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Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikidemia

This project, Wikidemia, provides a space for articles related to academic research about Wikipedia. Related pages include the Statistics Department, Research, and Statistics. This page and project are still very preliminary and will benefit from your contributions and insight. If you would like to help, please sign the Participants list below and introduce yourself on the talk page. The to-do list here is just a start...

Title
WikiProject on Wikidemia

Scope
This WikiProject aims primarily to design, implement, and discuss academic research about Wikipedia. We seek to better understand what promotes or circumscribes Wikipedia's success and why. We also seek to explore and rigorously evaluate new strategies for improving Wikipedia, and to archive research attempted by Wikipedians into related topics.

Descendant WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Vandalism studies
 * see also WikiProject Research... appropriate to merge?

Similar WikiProjects
Similar WikiProjects are:
 * Wikipediology A wealth of material, 2005 - 2007.  Probably worth merging

Members
Please add your name here!
 * +sj +  19:36, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Computerjoe 15:51, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Tobacman 04:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cormaggio(Cormac Lawler) 15 Dec 2004
 * Amelia Hunt 21:50, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Angela. 09:19, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * AaronSw 20:04, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Francis Schonken 09:15, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fuzheado | Talk 06:14, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Leyanese 19:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Mr. Ballard 02:27, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 06:45, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * illWill 22:20, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Quinobi 18:51, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Mark Elliott 10:48, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Martin Mai 10:48, 01 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Bryan 08:32, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Episcopo 17:14, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * ∴ here…♠ 22:54, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Trondtr 08:16, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Covington 05:02, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Erik Garrison 23:14, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Reswik 04:37, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Vulpeto 11:28, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * User:Debbe 11:43 PM 6 October 2006
 * Karibou 13:23, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * --A. B. 20:19, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * --Saidkassem 18:41, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * User: Amitorit
 * DGG 22:42, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Hector Zenil 14:55, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * fnielsen 15:00, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Andrew Stephen 12:00, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * +A.0u 05:53, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * TeaDrinker 20:25, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * LaleenaTalk to me Contributions to Wikipedia 00:03, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Æþeling — 05:54, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * GumbyProf: "I'm about ideas, but I'm not always about good ideas." 00:41, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Pete (talk) 04:29, 4 January 2008 (UTC) (Interested in presenting Wikipedia to the rest of the world, promoting wiki-based collaboration, etc., and seeking relevant data and stories.
 * Awadewit Awadewit | talk  15:49, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Filll (talk) 00:46, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Witty Lama 13:56, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Leafman (talk) 01:16, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Bestchai (talk) 01:17, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ziko (talk) 13:46, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Stu (aeiou) 02:56, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Madcoverboy (talk) 08:43, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Ever wonder (talk) 23:35, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
 * -- Netha   (talk)  09:41, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Blurby (talk) 10:44, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

Completed Studies

 * Wikipedia in academic studies
 * WikiProject Wikidemia/Use of referencing and assessment - A brief survey of reference use in random articles.

Data

 * See Statistics

Ongoing Studies
for Proposed Studies, see the Research Questions lists below; all content at /Studies has been incorporated into specific study pages.
 * Evaluations of changes in Wikipedia policies.
 * What encourages initial contribution?
 * What encourages retention and return? (for a separate study...)
 * What encourages donations? Donation details, feedback, and variation.
 * Much data can be collected, and many metrics, to evaluate this question; to date no structured experiments or analyses have been done. See also this analysis of WMF fundraising drives, and these proposals for ways to evaluate potential fundraising techniques.
 * Visualizations : History Flow (I and II), &c.
 * Wikipedia Quant Project: Quantitative and statistical analysis of Wikipedia content, community behavior, and policy change, to be performed on a new, multipurpose statistics server widely accessible to client researchers.
 * Use in primary education : how is Wikipedia used in primary schools, as source or knowledge, as introduction to collaboration, as space for contributing local knowledge? Ditto for Wikimedia Commons.

Issues : How to identify classes of cases/user; what variations to impose (and how to implement them); then how to choose randomly among them to implement variation[s]; finally what data to collect [both primary and secondary metrics].

Promoting Contribution

 * Who contributes to Wikipedia? (demographics/ education / other volunteerism and community involvement)
 * How does feedback to contributors affect subsequent propensities to contribute?
 * What interventions can increase the quantity and quality of Wikipedia articles?
 * What makes contributors mad? stressed?
 * What makes contributors happy?
 * What is the effect of contributors' emotional reactions on their contributions?
 * What role do watchlists play in encouraging contributions and edit wars?
 * What is the effect of placing an article on the Main Page as a featured article on readership and contributions?
 * What steps are needed to secure accreditation on articles? Should there be any?

Promoting Readership/Consumption

 * Who reads Wikipedia articles?
 * How well known is Wikipedia amongst the general population in various places around the world?
 * What interventions can successfully publicize Wikipedia to larger audiences?
 * Enhancing web usability, see for instance: Easy navigation, WikiProject Usability
 * Promotion of Wikipedia and other MediaWiki projects at Meta

Multilingual Wikipedia

 * What Wikipedia language editions exist, and why?
 * What factors make a language edition grow?
 * How are lacks of language planning (e.g. a lack of standardization) dealt with?
 * What kind of inter-Wikipedia collaboration exists?
 * How to compare language editions to each other?

Curtailing mischief

 * How can disputes (e.g., edit wars) be resolved more efficiently?
 * How can vandalism be decreased or fixed more quickly?
 * What categories does vandalism fall into, and how much of total vandalism does each category (e.g. advertising) represent?
 * How long does vandalism typically remain visible before it is removed - statistical analysis needed. See for example Wikipedia talk:Don't protect Main Page featured articles/December Main Page FA analysis
 * How effective are bots in helping deal with mischief? What strategies can we use to further their effectiveness?
 * Who typically reverts vandalism? (figures for admins, regular editors, IP editors, bots)
 * What effects does semi-protection have on levels of contribution and vandalism? Several articles should be studied before protection, during and after.
 * What level of vandalism is acceptable; at what point is protection warranted?

Article quality

 * How can our best articles be kept in pristine condition?
 * What policies and initiatives can we enact to prevent article deterioration
 * A case study of 'edit creep' is needed
 * What is the average quality of our articles?
 * Is the average quality improving? Does a typical article improve over its lifespan? How quickly? What trends do we see?
 * How can our article assessment system be improved?
 * What percentage of articles cite no references at all?

Networking

 * How (much) are the pages linked together? (Paths, Meshing)
 * Which pages are visited together? How close are they in matter of content?
 * How important is #wikipedia to the administration of Wikipedia?

Coherence and consistency

 * How to promote coherence and consistency of Wikipedia guidelines, without hampering the freedom associated with Wikipedia's methods? discuss
 * Can WikiProjects be coordinated with Portals and Categories in a comprehensive way from a more logical focus to help align Wikipedia - The Community with Wikipedia the encyclopedia? discuss

Collaboration

 * How does collaboration in wikipedia differ/contrast, complement &/or extend more traditional forms of textual collaboration?
 * Can lessons learned about wikipedia collaboration shed light on other forms of (online) collaboration?
 * Do Wikipedians exhibit a hightened sense of community over other Internet communities? Why? Why not?

Methodology

 * Many different methodologies would be possible and useful.
 * Some questions can be examined by direct analysis of existing field data.
 * Running randomized evaluations will facilitate drawing causal inferences about results. A standard way to pre-test possible large-scale innovations in a neutral way is to identify a class of visitors, editors, or pages; select a randomized subset of that class; and introduce a variation to the randomized subset.  Then metrics can be evaluated for both the subset and the entire class, and inferences drawn about what effects the variation had.  Stratification can increase the statistical power of the evaluation.
 * A user survey to which one could add important questions, would help inform background assumptions. Users who do not choose to be wholly anonymous in responding to such a survey could even partake in specialized control groups for some studies.
 * Pilot studies - running small, short initial studies to provide an example of how to run and evaluate a study; and to iron out implementation details specific to Wikipedia and its community.

Caveats?

 * Privacy
 * Consent to participate
 * Interventions may have unpredictable results
 * Randomization may be difficult to sustain

General strategy and context
Research on Wikipedia links naturally to topics currently under study in economics, psychology, and sociology. Specifically, focus is needed on:
 * Improving content of related articles :
 * Experiment (needs a lot of work!), Control experiment, Field experiment
 * Randomized trial, Double-blind study
 * Research already going on (other wikiprojects, etc.) in the realm of web usability and Wikipedia as a web interface.

Economists study markets in ideas; volunteerism; bargaining; and information. Psychologists study motivation; conflict resolution;.... Sociologists study networks of ideas and people; the culture of organizations; norms of behavior;....

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikidemia


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Greater Hartford Academy of Mathematics and Science

The Greater Hartford Academy of Mathematics And Science (also known as GHAMAS) was located in the Learning Corridor in Hartford, CT. The building houses a grade 6-12 program, The Academy of Aerospace and Engineering (also known as AAE, Aerospace, and Aerospace and Engineering) is a magnet high school originally located in Hartford, CT and was a half-day program.

GHAMAS is run by the Capitol Region Education Council (CREC), one of 6 Regional Educational Service Centers (RESC) in Connecticut.

Trinity College has been involved in some of the projects with GHAMAS, such as the Brain Bee, a neuroscience competition. Hartford Hospital is involved in school activities as well.

The Academy of Aerospace and Engineering was built as GHAMAS in 1999. Labs at the Academy include the Robotics, Physics, Earth Science, Biology, Cell Culture, Greenhouse & Potting, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Special Instrumentation, and Engineering Labs. There are also several smaller student laboratories which are used by students to conduct independent research through a senior design and research course called Capstone.

Occasionally, speakers from industry or academia come to lecture full-day and morning half-day students (grades 9 and 10) about the field that they work in and educate them to possible careers in that field.

Students partake in a variety of clubs at the high school level, including competitive FIRST Tech Challenge (FTC )robotics, Science Fair, Model UN (United Nations) and Debate teams.

Select students pursue scientific research and engineering projects throughout the year and present their work at the Connecticut Science and Engineering Fair. Each year, some students that have presented exemplary work are chosen by CSEF to compete in the International Science and Engineering Fair

Aerospace was originally an exclusively half-day program operating as GHAMAS and is now solely a full-day program operating as The Academy of Aerospace and Engineering. Since the fall of 2011, the school holds 9-12 grade half-day, and 6-12 grade full-day students. At some point, the entire school became exclusively full-day.

When the school was a half day program, ninth and tenth-grade students took three foundation math (Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, Pre-calculus, or higher) and science (Physics, Earth Science, Biology, and Chemistry) courses in the morning, followed by humanities and other classes at their sending district's high school or with the full-day program. Half-day juniors and seniors take these humanities at their home schools during the morning and join the Aerospace juniors and seniors for up to four advanced elective courses in the afternoon, such as Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy, Zoology, or Astronomy, along with Advanced Placement curricula.

Starting several years ago, all Aerospace students are full day students and attend all classes at the Windsor, Connecticut location.

Aerospace is a member of the NCSSSMST. This is an organization of secondary schools that promote Mathematics, Science, and Technology schools. Greater Hartford Academy of Math and Science has been involved as a NASA Explorer School. It is one of only three such schools in Connecticut. The director of both the high school and middle school academies is Adam Johnson.

History
On January 9, 2010, a bus carrying GHAMAS students to a robotics competition in Farmington, CT was involved in an accident and left one student, Vikas Parikh, dead, and 17 others injured.

The Academy of Aerospace and Engineering Elementary school was established in Rocky Hill, Connecticut as a Kindergarten through Fifth-grade program.

In 2015, a new educational facility was built in Windsor, Connecticut that combined both the middle school and high school programs under the same administrative body. Prior to the new facility, Middle school students studied on the Birken Campus in Bloomfield, CT while High school students studied at the Learning Corridor Campus in Hartford, CT. The first graduating class from the Windsor campus was the Class of 2019.

In 2017, Adam Johnson was appointed as principal to both the high school and middle school programs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Loganiaceae

The Loganiaceae are a family of flowering plants classified in order Gentianales. The family includes up to 13 genera, distributed around the world's tropics. There are not any great morphological characteristics to distinguish these taxa from others in the order Gentianales.

Many members of the Loganiaceae are extremely poisonous, causing death by convulsion. Poisonous properties are largely due to alkaloids such as those found in Strychnos. Glycosides are also present as loganin in Strychnos.

Earlier treatments of the family have included up to 29 genera. Phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that this broadly defined Loganiaceae was a polyphyletic assemblage, and numerous genera have been removed from Loganiaceae to other families (sometimes in other orders), e.g., Gentianaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Plocospermataceae, Tetrachondraceae, Buddlejaceae, and Gesneriaceae. Some classification schemes, notably Takhtajan's, break the remaining Loganiaceae even further, into as many as four families; Strychnaceae, Antoniaceae, Spigeliaceae and Loganiaceae.

Genera
Some sources indicate the family consists of 13 genera. A more recent study considers some Labordia species synonymous with Geniostoma, resulting in 12 genera in other sources. As of November 2023 Plants of the World Online accepts 16 genera:

title: Loganiaceae


text:
Unlocking the Air and Other Stories

Unlocking the Air and Other Stories is a 1996 collection of short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin. Like Searoad and Orsinian Tales, most of the included stories are neither science fiction nor fantasy. It was a finalist for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

Contents

 * "Half Past Four" (1987, The New Yorker)
 * "The Professor's Houses" (1982, The New Yorker)
 * "Ruby on the 67"
 * "Limberlost" (1989, Michigan Quarterly Review)
 * "The Creatures on My Mind" (1990, Harper's)
 * "Standing Ground" (1992, Ms.)
 * "The Spoons in the Basement" (1982, The New Yorker)
 * "Sunday in Summer in Seatown" (1995, Thirteenth Moon)
 * "In the Drought" (1993, Xanadu II)
 * "Ether, OR" (1995, Asimov's Science Fiction)
 * "Unlocking the Air" (1990, Playboy)
 * "A Child Bride" (1987, Terry's Universe, as "Kore 87")
 * "Climbing to the Moon" (1992, American Short Fiction)
 * "Daddy's Big Girl" (1987, Omni)
 * "Findings" (1992, Ox Head Press chapbook)
 * "Olders" (1995, Omni)
 * "The Wise Woman" (1995, The Sound of Writing (broadcast))
 * "The Poacher" (1992, Xanadu)

title: Unlocking the Air and Other Stories


text:
File:My Generation vocal melody with response.PNG

"My Generation" vocal melody with response, also tumbling strain modal frame example

Created by Hyacinth 22:29, 5 December 2004 using Sibelius 5.

See: File:My Generation vocal melody with response.mid

Source

 * Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0335152759.

Fair use for My Generation
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a very short portion of one part of the entire piece;
 * 2) the transcription is only being used for informational purposes;
 * 3) it is inferior to the original piece;
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the call and response between the vocal melody and background vocals as well as the tumbling strain modal frame.

Fair use for Call and response (music)
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a very short portion of one part of the entire piece;
 * 2) the transcription is only being used for informational purposes;
 * 3) it is inferior to the original piece;
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the call and response between the vocal melody and background vocals.


text:
User talk:Pyromonkeykw

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:29, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

COTW
Congratulations, First Indochina War has been voted this week's Collaboration of the week. Please edit it to help raise it to featured article status.

Collaboration of the week
Military history of the Soviet Union is this week's Collaboration of the Week. Please contribute to it to help make it a feature article

COTW Project
You voted for Decolonization, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

COTW Project
You voted for Culture of Ancient Rome, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

COTW Project
You voted for Roaring Twenties, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. Falphin 03:31, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pyromonkeykw


text:
Talk:Food taster

[Untitled]
Do we know who has used food tasters in the past, and, even more interesting, who uses food tasters today?--Pharos 04:29, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Frequently ancient rulers, doubt there are many in this day and age. After all there is the major problem of slow acting posions. Mathmo Talk 10:59, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * US President Barack Obama uses one.:
 * "Un agent des services secrets s'est ainsi tenu en cuisine, pendant tout le repas, pour goûter les plats destinés à Barack Obama."
 * ("A secret service agent stayed in the kitchen through the whole meal, to taste the dishes intended for Barack Obama", article about Obama's dinner in a Paris restaurant this past week). 67.122.209.126 (talk) 13:00, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Claims, citation
What is the meaning of 'sacrifices' in "...food tasters or sacrifices"? If it means to refer to food tasters broadly as sacrifices, then it really ought to be removed. And where is the source for the claim that praegustatores were often slaves? Even in its current forms, the article needs revisions in other areas (For example, "...presidents and royal families" does not give a good historical overview of the employers of tasters testers). Moreover, better citations could probably be given, if any are to be given at all; And inline citations should actually be connected to the portions they are attached to. Zusty001 (talk) 01:15, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Food taster


text:
Subthalamic nucleus

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system. In terms of anatomy, it is the major part of the subthalamus. As suggested by its name, the subthalamic nucleus is located ventral to the thalamus. It is also dorsal to the substantia nigra and medial to the internal capsule. It was first described by Jules Bernard Luys in 1865, and the term corpus Luysi or Luys' body is still sometimes used.

Structure
The principal type of neuron found in the subthalamic nucleus has rather long, sparsely spiny dendrites. In the more centrally located neurons, the dendritic arbors have a more ellipsoidal shape. The dimensions of these arbors (1200 μm, 600 μm, and 300 μm) are similar across many species—including rat, cat, monkey and human—which is unusual. However, the number of neurons increases with brain size as well as the external dimensions of the nucleus. The principal neurons are glutamatergic, which give them a particular functional position in the basal ganglia system. In humans there are also a small number (about 7.5%) of GABAergic interneurons that participate in the local circuitry; however, the dendritic arbors of subthalamic neurons shy away from the border and primarily interact with one another.

The structure of the subthalamic nucleus has not yet been fully explored and understood, but it is likely composed of several internal domains. The primate subthalamic nucleus is often divided in three internal anatomical-functional domains. However, this so-called tripartite model has been debated because it does not fully explain the complexity of the subthalamic nucleus in brain function.

Afferent axons
The subthalamic nucleus receives its main input from the external globus pallidus (GPe), not so much through the ansa lenticularis as often said but by radiating fibers crossing the medial pallidum first and the internal capsule (see figure). These afferents are GABAergic, inhibiting neurons in the subthalamic nucleus. Excitatory, glutamatergic inputs come from the cerebral cortex (particularly the motor cortex), and from the pars parafascicularis of the central complex. The subthalamic nucleus also receives neuromodulatory inputs, notably dopaminergic axons from the substantia nigra pars compacta. It also receives inputs from the pedunculopontine nucleus.

Efferent targets
The axons of subthalamic nucleus neurons leave the nucleus dorsally. The efferent axons are glutamatergic (excitatory). Except for the connection to the striatum (17.3% in macaques), most of the subthalamic principal neurons are multitargets and directed to the other elements of the core of the basal ganglia. Some send axons to the substantia nigra medially and to the medial and lateral nuclei of the pallidum laterally (3-target, 21.3%). Some are 2-target with the lateral pallidum and the substantia nigra (2.7%) or the lateral pallidum and the medial (48%). Less are single target for the lateral pallidum. In the pallidum, subthalamic terminals end in bands parallel to the pallidal border. When all axons reaching this target are added, the main efference of the subthalamic nucleus is, in 82.7% of the cases, clearly the internal globus pallidus (GPi).

Some researchers have reported internal axon collaterals. However, there is little functional evidence for this.

Subthalamic nucleus
The first intracellular electrical recordings of subthalamic neurons were performed using sharp electrodes in a rat slice preparation. In these recordings three key observations were made, all three of which have dominated subsequent reports of subthalamic firing properties. The first observation was that, in the absence of current injection or synaptic stimulation, the majority of cells were spontaneously firing. The second observation is that these cells are capable of transiently firing at very high frequencies. The third observation concerns non-linear behaviors when cells are transiently depolarized after being hyperpolarized below –65mV. They are then able to engage voltage-gated calcium and sodium currents to fire bursts of action potentials.

Several recent studies have focused on the autonomous pacemaking ability of subthalamic neurons. These cells are often referred to as "fast-spiking pacemakers", since they can generate spontaneous action potentials at rates of 80 to 90 Hz in primates.

Oscillatory and synchronous activity is likely to be a typical pattern of discharge in subthalamic neurons recorded from patients and animal models characterized by the loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is the principal pathology that underlies Parkinson's disease.

Lateropallido-subthalamic system
Strong reciprocal connections link the subthalamic nucleus and the external segment of the globus pallidus. Both are fast-spiking pacemakers. Together, they are thought to constitute the "central pacemaker of the basal ganglia" with synchronous bursts.

The connection of the lateral pallidum with the subthalamic nucleus is also the one in the basal ganglia system where the reduction between emitter/receiving elements is likely the strongest. In terms of volume, in humans, the lateral pallidum measures 808 mm3, the subthalamic nucleus only 158 mm3. This translated in numbers of neurons represents a strong compression with loss of map precision.

Some axons from the lateral pallidum go to the striatum. The activity of the medial pallidum is influenced by afferences from the lateral pallidum and from the subthalamic nucleus. The same for the substantia nigra pars reticulata. The subthalamic nucleus sends axons to another regulator: the pedunculo-pontine complex (id).

The lateropallido-subthalamic system is thought to play a key role in the generation of the patterns of activity seen in Parkinson's disease.

Pathophysiology
Chronic stimulation of the STN, called deep brain stimulation (DBS), is used to treat patients with Parkinson disease. The first to be stimulated are the terminal arborisations of afferent axons, which modify the activity of subthalamic neurons. However, it has been shown in thalamic slices from mice, that the stimulus also causes nearby astrocytes to release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a precursor to adenosine (through a catabolic process). In turn, adenosine A1 receptor activation depresses excitatory transmission in the thalamus, thus mimicking ablation of the subthalamic nucleus.

Unilateral destruction or disruption of the subthalamic nucleus — which can commonly occur via a small vessel stroke in patients with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of smoking – produces hemiballismus.

As one of the STN's suspected functions is in impulse control, dysfunction in this region has been implicated in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Artificially stimulating the STN has shown some promise in correcting severe impulsive behavior and may later be used as an alternative treatment for the disorder.

Function
The function of the STN is unknown, but current theories place it as a component of the basal ganglia control system that may perform action selection. It is thought to implement the so-called "hyperdirect pathway" of motor control, contrasting with the direct and indirect pathways implemented elsewhere in the basal ganglia. STN dysfunction has also been shown to increase impulsivity in individuals presented with two equally rewarding stimuli.

Research has suggested that the subthalamus is an extrapyramidal center. It holds muscular responses in check, and damage may result in hemiballism (a violent flinging of the arm and leg on one side of the body).

The physiological role of the STN has been for long hidden by its pathological role. But lately, the research on the physiology of the STN lead to the discovery that the STN is required to achieve intended movement, including locomotion, balance and motor coordination. It is indeed involved in stopping or interrupting on-going motor tasks. Moreover, STN excitation was generally correlated with significant reduction in locomotor activity, while in contrast, STN inhibition enhanced locomotion.

title: Subthalamic nucleus


text:
2004–05 NCAA football bowl games

The 2004–05 NCAA football bowl games were a series of 32 post-season games (including the Bowl Championship Series) played in December 2004 and January 2005 for Division I-A football teams and their all-stars. The post-season began with the New Orleans Bowl on December 14, 2004, and concluded on January 29, 2005, with the season-ending Senior Bowl.

A total of 28 team-competitive games, and five all-star games, were played. For the first time in three years, the 56 available bowl slots were filled by teams with winning records, as no teams with non-winning seasons (6–6, or .500) were invited to participate in bowl games.

Non-BCS bowls
Of the 59 Division I-A football teams with winning records, 56 were invited to the various bowl games. This season, bowl officials had more difficulty than usual filling their slots. Because the regular season was only 11 games, teams had to finish at least 6–5 to qualify. Teams that were allowed under NCAA rules to play a 12th regular-season game in return for playing at Hawaii had to finish at least 7–5.

Four conferences – the Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-10, and SEC – all failed to produce enough bowl-eligible teams to fill their contracted bowl slots. In addition, a massive brawl between Clemson and South Carolina players during their November 20 game, less than 24 hours following the Pacers–Pistons brawl during a National Basketball Association game, led both schools to announce that they would not go to any bowl game as a self-imposed punishment. Both schools were otherwise bowl-eligible, thus forcing bowl organizers to scramble even more to fill their slots. In addition, Utah's unexpected entry into the BCS caused further shuffling of normal bowl tie-ins.

The main beneficiary of this unexpected chaos was the Mid-American Conference, which received five bowl bids instead of its contracted two. The only bowl-eligible team willing to accept an invitation that was left out of this season's bowl games was another MAC school, Akron. The Zips would make their first bowl appearance the next season.

Three schools made their first-ever bowl appearance this season: UAB (Hawaii Bowl), UConn (2004 Motor City Bowl), and Troy State (Silicon Valley Football Classic). Of these three, only UConn won its game. For the first time since the 1968–1969 bowl season Nebraska did not go to a bowl game.

Records shown are pre-bowl.

New Orleans Bowl
The bowl season kicked off on December 14 with the fourth annual New Orleans Bowl, one of two bowl games played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. Dustin Almond passed for 249 yards and a touchdown, and rushed for a touchdown as well, as Southern Miss Golden Eagles (Conference USA) defeated the North Texas Mean Green (Sun Belt Conference) 31–10.
 * Southern Miss (6–5) 31, North Texas (7–4) 10

Champs Sports Bowl
The first of two bowl games at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida was the Champs Sports Bowl, held on December 21. It featured the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (ACC) and the Syracuse Orange (Big East). Georgia Tech quarterback Reggie Ball passed for two touchdowns and ran for another, while the Yellow Jackets defense recorded a touchdown off of an interception and a safety. Georgia Tech romped, 51–14.
 * Georgia Tech (6–5) 51, Syracuse (6–5) 14

GMAC Bowl
The Bowling Green Falcons (MAC) met the Memphis Tigers (C-USA) on December 22 in Mobile, Alabama in the GMAC Bowl. In a meeting of high-powered offenses, Memphis's Danny Wimprime threw for 324 yards and 4 touchdowns, but was outdone by his counterpart Omar Jacobs, who had 365 yards and 5 touchdowns. Bowling Green won, 52–35.
 * Bowling Green (8–3) 52, Memphis (8–3) 35

Fort Worth Bowl
The Fort Worth Bowl, held on December 23 at Amon G. Carter Stadium in the titular city, matched a departing C-USA team with a future member of that conference. The Cincinnati Bearcats, which left C-USA for the Big East Conference after the 2004–05 season, played the Marshall Thundering Herd, which joined C-USA from the MAC for 2005–06. Cincinnati quarterback Gino Guidugli returned from a broken hand to throw for two touchdowns, and the Bearcats defense held Marshall to 134 yards of total offense in a 32–14 win. The loss broke the Thundering Herd's streaks of 20 consecutive winning seasons and five winning bowl appearances (in nonconsecutive years).
 * Cincinnati (6–5) 32, Marshall (6–5) 14

Las Vegas Bowl

The first matchup of the bowl season that pitted a team from a BCS AQ conference against a BCS non-AQ conference team was the Las Vegas Bowl, held at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney, Nevada on December 23. The UCLA Bruins (Pac-10) played the Wyoming Cowboys (Mountain West Conference), with UCLA the heavy favorite. The underdog Cowboys took an early 10–0 lead, but the Bruins stormed back to take a 21–10 lead going into the fourth quarter. The Cowboys scored a touchdown early in the fourth quarter on a trick play, and capped off the first major upset of the bowl season with a touchdown pass from Corey Bramlet to John Wadkowski with 57 seconds left. The 24–21 Wyoming win was the Cowboys' first bowl victory since 1968.
 * Wyoming (6–5) 24, UCLA (6–5) 21

Hawaii Bowl
On December 24, the Hawaii Warriors (WAC) played the Hawaii Bowl on their home field, Aloha Stadium in Honolulu for the third time in the bowl's three-year existence. The Warriors faced a first-time bowl participant in the UAB Blazers (C-USA). In an offensive shootout that saw both quarterbacks (Hawaii's Timmy Chang and UAB's Darrell Hackney) throw for over 400 yards, the homestanding Warriors won 59–40. The Warriors' Chad Owens caught two of Chang's four touchdown passes and returned a punt for a TD. Chang finished his career as the first Division I-A quarterback to throw for over 17,000 yards in his career, and also finished with career records for pass attempts, completions, and total offense.
 * Hawaii (7–5) 59, UAB (7–4) 40

MPC Computers Bowl
On December 27, the second matchup between BCS AQ and BCS non-AQ conference teams took place in the MPC Computers Bowl in Boise, Idaho. The Fresno State Bulldogs (WAC) played the Virginia Cavaliers (ACC). UVa went out to a 21–7 second-quarter lead, but the Bulldogs stormed back to tie the game at 24 early in the fourth quarter. The Cavaliers retook the lead early in the fourth quarter on a rushing touchdown by Wali Lundy, but Bulldogs quarterback Paul Pinegar threw a 3-yard TD pass to Jason Fairman with 19 seconds left; the ensuing extra point tied the game at 31, leading to the first overtime of the 2004–05 bowl season. In the overtime, the Cavaliers had the ball first and kicked a field goal. On the Bulldogs' first play in overtime, Pinegar threw his fifth TD pass of the day, connecting with Stephen Spach to give the Bulldogs a 37–34 upset win.
 * Fresno State (8–3) 37, Virginia (8–3) 34

Motor City Bowl
The other bowl on December 27, the Motor City Bowl held at Ford Field in Detroit, was also a BCS AQ conference vs. BCS non-AQ conference matchup. The UConn Huskies made their first-ever bowl appearance in their second year in Division I-A and first as a member of the Big East. They faced the MAC champion Toledo Rockets, which were playing little more than an hour's drive from their campus. Rockets quarterback Bruce Gradowski, affected by a broken hand suffered in the MAC championship game, was ineffective before being benched at halftime. However, the Huskies were effective enough that a healthy Gradowski may not have made a difference; UConn quarterback Dan Orlovsky threw for two TDs with no interceptions, and return specialist Larry Taylor had 157 return yards, including a punt return for a TD. UConn won 39–10, giving BCS AQ conferences their first win in three tries against BCS non-AQ conference teams this season.
 * UConn (7–4) 39, Toledo (9–3) 10

Independence Bowl
On December 28 in Shreveport, Louisiana, another BCS AQ/non-AQ matchup took place in the Independence Bowl between the Iowa State Cyclones (Big 12) and the Miami (Ohio) RedHawks (MAC). Iowa State went out to a 10–0 lead in the second quarter, but Miami scored a touchdown late in that quarter to reduce the Cyclones' halftime lead to 10–7. The RedHawks scored a TD to take a 13–10 lead in the third quarter, but missed the extra point. The Cyclones' Ryan Kock scored the winning TD early in the fourth quarter, and the Cyclones defense held on for the 17–13 win. Two Cyclones, quarterback Bret Meyer and running back Stevie Hicks, rushed for over 100 yards each. RedHawks receiver Michael Larkin extended his NCAA record of consecutive games with a reception to 50. This was the last game for RedHawks head coach Terry Hoeppner, who took the head job at Indiana.
 * Iowa State (8–4) 17, Miami (Ohio) (8–4) 13

Insight Bowl
The second bowl on December 28, the Insight Bowl held at Bank One Ballpark in Phoenix, Arizona, the home of the Arizona Diamondbacks, was the second of the 2004–05 bowl season to pit two BCS AQ member teams. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish, the only independent with BCS automatic qualifying privileges, took on the Oregon State Beavers from the Pac-10. The Beavers never trailed in the game, and easily defeated the Irish 38–21. Beavers quarterback Derek Anderson threw for 359 yards and four touchdown passes, with no interceptions.
 * Oregon State (6–5) 38, Notre Dame (6–5) 21

The game was a rematch of the 2001 Fiesta Bowl, played at the nearby Sun Devil Stadium, with a similar result (Oregon State blowout victory).

Houston Bowl
On December 29, the Colorado Buffaloes (Big 12) took on the UTEP Miners (WAC) in the Houston Bowl at Reliant Stadium in the host city. The Miners led for most of the game, but Buffaloes quarterback Joel Klatt threw two TD passes in the fourth quarter to lead CU to a 33–28 win. Klatt finished 24-for-33 for 333 yards. Miners QB Jordan Palmer, younger brother of 2002 Heisman Trophy winner Carson Palmer, threw for 328 yards and two TDs, but only completed two of his last 12 passes, finishing 22-for-42 with two interceptions.
 * Colorado (7–5) 33, UTEP (8–3) 28

Alamo Bowl
In the other game on December 29, the Alamo Bowl held at the Alamodome in San Antonio, the Ohio State Buckeyes (Big Ten) took on the Oklahoma State Cowboys (Big 12), in a game which matched two schools whose initials spell "OSU". This was also Ohio State's first December bowl since the 1993 Holiday Bowl. The Buckeyes defense set the tone for the game early, intercepting Cowboys quarterback Donovan Woods during the game's first possession. Justin Zwick, starting at quarterback in place of the suspended Troy Smith, threw a touchdown pass to Anthony Gonzalez three plays later, giving the Buckeyes a lead that they never relinquished. The Buckeyes won 33–7.
 * Ohio State (7–4) 33, Oklahoma State (7–4) 7

Continental Tire Bowl
In the first of four games on December 30, the Boston College Eagles, which left the Big East in July 2005 to join the ACC, played one of its future conference rivals, the North Carolina Tar Heels, in the Continental Tire Bowl at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. Eagles quarterback Paul Peterson earned MVP honors by going 24-for-33 for 236 yards and two TDs before breaking his leg in the fourth quarter. Andre Callender added 174 rushing yards for the Eagles. The game was close for the first three quarters, and tied three times, but the Eagles pulled away to win their fifth consecutive bowl game and final game as a Big East member 37–24.
 * Boston College (8–3) 37, North Carolina (6–5) 24

Emerald Bowl
The second game on December 30, the Emerald Bowl held at SBC Park in San Francisco, pitted the Navy Midshipmen (independent) against the New Mexico Lobos (MWC). After the Lobos jumped to an early 7–0 lead, Navy QB Aaron Polanco took over the game, rushing for three touchdowns and throwing for a fourth. The Midshipmen defense performed well in the clutch, forcing two turnovers in the first half that led to TDs and making a successful goal-line stand in the third quarter. After the stand, the Midshipmen offense then went on a 26-play drive that lasted nearly 15 minutes, ending with a field goal, that sealed Navy's 34–19 win. The Midshipmen finished the season 10–2, their first 10-win season since 1905. The Emerald Bowl is now known as the Fight Hunger Bowl.
 * Navy (9–2) 34, New Mexico (7–4) 19

Holiday Bowl
In the third game on December 30 (also the second of three in California), the Holiday Bowl was held at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, pitting the Pac-10's California Golden Bears and the Big 12's Texas Tech Red Raiders. Cal, edged out for a BCS bowl berth by Texas in the last week of the regular season, was out to prove that it deserved a BCS bowl berth. The Bears played well at first, finishing the first quarter with a 14–7 lead. However, the second and third quarters belonged to the Red Raiders, who outscored the Bears 31–3 in those periods, going on to score the biggest upset of the bowl season with a 45–31 win. Raiders QB Sonny Cumbie torched the Bears defense for 520 passing yards, going 40-for-60 with three TDs and no interceptions. The brightest spot for Cal was running back J.J. Arrington, who ran for 173 yards and a touchdown, making him only the third Pac-10 runner to reach 2,000 yards rushing in a season.
 * Texas Tech (7–4) 45, California (10–1) 31

Silicon Valley Football Classic
The last game of December 30 was the Silicon Valley Football Classic at Spartan Stadium in San José. The Northern Illinois Huskies (MAC), playing in their first bowl game in 21 years, faced the Troy State Trojans from the Sun Belt, a school that joined NCAA Division I-A in 2001 and were playing in their first bowl game ever. The Trojans opened strong, scoring two touchdowns, a pass and a run by D.T. McDowell, in the first quarter to build a 14–0 lead. The Huskies came back, tying the score by the end of the first quarter with rushing touchdowns by Garrett Wolfe and Josh Haldi, then building a 34–14 lead in the fourth quarter. The Trojans attempted a comeback, with McDowell running in another touchdown, but failed on their next possession on fourth and goal, and the Huskies were able to run out the clock to complete a 34–21 win. This would be the last game ever for this bowl, as poor attendance due to a driving rainstorm, a rarity of December in the Bay Area, along with bad publicity as neither the Pac-10 or WAC had teams with the necessary winning records and other negative press led the NCAA to strip the Silicon Valley Football Classic of its certification on April 20, 2005.
 * Northern Illinois (8–3) 34, Troy State (7–4) 21

Music City Bowl
The first game on December 31, the Music City Bowl held at The Coliseum in Nashville, matched the Alabama Crimson Tide (SEC) and Minnesota Golden Gophers (Big Ten). The first quarter was one of the sloppiest in recent years, with the two teams turning the ball over five times (Minnesota three times, Alabama twice). On the first play of the second quarter, the Gophers took a 14–7 lead on a touchdown run by Marion Barber III and never trailed again. Late in the fourth quarter, the Gophers, then leading 20–14, took a deliberate safety on a punt from their own end zone. On the ensuing possession, the Tide drove to the Gophers' 15-yard-line, but their threat ended with an incomplete pass on fourth down. The Gophers then ran out the clock for the 20–16 win. Barber ran for 187 yards, and fellow Gophers running back Laurence Maroney ran for 105. Alabama, which was second in the nation in total defense going into the game, had not given up a 100-yard game to an opposing rusher this season.
 * Minnesota (6–5) 20, Alabama (6–5) 16

Sun Bowl
The next game on New Year's Eve, the Sun Bowl, held at the stadium of the same name in El Paso, Texas, pitted the Arizona State Sun Devils against the Purdue Boilermakers in what would be the sole Big Ten/Pac-10 matchup on the bowl schedule. The first half of the game was a defensive struggle, with the Sun Devils taking a 3–2 lead into the locker room. The offensive fireworks began on the first play from scrimmage of the second half, with Boilermakers QB Kyle Orton connecting with Brian Hare on an 80-yard TD pass. The Sun Devils answered with a Sam Keller TD pass to Derek Hagan to retake the lead. This set the stage for a wild fourth quarter that featured four lead changes, two of them in the last two minutes of the game. Purdue got the ball with 1:55 remaining and trailing 20–16; Orton took the Boilermakers down the field in four plays and 33 seconds, completing the drive with a 6-yard TD pass to Charles Davis. The Sun Devils then took only four plays to move the ball 80 yards, ending in a 19-yard Keller TD pass to Rudy Burgess with 43 seconds left. The ensuing extra point gave the Devils a 27–23 lead. Purdue was unable to move the ball in the remaining seconds, sealing the Devils' win.
 * Arizona State (8–3) 27, Purdue (7–4) 23

Liberty Bowl
The third game on December 31, and the last of the bowl season to feature two BCS non-AQ conference schools, was the Liberty Bowl, held in the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis. One of the most intriguing matchups of the bowl season pitted the two top-ranked offenses in NCAA Division I-A. The Louisville Cardinals (C-USA) led the nation in scoring and total yardage per game; their opponents, WAC champion the Boise State Broncos, were second in both categories. The Broncos also took their undefeated regular season record and Division I-A's then-longest winning streak of 22 games into the contest. In a wild game that saw five lead changes, the Cardinals won 44–40, ending the Broncos' streak, despite a season-high four turnovers. The Cardinals racked up 564 yards of total offense, surpassing the 500-yard mark for the ninth time this season. Starting Louisville QB Stefan LeFors threw for two touchdowns, ran for a third, and made the key block allowing a fourth touchdown to score, but also had an interception run back for a TD. The Broncos went into the game averaging 511 yards per game on offense, but could only manage 281. This was the last game for Louisville in C-USA; in July 2005, they joined a BCS AQ conference as a new member of the Big East.
 * Louisville (10–1) 44, Boise State (11–0) 40

Peach Bowl
The final game on December 31 was the Peach Bowl, held at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. It matched the Florida Gators of the SEC with one of their two bitter in-state rivals, the Miami Hurricanes from the ACC. The Hurricanes did most of their damage on special teams and defense, returning a blocked field goal and a punt for touchdowns, and intercepting Gators QB Chris Leak twice. Miami won 27–10, extending their winning streak against Florida to six games and giving 'Canes senior QB Brock Berlin (a former Florida player) a 5–0 record as a starter against Miami's two major in-state rivals (Florida and Florida State).
 * Miami (Florida) (8–3) 27, Florida (7–4) 10

Cotton Bowl Classic
The Cotton Bowl Classic, held in the stadium of the same name in Dallas on January 1, matched the Tennessee Volunteers (SEC) and the Texas A&M Aggies (Big 12). On the game's seventh play from scrimmage, Vols QB Rick Clausen, a third-stringer for most of the season, completed a short pass to C.J. Fayton, who promptly turned the reception into a 57-yard touchdown to give the Vols an early lead. Clausen passed for two more TDs with no interceptions, Vols running back Gerald Riggs racked up 102 yards and a touchdown on the ground, and the Vols defense pressured the Aggies into five turnovers. Tennessee ended with a 38–7 win, their most one-sided bowl win ever.
 * Tennessee (9–3) 38, Texas A&M (7–4) 7

Outback Bowl
Also on New Year's Day, the Outback Bowl was held at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The game matched the Georgia Bulldogs and the Wisconsin Badgers in the first of two Big Ten-SEC New Year's Day contests. The first 20 minutes of the game were mostly a defensive battle, with the Badgers taking a 6–3 lead. Georgia QB David Greene threw a TD pass in the second quarter to give the Bulldogs a lead they never relinquished. He added a second TD pass in the third quarter, but had an interception run back for a Badgers TD in the fourth. Thomas Brown added 111 rushing yards and a TD for the Bulldogs, and Lombardi Award winner David Pollack forced a key Badgers fumble with one of his three sacks. The Bulldogs held on for a 24–21 win, extending Greene's NCAA record for wins by a starting quarterback to 42.
 * Georgia (9–2) 24, Wisconsin (9–2) 21

Gator Bowl
The third bowl game on January 1 was the Gator Bowl, held at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. It matched the Florida State Seminoles (ACC) and the West Virginia Mountaineers (Big East). Longtime Seminoles coach Bobby Bowden was facing his former school for the first time since the two met in this game in 1982. The 'Noles went out to an early lead when Leon Washington ran 69 yards for a TD; he finished with 195 yards rushing on only 12 carries. However, inconsistent Seminoles QB Chris Rix helped keep the Mountaineers in the game, throwing two interceptions and fumbling three times, losing one, in the first half. Rix eventually settled down, leading the Seminoles on two touchdown drives in the second half. Lorenzo Booker added 101 yards rushing for the Seminoles. The Mountaineers ran for 238 yards against the nation's top rushing defense, led by 134 yards and two TDs by Kay-Jay Harris. However, special teams miscues hurt the Mountaineers. In the first half alone, a return man fumbled away a kickoff, two different kickers missed extra points, a kickoff was booted out of bounds, and the Mountaineers faked a field goal but failed to convert the first-down run. Even more tellingly, the Mountaineers were unsuccessful in the red zone; they advanced the ball past the Seminoles 20 five times, but could only score a TD and a field goal. The Seminoles pulled away to a 30–18 win, saving them from a third straight bowl loss and giving Bowden his 18th bowl victory, one shy of Joe Paterno's record of 19.
 * Florida State (8–3) 30, West Virginia (8–3) 18

Capital One Bowl
The fourth bowl game on January 1, the second of the bowl season held at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, and the other Big Ten vs. SEC contest on New Year's Day was the Capital One Bowl, featuring the Iowa Hawkeyes and the LSU Tigers. The Hawkeyes scored on their first possession, with QB Drew Tate burning an LSU blitz by completing a pass to Clinton Solomon that turned into a 57-yard touchdown play. This gave Iowa a lead that it did not give up until the game's last minute. The Hawkeyes defense largely bottled up the Tigers' running game, except for a 74-yard TD run by Alley Broussard in the second quarter, and Iowa had a 24–12 lead early in the fourth. Freshman QB JaMarcus Russell came off the bench for LSU and connected with Skyler Green for two fourth-quarter TD passes, the last of which gave LSU a 25–24 lead with 46 seconds left. After a failed 2-point conversion, Iowa got the ball back, and Tate completed two passes, but a penalty pushed the Hawkeyes back to their own 44 with 14 seconds left. Tate threw long to Warren Holloway, who was open because of an LSU coverage breakdown, and Holloway scored the winning touchdown with no time remaining. No extra point was attempted, and Iowa won 30–25. The result spoiled Nick Saban's last game as LSU head coach; he left to become head coach of the Miami Dolphins. With the loss, Saban's record fell to 30–1 when leading at the half with LSU, who also became the first defending BCS national champion to lose a non-BCS bowl the following year.
 * Iowa (9–2) 30, LSU (9–2) 25

Bowl Championship Series games
Records shown are pre-bowl.

Rose Bowl
The Rose Bowl, held on January 1 in the stadium of the same name in Pasadena, California, pitted the Big Ten champions, the Michigan Wolverines, and the Texas Longhorns from the Big 12. Utah's unexpected entry into the BCS games, combined with Texas leapfrogging Cal in the final BCS rankings, plus the fact that Pac-10 champion Southern California was playing in the Orange Bowl for the National Championship made it impossible for the Rose Bowl to maintain its traditional Big Ten–Pac-10 match-up for only the third time since 1947.
 * Texas (10–1) 38, Michigan (9–2) 37

Nonetheless, the match-up promised to be highly entertaining, as well as historic for being the first ever game between Michigan and Texas, the winningest and third-winningest college football programs, respectively, of all time. The 2,271 games played by the two teams mark the most games ever played by two teams before they met for the first time. It was also the Longhorns' first trip ever to the Rose Bowl, and the game itself proved to be a record-setting performance as well—16 Rose Bowl individual or team records were set or tied during the game, as well as numerous team and conference records.

The game proved to be an offensive showcase. Longhorns QB Vince Young had 372 yards of total offense, rushing for 192 yards and four TDs and passing for 180 yards and a fifth TD, setting new Rose Bowl record for most total touchdowns. He became the first Texas quarterback to throw for over 1,000 yards and rush for over 1,000 yards in a single season. Together with Doak Walker Award-winning running back Cedric Benson, the two became the first Texas duo to each run for 1,000 yards in the same season.

Wolverines freshman QB Chad Henne threw for four TDs, tying both the Michigan and Rose Bowl single-game record. Three of Henne's TDs went to All-American receiver and Fred Biletnikoff Award winner Braylon Edwards. Edwards set a Rose Bowl record for touchdown passes caught in a game, and also set Michigan and Big Ten records for career touchdown receptions (39). Another Wolverines receiver, Steve Breaston, amassed 310 all-purpose yards, breaking a Rose Bowl record set by O. J. Simpson in 1969.

By midway through the third quarter, the teams had been tied at 7, 14, and 21, but the Wolverines took a 31–21 lead going into the fourth quarter. In that quarter, Young ran for TDs before and after a Michigan field goal, giving the Longhorns a 35–34 lead. The Wolverines retook the lead with 3:04 remaining on Garrett Rivas' third field goal of the day. On the ensuing possession, Young led the 'Horns into position for a 37-yard field goal with 2 seconds left. Michigan took both of its remaining timeouts in an attempt to "ice" Texas kicker Dusty Mangum. He finally put a wobbly kick through the uprights as time expired, giving the Longhorns a 38–37 win. The thrilling come-from-behind fourth quarter victory marked their sixth such victory of the year. The game was won on the final play for the first time in Rose Bowl history, and only the third time in Longhorns history.

Fiesta Bowl
The final game on January 1 was the Fiesta Bowl, held at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona (suburban Phoenix). It matched the Pittsburgh Panthers, the Big East champions and the Mountain West champion Utah Utes. This was another historic matchup, as Utah became the first BCS non-AQ conference member to appear in a BCS bowl game. It was also the swan song for Utes head coach Urban Meyer, who left after the game to take the head coaching job at Florida.
 * Utah (11–0) 35, Pittsburgh (8–3) 7

The matchup was fairly controversial, though not because of the Utes' presence; in their 11–0 regular season, they had defeated three schools from BCS AQ conferences, two of which participated in bowl games, by an average of 22 points. No opponent came within two touchdowns of the Utes. The controversy surrounded the presence of Pittsburgh, or more to the point, the Big East, in the BCS AQ pool. The Panthers finished 8–3 in a conference that had just lost its two strongest programs (Miami-Florida and Virginia Tech) to the ACC—a tiebreaker among four teams granted Pittsburgh the Big East championship. However, the BCS was still contractually obligated to place the Big East champion in one of its bowls.

Utah's vaunted offense started the game slowly, but the Utes nonetheless went into halftime leading 14–0. The tone for the game was initially set by the Utes defense, which mercilessly pressured Panthers QB Tyler Palko, and special teams, which blocked a Pittsburgh field goal attempt and nearly blocked a punt. In the third quarter, the Utah offense came alive, with QB Alex Smith, a Heisman Trophy finalist who became the top overall pick in the 2005 NFL Draft, throwing two TD passes and connecting on a hook and lateral that ended in a Paris Warren TD. By the end of that quarter, the Utes led by their final margin of 35–7. The win capped off a fairy-tale 12–0 season, Utah's first perfect season since 1930, and sent Meyer off to his new job in Gainesville with a historic win.

Smith went 29-for-37 passing for 328 yards and three TDs with no interceptions, and also led the Utes in rushing with 68 yards. Warren caught 15 passes for 180 yards and a TD, as well as scoring on the pass-and-lateral play. The Utes defense sacked Palko nine times.

Sugar Bowl
In the second game of the bowl season held at the Superdome in New Orleans, the SEC champion Auburn Tigers took on the Virginia Tech Hokies, the ACC champions in the Sugar Bowl on January 3.
 * Auburn (12–0) 16, Virginia Tech (10–1) 13

Despite finishing the regular season 12–0 and winning the SEC, Auburn was not able to crack the top two in the BCS rankings, shutting the Tigers out of the BCS title game. Their main hope for a split national championship (as happened the season before with LSU and Southern California) was to score a resounding win over the Hokies and hope that Oklahoma unimpressively defeated Southern California in the Orange Bowl the following evening. Auburn would then have to hope that enough voters in the AP media poll switch their votes from Oklahoma to give the Tigers the AP title.

The Tigers had a chance to blow the game open in the first half, but were unable to score a touchdown in three trips inside the Hokies' 10-yard line, settling for three field goals from John Vaughn. Auburn's defense was more than up to the challenge from the Hokies, shutting them out in the first half. Tech did not help itself, as Jesse Allen dropped an easy touchdown reception on fourth-and-goal at the Auburn 1 in the second quarter.

Auburn finally drove for a TD on the first possession of the second half, and kept their 16–0 lead into the fourth quarter. However, two second-half turnovers kept the Hokies in the game, and their offense finally awakened in the fourth quarter. Tech QB Bryan Randall threw two TD passes to Josh Howard, the last an 80-yard bomb, in the fourth quarter, cutting the Auburn lead to 16–13. The Hokies then attempted an onside kick, but the Tigers recovered and chose to run out the clock to instead of trying to score again. This preserved the Tigers' perfect 13–0 season; however, it effectively ended Auburn's faint hopes for a split national championship.

Tigers QB Jason Campbell was the game's MVP, completing 11 of his 16 pass attempts for 189 yards and a touchdown. However, he was intercepted once. For the Hokies, Randall went 21-for-38 passing for 299 yards and two TDs, but was intercepted twice.

Orange Bowl
In the final major bowl game of the BCS, the Orange Bowl, played on January 4, 2005, the top two 12–0 teams met for the likely National Championship (see Sugar Bowl, above). The top-ranked Southern California Trojans, the Pac-10 Champions, were able to obtain the National Championship title with a huge 55–19 victory over the second-ranked and Big 12 champion Oklahoma Sooners.
 * Southern Cal (12–0) 55, Oklahoma (12–0) 19

An Orange Bowl record five touchdown passes were thrown by Heisman Trophy winner Matt Leinart, and 38 points were scored by the Trojans in the first 20 minutes of the first half alone to effectively seal the victory.

The game was billed as the Game of the Century by many. It was the first time that two teams went wire-to-wire ranked #1 and #2. It featured the winner (Leinart) and the runner-up (Oklahoma's Adrian Peterson) in that year's Heisman Trophy voting. USC came into the game as a slight underdog after opening as a 3-point favorite. Most of the "experts" predicted an Oklahoma win, calling the Trojans thin at all positions except for all-purpose threat Reggie Bush. The Sooners looked to prove the experts correct by driving the field on their first possession for a 7–0 lead. The Trojans tied the score 7–7 on a spectacular diving catch by tight end Dominique Byrd. It looked like it would be a classic back-and-forth battle until a key turnover turned the tide to USC for good. USC had just punted to Oklahoma and got a good roll inside Oklahoma's 10-yard line. Inexplicably, Senior Mark Bradley tried to pick up the ball and promptly fumbled it away. LenDale White scored on the next play and USC never looked back. From that point on, Matt Leinart was on fire as was his primary target, Sophomore WR Steve Smith. Smith caught 3 TD passes on the night, also an Orange Bowl record. Oklahoma continued turning the ball over as the Trojan defense proved too tough all night. Freshman RB sensation Adrian Peterson was held to well under 100 yards, despite having been the first freshman to finish second in the Heisman balloting.

Many fans left after the third quarter at which point the score was 48–10, USC. After the Trojans took a 55–10 lead, Oklahoma got a safety on USC QB Matt Leinart. The Sooners followed it up with a short drive for the final points.

USC Sanctions
On June 10, 2010, the NCAA placed the University of Southern California (USC) on a probation period of four years, with two years without any bowl game appearances, and forfeiture of all games in which Reggie Bush (an ineligible player because of accepting payments from an agent) participated in beginning in December 2004, and therefore, includes the Orange Bowl BCS National Championship game. On June 6, 2011, the NCAA officially vacated USC's Orange Bowl BCS National Championship game win.

Gridiron Classic
In the Gridiron Classic, the first of the four post-BCS bowl games played January 15, 2005, at The Villages retirement center in Lady Lake, Florida, Marcus Randall (quarterback for LSU) ran seven out of eleven passes for 88 yards as he led the South squad to a win over the North by the score of 24–21. Randall was also declared the game's Most Valuable Player.

East–West Shrine Game
The 80th East–West Shrine Game, played January 15, 2005, (just after the Gridiron Classic) at SBC Park in San Francisco, saw two Louisville teammates, Stefan LeFors and J. R. Russell, propel the East squad to a 45–27 win over the West team. The two teams combined for 1,013 yards of offense in the highest-scoring Shrine Game since 1979.

LeFors was named the MVP for the offense, while Alex Green of Duke won the MVP for the defense.

Las Vegas All-American Classic
The 4th edition of the Las Vegas All-American Classic was played January 22, 2005, in Las Vegas, Nevada. The West won the game by a score of 21–16 over the East.

Hula Bowl
A total 92 of the best seniors in college football were represented in the January 22, 2005, version of the Hula Bowl game played in Wailuku, Hawaii. Michigan State's Ronald Stanley scored with two defensive touchdowns to help win the game for the East over the West by the score of 20–13. For his efforts, Stanley won Most Valuable Player. This was the first time since 1996 that the Hula Bowl used the East and West squads format.

Senior Bowl
In the Senior Bowl, the final game of the 2004–05 college football season, Kansas State's Darren Sproles, Akron's Charlie Frye, and Ohio State's Mike Nugent led the North to a 23–13 victory over the South in the annual bowl game played January 29, 2005, in Mobile, Alabama. Frye won the Most Valuable Player honors for his completion of 10 to 12 passes and making possible a 22-yard touchdown at the game's conclusion to seal the victory for the North. Nugent scored three field goals from 25, 36, and 41 yards, respectively, while Sproles earned the North's defensive player of the game for five carries gaining 55 yards. Leroy Hill of Clemson earned the defensive player honors for the South team.

Conference standings
In the following table of teams that played in bowl games, winners are marked in bold and losers are marked in italics. The table is sorted by winning percentage, then by number of competing teams, and finally alphabetically by conference name.

title: 2004–05 NCAA football bowl games


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Sanctuary (The J. Geils Band album)

Sanctuary is the eighth studio album by American rock band the J. Geils Band. The album was released in November 1978 and is the first released by EMI Records.

A 1998 re-release on the Razor & Tie label added two bonus tracks, taken from the 1982 live album Showtime!

Critical reception
Cash Box said that the single "Take It Back" is "good-time rock 'n' roll" with "a swinging handclap beat, pithy piano fills, [and] Magic Dick harmonica licks." Record World praised the organ and harmonica playing.

Track listing
All songs written by Seth Justman and Peter Wolf, except where noted.

Personnel

 * Peter Wolf – vocals
 * J. Geils – guitar
 * Magic Dick – harmonica
 * Seth Justman – keyboards, vocals
 * Danny Klein – bass
 * Stephen Jo Bladd – drums, vocals

Production

 * Producer: Joseph Wissert
 * Engineer: David Brown, David Hewitt, Jon Mathias, Kooster McAllister, Frank Pavlich, David Thoener
 * Assistant engineers: Jesse Henderson, Jon Mathias
 * Mixing: David Thoener
 * Mastering: Joe Brescio, Elliot Federman
 * Project director: Mike Ragogna
 * Production coordination: David Richman
 * Arranger: Seth Justman
 * Layout design: Paula Bisacca
 * Photography: Alen MacWeeney, Rob Van Petten
 * Liner notes: John Tobler

Charts
Album

Singles

title: Sanctuary (The J. Geils Band album)


text: Talk:Sanctuary (The J. Geils Band album)


text:
Mason Gaffney

Merrill Mason Gaffney (October 18, 1923 – July 16, 2020 ) was an American economist and a major critic of Neoclassical economics from a Georgist point of view. Gaffney first read Henry George's masterwork Progress and Poverty as a high school junior. This interest led him to Harvard University in 1941 but, unimpressed with their approach to economics he left in 1942 to join the war effort. After serving in the southwest Pacific during World War II he earned his B.A. in 1948 from Reed College in Portland, Oregon. In 1956 he gained a Ph.D. in economics at the University of California, Berkeley. There he addressed his teachers' skepticism about Georgism with a dissertation titled "Land Speculation as an Obstacle to Ideal Allocation of Land." Gaffney was Professor of Economics at the University of California, Riverside from 1976 onwards. He died in July 2020 at the age of 96.

Career
Gaffney was a professor of economics at several universities; a journalist with TIME, Inc.; a researcher with Resources for the Future; the head of the British Columbia Institute for Economic Policy Analysis, which he founded; an economic consultant to several businesses and government agencies; and a frequent speaker on economic topics, domestic and foreign, and in political campaigns. He was elected as a Director of Robert Schalkenbach Foundation in 1984.

Gaffney had a wide and varied professional career. His professional positions included:

 * University of Oregon 1953-54 Instructor
 * North Carolina State University 1954-1958 Assistant Professor
 * University of Missouri, 1958-62 Associate Professor and Professor of Agricultural Economics
 * University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 1962-1969 Professor of Economics; department chair 1963-1965
 * UCLA 1967- Visiting Professor of Economics
 * Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 1969-1973 Senior Research Associate
 * British Columbia Institute for Economic Policy Analysis, Victoria, B.C., 1973-1976 Founder and Director
 * University of California, Riverside 1976-2012 Professor of Economics, teaching both Managerial Economics in the (Graduate School of Administration) and Economics.

Publications
Gaffney published many books and articles on public finance, land use, economics, taxation, and public policy. These include:

 * Gaffney, M. Mason. Concepts of financial maturity of timber and other assets. (Raleigh: North Carolina State College, 1957).
 * LAND: A Special Issue (of House and Home Magazine)
 * Gaffney, Mason. Extractive Resources and Taxation: Proceedings (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967) (some pages available on Dr. Gaffney's personal site)
 * Gaffney, Mason; Alaska Dept. of Natural Resources.; Alaska Legislature Interim Committee on Oil and Gas Taxation and Leasing Policy. Oil and gas leasing policy: alternatives for Alaska in 1977: a report. (1977)
 * Gaffney, M. (1997). What price water marketing?: California's new frontier. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 56, 475-520.
 * Gaffney, M., Harrison, F., & Feder, K. The Corruption of Economics. (London: Shepheard-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd., 1994) ISBN 0-85683-160-3 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-85683-244-4 (paperback). In this book, Gaffney shows how Neoclassical economics was designed and promoted by landowners and their hired economists to divert attention from George's extremely popular insight that since land and resources are provided by nature, and their value is given by society, they - rather than labor or capital - should provide the tax base to fund government and its expenditures.
 * Gaffney, Mason. After the Crash: Designing A Depression Free Economy. (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell (Publishers), 2009) ISBN 978-1-4443-3358-9 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-4443-3307-7 (paperback). This anthology of papers and essays by Gaffney provides a detailed explanation for the business cycle through a synthesis of Georgist, Austrian, and other schools of economic thought. It is both a pointed critique of Neoclassical economics and a prescription for a financial sector that is self-correcting, rather than crisis-prone.  Includes introduction by editor Clifford Cobb. Available through the Robert Schalkenback Foundation in HardCover and Paperback .
 * Gaffney, Mason. After the Crash: Designing A Depression Free Economy. (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell (Publishers), 2009) ISBN 978-1-4443-3358-9 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-4443-3307-7 (paperback). This anthology of papers and essays by Gaffney provides a detailed explanation for the business cycle through a synthesis of Georgist, Austrian, and other schools of economic thought. It is both a pointed critique of Neoclassical economics and a prescription for a financial sector that is self-correcting, rather than crisis-prone.  Includes introduction by editor Clifford Cobb. Available through the Robert Schalkenback Foundation in HardCover and Paperback .

title: Mason Gaffney


text:
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is Human gammaherpesvirus 8, or HHV-8 in short. Like other herpesviruses, its informal names are used interchangeably with its formal ICTV name. This virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma, HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. Even after many years since the discovery of KSHV/HHV8, there is no known cure for KSHV associated tumorigenesis.

History
In 1872, Moritz Kaposi described a blood vessel tumor (originally called "idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin") that has since been eponymously named Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KS was at first thought to be an uncommon tumor of Jewish and Mediterranean populations until it was later determined to be extremely common throughout sub-Saharan African populations. This led to the first suggestions in the 1950s that this tumor might be caused by a virus. With the onset of the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s, there was a sudden resurgence of KS affecting AIDS patients, with up to 50% of reported AIDS patients having this tumor—an extraordinary rate of cancer predisposition.

Careful analysis of epidemiologic data by Valerie Beral, Thomas Peterman and Harold Jaffe, led these investigators to propose that KS is caused by an unknown sexually transmitted virus that rarely causes tumors unless the host becomes immunosuppressed, as in AIDS.

As early as 1984, scientists reported seeing herpesvirus-like structures in KS tumors examined under electron microscopy. Scientists had been searching for the agent causing KS, and over 20 agents were proposed as the possible cause, including cytomegalovirus and HIV itself. The pathogen was ultimately identified in 1994 by Yuan Chang and Patrick S. Moore, a wife and husband team at Columbia University, through the isolation of DNA fragments from a herpesvirus found in a KS tumor in an AIDS patient. Chang and Moore used representational difference analysis, or RDA, to find KSHV by comparing KS tumor tissue from an AIDS patient to his own unaffected tissue. The idea behind this experiment was that if a virus causes KS, the genomic DNA in the two samples should be precisely identical except for DNA belonging to the virus. In their initial RDA experiment, they isolated two small DNA fragments that represented less than 1% of the actual viral genome. These fragments were similar (but still distinct from) the known herpevirus sequences, indicating the presence of a new virus. Starting from these fragments, this research team was then able to sequence the entire genome of the virus less than two years later.

The discovery of this herpesvirus sparked considerable controversy and scientific in-fighting until sufficient data had been collected to show that indeed KSHV was the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma. The virus is now known to be a widespread infection of people living in sub-Saharan Africa; intermediate levels of infection occur in Mediterranean populations (including Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and Greece) and low levels of infection occur in most Northern European and North American populations. Gay and bisexual men are more susceptible to infection (through still unknown routes of sexual transmission) whereas the virus is transmitted through non-sexual routes in developing countries.

Virology
KSHV is a herpesvirus, and is a large double-stranded DNA virus with a protein covering that packages its nucleic acids, called the capsid, which is then surrounded by an amorphous protein layer called the tegument, and finally enclosed in a lipid envelope derived in part from the cell membrane. KSHV has a genome which is approximately 165,000 nucleic acid bases in length. The viral genome consists of a ~145 kilobase-long unique region, encoding all of expressed viral genes, which is flanked by ~20-30 kilobases of terminal repeat sequences. Each terminal repeat unit is 801 bp in length, has 85% G+C content and is oriented in a repetitive head-to-tail fashion. KSHV is a rhadinovirus, a Herpes genus remarkable since it has stolen numerous genes from host cells including, in the case of KSHV, genes that encode for complement-binding protein, IL-6, BCL-2, cyclin-D, a G protein-coupled receptor, interferon regulatory factor and Flice inhibitory protein (FLIP), as well as DNA synthesis proteins including dihydrofolate reductase, thymidine kinase, thymidylate synthetase, DNA polymerase and many others. While no other human tumor virus possesses these same genes, other tumor viruses target the same cellular pathways illustrating that at a basic level, all tumor viruses appear to attack the same cellular control pathways, so-called tumor suppressor pathways.

Crucial for the entry of KSHV into cells are the EPH receptor A2, Hrs, TSG101, and a few integrins (whose identity has yet to be confirmed). After infection, the virus enters into lymphocytes via macropinosomes. Once the virus newly infects a cell, the lipid membrane is shed and the virion travels to the nucleus. The viral genome is released where it circularizes into an episome through a poorly understood process that appears to involve homologous recombination of the terminal repeats. The viral episome is chromatinized upon entry into the host cell nucleus.

After entry, the virus typically remains in a latent ("quiet") state. Only a subset of genes that are encoded in the KSHV latency associated region (KLAR) are expressed during latency, including latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), vFLIP, vCyclin and 12 microRNAs. Latency is the hallmark of all KSHV-associated etiologies known to date including all KSHV-associated oncogenesis. It has been shown that both protein coding genes such as LANA and noncoding genes (microRNAs) encoded in KLAR are important for KSHV associated tumorigenesis. To study the functions of microRNAs, a detailed protocol of bacmid mutagenesis and a complete set of cell-lines carrying microRNA deletion mutants have been established and are available as a resource to researchers. Additionally, it has been shown that vFLIP and vCyclin interfere with the TGF-β signaling pathway indirectly by inducing the oncogenic host mir17-92 cluster. These observations represents a novel mechanism that may be important for KSHV tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, a hallmark of KS.

During latency, LANA is the only viral protein that is required for viral replication, which is carried out by the host replication machinery. LANA tethers the viral DNA to cellular chromosomes, inhibits p53 and retinoblastoma protein and suppresses viral genes needed for full virus production and assembly ("lytic replication"). Why only a subset of virus genes expressed during latency is not fully understood. But it has been shown that the latency associated gene expression can be explained in part by a characteristic epigenetic state that KSHV episome acquires during latency. LANA plays an important role during latency, regulating both host and virus transcripts and binding to multiple active promoters; it also associates with the host protein hSET1 that creates H3K4me3 marks in chromatin.

Various signals such as inflammation may provoke the virus to enter into lytic replication. The primary viral protein responsible for the switch between latent and lytic replication is known as the ORF50 Replication Transactivation Activator (RTA). When cell signaling conditions activate the generation of RTA, it in turn activates synthesis of a stereotypic cascade of secondary and tertiary viral proteins that ultimately make components of the virus capsid and also the DNA synthesis enzymes required to replicate the virus genome. During lytic replication, it is believed that the virus genome is replicated as a continuous linear molecule off of an episome (so-called rolling circle model). As each unit genome is replicated, it is cut within the terminal repeat region, and then packaged into a virus particle (virion). The virus then becomes enveloped with a lipid membrane as it transits the nucleus and the cytoplasm to exit the cell. Thus, whereas KSHV genome is circular in the nucleus of latently infected cells, it is packaged into infectious viruses as a linear molecule. When the virus enters into lytic replication, thousands of virus particles can be made from a single cell, which usually results in death of the infected cell.

COVID-19 and KSHV
It was discovered in 2020 that infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the virus which causes COVID-19, may induce the lytic reactivation of KSHV in the human body, causing the herpes virus to cease latency and begin the formation of cancerous cells. Further, it was discovered that some medications used to treat the infection with SARS-CoV-2, namely Nafamostat and Azithromycin, ended up promoting the production of mature virions, "... potentially inducing KSHV lytic reactivation."

Pathophysiology
The mechanisms by which the virus is contracted are not well understood. Healthy individuals can be infected with the virus and show no signs or symptoms, due to the immune system's ability to keep the infection in check. Infection is of particular concern to the immunocompromised. Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, AIDS patients, and organ transplant patients are all at a high risk of showing signs of infection..

Recent advances in sequencing technologies have uncovered that virus is chromatinized during latency. It has also been shown that virus encoded microRNA manipulates and interacts not only with host mRNA but also deregulate host long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). More recently, circularRNAs (circRNAs) are recently discovered in both EBV and KSHV

Infection with this virus is thought to be lifelong, but a healthy immune system will keep the virus in check. Many people infected with KSHV will never show any symptoms. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs when someone who has been infected with KSHV becomes immunocompromised due to AIDS, medical treatment, or, very rarely, aging.

KSHV is a known causative agent of four diseases:
 * Kaposi's sarcoma – an angioproliferative tumor that can involve skin (most often), lymph nodes, or viscera,
 * HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease – a lymphoproliferative disorder,
 * Primary effusion lymphoma – KSHV-associated aggressive lymphoma involving B-cells that are immature plasma cells termed plasmablasts and regarded as one type of lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation,
 * KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome – a syndrome with MCD-like symptoms but without associated pathology.

Epidemiology
In the 1970s, the global prevalence rate for HHV-8 was 2 to 10%. The seroprevalence of HHV-8 varies significantly geographically and infection rates in northern European, southeast Asian, and Caribbean countries are between 2-4%, in Mediterranean countries at approximately 10%, and in sub-Saharan African countries at approximately 40%. In South America, infection rates are low in general but are high among Amerindians. Even within individual countries, significant variation can be observed across different regions, with infection rates of about 19.2% in Xinjiang compared to about 9.5% in Hubei, China. Although seroprevalence has been consistently shown to increase with age in a linear manner,  countries with high infection rates may see higher seroprevalence in younger age groups. Educational level has shown an inverse correlation with infection rates. Individuals infected with HIV-1 or genital warts are generally more likely to be co-infected with HHV-8.

In countries with low seroprevalence, HHV-8 is primarily limited to AIDS and KS patients. In countries with high seroprevalence, infection is frequent in childhood, indicating a likely mother-to-child transmission by saliva. In a Zambian survey, all children with KS had mothers who were positive for HHV-8, whereas not all children whose mothers had KS were HHV-8 positive. In another Zambian survey, 13.8% of children were seropositive for HHV-8 by age 4. Seroprevalence has not been shown to vary significantly because of gender or marital status.

Evolution
The most recent common ancestor of this virus in the Mediterranean, Iran, and Xinjiang, China, has been estimated to have evolved 29,872 years (95% highest probability density 26,851–32,760 years) ago. the most recent common ancestor for viruses isolated in Xinjiang was 2037 years (95% highest probability density 1843–2229 years) ago. Given the historical links between the Mediterranean and Xinjiang during the Roman period it seems likely that this virus was introduced to Xinjiang along the Silk Road. The mutation rate was estimated to be  substitutions per site per year (95% highest probability density  to ). However, the global distribution of different genotypes of KSHV and the potential transmission path need further studies.

Typing of isolates is based on the variable K1 membrane protein. Six types are recognised (A–F).

Prevention
Since persons infected with KSHV will asymptomatically give the virus, caution should be used by sex partners in having unprotected sex and activities where saliva might be shared during sexual activity. Prudent advice is to use condoms when needed and avoid deep kissing with partners with KSHV and HIV infections or whose status is unknown.

Treatment
Kaposi's sarcoma is usually a localized tumor that can be treated either surgically or through local irradiation. Chemotherapy with drugs such as liposomal anthracyclines or paclitaxel may be used, particularly for invasive disease. Antiviral drugs, such as ganciclovir, that target the replication of herpesviruses such as KSHV have been used to successfully prevent development of Kaposi's sarcoma, although once the tumor develops these drugs are of little or no use. For patients with AIDS-KS, the most effective therapy is highly active antiretroviral therapy to reduce HIV infection. AIDS patients receiving adequate anti-HIV treatment may have up to a 90% reduction in Kaposi's sarcoma occurrence.

Although KSHV affects the host immune system, there is ample chance for clinical intervention to recover this change. One challenge is overexpression inhibitory of target cell repress immune. Under longtime inflammation stimulation, the target cell becomes unable to respond, which leads to an exhausted phenotype. The activation immunotherapies can revive and enhance immune cell function. Comparing to other immunotherapies, therapies targeting the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been a great success. Because of KSHV infection, the monocytes increase the expression of PD-1, which is an inhibitory molecule, and cause immune escape in many tumor types. There is high PD-1 expression in NK cells from KS-HIV patients and cause exhausted phenotype. The anti-PD-1 antibody, (nivolumab or pembrolizumab), demonstrated a significant antitumor effect. Nivolumab is currently an ongoing phase I clinical trial, and Pembrolizumab has shown its function in treatment for HIV and KS patients in phase I and is in a phase II trial for treatment. A thalidomide analog medicine – Pomalidomide was also granted by the FDA in 2011. Pomalidomide was shown to recover the expression of MHC-1, which help cell display intracellular proteins to cytotoxic T cells, and it also can repress the expression of PD-L1 and increase the CD8+ T cell killing.

KSHV genes
KSHV encodes for ~90 genes and multiple non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs. The "ORF" genes are named based on genome position of the homologous genes in the first rhadinovirus described, herpesvirus saimiri. The "K" genes are unique to KSHV, Some KSHV genes have well-characterized functions, while others remain uncharacterized.

ORF2 – dihydrofolate reductase

ORF8 – gB – envelope glycoprotein involved in viral entry

ORF9 – Pol8 – DNA polymerase required for viral DNA replication

ORF10 – regulates RNA export and responses to type I IFNs

ORF16 – vBcl2

ORF18, ORF24, ORF30, ORF31, ORF34, ORF66 – viral transcription factors required for the expression of late genes

ORF21 – vTK – thymidine kinase

ORF22 – gH – envelope glycoprotein involved in viral entry

ORF23 – uncharacterized

ORF25, ORF26 and ORF65 – capsid proteins

ORF33 – involved in viral particle formation

ORF34 – unclear function

ORF35 – unclear function, mutant does not express early viral genes

ORF36 – vPK – viral protein kinase with multiple roles in replication cycle

ORF37 – SOX – dual function protein – DNase activity required for genome packaging and RNase activity regulates host gene expression

ORF38 – involved in viral particle formation

ORF39 – gM – envelope glycoprotein

ORF40 and ORF41 – helicase and primase – DNA replication

ORF42 – uncharacterized

ORF45 – tegument protein, binds and prevents dephosphorylation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) and ERK for modulate the ERK/RSK MAPK signaling pathway

ORF47 – gL – envelope glycoprotein involved in viral entry

ORF49 – may be required for viral gene expression

ORF50 – RTA, replication and transcription activator – the major transcription factor driving lytic KSHV reactivation

ORF52 – KicGAS – tegument protein required for formation of virions and inhibition of cGAS DNA sensing

ORF53 – gN – envelope glycoprotein

ORF55 – uncharacterized

ORF57 – MTA – regulates RNA stability, export and translation of viral genes

ORF59 – PF–8 – polymerase processivity factor, accessory subunit of viral DNA polymerase

ORF67 and ORF69 – nuclear egress

ORF70 – thymidylate synthase

ORF72 – vCyclin

ORF73 – LANA, latency-associated nuclear antigen– tethers genome to chromosome during latency, also regulates host gene expression. A cytoplasmic form of LANA may inhibit activation of immune responses.

ORF74 – vGPCR

ORF75 – FGARAT

PAN, polyadenylated nuclear RNA – non–coding linear and circular RNAs

miRNAs (mirKs) – viral microRNAs expressed during latency to regulate proliferation and cell death

K1 – involved in oncogenesis

K2 – Interleukin 6 homolog,

K3 and K5 – ubiquitin E3 ligases – regulates antigen presentation

K4 – vCCL2 – chemokine

K4.1 – vCCL3 – chemokine

K8 – transcriptional repressor – modulates chromatin

K8.1 – envelope glycoprotein

K9 – vIRF1, viral interferon regulatory factor 1

K10 – vIRF4. A circular RNA (circRNA) is also generated from this locus.

K10.5 – vIRF3 (initially designated LANA2), is expressed during latency in PEL cell lines, but is also a bona fide lytic factor, like all of the vIRFs.

K11 – vIRF2

K12 – kaposin

K13 – vFLIP

title: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus


text:
Talk:Negligent infliction of emotional distress

I find this discussion to be fascinating! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.151.226.188 (talk)

NIED in Texas
I deleted this sentence: "Interestingly enough, in Landreth v. Reed, the Texas Supreme Court adopted the Dillon v. Legg test from California and currently has several cases granting damages for NIED."

Landreth v. Reed was not a Texas Supreme Court case; it was a lower appellate court's ruling that was issued 15 years prior to Boyles v. Kerr. Hence, any decisions made in the Landreth case with respect to NIED and the California test were overruled by the Texas SC in Boyles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.253.66.22 (talk) 07:02, 9 May 2009 (UTC)


text:
Chorale motet

The chorale motet was a type of musical composition in mostly Protestant parts of Europe, principally Germany, and mainly during the 16th century. It involved setting a chorale melody and text as a motet.

Stylistically chorale motets were similar at first to motets composed in Catholic countries, and made use of the full range of techniques of Franco-Flemish polyphony. In the earlier period, the chorale was typically used as a cantus firmus, fairly easy to hear, with other lines either weaving in and out contrapuntally around it, or following along in the same rhythm in an entirely homophonic style. Later in the century, especially around 1600, the successive verses of the chorale were used to begin imitative sections in a fugal style. Shortly after 1600 the form began to disappear, overtaken by newer forms based on Italian (especially Venetian) models: the chorale concerto, and later the chorale cantata. The chorale cantata was to become the most substantial of the descendants of the chorale motet, and eventually culminated in the work of J.S. Bach.

Composers of early chorale motets included Johann Walter, who typically used a cantus firmus type of motet setting; Balthasar Resinarius, who wrote in the complex polyphonic style; Sixt Dietrich, who chose the simpler homophonic style; and Ludwig Senfl, Lupus Hellinck, Thomas Stoltzer, and others. Some of these composers were Roman Catholic: the Thirty Years' War had not yet torn Germany apart, and composers from both branches of Christianity were still mixing freely.

Between the late 1560s and the early 1580s, the renowned composer Orlande de Lassus, who was working in Munich, contributed several volumes of chorale motets of his own: Newe Teütsche Liedlein mit fünf Stimmen (books 1 and 2) and Newe teutsche Lieder. In these motets the voices are equally balanced, as in the style of Palestrina.

Around 1600 a new group of composers, many of whom had studied in Italy, brought new ideas to the chorale motet. Some of these composers were among the most famous and talented in Europe, including Melchior Franck, Hans Leo Hassler, and the spectacularly prolific Michael Praetorius. Praetorius's Musae Sioniae (1605-1610), an enormous collection of approximately 1200 pieces, includes some of the finest and most advanced examples of the form; however, by this time the chorale concerto and other types of chorale settings were beginning to eclipse the chorale motet as a primary means of expression for the German chorale.

Bach's son Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach composed a motet in three movements in the second half of the 18th century, Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, still using Baroques techniques such as a chorale fantasia on Nicolai's "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" and the inclusion of a setting by his father.

References and further reading

 * Articles "Chorale motet," "Chorale settings," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  ISBN 1-56159-174-2
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4
 * Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.  ISBN 0-393-09745-5

title: Chorale motet


text:
User:Charlietan

The Founder, Chairman, and CEO of TAG2000 International LLC™. Currently a student at GHAMAS and his local high school. Main Hobby: Amassing knowledge in Computer Science. Known to make careless mistakes, primarily forgetting semi-colons in computer programs.

Links

 * TAG2000 International LLC™ Home Page
 * Official TAG2000 International LLC™ Chairman and CEO's Home Page

title: User:Charlietan


text:
Talk:Batuque

Untitled
Old text, that I don't think is correct (if it is, please provide a reference!):
 * Batuque is an Orisha cult, an Afro-Brazilian religion of Rio Grande do Sul State, in Brazil. It is closely related, if not identical, to Candomblé.

--Andrew 04:33, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Cult is a derrogatory term, sect would be less offensive --Meki 05:15, Nov 10, 2005 (UTC)

"Players stand in a circle; one player stands in the center in a defensive position, and another moves around him, suddenly attacking. The attacking player tries to throw the defending player to the ground with blows from his legs." This sounds like 1 person stands motionless and gets kicked until he falls down. TomCerul 14:30, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

I agree that this should be a disambiguation page leading to separate articles. Dawn22 00:40, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

indeed, separate. - Ktai 05:57, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batuque