text:
Valeriy Lobanovskyi

Valeriy Vasylyovych Lobanovskyi (Вале́рій Васи́льович Лобано́вський, ; 6 January 1939 – 13 May 2002) was а Soviet and Ukrainian football player and manager. He was Master of Sports of the USSR, Distinguished Coach of the USSR, and a laureate of the UEFA Order of Merit in Ruby (2002) and FIFA Order of Merit, the highest honour awarded by FIFA. In 2002 he was awarded the Hero of Ukraine award (posthumously), his nation's highest honour, for his contribution to Ukrainian football. In 2008, Lobanovskyi was ranked 6th in Inter's list of the 100 Greatest Ukrainians following a nationwide poll that saw around 2.5 million people casting their votes.

Lobanovskyi is most famous for his spells managing FC Dynamo Kyiv and the USSR national football team. Lobanovskyi established Dynamo as the most dominant club in Soviet football in the 1970s and 1980s, winning the Soviet Top League eight times and the Soviet Cup six times in 16 years. In 1975 his Dynamo Kyiv team became the first side from the Soviet Union to win a major European trophy when they beat Hungarian side Ferencváros in the final of the Cup Winners' Cup. During the tournament, Dynamo Kyiv won eight games out of nine, resulting in a winning percentage of 88.88% – a record that stood for 45 years encompassing all of the major European club football competitions. Lobanovskyi and his team repeated their Cup Winners' Cup success in 1986, beating Atletico Madrid in the final. In both 1975 and 1986, two of Dynamo's players (Oleg Blokhin and Igor Belanov respectively) were also awarded the Ballon d'Or under his tutelage. During Lobanovskyi's first two stints, the team also reached the European Cup semi-finals in 1977 and 1987 and quarter-finals in 1976, 1982 and 1983. With the Soviet Union national team, Lobanovskyi reached the finals of Euro 1988, losing to eventual winners the Netherlands, and won the bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympic Games.

After returning to Dynamo Kyiv in 1997 for the third time, Lobanovskyi led the team to another successful run in European competition. In the first full season of his third spell, Dynamo reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League in 1998, topping a group that included FC Barcelona, Newcastle United and PSV Eindhoven, famously winning both games against Barcelona, 3–0 in Kyiv and 4–0 at Camp Nou. The following season, Lobanovskyi and his team reached the semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Bayern Munich, with star striker Andriy Shevchenko finishing third in the 1999 Ballon d'Or poll.

Lobanovskyi is highly regarded due to his achievements as a coach and is widely considered one of the greatest managers of all time. Throughout his coaching career Lobanovskyi won 33 official trophies, becoming the second most decorated manager of all time (behind Alex Ferguson) and the most successful football manager of the 20th century. He also holds several managerial records in Soviet football, including most Soviet Top League titles, most Soviet Cup wins (shared with Viktor Maslov) and most USSR Super Cup wins. Lobanovskyi is the only manager to win a major European competition with an Eastern European club twice. He is one of four managers to win the Cup Winners' Cup twice, and one of two (along with Nereo Rocco) to accomplish the feat with the same team. Lobanovskyi has also won the Ukrainian championship five times out of five – an accomplishment not matched by any other manager. Lobanovskyi has coached three Ballon d'Or winners — Oleh Blokhin, Igor Belanov and Andriy Shevchenko. In 2022, FourFourTwo ranked him at No. 26 on its special list of the Top 100 football managers of all time.

Early life
Valeriy Lobanovskyi was born on 6 January 1939 in Kyiv. His father was a factory worker, while his mother was a housewife. He studied at the Kyiv school No.319 (now Valeriy Lobanovskyi Prospect, 146), where a plaque commemorating Lobanovskyi is installed and the school itself has been renamed in his honor. In 1956 he joined the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute but later transferred to the Odesa Polytechnic Institute, where he graduated.

Playing career
Lobanovskyi was a graduate of the Kyiv Football School No. 1 and the Football School of Youth in Kyiv (first coach — Mykola Chayka).

At the age of 18, Lobanovskyi was invited to the B-squad of Dynamo Kyiv, the most prominent Ukrainian football club at the time. His debut in the Soviet Top League came on 29 May 1959 against CSK MO Moscow. Lobanovskyi became famous for his ability to accurately deliver curled balls from corner and free kicks (so-called curl) — often Lobanovskyi was able to score the goal directly from the corner. He had regularly been working on these shots during training sessions, using Magnus effect and his own calculations. The Soviet press compared him to Brazilian forward Didi who regularly curved the ball in a similar way at the 1958 World Cup. Teammates often praised Lobanovskyi for his unorthodox mindset and ability to use dribbling, which was unusual for such tall (187 cm) players.

Since 1960, Lobanovskyi was a full-fledged member of the starting line-up. He was mostly used as a left winger, where he formed a duo with Valentyn Troyanovskyi. That same year he became the club's top goalscorer with 13 goals. In 1961, Dynamo Kyiv became the first football team not from Moscow to win USSR title, with Lobanovskyi scoring 10 goals. He was regularly invited to the national team, but due to strong opposition (at the time there were many top-level left-wingers in Soviet Union like Mikheil Meskhi, Anatoli Ilyin and Galimzyan Khusainov) was able to play only two international games, against Austria and Poland.

Overall he spent seven years with the club before leaving in 1964 due to conflict with the coach Viktor Maslov. Lobanovskyi finished his career after brief spells at Chornomorets Odesa and Shakhtar Donetsk. Lobanovskyi ended his playing career at the age of 29 having scored 71 goals in 253 games in the Soviet Top League (42 goals in 144 matches with Dynamo Kyiv, 15 goals in 59 matches with Chornomorets and 14 goals in 50 matches with Shakhtar).

Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (1968–1973)
A year after retiring as a player Lobanovskyi was named the manager of FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk on 16 October 1968. That year Dnipro ended up third in the Group 3 (Ukrainian SSR group) of the Class A, group 2. The team won its group next year and entered the league finals, finishing second. In 1970, the league system was reformed and Dnipro entered the newly created Class A, group 1 (later renamed to Soviet First League), which the team won the following year, moving to the Top League. In its first season at the highest level, the club ended up sixth, one point away from silver medals.

Dynamo Kyiv (1973–1982), Soviet Union national team (1975–1976, 1982–1983)
Lobanovskyi moved to his former club, Dynamo Kyiv, who were impressed by his accomplishments with Dnipro, in October 1973. In January 1974 he was joined by his former teammate, Oleh Bazylevych. These two would work as a coaching duo until October 1976. Both managers had equal rights: Bazylevych was a theorist, and Lobanovskyi was in charge of the training process. During their first season, the Soviet press often criticized them for rationalism and unwillingness to play attacking football (the so-called away model — the team would play away games defensively to score a draw). In that season, the team won both the league and Soviet Cup.

Both Lobanovskyi and Bazylevych understood the importance of accurate calculation of the physical load on players. With cooperation from Anatoly Zelentsov, a scientist from the department of physical education theory of Kyiv State Institute of Physical Education, Lobanovskyi brought a system of calculation of the training process and mathematical modeling of physical load for the team. Zelentsov later headed Dynamo Kyiv's scientific laboratory, which was popularly called the Zelentsov Center. Lobanovskyi was credited for inventing a style of play in which any outfield player can take over the role of any other player in a team, similarly to what was practiced by Rinus Michels at the same time in Netherlands. Unlike Michels, however, Lobanovskyi was developing his style of play scientifically, with a strong emphasis on pressing.

In 1975, Dynamo Kyiv won the European Cup Winners' Cup and then-highly regarded European Super Cup. Dynamo Kyiv became the first Soviet club to win a major European trophy. In the first three rounds of Cup Winners' Cup, the team defeated CSKA Sofia, Eintracht Frankfurt and Bursaspor, winning all home and away games. In semifinals, Dynamo faced the 1974–75 Eredivisie winner, PSV Eindhoven. The Dutch club was considered one of the most powerful in Europe, being sponsored by Philips. The first leg played in Kyiv ended up 3–0 in favor of Lobanovskyi's team. After losing 1–2 in the second leg, Dynamo Kyiv moved to the final. On 14 May 1975, Dynamo Kyiv won Cup Winners' Cup for the first time, defeating Ferencváros 3–0 in the final. During the tournament, the team won 88.88% of its matches (8 games out of 9), which remained the best winning record among all European main tournaments' winning club sides until 2019–20 season when Bayern Munich won all its matches on its way to the Champions League trophy.

In the autumn of that year, Dynamo Kyiv faced the 1974–75 European Cup winner Bayern Munich for the second ever European Super Cup. Besides winning their second European Cup in a row, Bayern was also the base club for the 1974 World Cup winners. The build-up to the match had a political background, mainly in USSR. The Soviet Ukrainian club won both games, 1–0 in Munich and 2–0 in Kyiv in front of 100,000 fans. All goals were scored by Oleg Blokhin who would become Ballon d'Or winner that year. The Lobanovskyi—Bazylevych duo received the World Sports Coach of the Year award.

The Lobanovskyi–Bazylevych duo was appointed managers of the Soviet national team in 1975, after the team lost its first game in the Euro qualifying group to Ireland 3–0. Dynamo Kyiv became the base club of the national team. Despite Lobanovskyi's demands to reorganize national league to autumn-spring format, the USSR Football Federation split 1976 into two seasons (spring and autumn).

Before 1976 season, Lobanovskyi and Bazylevych were pressured by the Moscow officials to accept the Moscow-based Mark Godik as the professional fitness coach to prepare the team for European Cup, Euro qualification and 1976 Summer Olympics. The duo was forced to move the training camp to the mountains where the atmospheric pressure was much higher and the oxygen levels were lower, all while maintaining the same indicators of the intensity of training. The training process was unbalanced, while basic correlation of aerobic and anaerobic exercises was also butchered. Many players struggled during the training process, some players' measured pulses were above 200 beats per minute.

The club competed in the "spring" season mostly with B-squad, as the first team was able to concentrate on their preparation for the three international tournaments. Dynamo Kyiv left the European Cup after quarterfinals, losing to Saint-Étienne (2–0 in Kyiv and 0–3 in France). The national team won its qualifying group but lost to Czechoslovakia in play-offs, thus failing to qualify at the European championship. After winning bronze medal at the Summer Olympic Games, the coaching duo left the national team.

In the summer of 1976, after a conflict between Kyiv's players and managerial stuff, Oleh Bazylevych left the team. In 1977 Dynamo Kyiv regained the USSR championship, losing once in 30 games, and reached semifinals of the European Cup. After winning all games on the road to quarterfinals, Lobanovskyi's side faced Bayern Munich, the winner of the last three European Cups, for the second time in the last two years. After losing 1–0 in Munich, Kyiv's team scored two unanswered goals in the last 10 minutes of the second leg, moving to semifinals and ending Bayern's European dominance. In semifinals, however, Dynamo Kyiv was beaten by another German club, Borussia Mönchengladbach.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dynamo was going through generational change. After finishing second and third in the following two years, the team won back-to-back USSR titles in 1980 and 1981. Lobanovskyi led Dynamo Kyiv to European Cup quarter-finals in 1981 and 1982, before leaving the team at the end of 1982 in order to return to managing Soviet national team, being in charge of it during Euro qualification. The team was leading its qualifying group before losing their last match against Portugal in Lisbon, conceding the only goal after an incorrectly ruled penalty (the foul happened outside of the penalty area). Lobanovskyi was sacked again.

Return to Dynamo Kyiv (1984–1986)
After being sacked by Soviet national team, Lobanovskyi returned to Dynamo Kyiv after just one year of absence. The club, having been led by Yury Morozov in 1983, ended up seventh in the league, the lowest since the spring of 1976, when Kyiv was represented mostly by B-squad. The team was going through crisis, with many key players injured. Dynamo Kyiv finished the 1984 season on tenth place, failing to qualify at UEFA tournaments for the first time in 14 years.

Lobanovskyi saw the problems and knew how to solve them. The coach received team's support. Lobanovskyi's side started the 1985 season very strongly and in the end captured another Soviet double, defeating their biggest rival, Spartak Moscow, twice throughout the season.

In 1986, Dynamo Kyiv won their second Cup Winners' Cup. The team lost the first game to Utrecht but then went on an impressive undefeated streak, winning six games and drawing two with a goal difference 25–6. Throughout the tournament, Lobanovskyi's side won all home games (and final) with at least three goals difference. On the road to the final, the team defeated Rapid Wien, the runner-up of the previous Cup Winners' Cup edition, 9–2 on aggregate in quarterfinals and Dukla Prague in semifinals. In the final, Dynamo beat Atletico Madrid, led by Luis Aragones, 3–0. The second goal, scored by Oleg Blokhin, was especially memorable, as it was scored after the so-called "fan attack". Lobanovskyi's side was widely praised by the Soviet and European media. Many observers, fascinated by the quality of football shown by Dynamo Kyiv, called their style of play "football of the 21st century", and the side was labeled as "the team from another planet".

Co-managing Dynamo Kyiv and Soviet Union national team again (1986–1990)

Following success with Dynamo Kyiv in Cup Winners' Cup, Lobanovskyi was appointed manager of the national team for the third time. He was asked to manage the side on the eve of the 1986 World Cup. The main squad consisted almost exclusively of Dynamo Kyiv's players. In the group stage, Soviet players destroyed Hungary, scoring six unanswered goals, and drew with European champions, France, 1–1. The team confirmed the first place in the group by defeating Canada 2–0 with a B-squad. After an impressive performance, Lobanovskyi's side were predicted to be one of the favourites to win the tournament. In the first game of the knockout stage, however, Soviet team lost to Belgium in an extra-time, after Belgium scored two goals due to referee's mistakes.

At the conclusion of 1986 season, Dynamo Kyiv won the Soviet Top League for the 12th time (7th time during Lobanovskyi's time in charge of the club). Igor Belanov was rewarded with Ballon d'Or, becoming the second Kyiv's player to receive the award, while Oleksandr Zavarov ended up 6th. Overall, Dynamo Kyiv's players scored the most points during the award's voting process, just as they did in 1975.

In 1987, after defeating Beşiktaş twice in European Cup quarterfinals, Dynamo Kyiv extended their unbeaten streak in main UEFA club tournaments to 14 games, the longest unbeaten streak at the time. In the league Dynamo finished sixth but won the Soviet Cup and prestigious Dynamo Games of the USSR. Meanwhile, the Soviet team won its Euro 1988 qualifying group which consisted of East Germany and defending champions, France, as sbornaja famously defeated them 0–2 in Paris.

The national team achieved great success at the 1988 European Championship, winning silver medals. In every game, at least seven players of the starting line-up represented Dynamo Kyiv and at least eight Kyiv players entered the field (substitutions including; only two were allowed at the time). Sbornaja won its group, defeating Netherlands and England and drawing with Ireland. In semifinals, Lobanovskyi's side defeated Italy, after Hennadiy Lytovchenko and Oleh Protasov (both Dynamo Kyiv's representatives) scored two unanswered goals. In the final, Soviet team met Netherlands again but was unable to repeat their previous victory from the group stage, losing 0–2. Van Basten's goal, in which he volleyed right-footed over Rinat Dasayev from the tightest of angles on the right of the penalty area, would later be described as one of the greatest goals in the history of the European Championships.

Following perestroika, many of Lobanovskyi's best players left the USSR to play in Western Europe. Going into the 1990 World Cup he could not call upon the best Soviet players. As a result, sbornaja finished on the bottom of their group. In the same year, which happened to be the final year of Lobanovskyi's career in Soviet Union, Dynamo Kyiv, which was going through generational change, won their fourth Soviet double. The team cemented first place in the Top League weeks before the end, winning its 13th league title and establishing themselves as the most successful Soviet football club of all time. In the Cup final, Lobanovskyi's team destroyed Lokomotiv Moscow 6–1. In the autumn of 1990, Lobanovskyi left Soviet Union in order to take a lucrative offer from United Arab Emirates.

Middle East (1990–1996)
In September 1990, Lobanovskyi decided to leave Soviet Union and take up a lucrative offer of managing the United Arab Emirates national football team. Lobanovskyi is recognized as one of the great managers in the history of the national team. During his four year tenure, the team ended up fourth at the Asian Cup (losing bronze medal to South Korea in a penalty shootout), its best finish up to that date. He left Emirates due to a conflict with Emirates football federation and went on to spend the next two years managing the Kuwait national football team (winning a bronze medal at the Asian Games), before agreeing to return to Dynamo Kyiv in November 1996.

Third stint at Dynamo Kyiv (1997–2002)
In January 1997, Lobanovskyi returned to manage Dynamo Kyiv for the third time. The club by this time had fallen somewhat from their former heights. The club had been facing little opposition in Ukraine but had little success in European competitions, having been able to enter the Champions League first round only twice in the last five years. During its last European campaign before Lobanovsky's return, the team failed to qualify at the group stage of Champions League and was beaten by Neuchâtel Xamax in the first round of the UEFA Cup.

Within a month after Lobanovskyi's return, the team won the 1997 edition of the CIS Cup, defeating its biggest rival, Russian champion Spartak Moscow, in the final. The team won the 1996-97 Ukrainian league with 11 points gap against the second best team, Shakhtar Donetsk. At the start of the 1997–98 season, Dynamo Kyiv defeated Brøndby in the qualifying round of the Champions League and entered the group stage. Lobanovskyi's team were seeded against FC Barcelona, Newcastle United and PSV Eindhoven. The group was often described as the death group of the tournament. In the first two games, however, the team defeated PSV 1–3 in Eindhoven and drew with Newcastle. After that, Lobanovskyi's side defeated Barcelona, a generally recognized favourite, 3–0 in Kyiv in front of 100,000 fans. In the rematch two weeks later the Spanish team, which were coming off of an away victory against Real Madrid and were leading La Liga, lost the home game to Dynamo Kyiv 0–4, with Andriy Shevchenko scoring hat-trick in the first half. The Ukrainian team won their group after drawing with PSV 1–1. In quarterfinals, Dynamo faced Juventus. Lobanovskyi's side were able to draw the first game in Italy but were outclassed 1–4 in Ukraine. On the domestic field, the team won the league and Ukrainian Cup.

At the start of the 1998–99 season, Dynamo struggled to get through qualification. After beating Barry Town with an aggregate score 9–1, the team moved to the Champions League group stage after defeating Sparta Prague in a penalty shootout when both games ended 1–0 in favor of the away team. Dynamo were seeded against Arsenal, Racing Lens and Panathinaikos. The team lost its first game to Panathinaikos in Greece and then drew the home match with Lens, 1–1. Lobanovskyi's side then faced Arsenal at Wembley Stadium. In the second half, Andriy Shevchenko scored a goal that was cancelled due to offside. The replay, however, showed that the goal was valid. Instead, Dennis Bergkamp took Arsenal to the lead in the 72nd minute. In the 88th minute, Dynamo equalised after a strike from Serhiy Rebrov to the left corner of the net, and the match finished as a 1–1 draw. In the rematch against Arsenal two weeks later, Lobanovskyi's team won after Serhiy Rebrov, Oleksandr Holovko and Andriy Shevchenko took the team to the 3–0 lead and Stephen Hughes scored the only goal for Arsenal in the 82nd minute of the match. Dynamo then defeated Panathinaikos in Kyiv thanks to an own goal from Angelos Basinas. Before the final match, Dynamo, Panathinaikos and Racing Lens had 8 points, while Arsenal earned only 6 points. Panathinaikos lost the home game to Arsenal while the Ukrainian team was able to earn a 3–1 victory against Lens in France, win their group and move to quarter-finals.

In the play-offs, Lobanovskyi's team were seeded against the defending champions, Real Madrid. The first match at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ended in a 1–1 draw. In the rematch in Kyiv, Dynamo won 2–0. All Kyiv's goals were scored by Andriy Shevchenko. To this day, Dynamo Kyiv remains the only team not from The Big 5 Leagues, Portugal and Netherlands to enter the Champions League semi-finals since non-champions of the top European leagues were eligible to compete in the competition for the first time. In semi-finals, the team faced Bayern Munich. In the first match in Ukraine, Dynamo were leading 3–1 after fifty minutes of the playing time and missed at least two promising opportunities to score the fourth goal. Instead, Stefan Effenberg reduced Kyiv's lead and Carsten Jancker equalised in the 88th minute. Bayern then won the second leg 1–0 and moved to the final. Andriy Shevchenko became Champions League's top goalscorer and received the UEFA Club Forward Of The Year award. Shevchenko also ended up third in the 1999 Ballon d'Or voting process.

In the summer of 1999, Shevchenko was sold to AC Milan, while the team's captain Oleh Luzhnyi was transferred to Arsenal. Dynamo won the domestic double for the third year in a row and ended their Champions League campaign in the second group stage. The team was able to finish second in the first group stage, in a group which consisted of S.S. Lazio, Bayer Leverkusen and Maribor, but ended up third behind Bayern Munich and Real Madrid in the next round, having earned 10 points.

Afterwards, Dynamo's second forward, Serhii Rebrov, was sold to Tottenham Hotspur and Kakha Kaladze was bought by AC Milan. With many key players sold, Dynamo Kyiv, which were also going through generational change, was not able to go past the first group stage in the next two seasons. Lobanovskyi won his last trophy in January 2002, when the team won its fourth CIS Cup, having entered the A-squad for the tournament for the first time since 1998. The team won all matches in the competition, defeating Spartak Moscow 4–3 in the final.

Lobanovskyi was appointed manager of the Ukraine national side in March 2000. Once again he was co-managing Dynamo Kyiv and the national team. Lobanovskyi left Ukraine national team after the side failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup, losing to Germany in the play-offs.

Under his predecessor Yozhef Sabo, the national squad consisted almost exclusively of Dynamo Kyiv players. Lobanovskyi, despite his own obvious connection with Dynamo, initiated into the national squad many players outside of Dynamo. Anatoliy Tymoshchuk and Andriy Vorobey (from Shakhtar Donetsk), Dmytro Parfenov and Maksym Kalynychenko (from Spartak Moscow), Oleksandr Spivak (from Zenit St. Petersburg), Volodymyr Yezerskiy (from Dnipro) and Andriy Voronin (from Mainz) were all either initiated or given their first starting spots in the national team during his tenure. Together with the Dynamo generation of the late 1990s (Shevchenko, Rebrov, Husin, Vashchuk, Shovkovskyi) these players were to form, after Lobanovskyi's death, the core of the team that reached the 2006 World Cup quarter-finals – the first and only time Ukraine has ever qualified at the World Cup – managed by Oleh Blokhin who had worked under Lobanovskyi for 13 years as a Dynamo Kyiv and Soviet Union national team player.

Death
Lobanovskyi had to deal with health issues since 1988, when he suffered his first heart attack. Having come back from the Middle East in 1996, Lobanovskyi looked in a visibly worse shape. He suffered a second heart attack in the autumn of 2001, which required surgery. In 2001, Lobanovskyi missed all away games of Dynamo Kyiv in Champions League due to hypertension and being banned from travelling by air.

On 7 May 2002 during Dynamo Kyiv's game against FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhya, Lobanovskyi fainted and was hospitalized with a stroke. Lobanovskyi went through a brain surgery and his health was rated as critical. The press, which regularly monitored Lobanovsky's state of health, wrote that there was hope, but Valeriy Lobanovskyi had not regained consciousness. His heart stopped on 13 May at 8:35 pm. At the Champions League final in Glasgow two days later, UEFA held a minute's silence in his honour.

Lobanovskyi's funeral on 14 May 2002 was attended by the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma, Ukraine's Prime Minister Anatoliy Kinakh, other politicians, Lobanovskyi's former players Andriy Shevchenko, Oleh Blokhin, Igor Belanov, Oleksandr Zavarov, Serhiy Rebrov etc. In general, from 60.000 to 150.000 people attended the funeral.

Lobanovskyi was buried at Baikove Cemetery. The tombstone is adorned with a colonnade with the inscription in Russian We are alive as long as we are remembered (in original: Мы живы до тех пор, пока нас помнят).

Management style and influence
Along with Rinus Michels, Lobanovskyi is recognized for being the inventor of the major football playing style known as "Total Football" in the 1970s. Lobanovskyi often referred to Total Football as "gold vein" that would be exploited for many years to come. According to Lobanovskyi, the "revolutionary process" in football ended in 1974 with the discovery of Total Football, and in modern football, all players must be able to play in offense and defense equally effectively. Per Lobanovskyi, "Now we are talking about the so-called 'smart' universalization. What do I mean? Well, for example, we would not want Andriy Shevchenko, the striker, to play the right defender. But if he gets into this zone, he must be able to perform there. And in the future, football will gradually move from 'smart' universalization to full universalization".

Lobanovskyi viewed football game as a system of 22 elements, divided into two sub-systems consisted of 11 elements – if the two sub-systems are equal, the game ends in a draw. The nuance that Lobanovsky considered the most interesting and important was that the efficiency of the subsystem will always be higher than the sum of the efficiencies of its individual elements. Lobanovskyi insisted that the training process should be modeled, and fragments of future actions on the field should be practiced. According to Lobanovskyi, team coordination was an outdated concept – each player goes out and does what is needed at this time, and how he does this depends on his skill, training, and ability to express himself. But the structure of the game, tactics should not suffer from who acts as a performer in that particular moment.

Lobanovskyi is credited for bringing a scientific and analytical approach and strong emphasis on physical fitness and diet to the game. Many observers recognized Lobanovskyi as the first person to bring science into football, at the time when most managers used basic attributes in their training process. The media often referred to Lobanovskyi as "ahead of his time". With the cooperation with Anatoly Zelentsov, a scientist from the department of physical education theory of Kyiv State Institute of Physical Education, Lobanovskyi brought an accurate system of calculation of the training process and mathematical modeling of physical load for players. Zelentsov, viewed by many as unmistakably meticulous in his analysis, insisted that the team would not lose the match if, during the game, the number of key moments, during which the team made mistakes, would not exceed 18%. Many observers, players and managers credited Lobanovskyi's teams for being in great physical condition and being able to fulfill tactical ideas and perform certain operations almost on the level of automatism. Many observers described football played by Lobanovskyi's teams as "football from the future".

A lot of people that worked alongside Lobanovskyi described him as a great psychologist. "A coach should always remember that he works with people, people that largely make the coach what he is now. And people, unlike robots, have a soul that is quite often very vulnerable, and sometimes obstinate", Lobanovskyi once said in an interview, "It's really important to know each player's personality and character. You can be more strict with one player and less strict with another, but for that you need to know their character. You must know which buttons to press to have each player bring as much benefit as possible". Stefan Reshko, who played for Dynamo Kyiv in the 70s, said: "Lobanovskyi was a top-notch psychologist. He had the ability to get the absolute best out of the players he worked with. Anatoliy Demyanenko, trained by Lobanovskyi during the 80s, described him as "a great psychologist. He knew how to communicate with each player. He knew when and to whom he needs to raise his voice, or not to say anything". Vasyl Kardash, who worked with Lobanovskyi during the late 90s and early 00s, said: "Lobanovskyi was a very good psychologist. His understanding of the psychology of a certain player – not just as a footballer, but as a human being – [is one of the things that] made him one of the great ones". Andriy Shevchenko often referred to Lobanovskyi as "paternal figure" in his life, claiming that Lobanovskiy "handed him the key" to a successful life: "Lobanovskyi rarely raised his voice. He never yelled at us, nor he ever tried to 'sort things out' with anyone. He was respected and admired by everyone around him". Renowned Indian manager Armando Colaco is highly influenced by Lobanovskyi and his style of coaching in Dynamo Kiev.

Many observers, players and managers credited Lobanovskyi for being able to always improve as a manager. One of the famous Lobanovskyi quotes was, "A coach must learn all his life. If hardened, stopped learning - that means, stopped being a coach". His ability to "stay in touch" with modern trends has been described as one of the reasons why he was able to build three great football teams in a span of three different decades – the 70s, 80s and 90s.

Tactics
Lobanovskyi placed emphasis on the collective or "the system". He said "A system does not guarantee success, but it gives a much better chance of success than making it up as you go along." Everything was meticulously planned, with the team's preparation divided into three levels. Players were to have individual technical coaching so as to equip them better to fulfil the tasks Lobanovskyi set them during a game; specific tactics and tasks for each player were drawn up according to the opponents; and a strategy was devised for a competition as a whole, placing each game in context by acknowledging that it is impossible for a side to maintain maximal levels over a protracted period. Lobanovskyi and Zelentsov wrote in their book, The Methodological Basis of the Development of Training Models, "the first thing we have in mind is to strive for new courses of action that will not allow the opponent to adapt to our style of play. If an opponent has adjusted himself to our style of play and found a counter-play, then we need to find a new strategy. That is the dialectic of the game. You have to go forward in such a way and with such a range of attacking options that it will force the opponent to make a mistake. In other words, it's necessary to force the opponent into the condition you want them to be in. One of the most important means of doing that is to vary the size of the playing area." One thing remained central: keep the preferred playing area as large as possible while in possession, and as small as possible while the opponent had the ball.

In Methodological Basis, Lobanovskyi and Zelentsov give as an example of their preparation for a specific game the European Cup semi-final against Bayern Munich in 1977. ‘The play,’ they wrote, ‘was constructed on attacking actions, with the obligatory neutralisation of the opponent's players, the intention being to deprive him playing space and to defend against the attacks from wide at which Bayern were so strong. The objective was a draw, but we ended up losing 1–0. In the match in Kyiv, we chose a playing model based on squeezing the play and fighting for the ball in our opponents’ half of the pitch, trying to create a numerical advantage in various areas. Eventually we won 2–0.’

Lobanovskyi's preferable formation was the 4–1–3–2. All his teams utilized the talents of two strikers, in 1975 Oleh Blokhin and Volodymyr Onyshchenko, in 1986 Blokhin or Oleh Protasov and Ihor Belanov, and in 1999 Andriy Shevchenko and Serhiy Rebrov. Lobanovskyi's forwards were highly versatile, being equally capable of shifting to the flanks, organizing attacks as playmakers, joining midfield in defensive formations and even dropping back to help the full-backs during spells of opponent pressure. This versatility of the forwards was key in disorganizing opponents' defenses and creating space for players attacking from the back.

Pressing was always a key element of Lobanovskyi's teams. The main goal of pressing was to create situations of numerical superiority for Dynamo players where the ball was, and deny opponents both space and time for the right decisions, thus forcing them to always play the game at Dynamo's pace. The trademark Dynamo counter-attacks would start with a player dispossessing his opponent in midfield, then immediately playing a quick long ball either to the forwards or the advancing full-backs, so as to catch the opposition unorganized. Lobanovskyi always stressed the importance of the first seconds of an attack after winning the ball, as it is in these seconds that the opposition is less ready to defend in an organized manner. Pressing was a collective effort, and whenever a player moved up the pitch, a teammate covered his position. In this way Dynamo minimized the threat of having to face a counter-attack by the opponent in case the ball was lost.

Lobanovskyi put meticulous attention to set-pieces both in attack and in defense. In defense, Dynamo often used tactical fouling to prevent opponents from getting quality shots on goal, frequently conceding fouls just at the top of the penalty area. The logic behind this was that free kicks were much easier for the goalkeeper to defend that shots in open play. In addition, they also used tactical fouling to prevent counter attacks: by fouling around the halfway line Dynamo's midfield could get behind the ball to defend. In attack, Lobanovskyi's teams also were intelligent in their use of playing short from free kicks. During the 1990s, most teams would habitually play the ball long after a foul, using the opportunity to progress up the field as quick as possible. Dynamo recognized that opponents would prepare for this and retreat accordingly. Therefore when they played short, there was no pressure applied to the player with the ball for a long duration, allowing for runs to develop. Dynamo's first two goals in the 3–0 victory against Barcelona in 1997 came from such situations. The high degree of responsiveness and fast reaction speeds were traits to marvel at of Lobanovskyi's side, as they frequently looked to increase the tempo and take advantage of teams that used these moments in the game to slow down the match. When Dynamo had won a throw next to the opponents' area, the tallest midfielder (Andriy Husin) would usually stand just inside the area to receive the ball from the throw and make a header-pass to one of the strikers to create a chance. In this way Dynamo scored the 2–0 against Bayern Munich in 2000, when Ramiz Mamedov launched a throw straight into Husin's head, Husin flicked on a header-pass to Giorgi Demetradze in the penalty spot, who scored with an overhead kick.

Dynamo's shape in the late 1990s was a front two of Rebrov and Shevchenko but as an offensive principle they always attacked three lanes: right, left and center. It didn't matter what the shape was or who it was, there were always three players attacking the three lanes. This was split into two methods, the first being a player attacking one of the wide lanes as one of Rebrov or Shevchenko was central. That player was mostly Belkevich who not only operated behind the striker duo but also attacked the wide areas regularly. The second method was Rebrov and Shevchenko splitting, therefore allowing a runner in between.

In the "stretched diamond" formation, which differs from a typical diamond in that one player operates in a much wider position than the others, Lobanovskyi was able to fully make use of the talents of versatile midfielder Vitaliy Kosovskyi, who was effectively both a left midfielder in the "standard" 4–1–3–2 and a left winger next to Shevchenko and Rebrov when attacks unfolded, practically making the formation a 4–3–3. When defending, Kosovskyi's speed made him useful also as a left back, enabling the actual left back Kakha Kaladze to drop inside as a third central defender, converting the formation into a 5–3–2. In the absence of Kosovskyi due to injury during the second half of the 1999–2000 season, Lobanovskyi used Giorgi Demetradze as a wide striker. Against Real Madrid at the Bernabeu, Demetradze was instructed to exploit the space in Madrid's defense left open by full-back Roberto Carlos' forward runs. In this game, Demetradze won a penalty (that Rebrov missed), won the corner for Dynamo's equalizer, and finally crossed for Dynamo's second goal that made it 1–2.

Dynamo's defending was usually organized as a mixed zonal-and-man-marking system; players would usually defend zonally yet the opposition's best player was in most cases man-marked by a Dynamo player who tracked him back whenever he went. Perhaps the most significant application of the tracking back was against Real Madrid in the 1999 Champions League quarter-finals at the Santiago Bernabeu. Alyaksandr Khatskevich's role was to defend the right channel and center area as Predrag Mijatović drifted inside to overload the center. He also had Oleksiy Mykhaylychenko man-mark Holland's Ruud Gullit in the Euro 1988 final.

Lobanovskyi was tactically versatile and would make risky changes during matches to alter the course of the game. In December 1998, Dynamo was playing away at RC Lens needing a draw to qualify as first from their Champions League group. Lobanovskyi chose a defensive-minded deployment, with Rebrov posted on the left wing and the midfield consisting of defense-oriented players, being effectively a 4–5–1 with Shevchenko as the lone striker. However, after Lens captain Frédéric Déhu was sent off for a hard challenge on Shevchenko with the score at 0–0, Lobanovskyi quickly made two offensive-minded changes, bringing in Vitaliy Kosovskyi for defender Yuriy Dmytrulin and Valentin Belkevich for Vasyl Kardash and pairing Rebrov with Shevchenko up front, thus changing the system into a 3–2–3–2. Dynamo won the game 3–1, also winning the group to advance to the quarter-finals.

He insisted that a player should be able to play in more than one position. He converted Aleksei Gerasimenko, originally a striker who had scored 46 goals in 71 games with FC Kuban Krasnodar, into a right midfielder, a right full-back, and even into a sweeper. Likewise, central defender Oleksandr Holovko was also good when he joined midfield, and Kakha Kaladze was equally adept as left back, defensive midfielder and centre back.

Lobanovskyi's emphasis on the system rather than the individuals meant that his teams continued to perform well even when their best players were lost to transfers, injuries or bookings. In the 1997–98 season Dynamo's two most important midfielders were Yuriy Kalitvintsev and Yuriy Maksymov, who left the team in the end of the year. Lobanovskyi had already found their replacements in Alyaksandr Khatskevich and Valentin Belkevich, and the team made an even more spectacular run next season. In the second half of the 1999–2000 season the team was plagued with injuries in key players Vladyslav Vashchuk, Yuriy Dmytrulin and Vitaliy Kosovskyi, and was forced to play important Champions League games against Real Madrid, Bayern Munich and Rosenborg BK with a defensive line consisting of youngsters Andriy Nesmachniy and Serhiy Fedorov and with Gerasimenko playing as a sweeper, way out of his natural position. Despite all this, Dynamo were able to collect 10 points in these 4 matches, beating Rosenborg twice, Bayern once and drawing 2–2 with Real at the Santiago Bernabeu Stadium.

Remembrance
Following his death Lobanovskyi was awarded the Hero of Ukraine order, the nation's highest honour, as well as the UEFA Order of Merit in Ruby. Dynamo Kyiv's stadium was also renamed the Lobanovsky Stadium in his honour. In 2003, Lobanovskyi was awarded FIFA Order of Merit, the highest honour awarded by FIFA.

On 11 May 2003, before the first anniversary of the death of Lobanovskyi, a monument was opened near the Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium.

After his death, A.C. Milan won the Champions League in 2003 with Andriy Shevchenko in the team. After the victory Shevchenko flew to Kyiv to put his medal by the grave of his former manager.

In 2003, the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Memorial Tournament was founded.

Personal life
Lobanovskyi was born in Kyiv to Vasyl Mykhailovych Lobko-Lobanovsky and Oleksandra Maksymivna Boichenko. Lobanovskyi's daughter Svitlana Lobanovska told Newspaper in Ukrainian that Vasyl Lobko-Lobanovsky had a double surname but double surnames were not welcome in the USSR, therefore his both sons, Valeriy and Yevhen, decided to use single surname Lobanovsky.

Lobanovskyi was married to Ada Lobanovska, the couple had a daughter named Svitlana. She is a philologist of the Russian language and owns a restaurant in Kyiv called "U metrá" ("At The Metr"; "Metr" (ukr. Метр) was one of Lobanovskyi's many nicknames).

Legacy
In some cities of Ukraine there is Valery Lobanovsky Street. In Kyiv, there is Valery Lobanovsky Avenue

Valeriy Lobanovskyi Stadium in Kyiv

Player
Dynamo Kyiv
 * Soviet Top League (1): 1961
 * Soviet Cup (1): 1964

Manager
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
 * Soviet First League (1): 1971

Dynamo Kyiv
 * Soviet Top League (8): 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1990
 * Soviet Cup (6): 1974, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1990
 * Soviet Super Cup (3): 1980, 1985, 1986
 * Tournament of the Soviet society "Dynamo" (1): 1987
 * Ukrainian National League (5): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
 * Ukrainian Cup (3): 1998, 1999, 2000
 * European Cup Winners' Cup (2): 1975, 1986
 * European Super Cup (1): 1975; Runner-up: 1986
 * European Cup/UEFA Champions League: Semifinalist 1977, 1987, 1999; Quarterfinalist 1976, 1982, 1983, 1998
 * Commonwealth of Independent States Cup (3): 1997, 1998, 2002

Soviet Union
 * UEFA European Championship: Runner-up 1988
 * Summer Olympic Games Bronze Medal: 1976

Ukrainian SSR
 * Spartakiad of Peoples Bronze Medal: 1979

United Arab Emirates
 * AFC Asian Cup: 4th place 1992

Kuwait
 * Asian Games Bronze Medal: 1994
 * Arabian Gulf Cup (1): 1996

Individual

 * Ukrainian Manager of the Season (5 times): 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2001–02 (posthumously)
 * Greatest Manager of All Time – one of 5 managers ranked top 10 by France Football, World Soccer and ESPN
 * 6th place (France Football): 2019
 * 6th place (World Soccer): 2013
 * 8th place (ESPN): 2013
 * Ukrainian Footballer of the Year: 1962, 1963, 1964

Orders and further honours

 * Hero of Ukraine ribbon bar.png Hero of Ukraine, Order of the State: 2002
 * Order of Merit 2nd Class of Ukraine.png Order of Merit (Ukraine), Class II: 1998
 * Order of Merit 3rd Class of Ukraine.png Order of Merit (Ukraine), Class III: 1998
 * Order badge of honor rib.png Order of the Badge of Honour: 1971
 * Orderredbannerlabor rib.png Order of the Red Banner of Labour: 1987
 * 1500th Anniversary of Kiev Ribbon bar.png Medal "In Commemoration of the 1500th Anniversary of Kyiv": 1982
 * FIFA Order of Merit: 2002
 * UEFA Order of Merit in Ruby: 2002

title: Valeriy Lobanovskyi


text:
Moisés Naím

Moisés Naím (born July 5, 1952) is a Jewish-Venezuelan journalist and writer. He is a Distinguished Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Naím served as the editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy magazine for 14 years (1996-2010). Since 2012, he has directed and hosted Efecto Naím, [sic] a weekly televised news program on the economy and international affairs that airs throughout the Americas on NTN24. In 2011, he received the Ortega y Gasset Award for his important contribution to journalism in the Spanish language.

He is the former Minister of Trade and Industry for Venezuela, director of its central bank, and executive director of the World Bank. Naím is also the founder and chairman of the Group of Fifty and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Inter-American Dialogue, and the World Economic Forum.

Education
Moisés Naím studied at the Universidad Metropolitana in Caracas, Venezuela. Following his undergraduate studies, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he obtained both a Master of Science and doctorate degrees in the late 1970s. His dissertation was titled, "The Political Economy of Regulating Multinational Corporations".

Public service
Naím was a professor of business strategy and industrial economics at Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (IESA), Venezuela's leading business school and research center located in Caracas. He also served as its Dean between 1979 and 1986.

From 1989 to 1990, Naím served as Venezuela's Minister of Trade and Industry, in Carlos Andrés Pérez's second cabinet. Naím wrote about his experience in his 1993 book, "Paper Tigers and Minotaurs" and spoke about it in an interview with journalist Mirtha Rivero.

Journalism career
Moisés Naím is the chief international columnist for El País, the most widely read newspaper in Spain. His column, "The Global Observer", is also published in Italy (La Repubblica), France (Slate.fr), and in the major newspapers of Latin America. For several years, he served as a contributing editor to The Atlantic.

Among other publications, Naím's work has appeared in: The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Financial Times, Newsweek, Time, Le Monde, Berliner Zeitung, and many more, making him one of today's most widely read columnists on international economics and geopolitics.

In 1996, Naím became the editor-in-chief of "Foreign Policy" magazine. While Naím worked there, Foreign Policy won the National Magazine Awards for General Excellence three times and it changed from being an academic quarterly to a bimonthly glossy. In 2008 the magazine was sold to The Washington Post Company. Naím remained editor-in-chief until 2010.

Published books
Naím is the author or editor of more than fifteen books on topics related to geopolitics, international economics, and economic development.

Naím's newest book "The Revenge of Power: How Autocrats Are Reinventing Politics for the 21st Century" was published in February 2022.

Naím's book Dos Espías en Caracas ("Two Spies in Caracas") was published in Spanish in late 2018 and in English in the summer of 2021. It is a novel of espionage intertwined with a love story.

In 2013, he published The End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States, Why Being in Charge Isn't What It Used To Be (2013). In it he argues that power has become "easier to get, harder to use, and easier to lose" due to the demographic explosion, increase in geographic mobility, and a shift in cultural norms. Both the Financial Times and the Washington Post named it one of the best books of 2013, and was widely reviewed. In 2015, it was selected by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg as the inaugural book for the Mark Zuckerberg book club, a public resolution to read one new book every two weeks in 2015.

In 2005, his book Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats are Hijacking the Global Economy was selected by the Washington Post as one of the best non-fiction books of the year; it was published in 14 languages and is the basis of a documentary produced by National Geographic Film and Television in 2010.

Efecto Naím
Efecto Naím is a weekly television show that offers a unique vision of the changing world. As director and host, Naím presents brief reports on surprising global tendencies and interviews most influential political, business, media, scientific, and cultural leaders. "Efecto Naím" airs throughout Latin America every Sunday via DirecTV NTN24.

Awards and recognition

 * In 2017, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace designated him as a Distinguished Fellow.
 * Between 2014 and 2017 the Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute ranked Naím among the top 100 most influential global thought leaders.
 * In 2013, Naím was listed as one of the world's leading thinkers by the British magazine ''Prospect.
 * In 2013, Naím received an honorary doctorate (honoris causa) from American University.
 * In 2011, Naím was awarded the Ortega y Gasset Journalism Award, the most prestigious award for journalism in the Spanish language for lifetime achievement/career trajectory.
 * Under his guidance as editor of the magazine for fourteen years (1996-2010), Foreign Policy won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence three times.
 * In 2003, the Republic of Argentina honored Naím with the Order of May with the grade of Commander, one of the highest decorations the country presents for foreigners.
 * In 1991, Francesco Cossiga, the President of Italy, honored Naim with the National Order of Merit, with the grade "Commendatore."
 * In 1990, François Mitterrand, the President of France honored Naím with the National Order of Merit with the grade of Grand Officer (29 June 1991).
 * In 1985, Moisés Naím was honored with the Order of Andres Bello from the Republic of Venezuela.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Moisés Naím


text:
Biovar

A biovar is a variant prokaryotic strain that differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains in a particular species. Morphovars (or morphotypes) are those strains that differ morphologically. Serovars (or serotypes) are those strains that have antigenic properties that differ from other strains.

List of biovars
This is a list of biovars and strains of biovars listed at the NCBI Taxonomy database:
 * Acinetobacter calcoaceticus biovar anitratus, a homotypic synonym for Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus
 * Actinobacillus anseriformium biovar 1
 * Actinobacillus anseriformium biovar 2
 * Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria
 * Aeromonas veronii bv. veronii
 * Agrobacterium biovar 1, a synonym for Agrobacterium tumefaciens complex
 * Agrobacterium biovar 2, a synonym for Agrobacterium rhizogenes
 * Agrobacterium biovar 3, a synonym for Agrobacterium vitis
 * Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis
 * Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis str. CI
 * Bacillus thuringiensis biovar tenebrionis, a synonym for Bacillus thuringiensis serovar tenebrionis
 * Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi, a synonym for Bacillus toyonensis
 * Bacillus wiedmannii bv. thuringiensis
 * Pasteurella haemolytica biovar T, synonym of Bibersteinia trehalosi
 * Bifidobacterium longum bv. Suis, homotypic synonym of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis
 * Bisgaard taxon 3 biovar 1
 * Bradyrhizobium retamae bv. lupini
 * Bradyrhizobium valentinum bv. lupini
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Abortus, a synonym for Brucella abortus
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Abortus 2308, a synonym for Brucella abortus 2308
 * Brucella abortus bv. 1
 * Brucella abortus bv. 1 str. 9-941
 * Brucella abortus bv. 2
 * Brucella abortus bv. 3
 * Brucella abortus bv. 4
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Canis, a synonym for Brucella canis
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Melitensis
 * Brucella melitensis bv. 1
 * Brucella melitensis bv. 2
 * Brucella melitensis bv. 3
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Neotomae, synonym for Brucella neotomae
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Ovis, synonym for Brucella ovis
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Suis, synonym for Brucella suis
 * Brucella melitensis biovar Suis str. 1330, synonym for Brucella suis 1330
 * Brucella suis bv. 1
 * Brucella suis bv. 2
 * Campylobacter sputorum biovar faecalis
 * Campylobacter sputorum biovar paraureolyticus
 * Campylobacter sputorum biovar sputorum
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. albopilosus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. barbiger
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. basilaris
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. bicinctus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. bilunatus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. capensis
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. coarctatus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. crabroniformis
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. crotoniphilus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. elongatus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. fuscipennis
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. gibbosus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. gloriosus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. histrio
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. inversus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. lepidus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. loefflingi
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. multimaculatus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. pacificus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. parkeri
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. politus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. psyche
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. pulcher
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. quattuordecimpunctatus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. rugosus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. tarsatus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. triangulum
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. triangulum diadema
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. ventilabris
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. venustus
 * Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi bv. zebratus
 * Citrobacter sp. biovar 4280, synonym for Citrobacter rodentium
 * Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. belfanti, synonym for Corynebacterium belfantii
 * Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. intermedius
 * Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. mitis
 * Corynebacterium ulcerans bv. belfanti
 * Francisella tularensis Biovar A str. SCHU S4, synonym for Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis SCHU S4
 * Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A, synonym for Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum
 * Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar B, synonym for Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. funduliforme
 * Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar C, synonym for Fusobacterium varium
 * Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica
 * Haemophilus influenzae biovar IV, synonym for Haemophilus quentini
 * Lactobacillus helveticus biovar jugurti, synonym for Lactobacillus helveticus subsp. jugurti
 * Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis bv. diacetylactis
 * Marinilabilia salmonicolor biovar Agarovorans
 * Mesorhizobium ciceri biovar biserrulae
 * Mesorhizobium ciceri biovar biserrulae WSM1271
 * Protomonas extorquens (biovar 2), synonym for Methylorubrum rhodinum
 * Protomonas extorquens (biovar 3), synonym for Methylobacterium radiotolerans
 * Mycobacterium fortuitum biovar peregrinum, synonym for Mycolicibacterium peregrinum
 * Neorhizobium galegae bv. officinalis
 * Neorhizobium galegae bv. orientalis
 * Phyllobacterium sophorae bv. mediterranense
 * Bacteroides (Prevotella) ruminicola subsp. ruminicola biovar 7, synonym for Prevotella albensis
 * Bacteroides (Prevotella) ruminicola subsp. ruminicola biovar 3, synonym for Prevotella bryantii
 * Prochlorococcus marinus bv. HNLC1
 * Prochlorococcus marinus bv. HNLC2
 * Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar B
 * Ralstonia pickettii biovar 3/'thomasii', synonym for Ralstonia mannitolilytica
 * Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli
 * Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii
 * Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae also known as Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiovar viciae
 * Rhizobium sp. (biovar cowpea), synonym for Rhizobium sp. IRc78
 * Pasteurella pneumotropica biovar Heyl, synonym for Rodentibacter heylii
 * Sinorhizobium meliloti bv. medicaginis
 * Streptococcus mitis bv. 2
 * Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 1, synonym for Ureaplasma parvum
 * Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2, synonym for Ureaplasma urealyticum
 * Vibrio cholerae biovar albensis VL426, synonym for Vibrio albensis VL426
 * Vibrio cholerae biovar albensis, synonym for Vibrio cholerae
 * Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor
 * Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. Inaba RND18826
 * Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. Inaba RND18899
 * Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. L-3226
 * Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. N16961
 * Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. Ogawa RND19187
 * Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. Ogawa RND6878
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Antiqua
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Antiqua str. B42003004
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Antiqua str. E1979001
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Antiqua str. UG05-0454
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Mediaevalis
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Mediaevalis str. K1973002
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Mediaevalis str. Harbin 35
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Microtus
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Microtus str. 91001
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. AS200901156
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. AS200901434
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. AS200901509
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. AS200901539
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. AS200902147
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. BA200901703
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. BA200901799
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. BA200901990
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. BA200902009
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. F1991016
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. IP275
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. IP674
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. India 195
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. MG05-1020
 * Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. PEXU2
 * Yersinia pestis subsp. microtus bv. Altaica
 * Yersinia pestis subsp. microtus bv. Caucasica
 * Yersinia pestis subsp. microtus bv. Hissarica
 * Yersinia pestis subsp. microtus bv. Ulegeica

title: Biovar


text: Category:Manchuria

title: Category:Manchuria


text:
USS Reid (DD-21)

USS Reid (DD–21) was a Smith-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I. She was the first ship named for Samuel Chester Reid.

Construction
Reid was laid down by the Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, on 3 August 1908, launched on 17 August 1909, sponsored by Miss Lina Andrews, and commissioned on 3 December 1909.

Pre-World War I
Assigned to the Atlantic Torpedo Flotilla, an organization redesignated many times in the years which followed, Reid operated along the east coast - primarily engaged in training exercises and drills - until the United States entered World War I.

World War I
On 6 April 1917, Reid was attached to the Southern Patrol Force, operating out of Key West, Florida. On the 14th, she moved north and on the 18th joined Squadron 1, Patrol Force at Boston, Massachusetts. Transferred to Squadron 2 in early May, she patrolled the northeast coast of the United States until detached from the Patrol Force on 15 May and assigned to the Destroyer Force. Reporting on the 17th, she escorted coastal traffic and patrolled the approaches to New York City until ordered to Charleston, South Carolina, to prepare for distant service on 5 July.

Reid sailed east on 21 July, and from 1 August-30 September provided escort and patrol services in the vicinity of the Azores. Detached in October, she proceeded to Brest, whence she resumed her patrol and escort mission. On the 23rd, she was rammed and damaged above the waterline by USS W. T. James (SP-429). Repairs were completed quickly at Brest, and she continued her work without further interruption until the end of the war. During that period, she made several attacks on submarines, most notably against UB-55 on 18 March 1918 and U-86 on 1 July, but she failed to sink any.

Inter-war period
Relieved after the Armistice, Reid departed Brest for Charleston and inactivation on 11 December. Arriving on the 31st, she later shifted to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she was decommissioned on 31 July 1919. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 September and was sold to T. A. Scott & Company, New London, Connecticut, on 21 November.

Noteworthy commanding officers

 * Ensign Charles Alan Pownall (1914-Unknown) (Later Rear admiral and 3rd Military Governor of Guam)

title: USS Reid (DD-21)


text:
Haviland

Haviland can refer to:

People

 * Aslaug Haviland (1913–2003), deaf and blind Norwegian woman and motivational speaker
 * Chris Haviland (born 1952), Australian politician
 * David B. Haviland (born 1961), Swedish-American physicist
 * Edna Haviland (1896–1981), Canadian chemist
 * Frank Burty Haviland (1886–1971), French Cubist painter
 * George Darby Haviland (1857–1901), British surgeon and naturalist
 * James W. Haviland (1911–2007), American doctor and specialist in Internal Medicine
 * John Haviland (1792–1852), English-born American architect
 * John Haviland (physician) (1785–1851), English professor of medicine at Cambridge
 * John Kenneth Haviland (1921–2002), American pilot who flew for the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain
 * Julian Haviland (1930–2023), British journalist
 * Laura Smith Haviland (1808–1898), American abolitionist, suffragette and social reformer
 * Mike Haviland (born 1967), American ice hockey coach
 * Paul Haviland (1880–1950), French-American photographer, writer and arts critic
 * Stanley Haviland (1899–1972), Australian public servant
 * Thomas Heath Haviland Sr. (1795 or 1796–1867), English-born landowner, banker and political figure in Prince Edward Island
 * Thomas Heath Haviland (1822–1895), Canadian lawyer, politician and father of Canadian Confederation
 * Virginia Haviland (1911–1988), American author and Library of Congress librarian
 * William Haviland (1718–1784), Irish-born general in the British Army
 * Willis Bradley Haviland (1890–1944), member of the Lafayette Escadrille, first pilot to launch a plane from a battleship
 * Haviland Morris (born 1959), American actress
 * Haviland Routh (1871–1959), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Haviland Smith, retired CIA station chief

Places in the United States

 * Haviland, Kansas, a city
 * Haviland Crater, an astrobleme
 * Haviland, New York, a community and census-designated place
 * Haviland, Ohio, a village

Things

 * Haviland, a mark of Necco, a candy company
 * Haviland & Co., a manufacturer of Limoges porcelain in France

title: Haviland


text:
Hazlehurst

Hazlehurst may refer to the following places in the United States:
 * Hazlehurst, Georgia
 * Hazlehurst, Mississippi

People with the surname

 * Edward Hazlehurst, American architect
 * Noni Hazlehurst, Australian actress
 * Ronnie Hazlehurst (1928–2007), musician known for his work for the BBC
 * Thomas Hazlehurst (artist) (c.1740–c.1821), English miniature painter
 * Thomas Hazlehurst (businessman) (1779–1842), businessman
 * Thomas Hazlehurst (chapel builder) (1816–1876), son of the above, noted as a chapel builder

title: Hazlehurst


text:
Central City, Salt Lake City

Central City is the main core of residential and commercial areas in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

The neighborhood includes the area east of downtown along South Temple to the University of Utah campus and south to approximately 1300 South. South of 600 South, the neighborhood extends west to about 300 West.

The UTA TRAX University light rail line serves the neighborhood along 400 South.

Several condominium developments have been built in the neighborhood in recent years, which have convenient access to downtown nightlife and art venues as well as government facilities, the city's new main library and the university. Significant commercial activity has developed along 400 South, especially directly north of Trolley Square.

title: Central City, Salt Lake City


text: User talk:67.84.236.148

title: User talk:67.84.236.148


text:
Mark Strauss (journalist)

Mark Strauss (born November 8, 1966) is an American journalist who writes about politics, science, public opinion, and history.

He is currently the Managing Editor at Air & Space Quarterly, which is published by the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum.

Biography
Strauss received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Macalester College and his master's degree in journalism from Columbia University. He earned his master's degree in Middle East studies and international economics at Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.

Ηe was a writer and editor at the Pew Research Center's Science and Society Program. Previously, he was a feature article writer at National Geographic Online, a senior editor at io9.com, and a senior editor at Smithsonian Magazine. From 2005–2007, he was the editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, winner of the 2007 National Magazine Award for General Excellence (in the under 100,000 circulation category), which was awarded by the American Society of Magazine Editors. Before joining the Bulletin, Strauss was a senior editor at the bimonthly magazine Foreign Policy, for which he had worked since 1997. He has contributed articles to Slate, the Chronicle of Higher Education, The Washington Post, The New Republic, The Spectator, the Brown Journal of World Affairs, and Washington Monthly. He has also appeared as a commentator on CNN, Fox News, National Public Radio, and the BBC. Prior to joining Foreign Policy, he was a research assistant at the Brookings Institution's Foreign Policy Studies program, and he served on the staff of a number of prominent national magazines, including SAIS Review, Spy Magazine, and Discover Magazine.

title: Mark Strauss (journalist)


text: Category:History of Manchuria

title: Category:History of Manchuria


text:
Hilliard

Hilliard may refer to:

Canada

 * Hilliard, Ontario
 * Hilliard, Alberta

United States

 * Hilliard, Florida
 * Hilliard, Missouri
 * Hilliard, Ohio

Other uses

 * Hilliard (name)
 * The Hilliard Ensemble, named after Nicholas Hilliard
 * Hilliard Mills, historic mill site in Manchester, Connecticut
 * Hilliard Peak, a mountain in Colorado

title: Hilliard


text:
Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge

"Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" is the twenty-second and final episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 22, 2002. In the episode, a massive heatwave causes the residents of Springfield to install large air conditioning devices in their homes. This leads the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to overload, causing two town-wide blackouts to occur. The Springfield Police Department are unable to face the riots that follow, prompting Homer, dissatisfied with the police's incompetence, to start his own security company, called SpringShield.

"Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" was directed by Pete Michels and written by Dana Gould, who also pitched the idea for the episode. It features American actor Joe Mantegna as recurring character Fat Tony, and includes references to Dragnet, High Noon and The Sopranos.

In its original broadcast, the episode was seen by approximately 5.3 million viewers, finishing in 53rd place in the ratings the week it aired. Following its home video release on August 24, 2010, the episode received mixed reviews from critics.

The episode was dedicated to the memory of Stephen Jay Gould who died two days before it aired. He had voiced himself in the ninth-season episode "Lisa the Skeptic".

Plot
Springfield is in the midst of a massive heat wave. Every building in the town has installed a large air conditioning device. However, this draws a lot of power from the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Despite the safety measures Mr. Burns has taken (cutting power to the orphanage), the plant is at full power. At home, without an air conditioning device, the Simpsons have to follow an old-fashioned fan. Homer decides to give them a taste of winter by plugging in his dancing Santa Claus. This overloads the plant and causes a town-wide blackout. After Lenny and Carl accidentally crash their cars into a store with no active alarm and decide to loot it, widespread rioting and looting occur. The police try to intervene, but are powerless to stop the massive crime wave.

The next day, Springfield has been devastated by the crime wave. Mayor Quimby decides to take legal action by forming a blue-ribbon committee. At the Simpsons' house, someone steals Lisa's Malibu Stacy collection. Homer decides to take action by looking for it. He finds the culprit, Jimbo Jones, and later foils a robbery by Snake Jailbird at the Kwik-E-Mart. He goes through a very long list of his previous jobs (during which Marge puts curlers in her hair off-screen) and decides that he likes the idea of combining his love of helping and hurting people. Homer forms his own security company called "SpringShield". Although it only has Homer, Lenny, and Carl, it is more efficient and more successful than the Springfield Police Department. When Quimby sees Chief Wiggum trying to shoot a Piñata with a shotgun while blindfolded, in a fit of rage he dismisses Wiggum and makes Homer the chief of police on live television.

After stopping one of Fat Tony's operations, Homer practically rids Springfield of crime. However, Fat Tony escapes and vows to kill Homer unless he leaves town. Homer is unable to get protection from the citizens he protects (only Ned Flanders volunteers, but Homer ignores his offer) and Lenny and Carl lock themselves in a jail cell. When Homer does not leave, Fat Tony arrives with a few of his own henchmen (including Johnny Tightlips), as well as mafia muscle—Christopher Moltisanti, Paulie Gualtieri, and Silvio Dante from The Sopranos series.

Just before they are about to kill Homer, an unseen sniper shoots the mobsters; injuring them and causing them to flee. Safe again, Homer resigns as police chief and offers the job to the first person who comes along, which is Wiggum (who notes that an identical situation is how he became chief in the first place). When Marge thanks him for saving Homer, Wiggum says that he did not shoot anyone, having lost his gun, badge and nearly his squad car. Unbeknownst to them, the person who saved Homer was Maggie, who fires at the mobsters from her window with a scoped sporting rifle.

Production

"Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" was written by Dana Gould and directed by Pete Michels. It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on May 22, 2002. The idea for the episode was also pitched by Gould, who had just moved to southern California with his wife. After moving in, the two decided to install an alarm system because, Gould quipped, "the police aren't enough. Too many people wanna kill you." When meeting the other writers, Gould pitched an episode in which Homer becomes the owner of a security company, which then became "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge." Although current showrunner Al Jean found it "very funny," the episode's first draft was heavily altered after the first table-read, a process in which the script is read out loud to the other writers.

During the blackout, Lenny and Carl accidentally crash their cars into a store, causing a riot to erupt. The sequence was conceived by Gould who, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots, was "somewhat obsessed" with civil unrest issues. In the DVD commentary for the episode, he said "I love the idea of, 'All you need is for the power to go out and slowly the fabric of society unravels." While trying to determine who stole Lisa's Malibu Stacy car, Homer holds Bart as his prime suspect. Unbeknownst to Bart, who is eating an apple, Homer tells Lisa "Look at him over there, eating that apple. What is he planning?" Originally, the scene would show Homer suspecting Lisa, but because it bothered the character's voice actor, Yeardley Smith, the scene was changed. American actor Joe Mantegna reprises his role as Fat Tony in the episode.

In another scene in the episode, Homer shows his family an advertisement for his security company. In it, a monster is seen breaking into an elderly woman's house. When the woman screams, the screen freezes and Homer is composited to the screen, instructing the audience about SpringShield's telephone number. In order to composite Homer into the screen, director Michels made use of a greenscreen. The advertisement resumes and the monster is subdued by Homer, Lenny and Carl. Confused, the monster turns to Homer and asks, "friend?" to which Homer replies "the only friend you need is SpringShield," and holds a business card in front of the camera. The monster then puts the card in his wallet and says "monster put in wallet." The monster's last line was written during one of the episode's rewrites, but none of the writers on The Simpsons ' writing staff has taken credit for it. The line has since become very popular with the series' writing staff; Jean said that it was "very funny and unusual for a television show," and Gould considers it to be his favourite joke in any episode he has ever written.

At the end of the episode, Maggie saves Homer by shooting Fat Tony's gang members with a rifle, as a reference to the two-part episode Who Shot Mr. Burns? from seasons 6 and 7, in which it is ultimately revealed that Maggie shot Burns after his gun fell into her hands. The scene was conceived by series co-creator and executive producer James L. Brooks while writing notes during the episode's first table-read.

While "The Frying Game" was originally thought to be the last episode of the season, "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" was later revealed to be the real season finale. Although new episodes of The Simpsons usually air on Sundays, "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" aired on Wednesday, May 22, 2002. On August 24, 2010, "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" was released as part of The Simpsons: The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu-ray set. Al Jean, Matt Selman, Carolyn Omine, Dana Gould, Joe Mantegna and Pete Michels participated in the audio commentary of the episode.

Cultural references
In a scene in the episode, Homer tells Marge about all the jobs he has had, referencing several episodes of the series. According to Jean, the scene was added during a rewrite of the episode's script. In another scene, Homer, in the Springfield church, attempts to recruit companions for his security company. The scene is a reference to the 1952 American western film High Noon, although the line "You all know me" was taken from the American horror/thriller film Jaws. When visiting the clothing store Wooly Bully, Homer has a rapid, monotone conversation with the cashier. The two speak in a similar manner to the characters in the American 1950's television crime drama Dragnet, of which Gould was a "big fan".

When noticing that one of his ferrets is wearing a wire, Fat Tony tells it "you're not a pet, and you're not a friend. You're nothing to me." The line parodies a similar conversation between Michael and Fredo Corleone in the American gangster film The Godfather Part II. Near the end of the episode, Fat Tony drives to the Simpsons house in what seems to be a white Dodge Caravan, while shots of Springfield are shown on the way. The scene parodies the title sequence of the American television drama series The Sopranos, and features Alabama 3's song "Woke Up This Morning," which is also used in The Sopranos ' title sequence. Michels stated that the parody was "very fun" to animate; "Being from New Jersey, it was a labor of love," he said in the episode's DVD commentary.

The episode title is a reference to the James Brown song "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag". The monster of SpringShield commercial is a parody of The New Woody Woodpecker Show Badger character, including a quote "Hey buddy".

Reception
In its original American broadcast, "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" received a 5.0 rating, according to Nielsen Media Research, translating to approximately 5.3 million viewers. The episode finished in 53rd place in the ratings for the week of May 20–26, 2002. Together with the first half-hour of Celebrity Boxing, the shows averaged a 3.9 rating among adults between ages 18 and 49, pushing Fox to number two for the night, just behind NBC. Some listings do not name this show as the Season 13 finale because it aired outside of the series' regular Sunday 8PM EST timeslot; those listings name this episode as a "special airing" and list The Frying Game as the S13 finale instead.

Following its home video release, "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" received mixed reviews from critics.

Writing for 411Mania, Ron Martin gave the episode a mixed review, calling it "passable." He wrote that "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" is "far from memorable as season finales should be."

DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson wrote "Like many S13 episodes, “Badge” feels more than a little derivative," describing the episode as a combination of the season 4 episode "Mr. Plow" and the season 5 episode "Homer the Vigilante". He continued by writing "That doesn’t mean the show lacks amusement, but it’s too rehashed to end the year with a real winner."

Nate Boss of Project-Blu described it as "A random episode, without many laughs," however, he added that it "could have been worse."

Giving the episode a positive review, Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave it a B+, billing "Homer's 'You know I've had a lot of jobs' list" as the episode's "highlight".

Writing for Screen Jabber, Stuart O'Connor was favorable as well, describing it as a "first-rate ep[isode]". Screen Rant called it the best episode of the 13th season.

title: Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge


text:
Terak

Terak may refer to:
 * Terak Corporation, a defunct American computer company based in Scottsdale, Arizona
 * Terak 8510/a, the company's 1977 graphical workstation
 * Terak Township (铁列克乡), a township of Wuqia County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
 * King Terak, a minor Star Wars character

title: Terak


text:
Talk:Flag of Colombia

But why is the yellow stripe wider than the blue and the red?

129.22.137.155

Because it was a lot A LOT of gold that the colombians had. They want to emphasize this.

July 16th, 2006: Removed a redundant paragraph.

Does anyone know where to find Miranda's letter to Woronsoff? This quote is all over the internet but there is no official source. I haven't been able to find it in published books of Miranda's letters. Any help would be much appreciated. Anamarialeon (talk) 22:39, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Lithuanian flag
What do you think about adding Lithuanian flag to "similar flags" section? It looks like Colombian. Smthngnw (talk) 20:24, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

grammer and puntuation
"It represents that although Colombia's people have had to struggle they have thrived."

should there be a comma in there somewhere?

Miranda and national flag
There is mention in the article about Miranda seeing a painting of Christopher Colombus unfurling a banner with these colours. The is red/yellow/blue. Given that Gran Colombia was named after him, is it a stretch that the flag is derived from his family arms? Torchist (talk) 13:19, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Ukraine flag
Where in great danger can you please help us we need weapons to fight Russia 174.255.7.152 (talk) 03:47, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Colombia


text:
Johnny Canuck

Johnny Canuck is a Canadian cartoon hero and superhero who was created as a political cartoon in 1869 and was later re-invented as a Second World War action hero in 1942. The Vancouver Canucks, a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL), currently use a hockey playing "Johnny Canuck" logo as one of their team logos. In addition, the Vancouver Canucks' American Hockey League affiliate, the Abbotsford Canucks, use it as their main logo.

Political cartoon
Johnny Canuck is a fictional lumberjack and a national personification of Canada. He first appeared in early political cartoons dating to 1869 where he was portrayed as a younger cousin of the United States' Uncle Sam and Britain's John Bull. Dressed as a habitant, farmer, logger, rancher or soldier, he was characterized as wholesome and simple-minded and was often depicted resisting the bullying of John Bull or Uncle Sam. He appeared regularly in editorial cartoons for 30 years before declining in usage in the early twentieth century.

Comic book hero
The character re-emerged during World War II in the February 1942 issue of Bell Features' Dime Comics #1. Cartoonist Leo Bachle created the character as a teenager, apparently on a challenge from a Bell executive. Initially, Johnny Canuck had no superpowers. Johnny Canuck's cartoon exploits helped Canada fight against Nazism. Like Captain America, he met Adolf Hitler and almost single-handedly ended the war.

The use of such stock figures diminished in popularity after World War II, but in 1975, a new comic book character, Captain Canuck, emerged. Created by Richard Comely (who at the time was unaware of the earlier Johnny Canuck character), Captain Canuck was a costumed superhero rather than just a hero, and he wore red and white tights and bore a red maple leaf emblazoned on the forehead of his mask.

In 1995, Canada Post issued a series of Canadian postage stamps celebrating Canada's comic-book superheroes. Johnny Canuck is depicted as he appeared in the comic books, dressed in flight jacket, goggles, leather headgear and boots. Johnny Canuck is linked to a tradition of stalwart, honest, upstanding Canadian heroes.

Ty Templeton and Moonstone Books resurrected the character in a comic originally called Johnny Canuck and the Guardians of the Northern Lights and then re-titled The Northern Guard, which published two issues in December 2010 and March 2011.

Vancouver Canucks
In the mid-20th century, the Vancouver Canucks, a major professional ice hockey team of the Pacific Coast Hockey League and later Western Hockey League, used a lumberjack character inspired by a Dawson Creek BC senior hockey teams logo. When the Canucks moved to the National Hockey League in 1970, they discontinued the lumberjack logo, in favour of the "Stick-in-Rink" logo.

In the mid-1990s, Harold Berndt, the former director of marketing and assistant general manager for the major junior Western Hockey League's New Westminster Bruins, visited the BC Sports Hall of Fame. He obtained a photo of the vintage 1950s logo, originally inspired by a Dawson Creek BC team, and by the 1960s had begun to be referred to by fans as "Johnny Canuck". He created the first major redesign and a campaign for "Johnny Canuck" to become the Vancouver Canucks' new logo, Berndt released his logo redesign to the internet by December 1996 advocating that "Johnny Canuck" would make the best new logo for the Vancouver Canucks.

In October 1999, Kevin Sander applied for a "Johnny Canuck" logo as a trademark and subsequently sold a similar modified version to the Canucks.

In 2006, a vintage-inspired goaltender mask worn by Canucks' goaltender Roberto Luongo featured the older style "Johnny Canuck" logo. The following season, Luongo's new mask once again featured a "Johnny Canuck", but more prominently than his previous design. Beginning in 2008–09, the Canucks introduced "Johnny Canuck" on the shoulder patch of their third jersey. The full body Johnny Canuck logo was then recreated by graphic designer Evan Biswanger in 2009.

In 2021, "Johnny Canuck" logo became the logo for new AHL farm team, the Abbotsford Canucks, in Abbotsford, British Columbia.

In October 2022, the Canucks revealed their reverse retro jersey which featured Johnny Canuck as the logo.

Stage play by Ken Gass
In 1974, Toronto's Factory Theatre staged a play based on the Johnny Canuck character, written by Ken Gass and entitled "Hurray for Johnny Canuck".

title: Johnny Canuck


text:
Samuel Chester Reid

Samuel Chester Reid (24 August 1783 – 28 January 1861) was an officer in the United States Navy who commanded a privateer during the War of 1812. He is also noted for having helped design the 1818 version of the flag of the United States, which first established the rule of keeping thirteen stripes and adding one star for each U.S. state.

Early life and family
Reid was born in Norwich, Connecticut, to John and Rebecca (Chester) Reid. John Reid, a lieutenant in the British Navy, was captured during the American Revolutionary War before resigning and joining the American side. Rebecca Chester's father, John Chester, was among the soldiers at Bunker Hill, and afterward a member of the Connecticut convention that ratified the United States constitution.

Naval career

Reid joined the United States Navy in 1794. He served in Constellation with Commodore Thomas Truxtun and in 1803 became master of the brig Merchant. During the War of 1812 he commanded the privateer General Armstrong. One notable capture was that of the British merchantman Fanny, notable because of the legal cases that arose from her capture and recapture. At the Battle of Fayal Reid inflicted severe casualties on boats from a British Royal Navy squadron en route to Jamaica and Louisiana. During the battle, Reid had to scuttle his ship and he and his crew made it to shore, suffering 2 men killed and 7 men wounded. Andrew Jackson credited Reid's action with delaying the British squadron and so aiding General Jackson's defense of New Orleans, a theory dismissed by modern historians. The battle was the subject of many popular prints.

Flag design
In January 1817, Reid was asked by Representative Peter H. Wendover for advice in the design of a new U.S. flag. The flag then in use had fifteen stars and fifteen stripes; it had not been updated to reflect the five new states which had joined the union since that version of the flag was implemented in 1795. Wendover was the head of a congressional committee tasked with investigating possible alterations to the flag. Together, Wendover and Reid decided that the best way to honor all twenty states was to restore the number of stripes to the original thirteen, have twenty stars on the canton, and add a new star each time a new state joined the union.

Reid sketched three flag designs, one for general use which featured the twenty stars arranged in the shape of a larger star, one for use on government vessels and buildings which featured an eagle on the canton instead of stars, and one for use on ceremonial occasions which featured a different element (stars, stripes, the Great Seal, and the Goddess of Liberty) on each of the flag's four quarters. Wendover and his congressional committee adopted Reid's general-use flag, but never seriously considered his other two designs. Wendover drafted a bill which stipulated that the thirteen-stripe, twenty-star design become the new official flag of the United States. The bill passed and was signed into law as the Flag Act of 1818 by President James Monroe on April 4, 1818. The pattern of the stars was later changed from Reid's "great star" design to four rows of five stars each.

Reid was appointed master in the Navy in 1844 and died at New York 28 January 1861. He is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Four ships were given the name USS Reid in his honor.

His daughter, Mary Isabel Reid, married in 1861 Italian-American officer Luigi Palma di Cesnola, who later received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Civil War (1863), served as the United States consul in Cyprus (1866–1877) and became the first director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (1879-1904). His son Samuel Graham Reid, Sr., published and edited the Montgomery Advertiser.

title: Samuel Chester Reid


text:
Hopewell Township

Hopewell Township may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Hopewell Township, Greene County, Arkansas, in Greene County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Hopewell Township, Marshall County, Illinois

New Jersey

 * Hopewell Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey
 * Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey

Nova Scotia

 * Hopewell Township, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia

Ohio

 * Hopewell Township, Licking County, Ohio
 * Hopewell Township, Mercer County, Ohio
 * Hopewell Township, Muskingum County, Ohio
 * Hopewell Township, Perry County, Ohio
 * Hopewell Township, Seneca County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Hopewell Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania
 * Hopewell Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania
 * Hopewell Township, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
 * Hopewell Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
 * Hopewell Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania
 * Hopewell Township, York County, Pennsylvania

title: Hopewell Township


text:
Horns

Horns or The Horns may refer to:

 * Plural of Horn (anatomy)
 * Plural of Horn (instrument), a group of musical instruments all with a horn-shaped bells
 * The Horns (Colorado), a summit on Cheyenne Mountain
 * Horns (novel), a dark fantasy novel written in 2010 by Joe Hill
 * Horns (film), a 2013 film adaptation of Hill's novel
 * "The Horns" (song), a 2015 song by DJ Katch
 * The Horns, Bull's Green, a pub in Hertfordshire, England
 * Texas Longhorns, the sports teams of the University of Texas in Austin; sometimes shortened to "Horns"
 * Steve Took's Horns, an English rock band of the 1970s

title: Horns


text: User talk:67.66.219.252

title: User talk:67.66.219.252


text:
Seed saving

In agriculture and gardening, seed saving (sometimes known as brown bagging) is the practice of saving seeds or other reproductive material (e.g. tubers, scions, cuttings) from vegetables, grain, herbs, and flowers for use from year to year for annuals and nuts, tree fruits, and berries for perennials and trees. This is the traditional way farms and gardens were maintained for the last 12,000 years (see first agricultural revolution).

In recent decades, beginning in the latter part of the 20th century, there has been a major shift to purchasing seed annually from commercial seed suppliers. Most farmers regard seed saving as a risky practice. If farmers do not sanitize their seed, this can result in significant pest or disease damage when the saved seed is planted. Other reasons farmers generally do not save seed include inbreeding depression and certain plants not growing true to seed. Many commercial varieties exhibit high degrees of hybrid vigour, and will generally outperform any saved seed in a commercial context; as such vigour is the result of specific and careful genetic research and modification by humans, those desirable traits are almost always diminished in future generations. Additionally, many seeds are proprietary, making it illegal for buyers to save them after harvest for future planting.

Nonetheless a significant number of farmers (especially small holders) continue to save some seed, whether out of habit, personal interest, or commercial interest. Much grassroots seed-saving activity today in the developed world is the work of home gardeners. Saving seeds protects biodiversity and saves money for consumer gardeners.

Method
To be successful at seed saving, new skills need to be developed to ensure that desired characteristics are retained in the landraces of the plant variety. Important considerations are the separation distance needed from plants of the same species to ensure that cross-pollination with another variety does not occur, and the minimum number of plants to be grown which will preserve inherent genetic diversity. It is also necessary to recognize the preferred characteristics of the cultivar being grown so that plants that are not breeding true are selected against, and to understand the breeding of improvements to the cultivar. Diseases that are seed-borne must be recognized so that they can be eliminated. Seed storage methods must be good enough to maintain viability of the seed. Germination requirements must be known so that periodic tests can be made.

Care must be taken, as training materials regarding seed production, cleaning, storage, and maintenance often focus on making landraces more uniform, distinct and stable (usually for commercial application) which can result in the loss of valuable adaptive traits unique to local varieties.

Additionally, there is a matter of localized nature to be considered. In the upper northern hemisphere, and lower southern, one sees a seasonal change in terms of a cooler winter. Many plants go to seed and then go dormant. These seeds must hibernate until their respective spring season.

Open pollination
Open pollination is an important aspect of seed saving. Plants that reproduce through natural means tend to adapt to local conditions over time, and evolve as reliable performers, particularly in their localities, known as landraces or "folk varieties."

Legality
While saving seed and even exchanging seed with other farmers for biodiversity purposes has been a traditional practice, these practices have become illegal for the plant varieties that are patented or otherwise owned by some entity (often a corporation). Under Article 28 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement), "planting, harvesting, saving, re-planting, and exchanging seeds of patented plants, or of plants containing patented cells and genes, constitutes use" and can in some cases be prohibited by the intellectual property laws of WTO Members.

Significantly, farmers in developing countries are particularly affected by prohibitions on seed saving. There are some protections for re-use, called "farmer's privilege", in the 1991 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention), but seed exchange remains prohibited.

In the United States, seeds were first patented in the 1970s through the Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970. This was the beginning of a culture where people could control how the food system was created, altered and distributed to the public for consumption, and yields.

United States
Originally the farmer's privilege to save seeds to grow subsequent crops was considered protected by the Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970. American farmers, it was thought, could sell seed up to the amount saved for replanting their own acreage.

That view came to an end in the latter part of the 20th century and early part of the 21st century, with changes in technology and law. First, in 1981 Diamond v. Chakrabarty established that companies may obtain patents for life-forms—originally genetically engineered unicellular bacteria. In 2002 J.E.M. Ag Supply v. Pioneer established that valid utility patents could be issued on sexually reproduced plants, such as seed crops (e.g., corn). In 2013 Bowman v. Monsanto Co. established that it was patent infringement for farmers to save crop seeds (soybeans in that case) and grow subsequent crops from them, if the seeds or plants were patented. Seed corporations are able to earn massive profits from this control over commercial seed supplies, and consequently further loss of control has been taken from US farmers over their farm production process.

Seed sovereignty
Seed sovereignty can be defined as the right "to breed and exchange diverse open-sourced seeds." It focuses largely on the rights of individuals to be able to save seed, and be independent from major seed companies. Seed sovereignty activists point to seed saving as an important practice in building food security, as well as restoring agricultural biodiversity. Activists also draw attention to the cultural importance of seed saving practices, especially their role in maintaining traditional plant varieties. It is closely connected to the food sovereignty movement and food justice movement.

title: Seed saving


text:
Hugh I

Hugh I may refer to:

 * Hugh I of Lusignan (c. 885–c. 930)
 * Hugh I, Count of Maine (died 933)
 * Hugh I, Viscount of Châteaudun (died 989 or after)
 * Hugh I of France (c. 939–996), a.k.a. Hugh Capet, first King of the Franks of the Capetian dynasty
 * Hugh I of Autun (c. 975–1039), a.k.a. Hugh of Chalon, ruler & religious leader
 * Hugh I, Count of Empúries (c. 965–1040)
 * Hugh I of Le Puiset (died 1096)
 * Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu (died c. 1100)
 * Hugh I, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis (1030–1101)
 * Hugh I of Oisy (died c. 1111)
 * Hugh I of Jaffa (died between 1112 and 1118)
 * Hugh I, Count of Rethel (1040–1118)
 * Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (1057–1093)
 * Hugh I, Count of Dammartin (died after 1093)
 * Hugh I of Vermandois (1057–1101), a.k.a. Hugh the Great
 * Hugh I of Champagne (c. 1074–c. 1125), a.k.a. Hugh, Count of Champagne
 * Hugh I, Count of Catanzaro (died 1190/5), a.k.a. Hugh Lupin the Elder
 * Hugh I of Arborea (1178–1211)
 * Hugh I of Angoulême (c. 1183–c. 1249), a.k.a. Hugh X of Lusignan
 * Hugh I of Cyprus (1194/5–1218)
 * Hugh I of Ghent (died 1232)
 * Hugh I, Count of Blois (c. 1198–1248), a.k.a. Hugh I of Châtillon
 * Hugh I of Charpigny (fl. early 13th century)
 * Hugh I of Jerusalem (c. 1235–1284), a.k.a. Hugh III of Cyprus
 * Hugh I of Chalon-Arlay (1288–1322)
 * Hugh I de Audley (c. 1291–1347)

title: Hugh I


text: User talk:24.11.138.81

title: User talk:24.11.138.81