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Firefall

Firefall is an American soft rock band that formed in Boulder, Colorado, in 1974. It was founded by Rick Roberts, former member of the Flying Burrito Brothers, and Jock Bartley, who had been Tommy Bolin's replacement in Zephyr.

The band's biggest hit single, "You Are the Woman", peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1976. Other hits included "Just Remember I Love You" (#11 in 1977), "Strange Way" (#11 in 1978), "Cinderella" (#34 in 1977), "Headed for a Fall" (#35 in 1980), and "Staying with It" (#37 in 1981).

History
In 1973 Rick Roberts and Jock Bartley met when Bartley was on tour with Gram Parsons as a member of his backing band, the Fallen Angels. Both the Fallen Angels and Roberts were performing in New York City at the same venue on consecutive nights. After the two were reunited in Boulder, Colorado, Roberts was impressed by Bartley's guitar work, and the duo soon began practicing together. Encouraged to form a band, they contacted bassist Mark Andes (a former member of the California bands Spirit and Jo Jo Gunne) who had temporarily retired to the mountains outside Boulder, and singer/ guitarist/ composer Larry Burnett (whom Roberts had met in his travels earlier that year). After Andes and Burnett joined in 1974, the band was called Firefall.

Roberts got the name from the Yosemite Firefall at Yosemite National Park in California. The owners of a hotel threw burning logs off a mountain in a cascade as an annual event to entertain the guests.

Guitarist/keyboardist Mark Hallman was another musician considered for Firefall, but Hallman rejected the offer and remained with his band Navarro. The drummer was Michael Clarke, who had been a member of The Byrds and The Flying Burrito Brothers.

Breakthrough and success

In 1975 Firefall recorded a demo tape consisting of three songs produced by Chris Hillman. Andes, Bartley and Roberts were then brought into Hillman's band. Before scheduled performances at The Other End in New York City in June 1975, Hillman became ill and was unable to play all the shows. Burnett and Clarke were then flown in to complete the commitments as Firefall. A&R representatives from Atlantic Records, who had already heard the band's demo tape, saw the Other End shows and signed Firefall to a multi-album contract. During the summer, when the contract was signed, Roberts was playing as a member of Stephen Stills's band, so work on the band's first album was delayed until late 1975. Roberts' high school friend David Muse was brought in before recording at Criteria Studios in Miami. The producer was Jim Mason, who had worked with the band Poco.

The album Firefall was recorded in one month and released in April 1976. The group's first single, "Livin' Ain't Livin'", stopped short of the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100. And during the following months, the band toured with Leon Russell, the Doobie Brothers, Tom Waits, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Roy Buchanan, Electric Light Orchestra and The Band, and were also on a bill that included Willie Nelson, Jerry Jeff Walker, and Asleep at the Wheel.

The band's next single, "You Are the Woman", reached the Top 10, and the band toured with Fleetwood Mac, who were at the beginning of their commercial peak. Another single, "Cinderella", was played extensively on FM radio but did not fare as well on AM, barely reaching the Top 40.

Firefall returned to Criteria Studios to record their second album, which was to be titled Tropical Nights. They were joined by the Memphis Horns and percussionist Joe Lala, a member of Manassas who had played on Firefall's debut album. But after hearing the final mix, Atlantic Records decided that the album needed to be reworked. With Jim Mason producing again, Firefall worked on the album that was renamed Luna Sea, a pun on "lunacy", and released in July 1977. The album peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard chart and was certified gold two months after its release. The single "Just Remember I Love You", with backing vocals by Timothy B. Schmit, reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In a 2012 interview, Roberts recalled what was going on at this time: "Our business managers at that time were Dottie Ross and Mick Schneider, who operated as D&M Management. Although we didn't know it, it would appear that Mick Schneider had his own designs on managing the band. I can't really prove that, but he had been filling the gap as our de facto manager ever since we had parted company with our last official guy and he was getting pretty comfortable calling the shots. Mick Fleetwood got interested in taking over after we had been touring as an opening act for Fleetwood Mac on their Rumours tour. We entered into a spoken agreement with him and he went to work restructuring our recording contract with Atlantic Records. Things happened during that time that made it an unworkable arrangement. The first thing probably went a good way towards undermining any chance of a healthy working relationship with Mick. The band went to his house in Bel Air, California one day to try and hash out a written agreement. It was summertime, so we all went out and sat down around the pool. Present were all the members of the band as well as Mick, his road manager and confidant John Courage and his lawyer, Nick Shapiro. As we started to go through the proposed contract, the band started to function in their usual fashion; disputing every second word and generally being impossible to deal with. We had a very bad habit of that in almost all our business dealings. We also seemed to find a way to make the very worst possible decision at every opportunity. It took us about two hours of haggling to get through the first seven or so paragraphs. Mick's lawyer was obviously getting frustrated by the nit picking and we were all getting a little short tempered. The second thing that happened was a lot more serious and probably dealt the killing blow. After Mick had gotten Atlantic to agree to restructure our contract with a sizable cash advance ($500,000 I think) and an increase in the percentage points, Mick Schneider rejected it as not being satisfactory! At that point, Mick (Fleetwood) decided that maybe managing Firefall was not in his best interests. As a result, we went for about another year and a half without an official manager and Mick Schneider stayed in nominal control. We were not the easiest band to work with at any time and considering the fatigue factor, we were probably raging jerks and for all the chart success we had achieved, we were hardly making a decent living. We were mostly serving as an opening act on a lot of 'A' list tours, and as such, we weren't being paid like a band with an unbroken string of gold and platinum albums and more than a half dozen straight top fifty singles. It was nice to be doing shows in sold-out arenas every night, but going home after the tour was over with hardly anything in your pocket dulled the thrill a little. That only increased the tension in the band."

In 1978 the band brought in Tom Dowd to produce their third album, Élan, recording at Criteria and at the Record Plant in Los Angeles. The band and Dowd got along well but they had conflicting musical visions. The differences were apparently noticeable enough that the band's management, with help from their friend Mick Fleetwood, pressured the record label into letting them rework the album. It put the group in debt with the label, and within the year they parted ways with their management. The production team of Ron and Howard Albert were brought in to finish the record. Élan, released in October 1978, became their first album to reach platinum status. The hit single "Strange Way" continued the band's commercial hot streak.

Decline
After two years of non-stop recording and touring, the band was burned out and their financial situation was unstable. During a tour of Japan in August 1979, Michael Clarke, because of his excessive drinking, missed gigs or showed up in no condition to play. The band resorted to hiring a German drummer, Dan Holsten, whose playing technique was similar to Clarke's, to sub. Holsten, who even looked a lot like Clarke, had played in several other bands in the Colorado area and caught the eye of Jock and Larry one night at a Colorado Springs bar. He became known as a reliable back-up drummer for tours and some studio work.

Despite it all, Atlantic Records still expected a new album. The band recorded the album sporadically over a year. The Alberts were again brought in to produce the album. But the work once again required a second effort, which was produced by Kyle Lehning. The result, titled Undertow, was released in March 1980. Its would be the last album with the original lineup. Upon completion of the album, Clarke and Mark Andes both left the band. Thirteen years later, in December 1993, Clarke died of alcoholism at his home in Treasure Island, Florida.

Andes and Clarke were replaced by Kenny Loggins' former rhythm section, consisting of bassist George Hawkins and drummer Tris Imboden. With the two new players, the band recorded Clouds Across the Sun, which was released in December 1980, and spawned the early 1981 hit "Staying with It", which was done as a duet with singer Lisa Nemzo. Clouds saw Jock emerging more as a writer and singer and had the band moving more away from their "country rock" direction.

Hawkins resigned from the group in late 1980 to join up with Mick Fleetwood's The Visitor, a side project the Fleetwood Mac drummer was recording in Africa. After Andes returned to guest for the group's February 1981 appearance on American Bandstand, Kim Stone came in to take over bass.

Larry Burnett suddenly disappeared from the group, after playing a show at Miami Baseball Stadium with Heart, Blue Öyster Cult, Motörhead and Freewheel on April 19, 1981, to return to his hometown of Washington, D.C. to enter rehab. (Burnett eventually kicked a serious drug habit and after working in radio in the late 80s/early 90s, began pursuing a solo career in 2004.) The group continued on to play their next show in Las Vegas without him. But after playing a concert with the band in Lahaina, Hawaii with Pure Prairie League in August, Rick Roberts announced that he also was leaving for a solo career. With the band lacking personnel and increasing in financial debt, Atlantic dropped Firefall from their roster in 1981 and released Best of Firefall at the close of the year.

Since his departure from Firefall, Roberts has continued to tour on occasion. In the fall of 1981, he played dates in tandem with fellow former Burrito Brother Chris Hillman. In 1985 he was in a Twentieth Anniversary Byrds Tribute band with former Byrds Gene Clark and Michael Clarke. In 1987–89, Roberts teamed up with ex-Eagle Randy Meisner in the short lived Roberts Meisner Band, and after a return spell in Firefall (1989–1992), he was sidelined for health reasons for a number of years before returning to the road as a solo act. In the summer and fall of 2019, he toured together with fellow Firefaller Larry Burnett.

Resumption and later work
Meanwhile, unhappy with the way things had turned out, Jock Bartley decided to put together a new Firefall lineup in the spring of 1982. At Ron Albert's suggestion, Bartley got together with two Miami-based musicians, Johnne Sambataro (during the '70s and '80s, he adopted the conventional spelling of John for his first name) and Chuck Kirkpatrick. Sambataro was a singer/guitarist/keyboardist/bassist/songwriter who had sung on record with Stephen Stills, Eric Clapton, Dave Mason, McGuinn, Clark & Hillman, the members of the Bee Gees and many others. Johnne and Jock had actually met back in 1978 when they both played on the Criteria sessions for Andy Gibb's platinum album Shadow Dancing. Kirkpatrick was a singer–guitarist–keyboardist who had sung with Johnne on a number of the aforementioned sessions and had worked as an engineer at Criteria on such albums as Derek & The Dominos' Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs.

Albert then brought in Alan Jacobi, a Miami entertainment lawyer who had a relationship with Atlantic, and Jacobi convinced the label to help resign the band.

So in the summer of 1982, Criteria sessions for the Break of Dawn LP began with Ron and brother Howard producing once again. Backing Bartley, Sambataro and Kirkpatrick were a number of Miami session players, with Stephen Stills and Rick Roberts making guest appearances. The album appeared in September 1982 and Bartley, Johnne and Chuck began auditioning additional players for a follow-up tour. Chuck's brother Scott (a top-notch session drummer who, like Johnne, had also played on record and toured with McGuinn, Clark & Hillman) and Colorado bassist Greg Overton were chosen and, at the last minute, David Muse decided to rejoin the band.

In the winter of 1983, Firefall set out across the U.S. to promote Break of Dawn. But the single from it, "Always", failed to reach the Top 40 and quickly fell off the chart.

Mirror of the World followed in November 1983, the title track a comment on the effects of TV violence on children. The album had a much harder edge than its predecessors, with more of an emphasis on an '80s style synth/drum programmed production, which many of the group's fans thought reflected too great a departure from the classic Firefall sound. Though the first single, the rocking "Runaway Love", written by Bartley, Sambataro, and Paul Crosta, briefly appeared in a video on MTV and received limited radio airplay, this album too failed to attract sales and quickly disappeared.

The group, once again dropped by Atlantic, nevertheless continued to tour, headlining in smaller clubs and opening in larger venues for groups like the Beach Boys, Little River Band, and Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band.

In 1983 Overton quit (he would return briefly to play a few shows with the group in Medford, Oregon in July 1986 as a fill-in) and Muse decided to retire from touring again. Steve Hadjoupolos (sax, flute, keyboards, backing vocals) and Bob Gaffney (bass, vocals) were brought in and the group continued. Sandy Ficca was brought in to take over from Scott Kirkpatrick on drums in October 1984 (Scott then returned to play some final shows with the band in June 1985 before moving on permanently) and is still with them to-date.

On the evening of August 4, 1986, Chuck Kirkpatrick was leaving from a local club gig in the area of Florida where he resided. After breaking down on the road home, he was shot and wounded in the arm in a drive-by shooting; the shooter then fled the scene. The wound was serious enough to almost require amputation of Kirkpatrick's left arm, but doctors were able to save it and Chuck was able to play again after a difficult rehab period. Many Miami musicians, including Jon Secada and members of the Miami Sound Machine, came to Chuck's aid, playing a series of shows to help defray the cost of his medical care and rehab. Firefall brought in Colorado musician Mark Oblinger to sit in for Chuck until he was able to return to the band in November 1986. But Kirkpatrick's tenure in the band was coming to an end. In late 1987, Gaffney left and Eddie Gleason came on in the interim. Then Chuck left at the tail end of 1987 after differences with Jock Bartley. Oblinger (who had subbed for both Chuck and Gaffney in 1986) returned as Kirkpatrick's permanent replacement in December 1987 and Bil Hopkins was the new bassist. Dan Clawson (ex-Pure Prairie League) came in as well to take the place of Hadjoupolos in early 1988.

In 1989, after seven years in Firefall, Sambataro decided it was also time to say goodbye. He moved on to join Dion DiMucci's band. This paved the way for the return of Rick Roberts and in September 1992, Rhino Records responded to the demand to put out Firefall music on CD by releasing Firefall: The Greatest Hits, which featured all of the singles and AOR favorites and one new song, "Run Run Away", about adult victims of earlier child abuse.

In the early/mid 1990s, the personnel shuffles continued. Roberts, who was suffering from health troubles, left again in the spring of 1992 to be replaced by Bruce Crichton, who turned it over to Steve Manshel in June 1993. Mark Oblinger departed as well and Steven Weinmeister came on board in May 1993. And after Dan Clawson left that same year, there were several people to occupy the woodwind–keyboards chair, including Bray Ghiglia (1993–1994), the returning David Muse (1994–1995; 2000–2003; 2011–2022), Jim Waddell (1993; 1995–96; 1998–2000; 2003; 2022–present), Bob Fisher (1996–1998; 2007) and Chris Ball (2003–2011).

While touring in 1993, Firefall encountered the Flood of 1993. One of their gigs was cancelled and a few had to be moved to higher ground. In response Jock wrote "When The River Rises", a song with an upbeat message of finding strength in adversity. The band recorded the song in Colorado Springs at Startsong Recording Studio, with engineer–programmer Tom Gregor co-producing with Bartley. "When The River Rises" was then brought back to St. Louis and played on the radio for the first time. At that point, the flood waters had still not crested. Vowing to donate a large portion of the publishing to flood relief, the song was sent to other radio stations in the flooded areas. It received heavy regional airplay and was also used by CNN and other TV stations behind coverage of the disaster.

With the band's profile raised, the search for a new record deal began. Some smaller companies showed interest. They decided to go with an independent Colorado based label, Redstone Records, who had had some successes in the smooth jazz genre. Messenger was recorded in Denver and Boulder and was released in September 1994. Bartley had been stockpiling songs for ten years for just this opportunity. Bil Hopkins's song "Say It's Over" (written with Mark Oblinger) and Steve Manshel's "Innocent Victim" also appeared on the CD. Mark Andes and Richie Furay made guest appearances on the album and Jim Mason returned to the producer's chair. Messenger was much more diverse than anything the band had released to date with the usual love songs and ballads, but there were also songs about child abuse, environmental catastrophe and even sexual abuse/rape in the chilling "No Means No". The first single, "Love Find A Way", received some minor play on some stations, but Redstone did not have the distribution clout to get the CD into all stores, so overall sales were disappointing.

Manshel, who had begun to take time off from the group to work on a solo album, left altogether in September 1999 to pursue his own career and the band reverted to a five-piece. Other than short-term fill-ins (Steve Jenks subbed for Hopkins in the spring and summer of 1998 and Gary Jones sat in for Weinmeister — who had a previous obligation to play a wedding in Belize — for a Firefall gig on November 12, 1999, opening for Journey at the Warfield Theatre in San Francisco and one for Hopkins in June 2002), Bartley, Weinmeister, Hopkins, and Sandy Ficca continued on as Firefall from late 1999 until Hopkins left in 2014.

From 2005 on, Firefall would sometimes play a handful of shows annually as "Acoustic Firefall" in various combinations, with the most common being the trio of Jock, Steve, and Bil. And on April 9, 2008, at Boulder Theater in Boulder, Colorado, there was a Firefall reunion concert that featured the current lineup joined by Mark Andes, David Muse, Larry Burnett, and original Firefall studio percussionist Joe Lala. Rick Roberts attended the show as well but was unable to perform with the others because of health issues. As previously mentioned, Michael Clarke had died in 1993. The reunion appeared as the CD Firefall Reunion Live in February 2009. Since 2008, Jock's son, Jamey Crow Bartley, sometimes guests with the band on drums and will fill in for Sandy Ficca on occasion. During the summer of 2011, David Muse, who just survived a bout with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, returned to play shows with Firefall once again, alternating with Chris Ball before rejoining permanently.

Apart from Firefall, in 2012 original and then current Firefall members Jock Bartley and David Muse reunited with Rick Roberts and studio percussionist Joe Lala in the supergroup Boulder County Conspiracy. Other members of this band included Bobby Caldwell (Captain Beyond, Johnny Winter, Rick Derringer), Max Combs, Allen Carman, and Billy Sandlin. They toured throughout 2012 performing songs by Firefall, Captain Beyond, The Marshall Tucker Band, and Spirit as well as other originals and covers. They disbanded at the end of 2012.

In February 2014 founding member and bassist Mark Andes rejoined the band. In June 2014, Jace Hill (guitar and vocals) joined the band for a short spell to sub for Steven Weinmeister, who was back by early July. In November 2014, the Colorado Music Hall of Fame announced that Firefall would be among the 2014 inductees at a January 2015 event at the Paramount Theater in Denver. In late 2014, Steven Weinmeister departed Firefall after almost twenty two years but did return in January 2015 for the Colorado Music Hall of Fame induction and to sub for an ill Bartley later that same year for dates on the east coast, in August. He was succeeded by singer/guitarist Gary Jones (who had previously subbed for Weinmeister for the one aforementioned gig back in November 1999 and for a few other shows in September 2014).

By late 2014, Firefall's lineup was Jock Bartley, David Muse, Sandy Ficca, Mark Andes, and Gary Jones.

On January 9, 2015, Firefall was inducted into the Colorado Music Hall of Fame with Poco, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Stephen Stills, and Manassas, at the Paramount Theater in Denver.

Former Firefall bass player (in 1980) George Hawkins passed away on October 26, 2018, after a bout with cancer.

In August 2019 after Mark Andes was sidelined after a hip replacement. Lance Hoppen (of Orleans), John Trujillo (a bassist friend of Sandy Ficca's) and former Firefall member Steven Weinmeister filled in for him.

The band released Comet, their first new album in nearly 20 years, and first with Sunset Blvd Records, on December 11, 2020. The album featured a lineup of Jock Bartley, Mark Andes, David Muse, Sandy Ficca and Gary Jones.

In 2021 Firefall again did some shows as a trio, this time with Bartley, Jones and a returning Steve Weinmeister on bass, who ended up returning to the group to replace Jones going forward.

In 2022 David Muse was sidelined from touring after having once again fallen ill with cancer, that this time took his life on August 6, 2022. Jim Waddell, who had first played with Firefall in 1993, returned to cover for Muse.

In July 2022 after Mark Andes retired from the road, current Babys singer/bassist John Bisaha joined the lineup.

In 2023 Firefall announced that their latest album, Friends & Family, would feature classic songs from other 1970s bands, including the Doobie Brothers, Heart, Fleetwood Mac, Loggins and Messina, the Band, Marshall Tucker Band and more. It was released on September 22.

Current members

 * Jock Bartley – guitar, vocals (1974–present)
 * Sandy Ficca – drums (1984–present)
 * Steven Weinmeister – guitar, bass, mandolin, keyboards, vocals (1993–2014, 2022–present)
 * Jim Waddell – keyboards, flute, saxophone (1993, 1995–1996, 1998–2000, 2003, 2022–present)
 * John Bisaha – bass, vocals (2022–present)

Former members

 * Rick Roberts – lead vocals, guitar (1974–1981, 1989–1992)
 * Larry Burnett – guitar, vocals (1974–1981)
 * Mark Andes - bass, vocals (1974–1980, 1981, 2014–2022)
 * Michael Clarke – drums (1974–1980, died 1993)
 * David Muse – keyboards, flute, saxophone (1975–1981, 1982–1983, 1994–1995, 2000–2003, 2011–2022; his death)
 * Tris Imboden – drums (1980–1981)
 * George Hawkins – bass, vocals (1980)
 * Kim Stone – bass, vocals (1981)
 * Johnne Sambataro – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards (1982–1989)
 * Chuck Kirkpatrick – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1982–1987)
 * Greg Overton – bass, vocals (1982–1983)
 * Scott Kirkpatrick – drums (1982–1984)
 * Steve Hadjoupolos – keyboards, flute, saxophone (1983–1988)
 * Bob Gaffney – bass, vocals (1983–1987)
 * Mark Oblinger – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1987–1993)
 * Bil Hopkins – bass, vocals (1987–2014)
 * Dan Clawson – keyboards, flute, saxophone (1988–1993)
 * Bruce Crichton – lead vocals, guitar (1992–1993)
 * Steve Manshel – lead vocals, guitar (1993–1999)
 * Bray Ghiglia – keyboards, flute, saxophone (1993–1994)
 * Bob Fisher – keyboards, flute, saxophone (1996–1998, 2007)
 * Chris Ball – keyboards, flute, saxophone (2003–2011)
 * Gary Jones – guitar, keyboards, vocals (2014–2021)

Live substitutes
*Note: Current and former official band members who have served as a live substitute have the time of their substitution shown above.
 * Dan Holsten – drums (1979)
 * Eddie Gleason – bass, backing vocals (December 1987)
 * Steve Jenks – bass, backing vocals (Summer 1998)
 * Jamey Crow Bartley – drums (2008–present, occasionally)
 * Jace Hill – guitar, vocals (June 2014)
 * Lance Hoppen - bass, backing vocals (August 2019)
 * John Trujillo - bass, backing vocals (August 2019)

Studio contributors

 * Joe Lala – percussion

Albums

 * Firefall (Atlantic, 1976) U.S. No. 26, AUS No. 72
 * Luna Sea (Atlantic, 1977) U.S. No. 11, AUS No. 73
 * Élan (Atlantic, 1978) U.S. No. 11, AUS No. 31
 * Undertow (Atlantic, 1980) U.S. No. 68, AUS No. 90
 * Clouds Across the Sun (Atlantic, 1980)
 * Break of Dawn (Atlantic, 1982)
 * Mirror of the World (Atlantic, 1983)
 * Messenger (Redstone, 1994)
 * Colorado to Liverpool: A Tribute to the Beatles (Winged Horse, 2007)
 * Comet (Sunset Blvd Records, 2020)
 * Friends & Family (Sunset Blvd Records, 2023)

Live albums

 * Reunion Live (Winged Horse, 2009)

title: Firefall


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Warrego River

The Warrego River is an intermittent river that is part of the Darling catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, which is located in South West Queensland and in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Warrego River is the northernmost tributary of the Darling River.

Course and features
The river rises from below Mount Ka Ka Mundi in the Carnarvon Range, near Tambo in Queensland, and flows generally south, reaching its confluence with the Darling River, downstream from Bourke. The river is joined by thirty-seven tributaries, including the Nive and Langlo rivers; descending 528 m over its 1380 km course. The river flows through a series of reservoirs, including the Dillalah Waterhole, Ten Mile Waterhole, Lower Lila Dam, Six Mile Dam, Turtle Waterhole, and Boera Dam.

The towns of Augathella, Charleville, Wyandra and Cunnamulla are located on the banks of the river.

Inflows
Most of the basin of the Warrego is too dry for cropping and has a very erratic rainfall of between 350 and 500 mm. It is covered with a natural vegetation of grassland on more fertile clay soils, and saltbush shrubland on less fertile red earths. The predominant land use is low-intensity grazing of sheep and cattle: the river's flow is much too erratic to permit irrigated cropping. The Warrego is essentially an ephemeral stream: it is not unknown for years to pass without any flow in the basin and substantial amounts of water reach the Darling River only in wet years almost always associated with La Niña events.

Outflows
Below Wyandra the river forms a series of outflowing creeks and anabranches. During floods, the Widgeegoara, Kudnapper and Noorama Creeks allow water to channel into Nebine Creek, a tributary of the Culgoa River. Cuttaburra Creek connects the Warrego to the Paroo River via a distribution system that flows through channels, floodways and wetlands. The Irrara Creek anabranch flows into Kerribree Creek which continues into a number of wetlands before filling Utah Lake.

Flooding
When La Niña occurs, flooding is usual along the Warrego: major floods associated with La Niña events occurred in 1950, 1954 to 1956, 1971, 1973, 1998 and 2008. Oddly, the most destructive flood ever recorded on the river took place in the absence of La Niña. In April 1990, as a result of two extremely strong troughs in the easterlies, over 400 mm of rain fell in Cunnamulla in two weeks, being more than the annual rainfall in over 60 percent of years. The river, along with most tributaries of the Darling, reached near-record levels and the towns of Augathella and Charleville were devastated. At Charleville a river height peak of 8.54 m was recorded.

Fauna
The Warrego River is one of a few rivers where silver perch breed naturally. Golden perch and murray cod are also found in the river.

Carnarvon Station, once a large cattle property at the rivers headwaters, was acquired by the Australian Bush Heritage Fund in 2001, with the 590 km2 property set aside for the protection of threatened species of birds and animals.

Etymology
The name Warrego is an Australian Aboriginal word from the Bidyara language, believed to mean "bad"; and is also an Aboriginal term meaning "river of sand".

Two warships of the Royal Australian Navy have been named HMAS Warrego after the river. The Warrego Highway draws its name from the river.

Cultural Heritage
Bidjara (also known as Bidyara, Pitjara, Peechara) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Bidjara people. The Bidjara language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Murweh Shire Council, particularly the towns of Charleville, Augathella and Blackall as well as the properties of Nive Downs and Mount Tabor.

Gunya (also known as Kunya, Kunja, Kurnja) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Gunya people. The Gunya language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Paroo Shire Council, taking in Cunnamulla and extending north towards Augathella, east towards Bollon and west towards Thargomindah.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Warrego River


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Double the Fist

Double the Fist is an Australian satirical television show which airs on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. It follows the misadventures of four men and their pursuit of "fistworthiness": host Steve Foxx (Craig Anderson), and his three offsiders; Rod Foxx (Bryan Moses), Mephisto (Doug Bayne), and The Womp (Tony Walters). The series has also been broadcast in the United Kingdom (Ftn), Canada (BBCK), Spain (Buzz), New Zealand (TV2) and Brazil.

Synopsis
The show parodies many things about popular culture, primarily being a spoof of shows such as Jackass; whereas they perform stunts designed to injure and/or humiliate an individual, the Fist team do things that would obviously kill them. Such as jumping off cliffs, being hit by trucks, getting shot in the head, etc. These dangerous stunts and outlandish actions are usually achieved with the use of computer generated imagery. One of the most innovative and noteworthy features of Double the Fist is its extensive and imaginative use of CGI, especially considering that the programme was produced for a very low budget, even by Australian standards ($250,000 for all 8 episodes).

Characters

 * Steve Foxx (Craig Anderson) is the host of Double the Fist. He invented the concept of "fistworthiness" and "betterment through extremities." An expert at crushing all that is weak, Steve is finally ready to begin his War on Weakness. However, lately Steve has had trouble controlling his team: Rod feels underappreciated, Mephisto has become rebellious, Womp has been fired for incompetence and Panda has fallen for a mime. Steve's brutal double-fisted rule seems to be slipping.
 * Rod Foxx (Bryan Moses) (or "the Hot Rod" as he sometimes calls himself) is the younger brother of Steve Foxx. It is said he attends a sporting institute, and lists his job as 'all-round athlete'.  His main interests include physical activity and singing.  Although he does have a reasonable amount of sporting talent and can be successful on the dating scene, his ego knows no limits and he seems to be delusional.  He has 'released' a single, entitled "I C U (Picture Perfect)", which details a man's (Rod's) obsession with a (presumably) under-age school girl as he stalks her and takes pictures of her changing and at the pool without her knowledge. Has a severe addiction to sexual harassment, resulting in him being shot, slashed and stabbed in that order.
 * Mephisto (Doug Bayne) (aka James Wenham) may or may not have been a security guard at one time or another, but it is certain that he did take a three-week training course in security guarding, and has retained some of the knowledge from that course. According to the Double the Fist website, he is on the run from multiple taxation agencies.  He was at one time temporarily possessed by an Aztec demigod, and at another time the leader of an army of medieval re-enactors.  It would be safe to say that Mephisto is of questionable sanity.  (By safe, it is meant "probably true"; questioning Mephisto's sanity would likely land you in a position of danger if Mephisto found out).
 * The Womp (Tony Walters) (aka Womp aka Christopher Bradley aka Olaf) used to have a day job performing backbreaking labour, and was also an amateur wrestler. However, a groin injury on the job forced him to give up his wrestling career.  He was then offered, and accepted, a position on Double the Fist. The Womp is also mentally disabled, due to a brain injury when he was a child. Briefly grew antlers to indicate new found responsibility, but lost them next episode. His catchphrase whenever he was asked a question about how he feels was "Ah, yeah...pretty good".
 * Tara (Hollie Andrew) is a vending machine assassin introduced in episode 10. She joined the Fist team after Steve destroyed the local council and captured the jar of tokens that control her, but she was effectively killed when the tokens were destroyed in Episode 13. Rod revived her by hotwiring her in Episode 16, and she met her end in the Great Battle.
 * Blue Womp is a clone of Womp, with exactly identical physical features, although he is more self-centered and mean. He is so called because he wears blue in order to avoid confusion with the other Womp (who always wears orange). Savagely beaten by Steve for stepping too far out of line in episode 5, he returns in episode 8, now a whimpering wreck, where Steve makes him shoot himself with a cannon to prove he is sorry.
 * Tina T (Neridah Waters) is introduced in episode five, as a replacement for the missing-in-action Mephisto. She appears to be smarter than the rest of the team, but truthfully this is not saying much.  She and Rod had a brief romance, which ended when Rod tried to grope her while he thought she was dead. After slicing Rod's spine open in the next episode, Tina seems to satisfied with her revenge and has not been seen or heard from since.
 * Panda (Lawrence Carmichael) is just that - a person in a panda suit. The character is almost always referred to as female.  She will often show up to provide opposition (such as in episodes three and five), but will sometimes help Steve out by moderating races or chasing down enemies. In series two, Panda falls in love with a mime, of which Steve disapproves. Panda is then accidentally killed in a trap set up by Steve in a botched attempt to force the mime (who was actually mute) to speak.  It is revealed on the DVD's "How to Make Double the Fist" featurette that Craig Anderson usually plays Panda.
 * Phillip Nugent First introduced in episode 2; Extreme Makeover. He is the mayor of Kanangra council and stops the fist team recording the show in Kanangra. Although this is the only episode he appears in, he is frequently mentioned and criticised in other episodes and also sends a letter complaining to the ABC about the Double the Fist show. On the Double the Fist website it is revealed that he is the cousin of the host of Town and Country.

Series one
Steve will set the Fist team a task. Completing this task will result in the presentation of the "Full Fist", which earns an individual respect amongst the 'extreme community'. The team may have to compete with each other, or may have to work together. Steve Foxx is the only person who can present a Full Fist. Characters die frequently, sometimes several times an episode. Footage of the team attempting the task is interspersed with various recurring segments.

Series two
Series 2 differs from Series 1 in that it follows a single storyline, which is usually affected by continuity. Each episode contains a separate part of Steve's plan, and a new award, the 'Man of Fist', is presented to the most fistworthy team member each week. In the eye of the public it is often seen as disliked when compared to season one.

However, the second series featured an indepth storyline (possibly added to increase the shows praise), and vastly improved digital effects. Some minor aspects which were made in or changed in Season 2 included Rod's appearance being made more memorable by a mullet adorned with lightning bolts shaved into the sides of his head. Steve is vastly less tolerant to any sign of weakness expressed by his team (possibly due to their failure in Episode 7), often physically abusing them for no reason at all, and losing his apparent ability to appear anywhere to commentate on the team's progress. Kanangra is no longer a factor, but is mentioned in Episode 2 to show Steve's familiarity with councils. The characters were seen talking more, hence we learn that Womp is mostly disliked, Rod and Mephisto have a minor friendship. We also learn that Steve is not the creator of Fistworthiness, having learned it from ancient monks. However, we also learn that Steve was displeased with the peaceful use of Fistworthiness and changed it into his violent version (which is nonetheless proved to be less powerful).

History
The four men who play the central characters have a long history. Anderson, Moses and Walters met at the University of Western Sydney - Anderson and Walters 'performing absurdist theatre' and Moses making amateur films. The three teamed up to make a short film entitled Life in a Datsun which won the best comedy award at the 1999 Tropfest film festival. It was here they met Bayne, who caught their eye with his computer-generated effects and his 30-second film called God Saves the Titanic. The four men then made Video Dare, a spoof reality show for SBS, which received 100 complaints. From 2002 to 2003, the team, minus Anderson who was lecturing at the time, made Saturday Morning Fly, a kids music/comedy program for the ABC. Their work on Video Dare and Saturday Morning Fly allowed the team to perfect their use of special effects and the pilot for Double the Fist was soon made. It was eventually picked up by the ABC's head of arts and entertainment, Courtney Gibson, and an eight-part series was approved.

The ABC was divided over whether or not to produce a second series. In March 2006, after a number of attempts by the creators and support from fans via an online petition, the ABC commissioned a second series. Series 2 began on 14 August 2008.

Awards
In 2004, Double the Fist caused some controversy when it won an AFI award in the category of Best Television Comedy- Sit-com or Sketch. According to "From Nobodies to Nobodies," a DVD documentary on Series One, Volume Two, which chronicles the history of the show and its creators up to that point, the main reaction from the general media and public regarding their achievement of the award, ranged from disappointment to down right disgust for some.

One of the main reasons for the outbursts was that amongst the nominees of the 2004 awards was the more prominent Australian comedy Kath & Kim. Compared to that series, Double the Fist was not as well known and the comedy was deemed by the casual observer as something more akin to the American show Jackass. During a press conference after the ceremony, the boys from the show were asked only one question which was about how it felt to beat Kath & Kim. The following day, many newspaper columnists printed their disgust that such a puerile and juvenile show had been selected by the AFI over the more popular Kath & Kim with one describing it as "the unfunniest joke of the night".

This is, however, a feat the Double the Fist team continues to relish - an extra on the Series One, Volume Two DVD contains instructions on how to make a Double the Fist Box Set using the inside cover of Volume Two and a Kath & Kim Box Set, where one of the instructions involved using a block splitter to destroy the contents of the Kath & Kim Box Set (namely the DVD and the DVD slips) and burning them so they could never be seen again.

Special guest, James Paley appeared in a number of specials for the series in late 2009 which won him several Logie Award nominations.

Website
Craig Anderson and Doug Bayne are currently working on a new interactive "Double The Fist" website, which will feature weekly content, tricks and games, and a Steve Foxx blog. The site is currently up and running, although some of the promised features have yet to be completed. The site is no longer available.

Merchandise
On 14 July 2004, the Double The Fist Volume 1 DVD was released in Australia, which contains episodes 1-4 as well as special features including a documentary called "How to Make Double the Fist", deleted scenes, and a 'photo gallery'. A book was also released that year. On 8 June 2006, the Double The Fist Volume 2 DVD was released, which contains episodes 5-8 and also contains more special features and a never before seen episode.

title: Double the Fist


text:
User talk:Lode~enwiki

Unverified images
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Image Tagging Image:Lordwilson.jpg
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John W. Armstrong
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Russell Trall
I have edited the article to remove POV and to improve the grammar. It still needs sources. Please find and cite some references. DGG 00:55, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

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LHC
Your edits to the Large Hadron Collider article have been reverted as all of the confirming references are in the article, which leaves no ambiguity about its status. Regards Khu  kri  16:55, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Proposed deletion of File:Russell trall.jpg

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title: User talk:Lode~enwiki


text:
Norma Candal

Norma Daniela Candal Penedo (April 10, 1927 – February 5, 2006), was a Puerto Rican actress and comedian who was best known for her role as Petunia on La criada malcriada.

Early years
Norma Daniela Candal Penedo was born in 1927 in Fajardo, Puerto Rico to Eladio José Candal and María Isabel Penedo. She lived with her family on the Fajardo Sugar Company's sugar plantation, where her father was an accountant. She attended the Colegio del Sagrado Corazon (Sacred Heart School) in her hometown, where she obtained her primary and secondary education. When she was 9 years old, she participated in her first Christmas school play.

Candal enrolled in the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón, where she earned a Bachelor's degree in Humanities. She was planning on a political career and was going to study political sciences, however after she was granted a scholarship to The Catholic University of America (CUA) in Washington, D.C., she changed her goals and went on to earn her Master's Degree in Theater. Candal returned to Puerto Rico upon her graduation.

Candal was also a literature and acting teacher.

"Petunia"
In 1965, she was hired by Rafael Perez Perry as the host of the television show En Alas de la Imaginacion (On the Wings of the Imagination) which aired on WKVM TV Channel 11. Shortly thereafter, she joined Tommy Muñiz Productions in Channel 4 WAPA TV.

It was during this period of time that Candal garnered fame in Puerto Rico. She worked in the shows Aquí con Norma (Here with Norma); El Show del Mediodía (The Midday Show), and La Criada Malcriada (The Rude Maid), in which she played the comical role of Petunia, a simple-minded maid. This is the role which garnered her the most fame of her career. She also hosted or co-hosted talk shows.

In 1970, there was a strike against Tommy Muñiz Productions, which forced Candal to leave the show and join ASTRA Productions, for which she did a couple of shows. Candal stopped working in television for several years after undergoing open heart surgery in which she had a valve replacement.

In 1980, Candal went to work for Cardinal Luis Aponte Martínez at the Cathedral of San Juan. In 1985, she returned to television and starred as Doña Tere in La Pensión de Doña Tere (Mrs. Tere's Boarding House). She participated in the Spanish-language version of the play Steel Magnolias; The Letters of Mozart; The Old Maids of San Sebastian Street, and Kisses on the Forehead.

Later years
She played different roles in the films Díos los Cría 1 and its sequel, (God Creates Them, parts 1 & 2). The first part was filmed and released in 1979, the second in 2004. In between she also appeared in La Guagua Aérea (Flight of Dreams) in 1993.

Death
On Friday, February 3, 2006, Candal suffered a fall in her home in Trujillo Alto, hitting her head on the floor. She was hospitalized at the Pavia Hospital in San Juan where she suffered additional complications from the loss of blood. Candal died on Sunday, February 5, 2006, aged 78. She was buried alongside her mother at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico. Candal was survived by her two children, Norma and Andres Jr.

title: Norma Candal


text:
Talk:Misty (classified program)

What is a chance of an amateur space trackers being able to pick a signal from a classfied satellite? Wouldn't that destroy the whole concept of secret? Something that would be interesting to know is, can these satellite change obit once in a while to avoid consistancy? If so, how do they sastain their fuel that long, assuming the 1990 satellite is still operational? Very cool stuff, i would really like to know how a satellite can remain in space for decade without all the other developed countries having a clue. Is there anyone who can read Russian to help see whether we can find more technical information from the magazine washington post quoted here. "Circumstantial evidence of that satellite's existence was outlined in the April issue of a Russian space magazine, Novosti Kosmonavtiki. According to a translation for The Washington Post, the article suggested that a satellite launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California in 1999 may be the second-generation Misty craft and noted that the satellite was put into orbit along with "a large number of debris," a likely deception method."

title: Talk:Misty (classified program)


text:
List of peers 1130–1139

Peerage of England

 * Earl of Northampton (1080)||Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton||1109||1153||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Surrey (1088)||William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey||1099||1138||Died
 * William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey||1138||1148||
 * Earl of Warwick (1088)||Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick||1119||1153||
 * Earl of Buckingham (1097)||Walter Giffard, 2nd Earl of Buckingham||1102||1164||
 * Earl of Leicester (1107)||Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester||1118||1168||
 * Earl of Chester (1121)||Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester||1129||1153||
 * Earl of Gloucester (1121)||Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester||1121||1147||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Hertford (1135)||Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare||1135||1136||New creation; Died
 * Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford||1136||1151||
 * Earl of Richmond (1136)||Alan de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond||1136||1146||New creation
 * Earl of Arundel (1138)||William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel||1138||1176||New creation
 * Earl of Bedford (1138)||Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford||1138||1142||New creation
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Derby (1138)||Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby||1138||1139||New creation; Died
 * Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby||1139||1162||
 * Earl of Pembroke (1138)||Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke||1138||1147||New creation
 * Earl of Worcester (1138)||Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester||1138||1145||New creation
 * Earl of Essex (1139)||Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex||1139||1144||New creation
 * Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford||1136||1151||
 * Earl of Richmond (1136)||Alan de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond||1136||1146||New creation
 * Earl of Arundel (1138)||William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel||1138||1176||New creation
 * Earl of Bedford (1138)||Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford||1138||1142||New creation
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Derby (1138)||Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby||1138||1139||New creation; Died
 * Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby||1139||1162||
 * Earl of Pembroke (1138)||Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke||1138||1147||New creation
 * Earl of Worcester (1138)||Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester||1138||1145||New creation
 * Earl of Essex (1139)||Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex||1139||1144||New creation
 * Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby||1139||1162||
 * Earl of Pembroke (1138)||Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke||1138||1147||New creation
 * Earl of Worcester (1138)||Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester||1138||1145||New creation
 * Earl of Essex (1139)||Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex||1139||1144||New creation
 * Earl of Worcester (1138)||Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester||1138||1145||New creation
 * Earl of Essex (1139)||Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex||1139||1144||New creation
 * Earl of Essex (1139)||Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex||1139||1144||New creation
 * Earl of Essex (1139)||Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex||1139||1144||New creation

Peerage of Scotland

 * Earl of Mar (1114)||Ruadrí, Earl of Mar||1115||Abt. 1140||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Dunbar (1115)||Gospatric II, Earl of Dunbar||1115||1138||Died
 * Gospatric III, Earl of Dunbar||1138||1166||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Angus (1115)||Dufugan, Earl of Angus||1115||1135||Died
 * Gille Brigte, Earl of Angus||1135||1187||
 * Earl of Atholl (1115)||Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl||1115||Abt 1150||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Buchan (1115)||Gartnait, Earl of Buchan||1115||Abt. 1135||Died
 * Colbán, Earl of Buchan||Abt. 1135||Abt. 1180||
 * Earl of Strathearn (1115)||Máel Ísu I, Earl of Strathearn||1115||Abt. 1140||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Fife (1129)||Gille Míchéil, Earl of Fife||1129||1139||Died
 * Donnchad I, Earl of Fife||1139||1154||
 * }
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Buchan (1115)||Gartnait, Earl of Buchan||1115||Abt. 1135||Died
 * Colbán, Earl of Buchan||Abt. 1135||Abt. 1180||
 * Earl of Strathearn (1115)||Máel Ísu I, Earl of Strathearn||1115||Abt. 1140||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Fife (1129)||Gille Míchéil, Earl of Fife||1129||1139||Died
 * Donnchad I, Earl of Fife||1139||1154||
 * }
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Fife (1129)||Gille Míchéil, Earl of Fife||1129||1139||Died
 * Donnchad I, Earl of Fife||1139||1154||
 * }
 * }
 * }

title: List of peers 1130–1139


text:
Alciphron

Alciphron (Ἀλκίφρων) was an ancient Greek sophist, and the most eminent among the Greek epistolographers. Regarding his life or the age in which he lived we possess no direct information whatsoever.

Works
We possess under the name of Alciphron 116 fictional letters, in 3 books, the object of which is to delineate the characters of certain classes of men by introducing them as expressing their peculiar sentiments and opinions upon subjects with which they were familiar. The classes of persons which Alciphron chose for this purpose are fishermen, country people, parasites, and hetaerae or Athenian courtesans. All are made to express their sentiments in the most graceful and elegant language, even where the subjects are of a low or obscene kind. The characters are thus somewhat raised above their common standard, without any great violation of the truth of reality.

The form of these letters is exquisitely beautiful, and the language is the pure Attic dialect, such as it was spoken in the best times in familiar but refined conversation at Athens, even though the imaginary writers are country people, fishermen, parasites and courtesans. The city from which the letters are dated is, with a few exceptions, Athens and its vicinity; and the time, wherever it is discernible, is the period after the reign of Alexander the Great. The Attic New Comedy was the principal source from which the author derived his information respecting the characters and manners which he describes, and for this reason these letters contain much valuable information about the private life of the Athenians of that time.

It has been said that Alciphron was an imitator of Lucian; but besides the style, and, in a few instances, the subject matter, there is no resemblance between the two writers: the spirit in which the two treat their subjects is totally different. Both derived their materials from the same sources, and in style both aimed at the greatest perfection of the genuine Attic Greek. Classical scholar Stephan Bergler has remarked that Alciphron stands in the same relation to Menander as Lucian to Aristophanes.

Date
Some earlier critics placed him, without any plausible reason, in the 5th century BC. The classical scholar Stephan Bergler, and others who followed him, placed Alciphron in the period between Lucian and Aristaenetus, that is, between 170 and 350 AD, while others again assign to him a date even earlier than the time of Lucian. Among the letters of Aristaenetus there are two between Lucian and Alciphron; and it has been inferred that Alciphron was a contemporary of Lucian.

Editions
The first edition of Alciphron's letters is that of Italian printer Aldus Manutius, in his collection of the Greek Epistolographers, Venice, 1499, 4to. This edition, however, contains only those letters which, in more modern editions, form the first two books. Seventy-two new letters were added from a Vienna and a Vatican manuscript by Stephan Bergler, in his edition (Leipzig, 1715, 8vo.) with notes and a Latin translation. These seventy-two epistles form the third book in Bergler's edition. J. A. Wagner, in his edition (Leipzig, 1798, 2 vols, 8vo.), with the notes of Bergler), added two new letters entire, and fragments of five others. One long letter, which as of the 19th century had not been published entire in English, exists in several Paris manuscripts.

 * Editio princeps, Aldus Manutius, (44 letters) (1499)
 * Stephan Bergler (1715)
 * English translation by Monro and Beloe (1791)
 * E. E. Seiler (1856)
 * Rudolf Hercher (1873)
 * Athenian Society 1896
 * Schepers (1905).
 * Granholm (diss.; 2012)

title: Alciphron


text: User talk:70.241.246.117

title: User talk:70.241.246.117


text:
2003 Hessian state election

The 2003 Hessian state election was held on 2 February 2003 to elect the members of the Landtag of Hesse. The incumbent coalition government of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) led by Minister-President Roland Koch was returned with an increased majority. The CDU recorded a 5.4% swing in its favour, winning an absolute majority of seats. It subsequently formed government alone, with Roland Koch continuing in office.

Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Hesse.

Election result
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Party ! colspan=3| Constituency ! colspan=4| Party list ! rowspan=2| Total seats ! rowspan=2| +/- ! Votes ! % ! Seats ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! colspan="11" | ! colspan=2| Total ! 2,715,689 ! 100.00 ! 55 ! 2,734,992 ! 100.00 ! ! 55 ! 110 ! 0 ! colspan=2| Turnout ! 2,798,534 ! 64.62 ! ! 2,798,534 ! 64.62 ! 1.83 ! colspan=4|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 1,411,800
 * 51.99
 * 53
 * 1,333,863
 * 48.77
 * 5.36
 * 3
 * 56
 * 6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 898,813
 * 33.10
 * 2
 * 795,576
 * 29.09
 * 10.28
 * 31
 * 33
 * 13
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE)
 * 230,261
 * 8.48
 * 0
 * 276,276
 * 10.10
 * 2.92
 * 12
 * 12
 * 4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 148,632
 * 5.47
 * 0
 * 216,110
 * 7.90
 * 2.80
 * 9
 * 9
 * 3
 * 2.80
 * 9
 * 9
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Republicans (REP)
 * 7,025
 * 0.26
 * 0
 * 34,563
 * 1.26
 * 1.42
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutz)
 * 4,815
 * 0.18
 * 0
 * 20,600
 * 0.75
 * 0.29
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * align=left| Airport Expansion Opponents (FAG)
 * colspan=3| –
 * 17,736
 * 0.65
 * New
 * 0
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Party for a Rule of Law Offensive (SCHILL)
 * 3,074
 * 0.11
 * 0
 * 14,545
 * 0.53
 * New
 * 0
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Feminist Party of Germany (FRAUEN)
 * 1,090
 * 0.04
 * 0
 * 7,506
 * 0.27
 * 0.04
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Party of Bible-abiding Christians (PBC)
 * 1,465
 * 0.05
 * 0
 * 6,674
 * 0.24
 * 0.07
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| German Communist Party (DKP)
 * 2,552
 * 0.09
 * 0
 * 5,908
 * 0.22
 * 0.08
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)
 * 378
 * 0.01
 * 0
 * 2,683
 * 0.10
 * 0.02
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Civil Rights Movement Soliarity (BüSo)
 * 873
 * 0.03
 * 0
 * 1,643
 * 0.06
 * 0.04
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Socialist Equality Party (PSG)
 * colspan=3| –
 * 1,309
 * 0.05
 * New
 * 0
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Socialist Alternative (SAV)
 * 356
 * 0.01
 * 0
 * colspan=4| –
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Independents
 * 4,555
 * 0.17
 * 0
 * colspan=4| –
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * colspan=4| –
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Independents
 * 4,555
 * 0.17
 * 0
 * colspan=4| –
 * 0
 * 0
 * 0
 * colspan=2 align=center| Invalid
 * 82,845
 * 2.96
 * 63,542
 * 2.27
 * colspan=4|
 * 2.27
 * colspan=4|
 * colspan=2 align=center| Registered voters
 * 4,330,792
 * colspan=2|
 * 4,330,792
 * colspan=5|
 * }
 * }

title: 2003 Hessian state election


text:
Talk:War (card game)

Untitled
I'm assuming that "jokers beat all other cards" doesn't apply if both jokers are used (so in that case, they're just the next up from an ace, yes?). -Sean Curtin 05:59, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Personally I usually take the jokers out. -ggb667

This page is very hard to find on the search "war cardgame" didn't work, and should. I don't know how to fix that (yet). Also "war" didn't go to a disambugiation page. -ggb667

 * I have put in a link for war cardgame. If there are other search ways you think need to be addressed then the way to do it is to create a page with the title you feel people will use to search for and then put in "#REDIRECTWar (card game)"-look at this in the edit page to see the correct control characters. On the second point it is normal wiki policy that if a word has a very common meaning and other less common meanings then typing in the word will go to the article with the common meaning, but there will be a link to the disambigution page at the top. I think it is reasonable to assume that war as in conflicts between countries is the most common reason to search for this term so the way it's set up is legitimate.  Finally to get the computer to automatically sign your name at the end put in four "~" in a row and it will put your name and comment time at the end of your talk point. Nashikawa 22:41, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

The sentence:

"Whoever has no card to play when they are required to play one is the winner."

is wrong, is it not? According to Hoyle, the game is won by the player who has all the cards, and this is how I remember it from years ago. - LagunaDave

They mean the same thing, if you have no cards to play the other player must have all the cards. -Fifdud —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fifdud (talk • contribs) 22:16, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

The article uses the words "In one blood-thirsty variation," Really now? That seems a bit of a leap in vocabulary, especially since no violence or ruthlessness is described in the rule. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Deltadromeus (talk • contribs) 06:59, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

The description of the rules is incomplete. This page ought to explain what happens when a tie results from a player playing her last card. 71.112.25.123 (talk) 03:31, 20 October 2009 (UTC)ATBS

One sentence begins: "If played in a way that cards are both laid and returned in a well-defined manner (with no shuffling), ...". However, war cannot be played with no shuffling -- that would result in a significant chance of games going on forever. Given certain decks, there's always a chance of a game of war continuing forever, but this occurs with probability zero if the deck is shuffled even only very slightly once in a while (humans shuffle by not collecting won cards in a systematic, consistent manner). If there is no shuffling, every time the deck contains a cycle (which decks contain a cycle depends on the manner in which the cards are deterministically collected) the game will go on forever -- the chance of this is very much nonzero; from a few scattered trials I guesstimate about one in twenty. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.212.159.113 (talk) 05:40, 1 January 2010 (UTC)
 * That's interesting insight. Neither this article, nor any rules I have ever seen, seem to standardize the act of shuffling cards before returning them to the bottom of the pile.  Most just say "return them face down to the bottom".  But as you say, this in itself isn't well defined, since the cards are in two different piles and need to be merged before being returned to the bottom.  So there is typically some implicit shuffling happening either way, whether the rules force it or not.  My thinking was more if you implemented this with strict and predictable rules (as a computer game, for instance, where outcomes are more often predictable than random), everything would be deterministic from the get-go.  Anyway what I was really trying to get at is it's a decisionless game where you can't meaningfully affect the outcome.  Feel free to change it if you think the shuffling part adds confusion. Might do a computer trial to test your gut-derived statistics. Endasil (talk) 09:06, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Gameplay contradiction
Under gameplay it says that players pick a card (out of the three) to turn over during a War.

Later, it says that no choices are made.

Which is it?

Vyroglyph (talk) 02:52, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Fewest Battles
It says, "Presumably, the game with ten battles was the game with the sextuple war, which would have left the loser with one card. The loser of that war would then win a battle, then lose two in a row to eliminate all its cards." However, wouldn't a sextuple war leave the player with 13 cards? This doesn't make sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.44.13.132 (talk) 01:35, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I have a feeling those stats came from a program where a tie results in three cards down and one up; a sextuple war would result in 25 cards for each player on the table (1 for initial battle and 24 for the ensuing wars). DukeEGR93 19:08, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

Gameplay error? Number of cards played during a war
The article says that during a "war", "Both players place the next card of their pile face down (some variants have three face down cards) and then another card face-up.". Neither options are correct in my experience with the game - I've always seen a war involving a *total* of three cards - not one plus one or three face down plus one, as the article indicates. The Hebrew version of the article also says **two** face down cards plus one face up, and the interesting article https://www.wimpyprogrammer.com/the-statistics-of-war-the-card-game also says that during a war 4 cards change hand (one player wins the original card, plus the 3 war ones, from the opponent). 46.121.71.206 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 23:04, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

History of the card game?
The article doesn’t currently mention how or where the game originated or how it changed over time. 2600:1017:B0B0:9D5F:2497:2044:6384:D17D (talk) 00:19, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Sparks Gaming the System
— Assignment last updated by Edquan0904 (talk) 19:54, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:War (card game)


text:
Vince DiFiore

Vincent Robert DiFiore Jr. (born 1965 in Torrance, California) is an American musician. He has been a member of the band Cake since 1991, in which he plays trumpet, keyboard, and sings harmony vocals.

Early life and education
DiFiore earned a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from University of California, Los Angeles and a Master of Arts in psychology from California State University, Sacramento.

Career
DiFiore is a founding member of Cake, along with John McCrea and Greg Brown, Shon Meckfessel, and Frank French. The band released their first album, Motorcade of Generosity, in 1994, and have since released five more.

Since 2019, DiFiore has been a member of the That, with whom he plays trumpet and keyboard, as well as singing accompanying vocals.

title: Vince DiFiore


text:
Alzira, Valencia

Alzira (Alcira) is a city and municipality of 46,451 inhabitants (62,094 floating population) in Valencia, eastern Spain. It is the capital of the comarca of Ribera Alta in the province of Valencia. The city is the heart of the second largest urban agglomeration in the province, with a population of over 100,000.

Geographic situation
Alzira is located in the province of Valencia, on the left bank of the Júcar river, and on the Valencia–Alicante railway.

Alzira's climate is typically Mediterranean: warm with no extremes of temperature either in summer or winter. Rainfall is scarce and irregular. Torrential rains usually follow periods of relative drought.

The town is situated on the shores of the Júcar river and contains the Murta and Casella valleys. Alzira's borough extends over 111 square kilometres.

History
Alzira was founded by Andalusīs under the name Jazīrah Shukr (جَزِيرَة شُقْر) Arabic for "island along the Xúquer", shortened to al-Jazìra in late Andalusī Arabic and early Valencian Romance, from which it was taken into Spanish.

It was a prosperous trading station during Andalusīs' time, which lasted over five hundred years. During that time the city had a local administrative government and was considered as a cultural hub for writers, philosophers, and law experts.

The city was conquered by James I of Aragon on 30 December 1242.

Alzira, located right on the bank of the Júcar, has suffered devastating floods throughout its history - in particular in 1472, 1590, 1864, 1916, 1982 and 1987.

Alzira has historically been a walled town, surrounded by palm, orange and mulberry groves, and by low-lying rice-swamps, which rendered its neighborhood somewhat unhealthy. It is sometimes identified with the Roman Saetabicula or with the pre-Roman Sucro. The mutiny at Sucro of 206 BC, suppressed by Scipio Africanus, was possibly at or near present-day Alzira.

Economy
Agriculture was the prime economic driving force in Alzira up to the mid-20th century. The most important produce are oranges and they are distributed by important local co-operatives.

During the 20th century, Alzira changed from an agricultural economy to a diverse industry-orientated city with an important commercial infrastructure and associated services. Many companies have their head-office in the city: building and publishing companies, diverse manufacturers, textile and ice cream factories, etc. Alzira has become a very important commercial city due to its influence area, which is estimated about 300,000 inhabitants.

Healthcare
Alzira has a 250-bed Community Hospital, the Hospital de la Ribera, which was built in 1999 by UTE-Ribera, under a Private Finance Initiative scheme. This capitation based system with integration between primary and secondary care providers and a unified IT system across all services has become known as the Alzira model and received a great deal of attention. The quality of services appears to be considerably higher than other health care systems.

Main sights

 * Monastery of la Murta: It is constituted of buildings rising in the following three periods: 11th to 15th century, 16th century, and 17th century. In the 19th century, after the expropriation, his new owner raised a manor over the hospice of the monastery. The Monastery also has a partition battlemented wall. Nowadays, In the garden. There are still remainders gathering in the walls. In that way, it has prepared to increase the defensive function. The elements of the group are: Monastery: The new church and the Tower of the Bells._ Fortified tower of la Porteria. Ruins of the monastery and adjacent elements. Foster chapel of ’La Virgen de la Murta’, after it was a sacristy.
 * Alzira walled circuit: The walls of Alzira were built around a possible river island, from which derives its name in Arabic (Al-Yazira: The Island) had a dual purpose, first the defense, and second the flood protection of Júcar river. The walls were buried by the river, which floods the city from three to four times a year. The walled circuit was formed by a double wall which today contains the historical center of “la Vila”, dated in the Islamic period where some of the mosques and baths were settled. Nowadays, the remains are located in two areas of the city, “el parque de las murallas” and “las murallas del Antiguo Mercado”
 * Town council hall of Alzira: This building has a civil Gothic style of the Crown of Aragon. Its oldest part dates from the 16th century and, although we can say that the construction of its plant obeys to medieval patterns alternating the Ghotic style and the Baroque. It is a building with a quadrangular plant and a three water covered with Arabic tiles in whose construction the following local unions have collaborated: stonecutters, carpenters and mull wall. Its interior rooms are arranged around a rectangular gallery. In 1930 it was declared an Artistic National Monument
 * Santa Catalina church of Alzira : The building was rebuilt in the 17th century on an earlier mosque, with a Gothic basilica and a Gothic factory. It is inserted into the so-called “reconquista” churches with a single ground covered with a cannon vault open with lunettes and open chapels between buttresses, covered with a mid-cannon vault. Over the transept, a drum covered by a dome over scallops sets up. This was replaced by a new double-sloped roof that covers the entire temple
 * Mare de Déu del Lluch Sanctuary of Alzira: Construction built in a neo-Romanesque style. The temple of three naves is covered with groin vault, while the major chapel is fixed with another kind of vault. The access is through a big door which emulates the Romanesque style on which there are three big windows topped by an oculus. They allow the entrance of the light inside of the enclosure. To the left, the bell tower rises separated into three sections and covered with pyramidal spire. In the central part of the second section, there are two windows which placed one above the other emphasizes the verticality of the entire monument. The third section separated from the previous one by a decorated wide strip includes the group of bells.
 * Museum: Noble Gothic-Renaissance house that houses the Municipal Museum of Alzira. It brings together the cultural heritage of Alzira and the Ribera Alta, so it is possible to contemplate the evolutionary aspects under both, physical and human settlements established in the territory, from prehistory to the present day. It has interesting historical and artistic funds of the city and its region. Permanent exhibitions are divided into four sections: cartography, archeology, ethnology and history, and arts.

Notable people

 * 'Abū 'Isḥāq ibn Khafājah, Andalusī poet
 * Raúl Albentosa, footballer
 * Adrián Campos, Formula One driver and Campos Racing founder.
 * Mónica Carrió, weightlifter
 * Lorenzo Carrió, weightlifter
 * Jorge Martínez, motorcycle racer
 * Elisa Ramírez, actress

title: Alzira, Valencia


text:
Russian National Orchestra

The Russian National Orchestra (Российский национальный оркестр) was founded in Moscow in 1990 by pianist and conductor Mikhail Pletnev. It was the first Russian orchestra to perform at the Apostolic Palace, Vatican and in Israel.

History
The RNO's first recording (1991) was Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6, Pathétique, released on Virgin Classics. Since then, the orchestra has made over 80 recordings for Deutsche Grammophon, Pentatone, Ondine, Warner Classics and other labels, and with conductors that include RNO Founder and Artistic Director Mikhail Pletnev, Vladimir Jurowski, Paavo Järvi, Kent Nagano, Carlo Ponti, José Serebrier and Vasily Petrenko. Notable releases include the complete Beethoven symphonies and piano concertos on Deutsche Grammophon, Tchaikovsky's six symphonies for Pentatone, and the RNO Shostakovich project, also on Pentatone.

The RNO's recording of Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf and Beintus's Wolf Tracks, conducted by Kent Nagano and narrated by Sophia Loren, Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev, was the winner of a 2004 Grammy Award, making the RNO the first Russian orchestra ever to win this honor. A Spanish-language version narrated by Antonio Banderas was released in 2007, following a Russian version narrated by actors Oleg Tabakov and Sergei Bezrukov, with a Mandarin edition following in 2011. Narrators in concert versions of these works have included actors Danny Glover, Diana Douglas, Sean Dill and Debbie Allen, model Tatiana Sorokko, Singaporean violinist Min Lee, and BBC anchor Seva Novgorodsev.

Touring annually, the RNO appears in the music capitals of Europe, Asia and the Americas, and is a frequent guest at festivals such as Edinburgh, the BBC Proms, Festival Napa Valley, and Festival of the Arts BOCA. In 2009 the RNO launched its own annual festival, the RNO Grand Festival, held each September to open the Moscow season. The tenth anniversary festival was held from September 10 to October 4, 2018.

RNO concerts are often aired on National Public Radio, the European Broadcasting Union, and Russia's Kultura channel.

In 2008, a panel of international critics assembled by Gramophone named the Russian National Orchestra as one of the world's top orchestras.

The RNO maintains two outreach programs in the US and Russia: Cultural Allies, encompassing exchanges between artists in Russia and the West and the commissioning of new works; and the Magic of Music, bringing RNO musicians to play for children in Moscow's orphanages, special facilities for the mentally and physically disabled, and bringing school children to concert halls in Moscow for RNO children's concerts. In the two decades since the Magic of Music program was created, it has expanded to the US with Russian National Orchestra musicians performing for school children while on tour.

The Russian National Orchestra is a private institution supported by individuals, corporations and foundations in Russia and throughout the world. Organizations that support the RNO include the Russian Arts Foundation, Prince Michael of Kent Foundation, Ann and Gordon Getty Foundation, Mikhail Prokhorov Foundation, and the Trust for Mutual Understanding.

Recordings
Since 1990, the RNO has released over 80 recordings on CD and SACD. These include:

title: Russian National Orchestra