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Dysthymia

Dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), is a mental and behavioral disorder, Drs; specifically a disorder primarily of mood, consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder, but with longer-lasting symptoms. The concept was used by Robert Spitzer as a replacement for the term "depressive personality" in the late 1970s.

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), dysthymia is a serious state of chronic depression, which persists for at least two years (one year for children and adolescents). Dysthymia is not a minor form of major depressive disorder, and for some may be more disabling.

As dysthymia is a chronic disorder, those with the condition may experience symptoms for many years before it is diagnosed, if diagnosis occurs at all. As a result, they may believe that depression is a part of their character, so they may not even discuss their symptoms with doctors, family members or friends. In the DSM-5, dysthymia is replaced by persistent depressive disorder. This new condition includes both chronic major depressive disorder and the previous dysthymic disorder. The reason for this change is that there was no evidence for meaningful differences between these two conditions.

Signs and symptoms
Dysthymia characteristics include an extended period of depressed mood combined with at least two other symptoms which may include insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue or low energy, eating changes (more or less), low self-esteem, or feelings of hopelessness. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions are treated as another possible symptom. Irritability is one of the more common symptoms in children and adolescents.

Mild degrees of dysthymia may result in people withdrawing from stress and avoiding opportunities for failure. In more severe cases of dysthymia, people may withdraw from daily activities. They will usually find little pleasure in usual activities and pastimes.

Diagnosis of dysthymia can be difficult because of the subtle nature of the symptoms and patients can often hide them in social situations, making it challenging for others to detect symptoms. Additionally, dysthymia often occurs at the same time as other psychological disorders, which adds a level of complexity in determining the presence of dysthymia, particularly because there is often an overlap in the symptoms of disorders.

There is a high incidence of comorbid illness in those with dysthymia. Suicidal behavior is also a particular problem with those with dysthymia. It is vital to look for signs of major depression, panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, alcohol and substance use disorders, and personality disorder.

Causes
There are no known biological causes that apply consistently to all cases of dysthymia, which suggests diverse origin of the disorder. However, there are some indications that there is a genetic predisposition to dysthymia: "The rate of depression in the families of people with dysthymia is as high as fifty percent for the early-onset form of the disorder". Other factors linked with dysthymia include stress, social isolation, and lack of social support.

In a study using identical and fraternal twins, results indicated that there is a stronger likelihood of identical twins both having depression than fraternal twins. This provides support for the idea that dysthymia is in part hereditary.

Co-occurring conditions
Dysthymia often co-occurs with other mental disorders. A "double depression" is the occurrence of episodes of major depression in addition to dysthymia. Switching between periods of dysthymic moods and periods of hypomanic moods is indicative of cyclothymia, which is a mild variant of bipolar disorder.

"At least three-quarters of patients with dysthymia also have a chronic physical illness or another psychiatric disorder such as one of the anxiety disorders, cyclothymia, drug addiction, or alcoholism". Common co-occurring conditions include major depression (up to 75%), anxiety disorders (up to 50%), personality disorders (up to 40%), somatoform disorders (up to 45%) and substance use disorders (up to 50%). People with dysthymia have a higher-than-average chance of developing major depression. A 10-year follow-up study found that 95% of dysthymia patients had an episode of major depression. When an intense episode of depression occurs on top of dysthymia, the state is called "double depression."

Double depression
Double depression occurs when a person experiences a major depressive episode on top of the already-existing condition of dysthymia. It is difficult to treat, as patients accept these major depressive symptoms as a natural part of their personality or as a part of their life that is outside of their control. The fact that people with dysthymia may accept these worsening symptoms as inevitable can delay treatment. When and if such people seek out treatment, the treatment may not be very effective if only the symptoms of the major depression are addressed, but not the dysthymic symptoms.

Patients with double depression tend to report significantly higher levels of hopelessness than is normal. This can be a useful symptom for mental health services providers to focus on when working with patients to treat the condition. Additionally, cognitive therapies can be effective for working with people with double depression in order to help change negative thinking patterns and give individuals a new way of seeing themselves and their environment.

It has been suggested that the best way to prevent double depression is by treating the dysthymia. A combination of antidepressants and cognitive therapies can be helpful in preventing major depressive symptoms from occurring. Additionally, exercise and good sleep hygiene (e.g., improving sleep patterns) are thought to have an additive effect on treating dysthymic symptoms and preventing them from worsening.

Pathophysiology
There is evidence that there may be neurological indicators of early onset dysthymia. There are several brain structures (corpus callosum and frontal lobe) that are different in women with dysthymia than in those without dysthymia. This may indicate that there is a developmental difference between these two groups.

Another study, which used fMRI techniques to assess the differences between individuals with dysthymia and other people, found additional support for neurological indicators of the disorder. This study found several areas of the brain that function differently. The amygdala (associated with processing emotions such as fear) was more activated in dysthymia patients. The study also observed increased activity in the insula (which is associated with sad emotions). Finally, there was increased activity in the cingulate gyrus (which serves as the bridge between attention and emotion).

A study comparing healthy individuals to people with dysthymia indicates there are other biological indicators of the disorder. An anticipated result appeared as healthy individuals expected fewer negative adjectives to apply to them, whereas people with dysthymia expected fewer positive adjectives to apply to them in the future. Biologically these groups are also differentiated in that healthy individuals showed greater neurological anticipation for all types of events (positive, neutral, or negative) than those with dysthymia. This provides neurological evidence of the dulling of emotion that individuals with dysthymia have learned to use to protect themselves from overly strong negative feelings, compared to healthy people.

There is some evidence of a genetic basis for all types of depression, including dysthymia. A study using identical and fraternal twins indicated that there is a stronger likelihood of identical twins both having depression than fraternal twins. This provides support for the idea that dysthymia is caused in part by heredity.

A new model has recently surfaced in the literature regarding the HPA axis (structures in the brain that get activated in response to stress) and its involvement with dysthymia (e.g. phenotypic variations of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), and down-regulation of adrenal functioning) as well as forebrain serotonergic mechanisms. Since this model is highly provisional, further research is still needed.

Diagnosis
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV), published by the American Psychiatric Association, characterizes dysthymic disorder. The essential symptom involves the individual feeling depressed for the majority of days, and parts of the day, for at least two years. Low energy, disturbances in sleep or in appetite, and low self-esteem typically contribute to the clinical picture as well. Those with the condition have often experienced dysthymia for many years before it is diagnosed. People around them often describe them in words similar to "just a moody person". The following are the diagnostic criteria:

 * During a majority of days for two years or more, the adult patient reports depressed mood, or appears depressed to others for most of the day.
 * When depressed, the patient has two or more of:
 * decreased or increased appetite;
 * decreased or increased sleep (insomnia or hypersomnia);
 * fatigue or low energy;
 * reduced self-esteem;
 * decreased concentration or problems making decisions;
 * feelings of hopelessness or pessimism.
 * During this two-year period, the above symptoms are never absent longer than two consecutive months.
 * During the duration of the two-year period, the patient may have had a perpetual major depressive episode.
 * The patient has not had any manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes.
 * The patient has never fulfilled criteria for cyclothymic disorder.
 * The depression does not exist only as part of a chronic psychosis (such as schizophrenia or delusional disorder).
 * The symptoms are often not directly caused by a medical illness or by substances, including substance use or other medications.
 * The symptoms may cause significant problems or distress in social, work, academic, or other major areas of life functioning.

In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable, and duration must be at least one year, in contrast to two years needed for diagnosis in adults.

Early onset (diagnosis before age 21) is associated with more frequent relapses, psychiatric hospitalizations, and more co-occurring conditions. For younger adults with dysthymia, there is a higher co-occurrence in personality abnormalities and the symptoms are likely chronic. However, in older adults with dysthymia, the psychological symptoms are associated with medical conditions and/or stressful life events and losses.

Dysthymia can be contrasted with major depressive disorder by assessing the acute nature of the symptoms. Dysthymia is far more chronic (long lasting) than major depressive disorder, in which symptoms may be present for as little as two weeks. Also dysthymia often presents itself at an earlier age than major depressive disorder.

Prevention
Though there is no clear-cut way to prevent dysthymia from occurring, there are some suggestions to help reduce its effects. Since dysthymia often appears first in childhood, it is important to identify children who may be at risk. It may be beneficial to work with children in helping to control their stress, increase resilience, boost self-esteem, and provide strong social support networks. These tactics may be helpful in warding off or delaying dysthymic symptoms.

Treatments
Persistent depressive disorder can be treated with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. The overall rate and degree of treatment success is somewhat lower than for non-chronic depression, and a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy shows best results.

Therapy
Psychotherapy can be effective in treating dysthymia. In a meta-analytic study from 2010, psychotherapy had a small but significant effect when compared to control groups. However, psychotherapy is significantly less effective than pharmacotherapy in direct comparisons.

There are many different types of therapy, and some are more effective than others.

 * The empirically most studied type of treatment is cognitive-behavioral therapy. This type of therapy is very effective for non-chronic depression, and it appears to be also effective for chronic depression.
 * Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) has been designed specifically to treat PDD. Empirical results on this form of therapy are inconclusive: While one study showed remarkably high treatment success rates, a later, even larger study showed no significant benefit of adding CBASP to treatment with antidepressants.
 * Schema therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy have been used for PDD, though good empirical results are lacking.
 * Interpersonal psychotherapy has also been said to be effective in treating the disorder, though it only shows marginal benefit when added to treatment with antidepressants.

Medications
In a 2010 meta-analysis, the benefit of pharmacotherapy was limited to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) rather than tricyclic antidepressants (TCA).

According to a 2014 meta-analysis, antidepressants are at least as effective for persistent depressive disorder as for major depressive disorder. The first line of pharmacotherapy is usually SSRIs due to their purported more tolerable nature and reduced side effects compared to the irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants. Studies have found that the mean response to antidepressant medications for people with dysthymia is 55%, compared with a 31% response rate to a placebo. The most commonly prescribed antidepressants/SSRIs for dysthymia are escitalopram, citalopram, sertraline, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine. It often takes an average of 6–8 weeks before the patient begins to feel these medications' therapeutic effects. Additionally, STAR*D, a multi-clinic governmental study, found that people with overall depression will generally need to try different brands of medication before finding one that works specifically for them. Research shows that 1 in 4 of those who switch medications get better results regardless of whether the second medication is an SSRI or some other type of antidepressant.

In a meta-analytic study from 2005, it was found that SSRIs and TCAs are equally effective in treating dysthymia. They also found that MAOIs have a slight advantage over the use of other medication in treating this disorder. However, the author of this study cautions that MAOIs should not necessarily be the first line of defense in the treatment of dysthymia, as they are often less tolerable than their counterparts, such as SSRIs.

Tentative evidence supports the use of amisulpride to treat dysthymia but with increased side effects.

Combination treatment
When pharmacotherapy alone is compared with combined treatment with pharmacotherapy plus psychotherapy, there is a strong trend in favour of combined treatment. Working with a psychotherapist to address the causes and effects of the disorder, in addition to taking antidepressants to help eliminate the symptoms, can be extremely beneficial. This combination is often the preferred method of treatment for those who have dysthymia. Looking at various studies involving treatment for dysthymia, 75% of people responded positively to a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy, whereas only 48% of people responded positively to just CBT or medication alone.

A 2019 Cochrane review of 10 studies involving 840 participants could not conclude with certainty that continued pharmacotherapy with antidepressants (those used in the studies) was effective in preventing relapse or recurrence of persistent depressive disorder. The body of evidence was too small for any greater certainty although the study acknowledges that continued psychotherapy may be beneficial when compared to no treatment.

Treatment resistance
Because of dysthymia's chronic nature, treatment resistance is somewhat common. In such a case, augmentation is often recommended. Such treatment augmentations can include lithium pharmacology, thyroid hormone augmentation, amisulpride, buspirone, bupropion, guanfacine, stimulants, and mirtazapine. Additionally, if the person also has seasonal affective disorder, light therapy can be useful in helping augment therapeutic effects.

Epidemiology
Globally dysthymia occurs in about 105 million people a year (1.5% of the population). It is 38% more common in women (1.8% of women) than in men (1.3% of men). The lifetime prevalence rate of dysthymia in community settings appears to range from 3 to 6% in the United States. However, in primary care settings the rate is higher ranging from 5 to 15 percent. United States prevalence rates tend to be somewhat higher than rates in other countries.

title: Dysthymia


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John Purdue

John Purdue (October 31, 1802 – September 12, 1876) was a wealthy American industrialist in Lafayette, Indiana, and the primary original benefactor of Purdue University.

Early life
Most details of Purdue's early life were either not recorded or lost.

He was born in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, to Charles and Mary Short Purdue. He had eight sisters and no brothers. Sometime after 1813 (possibly as late as 1823), the family moved to Ross County, Ohio. During the move, the second oldest daughter, Nancy, died, and shortly after the move, his father died. Shortly thereafter John was apprenticed to an Adelphi merchant, and his mother and at least a few of his sisters moved north and settled near Westerville, Ohio.

Teacher
From 1823 to 1831, he was a school teacher around Ohio and in Michigan.

Businessman
As stated in the 1979 Marion County History Book, on March 13, 1831, he bought a 160 acre farm in Salt Rock Township in Marion County, Ohio. He sold the same on August 20, 1832, at a profit. He derived additional gain from collecting a commission in taking his neighbor's hogs to market.

Purdue developed a farm products brokerage that covered the Adelphi, Worthington and Columbus area. In 1833, he and Moses Fowler opened a general merchandise store in Adelphi. On December 9, 1834, Purdue purchased 240 acre of land in Indiana from Jesse Spencer for $850 which he partially paid for in store goods. The land that he bought lies northeast of the intersection of Creasy Lane and McCarty Lane in Lafayette, Indiana.

In 1838 or 1839, Purdue and Fowler liquidated their Ohio holdings and permanently moved to Lafayette. Once there, they opened a dry goods business on the courthouse square. Purdue continued to gain wealth and prestige over the next several years. Most accounts show a man devoted to leading a good civic life, donating time, money, and expertise to various local projects including a bridge over the Wabash River, a railroad from Lafayette to Indianapolis and serving on various boards.

In 1844, Fowler and Purdue ended their association. In 1847, a group of five merchants, including Purdue, completed a 600 ft wooden toll bridge across the Wabash.

On October 20, 1852, Purdue and four others were appointed as the first trustees of the new Lafayette City Public School. While various tax-related lawsuits crippled the new statewide public school budget, Purdue and others privately helped keep Lafayette's afloat.

By 1855, Purdue was spending a fair amount of time in New York doing business. In 1856, he became involved in what would come to be Purdue, Ward and Company.

In 1857, he bought stock in and served as a trustee of the Battle Ground Collegiate Institute (college preparatory classes). He also donated $500 in cash to help another collegiate institute in the newly-platted Stockwell, Indiana.

Purdue profited greatly during the American Civil War mainly because of the increase in demand for dry goods by the Union Army. Purdue supported the Union in the war, but some night-time raids by Confederate sympathizers on local businesses were reported. To protect his assets, Purdue established the "Purdue Rifles," a volunteer protective force of about 100 trained, uniformed and armed men guarding Confederate prisoners, rounded up deserters and maintained order.

Throughout the 1860s, Purdue acquired large tracts of land in nearby Warren County. By 1872, he owned about 2020 acre which came to be known as the Walnut Grove Farm.

In 1867, Purdue invested money in and presided as president of the Lafayette Agricultural Works, a Lafayette implement factory, until the mid-1870s.

In 1868, he contributed money to and was the president for seven years of the new Springvale Cemetery in Lafayette.

In 1869, he helped found the Lafayette Savings Bank.

He later supported some questionable business ventures, including backing the Lafayette, Muncie and Bloomington Railroad, even as lawsuits and debts climbed. Purdue also backed a silver mining scheme in Colorado, the Purdue Gold and Silver Mining and Ore Reduction Company, which failed to pay any dividends.

Politician
In 1864, Purdue lost a contentious primary battle to incumbent Godlove Stein Orth for the nomination of the Union Party's candidate for Congress.

In 1866, Purdue again challenged Orth but this time in the general election as an Independent. Despite buying the Lafayette Journal to counteract the Lafayette Courier (which supported Orth), Purdue was again defeated 14,933 to 14,728.

Purdue University
In 1862, the Morrill Land Grant Act was passed by Congress, and the competition was on to find a location for a land grant college in Indiana. Bidding was fierce between Indiana University in Bloomington, Northwestern Christian in Indianapolis, and the Stockwell and Battle Ground Collegiate Institutes. After the death of influential Lafayette Senator Albert S. White, the Stockwell bid fell through. Years of wrangling failed to reach a compromise. In 1865, the state started the State Normal College (later Indiana State University), partly to relieve some of the pressure. To make Tippecanoe County stand out, various locals stepped up with offers of land and money.

By 1869, Tippecanoe's bid was up to nearly $400,000 in cash, land, and bonds, but the legislature still stalled. Then, Purdue stepped forth with $100,000 of his personal wealth. His only conditions were for the college to be located in Battle Ground and for his surname to be associated with it. After some more negotiations, when the name of the university was chosen and he was added to the board of trustees, Purdue's donations were raised to $150,000 (equivalent to $2.9 million in 2019) and 100 acre of land. The negotiations also allowed the new board of trustees to choose the site of the university and on May 6, 1869, the General Assembly established the institution in Tippecanoe County as Purdue University. Classes began at Purdue on September 16, 1874, with six instructors and 39 students.

Death
He died of an apparent stroke on September 12, 1876, aged 73, on the first day of classes of the third academic year at the university he had helped found. Purdue's grave is located on the university's main campus. A bachelor, he had no heirs; his estate was tied up in litigation for years after his death.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Purdue


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Nogo, Arkansas

Nogo is a small unincorporated community in Smyrna Township, Pope County, Arkansas, United States. It is part of the Russellville Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Nogo is situated in the Boston Mountains, 11 miles northwest of Kincannon Mountain and 28 miles northeast of Russellville on Arkansas Highway 27 at 35.64083°N, -92.87944°W, within the Ozark National Forest.

The elevation is 1,720 feet above sea level.

title: Nogo, Arkansas


text: User talk:68.77.44.28

title: User talk:68.77.44.28


text: User talk:65.30.184.65

title: User talk:65.30.184.65


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Showtime Movie Channels

Showtime Movie Channels was a group of Australian pay-TV movie channels, available on the Foxtel, Optus and Austar TV platforms. The service consisted of five original channels (showtime premiere, showcase, showtime action, showtime comedy, showtime drama), three HD simulcasts (showtime premiere HD, showcase HD, showtime action HD) and two timeshift channels (showtime two, showcase two). It was owned and operated by the Premium Movie Partnership (PMP), a joint venture in which Sony Pictures Entertainment, NBCUniversal, Viacom, News Corporation and Liberty Global had equal shares. Foxtel took over managing and producing the Showtime channels as of 31 October 2012, with it purchasing assets of the PMP. On 9 December 2012, it was announced that Movie Network and Showtime (with the exception of Showcase) would be replaced with a new line-up of Foxtel branded movie channels to be named Foxtel Movies

The main competitor to Showtime was Movie Network Channels.

History
Formed in late 1994 through a joint partnership between Australis Media, Columbia TriStar, MCA, Viacom and Tele-Communications Inc., Showtime started broadcasting in 1995 as part of the basic package on the now-defunct Galaxy service, showing first-run films. At the same time its sister channel named Encore was launched, showing older 'classic' movies. Until their launch in March 1995, trailers and previews were broadcast in their channel slots. Both channels were originally programmed in Burbank, California, until local operations commenced in October 1995. It later became available as part of the Austar and Foxtel services when they were launched. In December 2002, the Showtime channels also became available on Optus Television. Encore was renamed Showtime Greats on 1 March 2004, with a move to more contemporary films.

In September 2007 it was announced that a premium channel called showcase would be launched on 1 December 2007 as part of the suite of Showtime channels, ahead of changes that would allow Movie Network to compete directly with Showtime for subscribers.

showcase screens movies (mainly independent, arthouse and documentary features),some comedy programs as well as a number of television series.

On 15 November 2009, Showtime Greats was replaced by showtime action, showtime comedy and showtime drama. In addition, Showtime was renamed showtime premiere.

On 11 October 2012, Foxtel announced they would acquire certain assets of the Premium Movie Partnership, which would result in Foxtel managing and producing the Showtime channels as of 31 October 2012.

Channels
All showtime channels area available on Foxtel, Austar and Optus, unless otherwise noted. showtime premiere and showcase are also available through Xbox 360's IPTV service.

Internet download services
Launched on 1 October 2009 were two exclusive channels to Foxtel Download. These were:
 * Showtime Family – featured family friendly movies and was exclusive to Foxtel's download service.
 * Showtime Horror – featured Classic and modern horror movies and was exclusive to Foxtel's download service.

Showtime Australia
Showtime Australia is unrelated to the American Showtime service, but pays a licence fee for the use of the name and trademark. It also produces some Australian movies, such as Bad Eggs, in conjunction with other companies.

Trademark and branding
Despite the name being Showtime, for branding purposes it is usually spelt in all capitals to match the channel logo. Similarly, Showcase is usually spelt in all lower case. As a matter of fact, the branding for Showtime uses the former logo from the American cable service until 1997.

title: Showtime Movie Channels


text: User talk:64.53.5.119

title: User talk:64.53.5.119


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Empennage

The empennage ( or ), also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow. The term derives from the French language verb empenner which means "to feather an arrow". Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilising surfaces which stabilise the flight dynamics of yaw and pitch, as well as housing control surfaces.

In spite of effective control surfaces, many early aircraft that lacked a stabilising empennage were virtually unflyable. Even so-called "tailless aircraft" usually have a tail fin (usually a vertical stabiliser). Heavier-than-air aircraft without any kind of empennage (such as the Northrop B-2) are rare, and generally use specially shaped airfoils whose trailing edge provide pitch stability, and rearwards swept wings, often with dihedral to provide the necessary yaw stability. In some aircraft with swept wings, the airfoil section or angle of incidence may change radically towards the tip.

Structure
Structurally, the empennage consists of the entire tail assembly, including the tailfin, the tailplane and the part of the fuselage to which these are attached. On an airliner this would be all the flying and control surfaces behind the rear pressure bulkhead.

The front (usually fixed) section of the tailplane is called the horizontal stabiliser and is used to provide pitch stability. The rear section of the tailplane is called the elevator, and is a movable aerofoil that controls changes in pitch, the up-and-down motion of the aircraft's nose. In some aircraft the horizontal stabilizer and elevator are one unit, and to control pitch the entire unit moves as one. This is known as a stabilator or full-flying stabiliser.

The vertical tail structure has a fixed front section called the vertical stabiliser, used to control yaw, which is movement of the fuselage right to left motion of the nose of the aircraft. The rear section of the vertical fin is the rudder, a movable aerofoil that is used to turn the aircraft's nose right or left. When used in combination with the ailerons, the result is a banking turn, a coordinated turn, the essential feature of aircraft movement.

Some aircraft are fitted with a tail assembly that is hinged to pivot in two axes forward of the fin and stabiliser, in an arrangement referred to as a movable tail. The entire empennage is rotated vertically to actuate the horizontal stabiliser, and sideways to actuate the fin.

The aircraft's cockpit voice recorder, flight data recorder and emergency locator transmitter (ELT) are often located in the empennage, because the aft of the aircraft provides better protection for these in most aircraft crashes.

Trim
In some aircraft trim devices are provided to eliminate the need for the pilot to maintain constant pressure on the elevator or rudder controls.

The trim device may be:

 * a trim tab on the rear of the elevators or rudder which act to change the aerodynamic load on the surface. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.
 * an adjustable stabiliser into which the stabiliser may be hinged at its spar and adjustably jacked a few degrees in incidence either up or down. Usually controlled by a cockpit crank.
 * a bungee trim system which uses a spring to provide an adjustable preload in the controls. Usually controlled by a cockpit lever.
 * an anti-servo tab used to trim some elevators and stabilators as well as increased control force feel. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.
 * a servo tab used to move the main control surface, as well as act as a trim tab. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.

Multi-engined aircraft often have trim tabs on the rudder to reduce the pilot effort required to keep the aircraft straight in situations of asymmetrical thrust, such as single engine operations.

Tail configurations
Aircraft empennage designs may be classified broadly according to the fin and tailplane configurations.

The overall shapes of individual tail surfaces (tailplane planforms, fin profiles) are similar to wing planforms.

Tailplanes
The tailplane comprises the tail-mounted fixed horizontal stabiliser and movable elevator. Besides its planform, it is characterised by:
 * Configuration – tailless or canard.
 * Location of tailplane – mounted high, mid or low on the fuselage, fin or tail booms.
 * Fixed stabiliser and movable elevator surfaces, or a single combined stabilator or "[all]-flying tail". (General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark)

Some locations have been given special names:
 * Conventional tail – The vertical stabiliser and horizontal stabilisers are mounted to the rear of the fuselage. This is the simplest configuration that performs all three aspects of the function of a tail: trim, stability, and control. Around 60% of current aircraft designs — and about 80% ever — incorporate this type of tail. Examples are found on aircraft of every size and role, from general aviation types like the ubiquitous Cessna 172 to the largest airliners ever flown, such as the Airbus A380. Examples of this type of tail were in use as early as the Blériot VII of 1907.
 * Cruciform tail – The horizontal stabilisers are placed midway up the vertical stabiliser, giving the appearance of a cross when viewed from the front. Cruciform tails are often used to keep the horizontal stabilisers out of the engine wake, while avoiding many of the disadvantages of a T-tail. Examples include the Hawker Sea Hawk and Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.
 * T-tail – The horizontal stabiliser is mounted on top of the fin, creating a "T" shape when viewed from the front. T-tails keep the stabilisers out of the engine wake, and give better pitch control. T-tails have a good glide ratio, and are more efficient on low speed aircraft. However, the T-tail has several disadvantages. It is more likely to enter a deep stall, and is more difficult to recover from a spin. For this reason a small secondary stabiliser or tail-let may be fitted lower down where it will be in free air when the aircraft is stalled. A T-tail must be stronger, and therefore heavier than a conventional tail. T-tails also tend to have a larger radar cross section. Examples include the Gloster Javelin and McDonnell Douglas DC-9.

Fins
The fin comprises the fixed vertical stabiliser and rudder. Besides its profile, it is characterised by:
 * Number of fins – usually one or two.
 * Location of fins – on the fuselage (over or under), tailplane, tail booms or wings

Twin fins may be mounted at various points:
 * Twin tail A twin tail, also called an H-tail, consists of two small vertical stabilisers on either side of the horizontal stabiliser. Examples include the Antonov An-225 Mriya, B-25 Mitchell, Avro Lancaster, and ERCO Ercoupe.
 * Twin boom A twin boom has two fuselages or booms, with a vertical stabiliser on each, and a horizontal stabiliser between them. Examples include the Northrop P-61 Black Widow, P-38 Lightning, de Havilland Sea Vixen, Sadler Vampire, and Edgley Optica.
 * Wing mounted midwing as on the F7U Cutlass or on the wing tips as on the Handley Page Manx and Rutan Long-EZ

Unusual fin configurations include:
 * No fin – as on the McDonnell Douglas X-36. This configuration is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "tailless".
 * Multiple fins – examples include the Lockheed Constellation (three), Bellanca 14-13 (three), and the Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye (four).
 * Ventral fin – underneath the fuselage. Often used in addition to a conventional fin as on the (North American X-15 and Dornier Do 335).

V, Y and X tails
An alternative to the fin-and-tailplane approach is provided by the V-tail and X-tail designs. Here, the tail surfaces are set at diagonal angles, with each surface contributing to both pitch and yaw. The control surfaces, sometimes called ruddervators, act differentially to provide yaw control (in place of the rudder) and act together to provide pitch control (in place of the elevator).

 * V tail: A V-tail can be lighter than a conventional tail in some situations and produce less drag, as on the Fouga Magister trainer, Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk RPV and X-37 spacecraft. A V-tail may also have a smaller radar signature. Other aircraft featuring a V-tail include the Beechcraft Model 35 Bonanza, and Davis DA-2. A slight modification to the V-tail can be found on the Waiex and Monnett Moni called a Y-tail.
 * Inverted V tail:The unmanned Predator uses an inverted V-tail as do the Lazair and Mini-IMP.
 * Y tail: A V-tail with an added lower vertical fin (generally used to protect an aft propeller), as LearAvia Lear Fan
 * X tail: The Lockheed XFV featured an "X" tail, which was reinforced and fitted with a wheel on each surface so that the craft could sit on its tail and take off and land vertically.

Outboard tail
An outboard tail is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include additional boom-mounted vertical stabilizers (fins). In this position, the tail surfaces interact constructively with the wingtip vortices and, with careful design, can significantly reduce drag to improve efficiency, without adding unduly to the structural loads on the wing.

The configuration was first developed during World War II by Richard Vogt and George Haag at Blohm & Voss. The Skoda-Kauba SL6 tested the proposed control system in 1944 and, following several design proposals, an order was received for the Blohm & Voss P 215 just weeks before the war ended. The outboard tail reappeared on the Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne in 2003 and SpaceShipTwo in 2010.

Tailless aircraft

A tailless aircraft (often tail-less) traditionally has all its horizontal control surfaces on its main wing surface. It has no horizontal stabiliser – either tailplane or canard foreplane (nor does it have a second wing in tandem arrangement). A "tailless" type usually still has a vertical stabilising fin (vertical stabiliser) and control surface (rudder). However, NASA adopted the "tailless" description for the novel X-36 research aircraft which has a canard foreplane but no vertical fin.

The most successful tailless configuration has been the tailless delta, especially for combat aircraft.

title: Empennage


text:
Zaporizhzhia (region)

Zaporizhzhia or Zaporozhzhia (Запоріжжя) is a historical region in central east Ukraine below the Dnieper River rapids (пороги), hence the name, literally "(territory) beyond the rapids".

From the 16th to the 18th centuries the Zaporizhzhia region functioned as semi-independent quasi-republican Cossack territory centred on the Zaporizhian Sich. Sometimes the region is referred to as Zaporizhian Sich as well. Zaporizhzhia corresponds to modern Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, major parts of Zaporizhzhia and Kirovohrad Oblasts, as well as parts of Kherson and Donetsk Oblasts of Ukraine.

Names
The region was officially known as Free lands of the Lower Zaporizhzhia Host (Вольності Війська Запорозького Низового, Zaporoże; Dzikie Pola (Wild Fields or Wild Plain), Запоро́жье). Among other names, it was called as Wild Fields, Novorossiya (in Russia), and others.

Origin
During the 1667 truce of Andrusovo, the region was under the condominium of both the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Kingdom of Poland, and in 1686, with the signing of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, it passed under Russian suzerainty. In the 1750s, the Russian authorities sanctioned the establishment of New Serbia as a military frontier in the northwestern portion of the region, right on the border with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Just before the Koliyivshchyna, the Russian authorities created Novorossiya Governorate, centered on Kremenchuk, which included territories of New Serbia, Slovianoserbia, and northern parts of the Zaporizhzhian region.

History
Zaporizhzhia was the name of the territory of the Cossack state, the Zaporozhian Host, whose fortified capital was the Zaporizhian Sich. From the 15th century to the late 17th century it was fought over by Muscovy, the Polish Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire, as well as by the Hetmans of Upper Ukraine (after 1648). For most of that time it was technically controlled by Poland, but it was rarely peaceful, and was widely regarded (from the perspective of the claimant governments) as turbulent and dangerous, the refuge of outlaws and bandits. In the eyes of the vast majority of the Ukrainian people, however, it was a promised land of heroes and free men (as later described in the poetry of Taras Shevchenko). In addition to many invasions by neighbouring countries, inhabitants of the Zaporozhe had to deal with an influx of new settlers from all directions and conflicts between the szlachta (Polish nobility) and independent Cossacks, who enjoyed a kind of autonomy in the region. Further, Cossacks often raided the nearby rich lands of the Ottoman Empire, retaliating for the constant slave raids of the Tatars against Ukrainian territories as far west as Galicia, in return provoking raids by Ottoman vassals, the Tatars.

The more independent Army of Lower Zaporozhia was centered at the Old Sich (Stara Sich). In 1709, Tsar Peter I ordered the destruction of the Old Sich, forcing the Zaporozhian Cossacks to flee to Oleshky, on the Black Sea in Ottoman territory. In 1734, the Russians allowed the Cossacks to re-establish their republic as the Free Lands of the Zaporozhian Host, based at the New Sich (Nova Sich), but brought in many foreign settlers, and destroyed the Sich for good in 1775, incorporating the territory into New Russia.

In the population Zaporizhzhia lands in the late 1970s to early 1980s of the XVIII century after liquidation Zaporozhian Sich (1775) (uk) prevailed Ukrainians. In 1779, they accounted for 64.36% of the total population of this region. On the second the place among others ethnic group was occupied by the Greeks (13.76%), followed by Armenians (10.61%) and Russian (8.09%).

Economy
Some historians estimate, that an average peasant's hut did not last over 10 years. In the years 1605–1633, for example, Red Ruthenian lands suffered 100,000 people taken captive by the Ottomans, and 24,000 dead; in the first half of the 17th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, controlling Zaporizhzhia, lost approximately 300,000 of people due to the Ottoman raids.

Legacy
It was after this region, a city of Zaporizhzhia received its name in 1921 previously known as Aleksandrovsk.

title: Zaporizhzhia (region)


text:
Coke Machine Glow

Coke Machine Glow is the first solo album released by Gord Downie, the singer for The Tragically Hip. It was released in 2001.

Early copies of the album were released as a joint package with a book by Downie, also titled Coke Machine Glow. The book included the song lyrics from the album and other poetry. The book included photographs by Toronto-based artist Michael Adamson. As a result of the album's sales, the book is one of the best-selling volumes of poetry ever published by a Canadian writer.

Downie's backing band on Coke Machine Glow was credited as "the Goddamned Band". Participating musicians included Julie Doiron, Josh Finlayson, Atom Egoyan and members of The Dinner Is Ruined.

An online music publication formed in 2002 was named after the album.

In 2021, Arts & Crafts Productions announced the release of Coke Machine Glow: Songwriters' Cabal, an expanded 20th anniversary reissue of the album. The reissue will feature a bonus disc of unreleased demos, alternate versions and outtakes, as well as an audiobook version of the poetry book read by figures such as singer-songwriter Sarah Harmer and actors Dan Aykroyd and Bruce McCulloch.

Track listing
All tracks written by Gord Downie unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "Starpainters" (Downie, Morningstar)
 * 2) "Vancouver Divorce"
 * 3) "SF Song"
 * 4) "Trick Rider"
 * 5) "Canada Geese"
 * 6) "Chancellor"
 * 7) "The Never-Ending Present"
 * 8) "Nothing but Heartache in Your Social Life" (Downie, Egoyan)
 * 9) "Blackflies"
 * 10) "Lofty Pines"
 * 11) "Boy Bruised by Butterfly Chase" (Perez, Downie)
 * 12) "Mystery" (Downie, Egoyan)
 * 13) "Elaborate"
 * 14) "Yer Possessed"
 * 15) "Every Irrelevance"
 * 16) "Insomniacs of the World, Goodnight" (Downie, Morningstar)

title: Coke Machine Glow


text:
Talk:Donn Beach

Untitled

 * '''According to Trader Vic's (www.tradervics.com), MaiTai is Tahitian for "the very best". Just a thought for a correction. - DavidL9999

I lived in Tahiti for 25 years. As far as I know, Trader Vic never set foot in the place.

"Maitai" or "mai tai" means "good".

"Maitai roa" or "mai tai roa", which, according to the Trader Vic story, is what the first person to drink his concoction cried out, means "very good".

Trust me on this....

vandalism
a Don the Beachcombers in WEST Lafayette, Louisiana?????? Even if it were just plain Lafayette, that would be remarkable enough.... Hayford Peirce (talk) 21:54, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Arnold Bittner, who married Beach's ex wife, was born in Indiana. Stephen Crane, probably the third most important person in tiki bar history, was also born in Indiana. An Indiana location seems plausible. This was likely not vandalism, just an error between LA and IN. However, it is also worth noting that Beach spent considerable time in New Orleans when he was younger.

When Gantt opened Don's Beachcomber Cafe
A change has just been made to the openeing date, from 1934 to 1933. Prior to this change, the specified reference was the Wall Street Journal. After the change, that reference was removed, and a user forum was referenced. There are several problems with the new source: (1) It's a user forum, and as such is not a reliable source. (2) Even within the cited source, there are contradictions as to whether it is 1933 or 1934. (3) Forum messages refer to the Van Nuys [Valley] News, which certainly isn't as reliable as the WSJ -- and in any case two articles are cited, one which says reputedly says 1933 and one which says 1934. Of course, we don't even know if the Van Nuys News ever had such articles, since the forum is not a reliable source. --Larry (talk) 18:27, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

 * There are pieces of ephemera from Don the beachcomber that both cite 1933 as the specific opening year, or reference by saying "25 years in business" in 1958. The confusion is likely derived from the date when the business license was first obtained in 1934 and other ephemera which has the 1934 date. In my book Mai-Kai History and Mystery of the Iconic Tiki Restaurant I say it was 1933. All evidence from those who knew the man Donn Beach and plenty of evidence from ephemera points to that as the correct date. Anecdotal corroboration comes from sources placing him and his brother in LA at that time and living near the address. More details will be in my forthcoming history book on Donn Beach. Swankpad (talk) 19:06, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060603203617/http://hawaiibeachcomber.com:80/_wsn/page2.html to http://hawaiibeachcomber.com/_wsn/page2.html

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Article title
Note: This article was originally written under the title Don the Beachcomber, but the article is mostly about the person, not the restaurant. He sometimes called himself Don the Beachcomber but that was never his actual name. His name was Donn Beach (after he changed it legally from Ernest Gantt). So I have moved the article and talk page to the title Donn Beach. -- MelanieN (talk) 19:24, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

Number of locations
A source says that there were 16 restaurants at its heighth. However, a counting of the actual locations listed on this page is much closer to 25. Either the source is incorrect, or more clarity is needed in the article for what "at its heighth" means, or some of the locations are in error.

Legal name/ Restaurant name conflation
The background on Beach's name is certainly vexing, with multiple sources with different information, even with varying chronological orders. We do know his tombstone is inscribed "Donn E R G Beach" (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14470706). Most sources indicate his name was legally changed to Donn Beach. Others show variations, and it is difficult to tell how many variations were actual legal name changes or just reported as such when they were in fact nicknames, or if he had a succession of legal name changes. In Sippin' Safari (Jeff Berry, 10th Anniverstary edition, 2017, pg 49), Berry indicates the legal name change as to "Don E.R. Beachcomber, Donn Beach for short", which makes little sense. Researchers with access to the Social Security Death Index might be helpful in this area. In any event, the grave marker name, and (very loose) consensus of sources would seem to mean that "Donn Beach" is the best for now. As an aside, in footnotes on the same page of Sippin' Safari, Berry infers that the name change was a result of avoiding attention due to an early (illegal) speakeasy of Donn's known as "Ernie's Place" (as alleged by Art Snyder). Regarding the restaurant's name, there is a similar problem of what actual early and later names were for the restaurant, with some indicating it was first simply the "Don Beachcomber" restaurant. While some pictures of the sign show Don the Beachcomber (likely Hollywood), later photos in Hawaii show a "Don the Beachcomber's" (with an apostrophe) at the International Market Place. This may have been done because that is (1) what people began to call it, (2) to mimic Trader Vic's, or (3) because he had lost rights to the restaurant to his ex-wife.Nicholas Nastrusnic (talk) 12:47, 13 March 2019 (UTC) Also, the additional birth name of "Beaumount" is of unknown origin until a birth certifcate can be located.

Birthplace
There are also many conflicting sources regarding his birthplace. Many for Texas and also New Orleans. There may be a need to be able to see/reference an actual birth certificate to ultimately get the correct information. Lesser attempts have thus far not provided true certainty.Nicholas Nastrusnic (talk) 00:39, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I couldn’t find anything about Beach in the Dallas Observer reference; what am I missing? Food Republic does not seem like a particularly reliable source. Hawaiibeachcomber is definitely not a reliable source, and it includes a lot of what sounds like made-up material. (For one thing, their version of his childhood doesn’t allow time for him to be in Texas by age 3, which we know he was.) Personally I am inclined to accept KCET as the most reliable but it's probably best to leave it either-or until you find something definitive. -- MelanieN (talk) 01:13, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Not sure what happened there but I fixed the link to the Dallas paper. I agree on the other link's credibility, something just needed to be put there for balance to show there was conflicting information. My hunch is that none of these newspaper stories are doing research/verifying and are just cutting and pasting what is on other sites (not feeling it is a consequential distinction for their stories where he was born). Until a birth certificate can be located I'm not sure we can definitely tell. His parents both seem to be from Texas; unless they relocated for a short period of time, or he was born while they were traveling, the Limestone location seems more likely but leaving it as not definitively known at least makes sure Wikipedia is not the source of erroneous information.
 * I think you are right: all of these articles are just copying their information from other sources, not doing their own research. (Except Hawaiibeachcomber, I think they are making stuff up; they have way too much folksy detail that is not in any other source. I would drop them.) -- MelanieN (talk) 02:34, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * All documents I have seen point to his birth in Texas. Military draft card and induction papers. All census records. Anything remotely official says Texas. The exception was his death certificate, but that info came from Phoebe Beach who was just repeating what Donn said in his later life. There is the one odd census record that has his mother as being born in Louisiana, but all other census records say she was born in Texas. His whole family tree is Texas after Mississippi and Alabama, etc. No Louisiana anywhere. Swankpad (talk) 19:14, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
 * FYI, Texas does a birth certificate for an Ernest Gantt dob 02/22/1907. They won't however release it for free, so I may not pursue it and the process for getting it seems rather complicated.

Picture
Would be great if anyone has an actual picture of Beach that qualifies as being uploadable to Commons for inclusion here.

The Lethal Leeteg
Edgar Leeteg was painter (of sorts) who lived in Tahiti for many years and who probably invented the Exotic Painting on Black Velvet (Velvet painting). I myself lived in Tahiti for a number of years and used to see a small sign on the side of the road not far from the Moorea airport. It said Beach, and I always vaguely wondered why a sign for a beach would be in English and not French. Little did I know that that was where Donn Beach had his houseboat. If I had known, I would instantly have gone to introduce myself. For many years in the late 50s and early 60s my family's favorite restaurant in the entire world was D. the Beach in Hollywood, where they would serve me a Navy Grog when I was 15 or so (and with my mother). Looking back on it 60 years later, it's STILL my favorite restaurant in all the world, and I'm the guy who originally scanned the restaurant cover and put it into this article.

I also, about 6 or 7 years ago, wrote a private-eye detective story set in Tahiti called "The Lethal Leeteg", after the name of a newly invented Tiki drink. In the story, my detective hero does a job (successfully) for Donn Beach, then living on his houseboat. Involving a stolen Leeteg that Donn had on his houseboat. It was published in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine and a while later was nominated by a Private Eye group as the best short story of the year. It didn't win, of course, but I was flattered. http://crimespreemag.com/2014-shamus-award-winners/

Anyway, do you think a mention of this should creep into this article as a minor bit of info, or throw-away, or not? Hayford Peirce (talk) 23:18, 18 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Hello, Mr. Peirce, and congrats on your short story. Can you find us a source - a review or some kind of reporting about the story - that points out the story's connection to Mr. Beach? I'm afraid we need an independent source, not just the author; per Wikipedia's rules on WP:Verifiability we have to have an independent published source to include it. -- MelanieN (talk) 04:06, 19 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, I learned that many years ago when I first began writing here. Although I didn't always adhere to the rule, in fact I frequently protested vehemently against it. It was one of the reasons a lot of us migrated to the now-failed Citizendium. I'll do a little research, but it's gonna be a tough slog to find something as specific as what we need. Manuia!, as we used to say in Tahiti when we raised a rum punch -- in 27 years down there, I never had a mai tai! Hayford Peirce (talk) 14:57, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

Height -- this discussion should be here and not on my own talk page -- thanks!
I guess "high" is subjective. I have never been, and it appears from what I have read that there was more than one treehouse so maybe there was higher ones over time. I sure would not want to fall out of this regardless: https://www.flickr.com/photos/11311958@N06/42508360134 Would be great if someone could find a free use image of the tree house to place into the International Market Place article, it is sorely needed. Cheers. Nicholas Nastrusnic (talk) 01:02, 23 March 2019 (UTC)
 * There are LOTS of pictures of the treehouse on the net. Surely ONE of them must be available.  I saw the house back in '61, back when Donn was still using it and you could rent it for your own meal.  At the time I'm pretty sure it was the ONLY one in the tree.  I saw it again back in '00, when the Marketplace was pretty run down but can't remember if there were more than one.  It's quite possible.... Hayford Peirce (talk) 15:26, 23 March 2019 (UTC)
 * There were two. One was used as an office by Donn, and the other was the "Treehouse for Two" dining room. The later may have been removed at some point. Swankpad (talk) 19:21, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donn Beach


text:
Talk:English hip hop

Shouldn't this be British hip hop?

Cleanup and context
This article is confusing to those who don't understand the background, and does a poor job of placing itself alongside related articles. Unfortunately I don't know enough about the topic to make the required changes, though I will do some reading and give it a try. -- Foofy 08:29, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

I've added context to the intro, and restored the reference to the mysterious Dufresne. Perhaps that list ought to have its own article? Tearlach 19:10, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Makes sense that it gets merged - none of the other constituent parts of British hip hop (Scottish, Welsh, Irish) seem to have inspired entries, and the only real difference between the two pages is that this one contains a list of English rappers.

Right, there's nothing on this page that isn't on the British hip hop page, and Category:British rappers contains a list of all the rappers listed here. Why not just delete? I'm not a logged in user, oopsy: 16th Nov 2005.

They are the same. There is no difference why they shouldn't. when I am writing this. There is no one against it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.251.66.120 (talk) 20:43, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:English hip hop


text:
Reynaldo Escobar Pérez

Reynaldo Gaudencio Escobar Pérez is a Mexican politician. Previously, he was Secretary of Government in the state of Veracruz, and was the state's attorney general, until he resigned on October 8, 2011. He was also the former mayor of Xalapa.

title: Reynaldo Escobar Pérez


text: Category:Magazine articles

title: Category:Magazine articles


text:
William Whyte

William Whyte may refer to:

 * Sir William Whyte (banker) (died 1945), Scottish banker
 * William Whyte (baseball) (1860–1911), American baseball player
 * William Whyte (footballer), Scottish footballer
 * William Whyte (historian) (born 1975), architectural and social historian
 * William Whyte (railway manager) (1843–1914), Canadian Pacific Railway Company executive
 * William Whyte (runner) (1903–1964), Australian athlete
 * William Foote Whyte (1914–2000), sociologist
 * William H. Whyte (1917–1999), sociologist and author of The Organization Man
 * William Pinkney Whyte (1824–1908), politician from the State of Maryland, United States
 * Sir William Whyte (solicitor) (died 1950), British solicitor
 * Sir William Marcus Charles Beresford Whyte (1863–1932), British naval officer
 * Sir (William Erskine) Hamilton Whyte (1927–1990), British diplomat
 * Bill Whyte, professor of social work at the University of Edinburgh

title: William Whyte


text:
Talk:Barn

Disambig
I think this is the wrong style of disambig.

The farm building is the far more common usage and with only two entries the link to unofficial nuclear physics unit of area should appear as disambig link at the top of the building page. -- Solipsist 19:13, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Galician language Link
The link to Galician language (gl) should be to: Alpendre, instead of Palleiro. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.111.155.172 (talk) 11:26, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Indeed — Pekinensis 21:03, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I put in a redirect to barn (building) and posted a notice about the other uses at the top of the page. The article could be moved here, though. -- Kjkolb 02:20, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Terms
I included 'hayloft' because I've never heard of 'mow.'

trivia
per wp:triv guidelines I suggest moving the information contained in the trivia section into the main body of the article. I'll be bold and do it myself. --Tom 03:40, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Corn house
I have redirected the term "Corn house" to here, it was originally a tiny stub of an article claiming that a corn house was a farm building where corn was stored. I'm not sure if this is really different than a barn or not. If someone thinks Corn house should have its own article, and wants to write one with sources, feel free to ressurect the Corn house article. --Xyzzyplugh 16:18, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * A corn house is not the same thing as a barn. It is another name for a "corn crib," a completely separate type of structure. An article exists for corn crib it should point to but I don't know how to change a redirect. Wizardkiss (talk) 11:58, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

linhay?
Came across this stub while disambiguating: Circular linhay. Seems to be the same as linhay but Im not sure. Anyone interested in taking a look at it? --Deepak D'Souza (talk) 06:30, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Hmm. No clue.  Drop a line to User:Richard New Forest.  He might know.   Montanabw (talk) 02:32, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Too much!
There are way too many images in this article. I respect the attempt to globalize, but this is turning into a scrapbook. You might want to consider a chart to list the different types instead of a gallery, such as used in articles like List of United States federal courthouses in Virginia or something. Allows images, but they don't take over. Montanabw (talk) 21:51, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Size?
Is saying that a building built like a barn, but smaller than a acre, a shed? Is a building larger than an acre a barn? In other words, how big is a barn and a shed? What line if any defines the two? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.19.146.31 (talk) 15:52, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

 * There's no definite minimum size for a barn, but in any case an acre is much too large to be the cutoff point between barns and sheds. In the eastern U.S, a barn of 6000 square feet, having a footprint of about 1/7 of an acre, would be on the large side; in the Midwest, a large barn might be 15000 feet, or a bit over 1/3 of an acre. 206.208.105.129 (talk) 15:53, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Barns don't cover an acre (usually), it is more the construction style than size, a shed can refer to any number of small structures, some three-sided, others enclosed.  Montanabw (talk)  03:31, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

Literature?
Is a general article as barns improved by a concise literature list? I think it does, Montanabw disagrees, so he removed my stub and asked me to rewrite the article by sneaking in survey books in footnotes. As a European Continental wikipedia user I find that an inferior solution. But as I am only a specialist in medieval up to 19th century barns in Europe, I am hesitant. For years I published a conscise article on the medieval origin and development of the modern barn in an obscure though highly scientific German journal. Generally speaking, the early modern aisled barned developed out of high medieval monastic and tithebarns, which were in turn more or less invented in the 12th century. It is only indirect relevant to the US material, however, as the New World colonial barn descends from the another branch if aisled buildings, the Low German house. If someone likes to expand the topic, I'll send a PDF. Here's my stub.

Literature Otto S. Knottnerus (talk) 12:48, 18 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Graham Hughes, Barns of Rural Britain, London 1985.
 * Malcolm Kirk, The Barn. Silent Spaces, London 1994. (BTW: so superbe!)
 * Jeremy Lake, Historic Farm Buildings. An Introduction and Guide, London 1989.
 * Eric Sloane, An Age of Barns. An Illustrated Review of Classic Barn Styles and Construction, New York 1967, 4th ed. 2005.
 * Jean-René Trochet, Maisons paysannes en France et leur environnement, XVe-XXe siècles, Paris 2007.

 * Yes, I was also surprised at the literature section being removed on grounds of being "trivia". My sense that it should be reinserted. Editors may always add further sources or substitute better ones if they can justify that. But having nothing just risks attracting a hatnote asking for more references. BTW you may like to work on the byre-dwelling article which is focussed on the European structure from which the Low German house et al. descended. Bermicourt (talk) 16:52, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * What is happening now is that these works are being used as sources, which is appropriate, and far more important. Once we start creating Lists of books about barns, it can grow into the hundreds. The number of coffee table books about old barns at my local bookstore or library probably numbers in the thousands, and that doesn't count the "how to build a barn" books or god-knows what else (this search produced 21,000 hits).  Sometimes a "further reading" section at the end of an article (akin to External links section) can be useful, but only if targeted fairly well. The above was a random list.   Montanabw (talk)  19:18, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

 * How do you know it was a random list? --Bermicourt (talk) 10:52, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Perhaps "random" was not the right word to describe editor intent, I was using the WP:NOT phrasing. The problem is that it was a list, and like WP:ELNO for external links absent some sort of annotation or narrative discussion of why these five are somehow superior or more scholarly or whatever compared to the other 21,000+ books out there, it is a WP:TRIVIA list.   But, for now, if these five works are used as sources in the article and then listed in a bibliography at the end, I am fine with that.   Montanabw (talk)  04:25, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Images
Per NOTSCRAPBOOK, do we really need the gallery and can we trim the images a bit? There really are too many here. I could see the gallery being reconfigured to illustrate each of the primary types, or perhaps variants in international design, but as it sits, we just have a bunch of random images here. Thoughts? Montanabw (talk) 19:12, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Monitor Barn
This is an unusual type of barn. There are two of them in Richmond, Vermont. May need its own entry. See here:

http://www.monitorbarn.org

Bill Jefferys (talk) 01:53, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

 * The monitor-style roof isn't that unusual, but maybe if the barn pictured is a NRHP property, it could get its own article. Montanabw (talk)  10:13, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

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Meyrick Goulburn

Edward Meyrick Goulburn  (11 February 1818 – 2 or 3 May 1897 ) was an English churchman.

Son of Mr Serjeant Edward Goulburn, M.P., recorder of Leicester, and nephew of the Right Hon. Henry Goulburn, chancellor of the exchequer in the ministries of Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington, he was born in London, and was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1839 he became fellow and tutor of Merton, and was ordained in 1842. For some years he held the living of Holywell, Oxford, and was chaplain to Samuel Wilberforce, bishop of the diocese. In 1850 he delivered the Bampton Lectures at Oxford on The Resurrection of the Body. In 1849 he had succeeded Tait as headmaster of Rugby, but in 1857 he resigned, and accepted the charge of Quebec Chapel, Marylebone.

In 1858 he became a prebendary of St Paul's, and in 1859 vicar of St John's, Paddington. In 1866 he was made Dean of Norwich, and in that office exercised a long and marked influence on church life. A strong Conservative and a churchman of traditional orthodoxy, he was a keen antagonist of higher criticism and of all forms of rationalism.

His Thoughts on Personal Religion (1862) and The Pursuit of Holiness were well received; and he wrote John William Burgon, Late Dean of Chichester: A Biography, With Extracts from His Letters and Early Journals (two volumes; 1892) about his friend Dean Burgon, with whose doctrinal views he was substantially in agreement. He resigned the deanery in 1889, and died at Tunbridge Wells on 3 May 1897. There is a memorial to him at Aynho.

title: Meyrick Goulburn


text:
Chalk, Kent

Chalk is a village and since 1935 a former civil parish which adjoins the east of Gravesend, in the Gravesham district, in the county of Kent, England. As is intuitive, its name comes from the Saxon word cealc meaning a chalkstone.

One layer of the chalk carries flints, stones embedded in the chalk, and these were used in building and in providing the means of fire for muskets. The stone is often cut to provide a flat edge as a craft known as flint-knapping. The trade was worked in Chalk from the 17th century onwards. Gun-flints were produced here in large quantities until the early 19th century.

Current issues relating to the immediate environment around Chalk include a proposed new Lower Thames Crossing across the nearby estuary marshes, confirmed in 2017.

History
Chalk was known to people as early as the 8th century, as a witanagemot (a Saxon meeting) held here is mentioned in the Domesday Book. An Iron Age settlement was discovered near St. Mary's Church during the laying of a gas pipeline. A large Roman villa was discovered here in 1961. Of the farms in the parish, Filborough is the oldest, having historical mention as early as AD 1220. At one time it was owned by Henry VIII. Two of its manor houses were called West Court and East Court.

Chalk's major claim to fame is its connection with Charles Dickens. Here he spent his honeymoon with his new bride, Catherine Hogarth; and it was here that he wrote the early instalments of Pickwick Papers. He also used the old forge in the village as a model for Joe Gargery's cottage in Great Expectations. The building still stands as a historically listed building .

In 1931 the parish had a population of 563. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Gravesend and became part of the Municipal Borough: until then it had been a somewhat remote village. It is now in the unparished area of Gravesend. In the main street was one of the tollgates for toll road opened between Northfleet and Strood; it remained until 1871. In 1921 the new Gravesend-Rochester road was built which left the former main village street to the north. The village inn, the White Hart now stands on the main road (now converted and part of the Harvester Restaurant group); and the school closed to be replaced by the village hall. The school project had been the brainchild of the Vicar of Chalk during the Victorian era, the Revd. William Joynes, and was originally funded largely through Joynes's good working relationship with the Earl of Darnley; the ownership of the school became vested in the church's Diocesan Board of Education. The local church bought the site through its PCC in 1960 during the ministry of the Revd Alan Holloway. The name "Chalk Parish Hall" was formalised at this time. The building was extensively enlarged in wood and equipped with a new but non-pitched roof in the later 1960s. After the building became significantly decayed through the rotting of the wooden structure, it was totally rebuilt in brick during 2006–7, and officially re-opened by The Duke of Kent on 5 June 2007.

The parish church of St. Mary the Virgin lies some distance to the east of the village centre. A church building existed in this location for the Synod of Chalkhythe in 785 and was noted in the Domesday Book of 1086; the current structure dates from the 12th century. The font is Norman and the oldest bell was first hung in 1348. The tower, a prominent landmark for navigation in the Thames, dates from the 15th century.

Also within the parish was the one-time Gravesend Airport, opened as the Gravesend School of Flying in 1932, which during World War II became a Royal Air Force fighter base. Sold to developers in 1957, on much of its site is now one of the biggest post-war housing estates, known as Riverview Park Estate.

title: Chalk, Kent