text:
User talk:ABCD/SPAM

If you must post spam, do so here.

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

I noticed you're using my template. I just made a new one that you might like better,. --Theodore Kloba 20:00, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

git vgiara
Helo abcf, due you wunt a biiger penis? click hear1

Spam is quite marvelous, isn't it. By the way welcome to the welcoming committee. Redwolf24 03:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

WP:MIND 22:24, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
Hello! Thank you for participating in Round Two of the Mind Benders! The round will officially close on Friday, September 16, and round three (which is complete) will be open in the immediate days after that. A notice will be sent to you at least 48 hours before round three is set to open, to insure fairness. Round three offers 11 new exciting questions, this time written by Deryck C.. Please be sure to join in the fun! Also, congratulations to Riffsyphon1024 for winning our logo competition! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 20:30, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Note: This message has been sent by Flcelloguy using the NotificationBot (thanks to AllyUnion for designing such a great bot!). If you do not wish to receive further messages regarding WP:MIND, please contact Flcelloguy. If there are any problems with the bot, please alert AllyUnion. Thanks!

Automatic notification done by NotificationBot ((talk). Any bugs or errors, please report to bot owner. --NotificationBot 22:24, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

WP:MIND 06:19, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
Hello, ABCD! This message is to inform you that round three of Wikipedia Mind Benders will open on Wednesday, September 21, at approximately 22:00 UTC. While the opening time may vary by two or three hours, the round will open no earlier than 22:00 UTC. In addition, there are several rule changes, which will be detailed when the round opens. Everyone who answers a question correctly will receive points, but speed does give some extra points! Round three offers 11 new exciting and mind-bogglind questions, written by Deryck C.. These promise to be lots of fun! We sincerely hope you join us.

Also, congratulations to ROYGBIV for winning round two; it was an extremely close game, with the runner-up, Spondoolicks, only two points behind. Let's keep round three competitive! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:31, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Note: This message has been sent by Flcelloguy using the NotificationBot (thanks to AllyUnion for designing such a great bot!). If you do not wish to receive further messages regarding WP:MIND, please contact Flcelloguy. If there are any problems with the bot, please alert AllyUnion. Thanks!

Automatic notification done by NotificationBot ((talk). Any bugs or errors, please report to bot owner. --NotificationBot 06:19, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

WP:MIND 06:22, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
Hello, ABCD! This message is to inform you that round three of Wikipedia Mind Benders will open on Wednesday, September 21, at approximately 22:00 UTC. While the opening time may vary by two or three hours, the round will open no earlier than 22:00 UTC. In addition, there are several rule changes, which will be detailed when the round opens. Everyone who answers a question correctly will receive points, but speed does give some extra points! Round three offers 11 new exciting and mind-bogglind questions, written by Deryck C.. These promise to be lots of fun! We sincerely hope you join us.

Also, congratulations to ROYGBIV for winning round two; it was an extremely close game, with the runner-up, Spondoolicks, only two points behind. Let's keep round three competitive! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:31, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Note: This message has been sent by Flcelloguy using the NotificationBot (thanks to AllyUnion for designing such a great bot!). If you do not wish to receive further messages regarding WP:MIND, please contact Flcelloguy. If there are any problems with the bot, please alert AllyUnion. Thanks!

Automatic notification done by NotificationBot ((talk). Any bugs or errors, please report to bot owner. --NotificationBot 06:22, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

WP:MIND 06:22, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
Hello, ABCD! This message is to inform you that round three of Wikipedia Mind Benders will open on Wednesday, September 21, at approximately 22:00 UTC. While the opening time may vary by two or three hours, the round will open no earlier than 22:00 UTC. In addition, there are several rule changes, which will be detailed when the round opens. Everyone who answers a question correctly will receive points, but speed does give some extra points! Round three offers 11 new exciting and mind-bogglind questions, written by Deryck C.. These promise to be lots of fun! We sincerely hope you join us.

Also, congratulations to ROYGBIV for winning round two; it was an extremely close game, with the runner-up, Spondoolicks, only two points behind. Let's keep round three competitive! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:31, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Note: This message has been sent by Flcelloguy using the NotificationBot (thanks to AllyUnion for designing such a great bot!). If you do not wish to receive further messages regarding WP:MIND, please contact Flcelloguy. If there are any problems with the bot, please alert AllyUnion. Thanks!

Automatic notification done by NotificationBot ((talk). Any bugs or errors, please report to bot owner. --NotificationBot 06:22, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability/Color Tabs
Hi there. Because of your abilities in CSS I was wondering if you could take a look at this project and comment on it. It's in very early stages and I'm sure a lot of bugs/personal differences will arise and I'm hoping to get some good coders behind it it to get something done. Thanks for your time. - Trevor MacInnis (Talk | Contribs) 17:17, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:MIND
Hello. Round four of Wikipedia Mind Benders will open on Thursday, December 1. This round will be drastically different from round three; part one will consist of a creative project, and part two will be developed from there. The full details will be released when the round opens. Time and speed should not be major factors in this round; thus, there is no exact opening time for the round as speed will not factor into the scoring. Thanks! Flcelloguy (A note? ) 00:04, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Please add Mind Benders/to do to your watchlist to receive further announcements; the NotificationBot is currently down and all notifications will be placed on that page. Sorry for any inconvenience.

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Esperanza elections
Hi ABCD: This is a quick note just to let you know that there's an election under way at Esperanza. If you'd like to become a candidate for Administrator General or the Advisory Council, just add your name here by 15 December 2005. Voting begins at 12:00UTC on 16 December.

You've received this spam because you signed up for it here. To stop the spam, pop over and remove yourself and you'll never hear from Esperanza again!

➨ ❝ R E  DVERS ❞ 19:35, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

News from Esperanza
Hello, fellow Esperanzians! This is just a friendly reminder that elections for Administrator General and two advisory council positions have just begun. Voting will last until Friday, December 30, so make sure you exercise your right to vote! Also, I'm pleased to announce the creation of the Esperanza mailing list. I urge all members to join; see Esperanza/Contact for more information. All you need to do is email me and I will activate your account. This will be a great way to relax, stay in touch, and hear important announcements. Thanks! Flcelloguy (A note? )

This message was delivered to all Esperanza members by our acting messenger, Redvers. If you do not wish to receive further messages, please list yourself at WP:ESP/S. Thanks.

An Esperanzial note
As I remember, the last spam that was handed out was on the 20th of December last year, so I think it's time for another update. First and foremost, the new Advisory Council and Administrator General have been elected. They consist of myself as Admin General and FireFox, Titoxd, Flcelloguy and Karmafist as the Advisory Council. We as a group met formally for the first time on the 31st of Decembe. The minutes of this meeting can be found at WP:ESP/ACM. The next one is planned for tonight (Sunday 29 January) at 20:30 UTC and the agenda can be found at WP:ESP/ACM2.

In other news, Karmafist has set up a discussion about a new personal attack policy, which it can be found here. Other new pages include an introductory page on what to do when you sign up, So you've joined Esperanza... and a welcome template: EA-welcome (courtesy of Bratsche). Some of our old hands may like to make sure they do everything on the list as well ;) Additionally, the userpage award program proposal has become official is operational: see Esperanza/User Page Award to nominate a userpage or volunteer as a judge. Also see the proposed programs page for many new proposals and old ones that need more discussion ;)

Other than that, I hope you all had a lovely Christmas and wish you an Esperanzially good new WikiYear :D Thank you! --Cel e stianpower háblame 16:57, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Message delivered by Rune.welsh using AWB. If you wish to recieve no further messages of this ilk, please sign your name here.

Another Esperanzial note...
Hi again Esperanzians! Well, since our last frolic in the realms of news, the Advisory Council has met twice more (see WP:ESP/ACM2 and WP:ESP/ACM3). As a result, the charter has been ammended twice (see here for details) and all of the shortcuts have been standardised (see the summary for more details). Also of note is the Valentines ball that will take place in the Esperanza IRC channel on the 14th of February (tomorrow). It will start at 6pm UTC and go on until everyone's had enough! I hope to see you all there! Also, the spamlist has been dissolved - all Esperanzians will now recieve this update "newsletter".

The other major notice I need to tell you about is the upcoming Esperanza Advisory Council Elections. These will take place from 12:00 UTC on February 20th to 11:59 UTC on February 27th. The official handing-over will take place the following day. Candidates are able to volunteer any time before the 20th, so long as they are already listed on the members list. Anyone currently listed on the memberlist can vote. In a change since last time, if you have already been a member of the leadership, you may run again. Due to the neutrality precident, I will not vote for anyone.

Yours, as ever, Esperanzially,

--Cel es tianpower háblame 09:00, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

(message delivered by FireFox using AWB on Celestianpower's behalf)

Talk Ex-Yugoslavia
Talk:Kosovo- The voice of Kosovar

Old Skool Esperanzial note
Since this isn't the result of an AC meeting, I have decided to go Old Skool. This note is to remind you that the elections are taking place now and will end at 23:50 UTC on 2006-04-29. Please vote here. Thanks. --Cel es tianpower háblame 20:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

here
Please visite Something 6 Wiki because I realy need more users, anyway if you are going to go on my wiki then first you must see the rules. Thank you. Neo jimmy6

why not
i was posting on your talk page and saw this page, so i thought i would tell you the U2 wikiproject exists. haha. Smithcool 19:05, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Join humor team!
Join my group now!--Arceus fan 14:49, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia meetup
As someone who may live or work near Washington D.C., you may be interested - if you've not heard already - about the meetup scheduled for Saturday, May 17th, at Union Station. For details, please see Meetup/DC 4.

You are receiving this automated message because your userpage appears in Category:Wikipedians in Virginia. Melon ‑ Bot  ( STOP! )  18:02, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

WP:100%?
I saw you started WP:100. How about a WP:100% list, for things (for example, requests for adminship) that were supported by 100 or more people and not opposed by anybody?

(By the way, it's spam, not SPAM.) 69.140.152.55 (talk) 03:40, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

The Central Virginia Media Petition (For Virginia residents only.)
A Virginia resident is starting a petition to help bring more over-the-air tv networks and their affiliates to Central Virginia. You can sign the petition if you want to. Also, let other people know about this. Thanks. Time1 09:17, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

www.petitiononline.com/TCVM2008/petition.html (The Central Virginia Media Petition)

Invitation to events in June and July: bot, script, template, and Gadget makers wanted
I invite you to the yearly Berlin hackathon. It's 1-3 June and registration is now open. If you need financial assistance or help with visa or hotel, just mention it in the registration form.

This is the premier event for the MediaWiki and Wikimedia technical community. We'll be hacking, designing, and socialising, primarily talking about ResourceLoader and Gadgets (extending functionality with JavaScript), the switch to Lua for templates, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Labs.

Our goals for the event are to bring 100-150 people together, including lots of people who have not attended such events before. User scripts, gadgets, API use, Toolserver, Wikimedia Labs, mobile, structured data, templates -- if you are into any of these things, we want you to come!

I also thought you might want to know about other upcoming events where you can learn more about MediaWiki customization and development, how to best use the web API for bots, and various upcoming features and changes. We'd love to have power users, bot maintainers and writers, and template makers at these events so we can all learn from each other and chat about what needs doing.

Check out the the developers' days preceding Wikimania in July in Washington, DC and our other events.

Best wishes! - Sumana Harihareswara, Wikimedia Foundation's Volunteer Development Coordinator. Please reply on my talk page, here or at mediawiki.org. Sumana Harihareswara, Wikimedia Foundation Volunteer Development Coordinator 14:13, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:ABCD/SPAM


text:
Timeline of 6th-century Muslim history

This is a timeline of major events in the Muslim world from 500 AD to 600 AD (13 BH – 23 BH).

Sixth century (500–600)
This century corresponds to approximately 126 - 23 BH.
 * 570: Year of the Elephant. 50-60 days before the Muhammed's birth, Abraha, the Viceroy of Yemen, reaches Mecca with his army of elephants to demolish the Ka'aba.
 * 570: Birth of Muhammad.
 * 573: Birth of Abu Bakr, the senior companion of Muhammad and his father-in-law.
 * 576: Death of Aminah bint Wahb, the mother of Muhammad (approximate date).
 * 576: Birth of Uthman, the second cousin and twice son-in-law of Muhammad.
 * 578: Death of Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Muhammad (approximate date).
 * 579/582: Muhammad travels to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib. There, Bahira, a Christian monk, claims that Muhammad possesses the mark of an Abrahamic prophet. (Approximate date).
 * 582: Birth of Umar, the senior companion of Muhammad and his father-in-law.
 * 594: Muhammad leads Khadija's trade caravan to Syria and back (approximate date).
 * 595: Muhammad marries Khadija (approximate date).
 * 598: Birth of Muhammad and Khadija's first child, Qasim.
 * 599: Birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib in the city of Mecca. The cousin of Muhammad and his son in law.
 * 600: Birth of Muhammad and Khadija's eldest daughter and second child Zainab.
 * 600: Death of Muhammad's first child Qasim ibn Muhammad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Timeline of 6th-century Muslim history


text: User talk:213.115.111.135

title: User talk:213.115.111.135


text:
User:Animated Cascade/todo

New pages

 * 1) Experimental fiction and Experimental literature
 * 2) SOMA (concert venue) — the San Diego music concert venue
 * 3) pramipexole, Mirapex
 * 4) Songs for Drella
 * 5) Proctor Silex, Proctor-Silex
 * 6) DeLonghi
 * 7) Sunbeam (company)

Expand existing pages

 * 1) Mission Valley, California
 * 2) Temazepam
 * 3) Red River Gorge
 * 4) Wolfe County, Kentucky
 * 5) Campton, Kentucky
 * 6) Pyritinol
 * 7) Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

Overhaul existing pages

 * 1) Classical Adlerian Psychotherapy — and related; will require merging and massive overhauls
 * 2) Chubby culture
 * 3) Hypnotic -- add hydroxyzine; correct POV issue

Copyedit

 * 1) Soma (disambiguation) — add link to SOMA music venue in San Diego, CA
 * Wikipedia cleanup

Wikify

 * Articles that need to be wikified

Categorise

 * 1) Uncategorized pages

Other work needed

 * 1) Police new pages
 * 2) Help wanted

title: User:Animated Cascade/todo


text: Talk:Saddleback College

title: Talk:Saddleback College


text: User talk:65.33.113.215

title: User talk:65.33.113.215


text:
Englesea-Brook

Englesea-Brook is a small rural village in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. Located close to Crewe, and to junction 16 of the M6 motorway. One of the main points of interest is Englesea Brook Chapel and Museum, one of the earliest chapels of the Primitive Methodist movement, and a museum of the working-class religious movement, Primitive Methodism.

title: Englesea-Brook


text:
Varsity Stadium

Varsity Stadium is an outdoor collegiate football stadium located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is home to the Toronto Varsity Blues, the athletic teams of the University of Toronto. Athletic events have been hosted on the site since 1898; the current stadium was built in 2007 to replace the original permanent stadium built in 1911. Varsity Stadium is also a former home of the Toronto Argonauts, and has previously hosted the Grey Cup, the Vanier Cup, several matches of the 1976 Summer Olympics soccer tournament, and the final game of the North American Soccer League's 1984 Soccer Bowl series (which was also the last game played by the original NASL). It is located next to Varsity Arena.

History
Athletic teams of the University of Toronto have used the site as an athletic ground since 1898. In 1911, the university opened Varsity Stadium.

First stadium
Canadian sprinter Percy Williams set a world record in the 100 metres with a time of 10.3 seconds at Varsity Stadium during the Canadian Track and Field Championships in 1930. Varsity Stadium has for its entire history been host to the University of Toronto's collegiate Canadian football team, the Varsity Blues. However it was, until the opening of Exhibition Stadium in 1959, the home of the Toronto Argonauts of what would become the Canadian Football League. Although it has not hosted a meaningful CFL game in almost half a century, it still holds the record for the number of times any stadium has hosted the Canadian professional football championship game, the Grey Cup. Capacity of the stadium has varied with time, but peaked at about 22,000 in the 1950s although, with the use of temporary bleachers, a record crowd of 27,425 watched the Edmonton Eskimos defeat the Montreal Alouettes 50–27 in the 1956 Grey Cup final. Perhaps the most famous Canadian football game played in the Stadium was the 1950 Mud Bowl for the Grey Cup championship.

During the 1976 Summer Olympics, Varsity Stadium hosted several soccer matches, and was the site of the semi-final game between Brazil and Poland.

The NASL's Toronto Metros-Croatia used Varsity Stadium through 1978, before moving to Exhibition Stadium. They returned six years later as the Toronto Blizzard and again made it their home for the 1984 season. On October 3, 1984, before 16,842 fans, the last game ever contested in the original North American Soccer League was played at Varsity Stadium when the Chicago Sting defeated the Blizzard 3–2 to win the deciding game of 1984 Soccer Bowl Series. The NASL would fold before the start of the next season.

In mid-1986, Varsity Stadium played host to the World Lacrosse Championships, a tournament featuring the United States, Canada, England, and Australia. The US defeated Canada in the final, 18–9.

The new Toronto Blizzard returned to Varsity in 1987 as part of the Canadian Soccer League but would move to the smaller Centennial Park Stadium as a cost-cutting move. They returned in 1993 as a member of the American Professional Soccer League but again were forced to move, this time to Lamport Stadium, again due to financial difficulties. Varsity Stadium continued to host the Canadian intercollegiate championship, the Vanier Cup (as it had been for most years from 1965 to 1988 [with exception of 1973–75]), but that too moved to larger quarters such as SkyDome (now known as Rogers Centre) as the popularity of the collegiate championship grew.

Canada's national soccer team played several matches at Varsity Stadium, including crucial World Cup qualifying matches versus Costa Rica in 1985 and Mexico in 1993. Friendly matches versus Germany and the Netherlands were also staged in 1994.

Minor league professional soccer team Toronto Lynx moved into the stadium in 1997 but was forced to move to Centennial Park Stadium due to the impending demolition of the historic facility.

The stadium was demolished mid-2002 after the cost of maintaining the large facility was far more than it generated in revenue. At that time, several structural sections of the stadium were being held up by temporary repairs, and the future integrity of the structure was in question. The field and track were retained after the demolition. During the demolition and re-building of the site Toronto Varsity Blues relocated to Birchmount Stadium in Scarborough.

Second stadium
From 2003 through 2005, temporary seating of about 1,500 was installed to permit the use of the field for intercollegiate games. The name Varsity Field was used from 2002 to 2006 during the period when the old stadium was demolished and the new stadium was being built.

A plan to build a new 25,000 seat multi-purpose stadium on the site in 2005 was voted down by the governing council of the University of Toronto due to concerns over its cost. The facility was then planned to be built on the grounds of York University but that too failed. At the time of its demolition, Varsity Stadium was the second largest capacity stadium in Canada with a grass field, after Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta (however, that stadium has since switched to an artificial playing surface). The stadium opened in 2007.

Facilities and features built in the first phase of the stadium's reconstruction include an IAAF Class II 400m eight-lane track, artificial field turf (FIFA 2 Star rated surface by Polytan), and a winter bubble enabling use during inclement weather. The multi-use capability was one of the main reasons that the plan was passed by the governing council, as opposed to the 25,000-seat stadium. Compared to the old Varsity Stadium, the seating is closer to Varsity Arena, almost making the two structures one conjoined complex. Part of the red brick wall along Bloor Street was maintained for historic purposes, but the new facility is much more open and visible from the streets overall. The new facilities are designed by Diamond and Schmitt Architects.

Following the renovation, the Argonauts returned to the stadium, hosting their 2013 preseason game at their former home. Their 2014 and 2015 preseason home games were also scheduled for the stadium.

For the 2015 Pan American Games the facility hosted archery between July 14 and 18. During the games, the facility was configured to hold roughly 2,000 spectators per session. The facility also hosted the archery events of the 2015 Parapan American Games

Major events
In addition to hosting several University of Toronto athletic programs, the stadium has also hosted several events including military, musical, and sporting games.

Music
The stadium has also been host to several concerts most notably the 1969 Toronto Rock and Roll Revival, which Rolling Stone once called the second most important event in rock & roll history. This concert led to the production of a documentary, Sweet Toronto, as well as John Lennon's Live Peace In Toronto album. Performers included: The Doors, Plastic Ono Band, Bo Diddley, Chicago Transit Authority (later renamed "Chicago"), Tony Joe White, Alice Cooper, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys, Gene Vincent, Junior Walker & the All Stars, Little Richard, Doug Kershaw, Screaming Lord Sutch, Nucleus, Milkwood, and Whiskey Howl.

KISS performed at the stadium during their Destroyer Tour on September 6, 1976. Rush performed at the stadium on September 2, 1979, during their Permanent Waves Warm-up Tour.

title: Varsity Stadium


text:
Timeline of 7th-century Muslim history

This is a timeline of major events in the Muslim world from 601 AD to 700 AD (23 BH – 81 AH).

Seventh century (601 - 700)
This century corresponds to approximately 23 BH - 81 AH.

 * 602: Birth of Muhammad's third child and second daughter Ruqayyah, wife of third caliph Uthman.
 * 604: Birth of Umm Kulthum, third daughter of Muhammad. She became wife of Uthman after the death of her sister Ruqayyah.
 * 605: 24 July— Birth of Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad. She was the wife of Ali ibn Abu Talib and all of Muhammad's descendants are through her.
 * 605: Muhammad helps rebuild the Ka'ba.
 * 605: Birth of Hafsa, daughter of second caliph Umar and one of the wives of Muhammad.
 * 610: 9 February— The first announced revelation of the Qur'an in the cave at Hira. He is given his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel in the cave. Khadija is the first to believe.
 * 613: Invitation of the close families of Muhammad to Islam
 * 613: Declaration at Mount Safa inviting the general public to Islam
 * 614: Birth of Aisha, Daughter of first caliph Abu Bakr and youngest wife of Muhammad.
 * 614: Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish. A party of Muslims migrates to Abyssinia.
 * 615: Acceptance of Islam by Hamza and Umar
 * 616: Second migration to Abyssinia.
 * 617: Boycott of the Hashemites and Muhammad by the Quraish.
 * 619: April/May— Lifting of the boycott. Deaths of Abu Talib and Khadija, Year of Sorrow.
 * 620: Visit to Taif, as well as Isra and Miraj.
 * 622: 9 September—20 September, Hijra—migration to Medina. First year of Islamic calendar.
 * 623: January— Constitution of Medina. Establishment of the first Islamic state.
 * 624: Battle of Badr. Expulsion of the Bani Qainuqa Jews from Medina. The direction of prayer is converted from Jerusalem to Mecca.
 * 624: Death of Ruqayyah daughter of Muhammad and wife of Uthman.
 * 625: Battle of Uhud. Expulsion of Banu Nadir Jews from Medina.
 * 625: Birth of Hasan ibn Ali, son of Ali and Fatimah and 2nd Shia imams.
 * 626: Birth of Husayn ibn Ali, son of Ali and Fatimah and 3rd Shia imams.
 * 627: Battle of the Trench. Invasion of Banu Qurayza.
 * 628: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Battle of Khaybar. Muhammad sends letters to various heads of states.
 * 629: Muhammad pilgrimage to Mecca. Battle of Mu'ta.
 * 629: Death of Zainab, eldest daughter of Muhammad and wife of Abu al-As
 * 630: 11 January— Conquest of Mecca. Battle of Hunayn. Battle of Autas. Siege of Ta'if.
 * 630: Death of Umm Kulthum daughter of Muhammad and wife of Uthman.
 * 631: Expedition to Tabouk, Ghassanids.
 * 631: Death of Muhammad's son Ibrahim ibn Muhammad from Maria al-Qibtiyya.
 * 631 or 632, tribe of Thaqif adopts Islam.
 * 632: 6 March— Farewell pilgrimage at Mecca.
 * 632: 8 June— Death of Muhammad. Death of Fatimah, his daughter. Abu Bakr is chosen as caliph after a fight at Banu Saqifa among those who left the funeral of prophet . Battles of Zu Qissa. Battles of Zu Abraq. Battle of Buzakha. Battle of Zafar. Battle of Naqra. Muslims defeat Bani Tamim and Mosailima.
 * 633: Muslims take Bahrain, Oman, Yemen, and Hadramaut. Raids in Iraq. Battle of Chains, Battle of Saniyy, Battle of Walaja, Battle of Ullais, Battle of Hira, Battle of Al-Anbar, Battle of Ayn al-Tamr, Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal, Battle of Firaz.
 * 634: 22 August— Death of Abu Bakr, the first caliph of Islam. Umar ibn al-Khattab assumes power as the second caliph.
 * 634: Battle of Bosra, Battle of Damascus, Battle of Ajnadin. Death of Abu Bakr. Battle of Namaraq, Battle of Saqatia.
 * 635: Battle of Bridge, Battle of Buwaib, Conquest of Damascus, Battle of Fahl.
 * 636: Battle of Yarmuk, Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, Conquest of Madain. Naval raid by Muslims on at Tanah, near Mumbai.
 * 637: Conquest of Syria, Conquest of Jerusalem, Battle of Jalula.
 * 638: Conquest of Jazirah.
 * 639: Conquest of Khuzistan. Advance into Egypt. Plague of Emmaus.
 * 640: Battle of Babylon in Egypt.
 * 641: Conquest of Alexandria in Egypt.
 * 642: Battle of Nihawand; Conquest of Egypt.
 * 643: Conquest of Azarbaijan and Tabaristan (Mazandaran).
 * 644:
 * Conquest of Fars, Kerman, Sistan, Mekran and Kharan.
 * 5 November— Umar, the second caliph, is assassinated and buried in the house of Aisha in Medina. Uthman ibn Affan becomes the caliph.
 * 646: Muslims take Khurasan, Armenia and Asia Minor.
 * 647: Muslims take North Africa. Conquest of the island of Cyprus.
 * 648: Muslims battle against the Byzantines.
 * 650: First conflict between Arabs and Turks. Khazars defeated an Arab force led by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah outside the Khazar town of Balanjar.
 * 652: Disaffection against the rule of Uthman.
 * 655: Naval battle of the Masts against the Byzantines.
 * 656:
 * In the summer a band of tribesmen from Egypt comes to Medina and after unsuccessful negotiations they attack and kill Uthman, the third Caliph. Ali ibn Abi Talib becomes the fourth caliph.
 * 10 December— Battle of the Camel outside Basra between forces loyal to Ali and dissidents. Decisive victory for Ali.
 * 657:
 * Ali shifts the capital from Medina to Kufa.
 * Battle of Siffin in the late spring or early summer between Alli's and Muawiyah's forces.
 * 658: Ali scores a major victory against the Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan.
 * 659: Conquest of Egypt by Muawiyah I.
 * 659/60: The Syrians pledge their allegiance to Muawiyah as caliph.
 * 660: Ali recaptures Hijaz and Yemen from Muawiyah. Muawiyah I declares himself as the caliph at Damascus.
 * 661:
 * 29 January— Ali, fourth Caliph, is assassinated in Kufa, reportedly by Kharijites. He is buried in Najaf, Iraq.
 * Muawiyah marches on Kufa and wins the acceptance of most of Ali's remaining supporters, marking the end of the Fitna.
 * 662: Kharijites' revolts.
 * 666: Muawia bin Hudeij raids Sicily. Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr,  Muhammad ibn Maslamah and Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan dies.
 * 669: Hasan ibn Ali, the second Imam of the Shiites died. Husayn ibn Ali becomes Imam of Ali ibn Abi Talib's followers.
 * 670: Advance in North Africa. Uqba bin Nafe founds the town of Kairouan in Tunisia. Conquest of Kabul.
 * 672: Capture of the island of Rhodes. Muslims invade Khurasan.
 * 674: The Muslims cross the Oxus. Bukhara becomes a vassal state.
 * 676: Muhammad al-Baqir, the fifth imam of the Shiites is born.
 * 677: Occupation of Samarkand and Tirmiz. Siege of Constantinople.
 * 680: 28 April— Death of Muawiyah. Yazid I becomes caliph.
 * 680: 10 October— Battle of Karbala and Husayn bin Ali is killed along with his companions. Ali ibn Husayn becomes Imam of Ali ibn Abi Talib's followers.
 * 682: North Africa Uqba bin Nafe marches to the Atlantic, is ambushed and killed at Biskra. The Muslims evacuate Kairouan and withdraw to Burqa.
 * 683: 11 November— Death of Yazid I. Muawiya II becomes caliph.
 * 684: June— Muawiya II abdicated.
 * 684: Abd Allah ibn Zubayr declares himself as the caliph at Mecca. Marwan I becomes the caliph at Damascus. Battle of Marj Rahit.
 * 685: Death of Marwan I. Abd al-Malik becomes the caliph at Damascus. Battle of 'Ayn al-Warda.
 * 686: Al-Mukhtar declares himself as the caliph at Kufa.
 * 687: Battle of Kufa between the forces of Mukhtar and Abd Allah ibn Zubayr. Mukhtar killed.
 * 691: Battle of Maskin. Kufa falls to Abd al-Malik.
 * 692: October— The fall of Mecca. Death of ibn Zubayr. Abdul Malik becomes the sole caliph.
 * 695: Kharijites' revolts in Jazira and Ahwaz. Battle of the Karun. Muslims wage war against Kahina in North Africa. The Muslims once again withdraw to Barqa. They advance in Transoxiana and occupy Kish.
 * 700: Muslims attack the pagan Berbers in North Africa and convert all of them to Islam in a short period of time. By the end of this century, the global Muslim population had grown to 1 percent of the total.

title: Timeline of 7th-century Muslim history


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Meta-reference

Meta-reference (or metareference) is a category of self-references occurring in many media or media artifacts like published texts/documents, films, paintings, TV series, comic strips, or video games. It includes all references to, or comments on, a specific medium, medial artifact, or the media in general. These references and comments originate from a logically higher level (a "meta-level") within any given artifact, and draw attention to—or invite reflection about—media-related issues (e.g. the production, performance, or reception) of said artifact, specific other artifacts (as in parody), or to parts, or the entirety, of the medial system. It is, therefore, the recipient's awareness of an artifact's medial quality that distinguishes meta-reference from more general forms of self-reference. Thus, meta-reference triggers media-awareness within the recipient, who, in turn "becomes conscious of both the medial (or "fictional" in the sense of artificial and, sometimes in addition, "invented") status of the work" as well as "the fact that media-related phenomena are at issue, rather than (hetero-)references to the world outside the media." Although certain devices, such as mise-en-abîme, may be conducive to meta-reference, they are not necessarily meta-referential themselves. However, innately meta-referential devices (e.g. metalepsis) constitute a category of meta-references.

History
While meta-reference as a concept is not a new phenomenon and can be observed in very early works of art and media not tied to specific purposes (e.g. Homer's invocation of the muses at the beginning of the Odyssey in order to deliver the epic better), the term itself is relatively new. Earlier discussions of meta-referential issues often opt for more specific terminology tied to the respective discipline. Notable discussions of meta-reference include, but are not limited to, William H. Gass's and Robert Scholes's exploration of metafiction, Victor Stoichita's examination of early modern meta-painting, and Lionel Abel's investigation of metatheatre. In the context of drama, meta-reference has also become colloquially known as the breaking of the fourth wall. The first study to underscore the problem resulting from the lack of cohesive terminology, as well as the necessity to acknowledge meta-reference as transmedial and trans-generic phenomenon, was published in 2007 by Hauthal et al. Publications by Nöth and Bishara as well as Wolf followed suit, raised similar concerns, included case studies from various media, coined and helped establish the more uniform umbrella term meta-reference as define above.

Examples
While every medium has the potential for meta-reference, some media can transport meta-reference more easily than others. Media that can easily realise its meta-referential potential includes, for instance, literature, painting, and film. Although music can be meta-referential even outside the confines of lyrics, meta-reference in music is much harder to create or detect. Music, therefore, would be a less typical medium for the occurrence of meta-reference. Nöth argues in this context that although non-verbal media can be the home of meta-reference, the contained meta-reference can only be implicit because non-verbal media can only show similarities, but never point directly (or explicitly) to meta-referential elements. Others, however, argue that meta-reference is explicit as long as it is clear.

Literature
John Fowles begins chapter 13 of his novel The French Lieutenant's Woman with the words"This story I am telling is all imagination. These characters I create never existed outside my own mind. If I have pretended until now to know my characters ' mind and innermost thoughts, it is because I am writing in [...] a convention universally accepted at the time of my story: that the novelist stands next to God. [emphases added]"This is an example of explicit meta-reference because the text draws attention to the fact that the novel the recipient is reading is merely a fiction created by the author. It also foregrounds the convention that readers of realist fiction accept the presence of an all-knowing narrator, and breaks it by allowing the narrator to take centre stage which invites meta-reflections by the recipient.

In American comic books published by Marvel Comics, the character Deadpool is aware that he is a fictional comic book character. He commonly breaks the fourth wall, to humorous effect. To other non-aware characters in the story, Deadpool's self-awareness as a comic book character appears to be a form of psychosis. When other characters question whether Deadpool's real name is even Wade Wilson, he jokes that his true identity depends on which writer the reader prefers.

Film
The Truman Show is a movie that contains a high degree of meta-reference. Truman, the protagonist, is unaware that he is part of a reality TV show, but the audience knows about the artificiality of both Truman's life and, by extension, the movie that is being watched. This is underscored by putting emphasis on the production process of the fictional reality TV show, which makes the audience aware of the same features being used in the movie at the time of watching. Further examples of meta-reference in the movie include spotlights falling from the sky seemingly out of the blue, or a raincloud which is curiously only raining on Truman following him around on Seahaven Beach. Both instances point to the artificiality of Truman's life as well as the film itself.

Other examples include films by Mel Brooks, such as Blazing Saddles, which becomes a story about the production of the film, and Silent Movie is a silent movie about producing a silent movie. Additionally, The Muppet Movie and its sequels frequently showed characters referring to the movie script to see what should happen next.

Painting
An example of meta-reference in painting is Manet's Balcony by René Magritte. It comments on another painting, The Balcony by Édouard Manet, by mimicking both the setting of the balcony as well as the poses of the depicted people, but places them in coffins. Thus, the recipient's attention is drawn to the fact that not only are the people in the painting long dead and only still "alive" in the representation, but arguably also that the artist (Manet) and the impressionist painting style are just as dead as the portrayed individuals. Furthermore, it is foregrounded that the impressionist painting style is just a style that may be copied, which further emphasises the fact that both works are only paintings created in a specific way.

title: Meta-reference


text: User talk:209.201.13.34

title: User talk:209.201.13.34


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Chinese silver

Chinese silver is an alloy used for jewelry. Its composition is 38% copper, 17.5% zinc, 11.5% nickel, 11% cobalt, and 2% silver.

title: Chinese silver


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Timeline of 8th-century Muslim history

This is a timeline of major events in the Muslim world from 701 AD to 800 AD (81 BH – 184 AH).

Eighth century (701–800 CE / 81–184 AH)

 * 701: Ibn al-Ash'ath's rebellion in Iraq, battle of Dayr al-Jamajim.
 * 703: Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam of Shia Islam, is born.
 * 705: Death of caliph Abd al-Malik. Accession of Al-Walid I as Umayyad Caliph.
 * 711: Conquest of Spain by Tariq ibn Ziyad and of Transoxiana by Qutayba ibn Muslim.
 * 712: Conquest of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim
 * 713: Ali ibn Husayn, the fourth Imam of Shia was poisoned and martyred. Muhammad al-Baqir becomes Imam. Conquest of Multan.
 * 715: Death of Walid I. Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik becomes Umayyad Caliph.
 * 717: Beginning of the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. Death of Sulayman. Umar II becomes Umayyad Caliph. Pact of Umar.
 * 718 End of the Second Arab siege of Constantinople.
 * 720: Death of Umar II. Yazid II becomes Umayyad Caliph.
 * 721: First Turgesh invasion into Transoxiana under Kursul.
 * 724: Death of Yazid II. Hisham becomes Umayyad Caliph. Turgesh defeat Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi in the Day of Thirst.
 * 725: The Muslims occupy Nîmes in France.
 * 729: Khurasani army under Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami scores a narrow victory over the Turgesh at the Battle of Baykand and recovers Bukhara. The retreating Turgesh undertake the Siege of Kamarja.
 * 730: Khazars invade northwestern Iran and defeat the Umayyad forces at the Battle of Marj Ardabil, killing the Arab governor al-Djarrah al-Hakami and briefly occupying the town
 * 731: Khurasani Arab army suffers horrendous casualties at the Battle of the Defile against the Turgesh. 20,000 Iraqi troops are sent to Khurasan to replenish losses.
 * 732: The Battle of Tours in France.
 * 734: Rebellion of al-Harith ibn Surayj erupts in Khurasan.
 * 735: Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri arrives in Khurasan and suppresses al-Harith's rebellion.
 * 737: The Muslims meet a reverse at Avignon in France.
 * 737: Marwan ibn Muhammad (later Caliph Marwan II) poured across the Caucasus and eventually defeated a Khazar army led by Hazer Tarkhan, briefly occupying Atil itself.
 * 737: At the Battle of Kharistan, Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri drives back the Turgesh invasion of Khurasan.
 * 740: Shi'a Zaydi Revolt under Zayd ibn Ali. Berber revolt in North Africa. Battle of the Nobles. Battle of Akroinon against the Byzantines.
 * 741: Battle of Bagdoura in North Africa.
 * 742: The Muslim rule restored in Qairawan.
 * 743: Muhammad al-Baqir is poisoned. Jafar al-Sadiq becomes Imam. Death of Hisham. Al-Walid II becomes Umayyad Caliph. Shi'a revolt in Khurasan under Yahya ibn Zayd.
 * 744: Deposition of Walid II. Yazid III becomes Umayyad Caliph and dies the same year. Ibrahim becomes Umayyad Caliph and is overthrown the same year. Battle of Ain al Jurr. Marwan II becomes Umayyad Caliph.
 * 745: Musa al-Kazim, the seventh Imam of Shiite is born. (Ismail bin Jafar is the 7th rightful Imam according to Ismaili Shia.)Kufa and Mosul occupied by the Kharijites.
 * 746: Battle of Rupar Thutha, Kufa and Mosul occupied by Marwan II.
 * 747: Revolt of Abu Muslim in Khurasan.
 * 748: Battle of Ray (811).
 * 749: Battle of Isfahan and Battle of Nihawand. Capture of Kufa by the Abbasids. Al-Saffah becomes the Abbasid Caliph at Kufa.
 * 750: Battle of Zab. Fall of Damascus. End of the Umayyads.
 * 751: Conquest of Wasit by the Abbasids. Murder of the Minister Abu Salama.
 * 751: In the Battle of Talas, the Abbasid armies defeat Tang Dynasty of China.
 * 754: Death of al-Saffah. Accession of al-Mansur as the Caliph. Rebellion of al-Mansur's uncle Abdallah ibn Ali.
 * 755: Murder of Abu Muslim. Sunbadh revolt in Khurasan.
 * 756: Abd-ar-rahman I founds the independent Umayyad state in Spain.
 * 758: Khazar army under Ras Tarkhan invaded and temporarily occupied parts of Azerbaijan and Arran.
 * 759: Abbasid conquest of Tabaristan.
 * 761: Abbasid heir Muhammad ibn al-Mansur (future caliph Al-Mahdi) married famous Abbasid princess Rayta bint al-Saffah as his first wife after his return from Khurasan.
 * 762: Revolt of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya.
 * 763: Foundation of Baghdad. Defeat of the Abbasids in Spain.
 * 765: Jafar al-Sadiq, who is the sixth imam of Shiite is poisoned. Musa al-Kazim becomes Imam. Ali ar Rida the eighth imam was born.
 * 766: Sayram in Central Asia taken from the Nestorians. Evangelical army of Arab Muslims and recent converts led by Abd al-Aziz.
 * 767: Khariji state set up by Ibn Madrar at Sijilmasa. Ustad Sees revolt in Khurasan.
 * 772: Battle of Janbi in North Africa. Rustamid state set up in Morocco.
 * 775: Death or the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur, accession of Al-Mahdi.
 * 776: Al-Mahdi's second wife was Asma, She grew up at the court. In 775–776, Al-Mahdi formed a sudden attachment for her. He married her, settling on her a marriage portion of one million dirhams. Al-Mahdi divorced Asma bint Atta within months and married al-Khayzuran bint Atta as his third wife.
 * 777: Siege of Saragossa in Spain.
 * 782: Harun ibn al-Mahdi (future Harun al-Rashid) leads a huge expedition against the Byzantines and reaches Chalcedon. Harun was nominated as second heir of the Caliphate.
 * 785: Death of the Caliph Mahdi. Accession of Al-Hadi.
 * 786: Alid rebellion in Mecca is suppressed in the Battle of Fakhkh.
 * 786: Death of Hadi. Accession of Harun al-Rashid.
 * 788: Idrisid state set up in the Maghreb. Death of Abd ar-Rahman I of Spain, and accession of Hisham I.
 * 792: Invasion of South France.
 * 796: Death of Hisham in Spain; accession of al-Hakam I.
 * 799: Defeat of an invasion by the Khazars.
 * 800: Musa al-Kazim is poisoned in prison of Harun al-Rashid. Ali al-Rida becomes Imam. Autonomous Aghlabid rule is established in North Africa.
 * By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 2 percent of the total (centred on Iraq).

title: Timeline of 8th-century Muslim history


text:
Timeline of 9th-century Muslim history

9th century (801–900 CE / 184–288 AH)

 * 801: Death of Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya famous Arab Muslim saint and Sufi mystic.
 * 802: The Mecca Protocol: Caliph Harun al-Rashid and the leading officials of the Abbasid Caliphate perform the hajj to Mecca, where the line of succession is finalized. Harun's eldest son al-Amin is named heir, but his second son Abdallah al-Ma'mun is named as al-Amin's heir, and governor of Khurasan. A third son, al-Qasim, is added as third heir, and receives responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine empire.
 * 803: Downfall of the Barmakids. Execution of Ja'far ibn Yahya. Marriage of caliph Harun al-Rashid and Umm Muhammad bint Salih.
 * 805: Outbreak of revolt of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khurasan.
 * 806: Harun al-Rashid leads a huge campaign against the Byzantines.
 * 809: Death of Harun al-Rashid. Accession of al-Amin.
 * 810: Muhammad al-Taqi, the 9th Shia Imam was born.
 * 811: Abbasid Civil War: Battle of Ray (811) in Persia.
 * 812, August: Abbasid Civil War: the Siege of Baghdad begins
 * 813, September: Abbasid Civil War: the Siege of Baghdad ends with the capture of the city by the forces of al-Ma'mun and the death of al-Amin
 * 813: Tahir ibn Husayn appointed as Governor of Mosul by Al-Ma'mun
 * 815: Zaydi revolt under Abu'l-Saraya in Iraq. Harthama ibn A'yan quells the revolt.
 * 816: Shi'a revolt in Mecca; In al-Andalus the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica. Harthama ibn A'yan is executed.
 * 818: Ali al-Rida dies in Mashhad. Muhammad al-Taqi becomes Imam. The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Sardinia.
 * 820: Tahir ibn Husayn, Caliph al-Ma'mun appointed Tahir as Governor of Khorasan. In 820 Abdallah ibn Tahir was appointed governor of Syria.
 * 822: Death of al-Hakam I in Spain; accession of Abd ar-Rahman II.
 * 822: Death of Tahir in Khurasan. Talha was appointed Governor by Al-Ma'mun in 822. Jafar ibn al-Mu'tasim (future Al-Mutawakkil) born in Baghdad.
 * ca. 825: Establishment of the Emirate of Crete.
 * 826: Abdallah ibn Tahir, appointed as Governor of Egypt.
 * 827: Ali al-Hadi, the 10th Shia Imam is born. Ma'mun declares the Mu'tazili creed as the state religion. Beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
 * 828: Abdallah ibn Tahir appointed as Governor of Khorasan by Al-Ma'mun in 828.
 * 833: 9 August— Death of Ma'mun. Accession of al-Mu'tasim.
 * 835: Muhammad al-Taqi is poisoned. Ali al-Hadi becomes Imam.
 * 836: al-Mu'tasim moves the capital to Samarra.
 * 837: Revolt of the Jats.
 * 838: Revolt of Babak Khorramdin in Azarbaijan suppressed. Sack of Amorium by al-Mu'tasim. Death of Abbasid prince Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun.
 * 839: Revolt of Mazyar in Tabaristan. The Muslims occupy South Italy. Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily.
 * 842: 5 January— Death of al-Mu'tasim, accession of al-Wathiq. Death of Qaratis, mother of al-Wathiq in August 16, 842.
 * 843: Revolts of the Arabs. Unsuccessful Byzantine attempt to reconquer the Emirate of Crete.
 * 845: Death of the Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani Governor of Khorasan. In 845 Abbasid caliph Al-Wathiq appointed Tahir ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir as governor of Khorasan.
 * 846: Battle of Mauropotamos between Byzantines and Abbasids in Asia Minor.
 * 846: Hasan al-Askari, the 11th Shia Imam is born.
 * 847: Death of Wathiq, accession of al-Mutawakkil.
 * 850: Al-Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy.
 * 852: Death of Abd ar-Rahman II of Spain;. accession of Muhammad I.
 * 856: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari was appointed as Governor of Sind by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil. On 23 February 856, there was an exchange of captives with the Byzantine Empire. A second such exchange took place some four years later.
 * 858: Al-Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya.
 * 861: Assassination of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil; accession of al-Muntasir and beginning of the "Anarchy at Samarra". Birth of famous Arab poet and prince Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz.
 * 862: Abbasid conquest of Faruriyyah in Summer of 862. Al-Muntasir poisoned to death; accession of al-Musta'in.
 * 863: The Battle of Lalakaon breaks the power of the emirate of Malatya. Start of the Byzantine counter-offensive.
 * 864: Zaydi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan ibn Zayd (Alavids).
 * 866: Abbasid Civil War: Al-Musta'in flees from Samarra, his deposition and accession of al-Mu'tazz; Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Ukhaidhir, a descendant of Ali, establishes an independent kingdom in Yamamah.
 * 867: Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founds the Saffarid rule in Sistan.
 * 868: Ali al-Hadi is poisoned. Hasan al-Askari becomes Imam. Muhammad al-Mahdi, the last Imam of shiite is born. Ahmad ibn Tulun finds the Tulunid rule in Egypt.
 * 869: The Abbasid Caliph Mu'tazz forced to abdicate, his death and accession of al-Muhtadi. Beginning of Zanj Rebellion in Basra.
 * 870: Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death and accession of al-Mu'tamid. Fragmentation of Abbasid Empire into several autonomous dynasties like; Samanid, Saffarids, Tulunids, Sajid.
 * 871: Bari is captured by Louis II of Italy, ending the Emirate of Bari.
 * 873: Muhammad ibn Tahir, the governor of Khorasan was overthrew by rebels.
 * 874: Hasan al-Askari is poisoned. Muhammad al-Mahdi becomes Imam. Zanji state established at al-Muktara during the Zanj Rebellion in South Iraq. Death of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr I.
 * 875: Death of Abbasid official, Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Marwazi. Death of Muhammad ibn Ahmad Abbasid vassal Emir of Ifriqiya.
 * 876: April 8 – Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul: Abbasid forces, led by Al-Muwaffaq, halt a Saffarid rebellion on the River Tigris. The rebel Ya'qub ibn al-Layth tries to capture the Abbasid Caliphate's capital of Baghdad, but he is forced, with his army, to retreat.
 * 877: Death of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan, accession of Amr bin Layth.
 * 878: Fall of Syracuse to the Muslims.
 * 879: Zanj Rebellion: The Abbasid Caliphate concentrates its efforts against the Zanj rebels in Mesopotamia. The Abbasid general Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad (future caliph Al-Mu'tadid) leads an expeditionary force (10,000 men) to suppress the revolt. This marks the turning-point of the war.
 * 883: End of Zanj Rebellion
 * 884: Abdullah ibn Umar al'Habbari (884-913) succeeded his father as ruler of Sindh. His father Umar ended up creating a hereditary dynasty in Sindh because of Anarchy at Samarra and Fifth Fitna
 * 885: Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt, accession of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun.
 * 886: Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of al-Mundhir. Death of Abdullah ibn Umar the Habbari ruler of Sind.
 * 888: Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi.
 * 891: The Qarmatian state established at Bahrain.
 * 892: Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid death. al-Mu'tadid becomes Caliph. Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr, accession of Ismail I.
 * 893: Zaydi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim
 * 894: The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain.
 * 896: Death of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun; accession of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh.
 * 897: Assassination of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh; accession of Abu Musa Harun.
 * 898: Qarmatians sack Basra. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 3 percent of the total.
 * 899: Birth of Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mu'tadid the future Abbasid caliph Al-Qahir, he ruled from 932 to 934.

title: Timeline of 9th-century Muslim history


text:
Timeline of 10th-century Muslim history

10th century (901–1000 CE / 288–391 AH)

 * 902: Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid; al-Muktafi becomes Caliph. Death of the Saffarid ruler Amr bin Laith. Fall of Taormina signals the completion of the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
 * 903: Assassination of the Qarmatian ruler Abu-Sa'id Jannabi; accession of Abu Tahir al-Jannabi.
 * 905: Abdallah bin Hamdan founds the Hamdanid rule in Mosul and Jazira. End of the Tulunid rule in Egypt.
 * 908: Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muktafi; accession of al-Muqtadir. End of the Saffarid rule, annexation of their territories by the Samanids.
 * 909: Sa'id ibn Husayn, with the help of his chief missionary-commander Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i overthrows the Aghlabids and founds the Fatimid rule in North Africa at which time he changes his title to Imam Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah. The Aghlabid Ziyadat Allah is thus expelled from the region, and with him the final remnants of Sunni Muslim rule in North Africa.
 * 912: Death of the Umayyad ruler Abdallah ibn Muhammad in Spain, accession of Abd al-Rahman III.
 * 913: Assassination of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr II.
 * 927: Invasion of Iraq by the Qarmatians under Abu Tahir.
 * 928: Mardavij ibn Ziyar founds the Ziyarid rule in Tabaristan.
 * 930: Sack of Mecca by the Qarmatian ruler Abu Tahir al-Jannabi. Th Qarmatians carry away the Black Stone from the Kaaba. In Spain, Abd al-Rahman III declares himself Caliph of Córdoba.
 * 931: Deposition and restoration of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir.
 * 932: Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muqtadir; accession of al-Qahir.
 * 932 : Saltuk Buğra Khan of Karahan Turks embraced Islam.
 * 934: Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph al-Qahir; accession of ar-Radi. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah; accession of al Qaim; Imad al-Dawla establishes Buwayhid power in Fars.
 * 935: Rukn al-Dawla conquers Ray and establishes the Buwayhid government there. Assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij; accession of Vushmgir. Death of Hamdanid ruler Abdallah ibn Hamdan, accession of Nasir al-Dawla.
 * 936: By coup, Ibn Raiq becomes the Amir al-Umara under Abbasid Caliph ar-Radi.
 * 938: By another coup, power at Baghdad is captured by Bajkam.
 * 940: Death of the Abbasid Caliph ar-Radi, accession of al-Muttaqi.
 * 941: Death of Bajkam, capture of power by Kurtakin.
 * 942: Ibn Raiq recaptures power in Baghdad.
 * 943: Abu Abdallah al-Baridi captures power. The Abbasid Caliph al-Muttaqi is forced to seek refuge with the Hamdanids. Nasir al-Dawla captures power at Baghdad and the Caliph returns to Baghdad. Power is captured by Tuzun and Nasir al-Dawla retires to Mosul. Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr II, accession of Nuh I.
 * 944: al-Muttaqi is blinded and deposed, accession of al-Mustakfi. Abu Tahir al-Jannabi dies.
 * 945: Death of Tuzun. Shirzad becomes Amir al-Umara. Mu'izz al-Dawla captures power and establishes the Buwayhid dynasty in Iraq. Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustakfi, accession of al-Muti.
 * 946: Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Qaim. Accession of Mansur. Death of the Ikhshidid ruler Muhammad bin Tughj, accession of Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid. Sayf al-Dawla establishes himself at Aleppo
 * 949: Death of the Buwayhid shah of Fars, 'Imad al-Dawla. Accession of 'Adud al-Dawla.
 * 951: The Qarmatians restore the Black Stone to the Kaaba.
 * 954: Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh I, accession of 'Abd al-Malik I.
 * 961: Death of the Samanid ruler 'Abd al-Malik I, accession of Mansur I.
 * 961: Turkic mameluk Alptigin founds the rule of the Ghazanavids.
 * 961: Death of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Rahman III in Spain; accession of al-Hakam II. Death of the Ikhshidid ruler Unujur, accession of Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid.
 * 965: Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Mansur; accession of Hasan Azam. Assassination of the Ikhshidid ruler Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid; power captured by Abu al-Misk Kafur.  Fall of Tarsus to the Byzantines.
 * 967: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Mu'izz al-Dawla, accession of 'Izz al-Dawla. Death of the Hamdanid ruler Sayf al-Dawla.
 * 968: Death of the Ikhshidid ruler Abu al-Misk Kafur; accession of Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali.
 * 969: Byzantines occupy Antioch and force Aleppo to become a protectorate. The Fatimids conquer Egypt.
 * 972: Buluggin ibn Ziri founds the rule of the Zirids in Algeria.
 * 973: Shi'a–Sunni disturbances in Baghdad; power captured in Baghdad by the Turkish General Sabuktigin.
 * 974: Abdication of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muti; accession of at-Ta'i.
 * 975: Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Muizz, accession of Al-Aziz Billah.
 * 976: The Buwayhid Sultan 'Izz al-Dawla recaptures power with the help of his cousin 'Adud al-Dawla. Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur I, accession of Nuh II. In Spain death of the Umayyad Caliph al-Hakam II, accession of Hisham II.
 * 977: Sabuktigin becomes the amir of Ghaznavids.
 * 978: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan 'Izz al-Dawla, power captured by 'Adud al-Dawla who ruled former in Fars. The Hamdanids of Aleppo overthrown by the Buwayhids.
 * 981: End of the Qarmatian rule at Bahrain.
 * 982: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Adud al-Dawla; accession of Samsam al-Dawla.
 * 984: Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Buluggin, accession of al-Mansur ibn Buluggin.
 * 986: The Buwayhid Sultan Samsam al-Dawla overthrown by Sharaf al-Dawla.
 * 989: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Sharaf al-Dawla, accession of Baha al-Dawla.
 * 991: Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph at-Ta'i, accession of al-Qadir.
 * 996: Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Mansur, accession of Badis ibn Mansur.
 * 996: Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Aziz Billah, accession of Al-Hakim.
 * 997: Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh II, accession of Mansur II.
 * 998: Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur II, accession of 'Abd al-Malik II. Mahmud of Ghaznavid becomes the Amir of Ghazni.
 * 999: Bughra Khan of Karahan Turks capture Bukhara. End of the Samanids.
 * 999: By the end of this century, global Muslim population was estimated at 10 million.

title: Timeline of 10th-century Muslim history


text:
Talk:3dmm

This page was proposed for deletion December 2004. The archived discussion is available at Votes for deletion/3dmm.

title: Talk:3dmm


text:
Timeline of 11th-century Muslim history

11th century (1001–1100 CE / 391–494 AH)

 * 998–1030: Mahmud of Ghazni persuades mass conversions to Islam in present-day Afghanistan. Many Hindus and Buddhists are persuade in various ways into converting under his rule.
 * 1001: Mahmud of Ghazni defeats the Hindu Shahis at Peshawar.
 * 1004: Mahmud of Ghazni captures Bhatiya.
 * 1005: Mahmud of Ghazni captures Multan and Ghur.
 * 1008: Mahmud of Ghazni defeats the Rajput confederacy.
 * 1010: Abdication of Hisham II in Spain. Accession of Muhammad II.
 * 1011: In Spain Muhammad II is overthrown by Sulaiman II.
 * 1012: In Spain, power is captured by Bani Hamud. Death of the Buwayhid Baha' al-Dawla, accession of Sultan al-Dawla.
 * 1013: Berber Muslims massacre and pillage the inhabitants of Cordoba, including a large number of Jews. It is said that 2000 of them were killed.
 * 1016: Death of the Zirid ruler Nasir al-Dawla Badis; accession of Al Muizz.
 * 1018: In Spain, power is captured by Abd-ar-Rahman IV.
 * 1019: Conshest of the Punjab by Mahmud of Ghazni.
 * 1020: The Buwayhid Sultan al-Dawla is overthrown by Musharrif al-Dawla. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Hakim, accession of Ali az-Zahir.
 * 1024: In Spain, assassination of Abd-ar-Rahman V.
 * 1025: Death of the Buwayhid Musharrif al-Dawla, accession of Jalal al-Dawla. Mahmud of Ghazni raids Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga. He takes away a booty of 2 million dinars.
 * 1029: In Spain, death of Mustaft, accession of Hisham III.
 * 1030: Death of Mahmud of Ghazni.
 * 1031: In Spain, deposition of Hisham III, and end of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Qadir, accession of al-Qa'im.
 * 1033: In a pogrom in Fez, Morocco, Berber Muslims kill more than 6000 Jews and take away their women and belongings.
 * 1035: Under attacks by King War Jabi, his Almoravid allies and many other African Muslims, the Serer community in West Africa faces pressure to embrace Islam. This Islamization goes on for centuries. An unknown number of them die in these jihads but many of them scatter. By 1867, most of the jihads are over.
 * 1036: Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ali az-Zahir, accession of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah Toghrül is crowned as the king of the Seljuqs.
 * 1037: Seljuq Turks under Tuğrul Bey sack the city of Ghazni.
 * 1040: Battle of Dandanaqan, the Seljuqs defeat the Ghazanavids. Deposition of Mas'ud I of Ghazni Sultan, accession of Mohammad Ghaznavi. Al Moravids come to power in North Africa.
 * 1041: The Ghaznavid Sultan Mohammad Ghaznavi is overthrown by Maw'dud Ghaznavi.
 * 1044: Death of the Buwayhid Jalal al-Dawla, accession of Abu Kalijar.
 * 1046: Basasiri captures power in Baghdad.
 * 1047: The Zirids in North Africa repudiate allegiance to the Fatimid and transfer allegiance to the Abbasids.
 * 1048: Death of the Buwayhid Abu Kalijar, accession of Malik al-Rahim.
 * 1050: Yusuf ibn Tashfin comes to power in the Maghrib.
 * 1055: Tuğrul Bey overthrows the Buwayhids.
 * 1057: Basasiri recaptures power in Baghdad, deposes Al-Qa'im and offers allegiance to the Fatimid Caliph.
 * 1059: Tuğrul Bey recaptures power in Baghdad, Al-Qa'im is restored as the Caliph.
 * 1060: Ibrahim of Ghazna becomes the Sultan. Yusuf ibn Tashfin founds the city of Marrakesh. The Zirids abandon their capital Ashir and establish their capital at Bougie.
 * 1062: Death of the Zirid ruler Al Muizz, accession of Tamin.
 * 1063: Death of the Seljuq Sultan Tuğrul Bey accession of Alp Arslan.
 * 1064: Seljuk army under Alp Arslan captured Ani and slaughtered its population.
 * 1065: The Fatimid governor of Ramla rescues the Great German Pilgrimage which had come under attack by local Bedouin bandits.
 * 1071: Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV is taken captive by the Seljuq Turks.
 * 1073: Death of Alp Arslan, accession of Malik Shah. Badr al-Jamali takes power as the vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate.
 * 1077: Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Qa'im, accession of Al-Muqtadi.
 * 1077: Seljuq Turks found Sultanate of Rûm in Turkey.
 * 1082: The Almoravids conquer Algeria.
 * 1085: After a four-year siege, Toledo delivers itself up to Alfonso VI.
 * 1086: Battle of Zallakha. The Almoravids defeat the Christians in Spain.
 * 1086: Death of Suleyman I of Rum, accession of Kilij Arslan I.
 * 1090: Hassan-i Sabbah captures Alamut, making it an Isma'ilite stronghold.
 * 1091: The Normans conquer the island of Sicily; end of the Muslim rule.
 * 1092: Death of the Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah I, accession of Mahmud I of Great Seljuq.
 * 1094: Death of Seljuq Sultan Mahmud I; accession of Barkiyaruq. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadi, accession of Mustahzir.
 * 1095: The First Crusade.
 * 1097: Kilij Arslan I loses his capital of Nicea and the battle of Dorylaeum.
 * 1099: The crusaders capture Jerusalem. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 5 per cent of the total.

title: Timeline of 11th-century Muslim history


text:
Enteric (disambiguation)

Enteric is a general term describing something related to or associated with the intestines.

Enteric may also refer to:
 * Enteric nervous system
 * Enteric coating that is often applied to pills and supplements
 * "Enteric fever" is a name for typhoid fever
 * Enteric duplication cysts
 * Enteral administration of food or drugs given orally or rectally
 * Methane emitted from livestock is known as Enteric fermentation

title: Enteric (disambiguation)


text:
Springfield Township

Springfield Township may refer to:

Illinois

 * Springfield Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Springfield Township, Allen County, Indiana
 * Springfield Township, Franklin County, Indiana
 * Springfield Township, LaGrange County, Indiana
 * Springfield Township, LaPorte County, Indiana

Iowa

 * Springfield Township, Cedar County, Iowa
 * Springfield Township, Kossuth County, Iowa
 * Springfield Township, Winneshiek County, Iowa

Michigan

 * Springfield Township, Kalkaska County, Michigan
 * Springfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Springfield Township, Cottonwood County, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Springfield Township, Greene County, Missouri
 * Springfield Township, Henry County, Missouri

New Jersey

 * Springfield Township, Burlington County, New Jersey
 * Springfield Township, Union County, New Jersey

North Dakota

 * Springfield Township, Towner County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Springfield Township, Clark County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Gallia County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Jefferson County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Lucas County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Mahoning County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Muskingum County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Richland County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Ross County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Summit County, Ohio
 * Springfield Township, Williams County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Springfield Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
 * Springfield Township, York County, Pennsylvania

title: Springfield Township


text:
Timeline of 12th-century Muslim history

12th century (1101–1200) (494 AH – 597 AH)

 * 1101: Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Musta'li, accession of al-Amir Bi-Ahkamillah.
 * 1105: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Barkiyaruq, accession Of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.
 * 1106: Death of the Al Moravid Yusuf bin Tashfin.
 * 1107: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan I, succession of Malik Shah of Rüm.
 * 1108: Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Tamin, accession of Yahya of Zirid.
 * 1111: Persian Islamic jurist and philosopher Al-Ghazali dies.
 * 1116: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah. accession of Mas'ud of Rüm.
 * 1118: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad; accession of Mahmud II of Great Seljuk. Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustazhir, accession of al-Mustarshid. In Spain the Christians capture Zaragoza.
 * 1121: Death of the Fatimid ruler Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, accession of Al-Hafiz.
 * 1127: Imad ad-Din Zengi establishes the Zengid dynasty rule In Mosul.
 * 1128: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Qutb ud Din Muhammad; accession of Atsiz.
 * 1130: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II of Great Seljuk; accession of Toghrül II.
 * 1135: Assassination of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid; accession of al-Rashid. Death of the Seljuk Sultan Toghrül II, accession of Mas'ud of Great Seljuk. [[File:Anonymous - Death of the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustarshid bi-llah, Assassinated During the Reign of Sultan Mas’ud, - 1965.51.6 - Yale University Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Death of [[Al-Mustarshid|Al-Mustarshid bi-llah]] who was assassinated in the year 1135]]
 * 1136: Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Rashid, accession of Al-Muqtafi.
 * 1144: Zengi captures Edessa from the Christians, second crusade.
 * 1146: Death of Zengi, accession of Nur ad-Din.
 * 1147: In the Maghrib Al Moravids overthrown by the Almohad under Abd al-Mu'min.
 * 1148: End of the Zirid dynasty rule' in North Africa. Siege of Damascus repulsed, thus effectively winning the Second Crusade.
 * 1149: Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Hafiz, accession of Az-Zafir.
 * 1152: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Great Seljuk, accession of Malik Shah III. Hamadid rule extinguished in North Africa.
 * 1153: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah III, accession of Mehmed II of Great Seljuk.
 * 1154: Death of the Fatimid Caliph az-Zafir, accession of Al-Faiz.
 * 1156: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Rüm, accession of Kilij Arslan II.
 * 1159: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mehmed II of Great Seljuk, accession of Süleyman.
 * 1160: Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtafi, accession of al-Mustanjid. Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Faiz, accession of al-Adid.
 * 1161: Death of the Seljuk Süleyman of Great Seljuk, accession of Arslan Shah.
 * 1163: Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min, accession of Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph.
 * Ghiyath al-Din Ghori ascended the Ghurid throne.
 * 1170: Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustanjid, accession of Al-Mustadi.
 * 1171: Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Adid. End of the Fatimid caliphate. Saladin founds the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt.
 * 1172: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Arsalan, accession of Sultan Shah.
 * 1173: The Khawarzam Shah Sultan Shah is overthrown by Tukush Shah, Muhammad of Ghor crowned in Ghazni
 * 1174: Saladin annexes Syria.
 * 1175: The Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor expeditions in Indian subcontinent begins with the conquest of Multan from the Ismail Muslims.
 * 1176: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Arslan Shah, accession of Toghrül III.
 * 1176: Muhammad of Ghor captured Uch from either the Bhati Rajputs or more likely from the Qarmatians.
 * 1178: Muhammad of Ghor routed in Mount Abu by Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II
 * 1179: Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustadi, accession of an-Nasir, Muhammad of Ghor annexed Peshawar
 * 1182: Muhammad of Ghor captured Sindh
 * 1185: Death of the Almohad ruler Abu Yaqub Yusuf, accession of Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, Khusrau Malik laid siege to Sialkot, but was driven away by Husain ibn Kharmil
 * 1186: The Ghurids overthrow the Ghaznavid in the Punjab.
 * 1187: Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from the Christians, third crusade.
 * 1190: Ghiyath al-Din Ghori and Muhammad Ghori along with their allies routed Sultan Shah in Battle of Merv.
 * 1191: First Battle of Tarain between the Rajputs and the Ghurids, where the former emerged victorious
 * Khusrau Malik and his family executed in Firuzkuh
 * 1192: Second Battle of Tarain, Ghurids defeated the Rajputs.
 * 1193: Death of Saladin; accession of Al-Aziz Uthman, Minhaj-i-Siraj, the author of Tabaqat i-Nasiri born.
 * 1194: Occupation of Delhi by the Muslims. End of the Seljuk rule.
 * 1199: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Tukush Shah. Death of the Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur; accession of Muhammad an-Nasir. Conquest of Northern India and Bengal by the Ghurids.

title: Timeline of 12th-century Muslim history


text:
Timeline of 13th-century Muslim history

Mongol ruler Ghazan Khan converted to Islam.
 * 1202: Bakhtiyar Khalji conquers large parts of Bengal.
 * 1203: Ghurid ruler Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died of illness in Herat on 13 March 1203, succeeded by his younger brother Muizzuddin Muhammad Ghori.
 * 1204: Muizzuddin Ghori suffered a reverse near the Oxus river in Battle of Andhkhud against the Khwarazmian ruler Ala ad-Din Muhammad II aided by contingent of Qara Khitai.
 * 1206: Muizzuddin Ghori assassinated by sect of rival Muslims near Indus. Qutbu l-Din Aibak laid the foundation of Delhi Sultanate in north Indian plain.
 * 1210: Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan Mahmud, accession of Sam. Death of Qutb ud Din Aibak, accession of Aram Shah in India.
 * 1211: End of the Ghurid rule, their territories annexed by the Khawarzam Shahs. In India Aram Shah overthrown by Iltutmish.
 * 1212: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain, end of the Almohad rule in Spain. The Almohads suffer defeat by the Christians in Spain at the Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir escapes to Morocco.
 * 1213 Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir's death. Accession of his son Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph.
 * 1216: The Marinids under their leader Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco. The Almohad suffer defeat by the Marinids at the Battle of Nakur.
 * 1217: The Marinids suffer defeat in the battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river. Abdul Haq is killed and the Marinids evacuate Morocco.
 * 1218: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I, accession of Al-Kamil. The Marinids return to Morocco under their leader Othman and occupy Fez.
 * 1220: Death of the Khwarezmid Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm, accession of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu.
 * 1223: Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph, accession of Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph. In Spain a brother of Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph declares his independence and assumes the title of Al Adil (Abdallah, Almohad Caliph).
 * 1224: Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid I, accession of Abdallah, Almohad Caliph.
 * 1225: Death of the Abbasid Caliph An-Nasir, accession of Az-Zahir.
 * 1227: Assassination of the Almohad ruler Abdullah Adil, accession of his son, Yahya.
 * 1229: Death of the Almohad ruler Yahya, accession of Idris I. The Ayyubid Al-Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians.
 * 1230: End of the Khwarezmid Empire.
 * 1232: Death of the Almohad ruler Idris I, accession, of Abdul Wahid II.
 * 1234: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Kamil, accession of Al-Adil II.
 * 1236: Death of Delhi Sultan Altamash. Accession of Rukn ud din Firuz.
 * 1237: Accession of Razia Sultan as Delhi Sultan.
 * 1240: Death of Razia Sultan, accession of Muiz ud din Bahram.
 * 1242: Death of Muiz ud din Bahram, accession of Ala ud din Masud as Delhi Sultan. Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid II, accession of Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustansir, accession of Al-Musta'sim.
 * 1244: The Almohad defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash. The Marinids evacuate Morocco.
 * 1245: The Muslims reconquer Jerusalem.
 * 1246: Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud din Masud, accession of Nasiruddin Mahmud.
 * 1248: Death of the Almohad ruler Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid, ambushed in an attack to Tlemcen. Accession of Umar, Almohad Caliph.
 * 1250: The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greater part thereof.
 * 1258: Battle of Baghdad (1258) - The Mongols sack Baghdad. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim. End of the Abbasid rule. The Mongols under Hulagu Khan establish their rule in Iran and Iraq. Berke Khan, the Muslim chief of the Golden Horde, protests against the treatment meted out to the Abbasid Caliph and withdraws his contingent from Baghdad.
 * 1259: the Hafsid ruler Abd Allah Muhammad declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name of Al Mustansir.
 * 1260: Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria. The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, and the spell of the invincibility of the Mongols is broken. Baibars becomes the Mamluk Sultan.
 * 1262: Death of Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan who is credited with the introduction of the Suhrawardiyya Sufi order in the South Asia.
 * 1265: Death of Hulagu Khan. Death of Fariduddin Ganjshakar the Chishti saint of the South Asia.
 * 1266: Death of Berke Khan, the first ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam. The eighth crusade: the crusaders invade Tunisia; failure of the crusade.
 * 1267: Malik ul Salih establishes the first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia. Umar, Almohad Caliph seeks the help of the Christians, and the Spaniards invade Morocco. The Marinids drive away the Spaniards from Morocco. Assassination of Umar, Almohad Caliph; accession of Idris II, Almohad Caliph.
 * 1269: Idris II, Almohad Caliph is overthrown by the Marinids, End of the Almohad. The Marinids come to power in Morocco under Abu Yaqub.
 * 1270: Death of Mansa Wali the founder of the Muslim rule in Mali.
 * 1272: Death of Muhammad I of Granada the founder of the Emirate of Granada. Yaghmurason invades Morocco but meets a reverse at the battle
 * 1273: Death of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi.
 * 1274: Death of Nasir al-Din Tusi. The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Ziyyanids. Ninth crusade under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England.
 * 1277: Death of Baibars.
 * 1280: Battle of Hims.
 * 1283: Death of Yaghmurasan. Accession of his son Othman.
 * 1285: Tunisis splits in Tunis and Bougie.
 * 1286: Death of Ghiyas ud din Balban. Death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub. Bughra Khan declares his independence in Bengal under the name of Nasiruddin.
 * 1290: End of the slave dynasty in India Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji comes into power. Othman embarks on a career of conquest and, by 1290, most of the Central Maghreb is conquered by the Ziyyanids.
 * 1291: Death of Iranian poet Saadi.
 * 1296: Alauddin Khalji ascended the throne of Delhi.
 * 1299: Mongols invade Syria. The Marinids besiege Tlemcen, the capital of the Ziyyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 7 per cent of the total.

title: Timeline of 13th-century Muslim history


text:
Foloi

Foloi (Φολόη, Latin: Pholoe) is a village and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Archaia Olympia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 174.202 km2. The seat of the municipality was in the village Lalas, in the southern part of the municipal unit. The village Foloi is situated in the northwestern part. Foloi is situated in a mountainous, sparsely populated area. The Foloi oak forest is located in the municipal unit. Foloi is located about 15 km northeast of Olympia, 30 km east of Pyrgos and 55 km south of Patras. It borders on Arcadia to the east, across the river Erymanthus.

History
The village, formerly named Giarmena (Γιάρμενα), was renamed in 1928 after an ancient name related to the centaur Pholus.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Foloi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
 * Achladini (Achladini, Koutsouroumpas)
 * Doukas (Doukas, Lasdikas)
 * Foloi
 * Koumanis (Koumanis, Ai Giannaki, Kastania)
 * Lalas (Lalas, Pothos)
 * Milies
 * Nemouta (Nemouta, Kampos, Tsaparaiika, Villia)
 * Neraida (Neraida, Kampos)
 * Persaina (Nea Persaina)

title: Foloi


text: File:ScroogeMcDuck Comic.jpg

title: File:ScroogeMcDuck Comic.jpg


text:
Plumpton

Plumpton may refer to:

Places in Australia

 * Plumpton, New South Wales, suburb of Sydney
 * Plumpton, Victoria, suburb of Melbourne

Places in England

 * Plumpton, Cumbria, village
 * Plumpton, Lancashire (Great Plumpton and Little Plumpton)
 * Plumpton, Northamptonshire
 * Plumpton, East Sussex, village and civil parish
 * Plumpton College, a college of further education
 * Plumpton Place, an Elizabethan manor house
 * Plumpton Racecourse, a National Hunt racecourse
 * Plumpton railway station
 * Plumpton, a historic spelling of Plompton, North Yorkshire
 * Plumpton Rocks, a rock formation

Sport

 * Plumpton Racecourse, a National Hunt horse-racing course, at Plumpton, East Sussex
 * plumpton (greyhound racing), Australian term for an enclosed greyhound track

People with surname Plumpton

 * Ben Plumpton (born 1998), Maltese water polo player
 * Diana Plumpton (1911–1973), English golfer
 * Sir William Plumpton (1404–1480), English aristocrat, landowner and administrator

Other

 * HMS Plumpton, a British Racecourse class minesweeper of the early 20th century

title: Plumpton