text:
Talk:Josephson effect

Practical uses and Nobel Prize worthiness
There isn't a single word about practical uses or its generic significance to further advancing physics. I mean Nobel prizes are awarded for achievements beneficial to the mankind, abstract beauty is not enough. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.70.48.245 (talk) 11:28, 10 December 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe his psychic quantum theory powers affected the judges enough to nominate him? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.2.114.221 (talk) 02:39, 7 March 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd have to agree; the article should mention why this was considered Nobel-worthy. --Starwed 10:42, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I can't believe it!! Re practical uses, you don't seem to have read the section 'Applications'. --Brian Josephson (talk) 16:18, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * When that comment was written, more than 15 years ago, there was no 'Applications' section. MrOllie (talk) 15:42, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. That bit sprung right to my eyes when I checked a recent update. Brian Josephson (talk) 17:41, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Uses ?
There is nothing about what all this means! I mean, it explains the technical parts, gives the proof, shows the equation- all of which is well and good, but I came beause I heard it was being used in ultra-fast chip prototypes and other interesting devices, and the page gives me nada. -- maru

 * I think the writer could only benefit from understanding the physical principles behind the Josephson effect, before engaging in the trivia of applications, which sadly risk becoming nothing but a mindless tabulation of data, without the deeper understanding, which lately seems to have become a dirty word. Certainly the applications are humanly and economically very important, but please spare us from having the applications promoted and discussed by fast Eddy, and other busybodies who are too eager to talk about some reality using a few memorized buzzwords, but are incapable of doing anything useful with that reality. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.81.112.177 (talk) 10:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no real problem with the principles and the explanations; however, in the end all research should come back to pratical applications- science is a tool, not an art. And I have no idea what most of your comment is talk about. --maru (talk) Contribs 18:16, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I got into this for reasons that can be seen from the Anderson-Rowell section of this talk page. Apart from correcting a misspelling of my name I'll leave the article untouched, but comment that the statement of what I discovered seems to me unhelpful, and unless one is going to go into great detail talking about phases etc. (which would merit a section its own) the best thing would simply be to indicate that 1962 was the date when the predictions were made.  I'd also like to add that theoreticians would strongly dispute the suggestion that research in physics is only of interest in terms of practical applications.  That would among other things rule out astronomy, whose practical relevance stopped as soon as the positions of the sun and moon were figured out.  That isn't of course to belittle the importance of discussing the practical applications and including them in the article. --Brian Josephson (talk) 16:31, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Science is in the first place is the search for knowledge. Practical applications are a useful extra when they exist.  Particle physics is another matter having become speculation, rather than clear knowledge or unambigous understanding. Brian Josephson (talk) 16:27, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * There is another entry,  Josephson Junction, which describes a bit the applications. Maybe the content of these two articles coulb be merged in the future?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Filou (talk • contribs) 16:46, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That seems like a good idea to me; the effect seems to be more embracing than the junction, so I would merge in Junction to Effect. --maru (talk) Contribs 18:16, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

entries merged
The content of the page Josephson junction has been merged into the page describing the Josephson effect, and a few words about applications have been added. All this can still be improved, feel free to do it. Filou 22:21, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Correction
Added a correction: the Josephson effect does not define the SI volt, it is presently used as a representation for the volt (there is a relative uncertainty of 4 x 10^-7 of the voltage generated by the Josephson effect to the SI volt.) Dalle 19:55, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks to me like it is: Volt Confuted 01:58, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Temperature unit
I changed Kelvin to kelvin, to follow proper SI practice in English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.9.92.145 (talk) 17:47, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

I-V characteristic
I am working with Josephson junction every day, but I never saw such a strange I-V characteristic. Can this be substituted to something standard like tunnel JJ IVC or RSJ IVC? — Preceding unsigned comment added by E goldobin (talk • contribs) 17:44, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Historical question
The Biography for Josephson says that he discovered the Josephson effect. The introduction for the Josephson effect (this article) says that he predicted it. Which is correct? This discrepancy should be addressed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.180.7.193 (talk) 09:17, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This bothered me too, but I imagine it's sloppy language; predicting an effect can be thought of discovering it's possibility in a theory. But even if that's what was meant, it certainly gives the wrong impression.  --Starwed 10:40, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Practical uses and follow-up
In earlier versions, the article contained more links and comments about practical issues. Why they vanished is unclear to me ... Filou 22:11, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

'The Josephson effect is the phenomenon of current flow across two weakly...' shouldn't this be more specific current of cooper pairs, so not quasi particles?--129.125.6.1 (talk) 10:32, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Consistency in Equations
Is the proper constant in the equations $$\displaystyle \frac{\hbar}{2e}$$ or $$\displaystyle \frac{h}{2e}$$? $$h$$ and $$\hbar$$ differ by a factor of $$2\pi$$; this article uses them interchangably. Confuted 01:59, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * In its current state, the article uses $$h$$ only when giving the frequency. This is correct.  The angular frequency (e.g. rad/s) is $$\frac{2 e}{\hbar}\cdot U_{DC}$$, but the frequency (e.g. 1/s) is $$\frac{2 e}{h}\cdot U_{DC}$$.  -Beastinwith (talk) 17:22, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

I wonder if you want to leave the reader with that confusion or at least uncertainty on the mixed use of $$h$$ and $$\hbar$$ in this article? For the sake of clarity, please use one or the other, but not both.

Reddwarf2956 (talk) 00:32, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Any other process Apjdiehard98 (talk) 18:14, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

Clarification
My impression from reading other sources is that a current must be induced in the case of the DC Josephson effect. The special thing is that the current then flows across the barrier without a voltage drop. If this is accurate I think it should be mentioned in the description of the DC Josephson effect. -Beastinwith (talk) 03:42, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Physical Intuition
This entry contains little in the way of physical interpretations of the Josephson effects. If anybody has some physical intuition beyond the listed equations I think that including it would improve the article. -Beastinwith (talk) 03:42, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * the effect also occurs in superfluids. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gyroscope http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-39604.html. just-emery (talk) 12:56, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * clearly the thing that ties all these things together and that forms the basis of superconductivity and I presume superfluidity as well is 'cooper pairs' (and/or 'lone pairs'). readers that want to dig deeper into this phenomenon should probably be directed there. just-emery (talk) 13:28, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * According to the article Superfluid:
 * "Superfluid acts as if it were a mixture of a normal component, with all the properties associated with normal fluid, and a superfluid component."
 * I assume that the same is true for superconductors. If so then the nonsuperconducting component would be responsible for the voltage drop while the superconducting component would be responsible for the ac current. just-emery (talk) 23:52, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

ac josephson current/energy loss
the ac current must radiate energy so how is it replenished? just-emery (talk) 12:35, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * From the source that supplies the dc voltage. --Brian Josephson (talk) 16:36, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

t
Is t in the equations the time or the thickness. At this point I think it is the time, but before reading below I interpreted it as the thickness of the gap. Would someone please state which it is? David R. Ingham (talk) 22:02, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * t is time Tls60 (talk) 22:42, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Anderson-Rowell reference
Following comment by Anderson, who may have looked in the reference list at the end and found that his paper with Rowell announcing the first experimental observation of the effect was not included, I've made the in-text reference a proper reference (is it only subjects like cold fusion that the w'pedia vigilantes give their undivided attention to?). I merely transferred the details that were there, and maybe someone with the time to spare can (a) check the reference is correct (b) include the title of the paper (c) include a suitable link, doi or whatever.--Brian Josephson (talk) 11:02, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Update: ignore the above request: I found I had the title ready to hand, and it is all fixed now! --Brian Josephson --Brian Josephson (talk) 16:10, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

I've learned that it was Anderson himself who put in the key reference. At his advanced age he can perhaps be excused for not doing it in the officially authorised way! --Brian Josephson (talk) 08:08, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

magnetic field sensitivity
The article lists 3 main effects (DC/AC/inverse AC), but the magnetic field sensitivity is equally important and should be included in the list, with a suitable accompanying graphic. --Brian Josephson (talk) 08:07, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Request to Brian Josephson
Could Brian Josephson make his article containing the prediction of the effect openly/freely available (as a link) to all readers of the Josephson effect article in Wikipedia?--86.120.44.145 (talk) 17:57, 20 May 2012 (UTC)
 * My Nobel lecture is already linked in to the WP article. Was there another article you had in mind (I did do one for a book but can't track it down, but if you have the details that could help my search).--Brian Josephson (talk) 13:39, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

I.M. Yurin's Theory
I'm removing the paragraph that links the article by "I.M. Yurin". The article in question, while it is in a peer-reviewed journal, has not been cited elsewhere, and does not seem to be notable enough to warrant inclusion. The author does not appear to be associated with a notable university or research institution, and I suspect that the article author himself is the one posting this information. If the editor chooses to restore the link without commenting on this page, I will refer the matter for dispute resolution, as he has already engaged in the same behavior on the BCS theory page. PianoDan (talk) 20:13, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

merge/add Josephson energy into Josephson effect
I'm proposing a merge from the Josephson energy article, which seems to cover a fair amount of the same ground as this one, with additional math. If the two articles should be separate, the Josephson energy article needs to be cleaned up and have references added. I'm not familiar enough with the topic to tell if there should be separate articles or not, but it looks like this is the more comprehensive article. -- phoebe / (talk to me) 04:36, 2 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, at this point the merge would be beneficial for both articles (and yes, I am familiar with the topic). In principle, I can imagine a separate article on Josephson energy, but this requires a fair amount of work to create it. What is it there now is best to be merged.--Ymblanter (talk) 06:53, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

I think that merging is a good idea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.130.188.188 (talk • contribs) 02:28, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I also agree that merging would be a sound idea as it would help people better understand Graphene. Prehaps, you could merge it an just make Josephson Energy a separate section of the Josephson effect article. Physics16 (talk) 01:01, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I have performed the merge. Should the very short Josephson phase and Josephson penetration depth be merged as well? Antony–22 (talk⁄contribs) 19:06, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

What does the critical current depend on
Article says "The critical current is an important phenomenological parameter of the device that can be affected by temperature as well as by an applied magnetic field." [How] Does it depend on the materials and dimensions of the device ? (other articles talk of a critical current density) - Rod57 (talk) 04:58, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * It is inversely proportional to the normal state resistance, which takes care of the device properties.--Ymblanter (talk) 07:01, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

Voltage-to-curvature conversion claim
Can somebody provide a good reference for the voltage-to-curvature converter claim? I am just a layman in the fields of both QM and GR, but the claim that a Josephson junction can be used to electronically modulate spacetime curvature seems suspect to me - wouldn't that be a huge leap in our current understanding? The only source I can find for it is this arXiv article and it's by the same author that added the section to this Wikipedia page. Peter Kazakoff (talk) 20:37, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * This claim looks highly doubtful. I've done this quick calculation according to the suggested formula and Einstein field equations: $$ R = (4/3)(48 m^{*} e U/\hbar^2) = (8 \pi G/c^4) T $$, where m* was taken as double the electron mass. The effective mass density is $$\rho = T/c^2 = U \cdot (9.0 \times 10^{46} \text{kg}/\text{m}^3/\text{V})$$. For a typical junction voltage of 1 mV and junction volume of 1 μm3 (see, e.g. Josephson voltage standard), this results in density of 9.0e+43 kg/m3 and total mass of 9.0e+25 kg, which is 15 times the mass of Earth. Unless I misunderstood the implied phenomenon, the resultant gravitational field would definitely destroy our planet, which obviously does not happen. Should this section be removed? Pakras (talk) 10:24, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Since this seems physically unreasonable, because there is no good citation for it, and because it was posted by the author of the obscure paper it came from, I have decided to be bold and remove it for the time being. Peter Kazakoff (talk) 16:24, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

Value of e
The section "Josephson equations" uses the constant $e$ in several places. What this means is not defined in the text. In some places it's raised to a power, which makes me think it's the base of natural logarithms. But the context is electrodynamics, making me think it might be the elementary charge. Which is it? If it's one or the other in different contexts, we should distinguish the latter by using $qe$ instead. Hairy Dude (talk) 18:36, 11 May 2022 (UTC)
 * e which is raised to a power is a number, all other e's in this section stand for electron charge.--Ymblanter (talk) 18:40, 11 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I think people knowledgeable enough about physics to be able to appreciate the equations won't have any problem knowing which version of $e$ applies in each case, whereas your proposed alternative will only tend to cause confusion. However, at the start where it says 'If the electric potential difference across the junction is $V$', one might include for clarity the fact that $e$ denotes the charge on the electron. --Brian Josephson (talk) 18:54, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Problem on demonstration of $I(t) = I_c \sin (\varphi (t)) $
By definition, I(t) is proportionnal to the derivative of $\dot n_A$.

So, $I_c$ is proportionnal to $\frac{2K\sqrt{n_An_B}}{\hbar}$. In case of V nul, the DC Josephson effect gives us a constant current $\dot n_A$. However, according to the formula $\dot n_A=\frac{2K\sqrt{n_An_B}}{\hbar}\sin \varphi$, $\dot n_A$ is proportional to $ n_A$  which is a first order differential equation and so it is not constant.

If someone could add an explanation of that. AnthonyB20 (talk) 22:31, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think much of that section of the web page, based on Feynman's oversimplification but pretty incomprehensible as presented. The original proof was only two pages! But perhaps the whole section should be removed, with a reference somewhere to the original calculation in Physics Letters. --Brian Josephson (talk) 18:01, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Nothing on Amplifiers?
Probably the most common use right now, and I see no reference to it. A bit srange, maybe I am missing something. 2600:4040:9AE7:B400:9878:B6B9:D4E8:57CC (talk) 17:23, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josephson effect


text:
User:Mike1971inter

I live in North Yorkshire, in the United Kingdom.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mike1971inter


text:
List of archbishops of Cyprus

This is a list of Archbishops of Cyprus since its foundation with known dates of enthronement. According to tradition, the Church of Cyprus was created by St. Barnabas in 45 AD. The see of Cyprus was declared autocephalous by the Council of Ephesus, on 30 July 431; its autocephaly was abolished in 1260, and was restored in 1571. As the head of the Church of Cyprus, the holder is styled Archbishop of Nova Justiniana and All Cyprus.

First Autocephalous Period (45–1260)

 * Gelasios I (325)
 * St. Epiphanios I (368)
 * Stavrinos I (403)
 * Troilos (431)
 * Reginos (431)
 * Olympios I (449)
 * Stavrinos II (457)
 * Anthemios (470)
 * Olympios II (During the reign of Justinian)
 * Philoxenos (During the reign of Justinian)
 * Damianos (During the reign of Justinian)
 * Sophronios I (During the reign of Justinian)
 * Gregorios (During the reign of Justinian)
 * Arkadios (During the reign of Justinian)
 * Theophanes I
 * Plutarch (620)
 * Arkadios II (630)
 * Serghios (643)
 * Epiphanios II (681)
 * John I (691)
 * Georgios (750)
 * Constantine (783)
 * Akakios (after 787)
 * Gelasios II (after 787 and likely successor of Akakios)
 * Theophanes II (early 9th century and likely successor of Gelasios Ii)
 * John II (early 9th century and likely successor of Theophanes II and predecessor either of Barnabas or Epiphanios III)
 * Epiphanios III (890)
 * Vasilios
 * Nikolaos, later Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
 * John III (1151)
 * Barnabas II (1175)
 * Sophronios II (1191)
 * Isaias (1209)
 * Neophytos I (1222)
 * Georgios II (1254)
 * Germanos I (1260)

Non-Autocephalous Period (1260–1571)
During the Lusignan and later Venetian rule from 1260–1571 the Church of Cyprus ceased to be autocephalous and came under the direct rule of the Papacy, its fourteen dioceses was reduced to four until after the Ottoman conquest in 1571, when the Ottomans, for expedient administrative reasons, restored to the Orthodox Church of Cyprus all its previous privileges and rights.

Second Autocephalous Period (1571–present)

 * Timotheos (1572)
 * Lavrentios (1580)
 * Neophytos II (1592)
 * Athanasios I (1592)
 * Veniamin (1600)
 * Christodoulos I (1606)
 * Nikephorus (1641)
 * Ilarion Kigalas (1674)
 * Christodoulos II (1682)
 * Iacovos I (1691)
 * Germanos II (1695)
 * Athanasios II (1705), later Patriarch of Antioch
 * Iacovos II (1709)
 * Silvestros (1718)
 * Philotheos (1734)
 * Paissios (1759)
 * Chrysanthos (1767)
 * Kyprianos (1810)
 * Ioakim (1821)
 * Damaskinos (1824)
 * Panaretos (1827)
 * Ioannikos (1840)
 * Kyrillos I (1849)
 * Makarios I (1854)
 * Sophronios III (1865)
 * Kyrillos II (1909)
 * Kyrillos III (1916)
 * Leontios (1947)
 * Makarios II (1947)
 * Makarios III (1950), first President of the Republic of Cyprus
 * Chrysostomos I (1977)
 * Chrysostomos II (2006)
 * George (2022)

title: List of archbishops of Cyprus


text:
List of Swiss International Air Lines destinations

This is a list of destinations served by Swiss International Air Lines including those served by franchise Helvetic Airways as of January 2023.

It includes the city, country, and the airport's name, with the airline's hubs marked. The list also contains the beginning and end year of services, with destinations marked if the services were not continual and if they are seasonal, and for dates which occur in the future.

Destinations

 * Notes


text:
ACCF

ACCF may refer to:

 * American Committee for Cultural Freedom, the U.S. affiliate of the Congress for Cultural Freedom
 * American College of Cardiology Foundation, a provider of medical education
 * American Council for Capital Formation, a pro-business think-tank and lobbying group
 * Animal Crossing: City Folk, a game for the Wii
 * Assemblée de la Commission communautaire française, the local representative of the French-speaking authorities in the Brussels-Capital Region
 * Assembly of Christian Churches in Fiji, an umbrella organization

title: ACCF


text: User talk:80.220.48.87

title: User talk:80.220.48.87


text:
Myringotomy

A myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which an incision is created in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to relieve pressure caused by excessive buildup of fluid, or to drain pus from the middle ear. A tympanostomy tube may be inserted through the eardrum to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged time and to prevent reaccumulation of fluid. Without the insertion of a tube, the incision usually heals spontaneously within two to three weeks. Depending on the type, the tube is either naturally extruded in 6 to 12 months or removed during a minor procedure.

Those requiring myringotomy usually have an obstructed or dysfunctional eustachian tube that is unable to perform drainage or ventilation in its usual fashion. Before the invention of antibiotics, myringotomy without tube placement was also used as a major treatment of severe acute otitis media (middle ear infection).

Nomenclature
The words myringotomy, tympanotomy, tympanostomy, and tympanocentesis overlap in meaning. The first two are always synonymous, and the third is often used synonymously. The core idea with each is cutting a hole in the eardrum to allow fluid to pass through it. Sometimes a distinction is drawn between myringotomy/tympanotomy and tympanostomy, in parallel with the general distinction between an -otomy (cutting) and an -ostomy (creating a stoma with some degree of permanence or semipermanence). In this distinction, only a tympanostomy involves tympanostomy tubes and creates a semipermanent stoma. This distinction in usage is not always made. The word tympanocentesis specifies that centesis (the removal of fluid ) is being done.

Etymologically, myringotomy (myringo-, from Latin myringa "eardrum", + -tomy) and tympanotomy (tympano- + -tomy) both mean "eardrum cutting", and tympanostomy (tympano- + -stomy means "making an eardrum stoma".

History
In 1649, Jean Riolan the Younger accidentally pierced a patient's eardrum while cleaning it with an ear spoon. Surprisingly, the patient's hearing improved. There are also reports from the 17th and 18th centuries describing separate experiments exploring the function of the eardrum. In particular, the animal experiments of Thomas Willis were expanded upon by Sir Astley Cooper, who presented two papers to the Royal Society in 1801 on his observations that myringotomy could improve hearing. First, he showed that two patients with perforations of both eardrums could hear perfectly well, despite conventional wisdom that this would result in deafness. Second, he demonstrated that deafness caused by obstruction of the Eustachian tube could be relieved by myringotomy, which equalized the pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane.

Widespread inappropriate use of the procedure later led to it falling out of use. However, it was reintroduced by Hermann Schwartze in the 19th century. An inherent problem became recognized, namely the tendency of the tympanic membrane to heal spontaneously and rapidly, reversing the beneficial effects of the perforation. In order to prevent this, a tympanostomy tube, initially made of gold foil, was placed through the incision to prevent it from closing. In 1819 the French physician Antoine Saissy (1756–1822) tried to keep the myringotomy unsuccessfully open with Catgut. Ádám Politzer, a Hungarian-born otologist practicing in Vienna, experimented with rubber in 1886. The German otologist Rudolf Voltolini (1819–1889) created in 1874 a grommet made of gold and later on one made of aluminium. The vinyl tube used today was introduced by Beverly Armstrong in 1954.

Indications
There are numerous indications for tympanostomy in the pediatric age group, the most frequent including chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) which is unresponsive to antibiotics, and recurrent otitis media. Adult indications differ somewhat and include Eustachian tube dysfunction with recurrent signs and symptoms, including fluctuating hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus, and a severe retraction pocket in the tympanic membrane. Recurrent episodes of barotrauma, especially with flying, diving, or hyperbaric chamber treatment, may merit consideration.

Procedure
Myringotomy is usually performed as an outpatient procedure. General anesthesia is preferred in children, while local anesthesia suffices for adults. The ear is washed and a small incision made in the eardrum. Any fluid that is present is then aspirated, the tube of choice inserted, and the ear packed with cotton to control any slight bleeding that might occur. This is known as conventional (or cold knife) myringotomy and usually heals in one to two days.

A new variation (called tympanolaserostomy or laser-assisted tympanostomy) uses a CO2 laser, and is performed with a computer-driven laser and a video monitor to pinpoint a precise location for the hole. The laser takes one-tenth of a second to create the opening, without damaging surrounding skin or other structures. This perforation remains patent for several weeks and provides ventilation of the middle ear without the need for tube placement.

Though laser myringotomies maintain patency slightly longer than cold-knife myringotomies (two to three weeks for laser and two to three days for cold knife without tube insertion), they have not proven to be more effective in the management of effusion. One randomized controlled study found that laser myringotomies are safe but less effective than ventilation tube in the treatment of chronic OME. Multiple occurrences in children, a strong history of allergies in children, the presence of thick mucoid effusions, and history of tympanostomy tube insertion in adults, make it likely that laser tympanostomy will be ineffective.

Various tympanostomy tubes are available. Traditional metal tubes have been replaced by more popular silicon, titanium, polyethylene, gold, stainless steel, or fluoroplastic tubes. More recent ones are coated with antibiotics and phosphorylcholine.

Aftercare
There is little scientific evidence to guide the care of the ear after tubes have been inserted. A single, randomized trial found statistical benefit to using ear protective devices when swimming although the size of the benefit was quite small. In the absence of strong evidence, general opinion has been against the use of ear protection devices. However, protection such as cotton covered with petroleum jelly, ear plugs, or ear putty is recommended for swimming in dirty water (lakes, rivers, oceans, or non-chlorinated pools) to prevent ear infections. For bathing, shampooing, or surface-water swimming in chlorinated pools, no ear protection is recommended.

Complications
The placement of tubes is not a cure. If middle ear disease has been severe or prolonged enough to justify tube placement, there is a strong possibility that the child will continue to have episodes of middle ear inflammation or fluid collection. There may be early drainage through the tube (tube otorrhea) in about 15% of patients in the first two weeks after placement, and developing in 25% more than three months after insertion, although usually not a longterm problem. Otorrhea is considered to be secondary to bacterial colonization. The most commonly isolated organism is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the most troublesome is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Some practitioners use topical antibiotic drops in the postoperative period, but research shows that this practice does not eradicate the bacterial biofilm. A laboratory study showed that tubes covered in the antibiotic vancomycin prevented in-vitro formation of MRSA biofilm as compared to noncoated ones, although no study has been conducted on humans yet. Comparing phosphorylcholine-coated fluoroplastic tympanostomy tubes to uncoated fluoroplastic tympanostomy tubes showed no statistically significant difference in the incidence of post-operative otorrhea, tube blockage, or extrusion.

Efficacy
Evidence suggests that tympanostomy tubes only offer a short-term hearing improvement in children with simple OME who have no other serious medical problems. No effect on speech and language development has yet been shown.

A retrospective study of success rates in 96 adults and 130 children with otitis media treated with CO2 laser myringotomy showed about a 50% cure rate at six months in both groups. To date, there have been no published systematic reviews.

Balloon dilation eustachian tuboplasty (BDET), a new treatment, has proven to be effective in treating OME secondary to eustachian tube dysfunction. However, the number of patients in the studies cited, 22 and 8 respectively and 18 in the tympanometric study, is extremely small and simply points to the need for large, well-controlled studies.

title: Myringotomy


text:
Róisín Murphy

Róisín Marie Murphy (, ; born 5 July 1973) is an Irish singer, songwriter and record producer. She first became known in the 1990s as one half of the pop duo Moloko alongside English musician Mark Brydon. After the breakup of Moloko, she embarked on a solo career and released her debut solo album Ruby Blue (written and produced with experimental musician Matthew Herbert) to critical praise in 2005. Her second solo album, Overpowered, was released in 2007.

After an eight-year hiatuswhich was sporadically interrupted by non-album singles, side projects and guest appearances on other artists' recordsMurphy released her third solo album Hairless Toys in 2015; it was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and Ireland's Choice Music Prize. The following year, she released her fourth album Take Her Up to Monto. In 2018, she released four 12" releases in collaboration with producer Maurice Fulton. Murphy released her fifth and sixth solo albums, Róisín Machine and Hit Parade in 2020 and 2023, respectively. The albums received critical acclaim.

Early life
Róisín Marie Murphy was born in Arklow, Ireland on 5 July 1973. When she was 12 years old, she and her family moved to England, where they settled in Manchester. She embraced 1960s fashion from going with her mother, who was an antiques dealer, to car boot sales and charity shops. After three years of living in Manchester, her parents divorced and both of them moved back to Ireland. 15-year-old Murphy, however, insisted on remaining alone in England because she did not think that her mother had the strength to continue taking care of her. She lived with her best friend for a year, until she could receive Housing Benefit and move into a nearby apartment.

Murphy's school years were difficult as she recalled in 2019: "I never felt it was like being bullied; I always felt I intimidated people, and that was why I got in trouble." She befriended a group of "weird boys who wore black" and who listened to The Jesus and Mary Chain. When Murphy attended a Sonic Youth concert with a friend, she was inspired to become a performer. She concealed her singing voice, not wanting other people to know she "sounded like Elaine Paige". She later joined a post-punk band that split after a handful of performances. She enrolled in a sixth form college at the age of 17 and later considered going to art school. At the age of 19, she moved to Sheffield, where she began going to nightclubs and was inspired by the Vivienne Westwood designs she saw at Trash.

1994–2003: Moloko
Murphy met Mark Brydon in 1994 at a party, using the chat-up line "Do you like my tight sweater? See how it fits my body." Brydon brought Murphy to his Fon Studios, where he auditioned her voice on tape, and liked Murphy's theatrical delivery. They began dating, and the newly formed Moloko were signed to Echo Records, releasing their debut album Do You Like My Tight Sweater? the following year. The album was described by Heather Phares of AllMusic as combining elements of trip hop and funk with electronic dance music, using a more humorous approach than some of their contemporaries. The follow-up I Am Not a Doctor covered similar musical ground, and a remix by Boris Dlugosch of "Sing It Back" enjoyed international success, and would go on to be featured on more than 110 compilation albums. In place of paying Dlugosch, Murphy helped write "Never Enough", which reached number sixteen on the UK Singles Chart in June 2001.

October 2000 saw the release of Moloko's third album Things to Make and Do, for which they employed more live instrumentation, and more multifaceted arrangements by keyboardist Eddie Stevens. The album reached number three on the UK Albums Chart, and "The Time Is Now" became their most successful British single, reaching number two. Murphy and Brydon broke up but were contractually obligated to deliver further albums. After the 2003 release of Statues, Brydon backed out of much of the album's promotion, so Murphy handled most of it herself.

Although no official statement was issued pertaining to Moloko's future, Murphy told Q magazine in May 2005, "We left it on good terms after a very successful tour. We shook hands, said "see you later", and haven't spoken since. I don't know what Mark thinks of this record or what he's doing. I don't know if we will or we won't reunite. Myself, I don't not want to."

2004–2005: Ruby Blue

Murphy began doing solo work while still in Moloko, which included her contributions to the works of other artists including Handsome Boy Modeling School and the aforementioned "Never Enough" collaboration with Boris Dlugosch.

Murphy recorded her first official solo material in 2004 with producer Matthew Herbert, who had previously done remixes for Moloko. She had wanted to work with him again, commenting that "it felt very natural... because Matthew makes things seem quicker and easier." After the pair had recorded a few songs, Murphy continued working with Herbert, supported by her label Echo Records. When she presented them the album, they found it odd and did not hear any songs that would make successful singles. The A&R division suggested that Murphy make some changes to make it more radio-friendly. Murphy refused, stating that she "wanted it to be as pure as possible." The label later came to support her.

Murphy released her debut album Ruby Blue in June 2005. Prior to this, tracks from the album were made available on three limited edition, vinyl-only releases: Sequins #1, Sequins #2 and Sequins #3 featuring artwork by Simon Henwood, who also directed the two video clips for the album's singles ("If We're in Love" and "Sow into You"). The album samples sounds made by everyday objects and actions, including cosmetics, brass mice, dancing and ornaments. It mixes the electronic music for which Moloko was known with jazz and pop styles. Although the album was a commercial failure, it drew mainly positive reviews; Pitchfork Media called it "perfect, the ultimate combination of human warmth and technological know-how."

2006–2008: Overpowered

In May 2006, Murphy signed with EMI. Her first single for the label, "Overpowered", was released on 2 July 2007. Written by Murphy and Paul Dolby (Seiji) of Bugz in the Attic and mixed by Tom Elmhirst, the single was accompanied by a series of remixes from Seamus Haji, Kris Menace, Hervé and Loose Cannons. A second single "Let Me Know" (a collaboration with Andy Cato), was released in September and the album, named Overpowered, was released soon after.

In September 2007, Murphy received a pre-nomination for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Inter Act, but did not make it to the final list. She performed "Let Me Know" on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross on 5 October 2007.

Murphy sustained an eye injury on 27 October 2007, while on tour in Russia to promote Overpowered. She was forced to cancel several subsequent dates on the tour.

2009–2014: Hiatus
In the middle of 2008, Murphy started working again with Sejii on a third studio solo album. In the same year, she recorded a cover of the Bryan Ferry song "Slave to Love" that featured in a campaign for Gucci, and released on the promo-only "Movie Star" single. Murphy previewed material at the SEone club in London in 2009, performing "Momma's Place" and "Hold up Your Hands", and premiered the single "Orally Fixated" on her Myspace page in November 2009. The song was released later in the month, with The Guardian offering a free download of the song for 48 hours.

From 2010 until early 2013 Murphy's only releases were on other artists' recordings. She contributed vocals to Crookers's album Tons of Friends, David Byrne and Fatboy Slim's project Here Lies Love, Mason's "Boadicea", Tony Christie's "7 Hills", The Feeling's "Dance for the Lights", an anonymous producer's "Simulation", "Golden Era" by David Morales, "Flash of Light" and "Invisions" with Luca C & Brigante, "Look Around You" by Boris Dlugosch, "Alternate State" by Hot Natured, Freeform Five's "Leviathan", and "In My Garden" with Invisible Cities.

The only release under her own name was the single "Simulation", released in August 2012 on the Permanent Vacation label.

2014–2017: Mi Senti, Hairless Toys, Take Her Up to Monto
In May 2014, Murphy released a six-track Italian language EP Mi Senti, featuring a new composition and previous Italian pop hits. Her third studio album Hairless Toys followed a year later, to positive reviews.

"There was a desire to make an unquestionably refined record. It's multi layered, electronic and live instrumentation, musically it goes to places most pop music never does. It's emotionally bare and laced with irony. I definitely didn't set out to make something unique per-se but [...] it really is like nothing you've ever heard before. So it's impossible to describe except to say... it's heartfelt."

Her July 2016 album Take Her Up to Monto was recorded during the same sessions as Hairless Toys, and included long-time collaborator and producer Eddie Stevens. The Monto title is derived from an Irish folk song of the same name, popularised by The Dubliners in the 1960s, which Murphy's father sang to her as a child. The release was followed by a number of European festival dates and a number of North American shows.

2018–present: Róisín Machine and Hit Parade
Through 2018 The Vinyl Factory released a series of four 12-inch discs produced by Baltimore house music pioneer Maurice Fulton. Consisting of eight original songs, each around 6 minutes, Murphy directed music videos for the four A-side releases.

The single "Murphy's Law" was released 4 March 2020. During the subsequent pandemic quarantine, her home performances for a livestream concert were released as a series of six short films.

Her fifth solo album Róisín Machine was released 2 October 2020. It includes ten tracks, with singles "Simulation" and "Jealousy" released several years prior, together with more recently produced songs "Incapable", "Narcissus", "Murphy's Law", and "Something More".

Murphy portrayed the blood witch Mercury in the 2022 Netflix series The Bastard Son & The Devil Himself. She also took part in Homobloc's charity T-shirt collection initiative which raised funds for LGBTQ+ focused organisations.

In March 2023 Murphy announced her signing to Ninja Tune with the single "CooCool", which was produced by DJ Koze. Murphy collaborated with artist Beth Frey and photographer Connor Egan on the cover art for "CooCool". On 17 May 2023, Murphy released the single "The Universe" and announced her sixth solo album Hit Parade, which was released on 8 September 2023 to critical acclaim. This was followed in 2024 by the companion Hit Parade Remixed while Murphy continued to tour in support of the release.

Style
Electronic Beats described Murphy as "this adolescent century's true art-pop queen," writing that "her sensuous and ominous output is scattered across various genres and moods." AllMusic described her as "a purveyor of adventurous, omnivorous pop that blended influences as far-flung as disco and hot jazz." Australian publication OutInPerth called her "Ireland's queen of the avant-garde." Drowned in Sound's Giuseppe Zevolli wrote that "she's merged pop, house, and disco with an avant-garde sensibility and a stunning, shape-shifting visual output that never ceases to provoke." Critic Mark Fisher located her music in a glam lineage that includes Roxy Music, Grace Jones, and the New Romantics, noting Murphy's attention to the cultivation of artifice and persona.

The sound of Moloko's early work drew on electronic and trip hop influences before transitioning to a more organic sound. According to Elizabeth Vincentelli of The New York Times, "it was only after [Moloko's] breakup that Murphy truly refined her trademark fusion of glossy sheen and playful experimentation." Her diverse solo work has included collaborations with experimental jazz composer Matthew Herbert and electronic producer Eddie Stevens, drawing variously on house music, ballroom culture, and avant-garde electronica. Murphy has a contralto vocal range, which has been described as distinctive, smoky and jazzy. Heather Phares described it as "combin[ining] a wild variety of voices and textures, from impassively chilly to gorgeously lilting to gleefully offbeat." The first performers that left an impression on her were Kim Gordon from Sonic Youth and Kim Deal from the Pixies. Iggy Pop also inspired her for his "energy - and he's a giver". She stated that her biggest influences were Siouxsie Sioux, Grace Jones and Björk. She was also inspired by Italian female singers such as Mina and Patty Pravo for the way they owned the stage when they moved. She described her performances as "a bit like The Rocky Horror Picture Show" and her audiences were said to "dress up to mirror Murphy’s own spectacular fashions."

Murphy has drawn considerable attention and praise for her eccentric and imaginative fashion style. Electronic Beats noted "her reputation for sporting avant-garde couture into a place among fashion's elite." According to Jad Salfiti of The Financial Times, "[her] clothes amplify her personality: exhibitionist, playful, eclectic, larger than life.

Personal life
Murphy lives in Ibiza, having previously split her time between London and Ireland. She previously dated British artist Simon Henwood; they have a daughter together. Murphy is in a relationship with Italian producer Sebastiano Properzi. They have a son. Murphy is dyslexic.

Comments on puberty blockers
In August 2023, Murphy sparked controversy when a Twitter user shared a screenshot from Facebook of Murphy commenting on a post about Irish anti-transgender activist Graham Linehan, in which she made series of comments criticizing the use of puberty blockers for transgender youth.

In the comments Murphy described puberty blockers as "fucked, absolutely desolate" and trans youth as "little mixed-up kids," adding "Big Pharma laughing all the way to the bank." Her statements were met with significant backlash on social media, including from LGBT+ allies and activists, who accused her of transphobia and misinformation. Commentators noted the disappointment of fans particularly due to her perceived role as a LGBT+ icon. In the weeks following the comments, Murphy was removed from a scheduled BBC Radio 6 Music line-up, which had been due to broadcast five hours of her songs, interviews and concert highlights. The BBC later clarified that the schedule change was not a reaction to Murphy's comments, with a spokesperson commenting "Murphy has been played on 6 Music recently and her Artist Collection remains in rotation.”

Murphy's initial comments, which have since been deleted, centred on her belief that young people are not equipped to make informed decisions about gender-affirming care, such as puberty blockers. Her sentiments were perceived by many as dismissive of the experiences of transgender youth and potentially harmful.

Murphy later issued an apology on social media, stating that she was "deeply sorry" for any hurt caused by her words.

Discography
Solo
 * Ruby Blue (2005)
 * Overpowered (2007)
 * Hairless Toys (2015)
 * Take Her Up to Monto (2016)
 * Róisín Machine (2020)
 * Hit Parade (2023)

With Moloko
 * Do You Like My Tight Sweater? (1995)
 * I Am Not a Doctor (1998)
 * Things to Make and Do (2000)
 * Statues (2003)

Tours

 * Ruby Blue (2005-2006)
 * Overpowered (2007-2008)
 * Dj-Set (2009-2014)
 * Hairless Toys (2015-2016)
 * Take Her Up to Monto (2016-2017)
 * Róisín Machine (2021-2022)
 * Hit Parade Tour (2023-2024)

Awards and nominations
{| class=wikitable ! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result !! Ref.
 * 1999
 * rowspan=1|Ivor Novello Awards
 * rowspan=3|"Sing It Back"
 * rowspan=1|The Ivors Dance Award
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|2000
 * Brit Awards
 * British Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * ASCAP Pop Music Awards
 * Club Award
 * Won
 * MTV Europe Music Awards
 * Moloko
 * Best Dance
 * Nominated
 * Q Awards
 * rowspan=5|"The Time is Now"
 * Best Single
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=6|2001
 * rowspan=1|Ivor Novello Awards
 * rowspan=1|The Ivors Dance Award
 * Nominated
 * MVPA Awards
 * International Video of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|Brit Awards
 * British Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|
 * British Video of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Moloko
 * British Group
 * Nominated
 * British Dance Act
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=7|2003
 * rowspan=3|TMF Awards
 * Statues
 * Best International Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=4|Moloko
 * Best International Dance
 * Nominated
 * Best International Live
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|Žebřík Music Awards
 * Best International Group
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|
 * Best International Surprise
 * Nominated
 * Herself
 * Best International Female
 * Nominated
 * Statues
 * Best International Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|2004
 * rowspan=1|Ivor Novello Awards
 * "Familiar Feeling"
 * rowspan=1|The Ivors Dance Award
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=1|Meteor Music Awards
 * rowspan=1|Herself
 * rowspan=1|Best Irish Female
 * Nominated
 * Edison Awards
 * rowspan=1|Statues
 * Best Dance
 * Won
 * rowspan=3|2005
 * Antville Music Video Awards
 * "Sow into You"
 * Worst Video
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Žebřík Music Awards
 * rowspan=3|Herself
 * Best International Female
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * Best International Surprise
 * Nominated
 * 2006
 * rowspan=1|Meteor Music Awards
 * rowspan=1|Best Irish Female
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|2007
 * Popjustice £20 Music Prize
 * "Overpowered"
 * Best British Pop Single
 * Nominated
 * Žebřík Music Awards
 * rowspan=3|Overpowered
 * Best International Album
 * Nominated
 * Choice Music Prize
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|2008
 * Hungarian Music Awards
 * Best Foreign Dance Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Meteor Music Awards
 * rowspan=2|Herself
 * Best Irish Female
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * Best Irish Pop Act
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|UK Music Video Awards
 * "You Know Me Better"
 * rowspan=2|Best Styling in a Video
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|2015
 * "Evil Eyes"
 * Nominated
 * Mercury Prize
 * rowspan=2|Hairless Toys
 * rowspan=2|Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Choice Music Prize
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|2016
 * International Dance Music Awards
 * "Evil Eyes"
 * Best Indie Dance Track
 * Nominated
 * AIM Independent Music Awards
 * Herself
 * Outstanding Contribution to Music
 * Won
 * 2019
 * Q Awards
 * "Incapable"
 * Best Track
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|2020
 * Choice Music Prize
 * Róisín Machine
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Rober Awards Music Prize
 * Herself
 * Best Electronic Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * "Jealousy"
 * Floorfiller of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Herself
 * Best Irish Female
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * Best Irish Pop Act
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|UK Music Video Awards
 * "You Know Me Better"
 * rowspan=2|Best Styling in a Video
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|2015
 * "Evil Eyes"
 * Nominated
 * Mercury Prize
 * rowspan=2|Hairless Toys
 * rowspan=2|Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Choice Music Prize
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|2016
 * International Dance Music Awards
 * "Evil Eyes"
 * Best Indie Dance Track
 * Nominated
 * AIM Independent Music Awards
 * Herself
 * Outstanding Contribution to Music
 * Won
 * 2019
 * Q Awards
 * "Incapable"
 * Best Track
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|2020
 * Choice Music Prize
 * Róisín Machine
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Rober Awards Music Prize
 * Herself
 * Best Electronic Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * "Jealousy"
 * Floorfiller of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|2020
 * Choice Music Prize
 * Róisín Machine
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Rober Awards Music Prize
 * Herself
 * Best Electronic Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * "Jealousy"
 * Floorfiller of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * "Jealousy"
 * Floorfiller of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Róisín Murphy


text:
Dirk Philips

Dirk Philips (1504–1568) was an early Anabaptist writer and theologian. He was one of the peaceful disciples of Melchior Hoffman and later joined Menno Simons in laying out practical doctrines for what would become the Mennonite church.

Biography
Dirk Philips was born in Leeuwarden in 1504, the son of a priest (it was not uncommon at the time for a priest to have unofficial wives and families). He was a Franciscan friar. He joined the Anabaptist Brotherhood in 1533 and became an elder in 1534. In 1537, he was named one of the outstanding Anabaptist leaders. In 1561, he was described as an old man, not very tall, with a grey beard and white hair. He died in Het Falder in 1568.

Beliefs
He was the leading theologian of his time among Dutch Mennonites. He was known to be very systematic in his thinking, and very strict and unwavering in his beliefs. There were two key themes to his theology: the word of scripture, and the word incarnate in Jesus. Like other Anabaptists, he gave Christ pre-eminence.

He identifies seven ordinances and commandments that must be maintained to be recogonized as an authentic church:
 * Pure, unfalsified teaching of the divine Word by true ministers
 * Scriptural use of the sacraments, baptism and the Lord's Supper
 * Washing the feet of the saints
 * Separation of sinners (the ban and shunning)
 * Command of love one for another
 * Keeping all the commandments of Christ Jesus
 * Suffering and persecution is expected for all Christians

He believed in strict adherence to the ban or shunning. This is when open sinners are expelled from the church until they repent. He felt this was necessary in order to maintain the purity of the church. His emphasis on the ban and the purity of the community makes Dirk Philips' writings more popular with the Old Order Amish. He believed in the absolute opposition between the church and the world, and therefore that believers should expect persecution.

title: Dirk Philips


text:
Hyoscyamus niger

Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger, also black henbane and stinking nightshade) is a poisonous plant belonging to tribe Hyoscyameae of the nightshade family Solanaceae. Henbane is native to temperate Europe and Siberia, and naturalised in Great Britain and Ireland.

Historical use
The name henbane dates from AD 1265; "bane" meant death. Other etymologies of henbane derive from the Indo-European stem bhelena meaning "crazy plant" and with the Proto-Germanic element bil meaning "vision", "hallucination", "magical power", and "miraculous ability".

Historically, henbane was used in combination with other plants, such as the mandrake, the deadly nightshade, and the datura, as an anaesthetic potion, and for its psychoactive properties in "magic brews". These psychoactive properties include visual hallucinations and a sensation of flight. It was originally used in continental Europe, Asia, and the Arab world, though it did spread to England in the Middle Ages. The use of henbane by the ancient Romans was documented by Pliny, who said it was "of the nature of wine and therefore offensive to the understanding", and by Dioscorides, who recommended it as a sedative and analgesic.

The plant, recorded as Herba Apollinaris, was used to yield oracles by the priestesses of Apollo. Recently evidence for its use in the earlier British Neolithic has been debated. John Gerard's Herball states: "The leaves, the seeds and the juice, when taken internally cause an unquiet sleep, like unto the sleep of drunkenness, which continueth long and is deadly to the patient. To wash the feet in a decoction of Henbane, as also the often smelling of the flowers causeth sleep."

The plant was also purportedly used as a fumigant for magical purposes. Albertus Magnus, in his work De Vegetalibus (1250), reported that necromancers used henbane to invoke the souls of the dead as well as demons. Henbane was already being demonized as early as the Late Middle Ages when it became inseparably associated with witchcraft and malefic practices. “The witches drank the decoction of henbane and had those dreams for which they were tortured and executed. It was also used for witches’ ointments and was used for making weather and conjuring spirits. If there were a great drought then a stalk of henbane would be dipped into a spring, then the sun-baked sand would be sprinkled with this” (Perger 1864, 181).

Henbane was discovered among an assortment of imported spices during the underwater archaeological excavation of the royal Danish-Norwegian flagship, Gribshunden, which sank in 1495 near Ronneby, Sweden. The purpose of this henbane is not known: but could have been medicinal for soothing toothache, or as an anti-emetic and to prevent motion sickness.

During a Pomeranian witchcraft trial in 1538, a suspected witch "confessed" that she had given a man henbane seeds so that he would run around "crazy" (sexually aroused). In a file from an Inquisition trial, it was noted that "a witch admits" having once strewn henbane seeds between two lovers and uttering the following formula: "Here I sow wild seed, and the devil advised that they would hate and avoid each other until these seeds had been separated" (Marzell 1922, 169).

Henbane was one of the ingredients in gruit, traditionally used in beers as a flavouring. Several cities, most notably Pilsen, were named after its German name "Bilsenkraut" in the context of its production for beer flavouring. The recipe for henbane beer includes 40 g dried chopped henbane herbage, 5 g bayberry, 23 L water, 1 L brewing malt, 900 g honey, 5 g dried yeast, and brown sugar. Henbane fell out of usage for beer when it was replaced by hops in the 11th to 16th centuries, as the Bavarian Purity Law of 1516 outlawed ingredients other than barley, hops, yeast, and water.

Henbane is sometimes identified with the "hebenon" poured into the ear of Hamlet's father, although other candidates for hebenon exist.

Theories
Henbane seeds have been found in a Viking grave near Fyrkat, Denmark, that was first described in 1977. This and other archaeological finds show that H. niger was known to the Vikings. Analysis of the symptoms caused by intoxication of this plant suggest that it may have been used by berserkers to induce the rage state that they used in war.

Cultivation and use
Henbane originated in Eurasia, and is now globally distributed as a plant grown mainly for pharmaceutical purposes. Henbane is rare in northern Europe; its cultivation for medicinal use is spread and legal in central and eastern Europe and in India.

Henbane is used in traditional herbal medicine for ailments of the bones, rheumatism, toothache, asthma, cough, nervous diseases, and stomach pain. It might also be used as analgesic, sedative, and narcotic in some cultures. Adhesive bandages with henbane extract behind the ear are reported to prevent discomfort in travel-sick people. Henbane oil is used for medicinal massage.

Henbane material in most Western countries can be bought in pharmacies with a prescription only. Sales of henbane oil are not legally regulated and are allowed in shops other than pharmacies in the US.

Henbane has travelled through the company of Romani people.

Preparation, dosage, toxicity
Henbane leaves and herbage without roots are chopped and dried and are then used for medicinal purposes or in incense and smoking blends, in making beer and tea, and in seasoning wine. Henbane leaves are boiled in oil to derive henbane oil. Henbane seeds are an ingredient in incense blends. In all preparations, the dosage has to be carefully estimated due to the high toxicity of henbane. For some therapeutic applications, dosages like 0.5 g and 1.5– 3 g were used. The lethal dosage is not known.

Henbane is toxic to cattle, wild animals, fish, and birds. Not all animals are susceptible; for example, the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including cabbage moths, eat henbane. Pigs are immune to henbane toxicity and are reported to enjoy the effects of the plant.

Psychoactive material
Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane alkaloids have been found in the foliage and seeds of the plant. The standard alkaloid content has been reported to be 0.03% to 0.28%.

Its psychoactive and pharmacological effects are a result of these alkaloids exerting an anticholinergic mechanism of action which blocks the function of acetylcholine in the brain and antagonizes the muscarinic receptors. This results in an altered state of consciousness, hallucinogenic experiences, and typically, delirium. This mechanism of action is not only linked to dangerous effects and accidents, but dementia as well. Since toxicity/lethality is such a major concern with plants like henbane; many traditional preparations of henbane or other similar scopolamine-containing plants were designed to be applied transdermally, often in “magical ointments” by herbalists, witches and cunning folk. The purpose of this was to absorb the primary and transdermally-active alkaloid scopolamine through the skin, thus eliminating the risk of the additional toxicity from atropine and hyoscyamine that is inevitably present with oral ingestion of the plant but not when used topically.

Effects
Henbane ingestion by humans is followed simultaneously by peripheral inhibition and central stimulation. Common effects of henbane ingestion include hallucinations, dilated pupils, narcosis, restlessness, and flushed skin. Less common effects are tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension, hyperpyrexia, and ataxia. Initial effects typically last for three to four hours, while aftereffects may last up to three days. The side effects of henbane ingestion are dryness in the mouth, confusion, visual illusions, bizarre thoughts, locomotor and memory disturbances, and farsightedness, similar in style to those of other tropane-based deliriants such as plants of the New World genus datura. As a result of this distinct chemical and pharmacological profile, overdoses can result not only in delirium, but also severe anticholinergic syndrome, coma, respiratory paralysis, and death. Low and average dosages have inebriating and aphrodisiac effects.

In his book How Do Witches Fly?, Alexander Kuklin refers to an experience of black henbane had by German scientist Michael Schenck. Schenck recollected his experience:

"The henbane's first effect was purely physical discomfort. My limbs lost certainty, pains hammered in my head, and I began to feel extremely giddy....I went to the mirror and was able to distinguish my face, but more dimly than normal. It looked flushed and must have been so. I had the feeling that my head had increased in size: it seemed to have grown broader, more solid, heavier, and I imagined that it was enveloped in firmer, thicker skin. The mirror itself seemed to be swaying, and I found it difficult to keep my face within its frame. The black discs of my pupils were immensely enlarged, as though the whole iris, which was normally blue, had become black. Despite of the dilation of my pupils I could see no better than usual; quite the contrary, the outlines of objects were hazy, the window and the window frame were obscured by a thin mist."

Schenck's pulse became rapid and he experienced a further increase in the hallucinogenic effects of the plant:

"There were animals which looked at me keenly with contorted grimaces and staring, terrified eyes; there were terrifying stones and clouds of mist, all sweeping along in the same direction. They carried me irresistibly with them. Their coloring must be described - but it was not a pure hue. They enveloped in a vague gray light, which emitted a dull glow and rolled onward and upward into a black and smoky sky. I was flung into a flaring drunkenness, a witches' cauldron of madness. Above my head water was flowing, dark and blood-red. The sky was filled with herds of animals. Fluid, formless creatures emerged from the darkness. I heard words, but they were all wrong and nonsensical, and yet they possessed for me some hidden meaning."

Misidentification

Celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson accidentally recommended henbane as a "tasty addition to salads" in the August 2008 issue of Healthy and Organic Living magazine. The publication promptly warned subscribers against consuming the "very toxic" plant upon discovery of the error, and Thompson admitted to confusing it with fat hen, a member of the spinach family.

title: Hyoscyamus niger


text:
Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation

The Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC; Société d'assurance-dépôts du Canada) is a Canadian federal Crown Corporation created by Parliament in 1967 to provide deposit insurance to depositors in Canadian commercial banks and savings institutions. CDIC insures Canadians' deposits held at Canadian banks (and other member institutions) up to C$100,000 in case of a bank failure. CDIC automatically insures many types of savings against the failure of a financial institution. However, the bank must be a CDIC member and not all savings are insured. CDIC is also Canada's resolution authority for banks, federally regulated credit unions, trust and loan companies as well as associations governed by the Cooperative Credit Associations Act that take deposits.

History
The Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation was created 4 March 1967 (under Schedule III, Part 1 of the Financial Administration Act and Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act). It is similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States. Since 1967, 43 financial institutions have failed in Canada and all 43 were members of CDIC. There have been no failures since 1996. On 31 December 2017, member institutions numbered 82, according to CDIC's Summary of the Corporate Plan, 2018/19 to 2022/2023.

The roots of the CDIC can be traced back to the 19th century, such as the Upper Canada's financial problems of 1866, the North American panic of 1873 and the 1923 failure of Toronto's Home Bank, symbolized today by Casa Loma. Historically in Canada regional risk has always been spread nationally within each large bank, unlike the uneven geography of US unit banking, layered with savings & loans of regional or national size, who in turn disperse their risk through investors. The Canadian banking system is regulated in part by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions who can, in an extreme case, close a financial institution. Alongside Canada's mortgage rules, the risk of bank failures similar to the US are slim, but not impossible.

The original amount of insurance per eligible deposit account was $20,000. This was raised to $60,000 in 1983. As of 2005, CDIC covers $100,000 in eligible deposits per insured category at each CDIC member institution in the event of a failure.

On 22 June 2017, CDIC was formally designated as the resolution authority for Canada's largest banks, a recognition of CDIC's role in handling the failure of its member institutions. CDIC has a number of tools to assist or resolve a failing member institution.

As of 30 April 2020, coverage was expanded to include deposits in foreign currencies, and deposits with terms greater than 5 years, but coverage for travellers' cheques was eliminated (as member institutions no longer offer them). As of 30 April 2022, separate coverage was added for Registered Education Savings Plans (RESPs) and Registered Disability Savings Plans (RDSPs), but deposits in mortgage tax accounts will no longer be considered a separate category.

Coverage
Insurance is restricted to CDIC member institutions, and covers $100,000 in certain types of deposits, such as savings accounts and chequing accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and other term deposits, money orders, and bank drafts issued by CDIC members and cheques certified by CDIC members, and debentures issued by loan companies that are CDIC members. Eligible deposits are insured separately in each of nine categories:

 * in one name
 * in more than one name
 * in a Registered retirement savings plan (RRSP)
 * in a Registered retirement income fund (RRIF)
 * in a Tax-free savings account (TFSA)
 * in a first home savings account (FHSA)
 * in a Registered education savings plan (RESP)
 * in a Registered disability savings plan (RDSP)
 * in a trust

A key characteristic of CDIC deposit protection is separate coverage. Given that each deposit category is protected separately, depositors can benefit from protection far in excess of $100,000 (i.e. they can be protected for $100,000 in each of the nine categories).

Most credit unions (and caisses populaires in Quebec or New Brunswick) are not insured federally, because they are created under provincial charters and backed by provincial insurance corporations which generally follow the CDIC model. Federal credit unions, such as the UNI Financial Cooperation caisse in New Brunswick, are incorporated under federal charters and are members of CDIC. ATB Financial, a financial institution owned by the Government of Alberta, is insured directly by the Alberta provincial government rather than through a federal or provincial insurance corporation.

Funds in foreign banks operating in Canada may or may not be covered depending on whether they are members of CDIC.

Not all types of investments are covered. The general principle is to cover reasonable deposits and savings, but not deposits deliberately positioned to take risks for gain, such as mutual funds, stocks, or cryptocurrencies.

Current financial position
According to CDIC's Quarterly Financial Report of 31 December 2017, CDIC protects $774 billion CAD in insured deposits. CDIC's ex ante funding level is $4.2 billion, representing 55 basis points of insured deposits.

List of financial collapses since 1967

 * Commonwealth Trust Company 1970
 * Security Trust Company Limited 1972
 * Astra Trust Company 1980
 * District Trust Company 1982
 * AMIC Mortgage Investment Corporation 1983
 * Crown Trust Company 1983
 * Fidelity Trust Company 1983
 * Greymac Mortgage Corporation 1983
 * Greymac Trust Company 1983
 * Seaway Mortgage Corporation 1983
 * Seaway Trust Company 1983
 * Northguard Mortgage Corporation 1984
 * CCB Mortgage Investment Corporation 1985
 * Canadian Commercial Bank 1985
 * Continental Trust Company 1985
 * London Loan Limited 1985
 * Northland Bank 1985
 * Pioneer Trust Company 1985
 * Western Capital Trust Company 1985
 * Bank of British Columbia 1986
 * Bank of British Columbia Mortgage Corporation 1986
 * Columbia Trust Company 1986
 * North West Trust Company 1987
 * Principal Savings & Trust Company 1987
 * Financial Trust Company 1988
 * Settlers Savings and Mortgage Corporation 1990
 * Bank of Credit and Commerce Canada 1991
 * Saskatchewan Trust Company 1991
 * Standard Loan Company 1991
 * Standard Trust Company 1991
 * Shoppers Trust Company 1992
 * Central Guaranty Mortgage Corporation 1992
 * Central Guaranty Trust Company 1992
 * First City Trust Company 1992
 * First City Mortgage Company 1992
 * Dominion Trust Company 1993
 * Prenor Trust Company of Canada 1993
 * Confederation Trust Company 1994
 * Monarch Trust Company 1994
 * Income Trust Company 1995
 * North American Trust Company 1995
 * NAL Mortgage Company 1995
 * Security Home Mortgage Corporation 1996

Related agencies and programs

 * Canadian Credit Union Association
 * Canadian Investor Protection Fund, a similar program for investment (stocks, bonds) accounts

title: Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation


text:
Lena Zavaroni

Lena Hilda Zavaroni (4 November 1963 – 1 October 1999) was a Scottish singer and television show host. At age 10, with her album Ma! (He's Making Eyes at Me), she was the youngest person in history to have an album in the top 10 of the UK Albums Chart. Later she starred in her own television series, made numerous TV guest-star appearances, and appeared on stage. From the age of 13, Zavaroni suffered from anorexia nervosa and developed clinical depression when she was 15. Following an operation to cure her depression, Zavaroni died at the age of 35 from pneumonia on 1 October 1999.

Early life
Zavaroni was born in Greenock, Renfrewshire, and grew up in the small town of Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. Her parents owned a fish and chip shop. Her father Victor (b. 1939) played the guitar and her mother Hilda (née Jordan) (c. 1940 – 1989) sang. Her grandfather Alfredo had emigrated from Italy.

Zavaroni began singing at the age of two. She was discovered in the summer of 1973 by record producer Tommy Scott, who was on holiday in Rothesay and heard her singing in a band with her father and uncle. Scott contacted impresario Phil Solomon, which led to his partner Dorothy Solomon becoming Zavaroni's manager.

Musical career
In 1974, Zavaroni appeared on Opportunity Knocks (hosted by Hughie Green) and won the show for a record-breaking five weeks running. She followed this with the album Ma! (He's Making Eyes at Me), a collection of classic and then-recent pop standards which reached number 8 in the UK Albums Chart. She remains the youngest person to have an album in the top 10, having reached the position at 10 years, 146 days old.

Zavaroni sang at a Hollywood charity show with Frank Sinatra and Lucille Ball in 1974, at which Ball said: "You're special. Very special and very, very good", although some sources attribute the words to Sinatra. Following this, Zavaroni guest-starred on The Carol Burnett Show, and on 4 June 1974, The Tonight Show. She also appeared on The Morecambe and Wise Show, the 29 May 1975 episode of The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club, in the 1976 Royal Variety Show and performed at the White House for U.S. President Gerald Ford. Signed to the soul-oriented Stax Records label in the United States, Zavaroni was not especially successful in America despite the praise and television appearances; her Ma album did not enter the charts, and its title single only reached number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 during a four-week chart run in the summer of 1974.

Stage and television career
While attending London's Italia Conti Academy stage school, Zavaroni met and became long-term friends with another young star, Bonnie Langford. They starred in the ITV special Lena and Bonnie. In September 1978, the BBC broadcast Lena Zavaroni on Broadway. This episode which was chosen for the 1978 Golden Sea Swallow Festival, where it won the silver award.

In 1979, Zavaroni had her own TV series on the BBC titled Lena Zavaroni and Music and from 1980 to 1982 she had a TV series titled Lena.

Later years
From the age of 13, Zavaroni suffered from anorexia nervosa. While she was at stage school, her weight dropped to four stone (25 kg, 56 lbs). She blamed this on the pressure placed upon her to fit into costumes while at the same time "developing as a woman". She continued to have anorexia throughout the 1980s.

In 1989, Zavaroni married computer consultant Peter Wiltshire. The couple settled in north London but separated 18 months later. Also in 1989, Zavaroni's mother Hilda died of a tranquilliser overdose, and a fire destroyed all of her show business mementos.

After the breakup of her marriage, Zavaroni moved to Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, to be nearer to her father and his second wife. By this time, she was living on state benefits and, in 1999, was accused of stealing a 50p packet of jelly, but the charges were later dropped.

Health issues and death
Zavaroni underwent drug treatments and received electroconvulsive therapy in an attempt to end her depression. She begged doctors to operate on her to relieve her depression. Although the operation would not cure her anorexia, she was desperate for it to proceed, and threatened suicide if it did not (she also took a drug overdose).

In September 1999, Zavaroni was admitted to University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff for the psychosurgical operation. It took place on 7 September and was described as "pioneering". After the operation, she appeared to be in satisfactory condition and after a week she was "making telephone calls, cheerful and engaging in conversation", even asking her doctor if he thought there was any chance that she would get back on stage and sing again. However, three weeks after the operation, she contracted pneumonia which saw her weight drop to less than 5 st and died from bronchial pneumonia on October 1st.

Although some reports said that the surgery was a lobotomy (also known as a leucotomy), the hospital said that it was not, and the treatment was intended for depression rather than anorexia as was rumoured at the time.

Her funeral took place at the Roman Catholic Church of St Augustine in Hoddesdon on 15 October 1999, and she was buried later that day at Hoddesdon Cemetery in Hertfordshire.

Albums

 * Ma! (He's Making Eyes at Me)
 * If My Friends Could See Me Now
 * Presenting Lena Zavaroni
 * Songs Are Such Good Things
 * Lena Zavaroni and Her Music
 * Hold Tight, It's Lena

Compilations and live albums
 * The Lena Zavaroni Collection – Pickwick released a two-record set in 1976, made up of her first two albums.
 * Lena Zavaroni in South Africa

title: Lena Zavaroni


text:
Talk:RP-1

Power Density / Specific Impulse
Here, the article states that RP-1 is both considerably less powerful than liquid hydrogen, and significantly more powerful! Could somebody please make this more comprehensible to the lay wiki-crawler who knows nothing about rocket science? Thank you! (^o^)V --unsigned by 62.252.192.7 at 12:51, 10 December 2004.

 * PR-1 has a lower specific impulse (Isp) then hydrogen, this is basically a mark of efficiency of how much thrust can be made per mass of fuel.
 * Now Imagine you were building a rocket engine, you need to mix fuel and oxidizer together and burn it to make thurst, The more fuel you mix at once the more thrust per mass of rocket engine, the higher the fuels Isp the more thrust per mass of fuel. So natural your going to want a rocket engine that can burn a huge amount of fuel at once thus producing huge a amount of thrust from a very light weight engine, as well has use a fuel that has a high Isp so you need less fuel and thus less mass. Hydrogen has the highest Isp so it got the fuel mass problem cover, but hydrogen very low density means that a large volume of fuel must be pump into the rocket engine, meaning a engine which produce less thrust per weight of the engine. RP-1 with is very high density means a small volume of must be pumped into the engine, thus smaller ligher engine. Thus RP-1 can produce greater thrust per volume then hydrogen, but Hydrogen produces greater thus per mass. --BerserkerBen 00:59, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * To summarize the detailed description above, hydrogen is more energy dense with respect to mass (1 kg of hydrogen contains more "energy" than 1 kg of RP-1). However, since hydrogen has such low density, 1 kg of hydrogen takes up a lot more room than 1kg of RP-1. Therefore hydrogen is not as energy efficient with respect to volume. For spacecraft applications mass is generally more important, but volume is definitely a concern as well as you would need bigger (thus heavier) tanks (not to mention cryogenically capable) to use hydrogen over RP-1.
 * --unsigned by 128.158.214.39 at 21:52, 6 August 2007

chemical formula
What is the chemical formula for RP-1 (kerosene)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.198.251.60 (talk) 21:54, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I believe it is an extensive mix of many different alkanes, as with nearly all petroleum fuels. The difference being mostly a much lower sulfer content (and probably many other undesirable impurities) than cheaper and less rare petroleums. This is touched on in the Fractions and formulation section. 24.79.109.110 (talk) 23:19, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Specific Impulse as exhaust velocity vs momentum
In the comparison with other fuels section, there are a few sentences early on directly equating exhaust velocity with specific impulse. While these are certainly related, the paragraph appears to be saying that velocity is more important than momentum, which (as far as I understand physics) is completely ridiculous. I believe the purpose of that paragraph can still be served by removing the 2nd through 5th sentences, and reworking the rest regarding oscillating modes between atoms. Maybe an additional mention of lower combustion temperatures vs. hydrogen? 24.79.109.110 (talk) 16:58, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
 * As a characteristic value, velocity is better. You can get more momentum by increasing the (mass) flow rate. You could use momentum per unit mass, but then you get ... velocity!  Specific impulse is thrust divided by (weight per second) of fuel (and oxidizer), which has dimensions of time (seconds).  If you instead used thrust/(mass per second) of (fuel and oxidizer) you get a velocity. Ideally, this is the velocity of gases exiting the engine, which is specific impulse (in seconds) times standard g.  (That is, little g.)  Jet engines have a similar quantity, but only based on fuel used not oxidizer (air). In this case, the velocity doesn't have much meaning. Gah4 (talk) 04:45, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As a characteristic value, velocity is better. You can get more momentum by increasing the (mass) flow rate. You could use momentum per unit mass, but then you get ... velocity!  Specific impulse is thrust divided by (weight per second) of fuel (and oxidizer), which has dimensions of time (seconds).  If you instead used thrust/(mass per second) of (fuel and oxidizer) you get a velocity. Ideally, this is the velocity of gases exiting the engine, which is specific impulse (in seconds) times standard g.  (That is, little g.)  Jet engines have a similar quantity, but only based on fuel used not oxidizer (air). In this case, the velocity doesn't have much meaning. Gah4 (talk) 04:45, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

Should we explain cost?
My understanding is that one of the main reasons to use RP-1 is because of the significantly lower cost than some other propellants, I believe people reading this article might be interested in a rough cost comparison between RP-1 and other fuels like automotive gasoline and jet fuel. 174.76.23.195 (talk) 00:14, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

comparison with diesel
What happens if you fill RP-1 into a diesel car? Judging from what the article currently reveals, my guess is that RP-1 should be well within the specs for diesel fuel and therefore should work without problems. Or maybe there are some important additives for combustion engines missing? It would be nice to get an authoritative answer for that, and I think readers of the article would also find this interesting. --BjKa (talk) 14:56, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

Air pollution
Why would an RP-1/LOX engine produce nitrogen oxides but an LH2/LOX engine not do so, as suggested at the end of RP-1?125.254.43.66 (talk) 03:54, 2 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I was about to ask the same question, but you got there first (by a few years). For a jet engine, yes. I suppose for fuel rich, there could be some combustion with air, but I think at lower temperatures. It is the higher temperatures that generate NOx in internal combustion engines. Gah4 (talk) 04:47, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, the heat of LH2/LOX combustion produces some nitric oxide. Praemonitus (talk) 14:33, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The article says that RP-1 does, and LH2 doesn't. For cars, it is the peak temperature is high enough to generate the NOx, and then cool fast enough that the N2 doesn't reform. (I forget the temperature, though.) Cars use EGR to reduce the temperature enough. So, for rockets, the question is how much air mixes in when it is still hot enough, and does it cool fast enough. And why RP-1 but not LH2? Gah4 (talk) 16:45, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * From this EPA paper it seems that 1300C is the magic temperature. Presumably when air starts to mix with exhaust, it will cool down, from the outside in. Gah4 (talk) 19:34, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No the article says that the combustion of hydrogen produces water, which it does. It also does not claim that the reaction creates no pollution; only less. Presumably it is the thermal output that causes nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere to react. In that sense it's an indirect product. Praemonitus (talk) 20:55, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It says: while hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce only water (H2O), with some unreacted H2 also released., which seems to leave out any other possibility. It also leaves out unreacted O2. The sentence before, for hydrocarbons, mentions NOx. Combustion in air, above 1300C, generates NOx. If cooled fast enough, it doesn't get a chance to go back to N2. For rockets, it would have to be above 1300C when air got mixed in, which I don't know about. For gasoline engines, it is indirect. It seems that coal and diesel can have nitrogen in before combustion. Gah4 (talk) 23:58, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well the whole point of this article is to discuss RP-1. All that paragraph needs to demonstrate is that the LOX/LH2 reaction is cleaner, and as written appears correct. If you want to expand on the possibilities, I suggest starting with LOX/LH2. Praemonitus (talk) 01:57, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * From this EPA paper it seems that 1300C is the magic temperature. Presumably when air starts to mix with exhaust, it will cool down, from the outside in. Gah4 (talk) 19:34, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No the article says that the combustion of hydrogen produces water, which it does. It also does not claim that the reaction creates no pollution; only less. Presumably it is the thermal output that causes nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere to react. In that sense it's an indirect product. Praemonitus (talk) 20:55, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It says: while hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce only water (H2O), with some unreacted H2 also released., which seems to leave out any other possibility. It also leaves out unreacted O2. The sentence before, for hydrocarbons, mentions NOx. Combustion in air, above 1300C, generates NOx. If cooled fast enough, it doesn't get a chance to go back to N2. For rockets, it would have to be above 1300C when air got mixed in, which I don't know about. For gasoline engines, it is indirect. It seems that coal and diesel can have nitrogen in before combustion. Gah4 (talk) 23:58, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well the whole point of this article is to discuss RP-1. All that paragraph needs to demonstrate is that the LOX/LH2 reaction is cleaner, and as written appears correct. If you want to expand on the possibilities, I suggest starting with LOX/LH2. Praemonitus (talk) 01:57, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well the whole point of this article is to discuss RP-1. All that paragraph needs to demonstrate is that the LOX/LH2 reaction is cleaner, and as written appears correct. If you want to expand on the possibilities, I suggest starting with LOX/LH2. Praemonitus (talk) 01:57, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

Copyright infringement
Most of this article is copied verbatim from John D. Clarke's "Ignition!"
 * ❌ doesn't appear to be a copyvio.   Dr Strauss   talk   08:59, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

The problem of coking in high-performance engines with RP-1 fuel
The article briefly mentions "the problem of non-dissociated petroleum residue" (coking) in RP1-fueled engines, but does not really explicate the problem of coking, or how this is causing a large amount of engine research and development to move to other fuels (like the recent large upswing in methalox rocket engines like Raptor and BE-4). The term "coking", although widely mentioned in rocket engine and jet engine engineering literature, is not even mentioned in the Wikipedia article at all in the present version.

This paper for publication by AIAA—Decomposition Measurements of RP-1, ...—and this extensive set of data that underlie it—DECOMPOSITION KINETICS OF THE ROCKET PROPELLANT RP-1 AND ITS CHEMICAL KINETIC SURROGATES, that came from this 2012 Mechanical Engineering PhD dissertation by Megan E. MacDonald—would help improve the coverage of coking in the article.

"High-performance regeneratively cooled engines require fuel that not only performs well as a propellant but also acts as a coolant for the engine. Operating temperatures of the engines in these high-performance vehicles are continually increasing and are reaching the point at which research into the formation of coke (solid carbonaceous deposits) in the cooling channels, which restricts the flow and hinders the heat transfer process, has become critical. Three main mechanisms of coke formation have been described in the literature: oxidative, catalytic, and pyrolytic [1-5]. Here, the focus is on understanding the initial gas-phase kinetic processes that lead to the formation of pyrolytic coke. This coking mechanism is predominant at temperatures above 825 K and occurs when the fuel is heated enough to decompose into reactive fuel radicals, leading to the eventual formation of coke [3]. There is a need to characterize the high-temperature decomposition rates of both rocket fuels and the fuel surrogates used to simulate the kinetic behavior of these fuels."

Good stuff. Would definitely facilitate improvement of this article on RP-1 if someone wants to parse the abstract and introduction and conclusions, and then write up a section that better explicates coking with RP-1. Cheers. N2e (talk) 11:24, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

Request to change/remove section
{request edit}} Price section of page The language of the section fails to maintain a neutral tone. Citations taken from a Quora article, with no historical price trend information available. -sayer2681

title: Talk:RP-1


text:
User talk:Bozhawk

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 11:53, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Bozhawk


text:
Østensjøvannet

Østensjøvannet is a lake located in the Østensjø borough in Oslo, Norway. It is well known for the wide variety of birds and other wildlife that can be found there. It is currently a wildlife preserve, though urban development posed a serious threat to the lake and its environs during the 1980s and early 1990s.

Etymology
Østensjøvannet ("Østensjø lake") is named after the Østensjø farm (old Norse Austansjór). The first element is austan 'east of', and the last element is sjór 'sea, lake'. The farm was situated on the lake's east side. The last element is the finite form of vann 'water; lake'. The meaning of the name is then 'the lake belonging to Østensjø'.

Wildlife
Østensjøvannet is well known for its birdlife, and over 200 different species of birds have been sighted at or near the lake, quite a significant number by Norwegian standards. Other wildlife is regularly sighted at the lake, but the variety of species is not much different from surrounding places, such as Østmarka. Fishing during the summer is forbidden, while ice-fishing is allowed.

Cultural history
Finds in the area suggest that people may have been living in the area as far back as the stone age. Farming in the area started around 500 AD. At various locations surrounding the lake, there are burial mounds from the Viking Age.

Abildsø gård, located on the lake's west side, was Norway's second farm school. It was where Minna Wetlesen started Europe's, and possibly the world's first "household" - school where girls and young women could learn about running a household and performing the various tasks related to it.

Environmental issues
The lake itself has been a wildlife preserve since 1992, while Abildsø gård was preserved by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage (Riksantikvar) in 1997. In 2002, the Oslo city council passed plans for the "Østensjøvannet Environmental Park", which in effect preserves the various habitats and "green areas" surrounding the lake.

Situated inside the Oslo city limits, surrounded on all sides by built-up areas, has put a considerable strain on the lake, both in terms of pollution (especially caused by leaks from less-than-perfectly maintained sewage systems) and plans for using the fields and forested areas surrounding the lake for various purposes, including housing, a cemetery and even a small golf course. The sewage systems affecting the lake have been better maintained in recent years, and the environmental state of the lake is currently much better than it was a decade or two ago.

title: Østensjøvannet


text:
List of TAP Air Portugal destinations

TAP Air Portugal was founded as a division of Portugal's Civil Aviation Department under the name Transportes Aéreos Portugueses on 14 March 1945, and started operations on 19 September 1946, initially serving the Lisbon–Madrid route using the Douglas DC-3. A year later, the carrier added a route to Angola and Mozambique, at the time claimed to be the world's longest route operated with a DC-3, having 13 intermediate stops.

In 1957, the airline deployed Super Constellations on the Lisbon–London and Lisbon–Paris sectors, yet operations of the type date back to November 1955, when these aircraft started flying the route that linked Portugal with Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique. By December 1957, the carrier's network consisted of the long-haul Lisbon–Kano–Leopoldville–Luanda–Lourenço Marques route, as well as medium- and short-haul routes radiating from Lisbon and serving Casablanca, London, Madrid, Paris and Tangier, and a single domestic flight between Lisbon and Oporto. On 1 November 1962, the airline started services between Lisbon and London, flying the route using the Sud Aviation Caravelle, taking over the services that had been operated by British European Airways on behalf of the company.

, TAP Portugal was the European airline with the most destinations in Brazil (10), being the leader in terms of passengers transported between this country and Europe, in comparison with their European counterparts, as well as with the Brazilian ones. As of August 2012, the airline was the third largest to serve Latin America by number of passengers;, the carrier shifted to the fourth place in the Europe-Latin America sector. Data from the latest financial report, corresponding to the fiscal year 2012, showed that the airline had its main source of traffic in Europe, and their most important long-haul market was South America.

Apart from Brazil, the countries with the most destinations served by the carrier are Spain (7), France (6) and Germany (5). TAP Portugal also flies to other 25 international destinations in Europe, 15 in Africa, in the United States and one more in Latin America (Caracas). In the end of 2013, TAP announced its plan to start flying to additional destinations in Europe during 2014 (Nantes, Hannover, Tallinn, Gothenburg, Belgrade and Saint Petersburg), whose schedule was announced prior to 31 March 2014. , the number of destinations in Brazil served by the carrier increased to 12 with the addition of Belém and Manaus to the route network. During July 2014, TAP Portugal launched services to Belgrade, Bogotá, Gothenburg, Hanover, Nantes, Oviedo, Panama City, Saint Petersburg and Tallinn.

List
TAP Air Portugal's route network included 84 destinations in 35 countries,. Following is a list of destinations the airline flies to according to its scheduled services. It also includes cities served by the airline's subsidiaries Portugália and TAP Express, as well as terminated destinations.

title: List of TAP Air Portugal destinations


text:
Dephasing

In physics, dephasing is a mechanism that recovers classical behaviour from a quantum system. It refers to the ways in which coherence caused by perturbation decays over time, and the system returns to the state before perturbation. It is an important effect in molecular and atomic spectroscopy, and in the condensed matter physics of mesoscopic devices.

The reason can be understood by describing the conduction in metals as a classical phenomenon with quantum effects all embedded into an effective mass that can be computed quantum mechanically, as also happens to resistance that can be seen as a scattering effect of conduction electrons. When the temperature is lowered and the dimensions of the device are meaningfully reduced, this classical behaviour should disappear and the laws of quantum mechanics should govern the behavior of conducting electrons seen as waves that move ballistically inside the conductor without any kind of dissipation. Most of the time this is what one observes. But it appeared as a surprise to uncover that the so-called dephasing time, that is the time it takes for the conducting electrons to lose their quantum behavior, becomes finite rather than infinite when the temperature approaches zero in mesoscopic devices violating the expectations of the theory of Boris Altshuler, Arkady Aronov and David E. Khmelnitskii. This kind of saturation of the dephasing time at low temperatures is an open problem even as several proposals have been put forward.

The coherence of a sample is explained by the off-diagonal elements of a density matrix. An external electric or magnetic field can create coherences between two quantum states in a sample if the frequency corresponds to the energy gap between the two states. The coherence terms decay with the dephasing time or spin–spin relaxation, T2.

After coherence is created in a sample by light, the sample emits a polarization wave, the frequency of which is equal to and the phase of which is inverted from the incident light. In addition, the sample is excited by the incident light and a population of molecules in the excited state is generated. The light passing through the sample is absorbed because of these two processes, and it is expressed by an absorption spectrum. The coherence decays with the time constant, T2, and the intensity of the polarization wave is reduced. The population of the excited state also decays with the time constant of the longitudinal relaxation, T1. The time constant T2 is usually much smaller than T1, and the bandwidth of the absorption spectrum is related to these time constants by the Fourier transform, so the time constant T2 is a main contributor to the bandwidth. The time constant T2 has been measured with ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy directly, such as in photon echo experiments.

What is the dephasing rate of a particle that has an energy E if it is subject to a fluctuating environment that has a temperature T? In particular what is the dephasing rate close to equilibrium (E~T), and what happens in the zero temperature limit? This question has fascinated the mesoscopic community during the last two decades (see references below).

Other

 * (And references therein.)

title: Dephasing