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George Washington's Farewell Address

Washington's Farewell Address is a letter written by President George Washington as a valedictory to "friends and fellow-citizens" after 20 years of public service to the United States. He wrote it near the end of the second term of his presidency before retiring to his home at Mount Vernon in Virginia.

The letter was first published as The Address of Gen. Washington to the People of America on His Declining the Presidency of the United States in Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796, about ten weeks before the presidential electors cast their votes in the 1796 election. In it, he writes about the importance of national unity while warning Americans of the political dangers of regionalism, partisanship and foreign influence, which they must avoid to remain true to their values. It was almost immediately reprinted in newspapers around the country, and later in pamphlet form.

The first draft was originally prepared by James Madison in June 1792, as Washington contemplated retiring at the end of his first term in office. However, he set it aside and ran for a second term because of heated disputes between Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson which convinced Washington that the growing tensions would rip apart the country without his leadership. This included the state of foreign affairs, and divisions between the newly formed Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.

As his second term came to a close four years later, Washington prepared a revision of the original letter with the help of Hamilton to write a new farewell address to announce his intention to decline a third term in office. He reflects on the emerging issues of the American political landscape in 1796, expresses his support for the government eight years after the adoption of the Constitution, defends his administration's record, and gives valedictory advice to the American people. The letter also attempted to reunite the country, which had partly turned against Washington following the controversial 1794 Jay Treaty.

Summary
The thought of the United States without George Washington as its president caused concern among many Americans. Thomas Jefferson disagreed with many of Washington's policies and later led the Democratic-Republicans in opposition to many Federalist policies, but he joined his political rival Alexander Hamilton, leader of the Federalists, in convincing Washington to delay his retirement and serve a second term. The two men feared that the nation would be torn apart without his leadership. Washington most likely referred to this when he told the American people that he had wanted to retire before the last election, but he was convinced by people who were, in his words, "entitled to my confidence" that it was his duty to serve a second term.

All of the ideas presented in Washington's Farewell Address came from Washington; however, Alexander Hamilton wrote most of it.

Washington sought to convince the American people that his service was no longer necessary by telling them, as he had in his first inaugural address, that he truly believed that he was never qualified to be president. If he accomplished anything during his presidency, he said, it was as a result of their support and efforts to help the country survive and prosper. Despite his confidence that the country would survive without his leadership, Washington used the majority of the letter to offer advice as a "parting friend" on what he believed were the greatest threats to the nation.

Unity and sectionalism
The Address expresses Washington's understanding of republicanism by affirming popular government and warning about threats to "Republican liberty". He begins his warnings to the American people by stressing that their independence, peace at home and abroad, safety, prosperity, and liberty are all dependent upon unity among the states. He warns them that the union of states created by the Constitution will come under the most frequent and focused attacks by foreign and domestic enemies of the country. He warns the American people to be suspicious of anyone who seeks to abandon the Union, secede a portion of the country from the rest, or weaken the bonds that hold together the constitutional union. To promote the strength of the Union, he urges the people to place their identity as Americans above their identities as members of a state, city, or region, and to focus their efforts and affection on the country above all other local interests. He reminds the people that they do not have more than slight differences in religion, manners, habits, and political principles and that their triumph and possession of independence and liberty are the results of working together.

Washington continues to express his support of the Union by giving some examples of how he believes that the country, its regions, and its people are already benefiting from the unity which they currently share. He then looks to the future in his belief that the combined effort and resources of its people will protect the country from foreign attack and allow them to avoid wars between neighboring nations that often happen due to rivalries and competing relations with foreign nations. He argues that the security provided by the Union will also allow the United States to avoid the creation of an overgrown military which he sees as a great threat to liberty, especially the republican liberty that the United States has created.

Washington goes on to warn the American people to question the ulterior motives of any person or group who argues that the land within the borders of the United States is too large to be ruled as a republic, an argument made by many during the debate on the proposed purchase of the Louisiana Territory, calling on the people to give the experiment of a large republic a chance to work before deciding that it cannot be done. He then offers strong warnings on the dangers of sectionalism, arguing that the true motives of a sectionalist are to create distrust or rivalries between regions and people to gain power and take control of the government. Washington points to the Jay Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty which established the borders of the United States western territories between Spanish Mexico and British Canada and secured the rights of western farmers to ship goods along the Mississippi River to New Orleans. He holds up these treaties as proof that the eastern states along the Atlantic Coast and the federal government are looking out for the welfare of all the American people and can win fair treatment from foreign countries as a united nation.

Constitution and political factions
Washington goes on to state his support for the new constitutional government, calling it an improvement upon the nation's original attempt in the Articles of Confederation. He reminds the people that it is the right of the people to alter the government to meet their needs, but it should only be done through constitutional amendments. He reinforces this belief by arguing that violent takeovers of the government should be avoided at all costs and that it is the duty of every member of the republic to follow the constitution and to submit to the laws of the government until it is constitutionally amended by the majority of the American people.

Washington warns the people that political factions may seek to obstruct the execution of the laws created by the government or to prevent the branches of government from exercising the powers provided to them by the constitution. Such factions may claim to be trying to answer popular demands or solve pressing problems, but their true intentions are to take the power from the people and place it in the hands of unjust men.

Washington calls the American people to only change the Constitution through amendments, but he then warns them that groups seeking to overthrow the government may strive to pass constitutional amendments to weaken the government to a point where it is unable to defend itself from political factions, enforce its laws, and protect the people's rights and property. As a result, he urges them to give the government time to realize its full potential, and only amend the constitution after thorough time and thought have proven that it is truly necessary instead of simply making changes based upon opinions and hypotheses of the moment.

Political parties
Washington continues to advance his idea of the dangers of sectionalism and expands his warning to include the dangers of political parties to the country as a whole. These warnings are given in the context of the recent rise of two opposing parties within the government—the Democratic-Republican Party led by Jefferson, and Hamilton's Federalist Party. Washington had striven to remain neutral during a conflict between Britain and France brought about by the French Revolution, while the Democratic-Republicans had made efforts to align with France, and the Federalists had made efforts to ally with Great Britain.

Washington recognizes that it is natural for people to organize and operate within groups such as political parties, but he also argues that every government has recognized political parties as an enemy and has sought to repress them because of their tendency to seek more power than other groups and to take revenge on political opponents. He feels that disagreements between political parties weakened the government.

Moreover, he makes the case that "the alternate domination" of one party over another and coinciding efforts to exact revenge upon their opponents have led to horrible atrocities, and "is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism." From Washington's perspective and judgment, political parties eventually and "gradually incline the minds of men to seek security… in the absolute power of an individual", leading to despotism. He acknowledges the fact that parties are sometimes beneficial in promoting liberty in monarchies, but he argues that political parties must be restrained in a popularly elected government because of their tendency to distract the government from their duties, create unfounded jealousies among groups and regions, raise false alarms among the people, promote riots and insurrection, and provide foreign nations and interests access to the government where they can impose their will upon the country.

Checks and balances and separation of powers
Washington continues his defense of the Constitution by stating that the system of checks and balances and separation of powers within it are important means of preventing a single person or group from seizing control of the country. He advises the American people that, if they believe that it is necessary to modify the powers granted to the government through the Constitution, it should be done through constitutional amendments instead of through force.

Religion, morality and education
One of the most referenced parts of Washington's letter is his strong support of the importance of religion and morality in promoting private and public happiness and in promoting the political prosperity of the nation. He argues that religious principles promote the protection of property, reputation, life, and honor that are the foundations of justice. He cautions against the belief that the nation's morality can be maintained without religion: "Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked: Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle."

Washington refers to religious principle as the foundation of a civilized society. He also argues that the American government needs to ensure "the general diffusion of knowledge" throughout the United States; the government has been created to enforce the opinion of the people, so the opinion of the people should be informed and knowledgeable.

Credit and government borrowing
Washington provides strong support for the balanced federal budget, arguing that the nation's credit is an important source of strength and security. He urges the American people to preserve the national credit by avoiding war, avoiding unnecessary borrowing, and paying off any national debt accumulated in times of war as quickly as possible in times of peace so that future generations do not have to take on the financial burdens. Despite his warnings to avoid taking on debt, Washington does state his belief that sometimes it is necessary to spend money to prevent dangers or wars that will cost more if not properly prepared for. At these times, he argues, it is necessary for the people to cooperate by paying taxes to cover these precautionary expenses. He emphasizes how important it is for the government to be careful in choosing the items that will be taxed, but also ball the American people that, no matter how hard the government tries, there will never be a tax which is not inconvenient and unpleasant to those who must pay it.

Foreign relations and free trade
Washington dedicates a large part of his farewell address to discussing foreign relations and the dangers of permanent alliances between the United States and foreign nations, which he views as foreign entanglements. He advocates a policy of good faith and justice towards all nations, again making reference to proper behavior based upon religious doctrine and morality. He urges the American people to avoid long-term friendly relations or rivalries with any nation, arguing that attachments with or animosity toward other nations will only cloud the government's judgment in its foreign policy. He argues that longstanding poor relations will only lead to unnecessary wars due to a tendency to blow minor offenses out of proportion when committed by nations viewed as enemies of the United States. He continues this argument by claiming that alliances are likely to draw the United States into wars that have no justification and no benefit to the country beyond simply defending the favored nation. Alliances, he warns, often lead to poor relations with nations who feel that they are not being treated as well as America's allies, and threaten to influence the American government into making decisions based upon the will of their allies instead of the will of the American people.

Washington makes an extended reference to the dangers of foreign nations who will seek to influence the American people and government; nations who may be considered friendly as well as nations considered enemies will equally try to influence the government to do their will. "Real patriots", he warns, who "resist the intrigues" of foreign nations may find themselves "suspected and odious" in the eyes of others, yet he urges the people to stand firm against such influences all the same. He portrays those who attempt to further such foreign interests as becoming the "tools and dupes" of those nations, stealing the applause and praise of their country away from the "real patriots" while actually working to "surrender" American interests to foreign nations.

Washington goes on to urge the American people to take advantage of their isolated position in the world, and to avoid attachments and entanglements in foreign affairs, especially those of Europe, which he argues have little or nothing to do with the interests of America. He argues that it makes no sense for the American people to become embroiled in European affairs when their isolated position and unity allow them to remain neutral and focus on their own affairs. He argues that the country should avoid permanent alliances with all foreign nations, although temporary alliances during times of extreme danger may be necessary. He states that current treaties should be honored but not extended.

Washington wraps up his foreign policy stance by advocating free trade with all nations, arguing that trade links should be established naturally and the role of the government should be limited to ensuring stable trade, defending the rights of American merchants and any provisions necessary to ensure the conventional rules of trade.

Address's intentions
Washington uses this portion of the address to explain that he does not expect his advice to make any great impression upon the people or to change the course of American politics, but he does hope that the people will remember his devoted service to his country.

Defense of the Proclamation of Neutrality
Washington then explains his reasoning behind the Proclamation of Neutrality which he made during the French Revolutionary Wars, despite the standing Treaty of Alliance with France. He explains that the United States had a right to remain neutral in the conflict and that the correctness of that decision "has been virtually admitted by all" nations since. Justice and humanity required him to remain neutral during the conflict, he argues, and the neutrality was also necessary to allow the new government a chance to mature and gain enough strength to control its own affairs.

Closing thoughts
Washington closes his letter to the American people by asking them to forgive any failures that may have occurred during his service to the country, assuring them that they were due to his weaknesses and by no means intentional. The sentences express his excitement about joining his fellow Americans as a private citizens in the free government they created together during his 45 years of public service.

Legacy
Washington's Farewell Address is considered to be one of the most important documents in American history and the foundation of the Federalist Party's political doctrine.

Washington later accepted a commission from President John Adams, despite his stated desire to retire from public service, as the Senior Officer of a Provisional Army formed to defend the nation against a possible invasion by French forces during the Quasi-War. Washington held true to his statements in his farewell address, despite spending months organizing the Officer Corps of the Provisional Army, and declined suggestions that he return to public office in the presidential election of 1800.

Washington's statements on the importance of religion and morality in American politics and his warnings on the dangers of foreign alliances influenced political debates into the twentieth century, and have received special consideration as advice from an American hero.

Alliances with foreign nations
Washington's hope that the United States would end permanent alliances with foreign nations was realized in 1800 with the Convention of 1800, the Treaty of Mortefontaine which officially ended the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, in exchange for ending the Quasi-War and establishing most favored nation trade relations with Napoleonic France. In 1823, Washington's foreign policy goals were further realized in the Monroe Doctrine, which promised non-interference in European affairs so long as the nations of Europe did not seek to colonize or interfere with the newly independent Latin American nations of Central and South America. The United States did not enter into any permanent military alliances with foreign nations until the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty which formed NATO.

Reading in Congress
Philadelphia residents signed a petition in January 1862 during the American Civil War requesting that Congress commemorate the 130th anniversary of Washington's birth by reading his Farewell Address "in one or the other of the Houses of Congress." It was first read in the House of Representatives in February 1862, and reading Washington's address became a tradition in both houses by 1899. The House of Representatives abandoned the practice in 1984, but the Senate continues the tradition. Washington's Birthday is observed by selecting a member of the Senate to read the address aloud on the Senate floor, alternating between political parties each year since 1896. Additionally, some senators may choose to make brief remarks and commentary before reading the speech. After finishing, readers make an entry into a black, leather-bound journal maintained by the Secretary of the Senate upon finishing.

During Strom Thurmond's filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, George Washington's Farewell Address was read by Strom Thurmond.

In American national mythology
According to political journalist John Avlon, the Farewell Address was "once celebrated as a civic Scripture, more widely reprinted than the Declaration of Independence" but adds that it "is now almost forgotten." He suggested that it had long been "eclipsed in the national memory" until the Broadway musical Hamilton brought it back to popular awareness in the song "One Last Time", where lines are sung by Washington and Hamilton from the end of the Address.

title: George Washington's Farewell Address


text: Talk:Double Teamed

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Double Teamed


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Vanity Fair (2004 film)

Vanity Fair is a 2004 historical drama film directed by Mira Nair and adapted from William Makepeace Thackeray's 1848 novel of the same name. The novel has been the subject of numerous television and film adaptations. Nair's version made notable changes in the development of main character Becky Sharp, played by Reese Witherspoon.

The film received several awards and nominations, including being nominated for the Golden Lion at the 2004 Venice Film Festival.

Plot
In 1802 UK, Becky Sharp, orphaned daughter of a poor painter, has finished her studies and offered to be governess to Sir Pitt Crawley's daughters. Before starting, she travels to London with her close friend Amelia Sedley and family. While there she begins a campaign to charm Amelia's awkward and overweight brother "Jos" Sedley, a wealthy trader living in India. Smitten with Becky, he almost proposes, but is dissuaded by Amelia's snobbish fiancé George Osborne, reminding him that Becky has no dowry.

Not finding a rich husband, Becky takes up her post. Horrified by the house and her employer Sir Pitt, she diligently teaches his daughters and prepares the house for his half-sister Miss Crawley. His youngest son, Rawdon Crawley, an army captain, comes with them and immediately fancies Becky. She manages to secure a post with ill-tempered Miss Crawley.

Meanwhile, Amelia's prospective father-in-law, Mr. Osborne, is trying to arrange a more advantageous marriage for his son George. When George refuses to consider her, Mr. Osborne bankrupts Mr. Sedley, forcing George to break his engagement to Amelia. She now lives in squalor with her family, but hopeful he will come for her, believing the gift of a piano from George's friend Dobbin is from George himself.

Rawdon Crawley and Becky marry secretly, but Miss Crawley soon finds out expelling her from her house and disinheriting Rawdon. George Osborne marries Amelia, rebelling against his father, and is soon after deployed with Dobbin and Rawdon to Belgium, as Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to France. Becky and Amelia accompany their husbands. The newly-wedded Osborne tires of Amelia, and hits on Becky. The ball they are attending is interrupted by an announcement that Napoleon has attacked, and they must march in three hours. Before leaving, Rawdon gives Becky all he's won at cards. The next day, as she tries to flee the city, she sees Amelia in the mob and leaves her carriage to be with her in Brussels, waiting out the battle.

In the ensuing Battle of Waterloo, George is killed and Rawdon survives. Amelia bears his son, also named George. Mr. Osborne refuses to acknowledge his grandson, so Amelia returns to live in poverty with her parents. Now-Major William Dobbin, young George's godfather, continues to show his love for the widowed Amelia by small kindnesses. She is too in love with George's memory to return Dobbin's affections. Saddened, he transfers to an army post in India. Meanwhile, Becky's son is also named after his father.

Several years pass. Rawdon has been passed over for inheritance by both his aunt and father, and they are sinking deep into debt. Amelia struggles to raise her son and reluctantly gives him up to be raised by his grandfather Mr. Osborne, for a fine education and lifestyle. Bailiffs arrive to repossess the Crawleys' furniture, but Becky is saved by their neighbor Lord Steyne, who she remembers from the past as a keen buyer of her father's paintings. He becomes her patron, giving her money and introducing her into London high society.

On the night of her triumphant presentation to King George IV, Becky receives word that Rawdon has been arrested and thrown into debtors' prison. Lord Steyne insists she spend the night with him in return for the services he has rendered her, and Rawdon, after being bailed out by his sister-in-law, walks in on Steyne forcing himself upon Becky. He throws him out, but realizes Becky has been taking money for months in secret without sharing with him. He leaves her, entrusting the care of their son to his older brother, the new Sir Pitt and his wife.

Twelve years later, Becky is a card dealer at a casino in Baden-Baden, Germany. Rawdon died from malaria soon after leaving her, while posted to a tropical island by Lord Steyne. She comes across Amelia's grown son George Jr., who invites her to tea with his mother. Mr. Osborne finally accepted Amelia, leaving her and George Jr. a large inheritance. Becky confronts Amelia over her obsession with the late George, showing her a love note from him to her many years earlier. She urges Amelia to love Dobbin, who has been loyal for many years. Although at first angered, Amelia realizes her mistake and declares her love to Dobbin.

Alone again in the casino, Becky meets Jos Sedley, who has come to Germany after Amelia told him Becky was there. He invites her to come and live in India with him, and she delightedly accepts. They depart to make a new life for themselves.

Cast

 * Reese Witherspoon as Rebecca "Becky" Sharp Crawley
 * Angelica Mandy as a young Becky Sharp
 * Romola Garai as Amelia Sedley Osborne
 * Sophie Hunter as Maria Osborne
 * James Purefoy as Colonel Rawdon Crawley
 * Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Captain George Henry Osborne
 * Rhys Ifans as Major William Dobbin
 * Eileen Atkins as Miss Matilda Crawley
 * Geraldine McEwan as the Countess of Southdown
 * Gabriel Byrne as the Marquess of Steyne
 * Bob Hoskins as Sir Pitt Crawley the Elder
 * Douglas Hodge as Sir Pitt Crawley the Younger
 * Natasha Little as Lady Jane Sheepshanks Crawley
 * John Woodvine as Lord Bareacres
 * Barbara Leigh-Hunt as Lady Bareacres
 * Nicholas Jones as Lord Darlington
 * Siân Thomas as Lady Darlington
 * Trevor Cooper as General Tufto
 * Kelly Hunter as the Marchioness of Steyne
 * Camilla Rutherford as Lady Gaunt
 * Alexandra Staden as Lady George
 * Jim Broadbent as Mr. Osborne
 * Tony Maudsley as Joseph "Jos" Sedley
 * John Franklyn-Robbins as Mr. John Sedley
 * Deborah Findlay as Mrs. Mary Sedley
 * Daniel Hay as little George "Georgy" Osborne the Younger
 * Tom Sturridge as a young George "Georgy" Osborne the Younger
 * Kathryn Drysdale as Rhoda Swartz
 * Ruth Sheen as Miss Pinkerton
 * Richard McCabe as King George IV
 * Gledis Cinque as an older Celia Crawley
 * William Melling as the young Rawdy Crawley
 * Robert Pattinson as an older Sir Rawdon "Rawdy" Crawley the Younger (uncredited)

Production
The film adaptation of Vanity Fair had been in development for over 10 years, with writers Matthew Faulk and Mark Skeet working on the screenplay. Mira Nair became attached to the project in 2002 and scrapped most of the initial screenplay. She brought Julian Fellowes in to rewrite the film; he agreed with her that the character of Becky Sharp should be made more sympathetic than in the novel. The ending was also changed, with Becky journeying to India with Joseph Sedley. The film had a budget of $23 million and originally was supposed to be in pre-production for 18 weeks. However, Reese Witherspoon became pregnant so it was necessary to speed up both pre-production and filming. Vanity Fair was shot in Bath, Kent, the Chatham Dockyard, and at Stanway House in Gloucestershire.

Robert Pattinson initially had a small but important role as the grown up son of Becky Sharp. He later revealed that he discovered his scenes were cut during the premiere screening.

Reception
Critics gave the film mixed reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 51% based on 167 reviews, and an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A more likable Becky Sharp makes for a less interesting movie." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post gave a positive review, calling the movie "Mira Nair's fine movie version of the 1848 book, in all its glory and scope and wit." In the Charlotte Observer, Lawrence Toppman commented that "The filmmakers have wisely retained the main structure of the book" and that "The cast is uniformly good, even when dealing with sudden mood changes forced by the screenwriters' need to move forward."

Meanwhile, Lisa Schwarzbaum, in her review in Entertainment Weekly, rated the film a B−, and added that "The dismaying switcheroo in director Mira Nair’s adaptation ... that Botoxes Thackeray’s riotous, unruly masterpiece, is that this "Vanity Fair" is, indeed, genteel and inoffensive. In fact, it borders on perky – a duller, safer tonal choice for the story of a conniving go-getter whose fall is as precipitous as her rise."

Soundtrack
Mira Nair, the director of the film, searched for good Indian musicians to compose a song for the album, and finally selected the trio Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy at the last minute. She showed them a rough footage of the situation she wanted them to compose for, which was the last few sequences of the film. The trio used tabla and several other Indian musical instruments for the song, without any synth, to give it an ethnic feel. The song was sung by Shankar, accompanied by Richa Sharma and Jerry McCulley of Celtic Instruments described the song as "a sprightly duet", while SoundtrackNet said the "aforementioned upbeat vocal number Gori Re" is enjoyable in its own way for one who enjoys Indian musical styles.

title: Vanity Fair (2004 film)


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Tenebrism

Tenebrism, from Italian ' ("dark, gloomy, mysterious"), also occasionally called dramatic illumination''', is a style of painting using especially pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image. The technique was developed to add drama to an image through a spotlight effect, and is common in Baroque paintings. Tenebrism is used only to obtain a dramatic impact while chiaroscuro is a broader term, also covering the use of less extreme contrasts of light to enhance the illusion of three-dimensionality.

Baroque

The artist Caravaggio is generally credited with the invention of the style, although this technique was used by earlier artists such as Albrecht Dürer in his several self portraits, Tintoretto in his dramatic religious paintings such as The Miracle of St Mark, El Greco who painted three versions of a composition with a boy, a man, and a monkey grouped in darkness around a single flame, and lesser known  painters such as Adam Elsheimer, who painted night-scenes with a restricted lighted areas. The term is usually applied to artists from the seventeenth century onward.

Among the best known tenebrist artists are Italian, Dutch and Spanish followers of Caravaggio. These include the Italian Baroque follower of Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, who was an outstanding exponent of tenebrism. Other exponents include the Dutch painters of the Utrecht School and the Spanish painters Francisco Ribalta, Jusepe de Ribera, and their followers, with the term most often being applied to these painters.

Tenebrism is sometimes applied to other seventeenth-century painters in what has been called the "candlelight tradition". These include Georges de La Tour, who painted many works illuminated with a single candle, Trophime Bigot, Gerrit van Honthorst, and Rembrandt. In Flanders Adam de Coster was recognized as a leading tenebrist who excelled in scenes in which a single candle has its light blocked by an object. The Dutch artist Godfried Schalcken painted many candle-lit scenes. The northern painters (but not always Rembrandt) often achieved a mood of stillness and tranquility through their extreme lighting, rather the reverse of the impression that Spanish painters intended. They are typically as interested in the very dimly-lit areas of the painting as the spot-lit ones, and their light diffuses gently across much of the picture area.

Later development
Later, similar compositions were painted by Joseph Wright of Derby and other artists of the Romantic Movement, but the term is rarely used to characterize their work in general.

title: Tenebrism


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Porky's Badtime Story

Porky's Badtime Story is a 1937 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Robert Clampett (his first short as director) and an uncredited Chuck Jones. The short was released on July 24, 1937, and stars Porky Pig and Gabby Goat. The short was later remade as Tick Tock Tuckered (1944), with Daffy Duck taking Gabby's role.

Despite being the first cartoon directed by Bob Clampett, the short could have been started by Ub Iwerks (with the first two, Porky and Gabby and Porky's Super Service fully completed by Iwerks) and finished by Clampett, alongside Get Rich Quick Porky. Clampett would direct Rover's Rival without any involvement with Iwerks, which would go on to release later that year.

Plot
When Porky Pig and Gabby Goat realize that they overslept to 10:00 after their alarm goes off at 06:00, they end up rushing to work at Peter Piper Pickled Peppers and sneaking in. When clocking in, Gabby tries to pull the lever, but ends up struggling and the clock goes crazy. Their boss catches them and initially states in a friendly tone that if they weren't going to make it, he would have sent their work to them. The boss then drops the friendly act and gets furious, warning them that if they are late one more time, they are fired. The boss then orders them to get to work, to which they dash into their office and close the door so fast that the sign on the door shatters.

At 08:00 that night after returning home from work and dealing with their irate boss, Porky sets the alarm clock as Gabby complains about having to go to bed early. Porky reminds Gabby about their boss' threat that if they are late again, they will be fired. Porky climbs into bed, and they both fall asleep until a bunch of cats next door wake them up; and later a fly bugs them, literally. Later that night, the moon comes out and its light wakes up Porky. One of Porky's attempts to close the window ends up wrecking his bed. As the night progresses, a thunderstorm occurs while Porky is sleeping in Gabby's bed. A leak in the roof disturbs Gabby, who then opens an umbrella in the house with Porky telling him that it's bad luck. Gabby ignores Porky's statement until lightning destroys the umbrella. When Gabby quips that he should try sleeping under Niagara Falls, a lot of water comes through the roof and down on them.

The next morning, Porky and Gabby are shown sleeping in the drawers when the alarm clock goes off at 06:00. They get themselves ready and drive off to work to make sure their jobs stay safe from termination. When Porky and Gabby arrive at Peter Piper Pickled Peppers, they see a sign on the door that says "Closed Sunday", revealing that their workplace is closed for the day. Porky and Gabby drive home, and when they climb back into the drawers to sleep, the alarm clock goes off again at 06:15 and Porky hits it with a mallet, leaving the clock dazed.

Legacy
Bob Clampett later directed a remake of the short as Tick Tock Tuckered (1944), with Daffy Duck taking Gabby's role.

title: Porky's Badtime Story


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Fantasmic!

Fantasmic! is a nighttime show at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios. The show formerly operated at Tokyo DisneySea. It features fireworks, characters, live actors, water effects, pyrotechnics, lasers, music, audio-animatronics, searchlights, decorated boat floats, and mist screen projections. The narrative of Fantasmic! is a voyage through Mickey Mouse's imagination that culminates in a battle against the Disney Villains.

Fantasmic! originated at Disneyland in 1992 after Walt Disney Creative Entertainment was asked to create a nighttime spectacular involving water and fireworks to reinvigorate the space in front of the Rivers of America. The area was reworked, including terracing the walkways to accommodate viewing and modifying part of Tom Sawyer Island to allow the show's staged live action segments. The producers employed the resources of Walt Disney Imagineering and Walt Disney Animation Studios.

A second version featuring new scenes opened at Disney's Hollywood Studios in 1998, and a third version premiered at Tokyo DisneySea in 2011, replacing BraviSEAmo!. An updated version of Disneyland's Fantasmic! debuted in 2017, featuring a re-recorded soundtrack in addition to new scenes, lighting, choreography and costumes. A third version premiered at Disneyland in 2022 with new clouded lasers and searchlights in the viewing area. A revamped version premiered at Disney's Hollywood Studios in 2022 with new scenes and special effects. After a fire destroyed the animatronic dragon in April 2023, a fourth version premiered at Disneyland in May 2024 with a new dragon battle sequence.

Disneyland version
Fantasmic! takes place on the waters of the Rivers of America at Disneyland and on a stage across the waterway on Tom Sawyer Island.

Synopsis (since 2024)
The show begins with Mickey Mouse being transported into his dream. He dances and orchestrates various water fountain, pyrotechnic, projection, laser and lighting effects to the show's theme. Mist screens rise from the water, acting as projection surfaces for various scenes from Disney movies. The show then transitions into a jungle scene from The Jungle Book, featuring a 100 ft puppet of Kaa and three floating barges carrying King Louie and black-lit monkeys (that debuted in the Tokyo version) across the river stage. The song transitions into "Hakuna Matata". The music then segues into a dubstep rendition of "Pink Elephants on Parade" from Dumbo, as animated pink elephants appear onscreen and in the form of performers on the island. The scene then transitions to "Friend Like Me" from Aladdin. Sorcerer Mickey watches the Genie perform tricks. Then they go under the sea as they head into the world of The Little Mermaid and Finding Nemo. A bubble floats by and Jiminy Cricket appears onscreen, searching underwater for Pinocchio. An animated Monstro appears suddenly, accompanied by a heavy musical score as he crashes through water. The sea morphs into the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" flood scene. As Mickey looks around in the dark and asks "What's going on?", a ship caught in a storm appears. A cannon is fired from Sailing Ship Columbia, portraying itself as the Jolly Roger. The Lost Boys and the pirates participate in a stunt sequence with Peter Pan, Wendy Darling, Captain Hook and Mr. Smee and it ends with the fountains that projecting the crocodile chasing Hook away. As the scene concludes, Tinker Bell draws the moon, with projections of Prince Naveen, Tiana, Prince Philip, Aurora, Snow White and the prince. The projections turn to clouds as Aladdin and Jasmine are on the stage while a rendition of "A Whole New World" plays. Then three small barges arrive carrying Belle and the Beast, Ariel and Prince Eric, and Rapunzel and Flynn Rider, with the accompanying signature melody from each film — "Beauty and the Beast", "Part of Your World", and "I See the Light". Mickey's dream takes a turn for the worse. The magic mirror appears onscreen and tempts Mickey to enter the darker realms of his imagination. When asked if he has the courage, Mickey accepts the challenge, and the mirror traps Mickey inside. The Evil Queen calls all the villains to partake in Mickey's nightmare, invoking a riled Ursula who joins the Queen's plot to destroy Mickey. Ursula calls upon Chernabog, who summons deceased spirits. Chernabog then summons Maleficent, who threatens Sorcerer Mickey as she rises from the pillar. Onstage, Maleficent sets the waters ablaze, summoning fire onto the river. Mickey defeats Maleficent, destroying the villains in the process.

Tink reappears with the Mark Twain Riverboat approaching with fireworks, and a black-and-white Mickey from Steamboat Willie appears. Mickey then appears again to conduct a final set of fireworks and water fountains before leaving in a bright blast of fireworks.

Development
The original Disneyland soft opening and press premiere were scheduled to begin on Wednesday, April 29, 1992 and continue through the weekend. By late afternoon, rioting began in Los Angeles following the acquittal of the Los Angeles police officers involved in the Rodney King beating. Promotional materials with the catchphrase "Be There When the Night Ignites" were quickly pulled from public circulation.

Refurbishments
Disneyland's Fantasmic! has undergone several technical refreshes. A new sound system debuted in the summer of 2007, along with new show barges featuring LED lighting arrays. A complete overhaul of the lighting system debuted in the spring of 2008. The three mainland lighting towers, which rise hydraulically from pits in the ground prior to the show, were rebuilt with pull-out slides for the new Clay Paky Alpha Spots and Washes and redesigned for the new Strong Gladiator IV followspots. The footlights on the mainland side at water level were replaced with LED fixtures. Refurbished pyrotechnic barges were given new technologies derived from Disneyland's Air-Launch Firework (ALF) system.

In 2008, the three original 70mm projectors were replaced with high definition (HD) digital projectors. A new audio-animatronic dragon (nicknamed Murphy by fans, after Murphy's law, when the dragon experienced multiple delays in 2009) was built to replace the previous dragon which had been a mechanical dragon's head mounted to the top of a Genie boom lift where the man basket used to go and two wing assemblies that were raised up and were flapped manually with poles. The new dragon was designed to be a full-bodied replica of Maleficent's final form in Sleeping Beauty, standing at 45 feet tall.

In early February 2010, the entire Rivers of America were drained. Both the Mark Twain and the Sailing Ship Columbia were refurbished, and the track along which the ships travel was replaced. The show's underwater effects underwent maintenance as well, and the laser effects for the finale were upgraded. On August 28, the second-generation dragon broke again, partly collapsing during a performance. It was restored to the show on November 12.

Fantasmic! and other attractions were closed on January 11, 2016 due to the construction of Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge. It reopened on July 15, 2017. This version features some scenes that are inspired by the defunct Tokyo DisneySea version of Fantasmic!, along with the "Imagination" song as part of the post-show. The show was remastered, featuring a new sequence with segments from Aladdin, The Lion King and Tangled.

In December 2023, Disneyland announced that the Pirates of the Caribbean segment would revert to the Peter Pan segment.

2023 fire incident
On April 22, 2023 during the performance of the show, the audio-animatronic Maleficent dragon caught fire. It became engulfed in flames which resulted in its destruction. The Frontierland area was evacuated, with no injuries being reported according to the Anaheim Fire Department. The show returned in 2024 without the audio-animatronic dragon.

Synopsis (since 2022)

The Florida version of the event and show takes place at the Hollywood Hills Amphitheater, with a rocky mountain and a façade of trees serving as the setting. The narrative of the Walt Disney World version is fairly similar to that of Disneyland's original version and defunct Tokyo DisneySea version, with the show's introduction and conclusion nearly identical. However, there are some notable differences throughout the rest of the show:
 * The Fantasia sequence at the beginning of the show transitions into a scene from The Lion King only.
 * The Dumbo, Aladdin, Little Mermaid, and Finding Nemo sequences are replaced with a segment containing a bubble montage of Disney animated films being presented on the mist screens that includes The Lion King, The Jungle Book, Dumbo, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Alice in Wonderland, Hercules, Pinocchio, Aladdin, Mulan, Cinderella, Lady and the Tramp, Fantasia, Tangled, The Princess and the Frog, Bambi, Beauty and the Beast, The Little Mermaid, and Frozen.
 * The Peter Pan segment is replaced with a medley of Disney heroes and heroines, featuring onstage appearances of Pocahontas, Mulan, Aladdin, Elsa, and Moana. From 1998 to 2020, the original show instead featured an onstage battle scene from Pocahontas during the entirety of this act.
 * Snow White and the Prince still appear in the princess segment, dancing to "Someday My Prince Will Come", instead of Rapunzel and Flynn.
 * Scenes of Evil Queen that summons the Magic Mirror and her transformation as Old Hag, which was appeared at the original Disneyland version, is being retained in the Florida version.
 * The climax features more villains than in the Disneyland version. In addition to the Evil Queen, Ursula, Chernabog, and Maleficent, Cruella de Vil from One Hundred and One Dalmatians, Scar from The Lion King, Frollo from The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Jafar from Aladdin and Hades from Hercules also appear.
 * The battle between Mickey and the villains, as well as their subsequent defeat, is longer in the Florida version.
 * Mickey appears in his Brave Little Tailor attire and uses the sword to defeat Maleficent, in her dragon form.
 * Instead of the Mark Twain Riverboat, the characters appear on board the Steamboat Willie during the finale.

Hollywood Hills Amphitheater

Hollywood Hills Amphitheater is a purpose-built seat riverside amphitheatre at Disney's Hollywood Studios located at the Walt Disney World Resort, in Florida, that showcases the nighttime spectacular Fantasmic! It is located off of Sunset Boulevard, between The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and the Theater of the Stars, where the Beauty and the Beast stage show takes place. The Fantasmic! stage in Florida is significantly larger than Disneyland's, featuring a man-made, 50 ft mountain on which Sorcerer Mickey stands and from which the dragon emerges. The amphitheater has 6,900 seats, with room for an additional 3,000 people standing. The moat around the island itself can hold 1,900,000 gal of water.

Pop Secret became the official sponsor of Fantasmic! at Disney's Hollywood Studios. Prior to this, Fantasmic! was the only nighttime fireworks show at Walt Disney World without a sponsor, with Wishes gaining sponsorship from Pandora Jewelry in 2014, while IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth was sponsored by General Electric from 1999 to 2003 and sponsored by Siemens from 2005 until 2017.

Refurbishments
In March 2020, this version of Fantasmic! was temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Walt Disney World reopened it in July, but due to the ongoing on COVID-19 pandemic the Fantasmic! lagoon had been drained.

The show was later remastered in 2022 featuring a new heroics sequence with segments from Pocahontas, Aladdin, Mulan, Moana, and Frozen. The duration is 29 minutes long.

Alternate show: "Taste of Fantasmic!"
The Florida version has a four-minute-long substitute show that plays when inclement weather prohibits the presentation of the regular show. The alternative show does not showcase any of the performers, floats, or puppets due to the dangerous conditions that are posed to the performers because of the possibility of rain accumulating on the stage. Instead the ancillary show is a brief summation of the conventional show; including a fountain display synchronized to "Little April Shower", a sequence integrating the "Night on Bald Mountain" music, and a finale orchestrated with all of the usual pyrotechnics and musical fanfare from the original show's conclusion.

Tokyo DisneySea version
Fantasmic! debuted at Tokyo DisneySea on April 28, 2011, replacing the BraviSEAmo! show in the Mediterranean Harbor. The show was originally planned to debut on April 23 with the park's 10th Anniversary "Be Magical!" celebration, but was delayed by the Great East Japan Earthquake in the previous month. Originally, Fantasmic! was planned in 2001 for the park and the story would be themed around Tokyo DisneySea but was scrapped and instead DisneySea Symphony debuted. It is said that of the barges were reused from Tokyo DisneySea's former nighttime Christmas show "Candelight Reflections", but were reimagined. The Christmas tree barge was used for Mickey's sorcerer hat. This barge would also be used for Tokyo DisneySea's former nighttime Christmas show "Colors of Christmas" (2012–2019). While it hasn’t been confirmed, one could assume this could be true if you study the barge bases very carefully. Also, the natural gas line in the harbor and 5 water cannons originally used for BraviSEAmo! were also repurposed. Many don’t know that the natural gas line was installed during the construction of the park for the original planned version of Fantasmic! that would’ve debuted in 2001.

The show's score was recorded by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios, composed by Don L. Harper, featuring Bruce Healey's theme from the original Fantasmic! at the US parks. The DisneySea version has new scenes and narrative elements, including scenes based on Aladdin, Finding Nemo, and Cinderella, and the original new song "Imagination". This is the only version of Fantasmic! to not have a stationary stage, with the show taking place entirely on barges. All of the characters' dialogue and sung parts were recorded in Japanese by the characters' respective Japanese voice artists.

This version of Fantasmic! was directed by Steven Davidson and because of this, he implemented technologies used in Disney California Adventure’s World of Color nighttime spectacular. 5 of the 6 barges were equipped with World of Color-style water fountains. One central, underwater water screen nozzle was installed under the harbor, as well as the 4 moving barges were equipped with water screens as well. This created that large-style water screen used in World of Color. The show itself seems like a hybrid version of Fantasmic! and World of Color. This concept would later be used in some form for Disneyland’s renewal version in 2017 as it drew lots of inspiration from Tokyo DisneySea’s version.

This version of Fantasmic! closed on February 29, 2020. It was originally scheduled to conclude its run on March 25 and then close on March 26, but was moved up due to the extended closure of Tokyo Disney Resort in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.

Sometime in late March of 2020, guests staying at the Hotel MiraCosta spotted all the barges out in Mediterranean Harbor in the late morning/afternoon. The entertainment department decided to do a full run through of the show in broad daylight without any performers. This was most likely done to allow barge drivers a final chance to perform their routines before retiring the show completely.

Fantasmic! was replaced by an all-new nighttime spectacular called ''Believe! Sea of Dreams'', debuting on November 11, 2022.

A few months after the end of Fantasmic!, the former hat barge was lifted out of the water and placed on a small area of the original dry dock (behind Soaring A Fantastic Flight show building). The hat itself was dismantled, along with old equipment. The base was then refurbished for its new role in Believe! Sea of Dreams.

Future/Potential Paris version
In late September of 2020, the Fantasmic! barges were spotted backstage in dry dock at Tokyo DisneySea. While it was thought that they would all be dismantled, in February of 2021, it was discovered that Disneyland Paris had purchased a few of the barges for a future version of Fantasmic! or other nighttime show on the future Adventure Bay over at Disney Adventure World. Sometime in late 2020, early 2021, the barges were shipped to Paris. It was confirmed that the 4 main barges that circle the harbor were shipped to Paris and have since then been housed in a backstage parade warehouse until they can be lowered into the backstage marina of Adventure Bay. It has also been confirmed that Tokyo did not sell the magic mirror/dragon barge. Tokyo also did not sell Paris the “Sorcerer Apprentice’s Hat” barge to Paris as they wanted to repurpose the barge base itself for the “Second Star to the Right” barge that is used in Believe! Sea of Dreams.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the original Disneyland show was included in the 2015 release of Walt Disney Records The Legacy Collection: Disneyland.

Voice cast
Disneyland
 * Wayne Allwine – Mickey Mouse (1992 version) / Bret Iwan – Mickey Mouse (2017/2024 version)
 * Robin Williams – Genie (archival recordings; 2017/2024 version)
 * Heather Headley – Female Vocalist (Princess Medley; 2017/2024 version)
 * Chris Mann – Male Vocalist (Princess Medley; 2017/2024 version)
 * Suzanne Waters – Female Vocalist (Princess Medley; 1992 version)
 * Fletcher Sheridan – Male Vocalist (Princess Medley; 1992 version)
 * Jared Butler – Jack Sparrow (voice-over; 2017 version)
 * Johnny Depp – Jack Sparrow (archival footage; 2017 version)
 * Eliza Schneider – Elizabeth Swann (2017 version)
 * Geoffrey Rush – Hector Barbossa (archival footage; 2017 version)
 * Eddie Carroll – Jiminy Cricket
 * Christopher Steele - Peter Pan (1992/2024 version)
 * Corey Burton – Magic Mirror (2017/2024 version), Chernabog, Captain Hook (1992/2024 version), Mr. Smee (1992/2024 version)
 * Kathryn Beaumont – Wendy Darling (1992/2024 version)
 * Louise Chamis – Evil Queen/Old Hag
 * Pat Carroll – Ursula
 * Linda Gary – Maleficent, Opening Announcer
 * Tony Jay – Magic Mirror (1992 version)

Disney's Hollywood Studios
 * Wayne Allwine – Mickey Mouse (1998 version) / Bret Iwan – Mickey Mouse (2022 version)
 * Eddie Carroll – Jiminy Cricket
 * Suzanne Waters – Female Vocalist (Princess Medley)
 * Fletcher Sheridan – Male Vocalist (Princess Medley)
 * Louise Chamis – Evil Queen/Old Hag
 * Tony Jay – Magic Mirror, Judge Claude Frollo
 * Linda Gary – Maleficent, Opening Announcer (archival recordings)
 * Pat Carroll – Ursula
 * Susanne Blakeslee – Cruella de Vil
 * Jonathan Freeman – Jafar
 * Jim Cummings – Scar
 * James Woods – Hades
 * Corey Burton – Chernabog
 * Linda Hunt – Grandmother Willow (1998 version)
 * David Ogden Stiers – Governor Ratcliffe (1998 version)
 * Judy Kuhn – Pocahontas (archival recordings; 2022 version)
 * Brad Kane – Aladdin (archival recordings; 2022 version)
 * Idina Menzel – Elsa (archival recordings; 2022 version)
 * Auliʻi Cravalho – Moana (archival recordings; 2022 version)

Japanese version (Tokyo DisneySea):
 * Takashi Aoyagi – Mickey Mouse
 * Kyoko Satomi – Evil Queen/Old Hag
 * Tamio Ōki – Magic Mirror
 * Toshiko Sawada – Maleficent
 * Kumiko Mori – Ursula
 * Koichi Yamadera – Genie, Stitch

title: Fantasmic!


text:
John Ennis

John Ennis may refer to:

 * John Ennis (actor) (born 1964), American actor and comic
 * John Ennis (baseball) (born 1979), American former Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher
 * John Wellington Ennis (born 1973), American filmmaker, activist, and blogger
 * Sir John Ennis, 1st Baronet (1800–1878), Member of Parliament for Athlone, 1857–1865
 * Sir John Ennis, 2nd Baronet (1842–1884), Member of Parliament for Athlone, 1868–1874 and 1880–1884
 * John Ennis v. Smith, see List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 55
 * John Ennis, developer of Shippan Point
 * John Ennis (artist) (born 1953), American painter
 * John Ennis (poet) (born 1944), Irish poet
 * J. Matthew Ennis (1864–1921), English pianist and organist

title: John Ennis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christian terrorism

Christian terrorism was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Hopelessly POV, and not a real term (only 452 unique entries on google). I can't see anything other than long dispute arising from this somewhat non-encyclopaedic page. Delete. jguk 22:15, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: It might not be a valid term, but it is a valid concept. Needs to be expanded. DCEdwards1966 22:39, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but the current version has PoV and style problems. Wyss 22:48, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article is well written and not hopelessly POV.  Cleanup where necessary, do not dilute. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep with lots of Cleanup and a cherry on top. --fvw *  23:41, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Keep. The title is no more inherently absurd than Islamic terrorism, although the phenomenon itself may be less common/acknowledged. I have good faith in my fellow Wikipedians to make a good NPOV article out of this, even if it means dealing with revert wars down the line. It's certainly an encyclopedic subject matter in that a significant number of people perceive it to exist. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 00:16, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs cleanup and non-POVing. jdb 01:16, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: When there are Christian terrorist groups, then there is a need for the term and coverage. At this point, the places where Christians are a minority have not yet had those Christians gather into terorist groups.  They have been rebels (Lebanon), but not terrorists yet.  Geogre 02:32, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The title is not inherently absurd, but I disagree with Livajo, who feels that "a significant number of people perceive it to exist". As the low number of google hits shows, this is not a commonly recognized term or concept. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 02:35, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just because Google doesn't have a particularly high number of hits for that particular phrasing doesn't mean that significant numbers of people would not consider at least some of the acts mentioned in the article to be terrorism done in the name of Christianity. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 04:55, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Burden of proof here is on you, I would say. Where are these significant numbers of people? Is there any evidence? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:51, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I must ask, since when was Google the recognized meter of determining what is a "real term"? Also, please supply a definition of "significant number of people" - how many must there be for a term to be important enough? Further, defining a certain group as "rebels, but not yet terrorists" can be applied to just about every single terrorist group in the world, if you see it from their POV. --TVPR 09:44, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Significance Not valid as per Deletion Policy If you read Deletion_policy it says and I quote "Problems that don't require deletion ......Such a minor branch of a subject that it doesn't deserve an article". Plus if you Add state terrorism section to it. It will become 'significant'. Good Idea let me add it.
 * Zain 10:47, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

(UTC)
 * Ever hear of the Ku Klux Klan? Or are lynchings and crossburnings not terrorism?  Or is the KKK considered too small to be significant? Pedant
 * Keep. Concept is real, article does an above average job of NPOV in the version I just saw.  More (hopefully NPOV) info should be added about "economic" terrorism, links between certain christian groups and charities support for "terrorist" dictators around the world (Nigeria, Central America, etc) and perhaps relationships with the "war on terrorism" generally.  Does "terrorism" include state/group sponsored terrorism?  zen master 02:45, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Good question. Yes it does. See Noam Chomsky: Distorted Morality: America's War on Terror? (a cheapo DVD): the question of Christianity aside, Chomsky points out that terrorism (as defined by the US) goes back at least as far as the carpet-bombing of Tokyo. Keep -- Hoary 08:01, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Seems like a good idea for an article—Trevor Caira 03:11, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems legit to me. I'd also add some U.S. anti-abortion acts that are clearly and precisely terrorist acts by people who believe themselves to be acting in the name of Christ. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:18, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * That's right kids. God himself called me today (on the telephone) and asked me to contribute a holy EXTREME KEEP vote to this article.  Amen.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:36, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think this entire topic is rather suspect at this time.  This does not appear to be a commonly used term, and most of the groups listed as examples are engaging in terrorist acts for reasons that are only partly related to religion and have more to do with complex politcal, social, and economic issues. Indrian 07:52, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. No more suspect than Islamic terrorism.  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:21, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe so, but for better or worse Islamic terrorism is a topic that has been viewed by many as a phenomenon worth considering as part of a larger whole. I am not convinced that the concept of Christian terrorism is so widely recognized. Indrian 21:46, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Has encyclopedic value, and enhaces the Terrorism category. --Zappaz 04:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep In every "religion" there is terrorism, also among other Muslim and Christian,too. Btw,jguk google is not the solution. --ThomasK 08:56, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, if Islamic terrorism can exist, then so can this. Shane King 00:36, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is ridiculous, if islamism can have its own terrorism category, so can this. The mere motion to delete is POV, and nobody even noticed the existence of this topic until I expanded it beyond a 3-line stub. --TVPR 09:23, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo
 * keep because according to 'wikipedia deletion policy' POV can't be sited as reason for deletion. Neither if a subject is a small portion of the total subject. Or If accuracy is in question. All these things don't qualify as deletion.Zain 10:35, 20 Dec 2004
 * keep Saw another user mention this term only got about 400 hits on Google, making it a "non-erm". For the time being, accepting the notion that google is a "term-meter", it hits for about 800 - the same as norwegian meatballs (kjøttkaker) - And about 4,2 million norwegians find these meatballs very real. Anyway - dirttossing aside, still a keep. Religious terrorism exists, as a known fact - and Christianity claims to be a religion. --D3z7ruc7 12:46, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; seems like a reasonable topic and something that people might be interested in searching for information on. —Psychonaut 17:26, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean up. There is such a thing as "Christian terrorism," but this article does a lousy job of defining it. The Irish Republican Army, for example, isn't "Christian terrorist," it's nationalist terrorist. Just because most of a terrorist group's members are Christian doesn't make it "Christian terrorist." --Szyslak 04:16, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We also have Islamic terrorism. Besides, PoV (and I don't know if this is PoV) is merely a reason for edits, not deletions. 129.177.61.124 08:31, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A really good example of Christain Terrorism is the bombing of abortion clinics in the US.  It really does exist, and I swear I've heard this term before.  hfool 02:11, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Article has potential. (Ku Klux Klan is a very well known christian terrorist group.) Article needs some copyediting though, seems to have been written by someone for whom English is not their first language. Pedant 04:45, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of best-selling music artists

The following list of best-selling music artists includes those music acts from the 20th century to the present with claims of 75 million or more record sales worldwide. This information cannot be listed officially, as there is no organization that has recorded global music sales.

The tables are listed with each artist's claimed sales figure(s) and their total independently certified units and are ranked in descending order by claimed sales. If two or more artists have the same claimed sales, they are then ranked by certified units. The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units (for each country) within the provided sources include sales of albums, singles, compilation-albums, music videos as well as downloads of singles and full-length albums. Sales figures, such as those from SoundScan, which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine, have not been included in the certified units column.

Definitions
Gold/Platinum certifications issued after 2016, especially on singles, are in some cases more than 50% streaming generated. Some of the 20th century artists can also have significant amount of streaming based certifications. The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures. This is because Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification. For this reason, some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units. The over certified figures, however, are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications, one such example is Rihanna's single "We Found Love", which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA, yet during the time of the certification, it had sold 5.4 million downloads.

The certified units for some artists/bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to the RIAA counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification. The certified units also can be inflated by the redundancy of certifications, because each of tracks downloads and streams contributed to the certifications of both of the single and the respective album. The RIAA counts 10 downloads of individual track as well as 1,500 audio/video streams as an equivalent to one unit of album, including those from singles released prior to the album release. Theoretically, if one song were streamed 1.5 billion times on YouTube, the single would receive Diamond and the whole album could be certified Platinum, thus creating a combined total of 11 million certified units without any sales. Kanye West's album The Life of Pablo achieved Platinum without selling a single copy and was only available for streaming.

Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist's total amount of certified units, as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song. For example, "This Is What You Came For" and "Where Them Girls At" include Rihanna and Flo Rida, Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively, so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists. However, the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles, examples of such songs are Kanye West's "Monster" and/or "All Day".

Standards

 * To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control, this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as Billboard.
 * The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums, singles (including digital downloads) and videos.
 * Markets' order within the tables is based on Retail Value: each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom.
 * The column for certified sales includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more.

title: List of best-selling music artists


text: File:Sport with Dogs How the Wild Boar is hunted by means of Dogs Fac simile of a Miniature in the Manuscript of the Livre du Roy Modus Fourteenth Century.png


text:
Talk:Kenneth Rexroth

Bradford Morrow
I just re-added the link on Bradford Morrow - doesn't look like there's an article, but he seems sufficiently notable to merit one.

title: Talk:Kenneth Rexroth


text:
David Madson

David Madson may refer to:

 * David Madson, the birth name of Odd Nosdam, (born 1976), American underground hip hop producer, DJ and visual artist
 * David Madson, victim of the serial killer Andrew Cunanan

title: David Madson


text:
Brian O'Doherty

Brian O'Doherty (4 May 1928 – 7 November 2022) was an Irish-American art critic, writer, visual artist, and academic. He lived in New York City for over 50 years, serving as an art critic for The New York Times and NBC, as well as an editor for Art in America. He used a number of alter egos, including Patrick Ireland.

Early life and education
O'Doherty was born at Ballaghaderreen in County Roscommon in 1928, and grew up in Dublin. He studied medicine at University College Dublin, and did post-graduate work at Cambridge University and at the Harvard School of Public Health.

In 1957, O'Doherty spent a year working in a cancer hospital before devoting himself full-time to the visual arts. Speaking of his experience after Harvard:

"I first spent a year at Harvard when I came in 1957, doing all kinds of research. I got an MSc there, but I didn’t learn much. I switched from all things medical. I auditioned for a job as a television presenter at the Museum of Fine Arts from the Boston public television station, WGBH—TV. I would do a half-hour each week from the galleries on the museum collections, also interviews with artists – Marc Chagall, Jacques Lipchitz, Josef Albers, Walter Gropius, among others."

Career
In the 1960s, O'Doherty was an art critic for the New York Times. He commissioned Roland Barthes to write his "Death of the Author" essay for a special edition of Aspen magazine in 1967. He was also an editor of Art in America and an on-air art critic for NBC.

In his mid-career, O'Doherty began signing his work under the name "Patrick Ireland" in reaction to the Bloody Sunday killings in Derry in 1972. For many years, O'Doherty was an influential member of the senior staff of the National Endowment for the Arts; first as director of the Visual Arts Program, and subsequently as director of the Media Arts Program, where he was responsible for the creation of such major public television series as American Masters and Great Performances.

He authored numerous works of art criticism, including his books American Masters (1973) and Inside the White Cube: The Ideology of the Gallery Space (1976), a series of essays first published in Artforum. In the latter book, he discusses and invents the term for the contemporary gallery space. He also wrote novels: The Strange Case of Mademoiselle P. (1992), the 2000 Booker Prize-nominated The Deposition of Father McGreevy (1999), and The Crossdresser's Secret (2014). He had a retrospective at Dublin's Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art in 2005.

In 1975, after a visit to the home of Beverly Pepper in Todi, Italy, O'Doherty and his wife bought a vacation home in the town, and painted the plastered interior walls in vibrant colors. The house is now open for tours and is known as the Casa Dipinta of Todi.

On 20 May 2008, in recognition of the progress for peace in Ireland, O'Doherty ceremoniously buried his alter ego at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin, and resumed being called by his birth name.

In 2018, at the age of 90, O’Doherty was the subject of three exhibitions celebrating his work in his native Ireland, including the restoration of the room sized “One Here Now” installation he created at the Sirius Arts Centre in Cork in 1995-96.

In The modern art collection, Trinity College Dublin, David Scott writes that:

"Much influenced by Marcel Duchamp he is an essentially interrogative artist, constantly questioning artistic conventions and the assumptions on which we base our aesthetic judgements."

Personal life and death
For more than 30 years, O'Doherty was married to art historian and former chair of the Art History department at Barnard College, Barbara Novak. He lived and worked in the United States.

O'Doherty died at his home in New York on 7 November 2022, at the age of 94.

title: Brian O'Doherty


text:
Verne

Verne may refer to:

Surname

 * Jules Verne (1828–1905), French early science-fiction writer
 * Adela Verne (1877–1952), English pianist and minor composer
 * Kaaren Verne (1918–1967), German actress
 * Larry Verne (1936–2013), American novelty song singer
 * Mathilde Verne (1865–1936), English pianist and teacher, sister of Adela Verne
 * Michel Verne (1861–1925), writer, son of Jules Verne

Given name

 * Verne Duncan (born 1934), American politician
 * Verne Gagne (1926–2015), former professional wrestler and wrestling promoter
 * Verne Langdon (1941–2011), American mask maker, musician, magician, circus clown, make-up artist, and wrestler.
 * Verne Lewellen (1901–1980), American professional football player and general manager of the Green Bay Packers team
 * Verne Long (1925–2022), American politician and famer
 * Verne Lundquist (born 1940), journalist for CBS
 * Verne Meisner (1938–2005), American polka musician
 * Verne Orr (1916–2008), American businessman and 14th Secretary of the Air Force
 * Verne Sankey (1890–1934), American kidnapper and bank robber
 * Verne Troyer (1969–2018), American actor and stunt man
 * Verne Winchell (1915–2002), founder of Winchell's Donuts

Fictional characters

 * Verne Brown, in the film Back to the Future Part III
 * Verne, a turtle in the comic strip and animated film Over the Hedge
 * Verne, an alien aboard on the R.L.S. Legacy in Treasure Planet

Places

 * Verne, Indiana, United States
 * The Verne Citadel, a citadel on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England
 * The Verne (HM Prison), a prison on the citadel
 * Verne, Doubs, a commune of the Doubs département in France
 * Verne (crater), a lunar crater named after Jules Verne
 * Verne, Salzkotten, part of the town of Salzkotten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Other uses

 * Verne (grape), another name for the French wine grape Peloursin

title: Verne


text:
Princess Shruti of Nepal

Princess Shruti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah of Nepal (श्रुती राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह) (15 October 1976 – 1 June 2001) was the daughter of King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya, and sister of King Dipendra and Prince Nirajan.

Education
Princess Shruti studied at Kanti Ishwari Sishu Vidhyalaya in Tripureswar, Nepal, St. Mary's School in Kathmandu, Nepal, and later at Mayo College Girls School in Ajmer, India. She completed her bachelor's degree at Padma Kanya Campus in Nepal.

She was a meritorious painter.

Marriage and family
She was married to Kumar Gorakh Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, a member of the aristocratic Rana family of Nepal, descendants of Maharaja Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana. He is head of Global Banking and Commercial Banking for Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited.

They married on 7 May 1997 in Kathmandu. They had two daughters:

 * Girwani Rajya Lakshmi Devi Rana (born on 22 June 1998 at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital in Kathmandu).
 * Surangana Rajya Lakshmi Devi Rana (born on 21 October 2000 at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital in Kathmandu).

On 5 December 2008 in Kathmandu, Kumar Gorakh Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana married Deepti Chand, a humanities student at Kathmandu's Padma Kanya Multiple Campus, who is also the niece of former royalist prime minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand.

The name Shruti means "that which is heard".

Death
Princess Shruti, her mother, father, and brother Nirajan, and six other Royal relatives were killed in the Nepalese royal massacre on 1 June 2001.

Honours

 * National Honours
 * Member First Class of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu (29/12/1995).
 * Commemorative Silver Jubilee Medal of King Birendra (31/01/1997).
 * Bisista Sewa Padak [Special Service Medal] (1999).
 * Foreign Honours
 * 🇫🇷 France : Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour (20/09/1994).
 * 🇩🇪 Germany : Dame Grand Cross Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (25/11/1996).

title: Princess Shruti of Nepal


text:
Banaskantha district

Banaskantha district is one of the thirty-three districts of the Gujarat state of India. The administrative headquarters of the district is at Palanpur which is also its largest city. The district is located in the Northeast of Gujarat and is presumably named after the West Banas River which runs through the valley between Mount Abu and Aravalli Range, flowing to the plains of Gujarat in this region and towards the Rann of Kutch. The district is famous for the Ambaji temple which draws many tourists. It covers an area of 12703 km2 and is the second largest district in the state.

Geography
Banaskantha shares its borders with Rajasthan state in the North, Sabarkantha district in East, Kutch district in West and Patan district and Mehsana district in the South.

Taluka
There are 14 talukas of Banaskantha district; Palanpur, Danta, Vadgam, Amirgadh, Dantiwada, Deesa, Dhanera, Kankrej, Diyodar, Bhabhar, Vav, Tharad, Suigam and Lakhni

Villages
The villages of Idar and Abu are also situated in Banaskantha. This place is also where the Aravalli Mountain range is located.

Economy
The economy of the district is based on agro & food Processing, tourism, textile, and mineral based industries (ceramics). The food processing industry in the district has attracted 57% of the total investment in the district over the last two decades. The district ranks first in the Country in milk production, the Asia's Largest Dairy Cooperative under the Brandname of AMUL is Banaskantha District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Ltd., Palanpur known as Banas Dairy procuring almost 59,58,134 Lit. Milk on 15.01.2018 as Peak receipt. The Banaskantha is also first District having highest Cold Supply Chain of Milk by installing 1280 bulk milk chilling units procuring almost >90% milk as raw chilled milk & rest 10% in cans. Banaskantha District has 1,060 village dairy cooperatives. Societies certified as per ISO 9001 : QMS Standard. The district ranks first in the state in the production of vegetables contributing nearly 17.67% to the total vegetable production of Gujarat. It is the largest producer of potatoes in the state. Bajri, Maize, Tobacco, Castor oil, Jowar, Psyllium are the other major crops of the district. It is also one of the leading producers of Isabgul (Psyllium husk) in the country. It is also the 3rd largest producer of oil seeds in the state after Junagadh district and Jamnagar district.

The district has rich mineral reserves including limestone, marble, granite, building stone, and china clay. It accounts for almost the entire marble reserves (99.3%) of Gujarat and contributes about 15% to the total production of limestone in the state.

Banaskantha District Central Co-operative Bank is one of the most important banks of Gujarat.

It has got prestigious State Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. The main agriculture is of Bajra crops.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Banaskantha one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the six districts in Gujarat currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Banaskantha district has a population of 3,120,506, roughly equal to the nation of Mongolia or the US state of Iowa. This gives it a ranking of 111th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 290 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 24.43%. Banaskantha has a sex ratio of 936 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 66.39%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 10.49% and 9.11% of the population respectively.

Language
According to the 2011 Census of India, 96.35% of the population in the district spoke Gujarati and 0.91% Hindi as their first language.

Politics

 * }

Notable people

 * Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel, Founder Chairman of Banas Dairy
 * Nathabhai Patel, Former MLA of Dhanera Assembly constituency
 * Parthi Bhatol, Politician & Former Chairman of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (Amul); Former Banas Dairy Chairman
 * Chandrakant Bakshi, author born in Palanpur.
 * Parbatbhai Patel, MP from Banaskantha; Former Minister of State Water Resources (Independent Charge), Water Supply, Government of Gujarat
 * Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary, former Minister of State of Home Affairs and former MP for Banaskantha
 * Harisinh Chavda, former MP for Banaskantha
 * B. K. Gadhvi, former MP and Minister of State, Banaskantha
 * Mukesh Gadhvi, former MP for Banaskantha
 * Shankar Chaudhary, Speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly & Chairman of Banas Dairy and Banas Bank
 * Jayasimha Siddharaja, ruler of Gujarat from the Chaulukya dynasty; great-grandfather of Prithviraj Chauhan
 * Pranav Mistry, inventor of Sixthsense and vice president of Samsung, USA
 * Ranchordas Pagi, scout for the Indian Army during the 1965 and 1971 war
 * Mehul Choksi, Diamond merchant
 * Nirav Modi, Diamond merchant
 * Bharat Shah, Bollywood film producer
 * Dineshchandra R. Agrawal, Chairman & MD (CMD) of DRA Infracon
 * Gautam Adani, Chairman of Adani Enterprises
 * Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer
 * Jignesh Mevani, MLA of Vadgam Assembly constituency, Gujarat

title: Banaskantha district


text:
Matthew Turner (physician)

Matthew Turner (died 1788), a Liverpool physician, is considered (for example by Berman, 1990) to be the author or co-author of the 1782 pamphlet, Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever, the first published work of avowed atheism in Britain. Turner was also a pioneer in the use of ether for medical purposes, and wrote a pamphlet on the subject. In a footnote, Turner was the man who introduced Josiah Wedgwood to Thomas Bentley in Liverpool, a friendship which led to the formation of the company that produced the famous pottery.

Turner was a friend of Peter Perez Burdett and his scientific knowledge was referred to Joseph Wright of Derby when he constructed his painting of The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus in 1771 which is now in Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

title: Matthew Turner (physician)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hubert Yin

Hubert Yin was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

I'm sure Hubert is a really nice, smart guy. But so far he doesn't seem to have done anything encyclopedic. Gsd97jks 22:24, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete with wiki love, vanity. Wyss 22:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fully qualified vanity. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:19, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. --fvw *  23:41, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete: When he is a P.I. on some projects that make headlines, he'll be encyclopedic, but not yet. Geogre 02:31, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sorry, dude—Trevor Caira 03:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't pass the average professor test.  Doesn't even seem to be a professor yet. Gamaliel 06:26, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the author wants to create an account, this would be a suitable user page. But as for the article namespace, it must be deleted. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 09:05, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pan-American Highway (route)

Pan-American Highway (route) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP & rename

 * Keep Delete it, but needs a history section and lots of cleanup . Wyss 22:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by history? The history I could find of the highway is at Pan-American Highway. At best, I'd say to put a list of cities on the PAH in the main article. Even then, there are so many spurs that I'm not about to do it. If anyone else does it, note that most of the route above Mexico City is incorrect; there is no official PAH in the US or Canada, and Mexico 40 between Mazatlan and Monterrey is not part of the PAH (unless it has been changed since the early days; I'd love some sort of accurate reference on the PAH routes without having to go through old New York Times articles and vague descriptions in other encyclopedias. --SPUI 23:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Marginal delete. Seems to be very speculative.  If this can be resolved I will change my vote. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:08, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article was kept separate from the main Pan-American Highway due to its sheer size. To throw the entire article out simply due to Canada and the United States's inability to define an official, single stretch of the Pan-American Highway does not invalidate the entire article. Like many Wikipedia articles, it is a work in progress and needs to be cleaned up. Note also that the Pan-American Highway is as much a concept as it is a concrete highway, but this doesn't mean it does not exist and cannot be traced at all. If SPUI isn't about to list spurs of the route, then why is he so interested in deleting the article (as opposed to fixing it/helping to clean it up)? SPUI is also a known member of the GNAA trolling organization, and this seems to be a borderline troll rather than constructive reasons for deleting the article in question. Bumm13 17:20, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's right. I am in the GNAA. I am also a legit editor. Look at the main Pan-American Highway article and tell me what should be kept from the (route) article that's not already in there. Don't throw around personal attacks, you tiny-cocked honkey. --SPUI 23:49, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment InfoPlease has an article on this. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ] ]] 01:13, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Much of which is in Pan-American Highway. --SPUI 01:55, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is an article about a route that, by its own admission, does not exist. Instead, it's a suggestion of where the Panamerican Highway could go in the US. As such, it's a combination of speculation and original research. It might make sense on Wikitravel, especially given the writing style. It's not appropriate here. Delete or transwiki to Wikitravel. Cdc 22:21, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It does exist outside the US. Would suggest renaming the detailed bits Pan-American Highway (northern route) and Pan-American Highway (southern route) or something more descriptive than (route) and (route part 2). Niteowlneils 02:39, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm curious - what do you think belongs on WP in that article that's not in Pan-American Highway? --SPUI 03:08, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Pan-American Highway (route part 2)
This reads like a travel guide, not an encylopedia article. It also has factual errors, not always following the main highway. And it's incomplete. Anyway, I added a lot more information to Pan-American Highway, including everything I feel should be kept from the route pages. --SPUI 22:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-encyclopedic (worse, not interestingly written). Wyss 22:44, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Basically same as my comments on Pan-American Highway (route). This article was kept separate from the main Pan-American Highway due to its sheer size. Unlike Pan-American Highway (route), I simply haven't finished this article's content yet (it's a time-consuming process). Like many Wikipedia articles, it is a work in progress and needs to be cleaned up. If SPUI isn't about to list spurs of the route, then why is he so interested in deleting the article (as opposed to fixing it/helping to clean it up)? SPUI is also a known member of the GNAA trolling organization, and this seems to be a borderline troll rather than constructive reasons for deleting the article in question. Bumm13 17:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No poisoning the well, please. "He's a GNAA member so I'd like everyone to consider the possibility that this is a troll" is not constructive. (And if this were a troll, it would be a pretty poor one.) 82.92.119.11 22:37, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, after reading Deletion policy I'm wondering if I should have just replaced the pages with redirects to Pan-American Highway. Specifically, "Such a minor branch of a subject that it doesn't deserve an article - Merge the useful content into a more comprehensive article and redirect". --SPUI 08:59, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It does exist outside the US. Would suggest renaming the detailed bits Pan-American Highway (northern route) and Pan-American Highway (southern route) or something more descriptive than (route) and (route part 2). Niteowlneils 02:39, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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Lanyon Quoit

Lanyon Quoit is a dolmen in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, 2 miles southeast of Morvah. It collapsed in a storm in 1815 and was re-erected nine years later, and as a result the dolmen is now very different from its original appearance.

Location
Lanyon Quoit is located northwest of Penzance on the road between Madron and Morvah. It stands 50 metres to the east of the road.

700 metres to the west lie the remains of another dolmen known as West Lanyon Quoit.

Description
Lanyon Quoit currently has three support stones which stand to a height of 1.5 metres. These bear a capstone which is 5.5 metres long, and which weighs more than 12 tonnes.

In the eighteenth century the quoit had four supporting stones and the structure was tall enough for a person on horseback to ride under. On 19 October 1815, Lanyon Quoit fell down in a storm. Nine years later enough money was raised by local inhabitants to re-erect the structure, under the guidance of Captain Giddy of the Royal Navy. One of the original stones was considered too badly damaged to put back in place, thus there are only three uprights today and the structure does not stand so high as it once did. One of the uprights was turned at right-angles when the quoit was re-erected, but that is the only part of it which had its orientation changed. The cap stone is still aligned much as it was before the monument fell. The quoit lies at the north end of a long barrow 26 metres long and 12 metres wide. The barrow, which is covered by grass and bracken, is damaged and its outline is difficult to see. At the south end of the barrow are some more large stones that may be the remains of one or more cists.

Investigations
In 1769 William Borlase described the megalithic site for the first time in a publication, illustrated with etchings in which the Lanyon Quoit's design and floor plan has a different look from today, given changes made following its 1815 collapse. Lanyon Quoit collapsed in a storm in 1815 and was re-erected in 1824.

An etching from 1857 by R. T. Pentreath shows the megaliths in their present arrangement. A similar drawing appears in the 1864 book A Week at the Land's End by John Thomas Blight.

In 1872 William Copeland Borlase, a descendant of the earlier Borlase, conducted further investigations and excavations were carried out. He reproduced the etchings of his ancestor and found them much more valuable than any other contemporary sketch since the monument had been subjected to such considerable change.

In 1952 the then owner Edward Bolitho from Tregwainton donated the plot of land with the monument to the National Trust.

title: Lanyon Quoit


text:
1963 (song)

"1963" is a track by English rock group New Order. It was originally released as a B-side to "True Faith" in 1987 and appeared on the Substance compilation of the same year. It was then released as a single in January 1995, in a radio mix by Arthur Baker.

"1963"'s B-sides are all remixes of the title track or songs previously released.

Lyrics
In New Order Music 1981–89, the band's lyricist Bernard Sumner writes a tongue-in-cheek account of the song's lyrics that relate it to the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy. Sumner facetiously theorises that Kennedy arranged for Lee Harvey Oswald to shoot his wife so that "J.F. could do one with M. Monroe". Monroe commits suicide when Oswald hits the wrong target (in reality, Marilyn Monroe died in 1962, over a year before the assassination took place) and Oswald is later shot by his boss (implied to be Jack Ruby), for "doing such a bad job and causing his hit-man business to go bust."

The producer Stephen Hague has referred to the song as "the only song about domestic violence that you can dance to."

Versions
The original 1987 version ended in a fade-out while repeating the last line of the outro, "I will always feel free". The "94 album mix", also included on the international edition of (The Best of) New Order as "1963-94", had all new orchestration and is similar in structure to the original version, except that the outro is removed and replaced with a repeat of the final bridge and chorus, faded out. The 1995 Arthur Baker remix restores the original outro, and, instead of fading out, has a cold ending after four repeats of the last line.

An alternate mix of "1963-94" appeared on the 2005 Singles compilation, while the 2016 re-release of Singles features the Arthur Baker remix.

Music video
The video for the single's release, featuring the "95 Arthur Baker Radio remix", was directed by Gina Birch and produced by Michael H. Shamberg. It depicts British comic actress Jane Horrocks waking up in a box in the countryside and walking to the city. Jane's suitcase becomes bigger in each camera take, eventually growing to the size of the box she initially emerged from before she climbs inside.

title: 1963 (song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of company registers

List of company registers was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Although the name says it is a list of "company registers" it is really just a list of countries by continent which more or less duplicates List of countries by continent. Paul August ☎ 22:29, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, don't see this blossoming into something useful. --fvw *  23:42, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's a spamulator. Wyss 02:51, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.