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United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.

United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 U.S. 131 (1948) (also known as the Hollywood Antitrust Case of 1948, the Paramount Case, or the Paramount Decision), was a landmark United States Supreme Court antitrust case that decided the fate of film studios owning their own theatres and holding exclusivity rights on which theatres would show their movies. It would also change the way Hollywood movies were produced, distributed, and exhibited. It also opened the door for more foreign and independent films to be shown in U.S. theaters. The Supreme Court affirmed the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York's ruling that the existing distribution scheme was in violation of United States antitrust law, which prohibits certain exclusive dealing arrangements.

The decision created the Paramount Decree, a standard held by the United States Department of Justice that prevented film production companies from owning exhibition companies. The case is important both in American antitrust law and film history. In the former, it remains a landmark decision in vertical integration cases; in the latter, it is responsible for putting an end to the old Hollywood studio system. As part of a 2019 review of its ongoing decrees, the Department of Justice issued a two-year sunsetting notice for the Paramount Decree in August 2020, believing the antitrust restriction was no longer necessary as the old model could never be recreated in contemporary settings.

Background
The legal issues originated in the silent era, when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating film companies for potential violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

The major film studios owned the theaters where their motion pictures were shown, either in partnerships or outright. Thus specific theater chains showed only the films produced by the studio that owned them. The studios created the films, had the writers, directors, producers and actors on staff (under contract), owned the film processing and laboratories, created the prints and distributed them through the theaters that they owned: In other words, the studios were vertically integrated, creating a de facto oligopoly. By 1945, the studios owned either partially or outright 17% of the theaters in the country, accounting for 45% of the film-rental revenue.

Ultimately, this issue of the studios' then-alleged (and later upheld) illegal trade practices led to all the major movie studios being sued in 1938 by the U.S. Department of Justice. As the largest studio, Paramount Pictures was the primary defendant, but all of the other Big Five (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Warner Bros., 20th Century Fox, and RKO Pictures) and Little Three (Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and United Artists) were named, and additional defendants included numerous subsidiaries and executives from each company. Separate cases were also filed against large independent chains, including the 148-theater Schine.

The federal government's case was initially settled in 1940 in the District Court for the Southern District of New York with a consent decree, which allowed the government to resume prosecution if studios were noncompliant by November, 1943. Among other requirements, the District Court-imposed consent decree included the following conditions: The studios did not fully comply with the consent decree. In 1942, they instead, with Allied Theatre Owners, proposed an alternate "Unity Plan". Under the Plan, larger blocks of theatres were blocked with the caveat of allowing theaters to reject films. Consequently, the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers (SIMPP) came into existence and thence filed a lawsuit against Paramount Detroit Theaters, representing the first major lawsuit of producers against exhibitors. The government declined to pursue the Unity proposal and instead, owing to noncompliance with the District Court's binding consent decree, resumed prosecution via the 1943 lawsuit. The 1943 case went to trial on October 8, 1945, one month and six days after the end of World War II. The District Court ruled in favor of the studios, and the government immediately appealed to the Supreme Court.
 * 1) The Big Five studios could no longer block-book short film subjects along with feature films (known as one-shot, or full force, block booking);
 * 2) The Big Five studios could continue to block-book features, but the block size would be limited to five films;
 * 3) Blind buying (buying of films by theater districts without seeing films beforehand) would be outlawed and replaced with "trade showing", special screenings every two weeks at which representatives of all 31 theater districts in the United States could see films before theatres decided to book a film; and
 * 4) The creation of an administration board to enforce these requirements.

The case reached the United States Supreme Court in 1948; their verdict went against the movie studios, forcing all of them to divest themselves of their movie theater chains. This, coupled with the advent of television and the attendance drop in movie ticket sales, brought about a severe slump in the movie business.

The Paramount decision is a bedrock of corporate antitrust law and as such is cited in most cases where issues of vertical integration play a prominent role in restricting fair trade.

Decision
The Supreme Court ruled 7–1 in the government's favor, affirming much of the consent decree (Justice Robert H. Jackson took no part in the proceedings). William O. Douglas delivered the Court's opinion, with Felix Frankfurter dissenting in part, arguing the Court should have left all of the decree intact except its arbitration provisions.

Douglas' majority opinion
Douglas's opinion reiterated the facts and history of the case and reviewed the Supreme Court's opinion, agreeing that its conclusion was "incontestable". He considered five different trade practices addressed by the consent decree:
 * Clearances and runs, under which movies were scheduled so they would only be showing at particular theatres at any given time, to avoid competing with another theater's showing;
 * Pooling agreements, the joint ownership of theaters by two nominally competitive studios;
 * Formula deals, master agreements, and franchises: arrangements by which an exhibitor or distributor allocated profits among theaters that had shown a particular film, and awarded exclusive rights to independent theatres, sometimes without competitive bidding;
 * Block booking, the studios' practice of requiring theaters to take an entire slate of its films, sometimes without even seeing them and sometimes before the films had even been produced ("blind bidding"); and
 * Discrimination against smaller, independent theaters in favor of larger chains.

Douglas let stand the Court's sevenfold test for when a clearance agreement could be considered a restraint of trade, as he agreed they had a legitimate purpose. Pooling agreements and joint ownership, he agreed, were "bald efforts to substitute monopoly for competition ... Clearer restraints of trade are difficult to imagine." He allowed, however, that courts could consider how an interest in an exhibitor was acquired; thus, he remanded some other issues back to the District Court for further inquiry and resolution. He set aside the lower court's findings on franchises so that they might be reconsidered from the perspective of allowing competitive bidding. On the block booking question, he rejected the studios' argument that it was necessary to profit from their copyrights: "The copyright law, like the patent statutes, makes reward to the owner a secondary consideration". The prohibitions on discrimination he let stand entirely.

Frankfurter's concurrence/dissent
Frankfurter took exception to the extent to which his colleagues had agreed with the studios that the District Court had not adequately explored the underlying facts in affirming the consent decree. He pointed to then-contemporary Court decision, International Salt Co. v. United States that lower courts are the proper place for such findings of fact, to be deferred to by higher courts. Also, he reminded the (Supreme) Court that the District Court had spent fifteen months considering the case and reviewed almost 4,000 pages of documentary evidence: "I cannot bring myself to conclude that the product of such a painstaking process of adjudication as to a decree appropriate for such a complicated situation as this record discloses was an abuse of discretion." He would have modified the District Court decision only to permit the use of arbitration to resolve disputes.

Aftermath
The court orders forcing the separation of motion picture production and exhibition companies are commonly referred to as the Paramount Decrees. Paramount Pictures Inc. was forced to split into two companies: the film company Paramount Pictures Corp. and the theater chain (United Paramount Theaters), which merged in 1953 with the American Broadcasting Company.

Consequences of the decision include:
 * An increase in the number of independent movie theaters throughout the 1950s, 60s and 70s.
 * An increase in independent producers and studios to produce their film product, free of major studio interference.
 * The beginning of the end of the old Hollywood studio system and its golden age, allowing creative freedom for both behind-the-camera personnel and actors.
 * The weakening of the Hays Code, because of the rise of independent and "art house" theaters which showed foreign or independent films made outside of the Code's jurisdiction; the Hays Code was replaced by the age-based rating system in 1968.

Reviews and termination of the Paramount Decrees
In 1980, the United States Department of Justice under President Ronald Reagan began a review of all consent decrees that were more than 10 years old. In 1983, the Department of Justice announced that it was in the "final stages" of reviewing the Paramount Decrees. Eventually, in February 1985, the Department of Justice announced that, although it was not formally terminating the Paramount Decrees, it would no longer pursue enforcement of the decrees in cases where doing so was “in the public interest.” According to media historian Jennifer Holt, "Effectively, this statement dissolved the authority of the decrees, if not legally then practically."

In April 2018, the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division began a review of antitrust decrees that did not have expiration dates. In 2019, the DOJ sought to terminate the Paramount Decrees, which would include a two-year sunset period as to the practices of block booking and circuit dealing to allow theater chains to adjust. The Department stated it was "unlikely that the remaining defendants can reinstate their cartel" as reasoning for terminating the decrees. The DOJ formally filed its motion for a court order to terminate the decrees on November 22, 2019. The move was opposed by independent movie theater owners, including the Independent Cinema Alliance, and independent filmmakers.

The court granted the DOJ's motion to lift the decrees on August 7, 2020, starting a two-year sunset termination period of the decrees.


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User talk:Elduderino

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[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 19:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Minor edits
Thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia. I notice you've made some substantial edits that you marked as "minor". In general, edits are considered minor if they change punctuation, spelling, etc, but do not change the meaning of the material. See Minor edit. Cheers, -Willmcw 21:15, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * My sincere apologies. I mixed up your edits, some of which were significant and other of which were minor. The minor ones were properly marked. Good job! Again, sorry for the mistake. Cheers, -Willmcw 21:47, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

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Ahmed Mohamed clock incident
The content of the lead has been discussed at length and agreed in that talk page. If you want to participate, do so in talk. -  Cwobeel   (talk)  21:28, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

-  Cwobeel   (talk)  21:34, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

3RR Warning
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war  according to the reverts you have made on Ahmed Mohamed clock incident. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement. Please be particularly aware that Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states: If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing. -  Cwobeel   (talk)  21:48, 28 September 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made.
 * 2) Do not edit war even if you believe you are right.

Notice of Edit warring noticeboard discussion
Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion involving you at Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring regarding a possible violation of Wikipedia's policy on edit warring. Thank you. — Cirt (talk) 21:51, 28 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I have blocked you for violations of the biographies of living persons policy. The block length is 24 hours. It can be appealed, if you so wish, by following the instructions here. I strongly suggest you spend some time reading the myriad of policies linked to on this page instead. NW ( Talk ) 22:04, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Elduderino


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Barry Venison

Barry Venison (born 16 August 1964) is an English football coach, former professional footballer and sports television pundit.

As a player was a defender from 1981 to 1997. He played for Sunderland, Liverpool, Newcastle United, Galatasaray and Southampton. He was capped twice by England.

Following retirement, he became a television pundit and most notably worked on ITV Sport's The Premiership between 2001 and 2004 whilst the network held the rights to show Premier League highlights. In 2016, he was given his first head coaching role at Orange County Blues, succeeding Oliver Wyss.

Sunderland
Venison was born in Consett, County Durham. He played for England at youth and under-21 level in his early days. He started his club career in his native North East with Sunderland and set a record when he became the youngest captain at a Wembley cup final when, aged 20 years and 220 days, he skippered Sunderland against Norwich City in the 1985 League Cup final in place of the suspended Shaun Elliott. Unfortunately for both Venison and Sunderland they lost 1–0.

Venison had originally made his debut for the Black Cats, aged just 17, on 10 October 1981 in the 2–0 league defeat to Notts County at Meadow Lane. He went on to play in 20 league games that season scoring one goal in the process. The steady and reliable right full-back settled into first team football well at Roker Park and became a firm favourite in 1983–84, when he missed just one league game.

At the end of the 1984–85 season, the same season in which they had reached the League Cup final, Sunderland were relegated to the Second Division. After Sunderland's failure to win promotion in 1985–86, Venison asked for a transfer as his Sunderland contract neared expiry in 1986, so he wrote to Liverpool as that was the only team he wanted to play for.

By the end of the 1985–86 season he had made a total of 205 appearances for the Wearsiders; 173 of them in the Football League. He had scored two goals.

Liverpool
It was Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish who acted quickest and duly offered him a deal. The recent Double winners paid Sunderland £200,000 for Venison's services on 31 July 1986, with a view to him becoming a long term successor to the ageing right-back Mark Lawrenson.

Venison made his Liverpool debut on 16 August 1986 in the traditional curtain raiser at Wembley, the Charity Shield, Liverpool faced derby rivals Everton, who had lost out to the Reds in both the previous season's League and FA Cup campaigns. The usual high tempo game ended in a 1–1 draw with both clubs sharing the shield. He featured in 33 out of 42 league games that season.

Venison was a League Cup final loser again in his first season at Anfield, when Liverpool were defeated by Arsenal in the 1987 final. He was also denied the chance of league title glory as the Reds were beaten into second place in the league by their neighbours Everton.

He played 18 times for Liverpool when they secured League championship in 1988, losing just two out of 40 league games. However, the emergence of fellow young defender Gary Ablett meant that Venison lost his place in the team. He was also hampered by injury and was unavailable for that season's FA Cup final, which Liverpool unexpectedly lost to Wimbledon.

The next season would see Venison's first goal for the club, it came on 29 August 1988 in the 4–1 thrashing of Nottingham Forest in the quarter finals of the Centenary trophy. Venison featured in more games but with fewer starts, often named as one of the two permitted substitutes.

Venison, along with his teammates, supported the bereaved families of the Hillsborough disaster in April 1989, attending a number of the funerals, he then played his role as Liverpool reached the final of the FA Cup again. Dalglish brought him on as an extra-time substitute as Liverpool defeated Merseyside rivals Everton 3–2. Liverpool later lost the League title in a decider against Arsenal at Anfield after Michael Thomas scored the winner with virtually the last kick of the whole season. Venison was on the bench again.

1990 saw Venison play 25 times in the league and earn another championship medal as Liverpool secured their 18th top division title.

During the following campaign Venison only managed a total of 14 appearances in all competitions, however, this did include another Wembley appearance as Liverpool faced bitter rivals Manchester United in the Charity Shield. Liverpool had to share the trophy as they drew 1–1 with their North West rivals.

Venison scored what would be his only league goal for the Reds on 31 March 1992, netting the side's final goal in a 4–0 win over Notts County. He played 13 times in the league that season, as Liverpool finished sixth – the first time since 1981 that they had not been league champions or runners-up. They did win the FA Cup by defeating Venison's old club Sunderland 2–0 at Wembley. However, he was not included in the squad, and with Liverpool now managed by Graeme Souness, who had succeeded Dalglish a year earlier, it appeared that Venison's future now lay away from Anfield, particularly after the form of new signing Rob Jones at right-back.

Newcastle United
On 31 July 1992, exactly six years after joining Liverpool, he departed from Merseyside and returned to the North East to play for Sunderland's rivals Newcastle United, who were preparing for a promotion push in the new Division One (as the old Second Division was now named following the creation of the FA Premier League) under the management of former Liverpool, Newcastle United and England striker Kevin Keegan.

Venison made his debut of the Magpies on 15 August 1992 in the 3–2 league win over Southend United at St James' Park, Venison enjoyed a tremendous beginning to his Newcastle career as they won their first eleven league games in a row, leaving them runaway leaders of Division One and looking uncatchable in the promotion race by October. The run came to an end when they lost to a last minute goal at home against Grimsby Town; they fell just 2 games short of the record 13 straight victories that had been set seven years earlier by Reading in the old Third Division. Keegan's team played in an exuberant, attacking style and their defence included a revitalised Venison as well as the likes of John Beresford and Steve Howey. Newcastle went on to become Division One champions, thus gaining promotion to the Premier League.

Venison only scored one goal for the Magpies but he regards it as being the best goal he's ever scored; it was, in his words, "a 20-yard screamer" against Aston Villa at a packed St James' Park.

Venison remained a crucial part of the Newcastle defence as they returned to the top flight in 1993–94, and helped them hit the ground running as they secured a third-place finish (though they never really looked like catching up with the leading pair that consisted of champions Manchester United and runners-up Blackburn Rovers). This gave the Magpies a place in Europe (the UEFA Cup) for the first time since the 1970s.

Keegan also successfully converted Venison into a midfield player following the arrival of right-back Marc Hottiger at the start of the 1994–95 season, though Venison lost the club captaincy when he was spotted in a wine bar outside of the club's curfew.

He played 28 times for the Magpies in the 1994–95 season, scoring his only league goal for them, and for a while it looked as though he might be gaining another championship medal to add to the two he earned at Liverpool. The Magpies achieved the best start to a top division campaign in their history as they won their first six games in the Premier League and entered October still top of the league. However, the excellent form was not maintained as the season went on, and a sixth-place finish wasn't enough for another UEFA Cup campaign.

Galatasaray
At the end of the 1994–95 season, after 130 appearances for Newcastle, Venison signed for Galatasaray in Turkey on 31 May 1995 for £750,000. He was one of several British footballers recruited by coach Graeme Souness, who had been his manager during his final year at Liverpool earlier in the decade.

Southampton
Venison spent just under 5 months with the Turkish side, playing eight games, before he was on the move once more. He joined Southampton for £850,000 on 25 October 1995. He played 22 Premier League games that season as Southampton avoided relegation on goal difference and reached the FA Cup quarter finals.

He played two more games for the Saints in the 1996–97 season (by which time Souness was manager of Southampton, the third club Venison had played under him at), before he suffered a back injury which led to him announcing his retirement from playing on 20 October 1996 at the age of 32.

International career
Venison had been selected to represent England at under-21 level on 10 occasions from 1982 until 1986.

In 1994, aged 30, Venison was picked to represent his country by new coach Terry Venables. The call-up came as a surprise, not least to Venison, but he played well in both of his full international appearances. His debut came on 7 September 1994 in the 2–0 friendly victory over the United States; his only other appearance for his country came on 29 March 1995 in a 0–0 friendly draw with Uruguay. Both games were played at Wembley.

Retirement and coaching roles
After retirement, Venison took up punditry; firstly for Sky Sports, and then, from 1997 to 2002, for ITV.

In the early 2000s, Venison launched an on-line sports memorabilia auction site. The company "bid4sport.com" was a not-for-profit company and raised money for charities. Julie Venison was also involved in Bid4sport providing business support and book-keeping for the venture. The company was initially based on the outskirts of Romsey before expanding and moving to premises to the west of Fareham. The venture was created with the help of friend and co-professional Brad Friedel. Venison sold Bid4sport shortly before his family relocated to the United States.

Venison also made an appearance as himself in the 2001 comedy film, Mike Bassett: England Manager.

Venison moved to the United States in 2003, firstly to Laguna Beach, and then Los Angeles. He worked in property development for a short time, before his friend Oliver Wyss, convinced him to return to football. Venison became Technical Director of Orange County Blues, before succeeding Wyss as head coach to see out the 2016 USL Pro season.

Honours

 * Liverpool
 * Football League First Division: 1987–88, 1989–90
 * FA Cup: 1988–89
 * FA Charity Shield: 1986 (shared), 1988, 1989, 1990 (shared)

Individual
 * Newcastle United Player of the Year: 1994–95

title: Barry Venison


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S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl

S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl (titled S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chornobyl on consoles and simply S.T.A.L.K.E.R. in Ukraine) is a first-person shooter survival horror video game developed by GSC Game World and published by THQ in 2007 following a long development. The game is set in an alternative reality, where a second disaster of mysterious origin occurred at the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, causing strange changes in the area around it. The game features a non-linear storyline and includes role-playing gameplay elements such as trading and two-way communication with non-player characters.

In the game, the player assumes the identity of the Marked One, an amnesiac man trying to find and kill the mysterious Strelok within the Zone, a forbidden territory surrounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. It is set after a fictitious second Chernobyl disaster, which further contaminated the surrounding area with radiation, and caused strange otherworldly changes in local fauna, flora, and the laws of physics. The background and some terminology of the game are borrowed from the novella Roadside Picnic and its film adaptation Stalker.

A prequel, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky, was released in 2008. A sequel, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat, followed in 2010. There are also multiple fan remakes trying to restore the cut content from the original version of the game.

Setting
S.T.A.L.K.E.R. takes place in an area called the Zone. The Zone is based on the real-life Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and is also inspired by fictional works: Boris and Arkady Strugatsky's science fiction novella Roadside Picnic (1972) which was loosely adapted into Andrei Tarkovsky's film Stalker (1979), as well as the film's subsequent novelization by the Strugatsky brothers.

The Zone encompasses roughly 30 square kilometers and features a slice of the Chernobyl area extending south from Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant; geographical changes for artistic license include moving the city of Pripyat into this area (it is actually to the north-west of the power station), although the city itself is directly modeled on its real-life counterpart, albeit smaller in size, and features in-game recreations of many actual locations from the city. The term Stalkers was also used for the scientists and engineers who explored the interior of the Chernobyl sarcophagus after its hasty construction in 1986. In addition, the Zone is also a term used to refer to the 30 kilometer Exclusion Zone around the power plant.

In the game's backstory, after the initial Chernobyl disaster, attempts were made to repopulate the area, primarily with scientists and military personnel. However, in 2006, almost 20 years after the first incident, a mysterious second disaster occurred, killing or mutating most of the inhabitants. S.T.A.L.K.E.R. begins years later, after people have begun coming to the Zone in search of money, valuable artifacts, and scientific information. In keeping with the post-nuclear decay within the Zone, extreme radiation has caused mutations among animals and plants in the area. As a result of the second disaster, the Zone is also littered with dangerous small areas of altered physics, known as anomalies. Explorers and scavengers operating within the Zone, known as Stalkers, possess an anomaly detector, which emits warning beeps of a varying frequency depending on their proximity to an anomaly.

Gameplay

S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl is primarily a first-person shooter survival horror video game, but it also features many RPG elements. The player does not gain additional abilities or statistics like most RPGs (though the player does level through game play from "novice" to "expert" which has slight effects on the ability to aim accurately), but is instead allowed to attach artifacts which can increase or decrease player attributes. Artifacts found within the Zone have both positive and negative effects except for some rare artifacts which have only positive attributes.

There are a large number of items in the game, so the player has customization choices which are constrained primarily by how much exploring they do. The game also attempts to blend the story and character interaction which are commonly associated with RPGs. However, conversation branches are extremely limited and do not significantly influence the course of the game, aside from accepting or declining missions.

The Zone itself is a large and varied area, consisting of wilderness, human settlements, and several heavily guarded military bases. However, the game world is not a true contiguous world, but rather 18 different maps separated by loading screens. Transfer from one area to another can only be accomplished at certain specific passageways; wire fences and extreme radiation levels block the player from attempting to cross the map in any other area.

Creatures within The Zone are vastly different from their real-world counterparts: dogs, boars, crows, and many more. Additionally, some areas contain mutated humans who have become affected by the so-called Brain Scorcher. Artificial intelligence of wildlife is highly developed and presents many realistic behaviors, such as fights over food and pack mentality, which can be observed in non-scripted events. The game engine was designed so that animal behavior is calculated even if the player is in a different part of the Zone.

There are several different variations of anomaly, each one having a unique impact upon those who cross its path. They can be potentially deadly to the player and the NPCs, delivering electric shocks, or pulling them into the air and crushing them. Most anomalies produce visible air or light distortions and their extent can be determined by throwing bolts (of which the player carries an infinite supply) to trigger them. Artifacts are found scattered throughout the Zone, often near clusters of anomalies. As well as being traded for money, a number of artifacts can be worn so that they provide certain benefits and detriments (for example, increasing a stalker's resistance to gunfire while also contaminating him with small amounts of radiation) although certain rarer artifacts provide benefits without any negative effects.

The game does not feature controllable vehicles (although vehicles are programmed in the game code, they are not available without the use of a third party modification, and even if added, they are not entirely stable, as a single knife slash can destroy it completely) and thus players are required to go from place to place on foot. A sprint option using a limited stamina bar can be used to temporarily increase the player's rate of movement, though this is reduced by the weight of objects the player is carrying, and weapons cannot be fired while sprinting. It is possible to sprint indefinitely by using artifacts and keeping below a certain weight limit (50 kg); however, it is impossible to sprint with certain weapons (e.g. RPG-7 and SVD).

Radioactive contamination caused by the nuclear incidents at Chernobyl occurs in specific invisible patches throughout the Zone. Although most areas are not contaminated, areas near abandoned construction equipment that was used in the post-accident clean-up, certain military vehicular wreckage and a variety of other locations create fields of radiation of varying intensity and size, some of which cannot be passed through without the proper protective equipment and anti-contaminant agents. The equipment is simplified into various sets of armor that have different levels of radiation protection. Additional radiation resistance may be conferred by some artifacts, and radiation sickness may be treated by medication or by consuming vodka.

When the player enters a highly irradiated area, they will begin to receive radiation poisoning. During this time, a radiation icon appears on the screen and fades through from green to yellow to red, signifying the strength of the poisoning, which grows the longer the player remains present in the affected areas. The stronger the poisoning, the faster the player's health decreases. Unless the player dies from damage caused by radiation poisoning, there are no permanent effects from contracting it other than health loss. However, radiation will persist and continue to drain health until either radiation medication or a substantial amount of vodka is consumed. Radiation can primarily be avoided by wearing certain artifacts that neutralize radiation or more advanced suits that will effectively protect the player from radiation.

In much the same way radiation works as a gameplay mechanic, the player will occasionally become hungry during their travels. During this state, an icon of a crossed fork and spoon will appear. Consuming in-game food items returns the player state from hungry to not hungry, which removes the negative impact on stamina that the hunger status gives. However, if one ignores eating, it will result in the death of the player in a certain amount of time.

As with radiation and hunger, bleeding is another state of detriment which the player must try to avoid or manage while playing the game. Bleeding occurs when the player sustains certain kinds of injuries of certain severity (such as being shot or stabbed). The player will lose the amount of health determined by the landed blow and will continue to lose small amounts of health as they hemorrhage. Bleeding can sometimes stop on its own, but the player can prevent further bleeding by applying bandages or using first aid kits, thereby preventing further health loss.

Plot
Shadow of Chernobyl offers 7 different endings based on the player's actions. The ending below is considered canon in the series.

The game opens with lightning striking a vehicle, causing it to crash. The unnamed protagonist is the sole survivor, and regains consciousness in the bunker of a local black marketer named Sidorovich. He is suffering from amnesia, and has only two clues to his identity. The first is a tattoo of the acronym "S.T.A.L.K.E.R." on his arm and the second is a PDA with the entry "Kill Strelok". Sidorovich nicknames the protagonist the "Marked One". The Marked One performs several tasks for Sidorovich as payment for saving his life. Through these missions and new contacts, the player discovers clues to Strelok's possible location. These bring the Marked One deeper into the Zone and provide more details about Strelok and his companions.

To progress further into the Zone, the player must disable a psionic device known as the Miracle Machine. The machine emits frequencies which cause those within its range to lose their minds, becoming zombies. While disabling the device, the Marked One finds a clue that leads to Doc, a member of Strelok's team. A trap injures the player, who is then rescued by Doc. He tells the Marked One about a monolithic artifact known as the Wish Granter, located at the center of the Zone. This artifact is sought after by most of the Zone's denizens and is guarded by a cult-like paramilitary group called Monolith. Doc also implies that the Marked One is in fact Strelok, before departing.

The Marked One eventually identifies the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) in Pripyat as the location of the Wish Granter. A more powerful version of the Miracle Machine, known as the Brain Scorcher, blocks the path to the city. Once the device is disabled, the player can travel freely around Pripyat and enter the CNPP itself. However, several militant factions in the Zone, as well as the Security Service of Ukraine, take advantage of this event to enter Pripyat as well and battle for control of the city. The Marked One must fight his way through Monolith cultists and Ukrainian soldiers to reach the CNPP. Once inside the plant's irradiated sarcophagus, the player discovers the Wish Granter and a secret laboratory beneath it. Inside the lab is a computer terminal, where an entity known as the C-Consciousness resides.

The C-Consciousness reveals that the player character is Strelok, and provides an overview of the history of the Zone. After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, the Soviet Union used the complete vacancy of the Exclusion Zone for unhindered psionic research purposes. This resulted in the development of various weaponized psychic devices. Seven scientists had their brains linked to a single neural network, creating a hivemind known as the C-Consciousness. Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union five years later, the C-Consciousness took control of the Zone and continued the research. The hivemind attempted to create world peace through global mind control. This attempt failed and caused the anomalies and reality-warping nature of the Zone. To protect itself, the C-Consciousness set up the Miracle Machine, the Brain Scorcher, and Wish Granter. The Wish Granter brainwashes those who reach it, turning them into Monolith cultists programmed to defend the CNPP against further incursions.

The C-Consciousness offers Strelok the opportunity to link his consciousness to it and become part of the hivemind. The player can either accept this offer or attempt to stop the C-Consciousness. If Strelok rejects the offer, the hivemind teleports him away. Strelok becomes determined to reach the physical location of the C-Consciousness and destroy it. After fighting his way through large numbers of Monolith gunmen and mutants, Strelok stumbles upon the original seven Soviet scientists, in a state of suspended animation. He kills them, eliminating the C-Consciousness.

Afterwards, Strelok rests on the ground outside the CNPP, unsure if he made the right choice but relieved that his ordeal is finally over.

Technical features

The X-Ray Engine is a DirectX 8.1/9 Shader Model 3.0 graphics engine. Up to a million polygons can be on-screen at any one time. The engine features HDR rendering, parallax and normal mapping, soft shadows, motion blur, widescreen support, weather effects and day/night cycles. As with other engines that use deferred shading, the X-Ray Engine does not support multisample anti-aliasing with dynamic lighting enabled. However, a different form of anti-aliasing can be enabled with dynamic lighting which utilizes an edge detection algorithm to smooth edges between objects. The game takes place in a thirty square kilometer area, and both the outside and inside of this area are rendered to the same amount of detail. Some textures in the game were photographs of the walls in the developers' studio. As of patch 1.0003 the X-Ray Engine supports "surround screen" monitor setups, including a 16:9 native resolution ratio.

The X-Ray Engine is among the first of its kind to feature real time Global illumination through a method called Photon mapping, the GI system runs entirely through the CPU on one core and was first seen implemented in a beta build as early as 2004 however remained experimental through ShoC development most likely due to its massive performance hit.

The X-ray engine uses GSC Game World's proprietary ALife artificial intelligence engine. ALife supports more than one thousand characters inhabiting the Zone. These characters are non-scripted, meaning that AI life can be developed even when not in contact with the player. The NPCs have a full life cycle (task accomplishment, combat, rest, feeding and sleep) and the same applies to the many monsters living in the Zone (hunting, attacking stalkers and other monsters, resting, eating, sleeping). These monsters migrate in large groups. The non-scripted nature of the characters means that there are an unlimited number of random quests. For instance, rescuing stalkers from danger, destroying stalker renegades, protecting or attacking stalker camps or searching for treasure. The AI characters travel around the entire Zone as they see fit. Several attack tactics were cut for difficulty reasons, including the ability for enemies to heal wounded allies and give orders.

S.T.A.L.K.E.R. uses a heavily modified version of the ODE physics engine. Ragdoll physics, destructible objects, realistic bullet ballistics and skeletal animation can all be found in the game. Bullets are affected by gravity, bounced against solid surfaces at oblique angles, and firearms are highly inaccurate when fired without aiming. To score consistent hits at medium or long range, players must aim using the iron sights on their guns. Additionally, hit damage is pseudo-realistic, and the player can die after only being shot a few times (although later in the game various armor suits and artifacts can be acquired that increase the player's resistance to damage). Late-game depends heavily on scoped weaponry due to the well-armed and armored enemies that keep their distance from the player.

A weather system is integrated into various parts of the landscape and allows a variety of weather effects, such as sunshine, storms and showers. The weapons available, behavior of the AI, game tactics and ranking systems depend on the weather. Unlike most dynamic weather systems, the game features complete dynamic wet surfaces such as pavement, concrete, brick walls, etc.

The game features ambient music by Vladimir Frey aka "MoozE". It also has three songs from the Ukrainian band Firelake.

Development and release
The game was first announced by GSC Game World in November 2001, as S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Oblivion Lost, although it had been talked about as early as 2000. It had its release date, originally as summer 2003, pushed back several times. Meanwhile, hundreds of screenshots of the game had been released, as well as a dozen preview video clips, accompanied by other forms of promotion by GSC, such as inviting fans to their offices in Kyiv to play the current build of the game. However, due to the delays some considered S.T.A.L.K.E.R. to be vaporware.

In late December 2003, a pre-alpha build of the game was leaked to peer-to-peer file sharing networks. This build, marked as version 1096, inadvertently acted as a fully functional tech demo of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.'s engine, despite its lack of NPC enemies and fauna. After that, with the game missing the 2003 release date and still far from being finished, the publisher THQ sent Dean Sharpe (the later CEO of Metro developer 4A Games, which would be formed by some ex-members of GSC Game World who had worked on Shadow of Chernobyl) to oversee cutting many features and downsizing the overall scale and ambitions to save it from development hell, leaving much of it to be picked up in a sequel.

In February 2005, THQ expressed a desire to see the game released toward the end of its 2006 fiscal year (31 March 2006) but maintained that no release date had been set. In October 2005, THQ confirmed that S.T.A.L.K.E.R. would not be out "until the second half of THQ's 2007 fiscal year - October 2006 at the earliest." In February 2006, THQ revised this possible release window, saying the game would not be in stores until the first quarter of 2007. In an interview at the Russian Gameland Awards, PR Manager Oleg Yavorsky indicated that release was planned for September 2006. In 2006, the game came 9th in Wired's Vaporware '06 award.

In late February GSC managed to release a public beta. A multiplayer demo was released to the public on 15 March 2007. On 2 March 2007, it was announced that the game went gold.

In February 2009, due to popular demand GSC Game World released "xrCore" build 1935, dated 18 October 2004. It uses a completely different physics engine with many cut monsters, levels, and vehicles. It was also significantly larger than the retail release. It is however somewhat unstable, but features the full game along with a "fully functional ALife system". It is currently available for free download from the GSC servers and mirrors. Multiple other builds of the game have been since publicly released as well, along with design documents.

In 2022, a supposed console port build was leaked to the internet.

On March 6, 2024, GSC Game World released a bundle that includes all three games in the franchise for console platforms Playstation 4, Xbox One and (through backwards compatibility) Playstation 5 and Xbox Series.

Critical reception
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the game for its style and depth while criticising technical issues, mentioning the number of bugs present. It received a score of 82.70% on GameRankings and 82/100 on Metacritic.

The game design of the Zone was one of the most favored aspects. GameSpot praised the style and level design, stating "This is a bleak game, but in a good way, as it captures its post apocalyptic setting perfectly", while Eurogamer called it "one of the scariest games on the PC", going on to say "Like the mythological Chernobyl zone it is based upon, this game is a treacherous, darkly beautiful terrain." Game Informer did not find the gameplay particularly innovative, but still complimented the basic FPS design, saying, "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. isn’t the revolution that we all hoped it would be. It is, however, a respectable and sometimes excellent first-person adventure" whereas GameSpot called it "one of the best ballistics models ever seen in a game, and as a result, firefights feel authentic as you try and hit someone with what can be a wildly inaccurate rifle".

Upon release, S.T.A.L.K.E.R. was criticized for having numerous bugs, especially when used with the then-recently released Windows Vista. IGN found the game "tended to stutter quite often, sometimes pausing for three or four seconds at regular intervals, which occurred on two different Windows XP computers at maximum visual quality," and some cases of game crashing glitches. Another criticized aspect was the story, which to some reviewers was "incoherent" and which PC Gamer stated "fails in the specific story of your character".

Awards
S.T.A.L.K.E.R. won the Special Achievement award for Best Atmosphere in GameSpot's Best and Worst 2007, stating that "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. captures the 'ghost town' nature of the zone, from the abandoned cities to the overgrown wilderness. Then, the game adds its own paranormal elements, which help make a spooky environment almost terrifying at times."

Sales
S.T.A.L.K.E.R. received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. As of September 2008, S.T.A.L.K.E.R. has sold 2 million copies worldwide. GSC Game World CEO Sergiy Grygorovych has said "We are very pleased that S.T.A.L.K.E.R. became so popular among players from all over the world. Financial success will allow us to develop S.T.A.L.K.E.R. in different directions as a brand."

S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky is a prequel set eight months before Shadow of Chernobyl. The game world consists of a mix of old, redesigned areas and completely new levels. The updated engine supports the Inverse Kinematics animation system, allowing more and better animations. New effects such as volumetric lighting were also included. In general, the developers sought to take the basics of everything in Shadow of Chernobyl and enhance them. Better AI, graphics and new game-play additions, such as faction wars, were some of the added features.

S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat is a sequel set after the events in Shadow of Chernobyl. The game features new areas recreated by their true-to-life locales such as Pripyat town, Yanov Railway Station, Jupiter Factory, Kopachi Village and more. Other features include an improved A-Life system, a new player interface, a brand-new story and a number of unique characters, two new monsters and behavior and abilities, an extended system of side quests, a sleep function and a free play mode.

S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Oblivion Lost restoration projects
In 2014, a mod aimed at restoring cancelled features from the early versions of the game was released as a standalone game titled S.T.A.L.K.E.R. - Lost Alpha, development of which has since still continued with Lost Alpha - Developer's Cut released in 2017. Rock, Paper, Shotgun's Craig Pearson praised many aspects of the 2014 version, but also noted the presence of stability problems and bugs.

S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Heart of Chornobyl
S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Heart of Chornobyl is an upcoming video game currently slated for release in 2024.

title: S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl


text:
Intervarsity

Intervarsity, Inter Varsity or Inter-Varsity may refer to:

 * All-Asian Intervarsity Debating Championships, now merged to form the United Asian Debating Championships.
 * Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships
 * Australian Intervarsity Choral Societies Association
 * InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA
 * Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship of Canada
 * Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship, formerly the Inter-Varsity Fellowship of Evangelical Unions
 * InterVarsity Choral Festival (Australia)
 * InterVarsity Choral Festival (Canada)
 * Inter Varsity Dance Competition
 * InterVarsity Hockey, Field Hockey competitions in Australia between rival universities
 * Inter Varsity Folk Dance Festival
 * Inter-Varsity Press

title: Intervarsity


text:
Murder of John Monckton

John Victor Monckton (13 October 1955 – 29 November 2004) was a financier who was killed in his own house in November 2004, by Elliott White and Damien Hanson, while the latter was on probation after serving half of his 12-year sentence for attempted murder.

Biography
Educated at Downside and Lincoln College, Oxford, he rose to the position of Managing Director of Bonds at Legal & General Group PLC, a large British insurance firm. He was a Roman Catholic, and a distant cousin of Viscount Monckton of Brenchley. He joined the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in 1977.

He was murdered and his wife severely assaulted at their home in Upper Cheyne Row in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, nominally a low-crime area. His nine-year-old daughter called the police, but the killers fled the scene. A suspect, Damien Hanson, was arrested the following day.

Murder
Hanson was eventually convicted of Monckton's murder and sentenced to serve three life sentences for killing Monckton, and the attempted murder of Monckton's wife Homeyra, in November 2004. His accomplice, Elliot White, is serving 18 years for manslaughter, wounding with intent and robbery.

The trial judge recommended that Hanson should serve a minimum of 36 years before being considered for parole. This is one of the lengthiest minimum terms ever handed out in British legal history, and is expected to keep Hanson behind bars until at least 2041 and the age of 61.

Hanson had at least one previous conviction for attempted murder, for which he received a 12-year sentence, when he killed Monckton. Hanson had been released from jail three months before the killing, halfway through his sentence. In 2006, Hanson's half sister, Laura Campbell, was jailed for four years for providing a fake alibi for the crime.

title: Murder of John Monckton


text:
John Doogan

John Doogan (Seán Ó Dubhagáin; March 1853 in Aughrim, County Galway – 24 January 1940 in Folkestone, Kent) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Award
He was 27 years old, and a private in the 1st Dragoon Guards (The King's), British Army during the First Boer War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 28 January 1881 at the Battle of Laing's Nek, South Africa, during the charge of the mounted men, Private Doogan saw that Major William Vesey Brownlow, KDG, had had his horse shot from under him and was dismounted among the Boers. Doogan rode up and, in spite of being severely wounded himself, dismounted and insisted on Major Brownlow taking his horse, receiving another wound while doing so.

Brownlow ultimately rose to the rank of major-general and died in 1926, bequeathing Doogan, his 'former servant', an annuity of £20 a year, (worth around £600 in 2005).

Further service
Doogan left the army by 1882 but he returned to service in World War I as an army recruiter, with the rank of sergeant.

Civilian career
Doogan was working for the General Post Office as a Mail Driver when he was living at Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, Wales at the 1891 Census. In the 1901 Census he had moved into England when he was employed as a butler when living at Church Cottage, East Shenfield, Berkshire. By the 1911 Census he moved to Shropshire, when he lived at Cause Mountain in the parish of Westbury, occupation 'Army pensioner' and later at Stapeley Hill where he was a farmer between 1926 and 1937. He retired from farming to Folkestone, Kent.

Personal life
Doogan was twice married, but only the first marriage was legal. With his first wife Mary he had ten children (his first child born 1882); two sons of theirs died on active service with the army in World War I. She died in August 1924.

His second marriage, later proved invalid, took place on 16 September 1929 at Welshpool Registry Office to Martha Maria Roberts, who was 39 years his junior and had been employed as his housekeeper following his widowhood. She had previously married at Wrexham, on 8 November 1923, David Philip Roberts, who she claimed was dead at the time she met Doogan but turned out to be still alive after the later wedding. She stood trial at Shrewsbury Assizes on 20 February 1930, charged with bigamy of which she was found guilty but was leniently bound over in £10, to be forfeit if she was called for trial again, instead of being sentenced to prison (the usual penalty). Doogan, the innocent party, gave evidence as witness, while the estranged legal husband appeared simply to confirm his identity and their own marriage.

Death
He is buried at Shorncliffe Military Cemetery (also known as the Garrison Cemetery) in Folkestone (Plot V. Grave 1054).

Victoria Cross
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Queen's Dragoon Guards Regimental Museum in Cardiff Castle, Wales.

title: John Doogan


text:
Talk:Peter Jackson

Someone needs to explain who Fran is
Allright, throughout the entire article Fran Walsh is adressed as Peter Jackson's "partner". I looked her up, and it said she was married to him, but the term "Partner" instead of "wife" makes me thing that Jackson is gay, and Fran Walsh is his male lover... Anyways, I just think that someone should specify exactly who Fran Walsh is in relation to Peter Jackson (I'm not going to because I don't know if their still married, when they got married, if they got divorced etc.). DurotarLord (talk) 00:36, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * While this is an old observation, it's quite conventional for heterosexual unmarried (and they're not married) couples to refer to each other - particularly in NZ - as "partners". Two more points: does it really matter what gender Jackson's partner is; their having (non-adopted) kids makes it fairly obvious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.176.52.113 (talk) 11:04, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * If that's true, then the usage on Fran Walsh' page is contradictory and one of the two needs to be corrected.  White Whirlwind  咨   12:14, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * A November 30, 2012 New York Times articles quotes Walsh explicitly saying they're not married. I clarified. —Alex (ASHill | talk | contribs) 11:14, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

Too much focus on LOTR
The biography implies that the only important thing he has ever done is Lord of the Rings... while obviously the trilogy was his most important project, many people think Heavenly Creatures is a better film, and his early horror movies have a big cult following. A better chronology might be:
 * Early life (childhood etc)
 * Low budget films (Bad Taste, Meet the Feebles, Braindead)
 * Heavenly Creatures
 * Breaking into Hollywood (The Frighteners, general career stuff)
 * LoTR
 * King Kong
 * What he's up to now.

A section on influences might be good as well, or this could be incorporated into the early life section. --Helenalex 05:25, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Jackson himself divides his life that way, as cited. If you wish to expand though, why not go ahead? Wiki-newbie 15:59, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

I probably will - just wanted to make sure that no one was hugely attached to the current organisation. I don't see that Jackson supposedly dividing his life that way means that we should, and anyway, what context did he say that in? Was he talking financial, time-wise, how Hollywood treats him...? The opinion of a biographical subject on what parts of his/her life are or aren't important shouldn't determine how the biography is written. --Helenalex 23:53, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I like Helenalex's organisation and titling; it certainly makes much more sense. Z iggurat 00:11, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Done. I've added a whole lot of stuff about his early career, as I think this isn't widely known outside horror movie cult circles and New Zealand. I would have liked to come up with a better name for the 'arthouse' section - I was going to call it Heavenly Creatures, but then I remembered Forgotten Silver, which sort of fits in there. --Helenalex 04:07, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd just like to point out, LOTR is the only important film Peter Jackson has done. Think about it, he's made many cult classics, but honestly, how much money do cult classics make? How popular do they make someone? LOTR is what propelled him into superstardom, and was his first major achievement. As for King Kong, it was another popular film, but it didn't actually do anything to him like LOTR did. DurotarLord (talk) 00:37, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

The Valley
What is 'The Valley' that's listed in the filmography? It's not on IMDB, it doesn't have a Wiki page, and I've never heard of it. If it was an unreleased home-made movie (and from the date it surely has to be) it shouldn't be on the list. --Helenalex 04:22, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You can see the movie and some information on http://tbhl.theonering.net/peter/film_valley.html . It is not a home made movie, but anyway it is a short movie, so not very important. Cate |Talk 11:11, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Um... this links to a page on Valley of the Stereos, made in 1992 and only co-produced by Peter Jackson. Is this what you meant to link to? --Helenalex 11:26, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Ooops. ok. It is an other movie: (see the top of http://tbhl.theonering.net/badtaste/makingof.html), so I will delete the link from the list, is it OK?.  Eventually we could list in "early life", with the title of the other early projects. Cate |Talk 13:19, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, "The Valley" IS listed on IMDB : http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0314831/ 81.190.36.200 21:24, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think a reference in 'early life' would be most appropriate. The filmography should be limited to things which had a cinematic, video or dvd release. Being entered in a short film contest doesn't really count. --Helenalex 00:15, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I've seen Valley of the Stereos in the cinema. I think it showed as a short film preceding Brain Dead. --Tirana 00:25, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I also saw Valley fo the Stereos in a theatre. It was shown in the Wellington Film Festival in 1993 at the Embassy Theatre, as a short before David Cronenberg's feature film Naked Lunch. It's also been released on DVD, on the compilation "Dark Stories, Vol. 2: Tales from Beneath". Amazon.com link: Pearce.duncan 00:23, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

The Valley is a short film he did as a teenager, it is talked about in his biography. The Valley of the Stereos may be real, but lets just make sure we make it clear that they are different. ProudHuman42 (talk) 01:00, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

New Zealand spelling
I just noticed a revision where "favourite" was changed to "favorite". I am sure the editor was well-meaning, changing it to the national variety that he or she is used to. (I primarily use American spelling conventions myself). The Wikipedia manual of style, however, suggests that an article about a New Zealander should use New Zealand spellings. Moreover, spelling should be consistent across the article and I noticed that most words were written according to NZ/UK conventions. I have thus reverted that edit, and tried to normalize other inconsistencies. (As I said, however, American English is my native tongue, so I may have missed some.) --Taranah 00:19, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * You have. Your "normalize" is not NZ. Try "normalise". ;) Wallie (talk) 16:24, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Notwithstanding the Wikipedia conventions (written by Americans), the fact is that American spelling is non-standard, and should be limited to America topics and people (at most).

Order of Merit
PJ is categorized as a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, but the award is not mentioned in the article. If it can be sourced (likely from a G'ovt web page) it should be included perhaps in the awards section which just lists his oscars right now. Eluchil404 11:44, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

The Governor-General of New Zealand mentioned in this article, Sir Anand Satyanand, is styled incorrectly in this article, his title of 'Sir' having been left out. As Sir Anand was already a knight by the time he knighted Sir Peter, His Excellency's title should be included with His Excellency's name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.107.88.135 (talk) 14:35, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Jackson was made a knight by the Queen. The governor general may knight people on behalf of the Queen, but the honour is bestowed by the Queen, not her representative.203.184.41.226 (talk) 04:41, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

 * You are a Knight from the moment the honour is published by the Government (in this case 31 December 2009 on the web site of The Prime Minister and Cabinet of New Zealand (DPMC)). Sect (20) of The Statutes of The New Zealand Order of Merit (the statute) state "Ordinary and Additional members of the first and second levels of this Order may use the appellations of “Sir”, in the case of a man, or “Dame”, in the case of a woman, before their forenames from the date of their appointment".

 * Sir Peter Jackson's appointment was published first by DPMC and later in the New Zealand Gazette, issue 2, on 12 January 2010 (and can be viewed as PDF or HTML)) in accordance with Sect (18) the statutes). The sections quoted were not affected by the 2000 or 2009 reform.

 * My conclusion is that in accordance with the Statutes of The New Zealand Order of Merit, Sir Peter was a knight effective 31 December 2009. Can we all now accept Sir Peter's knighthood is legitimate.

Karl Stephens (talk) 11:03, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Biased view
The topic written has somewhat of a biased view towards Peter Jackson. It brings up numerous positive points and gloats about his success, while never addressing his numerous criticisms. 142.41.215.138 05:05, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Considering most of his films have 80% and up on Rotten Tomatoes, I think the article need not give undue weight to a minority. If you can actually bring up reliable sources of critisism, please do so, but frankly they'll be very hard to find. It's not like he was ever involved in a Twilight Zone: The Movie style incident. WikiNew 09:59, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Look, obviously your a big fan of Peter Jackson, as you edit and discuss his pages all the time, so don't bring your biased view into this, even the greatest directors have criticism. Many of my favourites are heavily critized. What's the point in having critics if the bad reviews are ignored? Peter Jackson is hardly anywhere near the greatest director, anyway. 142.41.215.138 07:46, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Not that, it was that given this is a biography of a living person you have to be very, very, careful of what you write. Like I said, PJ has never been in a Twilight Zone incident. As for negative reviews, add them, but balance them to represent the consensus. Frankly I'm merely following policy, nothing to do with being a fan, or else I could have you blocked for a personal attack. Please try to assume good faith. WikiNew 11:40, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Anonymous person, your argument seems to be that if someone edits and discusses a director's page, they must therefore be a big fan, and therefore they are biased. By that logic all Wikipedia pages must be biased. I think there is probably room for mention of some common criticisms of Jackson's work - length springs to mind, as well as the dodgy racial stuff in King Kong, but I don't think it's a big deal either way. And I definetely think that anyone who makes major criticism of a page should be prepared to fix the problems they have identified rather than just hiding and sniping. --Helenalex 22:50, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Get a new picture!
Peter Jackson has lost quite a bit of weight since the featured picture of him has been taken. Someone should upload a new one! Thomas M 06:20, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Go and get one. Wikipedia requires free images. WikiNew 18:26, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Correctly Quote and Credit, Please
I noticed that someone had misused a quote from the Extended Edition DVDs. A person had said something to this effect under the Style heading for Peter Jackson's article: "...general playfulness to the point where the Lord of the Rings miniatures director Alex Funke said 'the film is almost incidental really'." I have taken the liberty to correct this to "Alan Lee" who was the one who said this. Please make sure of your sources and who is making a quote (especially from DVDs) when adding such things to articles. Aj045 02:50, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

KING KONG
The King Kong Article is in the wrong place and needs fixing for links.

That is all.

Iggy Pop bio-pic
What's the source for this? I've never read about it in print, and the only other reference I can find online are sourced from Wikipedia. Elijah Wood is supposed to be starring as Iggy in a bio-pic directed by Nick Gomez. Pearce.duncan 00:01, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Redirect to Return of the King page
Who the heck changed this page so that it just redirected to the Return of the King movie? I've reverted it. Was that vandalism, or just idiocy? Pearce.duncan 03:56, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Style
A lot of this was conjecture, at the very least unsubstantiated facts. Aside from a lack of verifiable sources, the section read more like a PR piece about Jackson's style. But by inference -- there are no objective sources to attribute any particular style to Jackson. Moreover, techniques such as "coverage" and wide-angle shots, and demanding that f/x are "seamless and invisible" are hardly stylistic, but rather common principles of filmmaking. Have there been any published analyses of Jackson's filmmaking style, or is this (as I suspect) a bit of puffery written by fanboys with a smidgen of film knowledge? Alcarillo 19:02, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

The Hobbit
Near-breaking news, but Jackson is expected to produce 2 films based off Tolkien's "The Hobbit". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sten28 (talk • contribs) 00:05, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

New Pic?
Can we get a new picture of him since he's lost weight? He's lost a lot of pounds since LOTR, and he's practically unrecognizable now in comparison to what he used to look like, so a newer picture would be nice. DurotarLord (talk) 00:46, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * See WP:FU. It'll be difficult to get a free image just to show what he's looked like since 2005. Alientraveller (talk) 10:37, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * You actually need a new picture, as it's a pretty inaccurate portrayal of him now 222.152.85.125 (talk) 01:59, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Wait until October 2009, let's see if anyone will make a non-copyrighted image of him at the premieres of The Lovely Bones. Alientraveller (talk) 09:56, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Wow I had no idea Peter Jackson looked like that. I thought some smarty-pants decided it would be funny to change his picture until I saw his picture on IMDB.72.85.193.28 (talk) 23:08, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Halo Chronicles
This might be better 'chronicled' under a separate heading, as it is mentioned twice in two difference paragraphs under the upcoming features header. That section is untidy and could be cleaned up - surely some of the projects mentioned warrant their own headers?Full Chrome Logic (talk) 01:01, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Direct Sir Peter Jackson here.
Could someone do this please? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.197.3.199 (talk) 21:11, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Innovative in creative thinking is important in new movie makers, too
Hello everyone,

I would love to tell everyone out there that the ideas that Peter Jackson has in mind is far beyond the contemporary movie circles. I grew up a young boy having started watching action movies and never felt much love though for it; I remember my first movie watched was Rambo First Blood, I was about four or five years old. The hit song, a song played on screen prior to the movie was by Phil Collins 'Everyday', I loved it a lot better.

However, with the experience I started in Legendary, Adventure, and real-like fictions in the movies while I was twelve from Conan the destroyer, Hex man to Lord of the rings has changed me entirely. And I really want to write a movie script "The Mentor" about what many directors, producers and actors have taught me in movies, I just believe that if I could get someone like Sir Peter Jackson to teach me write better movie scripts I will be perfect and give all I could in life for movie worlds. I need someone to show me a better way through.

Thank you everyone.

Dan Brian Amagi --196.0.7.130 (talk) 07:28, 19 October 2011 (UTC)--196.0.7.130 (talk) 07:28, 19 October 2011 (UTC)--196.0.7.130 (talk) 07:28, 19 October 2011 (UTC)--196.0.7.130 (talk) 07:28, 19 October 2011 (UTC)--196.0.7.130 (talk) 07:28, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Hollywood, Weta, and the Film Commission -- Peter Jackson legal issues
In the Hollywood, Weta, and the Film Commission section, could someone verify the New Zealand listener legal issues. I couldn't find anything about it in the biography and all the google searches lead to this article or other wikia sites. -ProudHuman42 (talk) 22:17, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Honours should be listed at the end of the article
You know like the other articles are. The section should be better worded also. PJ wasn't knighted as such, he was given an knighthood honour that allows the use of Sir. Cj105 (talk) 21:12, 30 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Peter Jackson received the Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2009 New Year's Honours list and was knighted by the Governor-General, Anand Satyanand, in March 2010.User talk:Moriori (talk) 00:18, 31 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Honours should still be moved to closer to the end like the norm for articles involving people with honours.Cj105 (talk) 16:30, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

Actual weightloss?
The refrence says 13 kilograms, but the text in the article section says "over 50 pounds (23 kg)"

Any other sources?

Løbner (talk) 10:43, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Personal Life?
Had an idea of writing a personal life section? Putting stuff about weight loss, health issues, Fran and Kids in there? What do people think? Good idea, bad idea? Let me know please :) 86.29.28.91 (talk)
 * Make sure you have reliable sources for everything you add, and use inline references. Don't include material which breaches the privacy of third parties - eg kids names and their schools are unlikely to be appropriate.- gadfium 22:59, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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=Needs update=

The Beatles documentary paragraph is in the past tense, indicating that it was written before the movie came out. It has already been released and therefore there should be an update to this part.Gandalf 1892 (talk) 21:21, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Jackson


text:
Illinois Route 132

Illinois Route 132 (IL 132) is an arterial state route that connects IL 59 at the village line between Fox Lake Hills and Lake Villa, with IL 131 in Waukegan. It is known as Grand Avenue for its entire length, and Grand Avenue extends west beyond Lindenhurst to near U.S. Route 12 (US 12), 12 mi west. Though IL 132 is one of the busiest state highways in Illinois, it is only 13.57 mi long (21.83 km).

Route description
Illinois 132 serves the town of Gurnee. Grand Avenue is the main road to both the Gurnee Mills Shopping Center and Six Flags Great America. At this point Illinois 132 is a divided, six lane road—its length wavers between 2 and 6 lanes around Gurnee.

Because Route 132 is a well-traveled road in suburban Chicago, it is also a major suburban Chicago shopping and industry corridor, especially on the Grand Avenue section of the route. A variety of car dealers, retail stores, full-service restaurants, mid-range hotels, etc. are located on this roadway.

History
SBI Route 132 was initially what is now Illinois Route 121 from Decatur to Mattoon in central Illinois; in 1937, Illinois 121 replaced Illinois 131 and Illinois 132. In 1950 it was reassigned to the whole stretch of Grand Avenue; in 1967 it was dropped east of Illinois 131 and west of Illinois Route 59.

title: Illinois Route 132


text:
Car and Driver 10Best

Car and Driver 10Best is a list annually produced by Car and Driver (C/D) beginning in 1983, nominating what it considers the 10 best cars of the year. C/D also produced the 5Best list, highlighting what it considers the five best trucks of the year.

All production vehicles for sale in that calendar year are considered with these recent restrictions:
 * 1) The vehicle must be on sale by January
 * 2) It must be priced below 2.5 times the average price of a car that year
 * 3) The manufacturer must provide an example for testing
 * 4) Only substantially changed or new vehicles and the past year's 10 best winners are nominated

The magazine sometimes selects a specific trim and other times a whole family of vehicles.

Top 10 Marques
From 1983 through 2023, the following marques were represented on the list the most times, including the 10Best Cars, 5Best Trucks, and 10Best Trucks and SUVs lists.

Top Models
From the start of the 10Best in 1983 through 2023, the following models were represented on the 10Best lists the most years.

1983
For the 1980s, Car and Driver picked four domestic and six import cars.

Fastest car tested: Jaguar XJ-S HE, 142 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
 * 2) Ford Escort
 * 3) Ford LTD

1984
Instituted the price cap at $30,000.

Fastest car tested: Ferrari 308 Quattrovalvole, 144 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 2) Ford Escort
 * 3) Ford LTD

1985
Price cap: $30,000

Fastest car tested: Chevrolet Corvette, 150 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 2) Ford Escort
 * 3) Chevrolet Celebrity

1986
Price cap: $30,000

Fastest car tested: Porsche 944 Turbo, 157 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Chevrolet Celebrity
 * 2) Ford Escort
 * 3) Chevrolet Cavalier

1987
Price cap: $30,000

Fastest car tested: Ferrari Testarossa, 176 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford Escort
 * 2) Ford Taurus
 * 3) Chevrolet Cavalier

1988
Price cap: $35,000

Fastest car tested: Ferrari Testarossa, 173 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford Escort
 * 2) Chevrolet Corsica/Beretta
 * 3) Ford Taurus

1989
Imports and domestics chosen by marque, not by place of manufacture.

Price cap: $35,000

Fastest car tested: 750iL V12, 158 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Honda Accord
 * 2) Ford Taurus
 * 3) Ford Escort

1990
Eliminated half domestic/half import rule as impractical.

Price cap: $35,000

Fastest car tested: Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1, 175 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Honda Accord
 * 2) Ford Taurus
 * 3) Chevrolet Cavalier

1991
New rule: No more than two places per marque.

Price cap: $35,000

Fastest car tested: Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1, 176 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Honda Accord
 * 2) Ford Taurus
 * 3) Toyota Camry

1992
Price cap: $40,000

Fastest car tested: Ferrari F40, 197 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford Taurus
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Toyota Camry

1993
Price cap: $40,000

Fastest car tested: Lamborghini Diablo, 204 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford Taurus
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Toyota Camry

1994
Institution of the 2.5x price cap, now at $43,000.

Fastest car tested: Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1, 179 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford Taurus
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Ford Escort

1995
Price cap: $46,000.

Fastest car tested: Lamborghini Diablo VT, 185 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford Taurus
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Toyota Camry

1996
Price cap: $48,000

Fastest car tested: Ferrari F355, 179 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford Taurus
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Toyota Camry

1997
Price cap: $54,000

Fastest car tested: Dodge Viper GTS, 177 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Toyota Camry
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Ford Taurus

1998
Price cap: $55,000

Fastest car tested: Ferrari F50, 194 mph

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Toyota Camry
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Ford Taurus

1999
Price cap: $59,000

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Toyota Camry
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Ford Taurus

2000
Price cap: $61,000

Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Toyota Camry
 * 2) Honda Accord
 * 3) Ford Taurus

2001
For 2001, Car and Driver created a separate "5Best Trucks" award with a single winner in each of five categories.

Top-selling vehicles:
 * 1) Ford F-Series
 * 2) Chevrolet Silverado
 * 3) Ford Explorer

10Best Cars
Price cap: $62,000

2002
Top-selling cars:
 * 1) Ford F-Series
 * 2) Chevrolet Silverado
 * 3) Toyota Camry

10Best Cars
Price cap: $66,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $66,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $69,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $70,000

For 2005 and 2006, the magazine named one winner in each category.

10Best Cars
Price cap: $70,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $71,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $72,000

5Best Trucks

10Best Cars
Price cap: $71,000

Beginning with the 2009 list, Car and Driver considered the Porsche Boxster and Cayman to be the same car.

"Dishonorable Mention"
In conjunction with the 2009 10Best Cars list, Car and Driver issued a list of what it called "The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History", spotlighting cars previously honored by a major automotive magazine (including CD itself) that, with the passage of time, it considered to be anything but award-worthy.

10Best Cars
Price cap: $80,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $80,000 This year marks the first appearance of an electrically powered car, the Volt, as well as the first appearance of a Korean automaker, Hyundai, on C&D 10Best.

10Best Cars
Price cap: $80,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $80,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $80,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $80,000

10Best Cars
Price cap: $80,000

10Best Cars
$90,000 base-price cap

10Best Cars and Trucks
Beginning with the 2020 list, SUVs and trucks are no longer separate

10Best Cars and Trucks
The 2021 10Best list was released on November 18, 2020. Every car from the 2020 list returns, with the exception of the Jeep Gladiator. The Genesis GV80 makes its first appearance on the list.

10Best Cars and Trucks
The 2022 10Best list was released on November 17, 2021.

10Best Cars
The 2023 10Best Cars list was released on December 19, 2022.

10Best Trucks and SUVs
The 2023 10Best Trucks and SUVs list was released on January 17, 2023. Beginning with the 2023 list, SUVs and trucks are once again separate.

10Best Cars
The 2024 10Best Cars list was released on December 5th, 2023.

10Best Trucks and SUVs
The 2024 10Best Trucks and SUVs list was released on December 5th, 2023.

title: Car and Driver 10Best


text:
Zaytsev's rule

In organic chemistry, Zaytsev's rule (or Zaitsev's rule, Saytzeff's rule, Saytzev's rule) is an empirical rule for predicting the favored alkene product(s) in elimination reactions. While at the University of Kazan, Russian chemist Alexander Zaytsev studied a variety of different elimination reactions and observed a general trend in the resulting alkenes. Based on this trend, Zaytsev proposed that the alkene formed in greatest amount is that which corresponded to removal of the hydrogen from the alpha-carbon having the fewest hydrogen substituents. For example, when 2-iodobutane is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH), but-2-ene is the major product and but-1-ene is the minor product.

 * General Demonstration of Zaitsev's Rule.png

More generally, Zaytsev's rule predicts that in an elimination reaction the most substituted product will be the most stable, and therefore the most favored. The rule makes no generalizations about the stereochemistry of the newly formed alkene, but only the regiochemistry of the elimination reaction. While effective at predicting the favored product for many elimination reactions, Zaytsev's rule is subject to many exceptions. Many of them include exceptions under Hofmann product (analogous to Zaytsev product). These include compounds having quaternary nitrogen and leaving groups like NR3+, SO3H, etc. In these eliminations the Hofmann product is preferred. In case the leaving group is halogens, except fluorine; others give the Zaytsev product.

History
Alexander Zaytsev first published his observations regarding the products of elimination reactions in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie in 1875. Although the paper contained some original research done by Zaytsev's students, it was largely a literature review and drew heavily upon previously published work. In it, Zaytsev proposed a purely empirical rule for predicting the favored regiochemistry in the dehydrohalogenation of alkyl iodides, though it turns out that the rule is applicable to a variety of other elimination reactions as well. While Zaytsev's paper was well referenced throughout the 20th century, it was not until the 1960s that textbooks began using the term "Zaytsev's rule".

Zaytsev was not the first chemist to publish the rule that now bears his name. Aleksandr Nikolaevich Popov published an empirical rule similar to Zaytsev's in 1872, and presented his findings at the University of Kazan in 1873. Zaytsev had cited Popov's 1872 paper in previous work and worked at the University of Kazan, and was thus probably aware of Popov's proposed rule. In spite of this, Zaytsev's 1875 Liebigs Annalen paper makes no mention of Popov's work.

Any discussion of Zaytsev's rule would be incomplete without mentioning Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov. Zaytsev and Markovnikov both studied under Alexander Butlerov, taught at the University of Kazan during the same period, and were bitter rivals. Markovnikov, who published in 1870 what is now known as Markovnikov's rule, and Zaytsev held conflicting views regarding elimination reactions: the former believed that the least substituted alkene would be favored, whereas the latter felt the most substituted alkene would be the major product. Perhaps one of the main reasons Zaytsev began investigating elimination reactions was to disprove his rival. Zaytsev published his rule for elimination reactions just after Markovnikov published the first article in a three-part series in Comptes Rendus detailing his rule for addition reactions.

Thermodynamic considerations
The hydrogenation of alkenes to alkanes is exothermic. The amount of energy released during a hydrogenation reaction, known as the heat of hydrogenation, is inversely related to the stability of the starting alkene: the more stable the alkene, the lower its heat of hydrogenation. Examining the heats of hydrogenation for various alkenes reveals that stability increases with the amount of substitution.

The increase in stability associated with additional substitutions is the result of several factors. Alkyl groups are electron donating by inductive effect, and increase the electron density on the sigma bond of the alkene. Also, alkyl groups are sterically large, and are most stable when they are far away from each other. In an alkane, the maximum separation is that of the tetrahedral bond angle, 109.5°. In an alkene, the bond angle increases to near 120°. As a result, the separation between alkyl groups is greatest in the most substituted alkene.

Hyperconjugation, which describes the stabilizing interaction between the HOMO of the alkyl group and the LUMO of the double bond, also helps explain the influence of alkyl substitutions on the stability of alkenes. In regards to orbital hybridization, a bond between an sp2 carbon and an sp3 carbon is stronger than a bond between two sp3-hybridized carbons. Computations reveal a dominant stabilizing hyperconjugation effect of 6 kcal/mol per alkyl group.

Steric effects
In E2 elimination reactions, a base abstracts a proton that is beta to a leaving group, such as a halide. The removal of the proton and the loss of the leaving group occur in a single, concerted step to form a new double bond. When a small, unhindered base – such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, or sodium ethoxide – is used for an E2 elimination, the Zaytsev product is typically favored over the least substituted alkene, known as the Hofmann product. For example, treating 2-Bromo-2-methyl butane with sodium ethoxide in ethanol produces the Zaytsev product with moderate selectivity.

 * Example of Zaitsev's Rule.png

Due to steric interactions, a bulky base – such as potassium tert-butoxide, triethylamine, or 2,6-lutidine – cannot readily abstract the proton that would lead to the Zaytsev product. In these situations, a less sterically hindered proton is preferentially abstracted instead. As a result, the Hofmann product is typically favored when using bulky bases. When 2-Bromo-2-methyl butane is treated with potassium tert-butoxide instead of sodium ethoxide, the Hofmann product is favored.

 * Formation of the Hofmann Product.png

Steric interactions within the substrate also prevent the formation of the Zaytsev product. These intramolecular interactions are relevant to the distribution of products in the Hofmann elimination reaction, which converts amines to alkenes. In the Hofmann elimination, treatment of a quaternary ammonium iodide salt with silver oxide produces hydroxide ions, which act as a base and eliminate the tertiary amine to give an alkene.

 * Example of the Hofmann Elimination Reaction.png

In the Hofmann elimination, the least substituted alkene is typically favored due to intramolecular steric interactions. The quaternary ammonium group is large, and interactions with alkyl groups on the rest of the molecule are undesirable. As a result, the conformation necessary for the formation of the Zaytsev product is less energetically favorable than the conformation required for the formation of the Hofmann product. As a result, the Hofmann product is formed preferentially. The Cope elimination is very similar to the Hofmann elimination in principle but occurs under milder conditions. It also favors the formation of the Hofmann product, and for the same reasons.

Stereochemistry
In some cases, the stereochemistry of the starting material can prevent the formation of the Zaytsev product. For example, when menthyl chloride is treated with sodium ethoxide, the Hofmann product is formed exclusively, but in very low yield:

 * Formation of Hofmann Product Based on Stereochemistry.png

This result is due to the stereochemistry of the starting material. E2 eliminations require anti-periplanar geometry, in which the proton and leaving group lie on opposite sides of the C-C bond, but in the same plane. When menthyl chloride is drawn in the chair conformation, it is easy to explain the unusual product distribution.

 * Explanation for Formation of Hofmann Product Based on Stereochemistry.png

Formation of the Zaytsev product requires elimination at the 2-position, but the isopropyl group – not the proton – is anti-periplanar to the chloride leaving group; this makes elimination at the 2-position impossible. In order for the Hofmann product to form, elimination must occur at the 6-position. Because the proton at this position has the correct orientation relative to the leaving group, elimination can and does occur. As a result, this particular reaction produces only the Hofmann product.

title: Zaytsev's rule


text:
User talk:Skora~enwiki

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