text:
Talk:Polygamy/Archive 1

Edited the Robert Heinlein mention.

As to Heinlein's religious beliefs, see this FAQ.

His writings (with the arguable exception of "For Us The Living") did not claim that unconventional marriages are inherently superior to monogamous marriages. He described several dysfunctional or exploitative polygamous arrangements ("To Sail Beyond the Sunset" and "Friday" come to mind).

The paragraph as previously written might be thought to imply that Heinlein was a member of the Libertarian Party. As far as I know, he was not.

Removed until corroborated or made npov at the very least:

In mammals, proportion of sizes between males and females correlates with number of females that one male copulates with.

This criterion, as applied to humans, suggests that 2-4 wives per man (small polygyny) are natural state, and polyandry is completely unnatural.

Muslim limit of 4 wives per man is an argument that might confirm this result.

---

Naturalistic fallacy

We've achieved NPOV in the main page, I think, but at the cost of what amounts to a brief dictionary definition.

Regarding the correlation of male-female sizes and the number of partners that are involved in mating, I believe that Jared Diamond discusses this subject at some length in one of his books (maybe "The Third Chimpanzee", but I don't remember for sure). Examples among primates include gorillas, where the size difference is so great between the sexes that the males basically maintain harems. I am not so sure about the 2-4 wives part, though. Diamond argues that humans have a natural inclination towards mild polygamy, correlated with the slightly greater size of human males to human females. What I don't know is whether this theory is widely accepted or not, but it Diamond offers an evolutionary explanation for it. So perhaps one could cite Diamond in this article and mention that this is what he has argued regarding the subject.

So waddaya think? Have I managed to retain NPOV while expanding the dictionary definition? --the Epopt

 * Polygynous societies are about four times more numerous than monogamous ones. In 1994, Theodore C. Bergstrom noted in his paper "On the Economics of Polygyny" (U. Mich. Center for Research on Economic and Social Theory, Working Paper Series 94-11) that "Although overt polygamy is rare in our own society, it is a very common mode of family organization around the world. Of 1170 societies recorded in Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas, polygyny (some men having more than one wife) is prevalent in 850."

I find the above puzzling, and I would like some confirmation that the conclusion, "Polygynous societies are about four times more numerous than monogamous ones," is one to which most anthropologists would subscribe. Here are some relevant questions: Without answers to questions like this, the above quote really looks like pseudoscience. If you're going to make dramatic claims, in order for them to square with the neutral point of view policy, you've got to supply the relevant context.
 * What percentage of people in the world at present have more than one spouse? (This is surely at least as important a statistic as the percentage of polygamous "societies.")
 * How is "society" definied in Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas?
 * Are modern industrial societies included in Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas, and according to the atlas, how many of them are there? How many of such societies are polygamous?  (Surely that's of interest to people who consider their peers to be members of industrial societies as opposed to pre-industrial societies.)
 * What time period does the study consider?
 * What percentage of men in a society must have more than one wife in order for the society to be considered polygynous? Is Utah a "society" and would it be counted polygynous today just because it has a handful of polygamists?

--Larry Sanger

inaccurate and offensive?
I deleted the following text because I found it both inaccurate and offensive: "The sometimes spectacular numbers of wives of many of the patriarchs indicates that the prohibition does not originate within those religions, however. Rather, they conformed to the Greco-Roman culture of monogamous marriage and concubinage while it was dominant, and never revered to their original practices." I also changed the sentence prior to the above text to say that all branches of Christianity and Judaism forbid polygamy at this time. If there are exceptions, they would certainly be worth noting. I know that there were some Jews in the vicinity of Yemen or somewhere on the Arabian Peninsula who were polygamous for a time, in keeping with the surrounding culture, but I don't believe they are still. Please correct me if I'm wrong on that point.

 * Until the Yemenite Jewish community emigrated to Israel in the 1950s in Operation Magic Carpter (yes, that was its real name!) they still practiced polygamy. They no longer do so, as Israeli law forbids polygamy.

As for Christians, they have never accepted polygamy, with the possible exception of the Church of Latter-day Saints, depending on whether you number them among the Christians. In any case, even the LDS no longer accept the practice.
 * There are non-LDS Christian polygamists. I think they mainly got the idea from the LDS though. (Yes, many of them live in Utah.) -- SJK

 * I found this at http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/stu/dcann/polygamy.htm (emphasis added): "The Latter-Day Saint Church originated in the "Burned-over District" of Western New York State where several religious revival movements experimented with different familial structures. Lawrence Foster noted that "Nearly all the new religious groups in the area were involved to some extent with unorthodox marriage ideals and practices. Such movements as the Shakers and the Oneida Perfectionists were only the tip of the iceberg of dissatisfaction with prevailing marriage, family, and sex roles" (1981: 131)." This URL also makes a case for early Christian and Jewish practice (from a Muslim standpoint, no less): http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/w_islam/poly.htm

As for "the patriarchs", some specific evidence would be in order. In Christianity, patriarch is the term used by the Eastern Orthodox to designate their highest ranking bishops. In that church, bishops are generally prohibited from having even one wife, much less several. If the author is referring to a few isolated Old Testament examples, it is very evident that not everything done by every Old Testament figure was exemplary. Their practice was not always in alignment with their beliefs or teaching.

 * It should be noted that the Israelies, and later rabbinic Jews, who followed the Tanach (Old Testament) came away with the impression that the ideal relationship was one man and one woman, and that marriages with more than one woman were _not_ the best thing. Thus, even before rabbinic Judaism as we know it today came into existence, polygamy was discouraged and not widely used. The Israelite Kings, of course, often had as many wives as they could! In the rabbinic Jewish era, one notes that of the thousands of people written about in the Talmud less than a handful had more than one wife.

--Wesley
 * I'd agree with all this Wesley except the idea of 'beliefs or teaching' - I don't remember what the law has to say about multiple wives; certainly multiple wives are common in the pre-Sinaitic Old Testament (and it does us no good to deny it) and were common in the royal family until well after Solomon, at least.  I'm not sure when the last reference to a plural marriage of a Jew in the O.T. occurs.  Certainly they HAD given up the practice in the (loosely named) 'intertestamental' period, but why that happened I have no idea.  Jesus's evidence (divorce provided for only because of the hardness of your hearts) is certainly late, and not entirely apposite.  --MichaelTinkler

 * Ashkenazi Jews kept polygamy as an option until around the year 1000 CE, even though it wasn't widely practiced before then. After that time, it was outlawed.

 * interesting! Where abouts was that?  I've never run into any references to Jewish wives at all, let alone multiple ones, in Francia in the early medieval period.  I've read lots of the material on the Jews (there are several good articles on the Jews in the Carolingian empire by A(llen?  I forget how he spells his name) Cabaniss, but I don't remember ever reading about more than one wife (and I forget the name of her husband - he was a deacon at Charlemagne's court who converted to Judaism - quite a scandal). --MichaelTinkler

 * Michael: That sort of stuff, about the deacon, really fascinates me. I'd be interested to know what lead a medieveal Catholic to convert to Judaism. Is he just some oddity, or were there many others? I suppose this calls for Famous Christians who converted to Judaism in the Medieveal Period! (I can hear you screaming already... :-) -- SJK

 * In that case I will *never* tell you his name (which I can't remember at the moment anyway). He was extremely unusual, at least in my reading I've never come across another.  He left Francia for Spain, married, etc.  I'll look around.  (later)  Best I can do from home and via the internet is that it is Allen Cabaniss.  It *might* be in the book on Agobard of Lyon (subject and title).  I'll try to keep it in mind, though I don't think we have any of our books in our little library here, and I'm not going to Cornell for anything for a while. --MichaelTinkler

Canon Law
Article says:
 * Polygamy is currently prohibited by almost all Jewish and Christian groups, a relatively recent change from the canon law of their early centuries.

Firstly, I've never head of the term "canon law" being applied to Judaism. I might be wrong, but I believe it is a purely Christian term. (There is no exact equivalent to Christian canon law in Judaism, but the closest thing would be halakah.) Secondly, canon law isn't a term that applies to all Christians either -- it is used mainly by the Catholics and the Orthodox and some of the more ecclesial Protestants. A lot of Protestant churches don't use the term at all.

Finally, while polygamy was certaintly allowed in early Judaism, I'd like to see some evidence for it being permitted in early centuries of Christianity. I'm pretty sure that mainstream Christianity has never allowed it. -- SJK

 * Prove that something didn't exist? A quixotic quest!  Yoicks, and away!  --The Epopt

 * Hmmm - the typical discussion of what you seem to be calling polygamy in the early church centers around 'husband of one wife' - which is a matter of serial monogamy rather than polygamy. The question most discussions of marriage in the early church that I've read (Tertullian, Augustine, etc. - it's not something that interests me much until the 10th century and talk about sacraments) concerns if someone who has been married ONCE can be allowed to REMARRY.  Certainly they thought that no priest or deacon should, and weren't even sure if laypeople should.  On another point, be very cautious about making statements based on positive laws - they neither prove the existence of the crime nor do they prove its stamping out.  I have no idea about those popes and proclamations against polygamy - they may have been talking about something very specific, but nowhere in the Roman Mediterranean was polygamy practiced by the 'civilized'.  Concubinage and whoring around, sure, but more than one wife at a time was not legal under Roman law.  --MichaelTinkler
 * Ah. De Bono conjugali is written against Jovinian, who was a believer in total virginity.  In fact, it's Augustine's defense of marriage (as practiced by the Romans).  I've just finished teaching the Confessions, where there's all the material about how his relationship with the unnamed concubine was inadequate based on intention.  O.K., I'm looking at it now.  He's talking about remarriage.  For instance:
 * 17. That marriage can take place of persons first ill joined, an honest decree following after, is manifest. But a marriage once for all entered upon in the City of our God, where, even from the first union of the two,the man and the woman, marriage bears a certain sacramental character, can no way be dissolved but by the death of one of them. For the bond of marriage remains, although a family, for the sake of which it was entered upon, do not follow through manifest barrenness; so that, when now married persons know that they shall not have children, yet it is not lawful for them to separate even for the very sake of children, and to join themselves unto others. And if they shall so do, they commit adultery with those unto whom they join themselves, but themselves remain husbands and wives. Clearly with the good will of the wife to take another woman, that from her may be born sons common to both, by the sexual intercourse and seed of the one, but by the right and power of the other, was lawful among the ancient fathers: whether it be lawful now also, I would not hastily pronounce. For there is not now necessity of begetting children, as there then was, when, even when wives bare children, it was allowed, in order to a more numerous posterity, to marry other wives in addition, which now is certainly not lawful. For the difference that separates times causes the due season to have so great force unto the justice and doing or not doing any thing, that now a man does better, if he marry not even one wife, unless he be unable to contain. But then they married even several without any blame, even those who could much more easily contain, were it not that piety at that time had another demand upon them. For, as the wise and just man, who now desires to be dissolved and to be with Christ, and takes more pleasure in this, the best, now not from desire of living here, but from duty of being useful, takes food that he may remain in the flesh, which is necessary for the sake of others; so to have intercourse with females in right of marriage, was to holy men at that time a matter of duty not of lust.

 * He's talking about the Old Testament patriarchs, not about his contemporaries. He's avoiding casting judgement on them, but it clearly makes him feel queasy. --MichaelTinkler

Michael: I agree with you. The passage in question, as I interpret it, shows that he didn't like it, but couldn't completely condemn it because of the OT patriarchs. I doubt that the permissibility of polygamy was little more than a theoretical question for him, since almost no one in that area at that time practiced it. Certaintly any early Christian who tried to practice polygamy would have been ejected as one of loose character, and they'd simply say the OT case doesn't apply anymore. -- SJK
 * yep, pretty much. So, now I want references to the so-called 'first' condemnations of polygamy so that I can read those, too. --MichaelTinkler

And where did the Luther thing come from? He is either speaking rhetorically (as is typical for him) or he is, once again, speaking of sequential marriages. This article may need a subhead for 'serial polygamy'. The actual practice of polygamy in Luther's time was identified with the millenarian movements (like that in Muenster) which he explicitly condemned - folks who sound remarkably like David Koresh). I have to admit that I'm prejudiced.  I've read too much history to believe any of your examples that many-wives-at-the-same-time (rather than serial polygamy) was EVER condoned by any orthodox or even mildly heterodox Christian.  It just won't fly. --MichaelTinkler

Article currently says :"(the United States Congress made the practice illegal on March 22, 1892)" but this is not quite right. I don't think all this needs to be included, but I'll rewrite the sentence, hopefully not too much less clearly but with a view to what was actually legislated... -- Someone else 07:25 Mar 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * 1) States regulate marriage laws, the Congress generally doesn't (or shouldn't)
 * 2) Congress does, however, have authority to legislate on such matters in the Territories, which, conveniently, Utah was one of.
 * 3) it was the Morrill Act, in 1862, which outlawed polygamy in the territories
 * 4) the Morrill Act survived a challenge as to its constitutionality (on the basis of freedom of religion) in the U.S. Supreme Court in 1879
 * 5) those who wanted to enforce the Morrill Act, though, had to prove that two marriages had been performed, and often couldn't gather sufficient evidence for conviction
 * 6) in recognition of which, the Edmunds Act was passed in 1882 (the law in question), which made "bigamous cohabitation" (not polygamy) a misdemeanor (in the Territories).
 * 7) It was easier to prove cohabitation than it was to prove a second marriage, so there were more actual convictions.
 * 8) There was more legislation, probably too tedious for y'all to read, but in essence Congress eventually required antibigamy clauses to be included in the state constitutions of Territories as they were admitted as States.

 * You didn't need to do all that work to get me to remove the text - I know my source isn't the best (even though I try to confirm everything via Google). --mav

 * Well, no, but at first all I had was a vague feeling that Congress shouldn't be able to legislate on polygamy in the states. Now I know they didn't just go ahead and do it anyway <> -- Someone else 07:36 Mar 23, 2003 (UTC)

Polygyny
Can anybody provide a list of all the countries in the world in which polygyny is legal?

TIA

1001 Nights cite
The tale in question is that of Qamar al-Zaman and Budur. Most translations I've seen, even Burton's, remove any suggestion of bisexuality (beyond the fact that Budur 'marries' another woman while disguised as Qamar), but it can be found in e.g. the Mardrus/Mathers translation. --Calair 03:52, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

DD
 * Suggestion -- remove BIGAMY from a redirect and allow it to be discussed as a separate topic. Due to the legalistic nature of the term, it really is only partly related to Polygamy.

title: Talk:Polygamy/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Mary Anderson (actress, born 1859)

Untitled
Where I got the information about the World War one performances: I was reading microfilms of the local press (Evesham) for WWI and kept seeing references to Madame Navarro's doings, including the concerts/readings. Fortunately the library's local collection had copies of her books so I found out who she was.. Malcolm Farmer 12:54, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Clean Up
The vast majority of the "Stage Career" section is taken word for word from a single source. Although the source is cited, a summary would be better, and the source should be listed in the reference section at the bottom. CClio333 04:30, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yep: it comes well under Don't include copies of primary sources. In fact, as this section was introduced in a single anon edit it's fair to ask, what exactly is the citation for George B. Berrell's unpublished memoirs? I've moved it below pending verification. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 14:44, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced text for verification
George B. Berrell (1849-1933) an American actor and stage-manager, active in the theater from childhood until 1910, when he moved to motion pictures, in his unpublished memoirs, wrote the following about Mary Anderson:

One of the most notable events for me in the history of the drama in St. Louis, was the first appearance of Mary Anderson. She had made her theatrical debut at Macauley’s Theatre, Louisville, Nov. 17, 1875, as Juliet, and met with so much favor from friends and acquaintances that Barney Macauley gave her a week’s engagement a little later, in which she presented “Romeo and Juliet,” “Fazio,” “Evadne,” “The Hunchback,” and “The Lady Of Lyons,” truly a great undertaking for an amateur. She made her first appearance in St. Louis, as Juliet. I was not very favorably impressed with her rendition of the character; her voice was musical; her elocution showed careful training. She was tall, thin, by no means graceful – in fact, she might be described as “gawky;” she may have shown a spark of genius, but I failed to see the fire. To me, aside from a certain charm of matter and personal appearance, she seemed only ordinary, and gave but little promise of obtaining eminence in her chosen profession. This lack of judgment on my part, this failure to discern the diamond in the rough, was equaled by the mental blindness of the critics of New York, who, when she first appeared in that city, saw in her but little to commend, and much to condemn. The press of San Francisco was decidedly hostile, so, between the two, I may claim to have been in good company. In her opening bill I again played Mercutio, and as the “newspaper boys” were my friends, the notices I received were much more complimentary than the one given me in Indianapolis, though probably not so well deserved. Her repertoire, in her first week’s engagement, was the same as in Louisville, with the addition of “Ingomar,” in which as Parthenia, she made a beautiful appearance, and gave a flawless performance. In this character she has never been equaled, in my day.

In following engagements in St. Louis, she appeared as “Ion” in Thomas Noon Talfourd’s drama of that name, and as Meg Merrilies in “Guy Mannering,” of which she gave a meritorious performance, but took no laurels from the brow of Charlotte Cushman. At this inception of her career she was a frank, joyous, light-hearted girl, as full of mischief as a kitten, with no aloofness, or assumption of superiority, and at once endeared herself to her professional associates, who from the first felt a personal concern in her welfare. She was beloved by all with whom she came in contact, and was affectionately called “Our Mary.” Public interest and sympathy for her was created by the belief that she was “a Southern girl,” daughter of a brave soldier who had died in defense of “Southern rights,” and as there was then a great number of “unreconstructed” in the city, this sympathy took a practical form. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman who admired the drama and the fair sex equally well, and was then station in the “Mound City,” also interested himself greatly in her behalf, and his endorsement carried great weight. These influences combined with her artistic merit and charming personality won for her artistic and financial success and social triumph.

The fame of an artiste is due, primarily, to that artiste’s genius; but the one who gives genius opportunity to develop and become known, is entitled to credit – and deserving of gratitude. John W. Norton, having heard favorable reports, engaged Miss Anderson for the week at St. Louis, to be followed by another at the St. Charles Theatre, New Orleans, and, a little later, formed a company, and presented her in the principal cities of the South. On this tour, as well as in St. Louis, he acted in her support. He gave her many “points” in stage business; he smoothed away crudities, and it was through his recommendation that she was engaged by John T. Ford, no relation to the John Ford I performed for in the movies., for a week at Baltimore, and another at Washington. All of which Miss Anderson, in her “Memories,” sees fit to ignore. In one brief season she was numbered among the leading actresses of the American stage. For a number of years she appeared in all the principal cities of this country, and then, longing for other worlds to conquer, went to England and met with success and favor equally pronounced. On her return to this country, a few years later, she was no longer American, but an almost rabid Anglomaniac, with openly expressed contempt for American acts and customs, but no objections to American dollars; her former humble professional friends and associates were forgotten. She returned with an entire English company (with the exception of her stage-manager), because in her opinion artistes of equal ability were not available in “the States.”

At the time of her return I was stage-manager of the Chicago Opera House. Her opening bill there was “Ingomar,” and on the night prior to the opening there was a full-dress and scenic rehearsal of the play, commencing at midnight. Miss Anderson occupied a seat in the auditorium; her business-manager, Charles Abud, hovered near the aisle, filled with solicitude, eager to anticipate her slightest wish; Napier Lothian, her stage-manager, was at his post, in the first entrance; while I, having no part in the play, but in control of the theatre employees, occupied a seat in the same row with Miss Anderson, not more than three feet from her. Notwithstanding my proximity, and my identity, of which she was fully aware, she utterly ignored my presence; and gave me no opportunity to address her, although as stage-manager I had in former years directed all her plays, and had given her several “bits of business,” for which she was at the time grateful – and I had, also – acting for Norton – booked her first tour, and engaged the company for her support. It was not until the middle of the week, when in passing I bowed to her, that she condescended to notice me, and remarked frigidly, that it had been a long time since she had last seen me.

So thoroughly had she become saturated with English mannerisms that she lost her American accent. She wore over her gown a long brown ulster with broad checks and on her head a peaked cap of the same material, and was, in appearance the typical British tourist of the comic weeklies. Abud was a thoro’ Cockney, “native, and to the manorr born,” and, of course, had brought his dialect with him; while Lothian, Yankee born and bred, had cultivated such a pronounced cockney accent that anyone was justified in believing that he had been born within the sound of Bow Bells, and was now in this “blawsted kentry” for the first time.

At length all was ready for the rehearsal; the orchestra began the incidental music, and the curtain rose. But before the mass of people in the Market Place of Massillia had moved many steps, the voice of Miss Anderson was heard declaring that they had not started to move at the right moment, and ordering the curtain to be lowered. Abud ran down the aisle to the orchestra railing, and communicated the order to Lothian, who gave the necessary signal. Seven times this was repeated before she was satisfied and the action allowed to proceed, the curtain being no sooner up than it had to be lowered again, the head carpenter each time stepping out on the stage and looking belligerently to the front, the leader of the orchestra turning around in silent protest, and on the seventh failure a loud voice from the fig-gallery shouted, “What in the hell’s the matter down there, anyway?” The curtain man was losing his patience. The eighth attempt was successful; the action proceeded, and the dialogue began – only to be again interrupted before a dozen words had been spoken. Mr. Abud approached, and with meek subserviency asked what was wrong. “Aw,” said Miss Anderson, “that upper wing, on the left, is out about four inches too far; have it taken off a bit.” Abud moved toward the stage, and called: “Aw, Mr. Lothian.”  The latter stepped in view, and showed that he was all attention, and Abud continued:- “Aw, cawnt ye see; that hupper wing hon the left is hout habout four hinches too far. Kindly ‘ave hit chineged.”

Lothian, with an accent still more fearful, peered over the foot-lights into the semi-darkness of the auditorium and called me by name. I gracefully acknowledged the call. “I say, deah boy,” said he, “this wing here, on the left, is out about four inches too far; kindly have it moved a bit, like a good chap.” Whereupon I, with my Philadelphia twang, called – “Mr. Hughes.” The first-carpenter stepped from the wings, and answered “Aye, aye, sir.” in stentorian tone. “Move that left upper wing off about four inches,” said I. “Finnegan.” roared Hughes.

Finnegan, the second-carpenter, with fiery red hair and a beautiful brogue, appeared on the opposite side of the stage, and responded, “Sorry, to you.”

“Git a move on ye,” ordered Hughes in choice Bowery tone and diction; “fix that wing, on the left upper.”

Now it was Finnegan who had “set” that wing, and to say that there was anything wrong with it was a reflection upon his ability, and he was inclined to take. “What t’ell’s the matter with it?” he asked.

“She’s on too far,” replied Hughes; “shover’r off ‘bout four inches.”

Finnegan “shoved” her, and the rehearsal was resumed. Numerous interruptions occurred during the night, Miss Anderson in each case giving her commands to Abud, who repeated them to Lothian, who gave them to me, who called them to Hughes, who roared them to Finnegan, who long before the rehearsal came to an end was boiling with indignation, and showing the effects of numerous journeys beyond the back door. Everything was straightened out at last, however, but it was 7 A.M. when the rehearsal ended.

I have not met Miss Anderson since that week [Berrell wrote c. 1930.] In common with all who knew her, I deplored the great change in her matter – the too evident snobbishness, the attitude of one who having been welcomed by the nobility, even royalty, deemed  herself superior to those less favored; but, despite this failing, those who knew her in those early days, when she was “Our Mary,” will ever retain for her an affectionate remembrance, thinking only of the sweet, simple girl who won the admiration, the friendship and the love and respect of all who knew her. The brutal and uncalled-for attacks in a certain journal of a Western city that led her suddenly to abandon a profession that exposed her to such insults, and sent her, self-exiled, to seek a home in a foreign land, received only the condemnation and contempt of all, and the world extols Mary Anderson Navarro – the noble woman, wife, and mother, the honor and ornament of the American stage.

Miss Anderson is not a “Southern girl” by birth, but having lived long in the South she may have been so in sentiment. Her father, Charles H. Anderson was born in England, and died in 1862, having taken no active part in the Civil War. Her mother was of German lineage, and married, second, Dr. Hamilton Griffin, who had been a surgeon in the Confederate service. “Our Mary” was born at Sacramento, July 58, 1859. She married Antonio F. de Navarro, at Hampstead, London, in June, 1890, and since then has made her home in England.

Forbes-Robertson
''The great actor Johnston Forbes-Robertson fell in love with her after performing in some plays with her in the late 1880s. He offered his hand in marriage to Mary but she kindly refused his proposal. They however stayed friends''.

It's easy to find that he was in some plays with her, but this proposal story needs sourcing. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 22:08, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Title
I don't see why 'born 1859' needs to be in the title of the page. Valetude (talk) 17:04, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mary Anderson (actress, born 1859)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Binary Code

Binary Code
Binary Code was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to ASCII.

Redundant with Binary numeral system and ASCII. Plop 12:54, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Binary numeral system. The ASCII tables do not belong here, and are duplicated at Ascii. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 13:59, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Binary numeral system [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]]
 * The current article is obviously pretty bad. And it is possible that Binary numeral system is the best place to redirect to at the moment. However, I'm not sure the concepts are synonymous. There are several binary codes that do not directly correspond to numbers, such as for example Gray code, binary coded decimal and Fibonacci code. Binary numeral system seems to focus on the positional binary system. ASCII is more of a general characters<->numbers mapping. — David Remahl 16:02, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to relevenat articles, then redirect to Binary numeral system. In fact, that seems to be consensus, so I think I'll do just that.  --L33tminion | (talk) 16:47, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looking at the article more closely, it has no origional content and is really redundant with ASCII, not Binary numeral system. Anyway, it seems more likely someone typing in Binary Code is actully looking for the ASCII code so perhaps this should redirect to that instead.  I'm going to redirect to ASCII for now.  --L33tminion | (talk) 16:54, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it should be a disambiguation of sorts. — David Remahl 17:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'm not quite sure ASCII is the most suitable place to redirect this subject name.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:41, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Then, please, make that change. I think that ASCII is the best place (using my guess of what people would be looking for typing in "Binary Code" and the original content of the article), but perhaps a disambig page would be better.  I don't feel strongly about it.  --L33tminion | (talk) 08:36, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Flow (television)

In television programming, flow is how channels and networks try to hold their audience from program to program, or from one segment of a program to another. Thus, it is the flow of television material from one element to the next. The term is also significant in television studies, the academic analysis of the medium. Media scholar Raymond Williams is responsible for first using the term in this sense. He emphasized that flow is "the defining characteristic of broadcasting, simultaneously as a technology and as a cultural form." "It is evident that what is now called 'an evening's viewing' is in some ways planned by providers and then by viewers as a whole; that it is in any event planned in discernible sequences which in this sense override particular program units". Williams argued that ads glued programs together which created the sense of television flow with a shift "from the concept of sequence as programming to the concept of flow."

Since the 1990s, the concept of flow has been transformed by new technologies and programming strategies that free the viewer from the old television model. VCRs, DVDs, DVRs (such as TiVo), Video-on-Demand, and online video sources all allow the viewer to construct their own flow. They are no longer limited to a choice of a small number of networks, as they were in the 1950s–1970s. Consequently, the concept of provider-planned flow is dying out and may not survive beyond the broadcast era of television.

Production and purpose
Williams claims that flow is determined by television's "stage of development," but Rick Altman, Professor of Cinemas and Comparative Literature at the University of Iowa, argues that the culture of the medium produces and determines its flow. He notes that the soundtrack is unique to American culture and is one of the techniques that shapes the viewer's flow or his or her experience watching television. He notes that the soundtrack provides the viewer with sufficient plot, cues important events by sound (sound advance, e.g. clapping before it is seen on screen), and creates continuity. These sonic elements create an intermittent flow of television. The goal is not to get the viewers to watch carefully, but to keep them from turning the television off.

title: Flow (television)


text:
Talk:Juniper Networks

Merge discussion
the list of acqusitions is already in this article. Sandman888 (talk) 08:47, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

content from "Juniper Networks Technical Certification Program" article added to a new "Certification" section Ckt2packet (talk) 20:43, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Core Wars Section
Does anyone else think this reads too much like a marketing pitch? I work for Cisco, so it's not appropriate for me to edit it, but it reads somewhat like competitive collateral... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.103.25.233 (talk) 15:06, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I think the whole article has this problem and I have marked it. --Kvng (talk) 13:51, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Most of this section is written about products that are no longer commercially available. Hence complaint on advertising is not verifiable . Please contribute to article if some content is not high quality (currently rated B-class) Ckt2packet (talk) 05:24, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I made some effort towards identifying specific issues with the article and fixing them where the solution was obvious. The article needs a lot of work to ensure that is is neutral, though. —Disavian (talk/contribs) 02:05, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Partnership programs
Proposing a removal of this section following flags raised by from other editors. This should take care of some buzzwords and ad-like content. Ckt2packet (talk) 01:51, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Correction of bad links and missing links?
Greetings, I've been looking at this article, and see some missing links (like the LN Series http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/en_US/release-independent/junos/information-products/pathway-pages/ln1000-series/) and some broken links (the link to "UNOS" rather than "JUNOS" ). From the instructions about editing, it seems that I should request these changes, rather than make them as I have a COI. Suggestions? Glasssculpture (talk) 23:11, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I fixed the UNOS --> Junos issue. Disavian (talk) 00:49, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Thx! Glasssculpture (talk) 14:55, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

"Enterprise Space"

 * Giving it all she can take!

2602:252:D6A:B2C0:A8A6:DF42:3C8F:7CFA (talk) 13:43, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Draft
I have a financial connection with Juniper Networks.

The current article looks basically on track to me, but contains a large volume of primary sources and is about ten years out-of-date. It includes trivial promotions of the sales staff, but not more significant recent corporate issues. It contains a dedicated Criticisms and Controversy section, which I feel is equally as non-neutral as the dedicated Awards section, especially since it relies on primary sources and does not meet the criteria at WP:ORGAWARDS.

I've prepared what I feel is a GAN-ready draft at user:CorporateM/Juniper Networks that I was hoping a disinterested editor may consider as a replacement for the current. I realize the impossibility of someone reviewing a 100+ cite article on a $4 billion+ organization with almost 20 years of history. I'll be poking around a bit to see if I can find someone with enough knowledge on the topic to be able to tell whether it's neutral. CorporateM (Talk) 19:33, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

 * For the sake of transparency and future record-keeping, I'm providing links to where this draft has been discussed here and here. CorporateM (Talk) 15:51, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Small Request Edit
The current Lead contains the following text:
 * "Juniper grew to $673 million in annual revenues by 2000, challenging Cisco's once-dominant market-share in networking products."

In this discussion with, we seemed to agree on a slightly modified version with a specific date and market-share reference:
 * "Juniper grew to $673 million in annual revenues by 2000. By 2001 it had a 37 percent share of the core routers market, challenging Cisco's once-dominant market-share."

Though I am making many other minor tweaks boldly in response to GA review feedback, because this content is about a competitor, I felt it would be more appropriate to use Request Edit. CorporateM (Talk) 21:52, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Also, there are several errors in the following text, some of which were recently introduced by an IP here and some of which were my own errors
 * In October 2013, Juniper introduced another proprietary protocol network architecture called MetaFabric for a new set of switches, the QFX5100 family, that were needed to adopt the MetaFabric architecture.[119]
 * Corrections are as follows:
 * The source says "networking architecture" as oppose to "networking protocol"
 * Juniper said Metafabric is not "proprietary". Checking the source and doing a Google search seem to verify this. The only thing I found in a quick Google search is here where a Juniper spokesperson says it is not proprietary.
 * The statement "not IETF or IEEE compliant..." is currently unsourced, but I did find a source for it not being TRILL compliant. The source says this is because Juniper is an advocate against TRILL (not really sure if any of this belongs on this page though, rather than a sub-page on Metafabric if one exists)
 * I wrote "the QFX5100 family, that were needed to adopt the MetaFabric architecture", but the source just says "that is one of the foundations of the new architecture" not that the switch is required.
 * CorporateM (Talk) 22:43, 19 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Those all look reasonable to me, so I implemented the edit request. Please check my work for errors. As always when I respond to edit requests, I take full responsibility for any changes I make. Also, I have no COI regarding Juniper or their competitors (The area of engineering I work in mostly involves microcontrollers that cost less than a dime -- the sort of thing you find inside toasters and children's toys). --Guy Macon (talk) 12:48, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks ! Just one nit-pick. It seemed a bit awkward that it says Metafabric is "for" a set of switches. I double-checked the source and it doesn't look like it's built specifically for the switch. CorporateM (Talk) 14:35, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Good point. What wor.ding would you suggest? --Guy Macon (talk) 17:19, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * "MetaFabric for and a new set of switches" CorporateM (Talk) 17:24, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. --Guy Macon (talk) 17:36, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I researched through the Juniper equipment documentation and I have not found any Juniper equipment that is capable of IEEE 802.1aq shortest path bridging. 166.173.249.212 (talk) 22:47, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

List of acquisitions by Juniper Networks
FYI - I've posted a suggestion that we re-purpose the well-sourced summary of Juniper's acquisition history from this article to the sub-article, as suggested by WP:Summary style for sub-articles. CorporateM (Talk) 20:24, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Comments on the article
I read the article and I have a few comments.

1. Most of the references to Juniper Networks and Cisco Systems only use the first part of the name of the companies. I fixed the introduction and the next two paragraphs but then I stopped because the amount of fixing is rather large.

2. Internet is a proper word and needs to be capitalized. I see many instances of it that are not capitalized and need to be fixed. I fixed a few but, again, more need to be fixed.

3. Some information about the crash of the company stock after 2000 should be included in the article.

4. "Juniper promoted its products as stable enough to make IT staff bored and Cisco announced lab tests from Light Reading proved its products were superior to Juniper, whereas the publication itself reached the opposite conclusion." I don't understand this sentence. It seems contradictory and illogical.

ICE77 (talk) 05:01, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

O/S Linux based system
To understand the Juniper Networks system architecture in principle, Would it be ok to write the Juniper Device is based on O/S Linux based system? Goodtiming8871 (talk) 11:56, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juniper Networks


text:
Saeed Ahmad Khan

Saeed Ahmad Khan (سيد احمد خان) (1900 – 1996) was an adherent, and later third Emir, of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, religious movement which evolved as a sect of Islam. He was Emir from 1981 to 1996.

title: Saeed Ahmad Khan


text:
Loren C. Ball

Loren C. Ball (born 1948) is an American amateur astronomer, who has discovered more than 100 asteroids while working at his Emerald Lane Observatory (843), built on the roof of his house on Emerald Lane, Decatur, Alabama. As of 2024, he has credit for 110 numbered designations with the Minor Planet Center at Harvard for the period between 2000 and 2004. None of them were co-discoveries. He is under contract with NASA through the University of Alabama in Huntsville to do outreach to school groups and organisations. , he promotes asteroid education in schools and on social media.

The main-belt asteroid 16095 Lorenball, discovered by astronomers with the Catalina Sky Survey in 1999, is named after him. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 November 2019 (M.P.C. 118219).

title: Loren C. Ball


text:
De vulgari eloquentia

De vulgari eloquentia ("On eloquence in the vernacular") is the title of a Latin essay by Dante Alighieri. Although meant to consist of four books, it abruptly terminates in the middle of the second book. It was probably composed shortly after Dante went into exile, circa 1302–1305.

In the first book, Dante discusses the relationship between Latin and the vernacular languages, and the search for an "illustrious" vernacular in the Italian area; the second book is an analysis of the structure of the canto or song (also known as canzuni in Sicilian), which is a literary genre developed in the Sicilian School of poetry.

Latin essays were very popular in the Middle Ages, but Dante made some innovations in his work: firstly, the subject (writing in vernacular) was an uncommon topic in literary discussion at that time. Also significant was how Dante approached this theme; that is, he presented an argument for giving vernacular the same dignity and legitimacy Latin was typically given. Finally, Dante wrote this essay in order to analyse the origin and the philosophy of the vernacular, because, in his opinion, this language was not something static, but something that evolves and needed a historical contextualisation.

Structure
De vulgari eloquentia is an unfinished project, and so information about its intended structure is limited. Dante interrupted his work at the fourteenth chapter of the second book, and though historians have tried to find a reason for this, it is not known why he so abruptly aborted his essay. At some point, Dante mentions a fourth book in which he planned to deal with the comic genre and the "mediocre" style, and nothing at all is known about the third book. It is thought, however, that the first book was meant to be a sort of preface to the following three books, and so shorter than the others.

Content
In the beginning, Dante tackles the historical evolution of language, which he thinks was born unitary and, at a later stage, was separated into different idioms because of the presumptuousness demonstrated by humankind at the time of the building of the Tower of Babel. He compiles a map of the geographical position of the languages he knows, dividing the European territory into three parts: one to the east, with the Greek languages; one to the north, with the Germanic languages, which he believed included Magyar and Slavic languages; one to the south, separated into three Romance languages identified by their word for 'yes': oc language (from hoc), oïl language (from hoc illud) and sì language (from sic). He then discusses gramatica, "grammar", which is a static language consisting of unchanging rules, needed to make up for the natural languages. In chapters ten to fifteen of the first book, Dante writes about his search for the illustrious vernacular, among the fourteen varieties he claims to have found in the Italian region in Book 1 (X,9): "Quare ad minus xiiii vulgaribus sola videtur Ytalia variari." ("Hence, Italy alone appears to display a variation of at least 14 vulgar languages.")

In the second book, Dante deals with literary genres, specifying which are the ones that suit the vernacular.

Models
Dante took inspiration from rhetorical essays written in Latin, Occitan, Sicilian, and Italian, and from philosophical readings. The main classical rhetorical texts from which he drew information were the Ars Poetica by Horace, the Rhetorica ad Herennium by an anonymous author, and De Inventione by Cicero. About the philosophical works, it is important to know that Dante read not only first hand texts, but also summaries that sometimes were not of the original work, but of an intermediary one. The influence and importance of the contribution of the Sicilian language is emphasized by his assertion that "the first hundred and fifty years of Italian poetry was written in Sicilian".

The major Occitan work that influenced Dante was probably Razós de trobar by the Catalan troubadour Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun. The Vers e regles de trobar is an amplification of Vidal's manual, by Jofre de Foixà. Both works were Occitan manuals of grammar for troubadour poetry. They implicitly and explicitly defended Occitan as the best vernacular for song and verse, prompting Dante to come to the defence of his beloved Tuscan tongue. The popularity of both singing and composing in Occitan by Italians prompted Dante to write: A perpetuale infamia e depressione delli malvagi uomini d'Italia, che commendano lo volgare altrui, e lo loro proprio dispregiano, dico..., meaning "To the perpetual shame and lowness of the wicked men of Italy, that praise somebody else's vernacular and despise their own, I say..." (Convivio, treatise I, XI).

Dante became familiar with Saint Augustine's works, the De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boëthius, Saint Thomas Aquinas's works and some encyclopedic dictionaries like the Etymologiae by Isidore of Seville and the Livre du Tresor by Brunetto Latini. He takes also inspiration from Aristotelian philosophy, and references to texts by representatives of what is sometimes referred to as Radical Aristotelianism can be found in Dante's work.

title: De vulgari eloquentia


text:
Talk:Saeed Ahmad Khan

[Untitled]
There is no copywrite on this page I have just spent 2 hours writing it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.51.254 (talk • contribs)

I rolled back the tag NPOV as it was not substantiated in the talk page. Personal point of view can not be neutral point of view, and consensus can not override factual position. We are building an encyclopedia and not destroying the credibility of wikipedia. --Bhadani 17:41, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ahmad.png
Image:Ahmad.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 19:51, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saeed Ahmad Khan


text:
Ivon Moore-Brabazon, 3rd Baron Brabazon of Tara

Ivon Anthony Moore-Brabazon, 3rd Baron Brabazon of Tara, (born 20 December 1946), is a British Conservative politician.

Early life
Lord Brabazon attended Harrow School. He married Harriet Frances de Courcy Hamilton in 1979, with whom he had a son and a daughter. He has worked in the London Stock Exchange and the freight industry.

House of Lords
He sat in the House of Lords as a Conservative and from 1984 to 1986 was a House of Lords whip in Margaret Thatcher's government. He then became a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Transport, holding that post until 1989. Lord Brabazon was then made a Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In early 1990, he returned to the Department of Transport as Minister of State, holding that post until leaving office at the 1992 general election.

House of Lords Act 1999
With the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, Brabazon along with almost all other hereditary peers lost his automatic right to sit in the House of Lords. He was, however, elected as one of the 90 elected hereditary peers to remain in the House of Lords pending completion of House of Lords reform.

In 2001, he was elected Principal Deputy Chairman of Committees, and as a result resigned the Conservative whip and became a non-affiliated member of the House of Lords. This means that he is not associated with any party or with the Crossbenchers. He was the Chairman of Committees from 2002 to 2012, at which point he retook the Conservative whip.

Lord Brabazon is a Deputy Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight.

Marriage and children
He married Harriet Frances Hamilton, daughter of Mervyn Peter de Courcy Hamilton, on 8 September 1979. They have one son and one daughter:

 * Benjamin Ralph Moore-Brabazon (b. 15 March 1983), read economics at Durham University (2002–2005); an investment manager with Brewin Dolphin Married to Molly (née Parish)
 * Max George Moore-Brabazon (b. 23 March 2015)
 * Felix Theodore Reggie Moore-Brabazon (b. 17 May 2017)
 * Anabel Mary Moore-Brabazon (born 1985), in-house solicitor at Burberry


text:
Talk:Ken Stimpson Academy

Sorry about the resent vandalising of this page. It appears to have come from students of this school. I will keep an eye on this page and reverse any stupid changes made and locate (within the school) who caused the issue in the school. Wikipedia.org is temp blocked to students on the school network --Cheesegoduk 13:00, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

We have edited the page within Ken Stimpson Community School. All of this information has had the relevant sources and material has been refrenced. AndersonShelter has assisted me with this. MyYorkshire (talk) 15:11, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ken Stimpson Academy


text:
Wikipedia:New articles (Australia) November 2004

see also New articles (Australia)

Articles

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 * Victorian Bushrangers 17:18, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Australian rules football leagues outside Australia 16:53, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Australian rules football leagues in Australia 16:22, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Triple J Hottest 100, 2000 15:30, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Triple J Hottest 100, 2001 13:00, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * The Angels (Australian) 12:36, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * V/Line 10:32, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force 09:14, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * CSR Limited 09:06, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Great Truckin' Songs of the Renaissance 03:34, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * The Best Of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds 02:41, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Frente! 00:31, Nov 9, 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Australian freeways 20:40, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Rock Against Howard 20:30, Nov 8, 2004 (AEST)
 * Johnny Warren 20:06, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Puretone 18:58, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Motor Ace 18:27, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Tszyu vs. Mitchell II 17:01, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Enterprise Bargaining Agreement 16:11, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Adelaide O-Bahn 14:36, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Kingston 09:14, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Grey 01:58, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Boothby 01:48, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Tierney (Australian politician) 00:43, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Santos (oil company) 20:34, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Adelaide-Crafers Highway 19:42, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Dukes Highway 19:01, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918 18:07, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Herston, Queensland 15:10, Nov 7, 2004 (AEST)
 * Department of the Environment and Heritage 14:25, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Greening Australia 13:50, Nov 7 2004 (AEST)
 * Members of the South Australian House of Assembly, 2002-2006 13:43, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Spirit of Place 12:27, Nov 7, 2004 (AEST)
 * South Australian House of Assembly 12:11, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Low Transit Industries 11:11, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Australian Football League night premiers 11:10, Nov 7, 2004 (AEST)
 * Michael Tuck Medal 10:52, Nov 7, 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian salmon 05:55, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Cornforth 00:58, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Margaret Preston 00:55, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Hayley Jensen 23:35, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Eren 23:15, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Pizza (TV series) 21:34, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * High Voltage (album) 21:21, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Damian Drum 20:49, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Clean Up Australia 20:15, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Wizard Cup 17:40, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Gracemere, Queensland 17:16, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Neon (band) 16:12, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Tim Watson 16:00, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Calliope, Queensland 15:56, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Philip Davis 15:50, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Skithouse 02:00, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * The Go-Betweens 23:20, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Kaye Darveniza 23:02, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Jade MacRae 20:31, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Great Keppel Island 19:49, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 2003-2007 18:25, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Augustus Gregory 18:10, 5 Nov 2004
 * New South Wales Legislative Council 17:36, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Lost & Lonesome Recording Co. 15:40, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Zig Zag Railway 15:30, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Media in Australia 14:32, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * ARIA Music Awards of 2003 13:15, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Haydn Bunton Junior 09:47, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Brogden 22:12, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Robert de Castella 20:48, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * David Davis (Australian politician) 20:31, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian National Carillon 20:10, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Central Queensland 15:55, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Hyundai A-League 14:35, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Daniel Deniehy 19:13, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Panania, New South Wales 18:12, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Crime Stoppers Australia 15:07, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Rove Live 14:54, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Newcastle Entertainment Centre 11:57, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Unstable Ape Records 11:57, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of embassies in Canberra 11:55, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Newcastle Falcons (Australia) 11:44, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Hunter Pirates 11:34, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Jihad Against America 11:08, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian migration zone 10:51, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australasian Bottled Water Institute 09:32, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Japanese Story 00:12, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Simon Madden 23:45, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Sydney Peace Prize 23:31, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Padstow, New South Wales 23:19, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Salmon Hater 23:09, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Riverwood, New South Wales 22:57, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Rhys Muldoon 15:42, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Triple J Hottest 100, 2002 15:03, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Frank Anstey 11:05, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Cross of Valour (Australia) 00:08, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Andrew Olexander 23:17, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Queensland Police 19:09, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 2003-2007 17:50, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * New South Wales Legislative Assembly 17:47, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Manufacturing Workers Union 15:41, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Licenced Aircraft Engineers Association 15:09, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Maritime Officers Union 14:59, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * A Country Practice 13:48, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Swirl 05:16, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Victoria Police 02:30, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * William Spence 02:29, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Laura Macfarlane 02:07, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Chanel Cole 01:59, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Clag (band) 01:48, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Carolyn Hirsh 00:52, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)

Stubs

 * Olympic Park, Melbourne 19:57, 30 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Good Morning Australia 19:44, 30 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Economy of Oceania 01:19, 30 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Kylie Tennant 20:56, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Adelaide Gaol 15:14, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Campbell Street Gaol 14:48, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Risdon Women's Prison 14:38, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Tamworth Correctional Centre 14:28, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Mannus Correctional Centre 14:23, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Lithgow Correctional Centre 14:18, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Karnet Prison 14:15, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * St Heliers Correctional Centre 14:09, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Darlinghurst Gaol13:58, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Longman 04:48, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Lilley 04:42, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Leichhardt 04:31, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Kennedy 02:40, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Derryn Hinch 02:05, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Spencer Street, Melbourne 00:57, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Michael Scrafton 00:39, 29 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Goulburn Correctional Centre 23:49, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Port Lincoln Prison 16:53, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Cadell Training Centre 16:48, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Boggo Road Gaol 16:37, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Borallon Correctional Centre 16:26, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Parklea Correctional Centre 16:06, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Junee Correctional Centre 15:54, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Oberon Correctional Centre 15:50, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Belconnen Remand Centre 15:46, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Kirkconnell Correctional Centre 15:41, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Alice Springs Juvenile Holding Centre 15:19, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Darwin Correctional Centre 15:01, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Alice Springs Correctional Centre 14:51, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Casuarina Prison 02:33, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Broken Hill Correctional Centre 02:26, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Mobilong Prison 01:32, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Grafton Correctional Centre 01:23, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Financial system in Australia 01:05, 28 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Acacia Prison 23:52, 27 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Wooroloo Prison 22:59, 27 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Liberals for Forests 21:54, 27 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Jay and the Doctor 13:00, 26 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Cook, Australian Capital Territory 13:28, 26 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Hayes Prison Farm 12:03, 26 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Squizzy Taylor 03:16, 26 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * William Cox (pioneer) 21:32, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Hoddle Street massacre 20:50, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Periodic Detention Centre 19:03, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Don Dale Juvenile Detention Centre 18:31, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Wildman River Wilderness Work Camp 18:26, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Long Bay Correctional Centre 16:44, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Port Augusta Prison 16:26, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Emu Plains Correctional Centre 18:16, 25 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * St Kilda Festival 23:11, 23 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Siemens trains, Melbourne 13:44, 23 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HMAS Canberra (FFG02) 09:29, 23 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HMAS Canberra (1927) 09:20, 23 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Shantaram 06:41, 23 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Margaret Olley 17:45, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Robert Garran 17:15, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Victoria Square, Adelaide 12:52, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Panel Of Judges 09:18, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Letraset (band) 09:12, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Tugboat (band) 08:21, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Disaster Plan 08:20, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * The Smallgoods 06:58, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Season (band) 06:54, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * The Ca$inos 05:26, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Sneeze (band) 05:25, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Essendon Airport (band) 05:23, 22 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * North Sydney Girls High School 23:42, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Amanda Keller 23:42, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Ron Rude 14:51, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * The Vivian Girls 14:48, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Sturt's desert pea 12:38, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Samuel Marsden 11:39, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Calliope River, Queensland 11:37, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Dickson 04:32, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Dawson 03:15, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Capricornia 02:48, 21 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Koala Foundation 14:10, 20 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Conservation Foundation 15:45, 20 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Technology Network 00:54, 20 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * You Yangs 00:26, 20 Nov 2004
 * Conservation Volunteers Australia 23:45, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Brisbane City Botanic Gardens 23:16, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Turana Youth Training Centre 20:15, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Sir David Longland Correctional Centre 20:11, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Dhurringile 19:31, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Morwell River 19:22, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Bendigo 19:14, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Won Wron 19:08, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Risdon 19:02, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Salinity in Australia 17:35, 19 Nov, 2004 (AEST)
 * US/Australia Parliamentary Friendship Group 16:56, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Planet Ark 13:18, 19 Nov, 2004 (AEST)
 * 3CR 12:36, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * FBi Radio 12:29, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Amcor 10:44, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Iain McIntyre 05:46, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian League of Rights 05:11, 19 Nov 2004
 * Melbourne Gaol 04:20, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Tarrengower 04:12, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Port Phillip Prison 03:57, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Arthur Gorrie Correctional Centre 03:53, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Fairlea 03:51, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Melbourne Accessment Prison 03:15, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Beechworth 03:06, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Loddon 03:00, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Old Castlemaine Gaol 02:50, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Barwon 02:20, 19 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Sale 22:54, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Ararat 22:50, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HM Prison Langi Kal Kal 22:36, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Australian prisons and detention centres 22:23, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Portia de Rossi 21:49, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Rosedale train crash 20:37, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Mont Albert North, Victoria 19:33, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Croydon South, Victoria 18:02, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * William Cox 13:53, Nov 18, 2004 (AEST)
 * The Goodbye Girl (album) 12:19, 18 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * AMP Limited 21:21, 17 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Kyle (Australian singer) 21:04, 17 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 15:00, 17 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HMAS Melbourne (FFG05) 02:29, 17 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HMAS Melbourne (1912) 02:29, 17 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HMAS Brisbane (1915) 02:03, 17 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HMAS Brisbane (D-41) 02:03, 17 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * HMAS Warramunga (I44) 23:40, 16 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Woden Valley (district) 13:00, 16 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Cardwell, Queensland 12:58, 16 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Nancy Bird-Walton 12:28, 16 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Beaumaris, Victoria 17:07, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Lavender Bay, New South Wales 13:33, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Peterborough, South Australia 13:28, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Beauty Point, New South Wales 13:22, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Melbourne tram route 109 13:13, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Dunk Island 11:56, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Carnarvon, Western Australia 11:52, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Edmund James Banfield 11:51, 15 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Eutaxia 15:56, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Leptosema 15:46, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Aotus (genus) 15:40, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Phyllota 15:31, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Urodon 15:21, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Yarralumla brickworks 15:18, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Almaleea 15:17, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST}
 * Symonston, Australian Capital Territory 14:25, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Pialligo, Australian Capital Territory 14:17, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory 13:27, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * South Canberra (district) 12:07, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Broadway, Sydney 12:30, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Peel Thunder Football Club 01:14, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * West Perth Football Club 01:09, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * South Fremantle Football Club 01:05, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Subiaco Football Club 01:00, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * True History of the Kelly Gang 00:01, 14 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * St. George, New South Wales 22:26, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Marrickville, New South Wales 20:41, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Blaxland, New South Wales 18:11, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Narrabundah, Australian Capital Territory 17:11, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Kingston, Australian Capital Territory 16:58, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Griffith, Australian Capital Territory 16:47, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Viminaria 16:44, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Lambing Flat riots 16:13, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Charles Hotham 15:50, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Melanie Shanahan 15:48, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST) (needs cleanup)
 * Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly 13:25, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Daddy Cool 06:48, 13 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Swan Districts Football Club 19:58, 12 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Perth Football Club 19:52, 12 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * East Fremantle Football Club 18:43, 12 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Claremont Football Club 18:34, 12 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Today Today 15:17, 12 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Westgarth, Victoria 13:40, 12 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Peter Doherty/Temp 00:57, 12 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Parkdale, Victoria 23:46, 11 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Muswellbrook 21:15, 11 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Seaford, Victoria 17:34, 11 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Bonbeach, Victoria 17:24, 11 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * The Domain, Sydney 15:42, 10 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * RAAF Base Richmond 15:34, 10 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Leading Edge Electronics 09:53, 10 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Mission Beach, Queensland 23:20, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Bryan Brown 22:54, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of former Brisbane Bears players 21:23, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Wood (actor) 21:06, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Schoolies Week 17:59, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * David Smith (Australian public servant) 16:42, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Crawl 13:01, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Lawson, New South Wales 09:50, 9 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Crown lager 22:57, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Bowen Hills 22:21, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Ian Kiernan 20:17, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Crawford 20:17, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Australian Local Hero Award recipients 16:30, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Award (Australian industrial relations) 16:19, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Young Australian of the Year Award recipients 16:19, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Senior Australian of the Year Award recipients 15:51, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Demarcation dispute 14:19, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Brisbane 10:00, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Bowman 09:55, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Harold Blair 09:32, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Blair 09:25, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Division of Hindmarsh 02:26, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Collet Barker 01:22, 8 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Lowitja O'Donoghue 23:46, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Popfrenzy 12:39, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Steady Cam Records 12:16, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Loch Ard Gorge 03:42, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST) (needs help)
 * Murray Tyrall 03:31, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Doch 02:58, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Yu 02:51, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Gustav Nossal 02:26, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Raigh Roe 01:39, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Alan Stretton 01:25, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Clermont, Queensland 00:05, 7 Nov 2004
 * Kingaroy 00:00, 7 Nov 2004
 * National Portrait Gallery, Australia 23:38, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Ayr, Queensland 23:35, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Landcare Australia 21:11, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Don Burke 16:43, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Gibson Steps 05:03, 6 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Griffith, New South Wales 22:57, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Kevin Foley 17:57, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Pharmacy Records 15:21, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * John Butler (musician) 13:23, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Bernard Heinze 21:26, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Norman Gilroy 21:19, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Jock Sturrock 21:05, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Banana, Queensland 20:22, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Harry Butler 20:36, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * List of Australian heritage railways 14:29, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Pichi Richi Railway 11:59, 4 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * National Automated Fingerprint Identification System 15:38, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Brindabella Ranges 11:08, 5 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Securities and Investments Commission 15:47, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * CrimTrac 14:48, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Crime Commission 14:42, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian Customs Service 14:32, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Tasmania Police 14:02, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Candle Records 13:28, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * South Australia Police 13:10, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Western Australia Police 13:03, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Northern Territory Police 12:32, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Australian High Tech Crime Centre 12:11, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Panania railway station, Sydney 11:33, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Office of the Gene Technology Regulator 11:24, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Love Of Diagrams 11:23, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Architecture Label 10:58, 7 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Ben Butler 05:13, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Popemobile (band) 05:06, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Cameron Potts 04:59, 3 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Parliament of Victoria 21:16, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Makybe Diva 15:34, 2 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Walcha 10:10, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)
 * Modular Recordings 02:18, 1 Nov 2004 (AEST)


text:
Brixton riots

Brixton riots may refer to:

 * 1981 Brixton riot – 11 April 1981
 * 1985 Brixton riot – 28 September 1985
 * 1995 Brixton riot – 13 December 1995
 * 2011 Brixton riot – 7 August 2011; see 2011 England riots

title: Brixton riots


text:
Talk:Dr. Saeed Ahmad Khan

THis is not Copywrite This is a summary of the page you mention not a copy of

title: Talk:Dr. Saeed Ahmad Khan


text:
Talk:De vulgari eloquentia

Date of writing
Surely Dante was already in exile when he wrote this: "et Florentiam adeo diligamus ut quia dileximus exilium patiamur iniuste".Struman 23:01, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

not a single
citation!!!!--Ioshus (talk) 18:24, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Improved, but only a little bit... Srnec 04:17, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:De vulgari eloquentia


text:
1981 Brixton riot

The 1981 Brixton riot, or Brixton uprising, was a series of clashes between mainly black youths and the Metropolitan Police in Brixton, London, between 10 and 12 April 1981. It resulted from racist discrimination against the black community by the mainly white police, especially the police's increased use of stop-and-search in the area, and ongoing tensions resulting from the deaths of 13 black teenagers and young adults in the suspicious New Cross house fire that January. The main riot on 11 April, dubbed "Bloody Saturday" by Time magazine, resulted in 279 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public; over a hundred vehicles were burned, including 56 police vehicles; almost 150 buildings were damaged, thirty of which were burnt out, and many shops were looted. There were 82 arrests. Reports suggested that up to 5,000 people were involved. The Brixton riot was followed by similar riots in July in many other English cities and towns. The Thatcher government commissioned an inquiry, which resulted in the Scarman Report.

Background
Brixton in South London was an area with serious social and economic problems. The whole United Kingdom was affected by a recession by 1981, but the local African-Caribbean community was suffering particularly high unemployment, poor housing, and a higher-than-average crime rate.

In the preceding months there had been growing unease between the police and the inhabitants of Lambeth, the Borough of London in which Brixton is located. On 18 January 1981, thirteen black youths died in a fire during a house party in New Cross, in the nearby Borough of Lewisham. Although authorities stated that the fire started inside and was accidental, the public believed it was an arson attack and criticised the police investigation as inadequate. Black activists, including Darcus Howe, organised a march for the "Black People's Day of Action" on 2 March. Accounts of turnout vary from 5,000 to 20,000 to 25,000. The marchers walked 17 miles from Deptford to Hyde Park, passing the Houses of Parliament and Fleet Street. While the majority of the march finished in Hyde Park without incident, there was some confrontation with police at Blackfriars. According to Professor Les Back, "while the local press reported the march respectfully, the national papers unloaded the full weight of racial stereotyping." The Evening Standard's front-page headline had displayed a photo of a policeman with a bloody face juxtaposed with Darcus Howe's quote about the march being "A good day". A few weeks later, the police arrested some of the march organizers and charged them with the offence of riot, but they were later acquitted.

In 1980, the number of crimes recorded in the Lambeth borough was 30,805, with 10,626 of those taking place in the Brixton Division. Between 1976 and 1980, Brixton accounted for 35% of all crimes in the Borough, but 49% of all robbery and violent theft offences. The police recognised the rising crime: at the beginning of April, the Metropolitan Police began Operation Swamp 81, a plainclothes operation to reduce crime (named after prime minister Margaret Thatcher's 1978 assertion that the UK "might be rather swamped by people of a different culture"), and uniformed patrols were increased in the area. Officers from other Metropolitan police districts and the Special Patrol Group were dispatched into Brixton, and within five days, 943 people were stopped and searched, with 82 arrested, through the heavy use of what was colloquially known as the "Sus law." This referred to powers under the Vagrancy Act 1824, which allowed police to search and arrest members of the public when it was believed that they were acting suspiciously, and not necessarily committing a crime. The African-Caribbean community accused the police of disproportionately using these powers against black people.

10–11 April
Public disfavour came to a head on Friday 10 April. At around 5:15pm a police constable spotted a black youth named Michael Bailey running towards him, apparently away from three other black youths. Bailey was stopped and found to be badly bleeding, but broke away from the constable. Stopped again on Atlantic Road, Bailey was found to have a four-inch stab wound. He ran into a flat and was helped by a family and the police constable there by putting kitchen roll on his wound. A crowd gathered and, as the police then tried to take the wounded boy to a waiting minicab on Railton Road, the crowd tried to intervene thinking the police did not appear to be providing or seeking the medical help Bailey needed quickly enough. As the minicab pulled away at speed a police car arrived and stopped the cab. When an officer from the police car realised Bailey was wounded he moved him into the back of the police car to take him to hospital more quickly, and bound his wound more tightly to stop the bleeding. A group of 50 youths began to shout for Bailey's release, thinking the police were arresting him. "Look, they’re killing him," claimed one. The crowd descended on the police car and pulled him out.

Rumours spread that a youth had been left to die by the police, or that the police looked on as the stabbed youth was lying on the street. More than 200 youths, black and white with predominantly Afro-Caribbean heritage, reportedly turned on the police. In response, the police decided to increase the number of foot patrols in Railton Road, despite the tensions, and carry on with Operation Swamp 81 throughout the night and into the following day.

11–12 April
It was believed by the local community that the stabbed youth died as a result of police brutality, fuelling tensions throughout the day as crowds slowly gathered. Tensions first erupted around 4pm, as two police officers stopped and searched a mini cab in Railton Road. By this time Brixton Road (Brixton High Street) was reportedly filled with angry people and police cars were pelted with bricks. At around 5pm the tension escalated and spread, and the 9pm BBC News bulletin that evening reported 46 police officers injured, five seriously. Shops were looted on Railton Road, Mayall Road, Leeson Road, Acre Lane and Brixton Road. The looting in Brixton reportedly started at around 6pm. At 6.15pm the fire brigade received their first call, as a police van was set on fire by rioters in Railton Road, with the fire brigade being warned "riot in progress". As the fire brigade approached the police cordon, they were waved through without warning, driving down Railton Road towards 300 youths armed with bottles and bricks. The fire brigade met the crowd at the junction between Railton Road and Shakespeare Road and were attacked with stones and bottles.

The police put out emergency calls to police officers across London, asking for assistance. They had no strategy, and only had inadequate helmets and non-fireproof plastic shields to protect themselves with while clearing the streets of rioters. The police reportedly also had difficulties in radio communication. The police proceeded in clearing the Atlantic-Railton-Mayall area by pushing the rioters down the road, forming deep shield walls. The rioters responded with bricks, bottles, and petrol bombs.

At 5.30pm the violence further escalated. Non-rioting members of the public attempted to mediate between the police and the rioters, calling for a de-escalation by withdrawing police out of the area. The destructive efforts of the rioters peaked at around 8pm, as those attempts at mediation failed. Two pubs, 26 businesses, schools and other structures were set alight in the riots.

By 9.30pm, over 1,000 police were dispatched into Brixton, squeezing out the rioters. By 1am on 12 April 1981, the area was largely subdued, with no large groups – except the police – on the streets. The fire brigade refused to return until the following morning. Police numbers grew to over 2,500, and by the early hours of Sunday morning the rioting had fizzled out.

Aftermath
During the disturbances, 299 police were injured, along with at least 65 members of the public. 61 private vehicles and 56 police vehicles were destroyed. 28 premises were burned and another 117 damaged and looted. 82 arrests were made.

Between 3 and 11 July of that year, there was more unrest fuelled by racial and social discord, at Handsworth in Birmingham, Southall in London, Toxteth in Liverpool, Hyson Green in Nottingham and Moss Side in Manchester. There were also smaller pockets of unrest in Leeds, Leicester, Southampton, Halifax, Bedford, Gloucester, Wolverhampton, Coventry, Bristol, and Edinburgh. Racial tension played a major part in most of these disturbances, although all of the riots took place in areas hit particularly hard by unemployment and recession.

Scarman Report
The Home Secretary, William Whitelaw, commissioned a public inquiry into the riot headed by Lord Scarman. The Scarman report was published on 25 November 1981.

Scarman found unquestionable evidence of the disproportionate and indiscriminate use of 'stop and search' powers by the police against black people. As a consequence, a new code for police behaviour was put forward in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; and the act also created an independent Police Complaints Authority, established in 1985, to attempt to restore public confidence in the police. Scarman concluded that "complex political, social and economic factors [created a] disposition towards violent protest".

The 1999 Macpherson Report, an investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the failure of the police to establish sufficient evidence for the prosecution of the charged suspects, found that recommendations of the 1981 Scarman Report had been ignored. The report concluded that the police force was "institutionally racist". This report, which did not cover the events of the Brixton Riots, disagreed with the conclusions made by Scarman.

On 25 March 2011, BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Reunion, a programme featuring reminiscences by participants, including police and black Brixton residents.

Other rioting
On 13 April, Margaret Thatcher dismissed the notion that unemployment and racism lay beneath the Brixton disturbances claiming "Nothing, but nothing, justifies what happened." Overall unemployment in Brixton stood at 13 percent, with 25.4 percent for ethnic minorities. Unemployment among black youths was estimated at 55 percent. Rejecting increased investment in Britain's inner cities, Thatcher added, "Money cannot buy either trust or racial harmony." Lambeth London Borough Council leader, Ted Knight, complained that the police presence "amounted to an army of occupation" that provoked the riots; Thatcher responded, "What absolute nonsense and what an appalling remark ... No one should condone violence. No one should condone the events ... They were criminal, criminal."

Small-scale disturbances continued to simmer throughout the summer. After four nights of rioting in Liverpool during the Toxteth riots, beginning 4 July, there were 150 buildings burnt and 781 police officers injured. CS gas was deployed for the first time on the British mainland to quell the rioting. On 10 July, there was fresh rioting in Brixton. It was not until the end of July that the disturbances began to subside.

The recommendations of the Scarman Report to tackle the problems of racial disadvantage and inner-city decline were not implemented. Rioting would break out again in the 1985 and 1995 Brixton riots.

Cultural references

 * The Clash's song "The Guns of Brixton" predates the riots but the lyrics depict the feelings of discontent in the area because of the heavy-handedness of the police.
 * In the Only Fools and Horses episode, "The Russians Are Coming", it is mentioned by Rodney that Del Boy sold paving slabs to rioters.
 * Black Uhuru's song "Youth of Eglington" (1981) was inspired in part by the Brixton riot, and features lyrics referencing Brixton.
 * Angelic Upstarts - "Flames of Brixton" (1982) was written in response to the Brixton riot, as directly referenced in its title.
 * Eddy Grant's 1982 song "Electric Avenue" refers to the Brixton riot, although there was actually little rioting in Electric Avenue itself.
 * Linton Kwesi Johnson's poems "New Crass Massahkah" and "Di Great Insoreckshan" (1984) were written in response to the Brixton riot.
 * Songs written later that allude to the Brixton riots include: Lorna Gee, "Brixton Rock" (1985); Pet Shop Boys, "Suburbia" (1986); The Birdhouse, "Brixton's Burnin'" (1988); Steel Pulse, "State of Emergency" (1988); Conflict, "These Colours Don't Run" (1993); Rancid, "Brixton" (1994); Plan B, "Ill Manors" (2012).
 * Alex Wheatle's novel East of Acre Lane is set in 1981 Brixton and portrays the dissatisfaction felt by the black community that would eventually lead to the Brixton riot.
 * The storyline "Rake at the Gates of Hell" in the comic book Hellblazer takes place during the riot.
 * Rex Obano's radio play Lover's Rock, broadcast in November 2012 on BBC Radio 3, deals with the events leading up to the Brixton Riots.
 * The BBC show "Orphan Black" alludes to the Brixton Riots as the reason Mrs. S. fled England.  Mrs. S. tells the main character Sarah that Brixton was burning and shows her a newspaper clipping headlined "Brixton Burning".
 * Steve McQueen's series Small Axe (2020) features an episode involving the riots.
 * Steve McQueen's documentary series Uprising (2021) includes an episode centred on the April riot.

title: 1981 Brixton riot