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Henry A. Hitner's Sons Company

Henry A. Hitner's Sons Company owned an iron works in Philadelphia.

The company was established by Henry Adam Hitner and incorporated on 28 December 1906. It purchased many retired United States Navy ships in the early 1900s, converting some of them to merchant ships and scrapping others.

Joseph G. Hitner became a member of the company in 1904 and by April 1919 was president of the company.

In February 1925 a creditors' committee which had controlled the company for the preceding 18 months was dissolved and the stockholders resumed control with Joseph G. Hitner remaining as president.

The company was later renamed the Hitner Industrial Dismantling Company.

Partial list of ships scrapped

 * USS Santee (1855)
 * USS Holland (SS-1)
 * USS Smith (DD-17)
 * Yacht Columbia
 * USS Wisconsin (BB-9)
 * USS Nevada (BM-8)
 * USS Raleigh (C-8)
 * USS SC-1
 * USS SC-26
 * USS Miantonomoh (BM-5)
 * All three World War I era Truxtun-class destroyers
 * Eleven of the thirteen World War I era Bainbridge-class destroyers

title: Henry A. Hitner's Sons Company


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User talk:Kevin.harkess

Welcome to Wikipedia.

I hope you like it here and stay. I'm afraid your first contribution Roland DeWitte has already been proposed for deletion. Please don't take this personally, it happens to many of us with some of our first efforts, it did to me too.

When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp. We normally do this on discussion pages as a courtesy, but not in articles.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
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Please feel free to drop me a question on my talk page if there's anything you think I can help with. Andrewa 03:28, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kevin.harkess


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Talk:Student financial aid in the United States

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2019 and 18 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ageou.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alexa GH, Lesliesantos24.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Need-based aid
Following the first paragraph, I added a paragraph discussing a recent trend whereby higher education institution need-based aid is increasingly merit "sensitive." I included a reference to a study to that effect.Kmcurran2012 (talk) 00:31, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

Article Split
Financial aid is a large topic, and each country has its own approach. As someone who has dealt with the financial aid system for several years, and published on scholarships and financial aid, it may be beneficial to split this article into from the main general article to one giving an overview, and another detailing financial aid in the US. While many might seek to reduce pages, the US Financial Aid system is unique, notable, and something ever college student deals with, with many coming here to the wiki for facts. I would like your opinions in Support/Object format pleaseIlliniGradResearch (talk) 15:02, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It is appropriate to split out sections into new articles when the sections grow too large, per WP:Summary style. As yet the sections in this article haven't grown too large. The article deals with US law, and the section marked for splitting out is one that deals with US law. It may be more appropriate to either restructure the article so the US section is integrated into the rest of the article, or to rewrite it with a more global approach. I suspect that it would be more appropriate to rename this article Student financial aid in the United States and to integrate the In the United States section into the rest of the article.  SilkTork  *YES! 22:42, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Rework of Page
I have reviewed this page and found it to be lacking alot of detail, proper citation and is poorly organized. I would submit a rework is in order and would like to bring up the discussion to those interested over the next couple of weeks. Any thoughtsIlliniGradResearch (talk) 00:49, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Federal Work-Study Program
There's no page on it, and "work-study" redirects to the "Cooperative education" page. The FWSP needs its own page because it is an important program whose inclusion on this page or the "Cooperative education" page would make this page too big and broad, as other programs would also have to be included. Also, this page is about student financial aid in general, not about every single financial aid program. Wikipedia has a page entitled "History" but there are also pages on Caesar, Napoleon, and Teddy Roosevelt.SteveSims 20:50, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Statistic needs citation
I have removed the following sentence from the article:

"Approximately 55% of college students in the US receive some sort of financial aid."

It can be readded if an appropriate citation is given. —Lowellian (talk)  03:29, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Would anyone care to write about the history of Financial Aid? --164.107.254.24 20:44, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Q:Financial aid in other countries
I'm an American student, and I'm currently looking at graduate schools, some of which are in other countries. I've heard a lot of things about American students vs. foreign students in terms of American colleges. Is it more difficult to get financial aid for colleges in another country? Does this diffe between undergraduate and graduate schools? Thanks. -- Creidieki 19:12, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Financial aid affecting tuition
An article about Richard Vedder's findings, about how financial aid raises tuition, should be added.

Does financial aid increase tuition? I would certainly like to learn more about this. Go ahead, if you may. Enlighten us (the 'newbies').

(unsigned)

 * According to many sources, budget cuts at the state level are to blame for the rising cost of public universities in the United States. The rising tuition levels should be attributed to the most obvious culprit, not to the pet theory of some economist who obviously has an ulterior motive.

 * Richard Vedder has also been involved in "junk science" for the tobacco industry . He's a fraud, and he knows it. Please tell him for me, next time you see him. If any mention of him is added to this or other financial-aid-related articles, it should be loaded down with qualifications, so that it is absolutely clear that his findings are opinions and not facts.

 * Next time, sign your message with four tildes (~), like this: 216.23.105.2 08:03, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

United States: "Need-based" aid overestimates the ability of working people to pay.
I have some direct experience, but only a few references regarding this subject. In abstract, the formula that the United States uses to determine financial need is set up so that working-class people are determined to "need" much less than they actually need for college. I found a teaser page for an article on a pricey subscription site, and a few passing comments on the issue.

Is there any better documentation than what I can find out there regarding this problem? I found this article, "Working-Class Students Feel the Pinch (Longstanding aid formula can make it seem that have-nots have more money for college than they really do)", which requires a $45 subscription to read, which makes it useless as a reference because nobody is going to be able to actually read it. An excerpt from that article is available for free here, but that site is a blog, so the excerpt will eventually be pushed off the page by newer content. The excerpt mentions the percentages of people coming from families of different income levels who receive bachelor's degrees.

There is also a passing reference to the problem here, but that source is obviously non-neutral (WSWS = World Socialist Web Site), and the main topic of the article is a minor change in the formula that lowered working-class financial aid eligibility by a hundred dollars or so a few years ago.

I found other articles that made passing comments about financial aid being insufficient or hard to come by for working people, but they did not seem to be worth referencing.

Perhaps somebody with access to a library can find better information on paper. I can do no better than this, but it would be worth adding a section on this to the article.

216.23.105.4 08:40, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

There is a lengthy government study regarding the "unmet need" of "low-income families" here ("unmet need" is defined in such a way that the paper does not address the EFC formula, but only the lack of grants) From the paper:

"...these levels of work and borrowing combine with high levels of unmet need, which translates into a total work load and loan burden of well over $8,000 a year, or nearly one-third of the family's income." (Page 9 on paper, Page 24 in the PDF file)

"A generation ago, many students were able to achieve access to higher education by working their way through college. Unfortunately, it is simply not possible today to work enough to cover college expenses without taking a heavy toll on student academic performance. In addition, excessive student work can actually reduce eligibility for grant aid and increase unmet need in subsequent years, forcing students to drop out before graduating from college." (Page 11 on paper, Page 26 in the PDF file)

216.23.105.1 09:14, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

AfD of related subject
Can y'all have a look at College Scholarship Penalty and see if any of it can be sourced or merged? Thanks. ChildofMidnight (talk) 03:31, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Possible new information?
I saw this article and wonder if by chance it has some additional information: http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/columnist/block/story/2011-10-31/student-loans/51019696/1 Ottawahitech (talk) 17:05, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Article remains written from the personal perspective(s) of the author(s).
The second paragraph is an unsourced reflection of the United States and does not seem encyclopedic at all.

in some regards a united nations of 50 often-squabbling countries (states), has the most complicated income tax in the world, and the most complicated health care system in the world, it also has by far the most complex financing of higher education in the world 24.56.2.173 (talk) 03:31, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Student financial aid in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100613080127/http://airweb.org/page.asp?page=2110 to http://www.airweb.org/page.asp?page=2110

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:41, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

Link to subsection in another article
There is no info regarding to broader issues with financial aide. I wanted to create a link, what is the best way to do it? I added a section so it is easier to find for a person that is looking for that info. In the section I made a link to "Higher education in the United States" but what needs to really happen is to link to "Issues related to financial aid" subsection in that article. If we agree that this is a right thing to do, then what would be the best way to do it? Thank you Rybkovich (talk) 21:20, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Possible Edit in view of This guideline: article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
Hello!

I came up with the following for possible inclusion or replacement: Student financial aid In the United States, the term financial aid refers to subsidy given to students attending post-secondary educational institutions in the country. The funding is intended to help cover costs like tuition and fees, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation. Interested students can obtain financial aid from the federal government, state governments, educational institutions, and foundations. These come in the form of grants, student loans, scholarships, and work-study. To apply for federal assistance, one has to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid or FAFSA. https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/fafsa Federal Work-Study jobs assist students in earning money to “pay for college education or career school.” It provides part-time employment for undergraduate and undergraduate students with financial needs. This program also encourages community service work as well as work related to the student’s course. https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/work-study The United States Department of Education also provides aid for serving in the armed forces or being the child or spouse of a veteran, tax benefits (education), Education Award for community service with AmeriCorps, Educational and Training Vouchers for current and former foster care youth, and scholarships and loan repayments through the Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nationalservice.gov/programs/americorps https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/outofhome/independent/support/vouchers/ The education department has awarded over $120 billion annually in grants, work-study funds, and low-interest loans to over 13 million students. https://www.usa.gov/financial-aid An article from CNBC.com mentioned philanthropist Bill Gates criticized the complicated and often confusing financial aid system of the United States which fail students needing aid and thereby preventing them from attending college. For instance, the FAFSA contains more than 180 questions and more than times longer than the ordinary federal income tax form. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/bill-gates-the-american-financial-aid-system-is-failing-students.html The senior analyst of the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators, Karen McCarthy explained the FAFSA prevents students from “fully participating in the economy.” According to Gates, policy makers must remove unnecessary questions and use data given to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Federal aid is important for millions of American students who find it hard to earn college degrees. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/10/12/college-officials-concerned-about-high-number-low-income-students-selected-federal https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/02/3-ways-to-get-more-money-from-filing-your-fafsa.html

Thank you

LOBOSKYJOJO (talk) 02:01, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 10 - Both Classes
— Assignment last updated by ProfHobbit (talk) 17:46, 19 March 2024 (UTC)


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Mỹ Sơn

Mỹ Sơn is a cluster of abandoned and partially ruined Shaiva Hindu temples in central Vietnam, constructed between the 4th and the 14th century by the Kings of Champa, an Indianized kingdom of the Cham people. The temples are dedicated to the veneration of God in accordance with Shaivism, wherein God is named Shiva, or The Auspicious One. In this particular complex, he is venerated under various local names, the most important of which is Bhadreshvara.

Mỹ Sơn is located near the village of Duy Phú, in the administrative district of Duy Xuyên in Quảng Nam Province in Central Vietnam, 69 km southwest of Da Nang, and approximately 10 km from the historic Champa capital of Trà Kiệu. The temples are in a valley roughly two kilometres wide that is surrounded by two mountain ranges.

From the 4th to the 14th century AD, the valley at Mỹ Sơn was a site of religious ceremony for kings of the ruling dynasties of Champa, as well as a burial place for Cham royalty and national heroes. It was closely associated with the nearby Cham cities of Indrapura (Đồng Dương) and Simhapura (Trà Kiệu). At one time, the site encompassed over 70 temples as well as numerous stele bearing historically important inscriptions in Sanskrit and Cham.

Mỹ Sơn is perhaps the longest inhabited archaeological site in Mainland Southeast Asia, but a large majority of its architecture was destroyed by US bombing during a single week of the Vietnam War.

The Mỹ Sơn temple complex is regarded one of the foremost Shaiva Hindu temple complexes in Southeast Asia and is the foremost heritage site of this nature in Vietnam. It is often compared with other historical temple complexes in Southeast Asia, such as Borobudur of Java in Indonesia, Angkor Wat of Cambodia, Wat Phou of Laos, Bagan of Myanmar and Prasat Hin Phimai of Thailand. As of 1999, Mỹ Sơn has been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. At its 23rd meeting, UNESCO accorded Mỹ Sơn this recognition pursuant to its criterion C (II), as an example of evolution and change in culture, and pursuant to its criterion C (III), as evidence of an Asian civilization which is now extinct.

History
The over 70 temples and tombs extant at Mỹ Sơn have been dated to the period between the 4th century and the 14th century AD. However, the inscriptions and other evidence indicate that earlier now defunct constructions probably were present from the 4th century. The complex may have been the religious and cultural centre of historical Champa, while the government was based in nearby Simhapura or Đồng Dương.

Bhadravarman and Bhadreśvara
The earliest historical events documented by the evidence recovered at Mỹ Sơn relate to the era of King Bhadravarman I (literally "Blessed armour" but also meaning the Jasminum sambac flower; ), who ruled from 380 until 413, and who spent the latter part of his reign waging war against the population of Chinese-occupied northern Vietnam. At Mỹ Sơn, Bhadravarman built a hall containing a lingam to worship Shiva under the Sanskrit name Bhadreśvara "Blessed Lord", a composite created from the king's own name and the word īśvara "lord" commonly used to refer to Shiva.

King Bhadravarman caused a stele to be erected at Mỹ Sơn the inscription on which recorded his foundation. The stele indicates that the king dedicated the entire valley of Mỹ Sơn to Bhadreśvara. The text ends with a plea from Bhadravarman to his successors: "Out of compassion for me do not destroy what I have given." Drawing upon the doctrines of saṃsāra and karma, he added, "If you destroy [my foundation], all your good deeds in your different births shall be mine, and all the bad deeds done by me shall be yours. If, on the contrary, you properly maintain the endowment, the merit shall belong to you alone." Bhadravarman's successors heard his plea, it seems, for Mỹ Sơn became the religious hub of Champa for many generations.

Sambhuvarman
The original temples of Bhadravarman were mainly composed of wooden materials such timber logs. Unfortunately, the temple complex was comsumed by a great fire occurred in 535/536 AD, during the reign of Rudravarman I (r. 527–572). In the 7th century, King Sambhuvarman (Phạm Phạn Chi in Vietnamese, Fan Che as transcribed from the Chinese), who reigned from 572 until 629 and son of Rudravarman, rebuilt the temple, reinstalled the god under the name Sambhu-Bhadresvara, and erected a stele to document the event. The stele affirmed that Sambhu-Bhadresvara was the creator of the world and the destroyer of sin, and expressed the wish that he "cause happiness in the kingdom of Champa." The stele also applauded the king himself, claiming that he was "like a terrestrial sun illuminating the night" and that his glory rose "like the moon on an autumn evening."

Ironically, perhaps, Sambhuvarman's reign was marred by one of the most devastating invasions ever suffered by the country of Champa. In 605 AD, the Chinese general Liu Fang led an army southwards from the area of what is now northern Vietnam, defeated the elephant-riders of Sambhuvarman, and sacked the Cham capital, making off with an enormous booty that included over one thousand Buddhist books as well as the gold tablets commemorating the reigns of the previous eighteen kings. Heading back north with their heist, the Chinese invaders were struck by an epidemic that felled a large number of them, including Liu Fang. Sambhuvarman, for his part, returned home to his kingdom, began the process of rebuilding, and made sure to send regular shipments of tribute to the Chinese court, in order through appeasement to prevent a recurrence of the recent disaster.

French scholars investigating Mỹ Sơn at the beginning of the 20th century identified a then still existent edifice distinguished for "its majestic proportions, the antiquity of its style, and the richness of its decoration" as the temple of Sambhu-Bhadresvara constructed by King Sambhuvarman. The edifice, which is known to scholars as "A1", was practically destroyed by US aerial bombing in the Vietnam War and is now little more than a formless pile of bricks.

Prakasadharma
King Prakasadharma (Po Kia Pho Pa Mo, as transcribed from the Chinese) ruled Champa from 653 AD to approximately 687. Upon ascending to the throne, he also assumed the name Vikrantavarman. During his reign, he expanded the borders of Champa toward the South and sent ambassadors and tribute (including tame elephants) to China. Inscriptions link him not only to Mỹ Sơn, but also to the nearby urban settlements of Trà Kiệu and Đồng Dương. He began the religious practice of donating "kosas" or decorated metallic sleeves to be placed over a lingam. Unusually for a king of Champa, he was devoted not only to Shiva, but also to Vishnu.

One of the most important steles to be found at Mỹ Sơn is that erected by Prakasadharma in 657 AD. The purpose of the stele was to commemorate the king's establishment of a god identified as the ruler of the world, i.e. Shiva, with a view to overcoming the seeds of karma that lead to rebirth. The stele is important because it sets forth the king's ancestry and is of great help in reconstructing the sequence of Champa's rulers. Among his ancestors, notably, the king claimed a Cambodian king named Isanavarman I. And like the Cambodian kings, he traced his ancestry to the legendary Kamma Kshtriya King from Kakatiya kingdom and the nāga-princess Soma.

Later developments
Subsequent kings renovated the older temples and constructed additional ones. For many centuries, the building of temples and shrines of varying sizes continued, and Mỹ Sơn served as the religious and cultural center of the Cham civilization in central Vietnam, as well as the burial place of kings and religious leaders.

Most of the extant temples at Mỹ Sơn, such as the Isanabhadresvara, were built in the late 10th century and 11th century AD by king Harivarman II (r. 989–997) and later king Harivarman IV (r. 1074–1080). The inscriptions from this period have not survived, except in fragmentary form. At the beginning of the 10th century, the Cham center of power was at Đồng Dương, not far from Mỹ Sơn. By the end of the century, it had been displaced southward to Bình Định Province on account of military setbacks in wars with the Viet. However, Cham kings continued periodically to renovate the temples at Mỹ Sơn and even to build new foundations. The latest significant Cham record at Mỹ Sơn is a pillar inscription of King Jaya Indravarman V dated 1243 AD. By the early 15th century, the Cham had lost their northernmost lands, including the area of Mỹ Sơn, to the Viet.

Modern scholarship
Following the conquest of central Vietnam by Vietnamese emperor Le Thanh Tong which reduced the status of Champa kingdoms to autonomous subordinate regions and the decline and eventual fall of Champa, the Mỹ Sơn complex fell into disuse and was largely forgotten. Vietnamese people settled and built villages, towns, cities on conquered Cham lands. It was rediscovered in 1898 by the Frenchman Camille Michel Paris. A year later, members of the scholarly society called École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO) began to study the inscriptions, architecture, and art of Mỹ Sơn. In 1904, they published their initial findings in the journal of the society called Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient (BEFEO). Henri Parmentier gave a description of the ruins at Mỹ Sơn, and M. L. Finot published the inscriptions that had been found there.

Restoration
In 1937, French scholars began to restore the temples at Mỹ Sơn. In 1937 and 1938, the main temple known as "A1" and the smaller temples surrounding it were restored. Other major temples were restored between 1939 and 1943. However, many historical buildings were destroyed during the Vietnam War. The temples were part of a People's Army of Vietnam and Viet Cong base area and consequently United States aircraft bombed the region in August 1969. The surrounding area is still rendered dangerous through the presence of unexploded land mines.

The majority of the temple sites in the centre of the complex have survived to this day. However, worries persist regarding the structural soundness of the remaining temples, some of which are vulnerable to collapse. Although many statues have been removed to France or to historical museums in Vietnam, such as the Museum of Cham Sculpture in Da Nang, others can be viewed in an in-situ museum that has been set up with the funding of benefactors from Germany and Poland. In 1981, the restoration works were carried out by a team of Polish conservators from Lublin, headed by Kazimierz Kwiatkowski Kazik.

From 2002 to 2004, the Ministry of Culture of Vietnam allotted around US$440,000 to maintain the site. A draft plan of UNESCO was funded by the Government of Italy and sponsors from Japan to prevent further degradation. These efforts are also funded by the World Monuments Fund.

India has supported conservation and restoration of the UNESCO world heritage site of ‘My Son’ in Quang Nam Province of Central Vietnam, which represents historical links between the two countries. Towards the conservation of Cham monuments at My Son, a request was received from Vietnam and as a follow up to this, the ASI Technical Team prepared a Preliminary Observation Report as mandated by the Ministry of External Affairs. Subsequently a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Government of India and Government of Vietnam on 28th October 2014. Thereafter, a Technical Team of the ASI conducted survey and prepared detailed estimates and documentation work. India has extended assistance through the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in conservation of three blocks of Cham temples in Central Vietnam’s UNESCO World Heritage Site at My Son in Quang Nam Province, which have been restored by ASI during 2017-22 at an outlay of US$ 2.25 million. The completion of conservation and restoration of A, H and K group of temples by ASI was marked on 20 December 2022 at the My Son complex site in Quang Nam province.

Types of buildings
All of the remaining buildings at Mỹ Sơn are believed to be religious buildings. They are of the following types:
 * A kalan is a brick sanctuary, typically in the form of a tower, used to house a deity.
 * A mandapa is an entry hallway contiguous with a sanctuary.
 * A kosagrha or "fire-house" is a construction, typically with a saddle-shaped roof, used to house the valuables belonging to the deity or to cook for the deity.
 * A gopura is a gate-tower leading into a walled temple complex.

System for the identification of buildings
When he began his studies of Mỹ Sơn in 1899, Henri Parmentier found the remnants of 71 temples. He classified them into 14 groups, including 10 principal groups each consisting of multiple temples. For purposes of identification, he assigned a letter to each of these principal groups: A, A', B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K. Within each group, he assigned numbers to the edifices comprising it. Thus "My Son E1" refers to the edifice at My Son belonging to group "E" that has been assigned the number "1."

Architectural styles
Art historians have classified the architectural and artistic legacy of Champa into seven artistic styles or phases of development. Six of the styles are represented at Mỹ Sơn, and two are believed to have originated from there. They are known as the Mỹ Sơn E1 Style and the Mỹ Sơn A1 Style. In particular the temple known as "A1" is often referred to as the architectural masterpiece of the Cham. The six styles of Cham architecture represented at Mỹ Sơn are the following:
 * The style of Mỹ Sơn E1 and F1 dates to the 8th century AD. The temple known as "E1" is now ruined. The style which it established is represented today by two works of art that formerly belonged to the temple but today are housed in the Museum of Cham Sculpture in Da Nang: a pedestal and a tympanum.
 * The style exemplified by My Son A2, C7 and F3 is similar to the style of Hòa Lai from the turn of the 9th century.
 * The Đồng Dương style of the late 9th century is reflected in Mỹ Sơn A10, A11-13, B4, and B12. This style is named after the Vietnamese town that occupies the site of the 9th century city and Buddhist monastery of Indrapura. The archeological site of the monastery has been largely destroyed; French scholars of the early 20th century were able to create diagrams of its layout and the disposition of its buildings. Numerous striking works of sculpture belonging to this style survive in Vietnamese museums.
 * The Mỹ Sơn A1 style of the 10th century is exemplified by Mỹ Sơn B5, B6, B7, B9, C1, C2, C5, D1, D2, and D4. It is the most heavily represented style at My Son, and is known for its elegance and grace. The style's namesake and most important architectural exemplar, the once magnificent tower known as "A1," is largely ruined. It is a mound of earth, surrounded by rubble and the outline of a wall, at the center of which stands a whitish pedestal. A scale model of the former temple created by Japanese researchers as well as a schematic frontal view are exhibited in the Museum of Cham Sculpture in Da Nang. The most striking of the remaining buildings belonging to the style may be the storehouse B5, which exemplifies the saddle-shaped roof peculiar to Cham artchitecture. The My Son A1 style is sometimes also known as the Tra Kieu Style, after the nearby town of Trà Kiệu which may be the site of the historical Cham city of Simhapura. Many architectural ornaments from this style survive and are displayed in the Museum of Cham Sculpture.
 * A transitional style of the early 11th century to the middle of the 12th century is exhibited in Mỹ Sơn E4, F2, and the K group of sites.
 * The style of Bình Định that prevailed in Cham architecture from the end of the 11th century, when the center of the Cham polity was displaced southward from the area around My Son to Vijaya in Bình Định Province, to the start of the 14th is represented by Mỹ Sơn B1 and groups G and H.

Building techniques
Most of the temples at Mỹ Sơn were made of red brick, and only one (the temple labelled "B1") was made of stone. Even the decorative carvings on the Cham temples were cut directly onto the bricks themselves, rather than onto sandstone slabs inserted into brick walls as is observable for example in the 9th century Cambodian temple of Bakong.

To this day, the construction techniques used by the Cham builders are not completely understood. Issues that have not been completely resolved include issues about the firing of the bricks, the mortar between the bricks, and decorative carvings found on the bricks.
 * At what point in the building process were the bricks hardened by fire? Were the bricks hardened first, and then arranged in order to build the structures, or were the structures built out of partially hardened bricks, after which the entire structures were heated by fire to finish the hardening of the bricks? The hypothesis that the entire structures were reheated following assembly is supported by evidence that the mortar between the bricks was at some point subjected to high temperatures. The contrary hypothesis is supported by the observation that the structures bear no signs of scarring from large intense fires such as would be needed in order to reheat them as whole.
 * How were the bricks stuck together? One hypothesis is that the builders at Mỹ Sơn developed a way to glue bricks together using tree resin native to central Vietnam. Another hypothesis is that the builders used a sticky mortar made from the same clay as the bricks themselves. The latter hypothesis is supported by chemical tests that have found no trace of any organic substance between the bricks, but instead have found mineral substances similar to those present in the core of the bricks. Today the mortar that once held the bricks together has largely decayed, and even a strong wind can knock loose bricks from the structures.
 * At what point in the process were the decorative carvings made? Were the walls constructed and then carved, or were the bricks carved first and then assembled so as to create the walls? An examination of the carvings reveals no broken lines as would be expected if the bricks were carved first and then assembled; and as a result scholars have concluded that the Cham craftsmen made their carvings directly onto finished brick walls.

Inscriptions
The people of Champa maintained written records in both Sanskrit and old Cham. They wrote on perishable materials, such as large leaves, and also created inscriptions in stone. They used scripts borrowed from India. None of the writings on perishable materials have survived. However, numerous stone inscriptions have been preserved, transcribed, and translated into modern languages.

Many of Champa's most important inscriptions are on steles, that is to say on slabs or pillars of stone erected precisely for the purpose of hosting inscriptions. Scholars have found approximately 32 steles at Mỹ Sơn, dated between the 5th and the 12th century AD.

The subject-matter of Cham inscriptions is mostly political and religious. They are written from the perspective of kings or very high potentates seeking to affirm their legitimacy and their relationship to the divine. Many of the inscriptions document a gift to a god, such as a gift of land, of people, or of treasure, or a foundation dedicated to a god, such as the foundation of a temple, an altar, or a pedestal. The inscriptions also provide us with important information such as the name of the country (typically Campadesa in the Sanskrit inscriptions, nagara Campa in the Cham inscriptions), and the names of some of its most important cities: Simhapura ("Lion City"), Virapura ("Knight City"), Rajapura ("King City"), Vijaya ("Victory"). Finally, a number of the inscriptions allude to or describe interesting historical events, such as the ongoing wars between Champa and Cambodia in the 12th century.

title: Mỹ Sơn


text:
Talk:Hydrogen-4

 * 1) Hydrogen
 * 2) Deuterium
 * 3) Tritium
 * 4) How can this isotope be named in a way that parallels the others?? My guess is "quartium". Is this right?? (Please don't read too much into this question; I'm asking how it can be named in a way that parallels the others, NOT what name of this kind is in common use.) 66.245.28.46 03:30, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Wrong, it goes: protium, dèutèrium, tritium, tètartium, pèntium, hècsium, èptium. Use the Cupròs dictionary. -lysdexia, 69.108.175.213 12:22, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The above list was too Latinisede; here are the Hellènic stems: protium, deuterium, tritium, tetartium, pebtium/qentium, hectium, hevdòmium, ògdium, enatium, decatium. -lysdexia 11:55, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd expect protium, deuterium, tritium, tetartium, pemptium, hektium, hebdomium, ogdoium, enatium, dekatium, hendekatium, dodekatium...
 * As a Greek speaker I have to agree with this one.

Double sharp (talk) 08:25, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) How can H-4 have that mass? Wouldn't it be 5?(Or ~5.0005 if you include the electron).

Reference inaccessible
The link from "this article" now leads to a Scitation website which not only requires a password, but does not even give the standard bibliographic information: authors, title, journal name, volume, pages, year. This means that it is impossible to check the information in the library of a university which does not subscribe specifically to Scitation.

Could someone please insert this information in the article for interested readers? Dirac66 (talk) 21:59, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

The answer to why:
"1. How can H-4 have that mass? Wouldn't it be 5?(Or ~5.0005 if you include the electron)."

Hydrogen-1 has 1 proton and 0 neutron and an atomic mass near 1. Hydrogen-2 has 1 proton and 1 neutron and an atomic mass near 2. Hydrogen-3 has 1 proton and 2 neutron and an atomic mass near 3.

Why would hydrogen-4 have an atomic mass of 5?

173.183.79.69 (talk) 08:06, 18 January 2010 (UTC)Mr. Anonymous

title: Talk:Hydrogen-4


text:
Lola Lemire Tostevin

Lola Lemire Tostevin (born June 15, 1937 in Timmins, Ontario) is a Canadian poet, novelist and biographer. Although not widely known among the general public, she is one of Canada's leading feminist writers, and a prominent figure in Canadian literary analysis.

Despite being Franco-Ontarian, born of French-speaking parents and with French as her first language, Tostevin writes primarily in English. She has, however, published work in French as well, and has translated several notable Canadian authors, both English and French, for publication in the other language.

Her work often deals with international themes, and is similar in this way to Hédi Bouraoui.

title: Lola Lemire Tostevin


text:
Talk:Hydrogen-5

See Talk:Hydrogen-4. Can the question in that page be extended to this isotope?? 66.245.28.46 03:30, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) This isotope can be named as quantum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2402:8100:3005:EA14:1:1:9F72:D770 (talk) 05:46, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

Pentium?
The article Pentium has a hatnote that points to this article, but there's no mention in it that "Pentium" is a possible name of Hydrogen-5. It makes sense that it is, but I think it ought to be mentioned in the article. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 02:34, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * This has apparently been resolved. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 01:25, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hydrogen-5


text:
Henry Oldenburg

Henry Oldenburg (also Henry Oldenbourg) (c. 1618 as Heinrich Oldenburg – 5 September 1677) was a German theologian, diplomat, and natural philosopher, known as one of the creators of modern scientific peer review. He was one of the foremost intelligencers of 17th-century Europe, with a network of correspondents to rival those of Fabri de Peiresc, Marin Mersenne, and Ismaël Boulliau. At the foundation of the Royal Society in London, he took on the task of foreign correspondence, as the first Secretary.

Early life
Born in Bremen, Germany, he was trained in theology and received his degree from the local Gymnasyum illustre on 2 November 1639. He had an initial very firm grasp of the German, Latin, and Greek languages. His movements during the 1640s are unclear, but he is thought to have worked as a tutor in England for much of the decade. In 1648 he left England and spent some time in Leiden and Utrecht in the Dutch Republic, where he became conversant in the Dutch language. After a short stay back in Bremen in the spring, he arrived back in London in July 1653 as a diplomatic envoy of the city of Bremen's senate to the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell for matters concerning the ongoing First Anglo-Dutch War.

Settling then in England of the Interregnum, he forged a strong relationship with his lifelong patron Robert Boyle, and with John Milton, who wrote of him approvingly that he had "learnt to speak our language more accurately and fluently than any other foreigner I have ever known" (Correspondence, 1.34). Oldenburg eventually became the tutor to Boyle's nephew, the politician Richard Jones, and travelled with him through France from 1657 to 1660. Here Oldenburg also added to his intellectual baggage the French language, the last European language in which he was completely conversant.

Oldenburg married his second wife, Dora Katherina Dury (1654–77), the daughter of Dorothy and John Dury in London on 13 August 1668. Either through Milton, whom he had met earlier in his diplomatic mission, or through Lady Ranelagh, sister to Boyle and the mother of Richard Jones, Oldenburg gained entry to an important intellectual circle, including his fellow German native, Samuel Hartlib, whose extensive web of correspondents Oldenburg was to take over, John Dury who became his father-in-law, and others such as the economist William Petty. Among Oldenburg's correspondents at this time was Baruch Spinoza, whom he was introduced to on a trip to the Netherlands, and to whom he presented a volume of writings on scientific topics by Boyle.

Secretary of the Royal Society
After the Restoration he became an early member (original fellow) of the Royal Society (founded in 1660), and served as its first secretary along with John Wilkins, maintaining an extensive network of scientific contacts through Europe. He also became the founding editor of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Oldenburg began the practice of sending submitted manuscripts to experts who could judge their quality before publication. This was the beginning of both the modern scientific journal and the practice of peer review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society continues today and is the longest running scientific journal in the world.

He was briefly imprisoned in the Tower as a suspected spy in 1667, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Oldenburg's correspondence was linked to support from the politician Sir Joseph Williamson; in part Oldenburg supplied Williamson with intelligence information.

Oldenburg enjoyed good health in his lifetime, but he fell seriously ill on 3 September 1677, and he died two days thereafter at his Pall Mall, London home. He was interred on 7 September at St Mary the Virgin, Bexley. His widow died ten days later.

Denmark

 * Rasmus Bartholin.

Flanders

 * René François Walter de Sluse.

France

 * Adrien Auzout, Henri Justel, Pierre Petit, Ismaël Bullialdus.

Germany

 * Sir William Curtius, Johann Hevelius, Gottfried Leibniz, Philipp Jacob Sachs von Lewenheimb, Johann Daniel Major, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, Martin Vogel.

Italy

 * Paolo Boccone, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Marcello Malpighi., Manfredo Settala

Netherlands

 * Reinier de Graaf, Christiaan Huygens and his father, Constantijn Huygens, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Willem Ten Rhijne, Benedictus/Baruch Spinoza, Peter Serrarius, Jan Swammerdam, Isaac Vossius.

title: Henry Oldenburg


text:
Talk:Frank

Towns
The list of towns called Frank formerly consisted of a (much longer) list of links to counties that these towns allegedly existed in. I went through all of the county articles and removed from the list those towns whose existence the corresponding articles did not corroborate. --Smack 03:36, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Talk to Frank
I've added a link to a potential "Talk to Frank" article. Talk to Frank is a Drugs information website in the UK that advertises on British televisionin a fairly memorable manner. The website itself is fairly noteworthy, too. Yes. Hello, Hahnchen! --Squirminator2k 23:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

First name Frank
Do we really need a list of people with a common first name? Can't sleep, clown will eat me 19:06, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we should keep the people with the last name of Frank, and cut people with the first name, unless there's a source that shows that they're frequently referred to as simply Frank. Mak (talk)  22:33, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Otto Frank
I moved Otto Frank from Military to Literature, because the fact that he served in the army at one point is not his defining characteristic. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.113.38.205 (talk) 16:29, 11 February 2007 (UTC).

My machine has corrupted these characters; this computer is incapable of restoring them, until I would get to a library, et al:

 * [ [cs:Frank]]
 * [ [es:Frank]]
 * [ [fr:Frank]]
 * [ [ko:???]]
 * [ [hu:Frank]]
 * [ [nl:Frank]]
 * [ [ja:????]]
 * [ [pl:Frank]]
 * [ [ru:?????]]
 * [ [simple:Frank]]
 * [ [sk:Frank]]
 * [ [sl:Frank (razlo?itev)]]

 * Barnett Frank, also known as Barney Frank, Massachusetts Democratic congressperson since 1981

franking

[[ hopiakuta | [[ [[ %c2%a1 ]] [[ %c2%bf ]] [[ %7e%7e ]]  %7e%7e  -]] 17:14, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

What? s/2007_S_4 ? Anthe_%28moon%29 ?
< http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=frank&diff=153473186&oldid=153472584 >;

< http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=frank&diff=153472584&oldid=153361747 >;

< http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=talk:frank&action=history >;

< http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=frank&action=history >.

 * s/2007_S_4 ?
 * Anthe_%28moon%29 ?

[[ hopiakuta | [[ [[ %c2%a1 ]] [[ %c2%bf ]] [[ %7e%7e ]]  %7e%7e  -]] 15:25, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Anthe_ ? Frank? Ann Frank, Anne Frank,  Annelies Marie  Frank?

special:search/_anthe__

[[ hopiakuta | [[ [[ %c2%a1 ]] [[ %c2%bf ]] [[ %7e%7e ]]  %7e%7e  -]] 15:44, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Well, "Frank" was the code name given to S/2007 S 4 by the Cassini Imaging Team until the moonlet got its official name, Anthe (the naming was remarkably swift: discovered in late May, announced in July, named in late August). Urhixidur 22:35, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Please, how can we stop??: "??? ???? ????? Frank (razlo?itev)"??
I do wish that my machine would quit doing that.

Thank You,

[[ hopiakuta | [[ [[ %c2%a1 ]] [[ %c2%bf ]] [[ %7e%7e ]]  %7e%7e  -]] 10:50, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Dear Urhixidur, et al,

Thank You; however, that does not answer: Ann Frank versus Anthe Frank. If there is some other etymology, then someone should say so.

Also, someone, please, how would I convince this machine to quit corrupting text that other persons had previously scribed? This thing vandalizes foreign characters.

Thank You,

[[ hopiakuta | [[ [[ %c2%a1 ]] [[ %c2%bf ]] [[ %7e%7e ]]  %7e%7e  -]] 23:05, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Extra dictionary entry
A redundant wiktionary reference is being added to the article (Look up Frank in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.), but the template being used seems to be added by default. Anybody who knows more about templates could fix it? Alternatively, the top wiktionary reference could be deleted too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cnadolski (talk • contribs) 14:59, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've fixed this by adding a paramter to Infobox Given name 2 that allows specifying a different Wiktionary box (or none at all). Grace notes T § 01:33, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, it's looking good!Cnadolski 16:56, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

"Frank" in Medicine
Should http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/frank be added? 140.203.221.77 (talk) 08:05, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

"F R A N K" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect F R A N K. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 August 19 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 05:13, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Confusing dab?
This dab page has been mentioned in a talk page post at Franks. It currently directs readers as follows: In medieval times the term Frank was (and is) used in a spectrum of different ways which sometimes centred upon France, and sometimes extended to a much larger area in Western Europe. It no longer applies to a "Germanic people". This is not just something muslim, but also how historians write in English. Andrew Lancaster (talk) 07:12, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Franks is for "a medieval Germanic people". However, that article, and the concept of a Germanic people more generally, is more focussed upon late antiquity.
 * For "Frank, a term in the Muslim world for all western Europeans, particularly during the Crusades" our readers are directed to Farang which is a strange article about the Persian term for medieval Franks. Why do we even have that article?

title: Talk:Frank


text:
Wicked (Maguire novel)

Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West is an American novel published in 1995, written by Gregory Maguire with illustrations by Douglas Smith. It is the first in The Wicked Years series, and was followed by Son of a Witch (published in September 2005), A Lion Among Men (published in October 2008), and Out of Oz (published in November 2011). In 2003, it was adapted as the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Wicked. The musical is in the process of being adapted into a two-part feature film, with the first film scheduled to be released in November 2024 and the second film in November 2025.

Wicked is a revisionist exploration of the characters and setting of the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, its sequels, and the 1939 film adaptation. It is presented as a biography of the Wicked Witch of the West, here given the name "Elphaba." The book follows Elphaba from her birth as the result of a rape through her radicalization, social ostracism, and finally her death at the hands of Dorothy Gale. Maguire shows the traditionally villainous character in a sympathetic light, using her journey to explore the problem of evil and the "nature versus nurture" debate, as well as themes of terrorism, propaganda, and life purpose.

Background
Maguire began contemplating the nature of evil while living in London in the early 1990s. He noticed that while the problem of evil had been explored from many different perspectives, those perspectives were seldom synthesized together. He wondered whether calling a person evil might be enough to cause a self-fulfilling prophecy. "If everyone was always calling you a bad name, how much of that would you internalize? How much of that would you say, all right, go ahead, I'll be everything that you call me because I have no capacity to change your minds anyway so why bother. By whose standards should I live?"He was also inspired by the 1993 murder of James Bulger, in which both victim and perpetrators were young children."Everyone was asking: how could those boys be so villainous? Were they born evil or were there circumstances that pushed them towards behaving like that? It propelled me back to the question of evil that bedevils anybody raised Catholic."Up to that point strictly a children's author, Maguire had difficulty finding an effective way to write about evil, since in his mind, there were no truly evil characters in children's literature. In what he later described as "the one great revelation of my life," Maguire realized that there were in fact villains in children's books; however, they were usually written as one-dimensional stock characters in order to provoke a quick emotional reaction from young readers. Wondering whom to write about, he envisioned the Wicked Witch of the West, as played by Margaret Hamilton in the MGM film, delivering her iconic line, "I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog too!" Maguire had a lifelong fascination with The Wizard of Oz, both Baum's original novel and the film, which he watched every year during its annual broadcast. He decided to tell the Wicked Witch's life story using the same large scale and broad moral messages found in the novels of Charles Dickens.

Plot
In the Land of Oz, a minister's wife, Melena Thropp, gives birth to a daughter, Elphaba. Elphaba has green skin, sharp teeth, a savage demeanor, and a fear of water. The story details Elphaba's difficult childhood before flashing forward to show her at Shiz University with her social climbing roommate Galinda, later Glinda.

While at Shiz, the two girls discover that Oz is rife with political tension. Headmistress and Ozian power broker Madame Morrible suggests that Elphaba and Glinda work for her from behind the scenes to help stabilize the political situation in Oz. Preferring more direct action, Elphaba and Glinda travel to the Emerald City, where they meet the Wizard and plead their case. When the Wizard dismisses their concerns, Elphaba takes matters into her own hands. She goes into hiding and joins an underground terrorist group working out of the Emerald City.

Five years later, Elphaba reconnects with former schoolmate Prince Fiyero, now married with three children, and the two begin an illicit affair. Fiyero is caught in Elphaba's hideout and arrested by the Wizard's secret police force. Blaming herself for his capture, Elphaba takes refuge in a convent. Seven years later, she visits Fiyero's family at their castle, Kiamo Ko, in hopes of gaining their forgiveness. She brings along a boy named Liir, her son by Fiyero. Fiyero's family allow her to stay as their guest, but his widow Sarima refuses to hear her apology. While there, Elphaba begins to study sorcery and gains a reputation as a witch.

Elphaba's father asks for her help with her sister Nessarose, who has also become a witch and has taken Elphaba's hereditary position as ruler of Munchkinland. Tired of being used as a pawn in other people's agendas, Elphaba declines her father's request. Nessarose promises to give Elphaba her enchanted silver shoes after she dies. When Elphaba returns to Kiamo Ko, she discovers the Wizard's troops have taken Fiyero's family prisoner.

Seven years later, a storm visits Munchkinland, dropping a farmhouse on Nessarose and killing her. The farmhouse's passengers are a little girl named Dorothy Gale and her dog, Toto. Elphaba and Glinda reunite for the first time in years shortly after Nessarose's death. Upon learning Glinda sent Dorothy off with Nessarose's shoes, for fear of their power igniting a civil war in Munchkinland, Elphaba is furious, as the shoes were rightfully hers.

Elphaba meets with the Wizard to beg for the release of Fiyero and his family. The Wizard explains that he has killed them all except for Fiyero's daughter Nor, whom he keeps as a slave. He explains that he comes from a different world and is not bound by the laws of Oz. After the unsuccessful meeting, Elphaba learns from the Time Dragon Clock that the Wizard is her biological father, making her the child of two different worlds and thus destined never to fit in anywhere.

When Dorothy and her friends arrive at Kiamo Ko, she tells Elphaba that while the Wizard sent her with orders to "kill the Wicked Witch of the West," Dorothy came to apologize for killing Nessarose. Furious that Dorothy is asking for the forgiveness she herself has been denied, Elphaba waves her burning broom in the air and inadvertently sets her skirt on fire. Dorothy throws a bucket of water on her to save her. Instead, the water melts her away.

Dorothy returns to the Wizard with a green bottle, which he recognizes as the potion he used to drug Melena. The Wizard departs the Emerald City mere hours before a coup would have overthrown and killed him. The book ends with political chaos reigning over Oz.

Major characters

 * Elphaba Thropp: The protagonist of the book, Elphaba is a green-skinned girl who later becomes known as the Wicked Witch of the West. Later in the book, it is revealed that she is the daughter of the Wizard. The Wicked Witch of the West is not given a name in Baum's novels; Maguire derived the name Elphaba from Baum's initials, LFB.
 * Galinda Arduenna Upland (later Glinda): Elphaba's roommate at Shiz University, who eventually becomes the Good Witch of the South. She hates Elphaba at first, but they later become close friends.
 * Nessarose Thropp: Elphaba's younger sister, who eventually becomes known as "the Wicked Witch of the East." Nessarose was born without arms, but is extremely beautiful, causing Elphaba to resent her.
 * Fiyero Tigelaar: The prince of the Arjiki tribe, in the Vinkus. He meets Elphaba at Shiz and later has an affair with her while she is involved in the resistance movement against the Wizard of Oz.
 * The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The book's main antagonist. The Wizard is a human who came to Oz from Earth in a hot air balloon. He was originally seeking the Grimmerie, but discovered he could orchestrate a coup d'état and take power for himself.
 * Madame Morrible: Headmistress of Shiz University's Crage Hall, which Elphaba and Galinda attend, and a behind-the-scenes power broker in Ozian politics.
 * Dr. Dillamond: Elphaba's mentor and favorite professor at Shiz. A Goat who is later assassinated as part of the Wizard's campaign against sentient Animals.
 * Melena Thropp: The mother of Elphaba, Nessarose, and their brother Shell.
 * Frexspar: Melena's husband, a traveling minister.

Nature of evil
According to author Maguire, Wicked is primarily about identifying with someone who is ostracized. The Gazette called Wicked "a cautionary tale...about what happens when we as a society decide to label anyone who differs from the norm as evil."

Prior to writing Wicked, Maguire became interested in examining the nature of evil from the perspective of someone considered evil. He noted that while Baum had deliberately avoided using traditional fairy tale characters in writing the original novel, the Wicked Witch of the West was the sole exception, being depicted as the stereotypical "witch in her castle" figure, with wickedness her single defining character trait. The novel raises the question of whether evil is inborn or acquired. Elphaba is a social outcast despite being of noble birth, which makes her question how much power she truly has over her own life.

Propaganda and terrorism
Writing for The American Experience, Rebecca Onion called Wicked "an extended meditation on power and politics." Maguire has noted the similarities between the words "wicked" and "Hitler," calling it "no accident" that he chose this title for his book. He recalled reading a newspaper headline in 1991 comparing Saddam Hussein to Adolf Hitler and feeling firsthand the emotional power of propaganda. Maguire "set out to examine the language and propaganda used to marshal brute force against individuals or minorities that might have been opposed to the war." In the book, one major plank of the Wizard's agenda involves the subjugation of sentient Animals and Madame Morrible promotes this idea using a type of moralistic poem called a "quell." Elphaba instantly sees the propaganda for what it is.

Tor noted that terrorism, committed both by and against the state, plays a major role in the second half of the book. The Wizard keeps an SS-like secret police, the Gale Force, which uses violence to carry out his totalitarian agenda. Elphaba similarly uses terrorism to combat them, though she shies away from targeting children.

Life purpose
A lifelong Catholic, Maguire remembered the nuns who taught in the Catholic schools of his boyhood home of Albany, New York. He admired their sense of purpose and dedication to their cause, saying that their integrity and inscrutability made them witches in his mind. Elphaba discovers her own purpose as a student at Shiz University, where the murder of her favorite professor, Dr. Dillamond, inspires her to join the cause of Animal rights. As the story progresses, she deepens her commitment to her cause, becoming a political exile for her beliefs.

As revisionist literature
Wicked is on its face a revisionist parallel novel for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Independent compared it to Wide Sargasso Sea and Wild Wood as part of "a fascinating sub-genre of novels that revisit well-known stories as much in the spirit of criticism as homage." While previous authors had accepted the existing moral framework of the Oz stories, Wicked showed affection for the originals while simultaneously questioning everything they stood for. Maguire presents a sympathetic view of a villainous character by detailing her life story and helping the reader understand how "an innocent if rather green and biting child" can become "a still moralistic terrorist." He also transformed the Land of Oz itself, changing what he saw as an insular, parochial world into one where different groups and their political agendas intersect and overlap.

Reception
Wicked received mostly positive reviews. Publishers Weekly called it a "fantastical meditation on good and evil, God and free will" which combined "puckish humor and bracing pessimism." Kirkus Reviews called it "A captivating, funny, and perceptive look at destiny, personal responsibility, and the not-always-clashing beliefs of faith and magic." Library Journal recommended the book to "good readers who like satire, and love exceedingly imaginative and clever fantasy." The Los Angeles Times favorably compared Wicked with other "fantasy novels of ideas" such as Gormenghast and Dune.

The New York Times was a notable outlier, criticizing the novel's strident politics and moral relativism. Reviewer Michiko Katutani argued that Maguire "shows little respect for Baum's original story." Wicked, she felt, "turns a wonderfully spontaneous world of fantasy into a lugubrious allegorical realm, in which everything and everyone is labeled with a topical name tag."

Musical
In 2003, the novel was adapted as the Broadway musical Wicked by composer/lyricist Stephen Schwartz and librettist Winnie Holzman. The musical was produced by Universal Pictures and directed by Joe Mantello, with musical staging by Wayne Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-running productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 4th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 7,400 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda.

Unproduced television program
In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of Wicked. It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. On January 9, 2011, Entertainment Weekly reported that ABC would be teaming up with Salma Hayek and her production company to create a TV miniseries of Wicked based solely on Maguire's novel. The miniseries never entered production.

Film
In September 2010, Filmshaft disclosed that Universal Pictures was beginning work on a film adaptation of the stage musical. In December 2012, following the success of Les Misérables, Marc Platt, also a producer of the stage version, announced the film was going ahead, later confirming the film was aiming for a 2016 release. Universal announced in 2016 that the film would be released in theaters on December 22, 2021, with Stephen Daldry directing. After production was shut down during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic, Daldry left the production due to scheduling conflicts and was replaced by Jon M. Chu. Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande were cast as Elphaba and Galinda, respectively, with rehearsals set to begin in July 2022. Michelle Yeoh was announced for the Madame Morrible role in December 2022.

In April 2022, it was announced that the film will be released in two parts, with the first one set for a release on November 27, 2024 and the second part on November 26, 2025.

Graphic novel
In March 2025, William Morrow Paperbacks will publish the first volume of a graphic novel adaptation of Wicked, with illustrations by Scott Hampton.

title: Wicked (Maguire novel)


text:
File:Wellington-Vogeltown.jpg

View of Vogeltown, Wellington, New Zealand Taken by Brenda Wallace, March 2004

title: File:Wellington-Vogeltown.jpg


text: Category:RMS Titanic

title: Category:RMS Titanic


text: User talk:211.26.100.212

title: User talk:211.26.100.212


text:
File:Kansas - In the Spirit of Things.jpg

Cover for album In the Spirit of Things by Kansas.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text: Category:Villages in Rhode Island

title: Category:Villages in Rhode Island


text:
Bearded saki

The bearded sakis, or cuxiús, are five or six species of New World monkeys, classified in the genus Chiropotes. They live in the eastern and central Amazon in South America, ranging through southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northern and central Brazil. The species are entirely allopatric, their distributions being separated by major rivers.

Bearded sakis differ from the closely related saki monkeys of the genus Pithecia by a pronounced beard, a tuft of hair that extends from its jaw, down its throat to the top of its chest, and is strongly pronounced particularly in the males. The tail is long and hairy, and is used for balance and not grasping. Bearded sakis reach from 32 to 51 cm in size and a weigh from 2 to 4 kg.

Like many New World monkeys, bearded sakis are diurnal and arboreal. They inhabit tropical rainforests, usually in the crowns of tree. They move on all four by the branches, spending most of the day searching for food. At the night they sleep clasped to thicker branches, never spending successive nights in the same tree. Bearded sakis live together in groups of approximately 18 to 30 animals. Within the group they communicate with bird-like twitter and high whistles. Sometimes they mingle with other primates such as capuchin and squirrel monkeys.

Fruits form the main part of the diet of the bearded sakis, but they also eat nuts, buds, leaves, insects and small vertebrates.

Once a year (usually in early autumn or late summer) the female bears a single offspring after a 5-month gestation. After about three months it begins to explore its environment independently and on it is briefly cured. Bearded sakis reach full maturity at 4 years of age. Their life expectancy is approximately 15 years.

Bearded sakis are highly sensitive to hunting and habitat destruction. Consequently, two of the five species recognized by IUCN (they do not recognize C. israelita, but do recognize C. sagulatus) are considered at least vulnerable, with C. satanas being endangered.

Classification
Until recently, only two species were recognized in this genus, but C. israelita was re-validated in 2003 (having long been considered a synonym of Chiropotes), where it – based on differences in colour of pelage, karyotype, and molecular analysis – also was recommended treating C. chiropotes and C. utahickae as species separate from C. satanas. The IUCN note the taxonomic confusion, but lists C. sagulatus as a valid species, with C. israelita as a synonym.

 * Genus Chiropotes
 * Black bearded saki, Chiropotes satanas
 * Red-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes chiropotes
 * Brown-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes israelita
 * Uta Hick's bearded saki, Chiropotes utahicki
 * White-nosed saki, Chiropotes albinasus
 * Reddish-brown bearded saki, Chiropotes sagulatus

title: Bearded saki


text:
In the Spirit of Things

In the Spirit of Things is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Kansas, released in 1988 (see 1988 in music). It is a very loosely organized concept album, telling the story of a flood hitting the real Kansas city of Neosho Falls in 1951. It is the first Kansas album since 1975's Masque to lack a hit single.

History
According to the author Dan Fitzgerald, Rich Williams was inspired to create this album after having read the book Ghost Towns of Kansas, Volume II (1979), specifically the chapter on Neosho Falls.

The album is Kansas's last studio effort for a major label. It didn't receive much promotion, as MCA Records dropped a slew of "older" artists shortly after its release and famously switched its attention to current younger acts such as Tiffany. Kansas got caught in that decision and the album was a commercial failure. The label did produce several promotional materials for the record, including a glossy video for "Stand Beside Me". The song was played regularly on MTV and allowed the single to hit the album rock charts, the last Kansas single to chart in any format. Other songs were released in odd formats, such as a 12" promotional single of "I Counted on Love", an import edited CD single of "House on Fire", and a small-sized CD single of "Stand Beside Me". The album would also be the last Kansas release to appear in vinyl format until the release of The Prelude Implicit in 2016.

A tour in support of this album included a broadcast by the King Biscuit Flower Hour, which many years later released the show as a CD.

Reception
In its retrospective review, AllMusic deemed the album "one of the group's more consistent albums and easily a latter-day highlight." They criticized the album's dated production and the lack of a single to compare to their 1970s hits, but argued it to be one of Kansas's most focused efforts.

Credits

 * Kansas
 * Steve Walsh - keyboards, lead vocals
 * Steve Morse - guitars, vocals
 * Rich Williams - guitars
 * Billy Greer - bass, vocals
 * Phil Ehart - drums, co-producer on tracks 4, 6 and 7

 * Additional personnel
 * Greg Robert - keyboard programming, background vocals
 * Christopher Yavelow - Kurzweil synthesizer sound design
 * Ricky Keller - percussion programming on track 2, keyboards programming on track 4
 * Steve Croes - Synclavier
 * Terry Brock - background vocals on track 4
 * John Pierce - fretless bass on track 7
 * Bob Ezrin - percussion, vocals, background vocals
 * Rev. James Cleveland and the Southern California Community Choir - background vocals on tracks 2, 9 and 10

 * Production
 * Bob Ezrin - producer, engineer, mixing, arrangements with Kansas
 * Greg Ladanyi - co-producer on tracks 4, 6 and 7, engineer, mixing
 * Garth Richardson - engineer, mixing
 * Stan Katayama, Bob Loftus, Brendan O'Brien - engineers
 * Lawrence Fried, Edd Miller - assistant engineers
 * Stephen Marcussen, Doug Sax, Mike Reese - mastering
 * Robert Hrycyna - production and technical supervisor
 * Jack Adams - equipment assistant
 * Storm Thorgerson - art direction
 * Paul Maxon - photography, photography production
 * Tony May, Glenn Wexler, Derek Burnett - photography
 * Jon Crossland - stylist

title: In the Spirit of Things


text:
Wahpeton

Wahpeton may refer to:

Places

 * Wahpeton, Iowa, U.S.
 * Wahpeton, North Dakota, U.S.
 * Wahpeton micropolitan area

Other uses

 * List of ships named Wahpeton

title: Wahpeton


text: Talk:In the Spirit of Things

title: Talk:In the Spirit of Things


text:
Elphaba

Elphaba Thropp is the protagonist in Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West by Gregory Maguire, in its musical theatre adaptation Wicked, and in the musical's upcoming two-part film adaptation. The character is identified with the Wicked Witch of the West from L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

In the Baum novel, the Witch is unnamed and little is explained about her life; Wicked creates a backstory for her and explores the world of The Wizard of Oz from her perspective. Elphaba is modeled after Margaret Hamilton's portrayal in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz: green-skinned, clad entirely in black and wearing a tall peaked hat. Maguire formulated the name "Elphaba" from the pronunciation of Baum's initials—"L.F.B.".

Actresses who have portrayed Elphaba
The role was originated on Broadway and the West End by Idina Menzel, who won the 2004 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. The role is currently slated to be played by Cynthia Erivo in the upcoming two-part film adaptation of the musical.

Actresses billed in the lead role in various productions include:

Broadway

 * Idina Menzel (October 2003 — January 2005)
 * Shoshana Bean (January 2005 — January 2006)
 * Eden Espinosa (January — October 2006)
 * Ana Gasteyer (October 2006 — January 2007)
 * Julia Murney (January — October 2007)
 * Stephanie J. Block (October 2007 — June 2008)
 * Kerry Ellis (June — November 2008)
 * Marcie Dodd (November 2008 — January 2009)
 * Nicole Parker (January — July 2009)
 * Dee Roscioli (July 2009 — March 2010)
 * Mandy Gonzalez (March 2010 — January 2011)
 * Teal Wicks (February — September 2011)
 * Jackie Burns (September 2011 — January 2013; July 2017 — July 2018)
 * Willemijn Verkaik (February — May 2013)
 * Lindsay Mendez (May 2013 — February 2014)
 * Christine Dwyer (February — December 2014)
 * Caroline Bowman (December 2014 — September 2015)
 * Rachel Tucker (September 2015 — July 2016)
 * Jennifer DiNoia (July 2016 — July 2017)
 * Jessica Vosk (July 2018 – May 2019)
 * Hannah Corneau (May 2019 – February 2020)
 * Lindsay Pearce (February – March 2020; September 2021 – May 2022)
 * Talia Suskauer (May 2022 – March 2023)
 * Alyssa Fox (March 2023 – March 2024)
 * Mary Kate Morrissey (March 2024 —

1st U.S. National Tour (Emerald City Tour)

 * Kristy Cates (Temporary: March 2005)
 * Stephanie J. Block (Original) (March 2005 - March 2006)
 * Eden Espinosa (Temporary) (August - September 2005)
 * Julia Murney (March - September 2006)
 * Shoshana Bean (September - December 2006)
 * Victoria Matlock (January - November 2007)
 * Carmen Cusack (November 2007 - November 2008)
 * Donna Vivino (November 2008 - July 2010)
 * Jackie Burns (July 2010 - June 2011)
 * Dee Roscioli (June - October 2011; September 2012 - April 2013; July 2013)
 * Mamie Parris (October 2011 - May 2012)
 * Nicole Parker (May - September 2012)
 * Alison Luff (April 2013 - April 2014)
 * Emma Hunton (April 2014 - February 2015)
 * Jennifer DiNoia (February - March 2015)

2nd U.S. National Tour (Munchkinland Tour)

 * Marcie Dodd (March 2009 - April 2010)
 * Vicki Noon (April 2010 - January 2011)
 * Anne Brummel (January 2011 - April 2012)
 * Christine Dwyer (May 2012 - March 2013)
 * Jennifer DiNoia (April 2013 - March 2014)
 * Laurel Harris (April 2014 - January 2015)
 * Alyssa Fox (October 2014; January - December 2015)
 * Emily Koch (December 2015 - September 2016)
 * Jessica Vosk (September 2016 - September 2017)
 * Mary Kate Morrissey (September 2017 - October 2018)
 * Jackie Burns (October 2018 - February 2019)
 * Mariand Torres (February 2019 - September 2019)
 * Talia Suskauer (September 2019 - March 2020; August 2021 - March 2022)
 * Lissa deGuzman (March 2022 - April 2023)
 * Olivia Valli (May 2023 - May 2024)
 * Lauren Samuels (May 2024- current)

Mexico City
 * Danna Paola
 * Ana Cecilia Anzaldúa

Chicago, Illinois
 * Ana Gasteyer (June 2005 - January 2006)
 * Kristy Cates (January - December 2006)
 * Dee Roscioli (December 2006 - June 2008; August 2008 - January 2009)
 * Lisa Brescia (June - August 2008)

Los Angeles, California
 * Eden Espinosa (February - December 2007; October 2008 - January 2009)
 * Caissie Levy (January - May 2008)
 * Teal Wicks (May - October 2008)

San Francisco, California
 * Teal Wicks (January 2009 - March 2009; June 2009 - February 2010)
 * Vicki Noon (temporary; March 2009 - May 2009)
 * Eden Espinosa (March - June 2010)
 * Marcie Dodd (June - September 2010)

Europe
West End (London) Production
 * Idina Menzel (September - December 2006)
 * Kerry Ellis (January 2007 - June 2008, December 2008 - May 2009, August - October 2014)
 * Alexia Khadime (June - November 2008; May 2009 - March 2010; March 2023 - Current)
 * Rachel Tucker (March 2010 - October 2012; September 2016 - January 2017)
 * Louise Dearman (October 2012 - November 2013)
 * Willemijn Verkaik (November 2013 - July 2014; January - July 2017)
 * Jennifer DiNoia (October 2014 - January 2015)
 * Emma Hatton (February 2015 - September 2016)
 * Alice Fearn (July 2017 - July 2019)
 * Nikki Bentley (July 2019 - January 2020)
 * Laura Pick (January 2020 - February 2022)
 * Lucie Jones (February 2022 – March 2023)

UK & Ireland Tour

 * Nikki Davis-Jones (2013-2014)
 * Ashleigh Gray (2014-2015)
 * Amy Ross (2018-2019)
 * Laura Pick (2023-) performances of the 3rd UK tour to begin at the Edinburgh Playhouse from 7 December 2023

Stuttgart, Germany

 * Willemijn Verkaik

Oberhausen, Germany

 * Willemijn Verkaik (March 2010-August 2010; November 2010-February 2011)
 * (August 2010-November 2010)
 * (March 2011-September 2011)

Scheveningen, The Netherlands

 * Willemijn Verkaik
 * Renée van Wegberg (Alternate)

Gothenburg, Sweden
 * Feline Andersson (2023-) performances began at the Gothenburg Opera in September 2023

Asia Pacific
Tokyo, Japan
 * Hamada Megumi
 * Higuchi Asami
 * Imai Minori
 * Ebata Masae

Melbourne, Australia
 * Amanda Harrison (2008-2009; 2009)
 * Jemma Rix (2009-August 2009; May 2014 - June 2015)

Sydney, Australia
 * Amanda Harrison (September 2009-November 2009)
 * Jemma Rix (November 2009-September 2010 and May 2014 - present)
 * Pippa Grandison (December 2009-May 2010)
 * Patrice Tipoki (May 2010-September 2010)
 * Laura Bunting
 * Sheridan Adams (August 2023 - present)

Osaka, Japan
 * Ebata Masae
 * Kimura Chiaki
 * Higuchi Asami
 * Okamura Minami

Brisbane, Australia
 * Jemma Rix

Auckland, New Zealand
 * Jemma Rix

Fukuoka, Japan South Korea
 * Ebata Masae

The Actors in Korean production shared performances of the role
 * Jemma Rix (December 2011 - October 2012)
 * Jennifer DiNoia (Alternate Elphaba, May 2012 - October 2012)
 * Son Seung-yeon (February 2021 - June 2021)
 * Park Hye-Na (November 2013 - October 2014, May 2016 - August 2016)
 * Cha Ji-Yeon (May 2016 - August 2016)
 * Kim Sun-Young (May 2014 - October 2014)
 * Ock Joo-hyun (November 2013 - May 2014, February 2021 - June 2021)

South America
Brazil
 * Myra Ruiz (March 2016 - December 2016 and March 2023 – July 2023)

title: Elphaba


text:
Talk:Bearded saki

Not sure what sentence means
Anyone know what is meant by the second portion of the following sentence from the article: "After about three months it begins to explore its environment independently and on it is briefly cured"? Aleta  Sing 01:11, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Nonsensical phrase
The phrase "and on it is briefly cured" doesn't seem to make any sense. I'm guessing it's trying to say something about the animal being weaned, but it isn't clear. Citizen127 (talk) 06:19, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bearded saki


text:
Lincoln Memorial University

Lincoln Memorial University (LMU) is a private university in Harrogate, Tennessee. LMU's 1000 acre campus borders on Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. , it had 1,605 undergraduate and 4,200 graduate and professional students.

LMU is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). In March 2019, the LMU Duncan School of Law received full accreditation by the American Bar Association.

The university's Abraham Lincoln Library and Museum displays and interprets a large collection of memorabilia relating to the school's namesake, Abraham Lincoln, and the Civil War. The collection was initially formed from donations by the school's early benefactor, General Oliver O. Howard, and his friends.

History
In the 1880s, an entrepreneur named Alexander Arthur (1846–1912) and several associates established a firm called American Association, Ltd., the primary purpose of which was to develop the iron ore and coal resources of the Cumberland Gap area. Arthur founded Middlesboro, Kentucky for the company's employees and furnaces, and constructed a railroad line connecting Middlesboro with Knoxville, Tennessee. Arthur believed Middlesboro would grow into a large industrial city, the so-called "Pittsburgh of the South." In 1888, he founded the city of Harrogate, which he envisioned would someday be a suburb for Middlesboro's elite.

Arthur and American Association spent some two million dollars developing Harrogate, the jewel of which was the Four Seasons Hotel, a 700-room structure believed to have been the largest hotel in the U.S. at the time. The hotel included a lavish dining hall, a casino, and a separate sanitarium. The economic panic of the early 1890s and the subsequent collapse of Arthur's London financial backers doomed American Associates and the Four Seasons was sold and dismantled.

In 1896, General Oliver O. Howard, a former Union officer who had helped establish Howard University (named for him), embarked on a lecture tour. Howard's agent, Cyrus Kehr, suggested Howard establish a university as a living memorial to President Abraham Lincoln. On June 18, 1896, Howard spoke at the Harrow School, an elementary school at Cumberland Gap founded a few years earlier by Reverend A. A. Myers. After the lecture, Myers asked Howard for assistance in establishing a college for the Cumberland Gap region. Howard related to Myers a conversation he had with Lincoln in 1863 in which the president expressed a desire to do something to help the people of East Tennessee, a majority of whom remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War in spite of the greater state's secession, and, remembering Kehr's suggestion, agreed to help Myers establish a university in Lincoln's honor.

With the help of Howard and Kehr, Myers purchased the Four Seasons property, although the sanitarium building was all that remained of the once lavish hotel. Lincoln Memorial University was chartered on February 12, 1897— Lincoln's 88th birthday— with Cyrus Kehr as its first president. Howard joined the university as its managing director in 1898, and under his leadership the university expanded, acquiring among other places Alexander Arthur's house, which the university used as a conservatory. Howard mentioned the university and its purpose in a speech at Carnegie Hall in 1901, which helped raise money and allowed the university to pay off its debts.

In 1902, the sanitarium building burned, and its surviving blocks were used to build Grant-Lee Hall, which has since been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Arthur's house also burned, but its tower, now called "Conservatory Tower", still stands. In April 1917, British folklorist Cecil Sharp spent several days at Lincoln Memorial University, where he collected 22 local versions of "old world" ballads such as "Lord Thomas and Fair Ellinor", "The Daemon Lover", and "Lady Isabel and the Elf Knight."

Literary legacy and the Mountain Heritage Literary Festival
LMU is known for a rich literary history that includes such renowned authors as James Still (River of Earth, The Wolfpen Poems), Jesse Stuart (Taps for Private Tussie, The Thread That Runs So True), Don West (Clods of Southern Earth), and George Scarbrough (Tellico Blue). At one point, Emma Bell Miles, author and painter, served as Artist-in-Residence at the university, a position that went unfilled until it was taken over by bestselling novelist Silas House (Clay's Quilt, The Coal Tattoo) in 2005. House started the Mountain Heritage Literary Festival that same year and the gathering has grown steadily, featuring the region's most celebrated writers (Lee Smith, Earl Hamner, Jr., Ron Rash, Sheila Kay Adams, Denise Giardina, etc.) and becoming one of the premier events of Appalachian literature. Lincoln Memorial University is also home to the Grant Lee Literary Society, which spawned the still surviving Gamma Lambda Sigma Fraternity.

Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine
The LMU College of Veterinary Medicine welcomed its inaugural class in 2014 and achieved American Veterinary Medical Association accreditation in January 2019. Though many classes and research facilities are located on the main LMU campus in the Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine building (completed in 2020), the College of Veterinary Medicine's hands-on educational facilities are located 12 miles from Harrogate in Ewing, Virginia. The DeBusk Veterinary Teaching Center (DVTC) is housed on 700 acres and provides extensive practical experience and educational opportunities with a wide variety of species. The Large Animal Component of the DVTC provides a working farm environment with a large herd of cattle, and provides a hands-on education site where anatomy, clinical, and surgical skills are taught for dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and sheep.

DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine
The initial plans to open Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine (LMU-DCOM) began in 2004. Autry O.V. Pete DeBusk, the Chairman of the LMU Board of Trustees and LMU alumnus, was interested in starting a college of osteopathic medicine at LMU. After conducting a year-long feasibility study, LMU announced it was pursuing the development of a college of osteopathic medicine and named Ray Stowers, D.O., F.A.C.O.F.P., a rural family physician, as vice president and dean. The college was named DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine in honor of its initiator. The four-story, 105000 sqft building was opened to its inaugural class of osteopathic medical students on August 1, 2007.

The DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine offers two degrees, a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, and a Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies. The college is accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (COCA) and the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Duncan School of Law at Lincoln Memorial University
In the spring of 2008, Lincoln Memorial University announced plans to seek approval to offer legal education leading to the Juris Doctor degree. The law school, named in honor of Tennessee Congressman John James Duncan, Jr., is located in downtown Knoxville, Tennessee in the building commonly referred to as "Old City Hall". The entering class of the Fall 2011 full-time program had an average LSAT score of 147 while the part-time program had an average LSAT score of 145. These scores represent 33rd and 26th percentile of all LSAT test takers. The average GPA for the entering class of 2011 is 3.01 for the full-time program and 2.99 for the part-time program.

In February 2009, the law school received approval from the Tennessee Board of Law Examiners, which allows Duncan School of Law graduates to apply to take the Tennessee Bar Examination. LMU's law school has 231 students. In December 2011, the American Bar Association refused the school's application for provisional accreditation. In reaction, the Duncan School sued the ABA, alleging that the ABA was using accreditation to limit the production of new lawyers, thus violating federal antitrust laws. In January 2012, after a judge denied the school's requests for an injunction and temporary restraining order against the ABA, the school filed an appeal with the ABA. As a result of the ABA's denial of provisional accreditation, numerous students withdrew or sought to transfer from Duncan School of Law.

In February 2012, Duncan School of Law was sued by a former student for "negligent enrollment." The case was dismissed in 2013. LMU-DSOL received provisional accreditation in 2014. In total 91% of all LMU-DSOL graduates who have sat for the exam have passed. Since the law school graduated its first class in May 2013, 93 percent of LMU Law graduates who have taken a bar exam have passed it.

LMU-DSOL was granted full accreditation on March 1, 2019.

LMU-DSOL's 2021 first-time bar passage rate was 50.67%. Of the 2020 graduating class, 62.7% secured full-time long-term bar passage required or JD-advantage employment within 10 months of graduation.

Athletics
LMU sports teams, called the "Railsplitters", compete in NCAA Division II in the South Atlantic Conference.

LMU currently competes in 21 sports. Men's sports are: baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, track & field outdoor, volleyball, and wrestling. Women's sports are: basketball, beach volleyball, bowling, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field outdoor, volleyball, and wrestling. Bowling participates as an East Coast Conference affiliate. Beach volleyball and men's volleyball are single-division NCAA sports.

LMU does not have a football program, though it did have one in the past. Other sports formerly offered at LMU include fencing and tumbling.

Athletics have been a part of LMU since 1907, when baseball was first organized on campus.

Facilities include the Turner Arena, Mary Mars Gymnasium, Dorothy Neely Field (Softball), Lamar Hennon Field (Baseball), LMU Soccer Complex, LMU Lacrosse Complex, LMU Tennis Complex, LMU Indoor Tennis Center, and LMU Golf Complex. The bowling teams are based out of Hillcrest Lanes in Harrogate, Tennessee and the golf teams are based out of Woodlake Golf Club in Tazewell, Tennessee.

J. Frank White Academy
Founded in 1989, the J. Frank White Academy (JFWA) is a college preparatory school at Lincoln Memorial University. The academy serves average and above average ability students in grades K through twelve who desire a college preparatory education. Included in tuition, qualifying Academy juniors and seniors can take up to 30 hours of LMU classes for dual credit or just college credit.

Notable alumni

 * Dan Bradbury, professional golfer on the PGA European Tour
 * Autry O.V. Pete DeBusk, founder and owner of DeRoyal Industries
 * John Rice Irwin, historian, founder of the Museum of Appalachia
 * Maurice Natanson, American philosopher
 * Nelson Pizarro, 2007 All American, Major League Soccer player
 * Scot Shields, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Ralph Stanley, bluegrass artist
 * James Still, Appalachian poet, novelist and folklorist
 * Jesse Stuart, author
 * Emanuel Terry, National Basketball Association player
 * Don West, writer, civil-rights activist

title: Lincoln Memorial University


text: Category:Television stations in West Virginia


text:
Orders of magnitude (specific heat capacity)

This is a table of specific heat capacities by magnitude. Unless otherwise noted, these values assume standard ambient temperature and pressure.


text:
Lake Ōmāpere

Lake Ōmāpere is the largest lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It is located to the North of Kaikohe.

The lake sits within the Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field. The lake was formed when an ancient lava flow blocked a valley, forming the northern shoreline. It is five kilometres in length and covers 12.3 km2, however it is only 2.6 metres deep (and as low as 1.5 m during summer). The lake has few inflow streams, mostly in the southern part of the lake. The Utakura River (south-western margin) is the main outflow which goes to the Hokianga Harbour. The lake catchment is predominantly pasture, with a few areas of native scrub and mature bush.

Culture and history
Lake Ōmāpere is of great cultural and environmental value to Māori tangata whenua.

In May 1845 the Battle of Puketutu, an engagement of the Flagstaff War, occurred at the pā of Hōne Heke at Puketutu, on the shores of Lake Ōmāpere.

The lake level was lowered between 1903 and 1929, but by 1947 silting had restored much of its level.

Water quality and ecology
The water quality in the lake is generally poor and the lake is prone to blooms of toxic algae. The lake is monitored by Northland Regional Council, and the environmental information can be viewed on the LAWA website.

The Lake Ōmāpere Restoration and Management Project aims to develop and implement a voluntary lake management strategy that will work towards improving the health of the lake and help assist the Lake Omapere Trustees in their role as kaitiaki.

title: Lake Ōmāpere


text: Category:Government of West Virginia

title: Category:Government of West Virginia


text:
File:Skyline Pictures 012.jpg

This is a photograph that I (Jettaman) took myself of an XMOD vehicle.A friend of mine Parker Simmons introduced me to XMODS. The vehicle design is copyrighted and this picture qualifies as fair use of the material under United States copyright law. Hi Philip, parker

title: File:Skyline Pictures 012.jpg


text: Category:Mass media in West Virginia

title: Category:Mass media in West Virginia