text:
Talk:Okinawa Island

Comments
Should this article be renamed as Okinawa Island? It would seem to be a more natural English name. Jpatokal 15:39, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * No objections for four months, so I'll take that as a yes. Jpatokal 14:17, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it should be moved back, it's more important to display it under it's real name than trying to give it a "natural English name" which may or may not be the official English name for it. Okinawa Island may also be confused with Okinawa Islands. Finally, hontou means main island, if you want a literal translation... 194.47.220.223 21:47, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

The photos are all PD now. Please feel free to use them in Wikitravel if you like. Similarly, Okinawa, Naha, Naha Airport, etc. Fg2 02:51, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)

The picture locations are messed up on large screens.
 * Please feel free to move them as appropriate. I have a small screen so I can't tell how they look on a big one; otherwise, I'd try to help. Fg2 05:26, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

It would be great if someone could write about the history outside of the War. Like about were they always part of Japan? Also their cultural and historical roots. Surely there must have been some influence from Taiwan and Mainland China, being so close. This article seems to be more about US history in Okinawa rather than actual people and culture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Skippingrock (talk • contribs) 07:36, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The article on the Ryukyu Kingdom gives an extensive history. Perhaps some of it should be included here.  If not, then a link is necessary. Kdammers (talk) 13:27, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

About the percentage of centenarians, I've heard 18.5 pr. 100,000; 34 sounds a bit much compared to the 4.5 of general Japan. Especially since the 18.5 was correct for at least a few years back, and taking into account the difference in diet now, it probably hasn't gone up to 34. Unless of course there is proper citation for this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.82.9.175 (talk) 22:00, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

Poor map
The map showing O and Japan is almost useless, since O is so small and the map doesn't show the geographical relationship of O to J, since O is in an unmarked inset. Kdammers (talk) 13:20, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Poor history section
Surely there the history of Okinawa goes back farther than 1944?205.193.97.2 (talk) 12:13, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Language
The language has been changed, probably incorrectly, to Okinawan language, spoken only in the southern part. Okinawan Japanese has been ignored. Not sure why. Student7 (talk) 19:18, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

OKANAWA
MAYBE WE SHOULD HAVE A SECTION ABOUT NICKNAME "OKANAWA". MANY PEOPLE PROUNCE IT THAT WAY> DUZZLEGOUCHE (talk) 10:30, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Zizi
The term "ジジ" was added by

and re-inserted by (again!) as a supposed Okinawan name for Okinawa Island. I guess these guys found the term in the Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary but failed to understand what it really meant. It is not a proper noun. Actually the term 地下 can be found across Japanese dialects. Its primary meaning is "the place the speaker lives in/comes from." It refers to Okinawa Island only because the speaker of the Shuri-Naha dialect lived there. Dialectologists have collected various names of this kind, e.g. "over there" for an island beyond the sea. --Nanshu (talk) 12:56, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Added again by in 2014.
 * BTW, zizi is yet another relic of mass borrowing from Late Middle Japanese. In many respects, Okinawan is old-looking but most of the archaic features do not trace back to Proto-Japonic.
 * --Nanshu (talk) 11:14, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

"Okinawa Island"?
The term "Okinawa Island" is almost never used in English. People refer to the island either as "Okinawa" or "the island of Okinawa" if they're being more precise. "Okinawa Island" is an awkward term and makes no sense in an encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.175.220.149 (talk) 15:45, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. We should move it. Do you want to start an official discussion? Student7 (talk) 19:19, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

History starts in WW2
Currently the history section mentions nothing before WW2. I'm sure there is history for hundreds if not thousands of years prior to WW2. --Born2cycle (talk) 22:58, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

nuclear war heads pointed to communist China deployed in Okinawa at the same time of the Cuba-crisis
An interesting piece in the Tokyo-Times on 8 July 2012, see:

Okinawa's first nuclear missile men break silence, part 1 Okinawa's first nuclear missile men break silence, part 2

When the Americans did not want the Russians to turn Cuba into a base of nuclear missiles pointed at them... America did quite the same at the other side of the globe. All in deep secret of course.

1947enkidu (talk) 06:43, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

More on culture
The section on culture is woefully incomplete, surely there is more to Okinawan culture than what kind of noodle(s) they eat? (especially since some Okinawans say they're not really japanese) Historian932 (talk) 15:47, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Independence movement?
I'm surprised there isn't more info here. DSQ (talk) 16:33, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Is there an "Independence Party?" If so, how many votes did it get in the most recent election? If there is no Independence Party, there can't be sufficient enthusiasm to support one (unless some other Party supports it). Student7 (talk) 21:16, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move; no agreement that the island is the primary topic among the various related uses, especially Okinawa Prefecture, where the name currently redirects.--Cúchullain t/ c 14:15, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Okinawa Island → Okinawa – AFAIK, this place is normally just called "Okinawa", not "Okinawa Island". This was also suggested above in the section "Okinawa Island"? but seems not to have been taken further 86.128.6.65 (talk) 02:34, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose there's also Okinawa, Okinawa, Okinawa Prefecture , Okinawa Islands , Ryukyu Islands , Ryukyu Kingdom to consider, all also called just "Okinawa" -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 03:53, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No sufficient evidence has been provided yet to explain why the island (singular) should be the primary topic over Okinawa Prefecture or even Okinawa Islands (plural). People may refer to the island (singular) as "Okinawa" but others may also commonly refer to the prefecture as "Okinawa" too. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:10, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Nevertheless, the article title should still reflect the common name, even if other places have the same name. If is agreed that the island is usually called "Okinawa", but other places compete for that name, then the article title should logically be "Okinawa (Island)". 86.169.184.201 (talk) 11:39, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That would be Okinawa (island) (lower case). It would simplify things to make the move (to Okinawa) for this article, about the island. Apteva (talk) 19:49, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Support I don't see any reason why the common name of the island can't use the name "Okinawa" while the political entity cannot retain the name Okinawa Prefecture. -- JOJ Hutton  18:01, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * But why would you choose the island over the prefecture? (or any of the other things called just Okinawa?) -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 11:14, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Good Question and in reality I don't know how to answer that with guidelines or policy. I would just say that as a former Marine who spent time there, the entire island was Okinawa, not Okinawa Island. It sounds forced and not very out of place. As far as the government of Okinawa is concerned, the article title Okinawa Prefecture is consistent with similar articles of this type and has been addressed as such. But very few if any, actually refer to Okinawa as Okinawa Island.-- JOJ Hutton  23:47, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose at least for the moment. Per 76.65.128.222 you need to show some source and statistical defence of the island as the primary topic given there are a number of similar and competing terms.--Labattblueboy (talk) 02:43, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I think the two questions need to be separated. First, is the usual name for the island "Okinawa" rather than "Okinawa Island"? Second, should "Okinawa" point straight to this article? A negative to the second question does not imply a negative to the first. There are many precedents on Wikipedia for article titles like "Okinawa (island)". 81.159.105.254 (talk) 00:19, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That is not the request at hand, the request is that the island is what should be just "Okinawa", not "Okinawa (island)". A negative to the second question would shut down this discussion as a failure. -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 02:40, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Now that it has been raised, it may as well be discussed here as an alternative. 86.146.106.166 (talk) 20:09, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment – I think either Okinawa, Okinawa or Okinawa Island should be renamed to Okinawa, but I'm not sure which one. Until there is a consensus on which is more prominent, this should not be moved. --Article editor (talk) 02:58, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment. This is a good question worth pursuing now. Need to discover if "Okinawa" by itself can be an article or whether they all should have a qualifier. I suggest all of them. That would mean that Wikipedia hasn't "voted" in WP:OR fashion that would be later challenged, and that each would have qualifiers or a different name. "Okinawa (island)" and "Okinawa Prefecture". The Ryukyus are more than Okinawa and can be considered separately, along with the same named kingdom. Student7 (talk) 17:58, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment WP:NATURAL disambiguation would suggest that "Okinawa Island" is the preferred form for a Wikipedia title over "Okinawa (Island)" and that various guidelines would say that Okinawa (Okinawa) should exist as a redirect to Okinawa the island. So perhaps using natural disambiguation Okinawa City should be used for the city. That would leave all of them at naturally disambiguated titles. And the parenthetical forms should all also exist Okinawa (prefecture), Okinawa (city) , Okinawa (island) , Okinawa (island group) , Okinawa (archipelago) , Okinawa (island chain) , Okinawa (islands) -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 04:50, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. The island of Okinawa is famous owing to its role in World War II and its subsequent controversial use as a US military base and frequent news items concerning that, so much so that the vast majority of English speakers would know of no other meaning for the word Okinawa. So in terms of WP:AT the result is quite clear. Note that the proposed name Okinawa undisambiguated has always been a redirect so far (to various pages). Andrewa (talk) 15:06, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Redirect
Per WP:NCPLACE, therefore, Okinawa (Okinawa) should redirect here. -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 08:35, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

No useful map of Okinawa Island
Why is there no usable map of Okinawa Island, with place names, included in this article? 173.89.236.187 (talk) 01:47, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
 * There is one; see the geography section.  ミーラー強斗武   (StG88ぬ会話) 21:39, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Where are the place names and administrative divisions? It's not a very useful map and lacks most information readers would need. 173.89.236.187 (talk) 02:55, 2 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It has the names of major cities and terrain features; besides the full administrative divisions, what else do you beleive is part of the "most information" that's missing?  ミーラー強斗武   (StG88ぬ会話) 07:02, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

Place names and administrative divisions, with color, as all other maps at Wikipedia have--not a doctored topographical map on which the place names can hardly be detected. 173.89.236.187 (talk) 21:42, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

I challenge you to determine, from any map on the English-language Wikipedia, what the white-colored area between the three blue-colored areas in this map is called. It's not covered on any map, which is clearly not helpful to our readers. 173.89.236.187 (talk) 21:44, 8 November 2015 (UTC)
 * "As all other maps at Wikipedia have" is an inherently false statement. This map is about the geographical place, not the political entity; look at Okinawa Prefecture for administrative divisions. Also, the white space on the other map is the same as all white spaces on that map: not part of Kunigami district.  ミーラー強斗武   (StG88ぬ会話) 23:47, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

Port?
What is the main port on the island? I hoped a glance at the map would indicate the main harbor, but of course the whole coastline seems to be nothing but inlets and bays. Paul, in Saudi (talk) 04:57, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Demographics
It is mentioned in the lead, but shouldn't the longevity of the population also be mentioned in the Demographics section? Maybe something like:"For each 100,000 residents, 68 are centenarians, three times the number found in the US population. 85% of Okinawan centenarians are women which is typical for centenarian populations." refs http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long and  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047637416302202#bib0060 and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12470842 72.16.99.93 (talk) 12:42, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: War and the Environment
— Assignment last updated by Karanaconda (talk) 18:38, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:07, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Location map Ryukyu Islands.png
 * Topographic map of Okinawa Island.png

title: Talk:Okinawa Island


text:
Braj Kachru

Braj Bihari Kachru (15 May 1932 – 29 July 2016) was an Indian-American linguist. He was Jubilee Professor of Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He published studies on the Kashmiri language.

Personal life
Braj Bihari Kachru was a friend of Kashmiri poet and writer Zinda Kaul Masterji. Lala Sahab and his friends and colleagues had discussions on politics, literature and philosophy at his house. During their visits, Braj had the opportunity to interact with Masterji and his father's other teacher colleagues.

In 1962 Kachru gained a PhD in Linguistics from the University of Edinburgh. His wife was fellow linguist Yamuna Kachru. Their son, Shamit Kachru, is a string theorist and professor at Stanford University. He died on 29 July 2016.

Career
He researched in the fields of World Englishes and Kashmiri language and published several books and research papers related to the field.

Scholar and educationist
At the University of Illinois, Braj headed the Department of Linguistics (1968–79), directed the Division of English as an International Language (1985–91), and was director of the Center for Advanced Study (June 1996 – January 2000). At the Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, he was appointed director in 1978. He was president of American Association of Applied Linguistics (1984). He was named Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Illinois in 1992. In 1998, he became the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Fund Visiting Professor at Hong Kong University. He went on to become the president of the International Association for World Englishes (1997–99), and eventually the Honorary Fellow of the Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, now English and Foreign Languages University in Hyderabad, India, in 2001.

Writer and author
Kachru has been on the editorial board of Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural development, International Journal of the Sociology of Languages, Asian Englishes, and Linguistics and the Human Sciences. Along with authoring The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non-Native Englishes, Kachru is also the associate editor for Contributor to the Cambridge History of the English Language and the acclaimed The Oxford Companion to the English Language.

The circles of English
To better understand the use of English in different countries, Kachru conceived the idea of three concentric circles of the language.

The inner circle represents the traditional bases of English: the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, anglophone Canada, and some of the Caribbean territories. The total number of English speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the United States.

Next comes the outer circle, which includes countries where English is not the native tongue, but is important for historical reasons and plays a part in the nation's institutions, either as an official language or otherwise. This circle includes India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa and Canada, etc. The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is estimated to range from 150 million to 300 million.

Finally, the expanding circle encompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign language or lingua franca. This includes much of the rest of the world's population, including China, Russia, Japan, most of Europe, Korea, Egypt, Indonesia, and other nations. The total in this expanding circle is the most difficult to estimated because English may be employed for specific, limited purposes, usually business English. The estimates of these users range from 100 million to one billion.

The inner circle (UK, US, etc.) is 'norm-providing'. That means that English language norms are developed in these countries – English is the first language there. The outer circle (mainly New Commonwealth countries) is 'norm-developing'. The expanding circle, which includes much of the rest of the world, is 'norm-dependent' because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the inner circle.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Braj Kachru


text:
Hadès

The Hadès system was a short-range ballistic pre-strategic nuclear weapon system designed by France as a last warning before the use of strategic nuclear weapons in a prospective Soviet invasion of Western Europe. It was designed from July 1984 as a replacement for the tactical road-mobile Pluton missile. Initially 120 missiles were planned to be deployed.

A wheeled trailer and launcher, each carrying two missiles in containers, was planned for deploying the Hadès. The original design had a range of 350 km, which was later increased to 450 km. The guidance system was an inertial platform which could be programmed to execute evasive maneuvers before hitting the target. A version designed to hit hardened underground targets also had a final guidance system which used a GPS-based digital system, resulting in a Circular Error Probable of only 5 m, compared to a CEP of 100 m for the standard version.

Development
Hadès began with project definition in 1975 as a replacement for the Pluton system. Development started in July 1984, and flight testing started in 1988. The Hadès program planned to build 120 missiles, some with nuclear and some with HE warheads. Hadès was originally designed with a range of 350 km, that would enable it to reach East Germany and Czechoslovakia if deployed from within France. The range requirement was later increased to 450 km. The missile was carried horizontally, erected by the truck itself, and launched immediately. The light weight of the missile made it easy to deploy even on difficult zones, and its great range made it usable for limited strategic aims, though not to destroy Soviet cities and missile silos. In 1991, due to the changing situation in Europe and to the German opposition to the program (which was openly designed to strike East Germany), restrictions were decided upon so as not to deploy the system and limit the complement to 15 mobile launching platforms and 30 missiles.

The system entered service in 1992, as a resource kept in storage in case of a serious national threat, in north-eastern France near Lunéville. Reports in 1993 suggested that a reversion to the 250 km range missile, but with a hard target HE penetration warhead and a GPS mid-course updating of the inertial navigation system, would provide an accurate and difficult-to-counter offensive weapon. A TV digital scene matching terminal guidance system has also been proposed, providing a CEP down to less than 5m.

Deployment
Hadès was designed for transportation on wheeled TELs, with tractor and trailer, each trailer carrying two missiles in containers that also act as launch boxes. The missile is reported to be 7.5m long, with a body diameter of 0.53m and a launch weight of about 1850 kg.

Reports suggest that the Hadès trajectory is kept low, so that the aerodynamic control fins at the rear of the missile can alter the trajectory and range during flight as well as making evasive maneuvers during the terminal phase near the target.

Payload
The missiles would be capable of carrying either the nuclear TN 90 or conventional HE warheads, the former probably having a yield of 80 kt.

Implementation
The program completed development in 1992, with the first flight test taking place in 1988. It was planned that Hadès would enter service in 1992, and that only 30 missiles on 15 TEL vehicles would be built instead of the original plan to build 120 missiles. In 1991 the French Government announced that the Hadès missiles would not be deployed, but kept in storage, and the programme was terminated in 1992. However, 20 to 25 missiles were available in a national emergency with their mobile TEL vehicles, and were all located at Lunéville.

Decommissioning
On 23 February 1996 the announcement by Jacques Chirac, the President of France, on the new format for French nuclear forces called for dismantling of Hadès missiles. On 23 June 1997 the last of the Hadès missiles was destroyed.

title: Hadès


text:
Joseph Bové

Joseph Bové, also Joseph Jean-Baptiste Charles de Beauvais or Osip Ivanovich Bove (Осип Иванович Бове; 4 November 1784 — 28 June 1834), was an Italian-Russian neoclassical architect who supervised the reconstruction of Moscow after the Fire of 1812.

Biography

Bové was born in St. Petersburg in the family of Vincenzo Giovanni Bova, a painter from Naples who settled in Russia in 1782. He had two younger brothers, Michaele and Alessandro, who also trained in architecture and later became his associates. Soon after Joseph's birth, the family moved to Moscow. From 1802 to 1807, he studied architecture. Starting in 1807 he worked as an assistant to Matvei Kazakov and Carlo Rossi in Moscow and Tver. As a full-time employee of the Expedition, he was involved in various Kremlin maintenance jobs. In 1813, after the Fire of Moscow (1812) that razed most of the city, Bové was hired by the Moscow Building Commission and assigned to lead the "Facade Department", responsible for the approval of new facade designs and for enforcing the placement of new buildings according to the new master plan's street lines. The plan, however, was not finalized until 1817. Private builders were so numerous that Bové and the city failed to control them. Emperor Alexander, visiting Moscow, was enraged to see buildings painted in all kinds of colors, especially deep red and dark green, and issued a decree that limited the city palette to modest, pale colours.

While the Giliardi Family was rebuilding major public buildings like Moscow State University, Bové was in charge of designing and rebuilding the new Central Squares of Moscow and Red Square. His best known project, Theatre Square, was completed in 1825, however both Bolshoi Theater and Maly Theater were subsequently rebuilt, and the square lost its neoclassical symmetry. In fact, most of his buildings were demolished by accidents or real estate developers:

 * Trade Rows in Red Square (1815), with a rotunda dome mirroring the dome of Kazakov's Kremlin Senate, were demolished in the 1880s to make way for the larger Upper Trading Rows.
 * Gagarin family mansion in Novinsky Boulevard was destroyed by an air raid in 1941.
 * Triumphal Arch by Tverskaya Zastava (1827–1834) was demolished in 1938; a replica was built in the 1960s in Dorogomilovo District.
 * Listed memorial building at Tverskoy Boulevard, 26 and nearby was razed by Konstantin Ernst's development company in 2003-2005.

In 1824 and 1825, he participated in the reconstruction of Moscow Manege. He designed numerous private mansions in Moscow, but his most famous work remains the Bolshoi Theatre. Extant buildings include:

 * The Intercession Church in Balashikha
 * 37, Myasnitskaya Street
 * Catherine's Hospital in Strastnoy Boulevard
 * Military school and barracks in Lefortovo District
 * First City Hospital in present-day Leninsky Prospekt
 * Two small mansions on the Garden Ring (15, Sadovo-Kudrinskaya)

 * Church of St.Nicholas in Kotelniki by Joseph Bové (on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment)
 * His last work, Church of Theotokos, "Joy of all who Sorrow" on Bolshaya Ordynka Street (1831–1836)

Death
Bové died in Moscow in 1834, aged 49, and was interred at the Donskoy monastery.

title: Joseph Bové


text:
List of Wisconsin railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

Common freight carriers

 * BNSF Railway (BNSF)
 * Canadian National Railway (CN) through subsidiaries Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway (DMIR), Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway (DWP), Sault Ste. Marie Bridge Company (SSAM), and Wisconsin Central Ltd. (WC)
 * CPKC Railway (CPKC) through subsidiaries Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad (DME) and Soo Line Railroad (SOO)
 * Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad (ELS)
 * Fox Valley & Lake Superior Rail System (FOXY)
 * Progressive Rail, Inc. (PGR)
 * Tomahawk Railway (TR)
 * Union Pacific Railroad (UP)
 * Wisconsin and Southern Railroad (WSOR)
 * Wisconsin Great Northern Railroad (WGNS)
 * Wisconsin Northern Railroad (WN)

Passenger carriers

 * Amtrak (AMTK)
 * East Troy Electric Railroad (METW)
 * Kenosha Streetcar (KAT)
 * Laona and Northern Railway (LNO)
 * Metra (METX)
 * Mid-Continent Railway Museum (MCRY)
 * Osceola and St. Croix Valley Railway (MNTX)
 * The Hop
 * Wisconsin Great Northern Railroad (WGNS)

Industrial/private carriers

 * Cando Rail Services (CRSX)
 * Cenex Harvest States
 * Port of Milwaukee
 * Rail & Transload, Inc.
 * Badger Mining Corporation (BMC)
 * US Army (USAX)
 * Wisconsin Public Service Corporation (WPSX)

Proposed

 * Great Lakes Basin Railroad

Private freight carriers

 * A.A. Bigelow Lumber Company
 * A.H. Stange Lumber Company
 * Albert Hess Lumber Company
 * Alexander-Stewart Lumber Company
 * Arpin Hardwood & Lumber Company
 * Ashland Lumber Company
 * Atwood Lumber & Manufacturing Company
 * B.F. McMillan & Brothers Logging Company
 * Barker & Stewart Lumber Company
 * Bird & Wells Lumber Company
 * Bissell Lumber Company
 * Blackwell & Webb Lumber Company
 * Bonifas-Gorman Lumber Company
 * Boyd-McAlpine Lumber Company
 * Brooks & Ross Lumber Company
 * Brown Robbins Lumber Company
 * Buckstaff & Sprague Lumber Company
 * Bundy Lumber Company
 * Buswell Lumber & Manufacturing Company
 * C.C. Collins Lumber Company
 * C.J. Kinzel Lumber Company
 * C.M. Christenson Company
 * Charlie Fish Lumber Company
 * Chequamegon Logging Company
 * Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company
 * Connor Land & Lumber Company
 * Copper River Land Company
 * Cranberry Lumber Company
 * Crane Logging & Lumber Company
 * Crocker Chair Company
 * D.C. Davis & Sons Lumber Company
 * Daly & Sampson Company
 * David Tozer Lumber Company
 * Dells Paper & Pulp Company
 * Doud Sons & Company
 * Edward Hines Hardwood & Hemlock Company
 * Edward Hines Lumber Company
 * Empire Lumber Company
 * F.P. Hiles Lumber Company
 * Fence River Logging Company
 * Flambeau Lumber Company
 * Flambeau Paper Company
 * Flanner-Steger Lumber Company
 * Forest County Lumber Company
 * Forseman & Price Lumber Company
 * Forster-Mueller Lumber Company
 * Forster-Whitman Lumber Company
 * Foster-Latimer Lumber Company
 * Fountain-Campbell Lumber Company
 * Garth Lumber Company
 * Geo E. Wood Lumber Company
 * George W. Pratt Lumber Company
 * Gilkey & Anson Lumber Company
 * Girard Lumber Company
 * Glenwood Manufacturing Company
 * Glidden Veneer Company
 * Godfrey Von Platen Lumber Company
 * Goodman Lumber Company
 * Goodyear Lumber Company
 * Great Western Paper Company
 * Gurney Lumber Company
 * H.D. Mc Cool Land & Logging Company
 * H.H. Stolle Lumber Company
 * H.J. Wachsmuth Lumber Company
 * H.W. Wright Lumber Company
 * Hackley-Phelps-Bonnell Lumber Company
 * Haile & Mylrea Lumber Company
 * Held Lumber Company
 * Holmes and Sons Logging Railroad
 * Holt Lumber Company
 * Hiles Lumber Company
 * Ingersoll Land & Lumber Company
 * Ingram Lumber Company
 * J.J. Kennedy Lumber Company
 * J.R. Davis Lumber Company
 * J.W. Wells Lumber Company
 * Jeffries Lumber Company
 * John Edwards Manufacturing Company
 * John Hein Lumber Company
 * John H. Kaiser Lumber Company
 * John Schroeder Lumber Company
 * John S. Owen Lumber Company
 * Joseph Defer Lumber Company
 * Joseph Dessert Lumber Company
 * Jump River Lumber Company
 * Keith & Hiles Lumber Company
 * Kimball & Clark Lumber Company
 * Kneeland-McLurg Lumber Company
 * Kneeland-West Lumber Company
 * Lake Superior Lumber Company
 * Land Log & Lumber Company
 * Langlade Lumber Company
 * Langley & Alderson
 * Luger Lumber Company
 * Mason-Donaldson Lumber Company
 * McMillan-Salsich Lumber Company
 * Medford Lumber Company
 * Mellen Lumber Company
 * Menasha Paper Company
 * Menasha Woodenware Company
 * Menominee Bay Shore Lumber Company
 * Menominee Indian Mills
 * Merrill Lumber Company
 * Miner Brothers Lumber Company
 * Mohr Lumber Company
 * Morse & Tradewell Lumber Company
 * Mosinee Paper Company
 * Nash Lumber Company
 * New Dells Lumber Company
 * Northwestern Lumber Company
 * North Wisconsin Lumber & Manufacturing Company
 * Oconto Company
 * O'Day & Daley Lumber Company
 * Page & Landeck Lumber Company
 * Paine Lumber Company
 * Park Falls Lumber Company
 * Peshtigo Lumber Company
 * Pineville Lumber Company
 * Puffer-Hubbard Lumber Company
 * Quinnesec Logging Company
 * R. Connor Lumber Company
 * Raymond Lumber Company
 * Rib Lake Lumber Company
 * Rice Lake Lumber Company
 * Robbins Lumber Company
 * Roddis Lumber & Veneer Company
 * Rust-Owen Lumber Company
 * S.G. Cook
 * S.J. Murphy Lumber Company
 * Salsich & Wilson Lumber Company
 * Sawyer-Goodman Lumber Company
 * Scott & Howe Lumber Company
 * Sever Anderson Logging Company
 * Shanagolden Lumber Company
 * Shawano Timber & Land Company
 * Shores Lumber Company
 * Simpson Gould & Company
 * Spider Lake Lumber Company
 * Sparrow-Kroll Lumber Company
 * St Croix Timber & Land Company
 * Stitt & Cartier
 * Stuart & Sprague Lumber Company
 * Thunder Lake Lumber Company
 * Tipler-Grossman Lumber Company
 * Tomahawk Land Company
 * Turtle Lake Lumber Company
 * Underwood Veneer Company
 * Union Tanning Company
 * Upham Manufacturing Company
 * Vilas County Lumber Company
 * Von Platen-Fox Lumber Company
 * W.A. Osburn Lumber Company
 * W.F. Switzer Lumber Company
 * W.H. Gilbert Company
 * Wall-Spaulding Lumber Company
 * Westboro Lumber Company
 * West Lumber Company
 * William Bonifas Lumber Company
 * William Holmes & Sons
 * William Rogers Lumber Company
 * Williams Salsich & Company
 * Wisconsin-Michigan Lumber Company
 * Wisconsin Timber & Land Company
 * Yawkey & Lee Lumber Company
 * Yawkey-Bissell Lumber Company

Electric

 * Appleton Electric Light and Power Company
 * Ashland Light, Power and Street Railway Company
 * Ashland Lighting and Street Railway Company
 * Bay Shore Street Railway
 * Belle City Electric Railway
 * Belle City Street Railway
 * Beloit Traction Company
 * Chicago, Harvard and Geneva Lake Railway
 * Chicago and Milwaukee Electric Railroad
 * Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad
 * Chippewa Valley Railway, Light and Power Company
 * Chippewa Valley Electric Railroad
 * Citizens' Traction Company of Oshkosh
 * Eastern Wisconsin Railway and Light Company
 * Eau Claire Street Railway, Light and Power Company
 * Fond du Lac and Oshkosh Electric Railway
 * Fond du Lac Street Railway and Light Company
 * Fox River Electric Railway
 * Fox River Electric Railway and Power Company
 * Fox River Valley Electric Railway
 * Grand Rapids Street Railroad
 * Green Bay Traction Company
 * Janesville Street Railway
 * Kenosha Electric Railway
 * La Crosse City Railway
 * La Crosse and Onalaska Street Railway
 * Madison City Railway
 * Madison Electric Railway
 * Madison and Interurban Traction Company
 * Madison Traction Company
 * Manitowoc and Northern Traction Company
 * Marinette Gas, Electric Light and Street Railway Company
 * Menasha and Neenah Street Railway
 * Merrill Railway and Lighting Company
 * Milwaukee City Railroad
 * Milwaukee Light, Heat and Traction Company
 * Milwaukee Northern Railway
 * Milwaukee, Racine and Kenosha Electric Railway
 * Milwaukee Street Railway
 * Milwaukee and Wauwatosa Electric Company
 * Milwaukee and Wauwatosa Motor Railway
 * Milwaukee and Wauwatosa Rapid Transit Company
 * Milwaukee Western Electric Railway
 * Neenah and Menasha Railway
 * North Greenfield and Waukesha Electric Railway
 * Oshkosh Street Railroad
 * Sheboygan Railway and Electric Company
 * Sheboygan City Railway
 * Sheboygan Light, Power and Railway Company
 * Southern Wisconsin Railway
 * Superior Rapid Transit Railway
 * The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company
 * Waukesha Beach Electric Railway
 * Waukesha Electric Railway
 * Waupaca Electric Light and Railway Company
 * Wausau Street Railroad
 * West Side Railroad
 * Winnebago Traction Company
 * Wisconsin Railway, Light and Power Company
 * Wisconsin Electric Railway
 * Wisconsin Gas and Electric Company
 * Wisconsin Public Service Company
 * Wisconsin Rapid Transit Company
 * Wisconsin Traction, Light, Heat and Power Company

Not completed

 * Bayfield and St. Croix Railway (St. Croix, Superior, and Bayfield Railway ?)

title: List of Wisconsin railroads


text:
Jawahar Wattal

Jawahar Wattal is an Indian cultural entrepreneur, music director and producer, best known for being a pioneer in the Indian non-filmi music field and for shifting the focus of the industry to Delhi. He has worked with singers Baba Sehgal and Daler Mehndi in the 1990s. Over the years he has composed 3,000 jingles, given music for television series like, The World This Week, Himalaya Darshan and Ru Ba Ru, besides he has composed 73 music albums out of which 19 have gone multi-platinum.

He was awarded one of India's highest civilian honours, the Padma Shri in 2008.

Early life and background
Wattal grew up in Delhi, where his passion for music led him to train in classical and instrumental Western music as a teenager and to play the guitar. By the age of 21, he had already composed and sung numerous advertising jingles and performed for leading professional record labels like EMI India. The dream culminated in his setting up a multi-track digitalised production house and an accredited advertising agency by the time he was 21. This Production House was the first of its kind in India's capital.

Major projects
Advertisements: Wattal has directed and produced more than 3,000 commercials. They include: Ponds, Pepsi, Hero Honda, KLM, Usha Fans, Boost, Horlicks, Lufthansa, Maggi, Nescafé and Mirinda.

Brand Promotion: He has been actively engaged in brand promotions and execution of various product launches, with experience in the field of software production for multimedia applications. Additionally, he has been involved in the export of entertainment software to various countries across the world including the USA. Instrumental in corporate image building and promotions for public and private sector companies, his clients include: public sector organisations, BHEL, MMTC and STC to name a few.

Public Service Announcements: Producer of public service announcements (PSAs) on social issues – ranging from primary health care, education to sanitation and more for UNICEF. Producer, First Earth Run event, a joint production for the United Nations.

Theater: For many years, he has been actively involved in theatre productions for private and government entities. One of his hit productions – 'Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan' premiered in the UK

Tele-Serials: Wattal has scored musical compositions for tele-serials such as: 'Tol Mol Ke Bol,' 'Himalaya Darshan,' 'Newsline, ' S'anjha Choolah,' 'Ruba Ru,' 'Saas Pe Sawa Saas,' 'Quiz Time.' He has also scored for musicals like 'Mira' and telefilms such as 'Kanjoos Makhichoos.'

In-flight music: He was an early pioneer in creating in-flight music with compositions for Indian Airlines.

Live Recordings: Known for his high quality live recordings, he has recorded a veritable Who's Who of artists including: Pt Ravi Shankar and his orchestra for the Festival of France in India, Pt Hariprasad Chaurasia, Pt Bhim Sen Joshi, Pt Birju Maharaj, Pt Kelucharan Mahapatra, Ut Amjad Ali Khan and Pt Shiv Kumar Sharma among others.

Original Albums: Wattal has composed, directed and produced 73 albums in a span of six years out of which, fifteen went platinum. These have included everything from Punjabi Bhangra, Rajasthani folk, Christmas carols, Sufiana repertoire and ghazals, to a pop album in Tamil. As a result, some of today's best-known Indi-pop superstars like Baba Sehgal, Daler Mehndi, Shweta Shetty, Hans Raj Hans and Shubha Mudgal, to name a few, were launched.

Top-selling albums

 * "Dilruba"
 * "Bolo Tara Ra Ra"
 * "Dardi Rab Rab"
 * "Ho Jayegi Balle Balle"
 * "Ali More Angana"
 * "Deewane To Deewane Hain"
 * "Jogiya Khalli Balli"
 * "Mahi O Mahi"
 * "Jhanjhar"
 * "Piya Se Milke Aaye Nain"
 * "Punjabi Munda"
 * "Mera Dil Bole Piya Piya"
 * "Wallah Wallah"
 * "Yaari Yaari"
 * "Haule Haule"
 * "Naag Ishq Da Laddya"
 * "Sajnaa"
 * "Jalsa (Re-Mix)"
 * "Paaro"
 * "Deadly Dance Mix" – P. K. Srivastav
 * "Hari Om" – Alok Sehdev
 * "Majajane" – BabuChalla Lakhwinder Lucky
 * "Ankhiya"n – Susheel Baba
 * "Jat Luteya Gaya" – Ravinder Ravi
 * "Chane Ke Khet Mein" – Gauri Saksena
 * "Rang Dey" – Arjun
 * "Shri Amarnath Ji Ki Yatra" – Suresh Wadekar
 * "Sharana" – S.P.Balasubramaniam, K K, Suresh Wadekar, Vinod Rathod

Film music

 * "Silence Please… The Dressing Room"

Business development

 * 1984	Created Adcamp : Advertising Agency
 * 1985 	Established A State-Of-The-Art Music Production Facility
 * 1989 	Established A Music Software Export Division
 * 1995–1998 	Consultant: Marketing, Artistes & Repertoire, Magnasound / Warner Brothers
 * 1998–1999  Consultant: Marketing, Artistes & Repertoire, Archies Greetings & Gifts Ltd.
 * 1999–2001  Consultant: Marketing, Artistes & Repertoire, Tips Ltd.
 * 2001–2003  Consultant: Marketing, Artistes & Repertoire, Lucky Star Entertainment Ltd
 * Jan 2002  Partnered With Dainik Jagran For A Half Page Editorial On Music Entitled ‘Jalsa Ghar’
 * Mar 2002 Partnered With Sunday Tribune For An Exclusive Column Entitled ‘Half Note’
 * August 2005 Established Blessings Media Pvt Ltd
 * August 2007 Partnered With Zeyba Rahman – President, World Music Institute and Harmonia Mundi, New York for an international production entitled ‘Divine Inspiration’.
 * August 2008 Global Adviser-Advertising, Content Entertainment- SPICE GLOBAL.
 * December 2009– Consultant Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt Of India.
 * 2011– Member working group on Information and Broadcasring Sector for 12th-five year plan-2012-2017.
 * 2011-Member steering committee for International Film Festival
 * 2012– Director- board of directors National Film Development Corporation Ltd.

International releases

 * "Divine Inspiration" – Aruna Sairam

Major awards

 * 2008 National Award: Padmashri
 * 2000 Sangeet Samrat Award: the Press Club of Punjab
 * 2000 Multi-platinum Award: Mera Dil Bole Piya Piya
 * 1999 Multi-platinum Award: Mahi O Mahi
 * 1999 Multi-platinum Award: Punjabi Munda
 * 1999 Multi-platinum Award: Piya Se Milke Aaye Nain
 * 1999 Multi-platinum Award: Jhanjhar
 * 1998 Channel V Award: Best Music Composer
 * 1998 Multi-platinum Award: Ho Jayegi Balle Balle
 * 1997 Multi-platinum Award: Deewane to Deewane Hain
 * 1996 Multi-platinum Award: Ali More Angana
 * 1996 Multi-platinum Award: Dardi Rab Rab
 * 1995 Multi-platinum Award: Bolo Ta Ra Ra

title: Jawahar Wattal


text:
Gheorgheni

Gheorgheni (Gyergyószentmiklós ) is a municipality in Harghita County, Romania, with a population of 15,844, as of 2021. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania. The city administers four villages: Covacipeter (Kovácspéter), Lacu Roșu (Gyilkostó), Vargatac (Vargatag), and Visafolio (Visszafolyó).

Geography
The city is located in the northeastern part of Harghita County, 57 km north of the county seat, Miercurea Ciuc. It is situated in a mountainous region, at an altitude of 810 m, and it is crossed east to west by the river Belcina, a right tributary of the river Mureș. Nearby are two natural sites, the Red Lake and Cheile Bicazului, a narrow canyon through the Eastern Carpathian Mountains forming the border with Neamț County.

History
Gheorgheni historically formed part of the Székely Land region of Transylvania. It was first mentioned in 1332. It belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary with several interruptions, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the Principality of Transylvania, administratively the town belonged to Gyergyószék. Between 1867 and 1918 it fell within Csík County, in the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the aftermath of World War I, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in December 1918. At the start of the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919, the town passed under Romanian administration. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania and fell within Ciuc County. In 1940, the Second Vienna Award granted Northern Transylvania to Hungary. Towards the end of World War II, Romanian and Soviet armies entered the town in October 1944. The territory of Northern Transylvania remained under Soviet military administration until March 9, 1945, after which it again became part of Romania. Between 1952 and 1960, Gheorgheni was part of the Magyar Autonomous Region, and between 1960 and 1968 part of the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. After the administrative reform of 1968, the region was abolished, and since then, the city has been part of Harghita County.

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Gheorgheni had a population of 15,884. At the 2011 census, the city had a population of 17,705, of which 86.13% (15,250) were Hungarians and 1,988 (11.22%) Romanians.

Demographic movement according to the censuses:

For Armenian Catholics, see Ordinariate for Armenian Catholics of Romania.

Politics
The town council has 19 members as follows:

Natives

 * Zsolt Antal (born 1972), cross-country skier
 * Mihály Fogarasy (1800–1882), bishop of the Catholic Church
 * Réka Forika (born 1989), biathlete
 * Ștefan Gal (born 1951), gymnast
 * Mónika György (born 1982), cross-country skier
 * Tímea Lőrincz (born 1992), cross-country skier
 * Katalin Marosi (born 1979), tennis player
 * Endre Molnár (born 1945), water polo player
 * Pál Sajgó (1922–2016), cross-country skier and biathlete
 * László Sólyom (born 1955), ice hockey player
 * Virgil Șotropa (1867–1954), teacher, honorary member of the Romanian Academy
 * Ágnes Szatmári (born 1987), tennis player
 * Csaba Szekely (born 1990), ice hockey coach and goaltender
 * László Tamás (born 1988), footballer
 * Elemer-György Tanko (born 1968), cross-country skier
 * Andrei Țepeș (born 1991), footballer

Twinnings

 * 🇭🇺 Békés, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Budapest 17th District, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Cegléd, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Eger, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Kiskunmajsa, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Siófok, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Szigetszentmiklós, Hungary
 * 🇷🇸 Bačka Topola, Serbia
 * 🇦🇲 Alaverdi, Armenia

title: Gheorgheni


text:
BMW M51

The BMW M51 is an inline-6 cylinder Diesel engine produced by the Upper Austrian BMW plant in Steyr from July 1991 through February 2000. Its predecessor is the BMW M21, the successor is the BMW M57.

Description
The M51 is a water-cooled and turbocharged inline six-cylinder diesel engine with a Bosch VP37-swirl-chamber-injection. The displacement is 2497 cc and the compression ratio is 22.0:1.

Some engine variants have an intercooler in addition to the turbocharger, they can be identified by the tds. The M51 is an engine made of cast iron, it has one chain driven overhead camshaft and two valves per cylinder. Compared to the M21 the M51 now has tappets and a hydraulic valve lash adjustment. The fuel injection in the first engines and all E36 models is controlled by the ECU Bosch DDE 2.1, which was replaced after the first technical revision by the DDE 2.2 This results in greater torque at lower revs. For lubrication SAE 5W-40 oil is used.

Applications:
 * 1991 - 1996 E36 325td (M51D25 UL)
 * 1996 - 1998 E36 325td (M51D25TÜ UL)
 * 1993 - 1996 E36 325tds (M51D25 OL)
 * 1996 - 1998 E36 325tds (M51D25TÜ OL)
 * 1992 - 1996 E34 525td (M51D25 UL)
 * 1991 - 1996 E34 525tds (M51D25 OL)
 * 1996 - 2000 E39 525tds (M51D25TÜ OL)
 * 1996 - 2000 E39 525td (M51D25TÜ UL)
 * 1996 - 2000 E38 725tds (M51D25TÜ OL)
 * 1995 - 2001 Land Rover Range Rover 2.5 D/DSE
 * 1995 - 2001 Opel Omega
 * 1992 UMM Alter II (single example; engine, gearbox, and electronics were fitted by BMW in Munich)

title: BMW M51


text:
Elfriede Mohneke

Elfriede Hildegard Mohneke (born 2 March 1922, Dorschen, East Prussia, Germany (present-day Dorsze, Ełk, Poland) – died 11 December 1994, Berlin, Germany) was a guard at two Nazi concentration camps in World War II.

On 12 October 1944, Mohneke arrived at Ravensbrück concentration camp to begin overseer training under Dorothea Binz. In November 1944, the SS sent her as an Aufseherin to the Uckermark camp down the road from Ravensbrück. Mohneke served in the camp until the Allied liberation in April 1945.

At the third Ravensbrück Trial, the former SS woman was sentenced to ten years in prison for the maltreatment of concentration camp prisoners. In her appeal against the sentence, she claimed she was sent to Ravensbrück against her will by a mandatory call for duty from the labour office. She was released on 14 June 1952 for good conduct after serving only five years of her sentence.

title: Elfriede Mohneke


text:
List of people executed in Michigan

The following is a list of people executed by the U.S. state of Michigan; which abolished the death penalty in 1847. The one person executed after 1847 was executed by the United States strictly within federal jurisdiction. Thus, it was not performed within the legal boundaries of Michigan as a matter of law.

Federal executions in Michigan
Note: Nobody has ever been executed under authority of the State of Michigan. One person has been executed by the United States for a federal crime committed in Michigan. The execution was carried out at Federal Correctional Institution, Milan, in York Charter Township near the Village of Milan.

As a matter of jurisdictional law, this execution did not take place in Michigan per se because it was carried out by the United States government at a US government-owned facility, located in but not subject to the State of Michigan's jurisdiction.

title: List of people executed in Michigan


text:
Talk:Boy'z

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text:
Talk:Southern New England Telephone

Sprint
SNET was not purchased from Sprint.SNET was an independent company before the SBC merger.

Actually at one point Sprint did own SNET it may not have been at the time of purchase by SBC but they did own it. Also in the future please use a signature when posting a message in a talkgroup. Misterrick 03:28, 17 December 2004 (UTC).

When was it that Sprint owned SNET? I have not been able to find any information supporting that statement. And I've lived in the SNET phone area most of my life and can never personally remember that. SG118 03:45, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

CT Telephone Co
Was this ever the "Connecticut Telephone Company" as mentioned on Talk:New Haven, Connecticut? -- Beland 05:55, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Snetlogo.png
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title: Talk:Southern New England Telephone


text:
BMW M57

The BMW M57 is a straight-6 diesel engine produced from 1998 up to 2013 in BMW's upper Austrian engine plant in Steyr.

Description
The M57 is a water-cooled and turbocharged inline six cylinder diesel engine with common-rail-injection. It was revised twice during its production time. It is based on its predecessor M51. The block and the crankcase of the first M57 engines and the TÜ (Technische Überarbeitung = revision) engines are made of cast iron, whilst the TÜ2 engines are made of aluminium instead. The combustion chamber was also changed in the TÜ2. The injection pressure is 1350 bar in the non TÜ engine, whilst all other engines use a pressure of 1600 bar. For fuel injection, magnetic injectors are used, except from the TÜ2 OL and TOP engines, which make use of piezo injectors. The common-rail-system is made by Bosch and also controlled by a Bosch DDE 4 ECU for non TÜ and DDE 5 ECU for TÜ. All models are equipped with turbocharger and an intercooler. The 2.9L M57, which is found in E39 530d and E38 730d, as well as early models of E46 330d and E53 X5, is equipped with one Garrett GT2556V turbocharger. The 2.5L M57TÜ uses a Garrett GT2056V turbocharger, the 3.0L M57TÜ a Garrett GT2260V turbocharger, the M57TÜ2 a Garrett GT2260VK turbocharger, whilst the M57D30TÜTOP sports a BorgWarner KP39 high-pressure and a K26 low-pressure turbocharger. The compression ratio reaches from 16.5:1 to 18.0:1, M57 engines with higher power output and more than one turbocharger have a lower compression ratio. Every cylinder has two inlet and two exhaust valves as well as two chain-driven overhead camshafts. The redline is 4750 rpm.

M57D25
Bore x stroke: 80x82.8 mm
 * 2000 - 2003 in the BMW E39 525d 120 kW (161hp)
 * 2001 - 2003 in the Opel Omega B 2.5DTI 110 kW

M57D25TÜ
Bore x stroke: 84x75.1 mm
 * 2003 - 2007 in the BMW E60/E61 525d 120 kW or 130 kW

M57D30
Bore x stroke: 84x88 mm
 * 130 kW and 390 Nm
 * in the Range Rover L322
 * 135 kW and 390 Nm
 * in the E39 as 530d
 * in the E46 as 330d/330xd
 * 135 kW and 410 Nm
 * in the E38 as 730d
 * in the E53 as X5 3.0d
 * 142 kW and 410 Nm
 * in the E39 as 530d
 * 142 kW and 430 Nm
 * in the E38 as 730d

M57D30TÜ
Bore x stroke: 84x90 mm
 * 150 kW and 410 Nm
 * in the E46 as 330d/330Cd/330xd
 * in the E83 as X3 3.0d
 * 160 kW and 500 Nm
 * in the E53 as X5 3.0d
 * in the E60/E61 as 530d/530xd
 * in the E65/E66 as 730d
 * in the E83 as X3 3.0d

M57D30TÜ TOP
Bore x stroke: 84x90 mm
 * 200 kW and 560 Nm
 * in the E60/E61 as 535d
 * in the E63/E64 as 635d

M57D30TÜ2
Bore x stroke: 84x90 mm
 * 145 kW and 400 Nm
 * in the E90/E91/E92/E93 as 325d
 * in the E60/E61 as 525d
 * 170 kW and 500-520 Nm
 * in the E65/E66 as 730d
 * in the E90/E91/E92/E93 as 330d/330xd
 * in the E60/E61 as 530d/530xd
 * 173 kW and 500-520 Nm
 * in the E60/E61 as 530d
 * in the E70 as X5 xDrive30d
 * in the E71 as X6 xDrive30d

M57D30TÜ2 TOP
Bore x stroke: 84x90 mm
 * 210 kW and 580 Nm
 * in the E60/E61 as 535d
 * in the E63/E64 as 635d
 * in the E70 as X5 3.0sd
 * in the E71 as X6 xDrive35d
 * in the E83 as X3 3.0sd
 * in the E90/E91/E92 as 335d

title: BMW M57


text:
1837 in rail transport

April events

 * April 3 – The Paisley and Renfrew Railway is opened in Scotland, a 4 ft 6 in gauge railway providing passenger services hauled by steam locomotives.
 * April 18 – Andover and Wilmington Railroad reorganizes and changes its name to Andover and Haverhill Railroad, reflecting plans to extend its line to Haverhill, Massachusetts.
 * April 24 – The Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn, the first major railway line to be built between important cities in Germany, begins passenger operations. It orders locomotive Columbus from Ross Winans, the first exported from the United States.

July events

 * July 4 – The Grand Junction Railway, the first trunk railway to be completed in Britain is opened from Birmingham to Warrington, England (82 mi), where it connects with other lines.
 * July 15 – The Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr and Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railways are authorised in Scotland.
 * July 20 – Euston station is opened as the first London terminus.

August events

 * August 24 – Queen Marie Amélie and King Louis-Philippe officially open first section of the Paris–Saint-Germain-en-Laye line, the first steam-worked passenger railway in France.

October events

 * October 30 – The Tsarskoye Selo Railway, the first in the Russian Empire, between Saint Petersburg Tsarskoselsky station and Zarskoje Selo with a length of 23 km, opens, engineered by Franz Anton von Gerstner. The locomotive for the new railway was built by Englishman Timothy Hackworth and the gauge is 1829 mm (6 ft). Because the track connected the pleasure sites of the nobility, it was called "the train to the pub."

November events

 * November 10 – Opening of first railroad in Cuba (and the Spanish Empire), Havana–Güines, principally for sugar traffic.
 * November 23 – Opening of first railroad in Austria, the Kaiser Ferdinands Nordbahn, Vienna–Floridsdorf–Deutsch-Wagram (17.7 km).

Unknown date events

 * Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor receives the company's first order for new steam locomotives; the order for two locomotives is placed by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad and is intended to be the beginning of the railroad's locomotive fleet.
 * Scottish inventor Robert Davidson produces a model battery-electric locomotive.

April births

 * April 17 – J. P. Morgan, American financier who helped to finance United States Steel Corporation (d. 1913).

May births

 * May 6 – William Barstow Strong, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1881–1889 (d. 1914).
 * May 23 – Anatole Mallet, inventor of the Mallet locomotive type (d. 1919).

June births

 * June 25 – Charles Tyson Yerkes, American financier of rapid transit systems in Chicago and London (d. 1905).

September births

 * September 26 – Allen Manvel, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1889–1893 (d. 1893).

March deaths

 * March 11 – William James, English railway promoter (b. 1771).

authors: Кокушев Сергей

title: 1837 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Chuck Jones

Untitled
I just learned from paying some attention to the the rolling credits, last night, that Chuck Jones is the director, etc. of my favourite Christmas movie of all time, "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Bugs Bunny is already one of my very favourite cartoon so it was amazing to find out about the Mr. Grinch connection after all these years.

 * Yep, Chuck Jones was certainly a talented animator/director, arguably the best that we've ever seen. I love the "Grinch" special too.  You can see some of his Looney Tunes masterpieces just recently restored and released on DVD (see Looney Tunes Golden Collections).  Some of the very best Chuck Jones cartoons are on these sets, including "What's Opera, Doc?", "The Rabbit of Seville", "Duck Amuck", "The Ducksters", "The Dover Boys", and of course, "One Froggy Evening".  The DVDs include special features devoted to Chuck Jones and other cartoon directors (like Bob Clampett).  Volume 1 includes a very nice introduction to the Looney Tunes characters by Chuck himself (if you're curious to see what he looked like in his later years).  Volume 2 also includes at least one audio commentary by Chuck Jones himself (pieced together from various interviews post mortem, since Chuck passed away before DVDs hit the mainstream).  It's great to hear his perspective on some of these cartoons. Jeff schiller 17:53, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

Thanks Jeff for the information about the Looney Tunes Collection. I'd like to get it soon from Amazon or the like, I'm sure it will cost some pretty pennies but it'd be nice to have.

RE: "Controversy"
I removed the "Controversy" section. It's very much violating our NPOV policy, as it's an opnion shared by some people, but not by many others. --b. Touch 03:14, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

RE: RE: "Controversy"
Controversy section is not from a point of view. It is view nuetral. It is no more biased that this quote from the beginning of the article:

''Many of Jones' cartoons of the 1930s and early 1940s were lavishly animated, but lacking in genuine humor. Often slow-moving and overbearing with "cuteness," Jones' cartoons seemed to be an attempt to follow in the footsteps of Walt Disney (especially with such cartoons as Tom Thumb in Trouble and the Sniffles cartoons)''

For similarly themed article see the "Quality Controversy" section of Hanna Barbera.

Some people may like these elements of Jones' career, others may not. If you can only despute the negative or positiveness of the facts and not the facts themselves this section should not be removed. Please explain what about it is factually wrong before removing it again. What would be even better is if we could work together to make the section more acceptable to you as nuetral if you truly feel it isnt already.

 * Because it's a long section with a completely negative viewpoint. It needs to be re-written and presented from both sides of the story, therfore renaming it "Critical analyses of Jones' work". The Hanna-Barbera section explains and justifys both sides of the story and keeps a neutral viewpoint; this on the other hand looks like it stands to trash Jones and no other reason. On top of all of that, it's not even properly formatted: a section like this doesn't NEED headers; it causes it to draw undue attention to itself. I will rewrite it and neutralize the point of view in an hour or so. --b. Touch 13:40, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I cleaned up the article, removing these two sections:

 * Jones also reenvisioned many established characters' personalities dramatically to the versions we recognize as standard today. Bugs Bunny became far more docile and kind, protagonist Daffy Duck lost all his daffiness and became an angry spoiled sport antagonist, and Porky Pig went from a clumsy straight man style star to a mostly irrelevant sidekick.

 * Jones also seemed to write the same cartoons over and over again. Series, such as Pepe Le Pew, Sam Sheepdog, the Road Runner and the Wabbit Season trilogy had nearly identical plots, gags, and resolutions.

All Warners directors had different versions of the main characters: Robert McKimson's Bugs is more talkative and scheming and less active, while Friz Freleng's Bugs s more mischevous and playful. Freleng re-invented Bob Clampett's Tweety characer int othe cute, docile one adrning childrens' backpacks to this day, Frelend and Jones have seperate characterizations of Sylvester, and McKimson reinvented Jones' Henery Hawk into Fogehorn Leghorn's brash-talking antagonist.

And as far as repetition, Freleng's Bugs/Yosemite Sam cartoons, McKimson's Foghorn Leghorn cartoons, and--most obviously--the Tweety & Sylvester cartoons all use the same plots (and gags sometimes) over and over again. In the case of some of the Warners series (particularly the Tweety & Sylvester, Road Runner, and Sam Sheepdog/Ralph Wolf cartoons), the repitition is the point of the series; and the challenge is to explore all of the different variations one can get from the same theme. Jones has a list of rules that he does not break for the Road Runner series ("The Road Runner must tstay on the road", "they must stay in the desert setting", etc). Remember, many of these cartoons were released to theaters anywhere from a few months to an entire year apart, they aren't meantto be digested all at one time asa whole; Jones in particular ususally made only one Road Runner cartoon a year.

The thing about the cuteness factor is dead-on, however, particualrly the bit about Tom & Jerry. THat, obviously, needs to stay. I added a paragraph discussing the other side of the token; i.e. why Jones is the most honored and recognized director fro mthe Warner cartoon studio. Also, as stated before, such a section should be written in paragraph form, not sectioned off as a list; it makes the formatting of the page awkward. --b. Touch 14:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Re: editing controvery
I agree with most of your edits, but I think you are being a bit one sided in some ways. The entire article could be seen as a slanted positive toward jones. This section is a sort of balance. Idolizing someone is as bad as simply bashing them. I'm glad that the part about plot is left in, but I think the character reenvisionment must be put back in and I will be reincorporating it. After all saying it doesn't belong because other animators did it too is a "two wrongs" falacy. Daffy was NOT an antagonist until jones and porky was NOT a sidekick until jones. He was a star or costar, no simply giggling in the background. --Mark 2000

 * "If we're going to characterize disputes fairly, we should present competing views with a consistently positive, sympathetic tone." (direct from Neutral point of view). Jones is a major figure in animation, and the prupose for having an encyclopedia article about him is to explain why he's important, not to tear him down because of our own personal preferneces. As much as I like Jones' work, I like Avery's and Clampett's just as much, and I'm not a big fan of greedy Daffy. You can go ahead and enter a paragraph on the character reimaginement, but please remember to use NPOV. --b. Touch 18:31, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've already added that information back to the article. But, again, all articles need a generally positve (though not glowing, which this article does not have) tone. The Diana Ross article doesn't attack the lesser elements of her character, and the articles for Tex Avery, Bob Clampett, etc. do not attack their works. A consistent tone has to be maintained. If you do not like Jones' work, and want people to know, the Wikipedia is not the place for that. --b. Touch 18:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

While I agree with you 100% on using paragraphs as opposed to bullets, I think this has been a large exercise in your ego. I don't see how you've changed any of the ideas I wrote except to enlongated them in your own prose. My usage of words like "reinvented" amd "reenvisioned" are completely nuetral. I could have used "ruined" instead if I intended to be negative. You're paragraph comes off as more negative because it sites that some views don't like it. I never placed a value on the change in characteristics or on the cuteness factor, I just stated it existed. I think the sections on Jones' wanting to bring respect to cartoons boarders on the sycophantical. I think every director of the 40's was out for the same goal, especially Clampett who considered his work an extention Surrealism. The way you phrase Jones as the only force besides disney, makes light of other directors' work.

Jones is not the first to add obscure intellectual notes into his work. The Fleischers were the masters of this and their, and ealier WB directors were much more daring in their use of oscure Jazz songs and classical music. I think this is another spot where Jones was influenced, but was not an innovator as you make him seem. --Mark 2000

 * No. Give me an example of a Fleischer film that uses obscure intellectual references. Many of them have obscure references in general, but noting like what Jones later did, and certainly not with his intent. And earlier WB directors generally didn't use obscure jazz or classical music; if anything they were (then) familiar pieces, contemporary hits, or, more often than not, current songs from Warner Bros. movies that the studio wanted the cartoons to promote. Carl Stalling is noted for appropriating the works of people like Raymond Scott in his works, but that was done without the intent of the directors, even Jones. Like all the Warners directors, Jones is very much an innovator. And the article(s) should reflect such. This isn't about my ego or anyone else's--this is about maintaining an encyclopediaic tone for the article. When you're writing, you have to ask yourself "would this appear in an encyclopedia?" And Jones said--from his own mouth, in both books he wrote and in on-screen interviews--that he wanted to advance the art and usage of animation, and he did more avant-garde works than the other directors.

 * As far as the article is concerned, however, it works the way you fixed it. I just did some very minor copyedits, basically combining two short paragraphs and fixing one sentence. --b. Touch 23:03, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

For the sake of aurgument, though, I'd like you to explain to me how anything Jones did was avant-gaurde. Lifting the same eyebrow over an over again isn't avant-gaurde, nor is using popular pieces like Ride of the Valkeries or Barber of Seville. If these are considered obscure references then Blue Danube and Hungarian Rhapsedy are equally innovative and were done first. Certainly its not as daring as using Cab Calloway as the Fleischers did or the back alley Jazz Musicians that Clampett did. The Fleischers are often cited as the first to bring jazz to film, not just cartoons. They incorperated black jazz into the entire flow and style of their productions. This may have been contempoary music, but it was considered degenerate as opposed to the socially acceptable white "jazz" crooners of the day. Clampett also took the "book covers come to life" formula to a level beyond just nursery rhymes, not to mention his attachment to the surrealists. And Freleng's "A Hare Grows in Brooklyn" is also far more into the literary spectrum than most. So please give examples for Jones. Is it in Bugs Bunny in outerspace, Daffy Duck in outerspace, or Tom and Jerry in outerspace? --Mark 2000

For the sake of argument, here we go...:

 * I'd like you to explain to me how anything Jones did was avant-gaurde. Lifting the same eyebrow over an over again isn't avant-gaurde, nor is using popular pieces like Ride of the Valkeries or Barber of Seville. If these are considered obscure references then Blue Danube and Hungarian Rhapsedy are equally innovative and were done first.

Certainly those pieces are anything but obscure. I was referring to things such as referencing Sergei Eisenstein in Conrad the Sailor. And perhaps "unusual for an animated film" might be better than "obscure", because Eisenstein wasn't particularly obscure by standard terms. Also, Felix Mendelssohn's "Fingal's Cave Overture" isn't completely obscure, but the idea of having the stone-faced crow walk casually through a cartoon, hopping (and hovering) on every odd note, isn't a typical one.

 *  Certainly its not as daring as using Cab Calloway as the Fleischers did or the back alley Jazz Musicians that Clampett did. The Fleischers are often cited as the first to bring jazz to film, not just cartoons. They incorperated black jazz into the entire flow and style of their productions. This may have been contempoary music, but it was considered degenerate as opposed to the socially acceptable white "jazz" crooners of the day.

When Fleischer made those Betty Boop pictures, Calloway was, like a number of other musical performers, white and black, under contract to Paramount. While it's certainly ground-breaking and culturally significant, "daring" might be a stretch as (a) Calloway was a popular up-and-coming performer, who soon corssed over successfully to white audiences, and (b) the short with Louis Armstrong, I'll Be Glad When You're Dead You Rascal You, shows that insensitivity and racialism (not racism) still took precedent over equality.

By the time Clampett made his black jazz film Coal Black and De Sebben Dwarfs, black jazz wasn't as socically inacceptable (granted, even in 1932 when the first of the Boop/Calloway films were made, it had been part of the mainstream for about six or seven years). In addition, Clampett's work post dates a number of significant films staring African-Americans, most notably The Green Pastures.

However, I don't mean to say that Fleischer's and Clampett's contributions were at all minor. In fact, they are very important works in both animation and in jazz music as well. I just don't know if they are "daring", superlatively speaking, especially since the usage of black people in the films kept them in the "safe" realm of musical entertainemnt.

Relating to the main subject, Jones never really did anything socially ground-braking like that. He used ethnic people in stereotypical roles: the French skunk, the African warrior boy, the Stepin Fetchit-type "Negro" characterization, etc.

 *  Clampett also took the "book covers come to life" formula to a level beyond just nursery rhymes, not to mention his attachment to the surrealists.

...but Frank Tashlin beat him to that.

 * And Freleng's "A Hare Grows in Brooklyn" is also far more into the literary spectrum than most. So please give examples for Jones. Is it in Bugs Bunny in outerspace, Daffy Duck in outerspace, or Tom and Jerry in outerspace?

By avante-guard, I mean artistically groundbreaking, unusual, and significantly outside of the norm. Films like The Dover Boys, Hell-Bent for Re-Election, What's Opera, Doc? (the fact that the whole short actually IS in operatic form), and The Dot and the Line. Jones is certainly not the only Warners director to delve into such types of work, but the fact is that he did turn out films like these. Each Warners director contributed something to the legacy of the studio and its work:

Jones: the intellectual influences, the refinement of characterization, sharp traditional comedic timing. Friz Freleng: timing involving music and musical sequences, directness of impact Tex Avery: definition of the Warners style of zany humor, introduction of new types of characters, extreme comedic gags, and a more modern and workable form of self-reference to the field of animation. Frank Tashlin: sharp ZANY comedic timing (as opposed to Jones' more traditional style) and cinematic use of cutting, camera angles and camera moves, etc. Also, he and Avery collectively are responsible for defining the use of speed in animation. Robert McKimson: devinitive versions of characters' looks, the Warners drawing style, expressive dialogue animation. Bob Clampett: built upon Avery's zaniness with surrealism, high energy gags, and wackiness. When most people think of a Looney Tunes cartoon stlye, they're thinking of a Clampett (or maybe Avery) style.

--b. Touch 02:39, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You change your aurgument often. You go from stating Jones was the only true innovator to he was one of many with his own special talents that he brought to the table.

I think you honestly don't give enough credit to the use of Jazz. Just because these people were signed to a studio didn't mean they were being used effectively or were popular. Most of the time they were signed so their work could be covered by whites. Remember, Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosbey, and Elvis are all household words today, while Cab Calloway, King Oliver, and Chuck Berry are obscure references for intellectuals like you and I.

You two biggest examples for innovation (what's opera doc, dot and line)are great, no aurguement. But they aren't innovations. Both (operatic direction/abstract forms) were done by fantasia nearly 20 years prior. Oscar Fischinger origianlly wanted Fantasia to be all abstraction to music, perhaps the first piece of psychadellia. Jones stab at opera amounts to parody, which Clampett had already done with "Corny Concetro"

Again, I think Jones is less an innovator than he is a hard working cog in a machine. He was presurred by peers to do some of his best work and became somewhat stale on his own. How many times can I watch Witch Hazel split a hair with an axe (though the line "But aren't they all witches inside?" is a brilliant piece of misogyny)? Jones was good, great even, but, dispite his own intentions, he wasn't that great and he wasn't an innovator. He was just the only one left alive when animation was revived recently as an art form.

 * I never originally intended to state that Jones was the ONLY innovator, and though he's not the most influential, I'd say he's third after Avery and Clampett. But you do make some good points about Jones making use of what came before. --b. Touch 17:19, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Walt Disney Studios

 * Sleeping Beauty (1959)
 * The Aristocats (1970)

Miramax Home Entertaiment

 * Gay Purr-ee (1960)

Was Jones Really Fired Over "Gay Purr-ee"?
This story about Jones being fired from Warner Brothers as a result of writing "Gay Purr-ee" sounds a bit fishy for a number of reasons, the main one being the timeline. More than a year before "Gay Purr-ee" was released, ALL of the Warner Brothers animation staff was laid off. The animation unit always maintained a substantial backlog of cartoons, so WB continued to release Looney Toons and Merrie Melodies up until 1964. WB probably would have stopped releasing cartoons at that point if the newly formed DePatie-Freling studio had not offered to make more cartoons using the WB characters, albiet with a substantially lower budget.

The point is, by the time "Gay Purr-ee" hit the theaters, Jones was already gone. So if Chuck Jones was fired for writing "Gay Purr-ee", it must have happened well before the film's release. This seems unlikely. Does anyone have any references to back this up?

Jones remained at Warner's up to July 23, 1962, as explained in this thread. Apparently the Warner's executives saw Jones' name in the credits several months before "Gay Purr-ee" was released on October 24. The last Bugs Bunny cartoon, False Hare, was in production in late November 1962 and the studio closed in early 1963. --Angilbas 08:14, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

"War and Pieces", a Road Runner cartoon, was the final Jones cartoon released by Warner before the original studio closed in 1963.Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:33, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I know this thread's been dead for over a year, but I just have to open this issue up again. That thread simply contains the claim (if a very detailed version), unsourced. Jones, in his book Chuck Amuck and during several personal appearances, flatly and invariably said he was laid off with everyone else when Jack W. closed the studio. The article's source note, an external link titled "An Interview with Chuck Jones," is misleading as Jones says there what I just said he always said. The interviewer, Michael Barrier, does claim in an aside to his readers that this is not true and references his book with an account of the alleged Gay Purr-ee situation. Not good enough for me, especially since he states this interview was conducted in 1969, meaning Chuck was consistent about this beginning shortly after it happened until his death. For comparison to another WB cartoon shop alumnus with low credibility claims, Mel Blanc's various statements of B.S. can be found only in his last decade or so, and the evidence contradicting him is very convincing and often conclusive. Furthermore, many other relevant works, such as Leonard Maltin's Of Mice and Magic, fail to indicate anything of the sort happened. Sorry, but until and unless I read Barrier's book and find it well-sourced and convincing (which I don't expect to be the case), I have to disbelieve this and I don't believe it should be in the article as a flat fact. To be fair, it shouldn't flatly say Jones was laid off with everyone else, either. --Ted Watson (talk) 22:57, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Clampett Smear Campaign
I removed the following text added on July 22nd by an anonymous contributor:

"Another criticism of Jones is his deliberate and vicious smear campaign against Bob Clampett. In the 1940's, Clampett's cartoons were the most popular, while Jones's were not. Leon Schlesinger told the other directors to "Be like Clampett". Jones, who was described as being a cold, calculating person with a large ego, did not take kindly to this. In the late 1960s and 70s Jones spread false rumors about Bob, even creating pamphlets full of lies to hand out to animation fans. This eventually destroyed Bob's reputation, while Chuck wrote a book taking credit for things he had atacked Bob for taking credit for."

I have heard stories about this within the animation community and is the Clampett side of the Clampett-Jones fued. Until it is cited with references and changed to NPOV, it should not be included in an encyclopedic article. Jeff schiller 21:51, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

I would suggest reviewing both Clampett's and Jones' articles. To me, the article for Bob Clampett seems more biased against its subject than does the Chuck Jones article. This problem could be remedied using Milton Gray's article, "Bob Clampett Remembered" as a source. However, if material concerning the Jones-Clampett controversy is added to the Jones article, it cannot be as it was previously included in the article. As it then existed, the bias was in Clampett's favor. I feel that the controversy needs included in both articles (not just in Clampett's as it is presently), without being necessarily in favor or against either animator, as Wikipedia's standards of neutrality encourage. William Rehtworc 20:42, 23 June 2008 (PST) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.61.62.181 (talk)

A little confusing
Jones started Chuck Jones Enterprises in 1963, and this lasted till at least the 80's or 90's (some says it did animation for feature movies like Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)). Then we have Chuck Jones Productions, which was created in the early 70's (I don't know when it closed). And from 1962-1970, we have Sib Tower 12 Productions. And finally there is Chuck Jones Film Productions (1993-1997). Seems like he created a lot of animation studios, but it's all confusing. What is what, and did he work in two or three studios at once? 193.217.194.114 23:39, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Source that could be used
Maureen Furniss published a collection of interviews related to Jones, so someone could use that. WhisperToMe (talk) 22:59, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Chuck Jones for Walt Disney Feature Animation
Chuck Jones was NOT working at Walt Disney Feature Animation, he died in 2002. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.148.6.118 (talk) 00:42, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

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Hercules (Disney character)
Chuck Jones did not created Hercules as a Disney character. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.64.226.32 (talk) 23:04, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

Did anyone make that mistake? Why are you saying this?Crboyer (talk) 00:03, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

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Looney Tunes baseball cards
How come no mention of the 1990 Looney Tunes Topps baseball card set of 297 cards that was drawn by Chuck Jones? (Or, for that matter, any of the baseball card sets that Jones did?)

Since both front and back of most of the cards had artwork done by Jones, that means he created nearly 600 new drawings featuring most of the popular Looney Tunes (and Merrie Melodies) cartoon characters.

And some of the drawings were done using techniques (like water color) that Jones experimented with but that the general public is not familiar with.

Just wondering. 2600:8800:784:8F00:C23F:D5FF:FEC4:D51D (talk) 06:13, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Trevor Thompson
Here's a interesting story that I found on the internet. Some Looney Tunes nerd actually called Chuck before he died, and here's some sources that I found.

http://boootooons.blogspot.com/2008/01/my-conversation-with-chuck-jones.html

Junkrak (talk) 22:01, 2 November 2019 (UTC)JunkrakJunkrak (talk) 22:01, 2 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Blogs are generally not considered reliable 3rd party sources - no editorial oversite.THX1136 (talk) 23:43, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chuck Jones


text:
Cowley Road, Oxford

Cowley Road is an arterial road in the city of Oxford, England, running southeast from near the city centre at The Plain near Magdalen Bridge, through the inner city area of East Oxford, and to the industrial suburb of Cowley. The central shopping is at 51.746°N, -1.232°W

Cowley Road is also the main shopping street of East Oxford, and in the evenings it is the area's main leisure district.

Cowley Road, like most of Oxford, has an ethnically and economically diverse population. This includes significant, long-standing South Asian and Afro-Caribbean communities, who have been joined more recently by East European, Chinese and African arrivals. Alongside these ethnic groups, East Oxford plays host to many members of the city's academic population, both undergraduate and academic staff, and is home to many politically active groups.

Cowley Road has high levels of both road traffic and pedestrian traffic, and space for both is limited. In 2005, Oxfordshire County Council invested about £1,000,000 from central government to re-model the busiest part of Cowley Road. The carriageway has been realigned and colourfully resurfaced, the pavements have been repaved, cycle lanes have been enhanced in some places and removed from others and in one section the speed limit has been reduced to 20 mph.

Music and culture
The Cowley Road area has played a prominent part in the Oxford music scene. A number of successful bands made their formative performances in local venues such as the O2 Academy Oxford (formerly known as The Zodiac), and The Bullingdon (formerly The Art Bar). Famous Oxford bands have included Supergrass, Radiohead and Ride.

Cowley Road was also home to the Cowley Road Carnival, an annual event when the road was pedestrianised, and which featured live music, static sound systems, a parade, and food from around the world. Cowley Road Carnival became an integral part of contemporary Oxford. Held on the first Sunday in July it celebrated the multicultural diversity of the city and regularly attracted around 50,000 visitors. The COVID-19 pandemic caused cancellation of the street carnival and in 2022 the organisers announced closure of the Carnival.

A house party on the Cowley Road was the site to the UK band Foals' first ever gig.

title: Cowley Road, Oxford