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Talk:Merkit

Removed from article as I couldn't confirm:

 * ", while Genghis Khan's mother was on the honeymoon," and "When Genghis Khan was born, Yesugei and Hoelun could not figure it out whether he is Yesugei's or the Merkit's warrior's son."

I couldn't find any online source mentioning any doubt about Temujin's father. Rmhermen 22:03, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Why hasn't anyone mentioned the undeniable similarity between the ancient ethnonyms 靺鞨 (Mandarin Mòhé, Early Middle Japanese Maka or Sino-Japanese Makkat(u), Sino-Korean Markar), 勿吉 (Mandarin Wùjí, Sino-Japanese Mokkit(u), Sino-Korean *Meurkir or *Myrkir to Modern Sino-Korean Murkir), and the ethnonym of the Merkits that is attested in Mongolian sources? Is the phonetic similarity so striking that scholars have chosen to ignore it as a mere coincidence? Or does the vague similarity to the name of the Magyars trouble them? Sometimes I think scholars with a particular fondness for one Northeast Asian ethnic group or another have arbitrarily labelled some vanished tribes of the region as being "related to" or "a subtype of" the Mongolians, the Tungus, etc. without any solid evidence to back up their claims. To me, it all seems a lot like the old Chinese historian's practice of relating, apparently arbitrarily, the chiefs of any non-Chinese tribes with which they came into contact to the descendants of some extremely ancient rulers of China, such as the kings of the Xià or Shāng dynasties. (Posted by: nekomimi Apr 30, 2006)

 * Beware of vague soundalikes, the staple of the hobby etymologist and pseudo-linguist alike. If you give me Middle/Old Chinese reconstructions and the resemblance remains or even increases, I'd admit you might be up to something, but this doesn't suffice. Why should anyone pick up on this? Perhaps because it isn't really that obvious a resemblance except to you and others who are inclined to see it, sort of like pareidolia? Your own fondness for a Northeast Asian ethnic group, perhaps?
 * Apart from that, your point that vanished tribes are classified or attributed to others on less than solid footing is valid (I admit that default assumptions, while common sense, are often wrong, but they are quite understandable), but your listing isn't anything like persuasive evidence, either. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 21:31, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Merkit people = a Turkic people
Böri (talk) 11:20, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

 * And your reason to think that is? My curiosity is already peaked; I'm listening attentively. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 21:36, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Spelling?
Currently the name is spelled in the text variously as Merkit, Merged and Mergid: if there are reasons for using each of these in different places they are not made clear. Should the article be edited to use one of these consistently, with the others noted in the lede? {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.0.58 (talk) 00:55, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Merkit


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Matra Durandal

Named after a mythical medieval French sword, the Durandal is an anti-runway penetration bomb developed by the French company Matra (now MBDA), designed to destroy airport runways and exported to several countries. A simple crater in a runway could be filled in without issue, so the Durandal uses two explosions to displace the concrete slabs of a runway, thus making the damage to the runway far more difficult to repair.

Overview
Designed to be dropped from low altitudes, the bomb's fall is slowed by a parachute. The maximum release speed is 550 kn and the minimum release altitude is 200 ft. When the bomb has reached a 40° angle due to the parachute's drag, it fires a rocket booster that accelerates it into the runway surface. The 100 kg primary charge explodes after the weapon has penetrated the concrete and drives the secondary charge even deeper. The 15 kg secondary charge then explodes after a one-second delay. Later production weapons have a programmable fuse that can delay the secondary detonation up to several hours.

The weapon can penetrate up to 40 cm of concrete, and creates a crater 2 m deep and approximately 5 m in diameter. In addition, concrete slabs around the crater are disturbed in an area approximately 15 m in diameter. The disturbed slabs are displaced up to 50 cm above the original surface, making repair more difficult than the simple crater from a conventional bomb.

Service history
There is a persistent story that the first use of the current Matra Durandal was by Israeli Mirages during the Six-Day War. This is inaccurate, as this war took place ten years before the Durandal was first available on the arms market. Rather, the prototype French/Israeli anti-runway weapon program which cratered Egyptian runways in 1967 is related, but distinct from the Durandal. The Israeli weapon used rockets rather than parachutes to brake over the target. The Matra development branch was in development from 1971 on and would form the basis for the Durandal which uses parachute braking. The Durandal was adopted by the US in a slightly modified form (with a steeper impact angle and a higher 630 knot deployment speed) as the BLU-107/B in the 1980s, and carried by F-111 and F-15E strike aircraft.

In addition, the Durandal is in service with Argentina, Turkey, and at least 14 other nations. The Durandal is not currently in the weapon inventory of the French Armée de l'Air

It was used by the US Air Force in Desert Storm, delivered by F-111E's of the 20th Fighter Wing based in Turkey. 20th Wing flight commander Captain George Kelman said "there is nothing better at destroying a runway than a Durandal."

It has been reported that China has developed its own anti-runway bombs, the Type 200A, using Durandals as models. In the 1980s, China purchased a number of Durandals from France.

Users

 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matra Durandal


text: User talk:62.213.31.50

title: User talk:62.213.31.50


text:
User talk:Endangered Specie

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 22:05, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
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Hi. If quoting lyrics (public domain era ones, only, please) in articles, you might wish to format them with a colon at the start of each line
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Cheers, -- Infrogmation 00:15, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Endangered Specie


text:
Durendal

Durendal, also spelled Durandal, is the sword of Roland, a legendary paladin and partially historical officer of Charlemagne in French epic literature. The sword is famous for its hardness and sharpness. Sources including La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland) state that it first belonged to the young Charlemagne.

According to one legend, at the end of the Battle of Roncevaux Roland hurled the sword from him to prevent its being seized by the Saracens, and it came to rest in Rocamadour. A replica sword that was embedded in a rock face there was reported stolen in June 2024.

Etymology
The name Durendal arguably begins with the French dur- stem, meaning "hard", though "enduring" may be the intended meaning. Rita Lejeune argues that the name may break down into durant + dail, which may be rendered in English as "strong scythe" or explained in more detail to mean "a scimitar or scythe that holds up, resists, endures". Gerhard Rohlfs suggests dur + end'art, "strong flame" or "[a flame] burns strongly from it".

The Pseudo-Turpin explains that the name "'Durendal' is interpreted to mean [that] it gives a hard strike" (Durenda). It has been argued that the Pseudo-Turpin offering a gloss of the meaning constitutes evidence that it was a name that was not readily understood in French.

One non-French etymology is Edwin B. Place's attempt to construe it in Breton as diren dall, meaning "blade [that] dulls cutting edge" or "blade [that] blinds". Another is James A. Bellamy's Arabic etymology, explaining a possible origin of the sword's name in ḏū l-jandal (ذو الجندل), meaning "master of stone".

Properties
According to legend, the sword was capable of cutting through giant boulders with a single strike, and was indestructible.

In the Chanson de Roland
In La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland), the sword is said to contain within its golden hilt a tooth of Saint Peter, blood of Basil of Caesarea, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of Mary, mother of Jesus,

According to legend as recounted in the poem, at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass Roland took the rearguard to hold off Saracen troops long enough for Charlemagne's army to retreat into France. He slew a vast number of enemies: wielding Durendal, he sliced the right arm of the Saracen king Marsile, decapitated the king's son Jursaleu or Jurfaleu and put the one-hundred-thousand-strong army to flight. His mission accomplished, Roland then attempted to destroy Durendal by hitting it against blocks of marble, to prevent it from being captured by the Saracens, but the sword proved to be indestructible. Finally, mortally wounded, he hid it beneath his body as he lay dying along with the oliphant, the horn he had used to alert Charlemagne.

Origins and previous ownership
The sword has been given various provenances. Several of the works of the Matter of France agree that it was forged by Wayland the Smith, who is commonly cited as a maker of weapons in chivalric romances.

According to La Chanson de Roland, an angel brought Durendal to Charlemagne in the vale of Moriane, and Charlemagne then gave it to Roland.

According to the 12th-century fragmentary chanson de geste known as Mainet (referring to the pseudonym that Charlemagne adopted in his youth), Durendal was once captured, but not kept, by the young Charlemagne when he fled to Spain. Young Charles (Mainés in the text) slays Braimant, obtaining his sword (Durendaus). This tale is better preserved in some non-chanson de geste texts, and in adaptations such as the Franco-Italian Karleto. According to the Low-German version Karl Mainet, the place of combat was near the vale of Moriane (Vael Moriale), near Toledo.

According to another 12th-century chanson de geste, the Song of Aspremont, the owner of Durendal just before Roland obtained it was a Saracen named Aumon, son of king Agolant,. Young Roland mounted Naimes's horse Morel without permission, and armed only with a rod, defeated Aumon, taking as spoils both the sword and the horse Veillantif.

These materials were combined in the Italian prose Aspramonte by Andrea da Barberino in the late 14th to early 15th century. That work stated that after young Carlo (Charlemagne) came into possession of Durindarda (Durendal) by killing Bramante in Spain, Galafro gave it to Galiziella, who then gave it to Almonte the son of Agolante (i.e., Aumon). Galiziella is glossed as the bastard daughter of Agolante, making her Almonte's half-sister. Durindana is eventually won by Orlandino (young Orlando).

Andrea da Barberino was a major source for later Italian writers. Boiardo's Orlando innamorato traces the sword's origin to Hector of Troy; it belonged for a while to the Amazonian queen Pantasilea, and was passed down to Almonte before Orlando gained possession of it. Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso follows Boiardo, saying it once belonged to Hector of Troy, but that it was given to Roland by Malagigi (Maugris).

Local lore
Tradition has it that Roland's Breach in the Pyrenees was created when Roland, attempting to break Durendal, instead cut a huge gash in the mountainside with one blow.

In Rocamadour, in the Lot department, a local legend holds that instead of dying with Durendal hidden under his body, Roland called on the Archangel Michael for assistance and was able to throw the sword several hundred kilometres across the border into France, where it came to rest in Rocamadour. There it was deposited in the chapel of Mary, but was stolen by Henry the Young King in 1183. Successive replicas have been stolen; most recently a sword fashioned from sheet metal was embedded in a cleft in a cliff wall, secured with a chain. That sword was reported stolen in June 2024.

title: Durendal


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File:Golden Earring - Something Heavy Going Down.jpg

Summary
Cover for album Something Heavy Going Down by Golden Earring.


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Nuns' Island

Nuns' Island (officially Île-des-Sœurs; ) is an island located in the Saint Lawrence River that forms a part of the city of Montreal, Quebec. It is part of the borough of Verdun.

History
Originally called Île Saint-Paul in honour of the founder of Montreal, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, the island was initially acquired in 1634 by Jean de Lauzon, future governor of New France. The island was included in the expansive seigneurie of La Citière on the south shore of the St. Lawrence. In 1664 he ceded the island in three equal parts to three prominent citizens of Ville-Marie: Jacques Le Ber, sieur de Saint-Paul et Senneville; Claude Robutel de Saint-André, sieur de La Noue; and Jean de la Vigne, who transferred his portion to Jacques Le Ber's sister Marie in 1668. She, in turn, sold her share to her brother, leaving the island divided between the seigneuries of Saint-Paul and La Noue.

The nuns of the Congrégation de Notre-Dame acquired the seigneurie de La Noue in 1706. Following the British conquest, the other seigneurie was auctioned; the nuns purchased it too in 1769, becoming the sole owners of the island for the next 187 years. Their ownership would give the island its unofficial name, attested since the early 19th century.

The nuns farmed the island, building houses and agricultural buildings, and later hired women to help with raising livestock. Owing to a dispute between the congregation and the municipality of Verdun over taxes in the late 19th century, the island, which had no fixed link to the Island of Montreal, was made a municipality (L'Île-Saint-Paul) in 1899.

The nuns continued farming until 1956, when they sold the island to the Quebec Home and Mortgage Co. Ltd. In the same year, the provincial government merged it with Verdun. By that time the name Saint-Paul had fallen out of use, and the name île des Sœurs was officialized. The nuns entirely left the island in 1957.

The development of the island began in earnest with the opening of the Champlain Bridge in 1962. The urbanization was carried out by the Metropolitan Structures company of Chicago, under a master plan by the American company of Johnson, Johnson, and Roy. Several master plans were previously drawn up by the architect Harold Ship, but they were never realized. Phase 1 of the master plan was completed in 1968 when the first 3000 inhabitants moved into the first leased 800 units. A second phase, still in accordance with the master plan, was completed the following year, notably including four buildings by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: three high rise apartment buildings, the first of which, 201 rue Corot, was occupied in 1969, and an Esso filling station of the same vintage. By the mid-1970s, significant areas to the south of the island were reclaimed from the St. Lawrence and eclectic constructions sprung in various parts of the island. Unsystematic construction has continued rapidly since then. The island was also the filming location for a horror film called They Came from Within' a.k.a. Shivers, directed by Canadian filmmaker David Cronenberg in 1975. The island's hotel tower doubled for the film's "Starliner Tower" apartment building.

Geography

The 3.74 km2 island is part of the Hochelaga Archipelago in the St. Lawrence River. It is located immediately southeast of the Island of Montreal, from which it is separated by a narrow channel, and north of the La Prairie Bassin.

Soils are mostly of clay loam to clay texture, and usually somewhat poorly drained (MacDonald series). Very poorly drained clay was mapped as Laplaine series, and areas of well-drained glacial till were mapped as Chateaugay clay loam or St. Bernard loam. A small gravel deposit at the northern end was mapped as Ste-Philomène sandy loam.

The island is noted for its parks and scenery including West Vancouver Park which overlooks the Saint Lawrence River. The 64 acre (26-hectare) Domaine Saint-Paul natural woodland in the southern part of the island, a crucial nesting area for more than a hundred species of birds, is one of the last remaining natural woodlands in southern Montreal. It has been progressively eroded by development. The woodland surrounds an artificial lake called Lac des Battures. This lake was actually created by accident as parts of the river known as "water lots" became landlocked during landfill operations in the 1960s and 1970s. Most of this landfill came from the excavation of Montreal's underground Metro system in the mid-1960s. That part of the Island was subject to annual floods caused by spring runoff. The resulting dykes and fill allowed an additional few million square feet to be used for development as well as a golf course.

Government
Nuns' Island is part of the borough of Verdun, making up the neighbourhood of L'Île-des-Sœurs and forming part of the city council district of Champlain–L'Île-des-Sœurs with the eastern third of "mainland" Verdun. As part of Verdun, it is part of the federal riding of Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs and the provincial riding of Verdun.

Economy

Commercial services are clustered in malls around the Place du Commerce shopping centre near the Champlain Bridge, with civic services including a community centre and church around Place Elgar.

A recent development is the construction of the campus headquarters of Bell Canada on the northern tip of the island. In 2009 Bell Canada, the largest communications company in Canada, consolidated their workers from several locations throughout Montreal at a new complex on Nuns' Island, which also serves as the national headquarters of the company. The campus consists of a cluster of five low-rise buildings, located at the Autoroute 10 and 15 highway interchange at the northerly end of the island.

A substantial part of Nuns' Island is leased by Structures Metropolitaines from the current landowners of the Island. the Place du Commerce shopping centre.

Infrastructure
The Décarie South Expressway (Autoroute 15) runs through Nuns' Island, connecting it to the south bank of the St. Lawrence River via the Champlain Bridge and to the Island of Montreal via the Pont de l'Île-des-Sœurs, part of the Champlain Bridge complex. The Clément Bridge connects the island with the Bonaventure Expressway (Aut. 10).

There are only two schools on the island, École primaire Île-des-Sœurs and École des Marguerite. The primary schools are both part of Montreal's French-language Marguerite-Bourgeoys School Board.

In July 2023, Île-des-Sœurs station opened. The rapid transit station is on the driverless Réseau express métropolitain line between downtown Montreal and Brossard.

title: Nuns' Island


text:
User:BFunk/games

[url=http://profile.xfire.com/bfunk][img]http://miniprofile.xfire.com/bfunk.png[/img][/url]

title: User:BFunk/games


text:
Talk:Bracket racing

Isn't this just about always called just "bracket racing" instead of "e.t. bracket racing"? I've only heard it referred to as that and most of the sites on google seem to prefer it. Recury 15:33, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh well, moved. Recury 13:22, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure that bracket racing is called run-what-ya-brung. Certainly the only events I've seen under that name aren't racing at all, they're just an open track for people to turn up and see what their vehicle will run. There's no handicapped racing involved. See http://www.rwyb.co.uk for example. User:Thargol —Preceding undated comment added 19:41, 17 April 2011 (UTC).

title: Talk:Bracket racing


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Something Heavy Going Down

Something Heavy Going Down is the third live album by Dutch hard rock band Golden Earring, released in 1984.

Track listing
All songs written by Hay and Kooymans except where noted.

 * 1) "Long Blond Animal" - 6:16
 * 2) "Twilight Zone" (Kooymans) - 9:37
 * 3) "When the Lady Smiles" - 6:08
 * 4) "Future" (Kooymans) - 7:00
 * 5) "Something Heavy Going Down" - 4:37 (New Studio Track)
 * 6) "Enough Is Enough" - 4:10
 * 7) "Mission Impossible" (Kooymans) - 8:49
 * 8) "Radar Love" - 9:33 (Bonus Track only on CD)
 * 9) "Clear Night Moonlight" - 6:23

Personnel

 * George Kooymans - guitar, vocals
 * Rinus Gerritsen - bass guitar, keyboards
 * Barry Hay - guitar, vocals
 * Cesar Zuiderwijk - drums

Production

 * Producers: Golden Earring, Shell Schellekens
 * Mixing: John Smit, John Smith

title: Something Heavy Going Down


text: Talk:Something Heavy Going Down

title: Talk:Something Heavy Going Down


text: Category:Runic manuscripts

title: Category:Runic manuscripts


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Talk:E.T. bracket race/to do

Just a couple things need to be done:
 * Add more content. Some ideas about what to add can come from the NHRA E.T. Racing Basics link in "External links."
 * Make (tons of) redirect pages for variations on spelling [ET, Et, E.t., race, racing, bracket race, bracket racing, E.T. race, E.T. race, etc.]

title: Talk:E.T. bracket race/to do


text:
Category:Runology

Articles relating to runology, the study of the Runic alphabets, Runic inscriptions and their history. Runology forms a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics.

title: Category:Runology


text:
Talk:List of dams and reservoirs in the United Kingdom

London Suburban Reservoirs
There are a whole series of major reservoirs around London including Datchet, King George V etc. which are used to store river water abstracted from the Thames and the Lea before treatmenet. A number of the Lea reservoirs are here but most of the big west London ones appear to be missing. Can anyone fill the gap ?

Velela 22:11, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

cy:
cy: has cy:Cronfeydd Cymru, a list of reservoirs in Wales. This isn't really close enough to interwiki. 66.92.237.111 02:22, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Rename proposal
Please see a discussion here regarding the renaming of this article and similar ones.--NortyNort (Holla) 03:05, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Cardiff Bay Barrage
If Swansea Barrage is included on this list, is there any justification for not including the Cardiff Bay Barrage, which fulfils a similar role?Ntmr (talk) 22:06, 3 September 2022 (UTC)


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Islamic Centre Hamburg

The Islamic Centre Hamburg (Islamisches Zentrum Hamburg) is one of the oldest mosques in Germany and Europe and is abbreviated IZH. Established in Hamburg, in northern Germany, in the late 1950s by a group of Iranian emigrants and business people.

It is also known as the Blaue Moschee (blue mosque).

Iranian theologians and politicians (including Ayatollah Beheshti, Ayatollah Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari or Mohammad Khatami) have spent time (often years) at the IZH.

History
During a meeting at Atlantic Hotel (Hamburg) in 1953, a group of Iranian residents of Germany discussed the need to establish their own religious center. A letter was sent to the late Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi asking him for help; Grand Ayatollah agreed with the plan and donated 100,000 Rials to the center. The construction began in 1960 and by 1965 it was completed. In the same year Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti was appointed to lead the center.

During the 1970s the centre played a significant role in bringing about the political rising of Iranian students in the West against the Shah and ultimately contributed to the Iranian Revolution.

Since 1993, the Hamburger Verfassungsschutz (HV) monitors IZH as an outpost of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran due to ideological, organisational and personal ties to the regime. The HV considers IZH to work against the democratic societal order. The IZH has repeatedly protested the monitoring and unsuccessfully to avoid it.

In 2016, IZH members took part in an anti-Israel protest in Berlin where Israel was denounced as an "enemy of humanity" and "terrorist", which became part of the long-standing public debate on Islamic community organisations in Germany.

Omid Nouripour, the leader of Germany's Green Party, had called for the closure of the Islamic Center in Hamburg, which he described as a "spy nest".

Directors

 * Hojjatulislam Mohagheghi (1955–1965)
 * Hojjatulislam Mohammad Beheshti (1965–1970)
 * Hojjatulislam Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari (1970–1978)
 * Hojjatulislam Mohammad Khatami (1978–1980)
 * Hojjatulislam Mohammad Reza Moghaddam (1980–1992)
 * Hojjatulislam Mohammad Bagher Ansari (1992–1998)
 * Hojjatulislam Reza Hosseini Nassab (1999–2003)
 * Hojjatulislam Seyyed Abbas Hosseini Ghaemmaghami (2004–2009)
 * Hojjatulislam Reza Ramezani Gilani (2009–2018)
 * Hojjatulislam Mohammad Hadi Mofatteh (August 2018–Present)

title: Islamic Centre Hamburg


text:
Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay

The Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay (Partido Demócrata Cristiano del Uruguay) is a political party of the Christian left.

History
The party was established in 1911 as the Civic Union, having developed out of the Catholic Party that contested the 1910 elections. In February 1962 it was renamed the Christian Democratic Party. A faction broke away in 1966, initially running under the name Christian Civic Movement, before becoming the Christian Radical Union, and later reclaiming the Civic Union name.

According to a 1956 study, the Civic Union "rejected the concept of statism involved in what it claimed was "Colorado Socialism," although it was willing to accept subsidiary intervention by the State to achieve ends of social justice." Another study noted how the Civic Union "always has been concerned with the welfare of rural Uruguay, and has made concrete legislative contributions to the comparatively few sound policies which have been adopted in that field."

Affiliation
It is part of the governing coalition Broad Front (Frente Amplio). It is a part of the Progressive Alliance, which in turn forms part of the Liber Seregni Front uniting the more moderate centre-left and centrist sectors of the Broad Front.

Programme
Its platform calls for "a communitarian society" and a "social state", as well as "absolute respect for human life" (including opposition to abortion). It further calls for "alternative forms of production, distribution, consumption and accumulation" that are "superior to capitalist and state-owned enterprises", including:

 * a social market economy
 * cooperatives
 * self-management or self-governing enterprises (autogestión)
 * ecological economics
 * respect for the commons
 * support for the nonprofit sector

title: Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay


text:
SOLAS Convention

The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets out minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The International Maritime Organization convention requires signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with at least these standards.

Initially prompted by the sinking of the Titanic, the current version of SOLAS is the 1974 version, known as SOLAS 1974, which came into force on 25 May 1980, and has been amended several times. , SOLAS 1974 has 167 contracting states, which flag about 99% of merchant ships around the world in terms of gross tonnage.

SOLAS in its successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships.

Signatories
The non-parties to SOLAS 1974 include numerous landlocked countries, as well as El Salvador, Micronesia and East Timor. Some others including Bolivia, Lebanon and Sri Lanka, all considered flag of convenience states, are deemed to have "potentially negative performance" regarding ratification.

Provisions
SOLAS 1974 requires flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with the minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The treaty includes articles setting out general obligations, etc., followed by an annexe divided into twelve chapters, two new chapters were added in 2016 and 2017. Of these, chapter five (often called 'SOLAS V') is the only one that applies to all vessels on the sea, including private yachts and small craft on local trips as well as to commercial vessels on international passages. Many countries have turned these international requirements into national laws so that anybody on the sea who is in breach of SOLAS V requirements may find themselves subject to legal proceedings.

 * Chapter I – General Provisions: Surveying the various types of ships and certifying that they meet the requirements of the convention.

 * Chapter II-1 – Construction – Subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations: The subdivision of passenger ships into watertight compartments so that after damage to its hull, a vessel will remain afloat and stable. This includes compliance with the International Code on Intact Stability

 * Chapter II-2 – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction: Fire safety provisions for all ships with detailed measures for passenger ships, cargo ships and tankers under the FSS Code and requirements for the carriage of gas as a fuel under the IGF Code

 * Chapter III – Life-saving appliances and arrangements: Life-saving appliances and arrangements, including requirements for life boats, rescue boats and life jackets according to type of ship. The specific technical requirements are given in the International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code.

 * Chapter IV – Radiocommunications: The Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) requires passenger and cargo ships on international voyages to carry radio equipment, including satellite Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) and Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs).

 * Chapter V – Safety of navigation: This chapter requires governments to ensure that all vessels are sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety point of view. It places requirements on all vessels regarding voyage and passage planning, expecting a careful assessment of any proposed voyages by all who put to sea. Every mariner must take account of all potential dangers to navigation, weather forecasts, tidal predictions, the competence of the crew, and all other relevant factors. It also adds an obligation for all vessels' masters to offer assistance to those in distress and controls the use of lifesaving signals with specific requirements regarding danger and distress messages. It is different from the other chapters, which apply to certain classes of commercial shipping, in that these requirements apply to all vessels and their crews, including yachts and private craft, on all voyages and trips including local ones.

 * Chapter VI – Carriage of Cargoes: Requirements for the stowage and securing of all types of cargo and cargo containers except liquids and gases in bulk. Including compliance with the Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes

 * Chapter VII – Carriage of dangerous goods:Requires the carriage of all kinds of dangerous goods to be in compliance with the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code), The International Code of the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).

 * Chapter VIII – Nuclear ships: Nuclear powered ships are required, particularly concerning radiation hazards, to conform to the Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships.

 * Chapter IX – Management for the Safe Operation of Ships: Requires every shipowner and any person or company that has assumed responsibility for a ship to comply with the International Safety Management Code (ISM).

 * Chapter X – Safety measures for high-speed craft: Makes mandatory the International Code of Safety for High-speed craft (HSC Code).

 * Chapter XI-1 – Special measures to enhance maritime Safety: Requirements relating to organizations responsible for carrying out surveys and inspections, enhanced surveys, the ship identification number scheme, and operational requirements.

 * Chapter XI-2 – Special measures to enhance maritime security: Includes the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code). Confirms that the role of the Master in maintaining the security of the ship is not, and cannot be, constrained by the Company, the charterer or any other person. Port facilities must carry out security assessments and develop, implement and review port facility security plans. Controls the delay, detention, restriction, or expulsion of a ship from a port. Requires that ships must have a ship security alert system, as well as detailing other measures and requirements.

 * Chapter XII – Additional safety measures for bulk carriers: Specific structural requirements for bulk carriers over 150 metres in length.

 * Chapter XIII - Verification of compliance: Makes mandatory from 1 January 2016 the IMO Member State Audit Scheme.

 * Chapter XIV - Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters: The chapter makes mandatory, from 1 January 2017, the Introduction and part I-A of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (the Polar Code).

Origin and early versions
The first version of SOLAS Treaty was passed in 1914 in response to the sinking of RMS Titanic, which prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures, including continuous radio watches. The 1914 treaty never entered into force due to the outbreak of the First World War.

Further versions were adopted in 1929 and 1948.

1960 version
The 1960 Convention was adopted on 17 June 1960 and entered into force on 26 May 1965. It was the fourth SOLAS Convention and was the first major achievement for the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It represented a considerable step forward in modernizing regulations and keeping up with technical developments in the shipping industry.

1974 version
In 1974, a completely new Convention was adopted to allow SOLAS to be amended and implemented within a reasonable timescale, instead of the previous procedure to incorporate amendments, which proved to be very slow. Under SOLAS 1960, it could take several years for amendments to come into force since countries had to give notice of acceptance to IMO and there was a minimum threshold of countries and tonnage. Under SOLAS 1974, amendments enter into force via a tacit acceptance procedure – this allows an amendment to enter into force on a specified date, unless objections to an amendment are received from an agreed number of parties.

The 1974 SOLAS came into force on 25 May 1980, 12 months after its ratification by at least 25 countries with at least 50% of gross tonnage. It has been updated and amended on numerous occasions since then and the Convention in force today is sometimes referred to as SOLAS, 1974, as amended.

In 1975 the assembly of the IMO decided that the 1974 convention should in future use SI (metric) units only.

1988 version
In particular, amendments in 1988 based on amendments of International Radio Regulations in 1987 replaced Morse code with the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) and came into force beginning 1 February 1992. The issues covered by the treaty are set out in the list of sections (above). Further amendments were made in May 2011.

Container weight regulation, 2015
In 2015, the SOLAS Container Weight Verification Regulation VI/2 amended SOLAS. This regulation, implemented by the IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), requires that the full (gross) weight of all loaded containers must be obtained prior to being loaded onboard an ocean vessel. Weight can be calculated either by weighing the loaded container or weighing the cargo elements and packaging and adding this weight to the unladen container weight. Communicating a weight value has incurred a need to introduce a new Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) communication protocol called VGM (Verified Gross Mass) or VERMAS (Verification of Mass), and involves cooperation between ocean carriers, freight forwarders/NVOCCs, EDI providers as well as exporters. The regulation states that exporters (shippers) are ultimately responsible for obtaining a verified container weight. Originally scheduled for implementation on 1 July 2016, the regulation allowed for flexibility and practical refinement until 1 October 2016.

An up-to-date list of amendments to SOLAS is maintained by the IMO.

title: SOLAS Convention


text:
Thomas Green

Thomas Green may refer to:

Academics

 * Thomas Green (master) (fl. 1520s), English academic, vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge
 * Thomas F. Green (1927–2006), American educational theorist and philosopher
 * T. H. Green (Thomas Hill Green, 1836–1882), English philosopher

Military

 * Thomas Green (general) (1814–1864), Confederate general after whom Tom Green County, Texas was named
 * Thomas H. Green (1889–1971), American military officer
 * Thomas M. Green Sr. (1723–1805), colonel in the American Revolutionary War

Politics and law

 * Thomas Jefferson Green (1802–1863), American politician
 * Thomas M. Green Jr. (1758–1813), delegate to the United States Congress from Mississippi Territory
 * Thomas Greene (governor) (1609–1651), Second Provincial Governor of Maryland

Sports

 * Thomas Green (canoeist) (born 1999), Australian sprint kayaker
 * Thomas D. Green (1848–1935), Canadian amateur ice hockey player

Others

 * Sir Thomas Green (1461–1506), grandfather of Katherine Parr, last wife of Henry VIII
 * Thomas Green (bishop) (1658–1738), English Anglican bishop of Norwich
 * Thomas Green (Blessed), one of the Carthusian martyrs
 * Thomas Green (captain) (1679/80–1705), English sailor and alleged pirate, hanged in Scotland
 * Thomas Green (geologist) (c. 1738–1788), English geologist and Woodwardian Professor of Geology
 * Thomas Green (pastor) (1761–1814), American minister
 * Thomas Green (sculptor) (c.1659-1730) English sculptor
 * Fred Clifton (born Thomas Huslea Green, 1844–1903), English opera singer and actor
 * Thomas Louis Green (1799-1883), English Catholic priest and apologist
 * Thomas R. G. Green (born 1941), British cognitive scientist

Other uses

 * Thomas Green & Son, engineers who manufactured a wide range of products at the Smithfield Foundry, Leeds, United Kingdom

title: Thomas Green


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shelbyville Manhattan

Shelbyville Manhattan
Shelbyville Manhattan was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect.

This is an extremely minor character from the Simpsons. I am not opposed to notable fictional characters being included but this is going too far. Not notable enough to warrant an entry of its own in an encyclopaedia. --Bucephalus 22:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to List of recurring characters from The Simpsons. This doesn't even need to go through VfD, does it? —No-One Jones 22:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Characters from The Simpsons is better, I think. Wasn't he only in a single episode? -R. fiend 22:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I believe he was in one scene of one episode. I think a merge with List of locations in The Simpsons would be best. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 02:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Move information to Lemon of Troy episode article or List of locations in The Simpsons. --Kaizersoze 01:08, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect List of locations in The Simpsons. If he's a recurring character, I don't recall it.  Geogre 05:15, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep somewhere, maybe merge/move. Everyking 07:50, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 08:20, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gtabary 10:07, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Wyss 11:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect --fvw *  19:30, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Keep Astrotrain 21:17, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Mikkalai 21:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to List of recurring characters from The Simpsons or if not recurring perhaps the appropriate episode's article. How did someone take the time to write this article and not think to mention what episode they're even talking about?  ~leif (talk)    02:09, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to List of locations in The Simpsons, since it's part of the city's history and he's not a recurring character. He can also be added to the List of characters from The Simpsons, but the Shelbyville article is the one to merge the content with. Beginning 02:17, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no merge, no redirect: subtrivial fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:13, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Red eye (medicine)

A red eye is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury. It is usually injection and prominence of the superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, which may be caused by disorders of these or adjacent structures. Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes.

Management includes assessing whether emergency action (including referral) is needed, or whether treatment can be accomplished without additional resources.

Slit lamp examination is invaluable in diagnosis but initial assessment can be performed using a careful history, testing vision (visual acuity), and carrying out a penlight examination.

Diagnosis
Particular signs and symptoms may indicate that the cause is serious and requires immediate attention.

Seven such signs are:
 * Reduced visual acuity
 * Ciliary flush (circumcorneal injection)
 * Corneal abnormalities including edema or opacities ("corneal haze")
 * Corneal staining
 * Pupil abormalities including abormal pupil size
 * Abnormal intraocular pressure
 * Severe pain

The most useful is a smaller pupil in the red eye than the non-red eye (opposite eye) and sensitivity to bright light.

Reduced visual acuity
A reduction in visual acuity in a 'red eye' is indicative of serious ocular disease, such as keratitis, iridocyclitis, and glaucoma, and never occurs in simple conjunctivitis without accompanying corneal involvement.

Ciliary flush
Ciliary flush is usually present in eyes with corneal inflammation, iridocyclitis or acute glaucoma, though not simple conjunctivitis. A ciliary flush is a ring of red or violet spreading out from around the cornea of the eye.

Corneal abnormalities
The cornea is required to be transparent to transmit light to the retina. Because of injury, infection or inflammation, an area of opacity may develop which can be seen with a penlight or slit lamp. In rare instances, this opacity is congenital. In some, there is a family history of corneal growth disorders which may be progressive with age. Much more commonly, misuse of contact lenses may be a precipitating factor. Whichever, it is always potentially serious and sometimes necessitates urgent treatment and corneal opacities are the fourth leading cause of blindness. Opacities may be keratic, that is, due to the deposition of inflammatory cells, hazy, usually from corneal edema, or they may be localized in the case of corneal ulcer or keratitis.

Corneal epithelial disruptions may be detected with fluorescein staining of the eye, and careful observation with cobalt-blue light. Corneal epithelial disruptions would stain green, which represents some injury of the corneal epithelium. These types of disruptions may be due to corneal inflammations or physical trauma to the cornea, such as a foreign body.

Pupillary abnormalities
In an eye with iridocyclitis, (inflammation of both the iris and ciliary body), the involved pupil will be smaller than the uninvolved, due to reflex muscle spasm of the iris sphincter muscle. Generally, conjunctivitis does not affect the pupils. With acute angle-closure glaucoma, the pupil is generally fixed in mid-position, oval, and responds sluggishly to light, if at all.

Shallow anterior chamber depth may indicate a predisposition to one form of glaucoma (narrow angle) but requires slit-lamp examination or other special techniques to determine it. In the presence of a "red eye", a shallow anterior chamber may indicate acute glaucoma, which requires immediate attention.

Abnormal intraocular pressure
Intraocular pressure should be measured as part of a routine eye examination. It is usually only elevated by iridocyclitis or acute-closure glaucoma, but not by relatively benign conditions. In iritis and traumatic perforating ocular injuries, the intraocular pressure is usually low.

Severe pain
Those with conjunctivitis may report mild irritation or scratchiness, but never extreme pain, which is an indicator of more serious disease such as keratitis, corneal ulceration, iridocyclitis, or acute glaucoma.

Differential diagnosis
Of the many causes, conjunctivitis is the most common. Others include:

Usually nonurgent

 * airborne eye irritants
 * blepharitis – a usually chronic inflammation of the eyelids with scaling, sometimes resolving spontaneously
 * drugs: medications or recreational drug use
 * Cannabis
 * dry eye syndrome – caused by either decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation which may lead to irritation and redness Acute Angle Closure-glaucoma.jpg
 * subconjunctival hemorrhage – a sometimes dramatic, but usually harmless, bleeding underneath the conjunctiva most often from spontaneous rupture of the small, fragile blood vessels, commonly from a cough or sneeze
 * inflamed pterygium – a benign, triangular, horizontal growth of the conjunctiva, arising from the inner side, at the level of contact of the upper and lower eyelids, associated with exposure to sunlight, low humidity and dust. It may be more common in occupations such as farming and welding.
 * inflamed pinguecula – a yellow-white deposit close to the junction between the cornea and sclera, on the conjunctiva. It is most prevalent in tropical climates with much UV exposure. Although harmless, it can occasionally become inflamed.
 * tiredness
 * episcleritis – most often a mild, inflammatory disorder of the 'white' of the eye unassociated with eye complications in contrast to scleritis, and responding to topical medications such as anti-inflammatory drops.

Usually urgent

 * acute closed-angle glaucoma – implies injury to the optic nerve with the potential for irreversible vision loss which may be permanent unless treated quickly, as a result of increased pressure within the eyeball. Not all forms of glaucoma are acute, and not all are associated with increased intraocular pressure.
 * eye injury
 * keratitis – a potentially serious inflammation or injury to the cornea (window), often associated with significant pain, light intolerance, and deterioration in vision. Numerous causes include virus infection. Injury from contact lenses can lead to keratitis.
 * iritis – together with the ciliary body and choroid, the iris makes up the uvea, part of the middle, pigmented, structures of the eye. Inflammation of this layer (uveitis) requires urgent control and is estimated to be responsible for 10% of blindness in the United States.
 * scleritis – a serious inflammatory condition, often painful, that can result in permanent vision loss, and without an identifiable cause in half of those presenting with it. About 30–40% have an underlying systemic autoimmune condition.
 * tick-borne illnesses like Rocky Mountain spotted fever – the eye is not primarily involved, but the presence of conjunctivitis, along with fever and rash, may help with the diagnosis in appropriate circumstances.

title: Red eye (medicine)


text:
File:Golden Earring - The Hole.jpg

Cover for album The Hole by Golden Earring.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Golden Earring - The Hole.jpg


text:
Parker Fennelly

Parker W. Fennelly (October 22, 1891 – January 22, 1988) was an American character actor who appeared in ten films, numerous television episodes and hundreds of radio programs.

Early life
The son of gardener Nathan Fennelly and Estelle Dolliver Fennelly, he was born and raised in Northeast Harbor, Maine, and studied classical acting in Boston, where he was a member of the Toy Theater company and participated in Chautauqua readings. He studied under the performing arts educator Leland T. Powers.

Stage
In 1915 and 1916, Fennelly toured on the Midland Chautauqua Circuit with the Maud Scheerer Shakespeare Players. In 1919, he traveled and acted with the Jack X. Lewis Stock Company. Fennelly and his wife, Catherine Reynolds Fennelly, formed the Parker Fennelly Duo, presenting short plays, readings and impersonations (1921–1923 ).

Fennelly's performances on Broadway included roles in Mr. Pitt (1924), The Small Timers (1925), Florida Girl (1925), Babbling Brookes (1927), Black Velvet (1927), The County Chairman (1936), Yours, A. Lincoln (1942), Our Town (1944), Happily Ever After (1945), Live Life Again (1945), Loco (1946) and The Southwest Corner (1955). His other Broadway credits include directing Technique (1931), providing source material for Fulton of Oak Falls (1937) and writing Cuckoos on the Hearth (1941).

Radio
Fennelly and Arthur Allen played "Yankee codgers" on The Stebbins Boys of Bucksport Point and Snow Village Sketches in the early years of radio.

Allen's Alley
Fennelly personified the crusty New England Yankee in roles on radio, films and television. He was heard weekly as Titus Moody on the "Allen's Alley" segment of Fred Allen's radio show where he delivered his famous opening line, "Howdy, Bub".

Other radio
Fennelly's other roles on radio included the following:

In 1960, Fennelly recorded Moody Speaking, a series of "sparkling one-minute and five-minute vignettes" produced by Banner Radio Company for local stations.

Television and films
Fennelly made numerous appearances on live television shows in the early 1950s, including Lux Video Theatre, The Philco Television Playhouse and Studio One. In 1956, he guest-starred on an episode of Father Knows Best as a housepainter. He also appeared in "The Trouble with Richard," an unsold television pilot starring Dick Van Dyke aired on the anthology series New Comedy Showcase in 1960. In 1970–1971, he played Mr. Purdy on Headmaster on CBS.

In film, Fennelly portrayed the millionaire in Alfred Hitchcock's The Trouble with Harry (1955) and he replaced Percy Kilbride as Pa Kettle in the final film of the "Ma and Pa Kettle" series, The Kettles on Old MacDonald's Farm. After Angel in My Pocket (1969), his last movie role was Universal's How to Frame a Figg (1971) starring Don Knotts.

In later years, Fennelly became a familiar face as the Pepperidge Farm's television spokesman between 1956 and 1977, delivering the slogan "Pepperidge Farm remembers" in his New England accent, then turned over the role to Charles C. Welch.

Personal life
In 1918, Fennelly met and married Catherine Deane "while both of them were playing in a stock company in Moline, Illinois". They had two daughters, Mary and Jane, and a son, John.

Recordings
In 1950, Fennelly made the children's record "Ride 'Em Cowboy (I and II)" (CGR-1003). In 1953, he recorded another children's item, "Hunters of the Sea" (Record Guild 9006).

Death
Fennelly died on January 22, 1988, aged 96, at his home in Peekskill, New York. He was survived by his wife, two daughters, four grandsons and one great-grandson.

His widow, Catherine Fennelly (1892–1988), died five months later, aged 95. Their remains were interred in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.

title: Parker Fennelly


text:
Nahe (Rhine)

The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It has also given name to the wine region Nahe situated around it.

The name Nahe is derived from the Latin word Nava, which is supposed to be based upon the Celtic origin for the wild river. The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.

It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine in Bingen. Its length is 125 km. Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.

Hydrology
The drainage basin of the river covers an area of 4067 km2. Due to this relatively large area compared to the river's length high floods can occur along its middle and lower course within only a few hours, however flowing off also quickly. In 1993 and 1995 in Bad Kreuznach a flow of more than 1000 m3/s was measured and more than 1300 m3/s at its mouth into the Rhine.

The dimensions of the drainage basin are shown in the map. Its boundaries clock-wise, beginning in the East:
 * the highlands of the Rheinhessische Schweiz as drainage divide to the Rhine
 * the Donnersberg massif as drainage divide to the rivers Selz and Rhine
 * the North Palatine Uplands as drainage divide to the rivers Pfrimm and Rhine eastwards as well as to the rivers Wallhalb and Schwarzbach (Blies) southwards
 * the Hunsrück as drainage divide to the rivers Prims, Blies and Saar in the South respectively to the Moselle in the North
 * the mountains of the Binger Wald (Bingen forest) as drainage divide to the Rhine towards North

Geology and Wildlife
The rocks in the Nahe region are predominantly of Cisuralian (early Permian) age and part of the Rotliegendes. At that time, an impetuous volcanism appeared in the region. Huge deposits of the reddish volcanic rock Rhyolite and of the more alkaline volcanic rock Andesite were left. The valleys of the Nahe and its tributaries have been being formed since 2.6 million years ago during the Quaternary, the geologically latest period, as a result of ground heaving of the surrounding mountains of Hunsrück and North Palatine Uplands. This led to a steep decline of all waters and hence to strong erosion activities. Particularly strong erosion occurred in warmer melting periods during the ice ages, when tundra climate reigned, and the soil was not protected by a dense cover of vegetation. Depending on the underground, narrow gorges with cliffy precipices arose in areas with hard volcanic rocks or wide gentle valleys with flood plains in areas with soft sedimentary deposits. The frequent change between both forms is charming along the Nahe.

In the Nahe valley, a huge number of thermophile species appear which usually can only be found in the mediterranean region or Eurasian steppe habitats. Characteristical species of plants are e. g. Alyssum montanum, Aster linosyris ("Goldilocks Aster"), Dictamnus albus ("White Dittany"), Dianthus grationopolitanus ("Cheddar Pink"), Gagea bohemica subsp. saxatilis ("Early-Star-of-Bethlehem"), Galium glaucum ("Glaucous Bedstraw"), Oxytropis pilosa or Stipa tirsa. These plants immigrated in a postglacial warm period to Europe but became extinct in most regions when the climate changed again to significantly cooler and more humid conditions. They only survived in small but still warm and dry places due to special geographic situations. In the Nahe valley and its tributaries these are mostly rocky precipices towards South or South-East, furthermore sunny slopes with shrubs, bushes and dry broad-leaved forests. On hot summer days the soil temperatures in these places can reach 60 °C/140 °F and above with truly steppe-like circumstances. A characteristical thermophile animal species is the insulated population of the dice snake (Natrix tessellata) that exists along the Nahe. The snake is very addicted to water and captures small fishes.

Places of botanical and/or zoological significance are classified as nature protection areas and accompany the course of the Nahe. For instance can be mentioned the "Hellberg" near Kirn, the "Flachsberg" near Martinstein, the "Heimberg" near Waldböckelheim, the "Gangelsberg" near Duchroth and the "Rotenfels" as well as the "Rheingrafenstein" near Bad Münster am Stein.

Tourism
The Nahe region offers various tourist attractions:

Nahe cycling route – The route leads along the river from its spring to its entry.

Nahe wine region – The wine-producing area surrounding the middle and lower river is famous for its white wines, dominated by the Riesling grape variety.

Castles and monasteries – On the heights on both shores numerous medieval castles and abbeys can be visited, most of them fallen into ruin. Most noted are the Kyrburg Castle in Kirn, the castles Ebernburg and Rheingrafenstein in Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg and the Klopp Castle in Bingen. The monastery ruin of Disibodenberg, located on top of a hill between the junction of the Nahe and the Glan, was founded at the beginning of the 8th century by Saint Disibod, an Irish missionary. Saint Hildegard of Bingen, a famous Christian mystic, also lived here for a while.

Gemstone town Idar-Oberstein - The town is famous for its historic gemstone mines and related trades. Some of them are open to visitors. The German Gemstone Museum boasts many gemstone exhibits.

Bad Kreuznach - The baths which give the town its name contain the noble gas radon, with supposedly curative properties. The town's most famous site is the Alte Nahebrücke (Old Nahe Bridge), one of the few remaining bridges in the world with buildings on it.

Saline valley - Between Bad Münster am Stein and Bad Kreuznach the scenic valley of the Nahe has some bathing sites with hydrothermal and saline springs. Graduation towers, formerly used for salt production, are regarded as having beneficial health effects. The so-called "Rotenfels" (red rock), a steep cliff nearby with a height of 202 m and a length of 1200 m was formed by the Nahe.

Bad Sobernheim - The open-air museum of Rhineland-Palatinate in Bad Sobernheim has an exhibition four traditional villages with refurbished historic houses from different regions of Rhineland-Palatinate.

The region is accessible via federal highway B41 which is connected to the motorways A60/A61 in the East and A62 in the West. Moreover, there is a railway line along the Nahe with regular connections between Mainz and Saarbrücken and stations in all bigger towns. Some 40 km to the north the Frankfurt-Hahn Airport is in the Hunsrück, offering daily flights to London Stansted and further weekly and seasonal connections.

title: Nahe (Rhine)


text:
User:Crna ruza

Rosa negra

Rosa negra (black rose) is an anarchist group from Zug, a small town in Switzerland. It was created by the students in the 2004 and its activities include distributing pamphlets, translating and writing texts and some minor publishing. It has some connections with Infoshop "Tak-tik" from the same town as well with the project "Rosa negra community".

title: User:Crna ruza


text:
User:Delief

This entity retired. Now using the account Nonplus.

title: User:Delief


text:
The Hole (album)

The Hole is the eighteenth studio album by the Dutch hard rock band Golden Earring, released in 1986. The band gave a free promotion concert in support of the album on the beach of Scheveningen for an audience of 185,000. Anton Corbijn directed a video clip for the single "Quiet Eyes". It was made in the same black and white style as the photographs he made for the inner sleeve of the album.

Track listing
All songs written by Barry Hay and George Kooymans except where noted.
 * Side one
 * 1) "They Dance" - 5:10
 * 2) "Quiet Eyes" - 4:03
 * 3) "Save the Best for Later" - 5:14
 * 4) "Have a Heart" - 3:59
 * 5) "Love in Motion" - 3:44
 * Side two
 * 1) "Jane Jane" - 4:54
 * 2) "Jump and Run" (George Kooymans) - 5:52
 * 3) "Why Do I" - 4:44
 * 4) "A Shout in the Dark" - 5:33

Personnel

 * George Kooymans - guitar, vocals
 * Rinus Gerritsen - bass guitar, keyboards
 * Barry Hay - vocals
 * Cesar Zuiderwijk - drums

Additional personnel

 * Robert Jan Stips - keyboards
 * Lisa Boray - backing vocals
 * Loa Boray - backing vocals
 * Wim Both - trumpet
 * Dionys Breukers - keyboards
 * Piet Dolder - trombone
 * Peter Kuyt - trumpet
 * Julya Lo'Ko - backing vocals
 * Patty Paff - backing vocals
 * Rudi Van Dijk - saxophone

Production

 * Producer: Shell Schellekens
 * Engineer: Kees Van Gool
 * Mixing: Robin Freeman, Jan Schuurman
 * Mastering: Greg Calbi
 * Horn arrangements: Rudi Van Dijk
 * Art direction: Anton Corbijn
 * Photography: Anton Corbijn

title: The Hole (album)


text: Talk:The Hole (album)

title: Talk:The Hole (album)


text:
Talk:Lang

Waiting in the wings

 * Lang, Jeff, guitar virtuoso
 * Lang, Walter, film director
 * Lang Island, Sunda Strait

Ethnicity
Just wondering why there's a need to group the people by their ethnicities and races on this page. I think the goal may be to distinguish the fact that the Chinese "Lang" is not related to the German "Lang" (the translation of the Chinese family name "Lang" just happens to collide with the European "Lang" in the English namespace). If that's the goal maybe there should be a page for each surname? I can see this happening with other name collisions as well. Willsfca 16:06, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lang


text:
Talk:Child advocacy

 * Great use of a variety of materials, especially in getting permission to include materials that might otherwise fall under copyright restrictions. Jasonnolan 22:20, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Merge
I believe that Child Advocacy Centers should be merged here. The article is short enough to be only a section here (I'd probably stick it into "Where child advocates can be found"), and is of little value without context (such as the definition of child advocacy which can be found here). Puchiko (Talk-email) 15:44, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ As there were no objections, I have performed the merge. --Puchiko (Talk-email) 17:50, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

"Voices" Closed
The Wikipedia article on Voices for America's Children says it closed in 2013. I therefore deleted the following:

"Voices for America's Children is a national advocacy organization with more than 60 members committed to speaking up for the well-being of children."

At the time that was written, it may have been accurate. It no longer is. DavidMCEddy (talk) 16:35, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Child advocacy


text:
Talk:Dale Carnegie

Excessive use of primary sources
This article relies far too heavily on primary sources, introducing bias the author has towards themselves, so I have added the primary sources template. Shidouuu (talk) 00:46, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dale Carnegie


text:
Talk:Minorville, Florida

Why should this be merged with Ocoee? It's a location that's referred to in several other articles. --SPUI 22:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) Source Barbara Pennington, Florida Geographic Alliance's collection of lesson plans and Steve Rajtar 1999 Ocoee Historical Trail: Ocoee, FL, west of Orlando, Minorville was named after one of the early pioneer families that came here in 1885 from Stone Mountain, Georgia. At one time, a railroad depot was located at SR 50 & 439, with William J. Minor as station agent. "Tiger" Minor Park dedicated 1/11/86, honoring this dedicated community volunteer, who was Ocoee's Mayor, City Commissioner, Lions Club District Governor and a Professional baseball pitcher. The park is located at the end of Maine Street off Geneva Street off south Bluford Avenue. The first citrus exchange was founded in 1910 by David O. Maguire, from Loganville, Georgia, and Tyrannus J. Minor.

title: Talk:Minorville, Florida


text:
Talk:Friday prayer

Untitled Comments
I am not sure whether the Persian name here is a useful addition. The Friday prayer has a role not just in Iranian islam but in most Islamic societies and countries. I have therefore removed this particular bit. (for further use (In Persian: نماز جمعه)

Having said this I think the article would benefit from getting a specific political (and Iranian) slant, explaining the huge role of Friday prayers and Friday sermons in Iranian politics. Refdoc 22:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The last sentences seem to be cut off and/or do not make sense (as of 2 PM PT, 22 March 2013): "Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj an-Naysaburi relates that the Islamic prophet The islams prayed at 6:00pm also"
 * It seems to be that there are two sentences here that got merged, and now do not make sense. "Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj an-Naysaburi relates that the Islamic prophet..." seems it could be a sentence.  Not sure what to make of "The islams prayed at 6:00pm also".

"A person who goes to Friday prayer and remains quiet during the sermon is said to have his sins between that Friday and last forgiven."
 * I am guessing that the intent here is that a person who goes to Friday pray and remains quiet is said have his/her sins FORGIVEN between that Friday and when s/he was last forgiven. The sentence seems odd.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.14.30.81 (talk) 20:51, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Article name
I strongly feel that this article should be located at its arabic name of Jumu'ah, as with all the other prayers. There is currently no article under "Jumu'ah", not even a redirect to here, so it should be a simple matter of moving this article. Please comment. Zunaid 09:50, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes I agree, but I wouldn't mind having a redirect either way. I will redirect this to Jumu'ah if no one else has any concerns. -- a.n.o.n.y.m t 19:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

The picture in the article is not depicting a real "Jumu'ah" as in real "Jumu'ah" people pray together and their actions are synchronized. This is not an exaggeration but a real fact based on the practice of all Muslims around the world. This picture should depict actual prayer or at least a big gathering from a renouned Mosque.

Article move
The article was moved back from Jumu'ah to Friday prayer. I feel it should stay at Jumu'ah. This is consistent with the naming of all the salat articles under their given names. Friday prayer is not "also known as" Jumu'ah, it is Jumu'ah that is also known as Friday prayer by those who do not perhaps know the term. The current location is inconsistent and more importantly, incorrect, and the article should be moved back to Jumu'ah.  Zun aid  ©  ®  11:02, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

The external links are for Friday prayer. Unlike jihad, Jumu'ah is not ubiquitous and deserves translation.--Patchouli 23:05, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "Friday prayer" is not a translation, it is a description. Imagine having Cairo under "capital of Egypt". While accurate and unambiguous, it is still not the "correct" name, or even a translation (or transliteration) of the name into English. Geddit?  Zun aid  ©  ®  07:32, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Jumu'ah=Friday.--Patchouli 08:51, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I think it would be better and more accurate for this article to be under "Jumu'ah" and have "Friday Prayer" redirect to it, rather than the other way around. In the Islamic vocabulary it is referred to as "Jumu'ah" and only as "Friday Prayer" by English-speaking non-Muslims, usually to avoid confusion in mass media presentation where actual education of the audience is not the priority. I think the officially used term of the people who actually participate in jumu'ah should have precedence, and to use the term "Friday Prayer" does a disservice to people who are actually trying to learn about the practices of Islam. Jdodger 16:30, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Article name
The Arabic transliteration was incorrect on this page, i.e., it should be jum'a, and not jumu'a. I changed the contents, but I don't know how to change the Article title. (7up (talk) 03:30, 18 July 2008 (UTC)).

Reason for Friday
Some explanation of why Friday was designated as the day of prayer would be of interest. In Christianity the special nature of Friday reflects commemoration of the crucifixion of Christ having occurred on that day. In Judaism, where traditionally days are considered to begin at sunset, Friday evening marks the beginning of the Sabbath. What is the reason for Friday as a day of prayer in Islam? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.225.189.76 (talk) 11:12, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm glad you asked, Friday "Jumu'ah" which means ASSEMBLY has firm routs religion, it is known as the best of all days, in Islam the day of Jumu’ah has more importance then the two Eids, On this day Is the day Adam (PBUH) was made, on this day he died, on this day the end of the world will be. There is a date and a month I know of for the Judgement day but no year is given, it will be on a Friday 10 Muharam but not sure how valid this date is. I think what I’ve just mentioned should be added by wiki on the main page of Jumu’ah. There are many books written on the importance of Jumu’ah. More info on Islam and other topics at United Muslim Nations International. PS Each of the last Prophets were given a day of Importance e.g. Sunday to Isa "Jesus" (PBUH), Friday to Mohammed Sallallahu Alaihi Wa'salaam. I hope I have given enough input other then this visit the Masjid and find out more.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.202.5.106 (talk) 07:26, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Many people take the myth that the seven-day week has been unaltered since the beginning of time to be true. It is also interesting that the notion that Jews, Christians and Muslims each hold a different day to be the holy day of choice, sticks to the common imagination. This is also false. The day following al'Jumah is al'Sabt, as it is for Jews and Christians. It is evident from the New Testament that Saint Paul and the proto-Christians observe the Sabbat like the Jews, as the first christians identify their religion as nominally Jewish, rather than Christian. These Jews claiming Jesus of Nazareth to be Messiah celebrate the first day of the week in addition to the seventh day Sabbath. The sixth day is a day of gathering and praying together, while the seventh day is a day of reclusion and meditation. Although all the three Abrahamic religions in matter of fact agree on keeping the seventh day sacred; they all hold the seven day week to be a feature of the solar calendar-matrix in spite of that both research show and the scriptures indicate that the seven-day week is regarding the four phases of the moon; in such a way that the evening of the full moon is allways celebrated on the sixth day of the week al'Jumah. The days following the gathering under the full moon were always the holy day of rest. This aboriginal practice of al'Sabt never fitted the practical concerns of the imperial administrations; because according to both Quran and Torah the beginning of the new moonth is proclaimed upon factual observation of the New Moon - Hilal. The consequence of which being that the observation of the holy days will not necessarily be the same throughout the lands of the empire. Moses, in Exodus, even give instructions for how to deal with this apparant challenge, instituting the telecommunication-system which the Greeks called Fryctoria. Day one of the Moonth, the holy day of Rosh Hodesh, is a day which is prior to the first week. Even though objective research will show to be quite conclusive on the question whether the seven-day week is a lunar or a solar event, the fact that majority Judaism, majority Christianity and majority Islam are all missing the target concerning the fourth commandment, make it next to impossible to correct. --Xactnorge (talk) 13:09, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

Requested move
Currently the title of this page (Jumu'ah) reflects an inaccurate transliteration of the word Jumʿah. I am aware that there is a page with the name Jumʿah and that it redirects to Jumu'ah. However, this is backwards. "Jumu'ah" should redirect to "Jumʿah". Leaving the redirection as it is is kind of like having "Abraham Lincoln" redirected to "Abraham Linkun". The word is جُمْعَة and should be correctly transliterated as Jumʿah. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Akhooha (talk • contribs) 00:30, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I will try to help. Jumʿah is certainly a much better transliteration than Jumuʿah. However, the correct transliteration of جمعة is Jum3ah, where "3" id used for the Arabic letter "ع" like in 3ayn(eye)عين.  However, WP is not that advanced with the advanced Arabic nomenclature in Latin, so Hope this helps. Worldedixor (talk) 09:26, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your help. It's much appreciated. I would like to point out, however, that the use of the number "3" to transcribe the Arabic letter "ع" although it it makes sense in terms of similarity of shape and is widely used in "chatspeak", is (strictly speaking) not "correct".  The system of transliteration employed in the academic world uses the character /ʿ/ for /ع/ (and the character /ʾ/ for "hamzah". Although there is very little visual difference between /ʿ/ and /ʾ/, those symbols are nevertheless used for "official" bibliographic transliteration for world-wide library systems such as worldcat.  An example can be found here: جمعة = Jumʻah. Thank you again for your help.--Akhooha (talk) 18:01, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * WOW, I bow to you superior (and much advanced linguistic) knowledge, presented in a respectful manner and complete good faith. Based on your explanation, I think we have the correct answer:  Jumʿah.  God bless.  This was a civil dispute and a pleasant interaction. Worldedixor (talk) 22:36, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for your swift reply and for your help. I look forward to helping edit other parts of the article to reflect the correct transliteration but will hold off until the title gets corrected, in order to avoid any misunderstandings which may result in my changes being undone.  Thanks again for your help.  I think it's great that WP is committed to accepted academic standards.  This will definitely look better for WP.  As I mentioned elsewhere, having the main article titled incorrectly and having the correct transliteration redirect to it is a bit like having a main article for "Abraham Linkun" and having "Abraham Lincoln" redirect to to "Linkun" --- in other words, an embarrassment for WP. I agree that this was a very pleasant interaction. If WP has other articles with questionable Arabic citations (either the Arabic script itself or with Roman transliteration), I am more than happy to help.  I'm a native English speaker, but have studied in Tunis and Cairo and have worked in Yemen and have more than a passing knowledge of Arabic --- if you look at the article I created (Sue Draheim), you will notice a link to an Arabic version of that article: I wrote that Arabic version, using the ar.wikipedia username of أخوها (which is "Akhooha").  If there is a centralized project dealing with Arabic sources (either for en.wikipedia or for ar.wikipedia), I'd be more than happy to help.  Thanks again.--Akhooha (talk) 02:21, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * FOOTNOTE: (To express my own embarassment). Just to be extra thorough, I double-checked the Qurʾān and, to my utter amazement, found out that in the Qurʾān (see Ch. 62 سورة الجُمُعَة sūrat al-jumuʿah), the word is indeed spelled جُمُعَة (i.e. jumuʿah). I had never heard anyone say that word any other way than جُمْعَة (jumʿah).  Further research shows me that the jumuʿah pronunciation is reflective of the Hijazi dialect.  In any case, I guess it just goes to show me that a very good secular knowledge of Arabic is not necessarily a reliable guide in religious matters. I have learned something, but in the process I have created a bit of an unnecessary tempest in a teacup. for which I apologize. It is I, and not Wikipedia, who's turned out to be the embarrassed party.... Thanking you again for your willingness to help, and apologizing for my own error.--Akhooha (talk) 03:50, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Anytime, mate. You sure have fooled me.  You sounded more like a linguistic faqih than a native speaker of English.  I too did not know that the Qurʾān pronounced جُمُعَة as such.  Good find.  It would be interesting to find out whether it pronounces it as such throughout or it also uses جُمْعَة .Worldedixor (talk) 13:48, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * From a Qur'an search engine I used, it looks like the word, exclusive of chapter titles, is only used once and that is in line 1 of al-Jumuʿah.  Lane's Lexicon (page 457) says that the variation جُمُعَة is "... of the dial. of El-Ḥijáz...".  It's noted in The Qur'an in recent scholarship (page 37) that "...the orthography of the Qurʾān seems to reflect Meccan or Ḥijāzi dialect...". --Akhooha (talk) 18:12, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The Qur'an reflects the Hijazi dialect at that time, which did pronounce it "jumu'ah." Part of the reason for possibly only hearing it pronounced "jum'ah" today is that few native speakers in the Arab world pronounce words according to classical rules; in many cases such as Egyptian dialect, speakers will intentionally and proudly flout the rules, while in Lebanon and North Africa their pronounciation is unfluenced by French vowels sounds more than traditional Arabic tashkil. Always the old Hijazi dialect will produce a more standard pronounciation and thus transliteration. MezzoMezzo (talk) 06:18, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

regardless of time zones?
This makes it sound like each prayer is performed at exactly the same time around the world. Meaning that while it may be the mid-day prayer in Mecca, it will be all kinds of different times for ppl elsewhere around the world, because the prayers are performed without regard to time zones.

Now I know that this isn't true, despite not being Muslim myself, but I had to go on a research binge just now to confirm that it's the case. Just saying... That line is very misleading. I think I get now what it's trying to say... Like say for a time zone that's especially wide (I heard China at one time in their history, recognized just one time zone for the whole country. This might be an urban legend, but for the purposes of illustration it works.  What the line is trying to say is that the prayer will occur at a different time on each side of China, even if they are all in the same time zone, it'll vary based on when the sun actually rises and sets where the prayee (person praying) happens to be.  Right?

Nevertheless, I'd recommend rewording the line, because it took me way too long to figure that out. It's ambiguously worded. -Paul on my phone 47.33.95.187 (talk) 00:55, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

name
The word jumu'ah means Fri. The word Yaum ul Jumu'ah means Friday. While name of prayer or Salah of Friday Is known as Salat ul Jumu'ah. Kindly change name — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chemia pattinson (talk • contribs) 04:25, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 19 January 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (non-admin closure) Iffy★Chat -- 11:11, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

Jumu'ah → Friday Prayer – as wp:ENGLISH demanded, The title of an article should generally use the version of the name of the subject which is most common in the English language, as you would find it in reliable sources (for example other encyclopedias and reference works, scholarly journals, and major news sources), by this reason, the Friday Prayer (as google search proved) is most common than current title Hispring (talk) 11:13, 19 January 2020 (UTC) —Relisting.  CAPTAIN MEDUSA   talk  13:47, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Move to Friday prayer - the WP:COMMONNAME in sources is the English rendition, but it should not be capitalised as a proper noun, per MOS:CAPS. "Friday prayers" dominates in ngram:  — Amakuru (talk) 21:28, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Support - Came to say pretty much what User:Amakuru already said. Primergrey (talk) 13:27, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The ruler
The article mentions "the ruler" several times. Is this a mosque official, or any civil ruler such as a mayor, or something else? Marnanel (talk) 13:03, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
In the Shia Islam section, it specifies that only one jumu'ah can be done in a 3 mile (720 yard) radius. However, 3 miles does not equal 720 yards. I'm not sure which number is accurate — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.69.108.173 (talk) 01:41, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

Prayers for safety of the country
Imam in contemporary times do pray for the safety and security of their country rather than the ruler.

08:21, 27 January 2023 (UTC)08:21, 27 January 2023 (UTC)~/08:21, 27 January 2023 (UTC)43.242.178.51 (talk) 08:21, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

Questions from a non-Muslim.
For context, I read this article looking to understand a female coworker's experience at Friday prayer. From what I have previously learned the service is split by gender. This article seems to focus heavily on the male service with the Imam and does not explain the female service. It also misses the ritual washing that I have heard goes before prayer at a mosque. I'd assume this is a great explanation for people who already understand the religion, but this article left me more questions than answers.

Jmjosh90    20:21, 5 April 2024 (UTC)  Jmjosh90     20:21, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * This article really needs to be further expanded  Abo Yemen ✉  14:39, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Friday prayer


text:
Renatus Harris

Renatus Harris (c. 1652 - 1724) was an English master organ maker in England in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

During the period of the Commonwealth, in the mid-seventeenth century, Puritans controlled the country and organ music was banned in churches. Many organ makers left England for the continent, including Harris' father, Thomas. It was while the family was living in France that Harris was born. After the Restoration the family returned to England.

Harris grew up in his father's business and eventually became one of the two most prominent organ builders of his generation, along with his hated rival "Father" Bernard Smith. Harris had a flair for publicity and was not above using under-hand tactics against Smith. Harris's great-grandfather, Thomas Dallam, and his father, Robert Dallam, were also organ makers, as were Renatus Harris's sons, John and Renatus. John Harris was the father of Joseph Harris, a renowned harpsichord maker, who in turn was the father of English entomologist and engraver Moses Harris.

He is credited with being the first to introduce the pedals to the organ, at St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol. However, the pedalboard was an addition of one octave of pull-down pedals and not the independent pedalboard we know today. He was also famous for introducing stops to organs which imitated particular instruments - a kind of hallmark - such as trumpet, cremona, cornet, etc.

Renatus Harris died at Salisbury in August or September, 1724 shortly after completing his last organ with his son John at St Dionis Backchurch in the City of London.

Organs of the Temple Church and Christ Church, Dublin
The rivalry between the two men led to the famous Battle of the Organs in 1684, when both were bidding for the contract to build the new organ for the Temple Church, London. Each erected an organ in the Temple Church and they hired prominent organists Giovanni Battista Draghi, John Blow and Henry Purcell to demonstrate the superiority of their instruments. Harris lost out to Smith, but in 1697, after Smith reneged on a contract for a new organ at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, Harris appositely installed the instrument which had lost there instead. Harris's organ, which was installed and maintained by John Baptist Cuvillie, and later Philip Hollister, was replaced by an organ by John Byfield in 1752. However, the Harris-Cuvillie organ which survived the 'Battle of the Organs' today survives in St John's Church, Wolverhampton.

Extant Harris organs
The most complete surviving organ by Harris is that of St Botolph's Aldgate, built in 1702 - 1704, which is also regarded as the oldest church organ in the United Kingdom. It was restored in 2005 - 2006 by Martin Goetze and Dominic Gwynn, and features in the documentary The Elusive English Organ. Among Harris' surviving or partially surviving organs are those of Bristol Cathedral (1685), All Hallows Twickenham (1700), and the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors' Hall, City of London (1722) (Restored by Mander Organs in 1966). A Harris organ at Christ Church Greyfriars, also known as Christ Church Newgate, in London was much rebuilt by William Hill & Sons in 1838 to designs by Henry Gauntlett and was destroyed along with the church during the Blitz in December 1940. The organ of St Michael, Cornhill contains nine ranks from the Harris instrument of 1684.

title: Renatus Harris


text:
Alexandru G. Golescu

Alexandru G. Golescu (1819 – 15 August 1881) was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania in 1870.

Early life
Born in the Golescu family of boyars in Bucharest, Wallachia, he was the cousin of the brothers Ștefan and Nicolae Golescu; Alexandru G. was often referred to as Alexandru Golescu Negru (Golescu the Black), to distinguish him from his relative and fellow activist Alexandru C. Golescu (who was known as "Albu" – the White).

Alexandru G. Golescu studied at the Saint Sava Academy and then in Paris, at the École d'Arts et Métiers, after which he returned to be an engineer in Wallachia.

Together with Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Ghica and Christian Tell, Golescu was a founding member of the Frăția ("Brotherhood"), a radical secret society in 1843, meant as opposition to Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu. He returned to Paris in 1845 to be a member of a revolutionary society of the Romanian students.

Revolution and later years
He took part in the Wallachian revolution of 1848, and were members of the Revolutionary Committee formed around Frăția. He was a secretary of the Provisional Government, and served as its representative in France after 14 July 1848 (in this capacity, he called for the French Second Republic's support in combating the threat of Ottoman and Imperial Russian intervention in Wallachia). Golescu was also active in negotiating an agreement between the Hungarian government of Lajos Kossuth and the Transylvanian Romanian forces of Avram Iancu, but his efforts were largely unsuccessful.

After the revolution in Bucharest was crushed, Ghica remained in exile until 1856, when, after Russian presence had been swept by the effects of the Crimean War he returned to campaign for the unification of Wallachia and Moldavia, which was successful in 1859 when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected Domnitor of the two Danubian Principalities. He later served several times as minister and once, for only half a year, as Prime Minister under Prince Carol. He died at his estate in Rusănești, Olt County.

Works

 * Die politische Stellung der Roumänen, Vienna, 1848
 * De l'abolition du servage dans les Principautés Danubiennes, Paris, 1856

title: Alexandru G. Golescu


text: User talk:66.203.184.77

title: User talk:66.203.184.77


text:
Talk:Tee

Untitled
Hi Andrewa, I think you are mistaken about any necessity to tee a golf ball. To my knowledge (several years golfing experience) teeing is never required except under winter rules or suchlike when the grass is in in a poor condition and needs to be protected from fat shots that might occur with the ball not teed. Many golfer prefer to play the ball from the grass on short par three holes and that is perfectly in agreement with the rule (for rules, see e.g. the ext links from golf). Thanks for your help, Kosebamse 22:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You're quite right, AFAIK it's only ever mandatory according to local rules and customs. My entire playing career was two years of High School golf 1969-1970 and a few lessons during that time. At that time we were required to tee (all year) on teeing grounds except for the short par 3s, where a rubber matt was supplied as an alternative for those who preferred it, and again you're right, it was generally for me a chip with a number three wood and I never used a tee except for occasionally on a practice round and then just to see for myself whether the experts were right (they were).

 * I've removed the offending phrases, agree they were not right, but now there's something missing IMO. For the moment I'll leave it to others with more expertise to add it. Andrewa 10:33, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hello Andrewa, I am wondering about the accuracy and subjectivity of the phrase, "The development of the tee was the last major change to the rules of golf." The accuracy of this statement might be enhanced if the date of the rules change regarding tees was included. Further, there have certainly been significant rules changes since the inclusion of the tee.

Additionally, I would like to provide additional information to the article regarding modern (current day) tees, their materials and various shapes. Would that meet with your approval? User:X-15a2 17:50, 26 Oct 2012 (UTC)

Unix Tool
Added a reference to the tool tee after a FireFox Wikipedia Quick search (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=%s) led here with no link or disambiguation. (fugacity 13:38, 15 February 2006 (UTC))

Ambiguitees
It seems that there is an ambiguity here. The definition of tee refers only to a device used to support balls. The etymology section then refers only to an area (a home base, if you will) from which the first stroke on a particular hole is taken. The section on golf tee then refers to both of these meanings.

Perhaps the definition needs to refer to both meanings. The etymology section probably needs to be alter too, for it currently only applies to the tee area in golf (and curling), not the device to support balls. Hermanoere (talk) 12:55, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

What are golf tees made out of
What are golf tees made out of 184.169.61.127 (talk) 07:13, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tee


text:
Talk:Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study

Looks like two of us tackled the same project at the same time. I merged your version with mine at International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. That works better for category listings. --agr 22:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rosa negra

Rosa negra was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Rosa negra
A "libertarian, anti-society & anti-historical group from Zug, a small town in Switzerland." Created by students in 2004. Nothing to suggest that they have achieved notability in this, their first year of existence. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. ("anti-historical"?) Gazpacho 22:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable Cdc 04:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable. (Anti-historical probably refers to Hegelianism, but it's anyone's guess.)  Geogre 05:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If they truly are anti-historical, they won't mind us effacing the history of this article. Delete. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 06:07, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete anti-keepishly, nn, Zug has an interesting history of social thought vectoring off towards the libertarian, however. Wyss 11:04, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:53, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * The only inbound link is from List of anarchist organizations, and was made contemporaneously to the creation of Rosa negra by the same author. On the other hand: they do write and translate and publish texts and pamphlets, which suggests a reasonably full public life for the group, likely just over the bar. Also, Zug isn't really a small town: it's both a canton, or province, pop 100k, and its capital of about 23k. On the other other hand, "Rosa negra" +Zug produces no apparently relevant hits on Google web and none on groups Tentative keep at the moment. I'd like to see more. Samaritan 03:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: wrong side of the line. Students who write pamphlets aren't notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Free store

Free store may refer to:

 * Give-away shop, a shop where all items are available at no cost
 * In computer programming, a region of memory used for dynamic memory management

title: Free store


text:
Keeper of the Flame (Golden Earring album)

Keeper of the Flame is an album by Dutch hard rock band Golden Earring, released in 1989. The album was not issued in the U.S.

Track listing
All songs written by Hay and Kooymans except where noted.

 * 1) "Can Do That" – 4:23
 * 2) "Too Much Woman (Not Enough Girl)" – 3:47
 * 3) "One Word" – 4:27
 * 4) "Keeper of the Flame" (Gerritsen, Hay) – 6:01
 * 5) "Turn the World Around" – 5:32
 * 6) "Circles" – 4:08
 * 7) "Say My Prayer" – 4:14
 * 8) "Distant Love" (Gerritsen) – 5:11
 * 9) "Nighthawks" – 3:35
 * 10) "My Killer My Shadow" – 6:09

Personnel

 * Rinus Gerritsen - bass, keyboard
 * Barry Hay - vocals
 * George Kooymans - guitar, vocals
 * Cesar Zuiderwijk - drums

Additional personnel
 * Jantien de Laaf - background vocals
 * Tijn Smit - keyboards
 * Jacques Van Pol

Production

 * Producer: Golden Earring
 * Mixing: John Sonneveld
 * Art direction: Richard Ottema
 * Design: Richard Ottema
 * Photography: Rick Arnold


text:
Talk:Keeper of the Flame (Golden Earring album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Golden Earring - Keeper of the Flame.jpg
Image:Golden Earring - Keeper of the Flame.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:42, 2 January 2008 (UTC)