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Nesidioblastosis

Nesidioblastosis is a controversial medical term for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia attributed to excessive insulin production by pancreatic beta cells that have an abnormal microscopic appearance. The term was coined in the first half of the 20th century. The abnormal microscopic features of the tissue included the presence of islet cell enlargement, pancreatic islet cell dysplasia, beta cells budding from ductal epithelium, and islets in close proximity to ducts.

By the 1970s, nesidioblastosis was primarily used to describe the pancreatic dysfunction associated with persistent congenital hyperinsulinism and in most cases from the 1970s until the 1980s it was used as a synonym for what is now referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism. Most congenital hyperinsulinism is now known to be caused by different mechanisms than excessive proliferation of beta cells in a fetal pattern, and the term fell into disfavor after it was recognized in the late 1980s that the characteristic tissue features of nesidioblastosis were sometimes seen in pancreatic tissue from normal infants and even from adults, and are therefore not consistently associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

In recent years, the term has been revived to describe a form of acquired hyperinsulinism with beta cell hyperplasia found in adults, especially after gastrointestinal surgery. Evidence of mechanisms explaining the ability of weight loss surgery to induce modern-day nesidioblastosis has yet to be found; any such mechanisms are of intense interest to diabetes researchers.

title: Nesidioblastosis


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Norika Fujiwara

Norika Fujiwara (藤原 紀香) is a Japanese actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder. She became Miss Nippon in 1992 and was an exclusive model for CanCam magazine. She has appeared in various commercials and TV series and a number of films in Japan.

Career
Fujiwara was born in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture. After several years of model work, she became a journalist and spokesperson, including acting as an ambassador of Japanese - Korean friendship during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, reporting from the 2004 Olympics in Greece, and going to Afghanistan and holding a photo exhibition there. Fujiwara was formerly a guest announcer and interviewer for K-1 on their major shows until 2006 when she was replaced by Waka Inoue.

Fujiwara has additionally worked in the video game and anime markets; her latest work as the main character Alicia in Project Minerva (PlayStation 2) (2002), a squad-based, real-time semi-RPG versus rogue robots game, released in an updated English form with more missions as Project Minerva Professional by Midas Interactive of the UK. She voiced Princess Fiona in the Japanese-dubbed version of the Shrek films.

Fujiwara spent one month in a homestay program with a family in the United States and continues to study English. She reportedly hopes to someday act in an English-language film produced in the West such as in the United States or Great Britain. She has already applied her talent to the English language in the film China Strike Force (a.k.a. Spy_N in Japan, with the "N" standing for "Norika") co-starring Aaron Kwok, Mark Dacascos and Coolio.In 2007, she visited India to meet Anand Kumar to make a documentary film on Super 30.

Fujiwara also had a leading role in the live-action film Great Teacher Onizuka where she played a semi-romantic role with Takashi Sorimachi.

Political statement
In September 2013, Fujiwara openly criticized the government's state secrets bill pending before the Diet. Fujiwara wrote on her website, “Once the bill is signed, the people who will write the truth on the Internet (or through other means) will be punished.... When I think of all the consequences that it will lead to, it really bothers me.” Her opinion reportedly was much noted given her status as ambassador for the Japanese Red Cross Society and as a recent recipient of the Nikkei Social Initiative Award for her contributions to society. Fujiwara was grouped with Tarō Yamamoto, another TV celebrity who recently broke Japanese custom by voicing political opinion.

Personal life
She married Osaka-based comedian Tomonori Jinnai on February 17, 2007 at Ikuta Shrine in Kobe city in Hyōgo Prefecture, and their romance became popular with the public and media. Rumors of their impending divorce emerged on March 19, 2009.

Kataoka Ainosuke VI (6th generation Kabuki actor) and Fujiwara were married September 23, 2016, dressed in traditional Japanese wedding clothes. The couple held their wedding banquet at The Imperial Hotel in Tokyo on September 28, 2016, which was also where they held their marriage announcement press conference earlier in the year.

Masashi Tashiro
Fujiwara once hosted a sport program, called "SRS", by Fuji Television with television star Masashi Tashiro. It was rumored that Masashi Tashiro may have secretly installed a hidden camera in the women's restroom to covertly record Fujiwara and other women changing clothes or using the restroom facilities. However, no video or images from this supposed electronic surveillance has appeared.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Norika Fujiwara


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Duce Staley

Duce Staley (born February 27, 1975) is an American football coach and former player who is the running backs coach for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served in the same capacity with the Detroit Lions during the 2021 and 2022 NFL seasons, and with the Philadelphia Eagles in various assistant coaching roles from 2011 to 2020.

Staley played college football as a running back for the South Carolina Gamecocks and was selected by the Eagles in the third round of the 1997 NFL draft, and during his playing career was best known for his tenure with the Eagles. Subsequently, he was a player with the Pittsburgh Steelers when they won Super Bowl XL against the Seattle Seahawks. Following the end of his playing career, Staley began his coaching career as a special teams quality control coach in 2011. He was promoted to the running backs coach in 2013 and given an additional role as assistant head coach in 2018. Staley was a coach with the Eagles when they won Super Bowl LII against the New England Patriots.

Early years
Staley attended Airport High School in West Columbia, South Carolina and was an All-State wide receiver, and played running back sparingly.

College
As a senior at the University of South Carolina in 1996, Staley was ranked 13th in the nation in rushing with 1,116 rushing yards. In his collegiate career at South Carolina, Staley attempted 345 rushes for 1,852 yards (5.4 yards per carry). He also caught 59 passes for 489 yards and two touchdowns.

Philadelphia Eagles
Staley was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1997 NFL draft and played for the Eagles through the 2003 season. After his rookie season and the departure of Ricky Watters, Staley became the starter in a tumultuous 3–13 season which led to the dismissal of head coach Ray Rhodes. Under Andy Reid, Staley developed into the team's perennial leading receiver through Reid's screen-heavy West Coast offense. However, he played in only five games of the 2000 season due to a serious Lisfranc fracture. Staley also missed some playing time in 2001 due to a shoulder injury. Entering the 2003 season, Staley held out of training camp in an attempt to bargain for a new contract, as he was in the last year of his deal. With Correll Buckhalter coming back from a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and Brian Westbrook entering his second season, the Eagles decided not to budge. This resulted in shared playing time among the three, as Westbrook became the premier back by season's end. They were known as the "Three-Headed Monster". Consequently, the Eagles decided to not re-sign Staley.

Pittsburgh Steelers
Staley signed a five-year, $14 million contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers on March 9, 2004. Staley had rooted for the Steelers when he was growing up. He instantly became the number one running back for his new team, and was seen as the eventual heir apparent for Jerome Bettis, who at the time had the sixth-most career rushing yards in NFL history.

Staley played in 10 games in 2004, and rushed for 830 yards. He only scored one touchdown however, as Bettis took most goal-line carries, and eventually took over the starting job since Staley missed six games.

In 2005, after both he and Bettis were injured, Willie Parker, an undrafted free agent, had a stellar season, and Staley, in another injury plagued season, was dropped to third-string, managing only 148 yards in five games, with a 3.9 yard per carry average. The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL, giving Staley his first ever championship.

Staley played just one snap in the Steelers' 2006 season-opening win against the Dolphins. The Steelers signed former Packers' running back Najeh Davenport the next day, and deactivated Staley for the rest of the season. On December 3, 2006, the Steelers released Staley. In his three-year tenure with the team, Staley played in just 16 games.

Retirement
Staley officially retired as an Eagle during the Eagles-Giants game on December 9, 2007. At halftime, Staley was escorted onto the field by former teammates for his retirement celebration featuring a brief ceremony and two highlight videos.

Philadelphia Eagles
Staley became a coaching intern for the Philadelphia Eagles during the 2010 offseason. On February 8, 2011, Staley was promoted to special teams quality control coach. After the departure of Andy Reid, Staley remained on the new staff with Chip Kelly and was promoted to the team's running backs coach. Kelly was fired as the team's head coach in December 2015 and Staley was interviewed for the vacant head coaching job in January 2016. Staley was retained as the team's running backs coach by new head coach Doug Pederson on January 20, 2016. On February 4, 2018, Staley won his first Super Bowl as a coach, and second overall, as the Eagles defeated the Patriots, 41–33, in Super Bowl LII. On February 20, 2018, Staley was promoted to assistant head coach while maintaining his running backs coach position.

On August 2, 2020, Eagles head coach Doug Pederson was diagnosed with COVID-19 during training camp. He planned to communicate with the team virtually during his quarantine, and he relinquished day-to-day head coaching duties to Staley in the interim. Pederson returned to the team on August 12.

The "Duce Staley drill", a practice drill that Staley created to enhance players' footwork, was added to the NFL Scouting Combine in 2020.

Detroit Lions
On January 25, 2021, Staley was hired by the Detroit Lions as their assistant head coach and running backs coach under head coach Dan Campbell.

Carolina Panthers
On February 1, 2023, Staley joined new head coach Frank Reich and the Carolina Panthers as the running backs coach and assistant head coach positions. On November 27, Staley was fired along with quarterbacks coach Josh McCown and head coach Frank Reich.

Cleveland Browns
On February 5, 2024, Staley officially joined the Cleveland Browns as their new running backs coach.

Personal life
Staley is married to Maria Steadman, with three daughters and four sons. He is a native of Columbia, South Carolina, which is where he resides during the offseason. He underwent an innovative rehabilitation period prior to the 2001 season to become the first skill position NFL player known to return from a Lisfranc injury. He annually holds The Duce Staley Football Camp at West Chester University in Chester County, Pennsylvania, which benefits several charities, including First Steps Program in South Carolina, the Variety Club, and Direct Care for Kids. He launched the Catch 22 Foundation to help single mothers. He donated $25,000 to South Carolina Governor Jim Hodges First Steps early childhood education program in 1999 to help improve education in the state.

His son, Damani, played linebacker for the South Carolina Gamecocks from 2018-2021.

title: Duce Staley


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User:MBot~enwiki

This is the userpage of the pywikipediabot MBot created by User:Mbecker. It currently runs nightly and updates a number on my userpage that keeps count of the number of changes I've made. It's a very simple script that anyone should be able to run. Send me a line if your interested in the code.

From User_talk:Mbecker
User:MBot have now the bot status. -- Looxix 22:04, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

How to stop this bot from running
To stop this bot from running an administrator can change the hidden embedded variable below to 0 (view the wikisource).

title: User:MBot~enwiki


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Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov

Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov (Князь Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Ме́ншиков; 26 August 1787 – 2 May 1869) was a Russian nobleman, military commander and statesman. He was made adjutant general in 1817 and admiral in 1833.

A great-grandson of Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, Duke of Ingria, and a cognatic descendant of the Princely House of Golitsyn (another of his great-grandfathers was Prince Mikhail Golitsyn, the military governor of Åbo during the Russian occupation in the Great Northern War). Menshikov entered the Russian service as attaché to the embassy at Vienna in 1809. He became close to Tsar Alexander I and accompanied him throughout his campaigns against Napoleon. In 1817 Menshikov was appointed acting Quartermaster general of the General Staff. In 1823, he was transferred to the ministry of foreign affairs. Menshikov retired from army service in 1824.

During the initiation of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 and the success of Abbas Mirza's initiative in Tehran, Menshikov was placed under house arrest. He was appointed head of the Naval Headquarters and cabinet minister by Tsar Nicholas I. He distinguished himself at the Siege of Varna in 1828 when an exploding Turkish cannon shell emasculated him. In 1830 he became a member of the State Council. In 1831 Menshikov held the post of Governor-General of Finland. He mainly devoted himself to naval matters. His bad influence on the development of the Russian Navy stalled its technical progress and combat training.

In 1853, Menshikov was sent on a special mission to Constantinople, and when the Crimean War broke out he was appointed commander-in-chief on land and sea. He commanded the Russian army at Alma and Inkerman and showed incompetence and lack of military talent. On 15 February 1855 Menshikov was removed from command and replaced by Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov. Between December 1855 and April 1856, he held the post of Governor General of Kronstadt and then retired. He died in St. Petersburg.

He was created Prince (Fürst) in the Finnish nobility, being the only person of the rank of prince to be registered in the Finnish House of Nobility.

The first Finnish steamship Furst Menschikoff was named after him.

title: Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov


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Financial endowment

A financial endowment is a legal structure for managing, and in many cases indefinitely perpetuating, a pool of financial, real estate, or other investments for a specific purpose according to the will of its founders and donors. Endowments are often structured so that the inflation-adjusted principal or "corpus" value is kept intact, while a portion of the fund can be (and in some cases must be) spent each year, utilizing a prudent spending policy.

Endowments are often governed and managed either as a nonprofit corporation, a charitable foundation, or a private foundation that, while serving a good cause, might not qualify as a public charity. In some jurisdictions, it is common for endowed funds to be established as a trust independent of the organizations and the causes the endowment is meant to serve. Institutions that commonly manage endowments include academic institutions (e.g., colleges, universities, and private schools); cultural institutions (e.g., museums, libraries, and theaters); service organizations (e.g., hospitals, retirement homes; the Red Cross); and religious organizations (e.g., churches, synagogues, mosques).

Private endowments are some of the wealthiest entities in the world, notably private higher education endowments. Harvard University's endowment (valued at $53.2 billion ) is the largest academic endowment in the world. , the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is the second wealthiest private foundation, with an endowment of $67.3 billion.

Types
Most private endowments in the United States are governed by the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act which is based in part on the concept of donor intent that helps define what restrictions are imposed on the principal and earnings of the fund. Endowments in the United States are commonly categorized in one of three ways:

 * 1) True endowment (also called permanent endowment). This is the type that is subject to UPMIFA in most states. The donor has stated that the gift is to be held permanently as an endowment, either for general purposes or for specific (or restricted) purposes.
 * 2) Quasi endowment funds are designated endowments by an organization's governing body rather than by the donor. Therefore, both the principal and the income may be accessed at the organization's discretion. Quasi endowment funds are still subject to any other donor restrictions or intent.
 * 3) Term endowment is created with a gift or funds set aside by the board which can be spent in their entirety upon a set date or occurrence, such as the death of the donor.

All endowments ensure that the original principal, inflation-adjusted, is held in perpetuity and prudent spending methods should be applied in order to avoid the erosion of corpus over reasonable time frames. Restricted endowments may also facilitate additional donor requirements.

An expendable endowment fund is one which can be spent in certain circumstances.

Restrictions and donor intent
Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a particular subject are common; in some places, a donor could fund a trust exclusively for the support of a pet. Ignoring the restriction is called "invading" the endowment. But change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donor's intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative "as near as possible" to the donor's intent.

History
The earliest endowed chairs were established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD 176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the major schools of philosophy: Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, and Epicureanism. Later, similar endowments were set up in some other major cities of the Empire.

The earliest universities were founded in Europe, Asia and Africa. Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made early Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas, although madrasas were generally smaller, and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree.

Waqf (وَقْف; ), also known as 'hubous' (حُبوس) or mortmain property, is a similar concept from Islamic law, which typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets. The donated assets may be held by a charitable trust.

"Ibn Umar reported, Umar Ibn Al-Khattab got land in Khaybar, so he came to the prophet Muhammad and asked him to advise him about it. The Prophet said, 'If you like, make the property inalienable and give the profit from it to charity.'' It goes on to say that Umar gave it away as alms, that the land itself would not be sold, inherited or donated. He gave it away for the poor, the relatives, the slaves, the jihad, the travelers and the guests. And it will not be held against him who administers it if he consumes some of its yield in an appropriate manner or feeds a friend who does not enrich himself by means of it."

"When a man dies, only three deeds will survive him: continuing alms, profitable knowledge and a child praying for him."

The two oldest known waqfiya (deed) documents are from the 9th century, while a third one dates from the early 10th century, all three within the Abbasid Period. The oldest dated waqfiya goes back to 876 CE, concerns a multi-volume Qur'an edition and is held by the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul. A possibly older waqfiya is a papyrus held by the Louvre Museum in Paris, with no written date but considered to be from the mid-9th century.

The earliest known waqf in Egypt, founded by financial official Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin Ali al-Madhara'i in 919 (during the Abbasid period), is a pond called Birkat Ḥabash together with its surrounding orchards, whose revenue was to be used to operate a hydraulic complex and feed the poor. In India, wakfs are relatively common among Muslim communities and are regulated by the Central Wakf Council and governed by Wakf Act 1995 (which superseded Wakf Act 1954).

Modern college and university endowments
Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will frequently control an endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to a general endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships (also known as named chairs), and endowed scholarships or fellowships.

The practice of endowing professorships began in the modern European university system in England on September 8, 1502, when Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and grandmother to the future king Henry VIII, created the first endowed chairs in divinity at the universities of Oxford (Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity) and Cambridge (Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity). Nearly 50 years later, Henry VIII established the Regius Professorships at both universities, this time in five subjects: divinity, civil law, Hebrew, Greek, and physic—the last of those corresponding to what is now known as medicine and basic sciences. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships.

Private individuals also adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, more recently held by the celebrated physicist Stephen Hawking.

In the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment. The use of endowment funding is strong in the United States and Canada but less commonly found outside of North America, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also been created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States.

Endowed professorships
An endowed professorship (or endowed chair) is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund specifically set up for that purpose. To set up an endowed chair generally costs between US$1 and $5 million at major research universities. Typically, the position is designated to be in a certain department. The donor might be allowed to name the position. Endowed professorships aid the university by providing a faculty member who does not have to be paid entirely out of the operating budget, allowing the university to either reduce its student-to-faculty ratio, a statistic used for college rankings and other institutional evaluations, or direct money that would otherwise have been spent on salaries toward other university needs. In addition, holding such a professorship is considered to be an honour in the academic world, and the university can use them to reward its best faculty or to recruit top professors from other institutions.

Endowed faculty fellowships
An endowed faculty fellow is a position permanently paid for to recruit and retain new and/or junior (and above) professors who have already demonstrated superior teaching and research. The donor might be allowed to name the faculty fellowship. A faculty fellow appointment cultivates confidence and institutional loyalty, keeping the institution competitive over hiring and retention of talents.

Endowed scholarships and fellowships
An endowed scholarship is tuition (and possibly other costs) assistance that is permanently paid for by an organisation or individual with the revenue of an endowment fund specifically set up for that purpose. It can be either merit-based or need-based (the latter is only awarded to those students for whom the college expense would cause their family financial hardship) depending on university policy or donor preferences. Some universities will facilitate donors' meeting the students they are helping. The amount that must be donated to start an endowed scholarship can vary greatly.

Fellowships are similar, although they are most commonly associated with graduate students. In addition to helping with tuition, they may also include a stipend. Fellowships with a stipend may encourage students to work on a doctorate. Frequently, teaching or working on research is a mandatory part of a fellowship.

Charitable foundations

A foundation (also a charitable foundation) is a category of nonprofit organization or charitable trust that will typically provide funding and support for other charitable organizations through grants, but may engage directly in charitable activities. Foundations include public charitable foundations, such as community foundations, and private foundations which are typically endowed by an individual or family. The term foundation though may also be used by organizations not involved in public grant-making.

Fiduciary management
A financial endowment is typically overseen by a board of trustees and managed by a trustee or team of professional managers. Typically, the financial operation of the endowment is designed to achieve the stated objectives of the endowment.

In the United States, typically 4–6% of the endowment's assets are spent every year to fund operations or capital spending. Any excess earnings are typically reinvested to augment the endowment and to compensate for inflation and recessions in future years. This spending figure represents the proportion that historically could be spent without diminishing the principal amount of the endowment fund.

Donor intent
The case of Leona Helmsley is often used to illustrate the downsides of the legal concept of donor intent as applied to endowments. In the 2000s, Helmsley bequested a multi-billion dollar trust to "the care and welfare of dogs". This trust was estimated at the time to total 10 times more than the combined 2005 assets of all registered animal-related charities in the United States.

In 1914, Frederick Goff sought to eliminate the "dead hand" of organized philanthropy and so created the Cleveland Foundation: the first community foundation. He created a corporately structured foundation that could utilize community gifts in a responsive and need-appropriate manner. Scrutiny and control resided in the "live hand" of the public as opposed to the "dead hand" of the founders of private foundations.

Economic downturn
Research published in the American Economic Review indicates that major academic endowments often act in times of economic downturn in a way opposite of the intention of the endowment. This behavior is referred to as endowment hoarding, reflecting the way that economic downturns often lead to endowments decreasing their payouts rather than increasing them to compensate for the downturn.

Large U.S.-based college and university endowments, which had posted large, highly publicized gains in the 1990s and 2000s, faced significant losses of principal in the 2008 economic downturn. The Harvard University endowment, which held $37 billion in June 2008, was reduced to $26 billion by mid-2009. Yale University, the pioneer of an approach that involved investing heavily in alternative investments such as real estate and private equity, reported an endowment of $16 billion as of September 2009, a 30% annualized loss that was more than predicted in December 2008. At Stanford University, the endowment was reduced from $17 billion to $12 billion as of September 2009. Brown University's endowment fell 27 percent to $2.04 billion in the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2009. George Washington University lost 18% in that same fiscal year, down to $1.08 billion.

In Canada, after the financial crisis in 2008, University of Toronto reported a loss of 31% ($545 million) of its previous year-end value in 2009. The loss is attributed to over-investment in hedge funds.

Endowment repatriation
Critics like Justice Funders' Dana Kawaoka-Chen call for "redistributing all aspects of well-being, democratizing power, and shifting economic control to communities.". Endowment repatriation refers to campaigns that acknowledge the history of human and natural resource exploitation that is inherent to many large private funds. Repatriation campaigns ask for private endowments to be returned to the control of the people and communities that have been most affected by labor and environmental exploitation and often offer ethical frameworks for discussing endowment governance and repatriation.

"Many might say that, by definition, philanthropy is about redistributing resources. Yet to truly embody this principle, philanthropy must move far beyond the 5% payout requirements for grants and distribute ALL of its power and resources. This includes spending down one's endowment, investing in local and regional economic initiatives that build community wealth rather than investing in Wall Street, giving up decision-making power for grants, and, ultimately, turning over assets to community control."

After the Heron Foundation's internal audit of its investments in 2011 uncovered an investment in a private prison that was directly contrary to the foundation's mission, they developed and then began to advocate for a four-part ethical framework to endowment investments conceptualized as Human Capital, Natural Capital, Civic Capital, and Financial Capital.

Another example is the Ford Foundation's co-founding of the independent Native Arts and Culture Foundation in 2007. The Ford Foundation provided a portion of the initial endowment after self-initiated research into the foundation's financial support of Native and Indigenous artists and communities. This results of this research indicated "the inadequacy of philanthropic support for Native arts and artists", related feedback from an unnamed Native leader that "[o]nce [big foundations] put the stuff in place for an Indian program, then it is not usually funded very well. It lasts as long as the program officer who had an interest and then goes away" and recommended that an independent endowment be established and that "[n]ative leadership is crucial".

Divestment campaigns and impact investing
Another approach to reforming endowments is the use of divestment campaigns to encourage endowments to not hold unethical investments. One of the earliest modern divestment campaigns was Disinvestment from South Africa which was used to protest apartheid policies. By the end of apartheid, more than 150 universities divested of South African investments, although it is not clear to what extent this campaign was responsible for ending the policy.

A proactive version of divestment campaigns is impact investing, or mission investing which refers to investments "made into companies, organizations, and funds with the intention to generate a measurable, beneficial social or environmental impact alongside a financial return." Impact investments provide capital to address social and environmental issues.

Endowment taxes
Generally, endowment taxes are the taxation of financial endowments that are otherwise not taxed due to their charitable, educational, or religious mission. Endowment taxes are sometimes enacted in response to criticisms that endowments are not operating as nonprofit organizations or that they have served as tax shelters, or that they are depriving local governments of essential property and other taxes.

title: Financial endowment


text:
User:Cmeilahn

C. Meilahn
I have added pages for Otocinclus and Caridina japonica, uploaded some photos from my aquarium of Otos, and made some edits to some Scuba related pages to add NAUI information. This wiki stuff is highly addicting! :) I am also contributing to the [WikiSpecies project]

Useful

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title: User:Cmeilahn


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Ricky Watters

Richard James Watters (born April 7, 1969) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the San Francisco 49ers, Philadelphia Eagles, and Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). Watters played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he played wide receiver on the school's 1988 national champion team. He also won Super Bowl XXIX as a member of the 1994 49ers over the San Diego Chargers. Watters was known throughout his playing career for his outstanding receiving skills and his unique high-step running style, which earned him the nickname Ricky "Running" Watters, from ESPN sportscaster Chris Berman.

Ricky Watters also has appeared in the movie Any Given Sunday. He was the running back for the fictional team the Dallas Knights, featured in the final game of the movie. Watters is listed in the credits, and his name is clearly shown on the back of his Knights #32 jersey.

Currently Watters is a motivational speaker for kids who, like himself, are adopted. He is also a recording artist, music producer, president and CEO of Tigero Entertainment, and an author, having written the book, For Who For What, a Warrior’s Journey. He was the head football coach for Oak Ridge High School in Orlando, Florida until resigning on October 1, 2013. An architecture major in college, he returned to Notre Dame in 2014 to complete the three final credits necessary for a graphic design degree.

High school years
Watters attended Bishop McDevitt High School in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where he played quarterback and wore #12; he was a four-year letterman in football. He played pewee, pony, and varsity grade school football for Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament (OLBS) Golden Gales.

Recruitment and 1987 season
Watters arrived at the University of Notre Dame in 1987 as a highly touted member of head coach Lou Holtz's second recruiting class. The class was the Fighting Irish's second consecutive top 10 recruiting class, following on the heels of the '86 class which included star quarterback Tony Rice. Watters began the season backing up Mark Green and occasionally returning kickoffs. Behind Rice and an infusion of new talent, the team went 8–4 and appeared in the Cotton Bowl Classic against Texas A&M.

1988 national championship season
Following the departure of Heisman Trophy winner Tim Brown, Holtz moved Watters to Brown's flanker position for the 1988 season to ignite the Irish passing attack. The move paid dividends as Watters led the team in receiving. Watters' contribution on special teams was equally impressive as he returned two punts for touchdowns.

Suspension against USC
Before the annual Notre Dame-USC game, Holtz suspended Watters and running back Tony Brooks for disciplinary reasons. Playing their biggest road game of the season against the #2 ranked Trojans without their leading receiver and rusher, Notre Dame pulled out a convincing 27–10 victory.

Fiesta Bowl
In a season filled with victories over ranked opponents, Notre Dame defeated the #3 ranked West Virginia 34–21 in the Fiesta Bowl to secure the school's 11th national championship. With six All-Americans, the team cemented its place as one of the greatest teams in the history of college football.

1989 season
1989 would again see Notre Dame contending for the national championship. With teammate Tony Brooks suspended for the season for academic reasons, Holtz switched Watters back to tailback. Watters did not disappoint as Notre Dame spent 13 weeks ranked #1 before losing to Miami 27–10 in their regular season finale. The Irish concluded the season with a convincing 21–6 win over #1 ranked Colorado in the Orange Bowl, and finished the year ranked #2 behind Miami. For the season, Watters finished second on the team in rushing behind quarterback Tony Rice.

Professional career
Watters played for ten seasons in the NFL with San Francisco, Philadelphia, and Seattle. He was selected by San Francisco in the second round of the 1991 NFL draft, but sat out the entire 1991 season with injuries. He started at running back for the 49ers during the next three seasons, and San Francisco's offense led the NFL in scoring and yardage each year. The 49ers reached the NFC Championship Game in 1992 and 1993, falling both times to the Dallas Cowboys, before finally vanquishing Dallas in the 1994 NFC Championship on their way to a Super Bowl championship. In a 1994 NFC Divisional Round game, Watters set an NFL postseason record with five rushing touchdowns in the game, as the 49ers trounced the New York Giants 44–3. His thirty points scored in the game set a new record for most scored by one player in a postseason game that still stands. In Super Bowl XXIX the following season, Watters scored three touchdowns in San Francisco's 49–26 victory over the San Diego Chargers, tying a Super Bowl mark shared by fellow 49ers Roger Craig and Jerry Rice, and later matched by Terrell Davis of the Denver Broncos, James White of the New England Patriots, and Jalen Hurts of the Philadelphia Eagles.

Watters joined the Philadelphia Eagles in 1995 as a free agent. He gained notoriety in Philadelphia for his infamous line "For who? For what?" after his first game as an Eagle on September 3, 1995 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The line was an answer to a question on why he didn't stretch himself to catch a Randall Cunningham pass that would've likely resulted in a big hit from a defender and instead "short armed" a pass to avoid contact in a 21–6 loss. But he quickly established himself as a very productive player for the Eagles, leading the league in yards from scrimmage in 1996 and helping Philadelphia get to the playoffs twice. In 3 seasons with the Eagles, he played and started every game and recorded 3,794 rushing yards and 31 rushing TDs on 975 carries. In 1998, Watters joined the Seahawks and played with them until his retirement in 2001. He finished his professional career with 10,643 yards rushing and 4,248 yards receiving and 91 total touchdowns in regular season play. As of the end of the 2011 NFL season, Watters is one of only two NFL running backs to rush for over 1,000 yards in a season for three teams, along with Willis McGahee. Watters was on the ballot along with Terrell Davis, former NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue, and others for the February 3, 2007 Pro Football Hall of Fame selections.

On a 2008 episode of NFL Top 10, a documentary series produced by the NFL Network, Watters was ranked #7 out of the top 10 players yet to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Despite his 5 Pro Bowl selections and his high rankings in total rushing yards, rushing touchdowns and total touchdowns, criticism of his lack of professional demeanor was cited by voters as a primary reason for his failure to be inducted. In particular, he was considered to be a "loud mouth" by some critics, who argued it overshadowed his on-the-field accomplishments. Others interviewed said his behavior was no different from other inductees, in particular, Joe Namath and Lawrence Taylor. The "For Who, For What?" incident is considered by former voters as a defining moment that could hurt his chances, as one Hall of Fame voter said that it would be brought up as a negative by someone whenever Watters' name came up in the future. Another explanation of why he has not yet been voted into the Hall was that despite scoring three touchdowns in Super Bowl XXIX, his achievement was overshadowed by the play of quarterback Steve Young, who threw for six touchdowns and won MVP honors. He has been a semifinalist for the Hall of Fame in 2020 and 2022.

title: Ricky Watters


text:
Paweł Huelle

Paweł Marek Huelle (10 September 1957 – 27 November 2023) was a Polish prose writer.

Life and career
Huelle studied Polish philology at Gdańsk University and, in 1980, participated in the efforts to establish an independent student organization. He later became a journalist and worked for the press service of Solidarność (Solidarity). After the declaration of martial law in 1981, he cooperated with the samizdat movement. He also taught literature, philosophy and history. He was the director of TVP3 Gdańsk from 1994 to 1999 and served as the literary manager for the Municipal Theater of Gdynia.

His literary debut came in 1987 with a novel Weiser Dawidek (translated as Who was David Weiser?), which was made into a film (Weiser (film)) by Wojciech Marczewski in 2000. He was also a member of the Polish PEN Club.

In 2001, he won the Paszport Polityki Award for his book ''Mercedes-Benz. Z listów do Hrabala, and in 2008 was nominated for the Nike Award for his novel Ostatnia wieczerza'' ("The Last Supper").

In 2012, he was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Bronisław Komorowski. In 2014, he received the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis.

His wife was painter Ida Łotocka-Huelle.

Huelle died in Gdańsk on 27 November 2023, at the age of 66.

title: Paweł Huelle


text:
Talk:Financial endowment

Move to Wiktionary

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Sargdub (talk) 03:36, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

from VfD: No more than a dictionary definition—Trevor Caira 14:53, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If suitable, move to Wiktionary. --Wikimol 16:54, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. There is a certainly an encyclopedia article to be written here about the role that endowments play in our public institutions and financial markets.  Tomato 23:30, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Tomato. --Key45 00:37, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, too. Samaritan 02:46, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Copyvio as it stands (lifted right from its source)—Trevor Caira 03:00, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, moving to wiktionary if they want it. Yes, there's an article to be written about them. This is not a useful beginning to one however, and should someone need this they can find it on wiktionary or in a random dictionary.  --fvw *  03:20, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)
 * Keep. Can be expanded. -[[User:Ld|Ld | talk]] 05:36, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub as prod to writing a real article. Claim of possible copyvio seems silly: it's almost impossible to have a single-sentence definition not fall under fair use. -- Jmabel | Talk 09:27, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Obvious keep. Dan100 09:49, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Still a stub?
Is this article still considered a stub? Is the VfD discussion still needed in the talk pages? --Techieman 04:48, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Endowed Professorships references
I added material that I would like to footnote, but since this is my first ever entry, I am not understanding how to do it. The reference to Lady Margaret is referenced here: http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2004110501 The reference to the Lucasian Chair is referenced here: http://lucasianchair.org/lucasianchair.org/brief.html There is information about the first endowed chair in America (Harvard) that I did not include but may be appropriate here: http://www.hds.harvard.edu/history.html

I am hoping that others will contribute additional information on Endowed Chairs if they have it.

One final question, can a link be created so if someone types in the search box "endowed chairs" or "endowed professorships" it takes them right to this space?

Thanks --Gusnite 19:40, 1 December 2006 (UTC)Gusnite

 * Nice finds on the information for the first endowments! I have added the references to the article. This is where you learn how to add footnotes. Endowed chair now redirects to Financial endowment. Techieman 06:09, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * In References, the link to "So Nicely Endowed" needs to be updated to http://www.newsweek.com/id/54660 instead of http://www.newsweek.com/id/39272. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.215.94.172 (talk) 02:31, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

How does it appear in Financial Statements?
How is endowment described in financial statements?Tom Cod (talk) 21:47, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

College and university endowments in the United States
The Financial endowment article and College and university endowments in the United States article are almost identical. Is there a need for both? Thanks, Alanraywiki (talk) 22:46, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Very Stubby
More needs to be said about how a financial endowment works on interest earnings rather than consuming the principal. Gautam Discuss 17:02, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Legal structure
Note: Need section about legal structure. (Article is not clear. Is an endowment its own entity type under the law or it is simply a Trust that is designated to endow?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72Dino (talk • contribs) 17:57, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Contradiction
The Quasi-endowments section contradicts itself as to whether one can be restricted. --Stfg (talk) 09:43, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Needs clarification
The article doesn't really say whether endowment is the TOTAL amount accumulated by and available to an institution or the size of donations they get every year. I believe it's the most important aspect of this article. My assumption is that it's the cumulative amount - it's difficult to imagine Harvard University gets 30 billion dollars every year. Is that correct? Could someone please clarify this?

I also believe the definition in the first sentence is wrong. A financial endowment is a NOT transfer of money and/or property donated to an institution. It is that money and/or property already donated and in possession of the institution. BadaBoom (talk) 00:24, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Financial endowment


text:
Talk:Columbian exchange

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 August 2018 and 11 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Peaceofmind18.19. Peer reviewers: Socbluff.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:19, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Diddle05.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:05, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

baobab
Table suggests baobab is New World origin, baobab article claims it is Old World (Madagascar, in fact). The contradiction suggests one or the other is wrong (it's a Rule of Logic), so something should change. Anyone? 69.125.193.249 (talk) 12:47, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * ? baobab is in the column Old World to New World transfer. Barefoot through the chollas (talk) 13:27, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

Sourcing
My note that the turkey (bird) is a New World animal was reverted for sourcing issues. The information is already in the "Organism examples" section, so I didn't feel any need for an inline source. Unfortunately that entire section is currently unsourced.

Is it considered acceptable to rely on the "implicit" references in the linked articles? Can/should we source the list as a whole to a Encyclopædia Britannica like source? Or do we need "topical" references (i.e. to cite that the horse is an old world animal, you need a reference primarily about horses) for every single type of animal on this page. insert rant that if Wikidata references worked correctly, this would be trivial User:力 (power~enwiki, π,  ν ) 19:15, 25 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Your addition of the sentence regarding a single animal (turkey) out of hundreds seemed out of place and unhelpful to me, especially as it was also unsourced. I removed it.  Kind of skipping the BRD step, you added it back, again unsourced.  An edit summary by you containing a helpful pointer to here would have avoided a second revert after you added it back.  You,, should know that unsourced sentences at the end of a paragraph will eventually have to have either a source added or just be removed to bring an article to a "B" rating.   GenQuest  "scribble" 21:06, 25 April 2021 (UTC)
 * "B" rating. Humbug!  It's not even a C rating. User:力 (power~enwiki,  π,  ν ) 22:01, 25 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Anyhow, you didn't reply to my actual question. What sourcing should there be in the "Organism examples" section? User:力 (power~enwiki,  π,  ν ) 22:20, 25 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Ideally every statement in the body of any Wikipedia article should be sourced, but that is not always the case, of course. I felt uncomfortable about the addition too because it disrupted the flow of the section, but I didn't feel so strongly about it to outright revert it. However, given the comments above, I made my own revert without realising a source had been added, self-reverted, then moved the tidbit down and expanded upon it. Graham 87 04:27, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

Proposed removal of photo
It's a nice photo but nothing in it or the caption suggests to me that it belongs in the Columbian exchange article. Can someone enlighten me -- and state its relevancy in the caption? If not, I will delete the photo. Smallchief (talk)
 * I'd get rid of it. A truly non-sequitur addition to the article. Regards,  GenQuest  "scribble" 19:08, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm deleting it. Smallchief (talk) 15:21, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Population reduction in Caribbean
The first reference is to an Encyclopedia Britannica article, that itself did not have any sources that I could see. The source is used to say that Caribbean populations were the most demolished by the Columbian Exchange. The EB article says that indigenous populations on most islands declined by more than 99%.

What has my eyebrow raised on this is the narrative surrounding the Taino people. It's an open secret, only more recently recognized, that large portions of many Caribbean populations are ethnically Taino, even though the conventional historiography has been that the Taino were wiped out. I don't know what position the EB article is coming from or if it matters; I want to highlight this in case someone more knowledgeable can confirm an error. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ThatOneLooksSoSad (talk • contribs) 13:39, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Onion
I suggest the removal of onion as an american import, since it already had a genus of Allium widely cultivated. They mention it in the Onion wiki page  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Falsht (talk • contribs) 01:55, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Onions, as described in their article, seem to exclusively be members of the species Allium cepa, not the entire Allium genus. Allium tricoccum, which is what I think you are referencing, is a different species. While it is in the Allium genus, so are garlic and leeks, which I don't think are often called "onions" despite their membership of the genus. I think we should leave "onions" as is on here since onions as typically thought of (Alliam cepa) were transferred from the Old World during the Columbian exchange. Alecnotalex (talk) 02:36, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

Songbirds
English sparrows and starlings were introduced to the New World. They have negatively affected the populations of native birds. 2600:6C44:1400:309:5E8:304F:6738:D08A (talk) 13:30, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree. Invasive Spices (talk) 16:10, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Columbian exchange


text:
Talk:Finding of the Holy Cross

This material needs to be merged with Feast of the Cross. JHCC 14:54, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finding of the Holy Cross


text:
European Physiology Modules

The European Physiology Module (EPM) is an International Standard Payload Rack for the Columbus Laboratory on board the International Space Station. The EPM rack was built by OHB-System in Bremen.

The EPM enables a better understanding of the effects of spaceflight on the human body. Research typically includes neuroscientific, cardiovascular, and physiological studies and investigations of metabolic processes.

The EPM performs physiological and biomedical tests and transmits the data to Earth for further analysis. The resulting data will provide insight into the human body's processes in a microgravity environment.

The EPM provides equipment for the study of the human body, including three science modules: two active modules, CARDIOLAB and MEEMM, and one module (sample collection kit, or SCK) that includes equipment to enable collection of biological samples (blood, urine, and saliva).

Description
The facility will consist of separate modules in which investigators can install their hardware for study of the human body on ISS. The Cardiolab (CDL) and the Multi Electrodes Encephalogram Measurement Module (MEEMM) will be initially launched with the EPM facility.

The European Physiology Module is a double-rack multi-user facility that supports investigations of respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, hormonal and body fluid shift, bone demineralization and neuroscience. The facility is based on a modular design concept to support diverse experiments. Human physiology experiments are aimed primarily at increasing our knowledge of how the human body reacts to long-duration weightlessness. However, this area of research also contributes to an increased understanding of terrestrial problems such as the ageing process, osteoporosis, balance disorders, and muscle wasting. Typical research areas include:

 * Neuroscience - Neurovestibular control of posture, balance, and motion sensory coordination
 * Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems - Control of blood volume and distribution; fluid volume shift
 * Bone and Muscle Physiology - Muscle de-conditioning/atrophy
 * Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolism - Hormonal regulation; demineralization

To correctly evaluate the on-board data, it is essential that reference (or baseline) data are collected prior to flight and following the return of the crew-members to Earth. For this reason, the EPM facility will provide a Baseline Data Collection Model (BDCM) system that includes functional copies of the on-board instruments. The BDCM will be readily transportable to ensure availability of the equipment for the pre-flight, launch and post-flight activities.

Containers and operation
The European Physiology Module includes the following science containers for medical experiments:

 * Multi-Electrode Electroencephalography Module (MEEMM) - For neurologic scans of the brain. (Built by EREMS in Toulouse.)
 * Samples Collection Kit (SCK) - Collection of different medical instruments and boxes for biologic probes.
 * Cardiolab (CDL) - To scan the cardiovascular system. (Built by CADMOS in Toulouse.)

The EPM is operated according to ESA's decentralised payload operation concept. The Facility Responsible Centre (FRC) for the EPM is CADMOS, located in Toulouse, France.

The different EPM models are:

 * Flight Model (FM) - Delivered September 2005 to EADS SPACE Transportation, Bremen for integration.
 * Trainings Model (TRM) - Delivered to the European Astronaut Centre (EAC), ESA in Cologne.
 * Ground Model (GM-1) - Delivered July 2005 to the FRC, CADMOS.
 * Ground Model (GM-2) - To be delivered in March 2006 to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA.
 * Baseline Data Collection Model (BDCM) - Delivered in October 2005 to the FRC, CADMOS.

Gallery
 File:398061main_EPM3.jpg|NASA Image: ISS018E032095: The photo shows Human Research Facility (HRF) rack 2; the European Physiology Module (EPM) is visible. Three-dimensional modeling of International Space Station Interior and Exterior project. Taken for PhotoSynth File:186705main_EPM1.jpg|Testing of one of the experiment modules for European Physiology Module (EPM). Image provided by O. Amend.

title: European Physiology Modules


text:
Talk:Prince Charles Cinema

Porn cinema?
I would argue with the statement that the Prince Charles ever operated as a porn cinema. In the 70s it was more of a borderline mainstream / arthouse venue that specialised in racier films - for example Women In Love, The Decameron, Last Tango In Paris, Caligula and certain Fellini films. It did show Emmanuelle for 3 years, which was the closest thing to outright porn, but bear in mind the original Emmanuelle was a blockbuster hit that attracted mainstream audiences and played nationally. There was a high public curiosity factor that kept it profitable in cinemas for years. However, in the same period the Prince Charles, also showed the first runs of Five Easy Pieces, Bananas, Cabaret, High Anxiety and Scum, so I think "porn cinema" is unfair. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.215.167 (talk) 12:10, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

Rocky Horror
Have to admit I'm not entirely sure if it was Rocky Horror Picture Show or the Rocky Horror Show that used to be played out at PCC. Shall have to ask some friends of mine who used to go. sheridan
 * It was the Rocky Horror Picture Show - I saw it there in the summer of 1998. Do they not do that anymore? fsufezzik 23:10, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not the way (I hear) that they used to. Following their Singalonga Sound of Music they did a few Singalonga RHPS, which is why I was confused about what they originally did - I didn't know if their new show was what they were doing before or not. Unfortunately I moved out of London around the time they were doing all this, so I didn't get to go :( sheridan 17:43, 2005 Jan 11 (UTC)

Great idea
Great idea to put this cinema in the Wiki btw! 15:27, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC) (sorry, forgot to sign before) sheridan

Movies in domestic formats
The PCC has developed a nasty habit of showing some films from domestic optical disc media, specifically DVD and more recently Blu-ray, thus seriously compromising picture quality. (The cinematic formats for which it's equipped are 35 mm film and DCP; all three digital formats go through the same projector head.) This seems like a notable fact that should go in the article, but I can't find any referencable source for it. I know about it only from personal experience: I'm a frequent patron, and about 10% of the showings that I'm interested in turn out to be in one of the non-cinematic formats. (Formerly the personal experience was of actually seeing a duff picture come on the screen (and usually leaving to claim a refund). Nowadays my experience of it is one level removed: I ask the box office, who report the format (usually accurately).)  What can be done about a source for this information? 195.81.245.98 (talk) 15:01, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

Ghost
Is the ghost section at all neccessary? Nearly all buildings in London could claim such nonsense. Scunner3rd (talk) 23:42, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prince Charles Cinema


text:
Talk:Augmentative

"Unattested"
The article says "From an unattested Late Latin -onus." cf Latin word "Patronus" for a possible attestation. Temerarius (talk) 17:00, 11 November 2018 (UTC)

Prefixes in Spanish
In Spanish there are listed only suffixes but I can't see any difference between the English and Spanish prefixes meaning:

English    Spanish   Example

over-      sobre-    Overload = Sobrecarga.

super-     super-    Superman = Superhombre

arch-      arc-/arz- Archangel = Arcángel, and also Archbishop = Arzobispo.

Shouldn´t these prefixes be added to the list? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.47.228.142 (talk) 19:07, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

Oso/osa in Spanish
Isn't -oso/-osa a common spanish augmentative?

 * No, that's an adjectival suffix. It turns nouns into adjectives. FilipeS 00:00, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Polish Augmentative - Zgrubienia
Do any Polish use this words: 'żabucha', 'żabula'. I newer heard that... and it hear silly. Mayby on north or somewhere, but it still strange for me (I'm natvie speaker from south Poland). Anyway I'm not sure is it correct oficial Polish. (sorry for my English)
 * It's hard to say how often I use such forms (more rarely than diminutives) but definitely they are used since google gives some results. OTOH, such forms are generally avoided in the "dry" official language. Pittmirg 11:10, 2 February 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pittmirg (talk • contribs)

I am a Polish native speaker and I have never heard such forms, either. But I have formed my own forms, so I know that it is possible, for example 'ziemnior' for a big potato. Why would anyone need to say 'a big/bad frog' is beyond my imagination, though. But if you know the augmentative form for 'pająk' - 'a big, fat, ugly, impossible to kill and very scary spider,' I would be more than happy to know. ;) 31.182.128.123 (talk) 20:48, 24 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I would use "pajęczysko". Ausir (talk) 01:57, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Augmentative


text:
User talk:Daklon

-Daklon: well if you hve found this then you must know who I am or you have seen me in KOLor elsewhere P.S. go to this site

WikipediA is a kool site

title: User talk:Daklon


text:
Bridgewater, New York (disambiguation)

Bridgewater is the name of both a town in New York State and a village within that town:
 * Bridgewater (town), New York
 * Bridgewater (village), New York.

title: Bridgewater, New York (disambiguation)


text:
1980 Pulitzer Prize

The Pulitzer Prizes for 1980 were announced on April 14, 1980. A total of 1,550 entries were submitted for prizes in 19 categories of journalism and the arts. Finalists were chosen by expert juries in each category, and winners were then chosen by the 16-member Pulitzer Prize Board, presided over by Clayton Kirkpatrick. For the first time in the Prizes' history, juries were asked to name at least three finalists in each category, and the finalists were announced in addition to the winners. Each prize carried a $1,000 award, except for the Public Service prize, which came with a gold medal.

The winner in each category is listed first, in bold, followed by the other finalists.

Journalism awards

 * Public Service:
 * Gannett News Service, for "Story of the Pauline Fathers", its 18-day series on misuse of financial contributions to the Pauline Fathers.
 * The Miami Herald, for "Dangerous Doctors: A Medical Dilemma", an 8-part series on medical incompetence, malfeasance, and abuse.
 * The Miami Herald, for "Police Brutality: The Dangerous Few", a 5-part series on cases of police brutality in Dade County.
 * The Philadelphia Inquirer, for "Poison at Our Doorsteps", a series on irresponsible disposal of toxic waste.
 * St. Petersburg Times, for its investigation of the Church of Scientology. (Moved by the Board to the National Reporting category.)
 * Local General or Spot News Reporting:
 * Staff of The Philadelphia Inquirer, for coverage of the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, including a 22,000-word recounting of the accident by 39 reporters and photographers.
 * Staff of the Chicago Tribune, for coverage of the worst air crash in history and the blizzard of 1979.
 * Staff of the Greensboro Daily News (North Carolina), for coverage of the Greensboro massacre, a shooting at an anti-Ku Klux Klan rally.
 * Local Investigative Specialized Reporting:
 * Stephen A. Kurkjian, Alexander B. Hawes Jr., Nils Bruzelius, Joan Vennochi and Robert M. Porterfield of The Boston Globe, for a 10-part exposé on mismanagement of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
 * Carole E. Agus, Andrew V. Fetherston, Jr., and Frederick J. Tuccillo of Newsday (Long Island, New York), for their investigation of a scandal at the Southwest Sewer District in Suffolk County.
 * Charles R. Cook and James S. Carlton of The Port Arthur News (Texas), for their exposé on the use of road oil contaminated with cyanide and other toxic chemicals, distributed by Browning-Ferris Industries.
 * Judy Grande and Brian Gallagher of The Journal News (Nyack, New York), for the 5-part series, "Getting Away with Murder", exposing the shoddy investigation and prosecution of murders in Rockland, New York.
 * Lewis M. Simons and Ron Shaffer of The Washington Post, for a series on fraud committed by officials of a low-income housing organization, P.I. Properties, including Marion Barry's ex-wife.
 * National Reporting:
 * Bette Swenson Orsini and Charles Stafford of the St. Petersburg Times, for their 16-part investigation of the Church of Scientology.
 * Joseph P. Albright of Cox Newspapers, for "Our Trillion Dollar Treasure", a series on energy policy regarding oil and gas under federally owned lands.
 * George Anthan of The Des Moines Register, for "Vanishing Acres", a 7-part series on the dwindling amount of good farmland.
 * Staff of the Los Angeles Times, for a series on chemicals in the environment, "The Poisoning of America".
 * International Reporting:
 * Joel Brinkley, reporter, and Jay Mather, photographer of The Courier-Journal, for the 4-part series, "Living the Cambodian Nightmare", about refugees from the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.
 * Peter Arnett of the Associated Press, for "The World's Homeless", a 6-part series about international refugees, with photographs by Eddie Adams.
 * Fox Butterfield of The New York Times, for dispatches from China.
 * Staff of the Los Angeles Times, for coverage of Iran.
 * Feature Writing:
 * Madeleine Blais of The Miami Herald, for a selection of stories profiling families and individuals, particularly "Zepp's Last Stand".
 * Bonnie M. Anderson of The Miami Herald, for "The Execution of My Father", about her father's execution during the Cuban Revolution in 1961.
 * John R. Camp of the St. Paul Pioneer Press, for a series of articles about Native American culture.
 * Saul Pett of the Associated Press, for an article on the snail darter controversy.
 * Commentary:
 * Ellen H. Goodman of The Boston Globe, for her syndicated daily column, commenting on a variety of topics.
 * Richard Reeves of Universal Press Syndicate, for his syndicated political column.
 * Carl T. Rowan of the Chicago Sun-Times and Syndicate, for his syndicated column.
 * Criticism:
 * William A. Henry III of The Boston Globe, for critical writing about television.
 * William C. Glackin of The Sacramento Bee, for his drama and music reviews.
 * William K. Robertson of The Miami Herald, for a collection of columns and book reviews.
 * Editorial Writing:
 * Robert L. Bartley of The Wall Street Journal, for editorials on a variety of topics.
 * John Alexander of the Greensboro Daily News (North Carolina), for editorials about the Greensboro massacre.
 * Alfred Ames and Joan Beck of the Chicago Tribune
 * Bruce C. Davidson, Thomas N. Oliphant, and Anne C. Wyman of The Boston Globe, for the 8-part series, "Search for an Energy Policy".
 * Tom Dearmore of the San Francisco Examiner, for editorials on a variety of topics.
 * Editorial Cartooning:
 * Don Wright of The Miami News, for his cartoons, exemplified by "Florida State Prison".
 * Richard Locher of the Chicago Tribune
 * Paul Szep of The Boston Globe
 * Spot News Photography:
 * Anonymous, distributed by United Press International. (In 2006, the photographer was identified as Jahangir Razmi of Ettela'at), for "Firing Squad in Iran", depicting the execution of prisoners in the 1979 Kurdish rebellion by an Iranian government firing squad.
 * Robert L. Gay of the Charleston Daily Mail (West Virginia), for a series on a crazed veteran holding 29 hostages in a church.
 * Michael Haering of the Los Angeles Herald Examiner, for a photo of a girl being struck by a car at a demonstration outside the house of the Shah of Iran's sister in Beverly Hills.
 * Feature Photography:
 * Erwin H. Hagler of The Dallas Times Herald, for a 23-picture series documenting the life of cowboys in the Texas Panhandle.
 * David A. Kryszak of The Detroit News, for "Cambodian Exodus", a five-part photo-essay on Cambodian refugees in Thailand.
 * John J. Sunderland of The Denver Post, for photos of patients living and dying in a hospice in Lakewood, Colorado.

Letters, Drama and Music Awards

 * Fiction:
 * The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer
 * Birdy by William Wharton
 * The Ghost Writer by Philip Roth
 * Drama:
 * Talley's Folly by Lanford Wilson
 * History:
 * Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery by Leon F. Litwack
 * The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants on the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60 by John D. Unruh, Jr.
 * The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness and the Origins of the American Revolution by Gary B. Nash
 * Biography or Autobiography:
 * The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt by Edmund Morris
 * Being Bernard Berenson by Meryle Secrest
 * Bernard Berenson: The Making of a Connoisseur by Ernest Samuels
 * The Duke of Deception: Memories of My Father by Geoffrey Wolff
 * Poetry:
 * Selected Poems by Donald Justice
 * Goshawk, Antelope by Dave Smith
 * Selected Poems by Richard Hugo
 * General Non-fiction:
 * Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas Hofstadter
 * The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination by Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar
 * The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher by Lewis Thomas
 * Music:
 * In Memory of a Summer Day by David Del Tredici
 * After the Butterfly by Morton Subotnick
 * Quintets for Orchestra by Lukas Foss

title: 1980 Pulitzer Prize


text:
Marree Man

The Marree Man, or Stuart's Giant, is a modern geoglyph discovered in 1998. It appears to depict an Indigenous Australian man hunting with a boomerang or stick. It lies on a plateau at Finnis Springs 60 km west of the township of Marree in central South Australia, approximately 12 km north-west of Callanna. It is just outside the 127000 km2 Woomera Prohibited Area. The figure is 2.7 km tall with a perimeter of 28 km, extending over an area of about 2.5 km2. Although it is one of the largest geoglyphs in the world (arguably second to the Sajama Lines), its origin remains a mystery, with no one claiming responsibility for its creation nor any eye-witness having been found, notwithstanding the scale of the operation required to form the outline on the plateau floor. The description "Stuart's Giant" was used in anonymous faxes sent to media as "Press Releases" in July 1998, in a reference to the explorer John McDouall Stuart. It was discovered fortuitously by a charter pilot in an overflight on 26 June 1998.

Shortly after its discovery, the site was closed by the South Australian government following legal action taken in late July by native title claimants, but flights over the site were not forbidden as native title fell under federal government jurisdiction.

Work

The Marree Man geoglyph depicts a man holding either a woomera (a throwing stick) or a boomerang (but see Plaque section below).

By December 1998, it had been noted that the outline matched, in reverse, that of the Artemision Zeus bronze raised from the bottom of the Adriatic Sea in 1928.

The lines outlining the figure were 20 - 30 cm deep at the time of discovery and up to 35 m wide. The image was gradually eroded through natural processes, but because the climate is extremely dry and barren in the region, the image was still visible in 2013. While there is a layer of white chalk material slightly below the red soil, the figure was not defined to this depth.

The creation of Marree Man occurred between 27 May and 12 June 1998. By comparing images collected on those dates from NASA's Landsat-5 satellite, the desert area where Marree Man was found goes from undisturbed to the completed figure. See image below:

Left image from 27 May 1998 Right image from 12 June 1998

In August 2016, work was carried out to redefine the geoglyph using a grader assisted by GPS. The work resulted in an outline clearly visible from the air, matching the original. Two decades after its creation it was speculated that the work itself could not have been created without GPS technology, then in its infancy.

Discovery
Trec Smith, a charter pilot flying between Marree and Coober Pedy in the remote north of South Australia, spotted the figure from the air on 26 June 1998. The discovery of the geoglyph fascinated Australians due to its size and the mystery surrounding how it came to be there.

Shane Anderson from the William Creek Hotel, located 200 km north-west of the town of Marree, said the hotel received an anonymous fax describing the location of the artwork.

Anonymous press releases
Several anonymous press releases sent to media and local businesses in July and August 1998 led to the suggestion that the Marree Man was created by people from the United States. The releases said "your State of SA", "Queensland Barrier Reef" and mentioned Aborigines "from the local Indigenous Territories", terms not used by Australians. The press releases also mentioned the Great Serpent in Ohio, which is not well known outside the US. It was also conjectured that these features of the press releases may have been red herrings, inserted to provide an illusion of American authorship.

Preservative bottle
On 16 July 1998, it was reported that a small glass jar had been found in a trough freshly dug at the site containing a satellite photo of the Marree Man together with a note bearing a U.S. flag and references to the Branch Davidians and "Stuart's Giant".

Plaque
In January 1999, a fax sent to officials described a dedication plaque buried 5 m south of the nose of the figure. The plaque bore an American flag, 3 cm long by 2 cm wide, with an imprint of the Olympic rings and bore the words,

"In honour of the land they once knew. His attainments in these pursuits are extraordinary; a constant source of wonderment and admiration."

which come from Hedley H. Finlayson's 1946 book The Red Centre, in a section describing the hunting of wallabies with throwing sticks and with photographs of hunters without loincloths and other details seen in the "Marree Man". The book deals with hunters of the Pitjantjatjara tribe.

Suggested creator
Bardius Goldberg, a Northern Territory artist who died in 2002 and lived at Alice Springs, has been suggested as the creator of the work. Goldberg, who was known to be interested in creating a work visible from space, refused when questioned to either confirm or deny that he had created the image.

Others have suggested that members of either the Australian Army or American soldiers stationed in Woomera are responsible.

Reactions
Much of the public and media reaction to the discovery of the figure was positive. The Advertiser, the state's only daily newspaper, called for the figure to be made permanent by excavating the outline down to the white chalk layer.

At the time of discovery, the area was part of a Federal Court lawsuit through the National Native Title Tribunal to determine the traditional owners. The area was claimed by both the Arabunna people and the Dieri Mitha who had been in dispute for several years. The Dieri Mitha publicly complained of harm and exploitation of the Dreamtime, calling for the image to be erased and for the artist to be prosecuted. As native title claimants, the Dieri Mitha took legal action to stop charter flights and vehicles visiting the site, prompting the state government to close the area to the public shortly after discovery. The Arabunna replied, through a solicitor, that the area covered points of archaeological interest and that the artist could be prosecuted. In May 2012, the Federal Court handed native title to the Arabunna people.

The artwork was called environmental vandalism by the former Environment Minister, Dorothy Kotz, and graffiti by the South Australian chief of Aboriginal affairs, David Ruthman.

In June 2018, adventurer Dick Smith revealed that he had had a team working on investigating the origins of Marree Man for two years to no avail and was offering a A$5,000 reward for information leading to identifying its creators. The South Australian state government subsequently formally stated that they would not pursue any legal proceedings against the creators if identified.

title: Marree Man


text:
Talk:List of X-1 flights

Untitled
Under Chuck Yeagers aircraft it says "46-0062 (33), 46-0062 (1)", is that really supposed to be 2 different models or should they be combined into one (34)?
 * The listing says under XS-1 pilots for Chuck Yeager, "46-062 (33), 46-063 (1)", meaning he flew the 46-062 33 times and the 46-063 one time.Reubenbarton 07:23, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of X-1 flights