text:
List of privatizations by country

This list of privatizations provides links to notable and/or major privatizations.

Argentina

 * Aerolíneas Argentina (1990) – former national carrier; renationalized in 2009.
 * Agua y Energía Eléctrica (1992–95) – national electricity production company; partitioned and sold.
 * Buenos Aires Underground (1994) – given under concession but still owned by the State.
 * Empresa Nacional de Correos y Telégrafos (ENCoTel, 1997) – given under concession as Correo Argentino. Re-nationalized in 2003.
 * ENTel (national telecommunications company, 1990) – partitioned and sold to France Télécom and to Spanish Telefónica.
 * Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA, 1995) – sold to Lockheed Martin.
 * Ferrocarriles Argentinos (1991–95) – railway lines all over the country (partially re-nationalized).
 * Gas del Estado (1992) – national gas company partitioned and sold, among others, to the Spanish Gas Natural company Naturgy.
 * Obras Sanitarias de la Nación (water company, 1992–93) - given under concession to the French conglomerate Suez, which operated it under the name Aguas Argentinas; re-nationalized in 2006 as Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA).
 * Segba (1992) - partitioned and given under concession to Edesur, Edenor and Edelap.
 * Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF, 1991–92) – national oil-company sold to the Spanish Repsol. The Argentinian government in 2004 set up a new state oil company (Enarsa) from scratch, which proved of no use. In 2012, the Argentine Government expropriated 51% of the shares of YPF owned by Repsol.

Australia

 * Commonwealth Oil Refineries 1952 Under Liberal
 * Optus 1985 Under Labor
 * Commonwealth Bank of Australia 1991 Under Labor
 * Qantas 1993 Under labor
 * Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 1994 Under Labor
 * Electricity and natural gas supply companies in Victoria 1995 Under Liberal
 * Telstra 1997 Under Liberal
 * Public transport in Melbourne 1999 Under Liberal
 * Electricity Trust of South Australia 1999 Under Liberal
 * Sydney Airport 2002 Under Liberal
 * Medibank 2014 Under Liberal
 * Commonwealth Industrial Gases
 * Government Cleaning Service in New South Wales
 * Government Insurance Office in New South Wales
 * Government Printing Service in New South Wales
 * State-owned betting-agencies in most states Under Liberal and Labor
 * Many long-distance and urban passenger railway services Under Liberal and Labor
 * All freight railway services Under Liberal and Labor
 * Most State-owned banks Under Liberal and Labor

1980s

 * OMV (1987, 1989, 1994, 1996; government retains 31.5%)

1990s

 * Simmering-Graz-Pauker (1992–93)
 * VOEST-Alpine Eisenbahntechnik (1992–94)
 * Austria Mikro Systeme International (1993–94)
 * A.S.A. Abfall Service AG (1993)
 * VA Technologie (1994, 2003, 2005)
 * AT&S (1994)
 * Böhler-Uddeholm (1995, 1996, 2003)
 * Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Equipment (1995)
 * Schoeller-Bleckmann Edelstahlrohr GesmbH (1995)
 * Bernhard Steinel Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH (1995)
 * VA Stahl AG (1995, 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005)
 * Weiler Werkzeugmaschinen (1995)
 * GIWOG-Wohnbaugruppe (1996)
 * Vamed AG (1996; government retained 13% until 2024)
 * VA Bergtechnik (1996)
 * AMAG Austria Metall AG (1996)
 * Salinen Austria (1997)
 * Mobilkom Austria (1997)
 * Wiener Boerse (1999)
 * Bank Austria (1997–98)
 * Austria Tabak (1997, 1999, 2001)
 * Telekom Austria (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006; government retains 28.42%)

2000s

 * Österreichische Postsparkasse (2000)
 * Vienna International Airport (2000, 2001; regional governments of Vienna and Lower Austria retain 40%)
 * Österreichische Staatsdruckerei (2000)
 * Dorotheum (2001)
 * Strohal Rotations Druck (2002)
 * BMG Metall und Recycling (2004)
 * VOEST-Alpine Erzberg (2004)
 * Österreichische Post (2006; government retains 52.8%)
 * Austrian Airlines (2009)

2010s

 * Funkhaus Wien (2016)

2020s

 * EuroTeleSites (2023) the radio tower division of A1 Telekom Austria Group
 * Vamed AG (2024; government sold its remaining 13% to Fresenius)

Bahrain

 * Bahrain Telecommunications Co. (Q1 2005, $800 million)

Brazil

 * Banco do Estado do Maranhão S.A
 * Banespa
 * BB Turismo
 * CEDAE
 * CELMA
 * CSN
 * Embraer
 * Embratel
 * Petrobras Distribuidora
 * RFFSA
 * Terminal Pesqueiro de Manaus
 * Terminal Pesqueiro de Vitória
 * Telebrás
 * Usiminas
 * Vale do Rio Doce
 * VASP

Canada

 * Teleglobe (1987) – an international telco carrier
 * Air Canada (1988)
 * Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (1989)
 * Telus (1991), formerly Alberta Government Telephones
 * Petro-Canada (1991)
 * Nova Scotia Power (1992)
 * Canadian National Railway (1995)
 * Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (1996)
 * Manitoba Telecom Services or MTS (1996)
 * Highway 407 (1999) – leased to private operators
 * Ontario Hydro (1999) – only partially privatized with Hydro One and Ontario Power Generation, a publicly owned company and crown corporation respectively
 * Uranium industry in Saskatchewan

Chile

 * CAP S.A.
 * Chilectra
 * Colbún S.A.
 * CTC
 * Enaex
 * Empremar
 * Endesa
 * Entel
 * Esval
 * IANSA
 * Lan Airlines
 * Pension Funds (AFP)
 * Soquimich

Czechoslovakia

 * Virtually everything after the Velvet Revolution in 1989; see voucher privatization for details.

Egypt

 * The Shebin spinning and weaving factory in Menoufia in the Nile Delta was on strike against/locked out by its new non-Egyptian owners in the wake of the 2011 revolution. Workers and maybe the military now in control of the state were favoring re-nationalization, according to one report. "[L] iberal economic policy is tarred with [the old regime's] corruption," said Michael Wahid Hanna, in Cairo for the U.S.-based Century Foundation. Indorama, the new Indonesian/Thai owner of Shebin, was not quoted in the report. Looking further back to 2000, "well considered public spinners" Shebin El Kom and STIA, were then considered to have a "redundant labor problem ... [but] would otherwise be attractive privatization buying or leasing opportunities for private investors." In 2011, STIA, also known as El Nasr Wool & Selected Textiles, of Alexandria, remained "one of the largest public sector textiles companies."

Finland

 * Finnair
 * Sonera (former Telecom Finland)

1980s

 * Compagnie Générale d'Electricité became Alcatel (1987)
 * Havas (1987)
 * IN Groupe (1993)
 * Matra (1988)
 * Paribas – privatized in 1987 and merged with BNP to form BNP Paribas
 * Saint-Gobain – created in 1665 by minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert; privatized in 1986
 * Société Générale privatized in 1987
 * Suez – privatized and merged with the stated-owned Gaz de France (GDF) in 2008 to form GDF Suez
 * TF1 – first TV channel of France, privatized in 1987

1990s

 * France Télécom  (1998)
 * Arcelor (1995)
 * Assurances Générales de France (1996)
 * Groupe Bull (1997)
 * CNP Assurances (1998)
 * Compagnie générale transatlantique (1996) – merged with CMA to form CMA-CGM
 * Crédit Industriel et Commercial (1998)
 * Crédit local de France (1991)
 * Le Crédit Lyonnais (1999)
 * Elf Aquitaine – privatized in 1994; absorbed by Total
 * Eramet (1999)
 * Gan (1998)
 * Pechiney (1995)
 * Renault (1996) – the French state still have 15.01% of the shareholding
 * SEITA (1995) – now Altadis
 * Total
 * Union des Assurances de Paris (1994)

2000s

 * Aéroports de Paris – the French State remains the major shareholder: 52%
 * Air France – opening shareholding open in 1999. Merged with KLM and merged to form: Air France-KLM (as 2004, the French State remain 44%). As of 2012, the French State remains 15.8%.
 * Credit Lyonnais (a bank ;– privatized in 2001)
 * Électricité de France (EDF) (in December 2005 France sold 30% of EDF)
 * French Highway Concession
 * A'lienor – sold to Eiffage (65%) and Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France (35%)
 * Alis – sold to Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France
 * Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie – sold to Vinci
 * Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France – sold to Abertis (52,5%); the rest is owned by other investors
 * Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône – sold to Eiffage
 * Autoroutes du Sud de la France – sold to Vinci
 * Arcour – sold to Vinci
 * Atlandes – sold to Colas Group (subsidiaries of Bouygues) and other investors
 * Cofiroute – sold to Vinci
 * Gaz de France (GDF) – Prime minister Dominique de Villepin announced a merger between GDF and Suez; since the state owns 80% of GDF, a privatization of GDF would require the passing of a new law; the state would control only 34% of the capital of the new group: see commentary.
 * Orange S.A. (formerly France Télécom) (the French State has owned under 50% of Orange since September 2004) – the French State remains (including ERAP): 26,94%
 * Pages Jaunes (Yellow Pages) (in 2004 France sold 32% of Pages Jaunes for €1.25 billion)
 * Snecma (in 2004 France sold 35% of Snecma for €1.45 billion)
 * Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale (2000) – merged with DASA and CASA to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
 * Thomson Multimédia
 * Thomson Multimédia – now Technicolor
 * Thomson-CSF – now Thales Group; the French State remains 27%
 * SNCM (Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée) – ferry-company; privatized at the end of 2005; the French State remains 25% in SNCM

2010s

 * Française des Jeux (FDJ) – in 2019 the French State sold off around 50% of its shares retaining 20%

Germany

 * Deutsche Bundespost became in January 1995:
 * Deutsche Post – the state owns 16.45% through the KfW.
 * Deutsche Telekom – the state still owns 27.8%, partly direct and partly through the KfW.
 * Deutsche Postbank – in 2004 the state floated a minority stake for €2.5 billion
 * Deutsche Bundesbahn became Deutsche Bahn in 1994, although it is 100% state owned.
 * UFA underwent privatization in 1921

Greece

 * DESFA – On 20 December 2018, a consortium formed by Snam (60%), Enagás (20%) and Fluxys (20%) completed the acquisition of a 66% stake in DESFA for an amount of €535 million.
 * Hellenic Petroleum – Starting from the 1990s, the Greek Government gradually sold its shares in the company, and currently owns only 35.5% of the shares.
 * Hellenic Vehicle Industry (ELVO) – In December 2020, 79% of the shares were acquired by an Israeli consortium formed by Plasan and SK Group. The Hellenic state continues to retains 21% of the shares.
 * Olympic Airways – at first, then Olympic Airlines; the Hellenic State attempted to privatise the ailing airlines five times, more or less, from 2004 onwards. The company was folded and re-created in 2009, and privatized in 2012, under the supervision of the EU and IMF, as it was part of the debt-restructuring process of 2012.
 * OPAP (Lottery and Betting Monopoly) – privatization completed in 2013, when the last remaining government-owned stock was sold
 * OTE (Οργανισμός Τηλεπικοινωνιών Ελλάδος / Hellenic Telecommunications Company) – became partly privatised in the 1990s, when its only shareholder at the time, the Hellenic State, reduced its share of the company to 36%. Since May 2018, Deutsche Telekom owns 45% of the shares, and the Hellenic State has retained 5%.
 * Piraeus Port Authority – In April 2016, HRADF sold 51% of Piraeus Port Authority to the COSCO Group.
 * Public Power Corporation – In 2001, PPC carried out a share flotation on the Athens Stock Exchange and consequently was no longer wholly owned by the government, although it was still controlled by it with a 51.12% stake until 2021. The company was privatised in November 2021, when the Greek government decreased its shareholding to 34.12% and transferred it to the Greek sovereign wealth fund, the Hellenic Corporation of Assets and Participations (HCAP).
 * Thessaloniki Port Authority – In March 2018, an international consortium acquired 67% of the shares, with the Hellenic State retaining 7.27%.
 * TrainOSE – It was acquired in September 2017 by the Italian railway company, Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane.

Hong Kong, China

 * Hong Kong Mail Service
 * Link REIT
 * MTR Corporation

Iceland

 * Búnaðarbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
 * Landsbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
 * Landssími Íslands hf – privatized in 2005
 * Skýrr hf – privatized in 1997–1998

India

 * Air India – sold to Tata Group in 2020
 * Bharat Aluminium Company – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2000
 * CMC Limited – sold to Tata Consultancy Services in 2001
 * Lagan Engineering – in 2001
 * Hindustan Zinc Limited – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2001
 * Maruti Udyog Limited
 * Modern Food Industries – sold to Hindustan Unilever in 2000
 * Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited – sold to Tata Group in 2008
 * Jessop & Company – sold to Ruia Group in 2003
 * Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited – sold to Reliance Industries
 * Hindustan Petroleum - sold to Oil and Natural Gas Corporation in 2017
 * IDBI Bank - 51% majority sold to LIC in 2019
 * Following Airports:
 * Jaipur International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
 * Cochin International Airport
 * Mangalore International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
 * Thiruvananthapuram International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
 * Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
 * Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport - Lucknow – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
 * Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
 * Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - Mumbai – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
 * Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport - Ahmedabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
 * Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport - Guwahati – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group

Indonesia

 * Aneka Gas Industri (partially sold to Messer Group and PT Tira Austenite in 1996, fully sold to Samator Gas in 2004)
 * Indosat (sold to Temasek Holdings in 2002–2003)

Iraq

 * (planned) most industries except oil, at the behest of the United States-sponsored government

Ireland

 * ACCBank – sold to Rabobank
 * Aer Lingus – floated on the stock market
 * British and Irish Steampacket Company Limited – sold to Irish Continental Group
 * Cablelink – sold to NTL Ireland; formerly held 50/50 by Telecom Éireann and Raidió Teilifís Éireann, both state-owned at the time
 * ICC Bank – sold to Bank of Scotland
 * Irish Life – sold to Irish Permanent
 * Irish National Petroleum Corporation – all assets sold to ConocoPhillips, still exists in law
 * Irish Steel – transferred ownership to Ispat, firm bankrupt, no longer exists
 * Irish Sugar – floated on stock market as Greencore; state retains one share for veto purposes
 * Nítrigin Éireann – sold to its other shareholder in Irish Fertiliser Industries, Richardsons, final firm called IFI, no longer exists
 * Telecom Éireann – floated on the stock market
 * TSB Bank – bought by Irish Life and Permanent from the Government of Ireland in 2001

Israel

 * Bezeq
 * El Al
 * Bank Hapoalim
 * Bank Leumi (partial)
 * Israel Chemicals
 * Israel Discount Bank (partial)
 * RAFAEL Armament Development Authority (partial)
 * Zim Integrated Shipping Services

Italy

 * INA Assitalia
 * ITA Airways
 * Enel S.p.A. (1999 32% €16.6 billion, 2003 6.6% €2.2 billion, 2004 20% €7.5 billion)
 * Eni
 * IRI (among which are Autostrade s.p.a., Credito Italiano)
 * Telecom Italia
 * Terna (Enel sold 43.5% for €1.48 billion in June 2004)

Japan

 * Japan Airlines
 * Japan Highway Public Corporation (only converted into three regional joint-stock companies which are all remaining wholly state-owned)
 * Japan Post (half-privatized; the state must by law own one-third)
 * Japan Railways Group (formerly Japanese National Railways)
 * Japan Tobacco (the state must by law own one-third)
 * New Tokyo International Airport Authority (Narita Airport) (only converted into joint-stock company which remains wholly state-owned)
 * Nippon Express
 * Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (the state must by law own one-third)

Jordan

 * Aramex International (Q1 2005, 75% for $150–200 million)
 * Jordan Telecom
 * Queen Alia International Airport

South Korea

 * Korea Electric Power (KEPCO; half-privatized)
 * Korea Telecom
 * KOGAS
 * KT&G (Korea Tobacco & Ginseng)
 * POSCO (Pohang Iron & Steel)

Kuwait

 * Kuwait Finance House (November 2004, 25% of the company for $1 billion)

Malaysia

 * Johor Water Corporation
 * Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad – national railway company
 * Malaysia Airlines
 * Malaysia Airports Holdings
 * Pasir Gudang Local Authority
 * Pos Malaysia – national postal services
 * Senai International Airport
 * Telekom Malaysia
 * Tenaga National Berhad – national electricity-generation and distribution

Mexico
1,150 public companies, including banks, railroads, the telephone company, mines, roads, TV stations, ports, airports, airlines, sugar mills, and retirement funds.

Netherlands

 * PTT, the mail and telecom company

New Zealand

 * Air New Zealand – privatized in 1989, subsequently rescued by the Government of New Zealand in 2001
 * Auckland Airport
 * Bank of New Zealand – semi-privatized in 1987; rescued by the Crown in 1990; sold off in 1992
 * Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) – part of which became privatized as Contact Energy in the period 1995–1998
 * Government Print
 * Ministry of Works and Development
 * Natural Gas Corporation (NGC), ultimately absorbed into Vector Limited
 * New Zealand Steel – privatized from 1987, now part of BlueScope
 * The Post Office Savings Bank (POSB) – bought by the ANZ Bank in 1989
 * Telecom New Zealand – privatized in 1990
 * New Zealand Rail Limited – privatized in 1993, became Tranz Rail Limited in 1995; the government subsequently repurchased the track lease
 * various council-controlled organisations formerly owned by territorial authorities: see also Local Authority Trading Enterprises (LATEs)

Norway

 * Arcus (sold to Sucra in 2001)
 * Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse (sold to Nordea in 2000)
 * DnB NOR (floated on the stock market in 1995, government retains 34%)
 * Finnmark Fylkesrederi og Ruteselskap (sold to Veolia Transport Norge in 2003)
 * Fredrikstad Energi (49% sold to Fortum)
 * Kongsberg Gruppen (floated on the stock market in 1993, government retains 50%)
 * Norsk Medisinaldepot (sold to Celesio in 2001)
 * NSB Gods (now CargoNet, partially sold to Green Cargo in 2002, NSB retains 55%)
 * Oslo Energi (parts merged with Hafslund)
 * Postbanken (merged with DnB NOR in 1999)
 * Statkorn (floated on the stock market as Cermaq in 2000, government retains 44%)
 * Statoil (floated on the stock market in 2001, government retains 71%)
 * Telenor (floated on the stock market in 2000, government retains 54%)
 * TrønderBilene (66% sold to Fosen Trafikklag in 1999)
 * Østfold Energi (parts sold to Fortum in 2001)
 * Årdal og Sunndal Verk (merged with Norsk Hydro in 1986)

Pakistan

 * National Refinery Limited (acquired by Attock Group of Companies in July 2005)
 * Pakistan Telecom sold out to Eitisalat in 2006.

Peru

 * AeroPeru – Peruvian Air Transport Enterprise (sold to Aeroméxico in 1993, closed in 1999)
 * ENATRU – National Urban Transport Enterprise (sold to the employees)
 * Empresa Regional de Servicio Público de Electricidad del Sur Medio – ELECTRODUNAS (Sold to HICA)
 * SIDERPERU (Sold to Sider Corporation S.A)
 * PESCAPERU – Fishing National Enterprise
 * MINEROPERU – Peruvian National Mining Company
 * Tintaya (sold to Magma Copper Corporation)
 * Ilo Mining (sold to Southern Peru Copper Corporation, and since 2018 is part of Grupo Mexico)
 * Centromin – Mining of Central Peru
 * Hierro Peru (Sold to Shougang Group)
 * National Company of Gas – SOL GAS (sold to Repsol)
 * EDEGEL (sold to Endesa in 1996, since 2016 is part of Enel)
 * ENAFER (Parts of Peru Rail, Fetransa and FCCA)
 * CPT – ENTEL (Sold to Telefonica in 1994)
 * EDELNOR (sold to Endesa in 1994, since 2016 is part of Enel)
 * EDELSUR (sold to Sempra Energy in 1994, since 2019 is part of CTG)
 * Banco Continental del Peru (Sold to BBV and since 1999 part of BBVA)
 * Inter bank (Part of Banco Internacional del Peru)

Philippines

 * Manila Hotel – was acquired by the Insular Government through the Manila Railroad Company in 1919, re-privatized in 1995.
 * Metro Manila Transit Corporation – split into four private companies in the 1990s.
 * National Sugar Trading Corporation (NASUTRA) – Former state monopoly, split in 1986 into its various predecessors.
 * Philippine National Bank – 1989–2005
 * Radio Philippines Network – 80% privatized since 2014.

Poland

 * Telekomunikacja Polska S.A.

Portugal

 * ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal (Portuguese airports)
 * CIMPOR
 * CTT – Portuguese post
 * EDP – Energia de Portugal
 * Fidelidade – the insurance part of the CGD public bank
 * Galp Energia – national petroleum company
 * Portugal Telecom – national telecommunications company
 * REN – Rede Eléctrica Nacional
 * TAP – airline

Qatar

 * Qatargas (now QatarEnergy LNG) – liquefied natural gas company (Q1 2005, 50% for $600 million)

Romania

 * Rompetrol – petroleum company (1993 & 1998)
 * Ursus Breweries – beer brewer and distributor (1996)
 * Romcim (now Lafarge Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
 * Casial Hunedoara (now HeidelbergCement Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
 * Romtelecom (now Telekom Romania) – telecommunications company (1998 & 2003)
 * BRD – Groupe Société Générale – bank (1999)
 * Automobile Dacia – car manufacturer (1999)
 * Astra Rail Industries – rail vehicle manufacturer (1999 & 2000)
 * Petromidia Refinery – oil refinery (2000)
 * Sidex (now ArcelorMittal Galați) – steelworks (2001)
 * Alro – aluminium company (2002)
 * Petrom – petroleum company (2004)
 * Banca Comercială Română – bank (2003 & 2006)
 * Electrica – electricity distributor (2006, 2008 & 2014)
 * Automobile Craiova (now Ford Romania) – car manufacturer (2007)

Russia
A wide-scale privatization program was launched in 1992–1994, using a voucher privatization scheme; from 1995, a monetary scheme was used.
 * Gazprom (1994)
 * LUKoil (1995)
 * Mechel (1995)
 * MMC Norilsk Nickel (1995)
 * Novolipetsk Steel (1995)
 * Surgutneftegaz (1995)
 * YUKOS (1995)

Saudi Arabia

 * Al-Bilad Bank (2008, 50%)
 * Bank Al-Inma (2008, 70%)
 * Government Hotels (2005, 100% of King Abdullah International Convention Centre in Jeddah and Ritz Carlton in Riyadh)
 * Maaden (2008, 50%)
 * National Commercial Bank (2014, 25%)
 * Riyad Bank (2008, 58%)
 * SABIC (1984, 30%)
 * Saudi Arabian Airlines (2006, split into 10 business units, 5 of which were privatized)
 * Saudi Electric Company (2000, 26%)
 * Saudi Ports (1997, 27 management contracts were given out to various ports around the Kingdom)
 * Saudi Real Estate Company (2003, 50%)
 * Saudi Telecom Company (2002, 30%)

Singapore

 * Port of Singapore Authority (1997)
 * Post Office Savings Bank (bought by DBS Bank in 1998 and rebranded as POSBank)
 * Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (1994, as the Television Corporation of Singapore; later renamed MediaCorp in 2001) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
 * Singapore Post – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
 * Singapore Power – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
 * Singapore Telecommunications (1992) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms

South Africa

 * Iscor – Now known as ArcelorMittal South Africa, the company was privatised in 1989.
 * Telkom – Gradually privatised starting with the IPO in 2003. The government currently holds 39%, and is planning on selling its entire stake.

Spain

 * Aceralia
 * Argentaria
 * ENDESA (1988–1998)
 * Gas Natural
 * Iberia Airlines (2001)
 * Indra
 * Red Electrica de España
 * Repsol (1989–1997)
 * Retevision
 * SEAT (1986)
 * Tabacalera

1980s

 * ASEA-ATOM (1981) -
 * Luxor AB (1984)
 * SSAB (1986–1994)
 * UV Shipping (1988)

1990s

 * AssiDomän
 * Celsius
 * Cementa
 * Enator
 * Företagskapital
 * Industrikredit AB
 * Lantbrukskredit AB
 * Nordbanken (partial)
 * OK Petroleum
 * Pharmacia
 * Pharmacia & Upjohn
 * SAKAB
 * SAQ Kontrol
 * SBL Vaccin
 * SEMKO
 * SSAB (wholly privatised in 1994)
 * Stadshypotek AB
 * Svalöf Weibull AB
 * Svensk Fastighetsvärdering
 * Svenska Statens Språkresor AB
 * Swedish Real Estate Valuation Corp
 * VPC AB

2000s

 * Celsius AB
 * Grängesbergs Gruvor
 * Kurortsverksamhet
 * Nordbanken
 * OMX – stock exchange – shares sold to Borse Dubai for 2.1 billion SEK.
 * SAKAB
 * SGAB
 * Svenska Lagerhus
 * Svenska
 * Vin & Sprit – sold to Pernod Ricard for 5.626 billion euro

2010s

 * Nordea (19.5% owned by Swedish government)

Planned privatisations

 * Apoteket (partial, 2009)
 * SBAB
 * SAS (50% owned by Swedish, Danish, Norwegian governments)
 * Telia Sonera (37.3% owned by the Swedish government)

Turkey
(Listing Scope >US $10 M.)

1980s

 * Ankara Çimento
 * Ansan-Meda
 * Balikesi̇r Çimento
 * Pinarhi̇sar Çimento
 * Söke Çimento

1990s

 * Adiyaman Çimento
 * Anadolubank
 * Aşkale Çimento
 * Bartin Çimento
 * Bozüyük Seramik
 * Çİnkur
 * Çorum Çimento
 * Denİzbank
 * Denİzlİ Çimento
 * Elaziğ Çimento
 * Erganİ Çimento
 * Etİbank
 * Fİlyos
 * Gazİantep Çimento
 * Güneş Sigorta Spor Kulübü
 * Havaş
 * Ipragaz
 * İskenderun Çimento
 * Kars Çimento
 * Konya Krom Man.A.Ş.
 * Kümaş
 * Kurtalan Çimento
 * Ladİk Çimento
 * Lalapaşa Çimento
 * Metaş
 * Petlas
 * Ray Sigorta
 * Şanliurfa Çimento
 * Sİvas Çimento
 * Sümerbank
 * Trabzon Çimento
 * Türk Kablo
 * Tofaş S.K.
 * Van Çimento Sanayii
 * Yarimca Porselen T.A.Ş.

2000s

 * Adapazarı Sugar Fac.
 * Asİl Çelİk
 * Ataköy Hotel
 * Ataköy Marina
 * Ataköy Tourism
 * Başak Insurance
 * Başak Retirement Fund
 * Bet Kütahya Şeker
 * Bursagaz
 * Çayelİ Bakir İşl.A.Ş.
 * Cyprus Turkish Airlines
 * Denİz Naklİyati T.A.Ş.
 * Esgaz
 * Eti Aluminium
 * Etİ Bakir
 * Etİ Elektrometalurji
 * Etİ Gümüş A.Ş.
 * Etİ Krom A.Ş.
 * Güven Sİgorta
 * Dİv-Han
 * Taksan
 * Türk Telekom

Ukraine

 * Kryvorizhstal

United Arab Emirates

 * Damas Jewelry (November 2004, 55% of the company for $224 million)

1970s

 * British Petroleum (1977, 1979, 1981, 1987)
 * International Computers Limited (1979)
 * Lunn Poly (1971)
 * Rolls-Royce Motors (1973)
 * State Management Scheme (1973)
 * Thomas Cook (1972)

1980s

 * Amersham International (1982)
 * Associated British Ports (1983, 1984)
 * British Aerospace (1981, 1985)
 * British Airports Authority (1987)
 * British Airways (1987)
 * British Airways Helicopters (1986)
 * British Gas (1986)
 * British Leyland
 * Alvis (1981)
 * Coventry Climax (1982)
 * Danish Automobile Building (1987)
 * ISTEL (1987)
 * Jaguar (1984)
 * Leyland Bus (1987)
 * Leyland Tractors (1982)
 * Leyland Trucks (1987)
 * Rover Group (1988)
 * Unipart (1987)
 * British Rail Engineering Limited (1989)
 * British Shipbuilders (1985–1989, shipbuilder companies sold individually)
 * British Steel (1988)
 * British Sugar (1981)
 * British Telecom (1984, 1991, 1993)
 * British Transport Hotels (1983)
 * Britoil (1982, 1985)
 * Cable and Wireless (1981, 1983, 1985)
 * Council houses (1980–present, over two million sold to their tenants) – see main article Right to buy scheme
 * Enterprise Oil (1984)
 * Fairey (1980)
 * Ferranti (1982)
 * Harland and Wolff (1989)
 * Inmos (1984)
 * Johnson Matthey Bankers (1986)
 * Municipal bus companies (1988–present, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Bus deregulation in Great Britain
 * National Bus Company (1986–1988, bus companies sold individually)
 * National Express (1988)
 * National Freight Corporation (1982)
 * Passenger transport executive bus companies (1988–1994, bus companies sold individually)
 * Rolls-Royce (1987)
 * Royal Ordnance (1987)
 * Sealink (1984)
 * Travellers Fare (1988)
 * Trustee Savings Bank (1985)
 * Vale of Rheidol Railway (1989)
 * Water companies – see main article Water privatisation in England and Wales
 * Anglian Water (1989)
 * North West Water (1989)
 * Northumbrian Water (1989)
 * Severn Trent (1989)
 * South West Water (1989)
 * Southern Water (1989)
 * Thames Water (1989)
 * Welsh Water (1989)
 * Wessex Water (1989)
 * Yorkshire Water (1989)

1990s

 * AEA Technology (1996)
 * Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (1997)
 * Belfast International Airport (1994)
 * Birmingham Airport (1993 – 51%)
 * Bournemouth Airport (1995)
 * Bristol Airport (1997, 2001)
 * British Coal (1994)
 * British Energy (1996)
 * British Rail – see main article Privatisation of British Rail
 * 3 rolling stock companies:
 * Angel Trains (1996)
 * Eversholt Leasing (1996)
 * Porterbrook (1996)
 * 6 design office units (1995–1997, sold individually)
 * 6 freight operating companies
 * Freightliner (1995)
 * Loadhaul (1996)
 * Mainline Freight (1996)
 * Rail Express Systems (1996)
 * Railfreight Distribution (1997)
 * Transrail Freight (1996)
 * 6 track renewal units (1995–1997, sold individually)
 * 7 infrastructure maintenance units (1995–1997, sold individually)
 * 25 train operating companies (1996, operations contracted out as franchises)
 * British Rail Research (1996)
 * British Rail Telecommunications (1995)
 * European Passenger Services (1996)
 * Railtrack (1996) (18 October 2002 went into voluntary liquidation), now in public ownership as Network Rail
 * Red Star Parcels (1995)
 * Union Railways (1996)
 * British Technology Group (1992)
 * Building Research Establishment (1997)
 * Cardiff Airport (1995)
 * Central Electricity Generating Board
 * National Grid (1990)
 * National Power (1991, 1995)
 * Powergen (1991, 1995)
 * Chessington Computer Centre (1996)
 * Dairy Crest (1996)
 * East Midlands Airport (1993)
 * Girobank (1990)
 * Humberside Airport (1999 – 82%)
 * Kingston Communications (1999, 2007)
 * Laboratory of the Government Chemist (1996)
 * Liverpool Airport (1990, 2001)
 * London Buses (1994, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Privatisation of London bus services
 * London Luton Airport (1997)
 * London Southend Airport (1993)
 * Mersey Docks and Harbour Company (1998)
 * National Engineering Laboratory (1995)
 * National Savings Bank (1999, back office functions contracted out)
 * National Transcommunications Limited (1990)
 * Natural Resources Institute (1996)
 * Northern Ireland Electricity (1993)
 * Property Services Agency (1994)
 * Regional electricity companies
 * East Midlands Electricity (1990)
 * Eastern Electricity (1990)
 * London Electricity (1990)
 * MANWEB (1990)
 * Midlands Electricity (1990)
 * Northern Electric (1990)
 * NORWEB (1990)
 * SEEBOARD (1990)
 * Southern Electric (1990)
 * SWALEC (1990)
 * SWEB Energy (1990)
 * Yorkshire Electricity (1990)
 * Scottish Bus Group (1991, bus companies sold individually)
 * Scottish Hydro-Electric (1991)
 * Scottish Power (1991)
 * Severn Bridge (1992)
 * The Stationery Office (1996)
 * Student Loans (1998, 1999, 2013, mortgage–style loans)
 * Transport Research Laboratory (1996)
 * Trust Ports
 * Clyde (1992)
 * Dundee (1995)
 * Forth (1992)
 * Ipswich (1997)
 * Medway (1992)
 * Tees and Hartlepool (1992)
 * Tilbury (1992)

2000s

 * Actis (2004, 2012)
 * BBC Books (2006 – 85%)
 * BBC Broadcast (2005)
 * BBC Costumes and Wigs (2008)
 * BBC Outside Broadcasts (2008)
 * BBC Technology (2004)
 * British Nuclear Fuels Limited
 * AWE Management Limited (2008)
 * BNG America (2007)
 * BNG Project Services (2008)
 * Reactor Sites Management Company (2007)
 * Westinghouse Electric Company (2006)
 * East Thames Buses (2009)
 * Leeds Bradford International Airport (2007)
 * National Air Traffic Services (2001 – 51%)
 * Newcastle Airport (2001 – 49%)
 * Partnerships UK (2000, 2011)
 * Qinetiq (2002, 2006, 2008)
 * South Eastern Trains (2006)
 * Teesside International Airport (2003 – 75%)
 * UKAEA Limited (2009)

2010s

 * BBC Audiobooks (2010, 2014)
 * BBC Magazines (2011)
 * Behavioural Insights Team (2014, 2021)
 * Bio Products Laboratory (2013, 2016)
 * Constructionline (2015)
 * Defence Support Group (2015)
 * Dr Foster Intelligence (2015)
 * East Coast Trains (2015)
 * Eurostar International Limited (2015 – 40%)
 * Fire Service College (2013)
 * Food and Environment Research Agency (2015 – 75%)
 * Government Pipelines and Storage System (2015)
 * High Speed 1 (2010; sale of concession to operate for 30 years)
 * Lloyds Banking Group (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)
 * Manchester Airports Group (2013 – 35%)
 * Marchwood Military Port (2016; sale of concession to operate for 35 years)
 * NEC Group (2015)
 * Northern Rock (2012)
 * Northern Rock (Asset Management) (2016)
 * Remploy (2012, 2013, 2015, factory businesses sold individually)
 * Royal Bank of Scotland Group (2015, 2018)
 * Royal Mail (2013, 2015)
 * Student Loans (2017, 2018, income–contingent loans)
 * The Tote (2011)
 * UK Green Investment Bank (2017)
 * Working Links (2016)

2020s

 * Bradford & Bingley (2021)
 * NatWest Group (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024)
 * NRAM Limited (2021)
 * Wave Hub (2021)

United States

 * Conrail
 * Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)
 * Railway Express Agency
 * Student Loan Marketing Association (SLM Corporation) (Sallie Mae)

title: List of privatizations by country


text:
Lolo Ferrari

Lolo Ferrari (born Ève Valois; 9 February 1963 – 5 March 2000), was a French dancer, actress, and singer billed as "the woman with the largest breast implants in the world". She entered the international limelight in 1995, appearing in the French Guinness Book of World Records in 1996 and 1999. Her death in 2000 was ruled a suicide, but suspicions remained that her husband may have been involved, though he was officially cleared in 2007.

Background
Born in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France, Ève Valois was raised in the resort town of La Baule on the Atlantic coast. She often talked about her unhappy childhood, with her father absent and her mother Catherine Valois (née Ferrari) disliking her. As a teenager, she obtained a few modelling jobs.

In 1988, she married Éric Vigne, a former drug dealer 15 years her senior who had just been released from prison. She then started to work as a model with her husband as manager. She also worked as a prostitute, and her husband was arrested for being her pimp.

Breast enlargements
Encouraged by Vigne, she underwent, beginning in 1990, numerous plastic surgery operations to create a 180 cm bust (she was originally a 37-inch bust). She had 22 enlargements, which is a Guinness World Record. The Guinness Book of Records (2003) indicates each of her breasts weighed 2.8 kg and contained three litres of saline.

She wore a specially engineered brassiere. Her brassiere measurements have been given by various sources as 58F, 54G, although these measurements appear false, as breasts of similar size have a bra size of around 36T or 36MMM. The breast implants themselves were reputed to be designed by an engineer who was involved with the design of the Boeing 747.

In interviews, she said about her surgeries, "All this stuff has been because I can't stand life. But it hasn't changed anything" and "I was frightened and I was ashamed; I wanted to change my face, my body, to transform myself. I wanted to die, really."

Career
After the breast enlargements, she adopted the stage name "Lolo", from a French slang word for breasts, along with "Ferrari" as a last name, and made a few pornographic films. Use of the Ferrari name (which she justified as it was her maternal grandfather's surname) led to lengthy trademark infringement court battles with the Italian Ferrari automobile company when she tried to market a line of underwear called Ferrari Underwear and a Lolo Ferrari doll.

In an effort to promote herself, she went with her husband to the Cannes Film Festival in 1995. She won the "European large breasts championship" there, became a favorite of photographers, and entered the international limelight.

She appeared in the Belgian film Camping Cosmos by Jan Bucquoy and producer Francis De Smet. She caused a sensation at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival with the presentation of the movie during a remake of the boxing match in Camping Cosmos between the European champion and the former opponent of Muhammad Ali (Jean-Pierre Coopman).

She used her newly won publicity to obtain a regular role on the British Channel 4 television show Eurotrash. The media hype led to appearances on other European shows and work in cabaret shows doing a song and striptease act. Hoping to launch a pop music career, she recorded two singles, titled "Airbag Generation" and "Set Me Free", as well as two more singles, a Euro disco cabaret song called "Dance Dance Dance", and a cover of Thelma Houston's Euro disco hit, "Don't Leave Me This Way". Neither of the latter two songs was given a commercial release.

Death
On the morning of 5 March 2000, at the age of 37, Ferrari was found dead, of undetermined causes, by her husband at her home in Grasse in the Alpes-Maritimes département on the French Riviera. The original autopsy determined that she had died of an overdose of antidepressants and tranquilizers. She had been depressed and her death was ruled a suicide. Her parents suspected that her husband was involved, and a second autopsy was approved two years later. This second autopsy found that mechanically-induced suffocation could not be ruled out. Her widower was suspected of causing her death, was arrested, and spent 13 months in prison. After a second medical analysis, he was finally cleared of the charges in 2007.

When Channel 4 broadcast Ferrari's obituary on Eurotrash, it was transmitted with straight dubbing as a mark of respect (normally, Eurotrash's dubbing is exaggerated to emphasise the humour); it ended with a caption stating "Lola Ferrari 1970–2000"; an error, given that her year of birth was actually 1963. In 2005, the station broadcast a documentary about her life, featuring interviews with her, her husband, her mother and her plastic surgeon.

Filmography

 * Le King de ces Dames (1995)
 * Big DD (1996)
 * Camping Cosmos (1996) as Mme Vandeputte -la plantureuse épouse du gestionnaire du Camping Cosmos
 * Double Airbags (1996)
 * Planet Boobs (1996)
 * Lolo Ferrari Special – The Biggest Tits in the World (1997)
 * Mega Tits 6 (1998)
 * Quasimodo d'El Paris (1999) as La fée
 * Der Generalmanager oder How To Sell A Tit Wonder (Directed by Steffen Jürgens) (2006)

Discography

 * Airbag Generation (1996)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lolo Ferrari


text:
Arturo Graf

Arturo Graf (18 January 1848 – 30 May 1913), was an Italian poet and literary critic.

Biography
He was born in Athens, Greece, to a father born in Nuremberg, and a mother from Ancona. His father was a merchant but with wide-ranging literary interests and fluent in multiple languages. As a boy, the family moved to Trieste. Arturo, who spoke both Greek and Italian, travelled extensively through Italy during his youth. Circa 1855, after the death of his father, the family lived with his maternal uncle for a time in Braila, Rumania. There he learned Latin with private tutors. In time, he moved with his mother to Naples to further his studies. He continued to travel through Italy, graduating from Liceo in 1867 and enrolling in University to study law. After graduating, he briefly moved back to Romania to work in what was now his brother's business, but was back in Rome by 1874. In these years, he composed some books of poetry.

He was educated at the University of Naples and became a lecturer on Italian literature in Rome, till in 1876 he was appointed professor of Comparative History of Neo-Latin Literature at the University of Turin. In 1882 he became professor of Italian literature at Turin. Afflicted with various ailments during life, he stepped down as a professor in 1910.

He was one of the founders of the Giornale della letteratura italiana, and his publications include valuable prose criticism. he also published in other journals such as Nueva Antologia, Rivista Europea, Rivista di Filologia e d'istruzione classica, Rivist di fillologia romanza, and rivista di filosofia scientifica. He is best known as a poet. His various volumes of verse—Poesie e novelle (1874), Dopo il tramonto, versi (1893), Le Danaidi (1897), Morgana (1901), Poemetti drammatici (1904), and Le rime della selva (1905) —give him a high place among the recent lyrical writers of his country. He was prolific in his literary analysis. He wrote the romance novel Il riscatto (1901).

Works

 * Delle qualità e parti della tragedia, (1874)
 * Della Poesia popolare rumena, (1875)
 * Dell'epica francese nel medio evo, (1876)
 * Amleto, indole del personaggio e del drama, (1876)
 * Dell'epica neolatina primitiva, (1876)
 * Delle origini del dramma moderno (1876)
 * Dello spirito poetico dei tempi nostri, (1876)
 * Di una trattazione scientifica della storia letteraria, (1877)
 * Storia letteraria e comparazione, (1877)
 * La leggeda del paradiso terrestre, (1878)
 * Studio dramatici, (1878)
 * Prometeo della poesia, (1880)
 * Sulla memoria e nelle immaginazioni del medio evo, (1882)
 * Cavalieri e animali, (1884)
 * L'insgenameto classico nell scuole secondarie, (1887)
 * Attraverso el cinqueciento, (1888)
 * La crisi literaria, (1888)
 * Il diavolo, (1889)
 * I precursori del Barone de Munchausen, (1889)
 * Questioni di critica, (1889)
 * La fatalità nelle eredanze del medio evo, (1890)
 * Miti, leggenda e superstizioni del medio evo, (1892)
 * Foscolo, Manzoni e Leopardi, (1898)
 * Victor Hugo passati cento anni della nascita, (1902)
 * Il Canto XXVII de Purgatorio letto nell Sala di Dante in Orsanmichele, (1902)
 * I fenomeno del sceentiasmo, (1905)
 * Per la nostra cultura, (1907)
 * L'Anglomania e le influsso inglese in Italia nel secolo XVIII, (1911)

title: Arturo Graf


text:
Dutton/Dunwich

Dutton/Dunwich is a municipality located in western Elgin County in Southwestern Ontario, Canada.

The municipality was formed in 1998 through an amalgamation of the Village of Dutton and former Township of Dunwich. It includes the Hamlets of Wallacetown, Duttona Beach, and the western parts of both Iona and Iona Station. It is bisected both by Highway 401 and by the rail lines of the Penn Central Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway.

Dutton/Dunwich has a large farming community involving a variety of agricultural methods. The region is primarily made up of inhabitants of English ancestry, with minorities of Scottish, Portuguese, and Dutch heritage.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dutton/Dunwich had a population of $4,152$ living in $1,596$ of its $1,677$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $3,866$. With a land area of 294.38 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Education
Dunwich-Dutton Public School is located in the village of Dutton, and managed by the Thames Valley District School Board. The school was built in 1927 and was a high school, until June 1952. It became a K-8 school in January 1953, and was restructured again in September 1973, from when it has educated in K-6.In 2016 the school was once again changed to a JK-8 school following the closure of WESES.

Tyrconnell
Tyrconnell is a ghost town located south of Wallacetown. Settled in 1809, the mill settlement lost out to Port Burwell and Port Stanley when railways extended to the area in the 1850s.

Notable people

 * John Kenneth Galbraith, (Scholar, and economic adviser to U.S. President John F. Kennedy) was born in Iona Station, Ontario in 1908 and died 2006.
 * Ellis Wellwood Sifton VC (12 October 1891 – 9 April 1917) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, earned at the Battle of Vimy Ridge.
 * James Dunn (b. 2000), member of Canada's 2018 Paralympic Hockey Team, is from the hamlet of Wallacetown.
 * Elaine Keillor (b. 1939), C.M., ARCT, PhD., Hon. Mus. Doc. lived in Wallacetown until her marriage in 1963.

title: Dutton/Dunwich


text:
Adolf Appellöf

Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf (Garda on Gotland 2 November 1857 – Uppsala 5 January 1921) was a Swedish marine zoologist.

Appellöf matriculated at Uppsala University in 1877, earned his PhD in 1886 and became a docent of zoology in 1887. In 1889 he received the position of conservator at the Museum of Bergen in Bergen, Norway. He was appointed professor of comparative anatomy in Uppsala in 1910. With a donation from the sawmill magnate Bünsow, Appellöf established the Klubban Biological Station of Uppsala University, a station for the study of marine biology located on the west coast of Sweden. In 1919 he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1920 of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala.

He made several important contributions to the knowledge of cephalopods.

Partial bibliography

 * "Die schalen von Sepia, Spirula und Nautilus, Studien über ihren Bau und Wachsthum" (in: Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, [ISSN 0023-5377]; N.F., 25:7)
 * "Teuthologische beiträge", 1–4 (1889–1892, in: Bergens museums aarsberetning och aarbog)
 * "Cephalopoden von Ternate" (in: Abhandlung der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Bd 24, H. 4, 1898)
 * "Über das vorkommen innerer Schalen bei Octopoda" (in: Bergens Museums Aarbog 1899).
 * "Über einige Resultate der Kreuzbefruchtung bei Knochenfischen" (Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1894–95)
 * "Zur Kenntnis der Edvardsien" (Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1891)
 * "Studien über Actinien-Entwicklung" (Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1900. N:o 1, 1900).
 * "Untersuchungen über den Hummer: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Auftretens an den Norwegischen Küsten" (in: Bergens Museums Skrifter, [ISSN 0365-981X]; 8; N.R., 1:1, 1909; awarded the Joachim Friele Gold Medal).

title: Adolf Appellöf


text:
USS Pomfret

USS Pomfret (SS-391), a Balao-class submarine submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the pomfret, a fish of the seabream family which is a powerful and speedy swimmer, capable of operating at great depths.

Construction and commissioning
Pomfret was laid down 14 July 1943 and launched 27 October 1943 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard, in Kittery, Maine, sponsored by Miss Marilyn Maloney, daughter of Senator Francis Maloney; and commissioned 19 February 1944.

World War II
After training, the new submarine arrived at Pearl Harbor 1 June 1944. She departed Pearl Harbor 23 June and proceeded via Midway to her first patrol area—the east coast of Kyūshū and Bungo Suido. On 6 July she made an emergency dive when attacked by a Japanese plane. On 12 July she allowed a Japanese hospital ship to proceed in peace. After attempting an attack on a battleship, she arrived at Midway 16 August.

On 10 September she departed Midway for the Luzon Straits-South China Sea area to conduct her second patrol. She sighted two enemy battleships on 26 September, but their speed and the presence of an enemy submarine prevented an attack.

On 2 October Pomfret sank Tsuyama Maru, a 6,962-ton passenger-cargo vessel. After the usual depth charging, she departed for Saipan and moored in Tanapag Harbor 12 October.

After refit and training, Pomfret reentered the same patrol area 1 November as part of a wolf pack, with Cdr. John B. Hess now commanding. Pomfret sank Atlas Maru, 7,347-tons and Hamburg Maru, 5,271-tons. On 25 November, she sank Japanese Patrol Boat No.38 and cargo ship Shōhō Maru, 1,356-tons. Pomfret departed the area and proceeded via Midway to Pearl Harbor.

The submarine began her fourth patrol 25 January 1945 in another wolf pack. The mission was a picket boat sweep ahead of a carrier task force soon to strike the Tokyo-Nagoya area. After completing the sweep without encountering any picket boats, she moved south of Honshū for lifeguard work.

On 16 February she rescued a pilot from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-12), Lieutenant (jg) Joe Farrel. The next day, she saved a pilot from USS Cabot (CVL-28), Ensign Robert L. Buchanan. The incident was described in "Silent Victory" by Clay Blair (Lippincott, 1975) as follows: "Pomfret, commanded by John Hess, made a spectacular rescue. A pilot from the carrier Cabot was forced to ditch in the outer waters of Tokyo Bay. Fighters circled over Pomfret, guiding Hess to the rubber life raft. Hess fearlessly took Pomfret into these restricted waters and rescued the pilot, Ensign R. L. Buchanan. During this same bold operation, Hess picked up another pilot, Lieutenant Joseph P. Farrell from Hornet, and a Japanese pilot. War correspondent Ernie Pyle devoted a column to the rescue entitled 'Even If You Was Shot Down in Tokyo Harbor, the Navy Would Be In to Get You'."

That day she also captured two prisoners. Unsuccessfully attacked by a Japanese destroyer on 10 March, she departed the area 23 March and arrived at Midway on 30 March. Departing Midway 26 April for the Kuril Islands-Okhotsk Sea area, she entered the area 5 May. On 26 May she fired torpedoes at an enemy anti-submarine hunter-killer group, but scored no hits. She returned to Midway 7 June.

On 2 July she departed for her sixth war patrol. After lifeguard duty south of Honshū, she began patrol in the East China Sea. On 19 July she sank the first of 44 floating mines. On 24 July, she shelled the Kuskaki Jima lighthouse and radio installations and, on 26 July, she destroyed a three-masted junk and a small schooner. On 8 August she rescued the entire five-man crew of a B-25 bomber. Pomfret continued to shell small craft and pick up Japanese and Korean survivors until the cessation of hostilities 15 August 1945. The following day she headed for Guam. On 9 September she arrived at San Francisco.

Post-war service
On 2 January 1946 Pomfret departed Mare Island Naval Shipyard for Guam, arriving 22 January 1946. She proceeded to Subic Bay, Philippine Islands 9 March, and from there steamed to Tsingtao, China where for six weeks she acted as target for U.S. antisubmarine warfare vessels based at Tsingtao. On 18 May she returned to Pearl Harbor, her new homeport. During the next three years, she made two tours of duty in Western Pacific: the first, April to August 1947, and the second, December 1948 to April 1949.

Jimmy Carter, future President of the United States (1977–1981), served aboard Pomfret from 17 December 1948 to 1 February 1951 as his first shipboard assignment. Carter is the only U.S. president to have qualified as a submariner. During this period Pomfret deployed to the Western Pacific Ocean and conducted operations in the waters off Japan and the coast of China.

In 1950 Pomfret arrived in San Diego. She operated along the United States West Coast until February 1951, participated in the Korean War until September and returned to San Diego to operate locally. Pomfret decommissioned in April 1952 for conversion at Mare Island to a Guppy IIA submarine. After conversion, she recommissioned 5 December and in the ensuing years alternated between coastal operations off San Diego and Western Pacific deployments.

She departed for Far Eastern waters 7 July 1967 on a cruise which included anti-submarine warfare exercises in the Gulf of Tonkin off Vietnam. She returned to San Diego 23 January 1968 and spent most of that year in exercises off San Diego.

TCG Oruçreis (S 337)
In 1971, transfers to the Turkish Navy were resumed, starting with Pomfret. After three months of training, she was transferred on 1 July in San Diego, and renamed TCG Oruçreis (S 337), after the great Ottoman seaman Oruç Reis. Her new crew sailed to the Philadelphia Naval Yard for an overhaul, and then, before sailing to Turkey, she took part in ASW training in Key West, Florida between 27 February – 22 March 1972. Oruçreis was commissioned on 3 May 1972. Ex-Pomfret was purchased outright by Turkey and simultaneously struck from the US Naval Register, 1 August 1973.

She served in the Turkish Navy until 1987.

Awards

 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with five battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal
 * Army of Occupation ribbon.svg Navy Occupation Medal
 * China Service Medal ribbon.svg China Service Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with star
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal with two campaign stars
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon, with 60- clasp.svg Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

Commemoration
Pomfret′s ship's bell is located in the officer's club of Dugway Proving Ground in Utah.

title: USS Pomfret


text:
Claudio Williman

Claudio Wílliman Gonzalez (10 October 1861 in Montevideo – 9 February 1934 in Montevideo) was a Uruguayan political figure.

Background
Claudio Wílliman's parents, José Williman and Antonia González, were immigrants from Galicia, Spain. José Wílliman's parents himself came from Savoy, France, with Alsatian roots.

Williman studied at the University of Montevideo and graduated with a Doctorate in Law and Social Sciences in 1887. From his adolescence he devoted his intellectual activity to teaching. In 1885 he was appointed professor of Physics at the University, and two years later was entrusted with the chair of the same subject at the Military School. Williman also taught classes in Cosmography and Physical Geography at the Military School, during the first years of its operation, and also taught at various private institutes. He was also, as noted by one study, “one of the initiators of the foundation of the Faculty of Mathematics and was part of its faculty from the first days of its installation, being entrusted with the chair of Industrial Physics that he held for many years.” In 1913, the Council of that Faculty granted Williman the title of "ad-honorem" Professor, without a fixed subject, a distinction that ratified by decree of the P.E. Earlier, in 1890, Williman was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Secondary and Preparatory Education. His performance earned him the Chamber of Doctors including him up to three times in the shortlist of candidates for the Rectorate of the University, and In 1902 he was appointed Rector of the University, a position he resigned two years later to occupy the position of Minister of Government. Eight years later, he returned in 1912 to be appointed Rector of the University, a position he resigned in 1915 when he was appointed President of the Board of Directors of the Bank of the Republic. Following his assumption of the Rectorate Williman proposed to provide the University with the necessary buildings to house its different departments. According to one study, “the construction of the current University buildings was due to his management, which Dr. Williman himself inaugurated in 1911, when he was President of the Republic.” In 1903, Williman began the founding of the School of Commerce and also laid the foundations of the School of Veterinary Medicine that same year. While these works of progress were carried out “the University reorganized all its services, reviewed the study plans, improved the teaching material and disciplined the teaching staff, a work that culminated in the university law of 1908, prepared and promulgated during his Presidency.”

Wílliman was a member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party and was closely identified with the liberal José Batlle y Ordóñez. His political actions dated back to the days preceding the Quebracho revolution. Williman was a incorporated into a group that maintained the resistance against the Government of General Santos, taking an active part in the journalistic campaigns of the time. When the 1886 revolution was organized he went to join its ranks. Williman invaded with the expeditionary army and fought in the action of Palmares de Soto, later, according to one study, “falling prisoner with the best of the revolutionary youth.” On returning home he closed the first cycle of his political activity and for many years devoted himself exclusively to the activity of the professor, to the management of the university institution and to the work of his law firm. In the 1898 elections Williman was elected member of the J.E.A. of Montevideo and in that corporation acted as Director of the Treasury. He was also elected member of the Electoral Board. Williman was serving his elective position as councilor when President Cuestas offered him the Ministry of Public Works, but he declined this offer. When the 1904 revolution broke out Williman was entrusted with the 4th of G. G. N. N. In April 1904 Williman took charge of the Ministry of the Interior, and some months later, owing to the fact that the titular Minister of War and Navy, General Vázquez, had gone out on campaign, that Portfolio was also entrusted to Williman, at whose head he found the peace of September 1904.

His grandson José Claudio Wílliman served in the Uruguayan Senate 1985–1990.

President of Uruguay
Williman was chosen by Batlle to succeed him as Uruguayan presidents were constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms. Batlle’s naming of Williman as his preferred successor came in late 1905. On October the 15th 1905 the newspaper “El Siglio” stated “The President of the Republic has told his friends among the legislators that the candidacy of Doctor Claudio Williman for future President of the Republic is the one which he prefers.” As noted by one study, “Visitors to Batlle’s house in Montevideo were much in evidence. Within 3 days, more than enough vote pledges were secured from the Colorado legislators to assure Williman’s election as the next President.” On October the 30th, the formal proclamation of Williman signed by 53 Colorado legislators, which was more than the constitutional majority, was published. A campaign was launched to popularize Williman’s candidacy, with biographies circulated and committees formed to explain his virtues. In addition to local newspapers in the interior coming out for Williman, all the new Colorado departmental organizations formally announced their support for him, with this Trienta y Tres statement, as noted by one study, being typical: “The Departmental Committee believes itself to be interpreting the will of the coreligionaries of the department who see in Dr. Williman the surest guarantee that his government will carry on in the progressive currents ably sown by the present administration.”

In 1907 Williman was elected President of the Republic for the period 1907-1911 by the General Assembly.

His policies generally followed those of Batlle. Williman had indicated that he would continue Batlle’s policies in a speech he made to the legislature after taking the oath of office. In his speech, he praised the outgoing government for “its noble and just preoccupation with the betterment of the humble” and called for measures such as a new Ministry of Public Education, a government labor office, reorganisation of public charity, and regulation of corporations. He also stated the need “to resolve the problem of populating the interior, which in the midst of great prosperity remains half deserted, since it is not the existence of a handful of great fortunes which constitutes the wealth of a nation.” As noted by one study, “This last sentence got a great round of applause, and the whole speech sat well with the Colorado legislators.”

A number of projects were approved during Williman’s presidency, including Credits from the Banco de la República for farmers and Reorganization and modernization of the Department of Livestock and Agriculture. A 1908 law provided for the safeguarding of pensions and wages against garnishment. A number of laws were passed concerning commercial, criminal and civil matters, including ones related to the conditional release of convicts, absolute divorce, marks of factory and trade, the legitimacy of natural children, abolition of the death penalty, and the abolition of the third instance in criminal matters. Propaganda against occupational diseases was carried out, and posters containing prophylactic measures against carbuncle or bad grain and other diseases were distributed throughout the country. Departmental Hygiene Inspections were also established to replace Councils which had been in operation since 1895. A Labor Office was also installed. Williman had called for the establishment of a Labor Office or institute, “destined to study everything that is related to the progress of the industries and the aspirations of the workers, in order to cooperate in the solution of the questions and conflicts and, prepare the most opportune legislation in this matter.” Through Law 3,147 of 1907 the Ministry of Industry, Labor and Public Instruction was established. In 1911 a military pension fund was established “to administer survivors’ pensions for all military officers.” Many new public schools were also built, and in 1908 the Executive Power requested and obtained sanction of a law authorizing the creation of the National Institute for the Deaf. Money was also spent on public improvements, such as transit and sanitary works. Many public works were carried out. In the capital this included the extension and completion of Boulevard Artigas al Sud, completion of Avenida Brasil, completion of Rambla Pocitos, construction of the Agricultural Market, construction of the Military and Naval School building, construction of the Blandengues Regiment barracks, police buildings, and groups of school buildings. According to one study “In the departments there were innumerable road works, construction of bridges, sanitation, municipal services, canalizations, dredging, authorization of ports, layout and extension of railways, carried out by the same administration, whose intense work was translated in the economic and financial order in the constantly reproduced fact of the "surplus" in the annual exercises.” 392 schools were also built, almost all of which rural. A law of February the 24th 1911, “completely regulated the loss and restitution of parental authority, guardianship of minors and the creation of the Council for the Protection of Minors,” and a law of 1908 “recognized the right of all mothers to proper maternity care,” although in the absence of any machinery this was “a counsel of perfection” until Montevideo in 1915 opened its maternity hospital with 150 beds. In 1909, the Executive Power requested and obtained the abolition of a 5% discount on salaries that public employees had been subject to since 1893. The School Medical Corps was created by law of the Nation and regulated in 1908, entrusting it with “the mission of hygienic surveillance of school buildings, teaching staff, school materials, furniture, programs, prophylaxis of infectious-contagious diseases, study of school retarded, etc., designating 4 members to perform these tasks.” Developments in public assistance took place, with one presidential message from 1910 noting "Equally worthy of mention, under another concept, are the results obtained by the change of regime in the Maternal and Foundling Homes, with the operation of the " Gota de Leche " clinic, whose benefits have been completed with the holding of popular conferences on childcare, dedicated to mothers, and the creation of the Vacation Colony, which has just been joined by children belonging to Public Schools and poor parents, protected by the "Uruguayan League against Tuberculosis."

In 1908, the head of the Labor Office Dr. Juan José Amézaga presented a bill on workplace accidents which was passed immediately by the Executive Branch passed to the Assembly. As established by this project, employers or entrepreneurs who are in charge of exploiting an industry or carrying out work included in this law (such as mines, quarries, factories, metallurgical workshops, mines, quarries and factories) “were civilly liable for all accidents that occur to their workers or employees due to their work or due to it.” Pensions would be provided in cases of absolute or permanent incapacity, partial and permanent disability, temporary disability, and death. The Work Commission of the Chamber of Deputies, accepted the general lines of the project in an important study, which led “to the rapid sanction of the law in that branch of the Legislative Body.” However, a different environment prevailed in the Chamber of Senators, and the project remained there until it was sanctioned in 1920. As noted by one observer, “The Chamber approved a project to regulate work accidents on September 28, 1909. The Senate Legislation Committee came here, studied it, and modified a large part of the project, expanding and correcting it.”

In 1910, public assistance was reorganized by a law "voted unanimously by both chambers) that established in Montevideo a general directorate and a Public Assistance council and in the departments “delegated doctors in charge of the functions local.” According to the law, every individual indigent or deprived of resources had “the right to free public assistance at the expense of the State.” This included services such as child protection, assistance and protection of pregnant women and women in labor, assistance and guardianship of homeless children, assistance and protection of homeless, invalid and chronic elderly, and sick care. Following the passage of this law 5 new pavilions were built in the House of Isolation, the Germán Segura pavilion was enlarged; and a laboratory was set up in the Psychiatric Clinic of the Insane Asylum along with an external office in the Asylum for Foundlings and Orphans. In addition various establishments "have received aid and subsidies, including the Hospital Galán y Rocha, in Paysandú, and the one in Colonia are nearing completion; the one in Rosario has been inaugurated, and first aid rooms have been set up in Colonia, Rivera and Treinta y Tres."

That same year the Executive Power offered a pension scheme for agricultural and industrial workers whose annual wage didn’t exceed $300. A plan was also devised by the Insurance Bank “but the lack of satisfactory statistics, the unwillingness of business to submit to the mounting expense of social legislation, and the absence of any wide margin in the wage scale that might be used for employee contributions to a pension fund, checked the acceptance of these plans.” The extension of the retirement pension system to private industry later began with the passage of a law of the 6th of October 1919 that provided for the pensioning of employees in the water, telephone, tramway, telegraph, railway and gas distributing services.

Post Presidency
He was succeeded by Batlle who was re-elected in 1911. He returned to the Senate of Uruguay but then left it to become president of the Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay in 1916. He held that position until 1928.

When his presidential term ended, Williman resigned authority into the hands of his successor and left shortly after for Europe on a rest trip. The whole of 1911 and part of 1912 was dedicated to touring European countries and when Williman returned to the country it was to occupy the position of Rector of the University. Williman at the head of the Rectorate when in 1913 he was elected Senator for the department of Río Negro, a position he inevitably resigned.

Wílliman lived to see much of his and Battle y Ordóñez's democratic legacy destroyed — at least temporarily — by President Gabriel Terra, who reinforced his presidential rule in a coup d'état in 1933.

Death and legacy
Williman was seen as the de facto caretaker president of Uruguay chosen by José Batlle y Ordóñez to succeed him after his first term in office. Williman, however, disliked the idea of being seen as a stand-in for Batlle, telling an historian in 1905 that “Neither by temperament, by education, nor by the principles I have always maintained would I have agreed to a merely inert and purely decorative retention of the government. And if I am not a man capable of accepting such a situation, neither was my predecessor a man capable of making such a demand, be it said in his honor.”

Wílliman died in 1934.

A road in Punta del Este and one in Punta Carretas are named after him.

title: Claudio Williman


text:
Adam Cheng

Adam Cheng Siu-chau (born 24 February 1947; formerly known as Cheng Chong-sai and Wong Ho-chung) is a Hong Kong TVB actor and Cantopop singer.

Career
Cheng started his career in the 1970s, where he gained a reputation for playing the lead roles in TVB Wuxia drama series based on the works of Louis Cha and Gu Long, such as The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber and Chor Lau Heung. He also performed some of the theme songs of the TV series he starred in, such as The Greed of Man and Cold Blood Warm Heart.

Ting Hai effect
In 1992, TVB released the TV series The Greed of Man, based on the central theme of the stock market and explored the schemes and plots used by people to make their fortune in the market. Cheng played Ting Hai (丁蟹) in the series, who made an immense fortune by short selling derivatives and stocks during a bear market. Many people went bankrupt while Ting Hai's family became richer until they were defeated by their nemesis. Cheng became popularly associated with the Ting Hai effect, named after his character in the series. The effect involves a peculiar and unexplained phenomenon, in which global stock markets will fall whenever a new Hong Kong TV drama series, starring Cheng, is aired.

Personal life
Adam's parents are both university lecturers. He has four daughters. The oldest, Cheng On-yee, was from his first low-profile marriage that ended in divorce. He married well-known actress Lydia Shum in 1985 after 14 years of cohabitation, and Shum brought him to fame. Adam and Shum had a daughter, Joyce Cheng in 1987. In 1988 they divorced eight months after their daughter's birth in bad terms.

In 1989, Cheng married a Taiwanese actress named Koon Jing-wah. Cheng and Koon have two daughters, Winnie Cheng Wing-yan and Cecily Cheng Wing-hei.

Adam graduated from the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.

title: Adam Cheng


text:
Talk:Adam Busby

Doubts about the neutrality of the article pt 1.
Adam Busby is virtually unknown in Scotland and the wider world.

His group's actions are limited to petty vandalism and malicious mischief.

He does not speak Gaelic and certainly does not hold 'legendary status.'

Doubts about the neutrality of the article pt 2.
There are several points I'd like to bring up with this article. Firstly can the rumours about his "conspiracy charges" and "extradition" battles with the UK be verified? Is there evidence in the media or the authorities in the UK or Ireland that can support this.

Furthermore what British targets in the USA have been hit? There are tens of thousands of 'British' Targets such as BP petrol stations, commercial buildings for banks like HSBC and Barclays, even Verizon Wireless is part British (Vodaphone). This isn't even taking into account the hundreds of thousands of British ex-pats living out there. Again please provide evidence.

The whole phrase "Maoist revolutionary" needs to be taken with a pinch of salt. Any idiot with an axe to grind can call themselves a revolutionary or a maoist or a marxist which in the end does more of a disservice to real revolutionaries like Che Guevara.

Also the Scottish National Party, while definetly in the political main stream still is a party dedicated to the peaceful and amicable seperatation of Scotland from the United Kingdom.

Finally there rumours that Adam Busby tricks youths into doing most of these stunts. For example there are plausible claims that he pursuaded a 17 year old to post the causic soda to the Blairs.

This post needs some serious modification to make it neutral or if that fails deletion. This is because it does a serious disservice to the vast majority of pro-independence Scots who prefer to campaign via peaceful methods. Pudduh 21:50, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adam Busby


text:
Emma Bonino

Emma Bonino (born 9 March 1948) is an Italian politician. She was a senator for Rome between 2008 and 2013, and again between 2018 and 2022. She also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2014. Previously, she was a Member of the European Parliament and a member of the Chamber of Deputies. She served in the government of Italy as Minister of International Trade from 2006 to 2008.

Bonino is a leading member of the Italian Radicals, a political party which describes itself "liberale, liberista, and libertario", where liberista denotes economic liberalism and libertario a form of cultural liberalism concerning moral issues, with some ideological connection with historical left-libertarianism. She graduated in modern languages and literature from Bocconi University in Milan in 1972. A veteran legislator in Italian politics and an activist for various reform policies, she was elected six times as deputy and two times as senator. She is the leader of More Europe, a liberal, European federalist party list she launched in December 2017, ahead of the 2018 Italian general election.

Personal life
Bonino never married nor bore children, even succumbing to the Italian authorities in 1975 after having an illegal abortion. She fostered children.

She graduated at Bocconi University in literature with a master thesis on Malcolm X's autobiography.

Bonino is a godmother of Countess Luana, elder daughter of Prince Friso and Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau.

On 12 January 2015, she announced on Radio Radicale she was suffering from lung cancer and was being treated with chemotherapy, though she also stated she was not abandoning her political activity. On 21 May of the same year, on the same radio station, she announced her cancer was in complete remission.

National political career
Bonino was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1976 and reelected in 1979, 1983, 1987, 1992, 1994 and 2006. In 1975, she founded the Information Centre on Sterilisation and Abortion and promoted the referendum which led to the legalisation of abortion in Italy. In 1986, she was among the promoters of a referendum against nuclear energy that led to the rejection of a civil nuclear energy programme in Italy.

On 17 May 2006, Bonino was appointed as minister for international trade in the cabinet of Romano Prodi. She resigned from office on 7 May 2008 when she had been elected vice president of the Senate the previous day. In 2008, at the elections of 13 and 14 April, she was elected to a seat in the Senate, the second parliamentary chamber, on the list of the Democratic Party for the Piedmont constituency.

On 28 April 2013, she was sworn in as foreign minister in the government led by Enrico Letta.

In June 2017, public opinion polls of her stood at 43 percent, second only to prime minister Paolo Gentiloni. Despite the positive public opinion, her party falls short of the 3 percent required for a seat in Parliament. In response, she has adopted the slogan "Love Me Less, Vote Me More."

Bonino was elected to the Senate of the Republic in the constituency of Rome – Gianicolense district at the 2018 general election.

International political career
Bonino was elected to the European Parliament in 1979 and re-elected in 1984 and 1999. She served as the Secretary of the Transnational Radical Party in 1993–94 and the party's president in 1991–1993. In October 1994, she was appointed head of the Italian Government delegation to the UN General Assembly for the "Moratorium on death penalty" initiative. From 1994 to 1999, she was European Commissioner responsible for Consumer Policy, Fisheries and the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO). In 1997, her field of competence was widened to include consumer health protection and food safety.

From 14 to 17 May, 1998, she participated in the annual meeting of the Bilderberg Group at Turnberry, Scotland.

On 15 March 1999, together with all the Santer Commission, she resigned due to the accusations of fraud and mismanagement against commissioner Édith Cresson. The final report however leveled charges against most commissioners, including Bonino herself. In November 2002, she was appointed Head of the Italian Government delegation at the Inter-governmental Conference of the Community of Democracies in Seoul.

Along with Marco Pannella, another member of the Radical Party, Bonino has fought numerous battles for civil rights and individual liberty, mainly concerned with divorce, the legalisation of abortion, the legalisation of drugs, and for sexual and religious freedoms. She has fought for an end to capital punishment, against female genital mutilation, and the eradication of world hunger. In 1975, Bonino funded the information centre for abortion (CISA), and in 1997 she supported the international movement condemning the discrimination of females in Afghanistan, Un Fiore per le Donne di Kabul (A Flower for the Women of Kabul). Bonino is also a champion of the recognition of women's rights in the countries of the African Union through the Maputo protocol. She is a founder of the nongovernmental organizations No Peace Without Justice, which supports the international protection and promotion of human rights and democracy, and Nessuno Tocchi Caino (Let None Strike Cain), which is an international league that fights for the abolition of the death penalty.

In June 1999, she obtained a historic percentage of votes (8.5%) in the European elections (vs. the usual 2–3% that Radicals got in the previous and subsequent elections). Her list (Lista Bonino) won seven of 78 Italian seats in this election.

Bonino supported the NATO intervention in Kosovo in the spring of 1999. From 1999 to 2004, the Lista Bonino was non-affiliated, as it was founded with a claim to not adhere to the traditional centre-left versus centre-right politics, rather remaining in the middle to maximize any potential bargaining power. In the case Emma Bonino and Others v Parliament and Council (Case T-40/04), the Emma Bonino List contested before the Court of Justice of the European Union that its exclusion from Community funding due to not qualifying as a party on the 'European level' was discriminatory. The court dismissed this argument as inadmissible, establishing that measures do not necessarily need to legally affect an applicant in order for the case to directly affect them. Since 2004, it is part of the ALDE group.

In 2002, Bonino in cooperation with the Associazione Italiana Donne per lo Sviluppo (AIDOS, Italian Association for the Development of Women), called an Italian Parliament meeting to discuss genital mutilation. Bonino led the ceremonies, which gathered medical experts, ambassadors, and politicians to review graphic information about the practice of female genital mutilation in African countries. During this meeting, Bonino recounted her travels through Somalia, Egypt, Tanzania, The Gambia, and Ethiopia, where she learned about these rural practices by meeting women who participated in projects to stop them. Many African women who suffered from genital mutilation discussed there firsthand experiences. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Prime Minister Berlusconi congratulated Bonino on her accomplishments in this cause and presented the leader of AIDOS with a check for the European Campaign.

In December 2001, she moved to Cairo with the objective of learning the Arabic language and culture. In March 2003, she started a daily review of the Arabic press on Radical Radio. In January 2004, she organized the "Regional Conference on Democracy, Human Rights and the role of the International Penal Court", the first for an Arabic country. She is currently a board member of the Arab Democracy Foundation.

Bonino was a board member of DARA until December 2012. In 2016, she was appointed by Erik Solheim, the Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee, to serve on the High Level Panel on the Future of the Development Assistance Committee under the leadership of Mary Robinson.

Bonino writes opinion editorials and commentaries for both the Inter Press Service News Agency and Project Syndicate, discussing contemporary international issues including Syrian refugees affecting Europe, abolishing the death penalty, relations between Iran and Europe, and the poor treatment of the indigenous people of South East Asia.

Philanthropy and charitable causes
Bonino is a member of the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The University, which is the product of foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East.

During an interview published by the Italian daily Corriere della Sera on 8 February 2016, Pope Francis defined Bonino as one of the nation's "forgotten greats", comparing her to great historical figures such as Konrad Adenauer and Robert Schuman.

Recognition
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – awarded on 21 December 2015

In 1999 Bonino was one of the two winners of the North-South Prize, an award that honors individuals with accomplishment in the protection of human rights, pluralistic democracy, and improvement of North-South relations.

For her battles and engagements with controversial issues, her engagement in the promotion of human rights and civil rights in the world, she received the "Open Society Prize 2004" and "Prix Femmes d'Europe 2004" for Italy.

She received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2013, and she was also recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women in this same year.

title: Emma Bonino


text:
James V. Crosby

James V. “Jimmy” Crosby Jr. (born 1952) is the former Secretary of the Florida Department of Corrections. He was appointed by Florida Governor Jeb Bush in 2003.

Early life and education
Jimmy Crosby was born and raised in Starke, Florida on August 15, 1952. He attended Bradford County High School in one of the first desegregated graduating classes at the school. Crosby earned his Bachelor of Arts, Communication and Journalism, from the University of Florida, class of 1973 and early in his career became a City Commissioner and later Mayor of the City of Starke by the age of 28. Between 2008 and 2010, Crosby obtained a Master of Theology, Doctorate of Ministry, Doctorate of Theology, Doctorate of Philosophy in Biblical Studies from the Jacksonville Baptist Theological Seminary. Crosby is also a certified public manager.

Career
Crosby joined the Florida Department of Corrections in 1975 and served as the warden at five major institutions, including Florida State Prison. He also served as Regional Director of Security and Institutional Management, Region II. He replaced George Denman as Region II director in 2001.

Crosby was heavily involved in Republican Party politics during his career, serving at one time as a congressional district chairman. He was instrumental in the North Florida campaign for Jeb Bush's successful race for Governor of Florida.

In 2003, Crosby was appointed by Florida Governor Jeb Bush as Secretary of the Department of Corrections, overseeing a budget of $2 billion.

On February 10, 2006, Crosby resigned as Secretary of the Florida Department of Corrections at the request of Governor Bush.

On July 5, 2006, it was reported that Crosby would plead guilty to accepting kickbacks. Two law enforcement officials close to the case also said that new charges were expected against almost a dozen current and former prison employees.

Governor Bush named James R. McDonough, Col. (ret) as interim secretary before he was given the job on a permanent basis.

Crosby served an eight-year prison sentence at FCI Morgantown, a Federal Prison in West Virginia. He was released on April 11, 2013.

In August 2015, Crosby became President of the Jacksonville Baptist Theological Seminary.

In October 2021, Crosby bergan to serve as the elected City Clerk of his hometown of Starke, Florida.

On March 5, 2024 WCBJ (News 20) reported Crosby resigned after the Florida Department of Law Enforcement conduced a raid of the Stake City Hall as part of an investigation into election issues. (https://www.wcjb.com/2024/03/13/starke-city-clerk-resigns-after-fdle-raid/)

title: James V. Crosby


text: Template:Australia-geo-stub

title: Template:Australia-geo-stub


text:
River Worth

The River Worth is a river in West Yorkshire, England. It flows from minor tributaries on the moors above Watersheddles Reservoir down the Worth Valley to Haworth, where it is joined by Bridgehouse Beck which flows from Oxenhope. The River Worth is itself a tributary of the River Aire, which it joins at the end of the Worth Valley in Keighley.

Course
There are many small streams that feed Watersheddles Reservoir (yards over the border in Lancashire) from which the River Worth is fed. From the reservoir, the river flows east into Ponden Reservoir into the town of Haworth where it is joined by Bridgehouse Beck. It then flows east north-east through the suburbs of Keighley into the town centre where North Beck flows into it, it then continues down towards Stockbridge where it joins the River Aire. The typical river level range where it joins the River Aire is between 0.22 m and 1 m.

Natural history
The river was once very polluted, but the lack of local industry nowadays has seen the river become much cleaner and it supports many forms of wildlife throughout its course. Herons, kingfishers and dippers are now a common sight. The river currently has a population of small brown trout and grayling, but they are restricted to certain parts by a number of high weirs left behind from its industrial past.

History
The river provided power for the wool and clothing mills. Woollen and worsted manufacture was introduced here with the first cotton-mill in Yorkshire, Low Mill at Keighley, erected in 1780.

Leisure
The river valley is home to the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway. Bradford City Council have marked out a short/middle (circular) distance walk along the valley called The Worth Way. Angling is also allowed by permit at certain places along the river.

Tributaries

 * Little Spring Dike
 * Dean Clough
 * Whitestone Clough
 * Ponden Clough Beck
 * Lumb Beck
 * Lower Pitcher Clough
 * Sladen Beck
 * Bridgehouse Beck
 * North Beck

Settlements

 * Stanbury
 * Oldfield
 * Haworth
 * Oakworth
 * Damems
 * Keighley

Crossings

 * Unnamed road, Silver Hill Bank
 * Unnamed road, Old Snap Bottoms
 * Old Lane, Old House
 * Ponden Lane, Scar Top
 * Ponden Bridge
 * Lumbfoot Road, Lumb Foot
 * Lord Bridge, Mytholmes
 * Spring Head Road, Mytholmes
 * Victoria Avenue, Mytholmes
 * Mytholmes Lane, Oakworth
 * Unnamed road, Damems
 * Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
 * A629, Keighley
 * Woodhouse Road, Keighley
 * Coney Lane, Keighley
 * Gresley Road, Keighley
 * Low Mill Lane, Keighley
 * Main Line Railway
 * Dalton Lane, Keighley
 * A650 (Aire Valley Road), Keighley
 * Aireworth Road, Keighley

title: River Worth


text:
Heinrich Gräfe

Heinrich Gräfe or Graefe (March 3, 1802 – July 22, 1868), German educator, was born at Buttstädt in Saxe-Weimar.

He studied mathematics and theology at Jena, and in 1823 obtained a curacy in the town church of Weimar. He was transferred to Jena as rector of the town school in 1825; in 1840 he was also appointed extraordinary professor of the science of education (Pädagogik) in that university; and in 1842 he became head of the Burgersckule (middle class school) in Kassel.

After reorganizing the schools of the town, he became director of the new Realschule in 1843; and, devoting himself to the interests of educational reform in the Electorate of Hesse, he became in 1849 a member of the school commission, and also entered the house of representatives, where he made himself somewhat formidable as an agitator.

In 1852 for having been implicated in the September riots and in the movement against the unpopular minister Hassenpflug, who had dissolved the school commission, he was condemned to three years imprisonment, a sentence afterwards reduced to one of twelve months. On his release he withdrew to Geneva, where he engaged at the International Boarding School La Châtelaine (owner and director Achilles Roediger) until 1855, when he was appointed director of the Realschule in der Altstadt at Bremen until his death on 21 July 1868. His successor was Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau.

Besides being the author of many text-books and occasional papers on educational subjects, he wrote Des Rechisverhaltnis der Volksschule von innen und aussen (1829); Die Schulreform (1834); Schule fend Unterricht (1839); Allgemeine Pädagogik (1845); Die deutsche Volksschule (1847). Together with Naumann, he also edited the Archiv für das praktische Volksschulwesen (1828-1835).

title: Heinrich Gräfe


text:
Talk:British literature

Vital article
This article and English literature largely duplicate each other but are both listed as "vital articles". It would make better sense to merge them so that editors could work on improving just one article. See my comments above about an earlier merge proposal. English literature is listed as a level 3. Rwood128 (talk) 20:19, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

The first line of this article is straightforwardly false
The first line of this article reads "British literature is literature in the English language from the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, and Channel Islands." That's simply false. Welsh-language literature, for instance, is very clearly British literature. I understand that what's being conveyed is that this article deals only with literature in English, but in that case that's what should be stated. Starting the article with a statement that's straightforwardly false and misleading is not a good solution. I would therefore suggest the following:

"British literature is literature from the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, and Channel Islands. This article covers British literature in the English language. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) literature is included, and there is some discussion of Latin and Anglo-Norman literature, where literature in these languages relate to the early development of the English language and literature. There is also some brief discussion of major figures who wrote in Scots, but the main discussion is in the various Scottish literature articles.

The article Literature in the other languages of Britain focuses on the literatures written in the other languages that are, and have been, used in Britain. There are also articles on these various literatures: Latin literature in Britain, Anglo-Norman, Cornish, Guernésiais, Jèrriais, Latin, Manx, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, etc."

Garik (talk) 09:16, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

Inclusion of Culture of the United Kingdom Sidebar
I recently added the Culture of the United Kingdom sidebar to the article as literature of a nation falls into its culture per WP:WikiProject Culture and is a preset and topic in Culture of region on which all other culture templates are based. Across Wikipedia a consensus has been implicitly reached that the culture of a nation includes its literature. Not sure why reverted this? Legendiii (talk) 18:34, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Proposal: Re-include the appropriate Culture of the United Kingdom sidebar. Legendiii (talk) 18:45, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I have checked several articles and a "Culture" bar is needed pretty standard. My apologies for being trigger happy. All the same I still think that the systems adopted by the French literature, or the Irish literature articles are better, and suggest an amendment to Legendiii's proposal: that the initial side bar should directly refers to British literature (based on a combination of the French and Irish examples). I can work on trying to create this.

And should there be two side bars at the beginning of an article? Rwood128 (talk) 19:05, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * This should be included as a portal at the end. Legendiii, Languages of the United Kingdom is an example of a more focussed sidebar for a topic. Rwood128 (talk) 12:13, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

Missing authors, Woolf, etc
Re the recent edit "Expanded the omission of Woolf and mention of Joyce in the modernist / interwar period. ", see this deletion from 23 September 2016. Can any tech person, in particular bender235, explain this? I will restore lost material. Rwood128 (talk) 11:58, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Wow, that's weird AWB misbehavior. No idea why this happened. Thank you for restoring. --bender235 (talk) 19:29, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:37, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * J. R. R. Tolkien, 1940s.jpg

title: Talk:British literature


text:
Monte Vettore

Monte Vettore (from Latin Vector, "carrier", "leader") is a mountain of the Umbro-marchigiano Apennine Mountains in Italy. It is the highest peak of the Sibillini massif. It is located in Ascoli piceno, Marche, Italy.

Geography
The southwestern side of Sibillini massif, including the Vettore peak, is in Sibillini Mountains National Park. Below the summit of Vettore lies a small glacial lake in a small enclosed valley between Redeemer Peak.

History
The local medieval tradition was that the Apennine Sibyl, a mysterious prophetess not counted among the Sibyls of Classical Antiquity, was condemned by God to dwell in a mountain cavern and await Judgement Day, having rebelled at the news that she had not been chosen Mother of God, but that some humble Judaean virgin had been favored. The peak of Monte Vettore, surrounded by reddish cliffs was recognized as the crown of Regina Sibilla. Less stringently Christian legend set her in an underworld paradise entered through a grotto in the mountains of Norcia. Nearby the magical lake is fed by water from the cavern. Whoever stayed longer than a year could no longer leave, but remained deathless and ageless, feasting in abundance, amid revelry and voluptuous delights.

In popular culture
In Il Guerrin Meschino, written by Andrea da Barberino about 1410, the central episode of the sixth part (Canto V) contains the "prodigious adventures" of Guerrino with this enchantress, the "Fata" Alcina, whom he seeks out, against all advice. He locates her cavern in the mountains of central Italy with the aid of Macco, a speaking serpent. She shows him the delights and horrors of her cavern, where sinners have been changed to the appropriate animals, but where sin is the only path to the knowledge of his real parents that he seeks, and Guerrin has to flee.

The long informative captions in the maps of Ortelius' 16th-century atlas, Cartographia Neerlandica, offer some detail about this Apennine Sybil: "The Mountain Apennine here looms over the country with exceedingly high cragged tops, in which one finds that huge cave called Sibylla's cave, (in their language Grotta della Sibylla) and which the poets would have the Elysian Fields. For the common people dream about a certain Sibylla [supposed] to be in this cave, who [is claimed to] possess a large kingdom full of gorgeous buildings and Princely palaces, covered with pleasant gardens, abounding with many fine lecherous wenches and all kinds of pleasures and delights. All of these she will bestow on those who through this cave (which is always open) will come to her. And after they have been there for the period of one whole year, they have the freedom and liberty given to them by Sibylla to depart (if they please) and from that moment, having returned to us, they state that they live a most blessed and happy life ever after. This cave is also known to our countrymen by the name of VROU VENUS BERGH, that is, The Lady Venus mount."

Locally the Sibilla was in some sense a beneficent fata whose retinue would descend from her mountain at times to teach the village girls all the secrets of spinning and weaving (see Weaving (mythology) for other European weaving goddesses), and perhaps to dance the saltarello with the best of the young men. But if they were not back in their mountain fastness by sunrise, they would be denied access and would become mere mortals. On one occasion, what with dancing and pleasure, the faterelle had not noticed the approach of dawn. Scrambling up the Vettore, their goatlike feet crushed the rock to fragments. They reached the safety of their grotto just before dawn, but the long slope of talus is still pointed out as the Path of the Fata.

title: Monte Vettore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alptraum

Alptraum was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Entire contents of article: "Alptraum is a made-for-television movie by Mike Lyddon and J. Turick.  It was made in 1992.  The movie is a surreal interpretation of the nightmares of one man.  The setting is present day New Orleans, Louisiana." There does appear to be a New Orleans-based filmmaker named Mike Lyddon who sometimes works with a Jeff Turick; however, this movie hasn't even been listed on his IMDB resume. Even if the movie's existence were confirmed, its notability has not been. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:47, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * FILMEvonA-Z.de lists a 1992 film by the name Alptraum, but it was apparently made in Finland by different people. Delete unless verified. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:51, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as an unverified stub. Wyss 23:47, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - IMDB only knows Alptraum as an episode of Tatort. - Andre Engels 10:09, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * At least it's not the B-Movie Bandit - they ususally don't register. Delete unless verified or expanded. Alphax (talk) 05:08, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.