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2005 World Series

The 2005 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2005 season. The 101st edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion Chicago White Sox and the National League (NL) champion Houston Astros. The White Sox swept the Astros in four games, winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 years. The series was played between October 22–26, 2005.

Home field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the AL's 7–5 victory over the NL in the 2005 MLB All-Star Game. The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to win the Series, following the Anaheim Angels (2002), Florida Marlins (2003) and Boston Red Sox (2004). Both teams were attempting to overcome decades of disappointment, with a combined 132 years between the two teams without a title. The Astros were making their first Series appearance in 44 years of play, while the White Sox had waited exactly twice as long for a title, having last won the Series in 1917, and had not been in the Series since 1959, three years before the Astros' inaugural season.

Chicago White Sox
The Chicago White Sox finished the regular season with the best record in the American League at 99–63. The 2005 White Sox led their division wire to wire and only lost one game in the postseason. After starting the season on a tear, the White Sox began to fade in August, when a $15 1/2$ game lead (for the AL Central division title) fell all the way to $1 1/2$ at one point. However, the White Sox were able to hold off the Cleveland Indians to win the American League Central Division by six games, sweeping the Indians in three games on the season's final weekend. In the American League Division Series, the top-seeded White Sox swept the defending champion Boston Red Sox. The American League Championship Series began with the second-seeded Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim winning Game 1, but a controversial uncaught third strike in Game 2 helped the White Sox start a run and win Games 2–5, all on complete games pitched by starters Mark Buehrle, Jon Garland, Freddy García, and José Contreras, clinching their first American League pennant since 1959. In game 3 of the ALDS Orlando Hernandez came in with the bases loaded due to Damaso Marte loading the bases with a single and back to back walks. El Duque came in and induced 2 pop outs and a strike out to end the inning and persevere the lead.

Manager Ozzie Guillén then led the White Sox to a World Series victory, their first in 88 years. Slugger Frank Thomas was not on the post-season roster because he was injured, but the team honored his perennial contributions to the franchise during Game 1 of the Division Series against the Red Sox when he was chosen to throw out the ceremonial first pitch. "What a feeling," Thomas said. "Standing all around the place. People really cheering me. I had tears in my eyes. To really know the fans cared that much about me – it was a great feeling. One of my proudest moments in the game."

The White Sox completed the 2005 postseason with an 11-1 record. The White Sox also won the last 5 regular season games and thus closed out the 2005 campaign winning 16 of the last 17 games played, a record finish unmatched in all of MLB history.

Houston Astros
The Houston Astros won the Wild Card for the second straight year, once again clinching it on the final day of the season. The Astros embarked on a memorable National League Division Series rematch against the Atlanta Braves, who were the second seed in the National League. With the Astros in the lead two games to one, the teams played an 18-inning marathon in Game 4, which was the longest (in both time and innings played) postseason game in history. In this game, Roger Clemens made only the second relief appearance of his career, and the first in postseason play. Chris Burke's walk-off home run ended the game in the bottom of the 18th. For the second straight year, the Astros played the top-seeded St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Championship Series. Like the White Sox, the Astros dropped Game 1, but were able to regroup and win Games 2–4. With the Astros on the verge of clinching their first ever National League pennant in Game 5, Albert Pujols hit a mammoth three-run home run off Brad Lidge in the top of the ninth inning to take the lead, and subsequently stave off elimination. However, behind NLCS MVP Roy Oswalt, the Astros were able to defeat the Cardinals 5–1 in Game 6 and earned a trip to the World Series. With the win, this was the Astros' first World Series appearance in franchise history, and the last game played in Busch Stadium II, as it was demolished months after the game and the Cardinals moved to Busch Stadium III the next season.

Game 1
Playing in their first World Series home game since 1959, the White Sox took an early lead with a home run from Jermaine Dye in the first inning. After Mike Lamb's home run tied the game in the second, the Sox scored two more in the second when Juan Uribe doubled in A. J. Pierzynski after Carl Everett had already scored on a groundout earlier in the inning. The Astros responded in the next inning when Lance Berkman hit a double, driving in Adam Everett and Craig Biggio. In the White Sox half of the fourth, Joe Crede hit what turned out to be the game-winning home run. In the bottom of the eighth, Scott Podsednik hit a triple with Pierzynski on second off of Russ Springer for an insurance run. Roger Clemens recorded his shortest World Series start, leaving after the second inning with 53 pitches, including 35 for strikes, due to a sore hamstring that he had previously injured (which had caused him to also miss his last regular season start) as the loss went to Wandy Rodríguez. José Contreras pitched seven innings, allowing three runs on six hits for the win. Before exiting, Contreras allowed a leadoff double by Willie Taveras with no outs. Neal Cotts entered the game in the top of the eighth inning. It marked the first time in five games that the White Sox had gone to their bullpen. Cotts pitched $undefined 2/3$ innings before Bobby Jenks was called upon by manager Ozzie Guillén to relieve him. Guillen signaled for the large pitcher by holding his arms out wide and then up high. In the postgame conference, the Sox manager joked that he wanted to be clear he was asking for "The Big Boy." Jenks returned in the ninth to earn the save, giving the White Sox a 1–0 lead in the series.

Game 2
On a cold (51 °F) and rainy evening, Morgan Ensberg's first-pitch home run off starter Mark Buehrle put the Astros on top in the second inning. The White Sox answered in the bottom of the second with two runs off Andy Pettitte on Joe Crede's RBI single with two on and Juan Uribe's sacrifice fly. Houston's Lance Berkman tied the game on a sacrifice fly in the third after a one-out triple, then hit a two-run double in the fifth to give the Astros a 4–2 lead. In the seventh, Dan Wheeler loaded the bases with a double by Juan Uribe, a walk to Tadahito Iguchi, and plate umpire Jeff Nelson's ruling that Jermaine Dye was hit by a pitched ball. The Astros brought in Chad Qualls, who promptly served up a grand slam to Paul Konerko on his first pitch, the 18th grand slam in the annals of the Fall Classic. In the top of the ninth, Sox closer Bobby Jenks blew the save on a game-tying pinch-hit single by José Vizcaíno. In the bottom of the ninth, Astros closer Brad Lidge gave up a one-out, walk-off home run—the 14th in Series history—to Scott Podsednik, giving Lidge his second loss in as many post-season appearances (his previous appearance was in Game 5 of 2005 National League Championship Series). Podsednik had not hit a single homer in the regular season, but this was his second of the post-season. This was the second time in World Series history where a grand slam and a walk-off home run were hit in the same game. The Oakland A's Jose Canseco (grand slam) and the Los Angeles Dodgers' Kirk Gibson (walk-off) in Game 1 of the 1988 World Series were the first to do it. Never before had a World Series grand slam and a World Series walk-off home run been hit by the same team in the same game. Until the grand slam by Adam Duvall of the Atlanta Braves in 2021 World Series, the grand slam by Konerko was the last World Series grand slam hit by the home team.

Game 3
Game 3 was the first World Series game played in the state of Texas. Before the game, it was ruled by Commissioner Bud Selig that the retractable roof would be open at Minute Maid Park, weather permitting. The Astros objected, citing that their record in games with the roof closed was better than with the retractable roof open. Selig's office claimed that the ruling was based on the rules established by Houston and were consistent with how the Astros organization treated the situation all year long, as well as the weather forecasts for that period of time.

The game would become the longest World Series game in length of time (5 hours and 41 minutes) and tied for the longest in number of innings (14, tied with Game 2 of the 1916 World Series and Game 1 of the 2015 World Series) until it was surpassed by Game 3 of the 2018 World Series. Houston struck early on a Lance Berkman single after a Craig Biggio lead-off double in the bottom of the first off Chicago starter Jon Garland. A White Sox rally was snuffed in the second inning; after Paul Konerko hit a leadoff double and A. J. Pierzynski walked, Aaron Rowand lined out into a double play. Houston scored in the third; Adam Everett walked, was caught in a rundown and got hit by the ball on a Juan Uribe throwing error, then scored on a Roy Oswalt sacrifice bunt and a Biggio single. Two batters later, Morgan Ensberg singled Biggio home. Jason Lane led off the Astros' fourth with a home run to left-center field. It was later shown in replays that the ball should not have been ruled a home run, hitting to the left of the yellow line on the unusual wall in left-center field.

The White Sox rallied in the top of the fifth, true to their "Win Or Die Trying" mantra of 2005, starting with a Joe Crede lead-off homer. Uribe, on first after hitting a single, scored on a Tadahito Iguchi base hit with one out, followed by Scott Podsednik coming home on a single by Jermaine Dye. Pierzynski hit a two-out double to Tal's Hill, driving in two runs, scoring Iguchi and Dye giving the Sox the lead. The Astros rallied in the last of the eighth with two outs when Lane's double scored Ensberg with the tying run after back-to-back walks by Ensberg and Mike Lamb, giving Dustin Hermanson a blown save. Houston tried to rally to win in the ninth, but stranded Chris Burke at third, after he had walked, reached second on an error and stolen third.

The Astros tried again in the 10th as well as in the 11th, but failed each time. In the top of the 14th, after the Sox hit into a spectacular double play started by Ensberg, Geoff Blum (a former Astro and the Astros' television color analyst as of 2015), who had entered the game in the 13th, homered to right with two outs off Ezequiel Astacio. Infield singles by Rowand and Crede were followed by walks to Uribe and Chris Widger. Astacio was replaced by Game 1 loser Wandy Rodriguez, who got the final out with the bases loaded. Trailing 7–5, Houston tried to rally with the tying runs on first and third and two outs after a Uribe error. Game 2 starter Mark Buehrle earned the save for winning pitcher Dámaso Marte when Everett popped out, bringing Chicago one game closer to its first championship in 88 years. Buehrle became the first pitcher to start a game in the Series and save the next one since Bob Turley of the Yankees in the 1958 World Series.

Many records were set or tied besides time and innings: The teams combined to use 17 pitchers (nine for the White Sox, eight for the Astros), throwing a total of 482 pitches, and walking 21 batters (a dozen by Chicago, nine by Houston); 43 players were used (the White Sox used 22 and the Astros used 21), and 30 men were left on base (15 for each team), all new high-water marks in Fall Classic history. Scott Podsednik set a new all-time record with eight official at-bats in this game. One tied record was total double plays, with six (four by the Astros, two by the White Sox).

Game 4
Before the game, Major League Baseball unveiled its Latino Legends Team presented by Chevrolet.

The fourth game was the pitchers' duel that had been promised throughout the series. Both Houston starter Brandon Backe and Chicago starter Freddy García put zeros on the scoreboard through seven innings, the longest Series scoreless stretch since Game 7 of the 1991 World Series. Scott Podsednik had a two-out triple in the top of the third, but a Tadahito Iguchi groundout ended that threat. The Astros wasted a chance in the sixth, Jason Lane striking out with the bases loaded. The White Sox in the top of the seventh put runners at second and third, but shortstop Juan Uribe struck out to end the inning. Chicago broke through in the next inning against embattled Houston closer Brad Lidge. Willie Harris hit a pinch-hit single. Podsednik advanced him with a sacrifice bunt. Carl Everett pinch-hit for Iguchi and grounded out to the right side to allow Harris to move to third. Jermaine Dye, the Most Valuable Player of the series, had the game-winning single, driving in Harris.

Things got a little sticky for the Sox in the Astros half of the eighth when reliever Cliff Politte hit Willy Taveras, threw a wild pitch, sending Taveras to second, and walked Lance Berkman. After Morgan Ensberg flew out to center, the White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén brought in Neal Cotts to finish the inning. Cotts induced pinch-hitter José Vizcaíno into a ground out to Uribe. Bobby Jenks, the 24-year-old fireballer, started the ninth inning. He allowed a single to Jason Lane and a sacrifice bunt to Brad Ausmus. Chris Burke came in to pinch-hit; he fouled one off to the left side, but Uribe made an amazing catch in the stands to retire Burke.

The game ended when Orlando Palmeiro grounded to Uribe. It was a bang-bang play as Paul Konerko caught the ball from Uribe at 11:01 pm CDT to begin the biggest celebration in Chicago since the sixth NBA championship by the Bulls, co-owned with the White Sox, in. As a result, Jerry Reinsdorf, owner of both teams, had won seven championships overall.

This game would be the last postseason game for the Astros as a member of the NL, as they would move to the AL in 2013, and not appear in a postseason game until the 2015 American League Wild Card Game. They also became the only team in the MLB to win both the National and American League pennant after they defeated the New York Yankees in the 2017 ALCS.

The last two Series games technically ended on the same day, Game 3 having concluded after midnight, Houston time.

The 1–0 shutout was the first game with a total of one run scored to end a World Series since the 1995 World Series, in which Game 6 was won by the Atlanta Braves over the Cleveland Indians, and the first 1–0 game in any Series game since Game 5 of the 1996 World Series when the New York Yankees shut-out the Braves in the last game ever played at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium.

The 2005 White Sox joined the 1995 Atlanta Braves and 1999 New York Yankees as the only teams to win a World Series after losing no more than one game combined in the Division Series and Championship Series. They became the 3rd team in history to lead their division the entire year and sweep the opposition in the world series. Joining the 1927 New York Yankees and the 1990 Cincinnati Reds. The 2005 White Sox will forever be remembered as one of the greatest single season teams in MLB history.

This was the second consecutive World Series to be won by a team that has the word "Sox" in its nickname, after the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. This also happened in 1917 and 1918. Furthermore, it was the second year in a row in which the Series champions broke a long-lived "curse." In one of those ways that patterns appear to emerge in sporting events, the White Sox World Series win in 2005, along with the Boston Red Sox win in 2004, symmetrically bookended the two teams' previous World Series winners and the long gaps between, with the Red Sox and White Sox last Series wins having come in 1918 and 1917, respectively.

Composite line score
2005 World Series (4–0): Chicago White Sox (A.L.) over Houston Astros (N.L.)

The winning margin of six runs tied for the lowest for a four-game sweep; the only other time was in 1950.

Media
As per their contract, Fox Sports carried the World Series on United States television. Joe Buck provided play-by-play for his eighth World Series while analyst Tim McCarver worked his sixteenth.

ESPN Radio was the nationwide radio broadcaster, as it had been since 1998. Jon Miller and Joe Morgan provided the play-by-play and analysis. Stirring major controversy, ESPN has, on at least two occasions, publicly failed to acknowledge the White Sox as the 2005 World Series champions.

Locally, KTRH-AM and WMVP were the primary carriers for the World Series in the Houston and Chicago markets. For KTRH long time Astros voice Milo Hamilton provided play-by-play while John Rooney called the games for the White Sox. Game 4 was Rooney's last call after 17 years as the radio voice of the White Sox, as he left to take the same position with the St. Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals proceeded to win the 2006 World Series, making Rooney the first home announcer to call back-to-back World Series wins for two teams. That the teams were in two leagues makes the feat even more unusual.

Ratings

The ratings for the 2005 World Series were considered weak.

With an overall average of 11.1, 2005 set a record for the lowest rated World Series of all-time. The prior lowest was 11.9, set by the 2002 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Anaheim Angels (importantly, this series went 7 games, and the 2005 Series went 4).

Following the 2005 World Series, however, every subsequent Series through 2013 except for 2009 produced lower ratings. The record-low 2012 World Series, another four-game sweep, averaged 7.6 (3.5 points lower than 2005's rating) and 12.7 million viewers (4.4 million fewer viewers than 2005).

Aftermath
Neither team advanced to the post-season in 2006, but both the White Sox and the Astros were in the Wild Card race until the final weeks of the season, with the White Sox finishing with 90 wins, the Astros with 82 wins. The White Sox made their first post-2005 postseason appearance in 2008, while the Astros would not return to the postseason until 2015, their third season as an American League team and would not return to the World Series until 2017, their fifth season as an American League team. Both teams met in the 2021 American League Division Series, their first match-up in the post-season since the 2005 World Series (and the first since the Astros moved to the AL). Houston won the series 3–1.

This was the city of Chicago's first professional sports championship since the Chicago Fire won MLS Cup '98 (which came four months after the Chicago Bulls' sixth NBA championship that year). The next major Chicago sports championship came in 2010, when the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks ended a 49-year Stanley Cup title drought. With the Chicago Bears' win in Super Bowl XX and the Chicago Cubs' own World Series championship in, all Chicago sports teams have won at least one major championship since 1985. Meanwhile, the Astros themselves made it back to the World Series in, but this time as an AL team, where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games, resulting in Houston's first professional sports championship since the 2006–07 Houston Dynamo won their back-to-back MLS Championships. However, Houston's 2017 World Series victory became controversial due to the sign stealing scandal that was made public in 2019.

Closer Brad Lidge and utility player Eric Bruntlett went on to play on the Philadelphia Phillies' 2008 World Series-winning team, while outfielder/first baseman Lance Berkman won a World Series in with the St. Louis Cardinals. Aaron Rowand and Juan Uribe both won a second World Series title together as members of the San Francisco Giants.

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Talk:Cleartext

Comment
The intent of the discussion of the imaginary FOO protocol was to make clear that cleartext transmission is not necessarily in all cases, bad from a security standpoint.

The removal of that discussion has removed that point, one which the reader may find useful, without replacing it with equivalent coverage.

Perspective is always useful in so confusing (to the novice and many of the seasoned) field as crypto and security issues. I would suggest that the removed material should be reinserted or some alternative covering the same points by included. ww 22:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Original research
The content of this article isn't borne out by any sources that I can find. As I said at Articles for deletion/Cleartext, out of 80 books, the only one that didn't say that cleartext and plaintext were the same thing was a book on programming Visual BASIC. And even that doesn't support what this article says. Similarly, ISO/IEC 7498-2, the only source cited here, is well known for alternative terminology for otherwise identical concepts, such as its use of "encipher" and "decipher" instead of "encrypt" and "decrypt". So: What is the source for any of this content? What source justifies this as being anything other than a redirect to plaintext? Because there are a lot of sources, saying "cleartext: see plaintext" or similar, that say that it should. Uncle G (talk) 21:21, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. It does not make sense to artificially introduce a distinction between two terms that is not even present in books that treat cryptography very formally. Wikipedia should reflect how a term is commonly used. And commonly plaintext and cleartext are synonyms. 62.203.28.106 (talk) 10:31, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Well we could have an encrypted cleartext transmitted in plain text (ie, human readable, if not actually intelligible) text. The phrase en clair and in clear are actually used. Plain text is also used widely in the computer world (eg, Unix/Linux) to refer to ASCII text material which may or may not be immediately understandable without close study of the relevant man page. The concepts are related in a sense, but are not identical. ww (talk) 02:44, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * You still have to give references supporting your claim. Ok, let's start with the definition of synonym. Two words are synonyms if they have identical or very similar meaning. The book search by Uncle G, shows that 'plaintext' and 'cleartext' are synonyms, hence the article should clearly reflect that and not try to push a distinction that is not common. If there are situations (citation needed) where the two terms can not be used interchangeably then this should be mentioned after saying they are commonly synonyms. Finally, I'd agree that 'plain text' and 'plaintext' are not the same. 'Plain text' usually refers to unformatted text and hence is not very relevant here. In particular pointing out that 'plain text' is used in situations where 'cleartext' or 'plaintext' would not be usable doesn't prove anything. 85.3.217.195 (talk) 08:54, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

It's been nine months. There's been zero activity in the article and zero evidence forthcoming on this talk page to explain how cleartext and plaintext differ, and what sources justify any of the content in the article or the thesis that there's somehow a different concept here. So I've redirected to plaintext. Uncle G (talk) 17:28, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

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Azad Hind

The Provisional Government of Free India or, more simply, Azad Hind, was a short-lived Japanese-controlled provisional government in India. It was established in Japanese occupied Singapore during World War II in October 1943 and has been considered a puppet state of the Empire of Japan.

It was a part of the political movement originating in the 1940s outside India with the purpose of allying with the Axis powers to liberate India from British rule. It was established by Indian nationalists in exile during the latter part of the World War II in Singapore with monetary, military and political assistance from Imperial Japan.

Founded on 21 October 1943, the government was inspired by the concepts of Subhas Chandra Bose who was also the leader of the government and Head of state. The government proclaimed authority over Indian civilian and military personnel in Southeast Asian British colonial territory and prospective authority over Indian territory to fall to the Japanese forces and the Indian National Army during the Japanese thrust towards India. The government of Azad Hind had its own currency, court and civil code, and in the eyes of some Indians, its existence gave a greater importance to the independence struggle against the British. Japan also handed over nominal authority of the Japanese occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1943, though the government continued to be dependent on Japanese support. Immediately after the formation of the provisional government, Free India declared war against the Allied forces on the Indo-Burma Front. Its army, the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj), went into action against the British Indian Army and the allied forces as part of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Imphal-Kohima sector. The INA had its first major engagement at the Battle of Imphal where, under the command of the Japanese Fifteenth Army, it breached the British defences in Kohima, reaching the salient of Moirang before suffering a catastrophic defeat as the Allied forces held, and Allied air dominance and compromised supply lines forced both the Japanese and the INA to retreat. The existence of Azad Hind was essentially coterminous with the existence of the Indian National Army. While the government itself continued until the civil administration of the Andaman Islands was returned to the jurisdiction of the British towards the end of the war, the limited power of Azad Hind was effectively ended with the surrender of the last major contingent of INA troops in Rangoon. The death of Bose is seen as the end of the entire Azad Hind Movement.

The legacy of Azad Hind is, however, open to judgment. After the war, the Raj observed with alarm the transformation of the perception of Azad Hind from traitors and collaborators to liberators. The British Empire, which was seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the INA trials, but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress.

Establishment
The direct origins of Azad Hind can be linked to two conferences of Indian expatriates from across Southeast Asia, the first of which was held in Tokyo in March 1942. At this conference, convened by Rash Behari Bose, an Indian expatriate living in Japan, the Indian Independence League was established as the first move towards an independent Indian state politically aligned with the Empire of Japan. Rash also moved to create a sort of independence army that would assist in driving the British from India – this force would later become the Indian National Army. The second conference, held later that year in Bangkok, invited Subhas Chandra Bose to participate in the leadership of the League. Bose was living in Germany at the time and made the trip to Japan via submarine.

Rash Behari Bose, who was already ageing by the time the League was founded, struggled to keep the League organised and failed to secure resources for the establishment of the Indian National Army. He was replaced as president of the Indian Independence League by Subhas Chandra Bose; there is some controversy as to whether he stepped down of his own volition or by pressure from the Japanese who needed a more energetic and focused presence leading the Indian nationalists.

Bose arrived in Tokyo on 13 June 1943 and declared his intent to make an assault against the eastern provinces of India in an attempt to oust the British from control of the subcontinent. Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July, and in October 1943 formally announced the establishment of the Provisional Government of Free India at the Cathay Cinema Hall. In defining the tasks of this new political establishment, Subhas declared: "It will be the task of the Provisional Government to launch and conduct the struggle that will bring about the expulsion of the British and their allies from the soil of India." Bose, taking formal command of the demoralised and undermanned Indian National Army from Rash Bose, turned it into a professional army with the help of the Japanese. He recruited Indian civilians living in Japanese-occupied territories of South-east Asia and incorporated vast numbers of Indian POWs from British forces in Singapore, Malaya and Hong Kong to man the brigades of the INA.

Ministers
The Provisional Government of Free India consisted of a Cabinet headed by Subhas Chandra Bose as the Head of the State, The Prime Minister and the Minister for War and Foreign Affairs.

Captain Dr. Lakshmi Swaminadhan (later married as Lakshmi Sahgal) was the Minister in Charge of Women's Organization. She held this position over and above her command of the Rani Jhansi Regiment, a brigade of women soldiers fighting for the Indian National Army. For a regular Asian army, this women's regiment was quite visionary; it was the first of its kind established on the continent. Lakshmi was one of the most popular and prosperous gynaecologists in Singapore before she gave up her practice to lead the troops of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment.

Other public administration ministers of the Provisional Government of Free India included:
 * Lakshmi Swaminadhan – The Minister in Charge of Women's Organization
 * S. A. Ayer – The Minister of Broadcasting and Publicity
 * Lt. Col. A. C. Chatterji – The Minister of Finance

The Indian National Army was represented by Armed Forces ministers, including:
 * Lt. Col. Aziz Ahmed
 * Lt. Col. N. S. Bhagat
 * Lt. Col. J. K. Bhonsle
 * Lt. Col. Guizara Singh
 * Lt. Col. M.Z. Kiani
 * Lt. Col. A. D. Loganathan
 * Lt. Col. Ehsan Qadir
 * Lt. Col. Shahnawaz Khan

The Provisional Government was also constituted and administered by a number of Secretaries and Advisors to Subhas Chandra Bose, including:
 * Capt. Dilip Singh Siwach
 * A. M. Sahay – Secretary
 * Karim Ghani
 * Debnath Das
 * D. M. Khan
 * A. Yellapa
 * J. Thivy
 * Sardar Ishar Singh Narula
 * A. N. Sarkar – the government's official Legal Advisor

All of these Secretaries and Advisory officials held Ministerial rank in the Provisional Government. The extent of the Provisional Government's day-to-day management of affairs for Azad Hind is not entirely well-documented, so their specific functions as government officials for the state outside their positions as support ministers for Subhas Chandra Bose is not entirely certain.

Recognition
Azad Hind was recognised as a legitimate state by only a small number of countries limited solely to Axis powers and their allies. Azad Hind had diplomatic relations with nine countries: Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, Italian Social Republic, Independent State of Croatia and Wang Jingwei Government, Thailand, the State of Burma, Manchukuo and the Second Philippine Republic. On the declaration of its formation in occupied Singapore the Taoiseach of Ireland, Éamon de Valera, sent a note of congratulations to Bose. Vichy France, however, although being an Axis collaborator, never gave formal political recognition to Azad Hind. This government participated as an observer in the Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943.

Government administration and World War II
The same night that Bose declared the existence of Azad Hind, the government took action to declare war against the United States and Britain. The government consisted of a Cabinet ministry acting as an advisory board to Subhas Bose, who was given the title "Netaji" (translating roughly to "leader") and was no doubt the dominant figure in the Provisional Government. He exercised virtual authoritarian control over the government and the army. With regards to the government's first issuances of war declarations, the "Cabinet had not been unanimous about the inclusion of the U.S.A. Bose had shown impatience and displeasure – there was never any question then or later of his absolute authority: the Cabinet had no responsibility and could only tender advice..."

At the end of October 1943, Bose flew to Tokyo to participate in the Greater East Asia Conference as an observer to Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere; it could not function as a delegate because India had technically fallen outside the jurisdiction of Japan's definition of "Greater East Asia", but Bose gave speeches in opposition to Western colonialism and imperialism at the conference. By the end of the conference, Azad Hind had been given a limited form of governmental jurisdiction over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which had been captured by the Imperial Japanese Navy early on in the war.

Once under the jurisdiction of Azad Hind, the islands formed the government's first claims to territory. The islands themselves were renamed "Shaheed" and "Swaraj", meaning "martyr" and "self-rule" respectively. Bose placed the islands under the governorship of Lt Col A. D Loganathan, and had limited involvement with the official governorship of the territory, instead involving himself in plans to expand the Indian National Army, ensure adequate men and materiel, and formulate its course of actions and the administrations and relations of the Indian population in southeast Asia and determining Japanese designs in India and his provisional government. In theory, the government itself had the power to levy taxes on the local populace, and to make and enforce laws: in practice, they were enforced by the police force under Japanese control. Indians were willing to pay these taxes at first but became less inclined to do so towards the end of the war when the Provisional Government enacted legislation for higher war-time taxes to fund the INA. During his interrogation after the war, Loganathan admitted that he had only had full control over the islands' vestigial education department, as the Japanese had retained full control over the police force, and in protest, he had refused to accept responsibility for any other areas of Government. He was powerless to prevent the Homfreyganj massacre of 30 January 1944, where forty-four Indian civilians were shot by the Japanese on suspicion of spying. Many of them were members of the Indian Independence League, whose leader in Port Blair, Diwan Singh, had already been tortured to death in the Cellular Jail after doing his best to protect the islanders from Japanese atrocities during the first two years of the occupation.

Azad Hind's military forces in the form of the INA saw some successes against the British and moved with the Japanese army to lay siege to the town of Imphal in eastern India. Plans to march towards Delhi, gaining support and fresh recruits along the way, stalled both with the onset of monsoon season and the failure to capture Imphal. British bombing seriously reduced morale, and the Japanese along with the INA forces began their withdrawal from India.

In addition to these setbacks, the INA was faced with a formidable challenge when the troops were left to defend Rangoon without the assistance of the Japanese in the winter of 1944–1945. Loganathan was relocated from the Andaman Islands to act as field commander. With the INA garrison about 6,000 strong, he manned the Burmese capital in the absence of any other police force or troops during the period between the departure of the Japanese and the arrival of the British. He was successful in maintaining law and order to the extent that there was not a single reported case of dacoity or of looting during the period from 24 April to 4 May 1945.

Indian areas under the administration of the Provisional Government
Almost all of the territory of the Provisional Government lay in the Andaman Islands, although the Provisional Government was allowed some authority over Indian enclaves in Japanese-occupied territories. Provisional Government civil authority was never enacted in areas occupied by the INA; instead, Japanese military authority prevailed and responsibility for administration of occupied areas of India was shared between the Japanese and the Indian forces.

INA defeat and Provisional Government collapse
Left to defend Rangoon from the British advance without support from the Japanese, the INA was soundly defeated. Bose was suggested to leave Burma to continue his struggle for Indian independence and returned to Singapore before the fall of Rangoon; the government Azad Hind had established on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands collapsed when the island garrisons of Japanese and Indian troops were defeated by British troops and the islands themselves retaken. Allegedly Bose himself was killed in a plane crash departing from Taiwan attempting to escape to the Soviet Union. The Provisional Government of Free India ceased to exist with the deaths of the Axis, the INA, and the disappearance of Bose in 1945.

The troops who manned the brigades of the Indian National Army were taken as prisoners of war by the British. A number of these prisoners were brought to India and tried by British courts for treason, including a number of high-ranking officers such as Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon. The defence of these individuals from prosecution by the British became a central point of contention between the British Raj and the Indian Independence Movement in the post-war years.

Relations with the Axis Powers
Since Subhas Chandra Bose aligned with Empire of Japan and the Axis Powers, which also included Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Britain portrayed him as a controversial figure for his official stance against imperialism which would run in opposition against Japanese imperialism in Asia during World War II. Bose himself claimed to oppose all manner of colonial practices but claimed Britain as hypocritical in "fighting a war for democracy" while refusing to extend the same respect for democracy and equal rights to their colonial subjects in India. Bose opposed British racial policy and declared working for the abolition of racial discrimination with Burmese, Japanese and other Asians.

Britain accused Bose of fascism, citing his role in the Provisional Government of Azad Hind as evidence of this; and pointed to him wanting to establish a totalitarian state in India with the blessings of the Axis powers. Bose believed that parliamentary democracy was unsuitable for India immediately after independence and that a centrally organised, self-sufficient, semi-socialist India under the firm control of a single party was the best course for Indian government. Some of his ideas would help shape Indian governmental policy in the aftermath of the country's independence from Britain.

It has been argued that the fact that Azad Hind was aligned politically with Japan and the Axis Powers may have had more to do with what Bose saw as a pragmatic approach to Indian independence. Disillusioned with Congress's non-violent movement, Bose was clearly of the camp that supported exploiting British weakness to gain Indian independence. Throughout the existence of Azad Hind, Bose sought to distance himself from Japanese collaboration and become more self-sufficient but found this difficult since the existence of Azad Hind as a governmental entity had only come about with the support of the Japanese, on whom the government and army of Azad Hind were entirely dependent. Bose, however, is considered a hero by some in present-day India and is remembered as a man who fought fiercely for Indian independence. However, Subhas Chandra Bose had supported Fascism and Nazism before the start of WWII, declaring that India needed "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls socialism and fascism" in a speech in made in Calcutta in 1930.

Although Japanese troops saw much of the combat in India against the British, the INA was certainly by itself an effective combat force, having faced British and allied troops and making their mark in the Battle of Imphal. On 18 April 1944 the suicide squad led by Col. Shaukat Malik broke through the British defence and captured Moirang in Manipur. The Azad Hind administration took control of this independent Indian territory. Following Moirang, the advancing INA breached the Kohima road, posing a threat to the British positions in both Silchar and Kohima. Col. Gulzara Singh's column had penetrated 250 miles into India. The Azad Brigade advanced, by outflanking the Anglo-American positions.

However, INA's most serious, and ultimately fatal, limitations were the reliance on Japanese logistics and supplies and the total air-dominance of the allies, which, along with a supply line deluged by torrential rain, frustrated the INA's and the Japanese bid to take Imphal.

With the siege of Imphal failing, the Japanese began to shift priority for resource allocation from South Asia to the Pacific, where they were fighting United States troops advancing from island to island against Japanese holdings there. When it had become clear that Bose's plans to advance to Delhi from the borders of Burma would never materialise due to the defeat of the INA at Imphal and the halt of Japanese armies by British aerial and later naval superiority in the region, Japanese support for Azad Hind declined, and then fully collapsed with the surrender of Japan to the Americans on 2 September 1945.

title: Azad Hind


text:
Kawachiya Kikusuimaru

Kawachiya Kikusuimaru (河内家 菊水丸) (born 14 February 1963) is a Japanese musician and singer. He is a singer of Kawachi ondo folk music from Yao, Osaka.

Career
Born in Yao, Osaka, he started studying Kawachi ondo with his father, Kawachiya Kikusui, at the age of nine. He came to national attention in 1991 with his reggae-style song "Kakin Ondo" (カーキン音頭, kaakin ondo) which was featured in a television commercial for recruitment magazine "From A" (フロム・エー). Kawachiya is known for performing in a wide variety of countries, from Hawaii in 1983 to Baghdad in 1990 (at the Iraq for peace festival) and Pyongyang in 1995.

He is also a writer and newspaper contributor. One of his published works is Kikusuimaru's Scrapbook (菊水丸のスクラップ帖), a collection of his articles for the Osaka Shimbun newspaper.

Discography

 * Contributing artist
 * The Rough Guide to the Music of Japan (1999, World Music Network)

title: Kawachiya Kikusuimaru


text:
Gregg Rolie

Gregg Alan Rolie (born June 17, 1947) is an American keyboardist, singer and songwriter. Rolie served as lead singer of the bands Santana and Journey – both of which he co-founded. He also helmed rock group The Storm, performed in Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band until 2021, and since 2001 with his Gregg Rolie Band. Rolie is a two-time inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, having been inducted both as a member of Santana in 1998 and as a member of Journey in 2017.

Career
Rolie was born in Seattle, Washington, United States. Prior to Santana, he played with a group called William Penn and His Pals while attending Cubberley High School in Palo Alto, California 1965, his senior year.

In 1966, Rolie joined Carlos Santana and others to form the Santana Blues Band, which was later shortened simply to Santana. As a co-founding member of Santana, Rolie was part of the band's first wave of success, including an appearance at the Woodstock Music and Art Festival in 1969 and central roles in several hit albums. He was their original lead vocalist, with his voice appearing on well-known Santana songs such as "Black Magic Woman" (US #4), "Oye Como Va", "No One To Depend On" and "Evil Ways". He also became well known for his skill on the Hammond B3 organ, with solos on many of the aforementioned hits. He has song-writing credits on many tracks from this period. However, persistent differences with Carlos Santana regarding the musical direction of the band led Rolie to leave in 1972.

In 1973 Rolie joined a new band with ex-Santana guitarist Neal Schon. This became Journey. Starring in a lineup that featured Schon, Aynsley Dunbar, George Tickner, and Ross Valory, he was keyboardist for the band's first six albums. On Journey and Look into the Future, he was lead vocalist, and on Next he shared those duties with guitarist Neal Schon. After Steve Perry joined the band in 1977, Rolie sang co-lead vocals on several songs on the albums Infinity, Evolution, and Departure. He started to feel burned out by the non-stop schedule of touring, plus felt his creativity was drained, and soon announced he was leaving the band. Since his departure was amicable, he hand picked his successor, Jonathan Cain.

After leaving Journey in 1980, Rolie released several solo albums, including the eponymous Gregg Rolie in 1985. This album featured the song "I Wanna Go Back", which later became a hit for Eddie Money, and included contributions from Carlos Santana, Peter Wolf, Neal Schon, and Craig Chaquico. A second solo effort, Gringo, was released in 1987.

Rolie formed The Storm in 1991 with Steve Smith and Ross Valory of Journey. The band also included singer, Kevin Chalfant and guitarist, Josh Ramos. Prior to their inaugural tour in support of their first album, Steve Smith left the band and was replaced by Ron Wikso.

Similar to his work with Santana and Journey, Rolie played keyboards and was a co-lead vocalist on several tracks of the band's first, eponymous, album, which spent 17 weeks on the Billboard albums chart peaking at #133 and spawned the hit singles "I've Got a Lot to Learn About Love," and "Show Me the Way." Despite this success, Interscope Records shelved the band's second album, Eye Off The Storm, which was recorded in 1993. It was finally released in 1996, in Europe, on the Music For Nations label, in 1997, in Japan, on the Avex Trax/Bateknuckle label, and in 1998, in the United States, on the Miramar label.

In 1998, Rolie and other former members of Santana, including Neal Schon, briefly reunited as Abraxas Pool, releasing one album. When Schon left to lead a re-formed Journey later that year, Rolie and Ron Wikso began work in 1999, on a Gregg Rolie solo CD, titled Roots, which eventually led to the forming of the Gregg Rolie Band. Besides Rolie and Wikso, Roots featured appearances by Neal Schon, Alphonso Johnson, Dave Amato, Adrian Areas, Michael Carabello. The Gregg Rolie Band saw Kurt Griffey taking over guitar duties and the addition of Wally Minko as a second keyboardist. They recorded a live CD at Sturgis called Rain Dance, which was released in 2009.

In 2010, Rolie released Five Days and subsequently formed a duo with Alan Haynes, which eventually led to the formation of the Gregg Rolie Quartet, with the addition of long time collaborator/drummer, Ron Wikso and bassist Evan "Sticky" Lopez.

From 2012 to 2021 he toured as a member of Ringo Starr and his All Starr Band performing Santana hits "Black Magic Woman", "Evil Ways" and "Everybody's Everything". The band also included Toto guitarist Steve Lukather, Todd Rundgren, Richard Page, Mark Rivera and Gregg Bissonette.

On February 2, 2013 Carlos Santana confirmed that he would reunite his classic lineup, most of whom played Woodstock with him in 1969. Santana said of Rolie, "I'm pretty sure Gregg's going to do it." Speaking in 2012 of such a reunion, Rolie told Radio.com "it's just a matter of putting it together and going and doing it. I would do it. I think it's a great idea. People would love it. It could be great!" In 2016, as part of Santana's original line-up they released their fourth album, titled Santana IV.

On February 9, 2018, Rolie reunited with Schon for a charity show at San Francisco's The Independent, benefiting North Bay Fire Relief. The group also featured former Journey drummer Deen Castronovo (who also sang some of the vocals) and bassist Marco Mendoza of The Dead Daisies. In 2019 Rolie reunited with Schon, Castronovo and Mendoza for four more concert dates.

Philanthropy
Rolie is a proponent of music education for children. In 2005, he signed on as an official supporter of Little Kids Rock, a nonprofit organization that provides free musical instruments and instruction to children in underserved public schools throughout the US. He sits on the organization's Honorary board of directors.

Personal life
Rolie and his wife, Lori, reside near Austin, Texas.

Solo discography
(Also as Gregg Rolie Band)
 * Gregg Rolie – 1985
 * Gringo – 1987
 * Rough Tracks – 1997
 * Roots – 2001
 * Rain Dance (Live 2007) – released 2009
 * Five Days EP – 2011
 * Sonic Ranch - 2019

with Santana

 * Santana – 1969
 * Abraxas – 1970
 * Santana III – 1971
 * Caravanserai – 1972
 * Shangó – 1982
 * Freedom – 1987
 * Santana IV - 2016

with Journey

 * Journey – 1975
 * Look into the Future – 1976
 * Next – 1977
 * Infinity – 1978
 * Evolution – 1979
 * Departure – 1980
 * Dream, After Dream – 1980
 * Captured – 1981

with The Storm

 * The Storm – 1991
 * Eye of The Storm – 1995

with Abraxas Pool

 * Abraxas Pool – 1997

Collaboration

 * Postcards from Paradise from Ringo Starr (2015) - Organ on "Island in the Sun", a song on which he participated on composing.

title: Gregg Rolie


text: Template:Politics of Andorra

title: Template:Politics of Andorra


text:
Wilhelm Raabe

Wilhelm Raabe (September 8, 1831 – November 15, 1910) was a German novelist. His early works were published under the pseudonym of Jakob Corvinus.

Biography
He was born in Eschershausen (then in the Duchy of Brunswick, now in the Holzminden District). After attending gymnasia in Holzminden and Wolfenbüttel, he entered a bookstore in Magdeburg as apprentice in 1849. He used this opportunity for wide reading and enriched himself with the tales and folklore of his own and other countries. He remained an apprentice until 1854.

Tiring of the routine of business, he then studied philosophy at Berlin (1855–1857). While a student at that university, under his pseudonym he published his first work, The Chronicle of Sparrow Lane (1857) (German: Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse). This book, which contains sketches of life among the German bourgeoisie, quickly became popular.

With this encouragement, Raabe gave up his studies and devoted himself entirely to literary work. He returned to Wolfenbüttel, and then lived (1862–1870) in Stuttgart. Then he again returned to Brunswick and remained active until the end of the century, publishing upwards of 30 novels and a number of short stories and sketches. He died in 1910 and was buried in Braunschweig Main Cemetery.

Work
Raabe's life work may be divided into three periods. During the first, he wrote with a light touch, producing a series of pictures of German life from the abundance of his imagination and experience, among which are:
 * Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse (1856)
 * Die Kinder von Finkenrode (1859)
 * Unser Herrgotts Kanzlei (1862)

The influence of the pessimism of Schopenhauer is evident during the second period. Representative works of this period are: These three works are sometimes referred to as a trilogy. While they are independent of each other in substance, they do represent a distinct epoch in the life of Raabe.
 * Der Hungerpastor (1864)
 * Abu Telfan (1867)
 * Der Schüdderump (1870)

During the third period of the novelist's life his works no longer show this pessimistic strain. A genial humor pervades them, reminiscent of Dickens, though they frequently deal with serious subjects. Horacker (1876) perhaps best represents this tendency, and has been cited as his masterpiece. Der Dräumling (1872), and Deutscher Mondschein (1873), also come under this head. Of his numerous later works Das Odfeld (1889) and Die Akten des Vogelsangs (1895) seemed to be most read. Kloster Lugau (1894) and Hastenbeck (1899) also belong to this period.

Raabe's early works were influenced to some extent by Jean Paul. Later he shows evidences of having read Dickens and Thackeray.

His estimation by the German people was especially shown at the celebration of his 70th birthday in 1901. Beginning in 1965, the critical edition of Raabe's complete works was published as Sämtliche Werke (Braunschweiger Ausgabe) commissioned by the Braunschweigischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft and edited by Karl Hoppe.

Works

 * Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse, 1856
 * Ein Frühling, Der Weg zum Lachen, 1857
 * Die alte Universität, Der Student von Wittenberg, Weihnachtsgeister, Lorenz Scheibenhart, Einer aus der Menge, 1858
 * Die Kinder von Finkenrode, Der Junker von Denow, Wer kann es wenden? 1859
 * Aus dem Lebensbuch des Schulmeisterleins Michel Haas, Ein Geheimnis, 1860
 * Auf dunkelm Grunde, Die schwarze Galeere, Der heilige Born, Nach dem großen Kriege, 1861
 * Unseres Herrgotts Kanzlei, Das letzte Recht, 1862
 * Eine Grabrede aus dem Jahre 1609, Die Leute aus dem Walde, Holunderblüte, Die Hämelschen Kinder, 1863
 * Der Hungerpastor, Keltische Knochen, 1864
 * Else von der Tanne, Drei Federn, 1865
 * Die Gänse von Bützow, Sankt Thomas, Gedelöcke, 1866
 * Abu Telfan; oder Heimkehr aus dem Mondgebirge, 1867
 * Theklas Erbschaft, 1868
 * Im Siegeskranze, 1869
 * Der Schüdderump, Der Marsch nach Hause, Des Reiches Krone, 1870
 * Der Dräumling, 1872
 * Deutscher Mondschein, Christoph Pechlin, 1873
 * Meister Autor oder Die Geschichten vom versunkenen Garten, Höxter und Corvey, 1874
 * Frau Salome, Vom alten Proteus, Eulenpfingsten, 1875
 * Die Innerste, Der gute Tag, Horacker, 1876
 * Auf dem Altenteil, 1878
 * Alte Nester, Wunnigel, 1879
 * Deutscher Adel, 1880
 * Das Horn von Wanza, 1881
 * Fabian und Sebastian, 1882
 * Prinzessin Fisch, 1883
 * Villa Schönow, Pfisters Mühle, Zum wilden Mann, Ein Besuch, 1884
 * Unruhige Gäste, 1885
 * Im alten Eisen, 1887
 * Das Odfeld, 1888
 * Der Lar, 1889
 * Stopfkuchen, 1891
 * Gutmanns Reisen, 1892
 * Kloster Lugau, 1894
 * Die Akten des Vogelsangs, 1896
 * Hastenbeck, 1899
 * Altershausen (fragment, 1902; published 1911)

Raabe the painter

Raabe also had a less known talent for painting. Approximately 600 of his works exist, partially in private ownership of his descendants or with the Braunschweig Museum.

title: Wilhelm Raabe


text:
Getting Even with Dad

Getting Even with Dad is a 1994 American comedy film starring Macaulay Culkin and Ted Danson.

Plot
Timmy Gleason is the estranged son of ex-con Ray Gleason and has been living with his aunt Kitty and her fiancée Wayne since the death of his mother some years earlier. Ray works in a bakery designing cakes. When Kitty goes on her honeymoon with new husband Wayne, she dumps Timmy on a reluctant Ray, leaving him to look after his son in San Francisco for the next week.

Timmy is hoping to spend time with his father, but is largely ignored by Ray, who is in the midst of planning a rare-coin heist with his two cronies Bobby and Carl. The robbery is successful, but Timmy learns of it and hides the stolen coins from them. He uses it to blackmail Ray into spending time with him, promising that he will return the coins afterwards. Thus father and son spend the next few days fishing, playing miniature golf and visiting amusement parks, with an amiable Carl and angry Bobby tagging along.

After Timmy suggests to Carl that he made a map of the coins' location, Carl and Bobby find a map in Ray's bedroom and decide to look for the coins on their own without Timmy or Ray. However, this sends them on a wild goose chase that results in them getting arrested for attempting to steal a chest with communion wine from a church thinking the coins were in there. Realizing the map was fake, Bobby then believes Timmy and Ray set them up.

The police are suspicious of Ray, so Detective Theresa Walsh is assigned by her superior to go undercover and surveil him. By chance, Ray and Timmy get talking to Theresa, unaware of who she really is, and invite her for a coffee and then to dinner. Theresa and Ray develop a mutual attraction, causing her boss concern over her willingness to do her job. Timmy and Ray have also gotten closer, so Timmy decides that he wants to stay with his dad permanently. He urges Ray to forget about the stolen coins, because he will probably be caught and sent back to prison. Ray refuses, so Timmy prepares to return home.

At the last moment, Ray has a change of heart. Bobby, however, appears at the bus station, where at gunpoint he forces Ray to open the locker containing the coins. Ray and Bobby are set upon by the waiting police and arrested. Ray is crushed to discover that Theresa is a cop. However, it turns out that the bag in the locker was full of pennies, so Ray is released again. At Timmy's prompting, Theresa finds the rare coins in a gym bag in a department store held by a mannequin. The coins are returned and all charges against Ray are dropped. Ray decides to take on full custody of Timmy and they prepare for a new life together.

Cast

 * Macaulay Culkin as Timmy Gleason
 * Ted Danson as Ray Gleason
 * Glenne Headly as Detective Theresa Walsh
 * Saul Rubinek as Robert "Bobby" Drace
 * Gailard Sartain as Carl
 * Hector Elizondo as Lt. Romayko
 * Sam McMurray as Detective Alex Serransky
 * Ron Canada as Zinn
 * Sydney Walker as Mr. Wankmueller
 * Kathleen Wilhoite as Kitty Gleason
 * Dann Florek as Wayne
 * Scott Beach as Wino

Production
MGM bought the film as a spec script in a bidding war with Hollywood Pictures, Columbia, TriStar, and Paramount with MGM acquiring the script for $500,000.

Macaulay Culkin's character was supposed to have a short haircut in this movie, but Culkin, who had let his hair grow at the time, liked his looks and did not want to cut it. His father, Kit Culkin, demanded his son be allowed to keep his hair the way it was, pointing out that his character was a working-class boy and not a clean-cut, prep school one. He got to keep his long hair.

Locations
The theme park featured in the movie was Paramount's Great America located in Santa Clara, California. Ray's apartment in the movie is located at the corner of Jackson and Mason St. in Chinatown, San Francisco. The church featured in the movie is Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church on 666 Filbert Street in San Francisco. The miniature golf course was filmed at Scandia Family Fun Center located in Rohnert Park, California. The ice rink was located in Berkeley, California. Principal photography took place between July and October 1993.

Reception
Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B" on scale of A to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two out of four stars saying, "It wants to be a caper, a comedy, a romance, and a showcase for Macaulay Culkin. That's too much of a stretch." Desson Howe of The Washington Post also gave the film a negative review explaining that "after plying the audience with formulaic predictability, Getting Even doesn't even have the decency to end quickly. Minutes away from sending the audience home, it chooses to fall asleep on the job."

The film grossed $18.8 million in the United States and Canada and $35 million worldwide.

Year-end lists

 * Dishonorable mention – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
 * Worst (not ranked) – Bob Ross, The Tampa Tribune

title: Getting Even with Dad


text:
Talk:Christmas ornament

Can we get a photo? Intrigue 22:58, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Loads of free photos at FreeFoto.com and some background bauble information here. violet/riga (t) 22:34, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Christmas Ornament Directory is a commercial (advertising) site, not a useful reference site. I don't believe the link belongs here. YellowPig (talk) 10:35, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree.Louanna007 (talk) 05:25, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Christmas pickle
I doubt this was legitimate. --77.176.203.12 (talk) 09:37, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

While I cannot speak to the truth of the Christmas Pickle being a German tradition, I work for one of the largest Christmas Stores in the country and can legitimately state that we sell thousands of Christmas Pickle ornaments every year, and it is a widely held belief in America that it is a German tradition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.239.96.70 (talk) 22:03, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * See the Christmas pickle article for clarification. (I buy them occasionally, not because of any traditions attached to them, rightly or wrongly, but because I think they're funny.) Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 04:33, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Chrismons
I put a section fact tag on the Chrismons section which makes a lot of dubious claims with no references. Comet Tuttle (talk) 06:16, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Wikipedia has an article on Chrismon tree and several links. This is a natural extension of this including "http://www.chrismon.org/site/chrismon/chrismonphotos.htm" How else could I reference this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Spicer5 (talk • contribs) 03:34, 20 January 2011 (UTC) But They came from germany where there were just plain with candy on them that was the first christmas ornaments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.246.142.212 (talk) 17:21, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

 * No, there's no Chrismon tree article; it's mentioned and illustrated within the Christmas tree article where the term redirects. There is a separate Chrismon article that deals with the religious symbol, not decorated trees. I have not looked for references. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 00:49, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

This seem unlikely

 * The first decorated trees were adorned with apples, strings of popcorn, white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars, hearts and flowers.

This seem highly unlikely, especially the pop corn. Given that the Christmas tree tradition started during the early Middle Ages in Europe, before Christophorus Columbus was even born. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Se mj (talk • contribs) 23:20, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christmas ornament


text:
Diane Levin

Diane Elizabeth Levin (born September 15, 1947) is an American author, educator, and advocate known for her work in media literacy and media effects on children.

Education
Levin received her doctorate in Sociology of Education and Child Development from Tufts University in 1978.

Biography
Levin is a professor of education at Wheelock College in Boston. She teaches courses on children's play, violence prevention and media literacy. Together with her colleague, Gail Dines, Levin teaches an annual summer seminar at Wheelock college. The institute: "Media Education in a Violent Society" was developed to address the effects of media violence on children.

Since 1985, Levin has been working with issues of violence in media culture and its effects on children, families, and schools. In March 1995, she visited New Zealand and led workshops, seminars, public meetings in the country's main cities and gave lectures and media interviews on the topic of war toys and children's play.

She is a founder of Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children's Entertainment (TRUCE). Every year before the December holidays, TRUCE publishes a "Toy Action Guide" on their website. TRUCE also has a Media and Young Children Action Guide on line. Levin is also a founder of CCFC, the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood and Defending the Early Years.

Companies, products, marketing practices and corporations criticized by Levin and the CCFC include, but are not limited to: BusRadio, Barbie, Channel One News, marketing in schools, marketing to infants and children under 8, and highly sexualized marketing.

title: Diane Levin


text: Category:Law enforcement in the Philippines


text:
HMAS Gascoyne (K354)

HMAS Gascoyne (K354/F354/A276) was a River-class frigate that served in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Laid down in 1942 and commissioned in 1943, the frigate served during World War II, before being placed in reserve in 1946. Reactivated in 1959, Gascoyne was reclassified as a survey and research ship, a role she fulfilled until she was decommissioned again in 1966, and sold for scrap in 1972.

Construction
Gascoyne was laid down by Mort's Dock & Engineering Company, Sydney on 3 July 1942. She was launched on 20 February 1943 by Lady Wakehurst, wife of the Governor of New South Wales, and commissioned into the RAN on 18 November 1943. The ship was named after the Gascoyne River.

Operational history
Gascoyne was present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan Day (2 September 1945), when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed.

The frigate received five battle honours for her wartime service: "New Guinea 1944", "Leyte Gulf 1944", "Lingayen Gulf 1945", "Borneo 1945", and "Pacific 1945".

Gascoyne paid off into reserve on 12 April 1946, but recommissioned at Sydney on 8 June 1959 for survey and oceanographic research duty. She was equipped with a deep water mechanical bathythermograph instrument.

Decommissioning and fate
Gascoyne paid off again on 1 February 1966, and was sold for scrap to the Fujita Salvage Company Limited of Osaka in Japan on 15 February 1972. The bathythermograph was transferred to HMAS Sprightly. Gascoyne left Melbourne under tow for Japan on 6 July 1972.

title: HMAS Gascoyne (K354)


text: Template:Politics of Anguilla

title: Template:Politics of Anguilla


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Weekend at Bernie's

Weekend at Bernie's is a 1989 American dark comedy film directed by Ted Kotcheff, written by Robert Klane, and starring Andrew McCarthy, Jonathan Silverman, Catherine Mary Stewart, and Terry Kiser. It tells the story of two young insurance corporation employees who discover that their boss Bernie is dead after arriving at his house in The Hamptons. While attempting to convince people that Bernie is still alive until they can leave to prevent them from being falsely suspected for causing his death, they discover that Bernie had in fact ordered their killing to cover up his embezzlement. Weekend at Bernie's grossed $30 million on a $15 million budget.

The film's success inspired the sequel Weekend at Bernie's II, released in 1993.

Plot
Larry Wilson and Richard Parker are two low-level financial employees at an insurance company in New York City. While going over actuarial reports, Richard discovers a series of payments made for the same death. He and Larry take their findings to the CEO, the wealthy and hedonistic Bernie Lomax, who commends them for discovering the insurance fraud and invites them to his beach house in The Hamptons for the Labor Day weekend. Unbeknownst to the pair, Bernie is behind the fraud. Nervously meeting with his mob partner Vito, Bernie asks to have the two killed to cover up the discovery. After Bernie leaves, Vito orders that Bernie himself be killed for sleeping with Vito's girlfriend Tina.

Bernie arrives at the island before the pair and plans the murders with hitman Paulie on the phone, unaware the conversation is being recorded on his answering machine. Paulie arrives and kills Bernie with a lethal heroin injection, then stages it as self-inflicted accidental overdose.

When Larry and Richard arrive they find Bernie's body but before they can call the authorities, guests arrive for a party that Bernie usually hosts every weekend. To the pair's amazement, the guests are too busy partying to notice he is dead, with his dopey grin from the injection and sunglasses concealing his lifeless state. Fearing implication in Bernie's death, and wanting to enjoy the luxurious house for the weekend, Larry proposes he and Richard maintain the illusion that Bernie is still alive, which Richard finds absurd. He changes his mind when Gwen Saunders, a summer intern for the company whom he has a flirtatious relationship with, also arrives.

After the party, a drunken Tina arrives at the house and demands the pair direct her to Bernie. However, she also fails to realize the situation and has sex with his corpse. One of Vito's mobsters witnesses this and, mistakenly thinking Bernie's assassination failed, notifies Vito, who sends Paulie back.

The next morning, Richard is appalled to discover Larry furthering the illusion by manipulating Bernie's limbs. He attempts to call the police but instead activates the phone message detailing Bernie's plot against them. Unaware of how Bernie died, they mistakenly believe they are still the targets of a mob hit and, as Bernie had said not to kill them while he was in the area, decide to use Bernie's corpse as a shield. All of their attempts to leave the island are thwarted, as they repeatedly misplace and recover Bernie's body, and eventually are forced to return to Bernie's home. Meanwhile, while they are not looking, Paulie makes numerous other assassination attempts, and grows unhinged at his repeated "failures".

Gwen, who has been trying to talk to Bernie, was walking on the beach when she sees Larry and Richard with the body. This forces Larry and Richard to reveal his death to her. Paulie then arrives and repeatedly shoots the corpse before turning his attention to Larry, Richard, and Gwen. Chasing after the trio, Paulie corners Larry, who subdues him.

The police arrive and arrest Paulie, taking him away in a straitjacket as he continues to insist Bernie is still alive. Gwen invites Richard to stay with her family for the week while Larry decides to go home to give them space. Bernie's body is loaded into an ambulance. However, the gurney rolls away and topples off the boardwalk, dumping the body onto the beach right behind the trio, who run away in terror. Afterwards, a young boy, who earlier buried the body in the sand, comes along and starts burying it again.

Production
Jon Cryer was originally cast in the film, but was replaced by Andrew McCarthy. Shooting took place in New York City in August 1988. The Hamptons scenes were filmed at Bald Head Island, North Carolina, Bernie's house was filmed at Fort Fisher, North Carolina, and the ferry scenes were filmed at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 54% approval rating based on 26 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Weekend at Bernie's wrings a surprising amount of laughs out of its corpse-driven slapstick premise, but one joke can only carry a film so far." On Metacritic, it has a score of 32 out of 100 based on reviews from five critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B" on scale of A+ to F.

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film "tasteless" and "crude" and felt that in the end it was impossible to "drag one tired joke around for nearly two hours. Like Bernie, the movie ends up dead on its feet." Roger Ebert echoed this sentiment, arguing that movies centered on dead bodies are rarely funny. Ebert gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, stating "Weekend at Bernie's makes two mistakes: It gives us a joke that isn't very funny, and it expects the joke to carry an entire movie."

The film grossed $30 million at the box office and was profitable on home video.

The film has remained popular in part because of repeated showings on cable television. People described it as having "aged into something close to respectability".

Soundtrack
The film's closing credits feature the song "Hot and Cold", performed by American singer Jermaine Stewart. It was written by Andy Summers and Winston "Pipe" Matthews, and produced by Richard Rudolph and Michael Sembello. The song was released as a single by Arista in the United States during June 1989 to promote the film.

Lawsuit
On January 24, 2014, director Ted Kotcheff and screenwriter Robert Klane filed a lawsuit against Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 20th Century Fox for breach of contract for profits they claimed were due from the film.

title: Weekend at Bernie's


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Axis & Allies: Pacific

Axis & Allies: Pacific is a strategy board game produced by Hasbro under the Avalon Hill name brand. Released on July 31, 2001 and designed by Larry Harris, the designer of the original Axis & Allies game, Axis & Allies: Pacific allows its players to recreate the Pacific Theater of World War II.

While it is a strategic board game with a historical setting, it is not designed to be a historical simulation. Instead, it is designed for a stream-lined ease of play and a balancing of the two powers rather than for historical accuracy.

In 2002 Axis & Allies: Pacific won the Origins Award for Best Historical Board Game of 2001.

Setting
(content from the outside bottom panel of the Axis & Allies: Pacific gamebox)

December 7, 1941

''Japan is about to launch one of the most infamous preemptive strikes in military history. Their target, the American Pacific Fleet moored in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. In the weeks to come, other battles will add to the sting of Allied defeats - Hong Kong, Malaya, the Philippines, Java.''

''Axis & Allies: Pacific invites you and your opponent to determine the future of the Pacific! How will the Americans counterattack after Japan's initial onslaught? Will Japan succeed in gaining the right resources of the East Indies? Can these be held long enough for the Allies to grow weary of the war? How will British forces fare in the embattled jungles of Burma? You will decide.''

''Naval strategy, as well as prudent economic moves, is critical in building and sustaining your naval forces. Warships, transports, ground forces and air power will all be needed if you are to control the Pacific. Good Luck. The fate of the world is in your hands!''

''For two or three players, aged 12 and up. Contains a Gameboard Map, 345 Plastic Playing Pieces, National Control Markers, National Production Charts, a Battle Board Chart, Industrial Production Certificates (IPCs), 12 Dice, Plastic Chips (Gray and Red), and a Gameplay Manual. Rated at a Challenging Complexity Level by Hasbro.''

Game play
The game is designed to be played by 2-3 players, representing the nation-economies of Japan, the U.S, China, ANZAC, and India (Great Britain) respectively, with the latter four groups composing the Allied forces. Both sides compete with units for control of territories producing IPCs (Industrial Production Certificates) good toward the purchase of most units.

The overall goal for winning the game differs for each player. The Allies (the British and America players) must either conquer and occupy the territory of Japan for a turn, or they must reduce Japan's IPC income to 9 or less by conquering other territories to win the game. The Japan player's goals are more open-ended: Japan must conquer and occupy any of the Allied capitals on the gameboard (the territories of India, New South Wales, or USA), or Japan must accumulate 22 victory points (Japan scores one point for every 10 IPCs collected at the end of its turn).

Each player starts out with a slightly different arsenal of units to deploy.
 * Industrial Complex:Constructs units. Can only be built by the United States. All capitals and Hawaii start with an Industrial Complex. Cannot be destroyed.
 * Infantry:Available to all players, these units are cheap but weak. Better at defending than attacking under normal circumstances, these units may still be used to good advantage (as more than Cannon-fodder) by a tactical player. Their movement is the most limited of any in the expansion. The U.S. can build special infantry called "Marines". Marines are better in amphibious assaults.
 * Marines:US specific troops. Specialized in amphibious assaults, it has 2 attack instead of 1 attack when attacking.
 * Artillery:Available to all players, artillery units are slightly more effective than infantry, but their greatest benefit comes when used in concert with infantry: for every matching artillery, each matching infantry's attack roll is doubled, equalling the attack roll of artillery.
 * Armor:Available to all players, armor units are typically rare, but are the most effective and costly land unit, with a good attack roll and a moderate defensive roll. They have the added advantage of being able to cross two land territories, by blitzing, as compared to the infantry and artillery's movement of one land territory.
 * Anti-aircraft:Available to all players, antiaircraft units costs as much as a tank, but are marginally useful only when defending against enemy air attacks. Each player starts with one in their capital territory.
 * Bombers: Available to all players, bomber units are rare but are the best in land offenses. They also have the ability to force a player to surrender IPCs to the bank by a Strategic Bombing Raid (SBR).
 * Fighters: Available to all players, fighters play an important role in the game. Strong in both offense and defense and with the ability to be used as cannon fodder for SBRs.
 * Battleships: Strongest ship available. Takes two hits to destroy.
 * Aircraft Carriers: Capital ship able to hold two fighters. Strong defense but weak attack.
 * Destroyers: Available to all players, destroyers are used for disabling submarine advantages. For the Japanese player, they can be used as transports.
 * Submarine: Ship with a special first strike rule that lets it sink ships without being fired back at.
 * Transports: Ship used to transport units. No attack and weak defense.

title: Axis & Allies: Pacific


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User:Bfriesen

Ben Friesen
Ben was born in the town of Duluth, MN, on February 2 1986. As far as Wikipedia goes, he's a total newb, which is why he doesn't make many changes yet. Expect that to change once he's confident in his editing skittles.

Hometown: St. Peter, MN College: Gustavus Adolphus College

title: User:Bfriesen


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File:RobertMarkham.jpg

Summary
James Bond 007 - Colonel Sun

© 1978 Panther Books (paperback).

Licensing
Source: Image scanned and uploaded by 23skidoo.

Rationale for "fair use" in the article Colonel Sun and Robert Markham :

No free or public domain images have been located for this book.

This image is used on various websites, and has been published in several books, so use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. It does not detract from the original and is used for information purposes only.

title: File:RobertMarkham.jpg


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Ralph Reed (disambiguation)

Ralph Reed is an American political consultant, known as the first head of the Christian Coalition.

Ralph Reed may also refer to:

 * Ralph Reed (baseball), American baseball player better known as Ted Reed
 * Ralph Reed (American Express), former CEO of American Express

title: Ralph Reed (disambiguation)


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Neuenhof

Neuenhof may refer to the following places:

In Switzerland

 * Neuenhof, Aargau, in the Canton of Aargau

In Germany

 * Neuenhof (Attendorn), a part of Attendorn in the Olpe district, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Neuenhof (Balje), a part of Balje in the Stade district, Lower Saxony
 * Neuenhof (Eisenach), a part of Eisenach in the Wartburgkreis, Thuringia
 * Neuenhof (Kircheib), a part of Kircheib in the Altenkirchen district, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Neuenhof (Radevormwald), a part of Radevormwald in the Oberbergischer Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Neuenhof (Ruppichteroth), a part of Ruppichteroth in the Rhein-Sieg district, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Neuenhof (Windeck), a part of Windeck in the Rhein-Sieg district, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Neuenhof Castle, a 17th-century water castle near Lüdenscheid in the Märkischer Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia

title: Neuenhof


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Ralph Reed (American Express)

Ralph Thomas Reed (July 6, 1890, Philadelphia – January 21, 1968, New York City) was the president of the American Express Company from 1944 to 1960. He joined the company in 1919 as assistant to the controller. He was the person who made the decision to create the American Express charge card, first issued in 1958.

authors: Андрей М-1212

title: Ralph Reed (American Express)


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HMS Victoria

Four vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Victoria in honour of Queen Victoria:

 * HMS Victoria (1839), a wooden paddle sloop launched in India in 1839 and sold in about 1864
 * HMS Victoria (1859), a first rate screw ship broken up in 1893
 * HMS Victoria (1864), a Coast Guard yawl, sold in 1905
 * HMS Victoria (1887), a Victoria-class battleship sunk in a collision with HMS Camperdown in 1893 in the Mediterranean with the loss of 358 lives.

title: HMS Victoria


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Fighting Whites

The Fighting Whites (alternatively identified as Fightin' Whites, Fighting Whities, or Fightin' Whities) were an intramural basketball team formed at the University of Northern Colorado in 2002 and named in response to the Native American mascot controversy.

The intramural college team briefly attracted a storm of national attention because of its satirical protest about stereotypes of Native Americans being used as sports mascots, particularly the "Fightin' Reds" of Eaton High School in Eaton, Colorado, not far from the university in Greeley. The Reds' mascot has been described as "a caricature Indian with a misshapen nose, [wearing] a loincloth and eagle feather".

The intramural team, which included players of Native American, Caucasian, Latino, African American, and middle eastern ancestry, adopted the name "Fighting Whites", with an accompanying logo of a stereotypical "white man" in a suit, styled after advertising art of the 1950s, as their team mascot. The character has been described as a man from the Ozzie Nelson era or a "Father Knows Best white American male".

At first, the team's T-shirts used "Fightin' Whites" as the name of the team, but various media reports referred to the team as the "Whities" instead of "Whites". The team's popularity skyrocketed. In response to customer demand, the team eventually began selling shirts under both names. The team added the phrase "Fighting the use of Native American stereotypes" to its merchandise to discourage the shirts from being worn by white supremacists, and arranged for CafePress.com to handle manufacturing and sales of the clothing.

The team sold enough shirts that they were eventually able to endow a sizeable scholarship fund for Native American students at Northern Colorado. In 2003, the team donated $100,000 to the University of Northern Colorado's UNC Foundation, which included $79,000 designated for the "Fightin' Whites Minority Scholarship".

title: Fighting Whites