text:
Sophia University

Sophia University, (Japanese: 上智大学, Jōchi Daigaku; Latin: Universitas Sedis Sapientiae) is a private research university in Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1913 by the Jesuits, it was granted university status in 1928, becoming the first Catholic university in Japan.

As of 2023, the University has 12,080 undergraduate students and 1,357 postgraduate students. The university has 9 undergraduate faculties and 10 graduate schools, with over 13,900 students in total. Sophia University has consistently ranked as the top Catholic university in Asia.

Sophia University is a highly globalised university with international students from 77 countries and exchange agreements with 400 universities in 81 countries. The university attracts many students from across Japan and abroad. As of 2022, foreign students constituted approximately 9% of the student body.

Sophia's alumni are commonly referred to as "Sophians", among whom include the 79th Prime Minister of Japan, Morihiro Hosokawa, several politicians represented in the Japanese National Diet, several foreign statesmen including, Carlos Holmes Trujillo, Mukhriz Mahathir, Li Linsi, many prominent business figures, including Hassan Jameel, and a number of actors and musicians in the Japanese film and music industries.

Origins of the university name
The name of the university is traced to letters of correspondence between two of the three founders of what would become Sophia University, Fr. James Rockliff, SJ and Fr. Hermann Hoffmann, SJ. The Japanese term 上智 ("higher wisdom" or "supreme wisdom", Jōchi) was the equivalent of the Latin word sapientia, which means wisdom. According to Catholic Church tradition, the term sapientia refers to one of the Church's devotional titles for the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Seat of Wisdom.

When Joseph Eylenbosch, SJ began teaching Greek at the university in April 1924, he thought that the Japanese term jōchi was the equivalent of the Greek term σοφία (sofia). Afterwards, the students had proposed that the school be known as Sophia University.

Fr. Hoffmann, SJ, who was serving as University President at that time, initially opposed the proposal. However, he soon accepted the idea and submitted the proposal to Rome for the approval.

The English language-based, peer-reviewed academic journal Monumenta Nipponica, which was first inaugurated in 1938, identified itself as being published by Sophia University. The use of Sophia as the university name then became firmly established in Japan and overseas.

Early history
The origins of Sophia University could be traced to 1549 when Saint Francis Xavier, a prominent member and co-founder of the Society of Jesus, arrived in Japan to spread Christianity. In his letters to his fellow Jesuits, he had expressed hopes of establishing a university in Japan.

During the so-called Kirishitan period of Japanese history, the Catholic Church had been responsible for establishing and administering educational institutions in Japan called Collegios and Seminarios, serving as bridges between the East and West.

The establishment of the university only began to take place more than 400 years from St. Francis Xavier's arrival in Japan. In 1903, three Jesuit priests from Europe came to Japan to continue the missionary work of the Church and to help establish Sophia University. One of the founders, Fr. Joseph Dahlmann, SJ from Germany, who had come to Japan via India, had listened to the requests of Catholics in the country, who expressed their desires to construct a Catholic university to serve as the cultural and spiritual base of the Church's missionary operations in Japan.

Dahlmann heeded the requests and sent a proposal to the then-Bishop of Rome, Pope Pius X, at the Holy See in Rome. In 1905, Dahlmann was granted a private audience with the Pope, who promised to assign the Society of Jesus to create and administer a Catholic university in Japan. In Dahlmann's Latin memoirs regarding the encounter with Pius, he recounted that he spoke as follows: "Habebitis collegium in Japonica, magnam universitatem (in English: "You (plural) will have in Japan a college that is a great university".).

On that same year, the then-Bishop of Portland, Maine in the United States, William H. O'Connell, was appointed by the Pope to serve as a special ambassador of the Vatican to Emperor Meiji in Japan. O'Connell was also tasked to survey the situation in Japan. When he was granted an audience with Emperor Meiji, he had ascertained the education policy directions of the Japanese Ministry of Education, and reported to officials at the Holy See regarding the possible establishment of a Catholic university in Japan.

At the 25th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus in held in Rome in September 1906, Pius X issued a formal written statement to the Jesuits to establish a Catholic university in Japan. Thus, the delegates at the Congregation voted unanimously in favour of the Pope's commands, and the first concrete steps were taken to prepare a university institution in the East.

Founding

Sophia University was founded by Jesuits in 1913. It opened with departments of German Literature, Philosophy and Commerce, headed by its founder Fr. Hermann Hoffmann, SJ (1864–1937) as its first official president.

In 1932, a small group of Sophia University students refused to salute the war dead at Yasukuni Shrine in the presence of a Japanese military attache, saying it violated their religious beliefs. The military attache was withdrawn from Sophia as a result of this incident, damaging the university's reputation in the eyes of the government of the Japanese Empire. The Archbishop of Tokyo intervened in the standoff by permitting Catholic students to salute the war dead, after which many Sophia students, as well as Hermann Hoffmann himself, participated in rites at Yasukuni. The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples later issued the Pluries Instanterque in 1936, which encouraged Catholics to attend Shinto shrines as a patriotic gesture; the Vatican re-issued this document after the war in 1951. Hermann Heuvers served as the university's second president from 1937 until 1941.

Post-war growth
Sophia University continued to grow as it increased the number of academic departments, faculty members and students, in addition to advancing its international focus by establishing an exchange program. Many of its students studied at Georgetown University in the United States as early as 1935. Sophia's junior college was established in 1973, followed by the opening of Sophia Community College in 1976.

21st century
With the founding of the Faculty of Liberal Arts in 2006, Sophia University presently holds 27 departments in its eight faculties. Its current president is Yoshiaki Terumichi. Toshiaki Koso serves as head of its board of directors. Since 2008, the Global Leadership Program was started for students from four Jesuit universities in East Asia: Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines, Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan, Sogang University in South Korea, and Sophia University in Japan. In 2016 the university reached out to the four Jesuit junior-senior high schools in Japan, joining them in the Sophia College Corporation to help them pass on the Jesuit charism to their lay faculty through workshops and other assistance. These schools are Sophia-Fukuoka, Eiko Gakuen, Hiroshima Gakuin, and Rokko School.

In 2019, Pope Francis visited Sophia University as a part of his 2019 pastoral tour. This was the first time in 38 years that a pope visited Sophia University.

Campuses

Sophia's main campus at Yotsuya is urban, consisting of roughly 25 large, modern buildings in the center of Tokyo. The majority of Sophia's 10,000 undergraduate students spend nearly all their time here. The faculties of Humanities, Law, Foreign Studies, Economics, Liberal Arts, and Science and Technology have their home here, as do the main library, cafeteria, gymnasium, chapel, bookstore, and offices. In April 2006, the Faculty of Comparative Culture, which had been located at the smaller Ichigaya campus, moved to the main Yotsuya campus and changed its name to the Faculty of Liberal Arts. Nearly all of Sophia's foreign exchange and most of international students study at the FLA.

The Tokyo office of the Council on International Educational Exchange, the student exchange organisation, which oversees roughly half of the international students, is also based on the main Yotsuya Campus. The Shakujii (Tokyo) campus houses the Faculty of Theology. The Hadano campus in Kanagawa Prefecture is home to the Sophia Junior College, as well as a number of seminar halls and athletics complexes.

List of campuses

 * Yotsuya Campus (Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo Prefecture)
 * Mejiro Seibo Campus (Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo Prefecture)
 * Shakuji Campus (Nerima Ward, Tokyo Prefecture)
 * Hadano Campus (Hadano City, Kanagawa Prefecture)
 * Osaka Satellite Campus (Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture)

International cooperation
Sophia University has international partnership agreements with 396 institutions in 81 countries. Some of Sophia's partner universities include Georgetown University, Yale University, University of Hong Kong, Sogang University, and LMU Munich. It also maintains nine overseas bases serving as liaisons between the Sophia School Corporation and overseas localities.

 * Luxembourg Office (ルクセンブルクオフィス)
 * ASEAN Hub Centre in Bangkok (ASEANハブセンター)
 * China Liaison Offices in Beijing and Shanghai (中国連絡処)
 * Cologne Office (ケルンオフィス)
 * Los Angeles Office (ロスアンゼルスオフィス)
 * New York Office (ニューヨークオフィス)

Sophia School Corporation
Established in 1911, the Sophia School Corporation (学校法人上智学院, Gakko Hojin Jochi Gakuin) is a public interest corporation established under the Private School Act (Act no. 270 of 1945) for the purpose of establishing a private school. The Sophia School Corporation serves as the operator of Sophia University and other Jesuit-affiliated schools in Japan, managing a total of seven schools. It was established in 1951.

Academics
The university has nine undergraduate faculties with 29 departments as well as 10 graduate schools with 25 programmes. With over 14,021 students as of 2017, the university provides academic opportunities for students from Japan and overseas to study in Japan. Sophia also possesses a wide-variety of English-taught academic programmes such as those provided by the Faculty of Liberal Arts (FLA). English programmes are also provided by the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST) through two programmes and the Green Science Program, provided by the Department of Materials and Life Sciences, and the Green Engineering Program, provided by the Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Undergraduate faculties and departments

 * Faculty of Theology
 * Faculty of Humanities
 * Faculty of Human Science
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Economics
 * Faculty of Foreign Studies
 * Faculty of Global Studies
 * Faculty of Liberal Arts
 * Faculty of Science and Engineering

Academic programmes taught in English
In addition to most courses of study taught almost entirely in Japanese, Sophia has a variety of academic programmes and courses taught in English. The Faculty of Liberal Arts (FLA), the Green Science and Engineering courses in the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), and the Sophia Program for Sustainable Futures (SPSF).

Courses taught in the Faculty of Liberal Arts

 * International Business and Economics (IBE)
 * Comparative Culture
 * Social Studies

English courses taught in the Faculty of Science and Technology

 * Green Science programme (offered by the Department of Materials and Life Sciences)
 * Green Engineering programme (offered by the Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences)

Graduate schools and programmes

 * Graduate School of Science and Technology
 * Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
 * Graduate School of Economics
 * Graduate School of Human Sciences
 * Graduate School of Law
 * Graduate School of Theology
 * Graduate School of Applied Religious Studies
 * Graduate School of Humanities
 * Graduate School of Global Studies
 * Graduate School of Languages and Linguistics

University academic research
Sophia University is a comprehensive research university with 9 undergraduate faculties with 10 graduate schools located on a single campus in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Leading higher education institutions in Japan toward globalisation and academic research, the university provides a strong international network of scholarship, attracting researchers and students from overseas to study in Japan.

As a research institution, the university established the Sophia Research Organisation (SRO) in April 2005 in order to promote and facilitate interdisciplinary and organisational research activities. The SRO possesses two research divisions: the Research Institutes Division and the Project Research Division. The university also has affiliated Research Organisations.

Simultaneously, Sophia's Centre for Research Promotion and Support provides additional support to general research activities and strengthens the a three-way collaboration initiative among industries, government, and academia. The Intellectual Property Rights Committee, established in 2005, ensures smooth collaborative support among the three individual groups and examines the inventions and intellectual properties of the researchers affiliated with Sophia University.

To assist with academic research and learning, Sophia currently has a total of 3 libraries and an affiliated library, possessing in total more than 1.15 million books and 12,570 journal titles.

Sophia University libraries

 * Sophia University Central Library (上智大学中央図書館)
 * Law School Library (法科大学院図書室)
 * Mejiro Seibo Campus Library (目白聖母キャンパス図書室)

Affiliated library

 * Kirishitan Bunko Library (キリシタン文庫)

Student housing and dormitories
Sophia University has student housing options and dormitories scattered throughout Tokyo. These university dormitories provide facilities and spaces for students to undertake study and research activities. Events and various programmes are also organised by students and housing staff for the benefit of the housing community all year round.

List of Student Dormitories:
 * Sophia Soshigaya International House (Male/Female)
 * Sophia-Arrupe International Residence (Male/Female)
 * Sophia Edogawa Men's Dormitory (Male)

Sophia University has a group of designated and recommended dormitories, which are owned and operated by various private housing companies.

List of Designated Dormitories Owned by Private Companies:

 * Sophia Higashi Nakano Dormitory (Female) (Nakano Ward, Tokyo)
 * Sophia Kasai International House (Female) (Edogawa Ward, Tokyo)
 * Student House Luxlass (Male/Female) (Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo)

Academic rankings

There are several rankings below related to Sophia University.

Japanese university rankings
According to the Times Higher Education 2021 Japan University Rankings, Sophia University is ranked 18th in the nation. Sophia is the fourth largest liberal arts university in the country.

Global/regional university rankings
According to the 2023 QS World University Rankings, Sophia University is ranked 801–1000. In the 2021 QS rankings, Sophia was 181st in Asia and the 28th in Japan. Its 2021 Times Higher Education Impact Ranking, which assesses universities against the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), is 601–800.

Alumni rankings
Alumni of Sophia have good employment prospects in Japanese industries. According to the Weekly Economist's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on 2006/10/16, graduates from Sophia have the eighth best employment rate in 400 major companies, and the average graduate salary is the sixth best in Japan.

Popularity and selectivity
Admission to Sophia is highly selective and competitive. As such it is considered one of the top private universities along with Keio University and Waseda University. Typical acceptance rate is 5%. Its entrance difficulty is considered one of the toughest along with Waseda and Keio among 730 private universities.

Overseas partner institutions
Sophia University has student and academic exchange agreements with 387 overseas partner universities in 81 countries and regions as of June 2021.

List of External University Agreements and Affiliations:

 * Association of Southeast and East Asian Catholic Colleges and Universities (ASEACCU)
 * Comprehensive Agreement on Cooperation with Kwansei Gakuin University
 * Global 5 University Collaboration Agreement (with Waseda University, Akita International University, International Christian University, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University)
 * Comprehensive Agreement on Cooperation with International Christian University
 * Member of the Catholic University Institute for Christian Culture

Notable faculty

 * Father Peter Milward, SJ, emeritus professor of English Literature
 * Gregory Clark, former professor of economics; currently a Japan Times contributor
 * Kuniko Inoguchi, former professor of law, and Permanent Representative of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva
 * Jun-ichi Nishizawa, electronic engineer, inventor and specially-appointed professor;
 * Sadako Ogata, former professor of political science, and former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; former President of the Japan International Cooperation Agency

Politics

 * Morihiro Hosokawa, 79th Prime Minister of Japan
 * Toshitsugu Saito, 65th and 66th Japanese Defence Minister
 * Koichiro Genba, former Japanese Foreign Minister
 * Seiko Noda, former Minister-in-charge of Measures against Declining Birthrate
 * Kuniko Inoguchi, Japan's first Minister of State for Gender Equality and Social Affairs
 * Takuya Hirai, former Minister for Digital Transformation
 * Carlos Holmes Trujilo, former Foreign Minister and Defence Minister of Colombia
 * Rizal Ramli, former Finance Minister of Indonesia
 * Yukari Sato, economist and LDP Member of the House of Representatives
 * Shoichi Kondo, DPJ Member of the House of Representatives and former Senior Vice Minister for the Environment
 * Li Linsi, Chinese diplomat, educator, diplomatic consultant to Chiang Kai-shek
 * Mukhriz Mahathir, 11th Menteri Besar of Kedah, Malaysia
 * Benigno Aquino III, 15th President of the Philippines
 * Antolin Oreta III, former Mayor of Malabon

Academia

 * Ruben Habito, associate professor at Southern Methodist University
 * Yuya Kiuchi, sport and pop culture scholar at Michigan State University
 * Fidel Nemenzo, mathematician, chancellor of University of the Philippines Diliman
 * Junko Shigemitsu, theoretical physicist, emerita professor at Ohio State University
 * Kyouichi Tachikawa, historian
 * Takayuki Tatsumi, American literature scholar at Keio University
 * Dominique Turpin, Dean & President of IMD, Switzerland
 * Shōichi Watanabe, English scholar

Business

 * Hassan Jameel, President and Vice Chairman of Abdul Latif Jameel
 * Johnny Kitagawa, founder and CEO of Johnny & Associates
 * Shawn Layden, President & CEO of Sony Interactive Entertainment America
 * Peer Schneider, co-founder and SVP/Publisher at IGN Entertainment
 * Shuzo Shiota, CEO and president of Polygon Pictures

Media and literature

 * Jake Adelstein, journalist, consultant, and author of Tokyo Vice
 * Beni Arashiro, singer
 * Yoshitaka Asama, screenwriter and film director
 * Vernon Grant, first American cartoonist to introduce manga concepts to English-language readers
 * Boyé Lafayette De Mente, author on Japanese culture ('54)
 * Desiree Lim, Malaysian-born Canadian independent film director, producer, and screenwriter
 * Kōichi Mashimo, anime director, founder of studio Bee Train
 * Toru Minegishi, video game composer
 * Yuriko Nishiyama, manga writer, including Harlem Beat
 * Maureen Wartski, author, including A Boat to Nowhere and Yuri's Brush with Magic
 * Robert Whiting, author on Japanese culture, including The Chrysanthemum and the Bat and You Gotta Have Wa about Japanese baseball
 * Yūki Yamato, Japanese screenwriter and director
 * Tadatoshi Fujimaki, Manga artist and creator of Kuroko's Basketball
 * Anna Sawai, New Zealand-born Japanese actress, singer, and dancer

Others

 * Agnes Chan, singer and ambassador of the Japan Committee for UNICEF
 * Kurara Chibana, Miss Japan 2006 and first Runner-up at Miss Universe 2006
 * Tina Chow, model and jewellery designer
 * Bruce Frantzis, Taoist Master, USA
 * Yū Hayami, actress, singer
 * Sumire Uesaka, anime voice actress
 * Carrie Ann Inaba, American dancer, choreographer, actress, and singer
 * Hisashi Inoue, author
 * Maiko Itai, Miss Universe Japan 2010 winner
 * Crystal Kay, singer
 * Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, Korean Roman Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Seoul
 * Peter Shirayanagi, Japanese Roman Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Tokyo
 * Saori Kumi, author
 * Alan Merrill, a 1960s Group Sounds pioneer gaijin tarento and later composer of the classic song "I Love Rock N Roll"
 * Osamu Mizutani, high school teacher, famous for his book "Yomawari Sensei" and his efforts to redress delinquents
 * Father Adolfo Nicolás, S.J., Superior General of the Society of Jesus
 * Hikaru Nishida, actress, Japanese drama
 * Judy Ongg, singer/actor
 * Zomahoun Idossou Rufin, a gaijin tarento, philanthropist and diplomat who has been Benin's Ambassador to Japan and the Philippines
 * Emyli, singer
 * George Takei, Japanese-American actor most famous for his role as Star Trek's Mr. Sulu
 * Tadashi Yamamoto, Founder of the Japan Center for International Exchange and the Shimoda Conference
 * Michelle van Eimeren, Miss Universe Australia 1994

title: Sophia University


text:
River Leven, Cumbria

The River Leven (pron. ) is a short river in the ceremonial county of Cumbria, falling within the historic boundaries of Lancashire. It drains Windermere from its southernmost point and flows for approximately 8 mi into the northern reaches of Morecambe Bay. The river and its estuary are the boundary between the Cartmel Peninsula and Furness Peninsula and is part of North Lonsdale, also known as Lancashire North of the Sands.

The upriver limit of tidal flow is close to the village of Haverthwaite. Also at this point is to be found Low Wood Bridge which, until the coming of the railways, was the first bridging point across the river. The Leven is navigable upstream as far as Low Wood, and downstream from Windermere to Newby Bridge.

Apart from Newby Bridge and Haverthwaite, the only other settlements on the Leven are the villages of Backbarrow and Greenodd. The river's steep fall around Backbarrow allowed industrial use of the river for the ultramarine mill and also a small hydroelectric generator at Backbarrow ironworks.

The River Leven has one significant tributary, Rusland Pool, which drains a substantial part of Grizedale Forest and the Rusland Valley into the upper tidal section of the river. The Leven is a noted salmon river. At spawning time the fish can be seen jumping up the waterfalls at Backbarrow. The river is popular with kayakers due to the continuous grade III+ rapids found between Newby Bridge and Haverthwaite and a relatively stable water level sustained by Windermere.

In 1903 a train crossing the railway bridge over the river was derailed by high winds during the Ulysses Storm.

The Leven Estuary is one of the six main estuaries in the traditional county of Lancashire.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: River Leven, Cumbria


text:
Talk:Christmas Eve

Is Christmas Eve' the entire day before Christmas Day, or just the evening before?
Is Christmas Eve' the entire day before Christmas Day, or just the evening before?

Eve is short for evening, Christmas eve is NOT the day before Christmas, merely the evening before. The article needs to be revised. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.105.198.172 (talk) 02:19, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

An interpretation of "The day of christmas Eve'" could just mean the day in which Christmas Eve' (providing that Christamas Eve' is just the evening) falls on. As in one could say "the day of analogue switch-over", this doesn't mean that the enitre day is called 'analogue switch-over', it means that this is a day in which a channel three region's analogue transmitter closes consumer transmisions, so I'm thinking that "The day of Christmas Eve'" is just refering to the day in which Chrismtas Eve' falls upon.

Though I'm also thinking Christmas Eve' is the entire day.

Does anyone know? Which one is it? Rob Del Monte 02:36, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe that Christmas Eve can refer to the day or evening of 24 December. However, if you take the etymology of the word 'eve', it comes from a 12th Century variant of the word 'even' which is archaic for evening. Chris Buttigieg 10:18, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Given that 'eve' means evening, and that other articles on wikipedia reference Christmas Eve as the night before Christmas, I have changed the front page of this article to reflect this. Thanks. -Mark —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.191.246.3 (talk) 19:18, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The OED defines 'eve' as: The evening, and hence usually the day before a Saint's day or other church festival. Hence gen. the evening, or the day, before any date or event. There is clearly not a definite answer to the question. The article should reflect this. People should not assume that words have one meaning. 'Eve' does not just mean 'evening', as evidenced from the OED. --Tom dl (talk) 04:23, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
 * This is simple: Look to the left, to the other language Wikipedias. The holiday is there referred to as "Julafton/-aften" ("Christmas Evening"), "Nochebuena" (the "Good Night"), "Heiliger Abend" ("Holy Night") etc. Christmas is rung in by the church bells all over Europe at six o'clock on Christmas Eve, when Christmas begins. -62.63.246.247 (talk) 13:59, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No. It's not that simple. Dictionary definitions of pieces of colloquial expressions do not give you the meaning of the full expression. Where I live (Australia) there is absolutely no question that Christmas Eve refers to the whole day before Christmas Day. I cannot speak for the rest of the English speaking world, but it's quite inappropriate of you to insist that you are right and make unilateral changes to the document. I will now revert those as well until further discussion has occurred. This discussion must cover the reality that at least in some place Christmas Eve refers to the whole day. HiLo48 (talk) 22:01, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The entire day IS called Christmas Eve. There is no dispute on that. But the traditional celebration of Christmas starts in the evening (hence the name - eve is derived from evening). It is the current version which is based on dictionary definitions. My changes where properly sourced and accurate, and in no way contradicts the whole day bearing the name Christmas Eve. I am reverting back. -62.63.246.82 (talk) 13:07, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

I do not have access to the OED but the dictionaries that I have found usually list 'Christmas Eve' as having 'evening' as the first definition (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Christmas+Eve). It is clearly a topic which cannot be settled, but given that 'eve' logically follows a shortening of 'evening', it doesn't seem logical to assume that 'Christmas Eve' is a whole day. Please revert back to evening only. Thanks. -Mark — Preceding unsigned comment added by Markpimentel (talk • contribs) 13:40, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The reality appears to simply be that one definition applies in some parts of the world and the other in the rest of the world. That's not a problem. Language is like that. What IS a problem is when someone insists that the way they do something is the way everyone else does it. Obviously the article simply has to mention that both usages exist. HiLo48 (talk) 12:20, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Endorse HiLo48's suggestion. I am familiar with both uses, and use both senses myself - I don't perceive a conflict between the two, nor do I believe that it helps the encyclopedia to choose one over the other.
 * -- Joren (talk) 13:30, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The article, as it stands now, clearly states that Christmas Eve is the day (it is a day in the calendar in all countries I know of) that contains the first evening of Christmas. This is sourced to both catholic and orthodox liturgy (protestant denominations often don't have formal liturgical definitions, but this is also the way it is in the Lutheran and Anglican traditions). This kind of covers the world.
 * I don't think that there is a contradiction here, really. Most people don't think to much about formal definitions. They just look at the calendar and see that it is Christmas Eve and have no idea that formally the celebration of Christmas begins in the evening. Nor do many people care about the religious meaning of the holiday much or about the church. That's the way it is in my country. People do not know when Christmas begins, even though church bells ring it in all over the country in the evening. Most people would probably say that Christmas begins at three o'clock, when Donald Duck goes on TV, sadly. -62.63.246.82 (talk) 14:24, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

In my country it's a whole day when the name is identical to English. The main part of the day is evening dinner so name is crated from evening event. It's like American Black Friday which sometimes starts at Thanksgiving day or lasts to the end of weekend. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.28.52.120 (talk) 17:54, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

And again an issue in 2017
Now it incorrectly states "the evening or entire day". Walter Görlitz (talk) 04:12, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * It isn't "incorrect" at all, the term "eve" literally means evening. Multiple sources refer to it as the evening before Christmas, while others the entire day. It isn't "incorrect" to state that "Christmas Eve" is variably referred to as either the evening or entire day prior to Christmas Day. In Christian contexts especially, and you claim to be a Christian, "Eve" refers explicitly and exclusively to the night before. —  Crumpled Fire   • contribs • 04:58, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * It is incorrect as it cannot be either or, it's either one or the other, not both. I never liked the conjunction. Proposing, "Christmas Eve is the evening before Christmas Day. In some regions the celebration has grown to encompass the entire day, where it is observed as a full or partial holiday in anticipation of Christmas Day. It is primarily a festival commemorating the birth of Jesus of Nazareth." Keeping all the references, etc. Walter Görlitz (talk) 18:13, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I support that proposal, and perhaps we could even add a bit about the term "Christmas Eve Day", which is also a term that is sometimes used by those wishing to emphasize that they are referring to the entire day of December 24. —  Crumpled Fire   • contribs • 15:24, 12 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Of course it can be both. That's language!
 * And it is truely both, with "Heiligabend" you can refer to the day or the evening. Destranix (talk) 14:41, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Christmas Eve. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090104151340/http://www.discover-bulgaria.com/Travel_Results.aspx?CategoryID=450 to http://www.discover-bulgaria.com/Travel_Results.aspx?CategoryID=450
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091106084454/http://www.clubzone.com/events/Vancouver/165256/Twas-the-Night-Before-Christmas-at-Tonic to http://www.clubzone.com/events/Vancouver/165256/Twas-the-Night-Before-Christmas-at-Tonic

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:59, 6 August 2017 (UTC)
 * What does the clubzone reference actually support? Walter Görlitz (talk) 04:14, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

An anon seems to want to change the lede
The editor has insulted my nationality and my hasty typing, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Eve&type=revision&diff=863349834&oldid=863349627 Any takers on the changes? Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:43, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I've reverted, since they were trying to bludgeon their changes through. Their changes didn't appear to be vandalism though, and there is a point there which might be worth discussing - hopefully they'll come here to talk about it. Has there been discussion of this wording in the past that you're aware of? (I'm not familiar with this page, just came here through recent changes patrolling). Girth Summit  (blether)  06:48, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The primary change is "Jesus" to "Jesus Christ", without changing the link, and "Christmas Day is observed around the world, and Christmas Eve is widely observed as a full or partial holiday in anticipation of Christmas Day" to "Christmas Eve is observed around the world as a full or partial holiday in anticipation of Christmas Day, or in some cultures as the main celebration in lieu of Christmas Day" (bold to show the added and removed content). First, I know of no nations where Christmas Eve is celebrated, and Christmas Day not celebrated. In Germany and Scandinavia, gifts are exchanged on Christmas Eve, but Christmas Day is the statutory holiday, not Christmas Eve. This seems like WP:OR to me.
 * The current lede was the result of WP:CONSENSUS (the RfC above and other discussions here) so, if we are going to change, it should be through consensus. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:50, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I've been reading through the history above, there's been a lot of discussion about this point over the years. Agree that consensus needs to be reached to make these changes. Girth Summit  (blether)  06:56, 10 October 2018 (UTC)

Merge of Nochebuena here
Nochebuena is just the Spanish word for Christmas Eve. Therefore merging Nochebuena into this page should be obvious and uncontroversial. --Jotamar (talk) 22:49, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: the creator and main contributors to Nochebuena seem to be all anonymous or currently inactive editors. --Jotamar (talk) 23:21, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

I have completed the inclusion in this page of most of the old Nochebuena article. I've left out the section In popular culture, which is of very little relevance, it referred mostly to the use of the word nochebuena in English language media. I've also left out the really poor section about Spain. --Jotamar (talk) 09:20, 6 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Merge There's no reason to distinguish the same holiday in English from its translation in Spanish. I understand there's a perception that because the holiday is celebrated differently in certain regions, it's effectively a different holiday, but many holidays with widespread observance vary vastly in their traditions. It seems very arbitrary to make this particular distinction. I'm not aware that this Wikipedia makes the distinction for Christmas eve with any other language and the Spanish Wikipedia uses "nochebuena" to simply refer to Christmas Eve. Arecaceæ2011 (talk) 20:22, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Merge any sourced content, and without WP:OVERLINKs. It might also make sense to move it to observance of Christmas by country, as that it was it focuses on. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:36, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

Why is there a section about Nikolaus when talking about Christmas presents?
"In Germany, the gifts are also brought on 6 December by "the Nikolaus" with his helper Knecht Ruprecht"

Actually the gifts received are not Christmas presents. It's something separated. Also the gifts are given by various different persons, not only "Knecht Ruprecht" but also by "Nikolaus" or "Pelzmärtel" (actually seems to be a different name for "Knecht Ruprecht", but is not handled that way).

Maybe instead one could just link to some 6.December article instead. Destranix (talk) 14:37, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

Can someone add the state of origin to the image captioned, "Seven traditional Christmas Eve dishes 2014"
There is an image captioned "seven traditional Christmas Eve dishes 2014". I have lived in the United States for my whole life and never seen most of those seven traditional Christmas Eve dishes. The food looks delicious, but can someone re-caption the image to have the nationality or ethnic background included?

"Seven traditional Christmas Eve dishes of [Insert Name of Ethnic Group Here]"

Also, the text for the year "2014" should be omitted for this particular photograph since a food item is traditional only if there exists a time before the advent of electronic computer systems at which that time was consumed. 50.205.174.222 (talk) 20:07, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * The Description of that image in Wikimedia Commons says "This photo has been taken in the country: Bulgaria". The photo is right beside the article content for Bulgaria. I'm not sure whether that's enough to add that country to the caption. The year 2014 is the year the photo was taken. I see no problem with it remaining. HiLo48 (talk) 02:39, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I've changed the picture caption as suggested. --Jotamar (talk) 22:12, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christmas Eve


text:
Richmond P. Hobson Jr.

Richmond Pearson Hobson Jr. (November 27, 1907 – August 9, 1966) was an American-Canadian author who wrote memoirs of his life as a rancher in British Columbia. His books, Grass Beyond the Mountains, Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy and The Rancher Takes a Wife, inspired the CBC drama series Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy.

Biography
Born in Washington, D.C., in 1907, he was the son of Grizelda Houston Hull Hobson and Richmond Pearson Hobson. His father was a congressman, a U.S. Navy admiral and a decorated veteran of the Spanish–American War. Hobson attended Stanford University before moving to Wyoming and forming a partnership with Panhandle "Pan" Phillips. The pair traveled north to British Columbia in the early 1930s, formed the Frontier Cattle Company and established Home Ranch north of Anahim Lake in the Chilcotin. When his partnership with Phillips ended in the 1940s, Hobson moved to the Vanderhoof area and continued ranching. He and his wife Gloria (1921–1986) lived on River Ranch, south of Vanderhoof. He died there in 1966.

Hobson's first book, Grass Beyond the Mountains (1951), recalled his early years in British Columbia and the hardships he and Phillips endured in establishing their ranch. It was first published in serial form by Maclean's magazine. The next volume, Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy (1955), covered the difficulties of maintaining the ranch during the shortages caused by World War II. His final book, The Rancher Takes a Wife (1961), detailed his life as a married rancher in Vanderhoof.

He died August 8, 1966, from a coronary attack.

title: Richmond P. Hobson Jr.


text:
User talk:Lee-Anne

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Lee-Anne 05:21, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia Club at Berkeley
Hi Lee-Anne, I'm just writing to let you know that me and some Wikipedian friends are launching Wikipedia Club at Berkeley, a student club for promoting participation in Wikipedia and face-to-face collaborations. If that sounds fun to you, please consider joining our mailing list. I know you graduated long ago, but it's open to anyone living in the area and I think you could contribute a lot. Thanks! Dcoetzee 01:22, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. If you are familiar with the contents of WP:MINOR, and believe that it is still beneficial to the encyclopedia to have all your edits marked as such by default, then this discussion will give you the details you need to continue with this functionality indefinitely. If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:24, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Talkback
SchuminWeb (Talk) 04:41, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Looking for editors to help with an Asian Pacific American edit-a-thon in Honolulu
Aloha!

Last summer I moved to the Seattle area after 14 years in Kailua on Oahu. I immediately fell in with the Cascadia Wikimedians User Group as it formed, joined its board and became its first president as well as the GLAM representative for Washington State.

Recently, Adriel Luis, Curator (Digital & Emerging Media) at the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center, contacted me about setting up an edit-a-thon like the previous Wikipedia APA edit-a-thon. In addition to discussing one for Seattle, he wrote:

It's awesome to learn about your past in Honolulu - I'm actually going to be there for another SmithsonianAPA project mid September, and thinking that this could be an opportunity to do an event there as well! I have lots of contacts with UH and the museums, but do you know of any contacts on the Wikimedia side out there?

As I was working two jobs while I lived on Oahu, I did not have the opportunity to meet your or any other Wikipedians at the time. Hence, the reason why I am contacting you now.

If you would like to help, please contact me through one of these methods:
 * Email me directly at [mailto:peaceray@cascadia.wiki peaceray@cascadia.wiki]
 * Use Special:EmailUser/Peaceray to email me
 * Leave a message for me on my talk page.

Mahalo,

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Hawaii § Campaign to upload Lāhainā photographs
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Hawaii § Campaign to upload Lāhainā photographs.

title: User talk:Lee-Anne


text:
User:MacGyverMagic/In Progress/Underwater hockey

Underwater hockey is a sport played with two teams composed of six players swimming in a pool competing to maneuver a puck sliding on the bottom of a swimming pool into the opponent's goal with a short stick. The players wear masks, snorkels, fins, coloured caps and mouthguards. The heavy puck (1.3-1.5 Kg), surrounded by a waterproof rubber covering, is approximately the size of an ice-hockey puck. The sticks, which must float in water, are usually made from wood or fiberglass. They are held by one hand and measure approximately 30 cm long. The goals are 3 meters wide and lie on the bottom, against the end walls of the pool.

Because most of the action takes place underwater, giving spectators a distorted view at best, underwater hockey is not a popular spectator sport. For instance, an American news station once ran a story about the sport, and a reporter asked spectators how much they enjoyed watching it; most responded negatively.

For the best viewing, spectators may try on fins, a snorkel, and mask and enter the pool. From an area outside the playing area, one may view the fast, furious action of underwater hockey.

Underwater hockey enjoys most of its popularity in the Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Underwater hockey was invented in England in the 60s by British Naval members looking for a way to stay in shape and have fun while doing it.

In the 2004 World Underwater Hockey Championships held in Christchurch, New Zealand, more than 32 teams competed from England, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Turkey, France, and Italy.


text:
Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy

Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy is a Canadian television drama series, which aired on CBC from 1998 to 2000. The series, which is set in the 1940s, was based on the memoirs of author and rancher Richmond P. Hobson, Jr. and set on a ranch in rural northern British Columbia.

The series began with a 1998 television film pilot directed by Kari Skogland, starring Chad Willett in the title role as Hobson, Sarah Chalke as his love interest and later wife Gloria McIntosh and Ted Atherton as his friend and business partner Panhandle Phillips, as well as Zachary Bennett, Robin Brûlé and Ryan Gosling in supporting roles. It then premiered as a weekly series in February 1999, with Yannick Bisson replacing Willett as Hobson while Chalke and Atherton continued to play the same roles. The series aired nine episodes in the winter and spring of 1999; although thirteen had been produced, the network's programming schedule was disrupted in the spring by a technician's strike which resulted in the season ending earlier than planned.

The series was renewed for a second season; it aired seventeen episodes, including the four leftover episodes from the first season and thirteen new episodes, between October 1999 and February 2000. The second season initially saw a significant ratings dropoff from the first, to which the CBC responded by scheduling one episode for a special airing in a prime family viewing spot on Sunday evening; the special airing doubled the ratings of the season's previous episodes and the show's ratings improved significantly in its regular time slot for the rest of the season.

The series was not renewed for a third season.

Awards
The television film received a Gemini Award nomination to Danny Nowak for Best Photography in a Drama Program or Series at the 13th Gemini Awards in 1998.

At the 14th Gemini Awards in 1999, Sarah Strange received a nomination for Guest Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series, for the episode "Wild Horses", and Lorraine Carson received a nomination for Best Costume Design.

At the 15th Gemini Awards in 2000, Atherton was nominated for Best Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role and Chalke was nominated for Best Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role.

title: Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy


text: User talk:212.96.137.113

title: User talk:212.96.137.113


text:
User talk:212.219.229.3

April 2013
Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, such as those you made to Filtration , even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits do not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 14:25, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

March 2014
Hello, I'm K6ka. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Welsh Hound because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. K6ka (talk | contribs) 12:02, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Labradoodle. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators can block users from editing if they repeatedly vandalize. Thank you. Jackfork (talk) 12:02, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

April 2014
The anonymous edit ban is welcome as we don't want people using our systems to vandalise Wikipedia. The vandalism has just been traced to a specific PC in Machynlleth, for which we have logs of who used it and when. Someone's getting an unexpected internet ban, methinks... Mspritch (talk) 11:45, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

John Barnard Jenkins
Hi there, please refrain from continually changing the materials at his page. The list contains items that are directly cited within the article. Changing them to another source means that page numbers and information is no longer correct to where the references are pointing. Thanks. Kosack (talk) 15:11, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.219.229.3


text:
Abildgaard

Abildgaard is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Nicolai Abildgaard (1743–1809), Danish painter
 * Oliver Abildgaard (born 1996), Danish footballer
 * Ove Abildgaard (1916–1990), Danish poet
 * Peter Christian Abildgaard (1740–1801), Danish physician and veterinarian
 * Søren Abildgaard (1718–1791), Danish naturalist, writer and illustrator
 * Theodor Abildgaard (1826–1884), one of the tenants of the thranite movement

title: Abildgaard


text:
NIM

Nim is a mathematical two player game.

Nim or NIM may also refer to:
 * Nim (programming language)
 * Nim Chimpsky, a signing chimpanzee
 * Nim Tottenham, American psychologist

Acronyms

 * Network Installation Manager, an IBM framework
 * Nuclear Instrumentation Module
 * Negative index metamaterial, a metamaterial which can direct and regulate wave propagation due to its negative refractive index
 * Net interest margin, a measure of banking performance
 * Nigerian Institute of Management, a professional association
 * Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, a scientific journal
 * Diori Hamani International Airport (IATA code), Niamey, Niger

title: NIM


text:
SACN

SACN can mean
 * South American Community of Nations, a former customs union
 * Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, a United Kingdom government body
 * Streaming Architecture for Control Networks, a technology standard in the entertainment industry

title: SACN


text:
Sentence of Death

Sentence of Death is an EP and the debut release by German thrash metal band Destruction, released on 10 November 1984 by Steamhammer Records.

Personnel

 * Destruction
 * Schmier – bass, vocals
 * Mike Sifringer – guitars
 * Thomas "Tommy" Sandmann – drums

 * Production
 * Wolfgang Eichholz – production
 * Horst Müller – engineering

title: Sentence of Death


text:
Kyle Brandt

Kyle Robert Brandt (born January 24, 1979) is an American television host, media personality, and actor. He is one of the co-hosts of Good Morning Football on NFL Network.

Previously, he served as executive producer of The Jim Rome Show from 2009 until 2016. He also previously portrayed Philip Kiriakis on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, and starred on MTV's reality television series The Real World: Chicago.

Early life and education
Brandt attended Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois and graduated in 1997 as the school's all-time leading rusher for football. He attended Princeton University, where he was a three-year starter at running back and kick returner. While serving as president of his fraternity, Beta Theta Pi, Brandt became increasingly interested in acting and entertainment. He participated in local theater and acted in numerous plays on campus, and wrote his senior thesis on the creative process of adapting books into films. He graduated in 2001 with a degree in English.

The Real World
In Spring of 2001, Brandt was selected from more than 50,000 applicants to be a cast member on MTV's The Real World: Chicago, the 11th season of The Real World. During the show, he and his fellow cast mates worked as lifeguards on North Avenue Beach. After the show, Brandt moved to Los Angeles, California to pursue acting.

Days of Our Lives
From 2003 to 2006, Brandt portrayed the character of Philip Kiriakis on the American soap opera, Days of Our Lives. As a U.S. Marine, Kiriakis' storylines included saving his girlfriend from mercenaries, being tortured as a POW, losing his leg at war.

The Jim Rome Show
In 2007, Brandt became a producer and writer on the nationally syndicated radio show, The Jim Rome Show, hosted by Jim Rome. In 2009, he became executive producer of the show, and in 2011, he began regularly hosting as a fill-in host. He has interviewed Peyton Manning, Troy Polamalu, Dana White, Vince Vaughn, Adam Carolla, and Rob Riggle, among others. Brandt's final day was on July 22, 2016, after which he joined NFL Network's revamped morning show.

CBS Sports Network
From 2013 to 2015, Brandt regularly appeared on Jim Rome's daily television show on CBS Sports Network, Rome. He hosted a segment every Friday called "The Sixer", where he would preview the upcoming weekend in sports, entertainment, and lifestyle. On Halloween of 2014, Brandt guest hosted a special edition of Rome, doing the entire show from the perspective of Han Solo. From 2012 to 2015, Brandt also served as a producer and writer for Jim Rome on Showtime until its cancellation in 2015.

NFL Network
On July 19, 2016, it was announced that Brandt would be one of the hosts of Good Morning Football, a daily morning show on NFL Network beginning August 1.

During his time on Good Morning Football, Brandt became known for his hype videos, particularly in favor of the Buffalo Bills and Cleveland Browns.

Other media
In August 2020, Brandt began hosting the interview podcast 10 Questions With Kyle Brandt for The Ringer Podcast Network exclusively on Spotify. The show is billed as a hybrid trivia and interview show where athletes and celebrities compete to answer questions related to their lives and careers. The first episode was released on August 12 and featured Aaron Rodgers as the guest. In August 2022, Brandt began hosting the podcast " Kyle Brandt's Basement", produced by ESPN and Omaha Production.

title: Kyle Brandt


text:
Whiteprint

Whiteprint describes a document reproduction produced by using the diazo chemical process. It is also known as the blue-line process since the result is blue lines on a white background. It is a contact printing process that accurately reproduces the original in size, but cannot reproduce continuous tones or colors. The light sensitivity of the chemicals used was known in the 1890s and several related printing processes were patented at that time. Whiteprinting replaced the blueprint process for reproducing architectural and engineering drawings because the process was simpler and involved fewer toxic chemicals. A blue-line print is not permanent and will fade if exposed to light for weeks or months, but a drawing print that lasts only a few months is sufficient for many purposes.

The diazo printing process
Two components underpin diazo printing:
 * 1) diazonium salt: a light-sensitive chemical
 * 2) the coupler: a colorless chemical that combines with the salt to produce color.

In a related sense, the process relies on two properties of diazonium compounds:
 * 1) they are deactivated by light, i.e. they degrade irreversibly to products that cannot form deeply colored dyes
 * 2) they (the diazonium compounds that were not degraded by light) react with a (colorless) coupling agent to give the deeply colored product(s)

In a variety of combinations and strengths, these two chemicals are mixed in water and coated onto paper. The resulting coating is then dried yielding the specially treated paper commercially sold as Diazo paper. This solution can also be applied to polyester film or to vellum.

The process starts with original documents that have been created on a translucent medium. Such media include polyester films, vellums, linens, and translucent bond papers (bonds). Any medium that allows some light to pass through typically works as a master; the desired durability of the master determines the choice. Depending on the thickness and type of the master, the intensity of the UV exposure light is adjusted according to media types commonly used for masters in any particular shop. Similarly, the speed control (for setting the speed at which the sheets are pulled through the machine) is likewise typically pre-marked in any particular shop, having been optimized based on trial runs.

The original document is laid on top of the chemically-coated side of a sheet of diazo paper, which is retrieved from a light-protected flat file, and the two sheets are fed into the diazo duplicator, being pulled into the machine by rotating rubber friction wheels. There are two chambers inside the machine. The first is the exposure area, where the sandwich of the two sheets (the master and the diazo paper) passes in front of an ultraviolet lamp. Ultraviolet light penetrates the original and neutralizes the light-sensitive diazonium salt wherever there is no image on the master. These areas become the white areas on the copy. Once this process is complete, the undeveloped image at the locations where the UV light could not penetrate can often be seen as very light yellow or white marks/lines on the diazo sheet. This completes the exposure phase.

Next, the original is peeled from the diazo paper as the sandwich of master and diazo exits the machine, and the diazo sheet alone is fed into the developing chamber. Here, fumes of ammonium hydroxide create an extremely alkaline environment. Under these conditions, the azodyes (couplers) react with the remaining diazonium salt and undergo a chemical reaction that results in the unexposed lines changing color from invisible (or yellow) to a visible dark color. The range of colors for these lines is usually blue or black, but sepia (a brownish hue) is also quite popular. When making multiple copies of an original no more than four or five copies can typically be made at a time, due to the build-up of ammonia fumes, even with ventilation fans in the duplication room. A slight delay of perhaps five minutes is often required for the fumes to subside enough to permit making additional copies if no ventilation exists. Many blueprint shops ran ventilation ducts from the machines to the outside. Smaller and mid-size blueprint machines were often outfitted with neutralizers which absorbed some of the ammonia for some time.

If the lines are too light, it is also possible to run the blue line through the developing chamber once more, which often increases the contrast of the lines relative to the base media. Repeated lack of contrast and light prints is also a tip-off that the operator needs to adjust the speed or amount of ammonia. Sometimes both the master and the diazo print are inadvertently fed through the developing chamber together. If this occurs, one simply peels the master from the diazo paper and runs the diazo sheet through the developer once more to fully develop the lines.

Diazo printing was one of the most economical methods to reproduce large engineering and architectural drawings.

Fading prints
A quirk of diazo blueline prints is that with continued exposure to ultraviolet light, either from natural sunlight or from typical office fluorescent lighting, a blueline copy can fade over months (indoors) or just days (outdoors), becoming illegible. This fading process thus requires reduplication of the original documents every few months in a typical office for any project using bluelines. Hence, blueline drawings that are used as engineering working copy prints have to be protected when not in use by storing them in flat files in the dark. Incandescent lighting was often used in areas where blueline engineering prints needed to be posted on a wall for long periods to hinder rapid fading.

Improperly exposed bluelines are more likely to fade at an increased rate since the chemical reaction in the ammonia phase continues until the process is completed. But also properly exposed bluelines should not be exposed to the elements, and bluelines kept in flat files or hanging on racks in a cool, dry room often retain the majority of their lines and can be subsequently scanned into a digital format for various purposes.

Demise of the technology
The blueline print process was largely abandoned within the architectural/engineering community around the early 2000s. Contributing factors were the development of computer-aided drafting and printing, the speed of machine printing, and the introduction of larger xerographic machines or large format printers from companies like Ricoh and Xerox. The cost of blueline production materials and equipment, the fact that the prints themselves faded in sunlight, and the need to use the pungent chemical ammonia as a developer sped up its replacement.

title: Whiteprint


text:
Category:Places in Singapore

Places in Singapore refers to the area of residential towns, private estates, business, industrial or technology parks in Singapore.

title: Category:Places in Singapore


text:
Leonora

Leonora or Leonara may refer to:

People

 * Leonora (given name), a feminine given name
 * Leonora of Castile (disambiguation)
 * Leonora of England (1162–1216), Queen of Castile and Toledo as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile
 * Leonora (singer) (born 1998), Danish singer representing her country at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019
 * John Leonora (1928–2006), research scientist, Loma Linda University

Places

 * Leonora, Guyana
 * Leonora, Western Australia
 * Shire of Leonora, a local government area of Western Australia

Arts and entertainment

 * Leonora (opera), the original title of Ludwig van Beethoven's opera Fidelio, in which the heroine is named Leonora (or Leonore in German)
 * Leonora (opera) by William Henry Fry (the first known performance of an opera by an American composer on March 18, 1845)
 * Leonora (opera), the 1804 opera by Ferdinando Paer based on the same source as the work by Beethoven
 * Leonora, heroine of the opera Il trovatore, the 1853 opera by Giuseppe Verdi based on the 1836 drama El trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez
 * Leonora, heroine of the opera La forza del destino, the 1862 opera by Giuseppe Verdi based on the 1835 drama Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas
 * Leonora, another name for Lenore (ballad), by Gottfried August Bürger
 * Leonora (novel), by Maria Edgeworth
 * Leonora (film), a 1984 Australian film
 * Leonora, a novel by Hazel Holt
 * Leonora, a novel by Arnold Bennett
 * Leonora, the main character of a brief narrative pocket in Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews

Other

 * 696 Leonora, a minor planet

title: Leonora


text:
Rushing to Paradise

Rushing to Paradise is a novel by British author J. G. Ballard, first published in 1994.

The novel relates the fictional tale of a small and eccentric group of environmentalists attempting to save the albatross on the Pacific island of St. Esprit from nuclear tests by the French government.

Plot summary
Dr. Barbara is a disgraced doctor who forms a small band of environmentalists to attempt to save the albatross from nuclear testing by the French government on the remote Pacific island of St. Esprit. Neil, a naïve 16-year-old, joins the group and the story is told from his perspective.

During an illegal landing on the island, Neil is caught on film being shot in the foot by a French soldier. The subsequent news coverage makes Neil, and their environmental campaign, media celebrities. This allows a return visit to the island with a larger and more eccentric group of campaigners.

Whilst attempting to land, a French navy frigate collides with their boat. This event is broadcast live to the world by the cameraman who dies in the collision. The subsequent adverse news coverage causes the French to leave the campaigners unmolested on the island.

The coverage also leads to a deluge of gifts from well wishers all over the world, a steady stream of visitors and a growing collection of endangered animals which are meant to use the island as sanctuary.

Visitors include a representative from Club Med who investigates whether the island can be turned into a resort.

These excesses cause Dr. Barbara to manipulate Neil and other residents to commit ever greater acts of sabotage to cut themselves off from the outside world. Gradually, the male residents of the island (except Neil) become ill and slowly die under the 'care' of Dr. Barbara. As fewer able bodied residents are left, the endangered animals they are supposed to be saving are killed and eaten.

Slowly, Neil realises that his role is to father as many children as possible from the female residents. As more visitors arrive on the island, the female members stay and the male members disappear. When another young man arrives on the island, Neil's role as stud is in jeopardy and he too becomes ill whilst the new arrival is kept healthy.

Slowly, over the course of the story, the environmentalists change from being the sane ones in an insane world into total insanity as Dr. Barbara's all female 'paradise' is constructed.

Neil and the remaining residents are rescued in the nick of time by the French navy, after a couple who only just manage to escape alert the authorities to what is really happening on the island.

title: Rushing to Paradise


text:
Over the Hills and Far Away

Over the Hills and Far Away may refer to:

Music

 * "Over the Hills and Far Away" (traditional song), a 17th-century song
 * Over the Hills & Far Away: The Music of Sharpe, a soundtrack album
 * "Air Bharr na G-Cnoc 's an Ime G-Céin — Over the Hills and Far Away" by Seán "Clárach" Mac Domhnaill (written c. 1715), see Mo Ghile Mear
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away" (Led Zeppelin song)
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away" (Gary Moore song)
 * Over the Hills and Far Away (EP), an EP by Nightwish
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away", a 1976 single by Kevin Johnson
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away", an orchestral piece by Frederick Delius
 * "Children's March: Over the Hills and Far Away", a children's march by Percy Grainger
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away", a 1908 popular song by William Jerome (w.) and Jean Schwartz (m.)
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away", a song by The Mission from the 1987 album The First Chapter

Other uses

 * Over the Hills and Far Away (short story collection), by Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany
 * Over the Hills and Far Away, a 2002 novel by Candida Lycett Green
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away", an episode of One Tree Hill
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away", an episode of That '70s Show

title: Over the Hills and Far Away


text:
Cybertron

Cybertron may refer to:

 * A fictional planet, the homeworld of the Transformers and the planet form of their creator Primus
 * The English dub name for "Tobikage", a small robotic ninja in the TV series Ninja Senshi Tobikage
 * The Japanese name for the Autobot faction from the Transformers multimedia franchise
 * The Japanese name for the Maximal faction from Beast Wars: Transformers
 * A fictional robot in the TV series SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron
 * The original title for the show VR Troopers
 * An experimental learning machine (computer) developed by Raytheon Company in early 1960s to analyze sonar, electrocardiograms and speech, equipped with a "goof" button to correct its mistakes

title: Cybertron


text:
Tranholmen

Tranholmen is a locality situated in Danderyd Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 338 inhabitants in 2010. It is an island in Lilla Värtan, Sweden, less than 100 meters off the Danderyd coastline. In the winter season, when the water is frozen and travel by boat thus is impossible, a floating bridge connects the island to the mainland.

title: Tranholmen