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The Urbz: Sims in the City

The Urbz: Sims in the City is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Nintendo DS. It is the third Sims game for video game consoles and is the second Sims game not to be released on Microsoft Windows, after a planned PC port and sequel were both cancelled due to mediocre sales. The next release for consoles and handhelds was the console port of The Sims 2.

For the console versions of the game, music group The Black Eyed Peas provided several music scores which were translated into Simlish; they also appeared as guest Urbz in the game. The Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS version has its own storyline, which is a sequel to the handheld version of The Sims Bustin' Out (2003).

Plot
The Urbz: Sims in the City takes place in Urbzville. There are nine groups, each with unique styles and Sims. The aim of the game is to build "Rep" with allied Sims to gain popularity and access to VIP and other groups.

Console
In the console version of the game, the protagonist of the story moves from their mother's house to SimCity, where they move into an apartment in the city. In the intro, the protagonist decides to go clubbing. Once the protagonist gets to the club, they are refused entry due to failing at performing a dance move. However, will.i.am of the Black Eyed Peas, along with the other members of the band, arrive at the club and help the protagonist enter. After the intro, a few days later, the protagonist goes home and is greeted by Will and his friend Darius, who is the most popular person in SimCity. After showing off their guitar moves, Darius welcomes the protagonist to the city and they leave. Later on, it is discovered that Darius is missing parts from his secret machine. He promises the protagonist that if they find the parts, he will have a special surprise for them. After defeating the villains in the game's districts, the protagonist is asked to come to the penthouse owned by Darius. After arriving at the penthouse, they are greeted by Darius, along with the faction bosses from the city districts, and are given a key by Darius to the penthouse. Afterwards, Darius leaves the city on his blimp to travel to Miniopolis (the setting of the handheld version of the game).

Handheld
The handheld version of the game plays as a sequel to the Game Boy Advance and N-Gage releases of The Sims Bustin' Out. Unlike the console versions, the Black Eyed Peas do not appear in this game. The protagonist, who recently arrived in the city from SimValley, is fired after the owner of King Tower sells the tower to Daddy Bigbucks. After a failed attempt to steal a key from Lily Gates, the assistant of Daddy Bigbucks, the player is arrested and taken to jail. After convincing the city sheriff to let the player go, they are put on probation and prohibited from leaving the Urban area of the city. After doing certain tasks, they are recruited by Grandma Hattie to lead a strike to open the city bridges to Sim Quarter. Afterwards, they are knocked off of a ship by Bigbucks and wash up in the Bayou, where the player is mistaken by its inhabitants, the twins Bayou Boo and Crawdad Clem, as being a vampire. The twins help the player get home; however, Bayou Boo is bitten by a vampire and turns into one. Upon the player's return to Sim Quarter, they are informed by Grandma Hattie that Daddy Bigbucks took over the city and has outlawed running. She then gives the player a cookbook in order to help them make chocolate, which cures Bayou Boo's vampirism. Later on, the protagonist and Grandma Hattie are arrested for running, but are let go by the Sheriff. Eventually, the protagonist arrives in Glasstown and finds the original King Tower owner, Mr. King. The player discovers that Daddy Bigbucks has built a time machine to stake a claim to land in the past, so that he will own it in the present. With the help of Ewan Watahmee and Sue Pirnova, the player makes their own time machine and uses it to thwart his plans. Daddy Bigbucks is banished to an island outside of the city, and a lifelike statue of the protagonist is built in the city center.

Development
Development of the console version of the game was carried out by Maxis from 2002 to 2004. It was initially planned to be the first Sims game on consoles; however, Edge of Reality developed a remake of the original game for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube, and it was released in 2002. Maxis then split the Urbz team in two. One team focused on the development of a console sequel to the console version of The Sims, which eventually became The Sims Bustin' Out and released in 2003 on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube consoles, with a version developed for the Game Boy Advance and Nokia NGage by Griptonite Games (who would also develop The Urbz portable), while the other focused on The Urbz. During development, Electronic Arts wanted to get the game some more publicity, so the Electronic Arts division, EA Trax, contracted with The Black Eyed Peas, who at that time had recently shot to mainstream fame after their recruitment of Fergie and release of Elephunk. The Black Eyed Peas recorded a majority of the game's soundtrack, producing new songs exclusive to The Urbz, while also recording Simlish versions of "Shut Up" and "Let's Get It Started", both of which appeared on Elephunk. The game went gold in June 2004 and was shipped to stores in late November 2004.

According to a former Maxis employee, an Urbz 2, as well as a PC port of The Urbz, were both planned if the game was successful. Electronic Arts wanted The Urbz to be a spinoff breakout series, similar to how The Sims was a spinoff breakout series of SimCity. Unfortunately, the game did not sell as many copies as Electronic Arts wanted, so the PC port was cancelled, and the sequel eventually was reworked into a console version of The Sims 2, which released in 2005. Assets, as well as a logo, were left over in the PlayStation 2 version of The Sims 2 and can be viewed with a model viewer.

Console
The gameplay is similar to The Sims Bustin' Out, and the objective of the console games is to go to each of nine districts and build their reputation (called "Rep" in-game). Rep is a measure of how popular a character is; as the character gains more Rep, they gain access to larger apartments and different districts. In the end, the character will have the largest apartment and be able to visit any of the districts.

In addition to gaining Rep, the player must also make sure that their character has its needs fulfilled, and to increase the character's skills by playing minigames. The amount of money Sims can make at the various jobs in each of the districts is determined by what skills they've leveled up. As they progress through the game, players will get messages for rent from Darius, the Sim with the highest rep in the city, and get programmed messages to their XAM. Other challenges, like helping Urbz, gain the player income.

The player will be given different tasks depending on the district they are in. The tasks are varied in nature, including fulfilling needs, furnishing an apartment, building reputation, mastering a job, making friends, tagging an object, and helping other Urbz.

Handheld
The handheld versions are played as an adventure game, similar to the handheld releases of The Sims Bustin' Out, and give the player direct control of the character "Urb". The goal of the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance versions is to complete the five missions included. The versions are largely similar, but the Nintendo DS version includes an additional, exclusive mission and location that is not found on the Game Boy Advance version. Like the other games of The Sims franchise, an Urb has eight basic needs. In order to succeed in the handheld versions of this game, these needs must be kept high and steady.

There are four different "Rep Groups" in the game: Richies, Artsies, Streeties, and Nerdies. The player is assigned to one in the beginning of the game, but it can later be changed with the completion of certain objectives. There are three districts that can be unlocked upon completing certain sets of goals. Once the player has beaten the game, they are free to live in any of the houses or apartments in the game so long as they have enough money.

Soundtrack
The Urbz console soundtrack was released digitally on last.fm as an album for download in March 2007. Most of the game's soundtrack is present; however, due to licensing issues with A&M Records, music recorded by hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas was not present on the album. A physical release was planned by EA, but was cancelled after poor sales of the game.

Reception
The game received "average" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the handheld versions were ported for release on December 2, 2004, followed by the GameCube and PlayStation 2 versions on January 13, 2005, Famitsu gave it a score of 29 out of 40 for the Game Boy Advance version, 28 out of 40 for the DS version, and 26 out of 40 each for the latter two console versions.

title: The Urbz: Sims in the City


text:
Talk:Creaky voice

Can we have some examples? lysdexia 14:08, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

also called glottal fry
This is also called 'glottal fry'

 * By whom? I've never heard it called "vocal fry" or "glottal fry" in my life. --Angr/undefined 21:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Likewise, I've never heard the term and I live in the US where it's ostensibly used.

 * I don't know if the terms were ever widely used by linguists, but they are used in music (voice training). They tend to be found in the same sources as the term falsetto, which is also uncommon in linguistics. For example, see the site How to Sing Three Notes at the Same Time. kwami 16:48, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * For one, it's referred to as such in Fred Newman's "Mouth Sounds" (table of contents excerpt), which has been in print since 1980. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.248.47.160 (talk) 06:09, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

 * It's also a primary tehnique used by various metal singers, particularly death/black metal, with added velocity. --Grindlyth (talk) 08:09, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Khmer in "see also"
I can't find a reason to include the link to Khmer in the See Also section. First off, it's a disambig page, but I read through the whole article at Khmer language and couldn't find a reference to this phonation. Please respond with reasons for its inclusion, or I will remove the link next Wednesday. BonsaiViking 20:59, 11 January 2006 (UTC) disambiguation link repair (You can help!)
 * See, I'm reading this article 'cos I was trying to figure out how the inherent vowel in Burmese is supposed to be pronounced, and the page MLC Transcription System - linked from Burmese script - has it in the "creaky voice" column, and it didn't make any sense to me, given what I know about creaky voice, that the inherent vowel would be creaky. In any case, I would assume that Khmer might have some manifestation of creaky voice, given the proximity of these two languages, but I looked into it as well and could not find it. The important question this brings up is whether or not to include a list of languages which do implement creaky voice, and how they are manifested if they do, and I just don't have any idea how one would go about finding sourcable information on that. this raven is icy (talk) 00:50, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

"Soft-pedal"
"Creaky voice manifests itself in the idiolects of some American English speakers, particularly at the beginnings of sentences that the speaker wishes to "soft-pedal"." Please explain what is meant by "soft-pedal". 198.150.76.150 16:51, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know the original author's intent, but I'm wondering if this refers to the sound made by the boss in 'Office Space' when he's trying to get the lead to do something: "Yeaaaaaaaaaah, it's about those T.P.S. reports". Soft-pedal might mean that the speaker wishes to seem polite when they are actually asking something rather difficult. --njh 07:38, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You got it. It's also used at the end to sort of "fade out" in some dialects. (I know I'm answering an old post, but I like to leave the impression that we Wikipedians answer people's questions.) Cheers -- trlkly 04:23, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I still think the article should be reworded to make it more clear. I don't know if "soft-pedal" is a well-known phrase, but I had never heard it until reading this article. Also, it'd be nice to have some sources for that paragraph -- especially the part that says it is "frequently adopted by older males in leadership positions in business and politics". What about women in leadership positions or men who aren't in leadership positions? Finally, I also wonder whether the phenomenon of utterance-initial creaky voice refer to specific words, such as "uh", which in my experience does tend to sound glottalized when drawn out, but I don't know of any other words that trigger it. 71.90.131.109 (talk) 02:37, 5 April 2008 (UTC) (OP)

 * Man. I'm deleting the two sentences; I'm not even going to go into my objections, suffice it to say the list is longer than my-- Well, it's long. For the record, and in case anyone actually wants to back up such an incredibly dubious couple of statements, they read:
 * "Creaky voice manifests itself in the idiolects of some American English speakers, particularly at the beginnings of sentences that the speaker wishes to 'soft-pedal'. Although this phenomenon is in general more prominent among female American English speakers than among male speakers, it is frequently adopted by older males in leadership positions in business and politics."
 * Have an attributable day. this raven is icy (talk) 00:27, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm just going to go ahead and delete the "tired voice" sentence, which is nebulous, and the example, which is just poor. I think there should be examples, and I think the ideas the previous editors were trying to get across are important, but most of what's going on in the latter half of this article is just really poorly executed. I'm tempted to remove the sentence on Korean for being totally out of context, and I'd do the same to the Danish reference if I wasn't already aware that stød is referred to regularly as a manifestation of creaky voice. If whoever wrote them comes back, understand that what you're saying is very vague and needs to be sourced in order to qualify as encyclopedic. this raven is icy (talk) 00:40, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

I don't disagree with the need for clarifying soft-pedal, but far from objectionable, the bit below is both true and helpful to readers with access to media originating in the U.S. It should be re-inserted.

"Although this phenomenon is in general more prominent among female American English speakers than among male speakers, it is frequently adopted by older males in leadership positions in business and politics."

Audio
It would be good to have an audio example of the Vietnamese pronunciation of a syllable with this creaky voice. Badagnani 21:25, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It would be good to have any audio examples on this page. Binksternet 08:44, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe if I can ever get a microphone that works... -- trlkly 04:24, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * the link to kuow.org is a transcription, the audio recording is also available and is an excellent example of the phenomenon in the Pacific NW. Pity we can't use it. njaard (talk) 09:01, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

--Error (talk) 23:18, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

Frogman
Is Clarence "Frogman" Henry's croaking voice on the last third of his hit song "Ain't Got No Home" an example of creaky voice? If so, it should be mentioned. Binksternet 08:44, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, and no. Yes, he is using a creaky voice function (glottal fry). But, no it shouldn't be mentioned, unless you can find a source calling it that. A quick Google search found nothing. — trlkly 16:10, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

the most annoying sound
is this what the article is talking about? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cVlTeIATBs

this page DESPERATELY needs examples. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DJLO (talk • contribs) 20:42, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Scientific American had a short audio "article" on this. You can read about it and hear the 60-second audio here, or just the audio file here. It mentions Britney Spears and Kim Kardashian (maybe other Kardashians too? all of them? I think another article once mentioned Kesha) among other popular female mass media figures have a tendency to use vocal fry, often at the end of a phrase or sentence. The vocal fry article mentions Britney Spears' song, "Oops, I Did It Again" so I went on YouTube and listened for the telltale sound.

 * See this video which has the lyrics onscreen: Here, at about 52-53 seconds, she begins the phrase "I played with your heart". As she leads into the very first word, that is vocal fry. It can be within a word, too. Here, the "o" in "problem" is where the vocal fry is. Listen at 1:33 for the "that" in the phrase "That is just so typically me" for another instance. Like the first example I gave, she does it at 1:42. --SidP (talk) 00:01, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Just looked again at the Wikipedia vocal fry article, and there's a few articles there too. See this article which has a link in it (this audio file) which specifically has the speaker intending to make the noise.--SidP (talk) 00:06, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article just be combined into the "Vocal fry register in speech" section of the vocal fry page?

 * Closing as No Consensus This merger discussion has been open for over a year without yielding clear support to merge or not to merge. I am removing the tags as it doesn't seem likely that a consensus will be reached. Best.4meter4 (talk) 02:49, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

NTFlygongengar (talk) 04:13, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * No. Different topic. — kwami (talk) 05:08, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, absolutely. Clearly, it's the same topic, and even a large part of the lead is duplicated for both articles. Klortho (talk) 15:10, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that if any merger happens, it should go the other way: vocal fry should be merged into creaky voice. Most phonations are labeled using some adjective and "voice": modal voice, breathy voice, slack voice, and so on. And the x voice name is the term used when particular types of voice are phonemic in a language. The consonants in Hindi are called breathy-voiced consonants, the consonant and syllabic quality contrast in Javanese is called stiff voice–slack voice or stiff voice–modal voice, the "muddy consonants" in Shanghainese are called slack-voiced, etc. As far as I know, vocal fry is a term used only for the prosodic feature in some sociolects of English, and it's clearly a subtype of creaky voice, not the other way around. — Eru·tuon 19:16, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * +1. That jibes with this comment on that talk page. Klortho (talk) 20:54, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Cool — I guess the perspectives of speech pathology (the other person) and phonetics or phonology (me) can agree in this case. — Eru·tuon 21:19, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Support. Looks like Vocal fry register should be merged here. Benny White (talk) 03:36, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

Support moving creaky voice to vocal fry. More academic literature uses vocal fry as opposed to creak.4meter4 (talk) 14:03, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

 * comment Still oppose, unless s.o. can show how this would result in a coherent article. We have two series of articles, one on phonemic voice qualities, and one on vocal registers.  If we were two merge the articles, we'd end up with an article that had two parts, (a) phonemic creaky voice and (b) vocal fry register.  I don't see an advantage in doing that.  — kwami (talk) 06:17, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Modal voice seems to be a combined article. I'm not an expert, but is the distinction important enough to warrant two sets of articles? Benny White (talk) 18:30, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Probably not. I just don't want to see the two spliced together so they don't cohere as a single topic.  — kwami (talk) 21:45, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Though I support the merger, I agree that coherence will be difficult, and we will have to achieve it somehow if we merge. I don't know how books cover the two topics, but vocal fry may be classifiable as an intonational form of creaky voice, as opposed to a suprasegmental phoneme. — Eru·tuon 22:00, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't remember well, but I suspect that's why they're still two articles. It's just easier that way.  Combining them would require some dedicated editing.  — kwami (talk) 23:07, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Support combining under "Creaky voice" title. --Jtle515 (talk) 08:45, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose Not the same. Creaky voice is a phonetic concept. A vocal fry register is a sociolinguistic concept. Some languages have creaky voice phones but no vocal fry register. Absolutely not the same. Comment: Actually it seems that "Vocal Fry Register" has two meanings one using the phonological sense of register which is the same as creaky voice and is used for example in Burmese - and one which uses the sociolinguistic sense of register and is used for example to describe the use of use of vocal fry/creaky voice among some English speakers - perhaps particularly American females. We have to keep the senses apart but also make it possible to find them both for someone searching. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 14:18, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose As Maunus says, creaky voice is a phonetic concept, needed to disambiguate meaning in some languages. Vocal fry register is a sociolinguistic concept.  Saying that "More academic literature uses vocal fry as opposed to creak" is great if you don't care what the articles are actually talking about. 58.8.240.169 (talk) 05:59, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

More Nuanced Discussion of Vocal Creak?
Hey y'all, So I am actually a grad student who does work on this phonation. I'd love to do some work fleshing out the organization of the page adding specific sections on sociolinguistic work on creak and its perceptual effects. Additionally, I'd love to add some sections to flesh out more info on the languages in which creak is a factor in minimal pairing, etc. The page is sorely lacking currently, also since the page is *so* vague/brief it's giving a somewhat incorrect impression concerning creaks' use by young American women. If I see no responses around next 2 weeks or so, I'll start working on incremental changes and additions to add a more nuanced view of the affect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by The Ling Pixie (talk • contribs) 20:50, 3 January 2020 (UTC)
 * You don't have to wait two weeks, feel free to be bold. Nardog (talk) 21:10, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

Source Issues
I tried outlining the issues with sources 3-7 but they were lost in the edit description unfortunately. I'll reproduce it here:

Statement with poor sources: "Creaky voice is prevalent as a peer-group affectation among young women in the United States." Sources: 3,4,5,6,7

Summary: None of these sources show that young woman in particular exhibit this style of speech more than other groups, and none for the United States as a whole. There may be better sources that show this point but these are not it. The sample size and locality are the issues with theses sources. Extrapolating 20 woman to the entire country is akin to polling 20 Americans who they'll vote for during their next presidential election and concluding the winner.

Source 3:

This is an opinion article about the dialect of the Pacific Northwest. It cites research done here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247093915_Pacific_northwest_vowels_A_Seattle_neighborhood_dialect_study This research has a sample size of the voices of 8 women and 6 men from one city in Washington state. It is not representative of young American women as a whole.

Source 4:

This link is broken but I suspect that it is meant to be the study I listed above. If you are going to undo my changes, consider replacing this link with the link I provided in the source 3 issue description.

Source 5:

The source says it best on it's own: "It is important to note that because my study examined creaky voice usage and its perception in only two regions, northern California and eastern Iowa, and because my auditory and acoustic analyses were limited to speech samples from only 12 college-age females in California, I was unable to determine its geographic distribution, how it has spread, or whether its usage might vary across regions. "

The people chosen to be recorded were chosen by the authors of the study because they had the California dialect in the author's opinion. This means creaky voice is more of an attribute of what they think the California dialect is.

On the second part of the study: " Although the perception test question did not specify the age of the female speakers, I assume that most respondents answered based on the speech of women close to their own age (20s and 30s) since this is the age group with which they regularly interact. However, their reported perceptions may pertain to creaky voice used by older or even younger women. "

The study does not ask about older vs younger women in terms of creaky voice.

Source 6:

Taken from the abstract of the study: "Subjects were 34 female college students". The conclusion: "Preliminary findings were taken to suggest that use of the vocal fry register may be common in some adult SAE speakers." This does not support the claim that "Creaky voice is prevalent as a peer-group affectation among young women in the United States."

Source 7:

this link is for a recording that is no longer available. I tried to track it down elsewhere but was unable to.

Secondcommand (talk) 04:52, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Be bold. Nardog (talk) 11:00, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Wait, what??
This is an actually existing thing in the IPA?! I thought I just made it up! UltraDestroya48 (talk) 04:08, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Creaky voice


text:
Talk:Jarmann M1884

enfilading
It should be clarified as to what "438 m Enfilading" means. I know it says "(the path of the bullet would pass through a man-sized target)", but i'm not sure what the distance rating refers to. Fresheneesz 02:44, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Also in that table, it mentions a "rate of fire" but no units. What does "8" rate of fire mean? Is that 8 shots per minute? Fresheneesz 02:51, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

The linked article on enfilade gives no basis for using the term as it has been used in this article. Therefore I have changed it to 'maximum point-blank range', which article covers the meaning as used here. Louiskennedy (talk) 15:41, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Front page clarification
The blurb on the Wikipedia main page says that the rifle used black powder cartridges, and that it turned the Norwegian army into one armed with weapons that used smokeless powder. Smokeless powder is, of course, the modern replacement of black powder and the two are not the same. The article itself explains this later on, but the front page (and probably the beginning of the article, which I have not yet read closely) could use some clarification. I originally clicked through to make a correction to the article, but saw that the explanation is there - it could just use better placement. 68.230.214.218 03:38, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

first rifle design or first breech loading rifle ?
Jacob Smitch Jarmann designed his first rifle breech-loading rifle firing cardboard cartridges—in 1838,[ Unclear which is intended with the repeated reference to 'rifle' pmh 05:32, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Smitch or Smith
variation in text pmh 05:32, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably just a typo, but someone should check. Flyne 19:27, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Must have sneaked in somewhere, correct name is Smith.

new = unique
redundancy in text ? pmh 05:34, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

combat sight
"This combat sight was graduated to 430 m (470 yd), since the path taken by the bullet did not rise over 1,80 meter (6 ft) at this distance." It is unclear why or how the conditional statement is related to the combat sight. pmh 05:22, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

excitable ?
"The combination of tubular magazine and centerfire ammunition has been referred to as too excitable, especially when used with pointed bullets." Unclear as to the meaning of 'too excitable'. Is there an 'excitable' quality in a rifle or its use that can be excessive? pmh 05:42, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

I to have a question about "excitable" - the common problem with tubular magazines and centerfire ammunition is that the sharply pointed rounds most suitable for long range high velocity military applications will ignite the primers of the rounds loaded ahead of them in magazine by the recoil force.

This is why later military rifles were exclusively clip or rotary feeds holding the rounds with spire nosed bullets in paralell

I'm guessing excitable somehow relates to this safety issue

--WarLord 06:01, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed it does - the 'jolt' of firering could set off the cartridges in the magazine. The wording is taken from the website cited. WegianWarrior 19:39, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

I had assumed it to have --WarLord 07:27, 29 May 2006 (UTC)some impact on the usability of the weapon, though there remains no clarification in the article by way of a link to 'excitable' where a weaponry definition should exist. The explanation would suggest that a weapon/catridge combination that was was excitable was defective. Presumably very excitable would be simply near unusuable due to unreliability. Just a thought, in any event I defer to weganwarrior - particularly after the 'reverts' that follow. pmh 21:22, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * As stated, the wording is verbatim from the source. I will assume however, that the possibility for 'excitment' is the reason why the service ammunition had flat heads instead of being pointed (which would have been better from a ballistic point of view). Flat heads will not be able to set off other cartridges in the magazine. WegianWarrior 22:00, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

As written the "excitable" reference while it may be from an original source is so opaque to be useless - needs further clarification explanation of the chain fire issue with a discussion of the negative impacts to ballistics for the rifle forced to use the flat nosed rounds to prevent the problem.

--WarLord 07:27, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

reverts over comparison with contemporary rifles
im quite happy with the table of factual data comparing the jarmann with other contemporary rifles but the paragraph at the top is in my mind clearly pov. firstly - who considered it a good weapon? secondly how can someone state its clearly an excellent weapon for its time? thats an opinion which someone has arrived at without evening showing any justification. what criteria was used to make this judgement? in what context was it an excellent weapon? close range or at a distance? What im trying to show here is that the paragraph is inherently flawed and unless an alternative is proposed should be removed. WP:NPOVD contains the statement "An NPOV (neutral, unbiased) article is an article that has been written without showing a stand on the issue at hand." and to me the statement about the rilfe being excellent contradicts that. Tyhopho 14:43, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It says it was an excellent weapon that compares well with other excellent weapons. Your quibble is at most a minor one about wording.  You are going overboard on the neutral point of view issue, misapplying it to something that doesn't really make any specific claims that need justification.  Gene Nygaard 14:51, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It doesnt say 'other excellent weapons'. If I regard a paragraph as clearly POV im not going to think 'oh i shouldnt quibble over a change of word' - instead im going to correct it so that it is no longer POV.  Single words or brief statements can have a signficant affect on the tone of a piece, therefore i regard my edit as a valid one.  also rather than worry about justifying a weak statement take a simpler solution and remove it. Tyhopho 14:55, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * First off, you're reported for violating WP:3RR. Secondly, What Gene Nygaard said - the table clearly shows that the Jarmann is equal to or better than the arms used by the major european powers at the time; arms that was generaly considered to be excellent (otherwise, they would not have been adopted by a major power). Logicaly it follows that it was, in fact, an excellent weapon for it's time. WegianWarrior 15:03, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Youre logic is flawed. A top of the line Mercedes Benz could have better accelleration, handling etc then a cheap nissan micra but because the micra may have better fuel consumption i could argue that its a better car for its time due to the cost of fule.  that analogy will hopefully show why ive been objecting to the paragraph and not 'making stuff up' :-) Tyhopho 15:35, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * fair enough about the 3RR. Yes there is data in the table which shows its superiority in some areas, but is that enough to make a final judgement call on whether its a better rifle compared to the others in the table? No I dont think so in the slightest. Tyhopho 15:11, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * And where does it say that? The paragraph you keep deleting merely says the Jarmann M1884 was an excellent weapon for it's time, not that it was better than the others. Read what is there, and don't make stuff up that isn't in the text. WegianWarrior 15:18, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * since when am i making stuff up? ive been going on what was stated in that paragraph - nothing more or less.Tyhopho 15:32, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Then show me where the paragraph you kept deleting said that the Jramann M1884 was _better_ than the other rifles in the table. All it says it that it is an excellent weapon, without making a judgement weither it is better or worse than the other rifles listed. WegianWarrior 16:00, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Read my original post in this section. I have no interest in repeating myself unnecessarily. Tyhopho 16:03, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * One would assume that published (and objective) facts and figures support the statement, which means that it cannot by definition be POV, nor is it original research, as someone else published the specs, which a cursory glance can compare. The problem, however, is that examining the statement in-depth is outside the scope of the article, and that's not a POV issue either. MSJapan 17:43, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Original research was not something I was objecting to - and I have no problem with the stats within the table. However the content of the paragraph I thought was arriving at a conclusion based on a personal reading of the facts something which I thought this encyclopedia didnt accept (obviously Im wrong).  Why would examining the statement be beyond the scope of the article? if its in the article it should be examined. Tyhopho 17:55, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to put an end to this, I did go to the primary source (Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militærgeværer etter 1867, Chapter 3 (page 58), Hanevik Våpen. ISBN 82-993143-1-3) and lo! Indeed the source does describe the M1884 as an excellent weapon for it's time compared to the service rifles of the major powers: På backgrunn av oversikten må Jarmanngæveret både ha vært ganske presist, hatt lang rekkevidde og ikke minst ha hatt en relativt god raserende virkning (fullt bestrykende over ca 438 m) for sin tid (roughtly translated: The Jarmann rifle had an excellent accuacy, range and enfilading effect for its time). WegianWarrior 19:51, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * excellent :) then a positive result was achieved! Tyhopho 20:11, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

The extra characters
There seems to be a mess in the formatting with characters like asfds or the likes appearing at the end of certain paragraphs and + and - signs I think this needs to be changed

Deleted nonsenical section
I edited the following sentences:

''It is reported that the Germans melted down the last remaining Jarmann rifles in military warehouses during the Nazi occupation, since they were "too obsolete to be of interest, too modern to have lying around". It is quite possible that as many as 21,000 Jarmanns were destroyed in this fashion.''

The reason is: there is the quote "Too obsolete to be of interest...". This makes it appear like this is a statement by some Nazi-officer or -source, when in fact it a quote from a random person who once had a website, which is source 1. I quote the entire paragraph from the website

'' Rumours say that 20 000 were sold to South America, but the ship sank. I doubt this. I’ve seen pictures of German soldiers pouring kerosene on a 50 m long and 2 m tall pile of Jarmanns. That picture alone must have shown some 10 000 rifles burned by the Germans – too obsolete to be of interest, too modern to have lying around. '' https://web.archive.org/web/20060214113113/http://geocities.com/trondwikborg/jarmann.html

So an archived geocities-website by a random person is treated as a legitimate source, even though the entire text is absolutely nonsensical. I want to counter this with something closer to the truth to make my case plausible:

The Germans called all ferrous metals "Sparstoffe", meaning "sparse materials". They had realized by 1937 already that in a case of a war they would run short on ferrous metal. Particularily important here is brass. By 1940 a bulk of the cartidges for Mauser K98k-rifles were steel case ammunition. Experimentation with steel case ammunition for machine guns was undertaken, and by 1943 they had developed a kind of wax-varnish that made it possible to shoot steel case ammunition reliably from machine guns. They also ran short on lead, so they during the war they developed various bullets without lead, copper and zink. The MP44 was supposed to shoot bullets entirely free of "sparstoffe", the most successful were so-called "Sintereisen-Geschosse", basically just sintered iron with a wax coating.

My source: Waffen-Revue Nr.47, undoubtably credible.

So what does that indicate for the Jarmann? First: nobody seems to know what exactly happened to them, but what happened to them was the most likely thing - more on that later.

But here is how the German "Jarmann"-policy would have looked like: The Norwegians probably still had millions of rounds for this rifle. These would have been exploited for their brass cases, their bullets and the black powder, which could have been used as propellants or explosives. Next you were left with obsolete rifles that didn't not even have ammunition. So their were useless, and reserving a storage facility for them would have been a waste. Without care they would have rusted and molded away anyway.

So what most likely happened with the Jarmann-rifle is what happens to all military firearms once they are considered superfluous: they were scrapped in a professional way, just as the majority of all G3-battle rifles, M1 Garants, M1 Carbine or FN FALs were just scrapped once they were superfluous.

The website's author's story is totally unbelievable.

Quote: "I’ve seen pictures of German soldiers pouring kerosene on a 50 m long and 2 m tall pile of Jarmanns. That picture alone must have shown some 10 000 rifles burned by the Germans"

First of all: where are these pictures? But second and most importantly of all: if you burn a rifle, it doesn't evaporate. They would have been left with tons of burned, laminated wood and especially iron and steel. Superfluous firearms don't just get burned, they get scrapped.

I am very interested in firearms history, and because of that I have a lot of experience with firearms-ethusiasts websites, forums and books. For some reason, firearms enthusiasts tend to make up just-so-stories, spread sensationalistic myths, probably derived from propaganda and hear-say, and in general most of what is published in this sector has to be taken with a grain of salt. The paragraph I quoted which Wikipedia has treated as a "source" for years is clearly complete nonsense, very typical for "gun-nuts".

So please leave that out, it is not a serious source and it is nonsense. These were obsolete superfuous rifles and they probably went the same way that all superfuous rifles went. 91.49.25.91 (talk) 21:30, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jarmann M1884


text:
Defence of the Realm Act 1914

The Defence of the Realm Act 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 29) (DORA) was passed in the United Kingdom on 8 August 1914, four days after the country entered the First World War. It was added to as the war progressed. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war, such as the power to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort, and to make regulations creating criminal offences.

DORA ushered in a variety of authoritarian social control mechanisms, such as censorship: "'No person shall by word of mouth or in writing spread reports likely to cause disaffection or alarm among any of His Majesty's forces or among the civilian population'" Anti-war activists, including John MacLean, Willie Gallacher, John William Muir, and Bertrand Russell, were sent to prison. The film, The Dop Doctor, was prohibited under the Act by the South African government with the justification that its portrayal of Boers during the Siege of Mafeking would antagonise Afrikaners.

The activities no longer permitted included flying kites, starting bonfires, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters and buying alcohol on public transport. Alcoholic drinks were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to 12 noon–3pm and 6:30pm–9:30pm. (The requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours lasted in England until the Licensing Act 1988.)

In 1920 DORA was extended to deal with the violence in Ireland (see Irish War of Independence) with the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920. That Act (under Section 3(6)) allowed military authorities to jail any Irish person without charge or trial and was repealed in 1953.

What was it for?
Like most wartime acts, the Defence of the Realm Act was designed to help prevent potential invasion and to keep homeland morale at a high. It imposed censorship of journalism and of letters coming home from the front line. The press was subject to controls on reporting troop movements, numbers or any other operational information that would potentially be exploited by the Central Powers. People who breached the regulations with intent to assist the enemy or not would have been sentenced to death. 10 people were executed under the regulations.

The original act, its amendment, and consolidation
Section 1(1) of the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 read as follows:

The original Act was amended and extended six times over the course of the war, first on 28 August 1914 by the Defence of the Realm (No. 2) Act 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 63), then on 27 November 1914 by the Defence of the Realm Consolidation Act 1914 (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 8), which repealed and replaced the previous acts. It was amended three times in 1915, by the Defence of the Realm (Amendment) Acts 1915 (5 & 6 Geo. 5. cc. 34, 37 and 42).

The Defence of the Realm Consolidation Act 1914 (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 8) contained the following:

title: Defence of the Realm Act 1914


text:
Edward Seymour (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edward Hobart Seymour, (30 April 1840 – 2 March 1929) was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer he served in the Black Sea during the Crimean War. He then took part in the sinking of the war-junks, the Battle of Canton and the Battle of Taku Forts during the Second Opium War and then saw action again at the Battle of Cixi during the Taiping Rebellion.

Seymour went on to be Second-in-Command of the Channel Squadron and then Admiral Superintendent of Naval Reserves. After that he became Commander-in-Chief, China Station. During the Boxer Rebellion, he led an expedition of 2,000 sailors and marines from Western and Japanese warships to relieve the besieged diplomatic legations in Peking. The expedition was defeated by Chinese and Boxer forces and had to return to Tianjin. Although the mission had failed, when Seymour arrived back at Portsmouth he and his men were welcomed by thousands of people lining the beach and pier.

Early career
Born the son of the Reverend Richard Seymour and Frances Seymour (née Smith), Seymour was educated at Radley College and Eastman's Royal Naval Academy, Southsea and joined the Royal Navy at Portsmouth in 1852. He was appointed to the corvette HMS Encounter (1846) and, having been promoted to midshipman, then transferred to the paddle frigate HMS Terrible (1845) in 1853. He served in HMS Terrible in the Black Sea throughout the Crimean War. He was appointed to the second-rate HMS Calcutta (1831), flagship of his uncle Sir Michael Seymour, Commander-in-Chief, China Station in 1857 and took part in the sinking of the war-junks in June 1857, the Battle of Canton in December 1857 and the Battle of Taku Forts in May 1858 during the Second Opium War.

Seymour returned to Portsmouth and joined the steam frigate HMS Mersey (1858) after which he attended the training ship HMS Illustrious (1803) and then the gunnery school HMS Excellent (shore establishment). Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 4 May 1859, he returned to China and, during the voyage, was awarded the Royal Humane Society medal for an unsuccessful attempt to save a marine who had fallen overboard. Promoted to lieutenant on 11 February 1860, he joined the frigate HMS Chesapeake (1855), flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, China Station, and saw action again at the Battle of Taku Forts in August 1860. He became commanding officer of the paddle steamer HMS Waterman at Canton and then transferred to the paddle sloop HMS Sphynx (1846) before joining the frigate HMS Imperieuse (1852), the new flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, China Station, and took part in the Battle of Cixi in September 1862 during the Taiping Rebellion.

Seymour became flag lieutenant to the Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in 1863 and then joined the Royal Yacht HMY Victoria and Albert in 1865. Promoted to commander on 5 March 1866, after a tour in a whaling ship to obtain experience of arctic waters, he joined the Coast Guard in Ireland in 1868 and then became commanding officer of the gunboat HMS Growler (1868) on the West Coast of Africa Station in June 1869. After taking part in operations against African pirates in 1870, he became commanding officer of the despatch vessel HMS Vigilant (1871) in the Channel Squadron in January 1872 and then of the despatch vessel HMS Lively (1870) later that year, also in the Channel Squadron.

Promoted to captain on 13 March 1873, Seymour spent a year at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich and then became commanding officer of the troopship HMS Orontes (1862). He went on to be commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Iris (1877) in the Mediterranean Fleet in April 1880 and commanding officer of the battleship HMS Inflexible (1876) in the Mediterranean Fleet in November 1882. He briefly commanded the converted liner SS Oregon (1883) when Russian forces seized Afghan territory in March 1885 during the Panjdeh Incident. He went on to be flag captain to the Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in May 1886 and, having been appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 21 June 1887, he became assistant to the Admiral Superintendent of Naval Reserves in December 1887.

Promoted to rear-admiral on 14 July 1889, Seymour became Second-in-Command of the Channel Squadron, with his flag in the battleship HMS Anson (1886), in April 1894. Promoted to vice-admiral on 9 November 1895, he became Admiral Superintendent of Naval Reserves later that year. He was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 22 June 1897.

Boxer Rebellion
Seymour became Commander-in-Chief, China Station, with his flag in the battleship HMS Centurion (1892), on 18 February 1898. In early 1900 the Boxers, a rural mass movement, decided to rid China of Western influence and in June 1900 they advanced on Peking, initiating the Boxer Rebellion. The diplomatic legations in Peking requested military support. On 9 June 1900 Sir Claude MacDonald the British Minister cabled Seymour, reporting that the situation in Beijing "was hourly becoming more serious" and that "troops should be landed and all arrangements made for an advance to Peking at once." In response Seymour assembled a lightly armed force of 2,000 sailors and marines from Western and Japanese warships in Tianjin. The expedition headed for Beijing by train. Seymour's force consisted of 916 British, 455 Germans, 326 Russians, 158 French, 112 Americans, 54 Japanese, 41 Italians, and 26 Austrians.

On the first day the allied force travelled twenty five miles without incident, crossing a bridge at Yancun over the Hai River unopposed although Chinese General Nie Shicheng and thousands of his soldiers were camped there. The next few days went slowly as Seymour had to repair railroad track and fight off Boxer attacks as his trains advanced. On 14 June 1900, several hundred Boxers armed with swords, spears, and clumsy gingals attacked Seymour twice and killed five Italian sailors who had been acting as pickets. The Americans counted 102 Boxer bodies left on the battlefield at the end of one battle.

On 16 June 1900 there was an allied European and Japanese attack on the Dagu Forts. As a result of the attack in Dagu, the Chinese government decided to resist Seymour's expedition and kill or expel all foreigners in northern China. So, on 18 June 1900, Seymour's force was suddenly attacked by several thousand well-armed Chinese Imperial soldiers – who had not opposed Seymour's passage a few days earlier. The expedition fought off the attack, reportedly killing hundreds of Chinese at a loss of seven dead and 57 wounded. However, the need to care for the wounded, a shortage of supplies and ammunition, and the likelihood of additional Chinese attacks forced Seymour and his officers to decide on a retreat to Tianjin.

Retreat
Seymour turned his trains around and headed back toward Tianjin. But, he found the bridge across the Hai River he had crossed a few days before now destroyed by the Boxers or the Chinese army. The sailors, perhaps more comfortable near water, chose to follow the river – although the railroad route was shorter and ran through open country. Along the heavily populated river banks were Boxer-infested villages every one-half mile. Seymour's retreat down the Hai River was slow and difficult, covering only three miles the first day. Additional casualties included John Jellicoe who suffered a near fatal wound. By 22 June 1900, the allies were out of food and down to less than 10 rounds of ammunition per man – except for the Americans who had brought ample ammunition. But, "there was no thought of surrender," said Lieutenant Wurtzbaugh. "The intention was to fight to the last with the bayonet." On 23 June 1900, six miles from Tianjin, Seymour came across the Xigu fort and arsenal which inexplicably was nearly undefended by Chinese soldiers. The foreign sailors and marines took refuge in the arsenal which contained a wealth of arms and ammunition and some food. Realizing its mistake in leaving the arsenal undefended, the Chinese army attempted to dislodge Seymour, now well-armed, but were unsuccessful.

A Chinese servant of the British slipped through to Tianjin and requested rescue for Seymour. Two thousand allied soldiers marched out of the city to the arsenal on 25 June 1900 and the next day escorted Seymour's men back to Tianjin. The Chinese did not oppose their passage. A missionary reported their arrival in Tianjin. "I shall never forget to my dying day, the long string of dusty travel-worn soldiers, who for a fortnight had been living on quarter rations, and fighting every day…the men were met by kind ladies with pails of tea which the poor fellows drunk as they had never drunk before – some bursting into tears." Seymour's casualties were 62 dead and 232 wounded.

Later career
Promoted to full admiral on 24 May 1901, Seymour arrived back at Portsmouth where he was welcomed by thousands of people lining the beach and pier and honoured by a visit by the Lords of the Admiralty to his flagship. He had been advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) on 9 November 1900; in late September 1901 he was received in a personal audience by King Edward VII, who presented him with the insignia of the order. He was also awarded the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle, First class, with the crossed swords in April 1902.

In May 1902, he was part of a delegation led by the Duke of Connaught to take part in the enthronement ceremonies in Madrid for the young King Alfonso XIII of Spain, and he was awarded the Spanish Crosses of Naval Merit.

Seymour was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902. He was also appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King on 3 October 1902.

Promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 20 February 1905 and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order on 15 May 1906, Seymour became commander of a squadron, with his flag in the battlecruiser HMS Inflexible (1907), sent to attend celebrations in Boston in 1909. In November 1909 he was sworn in the Privy Council. He retired from the Navy in April 1910 and died at his home in Maidenhead on 2 March 1929.

Family
Seymour neither married nor had any children.

title: Edward Seymour (Royal Navy officer)


text:
Margao

Margao is the commercial capital of the Indian state of Goa. It stands on the banks of the river Sal. It is the district headquarters of South Goa, and administrative headquarters of Salcete sub-district. It is Goa's second largest city by population after Mormugao.

Etymology
Margão is the Portuguese spelling, with Madgaon being used in Konkani. The etymology of the name has been debated, with theories ranging from the name having evolved from the pre-colonial Mahargao (village of Mahars, a community of weavers) to being derived from the Sanskrit मठग्राम (Maṭhagrāma, a village of monasteries) owing to the shrines of Matsyendranath and Gorakhnath in Ravanphond, now a suburb of Margao.

Alternatively, Margão may be derived from Mharuganv (village of demons), or Maravile, Portuguese for “marvellous village.”

History
Prior to Portuguese rule, Margao was an important settlement and known as Maṭhagrāma (the village of monasteries) as it enshrined nine mathas in temple schools. Its replacement in 1579 was destroyed by raiders. The present church was built in 1675.

While the western side of the Holy Spirit Church developed as a market place, the settlement grew on the eastern side, that is, the Borda region.

Câmara Municipal de Salcete
The Municipality during the erstwhile Portuguese regime was known as "Câmara Municipal de Salcete", catering to all the villages in Salcete Taluka for over 300 years until the Goa Municipalities Act of 1968 came into force. The Câmara Municipal de Salcete is now reconstituted into Margao Municipal Council. The Members of the Câmara Municipal de Salcete were then nominated by the Government, but after the reconstitution of the Municipal Council, the Members to all the 25 wards (13 in Margao & 12 in Fatorda) are elected by the Members of the council.

Margao's importance as an administrative and commercial area grew with the increasing dependence of the surrounding towns and villages; leading to the administrative center with the town hall at its center being built in the south.

In 1961, Annexation of Goa led to its incorporation into the Republic of India, and Margao was declared as the administrative center of the district of South Goa.

Topography
Margao is located at 15.27361°N, 73.95806°W. It has an average elevation of 10 m.

Nestled on the banks of the Sal River, Portuguese style mansions dot its landscape. One of the fastest growing cities in Goa, its fast growing suburbs include Aquem, Fatorda, Gogol, Borda, Comba, Navelim and Davorlim.

Climate
Margao features a tropical monsoon climate. Summers are warm whereas winters are mild. Summers last from March–May when the temperature reaches up to 36 C and winters from December–February when it is usually between 15–28 C. Monsoons occur from June–September with heavy rainfall and gusty winds. The annual average rainfall is 2,881 mm.

Demographics
As of the 2011 census of India, Margao had a population of 87,650. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. It had an average literacy rate of 90%; male literacy was 93%, and female literacy 86.8%. In Margao, 9.8% of the population was under 7 years of age. With a population of 106,484 in the metropolitan area, Margao is second largest Urban agglomeration in Goa.

Languages
Konkani is the most widely spoken language in Margao, followed closely by English. Portuguese is still spoken and understood by a small number of people. Hindi is also spoken and understood by a majority of the city's population as a language to converse with non-konkani, non-English speaking people. The dialect of Konkani in South Goa differs notably from that spoken in North Goa. Marathi is also understood to a significant level. A sizeable fraction of the flower and vegetable merchants converse in Kannada.

Government and politics
Margao is part of Margao (Goa Assembly constituency) and South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency).

Culture/Cityscape
The city is also claimed as the cultural capital of Goa. A cultural center named 'Ravindra Bhavan' was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Goa, Digambar Kamat in July 2008 at Fatorda which is also one of the official venues for the International Film Festival of India.

Margao also has Goa's biggest sports stadium, the Nehru Stadium at Fatorda.

The Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan was held in 1964.

Some of the theatres in Margao include the Gomant Vidya Niketan, OSIA Multiplex, Vishant and Lata; in addition to Goa's biggest theatre, the Metropole. Inox has recently launched a multiplex with a capacity of 904 seats. The Gomat Vidya Niketan is a premier centre for arts in the town.

People from all over Goa congregate at the special market to buy spices and dried fish to be used during the monsoons.

The usual specialities that are found in the cuisine of Goa are also to be found in Margao. The curry of Margao is a praised local speciality. Cans of curry of Margao are currently exported to Portugal and elsewhere.

Margao is also the name of a brand of spices sold in Portugal.

Tourism
The town has many sights and destinations. These include the Mercado de Afonso de Albuquerque which roughly translates to closed market and colloquially known as  "Pimplapedd" or "Pimpalakatta", the municipal building (Câmara Municipal), the municipal garden named after benefactor Prince Aga Khan, Anna Fonte (natural springs), Old Market or Mercado Velho, Holy Spirit Church, grand colonial mansions such as the Seven Gables House, the chapel at Monte Hill.

Some of the town suburbs include Pajifond, Aquem, Gogol, Borda, Malbhat, Madel, Kharebandh, Old Market, Navelim and Comba, the last two being the oldest parts of the town.

Pandava Caves Located in Aquem Behind St. Sebestian Church.

There are a number of temples and churches in Margao city The famous churches in Margao are the Holy Spirit Church, the Grace Church, The St Sebastian Church in Aquem (The Old St. Sebastian Chapel, popularly known as the Pandava Copel still stands next to the modern St. Sebastian Church) and the Monte Hill Chapel. The famous temples are the 'Damodar Temple' (Saal), the 'Hari Mandir', the 'Maruti Mandir' at Davorlim the 'Saibaba Temple' at Davorlim, the 'Shiv Temple' (Ling) at Fatorda near Nehru Stadium (which is the original Temple of Damodara). There are two mosques in Margao, one in the Malbhat area and one on the Monte hill. There is also a Jain temple and a Jama'at Khana for the Khoja faith in Pajifond. There is also a Muslim community of Nizaris living in Margao.

Municipal Garden
In the centre of the town is the Municipal Garden, known as Praça Jorge Barreto, around which most restaurants and office buildings are located. On the park's south side like the colonial style red-washed Municipal building, known as Margao Town Hall which was built in 1905, and the Library. The northern segment of the Municipal garden was developed by the Mavany family and is named after His Highness Prince Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV/Imam of Nizari Ismaili Muslims who visited Goa just before its liberation. The entire garden is now municipal property and is maintained by the Margao Municipal Council.

The Holy Spirit Church
The Largo de Igreja, or the Church of the Holy Spirit, was built by the Portuguese in 1675 and boasts a pristine white façade and an interior dripping with gilt crystal and stucco. The Municipal Garden square is defined on one side by the church with its baroque architecture and the parochial house, and on the other side by the palatial mansions of affluent elite Catholics, positioned in a row. The Associação das Communidades (Communities Association) building and the school being the odd exceptions which add to its character and sense of scale. They have a maximum height of two stories, and balcões balconies and varandas (verandas) facing the square. Parallel to the church square is the commercial street (old market). There is also a landscaped area next to the church called Praça da Alegria (Joy Square). The church feast is celebrated before the monsoons, it is a time when many residents make pre-monsoon purchases to stock up for a prolonged rainy season.

House of Seven Gables
Just within walking distance of the Holy Spirit Church, is the famous "House of Seven Gables" or "Sat Burzam Ghor". This magnificent mansion was built by Inacio Sebastiao da Silva, emissary and private secretary of the Portuguese Viceroy, in 1790. Today, only three of the seven gables remain. The family church with its Baroque and Rococo workmanship, exhibits the loftiness of the Portuguese time.

Narcinva D. Naik residence and Damodar Sal
The Narcinva D. Naik residence houses Margao's well-known temple-hall known as Damodar Sal or Dambaba Saal. The house played host to Swami Vivekananda during his visit to Goa in October 1892 before proceeding to Chicago to address the Parliament of Religions

By Air
The nearest international airport is the Dabolim Airport which is 23km away. Goa's new international airport at Mopa, inaugrated in 2022, is 64km away.

By Rail
Madgaon railway station is a railway junction positioned at the intersection of the Konkan Railway and the South Western Railway (Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section) and is Goa's busiest. Due to its location and connectivity, the station is often used as a transit stop by many people who either head off down south to popular tourist destinations such as Palolem (38km) or to Benaulim and Colva.

Margao hosted the test track for the Skybus Metro project, an elevated rail system patented by the Konkan Railway Corporation, This project was allegedly scrapped due to an accident which occurred during the test drive killing one engineer and seriously injuring three crew members. B Rajaram who had invented the rail system has stated that in his opinion the accident was avoidable.

By Road
Margao is on the National Highway 66 (erstwhile, NH 17; also formerly part of NH 47). Thereby, it is connected to other cities such as Panvel, Ratnagiri, Sawantwadi, and Panaji to its north, and Karwar, Bhatkal, Shiroor, Mangaluru, Kasaragod, Kozhikode, Kochi,Thiruvananthapuram, and Kanyakumari to its south. At Panvel, at the junction with National Highway 48, it connects to Mumbai.

Also, there is road which connects Margao to Ponda, São José de Areal, Sanvordem, Chandor, and other towns of Goa state.

Margao is located approximately 33 km from the capital Panjim, and 25 km from Dabolim Airport, 560 km south of Mumbai.

Education
Margao is home to many schools and colleges, the alumni of which have made significant contributions to Goa's cultural and scientific landscape. Most schools function in accordance with the curriculum prescribed by the Directorate of Education and the Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.The oldest, the Loyola High School (Goa) near the Old Bus Stand, is a Jesuit-run school. Other schools include Bhatikar Model English High School (established in 1935) named after its founder Late Pandurang Raya Bhatikar and Mahila & Nutan High School which was established as Samaj Seva Sangh's Mahila Vidyalay for girls in 1933 and started co-ed intake in June 1972. Manovikas English Medium School and Vidya Vikas Academy affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations and Central Board of Secondary Education are highly sought after. The other educational institutes in Margao include St.Joseph High School at Aquem, Govt. High School Vidyanagar, Holy Spirit Institute, Presentation Convent High School, Fatima Convent High School, Perpetual Convent High School located in Navelim, and Popular High School in Comba near police station.

The colleges in Margao include The Parvatibai Chowgule College which was housed in Portuguese Military Barracks opposite Multipurpose High School in Vidyanagar. The college moved to its present location in 1972 under the direction of then principal P. S. Rege. Shree Damodar College of Commerce and Economics and Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law provide post secondary education in Commerce and Law respectively. Schools such as Shree Damodar Higher Secondary School Of Science and R.M.S Higher Secondary School focus exclusively on higher secondary education. There is also a government-run ITI (Industrial Training Institute) in Borda which imparts technical education. Don Bosco College of Engineering located at Fatorda is a technical degree granting institute in the town.

title: Margao


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Economy of North America

The economy of North America comprises more than 596 million people (8% of the world population) in its 24 sovereign states and 15 dependent territories. It is marked by a sharp division between the predominantly English speaking countries of Canada and the United States, which are among the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world, and countries of Central America and the Caribbean in the former Latin America that are less developed. Mexico and Caribbean nations of the Commonwealth of Nations are between the economic extremes of the development of North America.

Mexico lies in between these two extremes as a newly industrialized country (NIC), and is a part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), being one of the only two Latin American members of this organisation (together with Chile). The United States is by far the largest economy in North America and the largest national economy in the world.

The US, Canada and Mexico have significant and multifaceted economic systems. In 2011, the US has an estimated per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of $47,200, and is the most technologically developed economy in North America. The United States' services sector comprises 80% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2017), industry comprises 19.1% and agriculture comprises 0.9%.

Canada's economic trends are similar to that of the United States, with significant growth in the sectors of services, mining and manufacturing. Canada's GDP (PPP) was estimated at $39,400 in 2010. Canada's services sector comprises 70.2% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2017), industry comprises 28.2% and agriculture comprises 1.6%.

Mexico has a GDP (PPP) of $15,312, and per capita income is estimated at one-third of the United States'. The country has both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations, and is modernizing in sectors such as energy production, telecommunications and airports.

Great Depression
The Great Depression began in North America in October 1929. The start is often dated to the stock market collapse of Black Tuesday although this was not the cause of the Great Depression. Canada and the United States experienced especially large declines, with the gross domestic product falling 37% from 1929 to 1933 in the United States, and 43% in Canada over the same period. The economy reached its lowest point in 1933, however recovery was slow. The outbreak of World War II in 1939 created demand for war materials that brought about the end of the depression.

The Great Depression spurred increased government intervention in the economy in North America. The United States introduced unemployment insurance, a minimum wage and standardised working hours under the New Deal. Canada introduced similar measures. Mexico nationalised some key industries during the Great Depression, with the railroads nationalised by 1937 and the oil industry nationalised in 1938.

World War II
Due to the large scale enlistment of men into armed forces during World War II, women entered the workforce en masse, filling many jobs in manufacturing and technical areas that had previously been closed to women. This led to the "We can do it!" campaign. The economic output in North America increased substantially, with unemployment practically eliminated in the United States. Rationing severely reduced the availability of consumer goods, with the increase in industrial production coming from the demand for war materials. During the peak of World War II activity, nearly 40 per cent of US GDP was devoted to war production.

Cold War
After the 2nd world war, the United States and Russia emerged as the world superpowers with both economies being strong and thus each country wanted to be recognised as a superpower.The relationship between the two countries further deteriorated with the space race.

US-Canada Free Trade Agreement and NAFTA - a new era of economic integration
The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1989 and the subsequent expansion to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) triggered a dramatic increase in trade between these three countries, with Mexican trade with the United States and Canada increasing threefold. Over 85% of Canadian exports in 2006 went to the United States.

Regional variation
With various climate zones, agricultural products vary from country to country. Job sectors are also different, with industrialized countries having more service workers, and developing countries relying on agriculture.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a group of Pacific Rim countries which meet with the purpose of improving economic and political ties. APEC's stated goals are aimed at free and open trade and investments by cutting tariffs between zero and five percent in the Asia-Pacific area for industrialised economies by 2010 and for developing economies by 2020.

The organisation has members from four continents, those from North America are Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Caribbean Community
The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) was created "To provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable, internationally competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of life for all". Its secretariat is based in Georgetown, Guyana, South America.

- On January 1, 2006, six members: (Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago) unofficially ushered in the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME).

- At the official signing of the protocol on January 30, 2006, in Jamaica, A further six members: (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) announced their intention to join by the second quarter of 2006. Montserrat, a British Oversees territory is awaiting approval by the United Kingdom. Haiti and the Bahamas have no immediate plans to join.

Central American Free Trade Agreement
The Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) is an agreement between the United States and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The treaty is aimed at promoting free trade between its members. Canada and Mexico are negotiating membership.

North American Free Trade Agreement
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement between Canada, Mexico and the United States to eliminate tariffs on goods traded between themselves.

Although currently only a trade agreement, with no supranational bodies or laws as in the European Union, there have been various proposals to move towards a customs union or a North American currency union. It is unknown whether this may eventually develop into a North American Union similar to that of Europe.

Currency
Below is a list of the currencies of North America, with exchange rates between each currency and both the euro and US dollars as of 20 July 2022. This list may vary as it is not current.

Table correct as of 20 July 2022

Agriculture
Agriculture is very important in Central American and Caribbean nations. In western Canada, in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba, wheat and other various main agricultural products are grown. The U.S. also has many states with significant agriculture production, mainly in the central continental U.S. Mexico produces many tropical fruits and vegetables as well as edible animals.

Manufacturing
North America has developed and its manufacturing sector has grown. In the beginning the European nations were the large manufacturing powers. At the start of the 1950s, the United States was a top manufacturing power, with Canada and Mexico also making significant progress.

Service
In Canada, the US and the Caribbean, service-based employment is a significant percentage of overall employment. Many people work in stores and other retail locations. In Canada more than 70% work in the services sector, with a similar percentage in the United States.

Investment and banking
The United States leads North America in investment and banking. Canada, Mexico and most recently, February 2011, El Salvador is growing in this sector. And smaller economic powers such as Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama are also growing slowly in this sector.

Tourism
Tourism is extremely important for the Caribbean economies, as they contain many beaches and have warm climates. Skiing in Canada and the US is also important. Tourism of national parks and natural landmarks, such as Mount Rushmore and the Grand Canyon in the United States, and Niagara Falls and Moraine lake in Canada, contribute to the economy in these regions.

title: Economy of North America


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Talk:Slack voice

Examples
Can we have some examples? lysdexia 14:14, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

--Error (talk) 00:01, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Man I never understand linguistic jargon./ --71.107.217.121 22:24, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

This article is not correct, "slack voice" is a registration such as fry or pulse, a loose vocal fold production. That's why it is called "slack." Also, it's attributed to vowels, not consonants. I don't have time to redue this article, hopefully someone will do it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.108.68.124 (talk) 02:36, 20 August 2011 (UTC)
 * If you provided your sources, we could redo it. You contradict the sources we do have, where slack voice is very clearly a feature of consonants. — kwami (talk) 21:21, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slack voice


text: User talk:216.54.49.74

title: User talk:216.54.49.74


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Central Electricity Authority

The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) was a body that managed and operated the electricity supply industry in England and Wales between 1 April 1955 and 31 December 1957. The CEA replaced the earlier British Electricity Authority (BEA) as a result of the Electricity Reorganisation (Scotland) Act 1954, which moved responsibility for Scottish electricity supply to the Scottish Office.

Structure
The structure of the management board and the personnel in post remained the same as the BEA with the exception of the removal of representation by the chairman of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board. There was a reduction from 14 to 12 of the number of area electricity boards – the South East Scotland Electricity Board and South West Scotland Electricity Board were removed from the CEA's management. The functions of the remaining area boards were unchanged.

Upon its establishment in April 1955 the chairman of the CEA was Lord Citrine; the two deputy chairmen were Sir Henry Self and Josiah Eccles.

Appointments
Later appointments to the Central Electricity Authority by rotation between area boards were:

 * N. Elliott, South Eastern Board, member from January 1956
 * C. R. King, East Midlands Board, member from January 1956
 * L. Howles, South Wales Board, member from January 1956
 * D. H. Kendon, Merseyside and North Wales Board, member from January 1956.

The following were appointed to the board in 1956:

 * G. A. S. Nairn, part-time member of North Wales Electricity Board since 1947, member
 * Sir Leslie Nicholls, chairman Cable and Wireless, member
 * Sir Henry Self, deputy chairman, reappointed
 * G. H. E. Woodward, part-time member, reappointed.

The following were appointed to the board in 1957:

 * J. D. Peattie, chief engineer of the board retired 31 January but retained as consultant
 * F. H. S. Brown, was appointed chief engineer
 * E. S. Booth, construction engineer was appointed deputy chief engineer
 * J. C. Duckworth, was appointed deputy chief engineer (nuclear power)

Electricity generation and sales
The electricity generated, supplied and sold by the CEA, in GWh, was as follows: Note: import and export include bulk supplies from South of Scotland.

Customers
The numbers and types of CEA customers was as follows:

Employees
There was a total of 180,923 employees in the electricity supply industry 1956, this comprised:

 * Managerial and higher executive: 1,335
 * Technical and scientific: 15,480
 * Technical staff trainees: 1,624
 * Executive, clerical, accountancy and sales: 40,636
 * Industrial: 115,934
 * Apprentices:  5,914

Strategic issues
In addition to the routine operations of generating and transmitting electricity the Central Electricity Authority dealt with a number of strategic issues.

In the mid-1950s the National Coal Board estimated that it would be unable to supply the electricity industry’s projected demand for coal in the 1960s. Pressure was put on the CEA by the Ministry of Fuel and Power to adopt dual (coal and oil) firing in a large number of power stations being planned or then being constructed. The CEA believed that the cost of extra equipment and the high price of oil would make the scheme uneconomic. The CEA limited dual-firing to a small number of stations in the south of the country remote from coal fields.

In addition to coal and oil, nuclear power was under development in the 1950s. The newly constituted CEA had urgently needed to find suitable sites for the first nuclear stations. They had to be in the south of England near the major load centres, but away from major population areas. They needed to have good load-bearing properties for the heavy reactors and have an abundant source of water. Two sites were identified in Bradwell, Essex and Berkeley, Gloucestershire.

The Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) had encouraged major manufacturers of equipment – principally boilers and turbo-alternators – to form consortia to supply the nuclear power station contracts. The CEA was reluctant to give turnkey contracts to these consortia as it wished to retain control of design and ordering. Eventually the CEA vetted the designs but relied on the Atomic Energy Authority advice on the nuclear aspects.

The CEA were under pressure from government to accept a greater degree of future nuclear development than it thought was feasible. In 1956 the AEA considered that there were insufficient resources to meet 3,400 MW of future nuclear plant, but by the following year considered that 5,975 MW was possible. The CEA were concerned about the implications for their coal-fired programme and thought there would be an excessive surplus of coal-fired plant if the 6,000 MW nuclear power programme went ahead. It believed that 3,400 MW was a more realistic target. Nevertheless, in March 1957 the Cabinet approved a 6,000 MW programme of 19 nuclear power stations.

Research
The BEA had expanded the Central Electricity Research Laboratories at Leatherhead where the BEA/CEA had undertaken their own practical research on the ‘supergrid’, and on turbines and boilers. In the mid-1950s the CEA also commissioned research at universities on non-practical applications. These research contracts were placed on the advice of the authority's Research Council.

Financial statistics
The financial income and expenditure of the CEA over its two full financial operating years (in £ million) was as follows:

Organisational review
The devolution of power exemplified in the Electricity Reorganisation (Scotland) Act 1954 did not satisfy some quarters of the Conservative government who were critical of the over-centralisation in the industry. In July 1954 the Minister of Fuel and Power, Geoffrey Lloyd, appointed a departmental committee, chaired by Sir Edwin Herbert, to examine the efficiency and organisation of the industry and to make recommendations.

The Herbert committee reported in January 1956 and found that the Central Electricity Authority’s dual roles of electricity generation and supervision had led to central concentration of responsibility and to duplication between headquarters and divisional staff which led to delays in the commissioning of new stations. The committee's recommendations were accepted by the government which enacted the Electricity Act 1957. This dissolved the Central Electricity Authority (and the Electricity Commissioners) and established the Electricity Council to oversee the industry and the Central Electricity Generating Board with responsibility for generation and transmission.

title: Central Electricity Authority


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Forfás

Forfás was the national policy advisory board for enterprise, trade, science, technology and innovation in Ireland. The agency was established in January 1994 under the Industrial Development Act, 1993 and was run by a board appointed by the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, to whom the agency was responsible. Forfás was dissolved on 1 August 2014 and its functions were transferred to the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment, Enterprise Ireland, the Industrial Development Authority and the Health and Safety Authority.

Functions
Legally, Forfás had five separate but related functions. It In its day-to-day business, the primary function of Forfás was to analyse developments in areas concerning Ireland's industrial and economic development and to make policy recommendations based on this analysis to Government. The Irish Government was not obliged to implement any recommendations that Forfás made. Additional functions included:
 * Provided independent and rigorous research, advice and support in the areas of enterprise and science policy. This work informed the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment and wider Government in its responses to the fast-changing needs of the global business environment;
 * Ensured the coherence of policies across the development agencies supporting enterprise;
 * Evaluated enterprise policy interventions;
 * Provided research and administrative support to independent advisory groups which currently include the:
 * Advisory Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (ASC)
 * Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (EGFSN)
 * Management Development Council (MDC)
 * National Competitiveness Council (NCC)

 * Accreditation services of the Irish National Accreditation Board (INAB). INAB provides services for the accreditation of calibration and testing laboratories in Ireland.
 * Managing the national awareness programme, Discover Science and Engineering (DSE). DSE is the national science awareness programme for science, engineering, technology and innovation. The programme was managed by Forfás on behalf of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment.
 * Provision of certain shared corporate services for IDA Ireland, Enterprise Ireland and Science Foundation Ireland;
 * Hosting the Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser to Government.

As outlined above, Forfás also played a significant role in co-ordinating the activities of Government Enterprise Agencies (Enterprise Ireland, IDA Ireland and Science Foundation Ireland).

Board
Forfás was ultimately a board of members that advised the Government. Members were appointed to the Board of Forfás by the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment and as provided for in the Industrial Development legislation. Under the Industrial Development Act 1993, the CEOs of IDA Ireland, Enterprise Ireland and Science Foundation Ireland were automatically Board members of Forfás. By tradition, the Director General of FÁS and the Secretary General of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment were also board members. The Board also included a panel of business, economic, and other specialists.

Executive
While Forfás was a board, that board was supported by an executive of salaried employees. Forfás was the sole legal employer of staff in its own executive, Enterprise Ireland, IDA Ireland and Science Foundation Ireland. Arising out of this, all staff employed in these bodies were Forfás employees seconded to such bodies. Upon retirement, Forfás assumed responsibility for their pension, resulting in Forfás having a large annual pensions cost and a significant liability under accounting standard FRS 17.

Policy analysis and advice
Forfás fulfilled its mandate through three policy divisions:
 * Competitiveness Division
 * Enterprise Policy Division
 * Science, Technology & Human Capital Division

Competitiveness
The Competitiveness Division supported the Board of Forfás in providing advice to the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, the development agencies and other government departments. It had the following departments:
 * National Competitiveness, Sustainability and Infrastructure Department
 * Regulation, Trade and Policy Foresight Department
 * Finance Department
 * Systems/IT/Facilities Departments

Enterprise policy
The Enterprise policy departments of this division supported the Board of Forfás in providing advice to the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment on general enterprise development and related issues: It had the following three departments:
 * Enterprise Policy and Communications Department
 * Tax/Finance/Employment and Surveys Department
 * Discover Science and Engineering

Science, Technology & Human Capital
This Division supported the Board of Forfás in providing advice to the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment on the development and implementation of science, technology, innovation and human capital policy for economic and social well-being. The division also provided research and secretariat support to the Advisory Science Council, the Expert Group on Future Skills Needs and the Management Development Council. It was made up of the following departments:
 * Science, Technology and Basic Research Policy
 * Enterprise Research and Development Policy
 * Human Capital and Labour Market Policy

Secretariat support
Forfás provided the secretariat to a number of committees established by Government. These include:
 * Advisory Council on Science & Technology in Ireland (ACSTI)
 * Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (EGFSN)
 * National Competitiveness Council (NCC)
 * Management Development Council (MDC)

Forfás also provided support to the Enterprise Strategy Group, the Small Business Forum, the Business Regulation Forum and the Consumer Strategy Group.

Discover Science and Engineering
It also ran the Discover Science & Engineering (DSE) programme on behalf of the Office of Science & Technology. The programme bring together under one brand many of the existing national science, technology and engineering awareness activities and expands on these activities in a way that eliminates duplication and provides a more focused and effective communications strategy. The aim of the DSE programme is to encourage young people to consider careers in science, engineering and technology and, linked to that, to increase the numbers of students studying the physical sciences. In addition, the programme aims to raise the level of perception of science, technology, innovation and engineering among students and society in general. DSE runs numerous initiatives, including Science Week Ireland, Discover Primary Science, Greenwave and Science.ie.

Irish National Accreditation Board
The Irish National Accreditation Board (INAB) has three main functions. It:
 * Accredited organisations involved in the certification of quality and environmental management systems, products and personnel, laboratories involved in calibration and testing activities, certification and inspection bodies, attesters and attestation bodies
 * Responsible for accreditation in accordance with the relevant International Organization for Standardization ISO 17000 series of standards and guides and the harmonised EN 45000 series of European standards
 * Is the national statutory monitoring authority for GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) and EMAS (European Eco-Management and Audit Schemes)

Other activities
Forfás was responsible for the successful EMU Business Awareness Campaign in Ireland and related Loughrea Eurotown project and more recently, the Enterprise Strategy Group and the Consumer Strategy Group.

Forfás was the direct employer of all employees in the 'development agencies', including IDA Ireland, Enterprise Ireland, Science Foundation Ireland and also was the legal employer of the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Irish Government.

title: Forfás