text:
Lenny Henry in Pieces

Lenny Henry in Pieces is a British stand-up and sketch show by comedians Lenny Henry and Gina Yashere. It aired on BBC One between 2000 and 2003.

The show began with two Christmas specials in 2000 and 2001. The 2000 show won the Golden Rose of Montreux award. This was followed up by a six-part series in March 2002. A second and final series consisting of seven episodes began in March 2003. It was followed by The Lenny Henry Show (2004), which also featured sketches.

The primary feature of the show is the sketches, although Henry has a brief stand-up section in each episode.

Characters
Lenny Henry in Pieces introduced many new characters, the more notable examples being Donovan Bogarde, a randy OAP who is attracted to and pursues Mrs Johnson. He uses a series of sexual innuendos in each sentence. Gloria is a petrol station cashier who spends her time reading cheap novels, and is annoyed whenever someone requires service. Big Tramp is a homeless man who tries to get money out of people by any means necessary. Weekend Dad is a man called Clive, who only gets to see his son Curtis on the weekend, and is still bitter about it towards his estranged wife. Unsuitable Bloke applies for jobs he is unqualified for and has no hope of getting. He believes the only reason for his rejection is because he's a black man, so he ends up getting the job anyway. Uncle Lucas, a friendly pensioner who is everyone's friend, but has a seemingly endless supply of compromising stories about people's childhoods (though he believes them innocent enough), which leads to (among other things), a politician getting run out of town; a high-ranking policeman being arrested for kidnap; a respected judge being exposed as a former teenage prostitute; an undercover detective being executed by a drugs baron; and an illustrious psychologist being driven to insanity. There is also Didi le Gateau, a French footballer. At the end shows Lenny with a partner (Omid Djalili) trying to be absolutely discreet to avoid certain death (often being shot) until Omid farts and Lenny bursts into peals of laughter (often trying to muffle in between laughs by putting a garment in his mouth) and they end up dead anyway. An example of this is when Lenny and Omid are P.O.W.s doing the Great Escape under the noses of the Nazis while a curfew is going on.

The second series introduced new characters including Blaxploitation Pope, who is Lucius T. Kool III, a ghetto brother and leader of the Catholic Church; President Umbukele, who is an expert in diplomacy and acquiring foreign aid, but then spends it all on silly things; bad influence Granddad; and a family of animated polar bears with Brummie accents, who live at Dudley Zoo.

title: Lenny Henry in Pieces


text:
Micro-encapsulation

Microencapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules, with useful properties. In general, it is used to incorporate food ingredients, enzymes, cells or other materials on a micro metric scale. Microencapsulation can also be used to enclose solids, liquids, or gases inside a micrometric wall made of hard or soft soluble film, in order to reduce dosing frequency and prevent the degradation of pharmaceuticals.

In its simplest form, a microcapsule is a small sphere comprising a near-uniform wall enclosing some material. The enclosed material in the microcapsule is referred to as the core, internal phase, or fill, whereas the wall is sometimes called a shell, coating, or membrane. Some materials like lipids and polymers, such as alginate, may be used as a mixture to trap the material of interest inside. Most microcapsules have pores with diameters between a few nanometers and a few micrometers. Materials generally used for coating are:
 * Ethyl cellulose
 * Polyvinyl alcohol
 * Gelatin
 * Sodium alginate

The definition has been expanded, and includes most foods, where the encapsulation of flavors is the most common. The technique of microencapsulation depends on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated.

Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres. The core may be a crystal, a jagged adsorbent particle, an emulsion, a Pickering emulsion, a suspension of solids, or a suspension of smaller microcapsules. The microcapsule even may have multiple walls.

Techniques of microcapsule manufacture
Ionotropic gelation occurs when units of uric acid in the chains of the polymer alginate, crosslink with multivalent cations. These may include, calcium, zinc, iron and aluminium.

Coacervation-phase separation consists of three steps carried out under continuous agitation.
 * 1) Formation of three immiscible chemical phases: liquid manufacturing vehicle phase, core material phase and coating material phase.
 * 2) Deposition of coating: core material is dispersed in the coating polymer solution. Coating polymer material coated around core. Deposition of liquid polymer coating around core by polymer adsorbed at the interface formed between core material and vehicle phase.
 * 3) Rigidization of coating: coating material is immiscible in vehicle phase and is made rigid. This is done by thermal, cross-linking, or dissolution techniques.

Interfacial polycondensation
In interfacial polycondensation, the two reactants in a polycondensation meet at an interface and react rapidly. The basis of this method is the classical Schotten-Baumann reaction between an acid chloride and a compound containing an active hydrogen atom, such as an amine or alcohol, polyesters, polyurea, polyurethane. Under the right conditions, thin flexible walls form rapidly at the interface. A solution of the pesticide and a diacid chloride are emulsified in water and an aqueous solution containing an amine and a polyfunctional isocyanate is added. Base is present to neutralize the acid formed during the reaction. Condensed polymer walls form instantaneously at the interface of the emulsion droplets.

Interfacial cross-linking
Interfacial cross-linking is derived from interfacial polycondensation, and was developed to avoid the use of toxic diamines, for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications. In this method, the small bifunctional monomer containing active hydrogen atoms is replaced by a biosourced polymer, like a protein. When the reaction is performed at the interface of an emulsion, the acid chloride reacts with the various functional groups of the protein, leading to the formation of a membrane. The method is very versatile, and the properties of the microcapsules (size, porosity, degradability, mechanical resistance) can be customized. Flow of artificial microcapsules in microfluidic channels:

In situ polymerization
In a few microencapsulation processes, the direct polymerization of a single monomer is carried out on the particle surface. In one process, e.g. cellulose fibers are encapsulated in polyethylene while immersed in dry toluene. Usual deposition rates are about 0.5μm/min. Coating thickness ranges 0.2 - 75 μm. The coating is uniform, even over sharp projections. Protein microcapsules are biocompatible and biodegradable, and the presence of the protein backbone renders the membrane more resistant and elastic than those obtained by interfacial polycondensation.

Matrix polymerization
In a number of processes, a core material is imbedded in a polymeric matrix during formation of the particles. A simple method of this type is spray-drying, in which the particle is formed by evaporation of the solvent from the matrix material. However, the solidification of the matrix also can be caused by a chemical change.

Release methods and patterns
Even when the aim of a microencapsulation application is the isolation of the core from its surrounding, the wall must be ruptured at the time of use. Many walls are ruptured easily by pressure or shear stress, as in the case of breaking dye particles during writing to form a copy. Capsule contents may be released by melting the wall, or dissolving it under particular conditions, as in the case of an enteric drug coating. In other systems, the wall is broken by solvent action, enzyme attack, chemical reaction, hydrolysis, or slow disintegration.

Microencapsulation can be used to slow the release of a drug into the body. This may permit one controlled release dose to substitute for several doses of non-encapsulated drug and also may decrease toxic side effects for some drugs by preventing high initial concentrations in the blood. There is usually a certain desired release pattern. In some cases, it is zero-order, i.e. the release rate is constant. In this case, the microcapsules deliver a fixed amount of drug per minute or hour during the period of their effectiveness. This can occur as long as a solid reservoir or dissolving drug is maintained in the microcapsule. A more typical release pattern is first-order in which the rate decreases exponentially with time until the drug source is exhausted. In this situation, a fixed amount of drug is in solution inside the microcapsule. The concentration difference between the inside and the outside of the capsule decreases continually as the drug diffuses.

Nevertheless, there are some other mechanisms that may take place in the liberation of the encapsulated material. These include, biodegradation, osmotic pressure, diffusion, etc. Each one will depend on the composition of the capsule made and the environment it is in. Therefore, the liberation of the material may be affected by various mechanisms that act simultaneously.

Applications
Applications of micro-encapsulation are numerous. It is mainly used to increase the stability and life of the product being encapsulated, facilitate the manipulation of the product and provide for the controlled release of the contents.
 * Microencapsulatoin is used to preserve vitamin A from the deteriorating effects of oxygen.
 * In other cases, the objective is not to isolate the core completely but to control the rate at which it releases the contents, as in the controlled-release of drugs Ferrous sulfate, a nutritional supplement, is microencapsulated in a way that it passes through the stomach but releases in the intestine.  In this way, gastric upset is minimized.  Aspirin is treated similarly.
 * Some sunscreens are encapsulated in silica gel. One brand is "Eusolex UV-Pearls". These chemicals are potentially hormone disrupting, so the encapsulation protects the user until the time of application.
 * pesticides are dangerous to handle but less so when encapsulated.
 * The problem may be as simple as masking the taste or odor of the core, or as complex as increasing the selectivity of an adsorption or extraction process. In environmental science, a pesticide may be microencapsulated to minimize leaching or volatilization risks.

 * DNA protection from degradation for product tracing and data storage
 * Protection of bioactive compounds that are easily degradated under normal environmental conditions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Micro-encapsulation


text:
Talk:Battle of Issus

Fixed Persian army count
Fixed the numbers to correspond to the information below, from modern sources.
 * 69,000
 * Persian Immortals
 * 10,000
 * Greek hoplites
 * 10,000
 * Cavalry
 * 11,000
 * - style="background:lightgrey;"
 * Total
 * 100,000 "
 * - style="background:lightgrey;"
 * Total
 * 100,000 "

Persian total of ~100,000 men Intranetusa (talk) 02:26, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

THese numbers are totally rediculous. We all know that. I read in a book about how if Xerxes army had 4,200,000 soldiers in it the army would have extended from Thermapolyae to the far side of the Tigris. While I'm not suggesting we get rid of these numbers, it's clear the persian empire was not capable of fielding 100,000 men, let alone 4,200,000. Their are healthy estimates that are cited, but they are all the way on the bottom of the page. We should feature them more prominently in the article.SteveMooreSmith3 (talk) 22:40, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Casualties
The table on the right of the article indicates that the Persians fielded approx 100 thousand men and suffered 110 thousand casualties. Something isn't right... 212.157.10.228 15:02, 8 March 2006 (UTC) Is totally wrong Welman's estimate about 7.000 dead Macedonians. If Alexander suffered that kind of losses the result would be different...

Date of the battle
Alexander was in Gordius until summer of 333, and the battle should have been fought in October, not in May as written in the article.
 * (Ruthven in italian Wikipedia) 217.77.80.3 16:44, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dates in battle page names
I moved the page back to the original name. See WikiProject Battles no need for date in name unless as a disambiguation.

If you wish the page name to include the year and it is not for disambiguation, please discuss it under Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Battles --Philip Baird Shearer 10:54, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Greek Mercenaries
This has been added as it was recorded by Herodotus as an important feature of the battle. The source being Alan Fildes' 'Son of the Gods'

Alexander decided against pursuing the retreating Persian army and Darius in order to re-group and deal with the Greek Mercenaries whom he regarded as traitors and ordered them to be cut down where they stood.

Somebody had some poor math, in the box it has the total persian forces as 100,000 so how are there 110 000 casualties may I ask?

The reason all these numbers are strange is because the troop and casualty numbers in the historical records are often pure propaganda. It is almost impossible to make an accurate estimate about the real numbers.

Of course this should be fixed nonetheless. I have some numbers in front of me but I cannot really make sense of them. The persians had at least 10,000 greek mercenaries. The number of 30,000 is given but is probably inflated. Maybe 20,000 or even 15,000 is closer to the truth. The persian cavalry must be somewhere between 30,000 and 10,000, maybe still less, though Arrian gives 100,000. Then we have the number of 50,000 additional persian infantry, 10,000 Immortals and 40,000 additional, including the archers, cardaces and a lot of useless local levies. I do not believe the number of 10,000 Immortals. Sure, legend says they always had 10,000. I think that all these infantry together must have been somewhere around 30,000 to 20,000, most of them useless local levies that just sat in the back.

As for the Macedon. The number of 500 cavalry seems believable and the 20,000 to 24,000 infantry also.

The casualties. The Macedon casualty numbers are unusual high, which seems to suggest these numbers are a rare case of actual realistic numbers. As for the persians. They managed to kill 450 Macedons. So during the battle the persians couldn't have substained much more than a 1000 casualties. But when the army started to rout the real casualties must have been made. Considering the sun was setting during the battle it was too dark to give the routing persians a good chace. The only part of the persian army that didn't see a chance to flee were the greek mercenaries because they jumped into a gap in the macadonian phalanx. It is known that 8000 excaped to Tripolis and that 2000 returned to Darius. So that is around 10,000 to 5000 dead greeks. Then add a 2000 dead persian cavalry, surely this number can't be higher and is probably much lower, and maybe 10,000 dead Cardaces, and we get close to 30,000 dead, which is far from a conservative estimate. I see the article already says that A.M Devine estimates the greek mercenaries to be only 12,000. That would mean only 2000 casualties substained by the greek mercenaries who together with the shattered persian left must have suffered the largest part of the casualties.

This is pure speculation of course but 110,000 can't be correct. Since I am not educated to make these estimates I guess that one should disregard them.

So the outrageous amount of 110,000 dead persians should be coupled with the outrageous amount of 600,000 persian men. I guess Arrian added a zero or something.

Also, shouldn't the article mention that Alexander, with the Companion Cavalry supported by Hypaspists managed to break the line of the Cardaces, claimed to be hoplites by Arrian, because of the fleeing archers that were in front of the Cardaces disrupting the Cardaces battle line? The article says that Alexander assualted the Cardaces on foot with the Hypaspists. I am no expert but I have seen two sources that tell that the battle was won because of the archers fleeing because Alexander, with cavalry, crossed the river so fast that the troops became disorganised.

The reason why Darius placed the archers in front of the Cardaces remain unclear. Some scholars doubt that the Cardaces were hoplites, as Arrian claimed, because placing archers in front of them is nuts. Modern scholars beleive these men were peltasts, as other sources claim. Another opinion is that Darius didn't expect enemy cavalry to cross the river, or at least not that fast, because of the rought terrain on the Macadonian right flank. You can see that the majority of the cavalry was on the Macadonian left flank, near the sea. If the Cardaces wer peltasts in theory the archers should have been able to pass through the ranks of the Cardaces peltasts. But Alexander's speed in crossing the river, which much have been with cavalry, was so fast the Cardaces were disorganised because of the archers.

Well I certainly thank you for your biased views. Wish people like you wrote history, then we wouldn't have such large mix up, anyway thanks for the clear up. But I would reccommend you to write the numbers you have and just couple it with a few sources then we will have a far more accurate sense-making aticle.

This is the source I used: its a good site http://monolith.dnsalias.org/~marsares/warfare/battle/issus.html

Cleaned up what looks like a little vandalism...

Terminology
Isn't the preferred term for the Macedonian footsoldiers Hypaspists and not Hoplites? For one thing, the equipment is quite different, what with a pike instead of a spear, a lighter shield and if I recall no greaves. More importantly, Alexander's soldiers were professionals, not the citizen-soldier Hoplites of the Greeks. Wilhelm Ritter 18:12, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The Hypaspists were 'Guard' Macedonian infantry, 3,000 in number who were probably armed with Pike, though some believe they carried shorter spears and larger shields. There were also 9,000 other Macedonian Pikemen (Peziatorioi) and a similar number, e.g. 12,000 Hoplites, 5,500 Thracian Peltasts and some Psiloi (light infantry skirmishers - javelin, sling and bow armed).  Around 5,000 cavalry.

Hoplites were the main Greek foot soldier (large shield, 6 to 8 foot spear]. Phalangites were the main Macedonian infantry (smaller shield, 12 foot plus spear). Hypaspists were the Macedonian elite foot soldiers who may, or may not have been equipped as hoplites or as phalangites.  These are three different varieties of heavy foot solder Alexander had.  The equipment set defines the type, they may be professional or otherwise.  Classical Spartans, who were definatly professional solders, were hoplites. Andrewshobley 13:00, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

reference to the pass of jonah
to be consistent with other wikipedia articles this should be clarified. I think most likely the 'pass of jonah' is the Belen Pass / syrian gate and unless there is a concrete reference to the 'pass of jonah' it should be changed. If there is then the belen pass page may need to be modified. Quantum liam (talk) 21:22, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

Clean up
The article needs clean up. The English is poor. Especially the introduction seems like high school english (UTC)

I think it's a little challenging to read. One statement has "contact with the beach to his sub-commander" which is more modifying prepositional phrases than I usually see for one noun. Wikivek (talk) 17:00, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008

 * Ensured that the article is: within project scope, tagged for task forces, and assessed for class.

 * This article would benefit from: in-text citations. --Rosiestep (talk) 23:19, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Hellenic League?
The article places too much emphasis on the army of Alexander being that of the "Hellenic League". This was the spin that both Philip and Alexander put on their Persian adventure. It was supposed to be a pan-Hellenic campaign of retribution for what the Persians had done to Greece under Xerxes - a campaign in which Macedon sided with the Persians, ironically. In truth the members of the league were lukewarm in supporting the invasion of Persia at best, and the proportion of the army which fought at Issus provided by the League members (other than Macedon) was tiny, and was greatly exceeded by the numbers of Greek mercenaries that Alexander had hired. The army led by Alexander at Issus was in fact the national army of Macedon, supplimented by the Balkan tributaries of Macedon (Thessalians, Paeonains and Thracians), a large number of Greek mercenaries and a tiny number of Hellenic League troops. The text should be modified to reflect the reality of the situation. Urselius (talk) 10:37, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Fixed sources for casualty figures
I checked up on Welman and he never states 7000 dead for Alexander's army. His site is only accessible by wayback machine and neither states 7000.
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20071016165147/http://pothos.org/content/index.php?page=major-battles
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030708052623/http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?ParaID=78
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030708053546/http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?ParaID=95

Not sure how good a source he is anyway. I had to use Livius org who I also dislike, but better than nothing
 * http://www.livius.org/articles/battle/issus/issus-3/

"Curtius Rufus also tells that, except for about 4,500 wounded, 150 Macedonians were killed in action, and 302 were missing. This means that the army had lost about one tenth of its strength. "Issus" had been a hard fought victory." Seems about right. Winning armies tend to lose a lot less soldiers because most of the killing is usually done in the chasing of the routing losing side. Also the wounded of the losers usually mostly die or are executed on the spot. Though I'm not sure Curtius Rufus actually mentions 4500 wounded and I do not trust Livius org to correctly report on that (I've seen them make errors and even contradict themselves), this was the best I could find so far.Simanos (talk) 15:28, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Issus


text:
Agnar Mykle

Agnar Mykle (8 August 1915 – 15 January 1994) was a Norwegian author. He became one of the most controversial figures in Norwegian literature in the 20th century.

Early life
Born in Norway's third largest city, Trondheim, Mykle was often sick as a child. His sickness forced him to stay indoors for most of his childhood. Mykle received a business education from the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) in Bergen where he excelled in his studies. He had attended mercantile high school in Trondheim (Handelsgymnasiet) from which he graduated in 1935. Soon after, he was offered a job as an assistant at his old school. After working diligently, he was offered a job as a principal at a similar school in Kirkenes.

Literary career
In the 1940s Mykle was active as journalist and writer in the Norwegian labour movement. He wrote scripts for their election campaign films and plays for amateur theatre groups associated with the labour movement. Mykle debuted as an author in 1948 with Taustigen, a collection of short stories. Other short story collections included Jeg er like glad, sa gutten (1952), Kors på halsen (1958) and Largo (1967). His novel Tyven, tyven skal du hete (published in English as The Hotel Room) was written in (1951). His two subsequent novels, Lasso rundt fru Luna (published in English as Lasso Around The Moon) (1954) and Sangen om den røde rubin (The Song of the Red Ruby) (1956) have strong autobiographical tendencies. His last published novel was Rubicon (1965), originally thought of as a sequel to the previous two, finishing the tale about Ash Burlefoot.

Three collections of his non-fiction writing were published post-humously in 1997 and 1998, Mannen fra Atlantis, En flodhest på parnasset and Alter og disk.

Red Ruby controversy
The publication of The Song of the Red Ruby in 1957 ignited what became one of the most famous court cases in Norwegian history. Mykle and his publisher Harald Grieg were accused of writing and publishing immoral and obscene material. Mykle's defense attorney was Johan Bernhard Hjort. Mykle and Grieg were both acquitted, but the remaining copies of the book were ordered withdrawn from the market. The Norwegian Supreme Court overturned the ruling on the confiscation in 1958. The court case and the pressure caused by the media attention changed Mykle for the rest of his life, and he became a recluse. No photographs were published of him after 1957 and he chose to associate almost exclusively with friends and family. In the autumn of 1993, however, Mykle had a series of conversations with Nils Kåre Jacobsen, an employee at Mykle's publishing house, Gyldendal. These talks were later turned into the book Mine bøker er musikk: møter med Agnar Mykle ( - My books are music: meetings with Agnar Mykle)

Financial difficulties
The translations of The Song of the Red Ruby gathered tremendous attention outside of Norway, especially in the United States. Huge sales followed, but Mykle nevertheless had financial difficulties for the rest of his life. His letter exchanges with the Norwegian inland revenue were published in the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet, and they were as eloquently written as most of his literature output.

Puppet theatre activity
His passions included the puppet theatre, both as a director and puppeteer, and with his wife Jane he published a book about puppet theatre, Dukketeater, considered the most important book written about the subject in Norway.

Musical interests
Mykle also had an avid interest in music all his life. His father played in a marching band in Trondheim, and Mykle was particularly taken with marches and other band music. His favourite composer of marches was Kenneth Alford.

Derived works
In 1970, Annelise Meineche directed a film entitled Sangen om den Røde Rubin, but the plot greatly compresses (with significant alterations) both Lasso rundt Fru Luna and Sangen om den Røde Rubin. The film did not meet with Mykle's approval.

Impact of his work on Norwegian society
In 1994 the pop band Tre Små Kinesere from Trondheim released what became an instant hit single, a tribute to Agnar Mykle titled "Agnar Mykle".

Almost ten books have been published in Norway about Mykle and his authorship.

title: Agnar Mykle


text:
Museum of Science (Boston)

The Museum of Science (MoS) is a nature and science museum and indoor zoological establishment located in Science Park, a plot of land in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, spanning the Charles River. Along with over 700 interactive exhibits, the museum features a number of live and interactive presentations throughout the building each day, along with scheduled film showings at the Charles Hayden Planetarium and the Mugar Omni Theater (New England’s only domed IMAX theater). Additionally, the Museum of Science is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), being home to over 100 animals, many of which the museum gained after they were surrendered, confiscated, rescued or rehabilitated.

Origin and early years
The museum began as the Boston Society of Natural History in 1830, founded by a collection of men who wished to share scientific interests. Their first meeting was held on February 9, 1830 with seven original members in attendance: Walter Channing, Benjamin D. Greene, George Hayward, John Ware, Edward Brooks, Amos Binney, and George B. Emerson. It was more commonly called the Boston Museum of Natural History in the 19th century, and this name occurs frequently in the literature. In 1862, after the society had gone through several temporary facilities, a building was constructed in the Back Bay area of the city and dubbed the New England Museum of Natural History. The museum was located next to the original Rogers Building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and both neoclassical structures were designed by William G. Preston. The original MIT building was demolished in 1939, but the Natural History Museum building survives today, as a home furnishings showcase.

A great deal of scientific work was done by the society, especially around geology, and the results of this work can be found in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History which are now freely available online. A library and children's rooms were added to the museum around 1900. It was renamed the Museum of Science in 1939, under the directorship of Henry Bradford Washburn, Jr., a renowned American mountaineer.

The Boston Museum of Natural History of 1830/1864–1945 should not be confused with the private Warren Museum of Natural History (1858–1906, formerly on Chestnut Street in Boston). The contents of the latter collection, including the first intact mastodon, were relocated to the American Museum of Natural History of New York City in 1906.

Museum Then and Now, an exhibit of artifacts from the early years of the society, is located near the second floor Blue Wing entrance to the Theater of Electricity in today's museum.

Post WWII
After World War II, the old Museum of Science building was sold, and the museum was relocated, again under the name Boston Museum of Science. Under the leadership of Bradford Washburn, the society negotiated with the Metropolitan District Commission for a 99-year lease of the land on the Charles River Dam Bridge, now known as Science Park. The museum pays $1 a year to the state for use of the land. Construction and development began in 1948, and the museum opened in 1951, arguably the first all-encompassing science museum in the country.

In these first few years, the museum developed a traveling planetarium, a version of which is still brought to many elementary schools in the Greater Boston area every year. They also obtained during these early years "Spooky", a great horned owl who became a symbol or mascot of the museum; he lived to age 38, the longest any great horned owl is known to have lived. Today, a number of other taxidermed specimens remain on display, teaching children about the animals of New England and of the world.

The Science Park/West End MBTA infill station was opened in August 1955, allowing easier access to the museum by public transportation. The Charles Hayden Planetarium was opened in 1958.

Many more expansions continued into the 1970s and 1980s. In 1999, The Computer Museum in Boston closed and became part of the Museum of Science, integrating some of its educational displays, although most of the historical artifacts were moved to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.

A major renovation and expansion took place during 2005 and 2006. In 2010, the Charles Hayden Planetarium was closed for renovation, and has since reopened.

The main entrance to the museum straddles the border between the cities of Boston and Cambridge, and the boundary is indicated by a marker embedded in the floor inside the museum. In 2013, the Museum of Science was the venue for the first joint session of the Boston and Cambridge city councils, to discuss policy measures to improve retention of talented recent university graduates in the area.

Future
Starting in 2013, the Museum of Science has been undergoing a major renovation to upgrade the physical structure and develop new educational content. This $250 million campaign will upgrade nearly half of the Exhibit Halls from 2012, and open three new major exhibits: the Hall of Human Life, the Yawkey Gallery on the Charles River, and What Is Technology? The Hall of Human Life opened in November 2013 in the newly expanded Level 2 of the Green Wing, and has a focus on human biology. The audio kinetic sculpture Archimedean Excogitation has been moved to the atrium to make way for a new exhibit in the lower lobby called The Yawkey Gallery on the Charles River. This exhibit opened in 2016, creating a new entry to the museum with better views of the Charles River and Boston-Cambridge skyline.

On October 18, 2016 former mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg revealed that his foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies, is donating $50 million to the museum, the largest gift in the institution's 186-year history.

The museum also opened Wicked Smart: Invented in the Hub, an exhibition of new technologies, especially those created in or around the Boston area. This new exhibit also contains a few interactive activities, including a novel type of wheelchair which visitors can sit in and maneuver. A large-scale interactive digital video projection devised at the MIT Media Lab using sensors from an Xbox Kinect, is very popular with visitors, who can control complex visual displays by means of body gestures and motions.

Exhibit halls
Blue Wing
 * Garden Walk and Insect Zoo: a walk-through greenhouse containing invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians with an area dedicated to botanical education
 * Seeing is Deceiving: a collection of optical illusions, including many motorized illusions
 * Making Models: exhibit on the use of physical and abstract models to understand the real world
 * Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond: a roomful of classic mathematical exhibits by designers Charles and Ray Eames
 * Natural Mysteries: an investigative exhibit on classification of mysterious objects and natural history specimens
 * Theater of Electricity: features the world's largest air-insulated Van de Graaff generator, designed by Professor Robert J. Van de Graaff and donated by MIT in 1956. Demonstrations of Tesla coils, and other electrical apparatus
 * Math Moves!: Experiencing Ratio and Proportion: an immersive exploration of math and proportion including the former exhibit, Clark Collection of Mechanical Movements: over 100 working models of mechanical motions and linkages
 * Innovative Engineers: exhibits and brief biographies of Boston engineers, including minorities and women
 * Investigate!: a house-sized collection of rooms to explore using scientific thinking
 * Energize!: exhibits of renewable energy technologies
 * Nanotechnology
 * Mapping the World Around Us
 * Take a Closer Look
 * Dinosaurs: Modeling the Mesozoic: a collection of fossils and life-size models of dinosaurs and extinct animals, including a full-size Tyrannosaurus rex model
 * Colossal Fossil: Triceratops Cliff: a 65-million-year-old fossil, discovered in the Dakota Badlands in 2004
 * Machines & Transportation
 * Living on the Edge
 * To the Moon
 * Behind the Scenes
 * Wicked Smart: Invented in the Hub

Green Wing
 * New England Habitats
 * A Bird's World
 * Colby Room: a classic explorer's trophy room filled with stuffed animal heads from big-game hunting, preserved as a historical exhibit and also used for meetings
 * Hall of Human Life: an exhibit of interactive activities focusing on human biology

Red Wing
 * Mugar Omni Theater: largest Omnimax movie theater in New England
 * Charles Hayden Planetarium
 * Cosmic Light: small space exhibit located within the above-mentioned planetarium featuring real images of space and small bronze models of the Solar System's Sun and planets similar to the ones once displayed outside scattered throughout Boston
 * Discovery Center: offers the opportunity to talk with scientists and participate in experiments
 * Foucault pendulum: shows the effect of the rotation of the Earth
 * Museum Store
 * Polage: a wall-sized polarized light collage of shapes by artist Austine Wood Comarow
 * Soundstair: a stairway fitted by artist Christopher Janney with photoelectric cells which trigger musical sounds
 * Archimedean Excogitation: a large rolling ball sculpture by George Rhoads
 * Thrillride 360: Simulator ride

Miscellaneous
 * Yawkey Gallery on the Charles River: an open area filled with information about the Charles River and river science in general
 * The Rock Garden
 * The exterior stone panels on the facade were executed by Belmont sculptor Theodore Barbarossa.

Live presentations and programs
The museum offers many free live presentations to visitors, including hands-on demonstrations and live animal show-and-tell sessions.

The MoS has extensive educational programs from pre-school up through adult programming, including lecture series, concerts, films, workshops, and public policy discussions.

Special "overnight" programs invite students in grades 1–7, as well as Scout groups, to spend a night at the museum.

Engineering Design Workshop
Engineering Design Workshop is an exhibit on the first level in the Blue Wing that sees about 200–800 visitors a day. It includes various different design challenges and other more one-on-one "cart activities" for visitors. The design center includes about a dozen activities for visitors to attempt while learning about the engineering process run twice a day from 10am-12pm and from 2pm–4pm during the school year, and also 4:30pm–6:30pm during the summer. The cart activities include robotics and circuitry and are more meant for teaching visitors about new technology. All activities also include a magnet for visitors who attempted the activities.

Notable past exhibits

 * In the 1950s, a small Wilson cloud chamber was featured in the main entrance hall. Visitors could come within inches of radioactive material to watch the vapor trails of the particles they emitted.
 * The first Fresnel lens using electricity in the US (removed from the Navesink lighthouse), was on display from the early 1950s until 1979.
 * From 1969 to 1985, the museum loaned a steam locomotive—Boston and Maine 3713—from Steamtown, U.S.A., and it was exhibited outside the museum’s building. The museum ended their lease on the locomotive to allow room for expansion.
 * In 1988, the museum was host to an exhibit focusing on the life and times of Ramses II. The exhibit displayed more than 70 artifacts, on loan from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Arguably, the centerpiece of the exhibit was a 40-foot-tall model of an Egyptian temple which housed a 3,000-year-old, 57-ton granite statue of Ramses. The exhibit ran from May 7, 1988 through August 30, 1988.
 * From August to October 2004, the museum was host to the US premiere of The Lord of the Rings the Motion Picture Trilogy the Exhibition, developed by the Te Papa museum in New Zealand, and containing many of the costumes and props from the films.
 * The Museum of Science built and designed its own film-based exhibit, entitled Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination. It was on display there from October 2005 to April 2006, and traveled to other venues.
 * Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds 2: The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies was at the Museum of Science from July 29, 2006 to January 7, 2007.
 * From October 25, 2009 to February 21, 2010, Harry Potter: The Exhibition was at the museum.
 * The Science Behind Pixar is a 13,000 sqft exhibition currently on tour around the US. It was created by the Museum of Science, Boston, in collaboration with Pixar Animation Studios. This exhibit featured some of the activities, videos, and images that describe the math, computer science, and science that go into making computer-animated films.

Computing exhibits
Although the history artifacts of The Computer Museum (TCM) were moved from Boston to Silicon Valley to become the core of the current Computer History Museum, some former TCM educational exhibits and objects were transferred to the Boston Museum of Science where two new computing and technology exhibits were created. The Computing Revolution, an exhibit no longer on display at the Museum of Science, related the history of computing through a variety of hands-on interactive exhibits. Cahners ComputerPlace, previously located in the Blue Wing, Level 1, housed displays ranging from educational video games to an interactive AIBO ERS-7 robot. The first integrated quantum computing system, developed by MOS Director of Strategic Projects Carol Lynn Albert in collaboration with IBM, is on display as part of MOS's computing exhibits.

Other attractions

 * In 1997, the museum developed a permanent to-scale community Solar System model that physically spanned as far as the Riverside MBTA station (in Newton, Massachusetts). This model was noticeably featured in the first episode of the PBS Kids show FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman, where several children participate in a scavenger hunt to find all of the bronze model planets (including the former ninth planet Pluto, as the show premiered before Pluto was downgraded), scattered all throughout Boston. The bronze models of the Sun, Mercury, and Venus were located on the museum grounds. However, in 2015 several of the scale models were removed from their original locations, and their current status is unknown . As of 2023, only the model of Mars still remains, inside Cambridgeside Galleria Mall. The nearest known surviving scale model is a walkable 200 m installation on the third floor of the Infinite Corridor at MIT.
 * Construction began on a rooftop Wind Turbine Lab in 2009. The lab tests nine wind turbines from five different manufacturers on the roof of the museum. An exhibit in the Blue Wing, Catching the Wind, includes a live data stream on how much electricity each turbine is producing.

title: Museum of Science (Boston)


text:
Breadcrumbs

Breadcrumbs (also known as breading) consist of crumbled bread of various dryness, sometimes with seasonings added, used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to soups, meatloaves and similar foods, and making a crisp and crunchy covering for fried foods, especially breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel. The Japanese variety of breadcrumbs is called "panko".

Dry
Dry breadcrumbs are made from dry breads which have been baked or toasted to remove most remaining moisture, and may have a sandy or even powdery texture. Breadcrumbs are most easily produced by pulverizing slices of bread in a food processor, using a steel blade to make coarse crumbs, or a grating blade to make fine crumbs. A grater or similar tool will also do.

Fresh
The breads used to make soft or fresh breadcrumbs are not quite as dry, so the crumbs are larger and produce a softer coating, crust, or stuffing. The crumb of breadcrumb also refers to the texture of the soft, inner part of a bread loaf, as distinguished from the crust, or "skin".

Panko
Panko (パン粉) is a type of flaky breadcrumbs used in Japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as tonkatsu. Panko is made from bread baked by passing electrical current through the dough, which yields a bread without a crust, and then grinding the bread to create fine slivers of crumb. It has a crisper, airier texture than most types of breading found in Western cuisine and maintains its texture baked or deep fried, resulting in a lighter coating. Outside Japan, its use has become more common in both Asian and non-Asian dishes. It is often used on seafood and is typically available in Asian markets, speciality stores, and many large supermarkets.

Panko is produced worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, China, and Vietnam.

Etymology
The Japanese first learned to make bread from Europeans. The word パン粉 (panko) is derived from pan, giving us the word for bread in Japanese (derived from the Portuguese word "pão" for bread), and -粉 (-ko), a Japanese Kanji indicating "flour", "coating", "crumb", or "powder" on occasion, when used as a suffix; (as in komeko, "rice powder", sobako, "buckwheat flour", and komugiko, "wheat flour").

Breading
Breading (also known as crumbing) is a dry grain-derived food coating for a piece of food made from breadcrumbs or a breading mixture with seasonings. Breading is well suited for frying as it lends itself to creating a crisp coating around the food. Breading mixtures can be made of breadcrumb, flour, cornmeal, and seasoning that the item to be breaded is dredged in before cooking. If the item to be breaded is too dry for the coating to stick, the item may first be moistened with buttermilk, raw egg, egg wash or other liquid.

Breading contrasts with batter, which is a grain-based liquid coating for food that produces a smoother and finer texture, but which can be softer overall.

In popular culture
In the fairy tale "Hansel and Gretel", breadcrumbs are used by Hansel and Gretel to track their footpath. However, the breadcrumbs were eventually eaten by birds, subsequently leading them to become lost in the woods. The popularity of breadcrumbs in the fairy tale led to the use of the word breadcrumb as a navigation element that allows users to keep track of their locations within programs or documents.

title: Breadcrumbs


text:
Wojsko komputowe

Wojsko komputowe (, comput army) is a type of military unit that was used in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century and the 18th century.

Until the mid-17th century, Polish forces were divided into permanent units (wojsko kwarciane) and supplemental units (wojsko komputowe or wojsko suplementowe), which were created in the time of military needs. In 1652 this distinction ceased, and both types of forces were merged into wojsko komputowe.

The etymology of the name is from computatio (account, calculation), and Old Polish komput—an army budget which was voted for by the Commonwealth parliament, the Sejm.

Wojsko kwarciane was composed from various units, both Commonwealth-born soldiers and foreign mercenaries. The Diet voted to pay for certain amount of infantry and cavalry.

Personnel number (which was kept a state secret) varies, because often the commanders (hetmans) paid for additional manpower themselves. During peacetime, the Commonwealth komput army numbered about 12,000 for the Crown (Poland proper) and 6,000 for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During wartime it was increased to around 24,000–40,000 for the Crown and 8,000-22,000 for Lithuania.

In addition, wojsko kwarciane was supplemented with peasant-based recruits of piechota wybraniecka and from 1653, piechota łanowa, registered Cossacks (until 1699), pospolite ruszenie, royal guard, armies of magnates and cities, and wojsko ordynackie.

title: Wojsko komputowe


text:
William L. Dayton

William Lewis Dayton (February 17, 1807 – December 1, 1864) was an American politician, active first in the Whig Party and later in the Republican Party. In the 1856 presidential election, he became the first Republican vice-presidential nominee when nominated alongside John C. Frémont. The Republican Party lost that campaign. During the American Civil War, Dayton served as the United States Ambassador to France, a position in which he worked to prevent French recognition of the Confederate States of America.

Early life
Dayton was born in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, to farmer Joel Dayton (1776–1833) and Nancy (Lewis) Dayton (1787–1866). His father worked as a farmer and mechanic, and was not well off, but the extended Dayton family was long prominent in New Jersey. William L. Dayton was the grand-nephew of Elias Dayton and second cousin of Jonathan Dayton. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1825. He then studied law with Peter Dumont Vroom, was admitted to the bar in 1830, and became an attorney in Freehold.

Political career
In 1837, Dayton was elected to the New Jersey Legislative Council, and he became an associate judge of the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1838. Following the death of U.S. Senator Samuel L. Southard, he was appointed to the United States Senate starting July 2, 1842, and elected to finish the term ending in 1845. As a Senator, Dayton opposed attempts at tariff reduction, arguing it would harm farmers and businesses if enacted. Although he found negotiations for Oregon territory "agreeable," Dayton condemned the annexation of Texas as an attempt to spread slavery and regarded the Mexican-American War as dishonorable. Following the conflict's conclusion, Dayton supported the Wilmot Proviso and voted against the 1850 Compromise, believing it conceded too much to pro-slavery interests. He was re-elected by the New Jersey Legislature as a Whig in 1845 but lost in 1851, ending his service on March 3, 1851.

In 1856, Dayton was selected by the nascent Republican Party as their first nominee for Vice President of the United States over Abraham Lincoln at the Philadelphia Convention. He and his running mate, John C. Fremont, lost to the Democratic ticket of James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge. Afterwards, he served as New Jersey Attorney General until 1861, when his former rival, President Lincoln appointed him Minister to France. He served from May 1861 until his death in December 1864. His service spanned most of the American Civil War, and Dayton served a key role in preventing French intervention in the War.

Ambassador
In France, Dayton was part of a successful lobbying campaign to prevent the government of Napoleon III from recognizing the independence of the Confederacy or allowing Confederate use of French ports.

Dayton died in Paris and was buried in Riverview Cemetery, Trenton, New Jersey.

Legacy
His son, William Lewis Dayton Jr. (1839–1897), graduated from Princeton in 1858 and served as President Chester A. Arthur's Ambassador to the Netherlands from 1882–1885.

Later, the town of Dayton, New Jersey, was named in his honor. Dayton Street in Trenton, New Jersey, also memorializes him.

title: William L. Dayton


text:
TNS

TNS can stand for:

Places

 * Tungsten (Cantung) Airport, Tungsten, Northwest Territories, Canada
 * Tao Nan School, a primary school in Singapore
 * Théâtre national de Strasbourg, the National Theatre of Strasbourg, France

Groups

 * The New Saints F.C., a Welsh football club, formerly Total Network Solutions F.C.
 * Taylor Nelson Sofres, a market research company
 * TechnoServe, a US-based international development non-profit group
 * TNSrecords, a British punk rock/ska record label
 * Transaction Network Services, a data communications company
 * Triple Nine Society, a high IQ organisation
 * The Naturist Society, a Naturist Network promoting Nude Recreation

Other

 * The Natural Step, a sustainability framework
 * Transparent Network Substrate, an Oracle database technology
 * Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, also known as TENS
 * TNS (DJ), South Africa DJ
 * Trigeminal nerve stimulation, a therapy for ADHD

title: TNS


text:
Talk:Carpinteria, California

Untitled
Hey, if someone has an old picture of the santa clause, I would sure love to see it. Thanks!

Oh my gosh!!! I grew up on Santa Claus lane...my grandparents owned it!! I'll look for a picture. Bon

Carpas gang mention
I just removed a brief mention of the Carpas gang. I don't object to the gang being described in the article, but the description seemed pretty strongly subjective, and didn't refer to any sources. If the person who added it wants to bring it back, I'd like to see it include at least a link to some outside source. Thanks. -- John Callender 05:55, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no gang in Carpinteria anymore causing real crimes 2600:8802:531A:AC00:2487:FCDA:BAF6:660B (talk) 06:19, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. Some of the text removed has been specifically identified as problematic as far too close a paraphrase of the source at. Other text has been removed presumptively in accordance with Copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 01:15, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Carpinteria, California


text:
Talk:John Oliver Creighton

Untitled
OK, who else thinks there could be a Farscape connection here?

title: Talk:John Oliver Creighton


text:
Talk:J. R. Simplot

Head injury
I don't have time, but someone might want to add something about his fall after the bowl game. It sounds like a serious injury.

http://www.idahostatesman.com/238/story/65903.html Pgrote 05:47, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Atheist
Oh, really? The only evidence that the contributor of this "fact" has to offer is a listing in the somewhat dubious Celebrity Atheist List, using a single-sentence quote from Fast Food Nation, a sensationalizing book that isn't even a biography of J.R. Simplot. Unless evidence can be produced that Simplot actually believed there wasn't a deity, at best we can say that his religious beliefs were agnosticism or "unknown". This smacks of intellectual dishonesty, at the least. —QuicksilverT @ 15:50, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * This obit suggests he was an atheist.--droptone (talk) 12:24, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * How so? --BDD (talk) 19:26, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

'Natural causes' is not a cause of death
It's just a meaningless phrase, except that he wasn't murdered etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.193.144.79 (talk) 09:19, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Esquire Magazine's "What I've Learned"
The article would be enhanced by including the "What I've Learned" Esquire interview with Mr. Simplot. It is how I first heard of him and how I came to admire his plain speaking, down-to-Earth wisdom and philosophy.

Fusedmind (talk) 15:00, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Tax evasion not mentioned?
I grew up in the Pacific Northwest and it was an accepted fact that JR Simplot got in trouble for tax fraud, yet there is no mention of this in his biography. Why not?

References (there are many more):

http://fortune.com/2012/02/12/the-simplot-saga-how-americas-french-fry-king-made-billions-more-in-semiconductors-fortune-1995/ http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geog/rrt/part6/chp19/142.htm http://smeedonstate-ism.com/columns/1977.htm (search for "Simplot and the Judge") — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.135.125.75 (talk) 14:05, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Fish Farming
He was an early adopter of fish farming, I believe. He fed the waste from his potato / french fry operations to fish (Tilapia) and then sold the fish.

This was characteristic of him, he found ways to increase his company's productivity and cut its waste.

He was in the fertilizer business (I believe), because he used so much of it in his own farming business that he decided he needed to produce his own and then he grew the fertilizer business to be one of the biggest in North America at that time.

He was a billionaire and the oldest billionaire at his death, as is noted but he was / would have been one of the earliest billionaires and a billionaire when that meant much more than it does today. Back in the 60's and 70's, there were just a handful of billionaires on the planet. It was very rare.

Living Every Day (talk) 17:22, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

 * This information could be included if you have reliable sources (WP:RS) to support it. You could add the source information here on the talk page, or add it to the article using the citation toolbar.Dialectric (talk) 18:09, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:J. R. Simplot


text:
Surrender of General Toral

Surrender of General Toral is an 1898 film about the surrender of Spanish General José Toral y Velázquez during the Spanish–American War, which featured appearances by military leaders Joseph Wheeler and William Rufus Shafter.

title: Surrender of General Toral


text:
Chicago Whales

The Chicago Whales were a professional baseball team based in Chicago. They played in the Federal League, a short-lived "third Major League", in 1914 and 1915. They originally lacked a formal nickname, and were known simply as the "Chicago Federals" (or "Chi-Feds") to distinguish them from the Chicago Cubs and Chicago White Sox.

The team came in second in the Federal League rankings in 1914 and won the league championship in 1915. They came to an end when the Federal League came to a deal with the National and American Leagues that disbanded all its teams. The Whales are notable as the original occupants of the stadium now known as Wrigley Field, the current home of the Chicago Cubs and the only Federal League stadium still in use.

History
The Chicago team played the 1913 initial season of the Federal League, as the new league was formed as an independent minor league. Without a formal nickname, the team was called the Chicago Keeleys in 1913, after manager Burt Keeley. The 1913 Chicago team ended the season in fourth place with a 57–62 record, finishing 17.5 games behind the first place Indianapolis Hoosiers (75–45). The Cleveland Green Sox (64–54), St. Louis Terriers (59–60) Covington Blue Sox/Kansas City Packers (32–45) and Pittsburgh Filipinos (49–71) were the other members of the 1913 six-team Federal League.

As the 1913 season was being played, the Federal League began talks of its future and decided to continue playing with the design of becoming a major league in 1914. Chicago businessman James A. Gilmore was appointed Federal League president, replacing John T. Powers. Gilmore initially secured Charles Weeghman, a wealthy Chicago restaurateur, to become the owner of the Chicago franchise in the Federal League. Gilmore further positioned the league by securing influential owners in Brooklyn, New York and St. Louis, Missouri.

The 1914 Chicago club finished 1½ games behind the Indianapolis Hoosiers in the inaugural major league season for the league. The team lacked a formal nickname and was known simply as the Chicago Federals. Before the start of the season, Weeghman built a stadium for the team, called Weeghman Park, designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, who had previously designed Comiskey Park. He also leased the parcel on which the park stood for 99 years.

In the league's second and final season, the Chicago Federals adopted the nickname "Whales". They included the logo of a whale inside a large "C" on their uniform shirts. The Whales won the league championship, finishing with 86 wins and 66 losses, percentage points ahead of the St. Louis Terriers' 87–67 record.

When Kenesaw Mountain Landis brokered a deal between the Federal League, American League and National League that ended the Federal League's existence, Weeghman was allowed to buy a controlling interest in the Cubs. He then merged the Whales with the Cubs and moved the Cubs from West Side Park into his new steel-and-concrete structure. While Weeghman himself was forced out within four years due to financial troubles, the Cubs still play in the park he built to this day, the only Federal League park still in use. It was renamed Cubs Park in 1920 and acquired its present name, Wrigley Field, in 1926.

Many Whales players had American and National League experience, including manager Joe Tinker, Dutch Zwilling, Mordecai Brown, and Rollie Zeider.

As the Federals, they played the first game at Wrigley Field on April 23, 1914, and to mark the park's centennial on April 23, 2014, the Cubs wore the Federals' uniforms.

title: Chicago Whales


text:
Category talk:Communication

Communications is a disambiguation page. Do we really want a disambiguation page to be in a category?AdamRetchless 16:57, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Untitled

 * I agree. I removed it Frédérick Lacasse 22:22, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Information, communication
See Talk:Communication/Archive 1. Brian Jason Drake 08:46, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Distinction with Category:Human communication
Can anyone think of a succinct intro we could add to scope this category and distinguish it from Category:Human communication and vice versa? -- Beland (talk) 00:58, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Communication


text:
USCGC Alex Haley

USCGC Alex Haley (WMEC-39) is a United States Coast Guard Cutter and former United States Navy vessel that was recommissioned for Coast Guard duty on 10 July 1999. It first entered service as USS Edenton (ATS-1), an Edenton-class salvage and rescue ship on 23 January 1971. In 1995, Edenton won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet.

The conversion from a salvage ship to a Coast Guard cutter involved the removal of the stern towing machine, forward crane, and A-frame, and the installation of a flight deck, retractable hangar, and air-search radar. Additionally, her four aging Paxman diesel engines were replaced with four 16-cylinder Caterpillar diesels.

The cutter was named after author and journalist Alex Haley, the first chief journalist of the Coast Guard, the first African-American to reach the rank of chief petty officer, and the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Roots: The Saga of an American Family. Haley served in the Coast Guard for 20 years.

The vessel's current home port is Kodiak, Alaska at the Coast Guard Base Kodiak from where she carries out her Fishery Law Enforcement and Search and Rescue primary missions.

In fiction
In the 2007 novel Robert Ludlum's The Arctic Event by James H. Cobb, Alex Haley is the ship that takes the heroes out to the island where a Tu-4 laden with anthrax crashed during the Cold War.

In the 2016 novel Goliath by Shawn Corridan & Gary Waid, Alex Haley and USCGC Dauntless (WMEC-624) are the two Coast Guard cutters that respond to the fire aboard and subsequent stranding of a Russian ULCC.

title: USCGC Alex Haley


text:
USS Edenton

USS Edenton has been the name of four ships in the United States Navy.

 * USS Edenton (ID-3696), was a cargo ship that served from 1918 until 1919.
 * USS Edenton (PC-825), a submarine chaser, collided with USS New Kent (APA-217) January/February 1945.
 * USS Edenton (PC-1077), a submarine chaser.
 * USS Edenton (ATS-1) was initially used by the Navy until 1997 when she was transferred to the Coast Guard and renamed USCGC Alex Haley (WMEC-39).

title: USS Edenton


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Viking (rocket)

Viking was a series of twelve sounding rockets designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company under the direction of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Designed to supersede the German V-2, the Viking was the most advanced large, liquid-fueled rocket developed in the United States in the late 1940s, returning valuable scientific data from the edge of space between 1949 and 1955. Viking 4, launched in 1950, was the first sounding rocket to be launched from the deck of a ship.

After twelve flights, the Viking was adapted into the first stage for the Vanguard rocket, which launched America's second satellite into orbit in 1958.

Origins
After World War II, the United States experimented with captured German V-2 rockets as part of the Hermes program. Based on these experiments, the U.S. issued a contract 21 August 1946 to the Glenn L. Martin Company for a series of 10 large liquid-fueled rockets. The intent was to provide an independent U.S. capability in rocketry, to continue the Hermes program after the V-2s were expended, and to provide a vehicle better suited to scientific research. Originally dubbed "Neptune," it was renamed "Viking" in 1947 to avoid confusion with the Lockheed P-2 Neptune. The Viking was the most advanced large, liquid-fueled rocket being developed in the U.S. at the time.

Design

The Viking was roughly half the size, in terms of mass and power, of the V-2. Both were actively guided rockets, fueled with the same propellant (Ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen), which were fed to a single large pump-fed engine by two turbine-driven pumps. The Reaction Motors XLR10-RM-2 engine was the largest liquid-fueled rocket engine developed in the United States up to that time, producing 92.5 kN (sea level) and 110.5 kN (vacuum) of thrust. Isp was 179.6 isp and 214.5 isp respectively, with a mission time of 103 seconds. As was also the case for the V-2, hydrogen peroxide was converted to steam to drive the turbopump that fed fuel and oxidizer into the engine. As its V-2 counterpart, it also was regeneratively cooled.

Viking pioneered important innovations over the V-2. One of the most significant for rocketry was the use of a gimbaled thrust chamber which could be swiveled from side to side on two axes for pitch and yaw control, dispensing with the inefficient and somewhat fragile graphite vanes in the engine exhaust used by the V-2. The rotation of the engine on the gimbals was controlled by gyroscopic inertial reference; this type of guidance system was invented by Robert H. Goddard, who had partial success with it before World War II intervened. Roll control was by use of the turbopump exhaust to power reaction control system (RCS) jets on the fins. Compressed gas jets stabilized the vehicle after the main power cutoff. Similar devices are now extensively used in large, steerable rockets and in space vehicles. Another improvement was that initially the alcohol tank, and later the LOX tank also, were built integral with the outer skin, saving weight. The structure was also largely aluminum, as opposed to steel used in the V-2, thus shedding more weight.

Vikings 1 through 7 were slightly longer (about 15 m) than the V-2, but with a straight cylindrical body only 81 cm in diameter, making the rocket quite slender. They had fairly large fins similar to those on the V-2. Vikings 8 through 14 were built with an enlarged airframe of improved design. The diameter was increased to 114 cm, while the length was reduced to 13 m, altering the missile's "pencil shape". The fins were made much smaller and triangular. The added diameter meant more fuel and more weight, but the "mass ratio", of fueled to empty mass, was improved to about 5:1, a record for the time.

First model RTV-N-12 (Vikings 1-7)

On 3 May 1949, after two static firings (11 March and 25 April), the first Viking rocket took off from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. Its engine fired for 55 seconds, ten seconds short of the hoped-for maximum of 65, but the rocket flew on course and reached an altitude of 51 mi—deemed a good start to the program. Viking 2, launched four months later, also suffered from premature engine cutoff and only made it to 33 mi. Both had suffered from leaks in their turbines, the intense heat of the steam breaking the seal of the turbine casing. The solution was to weld the casing shut, there being no reason to access the turbine wheel again after a flight.

The fix worked, and Viking 3, launched 9 February 1950 and incorporating an integrated (rather than discrete) oxygen tank, reached 50 mi and could have gone higher. However, after 34 seconds of accurately guided flight, the rocket veered westward and threatened to leave the launch range. Range safety triggered charges in the rocket to separate the nose from the engine, and both tumbled to the ground, where they were recovered for analysis.

With successful tests of the engine and guidance systems conducted (though not on the same missions), Viking was deemed ready for its most ambitious test: shipboard launch from the deck of the USS Norton Sound. Viking 4 was identical to Viking 3, the first of the series not incorporate design changes to fix a problem on a previous Viking.} On 10 May 1950, from a site in the Pacific Ocean between Jarvis Island and Kiritimati, the fourth Viking became the first sounding rocket ever launched from a sea-going vessel. The flight was perfect, reaching 106.4 mi, more than double that reached by Vikings 1 and 3.

Viking 5, launched 21 November 1950 carried a vast array of photomultiplier tubes, ionization chambers and Geiger counters, for the detection of radiation across a wide variety of energies and types. The rocket also carried two movie cameras to take high altitude film of the Earth all the way to its peak height of 108 miles as well as Pirani gauges to measure air densities in the upper atmosphere. Viking 6, launched 11 December, carried a much lighter payload, but its experiments included a battery of custom built pressure gauges. The rocket underperformed, however, only reaching a maximum altitude of 40 miles.

The first generation of Vikings reached its acme of performance with the flight of Viking 7, the sole Viking launch of 1951. Launched 7 August from White Sands, the rocket set a new world altitude record of 136 mi.

Second model RTV-N-12a (Vikings 8-12)

In the late spring of 1952, the Naval Research Laboratory team under the management of Milton Rosen prepared to launch the first second-generation Viking (RTV-N-12a), Viking 8, from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The new Viking design was nearly half as wide again as its precursor, affording the highest fuel-to-weight ratio of any rocket yet developed. The tail fins no longer supported the weight of the rocket, as had previously been the case. Now, the Viking rocket rested on the base of its fuselage. This allowed the tail fins to be made much lighter, allowing the rocket to carry a heavier tank without weighing more than the first Viking design.

On 6 June 1952, Viking 8 broke loose of its moorings during a static firing test. After it was allowed to fly for 55 seconds in the hope that it would clear the immediate area and thus pose no danger to ground crew, Nat Wagner, head of the "Cutoff group", delivered a command to the rocket to cease its thrust. 65 seconds later, the rocket crashed 4 mi or 5 mi downrange to the southeast.

With lessons learned from the Viking 8 failure, the successful 9 December static firing of Viking 9 was followed on 15 December by a successful launch from White Sands. The rocket reached an altitude of 135 miles, roughly the same as that of the first-generation Viking 7, launched in 1950. In addition to cameras that photographed the Earth during flight, Viking 9 carried a full suite of cosmic ray, ultraviolet, and X-ray detectors, including sixteen plates of emulsion gel for tracking the path of individual high energy particles. The experiment package was recovered intact after it had secured measurements high in the Earth's upper atmosphere.

Viking 10
On 25 May 1953, Viking 10, originally planned to be the last of the Vikings, arrived at White Sands Missile Range. A successful static firing on 18 June cleared the way for a 30 June launch date, a schedule that had been set months before, before the rocket had even left the Glenn L. Martin Company plant where it had been built. At the moment of liftoff, the tail of Viking 10 exploded, setting the rocket afire. Water was immediately flooded into the rocket's base to try to extinguish the fire, but flames continued to burn in the East Quadrant of the firing platform. Half an hour after launch, two of the launch team under manager Milton Rosen were dispatched to put out the fire to salvage what remained of the rocket.

Their efforts were successful but were then threatened by a slow leak in the propellant tank. The vacuum created by the escaping fuel was causing the tank to dimple, with the danger of implosion that would cause the rocket to collapse. Lieutenant Joseph Pitts, a member of the launch team, shot a rifle round into the tank, equalizing the pressure and saving the rocket. Three hours after the attempted launch, the last of the alcohol propellant had been drained from Viking 10. The launch team was able to salvage the instrument package of cameras, including X-ray detectors, cosmic ray emulsions, and a radio-frequency mass-spectrometer, valued at tens of thousands of dollars, although there was concern that the rocket was irreparable.

A thorough investigation of the explosion began in July, but a cause could not be determined conclusively. In a report presented in September, Milton Rosen noted that there had been no similar occurrence in more than 100 prior tests of the Viking motor. It was decided to rebuild Viking 10, and a program for closer monitoring of potential fail points was implemented for the next launch, scheduled for 1954. Ten months of salvage, testing, and troubleshooting followed the failed launch.

On 30 June 1953, the rebuilt rocket was once again ready for launch. A successful static firing took place at the end of April 1954, and launch was scheduled for 4 May. Control issues revealed in the static firing as well as gusty, sand-laden winds caused a delay of three days. At 10:00 am local time, Viking 10 blasted off from its pad at the White Sands Missile Range, reaching an altitude of 136 mi—a tie with the highest altitude ever reached by a first-generation Viking (Viking 7 on 7 August 1951). Data was received from the rocket for all stages of the flight, and its scientific package, including an emulsion experiment, returned the first measurement of positive ion composition at high altitudes.

Final flights

Viking 11, which was ready for erection on 5 May, also had a successful static test and was ready for launch, 24 May 1954. Again, the countdown went without hold, and Viking 11, the heaviest rocket yet in the series, was launched at 10:00 AM. Forty seconds into the flight, several puffs of smoke issued from the vehicle, but these accidental excitations of the rocket's roll jets did no harm. Viking 11 ultimately reached 158 mi in altitude, a record for the series, taking the highest altitude photographs of the Earth to date. Viking 11 carried a successful emulsions experiment, measuring cosmic rays at high altitudes.

The final Viking flight was that of Viking 12, launched 4 February 1955. Reaching an altitude of 143.5 mi, the rocket's K-25 camera took an infrared picture of the Southwestern United States, from the Pacific coast to Phoenix, just after reaching its apogee.

Viking into Vanguard
The Viking series returned a bonanza of scientific information measuring temperature, pressure, density, composition and winds in the upper atmosphere and electron density in the ionosphere, and recording the ultraviolet spectra of the Sun, The success of the program, at a cost of under $6 million, suggested that, with a more powerful engine and the addition of upper stages, the Viking rocket could be made a vehicle capable of launching an Earth satellite.

In October 1952, the General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) adopted a proposal to undertake simultaneous observations of geophysical phenomena over the entire surface of the Earth. The International Geophysical Year (IGY), set for 1957–58, would involve the efforts of a multitude of nations in such farflung regions as the Arctic and Antarctica. In January 1955, Radio Moscow announced that the Soviet Union might be expected to launch a satellite in the near future. This announcement galvanized American space efforts; in the same month, the National Academy of Sciences' IGY committee established a Technical Panel on Rocketry to evaluate plans to orbit an American satellite.

On 26 May 1955, the U.S. National Security Council also endorsed a satellite program. On 8 June, United States Secretary of Defense Charles Wilson directed Assistant Secretary Donald A. Quarles to coordinate the implementation of a satellite program, with the United States Department of Defense providing the rocket and launch facilities, and the civilian IGY National Committee producing the satellite and its experimental package, the National Science Foundation being intermediary between the two agencies. A committee, under the chairmanship of Homer J. Stewart of Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was developed to manage the project to weigh and choose between the available satellite orbiting options. They were Project Orbiter, an Army plan to use a slightly modified Redstone (a 200 miles) range surface-to-surface missile developed the prior year) combined with upper stages to put a satellite into orbit, which could be tracked optically., and the NRL plan to develop an orbital capability for the Viking (Project Vanguard).

On 28 July, confident that a satellite could be lofted during the IGY, President Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, James Hagerty, announced that a satellite would officially be among the United States' contributions to the IGY. The Soviets responded four days later with their own announcement of a planned IGY satellite launch.

By 9 September, over Stewart's objections, the Stewart Committee had chosen Vanguard over Orbiter, citing the Navy's impressive planned Minitrack communications technology and network as well as both the civilian nature and the greater growth potential of the Viking/Vanguard rocket. The contract authorizing the construction of two more Viking rockets to continue upper atmospheric research was expanded to include development of the Vanguard rockets. The Viking was thus incorporated as the first stage of NRL's three-stage Project Vanguard vehicle which launched the second U.S. satellite in 1958. Vikings 13 and 14, substantially similar to Vikings 8 through 12, were used as suborbital test vehicles (Vanguard TV-0 and Vanguard TV-1) before the first Vanguard vehicle, Vanguard TV-2, became available for test in the fall of 1957.

Current examples
The National Air and Space Museum contains a full-size cutaway reconstruction of Viking 12, built from original blueprints and reconstructed from parts recovered from the original rocket. The vehicle was donated by the Martin Marietta Corp in 1976 to the Smithsonian.

Table of flights
Vikings 1–12, excepting Viking 4, were flown from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Vikings 13 and 14 were launched from Cape Canaveral.

title: Viking (rocket)


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Haidinger (crater)

Haidinger is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southwestern part of the Moon. It was named after Austrian geologist Wilhelm von Haidinger. Just to the southwest of the crater is the small lunar mare named Lacus Timoris. Haidinger lies northwest of the crater Wilhelm and east of the irregular formation Hainzel.

The outer rim of this crater is nearly circular, with slight outward bulges along the western and northeastern parts of the rim. The satellite crater Haidinger B is attached to the exterior of the eastern rim, and Haidinger A lies close to the northeastern rim. There is a small crater-like divot along the southern inner wall. The interior floor has a low ridge in the northern half.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Haidinger.

title: Haidinger (crater)


text: User talk:65.175.138.6

title: User talk:65.175.138.6


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La Jolla Playhouse

La Jolla Playhouse is a not-for-profit, professional theatre on the campus of the University of California, San Diego.

History
La Jolla Playhouse was founded in 1947 by Gregory Peck, Dorothy McGuire, and Mel Ferrer. In 1983, it was revived under the leadership of Des McAnuff. Since then, the Playhouse's repertoire has included 108 world premieres, thirty-two West Coast premieres, and eight American premieres, and has won more than three hundred honors, including the 1993 Tony Award as America's Outstanding Regional Theatre. It is supported, in part, by grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the California Arts Council, the City of San Diego, and the County of San Diego. It was announced on April 10, 2007, that Christopher Ashley would succeed McAnuff as artistic director.

Among the 33 productions that originated at the Playhouse before finding success on Broadway are The Who's Tommy, Matthew Broderick's revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, Jane Eyre, Dracula, the Musical, Thoroughly Modern Millie, Cry Baby, Bonnie and Clyde, the Pulitzer Prize-winning I Am My Own Wife, 700 Sundays, Jersey Boys, Memphis, Peter and the Starcatcher, Chaplin, Hands on a Hardbody,  Come From Away , for which director Christopher Ashley won the 2017 Tony Award, and Des McAnuff's revival of Jesus Christ Superstar, Zhivago, Big River, SUMMER: The Donna Summer Musical , and a musical adaptation of The Outsiders (novel) opening on Broadway in March 2024.

Programs
La Jolla Playhouse provides a number of Learning & Engagement opportunities for children, teens, and adults interested in theatre arts, both as performers and behind-the-scenes. In addition, the Performance Outreach Program (POP Tour) annually brings a professional, world-premiere production to schools, libraries, and community centers throughout San Diego. There are additional summer theater opportunities through the La Jolla Playhouse Conservatory, student matinees, teen council, and many other in-school workshops and classes.

Page to Stage
La Jolla Playhouse began the Page to Stage Play Development Program in 2001 to facilitate the development of new plays and musicals, offering audiences the rare opportunity to experience the "birth" of a play and take part in its evolution. As a Page to Stage workshop, a production will feature minimal sets and costumes, and will be revised throughout its entire process, including performances. After the performance, audience feedback sessions will provide insight and suggestion for both the creative team and the actors. In the 22 years since the program began, two Page to Stage Productions have gone on to win Tony Awards. Doug Wright's I Am My Own Wife won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Awards for Best Play and Best Leading Actor in a Play (Jefferson Mays); and Billy Crystal's 700 Sundays, a 2004 Page to Stage Production, won the 2005 Tony Award for Special Theatrical Event.

Managing directors

 * 1981–1991: Alan Levey
 * 1992–2004: Terry Dwyer
 * 2005–2008: Steven Libman
 * 2009–2018: Michael S. Rosenberg
 * 2018–current: Debby Buchholz

Artistic directors

 * 1947–1959: Gregory Peck, Dorothy McGuire, Mel Ferrer (founders)
 * 1983–1994: Des McAnuff
 * 1995–1999: Michael Greif
 * 1999–2000: Anne Hamburger
 * 2000–2007: Des McAnuff
 * 2007–  : Christopher Ashley

Notable actors

 * Amy Aquino
 * Tallulah Bankhead
 * Heidi Blickenstaff
 * Stephen Bogardus
 * Christian Borle
 * Matthew Broderick
 * Danny Burstein
 * Phoebe Cates
 * Kim Cattrall
 * Anna Chlumsky
 * James Coburn
 * Billy Crystal
 * Ariana DeBose
 * Dana Delaney
 * Dann Florek
 * Hunter Foster
 * Sutton Foster
 * John Goodman
 * David Marshall Grant
 * Ann Harada
 * Neil Patrick Harris
 * Linda Hunt
 * Holly Hunter
 * Laura Innes
 * Bill Irwin
 * Laura Linney
 * Jon Lovitz
 * Groucho Marx
 * James Maslow
 * James Mason
 * Jefferson Mays
 * Marin Mazzie
 * Idina Menzel
 * Cynthia Nixon
 * Peter Paige
 * Jennifer Paredes
 * Jim Parsons
 * Amanda Plummer
 * Alice Ripley
 * Wynn Harmon
 * George Salazar
 * Campbell Scott
 * Helen Shaver
 * Gary Sinise
 * Alexandra Slade
 * Nancy Travis
 * Vivian Vance
 * Daphne Rubin-Vega
 * Sherie Rene Scott
 * Malcolm-Jamal Warner
 * Ron Richardson
 * BD Wong

title: La Jolla Playhouse


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The Dalek Factor

The Dalek Factor is an original novella written by Simon Clark and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features a Doctor whose incarnation is unspecified. It was released both as a standard edition hardback and a deluxe edition featuring a frontispiece by Graham Humphreys. Both editions have a foreword by Christopher Fowler.

Other meanings
The term "Dalek factor" is also used in the serial The Evil of the Daleks, as the opposite of the human factor.

title: The Dalek Factor


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Goanet

Goanet is a mailing list related to the state of Goa, located on the western coast of India. It was started in 1994 and, in 2015, celebrated 21 years of operation. Primarily an email-based network (with smaller operations on Facebook and the web), it has been considered influential in connecting Goans across the globe, especially in the diaspora.

History
It was started in 1994 by a (then) 17-year-old student Herman Carneiro, and since then has grown into being the most influential electronic mailing list linked to Goa.

Carneiro studied Chemical Engineering (Northeastern University in Boston), and has an M.Sc. in Control of Infectious Diseases from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. He was at Imperial College, London. He has worked in biomedical research at LeukoSite, Inc. and then at PerSeptive Biosystems, process design at Pharm-Eco laboratories, and capital engineering projects at Kodak. Carneiro was at Whitehead Institute, MIT, where he was a team manager for the Human Genome Project. Later, as part of his Masters-degree program, he designed and carried out a research project for the World Health Organization in Cambodia on sustainable interventions to prevent dengue fever outbreaks in the region. He has also conducted research in new drug discovery at Pfizer, Inc., and has worked for the Massachusetts Department of Public Health as an epidemiologist. Herman has also been keen sportsman and represented Kenya in the East and Central African Junior Tennis Championships in 1992 and 1993.

Launch
Goanet was started on 25 August 1994 with approximately 20 members. The mailing list was run from Carneiro's university e-mail account. According to Carneiro: "Netters were asked to put a * in their subject line to indicate a message to be posted on the list as opposed to private e-mail. The list grew slowly but steadily. Pretty soon we had 100 members and by that time I could not cope forwarding all the e-mail. So, I requested that a mailing list program be set up for Goanet on my university's server. I was successful and Goanet found its home for next 4 years."

On the Goacom server
Goanet had real-time archives on the web and the membership continued to grow steadily. In 1998, Goanet moved to the Goacom server. This allowed Goanet to expand even further. Carneiro has argued that Goanet (also called Goa-Net and GoaNet earlier) has been "more than a mailing list from the start -- it's been a virtual community."

Run by volunteers
Volunteers of Goanet have included Bosco D'Mello (Canada), Eddie Fernandes (UK), Vivian Coelho (USA), Eustaquio Santimano (Denmark), Sunila Muzawar (UAE), Frederick Menezes (Goa), among others. Among the first members were Jacqueline Carneiro (USA), Jeannette Carneiro (USA), Peter D'Souza (USA), Maria D'Souza (USA), Ulysses and Kendy Menezes (Kuwait), Kevin Coutinho, Craig Rodrigues (Canada), Marlon Menezes (US), Brendan Fernandes (Australia), Joanne Fernandes (Australia), Tashlyn Gonzalves (Australia), and Sherwin Nazareth (Australia).

Outside Goa
Goanet has a readership of over 10,000 people each day. In 2004, the network was claiming a membership of "probably... 5200 members, besides others who visit the website" and a readership in scattered across some 50 countries worldwide. The list's participants, primarily Goans now living outside of Goa have been involved with a number of initiatives, including an attempt to bring computers to more schools in Goa and efforts by the government to study migration from Goa.

Built awareness
Goanet has built awareness about expat and environmental issues in Goa. It has also inspired the formation of a number of other cyber ventures (particularly e-mail lists) and has also been active in discussing Goan writing and literature. Prominent posters on the list include JoeGoaUk, who is known to share a number of photographs and news reports on a daily basis from Goa itself. Dr. Alberto G. Gomes has written an academic paper on the interactions on Goanet. (‘Going Goan on the Goa-Net: Computer-mediated Communication and Goan Diaspora’. Social Analysis 45 (1), p 53–66)

In 2012, Goanet announced that it had launched Goanet-Femnet for empowering women, and was helping campaign to preserve Goa in conjunction with the Save Goa Campaign, UK.

title: Goanet


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Indianapolis Hoosiers

Indianapolis Hoosiers was the name of three major league and at least three minor league baseball clubs based in Indianapolis.

 * Indianapolis Hoosiers (American Association), which played in 1884
 * Indianapolis Hoosiers (National League), which played from 1887 until 1889
 * Indianapolis Hoosiers (Federal League), which played in 1914 and then became the Newark Peppers
 * Indianapolis Hoosiers (minor league baseball), which played in the Western League before 1900, in the non-major American League during 1900, and in the Western Association in 1901

title: Indianapolis Hoosiers


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Newark Peppers

The Newark Peppers, originally known as the Indianapolis Hoosiers, were a Federal League baseball team from 1913–1915. The Federal League (FL), founded in 1913, was a third major league in 1914 and 1915.

History
The Federal League began as an independent minor league in 1913. The franchise placed in Indianapolis, Indiana, was called the "Hoosier Feds" or just "Hoosiers", and won the 1913 league championship. Their ball field the first season was referred to as Riverside Beach or Riverside Park, and newspapers reported its location as "30th Street and Riverside Park".

When the Federal League declared itself a challenger to the two major leagues in 1914, it retained its franchise in Indianapolis, and built a new facility, Federal League Park. Primarily owned by oil magnate Harry F. Sinclair, the Hoosiers again won the Federal League championship that year with an 88–65 record.

Although the FL had placed a team (the Tip-Tops) in Brooklyn, from the outset Federal League officials felt they could more effectively compete commercially against the American and National leagues by placing a team in Manhattan. All attempts were effectively blocked by principals of the two existing Manhattan teams (the New York Giants and the New York Yankees). Federal League executives decided to relocate the Indianapolis franchise to a major city in the New York metropolitan area, and Newark was chosen. Although the team was named the Newark Peppers (called "The Peps" for short, and initially also "Newfeds"), the team actually played at Harrison Park, in the town of Harrison, New Jersey, across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. (As part of the franchise transfer, Indianapolis outfielder Benny Kauff, who was the Federal League batting champ in 1914, was placed with the Tip-Tops.)

The team finished in 5th place with a won–loss record of 80–72. The Peppers were disbanded when the Federal League went out of business after the 1915 season.

The Peppers were the only major league baseball franchise in New Jersey besides the Elizabeth Resolutes, who played half of the 1873 season in the National Association (the precursor to the National League). The Brooklyn Dodgers played seven "home" games (one against each NL rival) in Jersey City in 1956 and 1957.

Neither Indianapolis or Newark have had a major league baseball team since 1915.

Notable players
The team's roster included future Baseball Hall of Fame members Edd Roush and Bill McKechnie. Other notable major leaguers on the Peppers included pitchers Ed Reulbach and Cy Falkenberg.

Team infielder Rupert Mills "played" the non-existent 1916 "season." A clause in his 1915 contract guaranteed him a salary for the following year as long as he continued to show up at the park, suited and ready to play for the team. Mills fulfilled his contractual obligation, coming to the empty park each day and performing a physical workout to remain in playing condition. Mills, who was born in Newark, was also the only native Jerseyan on the team.

title: Newark Peppers


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First Olsen Tankers

First Olsen Ltd, until 2005 known as First Olsen Tankers, is a Norwegian shipping company owned by Ganger Rolf ASA and Bonheur and affiliated with Fred. Olsen & Co. The company is registered in Bermuda and headquartered in Oslo. The company was established in 1993 and remained listed on Oslo Stock Exchange from then to 1999. It bought Fred. Olsen Marine Services in 2005. As of 2011 it operates two suezmax tankers, one very large crude carrier and two suezmax converted to floating production storage and offloading units.

First Olsen Tankers owned the largest ultra large crude carrier ever built, Knock Nevis, built in 1979 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries that operated as a floating storage and offloading unit until she was scrapped in 2010.

title: First Olsen Tankers


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Hall (lunar crater)

Hall is a lunar impact crater in the southeast part of the Lacus Somniorum, a lunar mare in the northeast part of the Moon. It was named after American astronomer Asaph Hall. This feature can be found to the east of the prominent walled plain Posidonius. Just to the south, and nearly attached to the southern rim of Hall is the smaller crater G. Bond.

This crater formation has been significantly disintegrated by smaller impacts around the outer rim, leaving a wall that is deeply notched and incised. There is a gap in the western rim through which the interior has been flooded and resurfaced by layers of basaltic lava. Thus all that remains of the original crater is an irregular, crescent-shaped formation along the southern edge of the Lacus Somniorum. The southern rim is attached to the rough terrain to the south of the mare, and the irregular satellite crater G. Bond G is attached to the southeast rim.

Passing across the open mouth of this crater is the rille named Rima G. Bond (after the nearby crater), a wide cleft in the surface of the mare. This feature begins to the north of Hall and travels to the south-southwest, gradually bending back to the south-southeast. It passes through a section of raised terrain along the southern edge of the mare, and this rise joins the southern rim of Hall and encloses G. Bond.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hall.

title: Hall (lunar crater)