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University of Talca

The University of Talca (Universidad de Talca) is a Chilean university. It has five campuses, located in Talca, Curicó, Linares, Santa Cruz and Santiago. The Talca campus is the university's headquarters and largest campus. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities, the Consorcio de Universidades del Estado de Chile and the Agrupación de Universidades Regionales de Chile.

University of Talca is considered as the best public university outside Santiago by various rankings. It offers ten PhD programs and 27 Master programs. It was accredited for five years (2014-2019) by the Comisión Nacional de Acreditación (National Accreditation Commission).

History
The Universidad de Talca was founded in 1981, upon the fusion of the seats in Talca of the Universidad de Chile and the Universidad Técnica del Estado. For this reason it is known in the Chilean system as a "derivative university". In 1998, the Faculty of Engineering was founded and established in the city of Curicó, 60 km north of Talca. The university has expanded to other cities in recent years: Santiago in 2005, where a new campus was inaugurated in 2013, a Technological Institute in Santa Cruz in 2007, and a campus in Linares, in 2017.

Campuses
The university has five campuses.

Talca
Located in northern Talca, it is the largest university campus, with an extension of more than 90 hectares. It hosts the buildings of the faculties of Health Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Economics and Business Sciences and Law and Social Sciences. Other Institutes, Schools, Vice-Presidencies, Technological Centers and various other agencies and administrative services are distributed in the campus as well. Here are also found a Sculptures Park, including part of the National Museum of Sculpture, and the Botanical Garden (6.5 hectares).

Curicó
It is located in the Los Niches sector, to the South-East of the city of Curicó, 50 km north of Talca, and concentrates the programs of the Department of Engineering: Industrial Civil Engineering (day and evening), Computer Sciences Civil Engineering, Mechanical Technical Engineering, Mechatronics Engineering, Construction Engineering and Civil Engineering in Mines. Postgraduate programs are also offered.

Santiago
The Santiago Campus emerged as a space to promote the development of graduate programs of academic excellence and to train highly qualified human resources. In its building at 415 Quebec Street, Providencia district, are located the study premises attached to the Department of Law and Social Sciences and to the Business School, various graduate programs are taught and an exhibition gallery operates. On the new campus building at 2222 Santa Elena, the undergraduate programs are concentrated: Auditing and Control Management Engineering, Business Engineering, Law and Political Sciences and Public Administration.

Santa Cruz
It is located in the city of Santa Cruz and was created by the joint effort of a group of businessmen from the O'Higgins Region and the Universidad de Talca to develop a project linked to the needs of regional development. It is an academic unit devoted to training Professional Technicians, continuing education for professional and research and development for the regional and national productive sector in strategic areas related to the wine industry.

Linares
It was inaugurated in 2017 and it host the Faculty of Education Sciences and offers also the undergraduate program on Public Auditor-Accountant. Its facilities span an area of 6,300 square meters.

Faculties and schools
The university has nine faculties, three schools and six institutes.

Faculties

 * Faculty of Architecture, Design and Music
 * Faculty of Forest Sciences
 * Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
 * Faculty of Economics and Business
 * Faculty of Education Sciences
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Law and Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Engineering
 * Faculty of Psychology

Schools

 * School of Architecture, created by Juan Román Pérez in 1998. He founded an innovating pedagogy, connecting architecture and territory, awarded a Global Award for Sustainable Architecture in 2015.
 * School of Design
 * School of German Pedagogy
 * School of Music

Institutes

 * Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology
 * Institute of Mathematics
 * Institute of Educational Research and Development
 * Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources
 * Institute of Humanist Studies "Juan Ignacio Molina"
 * Technological Institute Colchagua

Rankings
In 2017, Times Higher Education ranked the university within the 801-1000 band globally and 31-35 in Latin America.

In the 2018 QS World University Rankings is ranked 801-1000 globally, 101-150 for under 50 universities and 79 in Latin America.

Notable faculty (partial list)

 * Ricardo Baeza Rodríguez
 * Patricio Court
 * Javier Pinedo
 * Álvaro Rojas Marín
 * Christian Suárez Crothers

title: University of Talca


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University of Tarapacá

University of Tarapacá (Universidad de Tarapacá) is a university in Arica, Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. The university publishes Revista Chungará a journal on anthropology and archaeology.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: University of Tarapacá


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University of Valparaíso

The University of Valparaíso (UV) is a state public university in Chile, with its headquarters and the majority of its campuses in the city of Valparaíso. It has several other campuses in the Valparaíso Region and in Santiago, which is 100 km from Valparaiso.

Taking its current name as an autonomous university on February 12, 1981, UV is heir to the most longstanding higher education tradition in Valparaiso and its region.

As the major Pacific port south of San Francisco, Valparaiso was an important centre of business in the nineteenth century. Formal studies in law began there in 1878. By 1911, teaching had evolved into Chile’s first regional School of Law, part of the national University of Chile (UCH, which in turn can trace its origins back through two colonial universities to 1622, some 82 years after the Spanish began their colonisation of today’s central Chile).

Two private universities would form in Valparaiso in the 1920s and 1930s—what would become Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM, or USM) and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV, or UCV)—as state-backed higher education was also consolidated under the aegis of the national Universidad de Chile system.

In 1972, public university education in Valparaiso was organized as a Seat (Sede) of UCH; UV inherited all of this except for the Teaching Institute, which would eventually become the basis of the Universidad de Playa Ancha. On February 12, 1981 the University of Valparaiso adopted its present name and autonomous form. The creation of public regional universities was an important component of the economic reforms undertaken under the military rule that lasted until 1990.

UV is one of sixteen members of the Consortium of State Universities of Chile. All of these took their more or less current structure following a decision to divide the Universidad de Chile and the State Technical University into autonomous entities. UV and all state universities are among the 25 members of Chile’s Council of University Rectors (“CRUCH”); these 25 are often referred to as the “traditional” universities, as opposed to the other “new private” universities. UV is also in the Grouping of Regional Universities of Chile, all of whose members are public and have been discussed (in English) together as public regional universities.

Higher education contributing much to its economy, Valparaiso is Chile's "college town". Three other traditional universities are based in Valparaiso – UTFSM, PUCV and "Universidad de Playa Ancha" (UPLA) – all of these are organized more in a “campus” style than UV, although Católica has departments strewn throughout the city and branch campuses in the region. UV’s various faculties and schools form a university quarter the length of the plain (''plano') 'of central Valparaiso, between the main UPLA campus in the south and in the north the main PUVC building.

Since January 2021 the rector of the university has been Osvaldo Corrales.

title: University of Valparaíso


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University of the Bío Bío

University of Biobío (Universidad del Biobío) is a university in Chile. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.

The University of Biobío is the heir of the tradition of public higher education in the Biobío Region. Its roots go back to the creation of the Technical University of the State (TUS) on April 9, 1947, and to the Ñuble Campus of the University of Chile. Then the Concepción Campus of the TUS and the campus from Chillán, derived in the Biobío University and the Chillán Professional Institute, originating what today is called the UBB.

With offices in Concepción and Chillán, it offers 35 undergraduate degrees and two bachelor programs, with over 12,000 students and almost 70 percent of its professors hold masters or PhD grade.

Faculties
The university has six faculties:
 * Architecture, Construction, and Design, whose labor includes Architecture, Urbanism, Construction Sciences, Visual Communication and Industrial Design. It stands out in issues such as the use of wood, development of constructive materials, urban planning and conservation of architectonic patrimony.
 * Sciences, which besides teaching basic sciences classes, the Bachelor in Natural and Exact Sciences and the Statistic Engineering undergraduate program, promotes training and update activities for teachers. It organizes the National Science and Technology Fair to develop scientific interest in kids and youngsters.
 * Engineering, working through the departments of Electric and Electronic, Wood, Mechanic, Civil and Civil Industrial Engineering. Its main development lines are production systems and science and technology of wood and its derivatives.
 * Education and Humanities, whose activities are concentrated in education for development and development of regional identity. Focused on the formation of teachers, assumes the challenge of strengthening the teaching profession, improving initial formation and the improvement of staff. It also offers Social Work and Psychology programs.
 * Health and Food Sciences, oriented towards science and technology in the area of food, applied nutrition and community health. It promotes research, improvement and scientific and technological aid to the professional work and quality control of productive processes, business administration and services of its speciality.
 * Business Administration, whose main objective is the development of management and information areas, emphasizing in the areas of management, accounting and auditing, economy and finance, tax management, regional development, agribusiness, computing sciences and information technologies. It is also interested in strengthening the entrepreneur capacity of its students.

Research, development, and innovation
Supported by external organizations, the university has developed projects in fields such as fundamental sciences, simulation of industrial processes and services, science and technology of wood and food, materials and constructive technologies, biotechnology and education for development. It has a business incubator that backs the startup of innovative business projects.

To satisfy the demands of the media and to strengthen its ties with society, UBB has multidisciplinary centers dedicated to research and development in areas such as urban regional studies, computing and educational informatics, housing quality and advanced polymers. It has specialized laboratories in the areas of composite materials, manufacture and quality control of food, urbanism, and automated manufacture systems. It promotes public policy and public health management programs.

In 1998 the UBB created the High Technology Wood Center, providing technological aid to the industry.

Extension and international relations
The university carries out artistic and cultural activities through its Extension Center in Chillán, its exposition room in Concepción and through its artistic groups and Music School.

In international affairs, the UBB promotes professor and student exchange and the development of joint projects with foreign academic and scientific entities. It has subscribed to over 130 agreements that link it with institutions of several countries, mainly in Europe and America.

title: University of the Bío Bío


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Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences

The Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences (Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE), is a public and traditional university located in the commune of Ñuñoa, Chile. It is the fourth oldest university in the country, founded in 1889 as college of the University of Chile.

Origins
Ignacio Domeyko, scientist and professor of the National Institute José Miguel Carrera, manifests for the first time -during one year of 1842- the need to change the education system in Chile, inspired by the models that are being implemented in Europe where it was starting to develop a new science: pedagogy. At that time, Domeyko was a young immigrant in the university lessons around his homeland, particularly in Paris, France, he gave a lot of knowledge that was not limited to the natural sciences, if it was not an innovation in ideas for the organization that did not find education in this country, and that motivated him to start a slow but significant intellectual work.

The proposal of the Polish-nationalized Chilean teacher was that a normal school was created similar to the one he had known by the hand of the French philosopher Victor Cousin. In this project, use a dozen of the laws that were granted from the liberal government of Francisco Antonio Pinto and Diaz de la Puente to the National Institute in 1829, students from all over the country, settle in a special department of the prominent lyceum for two years, reviewing the studies that have already been taught in their schools, and then specialize in the area they are most interested in for another two years at the university.

Diego Barros Arana, philosopher and historian, assumes the rector of the National Institute between 1863 and 1872. Noticing from the outset the lack of preparation of Chilean teaching staff, he also realized that even under the direction of this institution, which had the best national teachers (among them the professors Amunátegui, Vendel-Heyl, Lobeck, Pizarro) 14, the teaching was rough and did not have the didactics that he considered necessary. In this period, he would create a failed Teachers' Association.

Many intellectuals were educated by this eminent historian (who before becoming rector, was professor since 1838 in which he is also his alma mater) among which Valentín Letelier, the main intellectual manager of the Pedagogical Institute, who would be strongly moved with the way of educating Arana, who never stopped visiting the classrooms or the students, concerned at all times not to be a simple minister of faith in charge of certifying a certain event, but to excite, interest and guide the intelligences educated.

Its creation was firmly defended by numerous statesmen and teachers, among whom Don Valentín Letelier distinguished himself, who defended the Pedagogical with so much integrity that he even affirmed that suppressing it is making it impossible to train Chilean professors; is to make us perpetual tributaries of foreign pedagogy. Especially influenced by the aforementioned experience he had with Barros Arana during his basic studies: "'In Chile it is generally believed that any engineer can be a good teacher of mathematics, that every doctor is competent in the natural sciences, and that the teaching of the humanities is put in good hands when entrusted to lawyers. This is a very serious error because the most proper thing to assess the suitability of a teacher is not his knowledge, it is his didactics.'" Manuel Montt would try to take up Domeyko's original idea of annexing the hypothetical Pedagogical Institute to the National Institute, which would award 20 scholarships for aspiring professors, but in doing so it would be inevitable to absorb the old establishment for the new one, as had happened before when the Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera disarmed the entire building and academic body of the Royal University of San Felipe in 1813, so the idea was discarded.

The Pedagogical Institute
In 1888, during the government of the liberal president José Manuel Balmaceda, the Minister of Justice, Worship and Public Instruction (equivalent to the current Ministry of Education) Federico Puga Borne - as well as Letelier, a former institute and former student of Professor Arana - builds the formation decree of the Pedagogical Institute of the University of Chile, which safeguarded the budget that allowed to give life to the project after 40 years of waiting. The sum was forty thousand Chilean pesos, and was signed the following year by the new minister Julio Bañados Espinosa on April 29, 1889.

Minister Bañados contacted Valentín Letelier and Claudio Matte, who were members of the Chilean delegation in Germany between 1883 and 1885 where they studied the German education system (Matte served as a translator for Letelier, since he was the only one who handled the German language) to implement it in the institution. Later, the future teachers would be precisely Germans.

The pedagogical was born as a boarding school, free of charge and with the obligation to provide housing, food and board to the fellows. Education was divided into two axes: humanities and sciences. Humanities was separated into four courses: Castilian / Latin, French / Greek, English / German and History / Geography. While science would be divided into mathematics and natural sciences.

Letelier knew how to channel and cement the aspirations in an establishment of international renown that took the name of Institute, since it was created under the auspices of the prestigious University of Chile, but with a modern constitution that favored research and teaching in topics related to the pedagogy, as it was used in European universities and institutes such as the Institute for Political Studies in Paris or the Colleges of Cambridge University. This model served as an example not only in Chile, where the University of Concepción highlighted with a department of teacher training created in 1919 with the same guidelines of El peda, but also in Latin America. They would be pioneers in pedagogical training in the continent. The work of the Pedagogical Institute was so important that about 80% of Chilean teachers were trained in these classrooms, coming to be considered one of the most prestigious teacher training centers in America. Numerous Pedagogical Missions were destined to form new Pedagogical Centers in other countries like Venezuela and Costa Rica.

First Academic Group
Minister Puga commissioned for the first time in 1888 the ambassador of Chile in Berlin, Domingo Gana Cruz, six professors of higher education: one of philosophy, one of history and geography, one third of philology, one quarter of mathematics, one fifth of physical sciences and a last of natural sciences. Thus, the ambassador understood that his future depended on the pedagogical, which for the founders of the institution, was ideal.

A select group of German teachers with extensive experience was hired who with exclusive dedication could create their chairs and dedicate themselves to research, the first academic body of the Pedagogical Institute was constituted by a Chilean, Enrique Nercasseau and Morán, and by the German professors:

 * Augusto Tafelmacher, professor of mathematics, graduated from the well-known University of Göttingen, published more than twenty studies in the Annals of Mathematical and Natural Sciences of Leipzig and the Annals of the University of Chile on mathematics, educational methods and Fermat's theorem, fact particularly remarkable since in these years nobody had written about mathematics in Chile.
 * Jorge Enrique Schneider (pedagogy, philosophy, logic, methodology, moral and philosophy of science). German that since adolescence that manifested his vocation. He studied Philosophy and Zoology at the University of Jena and then Pedagogy at the University of Leipzig. Known also for founding the Liceo de Applicacion as a small academy for young people of middle and upper class and that was dependent on the Pedagogical Institute.
 * Federico Albert Botanist, paleontologist and ornithologist, professor of natural sciences. Son of a merchant from Lübeck. He received his doctorate at the University of Strasbourg with a dissertation called The Commodity Metric Art. In 1883 he received the title to teach and already in Chile was a collaborator of the Annals of the University of Chile.
 * Hans Steffen (history and geography). The youngest academic in the Germanic group, and that however, according to Baron Richthroten, professor at the Berlin University of Young Steffen, "in the art of teaching, was superior to his peers who had long years of experience "
 * Federico Hanssen (philology, general grammar, linguistics, Latin, Greek, French, English, German, rhetoric and literary history).
 * Reinaldo Von Lilienthal (arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and mechanics, who spent a few months in Chile and returned to Germany, where he stood out as one of the greatest mathematicians of his time and was replaced by Augusto Tafelmacher, who practiced until 1907).
 * Federico Johow, notable botanist, who was appointed as the first director of the Pedagogical Institute (natural sciences, biology, zoology, botany and hygiene); nephew of a jurisconsult of the same name who was minister in the Supreme Court of Prussia. In 1880 he received the title of PhD in Philosophy and in 1882 the faculty of docenti, that is, the certification to practice university teaching. He was also assistant at the Botanical Institute of the University of Bonn, in 1883 he was commissioned by the Academy of Sciences of Berlin to study the Antilles and sectors of Venezuela. Professor Johow had published and continued to publish in the Gazette of Botany of Leipzig, in the Annals of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin and others, including later the Annals of the University of Chile.
 * Rodolfo Lenz (grammar). He taught the "living languages", studied almost all the Neo-Latin dialects, Old French, Modern, Provençal, Italian, Spanish, Gothic, Old and Modern German, Old Saxon, English, Arabic, Greek, Russian and Latin. Today in the current UMCE there is bibliographic material from the 19th century and early twentieth century of original authors in a library that bears his name (Historical Library of the Pedagogical Institute "Rodolfo Lenz).
 * Alfredo Beutell (chemistry and mineralogy). doctor of philosophy in 1879 and facultas docenti in 1885, assistant of the Laboratory of Chemistry of the University of Breslau and of the University of Greifswald. Important public studies on the chemical composition and optical properties of feldspars, on the precision pipette, on the water torch, on the spontaneous vial valve, etc.

Most of the teachers who came to the old Pedagogical Institute did so, in part, due to the large number of European war conflicts and the exhaustive anti-Semitic persecution. On this, the famous Chilean philosopher Carla Cordua remembers her first year at the Ricardo Cumming Street house in the following way:

"We had, due to the National Socialist racial persecution in Europe, many very prominent and famous Jewish professors, who came to Spanish-America, many to Argentina, others arrived to Chile, and in that sense, their misfortune was our luck, because We had fabulous teachers, completely exceptional for the general level of Chilean university studies. (...) these people were completely exceptional, and had been scammed from Europe, particularly in Germany, but also in other countries that are anti-Semitic to this day."

Early 20th century
Despite the insistence of Letelier in leaving the Pedagogical to the wing of the Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities of the University of Chile, only at the end of 1890 the house of studies accepted this request by order of the Council of Public Instruction. This fact is extremely important for the consolidation of the university status that still preserves the pedagogical profession. Until the end of the 19th century teachers had been trained very precariously in the Normal Schools of Chile. The management of the institute was handed over to the German Fr Friedrich Richard Adelbart Johow18 and his first generation of professors graduated in 1896.

Liceo de Aplicación
The minister of public instruction of Jorge Montt's government, Joaquín Rodríguez Rosas, issued the supreme decree No. 1554 creating the Application Lyceum, attached to the Pedagogical Institute, which began operating on March 28, 1892, with the objective of giving a space for new teachers to practice their skills with a select group of middle and upper class students from Santiago:

"'(...) whose vacancies are disputed every year by hundreds of parents'"

The first rector of this annexed establishment was the German professor of philology, philosophy and pedagogy (graduated from the University of Jena and Leipzig), Mr. Jorge Enrique Schneider, who had installed the idea of the Liceo de Aplicación in a report delivered on October 10. 1890 to the Council of Professors of Chile with the support of the director of the Pedagogical Institute, the also German, Friedrich Richard Adelbart Johow.

The first classes of the lyceum were made in a small room located in Manuel Rodriguez street, and had the particularity that they taught subjects not taught in the pedagogical such as gymnastics, singing and drawing until the success of the project increased the initial enrollment of a couple of dozens to more than 100 students per year forced to buy an installation attached to the mansion of the Cumming house. Being so close to the central house of the Pedagogical Institute further improved its educational quality and prestige, positioning it at the level of such prestigious schools as the General National Institute José Miguel Carrera or the School of the Sacred Hearts of Santiago.

Growth and social movements of the early twentieth century
The creation of the Institute increased the enrollment of the University of Chile considerably. 15% of the enrolled (of a total 1056 for the year 1901) were future teachers, in 1900 there were 210 enrolled and in 1917 the number increased to almost 600. Of the 1098 students housed the pedagogical in 1921, more than half were women, becoming the first instance of massive female entry to the university in the country. This increase also meant difficulties, since the old mansion of Cumming with Alameda, which also housed a small number of students from the Lyceum of Application, could not cope and the rooms soon became insufficient. The lack of was such that even the Peda, being saturated, sporadically received students from the School of Pharmacy and the Dental School, belonging to the Faculty of Medicine.

At the beginning of the 1920s, the politics of Chile - and the world - would be confronted with new ideologies and movements that would surpass the traditional political parties completely. In this sense, the university student movement took a greater maturity to understand and deal with the issues that stressed the Chilean conflict, and that the possibility of socialism came to power for the first time in national history. The students at that time showed their disagreement with the prevailing political and social system and strongly supported the workers' movement. The Student Federation of the University of Chile, which was relatively new, was composed mainly of students of the Pedagogical Institute among which Rudecindo Ortega, José Domingo Gómez Rojas, Pedro León Loyola, Pablo de Rokha, Juan Gómez Millas (who would end disappointed) of the left and socialism, years later would form the Nationalist Union Party of Chile, a fascist movement) and above all, Eugenio González Rojas, philosophy student who came to preside over the FECH between 1922 and 1923 and was Minister of Education of the Republic Socialist of Chile (this former student also founded the Federation of Secondary Students of Santiago during his stay at the National General Institute José Miguel Carrera). Years later, González travels to Venezuela to create the Pedagogical Institute of Caracas. Upon returning he is appointed Director of the Pedagogical and later Rector of the University of Chile

Pioneers in Psychological Research
With the twentieth century, Experimental Psychology began in Chile. This had a magnificent boom thanks to professors Guillermo Mann and J.E. Schnider who created the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, which inaugurated the experimental movement in the country. Although, since 1889 both professors were teaching psychology, it was not until 1908 that Mann was appointed to buy modern instruments and bibliographical material in Europe, establishing in a solid manner the laboratory that aimed to have the characteristics that Wilhelm Wundt used in his University of Leipzig. This would be the first psychology laboratory in a Chilean university institution21 and Wundt himself would have oriented the two teachers to the selection of instruments. While most of the instruments came from Leipzig, there was also a considerable amount of material purchased in Berlin, Paris and Milan.

Despite the good performance of this initiative, the lack of state funding (it stopped being subsidized in 1917) meant its early closure. Today, part of the laboratory survives in the Department of Psychology of the current Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Chile. About these Guillermo Mann declared in a report to the Rector Valentín Letelier:

"The office of the instruments destined for psychological research can not be other than that of fixing of an exact and measurable physical conditions relations with the psychological processes that are being studied (...) We can distinguish between the methods of the psychological experiment the categories : first, methods of stimulation. Second, methods of measuring the time of psychic processes. Third, methods of determining the expressions or manifestations of these processes. And fourth, methods of measuring physical phenomena, related to psychic facts indirectly"

Mann's laboratory was reopened by Luis A. Tirapegui, a psychologist at Columbia University, who wanted to promote the advances of experimental psychology along the lines of his predecessor, the field of education and pedagogical initiatives such as the adaptation of the Binet-Terman scale to the Chilean context.20

This reopening encouraged other universities to create their own versions of the Pedagogical Laboratory, such as the Psychotechnology Laboratory of the University of Concepción, whose material was similar to the original. A laboratory was also born in the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and the Normal School of Copiapó with which there were several intellectual clashes in which the liberal and conservative positions of each other clashed.

Alumni
Alumni of the University of Educational Sciences at the Spanish Wikipedia
 * Pedro Aguirre Cerda - 22nd President of Chile
 * Pablo Neruda – Chilean poet, Nobel Laureate in Literature
 * Nicanor Parra – Chilean poet
 * Mariano Latorre – Chilean writer
 * Sergio Villalobos Rivera – Chilean historian
 * Ariel Dorfman – Argentine-Chilean novelist, playwright, essayist, academic
 * Antonio Skármeta – Chilean writer
 * Lucía Pinochet - Daughter of Augusto Pinochet and former council for Vitacura
 * Denisse Malebrán - Chilean singer
 * Igor Saavedra


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Metropolitan University of Technology

Metropolitan University of Technology (Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana) is a university in Chile. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.The Metropolitan Technological University, better known by its acronym as UTEM, is a state institution of public higher education in Chile, founded on August 30, 1993, after the breakup of the University of Chile.

It is one of the sixteen universities of the Consortium of Universities of the State of Chile, and belongs to the Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities.

It has four branches, all located in the Metropolitan Region. Its head office is in the municipality of Santiago, being part of the old houses of Dieciocho street, which was declared a heritage Zone by the National Monuments Council of Chile.

The UTEM is currently accredited by the National Accreditation Commission (CNA-Chile) for three years, since its renovation in December 2013 to December 2016.

History
The Metropolitan Technological University (UTEM) was founded from Santiago Professional Institute (IPS), which was formed in 1981 after the military regime dismembered the University of Chile, disappeared from IPUCH (Polytechnic Institute of the University of Chile) and other races that were left out of the University of Chile, such as: Construction, Architecture, Library, Cartography, Social Work and Design. The enactment of Law No. 19,239, was made in a ceremony led by the then rector of this study, and founder Luis Pinto prepulsor Faverio, Patricio Aylwin Azócar and Education Minister Jorge Arrate, at the Palace of La Moneda. On August 30, 1993, was published in the Official Journal of the Republic of Chile, the decree creating the Metropolitan Technological University (UTEM), which constitutes the last of the Universities Council of Rectors.

In the beginning, i.e. from 1993 to 2002, the UTEM starts delivering careers professional area of Engineering and the Social Area, becoming the state university which receives more young people in the first two income quintiles, from schools municipal and subsidized. In 2002, the UTEM begins to dictate the race of Criminology at the levels of technical (expert), graduates (scientists) Degree, which will have a major impact on subsequent attempts of institutional accreditation.

The UTEM is a Chilean state university which receives every year about 1,500 students, has four offices in Santiago, with an area of 58,000 m2. Doctor Honoris Causa

The March 20, 1996, the UTEM delivered its first title Doctor Honoris Causa former President Patricio Aylwin Azócar, in recognition of his outstanding professional and academic career, and her starring role in the history of our country.

In May of that same year, the UTEM awarded its second title Doctor Honoris Causa Edgardo Henriquez Frodden doctor for his professional and academic career.

The third Honoris Causa was awarded to former President Ricardo Lagos Escobar on April 30, 1998, and seven years later, as high honor was awarded to Dr. Gui Bonsiepe, recognized theoretical, industrial designer, international consultant and author required reading numerous texts in the discipline of design. In December 2010, the institution was accredited by CNA-Chile, but due to administrative problems and academic 9 only achieved by a year. However, appeared in the newspaper La Nacion audited annual balance sheet, showing positive number, thus giving clear progress of their term of crisis.

The November 15, 2011, a study by the Council of State of Chile Transparency ranked the UTEM as the state university that best met the Government Transparency Act, a 59.53%. On 29 December that year, the university got reaccreditation, this time for the period 2011 to 2013. Reacreditarse again in December 2013 to December 2015. After an administrative appeal to CNA Chile, accreditation was extended for 3 years (until 29 December 2016). The Metropolitan Technological University has 5 faculties distributed in Santiago, reaching an approximate 58,000 m2 of buildings and landscaping area, has 53 Undergraduate Degree, 34 and 19 PSU login evening special income.

His most extensive, and more number of students based, is the Faculty of Engineering which has an enrollment of nearly 4,000 students, ranking in the commune of Providencia, at the intersection of Avenida Greece Avenida José Pedro Alessandri (Though ago few years communal boundaries between Providencia and Macul changed leaving the seat in the municipality of Providencia, it still retains the name of Macul headquarters). In it there recently constructed buildings that blend with the old buildings of the Hebrew Institute, which operated until about 1980.

Likewise, the college acquired property and building in the town of Providence, for the operation of the Faculty of Management and Economics by the Dean, with capacity for over 2,000 students.

Within Headquarters, is the Chapel of Gothic Revival style, located in the second courtyard of a historical Casona Colonial, which is open to the public on Heritage Day in Chile.

Near the Central House are the Faculties of Humanities, Mapping and Architecture, in the municipality of Santiago.

title: Metropolitan University of Technology


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Abrakurrie Cave

Abrakurrie Cave is a wild cave on the Nullarbor Plain in Western Australia. It is located about 48 km north west of Eucla and is reported to have the largest single cave chamber in the southern hemisphere. The stencils in the cave are the deepest penetration of Aboriginal art of any cave system in Australia.

Exploration
Visits to the cave occurred as early as the 1880s.

The cave was explored by an expedition led by Captain J. M. Thompson in 1935. The explorers described a cave that was 1200 ft in length, 160 ft wide and 150 ft deep. After progressing a further 250 ft the group found the passage forked into two passages one of which continued a further 1500 ft leading to a huge cavern.

Photographs of the cave were published after the 1935 expedition.

It was a well documented cave by the 1960s.

title: Abrakurrie Cave


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Thomas Built Buses

Thomas Built Buses, Inc. (commonly known as Thomas) is an American bus manufacturer. Best known for its production of the first ever rear engine Type C school bus. Thomas produces other bus designs for a variety of usages. Currently, its production is concentrated on school buses and activity buses, along with their commercial derivatives.

Founded in 1916 as Perley A. Thomas Car Works, the company was renamed in 1972 to better represent its primary product lines. Headquartered since 1916 in High Point, North Carolina, Thomas has been a subsidiary of Daimler Trucks North America (the parent company of Freightliner) since 1998. Prior to its acquisition, the company was operated by the Perley A. Thomas family, the final major school bus manufacturer operated under family control.

Since 1936, Thomas has produced school buses in High Point, North Carolina. In addition to bus bodies, the company also produces vehicle chassis for its Saf-T-Liner/Transit Liner EFX and HDX buses.

Foundation
The oldest surviving bus manufacturer in North America, Thomas Built Buses traces its roots to 1916. Following the closure of streetcar manufacturer Southern Car Company, Perley A. Thomas (trained as a woodworker and engineer) founded a company specializing in fireplace mantels and home furnishings. In the summer of 1916, Thomas shifted from furniture to streetcar construction, as he secured a contract to enclose existing streetcars in Charlotte, North Carolina, renovating them in a car barn.

In the summer of 1916, Thomas Car Works was founded; with a $6,000 loan ($ in 2018), Thomas acquired the equipment of Southern Car Works at auction, opening an assembly facility in a former ice manufacturing plant in High Point. During 1917, the company renovated 9 streetcars for the United States Navy in Mobile, Alabama, and for the city of Montgomery, Alabama.

1918 marked several milestones for the company, as Thomas Car Works began production of brand-new streetcars; 25 were produced. All-steel bodies were produced by the company for the first time, quickly overtaking wooden designs. At the end of 1918, the company began construction on larger factory, a 30-acre facility outside of High Point allowing for both construction and repair of streetcars.

1920s
While best known from their use in New Orleans, Perley Thomas streetcars produced during the 1920s would also be utilized by communities across the United States, including Charlotte, NC; Chicago, IL; Detroit, MI; Miami, FL; Mobile, AL; New York City; Philadelphia, PA; Washington, DC, and exported as well, with Havana, Cuba as a user.

In total, Thomas Car Works produced approximately 400 streetcars from 1918 to 1930; at its peak, the company was the fourth-largest manufacturer of streetcars in the United States.

New Orleans streetcars
In 1921, Thomas Car Works secured its largest order for streetcars. In New Orleans, NOPSI (New Orleans Public Service, Inc.) decided to standardize their streetcar fleet upon 150 Thomas-designed streetcars, delivered from 1921 to 1924. Unable to fill the massive order on their own, Thomas subcontracted a portion to Philadelphia-based competitor J. G. Brill (using the Thomas design).

In September 1922, after Thomas delivered 25 streetcars to NOPSI, the High Point factory was destroyed by fire, causing $225,000 in damage and destroying 14 streetcars under construction. Following the fire, Perley Thomas secured a $100,000 advance from NOPSI, rebuilding the factory and securing parts to build 55 more streetcars; 25 more were completed by the end of 1923 (bringing the total produced to 105).

As of 2020, the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority operates 35 Perley Thomas 900-series streetcars in active daily use (on the St. Charles line, the oldest streetcar line in the world); the streetcars date from 1923 and 1924.

1930s
In 1930, Thomas Car Works was reincorporated as a stock company, with Perley Thomas making his family stockholders in Perley A. Thomas Car Works, Inc. For the last time, the company received an order for streetcars, producing 4 for Mobile, Alabama. While rail-based streetcars offered higher capacity, for public transit, automotive-based buses grew in popularity as they offered a greater degree of routing flexibility. In a transition away from streetcars, Thomas produced its first trolley bus in 1933; while still drawing power from overhead wires, a trolley bus was constructed from a bus chassis. For 1934, the company produced 10 transit buses for South Carolina-based Duke Power.

Following the collapse of its primary source of revenue, Thomas Car Works diversified its work, expanding into automotive refinishing and construction of bus and truck bodies. From 1929 to 1934, the company workforce decreased from 125 to nearly 10 (which included Perley Thomas and his 3 children). Eventually, a company creditor filed for receivership, with the lack of potential buyers allowing for the survival of the company.

Transition to bus construction
In 1936, Thomas Car Works secured part of a bid to produce 500 school bus bodies for North Carolina. As the company was only financially able to acquire materials for 200 bodies, North Carolina split the bid between Thomas and Hackney Brothers. Dependent on length, Thomas offered wood-bodied school buses for $195 to $225. Following the completion of its second school bus bid in 1937, the company focused nearly all production on school bus bodies. In what is a long tradition that continues to the present day, Thomas remains the primary supplier of school buses to North Carolina.

In 1938, several major innovations were introduced by the company to its school bus design, including its first steel-bodied school bus. While Perley Thomas streetcars had adopted steel construction in 1918, school bus design had slowly evolved from farm wagons, with wooden body construction continuing into the 1930s. Although not the first to construct an all-steel body, Thomas introduced one-piece roof bows, internal roll bars welded to each side of the floor/frame structure. While the design has been updated for added strength, the one-piece roof bow is in use in all school buses manufactured in North America today. In another innovation, Thomas introduced an outward-opening entry door, designed to aid egress in emergency evacuation situations.

1940s
In 1940, day-to-day operation of Thomas Car Works was turned over from Perley Thomas (who remained company president) to his three children. John W. Thomas managed company operations along with sales, along with James Thomas handling the High Point factory. Following the outbreak of World War II, as with its competitors, Thomas bus production was shifted towards the armed forces. In a contract shared with Ward Body Works, Thomas also produced various bodies for the GMC CCKW truck.

While the war had brought school bus production to a halt, the High Point factory remained utilized in civilian capacity. To supplement its armed forces production, Thomas Car Works was put to use by refurbishing streetcars. As rationing had placed increased demands on public transportation, the upkeep of existing equipment was considered a priority.

Following World War II, with a rise in student populations, Thomas Car Works began to expand its sales market beyond the South, opening dealerships across the eastern half of the United States. To better weatherproof its entry door, the company developed a reinforced rubber-covered door hinge; the rubber also covered the gap between the two door panels as they closed.

After World War II, a third generation of the family joined the company, with John W. Thomas Jr. and Perley (Pat) Thomas II, with the former becoming director of sales and the latter taking over control of government contracts.

1950s
During the decade, Thomas Car Works began exports of its product lines, establishing satellite facilities in Ecuador and Peru. From North Carolina, bodies were shipped to South America in CKD form for final assembly on locally sourced chassis.

In 1957, the Thomas Saf-T-Liner name made its first appearance, denoting updated bus bodies (with an enlarged two-piece windshield). Used full-time by 1972, the name remains in use for all full-size Thomas buses over 60 years later.

Company founder Perley Thomas died in 1958 at the age of 84; at the time of his death, Thomas retained his title of company president and also actively served as a design consultant.

1960s
In 1962, Thomas Car Works officially expanded its production beyond High Point as Thomas Built Buses of Canada, Ltd. was established in Woodstock, Ontario. At the time, the company became the third-largest producer of school buses in the United States.

To demonstrate the strength of its internal roof bows, Thomas stacked a full-size school bus on the roof of another (using a crane) in 1964; the company has subsequently repeated the demonstration several times using more recent product lines.

For 1967, to reduce blind spots in front of the bus, Thomas developed a convex blind-spot mirror. Initially mandated in North Carolina, the device (allowing a 150-degree field of vision directly in front of the bus) would be adopted by 16 other states in only two years. In various forms, blind-spot mirrors are currently required on all school buses in North America.

1970s
In the early 1970s, Thomas underwent a number of major transitions in company leadership and market positioning. Company president John W. Thomas died in 1972, giving leadership to his brother James Thomas, who retired within a year. A third generation of the Thomas family assumed control of the company leadership, with John Thomas Jr. (President) and Perley Thomas II (VP, international operations).

As Thomas Car Works had ended its involvement with streetcars since World War II, the new generation of company leaders chose a new name for the company tied closer to its current product lines; in 1972, Perley A. Thomas Car Works was renamed Thomas Built Buses, Inc (used in its emblems and marketing material since the 1950s).

Expanded school buses
Since producing its first school bus in 1936, virtually all Thomas school bus bodies had been produced in the "conventional" style: a body mated to a cowled truck chassis. While the design was the most popular configuration, the transit-style configuration allowed for a higher passenger capacity (up to 90 passengers). In the early 1970s, Thomas developed the Saf-T-Liner ER (Engine Rear) as an alternative to the Blue Bird All American. In line with other body manufacturers (Carpenter, Superior, Ward, and Wayne), Thomas was dependent on a second-party manufacturer for rear-engine chassis (using Ford, Dodge, GMC, International Harvester and Volvo).

In the early 1970s Thomas Built Buses introduced the first of its "Mighty Mite" series of buses and were the smallest conventional bus ever produced by Thomas. Most were built on Dodge D300 chassis but when production of this series ended at the main plant in High Point, NC, production was moved to Hamilton, Ontario and the Canadian built Mighty Mites used modified International Harvester Loadstar chassis.

For 1972, the Saf-T-Liner body underwent a major redesign. Along with extending the rub rails completely around the body, the front and rear roof caps were flattened (to accommodate 8-lamp warning systems), and the windshield was enlarged. Following the addition of safety upgrades to comply with safety mandates in 1977, the Saf-T-Liner body saw use in the Conventional through the end of 2006; in modified form, it remains in use with the EFX and HDX (and resized to fit the Minotour). At the smaller end of the size scale, the Saf-T-Liner body was resized to produce the Mighty Mite, a narrow-body school bus on a shorter-wheelbase conventional chassis.

In 1978, Thomas made a major change to the production of the Saf-T-Liner ER. Coinciding with a design update, Thomas introduced a company-sourced chassis, along with the front-engine Saf-T-Liner EF. With the introduction of the EF, Thomas became the first school bus manufacturer to produce its own chassis for both front and rear-engine school buses, ahead of Blue Bird by a decade (California manufacturers Crown Coach and Gillig Corporation had not produced a front-engine school bus since before World War II). As a competitor to the Blue Bird Mini Bird and Carpenter Cadet, Thomas reintroduced the Mighty Mite as a Type B bus, a school bus body paired with a stripped chassis.

1980s
The late 1970s and early 1980s was a period of struggle for all school bus manufacturers. Coupled with the slow economy, manufacturers could no longer count on the factor that had driven school bus sales for the past two decades: the entirety of the baby-boom generation had finished school; it would be years before student populations would create sufficient demand again. During this time, a number of manufacturers either encountered financial difficulty or closed their doors altogether.

At the beginning of the decade, Thomas introduced a new logo, displayed on the roofline of its buses; a "T-bus" logo replaced the previous scripted "Thomas Built Buses" company logo (still attached elsewhere to the body).

To better secure the future of the company, the Thomas family sought to raise capital for Thomas Built Buses, leading the company board to bring in the Odyssey Group investment firm to oversee the process. In return, Odyssey Group received a stake in the company (remaining under full family control).

In the early 1980s, Thomas launched a diversification of its product line, expanding its presence in the transit bus segment. Derived from the Saf-T-Liner, the Transit Liner was developed for commercial use. In 1982, the CL960 "Citiliner" was introduced as a dedicated transit bus; while sharing its underpinnings with the Saf-T-Liner ER, the two-door CitiLiner was rebodied (with a sloped windshield). Sharing its body with the CL960, the Chartour was developed for charter use, using a single entry door.

Product innovations
Following the mid-1970s launches of the Wayne Busette and Blue Bird Micro Bird, Thomas would launch its own cutaway-chassis school bus, the Thomas Minotour, in 1980. Alongside the small Minotour, Thomas introduced the WestCoastER, a heavy-duty variant of the Saf-T-Liner ER marketed against Crown Supercoach and Gillig Phantom school buses. Sold only in 84 and 90-passenger configurations, the WestCoastER used heavier-duty driveline and suspension components; tandem rear axles were offered as an option.

In the late 1980s, the Saf-T-Liner product line (with the exception of the WestCoastER) adopted the MVP suffix, standing for Maneuverability, Visibility, and Protection.

In 1989, Thomas introduced a second conventional-style bus to its model line, launching the Thomas Vista school bus. To optimize forward sightlines for drivers, the layout of the driver's compartment and forward chassis were redesigned. Along with a shorter hood and redesigned windshield, the engine and front axle were repositioned. In contrast to a standard conventional bus, the driver of the Vista sat beside the engine (rather than behind it).

1990s
In 1991, the Saf-T-Liner transit-style buses saw their first redesign since 1978. The ER and WestCoastER were given a much larger windshield, redesigned driver's compartment, and saw the introduction of several new diesel engines. To better compete with the Blue Bird TC/2000 and Ward Senator (which became the AmTran Genesis), Thomas replaced the Saf-T-Liner EF with the All Star, using an Oshkosh-produced chassis. The Thomas Vista continued production, shifting chassis in 1991 from General Motors to a variant of Navistar chassis shared with the Saf-T-Liner Conventional.

In 1992, the fourth generation of the Thomas family took over daily operations of the company (becoming the first family-owned school bus company to do so).

During the mid-1990s, the company began development of environmentally cleaner buses, with compressed natural gas (CNG) school buses entering production in 1993; several battery-electric school buses were produced in 1994 as prototype vehicles.

By 1996, Thomas had become the largest school bus manufacturer in the United States (by market share). To keep up with added demand, the company opened a third factory in Monterrey, Mexico. As a design change, the "T-bus" roof emblem (used since the early 1980s) was replaced by a scripted Thomas Built Buses emblem (its predecessor).

During the later 1990s, Thomas Built Buses would undergo a number of significant changes, with some that have changed the future of school bus manufacturing. For the 1997 model year, Freightliner introduced the Freightliner FS-65 school bus chassis. Derived from the Freightliner FL60/FL70 medium-duty trucks introduced in 1995, the FS-65 chassis was paired with the Saf-T-Liner Conventional body, after several modifications (distinguished by the addition of a 4-piece windshield).

Transit expansion
During the 1990s, Thomas modernized and expanded its product range within the transit segment. Alongside the Chartour and CL960/Citiliner, Thomas marketed Transit Liners, commercial derivatives of the Saf-T-Liner school buses, along with commercial versions of the Minotour and Vista. A dedicated transit bus derived from the Saf-T-Liner ER, the TL960 was a two-door bus that offered an integrated wheelchair ramp as an option.

In 1999, Thomas entered a joint venture with British bus manufacturer Dennis to import the Dennis Dart SLF (in CKD form). Following assembly by Thomas in North Carolina; while badged as Thomas vehicles (the Thomas Dennis SLF200), distribution of the low-floor buses was undertaken by Orion Bus (itself becoming a Daimler subsidiary in 2000).

Company acquisition
Into the late 1990s, Thomas Built Buses remained a family-owned company, controlled by the fourth generation of the Thomas family and the Odyssey Group. Following the departure of Wayne Wheeled Vehicles from the manufacturing segment, Thomas became the largest manufacturer, holding a 34% market share in 1996. The same year, the Thomas family sold a majority stake of the company to the Berkshire Partners equity firm.

Freightliner entered school bus manufacturing as a chassis producer in May 1996, unveiling the Freightliner FS-65 (derived from its FL60/FL70 Business Class medium-duty truck); developed in cooperation with Thomas, the first production Freightliner-chassis buses were produced at the beginning of 1997. The product launch marked the first completely new school bus chassis since 1980, with Freightliner becoming the first new cowled-chassis manufacturer since the 1977 withdrawal of Dodge.

Following its collaboration with Thomas in developing the FS-65 chassis, in October 1998, Freightliner acquired Thomas Built Buses in its entirety from the Thomas family and the Berkshire, retaining company president John W. Thomas III. The largest school bus manufacturer in North America at the time, Thomas Built Buses was the last major manufacturer operating under family control. At the time, Freightliner was undergoing a series of company acquisitions to diversify its product range beyond highway trucks. Along with acquiring the rights to the Ford heavy-truck line (and Ford Cargo) in 1997 (continued as Sterling Trucks), Freightliner acquired Thomas alongside the chassis production of Oshkosh Corporation (1995), American LaFrance (1996).

For school bus manufacturers, the 1990s marked a period of association between major body and chassis manufacturers. In 1991, Navistar began its purchase of AmTran (completed in 1995); a year later, Blue Bird entered in a supply agreement with General Motors for conventional bus chassis. 1998 marked both the purchase of Thomas by Freightliner and the sale of Carpenter to Spartan Motors (its front/rear-engine chassis supplier).

At the end of the 1990s, several changes made to the Thomas product line were related to its purchase by Freightliner. At the end of 1998 production, Navistar ended its chassis production for the Vista; as the Vista body was developed solely for its chassis, Thomas discontinued the model line. While Freightliner did not purchase the Ford medium-duty truck range or the school bus chassis derived from it, Ford ended production of the latter after 1998. Consequently, from 1999 onward, the Saf-T-Liner Conventional was limited to Navistar or Freightliner chassis (along with AmTran/Ward, Carpenter, and Wayne, the last General Motors chassis for a Thomas bus was produced in 1991).

2000s
In the school bus manufacturing segment, the beginning of the 2000s marked a period of uncertainty. In 2001, following the closure of Carpenter, the number of body manufacturers had declined from seven to three in ten years; AmTran would rebrand itself (twice, in less than two years). The acquisition of Thomas by Freightliner brought financial stability to the company (something not initially afforded to the Blue Bird Corporation).

In the early 2000s, Thomas restructured its manufacturing footprint, centering it around its High Point headquarters. Following the closure of the Monterrey facility in the late 1990s, the company opened a separate facility in High Point for Minotour assembly in 1999; in 2000, a facility was opened to produce Thomas Dennis low-floor buses in Jamestown, North Carolina. Thomas Built Buses of Canada in Woodstock, Ontario, was closed in 2001 (as part of a Freightliner restructuring), with Thomas opening a third school bus assembly facility High Point in 2004.

In 2002, John W. Thomas III retired, becoming the final family member to manage the firm; serving as president since 1992, Thomas remained with the company as a consultant. He was succeeded by John O'Leary, a financially educated manager in charge of the turnaround of parent company Freightliner.

During the 2000s, Thomas began to wind down its presence in the transit bus segment. While the Thomas Dennis SLF200 found buyers, the product line struggled to gain a foothold against established transit buses; after 2002, the Thomas Dennis joint venture was reorganized by Daimler (effectively replacing Thomas with distributor Orion) and the SLF200 was discontinued when Dennis' successor Transbus International withdrew from the venture. The Thomas-designed TL960 (which replaced the aging Chartour/CL960) was discontinued in 2002, replacing dedicated transit buses with school bus derivatives as Thomas consolidated commercial production to the Transit Liner EF/ER.

In 2005, company founder Perley Thomas became one of the first inductees (posthumously) of the North Carolina Transportation Hall of Fame in Raleigh, North Carolina. In 2007, the North Carolina Transportation Museum received the donation of a 1940 Thomas Car Works school bus from Thomas Built Buses.

Following the 2004 introduction of the Saf-T-Liner C2, Thomas produced the model line along its Saf-T-Liner Conventional predecessor. After nearly 35 years of production of the Saf-T-Liner Conventional body; the 62,764th and final example on the FS-65 chassis was produced on December 13, 2006.

New-generation buses
At the beginning of the 2000s, Thomas began to introduce its most extensive updates to its product lines since the 1970s. For 2001, the Saf-T-Liner HD was introduced (combining the Saf-T-Liner ER, WestCoastER, and the MVP ER). Distinguished by its large mirror housings (integrating sideview, convex, and crossview mirrors into a single assembly), the HD also visibly shared several components from Freightliner, including its instrument cluster and headlamps. For 2003, Freightliner became the sole chassis supplier for the Saf-T-Liner Conventional, with all Conventionals becoming Saf-T-Liner FS-65s. In 2004, Thomas renamed the HD the Saf-T-Liner HDX.

Following the 2001 replacement of the FL-series Business Class with the Business Class M2, development was underway on a new-generation Thomas Saf-T-Liner conventional school bus. In 2004, the Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2 made its debut, marking the first completely new bus body from Thomas since 1972. In a shift from industry precedent, both the Thomas body and Freightliner chassis were designed together as a common unit (allowing the use of the dashboard in nearly its entirety); as a drawback, the pairing negated the use of the Freightliner C2 chassis by other body builders. In contrast to the Saf-T-Liner Conventional, the C2 is designed with a larger, sloped windshield, larger windows and exits, and different body construction.

For 2009, Thomas launched a second model line of small buses. Named the Thomas MyBus, the model line is geared towards the MFSAB (activity bus) segment. Sharing its internal structure with the Minotour, the non-yellow MyBus is designed for applications without any need for traffic control.

2010s
In 2010, John O'Leary was succeeded as company president by Kelley Platt; the first female leader of a major school bus manufacturer, Platt served as manager of treasury services during the Freightliner acquisition of Thomas Built Buses.

In 2011, Thomas marked the introduction of the 2012 Saf-T-Liner EFX, its first all-new front-engine bus since 1994. Using similar design features as the Saf-T-Liner HDX (its windshield and upper bodywork), the EFX also utilized a center-mounted Freightliner instrument panel.

During the early 2010s, Thomas expanded its environmentally friendly product line. The Saf-T-Liner C2e hybrid diesel-electric school bus (introduced in 2007) met with little success, leading to its withdrawal in 2013; instead, the company invested in its alternative-fuel product lines. Having offered compressed natural gas (CNG) since 1993 in the Saf-T-Liner ER, the Saf-T-Liner C2 gained propane and CNG offerings (in 2014 and 2016, respectively). Alternative fuels became available on the Minotour (coinciding with chassis specification).

In 2016, Thomas Built Buses marked 100 years since the founding of Perley Thomas Car Works, becoming the first current bus body manufacturer to reach 100 years of production in North America.

In 2018, Thomas Built Buses would introduce Detroit Diesel engines into their school buses, marking the first time that Detroit Diesel engines have been used in school buses since the late 80s.

In late 2019, Thomas entered into a joint venture with Trans Tech to jointly develop a small school bus. Named the Minotrek, The Ford Transit cutaway-chassis school bus is designed with an aerodynamically enhanced body to optimize fuel economy.

Environmental stewardship
In 2011, the High Point facilities of Thomas Built Buses achieved Zero-Waste-to-Landfill status in its vehicle production. A year later, the company was designated a North Carolina Environmental Steward, citing its superior environmental performance, commitment to continued reduction of its environmental impact, and demonstrated commitment to exceed compliance regulations.

In late 2017, in line with each major school bus manufacturer, Thomas unveiled a fully electric school bus prototype. The Saf-T-Liner C2 Jouley (deriving its name from the unit of energy) is scheduled to enter full production during 2020.

Products
Thomas Built Buses is a manufacturer of school bus bodies in cutaway van (Minotour), conventional (early Mighty-Mite series) (Saf-T-Liner C2), and transit-style (Saf-T-Liner EFX/HDX) configurations. Other bodies produced by the company include derivatives of its school bus designs (activity buses and child-care buses) along with buses for commercial use; some vehicles are intended for specialty use.

Alongside diesel-fueled vehicles, dependent on product line, Thomas buses are also offered with alternative-fuel options, including propane, CNG, gasoline, and fully electric powertrains.

Other buses
Thomas sold commercial derivatives of the Minotour, Conventional, Vista, along with the following:
 * Transit Liner MVP EF/ER- commercial derivative of Saf-T-Liner MVP school bus
 * TL960 - rear-engine transit bus derived from Saf-T-Liner ER
 * Chartour- rear-engine transit bus
 * CL960 - rear-engine transit bus
 * SLF200 (Super Low Floor) series - badge engineered transit bus built under license from Dennis Specialist Vehicles, based on the Alexander ALX200. It had a Dennis Dart SLF chassis.

title: Thomas Built Buses


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Royal Earlswood Manor

Royal Earlswood Manor
Royal Earlswood Manor was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

It's alleged that a private residence (grand name for a house, I suppose) of this name stands near Rice University in Texas. The name sounds curiously unTexan so I googled for it. Nothing. I suspect that this is a hoax or private joke, but if I'm wrong and such a building really exists then it is insufficiently notable. -- Hoary 04:45, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete ... ? I've asked two students at Rice - neither has heard of it. Likely a hoax. Note that the IP address of the author is from Houston, so this may bear further investigation. Aerion//talk 05:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless verified. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:46, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Substub of little worth and probably a hoax. Geogre 16:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. How can it be royal in a country without a monarchy? Anyway, delete it unless it can be verified. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 17:56, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. As a native Houstonian, I can tell you that the name may sound "curiously unTexan," but then that whole part of Houston around Rice is very hoity-toity, so for that area the name's not unusual at all. There are quite a lot of very old manorhouses around that area so there could well be some old residence with that name, hard to say.  I can tell you that there is an Earlswood Dr. in Houston, as well as a subdivision nearby named Royal Oaks.  It could well exist, but hard to say if it's notable or not without more info.  Katefan0 19:55, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, sounds to me like someone's preparing to sell a house. Wyss 12:17, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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File:Tracy Chapman - Tracy Chapman.jpg

Cover for album Tracy Chapman by Tracy Chapman.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Tracy Chapman - Tracy Chapman.jpg


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User talk:Lordhart

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 04:47, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

article deletion
Regarding the Brad Bradson article you asked about, I'm not sure which one you're referring to. What was the exact title? You can see the discussion at Votes for deletion/article name here. My guess would be that the topic was considered non-encyclopedic or un-notable, but I can't say for sure without re-visiting the discussion. Joyous 12:05, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

re: article deletion
Ah, I've found the discussion here: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Brad_bradson

It seems that they wanted it deleted because the character is from a 'very minor game'. I added it to the wiki in so that anybody within the amatuer adventure game community wishing to know about the character, games and pop-cultural influences, along with information about the program the game was written with, and having it here where it can be edited by anyone so it would not be biased. I don't get how anyone can think that it was self-promotional when it was completely un-biased, and written from a nuetral position. Other people have written about characters from 'very minor games', or the games themselves and don't get deleted... which seems odd.

I'll just have to forget about adding anything to do with freeware amatuer games made by any aspiring game developer, myself or otherwise, as they'll get deleted for being too 'minor'.

Proposed deletion of Chris Jones (AGS)

The article Chris Jones (AGS) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * A WP:BLP without any references at all; no notability established, no information provided.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Salvidrim!  02:11, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lordhart


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Christina Noble Children's Foundation

The Christina Noble Children's Foundation, also known as simply the CNCF, is an international non-government organization, dedicated to serving the world's oppressed and marginalized children. It was founded following a visit to Vietnam by Christina Noble, who was prompted by a dream she had had during the time of the Vietnam War, of Vietnamese children begging for her help. After visiting the country in 1989, Noble founded the foundation in 1991 in Ho Chi Minh City. In 1997, the foundation extended its services to Mongolia.

Programmes
The Christina Noble Children's Foundation has established a number of health centres and has been involved in a number of community development projects such as rural water programs. It has also established kindergartens and schools for underprivileged children in Vietnam, such as the Sunshine School.

The Sunshine School provides primary education to street children and children from underprivileged families. Children also receive medical care and participate in extracurricular activities.

The Tay Ninh Centre is a residential and education centre, located in the Tay Ninh province, in which visually impaired students are given an education and taught life skills.

Fundraising
According to the charity's 2018 annual report, of its approximately US$3 million in income for that year, 76% came from donations (including institutional, corporate and individual donors), with 18% coming from fundraising activities, and the remainder from other sources and tax relief.

CNCF is one of the chosen charities of the Mongol Rally. All 300 cars that enter the rally must raise a minimum of £1000. £500 of this must go towards CNCF.

title: Christina Noble Children's Foundation


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List of peers 1070–1079

Peerage of England

 * rowspan="2"|Earl of Hereford (1067)||William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford||1067||1072||Died
 * Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford||1072||1074||Forfeit
 * Earl of Kent (1067)||Odo, Earl of Kent||1067||1088||
 * Earl of Cornwall (1068)||Robert, Count of Mortain||1068||1095||
 * Earl of Dorset (1070)||Osmund, Count of Seez||1070||1099||New creation
 * Earl of Norfolk (1070)||Ralph de Gael, 1st Earl of Norfolk||1070||1074||New creation; Forfeit
 * Earl of Chester (1071)||Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester||1071||1101||New creation
 * Earl of Northampton (1072)||Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton||1072||1075||New creation; Died
 * Earl of Shrewsbury (1074)||Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury||1074||1094||New creation
 * Earl of Norfolk (1070)||Ralph de Gael, 1st Earl of Norfolk||1070||1074||New creation; Forfeit
 * Earl of Chester (1071)||Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester||1071||1101||New creation
 * Earl of Northampton (1072)||Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton||1072||1075||New creation; Died
 * Earl of Shrewsbury (1074)||Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury||1074||1094||New creation
 * Earl of Northampton (1072)||Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton||1072||1075||New creation; Died
 * Earl of Shrewsbury (1074)||Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury||1074||1094||New creation
 * Earl of Shrewsbury (1074)||Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury||1074||1094||New creation
 * Earl of Shrewsbury (1074)||Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury||1074||1094||New creation

title: List of peers 1070–1079


text:
User talk:COLETTE~enwiki

Unverified image
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:DroiteR.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use : gfdlif you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page and I'll tag it for you. Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 04:23, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called COLETTE. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name COLETTE~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:45, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:19, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:COLETTE~enwiki


text:
Ad extirpanda

Ad extirpanda ("To eradicate"; named for its Latin incipit) was a papal bull promulgated on Wednesday, May 15, 1252 by Pope Innocent IV which authorized under defined circumstances the use of torture by the Inquisition as a tool for interrogation.

Context
The bull was issued in the wake of the murder of the papal inquisitor of Lombardy, St. Peter of Verona, who was killed by a conspiracy of Cathar sympathizers on 6 April 1252. It was addressed to the heads of state or rulers, ministers and citizens established in the states and districts of Lombardy, Riviera Romagnola, and Marchia Tarvisina in the Venetia. Judicial torture had become a common practice in the 11th and 12th centuries, following the rediscovery of Roman law. By 1252, it was regarded as an established method by secular tribunals.

Content
The bull argued that as heretics are "murderers of souls as well as robbers of God’s sacraments and of the Christian faith", they are "to be coerced—as are thieves and bandits—into confessing their errors and accusing others, although one must stop short of danger to life or limb." The following parameters were placed on the use of torture:
 * that it did not cause loss of life or limb (citra membri diminutionem et mortis periculum)
 * that the Inquisitor deemed the evidence against the accused to be virtually certain.

The bull conceded to the State a third portion of the property to be confiscated from convicted heretics, another third  to the officials who handled the cases, and another third "deposited in some secure place to be kept by the aforesaid Diocesan bishop and inquisitors, and spent as they shall think fit to promote the faith and extirpate heretics". The State in return assumed the burden of carrying out the penalty. The secular authorities were obliged to do so, under pain of excommunication and interdiction. Some of the measures prescribed were hardly in accordance with any reasonable rule of the law. The houses of the heretics and some of their supporters were to be razed to the ground.

The relevant portion of the bull read: "Those convicted of heresy by the aforesaid Diocesan Bishop, surrogate or inquisitors, shall be taken in shackles to the head of state or ruler or his special representative, instantly, or at least within five days, and the latter shall apply the regulations promulgated against such persons." The 1199 bull Vergentis in senium by Innocent III already declared heresy a crime of lèse-majesté, so deserving the death penalty.

title: Ad extirpanda


text:
Talk:City Island Harbor

Untitled
Most of the stuff in this article seems like it would be better in the City Island article, or duplicates information which is already there.

Also, I have trouble with: 'The harbor took a bad beating on December 11 1992 the Northeaster of 92 "The Hurricane With No Name". Residents saw 130 mile per hour winds and 50 foot waves.' I was on the island during that storm. 50 foot waves??? 130 mile per hour winds??? That's just not possible.

External links modified
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title: Talk:City Island Harbor


text:
Lar Lubovitch Dance Company

Lar Lubovitch Dance Company (founded in 1968) is a dance company based in New York City and founded by Lar Lubovitch in the late 1960s. They have performed at Carnegie Hall, and worldwide.

In 2003–04, the Lar Lubovitch Dance Company celebrated its 35th anniversary with:
 * The world premiere of Artemis (2003) in May 2003 at Lincoln Center. Based on Greek mythology, the dance was created in honor of the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens.
 * The nationwide TV broadcast of Othello (1997) by PBS in June 2003.
 * The world premiere of a new production of Othello in Norway in October 2003.
 * The world premiere of Pentimento (2004) in May 2004 as the featured dance during the company's self-produced 35th anniversary season in New York City
 * A special anniversary tour including Great Britain and (in the US) the Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival
 * Numerous re-stagings around the world of earlier works by the company.

Other recent company work includes "Elemental Brubeck" (2005) (music by Dave Brubeck), "Love Stories" (2005) (to songs sung by Kurt Elling) and "Do You Be" (2005) (to music by Meredith Monk).

In 2002, the company created “…smile with my heart” (2002), a tribute to the legendary Broadway composer Richard Rodgers, and in 2001 the company presented three new dances at City Center:
 * 1) The Wedding (2001) – the premiere of a major new production resulting from a re-imagination of Stravinsky's Les Noces, originally choreographed by Lubovitch 25 years ago
 * 2) My Funny Valentine (2001) – the world premiere of a tribute to the composer Richard Rodgers on the occasion of the centennial of his birth
 * 3) Men's Stories (2000) – the restaging of the company's big hit from the prior year.

The most impressive new work created by the company in the last few years was the acclaimed evening-length version of Othello (1997) – produced by the Lubovitch company in an unprecedented 3-way collaboration with American Ballet Theatre and San Francisco Ballet.

In New York, the company performs most frequently at City Center Theater (12 seasons), in addition to seasons at Avery Fisher Hall (twice), Carnegie Hall (twice), the Joyce Theater, the New York State Theater and other venues.

Based in New York, the company is internationally renowned, having toured extensively throughout America (virtually all 50 states) and the rest of the world (more than 30 countries). In 1995 the company decided to increase its focus on creating new dances (and other activities) in New York (declining all invitations to tour during the past nine years). During the 27 years of touring prior to 1995, the company had been seen in live performances by more than a million people. On television it has been seen by millions more. Nowadays the company limits its performances to New York City and television, except for the special 35th anniversary tour. In recognition of its work, the company has received many awards and grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the New York State Council on the Arts and numerous foundations.

The company has appeared in the US on nationwide television as part of the PBS “Great Performances” series. The most recent broadcast, featuring Fandango (1989), was honored with an International Emmy Award. In Great Britain the Lar Lubovitch Dance Company was featured on television as part of an hour-long program produced by the BBC, in which the company performed Concerto Six Twenty-Two (1986) and North Star (1978). On June 18, 2003 the company's co-production of Othello (as danced by San Francisco Ballet) was broadcast nationwide on “Great Performances” and watched by 900,000 people.

title: Lar Lubovitch Dance Company


text:
User talk:PlutoM

Uploaded photos
Aloha. I just took a look at the photos you uploaded, and none of them are GFDL. In fact, they are copyright [http://bbsnews.net/bbsnphotos/? BBSNews]. --Viriditas | Talk 05:49, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image:Diegoportales.jpg
For your information: The image Image:Diegoportales.jpg has been put on ifd because somebody found a bigger version at Image:Diego Portales.jpg. Thue | talk 10:13, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Dina.jpg
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Image:Casaprat.jpg listed for deletion
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Fair use rationale for File:Papudo_3.jpg
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Image source problem with Image:Papudo_3.jpg
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Image tagging for File:Papudo 3.jpg
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title: User talk:PlutoM


text:
User talk:Trikhha

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:54, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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FunnyMonkey.jpg listed for deletion
An image that you uploaded, FunnyMonkey.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion because it lacks source and license information, and it is not used in any articles. Please go there to voice your opinion (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.

title: User talk:Trikhha


text:
RBBS-PC

RBBS-PC (acronym for Remote Bulletin Board System for the Personal Computer) was a freeware, open-source BBS software program. It was written entirely in BASIC by a large team of people, starting with Russell Lane and then later enhanced by Tom Mack, Ken Goosens and others.

It supported messaging conferences, questionnaires, doors (through the DORINFO1.DEF dropfile), and much more.

History
In 1982, Larry Jordan of the Capital PC Users Group started modifying some existing BBS software that had been ported from CP/M by Russell Lane. The first major release of this effort, RBBS-PC CPC09, in May 1983 was written in interpreted BASIC and included the Xmodem file transfer protocol added by Jordan. In June 1983, Jordan turned over maintenance and enhancements to Tom Mack and Ken Goosens. The first release under Mack, version 10.0, was released July 4, 1983. New versions and features were released steadily throughout the rest of the 1980s. The final complete version, 17.4, was released March 22, 1992.

Since version 17.4 at least four other code paths have developed. Some work has been done to unify the code paths and to develop version 18.0. Dan Drinnons CDOR Mods and Mapleleaf versions were further enhanced by beta testers Mike Moore and Bob Manapeli using Ken Goosens LineBled program to manipulate the source code to endless variations of the program.

License
RBBS-PC was not in public domain, but copyrighted and released under a limited license. The license allowed free distribution of both source code and binary in non-modifed form. The documentation from an early 1984 CPC12.1 release lists the following conditions:
 * RBBS-PC CPC12 is not distributed in modified form,
 * No fee or other consideration is charged, and
 * Reference to the authors is retained.

In the final 17.4 release from 1992 the license conditions were almost indentical:
 * You may NOT distribute RBBS-PC in modified form.
 * You may NOT charge a fee for RBBS-PC itself, and
 * You MUST retain all references to the copyright and authors.

While the modified form distribution was not allowed, the documentation encouraged to publish and share modifications (bug fixes, new features) as patch files against the original source code. RBBS-PC had its own .MRG file format and tool for patching.

Philosophy
From the beginning of RBBS-PC's development, the authors of the software had two goals as stated in the RBBS-PC documentation:
 * To show what could be done with the BASIC language and that "real programmers can/do program in BASIC."
 * To open a new medium of communication where anyone with a personal computer the ability to communicate freely. This idea was summarized as "Users helping users for free to help the free exchange of information."

title: RBBS-PC