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Virgin of the Rocks

The Virgin of the Rocks (Vergine delle rocce), sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks, is the name of two paintings by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, of the same subject, with a composition which is identical except for several significant details. The version generally considered the prime version, the earlier of the two, is unrestored and hangs in the Louvre in Paris. The other, which was restored between 2008 and 2010, hangs in the National Gallery, London. The works are often known as the Louvre Virgin of the Rocks and London Virgin of the Rocks respectively. The paintings are both nearly 2 metres (over 6 feet) high and are painted in oils. Both were originally painted on wooden panels, but the Louvre version has been transferred to canvas.

Both paintings show the Virgin Mary and child Jesus with the infant John the Baptist and an angel Uriel, in a rocky setting which gives the paintings their usual name. The significant compositional differences are in the gaze and right hand of the angel. There are many minor ways in which the works differ, including the colours, the lighting, the flora, and the way in which sfumato has been used. Although the date of an associated commission is documented, the complete histories of the two paintings are unknown, leading to speculation about which of the two is earlier.

Two further paintings are associated with the commission: side panels each containing an angel playing a musical instrument and completed by associates of Leonardo. These are both in the National Gallery, London.

Louvre version
The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre is considered by most art historians to be the earlier of the two and dates from around 1483–1486. Most authorities agree that the work is entirely by Leonardo. It is about 8 cm (3 in) taller than the London version. The first certain record of this picture dates from 1625, when it was in the French royal collection. It is generally accepted that this painting was produced to fulfill a commission of 1483 in Milan. It is hypothesised that this painting was privately sold by Leonardo and that the London version was painted at a later date to fill the commission. There are a number of other theories to explain the existence of two paintings. This painting is regarded as a perfect example of Leonardo's "sfumato" technique.

London version
A very similar painting in the National Gallery, London, is also ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci, and ascribed a date before 1508. Originally thought to have been partially painted by Leonardo's assistants, a close inspection of the painting during the recent restoration between 2008 and 2010 has led the conservators from the National Gallery to conclude that the greater part of the work is by the hand of Leonardo, but debate continues. Parts of the painting, the flowers in particular, indicate the collaboration and have led to speculation that the work is entirely by other hands, possibly Leonardo's assistant Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis and perhaps Evangelista.

It was painted for the chapel of the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, in the church of San Francesco Maggiore in Milan. It was sold by the church, very likely in 1781, and certainly by 1785, when it was bought by Gavin Hamilton, who took it to England. After passing through various collections, it was bought by the National Gallery in 1880.

Angels
Two paintings of angels playing musical instruments are believed to have been part of the composition that was set into the altarpiece. These two pictures, now in the National Gallery, London, are thought to have been completed between 1490 and 1495. One, an angel in red, is thought to be the work of Ambrogio de Predis while the angel in green is thought to be the work of a different assistant of Leonardo, perhaps Francesco Napoletano.

Chapel of the Immaculate Conception
The Chapel of the Immaculate Conception was founded prior to 1335 by Beatrice d'Este, wife of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan. The chapel was attached to the church of S. Francesco Grande, Milan.

In 1479 the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception contracted Francesco Zavattari and Giorgio della Chiesa to decorate the vault of the chapel. In 1480 the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception contracted Giacomo del Maino to create a large wooden altarpiece with spaces for paintings and with carvings and decoration, to be placed above the altar of the chapel. Final payment was to be made on August 7, 1482.

Commission for the painting
On April 25, 1483, Prior Bartolomeo Scorlione and the Confraternity contracted Leonardo da Vinci, and the brothers Ambrogio and Evangelista de Predis to provide the painted panels for the altarpiece. The contract was not explicit about what each artist was to do. Leonardo was referred to in the contract as "Master". Ambrogio de Predis was also a painter. It is presumed that Evangelista de Predis was a gilder and assisted in preparing the colours.

The details of the painting, colouring and gilding are set out in the contract. The central panel was to be a painting showing the Virgin Mary and Christ child, with two prophets, probably David and Isaiah, surrounded by angels. Above them was to be a lunette containing a relief panel of God and the Virgin Mary, beneath which was a panel showing the crib. The relief figures were to be brightly painted and gilded. To either side of the central painting were to be painted panels showing four angelic musicians on one side and four singing angels on the other. A number of sculptured relief panels were to depict the life of the Virgin Mary. Details of the colours and the gilding of the major parts were specified in the contract.

The due date of installation was December 8, 1483, the Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, giving seven months for its completion.

Payment
On May 1, 1483, there was an initial payment of 100 Lire. This was followed by payments of 40 Lire per month from July 1483 until February 1485 totalling 800 Lire. A final payment was to be negotiated upon completion and delivery of the work in December 1483.

Between 1490 and 1495, Ambrogio and Leonardo wrote to the Confraternity stating that the centrepiece had cost the whole 800 Lire and they asked for a further 1,200 Lire, according to the contract. The Confraternity offered them only 100 Lire as a result of the petition. Leonardo and Ambrogio then requested Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, to intervene on their behalf. It was suggested that the altarpiece should be assessed by experts and evaluated, for the final payment. The artists also suggested that if an agreement over price could not be met, then they should remove the artwork.

In 1503 Ambrogio again appealed for payment, on his own behalf and that of the heirs of his now deceased brother, Evangelista. On March 9, 1503, Louis XII of France, who had invaded Lombardy in 1499, wrote to the commander of Milan requesting that he intervene on behalf of the artists. On June 23, 1503, the Confraternity set out a deed contesting de Predis' request for evaluation or return of the painting. On April 27, 1506, an evaluation was made. It was judged that the work was still incomplete. Leonardo was requested to finish it, but he was still absent from Milan.

On August 18, 1508, the painting was delivered and put into place. On August 7, 1507, and October 23, 1508, Ambrogio received two payments totalling 200 Lire. The receipt of this payment is acknowledged in correspondence by Leonardo.

National Gallery painting
In 1524 and 1576 The Virgin of the Rocks in the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception, presumably the London version, was invoked against the plague. In 1576, the altarpiece was removed from the chapel, which was demolished. In mid-1785, Gavin Hamilton, a Scottish painter and dealer, paid 1,582 Lire to purchase the Virgin of the Rocks from Alessandro, Count Cicogna, administrator of the religious body which succeeded the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. Hamilton's heirs sold the painting to Lord Lansdowne, who had amassed considerable debts. After his death in 1805, his son John was forced to sell nearly all of his father's collections, and the painting was purchased by the 15th Earl of Suffolk. In 1880, the painting was sold by the 18th Earl of Suffolk to the National Gallery for 9,000 guineas. It was reported at that time to be in a poor state and was attributed by some critics to Leonardo and by others to Bernardino Luini.

In June 2005, the painting was examined by infra-red reflectogram. This imaging revealed a draft of a different painting beneath the visible one. The draft portrays a woman, probably kneeling, with her right hand outstretched and her left on her heart. Some researchers believe that the artist's original intention was to paint an adoration of the infant Jesus. In 2021, Oxia Palus–an artificial intelligence company specialised in the reconstruction of lost artwork–used machine learning techniques to reconstruct this pentimento using the entire oeuvre of Leonardeschi paintings. Many other pentimenti are visible under x-ray or infra-red examination.

In 2009/2010 the painting underwent cleaning and conservation work, returning to display in July 2010. The National Gallery, in a preliminary announcement of the results of the work, said that it revealed that the painting was largely, possibly entirely, by Leonardo, and unfinished in parts. The full publication of the findings was released later in 2010.

Louvre painting
In 1625 the Virgin of the Rocks now in the Louvre was seen at Fontainebleau by Cassiano dal Pozzo. In 1806, the French restorer Fr Hacquin transferred the Louvre Virgin of the Rocks from its panel onto canvas. For a brief time in 2011–12 it was hung with the London painting as part of an exhibition in the National Gallery on Leonardo's activity as painter to the court of Ludovico Sforza.

Side panels
The two panels from the completed altarpiece containing figures of angels playing musical instruments were acquired by the National Gallery, London in 1898.

Subject

The subject of the two paintings is the adoration of the Christ child by the infant John the Baptist. This subject relates to a non-Biblical event which became part of the medieval tradition of the holy family’s journey into Egypt. The Gospel of Matthew relates that Joseph, the husband of Mary, was warned in a dream that King Herod would attempt to kill the child Jesus, and that he was to take the child and his mother and flee to safety. There are a series of non-Biblical narratives that relate to the journey to Egypt. One of these concerns Jesus’ cousin, John the Baptist, whose family, like that of Jesus, resided in the town of Bethlehem where the Massacre of the Innocents was to take place. According to legend, John was escorted to Egypt by the Archangel Uriel, and met the holy family on the road. The Louvre website refers to the angel in the painting as "Gabriel" (but the description of the painting in the Louvre still refers to Uriel). This accords with the Apocryphal gospel of John the Baptist, which describes his removal from Bethlehem as by Gabriel rather than Uriel and does not mention the meeting on the road to Egypt.

The subject of the Virgin Mary with the Christ child being adored by John the Baptist was common in the art of Renaissance Florence. John the Baptist is the patron saint of Florence and has often been depicted in the art of that city. Those who painted and sculpted the subject of the Mary and child with St John include Fra Filippo Lippi, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

In both paintings the scene is depicted taking place against a background of rock formations. While scenes of the Nativity were sometimes depicted as taking place in a cave, and Kenneth Clark points to the existence of an earlier rocky landscape in an adoration painted for the Medici family by Fra Filippo Lippi, the setting was unprecedented and gave to the paintings their usual name of the Virgin of the Rocks.

Composition
The two paintings of the Virgin of the Rocks that now belong to the National Gallery, London, and that belonging to the Louvre Museum, Paris, are the same in subject matter and in overall composition, indicating that one is derivative of the other. The two paintings differ in compositional details, in colour, in lighting and in the handling of the paint.

Both paintings show a grouping of four figures, the Virgin Mary, the Christ child, the infant John the Baptist and an angel arranged into a triangular composition within the painting and set against a background of rocks, and a distant landscape of mountains and water. In both paintings, Mary makes the apex of the pyramidal figure group, stretching one hand to include John and raising the other above the head of the Christ child in a blessing. John kneels, gazing towards the Christ child with his hands together in an attitude of prayer. The Christ child sits towards the front of the painting, supported by the angel, and raising his right hand in a sign of Benediction towards the kneeling John.

Differences
Compositionally, all the figures are slightly larger in the London painting than in the Louvre painting. The main compositional difference between the two paintings is that while in the London painting the angel's right hand rests on his/her knee, in the Louvre painting the hand is raised, the index finger pointing at John. The eyes of the angel are turned down in a contemplative manner in the London painting, but in the Louvre picture are turned to gaze in the general direction of the viewer.

In the London painting, all the forms are more defined, including the bodily forms of the clothed figures. The rocks are painted in meticulous detail, while the forms of the background in the painting in the Louvre are all more hazy. The contrast between light and shade on the figures and faces in the London painting are all much sharper. The faces and forms in the Louvre painting are more delicately painted and subtly blurred by sfumato. The lighting in the Louvre painting is softer and appears warmer, but this may be the result of the tone of the varnish on the surface. In keeping with their conservative handling of Leonardo's works, the Louvre version has not undergone significant restoration or cleaning. The Louvre painting remains much as it was in 1939 when Kenneth Clark lamented that "We can form no real conception of the colour, the values, or the general tone of the original, buried as it is under layer upon layer of thick yellow varnish. In the darks some mixture of bitumen has made the surface cake and crack like mud, and there are innumerable patches of old repaint all over the picture. All this must be borne in mind before we say that at this date Leonardo was a dark painter and an uninteresting colourist."

Another difference is in the colouring of the robes, particularly those of the angel. The London painting contains no red, while in the Louvre painting, the angel is robed in bright red and green, with the robes arranged differently from those of the angel in London. The London version contains traditional attributes missing from the Louvre version, the haloes and John's traditional cruciform reed staff. Davies says it is "not certain" if these details which are painted in gold are contemporary with the painting or have been added by a later artist. The details of the flowers are also quite different in the two paintings, with those in the Louvre painting being botanically accurate, and those in the London painting being fanciful creations.

Angel musicians
The two paintings of angels that are associated with the Virgin of the Rocks and are in the National Gallery do not properly fulfil the original commission for two panels each showing four angels, singing on one side and playing musical instruments on the other. There are only two musicians, both turned the same direction and both playing musical instruments. One, in green, plays a vielle, and the other, in red, plays a lute. The positions of the feet and the drapery are similar, indicating that the same design has in part been utilised for both. The angel in red is thought to be the work of Ambrogio de Predis. The angel in green is the work of an unknown associate of Leonardo. The National Gallery suggests that it might be the work of Francesco Napoletano.

In both cases the angel is standing in a grey painted niche. A reflectogram of the Angel in green with a Vielle revealed part of a painted landscape. The background of the Angel in red with a Lute could not be determined because the grey paint on that painting is thick and opaque. While it is commonly thought that the two angel panels were originally placed on either side of the central panel, an article published by the National Gallery suggests that they were placed higher up on the altarpiece.

Interpretation
The relationship between the two paintings “remains much debated”. Matters of debate include the dates of the two paintings, their authorship and the nature of their symbolism. For a few months in 2011 and 2012 the two paintings were brought together, possibly for the first time, in the same room in an exhibition at the National Gallery.

Dates
It is generally accepted by art historians that the Louvre version is the earlier work. Martin Davies, former director of the National Gallery, described the painting in the Louvre as being stylistically close to Leonardo's earlier works and the London painting more suggestive of his maturer style, and therefore the later of the two, and derivative of the Louvre painting. Most authors agree that the Louvre painting was the one that was painted to fulfil the commission of 1483.

Some writers, including Martin Davies, feel that 1483 is too late a date for the Louvre version, and suggest that the painting had already been begun and perhaps completed in Florence before the commission. Wasserman, Ottino della Chiesa and others have pointed out that the measurements of both paintings are compatible with the altarpiece, and that it is an unlikely coincidence that Leonardo painted a picture that fitted the dimensions, at a time prior to the commission. Wasserman suggests that perhaps the Louvre painting was extended to fit the arched shape, and that the joint is no longer visible since the painting was transferred to canvas in the 19th century. Davies suggests that Leonardo painted the second version in the 1480s to fulfil the commission, and based it on the earlier work. Kenneth Clark agrees with this interpretation, placing the Louvre painting prior to 1481 and the London painting from 1483.

The theory that is most commonly used to explain the existence of the two paintings is that Leonardo painted the Louvre Virgin of the Rocks to fulfil the commission, giving it a date of 1483, and that he then sold it to another client, and painted the London version as a replacement. In line with this theory, it is hypothesised that the Louvre painting was sold in the late 1480s, after some haggling over the final payment. The London painting was commenced in perhaps 1486 as a substitution for the "original" Louvre version, and was not ready for installation until 1508, after prolonged disagreement and negotiation. This explanation, which della Chiesa attributes to Venturi and Poggi, has gained wide acceptance, and is the version of events described on both the National Gallery and the Louvre websites. Martin Kemp dates the Louvre painting to 1483–1490 and the London painting to 1495–1508.

Not all authors agree with either the dating or the theory that the Louvre painting was the earlier, was sold, and the London painting done as a substitute. Taylor asserts that the London painting is stylistically the earlier of the two, being more meticulous, in keeping with the product of Leonardo's Florentine training, while the Louvre painting has more in common with the Last Supper and the Virgin and Child with St Anne, including the delicate use of sfumato. Taylor argues that the London painting fulfils the requirements of the commission of 1483 in terms of iconography, and that the iconography of the Louvre painting indicates that it was painted for an entirely different clientele, and gives it a date in the 1490s.

Authorship
It has always been agreed that the Louvre Virgin of the Rocks is entirely by the hand of Leonardo da Vinci. The Virgin of the Rocks in London has generally been seen as having been designed by Leonardo and executed with the assistants. The Louvre website and various authors suggest that the entire painting is by Ambrogio de Predis, painted under Leonardo's supervision between 1485 and 1508, or perhaps largely the work of de Predis, with minor intervention by Leonardo.

Since the recent cleaning, National Gallery curator Luke Syson has stated that the quality which has been revealed indicates that the work is mostly from the hand of Leonardo, and that participation of members of Leonardo's workshop was almost certainly less than previously thought.

Geologist Ann C. Pizzorusso argues that there are geological inaccuracies in the London version, unlike the Louvre version, which mean it is unlikely to have come from Leonardo's hand. Taylor disputes this, drawing attention to the fact that, at the time of writing, Pizzorusso had plainly not seen the glacial lakes to which she referred, and had mistaken clumps of moss for sandstone boulders.

Copies and derivations
One of the earliest known direct copies of the Louvre version is actually an altar cloth called the Paliotto leonardesco (ca 1487–90) housed in the Museo Baroffio, and the other is a painting (ca 1494–8) located in the Cheramy Collection, believed by Carlo Pedretti to be created by Leonardo's own hand. In her 1967 book (published in English in 1985) Angela Ottino della Chiesa identifies four paintings derived to some degree from The Virgin of the Rocks: the Holy Family and St. John by Bernardino Luini in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, the Thuelin Madonna by Marco d'Oggiono in the Thuelin collection in Paris and the Holy Infants Embracing by Joos van Cleve in the Capodimonte Museum in Naples. This image was much copied by Flemish artists including Joos van Cleve and Quentin Matsys – there is a small painting in Chatsworth by the latter. There is also a smaller copy of The Virgin of the Rocks (oil on wood) possibly by Joos van Cleve or his circle (private collection Berlin).

There is a 16th-century copy in the Royal Collection, given as a birthday present to Queen Victoria in 1847 by her husband Prince Albert.

In popular culture, in 1968 the American TV series It Takes a Thief based the episode "The Illegal Angel" around the theft of a fictional Leonardo painting titled The Sorrowful Angel, which is actually a close-up of the angel's face on the right of Virgin of the Rocks. The plot of the episode involves an art forger having to make a copy of Sorrowful Angel as part of a plan to trap a criminal by fooling him into thinking he has purchased a genuine Leonardo.

title: Virgin of the Rocks


text: User talk:65.97.8.205

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:65.97.8.205


text: Category:Monty Python sketches

title: Category:Monty Python sketches


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User talk:Drange net

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Misawa

Misawa (written: 三沢 or 三澤) may refer to:

Surname

 * Mitsuharu Misawa (1962–2009), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Junichi Misawa (born 1985), Japanese footballer
 * Keiichi Misawa (born 1988), Japanese footballer
 * Koichi Misawa (born 1974), Japanese baseball player
 * Minoru Misawa (三沢 実), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Sachika Misawa, Japanese voice actress and singer
 * Satoru Misawa (三沢 悟), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Shin Misawa, Japanese anime director and storyboard artist
 * Teruo Misawa, Japanese boxer

Fictional characters

 * Bastion Misawa (Daichi Misawa) in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
 * Maho Misawa in Ro-Kyu-Bu!

Places

 * Misawa, Aomori, a city located along the far North Pacific coastline of mainland Japan
 * Misawa Station, a railway station of Misawa, Aomori
 * Misawa Air Base, an American as well as a Japanese airbase
 * Misawa Airport

title: Misawa


text:
North-West Europe campaign of 1944–45

North-West Europe 1944–1945 is a battle honour (more properly known as an honorary distinction) earned by regiments of the British Commonwealth forces during the Second World War that took part in the actions of the northern part of the war's Western Front. The battle honour North-West Europe is suffixed with the year, or years, in which the awarded unit took part in the action.

It refers to the land campaign starting with the 6th June landings in Normandy and ended with Field Marshal Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands, Northwest Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath in Northwest Germany. The campaign was conducted by Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, of which the British 21st Army Group was a component, along with the American 12th and 6th Army Groups. Together, the three army groups comprised the Allied effort on the Western Front which at its longest stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland.

The battle honours for the Second World War were not awarded until 1957/58 by which point some units had amalgamated or been disbanded.

List of units
The following units were awarded the battle honour,

Canadian regiments

 * The Toronto Scottish Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Royal Regiment of Canada (1944–1945)
 * The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (1944–1945)
 * The Essex Scottish Regiment (1944–1945)
 * Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal (1944–1945)
 * The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada (1944–1945)
 * The South Saskatchewan Regiment (1944–1945)
 * 14th Canadian Armoured Regiment (The Calgary Regiment) (1945)
 * The Elgin Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Royal Montreal Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment) (1944–1945)
 * 12th Manitoba Dragoons (1944–1945)
 * 8th Canadian Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars) (1944–1945)
 * 7th Canadian Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars) (1944–1945)
 * The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (1944–1945)
 * 29th Canadian Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The South Alberta Regiment) (1944–1945)
 * The New Brunswick Rangers (1944–1945)
 * The Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) (1944–1945)
 * The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada (1944–1945)
 * Le Régiment de Maisonneuve (1944–1945)
 * The Calgary Highlanders (1944–1945)
 * The Royal Winnipeg Rifles (1944–1945)
 * The Regina Rifle Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Canadian Scottish Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada (1944–1945)
 * Le Régiment de la Chaudière (1944–1945)
 * The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Highland Light Infantry of Canada (1944–1945)
 * The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders (1944–1945)
 * The North Nova Scotia Highlanders (1944–1945)
 * The Lincoln and Welland Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Algonquin Regiment (1944–1945)
 * The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's) (1944–1945)
 * 6th Canadian Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars) (1944–1945)
 * 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse) (1944–1945)
 * 27th Canadian Armoured Regiment (The Sherbrooke Fusilier Regiment) (1944–1945)
 * 21st Armoured Regiment (The Governor General's Foot Guards) (1944–1945)
 * 22nd Armoured Regiment (The Grenadier Guards) (1944–1945)
 * 28th Armoured Regiment (The British Columbia Regiment) (1944–1945)
 * 1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment (1944–1945)
 * 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion (1944–1945)
 * 1st Armoured Car Regiment (Royal Canadian Dragoons) (1945)
 * 4th Reconnaissance Regiment (4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards) (1945)
 * The Saskatoon Light Infantry (1945)
 * 3rd Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The Governor General's Horse Guards) (1945)
 * The Westminster Regiment (Motor) (1945)
 * The Princess Louise Fusiliers (1945)
 * The Royal Canadian Regiment (1945)
 * 48th Highlanders of Canada (1945)
 * The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada (1945)
 * Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (1945)
 * The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment (1945)
 * The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (1945)
 * Royal 22e Regiment (1945)
 * The Carleton and York Regiment (1945)
 * The West Nova Scotia Regiment (1945)
 * The Perth Regiment (1945)
 * The Cape Breton Highlanders (1945)
 * The Irish Regiment of Canada (1945)
 * 11th Canadian Armoured Regiment (The Ontario Regiment) (1945)
 * 12th Canadian Armoured Regiment (The Three Rivers Regiment) (1945)
 * 2nd Armoured Regiment (Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)) (1945)
 * 5th Armoured Regiment (8th Princess Louise's (New Brunswick) Hussars) (1945)
 * 9th Armoured Regiment (The British Columbia Dragoons) (1945)
 * Prince Edward Island Regiment for actions of Prince Edward Island Light Horse (1944–1945)

US-Canadian forces

 * First Special Service Force (1944)

British regiments

 * Honourable Artillery Company (1944–1945)
 * Royal Norfolk Regiment (1944-45)
 * East Lancashire Regiment (1944–1945)
 * South Lancashire Regiment (1944–1945)
 * Suffolk Regiment
 * Coldstream Guards (1944–1945)
 * Irish Guards
 * Grenadier Guards (1944–1945)
 * Welsh Guards
 * 3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
 * Duke of Wellington's Regiment (1944–1945)
 * Parachute Regiment (1944–1945)
 * South Staffordshire Regiment (1944)
 * Army Commandos (1942–1944), in the form of honours granted to the Commandos Association.
 * Manchester Regiment (New 1st Battalion) (1944–1945)
 * Gloucestershire Regiment (1944–1945)
 * Life Guards
 * Royal Horse Guards

title: North-West Europe campaign of 1944–45


text:
Ultimate Elektra

Ultimate Elektra is a five-issue comic book limited series, which serves as a follow-up to Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra. Both were published by Marvel Comics under the Ultimate Marvel imprint. Devil's Due is written by Mike Carey, with pencils by Salvador Larroca.

Plot summary
The mini-series begins shortly after its predecessor, with Matt Murdock and Elektra Natchios in their freshman year at Columbia University.

Elektra can only stand by as her father makes a deal with his cousins, Paul and Leonder, who are in organized crime, so that he can rebuild the family's laundromat. Paul and Leonder hope to launder the money earned from their criminal life, but their book keeper Kenneth Cullen has turned state's evidence. Elektra Natchios makes a bargain with her cousins, she will recover the evidence in return for her father's financial freedom. She fakes being a call girl so that she can recover the evidence, just in time to see Kenneth Cullen killed by Benjamin Poindexter (Ultimate Bullseye) who was sent by the Kingpin.

Reception
The first issue of Ultimate Elektra was ranked 16 in the August 2004 period with pre-order sales of 68,340. This was lower than its prequel with Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra's first issues sale of 77,050. The final issue #5 dropped in ranking to 35 with pre-order sales of 40,856.

Zeb Aslam from comixfan.com rated the series 3.5 out of 5. The writing is considered "pretty lackluster and average at best" and that the writer Carey is using an "accepted formula" without taking any risks. The artwork was praised however "some panels the figures appear distorted".

title: Ultimate Elektra


text:
Category:Ancient Near East

 * The Ancient Near East refers to early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the present day Middle East, in Western Asia.
 * It includes the periods during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age (roughly 3000 BCE to 330 BCE).
 * Dates before (ca.) 3000 BCE and after 330 BCE are not usually included in the term "Ancient Near East":
 * dates before (ca.) 3000 BCE fall into the prehistoric period
 * dates after 330 BCE fall into the Hellenistic period

 * See also:
 * Category: Ancient Asia
 * Category: Ancient Anatolia
 * Category: Ancient Egypt
 * Category: Ancient Israel and Judah
 * Category: Ancient Persia

title: Category:Ancient Near East


text:
User talk:SteinbDJ

Speedy deletion of Charles Anthony Silvestri
A tag has been placed on Charles Anthony Silvestri requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the article (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Ridernyc (talk) 14:16, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Fall
I have put Fall (disambiguation) up for a requested move to Fall. See Talk:Fall (disambiguation) Simply south (talk) 16:02, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Meetup/Philadelphia 6
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January 2008

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AfD nomination of J Stalin
An article that you have been involved in editing, J Stalin, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/J Stalin (2nd nomination). Thank you. Icamepica (talk) 05:12, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

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April 5, 2008

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Planning for the 7th Wikipedia Meetup
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You're invited!
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March 15, 2009

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Philadelphia-area Wikipedia Meetup

March 15, 2009

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Location: Drexel University 'RSVP (view/edit this template'') In the afternoon, we will hold a session at Drexel dedicated to discussing Wikimedia Pennsylvania activity and cooperation with the regional Wikimedia New York City chapter.

Are events like a Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia in our future?

In the evening, we'll share dinner and friendly wiki-chat at a local Italian restaurant. This has been an automatic delivery by BrownBot (talk) 20:33, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

You're invited...
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WP:Hornbook -- a new WP:Law task force for the J.D. curriculum
Andrew Gradman talk/WP:Hornbook 05:54, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

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How do I insert a picture in an article?
Help me How do I insert a picture in an article?

Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia
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Wiki Takes Philadelphia

October 4, 2009

Time: 12 pm

Location: Drexel Quad (33rd and Market) University City, Philadelphia 'RSVP (view/edit this template'')

Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia is a photo scavenger hunt and free content photography contest to be held all around Philadelphia aimed at illustrating Wikipedia articles.

Scheduled for Sunday, October 4, 2009, the check-in location will be at the Drexel University quad (between Chestnut and Market, 33rd and 32nd) at noon, and the ending party and photo uploading (location to be announced) will be at 6 PM. To reach the Drexel quad, walk south from Market Street at 32nd Street into the campus.

'''[http://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?hl=en&formkey=dC1OUlVTRUJwempjREg3VkRHUEF1Z3c6MA.. Register your team here]'''

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You're invited to Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia
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Conflict news
Hello! The article The Klan (Belgian band) is attacked again. Greetings Raoniz (talk) 02:25, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Dick Crest for deletion
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You're invited to the Philadelphia Wiknic!

This message is being sent to inform you of a Wikipedia picnic that is being held in your area this Saturday, June 25. From 1 to 5 PM or any time in between, join your fellow volunteers for a get together in the Azalea Garden, just behind the Philadelphia Museum of Art 39.96801°N, -75.18316°W

Take along your friends (newbies permitted), your family and other free culture enthusiasts! You may also want to pack a blanket, some water or perhaps even a frisbee.

If you can, share what you're bringing at the discussion page.

Also, please remember that this is the picnic that anyone can edit so bring enough food to share!

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Disambiguation link notification for October 26
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Erskine Childers (author) listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Erskine Childers (author). Since you had some involvement with the Erskine Childers (author) redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). TheLongTone (talk) 21:28, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link fixing one-day contest
I have decided to put on a mini-contest within the November 2013 monthly disambiguation contest, on Saturday, November 23 (UTC). I will personally give a $20 Amazon.com gift card to the disambiguator who fixes the most links on that server-day (see the project page for details on scoring points). Since we are not geared up to do an automated count for that day, at 00:00, 23 November 2013 (UTC) (which is 7:00 PM on November 22, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the project page leaderboard. I will presume that anyone who is not already listed on the leaderboard has precisely nine edits. At 01:00, 24 November 2013 (UTC) (8:00 PM on November 23, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the leaderboard at that time (the extra hour is to give the board time to update), and I will determine from that who our winner is. I will credit links fixed by turning a WP:DABCONCEPT page into an article, but you'll have to let me know me that you did so. Here's to a fun contest. Note that according to the Daily Disambig, we currently have under 256,000 disambiguation links to be fixed. If everyone in the disambiguation link fixers category were to fix 500 links, we would have them all done - so aim high! Cheers! bd2412 T 02:23, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

May 2014 disambig contest: let's do it again!
Greetings fellow disambiguator! Remember back in February when we made history by clearing the board for the first time ever, for the monthly disambiguation contest? Let's do it again in May! I personally will be aiming to lead the board next month, but for anyone who thinks they can put in a better effort, I will give a $10 Amazon gift card to any editor who scores more disambiguation points in May. Also, I will be setting up a one-day contest later in the month, and will try to set up more prizes and other ways to make this a fun and productive month. Cheers! bd2412 T 18:50, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Join us this Saturday (July 30) at the Philadelphia Wiknic
Join us this Saturday (July 30) at the Philadelphia Wiknic, the "picnic anyone can edit". This is an opportunity to meet other local Wikipedians, have fun, and discuss potential projects.

The event is this Saturday, between 1pm-5pm at the Picnic Grove in Penn Park.

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Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
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Your access to AWB may be temporarily removed
Hello SteinbDJ! This message is to inform you that due to editing inactivity, your access to AutoWikiBrowser may be temporarily removed. If you do not resume editing within the next week, your username will be removed from the CheckPage. This is purely for routine maintenance and is not indicative of wrongdoing on your part. You may regain access at any time by simply requesting it at WP:PERM/AWB. Thank you! — MusikBot II  talk  17:26, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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Proposed deletion of Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia

The article Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unref article, dsn't appear to meet WP:N"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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title: User talk:SteinbDJ


text:
Mutsu

Mutsu may refer to:

Places

 * Mutsu, Aomori, a city in Aomori prefecture, Japan
 * Mutsu Province, one of the old provinces of Japan
 * Mutsu Bay, a bay inside Aomori Prefecture, Japan
 * Mutsu, Estonia, a village in Vastseliina Parish, Võru County, Estonia

People

 * Mutsu Munemitsu (1844–1897), diplomat in Japan during the Meiji period
 * Mutsu Hirokichi (1869–1942), Japanese diplomat and an educator in Meiji and Taishō period Japan
 * Iso Mutsu (1867–1930), author of the first guide to Kamakura ever written

Other uses

 * Mutsu, a 1970 merchant ship that was Japan's only nuclear-powered ship
 * JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Mutsu, a 1920 battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy
 * Bluefish, a sushi/sashimi ingredient
 * Mutsu (apple), a yellow-gold apple also known as Crispin
 * The fictional Mutsu clan in the manga and anime series Shura no Toki - Age of Chaos
 * Mutsu Kokubun-ji Yakushidō, the provincial temple of former Mutsu Province, Japan
 * Mutsu Tonohohon, an action video game released in 2002 by Tomy

title: Mutsu


text:
User talk:Pwqn

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 17:14, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Images
Please consider uploading public domain images to Commons, from which they can be used on any of the Wikipedias. Do you need some help doing so? David.Monniaux 22:03, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Also, consider using shorter filenames and filing a description on the page for the rest of the stuff. David.Monniaux 22:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Definately consider shorter filenames, that or does your browser support tab completion or something? ;-) Kim Bruning 22:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh but like, before folks forget to mention: thank you very much for uploading images in the first place of course! :-) Kim Bruning 11:53, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Trial by combat
Thanks for finding a picture for "Trial by combat!" -- Smerdis of Tlön 18:44, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

General Post-Office, Dublin and High Cross, Leicestershire
Hi. I've noticed you create a few pages this afternoon which you've cut and pasted from other sources (uncredited). Whilst it is useful to have new content it really helps Wikipedia do its job properly if they are 'wikified' with appropriate links so that users can click between relevant articles. Similarly, there was already an article on the Post Office and you should always check first before creating new articles so that you can add content to the existing location rather than create something that might duplicate the work of others. In this case I've placed a redirect to the existing article as your page title was also mis-formatted. Welcome! --Vamp:Willow 16:50, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction"
You can add text from out of copyright sources, but please note the original source and make sure the material is useful, encyclopedic, and NPOV. Gamaliel 19:52, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The assertions of a lot of these nineteenth century antiquarians whose works you draw on need to be taken with a pinch of salt. I have reverted your edits to Stone circle as the original scholarship is not sound. adamsan  19:16, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You have lifted full paragraphs from Gutenberg sources into Thomas Moore], [[Blackheath, London, Signature, Christmas, Naples without attribution. You also leave all of your edits as "minor" and leave no edit summaries.  Additionally, your comments in the Wikipedia talk:Long term abuse/Willy on Wheels page are unconstructive.  All of these indicate trolling to me.  I will be reverting your edits that look like copyvio right now.  You can dispute this on their respective talk pages.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 18:41, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your many contributions to articles large and small. I notice that you have added information from The Nuttall Encyclopaedia to many articles. Maybe it would be good to add a (boilerplate?) notice in the reference section of articles you change in this way, especially the small ones where the change is most of the article. --68.192.192.182 04:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Body, Cognition and Senses
Re: your edit summary concerning my removal of BCS at CSB. I maybe should've taken it to Talk but I did that earlier. As for your comparison of Xed and EntmOT, I should've said that EntmootsOfTrolls is hard banned (see User:EntmootsOfTrolls/ban) for making death threats, among other things, whereas Xed is banned for three months due to uncivility. But that's not the most important thing; the crucial difference is that BCS is an inactive one-man project, whereas CSB has had a number of active participants from the very beginning (including Jmabel, Filiocht, Trilobite, Solitude, and ChrisG cf. User:Xed/CROSSBOW). So I still don't see the use of listing it at 'similar projects'.

Don't get me wrong — I'm actually quite intrigued by the ideas behind BCS. It's just that I don't think that this one-man project is ever going to work; it would require Wikipedia being turned upside down and that's just impossible to accomplish. My view on BCS is that it is a brave attempt to part with the current paradigm/worldview — an attempt however which is doomed to fail precisely because of the current paradigm/worldview of 99% of Wikipedia's contributors. — mark ✎ 20:34, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * So, what are your reasons to list this particular project on 'Similar projects' at Countering Systemic Bias?  — mark ✎ 00:51, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Welcome back
Hello, Recycling Troll, welcome back. Have fun stalking me. RickK 22:56, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Minor edits
You've been marking some of your edits as minor lately  that aren't e.g. Generally the minor edit button is for correcting spellings, or formatting etc. Adding, removing information, should not be marked as minor. Cheers Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:20, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Interwikis
Hello Pwqn, please make sure that the interwikis work. In some of your edits, the links to for example the french wiki didn't work anymore after your edits. Regards. --Alcidebava 13:00, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hell Mary Hill
Hi! I was looking through the Sheffield page and I found your article on Hell Mary Hill. Can you tell me more about this place? I lived in Sheffield for over twenty years and have studied the local history and geography and I have never heard of it? Thanks,  JeremyA 05:06, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

De-adminship
I reverted your change because the prior wording was more accurate. I also note that your edit summary was misleading. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 18:43, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Holistic science
Thanks for removing the pseudoscience category from the Holistic Science page. I'm also trying to garner support for removing the "merge with holism" tag. I think the case for removing it is clear-cut: holism can be pursued with no regard for science whatsoever AND a page on the application of holism to science is justified. Obviously, the page still needs a lot of work, but that has no bearing on the validity of the article's existence separate from Holism. Until now, however, there are only two of us working on the page, i.e. me and one skeptic who is insisting that the merge tag s/he put in be kept. Any contribution you can make to the Holistic science talk page in favor of removing the merge tag will be appreciated. The same applies for any improvements you can make to the page itself! --Smithfarm 11:10, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Alban's death date
Do you think you could give a reference for the date of Alban's death? There seem to be several conflicting sources on the subject, and previously dates have been deleted from the article as unsubstantiated. (Hence the rather flowery "The date of the execution is best left to the venerable Bede" quote in the article currently.) - MykReeve 22:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please remember to always provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy edits. Hyacinth 01:14, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Geo-stubs
Hi Pwqn - I see you've been creating several stubs, and labelling them with their correctstub categories (good work!). Many countries now have their own geo-stub categories, almost all in the form Countryname-geo-stub (e.g., Italy-geo-stub). It'd help even more if you could try the more specialist stub notice (test it with preview) rather than the generic geo-stub. Thanks! Grutness|hello? 00:51, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Gunpowder Plot
Re: your edit to the page on Dec 27 2004, I notice that you've inserted many paragraphs from another source (presumably one whose copyright has expired). Could you include a reference for this text? Thanks. --Spudtater 16:26, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Byron revert
Sorry about that. I noticed the text was pasted from an external source, Googled, and mistakenly thought it was from something still in copyright. Have re-reverted now. --Calair 23:05, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

1911?
I notice that you seem to be making a number of edits related to the 1911 EB categories and and templates. I'm not entirely sure what you're attempting to accomplish (animism and animal worship are two examples), but if you wouldn't mind enlightening me, I am curious. ;) --Dante Alighieri | Talk 18:53, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

Chateau-Gaillard image
I'd just like to notify you that I marked your image, "Present State of the Feudal Castle of Chateau Gaillard aux Andelys which was considered one of the strongest Castles of France in the Middle Ages and was rebuilt in the Twelfth Century by Richard Coeur de Lion.png" for deletion. It's name is obviously too long and unweildy, so I made a copy of it, "Château-Gaillard.png" and that is now the image used on the Château-Gaillard site.

Image:Baez2.jpg
It's an albumcover - wikipedia thinks they're fair use. I've retagged it. You did not get around to adding it to WP:PUI - if you at all unhappy, please do list it there and put the PUI notice back on it. thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

Nuttall tag
I came across a couple of entries that you seem to have copied from Nuttall. If you are doing this as part of Nuttall Encyclopedia topics, welcome to the project. If so, could you add the tag to the articles? Thanks. David Brooks 23:14, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC) ... also, if you are doing this, please create redirects with the capitalization style of the original list (e.g. create Apocalyptic Writings -> Apocalyptic writings). Thanks.

Government of Australia
Pwqn, your recent edits to Government of Australia are cause for concern. I request that you attend to the article's talk page and clarify your intentions and, most importantly, motivations. I am not, at this stage, accussing you of anything, but you must understand that the issue of Australia's head of state is particularly emotional following the obstructionism of a particular user. I advise you review the archives of the linked talk-page to gain perspective. Thanks, -- Cyberjunkie   TALK  9 July 2005 16:24 (UTC)

 * I have replied at Talk:Government of Australia. Pwqn 9 July 2005 18:13 (UTC)

There's been a bit of a tempest surrounding your contributions to Government of Australia. I would strongly encourage you to review the Talk page archives associated with that article; because of the recent Skyring debacle editors and admins are very sensitive about the issue of Australia's head of state. Some of our editors may be touchier than usual on the issue, and I urge you edit with the utmost care and restraint. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 02:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Pylos
You made some contributions to Pylos a while back that look like they came from some other source. Was it the 1911 EB, or somewhere else? Thanks. Gwimpey 22:48, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not the 1911 EB, which I have in front of me.... It does sound 19th century, but we really ought to know what the source is! --Macrakis 20:17, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Antequera
You deleted most of the article. Was that an editing accident? David Brooks 17:04, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

1911 redux
Pwqn, I see you're adding lots of material from. While I applaud your efforts to improve wikipedia, I'm concerned at the effect this has had on the quality of some articles. If we look at Antichrist, for example, the article was clearly of higher editorial standard prior to the addition of this material. This is not to say that there was no information added, but we also have a duty of care in ensuring that material is well presented. brenneman (t) (c) 23:40, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Apicius
Could you make your edits again? They were too cryptic to decode. Thank you. --Wetman 15:44, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Albrizzi
Hi! I saw you had began the article Albrizzi and I think you spelled it in a wrong way, since an article about the same family has been created by someone with the name Albizzi. I checked in an encycolpaedia i have at home and counted the number of google hits for "albrizzi medici" and the other spelling and it seems the name is albizzi. That's why I moved the content of your article into that of the other one. No big deal but I wanted to let you know about this, if you have comments or else, tell me. Cheers, Julien Tuerlinckx 16:07, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

1911 texts
Please be careful about adding text from the 1991 Britannica. For instance, the additions you made to Ahmed Urabi were highly POV, and largely duplicated material already in the article. Also please make sure to format all additions to standard Wikipedia style. - SimonP 17:10, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

1911 additions
Hi - Ive noticed youve been adding a lot of 1911 material. There are Wikipedia guidelines about this, you cant just add raw text with wikilinks and section breaks. You also have to research the material to make sure it is still accurate, and you have to re-write it to modern standards. Otherwise you are actually making article worse, adding inaccurate information, difficult to read grammar, and perhaps worse of all, highly POV edits. Please see the Wikipedia guidelines about adding 1911 text. In general, it is usually best to reference 1911 articles in the References section as an external link. If none exists, or if you want to recreate the entire article, Wikisource is a good place. Stbalbach 17:45, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Yes, please cease doing this. You totally messed up Apocrypha six months ago by stripping the article bare and then just copy-pasting the 1911 article into what remained. Rarr 02:09, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Greek etymological information
I notice youve been adding a lot of Greek etymological information to the start of articles. I take it this is from EB1911. In the 19th century it was common educational practice to learn Greek, and so this information was valuable to scholars of the time. Today, very few people know or need to know Greek, and those specialized few that do, dont need the etymological information in a general purpose encyclopedia. There really is no good reason to have it on Wikipedia, it's an archaic artifact. Stbalbach 05:23, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Henry Purcell image
I have put the image you uploaded image:Henry Purcell.jpg up for deletion, because I put it on the commons so that it would not trump the image already there with the same name. If there are two images of the same name, one on commons and one on Wikipedia, the Wikipedia one automatically is inserted in any article, so the only way I know how to use the image I want on the commons is to move your image to commons under a different name and delete the one here. Thanks for the great picture, though. Makemi 04:41, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Thomas Aquinas
It looks like you added a great deal of 1911 information to Thomas Aquinas on 6 November 2005. Unfortunately, some of the information is apparently blatantly inaccurate: see Talk:Thomas_Aquinas. We would greatly appreciate your attention to this inaccuracy. Thanks ... David aukerman 16:51, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Alain de l'Isle
A tag has been placed on Alain de l'Isle, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable (see the guidelines for notability here). If you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please affix the template  to the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself.

Please read the criteria for speedy deletion (specifically, article #7) and our general biography criteria. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. (aeropagitica) 21:21, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Notability of Don José Alvarez
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Don José Alvarez, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Don José Alvarez seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Don José Alvarez, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate Don José Alvarez itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 04:20, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Gaspar Aquila
Another editor has added the  template to the article Gaspar Aquila, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 09:59, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

NowCommons: Image:The King of the Franks in the midst of the Military Chiefs who formed his Treuste or armed Court dictates the Salic Law Code of the Barbaric Laws.png
Image:The King of the Franks in the midst of the Military Chiefs who formed his Treuste or armed Court dictates the Salic Law Code of the Barbaric Laws.png is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:Image:Salic Law.png. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 19:35, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * File:All Souls Church Langham Place.jpg is now available as Commons:File:All Souls Church Langham Place.jpg. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 16:15, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Ainos
A tag has been placed on Ainos requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

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Speedy deletion nomination of File:Georg Friedrich Haendel.jpg
A tag has been placed on File:Georg Friedrich Haendel.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Tim 1357  talk  02:05, 20 May 2010 (UTC) == missing description details ==

Dear uploader: The media files you uploaded as: are missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers.
 * File:The Judicial Duel The Plaintiff opening his Case before the Judge Fac simile of a Miniature in the Ceremonies des Gages des Batailles Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the National Library of Paris.png
 * File:Hanging to Music A Minstrel condemned to the Gallows obtained permission that one of his companions should accompany him to his execution and play his favourite instrument on the ladder of the Gallows.png
 * File:View of the Pillory in the Market place of Paris in the Sixteenth Century after a Drawing by an unknown Artist of 1670.png
 * File:Legend of the Jew calling the Devil from a Vessel of Blood Fac simile of a Woodcut in Boaistuau s Histoires Prodigieuses in 4to Paris Annet Briere 1560.png
 * File:Gipsies Fortune telling Fac simile of a Woodcut in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster in folio Basle 1552.png
 * File:Interview of King Charles V with the Emperor Charles IV in Paris in 1378 Fac simile of a Miniature in the Description of this Interview Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the Library of the Arsenal of Paris.png
 * File:Hospital of St Thomas Canterbury.png
 * File:Town Hall Liverpool.png
 * File:Gaspard Monge s mausoleum.png
 * File:Kanemboo market woman.png
 * File:Autographed portrait of John Randolph.jpg
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 1.png
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Dear uploader: The media files you uploaded as: are missing a description and/or other details on their image description pages. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors make better use of the images, and they will be more informative to readers.
 * File:The Judicial Duel The Plaintiff opening his Case before the Judge Fac simile of a Miniature in the Ceremonies des Gages des Batailles Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the National Library of Paris.png
 * File:Hanging to Music A Minstrel condemned to the Gallows obtained permission that one of his companions should accompany him to his execution and play his favourite instrument on the ladder of the Gallows.png
 * File:View of the Pillory in the Market place of Paris in the Sixteenth Century after a Drawing by an unknown Artist of 1670.png
 * File:Legend of the Jew calling the Devil from a Vessel of Blood Fac simile of a Woodcut in Boaistuau s Histoires Prodigieuses in 4to Paris Annet Briere 1560.png
 * File:Gipsies Fortune telling Fac simile of a Woodcut in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster in folio Basle 1552.png
 * File:Interview of King Charles V with the Emperor Charles IV in Paris in 1378 Fac simile of a Miniature in the Description of this Interview Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the Library of the Arsenal of Paris.png
 * File:Hospital of St Thomas Canterbury.png
 * File:Town Hall Liverpool.png
 * File:Gaspard Monge s mausoleum.png
 * File:Kanemboo market woman.png
 * File:Autographed portrait of John Randolph.jpg
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 1.png
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 2.png
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Files missing description details
Dear uploader: The media files you uploaded as: are missing a description and/or other details on their image description pages. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors make better use of the images, and they will be more informative to readers.
 * File:The Judicial Duel The Plaintiff opening his Case before the Judge Fac simile of a Miniature in the Ceremonies des Gages des Batailles Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the National Library of Paris.png
 * File:Hanging to Music A Minstrel condemned to the Gallows obtained permission that one of his companions should accompany him to his execution and play his favourite instrument on the ladder of the Gallows.png
 * File:View of the Pillory in the Market place of Paris in the Sixteenth Century after a Drawing by an unknown Artist of 1670.png
 * File:Legend of the Jew calling the Devil from a Vessel of Blood Fac simile of a Woodcut in Boaistuau s Histoires Prodigieuses in 4to Paris Annet Briere 1560.png
 * File:Gipsies Fortune telling Fac simile of a Woodcut in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster in folio Basle 1552.png
 * File:Interview of King Charles V with the Emperor Charles IV in Paris in 1378 Fac simile of a Miniature in the Description of this Interview Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the Library of the Arsenal of Paris.png
 * File:Hospital of St Thomas Canterbury.png
 * File:Town Hall Liverpool.png
 * File:Gaspard Monge s mausoleum.png
 * File:Kanemboo market woman.png
 * File:Autographed portrait of John Randolph.jpg
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 1.png
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 2.png
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 3.png
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 * File:Telectroscope Fig 5.png

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Better source request for some of your uploads
Thanks for your uploads to Wikipedia. There is an issue with some of them, specifically: You provided a source, but it is difficult for other users to examine the copyright status of the images because the source is incomplete. Please consider clarifying the exact source so that the copyright status may be checked more easily. It is best to specify the exact Web page where you found the images, rather than only giving the source domain or the URL of the image files themselves. Please update the image descriptions with URLs that will be more helpful to other users in determining the copyright status.
 * File:The Judicial Duel The Plaintiff opening his Case before the Judge Fac simile of a Miniature in the Ceremonies des Gages des Batailles Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the National Library of Paris.png
 * File:Hanging to Music A Minstrel condemned to the Gallows obtained permission that one of his companions should accompany him to his execution and play his favourite instrument on the ladder of the Gallows.png
 * File:View of the Pillory in the Market place of Paris in the Sixteenth Century after a Drawing by an unknown Artist of 1670.png
 * File:Legend of the Jew calling the Devil from a Vessel of Blood Fac simile of a Woodcut in Boaistuau s Histoires Prodigieuses in 4to Paris Annet Briere 1560.png
 * File:Gipsies Fortune telling Fac simile of a Woodcut in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster in folio Basle 1552.png
 * File:Interview of King Charles V with the Emperor Charles IV in Paris in 1378 Fac simile of a Miniature in the Description of this Interview Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the Library of the Arsenal of Paris.png
 * File:Hospital of St Thomas Canterbury.png
 * File:Town Hall Liverpool.png
 * File:Gaspard Monge s mausoleum.png
 * File:Kanemboo market woman.png
 * File:Autographed portrait of John Randolph.jpg
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 1.png
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 2.png
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 3.png
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 4.png
 * File:Telectroscope Fig 5.png

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Bob Acres for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Bob Acres is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of File:Richard Wagner Project Gutenberg.jpg

The file File:Richard Wagner Project Gutenberg.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused, superseded by File:RichardWagner.jpg."

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title: User talk:Pwqn


text:
Talk:Houn Jiyu-Kennett

Untitled
'''Footnote 3 ("Ford") points to a book that isn't mentioned anywhere in the references! What is it?''' 91.106.175.8 (talk) 20:41, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Any idea whether her name should be "Jiyu Kennett" or "Jiyu-Kennett"? Both appear widely on the web, sometimes in the same article, as is the case with ours. Looks like "Jiyu-Kennett" is a little more common, but I wanted to check before moving it. Actually, it should probably go to Houn Jiyu-Kennett which appears to be her full name.

By the way, someone with a little knowledge of it should try to add something about her role in developing Shasta's unique blend of Christian and Buddhist trappings. I have a tape of her people performing traditional chants set to plainsong (complete with dharanis translated into English!) and I reckon there's nothing else like that in the world. - Nat Krause 17:15, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Rev. Master Jiyu Kennett composed a number of hymns too. There is (I think) a 'sacristy' at Throssel Hole. The OBC began giving monks Eastern-type names but switched to Western type (again, I think) and this may be part of the same approach. Rentwa 19:00, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Jiyu-Kennett is the correct version from my experience within the Sangha. Also, I would suggest removing the Dharma heirs until a complete list can be formed. There are several, and they all deserve to be included. A picture of her should also be uploaded. -SHM —Preceding unsigned comment added by Suchawato (talk • contribs) 10:06, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Houn Jiyu-Kennett


text:
Svans

The Svans (, Shvanar; სვანი, Svani) are an ethnic subgroup of the Georgians (Kartvelians)   living mostly in Svaneti, a region in northwest Georgia. They speak the Svan language and are mostly bilingual also in Georgian. Both these languages belong to the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language family. In the pre-1930 Soviet census, the Svans were categorized as a separate ethnic group (natsionalnost). The self-designation of the Svan is Mushüan, which is probably reflected in the ethnonym Misimian of the Classical authors.

History

The Svans are usually identified with the Soani mentioned by Greek geographer Strabo, who placed them more or less in the area still occupied by the modern-day Svans.

In the Russian Empire and early Soviet Union Mingrelians and Svans had their own census grouping, but were classified under the broader category of Georgian in the 1930s. They are Georgian Orthodox Christians, and were Christianized in the 4th–6th centuries. However, some remnants of pre-Christian beliefs have been maintained. Saint George (known as Jgëræg to the locals), a patron saint of Georgia, is the most respected saint. The Svans have retained many of their old traditions, including blood revenge, although this tradition has been declining over time and as law enforcement takes hold. Their families are small, and the husband is the head of his family. The Svan strongly respect the older women in families.

Language
Typically bilingual, they use both Georgian and their own, unwritten Svan language. Prior to the 19th century, many Svans were monolingual, only knowing the Svan language.

Genetics
The most common Y-chromosomal haplogroup among the Svans is G2a (90%), in the second place is the Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1a (5%), in the third place is the Y-chromosomal haplogroup J2a1 (about 3%). Among mitochondrial haplogroups H (17.9%), K (15.8%), W6 (13%), T (9.24%), U1 (7.61%), X2 (6, 52%), U2 (5.98%) are common haplogroups.

Famous Svans

 * Mathilda Gvarliani, fashion Model
 * Temur Babluani (born 1948), film director, script writer, and actor
 * Géla Babluani (born 1979), Georgian-French film director
 * Mikheil Gelovani (1893–1956), actor who primarily portrayed Stalin
 * Otar Ioseliani (1934–2023), film director in Georgia
 * Mikheil Kurdiani (1954–2010), philologist, linguist, writer, poet and translator
 * Sopho Gelovani (born 1984), singer
 * Tariel Oniani (born 1952), mafia boss
 * Yaroslav Iosseliani (1912–1978), Soviet Navy submarine commander
 * Nana Ioseliani (born 1962), chess player
 * Otia Ioseliani (1930–2011), Georgian writer
 * Egnate Gabliani (1881–1937), Georgian ethnographer
 * Tengiz Kitovani (1938–2023), Georgian politician

title: Svans


text:
Conditional-access module

A conditional access module (CAM) is an electronic device, usually incorporating a slot for a smart card, which equips an integrated digital television or set-top box with the appropriate hardware facility to view conditional access content that has been encrypted using a conditional access system. They are normally used with direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services, although digital terrestrial pay TV suppliers also use CAMs. PC Card form factor is used as the Common Interface form of Conditional Access Modules for DVB broadcasts. Major CAM manufacturers are Airmod.tech and SMIT. Airmod, created in 2022, regroup CAM formerly managed by Neotion and SmarDTV.

Some encryption systems for which CAMs are available are Logiways, Nagravision, Viaccess, Mediaguard, Irdeto, KeyFly, Verimatrix, Cryptoworks, Mascom, Safeview, Diablo CAM and Conax. NDS VideoGuard encryption, the preferred choice of Sky Digital can only be externally emulated by a Dragon brand CAM. The NDS CAM that the Sky viewing card ordinarily uses is built into the Sky Digibox and thus not visible. Dragon and Matrix, two popular cams with satellite television enthusiasts are multicrypt meaning each is capable of handling more than one encryption system. Matrix CAMs can be upgraded via the PC Card port in a laptop personal computer whereas a Dragon cam update is done via separate programmer hardware. Although not officially supported or acknowledged, multicrypt and programmable modules are a grey market in the pay-TV industry.

The primary purpose of the CAM is to derive control words, which are short-term decryption keys for video. The effectiveness of a CAM depends on the tamper resistance of the hardware; if the hardware is broken, the functionality of the CAM can be emulated, enabling the content to be decrypted by non-subscribers. CAMs are normally removable so that they can be replaced after the hardware security is breached. Replacement of the CAMs in a system is called a card swap-out.

CAM Modules come in two types: standard, intended for a single TV consumer, and professional, made for an array of televisions connected to a rack of CAMs, like in a hospital or a hotel.

The standard format for a CAM is a PC card which takes a smart card to authenticate, although CAMs with the 'smart card' burnt into memory, known as Cardless CAM, can be found. With the CI+ 2.0 certification came a new USB dongle form factor. In addition, CAM emulators exist for many systems, either providing an interface to allow the use of more than one type of card, or a card not designed for that receiver.

title: Conditional-access module


text: Category:Monty Python songs

title: Category:Monty Python songs


text:
Coryat's Crudities

 is a travelogue published in 1611 by Thomas Coryat (sometimes also spelled "Coryate" or "Coriat") of Odcombe, an English traveller and mild eccentric.

History
The book is an account of a journey undertaken, much of it on foot, in 1608 through France, Italy, Germany, and other European countries. Coryat conceived of the 1,975-mile (3,175 km) voyage to Venice and back in order to write the subsequent travelogue dedicated to Henry, Prince of Wales, at whose court he was regarded as somewhat of a buffoon and jester, rather than the wit and intellectual he considered himself. The extent to which Coryat invited such ridicule in pursuit of patronage and court favour is unclear.

The year 1608, when Coryat made his journey, was a period of relative peace in France following the end of both the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598), and the Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598) in northern France. Coryat's anecdotes of how the Spanish took Calais in 1596, and Amiens with a bag of walnuts in 1597, were recent events in 1608.

Among other things, Coryat's book introduced the use of the fork to England and, in its support of continental travel, helped to popularize the idea of the Grand Tour that rose in popularity later in the century. The book also included what is likely the earliest English rendering of the legend of William Tell.

The work is particularly important to music historians for giving extraordinary details of the activities of the Venetian School, one of the most famous and progressive contemporary musical movements in Europe. The work includes an elaborate description of the festivities at the church of San Rocco in Venice, with polychoral and instrumental music by Giovanni Gabrieli, Bartolomeo Barbarino, and others.

The book appeared with engravings by William Hole, and the author received a pension.

Crudities was only twice reprinted at the time, so the first edition is quite rare today. Later, "modern" facsimiles were put out, in 1776 and 1905, which included the later trip to Persia & India.

"Commendatory" verses
A custom of Renaissance humanists was to contribute commendatory verses that would preface the works of their friends. In the case of this book, a playful inversion of this habit led to a poetic collection that firstly refused to take the author seriously; and then took on a life of its own. Prince Henry as Coryat's patron controlled the situation; and willy-nilly Coryat had to accept the publication with his book of some crudely or ingeniously false panegyrics from 55 contemporary wits and poets of his acquaintance, including John Donne, Ben Jonson, Inigo Jones, and Thomas Roe. Further, the book was loaded with another work, Henry Peacham's Sights and Exhibitions of England, complete with a description of a perpetual motion machine by Cornelis Drebbel.

There were poems in seven languages. Donne wrote in an English/French/Italian/Latin/Spanish macaronic language. Peacham's was in what he called "Utopian", which was partly gibberish, and the pseudonymous Glareanus Vadianus (tentatively John Sanford) wrote something close to literary nonsense. The contribution of John Hoskyns is called by Noel Malcolm "the first specimen of full-blown literary English nonsense poetry in the seventeenth century".

In the same year that the book was published, a pirate version of the verses appeared, published by Thomas Thorpe, under the title The Odcombian Banquet (1611).

Modern analogues
British travel writer and humourist Tim Moore retraced the steps of Coryat's tour of Europe, as recounted in his 2001 book Continental Drifter.

title: Coryat's Crudities


text:
North-West Europe campaign of 1940

North-West Europe campaign of 1940 is a battle honour given to several regiments in the British Army. It refers to the land campaign starting with the invasion of France in May 1940, and ending with the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk and other ports.

List of units
The following units were awarded the battle honour,

 * East Lancashire Regiment
 * South Lancashire Regiment
 * The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)
 * Duke of Wellington's Regiment
 * Grenadier Guards
 * South Staffordshire Regiment
 * Gloucestershire Regiment
 * Coldstream Guards
 * West Yorkshire Regiment
 * 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards
 * Royal Dragoon Guards

title: North-West Europe campaign of 1940


text:
HMS Starling

Nine ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Starling after the starling:

 * HMS Starling (1801) was a 12-gun gun-brig launched in 1801 and wrecked in 1804. She ran on shore on 25 December in a fog near Calais. She was burnt and her crew returned safely to Deal.
 * HMS Starling (1805) was a 12-gun gun-brig launched in 1805 and sold in 1814.
 * HMS Starling (1817) was a 10-gun cutter launched in 1817 and broken up in 1828.
 * HMS Starling (1829) was a 4-gun schooner launched in 1829. She was used as a survey ship from 1834, and was sold in 1844.
 * HMS Starling (1855) was a Dapper-class gunboat wooden screw gunboat launched in 1855 and sold in 1871.
 * HMS Starling (1882) was a composite screw gunboat launched in 1882 and sold into civilian service in 1905 as the Stella Maris.
 * HMS Starling (1905) was a tender, formerly the War Office vessel Miner 17. She was transferred in 1905 and renamed in 1906. She was sold in 1923.
 * HMS Starling (U66) was a Modified Black Swan-class sloop launched in 1942 and broken up in 1965.
 * HMS Starling (P241) was a Peacock-class patrol vessel launched in 1984 and sold to the Philippines in 1997, being renamed BRP Artemio Ricarte.

title: HMS Starling