text:
Talk:Furl.net

from VfD:

No evidence of notability given. Tuf-Kat 18:07, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC) (talk) 01:55, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) end moved discussion
 * Delete. Not notable, little more than a link. Cdc 22:51, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Results 1 - 10 of about 1,140,000 for "furl.net". [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 00:31, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Which just goes to show google hits isn't everything. Delete. --fvw *  02:21, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Delete: I shouldn't be surprised that a page caching service gets a lot of hits. This is one of those topics that probably biases a Google search.  Reason for my vote is that it is a web service article, and we are not a web guide except for those services that require discussion and contextualizing.  Geogre 05:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstaining for now. Would like to see evidence of notability presented in this article.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:19, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. AtonX 23:24, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (natch). So you haven't heard of furl.net yet. And this is reason to delete the entry, how? Dan100 23:37, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Alexa ranking is currently running at about 8,000. Given the type of site this is, though, I'm not sure that's any better a guide than the google ranking.  None of the google hits in the first 10 pages (all I reviewed) amounted to anything substantial - a few press releases and lots of blogs.  Merge and redirect to the parent company, LookSmart.  (To answer User:Dan100's question, the reason to delete is that articles about virtually unknown topics do not have the critical mass of reader/editors necessary to make sure that they are kept verifiable and NPOV and that they will be monitored for subtle vandalism.)  Rossami
 * Agree that a merge with and redirect to LookSmart would be best. Thanks for the clarification, Rossami. Perhaps a paragraph explaining that could be added to the deletion policy page. Dan100 18:14, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I see nothing notable here. Indrian 06:16, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * DeleteNothing noteworthy.Red dwarf
 * keep Yuckfoo 07:45, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Furl is a useful web service, with many thousands of users. Give the article time to develop, please. The redirect for Furl and furl.net should go to the article Furl, not the article LookSmart. Links between the two articles have now been added.  Alexa rank for furl.net is about 2,000 and rising. GeoFan49 03:55, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Furl.net


text:
Thomas Usk

Thomas Usk (died 4 March 1388) was appointed the under-sheriff of London by Richard II in 1387. His service in this role was brief and he was hanged in the following year.

His life
Born in London, Usk was a petty bureaucrat, scrivener, and author. The Westminster Chronicle records his inglorious death.

Author of The Testament of Love and Contemporary of Chaucer
Born in London, he is the author of The Testament of Love, which was once thought to be by Geoffrey Chaucer. Usk was a Collector of Customs from 1381 to 1384, when Geoffrey Chaucer was the Comptroller of Customs. If they were not familiar with each other, Usk at least was familiar with Chaucer's poetry. In The Testament of Love, the god of Love praises "mine own true servant, the noble philosophical poet in English" who had written a poem on Troilus (i.e. Chaucer).

Informant
Usk had been servant to John Northampton when the latter was Lord Mayor of London from 1381 to 1383. In 1384, he was arrested and released in exchange for informing against Northampton, for he had no desire, he said, to be "a stinking martyr." This earned him the enmity of the party led by the Duke of Gloucester.

Imprisonment, appeal and execution
When Gloucester's party gained power through the Merciless Parliament Usk was prosecuted in 1388 and sentenced to be drawn, hanged, and beheaded, with his head put up over Newgate.

The Testament of Love is an allegorical prose work written in prison to seek aid. Walter Skeat found that the initial letters of the sections formed an acrostic saying, "MARGARET OF VIRTU HAVE MERCI ON TSKNVI." Properly decoded, the last word is "THINUSK," or "thin[e] Usk."

Usk had been a Lollard, but he was brought back to the Roman Catholic Church while in prison. He was hanged at Tyburn in March 1388, and after his body was taken down it was decapitated after thirty strokes of the axe.

Works

 * The Testament of Love Ed. by R. Allen Shoaf. TEAMS Middle English Text Series.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thomas Usk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeff Nomura

Jeff Nomura
Jeff Nomura was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Just some guy, nothing notable except that he's a long-haired Asian man who claims to be an invertebrate. Tuf-Kat 18:10, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems like quite a nice guy, and this seems to be former or current students' tribute to him. Alas that Wikipedia isn't the place for such tributes.  Regretted, but Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 20:10, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure this same article was deleted previously under a different name. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 21:39, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. If someone can verify that the same thing was deleted previously then it can be speedy'd. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 00:39, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone can give some proof he's an invertebrate. --fvw *  02:10, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Awwwww, how sweet! Gold stars to the students.  Now, delete this as a prank.   (I, too, remember this being deleted previously, but I can't find it.)  Geogre 05:16, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The tipoff for me was him being compared to a degu...That's not terribly common, so if anybody can take it from there... [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 07:02, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. There was an article about "Jeffrey T. Nomura" that was deleted a few months ago.  I remember it well.  It wasn't the same article as this one but it was obviously about the same person.  The anon responsible let fly a whole mess of vandalism and personal attacks. - Lucky 6.9 17:28, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Aha! That was it!  Jeffery T Nomura was the VfD'd article, but it wasn't nearly this good.  I remember the stink it raised, too.  Since it's not the same article, I guess it can't really be speedied.  Geogre 19:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nuts. My vote stands anyway.  :^)  Anyway, this must be our week for the Graveyard Of Forgotten Speedies.  There's a reposting of Terry_Kavanagh further up the page that's a dead ringer for the Terry Kavanagh that was VfD'd a few months ago. - Lucky 6.9 22:59, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Who cares whether the man is invertabrate (sp?) or not?

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.202.184.191

title: User talk:68.202.184.191


text:
Siege of Ladysmith

The siege of Ladysmith was a protracted engagement in the Second Boer War, taking place between 2 November 1899 and 28 February 1900 at Ladysmith, Natal.

Background
As war with the Boer republics appeared likely in June 1899, the War Office in Britain dispatched a total of 15,000 troops to Natal, expecting that if war broke out they would be capable of defending the colony until reinforcements could be mobilized and sent to South Africa by steamship. Some of these troops were diverted while returning to Britain from India; others were sent from garrisons in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. Lieutenant General Sir George White was appointed to command this enlarged force. White was 64 years old and suffered from a leg injury incurred in a riding accident. Having served mainly in India, he had little previous experience in South Africa.

Outbreak of war
Contrary to the advice of several British officials such as Sir Alfred Milner, the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, the Boer governments were not over-awed by the despatch of British troops to Natal. Instead, they regarded it as evidence of Britain's determination to seize control of the Boer republics. The Transvaal government under President Paul Kruger considered launching an attack in September, but President Steyn of the Orange Free State, who would later become the spiritual heart of the Boer resistance, dissuaded them for several weeks while he tried to act as intermediary. With the complete breakdown in negotiations, both republics declared war and attacked on 12 October.

A total of 21,000 Boers advanced into Natal from all sides. White had been advised to deploy his force far back, well clear of the area of northern Natal known as the "Natal Triangle", a wedge of land lying between the two Boer republics. Instead, White deployed his forces around the garrison town of Ladysmith, with a detachment even further forward at Dundee. The entire British force could concentrate only after fighting two battles at Talana Hill and Elandslaagte. As the Boers surrounded Ladysmith, White ordered a sortie by his entire force to capture the Boer artillery. The result was the disastrous Battle of Ladysmith, in which the British were driven back into the town having lost 1,200 men killed, wounded, or captured.

Siege
The Boers then proceeded to surround Ladysmith and cut the railway link to Durban. Major General John French and his chief of staff, Major Douglas Haig escaped on the last train to leave, which was riddled with bullets.

This town was then besieged for 118 days. White knew that large reinforcements were arriving, and could communicate with British units south of the Tugela River by searchlight and heliograph. He expected relief soon. Meanwhile, his troops carried out several raids and sorties to sabotage Boer artillery.

Louis Botha commanded the Boer detachment which first raided Southern Natal, and then dug in north of the Tugela to hold off the relief force. On 15 December 1899, the first relief attempt was defeated at the Battle of Colenso. Temporarily unnerved, the relief force commander, General Redvers Henry Buller, suggested that White either break out or destroy his stores and ammunition and surrender. White could not break out because his horses and draught animals were weak from lack of grazing and forage, but also refused to surrender.

On Christmas Day 1899, the Boers fired into Ladysmith a carrier shell without fuze, which contained a Christmas pudding, two Union Flags and the message "compliments of the season". The shell is still kept in the museum at Ladysmith.

Battle of Wagon Hill (or Platrand)
The Boers around Ladysmith were also growing weak from lack of forage. With little action, many fighters took unauthorised leave or brought their families into the siege encampments. Eventually, with the Tugela in flood, preventing Buller from giving any support, some younger Boer leaders persuaded General Piet Joubert to order a storming attempt on the night of 5 January 1900, before another relief attempt could be made.

The British line south of Ladysmith ran along a ridge known as the Platrand. The occupying British troops had named its features Wagon Hill to the west and to the east Caesar's Camp (after features near Aldershot, well known to much of the British army). Under Ian Hamilton, they had constructed a line of forts, sangars and entrenchments on the reverse slope of the Platrand, of which the Boers were unaware.

In the early hours of 6 January 1900, Boer storming parties under General C.J. de Villiers began climbing Wagon Hill and Caesar's Camp. They were spotted and engaged by British working parties who were emplacing some guns. The Boers captured the edge of both features, but could not advance further. British counter-attacks also failed.

At noon, de Villiers made another attack on Wagon Hill. Some exhausted defenders panicked and fled, but Hamilton led reserves to the spot and recaptured some empty gun pits. Late in the afternoon, a terrific rainstorm broke, and the Boers withdrew under cover of it.

The British suffered 175 killed and 249 wounded. 52 dead Boers were left in the British positions, but their total casualties were not recorded.

Later siege and relief

While Buller made repeated attempts to fight his way across the Tugela, the defenders of Ladysmith suffered increasingly from shortage of food and other supplies, and from disease, mainly enteric fever or typhoid, which claimed among many others, the life of noted war correspondent G.W. Steevens. The Boers had long before captured Ladysmith's water supply, and the defenders could use only the muddy Klip River.

Towards the end of the siege, the garrison and townsfolk were living largely on their remaining draught oxen and horses (mainly in the form of "chevril", a meat paste named after the commercial beef extract "Bovril").

Eventually, Buller broke through the Boer positions on 27 February. Following their succession of reverses, his troops had developed effective tactics based on close cooperation between the infantry and artillery. After the protracted struggle, the morale of Botha's men at last broke and they and the besiegers retreated, covered by another huge thunderstorm. Buller did not pursue, and White's men were too weak to do so.

The first party of the relief column, under Major Hubert Gough and accompanied by war correspondent Winston Churchill, rode in on the evening of 28 February. White reportedly greeted them saying, "Thank God we kept the flag flying".

Aftermath

The relief was widely celebrated, followed by much larger celebrations after the siege of Mafeking. There were four Victoria Crosses awarded during the siege: John Norwood on 30 October 1899, at Wagon Hill on 6 January 1900, Herman Albrecht and Robert James Thomas Digby-Jones (who both died), and James Edward Ignatius Masterson.

Medical treatment during the siege
Early in the siege an agreement between George Stuart White and Piet Joubert led to the creation of the neutral Intombi Military Hospital some 5 km outside Ladysmith. This was run by Major General (later Sir) David Bruce and his wife Mary. During the siege, the number of beds in the hospital camp grew from the initial 100 to a total of 1900. A total of 10,673 admissions were received and treated at Intombi. One train per day was allowed to carry wounded from Ladysmith to Intombi.

Notable casualties during the siege

 * Arthur Stark, author of The Birds of South Africa, was killed after being hit by an unexploded Boer shell in the Royal Hotel.
 * George Warrington Steevens, British author and war correspondent, of enteric fever.

title: Siege of Ladysmith


text: User talk:68.150.130.108

title: User talk:68.150.130.108


text:
Hindustani Lal Sena

Hindustani Lal Sena (हिन्दुस्तानि लाल सेना, 'Indian Red Army') was an anticolonial guerrilla group in India. It was formed on 13 April 1939 (on the anniversary day of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre). It was founded by Maganlal Bagdi and Pandit Shyam Narain Kashmiri along with their associates.

In Calcutta, 1943, a secret plan of subversion was planned on the advice of many national leaders. The plan was to blow away the railway route from the cave located between Nagpur and Bombay, with a dynamite blurring so that the contact with a large part of Bombay was broken. For successful execution of the plan it was necessary to take the support of the revolutionaries of Nagpur. At that time the great revolutionary of the Nagpur was the founder of‘Hindustan Red Army’, Maganlal Bagdi. Bhanwarmal Singhi along with Prabhudayal Vidyarthi, a close associate of Gandhi, went to Nagpur to meet Maganlal Bagdi. who assured him to give them full support.

title: Hindustani Lal Sena


text:
Magersfontein

The Magersfontein battlefield is a site of the Battle of Magersfontein (11 December 1899), part of the Second Boer War in South Africa. The battlefield is located at -28.97306°N, 24.69827°W south of Kimberley, Northern Cape Province, South Africa and can be reached either via the airport road (31.5 km), or by national road via the Modder River (47.5 km).

title: Magersfontein


text:
Republican Turkish Party

The Republican Turkish Party (Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi, CTP) is a social-democratic political party in Northern Cyprus. The party was founded in 1970 by Ahmet Mithat Berberoğlu, a lawyer, in opposition to the leadership of Fazıl Küçük and Rauf Denktaş.

On 30 June 2008, the Republican Turkish Party became a consultative member of the Socialist International (voted in by all members except the Greek Cypriot Movement for Social Democracy). It became a full member of the organization in 2014.

Policies and ideology
The CTP is a social democratic political party, positioned on the centre-left on the political spectrum. The party espoused a pro-Soviet stance during the Cold War, especially under the leadership of Özker Özgür. However, the party never described itself as explicitly communist. Under Özgür, the party held rapprochement meetings with the Greek-Cypriot dominated leftist party of Cyprus, the Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL). Under Mehmet Ali Talat, the party shifted towards its current moderate leftist position.

On the Cyprus dispute, the CTP traditionally favours a pragmatic approach, and supports the reunification of the island. During the presidency of former CTP leader Mehmet Ali Talat, the party led reunification talks with the Republic of Cyprus.

20th century
The Republican Turkish Party was established in 1970 by Ahmet Mithat Berberoğlu, in opposition to Rauf Denktaş, and later his National Unity Party (UBP). The CTP was further vocally opposed to Fazıl Küçük, who served as the first Vice President of the Republic of Cyprus. The CTP was led by Özker Özgür between 1976 and 1996; Özgür also served as Deputy prime minister in the aftermath of the 1993 legislative election.

21st century
Mehmet Ali Talat became party leader in 1996, taking over from Özgür. Under his leadership, the party lost seven seats in the 1998 elections, becoming the fourth largest party in Northern Cyprus. However, in 2003, he led the party to victory, scoring over 35% of the vote, and taking 19 of the 50 seats in the Assembly of the Republic. The following year, Talat formed a government and became prime minister on 13 January 2004. He stepped down in 2005, after winning that year's presidential election; he went on to serve a single term as President of Northern Cyprus, until 2010. During his presidency, Talat conducted weekly meetings with the Greek Cypriot president, Demetris Christofias. The two leaders discussed issues such as power-sharing, armed forces, land ownership, and other problems that would arise in the event of reunification of the island.

Ferdi Sabit Soyer served as leader of the CTP for a certain period, and became prime minister in April 2005 after Talat's presidential victory, serving until May 2009. The CTP lost the 2009 legislative election to the National Unity Party, and entered into opposition in the Assembly of the Republic.

After winning the 2013 elections with 38% of the vote and 21 seats, the CTP chairman Özkan Yorgancıoğlu, in office since 2011, became prime minister of Northern Cyprus on 2 September 2013. His government also included the rightist Democratic Party (DP). In the 2015 presidential elections, CTP fielded Sibel Siber as their candidate. However, Siber took just under 23% of the vote, and was eliminated in the first round of voting. As a result, Özkan Yorgancıoğlu resigned as prime minister two months later; Ömer Kalyoncu, also of the CTP, then formed a grand coalition with the National Unity Party. On 16 April 2016, the CTP government was ousted by a coalition led by Hüseyin Özgürgün, consisting of the National Unity Party and the Democrats, who together ruled Northern Cyprus as a minority government until 2018.

The Republican Turkish Party was returned to power following the 2018 elections. Despite dropping from 38% of the popular vote and first place in 2013 to only 21% and second place, the party was able to put together a four-party coalition, which also included the People's Party, the Communal Democracy Party and the Democratic Party, and held 27 of the 50 seats in parliament. The leader of CTP, Tufan Erhürman, was appointed Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus by President Mustafa Akıncı on 2 February 2018.

Leaders of the Republican Turkish Party

 * Ahmet Mithat Berberoğlu (27 December 1970 – 31 October 1976)
 * Özker Özgür (31 October 1976 – 14 January 1996)
 * Mehmet Ali Talat (14 January 1996 – 21 May 2005)
 * Ferdi Sabit Soyer (21 May 2005 – 5 June 2011)
 * Özkan Yorgancıoğlu (5 June 2011 – 14 June 2015)
 * Mehmet Ali Talat (14 June 2015 – 13 November 2016)
 * Tufan Erhürman (13 November 2016 – present)

title: Republican Turkish Party


text:
Les Trois Accords

Les Trois Accords is a Canadian rock band from Drummondville, Québec. The band released their first album, Gros Mammouth Album, in 2003. In 2004, Gros Mammouth Album Turbo (certified Platinum by the Music Canada ) was released with two extra tracks, "Loin d'ici" and "Turbo Sympathique". In 2006, they released their second album, entitled Grand champion international de course (certified Gold by the Music Canada).

History
The band was originally formed in 1997 by Olivier Benoit and Simon Proulx. The band's current members are:

 * Pierre-Luc Boisvert (Bass; Joined in 2001)
 * Charles Dubreuil (Drums and percussion; Joined in 2001)
 * Alexandre Parr (Guitars, vocals; Joined in 1999)
 * Simon Proulx (Vocalist, guitars)

In September 2005, Les Trois Accords were an opening act for The Rolling Stones in Moncton, New Brunswick. The concert drew an estimated 75,000 spectators.

Founding member Olivier Benoit left in 2009 to become the group's manager.

Studio albums

 * Gros mammouth album (2003)
 * Gros mammouth album turbo (2004) (updated version)
 * Grand champion international de course (2006)
 * En beau country (2008)
 * Dans mon corps (2009)
 * J'aime ta grand-mère (2012)
 * Joie d'être gai (2015)
 * Beaucoup de plaisir (2018)
 * Présence D'esprit (2022)

title: Les Trois Accords


text:
Talk:Batman (1989 film)

Prince on soundtrac- June 2022
The Prince music pushed sales greatly, yet he’s not mentioned.

2600:8807:405E:B800:619B:19B2:CAF3:1A25 (talk) 14:51, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 14:56, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 July 2022
Please add the following template to the article:

2601:241:300:B610:7D07:2974:4F71:665E (talk) 01:58, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ MadGuy7023 (talk) 19:41, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Casting
Hi! I can't find any reference to Kevin Costner as possibile Batman in the notes/links available 151.42.208.66 (talk) 15:59, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Tim Burton's/Joel Schumacher's Batman
Template:Tim Burton's/Joel Schumacher's Batman has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. InfiniteNexus (talk) 03:54, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Typo
The caption for the frame from the end of the film says "climatic" when the intended word is "climactic." The page is locked for editing so I can't go in and fix it. Someone please fix this error. 2600:1700:67A8:230:29E7:B25F:7FF3:5DA2 (talk) 03:39, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ DonQuixote (talk) 13:01, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batman (1989 film)


text:
Eyachtal Span

The Eyachtal Span is the crossing of the Eyach valley with a 110 kV line in Neuenbürg and Höfen an der Enz in the Black Forest in Germany.

Description
The Eyachtal Span was built in 1992. With a span of 1444 metres, it is the greatest span of a power line in Germany. The pylons on which the Eyach Span is fixed are 70 metres high and located on Heuberg and Eiberg.

title: Eyachtal Span


text:
Laysan finch

The Laysan finch (Telespiza cantans) is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper, that is endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It is one of four remaining finch-billed Hawaiian honeycreepers and is closely related to the smaller Nihoa finch. The Laysan finch is named for Laysan, the island to which it was endemic on its discovery. It was subsequently introduced to a few other atolls, and its historical range included some of the main islands.

Description
The Laysan finch is a large honeycreeper with a heavy bill. Overall the male has yellow plumage with a whitish belly and a grey neck. The female is duller than the male, with brown streaking. It is almost impossible to confuse the Laysan finch with any other bird in the field as it is the only passerine species found on the few islands it lives on.

Range
On its discovery, the Laysan finch was an endemic resident of the small island of Laysan, along with the Laysan rail (Porzana palmeri), the Laysan honeycreeper (Himatione fraithii), the Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis), and the Laysan millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris). Populations were introduced to several islands, including Pearl and Hermes Atoll, where the species persists, and Midway Atoll, where it survived until the introduction of rats. The fossil record shows that the finch once had a greater range in Hawaii, reaching as far as Oahu, and that birds on Laysan represent a relict population.

Behavior
The Laysan finch nests in vegetation, laying three eggs in a cup-shaped nest. These are incubated for 16 days by the female, the male in turn feeding the female. The chicks fledge after three weeks and are cared for by the parents for another three weeks.

The Laysan finch is a generalist, feeding on seeds, small insects, fruit, carrion (of seabirds and Hawaiian monk seals), and the eggs of nesting seabirds. While unable to break into the eggs of the larger seabirds (such as albatross and boobies) they will scavenge from them. They actively take the eggs of smaller seabirds such as those of white tern (Gygis alba) and the endemic Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis).

Conservation
The Laysan finch is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN because of its highly restricted range and vulnerability to extremes of weather, and it is considered endangered by the State of Hawaii and U.S. government. It survived the devastating effects of the introduction of domestic rabbits on Laysan Island (unlike the Laysan millerbird, honeycreeper and rail) by taking carrion and seabird eggs. However, this caused their population to shrink to fewer than 100 individuals and the bottleneck caused a reduction in genetic diversity that may have put the species at increased risk of extinction. The birds also suffered a loss of heterozygosity following founding events on other islands which may have caused an accumulation of deleterious recessive alleles in the populations.

Laysan is now part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. The population is considered stable with the biggest threat being uncontrollable climate change.

title: Laysan finch


text: User talk:68.163.254.194

title: User talk:68.163.254.194


text:
Kroonstad

Kroonstad (Afrikaans directly translated "Crown City"), also known as Maokeng, is the fourth largest town in the Free State (after Bloemfontein, Welkom and Bethlehem) and lies two hours' drive on the N1 from Gauteng. It is the second-largest commercial and urban centre in the Northern Free State (after Welkom), and an important railway junction on the main line from Cape Town to Johannesburg. Maokeng is Sesotho and means "place of the thorn trees (mimosa trees)".

History
Kroonstad was established in 1855 by the Irish pioneer Joseph Orpen, and was the first founded after the independence of the Orange Free State. While Kroon means "crown", this was in fact the name of a horse that had drowned in the nearby ford. A lover of animals, Orpen had witnessed the incident, and named the infant settlement in honour of the unfortunate creature. Similarly, the ford in question came to be known as Kroondrift.

During the Second Boer War, from 13 March to 11 May 1900, the city became the capital of the Orange Free State, and subsequently the site of a concentration camp to contain Boer women and children.

Economy
The main industry of Kroonstad is agriculture. It is the centre of a rich agricultural district, producing maize, wheat, dairy and meat products and wool. The Bloemhoek Dam lies just east of the town and supplies much of its water needs. A caravan park and many more camp sites on the banks of the willow-lined Vals River (Valsrivier) are frequented by anglers and watersport enthusiasts.

Leisure
Leisure opportunities are plentiful in Kroonstad, where visitors can enjoy golf on the 18-hole course in the town, lion tours and interaction with lion and tiger cubs at the Boskoppie Lion and Tiger Park, fishing in the well stocked Vals River or on the Bloemhoek Dam, and boating on the Serfontein Dam. Horseriding, gliding and hiking trails are also available.

Road
Kroonstad lies directly on the N1, which bypasses the town centre to the east (to Johannesburg in the north and Bloemfontein in the south). Other regional roads in the town are the R34 to Odendaalsrus in the south-west and Heilbron in the east, the R76 to Steynsrus in the south-east and Viljoenskroon in the north-west, the R721 to Vredefort in the north-west and the R82 to Sasolburg in the north-east.

Rail
Kroonstad Railway Station serves the town and is located on the important railway junction from Cape Town to Johannesburg via Bloemfontein.

On 4 January 2018, a passenger train, operated by Shosholoza Meyl, collided with a truck on a level crossing near Kroonstad/Hennenman. The train was derailed, and at least one of the carriages caught fire. Twenty people were killed and 260 were injured.

Air
Kroonstad is served by a small airport with no passenger flights.

Shopping
Shopping in Kroonstad is characterised by typical high street shopping. The development of the new Kroonstad Water Front Mall is underway, Maokeng Mall, Panorama Plaza, Checkers Centre, Shoprite Centre, Ultra City Centre and Pick'n'Pay centre.

General attractions
Kroonstad is said to be one of the Free State's loveliest towns and lies on the banks of the Vals River, a tributary of the Vaal, roughly two hours' drive from Johannesburg. It is situated in an area characterised by open spaces and an abundant variety of vegetation that makes it particularly beautiful. Kroonstad is a quaint town that serves as a good stop over en route between Johannesburg and Bloemfontein, lying as it does at virtually the halfway mark. Kroonstad offers an array of activities that include flea markets, a tea garden, fishing on the Vals River or at the Bloemhoek Dam, walking trails and lion tours and lion and tiger interaction at Boskoppie Lion and Tiger park. Today, as an important administrative, agricultural and educational centre, Kroonstad still boasts much of the inherent rugged beauty which led the Voortrekkers to establish the town where they did.

Sporting facilities of all kinds are well catered for, notably for jukskei, an Afrikaner folk sport. The headquarters of the SA Jukskei Council has been established here since 1951. The city is rich in historical sights; several historic buildings and statues, a former concentration camp, the Sarel Cilliers Museum (although currently inactive) and other places of national interest can be found here. Kroonstad is an important agricultural service centre in the Free State with a predominantly agricultural-orientated economy served by a modern toll-road. This brings the PWV Region within two hours drive from Kroonstad as well as being accessible from the North West, Bloemfontein and the Eastern Free State.

In July 2022 Kroonstad was announced as the winner in the Kwêla Dorp Van Die Jaar competition.

Historical sites
The Bloemspruit Monument -27.67167°N, 27.20639°W commemorates those who died in the Kroonstad Concentration Camp,

A Garden of Remembrance -27.65139°N, 27.23861°W commemorates Allied soldiers fallen in the two World Wars.

A blockhouse south of the city is a reminder of later stages of the Second Boer War.

Stone corbelled huts, refuges for the prehistoric inhabitants of the region, occur in various locations about the city.

In addition, fossils and San rock art are present in the region.

Notable people

 * Banele Gaza, record producer
 * Sid James, actor
 * Angela de Jesus, artist
 * David Kau, comedian
 * Steve Komphela, football coach
 * Antjie Krog, poet
 * Min Shaw, singer
 * Pallo Jordan, former ANC politician
 * Teboho Mahlatsi, writer, co-creator, film producer
 * Fana Mokoena, actor & EFF politician
 * Jeffrey Ntuka, football player
 * Max du Preez, journalist
 * Levy Sekgapane, operatic tenor
 * Al J Venter, writer and journalist
 * Mantoa Tshabala-Msimang, former ANC politician
 * Mosiuoa Lekota, former ANC politician
 * Winkie Direko, former ANC politician
 * Robbie Wessels, singer
 * Lize Beekman, singer
 * Anton Goosen, singer
 * Jan Blohm, singer
 * Gert Smal, former Springbok rugby player and coach
 * Andre Venter, former Springbok rugby player
 * Faan Rautenbach, former Springbok rugby player
 * Kulu Ferreira, former Springbok rugby player
 * Burger Geldenhuys, former Springbok rugby player
 * Michael Claassens, former Springbok rugby player
 * Bok Fourie, former Springbok rugby player
 * Sarel Cilliers, preacher, Voortrekker leader, leader at Blood River
 * Alwyn Schlebusch, politician, Vice President of South Africa 1981
 * Herbert Kretzmer, lyricist for the English-language musical adaptation of Les Misérables

Coat of arms
By 1931, the Kroonstad municipal council had assumed a coat of arms. It was registered with the Orange Free State Provincial Administration in February 1967 and at the Bureau of Heraldry in April 1971.

The arms were: Or, a tree on an island proper; on a chief Argent fimbriated Azure, a locomotive and tender Sable ("a golden shield displaying a tree on a grassy base, below a black locomotive and tender on a silver stripe across the top of the shield"). Originally, an imperial crown was placed above the shield, but it was replaced with a golden mural crown in the 1960s. The supporters were a black wildebeest and a blesbok, and the motto was Finis coronat opus.

Sister cities
Kroonstad has two sister cities whose names are reminiscent of its own:

 * 🇷🇴 – Braşov (Kronstadt), a city in Romania
 * 🇷🇺 – Kronstadt, a Russian seaport city west of Saint Petersburg

title: Kroonstad


text:
José Bustani

José Maurício de Figueiredo Bustani (born June 5, 1945) is a Brazilian diplomat who was the first director-general of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons until he was ousted after pressure from the US government in April 2002 over disagreements about how to address Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction.

Career
Born in Porto Velho, Rondônia, he received his law degree from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro in 1967, and attended the Rio Branco Institute in the same year, after which he joined the Brazilian Foreign Service. He was the ambassador of Brazil in several countries, including the United Kingdom, between 2003 and 2008, and France, from 2008 up to retiring in 2015.

Director General of the OPCW
Bustani was appointed the first director general of the OPCW in 1997. His four-year term was due to expire in 2001. However, he was unanimously reelected to this position one year early, in May 2000 for a term of four years.

Removal from Office
Soon after, Bustani fell out of favour with the U.S., who began to lobby aggressively for his removal, in a campaign orchestrated by U.S. official John Bolton. Finally, at Bolton's behest, a special meeting was held in The Hague on April 21, 2002. Following what are reputed to have been both secretive and tempestuous deliberations, a vote was held, with Bustani's removal being carried by a vote of 48–7, with 43 abstentions. This is thought to be the first time in history that the head of a major international organisation was removed during his or her term of office, and the most bitter public campaign by the United States to force a senior international official from office since the Clinton administration blocked the 1996 reelection of U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali.

There is much controversy surrounding the reasons behind Bustani's removal. He had been negotiating with the Iraqi government, and was hoping to persuade them to sign up to the OPCW, thus granting OPCW inspectors full access to Iraq's purported "chemical weapons arsenal". If Bustani had succeeded, this would have placed an extremely uncomfortable obstacle in the path of the Bush administration's war plans, by removing their ostensible motive. While Bustani's supporters insist this was the reason why the US forced him out the Bush administration claimed that Bustani's position was no longer tenable, stating three main reasons: "polarizing and confrontational conduct", "mismanagement issues" and "advocacy of inappropriate roles for the OPCW". Bolton's claims of mismanagement were later dismissed by a tribunal.

Bustani's supporters also claim that the U.S. ambassador John Bolton issued threats against OPCW - including the withdrawal of U.S. support for the organization - in order to coerce the member states to support the U.S. initiative against Bustani. Bustani stated that, when he refused to resign prior to the 2003 Iraq War, he was bullied and threatened by Bolton, who told him "You have 24 hours to leave the organization, and if you don't comply with this decision by Washington, we have ways to retaliate against you. ... We know where your kids live. You have two sons in New York". Bustani's statement appears to be consistent with what was said about Bolton's practices during the U.S. Senate hearings prior to his appointment as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.

Bustani filed a complaint with the International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal, which found that he had been unlawfully dismissed and set aside the dismissal decision. He was awarded compensation for both material and moral damages, as well as costs. In their judgment the tribunal condemned "political interference by member states" in the workings of the OPCW. Bustani did not seek reinstatement. According to the Statement of the Delegation of Brazil, on the IX Conference of States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention on 3 December 2004, Bustani donated 100% of his compensation for moral damages ("an amount which exceeds Euro 50,000.00") to the International Cooperation programmes of the OPCW: "A letter of Ambassador Bustani regarding this donation and comments about the final Judgement of the ILOAT on the issue of his removal can be found in a National Paper distributed by Brazil, document C-9/NAT.1, dated 13 August 2004."

Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize
In 2003, Bustani was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his achievements at the OPCW. For many, this nomination represented the acknowledgement of his commitment to the neutrality, independence and emphasis on the multilateral character of the organization as well as the non-discriminatory treatment of member states. However he did not receive the prize. Ten years after, in 2013, the OPCW, as an organization, won the Nobel Peace Prize. The OPCW Director-General recognised the contributions of former staff members of the Preparatory Commission and the Technical Secretariat by giving them a certificate marking the historic achievement.

Douma Chemical Attack
In October 2019, Bustani was part of a Courage Foundation panel which heard a presentation from one of the OPCW whistleblowers related to the Douma chemical attack. Bustani wrote that "The convincing evidence of irregular behaviour in the OPCW investigation of the alleged Douma chemical attack confirms doubts and suspicions I already had". In November 2019, he signed a letter asking the OPCW to "permit all inspectors who took part in the Douma investigation to come forward and report their differing observations in an appropriate forum".

In October 2020, Bustani was scheduled to testify at the United Nations Security Council about the alleged cover up by the OPCW regarding the Douma chemical attack. The United States, Britain and France blocked Bustani from testifying on the grounds that Bustani left the OPCW in 2002 and thus was not involved in the issues being discussed. The representative of the Russian Federation read out the statement Bustani would have delivered. According to Democracy Now, Bustani had intended asking the OPCW to look into statements by some of its inspectors who have questioned the official OPCW findings into the chemical attack and have stated that the OPCW engaged in "evidence suppression, selective use of data and exclusion of key investigators" when making its report.

title: José Bustani


text:
Sognefjord Span

The Sognefjord Spans are the second, third, and fourth longest spans in the world situated east of Hermansverk, Norway and are part of different powerlines. As Sognefjord Span is a deep valley the pylons of these spans are not taller than ordinary pylons. In order to avoid any too close approaches or contacts between the conductors, each is mounted on a separate pylon at the end of the span, which is built as a steel framework tower.

Span 1
This span is part of the powerline between Hermansverk 61.18028°N, 6.86472°W and Vikøyri 61.08056°N, 6.58694°W  and was built in the 1950s. It has a length of 4850 metres and was until the inauguration of Ameralik Span the longest span in the world. The span, which crosses Sognefjord in North-South direction, has 4 conductors, whereby one is for reserve. Its northern ends are at 61.175°N, 6.90389°W 61.17472°N, 6.90444°W 61.17472°N, 6.90528°W 61.17417°N, 6.90583°W

and its southern ends are at 61.13917°N, 6.85361°W 61.13889°N, 6.85472°W 61.13861°N, 6.855°W 61.13778°N, 6.855°W.

Span 2
Just a few hundred meters east of Span 1, the powerline between Sogndal 61.21833°N, 7.02222°W and Hove 61.07°N, 6.59528°W substations crosses Sognefjord with a 4520 meters long spanning East-West direction. As Span 1 it has 4 conductors, whereby 1 is as reserve. The locations of the towers used for this span are at its western end: 61.13556°N, 6.86028°W 61.13528°N, 6.86056°W 61.13472°N, 6.86083°W 61.13444°N, 6.86111°W

and at its eastern end: 61.14111°N, 6.94417°W 61.14083°N, 6.94417°W 61.14028°N, 6.94333°W 61.14°N, 6.94333°W

Span 3
Approximately 9 kilometres east-south east of these spans, there crosses the line from Aurland1 60.86278°N, 7.30111°W to Langedøla 61.43722°N, 7.24556°W Sognefjord in a span with a length of 4500 metres in North-South direction. It has no reserve conductor and consists therefore of 3 ropes. Its towers are situated at its southern end at 61.10528°N, 7.06472°W 61.10556°N, 7.06528°W 61.10583°N, 7.06611°W

and at its north end at 61.14583°N, 7.04889°W 61.14583°N, 7.04972°W 61.14611°N, 7.05056°W.

title: Sognefjord Span


text:
Talk:Joan Saura

Untitled
I don't know how to fix the table, but it is crowding the text at the beginning. Maurreen 18:24, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joan Saura


text:
Talk:Michigan Territory

Untitled
This may be a minor point, but the map of Michigan Territory 1805-1818 is not quite accurate. When the territory was formed in 1805, the southern boundary extended due east from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan. This included a strip of land in northern Indiana and Ohio, the Indiana portion of which was transferrred without incident, while the Ohio portion became the subject of the Toledo War. The Indiana portion was included in the April 19, 1816 act authorizing the people of Indiana Territory to form a state, but the Toledo Strip was disputed up until 1836. It'd be nice if the map could have some shading or something to reflect this. older ≠ wiser 18:25, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

Also, the map of Michigan Territory in 1836 is not quite right either. It shows the entire upper peninsula as part of the Wisconsin Territory, but the eastern portion of the U.P. was always part of Michigan Territory and was never part of Wisconsin Territory. Only the western U.P. was transferred to Michigan in compensation for the Toledo Strip. older ≠ wiser 19:36, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Cool. As soon as I figure out how to do shading, or cross-hatching, or something, I'll fix 'em. :) In the meantime, do you want to edit the descriptions of the images to clarify the situation? Thanks B, you rock. jengod 20:18, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * B, is this more correct? Image:Michigan-territory-1836.png Let me know if or how I should tweak. Still have the other one on my list. Thanks! ~j

 * Strangely enough, it seems that the act of April 20, 1836 that established Wisconsin Territory used the present day boundaries of the states (there were some minor dispute related to vagaries of which headwaters were meant, but it was more or less the present day boundaries). So for all practical purposes, the 1836 map Michigan Territory should be identical to the present map of the state (except for the Toledo Strip, which was only definitely settled in 1837 when Michigan was admitted as a state. I'm going to have to look into this more to determine when Michigan was "awarded" the western U.P. older ≠ wiser 04:10, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC) P.S., I made a note on Talk:Illinois Territory regarding the map there. BTW, this link has a pretty good history of the land divisions of the Northwest Territory. (Sheepishly, I really should figure out how to do maps one of these days.)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Michigan Territory


text:
Japanese aircraft carrier Jun'yō

Jun'yō (隼鷹) was a Hiyō-class aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). She was laid down as the passenger liner Kashiwara Maru (橿原丸), but was purchased by the IJN in 1941 while still under construction and converted into an aircraft carrier. Completed in May 1942, the ship participated in the Aleutian Islands Campaign the following month and in several battles during the Guadalcanal Campaign later in the year. Her aircraft were used from land bases during several battles in the New Guinea and Solomon Islands Campaigns.

Jun'yō was torpedoed in November 1943 and spent three months under repair. Several bombs damaged her during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in mid-1944, but quickly returned to service. Lacking aircraft, she was used as a transport in late 1944 and was torpedoed again in December. Jun'yō was under repair until March 1945, when work was canceled as uneconomical. She was then effectively hulked for the rest of the war. After the surrender of Japan in September, the Americans also decided that she was not worth the cost to make her serviceable for use as a repatriation ship, and she was broken up in 1946–1947.

Design and description
The ship was ordered in late 1938 as the fast luxury passenger liner Kashiwara Maru by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (the Japan Mail Steamship Company). In exchange for a 60 percent subsidy of her building costs by the Navy Ministry, she was designed to be converted to an auxiliary aircraft carrier, one of 10 such ships subsidized by the IJN.

Jun'yō had an overall length of 219.32 m, a beam of 26.7 m and a draft of 8.15 m. She displaced 24150 t at standard load. Her crew ranged from 1,187 to 1,224 officers and men. The ship was fitted with two Mitsubishi-Curtis geared steam turbine sets with a total of 56250 shp, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by six Mitsubishi three-drum water-tube boilers. Jun'yō had a designed speed of 25.5 kn, but reached 26 kn during her sea trials. The ship carried 4100 t of fuel oil, which gave her a range of 12251 nmi at 18 kn.

Flight deck arrangements
Jun'yō's flight deck was 210.3 m long and had a maximum width of 27.3 m. The ship was designed with two superimposed hangars, each approximately 153 m long, 15 m wide and 5 m high. Each hangar could be subdivided by four fire curtains and they were fitted with fire fighting foam dispensers on each side. Two aircraft elevators served the hangars.

The ship's air group was originally intended to consist of 12 Mitsubishi A5M ("Claude") fighters, plus 4 in storage, 18 Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers, plus 2 in reserve, and 18 Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers. This was revised to substitute a dozen Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters with 3 more in storage for the A5Ms by the time the ship was commissioned in 1942. As a result of the lessons learned from the Battle of Midway in June, the ship's fighter complement was strengthened to 21 Zeros, and the B5Ns were reduced to 9. By the end of the year, 6 more Zeros replaced an equal number of D3As, giving totals of 27 A6Ms, 12 D3As, and 9 B5Ns. Although it was possible to fit all these aircraft into the hangars, 8 or 9 were usually stored on the flight deck to reduce cramping below decks.

Armor, armament and sensors
As a conversion from an ocean liner, the ship could not support much armor, although it had a double bottom. Two plates of Ducol steel, each 25 mm thick, protecting the sides of the ship's machinery spaces. The ship's aviation gasoline tanks and magazines were protected by one layer of Ducol steel. Her machinery spaces were further subdivided by transverse and longitudinal bulkheads to limit any flooding.

The ship's primary armament consisted of a dozen 40-caliber 12.7 cm Type 89 anti-aircraft (AA) guns in six twin-gun mounts on sponsons along the sides of the hull. Jun'yō was also initially equipped with eight triple mounts for 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns alongside the flight deck. In mid-1943, four more triple mounts were added, and another four triple mounts in late 1943 and early 1944. Two of these last four mounts were mounted on the stern and the others were placed in front of and behind the island. A dozen single mounts were also added, some of which were portable and could be mounted on the flight deck. After the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, the ship's anti-aircraft armament was reinforced with three more triple mounts, two twin mounts, and eighteen single mounts for the 25 mm Type 96 gun. These guns were supplemented by six 28-round AA rocket launchers. In October 1944, Jun'yō had a total of 91 Type 96 guns: 57 in nineteen triple mounts, 4 in two twin mounts, and 30 single mounts.

Two Type 94 high-angle fire-control directors, one on each side of the ship, were fitted to control the Type 89 guns. Each director mounted a 4.5 m rangefinder. When Jun'yō was first commissioned only the rangefinders were fitted and the directors were added later. Four Type 95 directors controlled the 25 mm guns and another pair was added in early 1943. Early warning was provided by two Type 2, Mark 2, Model 1 early-warning radars. The first of these was mounted on the top of the island in July 1942, shortly after she was completed, and the other was added later in the year on the port side of the hull, outboard of the rear elevator. A smaller Type 3, Mark 1, Model 3 early-warning radar was added in 1944.

Career
Jun'yō's keel was laid down by Mitsubishi on Slipway No. 3 at their shipyard in Nagasaki on 20 March 1939. She was yard number 900 and had the name Kashiwara Maru at that time. The ship was purchased on 10 February 1941 by the Navy Ministry and she was temporarily referred to as No. 1001 Ship (Dai 1001 bankan) to keep her conversion secret. She was launched on 26 June 1941 and commissioned on 3 May 1942 as Jun'yō.

Upon commissioning, the ship was assigned to the Fourth Carrier Division of the 1st Air Fleet, together with JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ryūjō, under the command of Rear Admiral Kakuji Kakuta. She was tasked to support Operation AL, an attack planned to seize several Aleutian Islands to provide warning in case of an American attack from the Aleutians down the Kurile Islands while the main body of the American fleet was occupied defending Midway. Jun'yō carried 18 A6M2 Zeros and 18 D3As for this operation. At dawn on 3 June, she launched 9 Zeros and a dozen D3As to attack Dutch Harbor on Unalaska Island. They had to turn back due to bad weather, although an American PBY Catalina reconnaissance aircraft was shot down by a Zero. A second airstrike was launched later in the day to attack a group of destroyers discovered by aircraft from the first attack, but they failed to find the targets. Another airstrike was launched on the following day by the two carriers that consisted of 15 Zeros, 11 D3As, and 6 B5Ns and successfully bombed Dutch Harbor. As the aircraft from Jun'yō were regrouping after the attack, they were attacked by 8 Curtiss P-40 fighters that shot down 2 Zeros and a pair of D3As while losing 2 of their own. Another D3A got lost and failed to make it back to the carrier. Shortly after the aircraft was launched, the Americans attacked the carriers but failed to inflict any damage. A Martin B-26 Marauder bomber and a PBY were shot down by Zeros, and a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber was shot down by flak during the attack.

Jun'yō had initially been designated as an auxiliary aircraft carrier (Tokusetsu kokubokan), but following the loss of four Japanese fleet carriers in the Battle of Midway, she was redesignated as a regular carrier (Kokubokan) in July. Captain Okada Tametsugu assumed command on 20 July 1942. Upon arrival at Truk on 9 October, together with her sister ship JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hiyō, the ship was assigned to the Second Carrier Division to begin operations against American forces in the Guadalcanal area as part of the 3rd Fleet.

On the night of 16 October, the two carriers were ordered to attack the American transports off Lunga Point, Guadalcanal and they moved south to their launching point 180 mi north of Lunga. At 05:15 each ship launched nine each A6M Zeros and B5Ns (one of Jun'yō's B5Ns was forced to turn back with mechanical problems) which reached the target and discovered two destroyers bombarding Japanese supply dumps on Guadalcanal around 07:20. Hiyō's aircraft attacked USS Aaron Ward (DD-483) seven minutes later without effect, although the American ship shot down one B5N and damaged another which was forced to make a crash landing. Jun'yō's eight B5Ns engaged USS Lardner (DD-487) and also failed to hit their target, not least because they were attacked by Marine Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters at 07:32. The Marine pilots shot down three B5Ns on their first pass and severely damaged another pair which were also forced to crash land. They then shot down the three remaining bombers after they missed Lardner. The defending Zeros were only able to shoot down one Wildcat at the cost of one of Hiyō's fighters forced to crash land, although they claimed to have shot down thirteen Marine fighters. Hiyō was forced to depart the area after a fire reduced her top speed to 16 kn and transferred three Zeros, one D3A and five B5Ns before she left. Rear Admiral Kakuji Kakuta, commander of the Second Carrier Division, also transferred and hoisted his flag aboard Jun'yō.

In late October 1942, during the Guadalcanal Campaign, Jun'yō took part in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. At this time, her air group consisted of eighteen Zeros, eighteen D3As, and nine B5Ns. At 05:00 on 26 October 1942, she had launched fourteen Zeros and a few D3As to land at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal, which had been falsely reported by the Imperial Japanese Army as in their hands, but they were greeted by Marine Grumman F4F Wildcats and all were shot down. At 09:30, Jun'yō launched another air strike that attacked the carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6), the battleship USS South Dakota (BB-57) and the light cruiser USS San Juan (CL-54), scoring hits on the latter two, but inflicting little substantial damage. Three D3As and a B5N were shot down by returning Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers. Kakuta ordered another air strike to be launched at 14:15, using six B5Ns from the damaged JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōkaku and nine D3As from both carriers. Shortly afterward, more aircraft were launched to attack the American ships, including six B5Ns and six D3As escorted by half a dozen Zeros. All of these aircraft attacked the carrier USS Hornet (CV-8), which had been badly damaged by the attacks earlier in the day. American damage control measures had been partially successful, but one torpedo hit by a B5N from Shōkaku increased her list from 7.5° to 14.5° and near-misses by the dive bombers started enough seams in her plating that her list increased to 18°. The Americans finally ordered the ship abandoned and the last wave of dive bombers hit Hornet twice more, but inflicted little further damage.

In mid-November 1942, Jun'yō was tasked to provide air cover for the convoy bringing reinforcements for the Japanese forces on Guadalcanal during the three-day-long Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. The ship had twenty-seven A6M3 Zeros, a dozen D3A2s, and nine B5N2s for this task. Six of her Zeros were on Combat Air Patrol when the convoy was discovered by two SBDs from Enterprise and shot down one dive bomber after it had made its spot report. They were unable to protect the convoy against further attacks by aircraft based at Henderson Field; seven transports were sunk and the remaining four transports were damaged before the end of the day. That afternoon, Enterprise had been discovered by a searching B5N, and Jun'yō launched an air strike with her remaining aircraft, but they failed to locate the American carrier. In December 1942 and January 1943, the carrier covered several convoys that brought reinforcements to Wewak, New Guinea, and her air group protected the forces there for several days before returning to Truk on 20 January. The ship then covered the evacuation from Guadalcanal through early February.

Jun'yō briefly returned to Japan in February before she sailed for Truk on 22 March together with Hiyō. Her air group was detached to Rabaul on 2 April to participate in Operation I-Go, a land-based aerial offensive against Allied bases in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. Before returning to Truk in the middle of the month, Jun'yō's aircraft claimed to have shot down sixteen American aircraft for the loss of seven A6Ms and two D3As, and they sank the destroyer USS Aaron Ward (DD-483). The ship's air group was deployed to Buin, Papua New Guinea, on 2 July in response to the American attack on Rendova Island on 30 June. Her fighters claimed 37 victories for the loss of nine aircraft before disbanding on 1 September. Leaving her aircraft behind, the carrier returned to Japan in late July.

Jun'yō ferried aircraft to Sumatra in mid-August and troops and equipment to the Caroline Islands in September and October. En route from Truk to Kure on 5 November 1943, Jun'yō was hit off Bungo Suidō by a torpedo from the submarine USS Halibut (SS-232). Four men were killed, but the damage was light, other than the disabled rudder. The ship was under repair and refit until 29 February 1944 at Kure. Meanwhile, her air group had been reconstituted at Singapore on 1 November with 24 Zeros, 18 D3As and 9 B5Ns. The aircraft transferred to Truk on 1 December and then to Kavieng at the end of December before reaching Rabaul on 25 January 1944. Her fighters claimed 40 Allied aircraft were shot down and another 30 probably destroyed, but the air group was virtually annihilated. The survivors were back at Truk on 20 February and the air group was disbanded.

In the meantime, the Japanese Navy had restructured its carrier air groups so that one air group was assigned to one carrier division, and the 652nd Naval Air Group was assigned to the 2nd Carrier Division with Hiyō, Jun'yō and Ryūhō on 1 March. The air group was last in priority to be rebuilt and only had 30 Model 21 Zeros, 13 Model 52 Zeros, and four D3As on hand on 1 April of its authorized 81 fighters, 36 dive bombers, and 27 torpedo bombers. The ship conducted training for her aircraft in the Inland Sea until 11 May, when she sailed for Tawi-Tawi in the Philippines. The new base was closer to the oil wells in Borneo on which the Navy relied and also to the Palau and western Caroline Islands, where the Japanese expected the next American attack. However, the location lacked an airfield on which to train the green pilots, and American submarine activity restricted the ships to the anchorage.

Battle of the Philippine Sea
The Japanese fleet was en route to Guimares Island in the central Philippines on 13 June, where they intended to practice carrier operations in an area better protected from submarines, when Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa learned of the American attack on the Mariana Islands the previous day. Upon reaching Guimares, the fleet refueled and sortied into the Philippine Sea, where they spotted Task Force 58 on 18 June. The Americans failed to locate Ozawa's ships that day and the Japanese turned south to maintain a constant distance between them and the American carriers as Ozawa had decided to launch his air strikes early the following morning. At this time, the 652nd Naval Air Group consisted of 81 Zeros, 27 D3As, 9 Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" dive bombers, and 18 Nakajima B6N "Jill" torpedo bombers, roughly evenly divided among the three ships. The three carriers began launching their first air strike of 26 bomb-carrying A6M2 Zeros, 16 A6M5 Zeros to escort the other aircraft and 7 B6Ns at about 09:30. Most of these aircraft were misdirected and failed to find any American ships, although a dozen persisted in their search and found one of the American task groups. A B6N, 5 bomb-carrying Zeros, and an escorting Zero were shot down by the defending fighters and no damage was inflicted on any American ships.

A second air strike of 27 D3As, 9 D4Ys, 2 B6Ns, and 26 escorting Zeros was launched around 11:00, accompanied by at least 18 A6Ms and B6Ns from Shōkaku and JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuikaku. They had also been given an erroneous spot report and could not find any American ships. The 652nd aircraft headed for the airfield at Rota and Guam to refuel while those from the other two carriers returned to them. A pair of Zeros and 6 D4Ys bound for Rota spotted the carriers USS Wasp (CV-18) and USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) en route, but failed to inflict any damage on the American ships while losing 5 D4Ys to anti-aircraft fire. Radar had spotted those aircraft headed for Guam and they were intercepted by 41 Grumman F6F Hellcats. Only a single A6M5, 1 D4Y, and 7 D3As of the 49 Japanese aircraft survived the encounter and landed.

At dusk, the Japanese turned away to the northwest to regroup and to refuel and the Americans turned west to close the distance. They discovered the retiring Japanese fleet during the afternoon of the following day and Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher ordered an air strike launched. They found the ships of the Second Carrier Division and hit Jun'yō with two bombs near her island. The ship was not badly damaged, but flight operations had to be suspended. The 652nd Naval Air Group claimed seven American aircraft shot down and four more probably shot down, but lost eleven Zeros, plus another three that had to ditch. The air group was disbanded on 10 July with many of its remaining personnel being assigned to Air Group 653.

After repairs at Kure, Jun'yō remained in the Inland Sea without aircraft until 27 October, when she was tasked to transport material to Borneo. On 3 November, she was attacked by the submarine USS Pintado (SS-387) near Makung, but her escorting destroyer, JAPANESE DESTROYER Akikaze, deliberately intercepted the torpedoes and sank with no survivors. On her return voyage, the ship was unsuccessfully attacked by the submarines USS Barb (SS-220) and USS Jallao (SS-368). On 25 November, she sailed for Manila via Makung to rendezvous with the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Haruna and the destroyers Suzutsuki, Fuyutsuki, and Maki. Having loaded 200 survivors of the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Musashi, Jun'yō was attacked by the submarines USS Sea Devil (SS-400), USS Plaice (SS-390) and USS Redfish (SS-395) early in the morning of 9 December 1944. She was hit by three torpedoes that flooded several compartments and killed 19 men. These gave her a 10°–12° list to starboard, but she was able to proceed on one engine. She reached Sasebo the following day and began repairs on 18 December.

The repairs were abandoned in March 1945 for lack of materials and the ship was moved from the dock to Ebisu Bay, Sasebo, on 1 April. Efforts to camouflage the ship began on 23 April and she was reclassified as a guard ship on 20 June. Jun'yō's armament was ordered removed on 5 August and the ship was surrendered to the Allies on 2 September. An American technical team evaluated the ship's condition on 8 October and deemed her a constructive total loss. Jun'yō was stricken from the Navy List on 30 November and scrapped between 1 June 1946 and 1 August 1947 by the Sasebo Ship Company.

title: Japanese aircraft carrier Jun'yō


text:
Ameralik Span

The Ameralik Span is the longest span of an electrical overhead power line in the world. It is situated near Nuuk on Greenland and crosses Ameralik fjord with a span width of 5,376 meters at 64.105°N, -51.23778°W. It was built in 1993 by the Norwegian company NTE Entreprise (Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk) and is part of a single-circuit 132 kV powerline running from Buksefjord hydroelectric power plant to Nuuk.

The span consists of four 40-millimeter diameter steel conductors, one of which is a spare. The span has a width of 190 metres and a minimum clearance of 128 metres. The pylons on each side of the span carry only one conductor each and are situated on mountains 444 metres high on the north shore and 1,013 metres high on the south shore. It is designed to withstand the cold winters of Greenland, so electricity produced can reach consumers without any disturbance.

North End

 * Tower 1: 64.1125°N, -51.24972°W
 * Tower 2: 64.1125°N, -51.24861°W
 * Tower 3: 64.11278°N, -51.2475°W
 * Tower 4: 64.11278°N, -51.24583°W

South End

 * Tower 1: 64.06972°N, -51.19917°W
 * Tower 2: 64.07°N, -51.19833°W
 * Tower 3: 64.07028°N, -51.19722°W
 * Tower 4: 64.07056°N, -51.19611°W

title: Ameralik Span


text:
Tamur River

The Tamur River is a major river in eastern Nepal, which begins around Kanchenjunga. The Tamor and the Arun join the Sun Koshi at Tribenighat to form the giant Saptakoshi which flows through Mahabharat Range on to the Gangetic plain.

Koshi river system
The Koshi or Sapta Kosi drains eastern Nepal. It is known as Sapt Koshi because of the seven rivers which join in east-central Nepal to form this river. The main rivers forming the Koshi system are – the Sun Koshi, the Indravati River, the Bhote Koshi, the Dudh Koshi, Arun River, Barun River, and Tamur River. The combined river flows through the Chatra Gorge in a southerly direction to emerge from the hills.

The Sun Koshi contributes 44 percent of the total water in the Sapta Koshi, the Arun 37 per cent and the Tamur 19 percent.

title: Tamur River


text:
Wied's marmoset

Wied's marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii), also known as Wied's black-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of eastern Brazil. Unlike other marmosets, Wied's marmoset lives in groups consisting of 4 or 5 females and 2 or 3 males (plus children). They are matriarchal, and only the dominant female is allowed to mate. Like other marmosets, the offspring are always born in pairs.

Diet
This monkey supplements its diet of sap with fruit, nectar, flowers and seeds, as well as spiders and insects. Since these are harvested from the middle and lower part of the forest, Wied's marmoset often travels and forages in the company of the golden-headed lion tamarin, which forages in the canopy.

Natural Predators
Wied's marmoset is eaten by birds of prey (the harpy eagle, the gray hawk, the roadside hawk and the white-tailed hawk), felines (the jaguar, jaguarundi and ocelot) and snakes.

Behavior
Wied's marmoset is highly social, spending much of its time grooming. It has individually distinctive calls, and it communicates through gestures and olfactory markings as well.

Appearance
The coloring of Wied's marmoset is mostly black, with white markings on cheeks and forehead. It has rings on its tail and black tufts of fur coming out of its ears.

Chimerism
Chimeric individuals carry two or more genetic cell lines in their bodies, each of which stems from a separate and genetically distinct zygote. This chimerism is the result of cell lines exchanged between siblings in utero. These two original zygotes were fertilized by two different sperm, which potentially came from more than one male. Therefore, chimeric individuals exhibit a phenotype that is the result of more than one genotype, and potentially more than one father.

Researchers first discovered chimerism in the bone marrow of marmosets in the 1960s. More recent work has shown that chimerism can occur in all cell lines, including germ cells. This allows for the possibility of horizontal inheritance. In other words, individuals could pass on the genotype that is different from their majority (or self) genotype. Consider a father marmoset was chimeric in his germ line. This father could potentially pass on his secondary cell line (the majority or self cell line of his brother) to his offspring. In this way, this father's offspring would be more genetically similar to their uncle than to their father.

Since chimerism changes the degrees of relatedness between individuals, it also changes the adaptive value of certain behaviors, like cooperatively raising young. It has been proposed that chimerism creates a system that makes it evolutionarily advantageous for an individual to cooperate to raise its siblings; this closely matches to the way marmoset social systems have been observed to function in the wild.

title: Wied's marmoset


text:
The 1900 House

The 1900 House is a historical reenactment reality television series made by Wall to Wall/Channel 4 in 1999. The programme features a modern family attempting to live in the way of the late Victorians for three months in a modified house. It was first broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom and PBS in America (with American commentary).

The series was accompanied by the book 1900 House: Featuring Extracts from the Personal Diaries of Joyce and Paul Bowler and Their Family by Mark McCrum and Matthew Sturgis. It won a Peabody Award in 2000 for being "an often humorous, always perceptive, series about the realities of life in 1900 that reveals themes of perseverance, human adaptation and family dynamics."

The house
The 1900 House in question is 50 Elliscombe Road, Charlton, South-East London (51.48248°N, 0.03239°W). An 1890s-built two-storey terraced house with a drawing room, a dining room, a kitchen, a scullery, a bathroom, three bedrooms (there were actually four, but one was used as a safety room with a telephone) and an outside loo. To make it the 1900 house, all modern elements were removed, including electricity, insulation, indoor toilet, and central heating. Period fixtures such as a 'copper' (a large pot used for heating washing clothes over a fire), cast-iron oven and fireplaces were installed. Gas lighting was reinstalled using original remaining pipes.

The Bowler family

 * Paul was the father of the family. In contemporary life, he was a Warrant Officer in the Royal Marines. In the house, he worked in the recruiting office in London (for two months; after that, he had to go to his regular job in the Marines). He felt that the role of "Man of the House" was difficult to act.
 * Joyce was the mother of the family. In her normal life, she was a civil servant for Somerset Social Services. She looked after the family and later in her free time she looked at the growing suffragette movement. She had problems with her hair (shampoo hadn't yet been invented in 1900) and difficulty with incorporating her vegetarian diet into the project.
 * Kathryn was a 16-year-old performing-arts student. In the house, she missed modern cleanliness, her friends and her social life.
 * Ruth and Hilary were 11-year-old twins. In the house, they missed their friends and their music.
 * Joe was a 9-year-old boy. In the house, he missed sweets and fast-food.

Other people
Daru Rooke was the consultant historian to the series who helped the family adjust to the 1900 lifestyle. He later visited the house for a dinner party with the family. He also equipped the family with a useful reference manual to aid their stay at the house, based on sources of the period such as Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management and Cassell's Household Guide.

Because looking after the house became difficult, the Bowlers decided to hire a maid-of-all-work. Elizabeth Lillington was chosen, however after a few weeks the family sacked her as Joyce decided that she could not reconcile her views on women's emancipation with employing a woman as a domestic. However, being 'liberated' was not the view Elizabeth herself took of her dismissal. It was pointed out that a woman in Elizabeth's position in 1900 would have faced desperate poverty had she been denied housekeeping work.

Sequels
The success of 1900 House has since led to other related productions and co-productions:

United Kingdom

 * The 1940s House – a family "living" through the Second World War.
 * The Edwardian Country House
 * Regency House Party
 * Coal House – a 1920s Welsh mining community
 * Coal House at war – a 1944 Welsh mining community
 * Victorian Slum House – London slum life during Victorian era
 * The 1900 Island – a 1900 fishing village in Anglesey

Australia

 * Outback House – a family running a sheep station in 1861 Outback Australia
 * The Colony – Four families and several individual "convicts" try to live life in New South Wales of 1800.

New Zealand

 * Pioneer House – essentially a New Zealand production of The 1900 House.
 * Colonial House – a recreation of the experiences of typical British immigrants to Canterbury, c. 1850; complete with a Sea Voyage from Auckland to Lyttelton, tramping over the Bridle Path to Christchurch with their children and belongings, setting up house in a canvas Tent, and eventually, building their own house.
 * One Land – Also a recreation of New Zealand in the 1850s. It featured three families, one Pākehā and two Māori, and aimed to replicate the experiences of British migrants and the indigenous Māori of the period. The Māori families were housed in a traditional Māori Pā, and one of those families was specifically chosen for their knowledge of Māori language and customs. This family was asked to speak only Māori throughout the Series.

Germany

 * Schwarzwaldhaus 1902 (Black Forest House 1902) – a family "living" without electricity in a traditional Black Forest house, on rural Kaltwasserhof in Münstertal (August 2001 – January 2002)
 * Windstärke 8 – Das Auswandererschiff 1855 – about an emigration ship for the United States
 * Die Bräuteschule 1958 – teenage girls attending a domestic science school in the 1950s
 * Abenteuer 1900 – Leben im Gutshaus (The 1900 Adventure) – about a noble family and their servants in a manor in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
 * Abenteuer 1927 – Sommerfrische (The 1927 Adventure) – life in the manor from Abenteuer 1900, this time in the Roaring Twenties
 * Steinzeit – Das Experiment (The Stone Age Experiment) – life under conditions of the Stone Age.
 * Die harte Schule der 50er Jahre (Difficult 1950s School) – teachers and students experiencing a boarding school under 1950s conditions.
 * Abenteuer Mittelalter – Leben im 15. Jahrhundert (The Medieval Adventure) – people living in a 15th-century castle.

United States

 * Frontier House – three families live as 1883 homesteaders in Montana
 * Manor House – British family of five and staff of 14 live in a 1900 Scottish manor house (re-presentation of The Edwardian Country House, exactly the same but with bonus footage)
 * Colonial House – set in the American frontier of 1628 (shown in the UK as Pioneer House)
 * Texas Ranch House – set in the American frontier of 1867

Switzerland

 * Leben wie zu Gotthelfs Zeiten (2004 TV series) – about a Swiss family living without modern technology in a traditional Swiss farmhouse as in the era of the Swiss author Jeremias Gotthelf (1797–1854), similar setting as in the German TV series Schwarzwaldhaus 1902, mentioned above

Home video releases
The 1900 House was released, alongside The 1940s House by Acorn Media UK. It was released on VHS on 27 June 2000 and on DVD on 5 August 2003.

title: The 1900 House


text:
Talk:Wied's marmoset

Untitled
kuhli or kuhlii? -KalevTait 18:30, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Also, Wied's or Weid's? -KalevTait 19:08, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Uther, where did you find the author? Also, Wied's Marmoset is still missing its status. -KalevTait 01:48, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * C. (C.) kuhlii. It was my typo originally on the marmoset page which you dilligently copied. *grins* However, I was correct with "Wied's". I use the IUCN site, http://www.redlist.org, has both the authority and the conservation status. I grabbed the authority but forgot to grab the status. Duh. :) Fixed. - UtherSRG 02:52, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This artice needs an image - Ummagumma23 09:57 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Main image is of incorrect species - Callithrix jacchus is shown. Nayeryouakim (talk) 00:43, 12 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wied's marmoset


text:
ISO 10303-21

STEP-file is a widely used data exchange form of STEP. ISO 10303 can represent 3D objects in computer-aided design (CAD) and related information. Due to its ASCII structure, a STEP-file is easy to read, with typically one instance per line. The format of a STEP-file is defined in ISO 10303-21 Clear Text Encoding of the Exchange Structure.

ISO 10303-21 defines the encoding mechanism for representing data conforming to a particular schema in the EXPRESS data modeling language specified in ISO 10303-11. A STEP-File is also called p21-File and STEP Physical File. The file extensions .stp and .step indicate that the file contains data conforming to STEP application protocols while the extension .p21 should be used for all other purposes.

The use of ISO 10303-21 is not limited to STEP. The Industry Foundation Classes and earlier CIMSteel Integration Standard (CIS/2) define an EXPRESS schema for building information modeling data and specify ISO 10303-21 as an exchange encoding.

History
Some details to take note of:
 * The first edition, ISO 10303-21:1994, had some bugs, which were corrected by a Technical Corrigendum. Therefore, it is recommended that users study the second edition instead (see below).
 * The second edition, ISO 10303-21:2002, included the corrigendum and extensions for several data sections.
 * The third edition, ISO 10303-21:2016, added anchor, reference and signature sections to support external references, support for compressed exchange structures in a ZIP-based archive, digital signatures, and UTF-8 character encoding.
 * Part 21 defined two conformance classes. They differ only in how to encode complex entity instances.
 * Conformance class 1 is always used enforce the so-called internal mapping, which is more compact.
 * Conformance class 2, which is not used in practice, always enforces the external mapping. In theory this would allow better AP interoperability, since a post-processor may know how to handle some supertypes, but may not know the specified subtypes.
 * The 1st edition of part 21 enforces the use of so-called short names, which are optional in the 2nd edition. In practice, however, short names are rarely used.
 * The 2nd edition allows multiple data sections to be used. In practice, however, most implementations only use a single data section (1st edition encoding).

Example
A typical example looks like this:

HEADER section
As seen in the above example, the file is split into two sections following the initial keyword ISO-10303-21;:

The HEADER section has a fixed structure consisting of 3 to 6 groups in the given order. Except for the data fields time_stamp and FILE_SCHEMA all fields may contain empty strings. The last three header groups are only valid in second edition files.
 * FILE_DESCRIPTION
 * description
 * implementation_level. The version and conformance option of this file. Possible versions are "1" for the original standard back in 1994, "2" for the technical corrigendum in 1995 and "3" for the second edition. The conformance option is either "1" for internal and "2" for external mapping of complex entity instances. Often, one will find here the value __'2;1'__. The value '2;2' enforcing external mapping is also possible but only very rarely used. The values '3;1' and '3;2' indicate extended STEP-Files as defined in the 2001 standard with several DATA sections, multiple schemas and FILE_POPULATION support.
 * FILE_NAME
 * name of this exchange structure. It may correspond to the name of the file in a file system or reflect data in this file. There is no strict rule how to use this field.
 * time_stamp indicates the time when this file was created. The time is given in the international data time format ISO 8601, e.g. 2003-12-27T11:57:53 for 27 of December 2003, 2 minutes to noon time.
 * author the name and mailing address of the person creating this exchange structure
 * organization the organization to whom the person belongs to
 * preprocessor_version the name of the system and its version which produces this STEP-file
 * originating_system the name of the system and its version which originally created the information contained in this STEP-file.
 * authorization the name and mailing address of the person who authorized this file.
 * FILE_SCHEMA. Specifies one or several Express schema governing the information in the data section(s). For first edition files, only one EXPRESS schema together with an optional ASN.1 object identifier of the schema version can be listed here. Second edition files may specify several EXPRESS schema.
 * FILE_POPULATION, indicating a valid population (set of entity instances) which conforms to an EXPRESS schemas. This is done by collecting data from several data_sections and referenced instances from other data sections.
 * governing_schema, the EXPRESS schema to which the indicated population belongs to and by which it can be validated.
 * determination_method to figure out which instances belong to the population. Three methods are predefined: SECTION_BOUNDARY, INCLUDE_ALL_COMPATIBLE, and INCLUDE_REFERENCED.
 * governed_sections, the data sections whose entity instances fully belongs to the population.
 * The concept of FILE_POPULATION is very close to schema_instance of SDAI. Unfortunately, during the standardization process, it was not possible to come to an agreement to merge these concepts. Therefore, JSDAI adds further attributes to FILE_POPULATION as intelligent comments to cover all missing information from schema_instance. This is supported for both import and export.
 * SECTION_LANGUAGE allows assignment of a default language for either all or a specific data section. This is needed for those Express schemas that do not provide the capability to specify in which language string attributes of entities such as name and description are given.
 * SECTION_CONTEXT provide the capability to specify additional context information for all or single data sections. This can be used e.g. for STEP-APs to indicate which conformance class is covered by a particular data section.

DATA section
The DATA section contains application data according to one specific express schema. The encoding of this data follows some simple principles.
 * Instance name: Every entity instance in the exchange structure is given a unique name in the form "#1234". The instance name must consist of a positive number (>0) and is typically smaller than 263. The instance name is only valid locally within the STEP-file. If the same content is exported again from a system the instance names may be different for the same instances. The instance name is also used to reference other entity instances through attribute values or aggregate members. The referenced instance may be defined before or after the current instance.
 * Instances of single entity data types are represented by writing the name of the entity in capital letters and then followed by the attribute values in the defined order within parentheses. See e.g. "#16=PRODUCT(...)" above.
 * Instances of complex entity data types are represented in the STEP file by using either the internal mapping or the external mapping.
 * External mapping has always to be used if the complex entity instance consist of more than one leaf entity. In this case all the single entity instance values are given independently from each other in alphabetical order as defined above with all entity values grouped together in parentheses.
 * Internal mapping is used by default for conformance option 1 when the complex entity instance consists of only one leaf entity. The encoding is similar to the one of a single entity instance with the additional order given by the subtype definition.
 * Mapping of attribute values:
 * Only explicit attributes get mapped. Inverse, derived and re-declared attributes are not listed since their values can be deduced from the other ones.
 * Unset attribute values are given as "$".
 * Explicit attributes which got re-declared as derived in a subtype are encoded as "*" in the position of the supertype attribute.
 * Mapping of other data types:
 * Enumeration, boolean and logical values are given in capital letters with a leading and trailing dot such as ".TRUE.".
 * String values are given in . For characters with a code greater than 126 a special encoding is used. The character sets as defined in ISO 8859 and 10646 are supported. Note that typical 8 (e.g. west European) or 16 (Unicode) bit character sets cannot directly be taken for STEP-file strings. They have to be decoded in a very special way.
 * Integers and real values are used identical to typical programming languages
 * Binary values (bit sequences) are encoded as hexadecimal and surrounded by double quotes, with a leading character indicating the number of unused bits (0, 1, 2, or 3) followed by uppercase hexadecimal encoding of data. It is important to note that the entire binary value is encoded as a single hexadecimal number, with the highest order bits in the first hex character and the lowest order bits in the last one.
 * The elements of aggregates (SET, BAG, LIST, ARRAY) are given in parentheses, separated by ",".
 * Care has to be taken for select data types based on defined data types. Here the name of the defined data type gets mapped too.
 * See also "Mapping of Express to Java" for more details of this.

Criticism
Possibly the only advantage of STEP files is that they are widely adopted in many CAD software. On the other hand, its format, and specially the EXPRESS data modelling language has a few disadvantages:
 * the specification is not freely available (you have to pay for it)
 * it is not possible to sequentially read a STEP file. Entities can be in any order and can reference other entities forwards and backwards in the file (see entity #14 in the example above). Therefore the entire file has to be read into memory and tokenized before parsing.
 * the format is not storage-efficient. For example assigning an RGB color code to an edge requires at least 6 other entities, and specifying a transformation requires at least 5 additional entities (PLANE, AXIS2_PLACEMENT_3D, a CARTESIAN_POINT, and 2 DIRECTION entities)
 * the format is not well-defined. For example the same triangle can be encoded in a STEP file in many different ways (with FACET_BREP, ADVANCED_FACE, POLY_LOOP, EDGE_LOOP, as a MANIFOLD_SOLID_REPRESENTATION or as a SHELL_BASED_REPRESENTATION, etc.). An importer needs to recognize all variants in order to read a STEP file consistently. Most CAD software does not support the full set of STEP entries, and as such, are limited to a specific subset of STEP entities. For example Autodesk Knowledge Base, list of supported STEP entities.
 * As a result, most CAD software have some sort of "repair geometry data after import" feature, which may or may not work.

title: ISO 10303-21