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SKI combinator calculus

The SKI combinator calculus is a combinatory logic system and a computational system. It can be thought of as a computer programming language, though it is not convenient for writing software. Instead, it is important in the mathematical theory of algorithms because it is an extremely simple Turing complete language. It can be likened to a reduced version of the untyped lambda calculus. It was introduced by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell Curry.

All operations in lambda calculus can be encoded via abstraction elimination into the SKI calculus as binary trees whose leaves are one of the three symbols S, K, and I (called combinators).

Notation
Although the most formal representation of the objects in this system requires binary trees, for simpler typesetting they are often represented as parenthesized expressions, as a shorthand for the tree they represent. Any subtrees may be parenthesized, but often only the right-side subtrees are parenthesized, with left associativity implied for any unparenthesized applications. For example, ISK means ((IS)K). Using this notation, a tree whose left subtree is the tree KS and whose right subtree is the tree SK can be written as KS(SK). If more explicitness is desired, the implied parentheses can be included as well: ((KS)(SK)).

Informal description
Informally, and using programming language jargon, a tree (xy) can be thought of as a function x applied to an argument y. When evaluated (i.e., when the function is "applied" to the argument), the tree "returns a value", i.e., transforms into another tree. The "function", "argument" and the "value" are either combinators or binary trees. If they are binary trees, they may be thought of as functions too, if needed.

The evaluation operation is defined as follows:

(x, y, and z represent expressions made from the functions S, K, and I, and set values):

I returns its argument:
 * Ix = x

K, when applied to any argument x, yields a one-argument constant function Kx, which, when applied to any argument y, returns x:
 * Kxy = x

S is a substitution operator. It takes three arguments and then returns the first argument applied to the third, which is then applied to the result of the second argument applied to the third. More clearly:
 * Sxyz = xz(yz)

Example computation: SKSK evaluates to KK(SK) by the S-rule. Then if we evaluate KK(SK), we get K by the K-rule. As no further rule can be applied, the computation halts here.

For all trees x and all trees y, SKxy will always evaluate to y in two steps, Ky(xy) = y, so the ultimate result of evaluating SKxy will always equal the result of evaluating y. We say that SKx and I are "functionally equivalent" for any x because they always yield the same result when applied to any y.

From these definitions it can be shown that SKI calculus is not the minimum system that can fully perform the computations of lambda calculus, as all occurrences of I in any expression can be replaced by (SKK) or (SKS) or (SK x) for any x, and the resulting expression will yield the same result. So the "I" is merely syntactic sugar. Since I is optional, the system is also referred as SK calculus or SK combinator calculus.

It is possible to define a complete system using only one (improper) combinator. An example is Chris Barker's iota combinator, which can be expressed in terms of S and K as follows:
 * ιx = xSK

It is possible to reconstruct S, K, and I from the iota combinator. Applying ι to itself gives ιι = ιSK = SSKK = SK(KK) which is functionally equivalent to I. K can be constructed by applying ι twice to I (which is equivalent to application of ι to itself): ι(ι(ιι)) = ι(ιιSK) = ι(ISK) = ι(SK) = SKSK = K. Applying ι one more time gives ι(ι(ι(ιι))) = ιK = KSK = S.

The simplest possible term forming a basis is X = λx λy λz. x z (y (λ_.z)), which satisfies X (X X) (X (X X) X X X X X) = K, and X (X (X X (X X (X X))(X (X (X X (X X)))))) X X = S.

Formal definition
The terms and derivations in this system can also be more formally defined:

Terms: The set T of terms is defined recursively by the following rules.
 * 1) S, K, and I are terms.
 * 2) If τ1 and τ2 are terms, then (τ1τ2) is a term.
 * 3) Nothing is a term if not required to be so by the first two rules.

Derivations: A derivation is a finite sequence of terms defined recursively by the following rules (where α and ι are words over the alphabet {S, K, I, } while β, γ and δ are terms): Assuming a sequence is a valid derivation to begin with, it can be extended using these rules. All derivations of length 1 are valid derivations.
 * 1) If Δ is a derivation ending in an expression of the form α(Iβ)ι, then Δ followed by the term αβι is a derivation.
 * 2) If Δ is a derivation ending in an expression of the form α((Kβ)γ)ι, then Δ followed by the term αβι is a derivation.
 * 3) If Δ is a derivation ending in an expression of the form α(((Sβ)γ)δ)ι, then Δ followed by the term α((βδ)(γδ))ι is a derivation.

Self-application and recursion
SII is an expression that takes an argument and applies that argument to itself:
 * SIIα = Iα(Iα) = αα

This is also known as U combinator, Ux = xx. One interesting property of it is that its self-application is irreducible:
 * SII(SII) = I(SII)(I(SII)) = SII(I(SII)) = SII(SII)

Or, using the equation as its definition directly, we immediately get U U = U U.

Another thing is that it allows one to write a function that applies one thing to the self application of another thing:
 * (S(Kα)(SII))β = Kαβ(SIIβ) = α(Iβ(Iβ)) = α(ββ)

or it can be seen as defining yet another combinator directly, Hxy = x(yy).

This function can be used to achieve recursion. If β is the function that applies α to the self application of something else,
 * β = Hα = S(Kα)(SII)

then the self-application of this β is the fixed point of that α:
 * SIIβ = ββ = α(ββ) = α(α(ββ)) = $$\ldots$$

Or, directly again from the derived definition, Hα(Hα) = α(Hα(Hα)).

If α expresses a "computational step" computed by αρν for some ρ and ν, that assumes ρν' expresses "the rest of the computation" (for some ν' that α will "compute" from ν), then its fixed point ββ expresses the whole recursive computation, since using the same function ββ for the "rest of computation" call (with ββν = α(ββ)ν) is the very definition of recursion: ρν' = ββν' = α(ββ)ν' = ... . α will have to employ some kind of conditional to stop at some "base case" and not make the recursive call then, to avoid divergence.

This can be formalized, with
 * β = Hα = S(Kα)(SII) = S(KS)Kα(SII) = S(S(KS)K)(K(SII)) α

as
 * Yα = SIIβ = SII(Hα) = S(K(SII))H α = S(K(SII))(S(S(KS)K)(K(SII))) α

which gives us one possible encoding of the Y combinator.

This becomes much shorter with the use of the B and C combinators, as the equivalent

 * Yα = S(KU)(SB(KU))α = U(BαU) = BU(CBU)α

or directly, as

 * Hαβ = α(ββ) = BαUβ = CBUαβ
 * Yα = U(Hα) = BU(CBU)α

And with a pseudo-Haskell syntax it becomes the exceptionally short Y = U. (. U).

The reversal expression
S(K(SI))K reverses the following two terms:
 * S(K(SI))Kαβ →
 * K(SI)α(Kα)β →
 * SI(Kα)β →
 * Iβ(Kαβ) →
 * Iβα →
 * βα

Boolean logic
SKI combinator calculus can also implement Boolean logic in the form of an if-then-else structure. An if-then-else structure consists of a Boolean expression that is either true (T) or false (F) and two arguments, such that:
 * Txy = x

and
 * Fxy = y

The key is in defining the two Boolean expressions. The first works just like one of our basic combinators:
 * T = K
 * Kxy = x

The second is also fairly simple:
 * F = SK
 * SKxy = Ky(xy) = y

Once true and false are defined, all Boolean logic can be implemented in terms of if-then-else structures.

Boolean NOT (which returns the opposite of a given Boolean) works the same as the if-then-else structure, with F and T as the second and third values, so it can be implemented as a postfix operation:
 * NOT = (F)(T) = (SK)(K)

If this is put in an if-then-else structure, it can be shown that this has the expected result
 * (T)NOT = T(F)(T) = F
 * (F)NOT = F(F)(T) = T

Boolean OR (which returns T if either of the two Boolean values surrounding it is T) works the same as an if-then-else structure with T as the second value, so it can be implemented as an infix operation:
 * OR = T = K

If this is put in an if-then-else structure, it can be shown that this has the expected result:
 * (T)OR(T) = T(T)(T) = T
 * (T)OR(F) = T(T)(F) = T
 * (F)OR(T) = F(T)(T) = T
 * (F)OR(F) = F(T)(F) = F

Boolean AND (which returns T if both of the two Boolean values surrounding it are T) works the same as an if-then-else structure with F as the third value, so it can be implemented as a postfix operation:
 * AND = F = SK

If this is put in an if-then-else structure, it can be shown that this has the expected result:
 * (T)(T)AND = T(T)(F) = T
 * (T)(F)AND = T(F)(F) = F
 * (F)(T)AND = F(T)(F) = F
 * (F)(F)AND = F(F)(F) = F

Because this defines T, F, NOT (as a postfix operator), OR (as an infix operator), and AND (as a postfix operator) in terms of SKI notation, this proves that the SKI system can fully express Boolean logic.

As the SKI calculus is complete, it is also possible to express NOT, OR and AND as prefix operators:
 * NOT = S(SI(KF))(KT) (as S(SI(KF))(KT)x = SI(KF)x(KTx) = Ix(KFx)T = xFT)
 * OR = SI(KT) (as SI(KT)xy = Ix(KTx)y = xTy)
 * AND = SS(K(KF)) (as SS(K(KF))xy = Sx(K(KF)x)y = xy(KFy) = xyF)

Connection to intuitionistic logic
The combinators K and S correspond to two well-known axioms of sentential logic:

Function application corresponds to the rule modus ponens:

 * $AK: A → (B → A)$: from $A$ and $AS: (A → (B → C)) → ((A → B) → (A → C))$, infer $B$.

The axioms AK and AS, and the rule MP are complete for the implicational fragment of intuitionistic logic. In order for combinatory logic to have as a model:
 * The implicational fragment of classical logic, would require the combinatory analog to the law of excluded middle, i.e., Peirce's law;
 * Complete classical logic, would require the combinatory analog to the sentential axiom $MP$.

This connection between the types of combinators and the corresponding logical axioms is an instance of the Curry–Howard isomorphism.

Examples of reduction
There may be multiple ways to do a reduction. All are equivalent, as long as you don't break order of operations

 * $$\textrm{SKI(KIS)}$$
 * $$\textrm{SKI(KIS)} \Rightarrow \textrm{K(KIS)(I(KIS))} \Rightarrow \textrm{KIS} \Rightarrow \textrm{I}$$
 * $$\textrm{SKI(KIS)} \Rightarrow \textrm{SKII} \Rightarrow \textrm{KI(II)} \Rightarrow \textrm{KII} \Rightarrow \textrm{I}$$
 * $$\textrm{KS(I(SKSI))}$$
 * $$\textrm{KS(I(SKSI))} \Rightarrow \textrm{KS(I(KI(SI)))} \Rightarrow \textrm{KS(I(I))} \Rightarrow \textrm{KS(II)} \Rightarrow \textrm{KSI} \Rightarrow \textrm{S}$$
 * $$\textrm{KS(I(SKSI))} \Rightarrow \textrm{S}$$
 * $$\textrm{SKIK} \Rightarrow \textrm{KK(IK)} \Rightarrow \textrm{KKK} \Rightarrow \textrm{K}$$

title: SKI combinator calculus


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Talk:Khmer script

Title change...
Does anyone disagree with me moving this page to Khmer script? Khmer isn't really an alphabet, so I feel the term 'script' better suits it. Plus, all the stuff about the different styles will fit better with Khmer script as the title.

--Dara 05:55, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Religious Use
Anyone know anything about the use of Khmer writing in amulets and protective tatoos in SE Asia? Khmer (called Khom script) is apparently used for this purpose by Thais and others, but I haven't found any particular resources on it. -- Clay Collier 03:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

kakâbat (កាកបាទ) - rising tone?
I wouldn't compare the Khmer កាកបាទ [kaːʔkəbaːt] to the Thai ไม้จัตวา [máːi jàttàwaː] (fourth tone). Khmer is not a tone language. This diacritic indicates rising or high intonation in certain exclamations or particles, and it's function can't be compared to a Thai tone marker. The sign was probably borrowed from Thai, but it has a different function in Khmer. I've removed that comparison. — Babelfisch 01:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Its called registers, while not generally a tone, its more of a distinguish pitched, khmer may not be a tonal language, but it hears sing song. As for the kakabat sign, its main function is for distinguish accents, whilst not borrowed from thai but adapted by thais. --leaki

I see nothing but squares!
everywhere!--Dangerous-Boy 21:54, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * This page uses Khmer Unicode fonts. The fonts must be installed on your computer to view the page correctly.  There are some links in the External Links section that explain Khmer fonts and offer free downloads of the fonts and related software.  A word of caution, however: Khmer Unicode is still under development and even when installed correctly, the appearance of certain characters are very erratic and unpredictable and some are still just plain wrong.  Your choice of browser and OS will also affect the appearance of the Khmer characters.  Good Luck!--WilliamThweatt 22:04, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * You need to install KM Unicode for windows if you want to view the Khmer script properly. --203.173.144.224 (talk) 09:03, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Changes
I'm going to be bold and make some drastic changes. I'm going to remove a lot of stuff that I feel is unnecessary (such as the sorting order) and statements which have no citation (it is better to leave them out for now, they can always be added later if anyone ever wants to cite them). And it seems after user Hintha came around, the tables messed up and some transliteration for the dependent vowels are incorrect (this article uses transliteration from the transliteration table in PDF format that you may find in the links section) --Hecktor 13:53, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

I fixed the tables a bit and deleted some stuff and add a few words, but this article still needs a lot of improvement, I feel. --Hecktor 15:16, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUK
Does anyone know anything about this letter: ឨ? In Unicode, it says Khmer Independent Vowel Quk. But I have never seen it before. --Hecktor 23:14, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I can not recall right now where I heard this from, but I remember learning (maybe it was from a monk at the Cambodian Buddhist Society on 47th St. in San Diego, Ca) that this vowel is used in Pali texts, "good luck charms" (tatoos, ksae changkeh, etc) and moen ("magical" drawings seen over the entrance doors to Cambodian houses and temples). It was used historically to write words of Sanskrit/Pali origin but has long since become obsolete, being replaced by the equivelant dependent vowel.--WilliamThweatt 18:11, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Romanization of Khmer
What standard of romanization is followed by this page, and is there a standard for it? I'd like to adopted some baseline for Wikitravel's Cambodia articles. Jpatokal 09:26, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Khmer script disappearance on Wikipedia
Hello all,

I would like to know why the Khmer script is not visible on Wikipedia anymore. Can anybody help me on this? Regards.

Wiki Raja 01:17, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Cambodian Coda Consonants
I miss a brief section about the syllable-final consonants, especially those that are pronounced differently than their onset counterparts... such as "r", which I think is pronounced like /j/ (or not at all?) at the end of a word. Also, it would be interesting if they are written in the romanization (what standard is this, by the way?). — N-true 21:28, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Final "R"s are unpronounced otherwise in other positions, they are probably Alveolar tap (at least that what it sounds like to me). There is no standard for romanization yet. See: Khmer romanization --Dara 21:23, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Size of letters
The Khmer letters are showing up ridiculously/ludicrously/unreasonably small in this and all other articles in which they appear. Can this be fixed? Badagnani 06:46, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Although a late reply, under Firefox the Khmer script should display fine, but if you're using Internet Explorer 7, then you might want to take a look at this page. Hope this helps anyone else with this problem. - Io Katai (talk) 22:52, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately this is not a problem of IE7. It looks tiny for me as well, and I use Mozilla Firefox. One cannot even make out it's Khmer at this size. Could it be a font problem? — N-true (talk) 03:02, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hm, at least for me Firefox displays properly. Try going into Tools > Options, then select the "Content" tab. Under the "Font and Colors" section, click the "Advanced" button. Where it says "Fonts for: (western)", find the one that says "Khmer" in the dropdown list. Play around with the settings & font sizes, but I'd recommend using Khmer OS at size ~14. Tell me if this helps or not. - Io Katai (talk) 03:10, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * This is a problem caused by Windows Vista, where the default for Khmer script has been set to be this small. Khmer OS has a download which is meant to improve this. I have to say, though, I think that this is something which Microsoft needs to deal with, as they are the ones who have set the font to be this small: it is unreasonable to expect those who read this article to be interested in downloading additional software or altering their computer's options, just to view a single article. V85 (talk) 13:56, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * No, it's by far a problem not restricted to Windows Vista; it can occur on any operating system and in any web browser (Windows XP is also known to do this), since Khmer among others is not part of their default Unicode fonts. And like I mentioned, it does not require users to download any additional fonts or fixes. You can simply go into your web browser's font options, and make the Khmer script larger by changing the default script and font size. - Io Katai (talk) 18:08, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I am using Windows 7 and the Google Chrome browser and I also see the ridiculously small text. I just figured I would say this, in case it's useful to know that those using Chrome and Windows 7 are also having the same issues. I use Asian text on my computer (I speak Mandarin Chinese, Korean and Japanese, along with a few other languages, so I need to be able to read and write with Asian text on my computers), and most Asian text is perfectly readable on all of my computers, so this is the first time I've ever had an issue like this. Anyways, I don't know it it's useful or not of me to let anyone know that I am having the same problem or not, but I figured I would just say it just in case.173.35.102.172 (talk) 16:56, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Khmer mul.jpg
Image:Khmer mul.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:45, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Handwriting photo
Can someone please scan a sample of actual handwriting by a Khmer person? 211.110.55.63 (talk) 00:59, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Writing direction
Good, a lot of information. Now, is it written from left to right or from right to left? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.234.136.38 (talk) 02:57, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Like the majority (if not all) of Brahmic scripts, the Khmer script is written from left to right (and top-to-bottom line shifting). In other words, the direction is the same as what you're writing right now. - Io Katai (talk) 23:15, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Transliteration
Just noting that there's no citation for the transliteration system but that it appears to come from the "romanization" pdf listed under external sources. This document outlines and explains the UN geographic conventions for romanization of Khmer place names. There's something of a problem in using this system in the English version of Wikipedia in that it was a system aimed at romanization, not transliteration into the Roman alphabet as used in English. Looking at a lot of the vowel transliterations in that document and here, I'd guess they were aiming at converting Khmer names into the Roman alphabet as used in French. To cut a long story short - this is not really a system that can be used for aurally comprehensible translations from Khmer into English without some kind of further explanation of how each vowel is supposed to sound. To offer one small example, the second series value of the vowel ា is shown here as éa. I'd read that as something like "ay-ah" but I usually hear it as more like "ee-a" or "ia". Might it be worth either changing the transliteration system shown here, or offering an examples table? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.221.167.29 (talk) 18:27, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The UNGEGN romanization is pretty much the only well-suited romanization system around, even if it doesn't 100% accurately portray neither the native, nor the English pronunciation of the word. There's a reason why there's always a dedicated section for the IPA, since this is what you should refer to for pronunciation. Wikipedia has outright gotten rid of badly written attempts for pronunciation, for example writing out "K-MAY" for "khmer"; the reason is that in English, there are hundreds of dialects, with various different sequences using "AY" (ay, may, yay...), each of them pronouncing words and sequences differently, so it's really easy to misinterpret how it's suppose to be pronounced, and very unprofessional to use unless you're writing a traveller's book (in which case, you're at the wrong site: http://wikitravel.org). Additionally, there exists pretty much no other system that reflects the English pronunciation of the Khmer words/letters while remaining an easy and loyal writing system that can be used in a systematic way (the main purpose of a transliteration system).
 * This isn't only done for Khmer though, every single language that doesn't already use the latin alphabet is romanized/transliterated according to their own conventions. Some languages like Japanese are straightforward, others like Chinese or Khmer are more complex. Likewise, every language written in the latin alphabet pronounces each letter differently, the letter "u" alone ranges anywhere in // depending on the language. If we start changing everything to be more pseudo-English-like, it would be more uselessly confusing than anything.
 * So in summary, the transliteration/romanization is a keeper; the only other significantly different system is the ALA-LC Romanization, but this one is much more divergent when it comes to representing the original Khmer sounds. If you're seeking pronunciation help, the IPA section is there to help. - Io Katai (talk) 22:35, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I was the editor that select the UNGEGN romanization system. If there's a better one to use, please let me know. I can change it to an ad-hoc style, but I wanted to keep the romanization uniform. It's too bad the Cambodian government hasn't decided on a standard romanization system (and if they ever do, I hope they pick a good one). --Dara (talk) 20:47, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

Help me with the fonts
I am having font troubles with Khmer. I installed fonts (Khmer OS) and went to Internet Setting and selected fonts and selected Khmer OS yet rather than fixing the font problem, the Khmer script disappeared!Kanzler31 (talk) 21:07, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

 * OK I think I found the problem. It's not my computer, It's my browser! Internet explorer displays Khmer perfectly, while Safari does not display it at all. Is there any way to make Khmer appear on Safari?Kanzler31 (talk) 18:21, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Rewrite
I removed this from the consonants section: ''In Khmer phonology, final stops are unreleased and possible finals are limited, word-final values may differ. For example, word-final is pronounced  and, in most dialects, word-final  is silent. The inherent vowels of consonants in the final position are almost never pronounced.''

It has useful information, but it's hard to work back into that section without getting too detailed into phonology... --Dara (talk) 06:32, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

Niggahita
I am not very familiar with Khmer, but according to Franklin Huffman's Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader with Drills and Glossary, the niggahita (rendered as a small circle above the consonant) isn't just used in Sanskrit loanwords to indicate the nasal, it is also used to indicate word final -m in Khmer words. One example would be ខ្ញុំ khnom (the first person pronoun). V85 (talk) 16:51, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Suggested changes organization, pronunciation, collation
Very nice article, both complete, accurate and well written. I have a couple of suggestions, but I wanted to run them by the other editors before I just made the changes/additions, though they're not extensive:

 * Perhaps mention should be made of the order in which words appear in the dictionary. (collation)  Since the order the characters are given already appears to be in the order in which they would appear in a dictionary, just a couple of words about it would be sufficient.

 * The Khmer alphabet, like the other brahmic derivatives, is traditionally organized by articulation, e.i. velars, palatals, etc. This makes the script much easier to learn and it is also how words are ordered in a dictionary. (see above)  Some mention of this might be helpful, as might expanding the main consonant table and splitting it into sections, something along the lines of:

vr rm 23:04, 29 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Due to the history of the script and the khmer language, the retroflex series (ដ, ឋ, ឌ, ឍ, ណ) are not really retroflexes but voiced dentals ដ, ឌ, or aspirated unvoiced dentals with identical pronunciation as the corresponding characters in the dental series.

 * I think both of these are doable. Having a section on collation would be useful, especially when it comes to vowels that are written in front of the consonant. When it comes to the Indian origin of the script, and sorting the letters according to the classical table, I don't know if that is frequently done for Khmer (though it is frequently done for Burmese script). My initial thought is that such a presentation of the script should be secondary to the presentation that we already have (possibly in an 'origins' or 'history' section, or a section on how Khmer script is used to write Sanskrit/Pali). V85 (talk) 06:48, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

About the Khmer alphabet
When, at the beginning of the Olympic Games for 2012, at the opening ceremony, the Cambodian team marched in, it was announced that their language of Khmer has the longest alphabet of all alphabets, having seventy letters. If this information is accurate, it is so impressive that it should be mentioned at the start of the article. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 15:46, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There was a recent question similar to this at the Language Reference Desk that might be of interest. An archive of the discussion can be found under the last subheading here: Reference desk/Archives/Language/2012 July 18.--William Thweatt TalkContribs 17:04, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Definitely it would be nearly impossible to establish a single 'longest alphabet', such basic things as the definition of 'alpha-beta' character' would first have to be agreed upon, and of course any proclamation would undoubtedly inject feelings of national identity into the debate. Yet, the Khmer alphabet is indeed very large. If one takes for example the keyboard needed to type it -- even though Khmer doesn't distinguish between upper and lower case -- all the normal 'letter key' of an ISO keyboard, plus their corresponding character and the shift characters over all the numbers are needed to type Khmer.  (And even that is not quite enough rarely .characters'), which considerably more than the number needed to type Devanagari and over three times as many needed to type English words, not counting upper and lower case.  Note that the above doesn't even count the fact that every consonant can receive a vowel which modifies the consonant's inherent vowel and yields a unique character, nor the fact that consonants also have a subscript form when stacked one-upon-the-other.  These permutations would certainly being the number for forms far into the thousands of unique ligatures.  But, fortunately for those typing in Khmer modern computer systems handle the composition of most of these automatically.  Perhaps some mention could be made of this characteristic of the script without the need to qualify it in absolute terms such as 'longest alphabet' or 'most complex script'. vr rm 21:54, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
 * This claim is dubious. The Unicode chart only includes 52 actual letters, not 74 as claimed in the article. The citation is from the Guinness Book of Records. They're not exactly language experts, and it's unknown what definition of "alphabet" is being used. Khmer is not a true alphabet, it is an abugida. Does this mean we could extend the definition of alphabet to Chinese which has thousands of symbol? Ultimately, I think statements about longest or shortest or most complicated or least complicated is a matter of opinion, not fact. For instance, in Spanish "n" and "ñ" are different letters, while in French "c" and "ç" are the same letter, one with a diacritical mark on it. There's no universal standard to measure these claims against. Danielklein (talk) 12:14, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Scary message at the bottom
There's a scary message in Khmer at the bottom :( — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.175.195.166 (talk) 05:48, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

Descendant scripts?
The Lao and Thai scripts are both apparently descended / evolved from Khmer, but the article doesn't seem to talk about that. It would be useful to see a section, with at least a paragraph or two, about scripts descended from this one. — OwenBlacker (Talk) 16:23, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I added a sentence in the lead. There ought to be a "History" section in the article, covering the history of this script in more detail than the lead currently does, and descendant scripts could also be mentioned there (although the main information about their origins would remain in their own articles). I don't feel capable of writing any of this, however. W. P. Uzer (talk) 08:33, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I've tried looking into the matter before. From what I could find, most Cambodian and English sources do not go into much detail. There is a French graph that shows the evolution but of Southeast Asian scripts but don't explain much about how they changed. I have an inclination that it is more complex that what we may generally think because most Cambodian and English sources do not mention Lanna script which show a lot of similarities with Khmer but Thai sources claim Lanna is based on old Mon script. Some Lao sources also claim Lao script is related to old Mon script. --Dara (talk) 21:42, 26 December 2014 (UTC)

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Standard dialect
There is a section at Dependent vowels

The IPA values given are representative of dialects from the northwest and central plains regions, specifically from the Battambang area, upon which Standard Khmer is based.

I doubt this is not true. Phnom Penh, among other central plains, should be the standard. Battambang might not be the standard dialect as they might have different accents. The most notably different accent are of Siem Reap speakers. --Yvmlv (talk) 05:56, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Khmer script


text:
Talk:Adolphine Fletcher Terry

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Danielletbutler.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:26, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I was happy to read the short biography on Adolphine Terry. She was married to Congressman David D. Terry, first cousin to my father ... Walter Ware Terry. Adolphine was a wise and noble woman who held family and country close to her heart. I appreciated that she tried to keep in touch though our paths seldom met.

Ann Terry Bragg ann7723@juno.com

Editing as part of Wiki Project
I have begun editing this article as part of Wiki Scholars NARA program, July 2019 --Tulada (talk) 03:21, 19 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved content from sandbox to main article Tulada (talk) 05:08, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adolphine Fletcher Terry


text:
Kinpira

Kinpira (金平) is a Japanese cooking style that can be summarized as a technique of sauté and simmer. The most common dish made with this technique is Kinpira Gobo, braised burdock root. Kinpira is commonly used to cook root vegetables such as carrots, burdock root, and lotus root; skins of squash such as Kabocha; vegetables such as mushrooms or broccoli; seaweeds such as arame and hijiki; other foods including tofu, capsicums, and wheat gluten (namafu); and meat such as chicken thigh, pork, and beef. The base sauce is made up of soy sauce, mirin, sugar, and chili peppers.

Kinpira is named after the son of Kintarō, a Japanese folk hero.

title: Kinpira


text:
User talk:Canadian boy

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 03:57, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

Monarchy in Canada
Please exercise caution when using the "revert" feature. In the case of Monarchy in Canada, several edits were made subsequent to those which you intended to remove, but these were removed by your reversion as well. (I am restoring the subsequent edits now.) —Kdau 08:04, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)

Canadian boy, I posted the information that was available on the poll in Maclean's magazine and identified the source. I think you can avoid a revert war with AndyL by providing the source for your change, i.e., who are the monarchists who think that the poll is biased? Did the Monarchist League issue a statement? Thanks. Kevintoronto 15:05, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Queen canada throne.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Queen canada throne.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Jkelly 06:14, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * You may be interested to know that an RFC has recently been initiated regarding Fair use images of Canadian politicians. Many images of Canadian public figures are about to be deleted, including ones you have uploaded. Please feel free to participate. - Mcasey666 05:43, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Queen of canada.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Queen of canada.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Oden 09:20, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Canadian boy


text:
Kansas Board of Regents

The Kansas Board of Regents is a body consisting of nine members that governs six state universities in the U.S. state of Kansas. In addition to these six universities, it also supervises and coordinates nineteen community colleges, five technical colleges, six technical schools and a municipal university. Refer to the list of colleges and universities for details on the individual schools.

Member selection
The Kansas Board of Regents has nine members, each of whom is appointed by the Governor of Kansas. Each Board Member also serves on various committees that address higher education issues.

Schools governed by the Board of Regents
The Kansas Board of Regents oversees 33 institutions, one of which is an independent municipal university.

title: Kansas Board of Regents


text:
User:Cution~enwiki

hello. i'm donald. how do you do?

title: User:Cution~enwiki


text:
Talk:Zines

I checked the Zine page, and it seems to me that it covers all the content of Zines with more details and a better writting style. I propose to make Zines a simple redirect to Zine but leave the content of Zine unchanged, unless someone disagrees. Alfy 04:02, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zines


text:
Place des Arts

Place des Arts is a major performing arts centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and the largest cultural and artistic complex in Canada.

Home to the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestre Métropolitain, Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, and the Opéra de Montréal, the complex is situated between Saint Catherine and de Maisonneuve streets, and Saint-Urbain and Jeanne-Mance streets, in an area now known as the Quartier des spectacles in the borough of Ville-Marie.

Place des Arts was an initiative of Mayor Jean Drapeau, a noted lover of opera, as part of a project to expand the downtown core eastward from the concentration of business and financial activity in the centre-west part of downtown. The Corporation George-Étienne-Cartier, named in honour of George-Étienne Cartier, a Father of Confederation and opera lover, was set up to build it, and the first part of the complex (including the Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier) was inaugurated on September 21, 1963. The other theatres were added progressively.

Additions
The Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal was added to the complex on May 28, 1992, and in 2009, construction began on a new concert hall for the Montreal Symphony Orchestra. The 1,900-seat facility opened in 2011 at the cost of C$105 million.

In 2015, the Quebec government announced it would spend $34.2 million to remodel the esplanade into a large outdoor stage that will host big events year round. Work is to be complete in 2018.

Theatres
The Place des Arts includes six halls of various sizes:
 * Montreal Symphony House
 * Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier
 * Théâtre Maisonneuve
 * Théâtre Jean-Duceppe
 * Studio-théâtre
 * Cinquième salle

This wealth of theatres permits the staging of opera, symphony, ballet and other dance, chamber music, choral music, theatre, film presentation, and various other presentations and ceremonies. In addition to the theatres, the complex hosts the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, a museum of contemporary art, as well as rehearsal halls, shops, services, and a large, popular esplanade decorated with original fountains and water cascades.

All the facilities are connected by an underground mall, also linked to Place-des-Arts Metro station and Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) to the north and the Complexe Desjardins to the south as part of the Underground City.

The site is decorated with several works of public art including L'artiste est celui qui fait voir l'autre côté des choses by Claude Bettinger, Comme si le temps… de la rue by Pierre Granche, and La voie lactée by Geneviève Cadieux. A bust of conductor Wilfrid Pelletier by sculptor Arto Tchakmaktchian is on permanent display in the entrance hall.

In the summer, the esplanade and adjacent street comprise one of the important outdoor sites of the Festival International de Jazz de Montréal.

title: Place des Arts


text:
Sea Haggs

The Sea Haggs were an indie rock band formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1991 by Perth expatriates Laura MacFarlane on guitar, viola, percussion and vocals with Iain McIntyre on guitar, bass and vocals, and Cameron Potts on drums. The band also featured other members, including Yvette Pusser (bass) Nicole (drums) and Ben Butler (percussion). Towards the end of its career, the band also recorded under the name Keckle.

In 1995, the band was wound up when MacFarlane moved to Seattle to join Sleater-Kinney. A compilation of Sea Haggs and Keckle recordings, along with some of MacFarlane's solo work, appeared then under the name "Jelly CD", released by McIntyre's Woozy zine/imprint.

MacFarlane, Potts and McIntyre later went on to form ninetynine.

Members

 * Laura MacFarlane — guitar, viola, percussion, vocals
 * Iain McIntyre — guitar, bass, vocals
 * Cameron Potts — drums
 * Yvette Pusser — guitar, bass, vocals
 * Nicole — drums
 * Ben Butler — percussion

Discography

 * Beastie (1993)
 * Jelly (1995)

title: Sea Haggs


text:
989 Studios

989 Studios was a division of Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA) that developed games for PlayStation consoles and Windows personal computers. Their games include EverQuest, Twisted Metal III, Twisted Metal 4, Syphon Filter, Syphon Filter 2, Jet Moto 3, Bust a Groove, and others.

History
The 989 Sports name developed from a long history of name changes and corporate shuffling within Sony centered around operations in Foster City, California. In August 1995, the video game business of Sony Imagesoft was merged with the product development branch of SCEA, becoming Sony Interactive Studios America (SISA) In 1998, SISA was spun off from SCEA and was renamed 989 Studios. On April 1, 2000, 989 Studios was merged back into SCEA as a first party development group, in order to prepare for the then-upcoming PlayStation 2. SCEA continued to release sports games under the 989 Sports brand until the brand was retired in 2005.

As Sony Interactive Studios America

 * 2Xtreme (1996)
 * Blasto (1998)
 * CART World Series (1997)
 * ESPN Extreme Games (1995) [re-released as 1Xtreme for the Greatest Hits version]
 * Jet Moto (1996)
 * Jet Moto 2 (1997)
 * MLB Pennant Race (1996)
 * MLB '98 (1997)
 * MLB '99 (1998)
 * NBA ShootOut 98 (1998)
 * NCAA Gamebreaker (1996)
 * NCAA Gamebreaker 98 (1997)
 * NHL FaceOff (1995)
 * NFL GameDay (1996)
 * NFL GameDay 97 (1996)
 * NFL GameDay 98 (1997)
 * Rally Cross (1997)
 * Spawn: The Eternal (1997)
 * Tanarus (1997)
 * Twisted Metal (1995)
 * Twisted Metal 2 (1996)
 * Warhawk (1995)

As 989 Studios

 * 3Xtreme (1999)
 * Bust a Groove (Bust a Move: Dance & Rhythm Action in Japan) (1998)
 * Cardinal Syn (1998)
 * Cool Boarders 3 (1998)
 * Cool Boarders 4 (1999)
 * Cyberstrike 2 (1998)
 * EverQuest (1999)
 * Jet Moto 3 (1999)
 * Rally Cross 2 (1999)
 * Running Wild (1998)
 * Syphon Filter (1999)
 * Syphon Filter 2 (2000)
 * Twisted Metal III (1998)
 * Twisted Metal 4 (1999)

As 989 Sports

 * MLB 2000 (1999)
 * MLB 2001 (2000)
 * MLB 2002 (2001)
 * MLB 2003 (2002)
 * MLB 2004 (2003)
 * MLB 2005 (2004)
 * MLB 2006 (2005)
 * NBA 2005 (2004)
 * NBA ShootOut 2000 (1999)
 * NBA ShootOut 2001 (2000)
 * NBA ShootOut 2002 (2001)
 * NBA ShootOut 2003 (2002)
 * NBA ShootOut 2004 (2003)
 * NCAA Final Four 99 (1999)
 * NCAA Final Four 2000 (1999)
 * NCAA Final Four 2001 (2000)
 * NCAA Final Four 2002 (2001)
 * NCAA Final Four 2003 (2002)
 * NCAA Final Four 2004 (2003)
 * NCAA GameBreaker 99 (1998)
 * NCAA GameBreaker 2000 (1999)
 * NCAA GameBreaker 2001 (2000)
 * NCAA GameBreaker 2003 (2002)
 * NCAA GameBreaker 2004 (2003)
 * NFL GameDay 99 (1998)
 * NFL GameDay 2000 (1999)
 * NFL GameDay 2001 (2000)
 * NFL GameDay 2002 (2001)
 * NFL GameDay 2003 (2002)
 * NFL GameDay 2004 (2003)
 * NFL GameDay 2005 (2004)
 * NFL Xtreme (1998)
 * NFL Xtreme 2 (1999)
 * NHL FaceOff 99 (1998)
 * NHL FaceOff 2000 (1999)
 * NHL FaceOff 2001 (2001)
 * NHL FaceOff 2003 (2002)
 * Supercross Circuit (1999)
 * World Tour Soccer 2002 (2002)
 * World Tour Soccer 2003 (2003)
 * Formula One 2001 (2001)

title: 989 Studios


text:
User talk:Cal 1234

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:06, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Unintelligible
Template:Unintelligible has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Ohconfucius ¡digame! 23:17, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cal 1234


text:
List of Seven Days episodes

Seven Days is a science fiction television created by Christopher and Zachary Crowe and produced by UPN. It premiered on October 7, 1998, and ran for three seasons and 66 episodes until May 29, 2001.

title: List of Seven Days episodes


text:
User talk:Erall

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:06, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Erall


text:
ATN

ATN is the Sydney flagship television station of the Seven Network in Australia. The licence, issued to a company named Amalgamated Television Services, a subsidiary of John Fairfax & Sons, was one of the first four licences (two in Sydney, two in Melbourne) to be issued for commercial television stations in Australia. The station formed an affiliation with GTV-9 Melbourne in 1957, in order to share content. In 1963, Frank Packer ended up owning both GTV-9 and TCN-9, so as a result the stations switched their previous affiliations. ATN-7 and HSV-7 joined to create the Australian Television Network, which later became the Seven Network. ATN-7 is the home of the national level Seven News bulletins.

History
ATN-7 began broadcasting on 2 December 1956 and became the third television station in Sydney to begin regular transmissions.

The station opened in 1956 with principal offices and studios located at Mobbs Lane, Epping. The initial black and white cameras and other equipment was supplied by the Marconi Company of England. Conversion to PAL colour occurred on 1 March 1975. Digital DVB-T commenced on 1 January 2001.

The initial transmission tower in 1956 was located near the ABC tower at Gore Hill, Sydney. This was eventually demolished after ATN was invited to share a new site at Artarmon which was built by a new 3rd, commercial broadcaster TEN-10.

ATN-7 commenced digital television transmissions on 1 January 2001, broadcasting on VHF Channel 6 while maintaining analogue transmission on VHF Channel 7.

ATN-7's Sydney transmissions are broadcast from masts operated by Transmitters Australia (TXA) at Artarmon and/or Willoughby. Retransmission translators to UHF channels service Sydney viewers from Kings Cross and North Head at Manly and north of Sydney at Bouddi, Gosford and Forresters Beach.

Beginning in the early 2000s, on-air programs were sent by digital link from the Seven Network's national program play-out centre at Docklands in Melbourne where the Master Control Room was located for all metropolitan and regional feeds to be controlled. Programming line-up, advertisement output, feed switching, time zone monitoring and national transmission output was previously delivered here. All Seven Network owned and operated studios used to have their live signals relayed here: for instance, ATN's output was fed to HSV and then transmitted via satellite or fibre optics to the towers around metropolitan Sydney. In 2019 however, this function was transferred to a new play-out centre in Sydney as part of a joint venture with the Nine Network.

The analogue signal for ATN-7 was turned off at 9:00 a.m. on 3 December 2013 by using a special five-minute retrospective clip of the local station and the song "My City of Sydney" by Tommy Leonetti, used for the first time in 30 years, combined with the old "Mother kangaroo putting her baby joey to bed" animation, which was played during the channel closedown sequence until the network began 24-hour service in 1993.

In June 2023, 7NEWS moved their operations from Martin Place to their new purpose built studios in Eveleigh. In July 2023, Sunrise hosted its very first broadcast at its new studios. The first edition went to air live at 5:30am on 24 July 2023, with hosts Natalie Barr and Matt Shirvington, newsreader Edwina Bartholomew and sports presenter Mark Beretta, followed by The Morning Show’s Larry Emdur and Kylie Gillies. Joining 7NEWS, 7NEWS Spotlight, The Latest and 7NEWS.com.au, for the first time in more than 40 years, the entire Seven Sydney operation and all broadcast and operational staff (across all departments) are now under one roof. The new space cover two floors of Seven’s head office and are five times larger than the previous Martin Place location, with permanent sets for all programs. It brought to an end 19 years of Sunrise and Seven News, and 16 years of The Morning Show broadcasting at Martin Place.

Program production
The Epping facilities were expanded to provide five operational studios and the centre became the largest producer of Australian produced TV content, including Wheel of Fortune, Sons and Daughters, A Country Practice, Hey Dad..!, All Saints, Terry Willesee Tonight and Home & Away.

The Epping studios closed in early 2010 when new studio facilities serviced by Global Television, opened at the Australian Technology Park in Eveleigh.

News and live telecast programs are presently broadcast from the Eveleigh studios.

RaceCam
ATN's engineering staff received two Emmy Awards – making ATN the first Australian company to receive such an award – for the technology, invention and further development of RaceCam, live mobile point-of-view TV cameras which were initially developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s for the station's coverage of the Bathurst 1000. Visiting commentators from the United States organised for ATN staff to supply the camera and transmission systems for CBS' coverage of NASCAR races.

A variant of RaceCam was also developed for yachts in the 1987 America's Cup off the coast of Fremantle. Later in the mid-1980s, the American Broadcasting Company asked ATN staff to develop aerofoil-designed cameras suitable for Formula One cars, and these were subsequently used at the Indianapolis 500.

Seven's Eveleigh Studios
Prior to their Eveleigh Studios at the Australian Technology Park, the Seven Network's Martin Place studios, once referred to on-air as News Central and based on the first five floors of The Colonial Building in Sydney were the main news presentation studios for, Seven News Sydney, Sunrise, Weekend Sunrise, and The Morning Show. Comprising 3,000 square metres, viewers and tourists can see programs being broadcast from the street level studio.

In March 2021, it was announced that the Seven Network would move out of Martin Place to Eveleigh by the end of 2022 after almost two decades. The decision is understood to be a cost-saving move away from CBD property leasing. This then got delayed to mid-2023.

On 25 June 2023, Seven News Sydney signed off its final bulletin at Martin Place studios, wrapping 19 years and 6,873 days of broadcast. From 26 June 2023, its new broadcast home is at a purpose built studio at Eveleigh headquarters. The new space is five-times larger than Martin Place, allows for permanent sets for all programs, with two complete control rooms and more than 40sq m of LED screens, while all newsroom operations will now be located on a second entire floor.

Seven News

Seven News Sydney is directed by Neil Warren and presented by Mark Ferguson from Sunday to Thursday and Michael Usher and Angela Cox on Friday and Saturday from Seven's headquarters, located at Eveleigh. Sport is presented by Mel McLaughlin from Sunday to Thursday and Matt Carmichael on Friday and Saturday. Weather is presented by Angie Asimus from Sunday to Thursday and Sally Bowrey on Friday and Saturday.

News updates for Sydney are presented throughout the afternoon and the early evenings, with news updates during the night being shown nationally, they can be seen on Seven, 7two and 7mate, as well as 7flix.

At the end of 2003, a year before all of the Seven Network's News and Current Affairs moved to Martin Place, the ill-fated dual presenter format of Ross Symonds and Ann Sanders came to an end after the pair failed to make an ratings impact in the Sydney market, losing viewers to competition winner Nine News Sydney (then National Nine News), which had led in the ratings for decades. After Ian Ross took over from both Symonds and Sanders in 2003, Seven News Sydney became the 6pm ratings leader from February 2005 until 2010.

Ross presented his final bulletin for Seven News Sydney on Friday 27 November 2009 with Bath taking over as main weeknight presenter on Monday 30 November 2009. Former Nine News presenter Mark Ferguson took over from Bath as weekend news presenter from Saturday 28 November 2009. The bulletin retained its ratings lead until it was overtaken again by the rival Nine News bulletin in the ratings in 2011 – Seven's 6pm bulletin won 14 out of 35 ratings weeks.

In January 2014, Mark Ferguson was appointed weeknight presenter, replacing Chris Bath due to poor ratings. Bath became weekend presenter and continued to host Sunday Night until her resignation in July 2015, after which Melissa Doyle took over. More changes to Sydney's news presenting team in subsequent months saw former Melbourne weather presenter David Brown replace Sarah Cumming as Sydney's weather presenter and Mel McLaughlin replace Jim Wilson as the sports presenter.

In August 2016, it was announced that Michael Usher would replace Melissa Doyle as Friday and Saturday presenter. Doyle will move into a new expanded role as senior correspondent and host of Sunday Night.

For its efforts in bringing news of the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis to the whole of Australia (ATN's Martin Place news rooms and facilities were evacuated and news operations shifted to a makeshift studio miles from the site, with additional coverage from other stations nationwide), Seven News Sydney became the 2015 Logie Awards winner for Most Outstanding News Coverage.

In June 2020, Jim Wilson left Seven after 28 years with the network, to become a new host of 2GB's Drive program. His last sports bulletin was 27 June 2020. It was later announced that Matt Shirvington would replace him.

On 5 November 2020, David Brown left the Sydney newsroom to return to Melbourne with Angie Asimus promoted to weeknights weather presenter.

In December 2020, it was announced Angela Cox would be joining Michael Usher as co-host of the weekend news bulletin from January 2021.

In June 2023, Matt Shirvington stepped down from his role of weekend sports presenter, to take up his new role as co-host of Sunrise. Matt Carmichael was announced as his replacement.

Fill-in presenters include Michael Usher, Angela Cox and Chris Reason (News), Matt Carmichael (Sport), and Sally Bowrey and Amber Laider (Weather).

Presenters
Afternoon news updates
 * Ann Sanders (until 2:00 pm on Monday – Thursday)
 * Sally Bowrey (until 2:00 pm on Friday)
 * Mark Ferguson (after 3:00 pm on Monday – Thursday, after 4:00 pm on Sunday)
 * Michael Usher (after 3:00 pm on Friday, after 4:00 pm on Saturday)

Nightly news updates
 * Mark Ferguson (until 7:30 pm on Sunday – Thursday)
 * Michael Usher (after 8:30 pm on weeknights and Saturday)

Reporters

 * Chris Reason (Senior)
 * Mark Riley (Canberra Political Editor)
 * Ashlee Mullany (Europe Correspondent)
 * Robert Ovadia (Crime)
 * Paul Kadak
 * Chris Maher
 * Andrew Denney (Crime)
 * Laura Banks (Crime)
 * Tom Sacre
 * Sarina Andaloro
 * Tom Hartley
 * Mylee Hogan (US Correspondent)
 * Amelia Brace
 * Hugh Whitfeld (Europe Bureau Chief)
 * Alex Hart (State Political Reporter)
 * Angie Asimus
 * Matt Carmichael (Sport)
 * David Woiwod (US Bureau Chief)
 * Tim Lester (US Correspondent)
 * Amber Laidler
 * Isabelle Mullen
 * Sarah Greenhalgh
 * Leonie Ryan (Court Reporter)
 * Gemma Acton (Finance Editor)

Fill-In Presenters

News
 * Chris Reason
 * Angela Cox

Sport
 * Michelle Bishop

Weather
 * Amber Laidler

Sunrise/Weekend Sunrise correspondent
 * Liam Tapper

The Latest: Seven News correspondent
 * Tom Sacre

Eveleigh

 * Seven Early News
 * Sunrise
 * The Morning Show
 * The Morning Show: Weekend
 * Weekend Sunrise
 * Seven Morning News
 * Seven News at 4
 * Seven News Sydney
 * The Latest: Seven News
 * Test Cricket coverage (2018–present)
 * Women's Big Bash League coverage (2018–present)
 * Big Bash League coverage (2018–present)
 * Cricket World Cup coverage (2018-present)

Current productions at Australian Technology Park

 * Home & Away (1988–present)
 * My Kitchen Rules (2010–present)
 * The Chase Australia (2021–present)

Filmed at FOX Studios

 * The X Factor (2010–2016)

On Location

 * Better Homes and Gardens (1995–present)
 * Sydney Weekender (1994–present)
 * House Rules (2013–2019)
 * Carols in the Domain (1982–present)
 * Farmer Wants a Wife (2020–present)
 * Schools Spectacular (2016–2019, 2021)
 * Schools Spectacular Remixed (2020)

Past Programming

 * Sunday Night (2009–2019)
 * V8 Supercars (2007–2014, 2021–present)
 * Packed to the Rafters (2008–2013)
 * Today Tonight (ATN-7 1995–2001) (HSV-7 2001–2006) (ATN-7 2007–2012) (HSV-7 2013–2014)
 * 11AM (1975–1999)
 * Newsworld (1982–1989)
 * Real Life (1992–1994, became Today Tonight from 1995)
 * The Price Is Right (2012)
 * The NightCap (2008)
 * Wild Boys (2011)
 * All Saints (1998–2009)
 * Always Greener (2001–2003)
 * Hey Dad..! (1987–1994)
 * Sons and Daughters (1982–1987)
 * A Country Practice (1981–1993)
 * Wheel of Fortune (ADS-7 1981–1987) (SAS-7 1987–1996) (ATN-7 1996–2006)
 * Denton (1994–1995)
 * Who Dares Wins (1996–2000)
 * The Real Seachange (2006)
 * The Zoo (2007–2008)
 * Saturday Disney (1997–2016)
 * Playhouse Disney (2003–2007)
 * The Big Arvo (2001–2005)
 * Surf Patrol
 * It's Academic (2005–2016)
 * headLand (2005–2006)
 * Popstars Live (2000–2002, 2004)
 * Surprise Chef (2001–2003)
 * The Daily Edition (2013–2020)
 * Andrew Denton's Interview (2018–2019)
 * The Dream with Roy and HG (2000, 2004)
 * The Ice Dream with Roy and HG (2002)
 * Win Roy & H.G.'s Money (2000)
 * The Monday Dump (2001–2002)
 * The Nation Dumps (2002)
 * The Cream (2003)
 * The Matty Johns Show (2010)
 * Sportsworld (HSV-7 1987–2003) (ATN-7 2004–2006)
 * The Mole (2005)
 * Sunday Sunrise (1997–2004, 2005)
 * Between Two Worlds (2020)
 * Plate of Origin (2020)
 * The Secret Daughter (2016–2017)
 * Secret Bridesmaids' Business (2019)

Early efforts by the station included variety series Sydney Tonight (1956–1959), Captain Fortune Show (1956–1960) for children, soap opera Autumn Affair (1958–1959) and talent program TV Talent Scout (1957–1958).

title: ATN


text:
ATN (disambiguation)

ATN is the Sydney flagship television station of the Seven Network in Australia.

ATN may also refer to:

Medicine

 * Acute tubular necrosis, a medical condition of the kidneys
 * Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
 * Atypical trigeminal neuralgia

Television

 * ATN Filmnet, the early name of Dutch premium channel Filmnet
 * Access Television Network, California, US
 * Aotearoa Television Network, defunct Māori language television station from New Zealand
 * Arabian Television Network, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
 * Ariana Television Network, Kabul, Afghanistan
 * Asia Television Network, the first independent television channel in India
 * Asian Television Network, Canada
 * ATN Channel, Canada, owned by Asian Television Network

Transportation

 * Advanced transit network, another name for personal rapid transit
 * Air Transport International, ICAO airline designator
 * Anaheim Resort Transportation, or Anaheim Transportation Network
 * Anniston station (Amtrak station code: ATN), Alabama, United States
 * Arriva Trains Northern, a former train operator, England
 * Atherton railway station, Greater Manchester, England (National Rail code)
 * Australian Transport Network, a former freight railway operator in Australia
 * Namatanai Airport, Papua New Guinea, IATA code

Other

 * Addicted to Noise, former online music magazine
 * Aeronautical Telecommunication Network
 * ATN International, a US telecommunications company
 * Augmented transition network in linguistics
 * Australian Technology Network, a network of universities in Australia

title: ATN (disambiguation)


text:
TCN (disambiguation)

TCN is a television station in Sydney, Australia, with initials standing for "Television Corporation New South Wales".

TCN may also refer to:

Broadcast media

 * The Comedy Network, a Canadian comedy TV channel owned by Bell Media
 * The Country Network, an American TV channel broadcasting country music videos
 * The Comcast Network, a regional sports network owned by Comcast broadcasting in the Eastern United States
 * The Cartoon Network, a holding company for Cartoon Network and Adult Swim brands, owned by Warner Bros. Discovery
 * Tucker Carlson Network, a subscription video on-demand streaming service launched December 2023

Science and technology

 * Tetracycline, an antibiotic used to treat conditions including cholera, brucellosis, plague, malaria and syphilis
 * Train communication network, a fieldbus standard used in train control systems, described in IEC 61375
 * Topology change notification in Spanning Tree Protocol, an Ethernet networking protocol
 * Terrestrial Cosmogenic nuclide, rare isotope found on the earth surface

Other uses

 * The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of seven fantasy novels for children written by C. S. Lewis
 * The Curling News, a sports publication first launched as Canadian Curling News
 * Take Care Now, a provider of out-of-hours medical services in England, now defunct
 * Transportation Communications Newsletter, an electronic newsletter published since 1998
 * Third country national, a designation in migration contexts, or regarding public-sector contracts

title: TCN (disambiguation)


text:
Joannes de Laet

Joannes or Johannes De Laet (Latinized as Ioannes Latius) (1581 in Antwerp – buried 15 December 1649, in Leiden) was a Dutch geographer and director of the Dutch West India Company. Philip Burden called his History of the New World, "...arguably the finest description of the Americas published in the seventeenth century" and "...one of the foundation maps of Canada". De Laet was the first to print maps with the names Manhattan, New Amsterdam (now New York City) and Massachusetts.

Life
De Laet was born in Antwerp between September and December 1581, a son of cloth merchant Hans De Laet. In 1584, upon the fall of Antwerp to Spanish troops, the family, like tens of thousands of Protestant Flemings, fled to the Northern Netherlands and settled in Amsterdam. There Johannes attended the Latin school. He matriculated as a student of Theology and Philosophy at the University of Leiden in 1597. One of his teachers there was the great humanist scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger, with whom he maintained a correspondence until the latter's death. After his graduation, his father sent him to London in 1603 to gain experience as a merchant. There he married Jacobmijntje van Loor, the daughter of a well-to-do Anglo-Dutch merchant, but returned to Leiden in 1607 upon her too early death. On 7 May 1608 he married Maria Boudewijns van Berlicum in Leiden. De Laet increased his fortune by investing in land reclamations and overseas trade and became one of the founding directors of the Dutch West Indies Company in 1620, an office he retained for the rest of his life. The city of Leiden sent him as an elder-delegate to the great Synod of Dort (1618–1619).

In his leisure time, De Laet spent much of his time in his study room, well-stocked with books, manuscripts, maps, globes and paintings. He published widely on topics ranging from church history to world history. He played a crucial role in the 1648 publication of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, a compendium of research on the flora and fauna of Brazil by Georg Marcgraf and Willem Piso, whose patron was Johan Maurits, governor of Dutch Brazil. Marcgraf had written his portion of the work in a secret cipher, but died before the work was published. De Laet decoded it. A further contribution by De Laet was his preface to this important work, which emphasized the comparability of Northeast Brazil with other areas with a similar climate. The work subsequently circulated widely in northern Europe and beyond in scientific circles, and was not supplanted as an authoritative text for a hundred fifty years. He also edited Pliny's Historia naturalis and Vitruvius' De architectura, wrote a detailed account of the New World and compiled an (unpublished) Old English-Latin dictionary – to mention just a selection of his forty publications. His correspondents include the English antiquaries William Camden, Sir Henry Spelman, Sir William Boswell, Abraham Wheelock, Sir Simonds D'Ewes, James Usher, Patrick Young, John Morris, and the Danish antiquary Ole Worm.

De Laet died in December 1649 while in The Hague. He was buried in the Pieterskerk in Leiden on the 14th, next to Maria Boudewijns who had died in 1633.

History of the New World
His History of the New World was published in several editions by Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, Leiden. The first edition was published in Dutch in 1625 as Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien; a second edition also in Dutch, came out in 1630 as ''Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien door Joannes De Laet. Tweede druk: In ontallycke placesen verbetert, vermeerdert, met eenige nieuwe caerten, beelden van verscheijden dieren ende planten verciert''.

A Latin edition from 1633, prepared by himself, was entitled ''Novus Orbis seu descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII authore Joanne De Laet Antverp. Novis tabulis geographicis et variis animantium, Plantarum Fructuumque iconibus illustrata; in 1640 he published a French edition, in his own translation, as L'Histoire du Nouveau Monde ou description des Indes Occidentales, contenant dix-huict livres, enrichi de nouvelles tables geographiqiues & figures des animaux, plantes & fruicts''.

Each successive edition had significantly updated maps.

Other works

 * The Empire of the Great Mogul, translated by J.S. Hoyland with S.N. Bannerjee. Taraporevela, Bombay, 1928. Reissued Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1975, ISBN 81-7069-041-2.
 * "Persia" (Latin: Persia seu Regni Persici Status Variaque Itinera in atque per Persiam : cum Aliquot Iconibus Incolarum), LVGD. BATAV. ex officina Elzeviriana, Anna MDCXXXIII (1633).

title: Joannes de Laet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Babiarz

Chris Babiarz was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Chris Babiarz
Article fails to establish notability, probably vanity. Martg76 04:12, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, new user's obligatory vanity entry. I'm contemplating VfDing the same user's dyadic communication.  The jury is still out. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:24, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The dyad is a unit of rhetoric discussed by Kenneth Burke. I read Burke 17 years ago and haven't looked at his works again.  Burke is kind of a wild man of rhetorical theory, but some Canadian theorists, in particular, picked up his work and attempted a full rhetoric derived from Burke's ideas (as, for example, people have begun teaching freshman rhetoric using the Aristotelian enthymeme).  A substub as bad as this has nothing to justify itself.  Burke fans are somewhat rare, but it's not a nonsensical topic. Geogre 15:16, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, vanity. And I'd probably vote to delete dyadic communication, too. Remes 05:12, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:59, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 06:41, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vain undergrad. --MarkSweep 06:52, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. --Gtabary 10:04, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not a speedy under current rules. (Hmm, dyads are Kenneth Burke's theory, aren't they?)  Geogre 15:11, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:30, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --MPerel 09:25, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. CO GDEN  18:37, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete [[User:Squash|Squash (Talk)]] 01:07, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Iodised salt

Iodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine. The ingestion of iodine prevents iodine deficiency. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Deficiency also causes thyroid gland problems, including endemic goitre. In many countries, iodine deficiency is a major public health problem that can be cheaply addressed by purposely adding small amounts of iodine to the sodium chloride salt.

Iodine is a micronutrient and dietary mineral that is naturally present in the food supply in some regions, especially near sea coasts but is generally quite rare in the Earth's crust since iodine is a so-called heavy element, and abundance of chemical elements generally declines with greater atomic mass. Where natural levels of iodine in the soil are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables, iodine added to salt provides the small but essential amount of iodine needed by humans.

An opened package of table salt with iodide may rapidly lose its iodine content in high temperature and high relative humidity conditions through the process of oxidation and iodine sublimation. Poor manufacturing techniques and storage processes can also lead to insufficient amounts of iodine in table salt.

Chemistry, biochemistry and nutritional aspects
Four inorganic compounds are used as iodide sources, depending on the producer: potassium iodate, potassium iodide, sodium iodate, and sodium iodide. Any of these compounds supplies the body with its iodine required for the biosynthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones by the thyroid gland. Animals also benefit from iodine supplements, and the hydrogen iodide derivative of ethylenediamine is the main supplement to livestock feed.

Salt is an effective vehicle for distributing iodine to the public because it does not spoil and is consumed in more predictable amounts than most other commodities. For example, the concentration of iodine in salt has gradually increased in Switzerland: 3.75 mg/kg in 1922, 7.5 mg/kg in 1962, 15 mg/kg in 1980, 20 mg/kg in 1998, and 25 mg/kg since 2014. These increases were found to improve iodine status in the general Swiss population.

Salt that is iodized with iodide may slowly lose its iodine content by exposure to excess air over long periods. Salts fortified with iodate are relatively stable to storage and heat; the main concern is reducing impurities in the salt itself, which can be removed relatively easily. Moisture accelerates the decomposition of iodate, but ceases to do so once reducing impurities are removed.

Contrary to popular belief, iodised salt cannot be used as a substitute for potassium iodide (KI) to protect a person's thyroid gland in the event of a nuclear emergency. There is not enough iodine in iodised salt to block the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid.

Production
Edible salt can be iodised by spraying it with a potassium iodate or potassium iodide solution. 57 grams of potassium iodate, costing about US$1.15 (in 2006), is required to iodise a ton (2,000 pounds) of salt. Optional additives include:
 * Stabilizers such as dextrose (typically at about 0.04%) and sodium thiosulfate, which prevents potassium iodide from oxidizing and evaporating. These ingredients are not required for potassium iodate, which is commonly used globally for its increased stability, but is not approved by the US FDA.
 * Anti-caking agents such as calcium silicate and sodium ferrocyanide, which prevent clumping.

In public health initiatives
Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities. According to public health experts, iodisation of salt may be the world's simplest and most cost-effective measure available to improve health, only costing US$0.05 per person per year. At the World Summit for Children in 1990, a goal was set to eliminate iodine deficiency by 2000. At that time, 25% of households consumed iodised salt, a proportion that increased to 66% by 2006.

Salt producers are often, although not always, supportive of government initiatives to iodize edible salt supplies. Opposition to iodization comes from small salt producers who are concerned about the added expense, private makers of iodine pills, concerns about promoting salt intake, and unfounded rumors that iodization causes AIDS or other illnesses.

The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends 150 micrograms (0.15 mg) of iodine per day for adults.

Argentina
Since 8 May 1967 salt for human or animal use must be iodised, according to the Law 17,259.

Australia
Australian children were identified as being iodine deficient in a survey conducted between 2003 and 2004. As a result of this study the Australian Government mandated that all bread with the exception of "organic" bread must use iodised salt. There remains concern that this initiative is not sufficient for pregnant and lactating women.

Brazil
Iodine Deficiency Disorders were detected as a major public health issue by Brazilian authorities in the 1950s when about 20% of the population had a goitre. The National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA) is responsible for setting the mandatory iodine content of table salt. The Brazilian diet averages 12 g of table salt per day, more than twice the recommended value of 5 g a day. To avoid excess consumption of iodine, the iodizing of Brazilian table salt was reduced to 15–45 mg/kg in July 2013. Specialists criticized the move, saying that it would be better for the government to promote reduced salt intake, which would solve the iodine problem as well as reduce the incidence of high blood pressure.

Canada
Salt sold to consumers in Canada for table and household use must be iodized with 0.01% potassium iodide. Sea salt and salt sold for other purposes, such as pickling, may be sold uniodized.

China
Much of the Chinese population lives inland, far from sources of dietary iodine. In 1996, the Chinese Ministry of Public Health estimated that iodine deficiency was responsible for 10 million cases of intellectual developmental disorders in China. Chinese governments have held a legal monopoly on salt production since 119 BCE and began iodizing salt in the 1960s, but market reforms in the 1980s led to widespread smuggling of non-iodized salt from private producers. In the inland province of Ningxia, only 20% of salt consumed was sold by the China National Salt Industry Corporation. The Chinese government responded by cracking down on smuggled salt, establishing salt police with 25,000 officers to enforce the salt monopoly. Consumption of iodized salt reached 90% of the Chinese population by 2000.

India
India and all of its states ban the sale of non-iodized salt for human consumption. However, implementation and enforcement of this policy are imperfect; a 2009 survey found that 9% of households used non-iodized salt and that another 20% used insufficiently iodized salt.

Iodised salt was introduced to India in the late 1950s. Public awareness was increased by special programs and initiatives, both governmental and nongovernmental. As of now, iodine deficiency is only present in a few isolated regions which are still unreachable. In India, some people use Himalayan rock salt. Rock salt however is low in iodine and should be consumed only when there are other iodine-rich foods in diet.

Iran
A national program with iodized salt started in 1992. A national survey of 1990 revealed the prevalence of iodine deficiency to be 20-80% in different parts of Iran indicating a major public health problem. Central provinces, far from the sea, had the highest prevalence of iodine deficiency. The national salt enrichment program had a great rapid success. Prevalence of goiter in Iran dropped dramatically. The national survey in 1996 reported 40% of boys and 50% of girls have goiter. The 3rd national survey in 2001 showed that the total goiter rate is 9.8%. In 2007, the 4th national survey was conducted 17 years after iodized salt consumption by Iranian households. In this study the total goiter rate was 5.7%.

Concerns of iodine deficiency have raised over recent years due to consumption of non-iodized salts especially sea salt which is strongly suggested by traditional medicine workers in Iran. Many of whom have not any academic studies.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, a country in Central Eurasia in which local food supplies seldom contain sufficient iodine, has drastically reduced iodine deficiency through salt iodization programs. Campaigns by the government and non-profit organizations to educate the public about the benefits of iodized salt began in the mid-1990s, with iodization of edible salt becoming legally mandatory in 2002.

Malaysia
Salt being sold in the country must be iodized which is forced under the Food Regulation 1985 from 30 September 2020.

Nepal
The Salt Trading Corporation has been distributing Iodized Salt in Nepal since 1963. 98% of the Population uses Iodized Salt. Utilising non-Iodised salt for human consumption is prohibited. Salt costs about US$0.27 a Kilo.

Philippines
On December 20, 1995, Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act 8172: An Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN). However, local production of non-iodized salt continues.

Romania
According to the 568/2002 law signed by the Romanian parliament and republished in 2009, since 2002 iodized salt is distributed mandatory in the whole country. It is used mandatory on the market for household consumption, in bakeries, and for pregnant women. Iodised salt is optional though for animal consumption and the food industry, although widely used. The salt iodization process has to assure a minimum of 30mg iodine/kg of salt.

South Africa
The South African government instructed that all salt for sale was to be iodised after December 12, 1995.

Switzerland
Switzerland was the first country to introduce iodised salt, in the world's first food fortification programme.

In the early 20th century, goitre was endemic in most Swiss cantons. Iodine was recognised to have an effect on goitre, but it was not until Heinrich Hunziker, a GP in Adliswil, argued that the necessary dose of iodine was minute (with larger amounts causing overdose issues), and another doctor, Otto Bayard, conducted successful experiments based on this idea, that the theory of goitre as iodine deficiency came to be accepted. Learning of Hunziker's theory, Bayard conducted experiments with iodised salt containing only tiny amounts of iodine in villages badly affected by goitre. The success of these led, starting in 1922, to the adoption of iodised salt throughout the Swiss cantons.

Today, iodised salt continues to be used in Switzerland, where historically endemic iodine deficiency has been eradicated.

Syria
In the late 1980s, a Syrian endocrinologist named Samir Ouaess conducted research on hypothyroidism and noticed that 90 percent of Syrians suffer from hypothyroidism, 50 percent suffer from health problems as a result of Thyroid deficiency, and 10 percent of students suffer from a decline in their academic level due to that problem. Dr. Ouaess linked these results with the fact that natural drinking water sources in Syria do not contain enough minerals. He presented the result of that study to the Syrian Ministry of Health. After that, adding iodine to salt became almost mandatory till 2021, when the Syrian government cancelled the iodization of salt as a result of economic problems related to economic sanctions.

United Kingdom
Iodised salt is not readily available in the UK, where table salt forms a low proportion of salt consumed and there exists a conflict of interest with the salt-reduction campaign, which aims to reduce salt consumption further still.

UK milk had historically provided an alternative avenue for iodine intake, for which it is indirectly fortified through cattle feed. Iodisation of cattle feed was originally started in the 1930s with the goal of improving cow health. Iodophor disinfectants used in milking parlours also serve as a source of iodine for cows. Subsequent dairy promotion programs increased the population's milk consumption, creating an "accidental public health triumph" by increasing the population's iodine consumption and nearly eliminating goitre. However, a number of factors threaten this triumph: 2005 limits on iodine content of animal feed, organic milk (which contains lower amounts of iodine because of restrictions on mineral additions ), and overall reduction in milk intake. A number of studies between 1995 and 2020 has found iodine deficiency in British teenagers and pregnant women.

United States
Iodized salt is not mandatory in the United States, but it is widely available.

In the early 20th century, goitres were especially prevalent in the region around the Great Lakes and the Pacific Northwest. David Murray Cowie, a professor of paediatrics at the University of Michigan, led the United States to adopt the Swiss practice of adding sodium iodide or potassium iodide to table and cooking salt. On May 1, 1924, iodised salt was sold commercially in Michigan. By the fall of 1924, Morton Salt Company began distributing iodised salt nationally.

A 2017 study found that the introduction of iodized salt in 1924 raised the IQ for the one-quarter of the population most deficient in iodine. These findings "can explain roughly one decade's worth of the upward trend in IQ in the United States (the Flynn effect)". The study also found "a large increase in thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with high prevalence of iodine deficiency" between 1910–1960, a high short-term price for iodization's long-running benefits. A 2013 study found a gradual increase in average intelligence of 1 standard deviation, 15 points in iodine-deficient areas and 3.5 points nationally after the introduction of iodized salt.

A 2018 paper found that the nationwide distribution of iodine-fortified salt increased incomes by 11%, labour force participation by 0.68 percentage points and full-time work by 0.9 percentage points. According to the study, "These impacts were largely driven by changes in the economic outcomes of young women. In later adulthood, both men and women had higher family incomes due to iodization."

No-additive salts for canning and pickling
In contrast to table salt, which often contains iodide as well as anti-caking ingredients, special canning and pickling salt is made for producing the brine to be used in pickling vegetables and other foodstuffs. Contrary to popular belief, however, iodized salt affects neither colour, taste, nor consistency of pickles.

Processed food from the US almost universally do not use iodised salt, raising concerns about possible deficiency. On the other hand, processed food from Thailand contribute sufficient iodine to most of the population.

Double-fortified salt (DFS)
Salt can also be double-fortified with iron and iodine. The iron is microencapsulated with stearin to prevent it from reacting with the iodine in the salt. By providing iron in addition to iodine in the convenient delivery vehicle of salt, it could serve as a sustainable approach to combating both iodine and iron deficiency disorders in areas where both deficiencies are prevalent.

Adding iron to iodized salt is complicated by several chemical, technical, and organoleptic issues. Since a viable DFS premix became available for scale-up in 2001, a body of scientific literature has been emerging to support the DFS initiative including studies conducted in Ghana, India, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya and Morocco.

Fluoridated salt
In some countries, table salt is treated with potassium fluoride to enhance dental health.

Diethylcarbamazine
In India and China, diethylcarbamazine has been added to salt to combat lymphatic filariasis.

title: Iodised salt


text:
User talk:RAINDROPSIX

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:12, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:RAINDROPSIX


text:
File:TheLostVikings.png

The Lost Vikings

title: File:TheLostVikings.png


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Ratz (political party)

Ratz (רָצ), officially the Movement for Civil Rights and Peace (Hebrew:, HaTnua'a LeZkhuyot HaEzrah VeLaShalom) was a left-wing political party in Israel that focused on human rights, civil rights, and women's rights. It was active from 1973 until its formal merger into Meretz in 1997. However, it remains a registered political party.

History
The Movement for Civil Rights and Peace was formed in 1973 by Shulamit Aloni, a former MK for the Alignment, 48 hours after she had left the party. As a member of the Israeli peace camp it opposed the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza strip and called for a peace settlement with the Palestine Liberation Organization from its birth. The party advocated secularism, the separation of religion and state, and civil rights, most notably women's rights, a topic that was very close to Aloni. It was also a notable fighter against corruption and for a written constitution, and Aloni was the initiator of the Knesset sub-committee for basic laws (Israel's equivalent of a constitution). For a while it also supported electoral reform.

In its first test, the 1973 elections, the party won 2.2% of the vote and three seats in the Knesset, which were taken by Aloni, new American immigrant Marcia Freedman, and Boaz Moav. The party soon gained the popular name Ratz, as it used the letters Resh-Tzadik on the election ballot paper. Following Golda Meir's resignation, the party joined Yitzhak Rabin's government and Aloni served as a minister without portfolio. This was one of the few periods in Israel's political history when no religious parties were part of the coalition. The arrangement lasted for a few months only and when the National Religious Party joined the coalition, Ratz left it.

In 1975 the party merged with Aryeh Eliav, an independent MK who had broken away from the Alignment, to form a new party, Ya'ad – Civil Rights Movement. However, it broke up the following year, and Aloni and Moaz reformed Ratz. Freedman did not return, instead forming the Social-Democratic Faction (later renamed the Independent Socialist Faction) with Eliav, and then breaking away again to form the Women's Party prior to the 1977 elections. Also prior to the 1977 elections, the Independent Socialist Faction merged with several other small left-wing parties (Moked, Meri and the Black Panthers) to form the Left Camp of Israel.

Ratz performed poorly in the '77 elections, winning only one seat, which Aloni took. The 1981 elections were a repeat, with only Aloni representing the party in the Knesset. During the Knesset session she merged the party into the Alignment, but then broke away again before the term ended.

Before the 1984 elections the Left Camp of Israel merged into Ratz in a one-to-three ratio, bringing with them Ran Cohen among others. The elections were an improvement on the previous two, and saw the party win three seats. During the Knesset session, the party gained another two seats when Yossi Sarid and Mordechai Virshubski joined, defecting from the Alignment and Shinui respectively. The party retained its five-seat strength in the 1988 elections.

Prior to the 1992 elections the party formed an alliance with Mapam and Shinui named Meretz, whilst keeping their independent status within the union. The new party was a success, winning 12 seats, two more than the parties had held in the previous Knesset. Prior to the 1996 elections, Aloni finally lost the leadership of the party, defeated by Sarid in internal elections. She retired from politics immediately. In 1997 the merger was made official (though several Shinui members led by Avraham Poraz broke away to reform as an independent party, whilst David Zucker became an independent MK), and Ratz effectively ceased to exist. However, it remained a registered political party and submitted financial reports to the Party Registrar in 2010 and 2013.

title: Ratz (political party)