would be a case for wikibooks. Therefore, move to wiktionary all those other pages? Ben (talk) 06:58, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * There are also many links to pages that bear no connection to the kanji character, e.g. shima links to island. Does this make sense? I think it doesn't. Ben (talk) 07:01, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

Romanization
Hi! I'm currently learning Japanese and it would be a great aid if someone completes the romanization on the page. I then could memorize all the words and continue to Joyo kanji.

Pronounce
Is it really a good idea to add alternative pronunciations to the kanjis that are listed on this article? Kanji characters all have several different ways of being used and pronounced, but I think we'd rather leave all the other possibilities out. The character set is complex in nature. I think the article was already good enough while listing pretty much just one pronunciation for each kanji (which I think are the most known ones, but that's just my opinion), but someone just added at least another one to almost all characters listed here. By the looks, they seem all on-yomi to me, and they were added before the pronunciations that were already there. On most cases, those are the uses for compounds, not the characters alone. I think that's not a very good idea. It looks too confusing. I vote to keep it the way it was before.

What do you think?--Kaonashi 02:46, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * In my opinion the pronunciations are totally off the topic of the article unless they are the same pronunciations as the kyouiku kanji themselves. The kyouiku kanji consists of a set of kanji and their readings, the readings are learnt at different school years as well as the kanji. The English "meanings" are irrelevant - they don't belong here at all - the page is about the Japanese system of kyouiku kanji, and what the kanji mean in English has nothing to do with that. Also, synchronizing the meanings should they turn out to be mistaken is a big job. Meanings can be handled by links alone and should be removed from here. --DannyWilde 04:12, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

If what you say it true (and probably is), I guess it's beyond my knowledge in Japanese. My opinion is that it was better the way it was before. I think those anonymous changes only made things a lot more confusing. Like I said before, we're dealing with something that can't be easily explained. It's complex in nature, so I think the simpler, the better. This might sound silly, but the way it was (one "obvious" pronunciation and the most "obvious" meaning in English) might be inaccurate and inappropriate, but I think it worked. At least, worked better than it does now.

But yes, if you can, you should try doing what you said. If someone disagrees, it can be discussed here.--Kaonashi 04:49, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I strongly support Danny on this one. It's a common misconception that kyouiku kanji is just a list of characters. It's not: it's a list of characters and their readings. This page is therefore incomplete until the readings are added, including an indication of which are on and which are kun. The linked kanji in Wiktionary do not contain this information either; just a list of all readings, whether official or not. English meanings, though strictly speaking off-topic, are useful. --Auximines 17:46, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe also worth pointing out that some readings are taught at higher school years. For example a kanji taught in the first year might have a reading taught in the second year as well, so to be 100% accurate, the table should reflect that - there should be extra readings for kanji X in year Y as well as the initial entry. Also, the list of kanji taught changes sometimes. In order to get this table right, someone needs to get hold of recent information and go through and check the whole table and add the readings for the years. As I said above I don't think the "meanings" are appropriate. --DannyWilde 00:08, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

996 vs 1006
Let's count the kanjis:
 * First grade (80 kanji)
 * Second grade (160 kanji)
 * Third grade (200 kanji)
 * Fourth grade (200 kanji)
 * Fifth grade (185 kanji)
 * Sixth grade (181 kanji)

So:
 * First 2 grades: 80+160=240 kanji
 * First 3 grades: 240+200=440 kanji
 * First 4 grades: 440+200=640 kanji
 * First 5 grades: 640+185=825 kanji
 * First 6 grades: 825+181=1006 kanji

So it's 1006 kanji without Roman numerals, not 996 kanji + 10 Roman numerals. Something is wrong in the article's introduction. Taw 18:43, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Table format?
I've done a quick stab at reformatting the page into table format at User:Tobias Wolter/Kyouiku Kanji This also fixed up some formatting errors in general (my regexp didn't convert those and made me look again), but there's still some points open:
 * Using hiragana for the readings?
 * An extra column for special readings?
 * Which of those are special readings, anyway?
 * Checking for errors in general.

RFC, please. --towo 01:23, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there a reason why the readings are written in romaji rather than in hiragana? I don't really see the use of knowing the reading of a kanji without being able to read hiragana. Erikku 03:41, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I would also like to know which are on and which are kun readings. --Auximines 22:26, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I would suggest making a table with just the kanji, with each kanji linked to the Wiktionary as it is now. In my opinion, the layout and order of the kanji should be the same as in this Monbusho page, making the article much more readable than it is now. I don't know if it is an issue, but when the article is 58 KB long now, which exceeds the recommended 50 KB for a Wikipedia article (see Article size). This might be good to keep in mind when thinking of adding or deleting the readings and meanings.

 * However, if there is a consensus to keep the readings, they should be selected with care. As it is now, someone seem to have personally selected one or two common readings, regardless of how many readings a kanji has. We need to decide how the readings are to be selected, and also make a clear statement about it in the article. I suppose the best thing would be to write all readings taught, but I see at least two problems with this: (1) the size of the article would become even bigger than it is now, and (2) I don't know of a reliable source to get that information from. This page has information on readings not taught at first grade (and up), but I don't know how trustworthy this information is.

 * Finally, I don't see why the meaning needs to be written. A kanji can often not be explained in a single word - it needs an explanation, and such explanations are already written in the Wiktionary pages, which are linked to. Erikku 04:29, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * For them to be useful, they should reflect the meanings that are taught when they're introduced. That's a bit of a slippery concept, though. They're generally introduced as single-kanji words (usually using the kun-yomi), like る, and then used in various combinations, like, that may or may not share a degree of meaning. Book and Thursday (よう) don't share any meaning at all.　I think they end up being useless -- but they provide a certain comfort factor for English speakers that I can't really argue against. Bob Kerns 09:16, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Meaning of 本
本 is given as meaning 'book', doesn't it mean (also) 'root', 'origin' and 'base'? those meanings seem to me at least as much important. Plch 12:39, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * A good reason is that 'book' is the meaning that it taught at this level. Remember, these are young kids. They will learn the other meanings in later years. I don't have any references to when (and whether it's officially part of the　), but I do remember it happening. (My experience is limited to helping with homework up to -- third grade). This is similar to the various yomi -- typically only one or two are taught initially. For, they'll learn "book", but they'll also learn , and they learn (き) and よう(もくようび)(they don't learn the 曜 in  until later). Bob Kerns 08:50, 8 October 2006 (UTC) (corrected either very silly / mistake or confusing example, to say what I was trying to say... Bob Kerns (talk) 22:45, 23 December 2007 (UTC))
 * Seriously, young kids? You really don't know how kids are trying to be mature nowadays. Even kids who don't go to school yet should know what 本 means, it's part of the country's name. --2.245.192.127 (talk) 18:40, 24 August 2014 (UTC)
 * "Kids who don't go to school yet" haven't learned reading or writing yet... Perhaps, some have started, but they'll probably start with "mommy", "daddy" and "cat" and "dog" before even realizing they're in a country, let alone how to read its name. But maybe the "mature" kids in your neck of the woods should skip to grade 2 and start with learning "katana" and "bow" instead.
 * It's a good point however, that there are different meanings. Having just (semi)finished grade 1 of the kanji, I'm not up on all the meanings or even pronunciations yet. I was considering going back to go more in depth and/or wait until I need find them "in the wild". Is there any 'official' word on which definitions and related pronunciations for each character are taught in the actual classroom?OmikronWeapon (talk) 14:20, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

Meaning of 世
世 is named "world" here, but 界　is named "world" as well, as in Heisig's Remembering The Kanji. To remain Heisig's designation we should give 世 the meaning of "generation".

85.2.50.169 (talk) 17:15, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

ON and kun
It's great to have this list with all the main translations. But why is there no distinction between ON and kun ? Also, as someone mentionned, the pronunciation should rather be in kana. Hiragana for kun and katakana for ON as it is standard. Having ON and kun yomi all mixed up is somewhat confusing.
 * I read the kana argument elsewhere on the page. I do agree with that person that one should have mastered kana before starting kanji, but to a layman user wandering onto this page, kana would make the list unintelligible, but keeping them in romanji wouldn't matter to people who can read kana.
 * In fact, both readings ARE distinguished by being in separate columns. Something that is bothering me however, is the exclusive usage of "on" (consistently capitalizing it as "ON" makes no sense to me btw, even less so if you don't do it with "kun") and "kun". Nowhere on this article are the full terms on'yomi and kun'yomi even mentioned. (although their article is linked to) I can understand shortening both when space is at a premium, but the columns seem to provide ample room. For casual readers it might even seem like the abbreviations are the official term. I suspect the same goes for some who are more familiar with kanji, seeing how no one bothered to include them. This is an encyclopaedic repository of knowledge after all, not a collection of shorthand crib-notes.
 * "Yeah, it's the ON reading and this is the kun" "-What does it mean?" "Don't know, just ON and kun" (capitalized "on" for sarcastic effect, I couldn't help myself, I apologize)
 * I'll make the top most column-headers the full term, that should be sufficient mention without going overboard. OmikronWeapon (talk) 15:09, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

Table

 * The French wiki page (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C3%B4iku_kanji) has a very good list of ALL characters for a particular year at its beginning. It would be great to have this on the English wiki page as well!! 83.77.175.39 (talk) 15:16, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've taken a first cut at splitting out the kun and on, but I encourage others more familiar with Japanese to check for errors. --Arcadian 19:31, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think a notation on what the hyphens in the kun-yomi are about would be in order. I'm not used to seeing it in romaji, so I was thrown for a bit, myself. (The part on the left is the yomi; the part on the right is the "standard, dictionary" inflection of a word typically using it. For example, やはーい: い, which could also occur as く or かった) Bob Kerns 09:05, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Hyperlink Underlining
I don't know what's possible in the WikiPedia formatting engine and CSS, but it would be nice to suppress the underlines in the links to the character pages. For one thing, it makes look like. It's OK in running text, but the point here is to display the character. Bob Kerns 09:21, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that this is a problem, but I wonder if removing the underline (were it possible) would stop people from realising that they are links. I think a better solution, though not perfect, is to remove the link entirely and add a "Wiktionary Entry" column to the tables.  This column would always contain the text "definition" linked to the entry for that row.
 * If there's no concerns, I may be bold and make this change next time I have a free moment.--jwandersTalk 07:25, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Move this page to an English title?
I tend to think that this page ought to move to an English title, such as Japanese kanji curriculum or something similar. No one will be searching for this unless they already know what the name of the standard curriculum is in Japanese. What the page should be called in English, though, is something I am not certain of. - Smerdis of Tlön 17:10, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Disagree. The fact that you don't even know what to call it in English suggests that any English name for the list is not well-established (nor is it Wikipedia's place to try to establish one). "Kyoiku kanji," (along with Joyo/Toyo kanji) OTOH, is pretty well-established among people marginally conversant with Japanese. adamrice 18:18, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

At the most, English titles should just redirect here, since Smerdis of Tlön dies have a point that no one would end up searching for "Kyōiku kanj"

"THROUGH FIRE, JUSTICE IS SERVED!" 22:57, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

There are good English-titled articles (most notably Japanese language) that contain a basic explanation of what this list represents and link to this page; in my opinion that creates adequate discoverability for English speakers. If there were an English term established for referring to these kanji or to the list of them, then a redirection page would be in order, but I don't know of such a term. (Frankly I don't even know of a good English term for kanji in general, beyond just calling them "Chinese writing", which in this context would be potentially misleading.) I would guess that most English-speaking people do not know enough about Japanese to be aware the list exists, and probably most of those who *do* know about the list have encountered the Japanese name for it, albeit probably in romanized form. --Jonadab the Unsightly One, 2008 Jun 21. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.166.236.61 (talk) 18:10, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

/ marked readings?
Should this list of readings include those that appear in the 250 Man-nin no Kanken official book but are also marked with / i.e. do not appear on the test papers for 10-5 kyu? As it is, some are listed with such readings and some without. Personally I think that since this is a page about elementary school kanji the / readings should be removed, but in either case it would be better for us to decide on a standard rule. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eujensc (talk • contribs) 07:49, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Reference
I'm sorry for my poor English. Where is the source of this article? (For example, a page from Japanese Ministry of Education that shows the list of Kyōiku kanji.) Or is it common knowledge? --64.62.138.104 (talk) 01:58, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I couldn't find a government page with the list, but lots of resources have it. Aozora bunko is certainly not authoritative but it's at least trustworthy (download from the link in the  section).  -Amake (talk) 06:36, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I fail at Google. User:Erikku above links to this Monbusho page, which is authoritative.  -Amake (talk) 06:40, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

I don't see any references to translations of words. And some are confusing. For example, i couldn't find 屋=premise in usual dictionaries like wiktionary --82.114.244.151 (talk) 22:47, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

康
康 is listed as "ease". Ease?

 * wiktionary says "peaceful, quiet; happy, healthy"
 * saiga-jp.com's kanji dictionary says "healthy; sound"
 * Heisig says (I believe) "SANE"

I'm not sure I see all of these (or any of these) as best summarized by the word "ease". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.172.83.1 (talk) 04:17, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This is the difficulty with "interpretation". You may not see or completely agree with the author. Have you never heard of a "life of ease"? What does that mean? It could be considered "a life of peace and quiet and happiness". How would you sum up the definitions you listed? Boneyard90 (talk) 14:03, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Minor error for #953 	縦
Currently the table gives an On-Reading of ju, should be jū (じゅう)? Please check again and correct. See http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B8%A6 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.162.81.236 (talk) 12:48, 5 September 2014 (UTC)

Another error, for #566: 漁, table gives reading gyō, should be gyo (ぎょ).http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%81 How many more errors are there?87.162.79.74 (talk) 21:15, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

Missing Kanji
I noticed that the Kanji for cat is not listed in the Kyoiku Kanji. Is this Kanji not taught until later (I doubt it) or is it missing. If it is missing, how many other Kanji are missing? --Rrrof711 (talk) 18:47, 29 January 2016 (UTC)
 * No mistake here, this is a high-school level kanji - you can find it on the List of jōyō kanji.62.56.57.80 (talk) 20:48, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

Mobile version displays many kanjis wrong
On my Android smart phone (Sony Xperia), I see [Grade 1] #8八; #28土, #29空, #30田, #31天, #32土!(=#28), #33花, #34,草 #35八!(=#8); #44口; #47見; #68八!(=#8); #70見!(=#47); [Grade 6] ... #1003口!(=#44). Those where I put a "!" are wrong. Many more from grade 2 to grade 6 are wrong, too, in the Android display. The same error occurs in the German version (table with meanings in English), but not in the Russian one (table) nor the French one (list). On my PC all these Kanji display correctly. --Tim2007viatge (talk) 21:34, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

1006 or 1026
Did the number really increase? It was a plan, but can anyone confirm that it actually happened. 109.101.220.176 (talk) 00:06, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

 * In「Shingakushuū-Shidōryōyō」it is 1026kanji. So 1026kanji would be correct. H.K.pauw (talk) 09:00, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kyōiku kanji


text:
User talk:Kormoran

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I restarted with your original script, and added these lines:

 * 1) p-cactions #ca-protect a { background: #000000; }
 * 2) p-cactions #ca-unprotect a { background: #000000; }
 * 3) p-cactions #ca-delete a { background: #000000; }

/* thumbnails */ .ns-0 * #content div.thumb { border-color: #000000; }

That seems to have solved all my problems, except for getting the Edit Summary box to be green on black. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-27 02:56

blackskin gadget
love your blackskin gadget. White backgrounds cause the pupils to constrict making the foreground that much harder to see. I changed text to white, links to yellow, visited links to orange, and headers to red. I added the following to make popups have a black background: .navpopup { background-color: #000000 !important; color:           #FEFEFE     !important; } I've now gotten it to work pretty well on most pages. If you are interested here is the link: User:Lemmiwinks2/monobook.css Lemmiwinks2 (talk) 19:25, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * / font-family:     serif    !important; */
 * / font-size:       medium   !important; */

title: User talk:Kormoran


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User talk:Fargoth~enwiki

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Gigantopithecus

Gigantopithecus (lit. 'giant ape') is an extinct genus of ape that lived in southern China from 2 million to approximately 300,000-200,000 years ago during the Early to Middle Pleistocene, represented by one species, Gigantopithecus blacki. Potential identifications have also been made in Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The first remains of Gigantopithecus, two third molar teeth, were identified in a drugstore by anthropologist Ralph von Koenigswald in 1935, who subsequently described the ape. In 1956, the first mandible and more than 1,000 teeth were found in Liucheng, and numerous more remains have since been found in at least 16 sites. Only teeth and four mandibles are known currently, and other skeletal elements were likely consumed by porcupines before they could fossilise. Gigantopithecus was once argued to be a hominin, a member of the human line, but it is now thought to be closely allied with orangutans, classified in the subfamily Ponginae.

Gigantopithecus has traditionally been restored as a massive, gorilla-like ape, potentially 200–300 kg when alive, but the paucity of remains make total size estimates highly speculative. The species may have been sexually dimorphic, with males much bigger than females. The incisors are reduced and the canines appear to have functioned like cheek teeth (premolars and molars). The premolars are high-crowned, and the fourth premolar is very molar-like. The molars are the largest of any known ape, and have a relatively flat surface. Gigantopithecus had the thickest enamel by absolute measure of any ape, up to 6 mm (a quarter of an inch) in some areas, though this is only fairly thick when tooth size is taken into account.

Gigantopithecus appears to have been a generalist herbivore of C3 forest plants, with the jaw adapted to grinding, crushing, and cutting through tough, fibrous plants, and the thick enamel functioning to resist foods with abrasive particles such as stems, roots, and tubers with dirt. Some teeth bear traces of fig family fruits, which may have been important dietary components. It primarily lived in subtropical to tropical forest, and went extinct about 300,000 years ago likely because of the retreat of preferred habitat due to climate change, and potentially archaic human activity. Gigantopithecus has become popular in cryptozoology circles as the identity of the Tibetan yeti or the American bigfoot, apelike creatures in local folklore.

Research history
Gigantopithecus blacki was named by anthropologist Ralph von Koenigswald in 1935 based on two third lower molar teeth, which, he noted, were of enormous size (the first was "Ein gewaltig grosser (...) Molar", the second was described as "der enorme Grösse besitzt"), measuring 20x22 mm. The specific name blacki is in honour of Canadian palaeoanthropologist Davidson Black, who had studied human evolution in China and had died the previous year. Von Koenigswald, working for the Dutch East Indies Mineralogical Survey on Java, had found the teeth in a drugstore in Hong Kong where they were being sold as "dragon bones" to be used in traditional Chinese medicine. By 1939, after purchasing more teeth, he determined they had originated somewhere in Guangdong or Guangxi. He could not formally describe the type specimen until 1952 due to his internment by Japanese forces during World War II. The originally discovered teeth are part of the collection of the University of Utrecht.

In 1955, a survey team that was led by Chinese palaeontologist Pei Wenzhong was tasked by the Chinese Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology (IVPP) with finding the original Gigantopithecus locality. They collected 47 teeth among shipments of "dragon bones" in Guangdong and Guangxi. In 1956, the team discovered the first in situ remains, a third molar and premolar, in a cave (subsequently named "Gigantopithecus Cave") in Niusui Mountain, Guangxi. Also in 1956, Liucheng farmer Xiuhuai Qin discovered more teeth and the first mandible on his field. From 1957 to 1963, the IVPP survey team carried out excavations in this area and recovered two more mandibles and more than 1,000 teeth.

Confirmed Gigantopithecus remains have since been found in 16 different sites across southern China. The northernmost sites are Longgupo and Longgudong, just south of the Yangtze River, and southernmost on Hainan Island in the South China Sea. An isolated canine from Thẩm Khuyên Cave, Vietnam, and a fourth premolar from Pha Bong, Thailand, could possibly be assigned to Gigantopithecus, though these could also represent the extinct orangutan Pongo weidenreichi. Two mandibular fragments each preserving the last two molars from Semono in Central Java, Indonesia, described in 2016 could represent Gigantopithecus. The oldest remains date to 2 million years ago from Baikong Cave, and the youngest 380,000–310,000 years ago from Hei Cave. In 2014, a fourth confirmed mandible was discovered in Yanliang, Central China. Indicated by extensive rodent gnawing marks, teeth primarily accumulated in caves likely due to porcupine activity. Porcupines gnaw on bones to obtain nutrients necessary for quill growth, and can haul large bones into their underground dens and consume them entirely, except the hard, enamel-capped crowns of teeth. This may explain why teeth are typically found in great quantity, and why remains other than teeth are so rare.

G. blacki
In 1935, von Koenigswald considered Gigantopithecus to be closely allied with the Late Miocene Sivapithecus from India. In 1939, South African palaeontologist Robert Broom hypothesised that it was closely allied with Australopithecus and the last common ancestor of humans and other apes. In 1946, Jewish German anthropologist Franz Weidenreich described Gigantopithecus as a human ancestor as "Gigantanthropus", believing that the human lineage went through a gigantic phase. He stated that the teeth are more similar to those of modern humans and Homo erectus (at the time "Pithecanthropus" for early Javan specimens), and envisioned a lineage from Gigantopithecus, to the Javan ape Meganthropus (then considered a human ancestor), to "Pithecanthropus", to "Javanthropus", and finally Aboriginal Australians. This was part of his multiregional hypothesis, that all modern races and ethnicities evolved independently from a local archaic human species, rather than sharing a more recent and fully modern common ancestor. In 1952, von Koenigswald agreed that Gigantopithecus was a hominin, but believed it was an offshoot rather than a human ancestor. Much debate followed whether Gigantopithecus was a hominin or not for the next three decades until the Out of Africa hypothesis overturned the Out of Asia and multiregional hypotheses, firmly placing humanity's origins in Africa.

Gigantopithecus is now classified in the subfamily Ponginae, closely allied with Sivapithecus and Indopithecus. This would make its closest living relatives the orangutans. However, there are few similar traits (synapomorphies) linking Gigantopithecus and orangutans due to fragmentary remains, with the main morphological argument being its close affinities to Sivapithecus, which is better established as a pongine based on skull features. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested that Gigantopithecus is most closely allied to the Chinese Lufengpithecus, which went extinct 4 million years prior to Gigantopithecus.

In 2019, peptide sequencing of dentine and enamel proteins of a Gigantopithecus molar from Chuifeng Cave indicates that Gigantopithecus was indeed closely allied with orangutans, and, assuming the current mutation rate in orangutans has remained constant, shared a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago in the Middle to Late Miocene. Their last common ancestor would have been a part of the Miocene radiation of apes. The same study calculated a divergence time between the Ponginae and African great apes about 26–17.7 million years ago.

Cladogram according to Zhang and Harrison, 2017:

"G. bilaspurensis"
In 1969, an 8.6 million year old mandible from the Sivalik Hills in northern India was classified as "G. bilaspurensis" by palaeontologists Elwyn L. Simons and Shiv Raj Kumar Chopra, who believed it was the ancestor of G. blacki. This bore resemblance to a molar discovered in 1915 in the Pakistani Pothohar Plateau then classified as "Dryopithecus giganteus". Von Koenigswald reclassified "D. giganteus" in 1950 into its own genus, Indopithecus, but this was changed again in 1979 to "G. giganteus" by American anthropologists Frederick Szalay and Eric Delson until Indopithecus was resurrected in 2003 by Australian anthropologist David W. Cameron. "G. bilaspurensis" is now considered a synonym of Indopithecus giganteus, leaving Gigantopithecus monotypic (with only one species), G. blacki.

Size
Total size estimates are highly speculative because only tooth and jaw elements are known, and molar size and total body weight do not always correlate, such as in the case of postcanine megadontia hominins (small-bodied primate exhibiting massive molars and thick enamel). In 1946, Weidenreich hypothesised that Gigantopithecus was twice the size of male gorillas. In 1957, Pei estimated a total height of about 12 ft. In 1970, Simons and American palaeontologist Peter Ettel approximated a height of almost 9 ft and a weight of up to 600 lbs, which is about 40% heavier than the average male gorilla. In 1979, American anthropologist Alfred E. Johnson Jr. used the dimensions of gorillas to estimate a femur length of 54.4 cm and humerus length of 62.7 cm for Gigantopithecus, about 20–25% longer than those of gorillas. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested a body mass of 200–300 kg, though conceded that it is impossible to obtain a reliable body mass estimate without more complete remains.

The average maximum length of the upper canines for presumed males and females are 21.1 mm and 15.4 mm, respectively, and Mandible III (presumed male) is 40% larger than Mandible I (presumed female). These imply sexual dimorphism, with males being larger than females. Such a high degree of dimorphism is only surpassed by gorillas among modern apes in canine size, and is surpassed by none for mandibular disparity.

Teeth and jaws
Like other apes, Gigantopithecus had a dental formula of, with two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each half of the jaw for both jaws. The canines, due to a lack of honing facets (which keep them sharp) and their overall stoutness, have been suggested to have functioned like premolars and molars (cheek teeth). Like other apes with enlarged molars, the incisors of Gigantopithecus are reduced. Wearing on the tongue-side of the incisors (the lingual face), which can extend as far down as the tooth root, suggests an underbite. Overall mandibular anatomy and tooth wearing suggests a side-to-side movement of the jaw while chewing (lateral excursion). The incisors and canines have extremely long tooth roots, at least double the length of the tooth crown (the visible part of the tooth). These teeth were closely packed together.

In the upper jaw, the first premolar (P3) averages 20.3x15.2 mm in surface area, the second premolar (P4) 15.2x16.4 mm, the first and/or second molars (M1/2, which are difficult to distinguish) 19.8x17.5 mm, and the third molar (M3) 20.3x17.3 mm. In the lower jaw, P3 averages 15.1x20.3 mm, P4 13.7x20.3 mm, M1/2 18.1x20.8 mm, and M3 16.9x19.6 mm. The molars are the biggest of any known ape. Teeth continually evolved to become larger and larger. The premolars are high-crowned, and the lower have two tooth roots, whereas the upper have three. The lower molars are low-crowned, long and narrow, and waist at the midline—which is more pronounced in the lower molars—with low-lying and bulbous cusps and rounded-off crests.

The tooth enamel on the molars is in absolute measure the thickest of any known ape, averaging 2.5–2.9 mm in three different molars, and over 6 mm on the tongue-side (lingual) cusps of an upper molar. This has attracted comparisons with the extinct Paranthropus hominins, which had extremely large molars and thick enamel for their size. However, in relation to the tooth's size, enamel thickness for Gigantopithecus overlaps with that of several other living and extinct apes. Like orangutans and potentially all pongines (though unlike African apes) the Gigantopithecus molar had a large and flat (tabular) grinding surface, with an even enamel coating, and short dentine horns (the areas of the dentine layer which project upwards into the top enamel layer). The molars are the most hypsodont (where the enamel extends beyond the gums) of any ape.

Diet
Gigantopithecus is considered to have been a herbivore. Carbon-13 isotope analysis suggests consumption of C3 plants, such as fruits, leaves, and other forest plants. The robust mandible of Gigantopithecus indicates it was capable of resisting high strains while chewing through tough or hard foods. However, the same mandibular anatomy is typically seen in modern apes which primarily eat soft leaves (folivores) or seeds (granivores). Gigantopithecus teeth have a markedly lower rate of pitting (caused by eating small, hard objects) than orangutans, more similar to the rate seen in chimpanzees, which could indicate a similarly generalist diet.

The molar-like premolars, large molars, and long rooted cheeked teeth could point to chewing, crushing, and grinding of bulky and fibrous materials. Thick enamel would suggest a diet of abrasive items, such as dirt particles on food gathered near or on the ground (like bamboo shoots). Similarly, oxygen isotope analysis suggests Gigantopithecus consumed more low-lying plants such as stems, roots, and grasses than orangutans. Dental calculus indicates the consumption of tubers. Gigantopithecus does not appear to have consumed the commonplace savanna grasses (C4 plants). Nonetheless, in 1990, a few opal phytoliths adhering to four teeth from Gigantopithecus Cave were identified to have originated from grasses; though, the majority of phytoliths resemble the hairs of fig family fruits, which include figs, mulberry, breadfruit and banyan. This suggests that fruit was a significant dietary component for at least this population of Gigantopithecus.

The 400,000–320,000 year old Middle Pleistocene teeth from Hejiang Cave in southeastern China (near the time of extinction) show some differences from Early Pleistocene material from other sites, which could potentially indicate that the Hejiang Gigantopithecus were a specialised form adapting to a changing environment with different food resources. The Hejiang teeth display a less level (more crenulated) outer enamel surface due to the presence of secondary crests emanating from the paracone and protocone on the side of the molar closer to the midline (medially), as well as sharper major crests. That is, the teeth are not as flat.

In 1957, based on hoofed animal remains in a cave located in a seemingly inaccessible mountain, Pei had believed that Gigantopithecus was a cave-dwelling predator and carried these animals in. This hypothesis is no longer considered viable because its dental anatomy is consistent with herbivory. In 1975, American palaeoanthropologist Tim D. White drew similarities between the jaws and dentition of Gigantopithecus and those of the giant panda, and suggested they both occupied the same niche as bamboo specialists. This garnered support from some subsequent researchers, but thicker enamel and hypsodonty in Gigantopithecus could suggest different functionality for these teeth.

The species' reliance on barks and twigs for nutrition led to its demise.

Growth
A Gigantopithecus permanent third molar, based on an approximate 600–800 days required for the enamel on the cusps to form (which is quite long), was estimated to have taken four years to form, which is within the range (albeit, far upper range) of what is exhibited in humans and chimpanzees. Like many other fossil apes, the rate of enamel formation near the enamel-dentine junction (dentine is the nerve-filled layer beneath the enamel) was estimated to begin at about four μm per day; this is seen in only baby teeth for modern apes.

Protein sequencing of Gigantopithecus enamel identified alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), which, in modern apes, is important in bone and dentine mineralisation. Because it was found in enamel, and not dentine, AHSG may have been an additional component in Gigantopithecus which facilitated biomineralisation of enamel during prolonged amelogenesis (enamel growth).

Pathology
Gigantopithecus molars have a high cavity rate of 11%, which could mean fruit was commonly included in its diet. The molars from Gigantopithecus Cave frequently exhibit pitting enamel hypoplasia, where the enamel improperly forms with pits and grooves. This can be caused by malnutrition during growth years, which could point to periodic food shortages, though it can also be induced by other factors. Specimen PA1601-1 from Yanliang Cave shows evidence of tooth loss of the right second molar before the eruption of the neighboring third molar (which grew slantedly), which suggests this individual was able to survive for a long time despite impaired chewing abilities.

Society
The high levels of sexual dimorphism could indicate relatively intense male–male competition, though considering the upper canines only projected slightly farther than the cheek teeth, canine display was probably not very important in agonistic behaviour, unlike modern non-human apes.

Palaeoecology
Gigantopithecus remains are generally found in what were subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest in South China, except in Hainan which featured a tropical rainforest. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of Early Pleistocene enamel suggests Gigantopithecus inhabited dense, humid, closed-canopy forest. Queque Cave featured a mixed deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by birch, oak, and chinkapin, as well as several low-lying herbs and ferns.

The "Gigantopithecus fauna", one of the most important mammalian faunal groups of the Early Pleistocene of southern China, includes tropical or subtropical forest species. This group has been subdivided into three stages spanning 2.6–1.8 million years ago, 1.8–1.2 million years ago, and 1.2–0.8 million years ago. The early stage is characterised by more ancient Neogene animals such as the gomphotheriid proboscidean (relative of elephants) Sinomastodon, the chalicothere Hesperotherium, the suid Hippopotamodon, the tragulid Dorcabune, and the deer Cervavitus. The middle stage is indicated by the appearance of the panda Ailuropoda wulingshanensis, the dhole Cuon antiquus, and the tapir Tapirus sinensis. The late stage features more typical Middle Pleistocene animals such as the panda Ailuropoda baconi and the stegodontid proboscidean Stegodon. Other classic animals typically include orangutans, macaques, rhinos, the extinct pigs Sus xiaozhu and Sus peii, muntjac, Cervus (a deer), gaur (a cow), the bovid Megalovis, and more rarely the large saber-toothed cat Megantereon. In 2009, American palaeoanthropologist Russel Ciochon hypothesised an undescribed, chimp-sized ape he identified from a few teeth coexisted with Gigantopithecus, which in 2019 was identified as the closely related Meganthropus. Longgudong Cave may have represented a transitional zone between the Palaearctic and Oriental realms, featuring, alongside the typical Gigantopithecus fauna, more boreal animals such as hedgehogs, hyenas, horses, the bovid Leptobos, and pikas.

Extinction
Over the course of the Pleistocene, the environment-specialized Gigantopithecus showed signs of dietary changes based on dental morphologies in response to ecological pressure. Other hominids coexistent with it show few major morphological changes in comparison. In the late Middle Pleistocene and early Middle Pleistocene, global trends indicate strong glaciation cycles, colder and/or wetter climates, increased seasonality, and decline in C4 plant abundance. Intensified winter and summer monsoon strength is also cited to be another major environmental force in the Middle Pleistocene of China. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that it contracted severely in range from the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hainan to just the Guangxi region by 420–330 ka. The population of the giant ape dwindled further by 300 ka as a response to its declining forest refugia resulting from grassland expansion. The extinction window of Gigantopithecus is estimated to be between 295,000 to 215,000 years ago in correlation with increased seasonality and major environmental turnovers. Savannas remained the dominant habitat of Southeast Asia until the Late Pleistocene.

The extinction of the specialized Gigantopithecus and survival of Pongo weidenreichi plus Homo in the Middle Pleistocene is thought to have been the result of the former having struggled to adapt to major environmental changes compared to the latter two. P. weidenreichi likely was more flexible in seasonal dietary habits whereas Homo was a generalist and therefore was able to adapt to mixed habitats stemming from Middle Pleistocene environmental changes. Some authors had suggested that H. erectus was a possible factor in the extinction of Gigantopithecus. Human activity in southern China is known as early as 800,000 years ago but does not become prevalent until after the extinction of Gigantopithecus, so it is unclear if pressures such as competition over resources or overhunting were factors. Zhang et. al. in 2024 suggested that there is no evidence of any archaic hominin involvement in the early extinctions of the Pleistocene of southern China.

Some authors have suggested that Gigantopithecus may have survived into the early Late Pleistocene, though the evidence for this is limited.

Cryptozoology
Gigantopithecus has been used in cryptozoology circles as the identity of the Tibetan yeti or American bigfoot, apelike monsters in local folklore. This began in 1960 with zoologist Wladimir Tschernezky, briefly describing in the journal Nature a 1951 photograph of alleged yeti tracks taken by Himalayan mountaineers Michael Ward and Eric Shipton. Tschernezky concluded that the yeti walked like a human and was similar to Gigantopithecus. Subsequently, the yeti attracted short-lived scientific attention, with several more authors publishing in Nature and Science, but this also incited a popular monster hunting following for both the yeti and the similar American bigfoot which has persisted into the present day. The only scientist who continued trying to prove such monsters exist was anthropologist Grover Krantz, who continued pushing for a connection between Gigantopithecus and bigfoot from 1970 to his death in 2002. Among the binomial names he came up with for bigfoot included "Gigantopithecus canadensis". Scientists and amateur monster hunters both dismissed Krantz's arguments, saying he readily accepted clearly false evidence.

title: Gigantopithecus