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John Ogdon

John Andrew Howard Ogdon (27 January 1937 – 1 August 1989) was an English pianist and composer.

Career
Ogdon was born in Mansfield Woodhouse, Nottinghamshire, and attended the Manchester Grammar School, before studying at the Royal Northern College of Music (formerly The Royal Manchester College of Music) between 1953 and 1957, where his fellow students under Richard Hall included Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and Peter Maxwell Davies. Together they formed New Music Manchester, a group dedicated to the performances of serial and other modern works. His tutor there was Claud Biggs. As a boy he had studied with Iso Elinson and after leaving college, he further studied with Gordon Green, Denis Matthews, Dame Myra Hess, and Egon Petri—the last in Basel, Switzerland.

He won first prize at the London Liszt Competition in 1961 and consolidated his growing international reputation by winning another first prize at the International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow in 1962, jointly with Vladimir Ashkenazy.

Ogdon was able to play most pieces at sight and had committed a huge range of pieces to memory. He intended to record the complete piano works of Sergei Rachmaninoff, a feat which would constitute about six full-length albums, but only recorded about half of them. The recordings were released in 2001. He recorded all ten Scriabin sonatas in 1971. Ogdon was also a formidable exponent of the works of Alkan and Busoni. In more familiar repertoire, he revealed deep musical sensibilities, always buttressed by a colossal technique. He also recorded a number of duo-piano works with his wife, [Brenda Lucas, also known as Brenda Lucas Ogdon.

On 2 February 1969, on British television, he gave the first modern performance of Edward Elgar's Concert Allegro, Op. 46. The piece was never published and the manuscript had long been believed lost, but it came to light in 1968. Ogdon and Diana McVeigh developed a performing version of the piece from Elgar's manuscript, which was full of corrections, deletions and additions. Between 1976 and 1980 Ogdon was Professor of Music (Piano) at Indiana University. He completed four comprehensive tours of Southern Africa to enthusiastic acclaim between 1968 and 1976 and dedicated a composition to his tour organizer Hans Adler.

His own compositions number more than 200, and include four operas, two large works for orchestra, three cantatas, songs, chamber music, a substantial amount of music for solo piano, and two piano concertos, the first of which he recorded. The majority of his music was composed for the piano. These include 50 transcriptions of works by composers as diverse as Stravinsky, Palestrina, Mozart, Satie and Wagner. He also made piano arrangements of songs by Cole Porter, Jerome Kern and George Gershwin and he wrote unaccompanied sonatas for violin, flute and cello. A planned symphony based on the works of Herman Melville, and a comic opera were left unfinished. The original manuscripts of many of Ogdon's compositions are deposited in the Royal Northern College of Music Library.

Breakdown
Ogdon's health was good, and his physical constitution was strong, as his wife often recalled in her biography. Regarded as a "gentle giant", known and loved for his kindness and generosity, he had tremendous energy. But an everyday business argument seemed to upset him more than expected and then suddenly in 1973 he experienced a severe breakdown. This sometimes changed his personality completely. His illness was initially diagnosed as schizophrenia, but then changed to manic depression (now referred to as bipolar disorder). Either condition may have been inherited from his father, who suffered several psychotic episodes and a mental breakdown. Ogdon spent some time in the Maudsley Hospital in London, and in general needed more nursing than it was possible to provide while touring. Nevertheless, he was reported to maintain three hours' practice a day on the hospital's piano.

In 1983, after emerging from hospital, he played at the opening of the Royal Concert Hall in Nottingham. In 1988 he released a five-disc recording of Sorabji's Opus clavicembalisticum. He died in August 1989 of pneumonia, brought on by undiagnosed diabetes.

Legacy
His wife Brenda, along with writer Michael Kerr, wrote a biography of her life with him in 1981, and released a second edition in 1989, shortly before his death. Another biography by Charles Beauclerk was published in March 2014.

In the BBC film about his life, Virtuoso, based on the biography, Ogdon was played by Alfred Molina, who won a Best Actor award from the Royal Television Society for the performance. The production interpreted Ogdon's illness as manic depression rather than schizophrenia, since he had responded much better to treatment for the former condition. Brenda Ogdon also recalled being informed that his obsessive musical work could have been interpreted as a symptom of manic depression.

In June 2014 John Ogdon: Living with Genius, directed by Zoe Dobson, was broadcast on BBC Four. The programme was followed by John Ogdon: A Musical Tribute featuring piano performances by Peter Donohoe, including Ogdon's own Theme and Variations.

In 1990, Gordon Rumson, another devoted advocate for Sorabji's music, composed the piano piece Threnody for John Ogdon. Organist Kevin Bowyer commissioned and premiered Alistair Hinton's organ work Pansophiae for John Ogdon (Hinton is the curator of the Sorabji Archive and worked with Ogdon on the recording of Sorabji's Opus clavicembalisticum).

Ogdon is survived by his daughter and son, Annabel and Richard Ogdon.

Discography
A reasonably comprehensive discography can be found on the website of the John Ogdon Foundation reproduced from The Gramophone Spring 1998 edition as compiled by Michael Glover. However, a small number of other recordings have since come to light:

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111
 * Recorded in the BBC studios, London, 5 November 1963
 * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No. 5 in E♭ major, Op. 73
 * Recorded with the BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra and Jascha Horenstein
 * 32 Variations on an original theme in C minor, WoO 80
 * Sir Arthur Bliss
 * Piano Concerto in B-flat, BBC Symphony Orchestra under the composer, 2 August 1966, Bliss birthday concert
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No. 2 in B♭ major, Op. 83
 * Recorded in the BBC Studios, Manchester, 16 September 1966 with the Hallé Orchestra and John Barbirolli
 * Percy Grainger
 * Transcription of Lullaby from Tribute to Foster
 * Recorded at the 1966 Aldeburgh Festival
 * Shepherd's Hey
 * Recorded at the 1966 Aldeburgh Festival
 * Zanzibar Boat Song
 * Recorded at the 1966 Aldeburgh Festival with Benjamin Britten and Viola Tunnard
 * Alun Hoddinott
 * Sonata No. 3, Op. 40
 * Recorded at the 23rd Cheltenham Festival
 * Franz Liszt
 * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No. 1 in E♭ major, S.124
 * Recorded in the Colston Hall, Bristol, 20 September 1967
 * Mephisto Waltz No. 1 (Der Tanz in der Dorfschenke), S.514
 * Recorded in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, 24 April 1969
 * Grande Fantaisie de bravoure sur La Clochette (La campanella) de Paganini, S.420
 * Recorded in the BBC studios, London, 20 January 1970
 * Grande Etude S.137, No.11 (1837 version of Etude d'exécution transcendente S.139, No. 11 Harmonies du soir)
 * Recorded in the BBC studios, London, 20 January 1970
 * Tilo Medek
 * "Battaglia alla Turca" for two pianos, from Mozart's Rondo alla Turca
 * Recorded live in London in 1974 with John Lill
 * Nikolai Medtner
 * Piano Sonata in C minor, Op. 25, No.1 (Fairy Tale)
 * Recorded in 1971 for the BBC
 * Piano Sonata in E minor, Op. 25, No.2 (Night Wind)
 * Recorded in 1972?
 * Franz Schubert
 * Piano Sonata in C minor, D.958
 * Recorded in 1972 for the BBC
 * Dmitri Shostakovich
 * Piano Sonata No. 2 in B minor, Op. 61
 * Recorded in 1971 for the BBC
 * Igor Stravinsky
 * Sonata for two pianos (1943/1944)
 * Recorded at the 23rd Cheltenham Festival with Brenda Lucas
 * Concerto for two solo pianos (1935)
 * Recorded at the 23rd Cheltenham Festival with Brenda Lucas

Recordings

 * Ferruccio Busoni: Fantasia contrappuntistica, Fantasia nach J. S. Bach, and Toccata. Altarus AIR-CD-9074
 * Ferruccio Busoni: Piano Concerto (with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; Daniell Revenaugh, conductor). EMI Classics 94637246726
 * Kaikhosru Sorabji: Opus clavicembalisticum. Altarus AIR-CD9075

title: John Ogdon


text:
Mario Martinez

Mario Martinez may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Mario Martinez (painter) (born 1953), contemporary abstract painter
 * Mario Iván Martínez (born 1962), Mexican actor

Association football

 * Mario Martínez (footballer, born 1985), Spanish football midfielder
 * Mario Martínez (footballer, born 1989), Honduran football attacking midfielder

Other sports

 * Mario Martinez (weightlifter) (1957–2018), American Olympic weightlifter
 * Mario Martinez (tennis) (born 1961), Bolivian tennis player
 * Mario Martínez (boxer) (born 1965), former Mexican boxer

Other

 * Mario Aburto Martínez (born 1971), Mexican assassin

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mario Martinez


text:
River Teifi

The River Teifi (Afon Teifi, ) in Wales forms the boundary for most of its length between the counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, and for the final 3 mi of its total length of 76 mi, the boundary between Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire. Its estuary is northwest of Cardigan, known in Welsh as Aberteifi, meaning 'mouth of the Teifi'. Teifi has formerly been anglicised as "Tivy".

Geography
The Teifi has its source in Llyn Teifi, one of several lakes known collectively as the Teifi Pools. These are situated towards the north of the county of Ceredigion; the source is in the Cambrian Mountains at 1493 ft. This wide area of Mid-Wales, with a very sparse population, is part of what is sometimes called the "Desert of Wales". The river flows past Strata Florida Abbey and then through Pontrhydfendigaid before turning broadly southwest. Here it passes through Cors Caron, one of the great raised mires of Britain also known as Tregaron Bog or Cors Goch Glanteifi (translates from Welsh as red bog on the banks of the Teifi). From here the river descends through pastures and bogs forming meanders on farmland below. Several small tributaries join from the valley with gorges, rocky and tree-lined sections also in the area.

Over the next 30 mi, the Teifi meanders southwest in a gentle arc passing through Tregaron, Llanddewi Brefi, Cwmann, Lampeter, Llanybydder, Llandysul, Newcastle Emlyn, and Cenarth. The river is tidal below Llechryd, descending through the steep-sided Cilgerran Gorge to Cardigan. West of Cardigan and St Dogmaels, the river broadens into a wide estuary with Poppit Sands on its west bank and Gwbert on its east bank as it enters Cardigan Bay.

On the lower parts of the river the wildlife is rich. There is a large variety ranging from water-crowfoot to Atlantic salmon as well as otters, wetland birds and multi fruited river moss. There have also been sightings of bottle-nosed dolphins where the river opens into the estuary.

It is sometimes asserted that the Afon Tywi at 75 mi and Afon Teifi at 76 mi are the longest rivers wholly in Wales though at about 78 mi, the River Usk exceeds both.

The river is susceptible to flooding and there were some heavy floods in 2007 and 2008. If the swollen river is backed up by a high tide, flooding can occur in Cardigan and as far up river as Llechryd. The most recent flooding was in December 2015.

The principal tributaries of the Teifi (ordered from source to sea) are as follows: Afon Mwyro, Nant Glasffrwd, Afon Meurig, Afon Fflur, Camddwr Fach, Camddwr, Brennig, Nant Carfan, Afon Brefi, Nant Digonest, Nant Clywedog, Ffrwd Cynon, Nant Gou, Nant Dulas, Nant Hathren, Nant Eiddig, Nant y Gwragedd, Nant Dolgwm, Afon Granell, Afon Duar, Nant Hust, Nant Ceiliog, Nant Caradog, Nant Cwm-du, Nant Cledlyn, Nant Fylchog, Afon Clettwr, Nant Wern-macwydd, Gwenffrwd, Afon Cerdin, Afon Tyweli, Nant Merwydd, Hoffnant, Afon Gwr-fach, Afon Siedi, Camnant, Nant Bachnog, Nant Iago, Nant Bargod, Afon Cynllo, Afon Cwm-wern, Nant Halen, Afon Arad, Nant Sarah, Afon Ceri, Afon Nawmor, Afon Hirwaun, Afon Cych, Afon Eifed, Nant Arberth, Afon Morgenau, Afon Plysgog, Nant Rhyd-y-fuwch, Afon Piliau, Afon Mwldan, Nant Degwen, Nant-y-ferwig.

Geology and landscape
The Teifi and its tributaries are underlain by ancient Ordovician and Silurian mudstones which have been extensively glaciated during the ice ages. The resultant landform is one of gently rolling hills supporting a range of agriculture in which dairy and sheep farming dominate. Ceredigion had the reputation of supplying London with its milk in the 19th century. The landscapes of the Teifi valley are very attractive and the Teifi is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful rivers in Wales.

Teifi Pools, the source of the Teifi, are a series of small upland lakes left by past glacial activity. The lakes are acidic in nature. Some have been enlarged by damming and now provide a source of drinking water. The very extensive raised mire above Tregaron acts as a huge sponge at the head of the river and evens out extremes in flow.

Rapids and waterfalls are uncommon but the examples at Henllan and, especially at Cenarth, are noteworthy and have been extensively photographed and painted because of the beauty of the landscape. A dramatic painting of the falls was made by Frank Miles and is now at Nottingham City Museum. Miles's father inherited Cardigan Priory from his father, Philip John Miles, but lived in Nottinghamshire as Rector of Bingham.

The river enters a narrow gorge between Llechryd and Cilgerran, the sides of which are thickly wooded with a distinctive under-storey flora of wood rush.

SSSI
The Teifi has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) since December 1997 in an attempt to protect the rare and unique features and species within it. This SSSI has been notified as being of both geological and biological importance. It is protected by law. The site has an area of 778.18 hectares and is managed by Natural Resources Wales.

Hydrology

The catchment of the river is estimated to be 1008 km2 yielding an average flow at Glan Teifi, just upstream of Llechryd Bridge, of 29.126 m³/s. The maximum recorded flow between 1959 and 2011 was 373.6 m³/s on 18 October 1987. The average annual rainfall varies from 1552 mm in the upper catchment to 1176 mm in the lower catchment, which is higher than the average for United Kingdom at 1101 mm.

Culture and history
The Teifi valley has been inhabited since pre-history. There are many remains of Iron Age and Stone Age man including cromlechs (burial chambers) and standing stones. The remains of a medieval abbey stand at Strata Florida with some excellent examples of encaustic tiles on the floors. The river flows near to the Lampeter campus of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, its predecessor, the University of Wales, Lampeter (est. 1822) having been the oldest university established in Wales. The river forms the southern boundary of the hamlet of Pen-y-wenallt.

Between Cenarth and Cardigan, there is an ancient tradition of fishing and travel using coracles – very simple light-weight boats made of bent sticks covered with waterproofed hide or skins. These are paddled by a single oar used at the front of the craft which requires great skill. The principal use for coracles is for salmon fishing using nets. This form of fishing is now very tightly controlled and the right to fish in this way is passed down from father to son. There is also an age-old tradition of illegal salmon and sea-trout fishing in the lower Teifi. In 1188 Giraldus Cambrensis observed what is thought to have been the last colony of European beaver in England or Wales on the Teifi.

In modern times, the river Teifi is still important to the population that surrounds it and currently serves as the complete water source for the local area of Mid & South Ceredigion.

Concern over the health of the river has been reported, which include the levels of phosphates, nitrates, and sewage pollution. Following an analysis of data collected by environmental agencies, it has been stated the River Teifi has the most sewage discharges in Wales. A report of this analysis concluded the river Teifi as the 9th most polluted river in the UK. Further concern was reported by local press in March 2023 after 10 tonnes of debris and agricultural waste was pulled from a 3km stretch of the river in Llandysul.

title: River Teifi


text:
Kong von thom

The kong von thom or kong thom (គងធំ) plays a melodic line in the Cambodian pinpeat ensemble almost identical to that of the roneat thung (large xylophone). The kong thom dwells more steadily on the pulse without pulling or delaying the beat (melody). The player uses soft mallets for indoor performance, hard ones for outdoors. The kong von thom is analogous to the khong wong yai used in Thailand.

History
The Khmer word korng/ kong "gong" is refers to all types of gong including the flat or bossed gong, single or in a set, suspended on cords from hooks, or a gong placed over a frame. The history of these gongs can be traced in part from the epigraphy and iconography of Funan-Chenla and Angkor periods, for many can be seen carved on ancient Khmer temple.

Construction
The gong circle-maker creates sixteen bossed gongs made of copper with bronze admixture. He suspends them on rattan frames in a circle around the player. He tunes the individual gongs by dripping into the upturned boss a mixture of mud-lead, rice husks, and beeswax.

The kong thom's smaller cousin is called kong toch.

Name similarity
Another also uses instrument the shorter name Kong thom — a hanging gong. That instrument is not used in orchestras.

title: Kong von thom


text:
Mario Aburto Martínez

Mario Aburto Martínez (born 3 October 1970) is a Mexican man who was convicted for assassinating presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio in 1994. He confessed to the murder and was sentenced to 42 years in prison. Despite the confession and conviction, the New York Times reported that there was widespread belief within Mexico that the conviction involved a conspiracy and coverup mainly by Carlos Salinas de Gortari (the president at that time) and Manuel Camacho Solís (a member of Salinas' cabinet). A later Mexican film called Colosio, el asesinato alleged that the Salinas government was behind the crime.

title: Mario Aburto Martínez


text:
Högdalen

Högdalen (the High Valley) is a suburban district in South Stockholm, Sweden, built around the metro station with this name on line 19. It was connected to Stockholm City Centre in 1954, three years after the town planning of the Högdalen district was approved.

Högdalen (High Valley) is roughly divided between the residential and commercial areas near the metro station in the centre and the industrial area and landfill further to the east. The inhabitants tend to vote mostly for the Social Democrats and the Left Party (in the election of 2006, the left block won with 55,7% of the votes). As of 2006 7,862 people lived in Högdalen, distributed across an area of 2.01 km2, which gives a density of 3,911/km2. The unemployment rate was 4,9%.

Notable landmarks in Högdalen are the neon rooster on top of an apartment block in the commercial area, and the golden rooster on top of the local church.

The independent theatre group Fria Teatern is based in Högdalen, where its main stage is located (there is a small one in Kungsholmen as well).

Högdalen is part of Vantör borough, together with four other suburban districts.

title: Högdalen


text:
Affairs of the Heart (album)

Affairs of the Heart is the third studio album by American pop singer Jody Watley, released on December 3, 1991, by MCA Records. (see 1991 in music). Affairs of the Heart supplies a handful of energetic dance numbers and a plentiful selection of quiet storm ballads, the new material result is a set that's much thicker and deeper sound. Watley co-wrote nine of the album's 11 tracks, which delivers a good mixture flow of R&B-funk, to classy house, to inspirational dance pop and groovy melody Motown-inspired soul.

Commercial performance
The album produced the following hit singles: "I Want You" a top five on US R&B Singles and no. 61 on Billboard Hot 100; the second single "I'm the One You Need" hit top 20 on both the US Hot 100 and US R&B, and top five on US Dance/Club Play Songs chart. Its third and final single "It All Begins With You" received moderate airplay and peaked at no. 48 on US Adult Contemporary, but failed to chart on the Hot 100 or R&B singles.

Personnel

 * Jody Watley – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 2, 3, 5-11), vocal arrangements (1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11), arrangements (6)
 * André Cymone – keyboards (1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11), guitars (1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11), bass (1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11), drums (1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11), backing vocals (1, 2, 8, 9, 11), vocal arrangements (1, 2, 4)
 * Alex Shantzis – keyboard programming (3)
 * Peter "Ski" Schwartz – acoustic piano (3)
 * Vernon D. Fails – keyboards (5), rhythm arrangements (5)
 * David Ward – synthesizer programming (5)
 * Don Goldstein – programming (6)
 * Terry Coffey – keyboards (7, 10), synthesizers (7, 10), rhythm arrangements (7, 10), vocal arrangements (7, 10)
 * Duane Nettlesbey – additional programming (7, 10)
 * Kelton Cooper – guitars (3)
 * Dean Parks – acoustic guitar (4)
 * Michael J. Powell – guitars (5), drums (5), percussion (5), rhythm arrangements (5)
 * Dean Pleasants – rhythm guitar (10)
 * Jon Nettlesbey – bass (7), drums (7, 10), percussion (7, 10), rhythm arrangements (7, 10), vocal arrangements (7, 10)
 * Horace "Bokie" Coleman – bass (10)
 * David Morales – drums (3), percussion (3), arrangements (3), BGV arrangements (3)
 * Brian Kilgore – percussion (11)
 * Danny Madden – BGV arrangements (3)
 * Chris Cameron – arrangements (6)
 * Alfa Anderson Barfield – backing vocals (3)
 * Paulette McWilliams – backing vocals (3)
 * Brenda White-King – backing vocals (3)
 * Angel Rogers – backing vocals (5, 6)
 * Valerie Pinkston-Mayo – backing vocals (5, 6, 11)
 * Fred White – backing vocals (5, 6)
 * Nadirah Ali – backing vocals (10)
 * Voncielle Faggett – backing vocals (11)
 * John Watley – backing vocals (11)

Production

 * Jody Watley – executive producer, producer (6), art direction, design, wardrobe stylist
 * André Cymone – producer (1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11)
 * David Morales – producer (3), mixing (3)
 * Michael J. Powell – producer (5)
 * Terry Coffey – producer (7)
 * Jon Nettlesbey – producer (7)
 * Bobby Brooks – recording (1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11)
 * Hugo Dwyer – recording (3)
 * John Poppo – recording (3), mixing (3), mix engineer (3)
 * David Sussman – recording (3), mix engineer (3)
 * David Ward – recording (5)
 * Wolfgang Aichholz – recording (6), overdub recording (7, 10), vocal recording (7, 10), additional vocal recording (10)
 * Norman Whitfield – basic track recording (7), overdub recording (7), mixing (7)
 * Chris Puram – basic track recording (10)
 * Dan Marnien – additional recording (5)
 * Steve Gallagher – assistant engineer (5)
 * Alan Meyerson – mixing (1, 4, 6, 10, 11)
 * Ken Kessie – mixing (2, 8, 9)
 * Barney Perkins – mixing (5)
 * Milton Chan – assistant mix engineer (5)
 * Brian Gardner – mastering
 * Ivy Skoff – production coordination (1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11)
 * Margo Chase – art direction, design
 * Guzman (Constance Hansen and Russell Peacock) – cover photography
 * Victoria Pearson – centerfold photography
 * Wallace Butts – wardrobe assistance
 * Peter Savic – hair stylist
 * Paul Starr – make-up
 * Lippman Kahane Entertainment – management

Studios
 * Recorded at The Loft (Hollywood, California); Skip Saylor Recording, Studio Masters and Lion Share Recording (Los Angeles, California); Encore Studios (Burbank, California); Granny's House (Reno, Nevada); Quad Recording Studios (New York City, New York).
 * Mixed at The Enterprise and Encore Studios (Burbank, California); Can-Am Recorders (Tarzana, California); Granny's House; Electric Lady Studios and Soundtrack Studios (New York City, New York).
 * Mastered at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California).

title: Affairs of the Heart (album)


text:
A Book of Prefaces

A Book of Prefaces is H. L. Mencken's 1917 collection of essays criticizing American culture, authors, and movements. Mencken described the work as "[My] most important book in its effects upon my professional career." In fact, the book was considered vitriolic enough that Mencken's close friend Alfred Knopf was concerned about publishing it because of the massive increase in patriotism during World War I in America.

The book was eighty pages long and divided into four essays. The first three were concerned with specific writers: Theodore Dreiser, Joseph Conrad and James Gibbons Huneker, respectively.

But perhaps the most important, and certainly the most outspoken essay was entitled "Puritanism as a Literary Force," during which he alleged that William Dean Howells, Henry James, and Mark Twain were victims of the Puritan spirit.

 * "The Puritan's utter lack of aesthetic sense, his distrust of all romantic emotion, his unmatchable intolerance of opposition, his unbreakable belief in his own bleak and narrow views, his savage cruelty of attack, his lust for relentless and barbarous persecution – these things have put an almost unbearable burden up on the exchange of ideas in the United States."

Mencken had criticized Puritanism for many years, famously characterizing it as "the haunting fear that someone, somewhere, may be happy," but through World War I his criticism became increasingly outspoken, in part due to the rising tide of Prohibition.

Mencken's book triggered the imagination of a famous American author. As a teen first entering the world of reading and books in the early 1920s, Richard Wright found literary inspiration in A Book of Prefaces.

Critical response
Response to Mencken's book was generally poor, but certain defenders of American culture were particularly outspoken in their criticism of the book—most notably Stuart Sherman, a professor at the University of Illinois (Sherman was personally attacked in Prefaces). According to Sherman:

"[Mencken] leaps from the saddle with sabre flashing, stables his horse in the church, shoots the priest, hangs three professors, exiles the Academy, burns the library and the university, and amid smoking ashes, erects a new school of criticism on modern German principles."

Other major critics included Paul Elmer More and Irving Babbitt, although neither of these was as vitriolic as Sherman.

Mencken's response
According to Mencken, Sherman's review was "a masterly exposure of what is going on in the Puritan mind, and particularly of its maniacal fear of the German."

"The curse of criticism in America is the infernal babbling of third-rate college professor... [the Book of Prefaces] shook the professors as they had never been shaken before."

title: A Book of Prefaces


text:
Germantown, Washington County, Ohio

Germantown is an unincorporated community in northern Liberty Township, Washington County, Ohio, United States. It lies along Paw Paw Creek near the boundary with Noble County.

History
Germantown had its start when a sawmill was built there. The town site was laid out in 1852.

title: Germantown, Washington County, Ohio


text:
Talk:Direct Connect (protocol)

Protocol?
It seems that a lot of things have been put into the separate NMDC/DC++ articles, and that the parts specific to those should be moved off this page. What should go here, then? Maybe a basic description of the protocol? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.131.177.150 (talk • contribs) 15:39, December 7, 2004

Also, should we use DC_plus_plus or DCPlusPlus for the DC++ article name? the executable is named the latter, but C++ uses the former naming scheme —Preceding unsigned comment added by PseudonympH (talk • contribs) 16:21, December 7, 2004

67.171.11.171 removed "unsupported, unecessary sentences regarding the "record" for number of users on a DC hub" from the article. I was just wondering, that in which way are such user records "unecessary"? There are articles about all kinds of stuff, even weird fish species on Wikipedia. I don't think it is NECESSARY for anyone to know the average size of a damn fish, but some people might find this information interesting. The same could be applied to this article. Even though it isnt NECESSARY for anyone to know the highest amount of users ever fitted in a dc hub, many will find it interesting. Unsupported cannot really be said, because as said, there were around 14 000 people in the hub, and as such, many of them must have seen how many users there were in the hub, and if found, could probably support this record. Also, this hub was discussed on the hublist.org chat hub, and many of the people from there went to the record hub. If we thought that all of these people could be lying, we could as well remove the World War II article from Wikipedia, giving "100% of the witnesses were lying". Therefore, I propose adding the user records, and other information people could find interestring, to this article. -meh —Preceding unsigned comment added by HJV (talk • contribs) 20:20, April 23, 2005

Unlisted direct file transfer system?
I notice there is no mention in here of direct file transfer using websites like http://jetbytes.com/ which create direct links to the file on your computer that can then be used by someone else to directly transfer the file. It's a rather different, simpler, yet more limited process than other methods listed on this page, but seems that it should get a mention herein. --202.168.117.24 (talk) 17:09, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

More Info Needed
What's so great about the DC protocol? Is it secure? Does it do automatic CRC checking of files? How do download/upload queues work? Anything special? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.40.169.172 (talk • contribs) 23:44, June 16, 2005

Hi, I added some information on the weaknesses of the direct connect protocol. Also, removed some unneccesary NPOV attempts relating to the featuresets of the alternatives to the official client. No one questions that the alternatives are generally more featured. The OSS versions were made _because_ the official client was slow to add features and fix bugs.

I'm not badmouthing the protocol unfairly. I've programmed for it, and it sucks. I didn't say that, but did point out things that are objectively wrong with it.

In my opinion, this should not be merged with neo modus direct connect entry, as there is too much general information on alternative clients, protocol issues and the DC "scene" to lump all that with NMDC. The official client is basically on the way out, and the eventual replacement of the protocol with the DC++ protocol is going to wipe it out if Hess doesn't redo the official client from the ground up to support these new features.

Laters. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.81.22.227 (talk • contribs) 16:05, July 30, 2005

Merge
I'm against the merge. Direct connect file-sharing application is pretty much used as a blanket for DC incarnations... whereas NeoModus is the original... but now, not nearly the most popular. I think mergins ia bad. gren グレン 22:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Well I merged Direct Connect network into this article. I reworded a lot of it and added headings, so I hope nothing got lost on the way. The title Direct connect file-sharing application doesn't seem right to me. Maybe its too long or too specific. Perhaps it should be something like Direct Connect (file sharing). —Vadmium 11:40, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Belonging
85.179.26.170 wrote " Due to the centralized nature of Direct Connect, some doubt that the protocol belongs to the P2P family.". Who are these "some"? Source for that claim? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ullner (talk • contribs) 04:25, September 3, 2006  (UTC)
 * The Peer-to-Peer article defines P2P to be the same as what I'd call decentralized file sharing algorithms. I was around when Napster rose to popularity, and I made no centralized/decentralized judgement to consider a given network P2P.  Even so, the P2P article itself mentions "hybrid P2P", which DC is (since the independent servers are akin to those used in Napster or eDonkey 2000).  I don't think that sentence fits with how Wikipedia defines P2P, so I'm removing it.  --GargoyleMT 12:12, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

That had bothered me for a while. The fact that it continues to run, long after the demise of neo-modus.com attest to the fact that it is definitely 'hybrid-p2p'. Thanks GargoyleMT. Jon H ;). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.23.189.131 (talk • contribs) 05:43, November 30, 2006

Protocol Section
The section on the protocol doesn't mention anything specific about the protocol. Instead, it describes some of it's inefficiencies, and basically recommends an alternative. I feel that the section should be removed, renamed, or substatially altered. Hotdogger 23:10, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. --GargoyleMT 21:19, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * i have found backup link to protocol description: http://www.thenighthawk.biz/smf/index.php#16
 * Eh, well, it's not really a "description" of the protocol. It's 'just' the protocol commands, no explanation. We already got that linked to in the article... --Ullner 16:56, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I've updated the protocol section. I hope it's better now. --Ullner 14:54, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

ADC
ADC protocol isnt really "better". originally it was supposed to use less bandwith and less resources than DC++ protocol wich is not the case, it removes the "myINFO" line wich was almost always unnessecary, but instead it intorduced something much longer INF line and some ID's that are in most cases unnessecary, wich makes it even worse than the original protocol, the only good thing is the id's ability to ban a user even if he changes nick/ip (or use the id for authentication) Gunnaraztek 16:36, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * What are you basing your judgement on? The initial INF is larger, yes, however; as people send updates as they're in the hub (share, slot, hubs updates etc), ADC will use less bandwidth, as less is sent. (Only the actual changed info.) I've attempted to document the differences at the DC++ blog, and so far I've only come up with instances where ADC will out-perform NMDC. Unfortunately, there have yet to be a real test with a hub and the consumed bandwidth over time. The different IDs serve a purpose, although they may seem redudant at first glance. In what way are they "unnecessary"? In addition, I'd like to say that this article doesn't explicitly say that ADC is better, or worse, just that its "designed to address the former's [NMDC's] weaknesses." --Ullner 17:13, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps ADC should be merged (yes, there's no content on that page) here? Considering they both use the same hub-client concept? --Ullner 13:02, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Dates
I'm finding the dates section a bit pointless. The only date that should really remain is the Open Direct Connect project reference. The dates of when Neomodus was created and when the project died might be interesting. Also, the date of the first third-party hub, and the first version of DC++. But I'm not sure any date at all is even interesting here... I'll remove that section, if there's no objection. --Ullner 13:07, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Spam
Why isn't spamming problem mentioned at all? I mean those unsolicited bulk private messages sent to p2p-clients. For example, advertising (especially promoting rival DC hubs) and slot-begging (fully automatic!). It looks like this problem doesn't bother any developer, and absolutely no client-side countermeasure is available, while a plently of spamming tools apparently exist. Even such a simple feature like banning a user is not implemented, so you have to rely on firewall (which only helps if offender's IP address is static). Isn't is strange not to account for spam in the modern world? 217.172.21.161 (talk) 08:32, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Also interesting would be if there is any clear proof that Hexhub is used by its creators for launching DDoS attacks? As the people behind HexHub are affilated with a group where some members are searched by Interpol for cybercrimes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.59.120.14 (talk) 13:45, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus to support move. JPG-GR (talk) 17:02, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Direct Connect currently redirects to Direct connect, which is a disambiguation page that should be deleted (per WP:DISAMBIGUATION) because there appear to be only two articles (this one and AOL Instant Messenger) that actually discuss different meanings of the term. Of the two, the filesharing usage is the only one with its own article (the other usage is a single line in the AOL IM article) and the filesharing program is clearly the primary meaning. This article should thus be moved to Direct Connect, with a hatnote added linking to AOL Instant Messenger. If I'm wrong and there are additional meanings that are actually discussed in Wikipedia articles (making the disambig page necessary), I would still say that this article should be moved to Direct Connect and the disambig page should be moved to Direct Connect (disambiguation) or Direct connect (disambiguation). Propaniac (talk) 14:51, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose entries 3 and 4, which you consider to not to exist, seem to be primary meaning to me. 70.55.85.122 (talk) 12:28, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * If you consult WP:DISAMBIGUATION and MOS:DP, the point of a disambiguation page is to disambiguate between content in existing Wikipedia articles. For example, if Wikipedia has articles with information about TOPIC X and TOPIC Y, and these topics are different but can be referred to by the same name, a disambiguation page is necessary because when a user searches for that name, the wiki doesn't know which topic they're looking for.
 * As far as I can tell, entries three, four and five at Direct connect are for meanings of "Direct connect" that are not discussed anywhere on Wikipedia except for the disambiguation page. The reason I'm not completely sure about that is because, as is common with entries that are mistakenly added to disambiguation pages but explicitly forbidden by the Manual of Style, each of those entries links to many existing articles instead of the single best article for finding information about that topic, and I don't want to click on twenty different articles and do a ctrl-f search on each of them for the phrase "direct connect." None of the articles linked look likely to include information about the meaning of "direct connect" being described.
 * In essence, my point is that unless you can show me an article other than the disambiguation page itself that actually includes information about "direct connect" as described in the third or fourth (or fifth) entries, none of those meanings should be included in a disambiguative process. Propaniac (talk) 13:10, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Page Direct connect is a disambig of 7 meanings. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:47, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The last two entries were added recently, after I posted the proposal and the above explanations. I would still argue, based on scanning the two new articles, that neither is likely to be a search on "Direct connect"; they probably (just barely) justify the existence of the dab page, but this article should still be the primary meaning and moved to the main title. Propaniac (talk) 13:25, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Active
Some IP user added a column called "Active" to the one of the software comparison tables. Shouldn't the rh and rh2 templates be used to make development activity visible?

Merge multiple tables into one
Software listed in several tables makes it difficult for people to compare it. For example, some client software, like Jucy, is listed as able to run on Win, Linux, Mac and others, when in fact it is written in Java, which a lot of people are trying to avoid, due to it's virtual machine overhead. It's just an example, but really all software should be put into 1 table with different columns to be easily compared. If columns are too wide, then some markers should be put instead a descriptive text and a Legend table should be created under to provide the way for people to figure out what marker in the table means what. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Burek021 (talk • contribs) 22:54, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Too many references in one place
As of February 2009,[8][9]↵[10][11][12] an extension for clients was proposed in order for the attacked party to find out the hub sending the connecting users

Can somebody clear the 8-12 references and make the more clear where they should be put? Robert (talk) 06:30, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Direct Connect (protocol)


text:
One-way voice link

A one-way voice link (OWVL) is typically a radio based communication method used by spy networks to communicate with agents in the field typically (but not exclusively) using shortwave radio frequencies.

Shortwave frequencies were and are generally highly preferred for their long range, as a communications link of 1200 km is easily possible. VHF and UHF frequencies can be used for one-way voice circuits, but are generally not preferred as their range is at best 300 km (on flat terrain). Since the 1970s infrared point-to-point communication systems have been used that offer OWVLs, but the number of users was always limited.

This communications system often employs recorders to transmit pre-recorded messages in real time or in burst transmissions, which minimize the time that a spy needs to be on the air. Voice-scrambling systems have been selectively used for this kind of communications circuit since the 1980s, based on operational needs.

Since personal computers became cheap and readily available in the 2000s, time compressed voice scrambling for one-way and bi-directional circuits is a practically free technology.

OWVLs have existed outside espionage, for example the NICAM transmission system was modified in the UK to allow for an OWVL to BBC mobile units. This OWVL was typically used for sports events, as it was highly flexible.

Historical context
During the mid- to late Cold War the STASI (the East German intelligence agency) used point-to-point infrared technology for 2-way voice links within the divided city of Berlin. OWVLs were used intermittently.

OWVL transmission methods were used during the Falklands War by UK elite forces to provide information about suitable troop landing areas. This fact emerged in the late 1980s when UK veterans of the war were writing their memoirs. Argentina had access to similar technology to communicate with its military, but did not really use it during this conflict.

title: One-way voice link


text:
Kong toch

The kong vong toch (គងវង់តូច or kong touch គងតូច) is a number of gongs that are attached to a circle-shaped rack, closely resembling its larger relative, the kong thom. Both instruments belong to the percussion family of traditional Khmer instruments, along with the roneat ek, roneat dek, and roneat thung. These instruments are all performed in the pinpeat and mahaori orchestras. The kong toch is made of three parts; the frame of the gong circle, the gongs themselves, and the gong mallets.

The kong toch is analogous to the khong wong lek used in Thai.

History
The Khmer word korng/ kong "gong" is refers to all types of gong including the flat or bossed gong, single or in a set, suspended on cords from hooks, or a gong placed over a frame. The history of these gongs can be traced in part from the epigraphy and iconography of Funan-Chenla and Angkor periods, for many can be seen carved on ancient Khmer temple.

Construction and Design
Gong Frame

The frame of the gong circle is made from a rattan vine which is smoothed and rounded into shape. Four lengths of the vine are taken to make one frame. The lengths are divided into two pairs, a shorter pair for the inner circle and a longer pair for the outer. The instrument is held up with 16 supports, made of neang nuen, krennoonf, or beng wood. The gong circle is held together with six crossbars, designed to keep the distance between the inner and outer frames fixed. Copper wires are wrapped around the length of each support post, one on the inner and one on the outer.

Gong Heads/Mallets

There are 16 gong heads, which cover a range of pitches. They are rounded and flat in shape with a raised knob in the middle, known as the nipple. The nipple is crucial to the sound, as this is the part being struck by the player. In addition to this, the gongs are tuned by sticking promor (a lead and wax combination) to the underside of the nipple. Two holes are drilled on either side of the gong so it can be suspended in the frame with copper wire. The same gong mallets are used for the kong toch and the kong thom. The mallets have a 25 cm long stick. The heads are made from the earlier mentioned promor, which is then wrapped in four or five layers of cloth and stitched with nylon thread.

Tuning

The kong toch's 16 gong heads are tuned accordingly: (from lowest to highest pitch) ·D ·Eb ·F ·G ·A ·Bb ·C ·D ·E ·F ·G ·A ·Bb ·C ·D ·E

title: Kong toch


text:
Growbag

A growbag is a planter filled with a growing medium and used for growing plants, usually tomatoes or other salad crops. Originally made of plastic, modern bags are also made from jute or fabric. The growing medium is usually based on a soilless organic material such as peat, coir, composted green waste, composted bark or composted wood chips, or a mixture of these. Various nutrients are added, sufficient for one season's growing, so frequently only planting and watering are required of the end-user. Planting is undertaken by first laying the bag flat on the floor or bench of the growing area, then cutting access holes in the uppermost surface, into which the plants are inserted.

Growbags were first produced in the 1970s for home use, but their use has since spread into market gardening and farming. They come in different sizes and formulations suited to specific crops.

Prior to the introduction of growbags, greenhouse soil had to be replaced or sterilized each season between crops to prevent a buildup of pests and diseases in the ground. Commercial growers could steam sterilize their ground, but this was not feasible for the amateur grower so growbags were introduced. At the end of the season the plants are disposed of and the compost spread over outdoor borders. The bags should not be reused.

title: Growbag


text:
Kohn Pedersen Fox

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) is an American architectural firm based in New York City that provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services. They engineer different projects including civic and cultural spaces, commercial office buildings, transportation facilities, residential and hospitality developments, educational and institutional facilities, and mixed-use commercial developments.

Beginnings in the United States (1976–1980s)
KPF was founded in 1976 by A. Eugene Kohn, William Pedersen, and Sheldon Fox, all of whom coordinated their departure from John Carl Warnecke & Associates, among the largest architectural firms in the country. Shortly thereafter, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) chose KPF to redevelop a former armory building on Manhattan's West Side to house TV studios and offices. This led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including AT&T and Hercules Incorporated. By the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. In 1985, John Burgee (of rival architecture firm John Burgee Architects) called KPF "The best commercial firm now practicing in the U.S." KPF's design for 333 Wacker Drive in Chicago (1983), which was awarded the AIA National Honor Award in 1984, made the firm nationally famous. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted "Favorite Building" by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF's Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its innovative design with the AIA National Honor Award. After its success with these projects, KPF was selected to design the IBM World Headquarters in Armonk, New York (1997), the Chicago Title and Trust Building in Chicago (1992), and the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (1993).

In the 1990s, KPF also took on a larger number of government and civic projects, including the Foley Square U.S. Courthouse in New York (1995), the Mark O. Hatfield U.S. Courthouse in Portland, Oregon (1996), the U.S. Courthouse of Minneapolis (1996), the Buffalo Niagara International Airport (1993) and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D.C. (1996).

KPF's winning entry in the international competition for the World Bank Headquarters, which drew 76 entrants from 26 countries, was the only entry that included the retention of existing structures.

Expansion to Europe (1980s–1990s)
In the 1980s and 1990s, KPF transformed from an American firm known for its corporate designs into an international firm with institutional, government, and transportation commissions in addition to corporate work.

KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment (1987) and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street (1987–1991). KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through to the present day, including the Clifford Chance Tower (2002) to KPMG's European Headquarters (2009). KPF's subsequent work in the United Kingdom includes Thames Court in London (1998), the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University (2001) and the master plan for the London School of Economics (2002). KPF's design for the award-winning Westendstraße 1 in Frankfurt (1992), an early example of mixed-use design, further increased the firm's international prominence and solidified the firm's reputation as a progressive global practice. KPF was chosen for subsequent projects throughout Europe, including Provinciehuis in The Hague (1998), Danube House in River City, Prague (2003), the expansion and renovation of the World Trade Center in Amsterdam (2004) and the Endesa Headquarters in Madrid (2003).

Work in Asia and internationally (1990s–2009)
KPF's introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500,000 sqft Japan Railways Central Towers project in Nagoya (1999). Within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China. Completed KPF projects in Asia include Plaza 66 on Shanghai's Nanjing Xi Lu (2001), Roppongi Hills in Tokyo (2003), Continental Engineering Corporation Tower in Taipei (2003), the Rodin Pavilion in Seoul (2003), the Merrill Lynch Japan Head Office in Tokyo (2004), Shr-Hwa International Tower in Taichung (2004), and the Shanghai World Financial Center (2008), which was named the "Best Tall Building Overall" by the Council on Tall Buildings and the Urban Habitat in 2008. KPF worked with renowned structural engineers, Leslie E. Robertson Associates, to maximize the tower's floor plate and material efficiency by perfecting its tapered form. In addition to this work in Asia, KPF has completed projects in: the Middle East, including the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Headquarters (2007) and the Marina Towers in Beirut (2008); South America including Ventura Corporate Towers in Rio de Janeiro (2008) and Infinity Tower in São Paulo (2012); Australia, including Chifley Tower in Sydney (1992); and has also worked on several projects in Africa.

Expanded national and global presence (2010–present)
Four decades after its founding, KPF has refined particular expertise in the area of office design, supertall structures, and large-scale, urban, mixed use developments.

In November 2018, the firm announced the opening of new offices in San Francisco, Berlin, and Singapore to support current projects, new commissions, and imminent endeavors in those regions.

The firm's high-profile projects include One Vanderbilt, a new supertall office tower in Midtown Manhattan located next to Grand Central Terminal and providing direct access to the station; and the master plan for Hudson Yards, the largest private real estate development in U.S. history, which mixes residences with offices, hotels and retail, and street life. KPF also designed buildings 10 Hudson Yards, 20 Hudson Yards, 30 Hudson Yards, and 55 Hudson Yards, which together offer office, retail, and hospitality space within the development.

Also in New York, KPF is leading the redevelopment of New York City Housing Authority's (NYCHA) Red Hook Houses, which suffered severe flooding and wind damage during Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The largest public housing development in Brooklyn, Red Hook Houses accommodates over 6,000 people across 28 buildings.

Outside of the United States, KPF has been contributing to the regeneration and conservation of the Covent Garden Estate in the roles of both master planner and architect for a collection of buildings. Also in London, the firm designed 52 Lime Street, known as The Scalpel.

Recent work
KPF's projects include civic and cultural spaces, commercial office buildings, transportation facilities, residential and hospitality developments, educational and institutional facilities, and mixed-use commercial developments.

In Boston, KPF is currently designing two waterfront projects: Channelside, three buildings with housing, office, labs, and retail on the Fort Point Waterfront and The Pinnacle at Central Wharf, a 600-foot residential, office, and retail tower downtown. KPF is also designing the University of Michigan's Detroit Center for Innovation, 601 West Pender in Vancouver, 81 Newgate Street in London, and The Bermondsey Project in south London, which will create around 1,548 homes on the site. KPF is also planning and designing the new Hong Kong University of Science and Technology "sustainable, smart campus" in Guangzhou.

Recent projects

 * CUNY Advanced Science Research Centers in New York City (2015)
 * 52 Lime Street in London (2018)

Achievements
KPF has been involved in the design of some of the world's tallest buildings including: Ping-An Financial Centre in Shenzhen, China at 600 m / 1,969 ft.; the Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea at 555 m / 1,820 ft.; the CTF Finance Center in Guangzhou, China at 530 m / 1,739 ft.; the CITIC Tower in Beijing, China at 528 m / 1,732 ft; and Shanghai World Financial Center in Shanghai, China at 492 m / 1,614 ft.

KPF takes on a large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, and The Landmark in Hong Kong. KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. KPF's intranet "Architectural Forum" has been described in Architectural Record as an example of "a resource that contributes to a learning environment through mentoring supporting teams and individuals with new ideas, and sharing best practices".

title: Kohn Pedersen Fox


text: Talk:Affairs of the Heart (album)

title: Talk:Affairs of the Heart (album)


text: Talk:You Wanna Dance with Me?

title: Talk:You Wanna Dance with Me?


text:
Talk:Vanilla (genus)

The picture's upside down! Nighthawk4211 20:42, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Image from page on Vanilla
There is an image on the page about the flavor Vanilla which has a detailed diagram of the Vanilla orchid. Would anyone object to my "transplanting" this image to this page, since this one's more closely related to the actual plant? -Kasreyn 07:55, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

I have heard that some (maybe all?) vanilla orchids are capable of causing a rash similar to poison ivy and a quick Gooogle-search seems to lend credence to this...if someone knows more about this it should probably be included--66.253.174.65 09:38, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

No references?
I dont know how to put the tag on the page, but there are no sources cited in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.239.249.154 (talk) 00:48, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi! You should have a citation for where the name vanilla comes from. I suggest that you look at the book "The Names of Plants," by D. Gledhill. There they describe the name vanilla meaning little-sheath, and coming from the latin word vagina.--Ivizulis (talk) 18:05, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

Distraction
Under the Selected species section, there appears to be a photo at the bottom with the words "unidentified vanilla species" underneath. I feel as if this does not fit with the flow of this section, and that it is distracting. I would reccomend you omit this, or place the photo in a different place on the page. --Ivizulis (talk) 18:16, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

Selected species List
The "Selected Species" section contains a lot of links to Wikipedia pages with almost no information. I think it would be better to make one Wikipage that serves as a list for all these "Selected Species", on this Wiki list, all the information that is now in the seperate Wikipedia pages could be given in a clear way, without having lots of pages with near to no information. A link to this Wikipedia list could be placed in the "See Also" section. BabyTree69 (talk) 09:40, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

 * There already is a separate page listing all the species, and it is very visibly linked. WP policy would not support creating a special separate article that contains only a partial species list. Dyanega (talk) 15:55, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * If there is already a page with all the species, what's the point of the "Selected Species" section? BabyTree69 (talk) 09:27, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The use of a "Selected species" list is very common in articles for large genera where only a small subset of the total have active articles or common names. This is especially useful when only some of the species are of economic or cultural importance, and would be buried within a complete list. You'll note that essentially all of the names in the "Selected species" list for this page are in one of those two categories: either an article (bluelinks) or redlink for a common name article that has not yet been created. See other examples at Salvia, Scutellaria, Shorea, Sumac, Terminalia (plant) and MANY others. Dyanega (talk) 22:27, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vanilla (genus)


text:
Category:Christian education

This category comprises articles pertaining to education about Christian principles, or spiritual or secular education conducted by Christian organizations.

title: Category:Christian education


text:
File:Jody Watley - Intimacy.jpg

Album cover for Intimacy by Jody Watley

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Jody Watley - Intimacy.jpg


text:
List of rulers of the Fon state of Alada

Rulers of the Kingdom of Allada
This is a chronological list of rulers of the Kingdom of Allada, also known as Ardrah (Ardra), Ardrah Empire, Adja-Tado. and known to the French as Allada or Ardres. Named for its capital, the modern Allada, which was also the main city and major port of the realm the territory is located in present-day Benin.

The city and kingdom were supposedly founded by a group of Aja migrants from Tado, a settlement along the Mono River, in the 12th or 13th century. Its kings "ruled with the consent of the elders of the people".

While historically a sovereign kingdom, in present times the monarchy continues to exist as a non-sovereign monarchy within the republic of Benin

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

Ajahutonon (Alada hosu) = King


text:
Talk:Solubility equilibrium

If you edit the table
Note to anybody editing the table: If you add a line to the table, or change a line, please be sure to cite your data source. Various sources disagree when it comes to solubility product data. Hence without citing a source, any data placed in the table is meaningless. The table has a data source column for that reason. Karlhahn 22:47, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikify
Not bad. I'm going to do some editing myself though, to Wikify a little and also perhaps get things that don't always dissociate completely and so readily as sucrose (maybe an organic acid). Its certainly better than before. EagleFalconn 20:45, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I like it, but it does seem to leave out solid state chemistry. I don't see an obvious way to fix that now, but perhaps I'll come back to it. Articles such as precipitation strengthening could use a link here; I'll work on that for now.--Joel 03:58, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

== merger ==

I put the merger notice; is there really a good reason to have a separate solubility equilibrium article than solubility. There seems to be a lot of overlap in both. Olin

 * Seems a reasonable suggestion, although I think eventually we will need a separate article on solubility product constant. Until that gets written, all of this could be a section of solubility. Walkerma 19:19, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I was just thinking about writing a solubility-product constant article when I found this. I think I might, don't know if I'll get around to it tonight, but hopefully soon. seanm028

 * I suggest keeping it separate, simply because it also has some overlap with equilibrium. Keeping them separate is useful for people interested in equilibrium, and not solubility in general. Pwnz0red

 * try to think BIG, keep the articles separate, the content will evolve (for example solubility constant table ). Also scope solubility is larger should include solubility of gases in liquids and solids in polymers etc. V8rik 00:17, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

I realize the merger was rejected (although more by non-votes than actual votes), but I will express my opinion more completely, and let the crowd decide. I still don't understand the allure of having two articles. Solubility equilibrium is always associated with solubility, and is a proper subtopic. There are a lot of chemistry articles that are quite fragmented, and it would be nice to have some larger, coherent articles.

Furthermore, why should solubility have a solubility equilibrium article? Should we have an electron transfer equilibrium article and a redox reaction article? If you were looking in an encyclopedia, would you really look up solubility equilibrium? (The solubility of gases in liquids and other above solubilities are equilibrium processes.) I will admit, there is no Wikipedia policy to go by here (just my opinion!), and hence I will let it lie, but I just wanted to express my opinion more completely. Olin 20:40, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge with chemical equilibrium instead
I think that solubility equilibrium should merge with equilibrium constant, and that page should have a solubility product constant inside the solubility equilibrium section. In fact, I was going to link to it in my post on the discussion of the redox page. Kr5t 02:36, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * not merge: in the interest of quality of information flow and ease of navigation this type of merged should not take place, after all these are not identical topics but related topics. The article chemical equilibrium should be a qualitative article about equilibria. From this article you get to equilibrium constant and to solubility constant and acidity constant and it also makes sense to keep general introductionary text separated from text treating the mathematics and piling many topics on top of each other does not help anybody V8rik 19:02, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * 'do not merge see below Anlace 15:02, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 'opposed Each chemical constant needs its own article because the system of dealing with each one is fundamentally different but based on the same rules, mixing them together will confuse people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.42.216.20 (talk) 17:46, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Merge unless...
I believe the pages should be merged. Solubility equilibrium is directly linked to chemical equilibrium and should be placed on the same page in its own sub-section. If, however, someone is to create a comprehensive solubility equilibrium constant table, the page should remain as it is. marcpatt14, May 2006

strongly oppose merger. these are both big topics and very different topics. if anything we need more articles such as total dissoved solids, a major topic in water quality analysis within environmental science Anlace 15:01, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Table
The following is a rough draft of a sol-prod table (from Lange's and CRC) that I will be adding to the article once I've finished proofreading it Karlhahn 01:34, 28 August 2006 (UTC).

Table has now been moved to main page Karlhahn 01:15, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Doesn't give correct formulæ for hydrated compounds. —DIV (128.250.80.15 (talk) 08:49, 5 April 2008 (UTC))

Clarity
A casual observer may struggle to understand whether a compound with a high or low solubility constant was the most soluble. Does a high solubity constant indicate the most soluble? Maybe this should be clarified.King of Leon 16:57, 9 May 2007 (UTC) indeed it does, if the solubility is greater than 1 its very very soluble, if it has less than 1 its less soluble most substances have a very low solubility < 10^-5. but yes a higher Ksp means more solubility less Ksp means more insolubility

Equations

The development of the solubility product equation for CaSO4 is unclear. All of a sudden K is under square root, but no explanation of how it ends there.

This becomes clear below, however that equation as well or rather its development is also unclear. I think this article is very important but needs a lot of help.--Goobysam (talk) 20:56, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

wikipedia contradicts itself
umm, i was looking up the accepted Ksp value for Ca(OH)2 for a lab, and i noticed wikipedia gives 2 values for it, 4.68 × 10−6 on the Calcium Hydroxide page, and 8.0 × 10−6 on the chart on this page. which one would be correct? these things should be looked into in order to remove discrepencies.74.104.255.195 23:41, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The different numbers came from different sources, and different investigators have come up with different numbers. The solubility equilibrium table cites a source. The calcium hydroxide page does not. and  both give still other values. I have added a line for one of the above sources. Karl Hahn (T) (C) 00:54, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

alright thankyou74.104.255.195 21:34, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Units
it seems that the units are missed out throughout the context shouldn't solubility products have the units like mol dm-3, mol2 dm-6, mol3 dm-9, etc (depending on the number of ions in the compound)218.215.27.145 13:19, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Complex Ksp
I added a section on if the mole ratios are not even. it needs a little tidying up but the facts are solid hope someone finds it useful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.42.216.20 (talk) 17:42, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for that. I went through it and (hopefully) beautified it a bit. I also tried to clarify the units as much as I could. Hope I did not thoughtlessly affect your favourite bit in this nice and useful equation of yours. Stan J. Klimas (talk) 12:41, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

nope not atall you did a great job, thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.24.15.38 (talk) 19:05, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

 * How about explaining how the equation is derived? I can't arrive at this equation.220.255.4.133 (talk) 17:38, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Ill put up a derivation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.1.253.112 (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

general formula
I think that the general fomula
 * $$\sqrt[n]{K_{\mathrm{sp}} \over {x^x \cdot y^y}} = {C \over M_M}$$

is wrong. I don't know where it comes from.

The solubility product for a general binary compound ApBq is given by
 * Ksp = [A]p[B]q

When the product dissociates the concentration of B is equal to q/p times the concentration of A.
 * [B] = q/p [A]

Therefore
 * Ksp = [A]p (q/p)q [A]q
 * = (q/p)q × [A]p+q

The solubility is 1/p [A]
 * $$[A] = \sqrt[p+q]{K_{\mathrm{sp}} \over {(q/p)^q}}$$

 * The above does not incorporate the last step: the solubility is the mass concentration in terms of the solid. One may incorporate 1/p and insert it under the root to obtain:

 * $$S = {[A] \over p} = {[B] \over q} = \sqrt[p+q]{K_{\mathrm{sp}} \over {(q/p)^q} p^{p+q}}$$

 * Then simplify the powers of p and q. Then convert the molar concentration to the mass concentration and you might find that the original formula is correct after all. Hope this helps. Cheers. Stan J. Klimas (talk) 13:15, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for this; is it worth putting in the main text? I want to go over this article. In particular, the treatment of activity is unsatisfactory. Petergans (talk) 06:26, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I think that the current text could use improvements, including the addition of the derivation because this formula is not found in the English-language textbooks I am aware of. If German wikipedia is accurate, then the formula should be found in the following textbook, which I do not have: Jander, Blasius: Einführung in das anorganisch-Chemische Praktikum. S.Hirzel, Leipzig 1995 (14. Aufl.), ISBN 3-7776-0672-3. Cheers. Stan J. Klimas (talk) 14:01, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Extensive revision
The text has been extensively revised and new sections added. There is overlap with the article solubility, but my feeling is that there is no need to merge these articles. Petergans (talk) 08:43, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

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Is the expression for solubility of Iron Phosphate and Calcium Suphate in the table in the "Dissolution with dissociation" incorrect?
In the "Dissolution with dissociation" section, "ionic compounds" subsection, there is an explanation of calculating solubility in terms of Ksp and a table of how this works for various compounds.

In this table, it is stated that the solubility expression for calcium sulphate (CaSO4) is stated to be (Ksp/16)^0.25 and the solubility expression for Iron Phosphate (FePO4) is stated to be (Ksp/729)^(1/6).

Since "p" and "q" are based on stoichiometric constants and not on charge, should the solubility expression not be (Ksp)^0.5 for both compounds?

158.194.9.137 (talk) 14:47, 2 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Electrical charges are implicit in the derivation as they determine the stoichiometry of the dissociation reaction. When a salt dissolves in a solvent electrical neutrality must always be maintained. This is the basis for the equilibrium expression
 * ApBq p Aq+ + q Bp−
 * p * q+ - q * p- =0 implies maintenance of overall charge neutrality. Petergans (talk) 10:26, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Hello Petergans,
 * I apologise for imprecise communication. I was not disputing that the stochiometry of dissociation of salts is dependent on charge. What I was questioning is that since,

 * FePO4 Fe3+ + PO43-;
 * if S=[FePO4], then [Fe3+]=S and [PO43-]=S,
 * thus the Ksp=[Fe3+][PO43-]=S2,
 * therefore S=Ksp1/2 and not (1/729)×Ksp1/6. However, it is the latter expression that is given in the table.

 * Likewise for CaSO4, the dissocation is: CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO42-,
 * therefore Ksp=[Ca2+][SO42-]=S2,
 * thus in this case, like in the previous case, shouldn't S=Ksp1/2? Instead of (1/16)×Ksp1/4 which is written in the table?
 * Once again, I am not disputing the basic chemistry. Rather I am questioning the expressions in the table, because they don't seem right for some of the compounds. 158.194.9.137 (talk) 12:49, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

You are right! Many thanks for the observation. I have revised section concerned. Petergans (talk) 15:12, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

Situations that require the use of activities
I think that some cases where activities are needed in calculations for the system solid salt-solvent should be mentioned by the article.--82.137.14.73 (talk) 21:05, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

Solubility
The temperature dependence that was given
 * $$(1) \left(\frac{\partial \ln x_i}{\partial T} \right)_P= \frac{\Delta H^\ominus}{RT^2}  $$

is unsourced and conflicts with the definition given in Denbeigh, "The principles of chemical equilibrium", page 308
 * $$(2) \frac{\partial \ln (S.P.)}{\partial T} = \frac{H^0 - h'}{RT^2}$$

where $$ H^0$$ is the partial molar enthalpy of the electrolyte at infinite dilution and h' is the enthalpy per mole of the pure crystal.

Atkins, "Physical chemistry" p153 (8th edition) states that although solubility is not strictly a colligative property...
 * $$(3) ln x_B=\frac{\Delta _{fus} H}{T}  \left( 1 / T_f -1 / T \right)$$

It is not clear that the two expressions (2) and/or (3) are equivalent to (1). A source citation will needed if expression (1) is to be reinstated. Petergans (talk) 11:42, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I think the expression (1) is incomplete or has typos. The other two expressions should be inserted in article with their sources.--93.122.250.117 (talk) 15:55, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

 * A question appears in this context: Does the source Denbigh present only the case of electrolytes solubility equilibrium with solubility products?--37.251.222.165 (talk) 21:58, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Section 10-10 in Denbeigh is entitled Phase equilibrium of an electrolyte. Solubility product. Indeed, the whole chapter is entitled Reaction equilibrium in solution, Electrolytes. The case of non-electrolytes is discussed in this article in section below, "Simple dissolution".
 * The concern with unsourced material in this instance is that one cannot check whether specific conditions or approximations apply to the equation originally in the article. It has now been revised and reinstated without citation. This is unsatisfactoryPetergans (talk) 11:29, 11 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Unsatisfactory of course for the moment. I'm thinking what to cite. The version I have is equivalent to Atkins version, but in differential form, not integrated. Perhaps there is also a differential expression with mole fraction solubility in Atkins, at some other page? Is it OK to cite Atkins for the unintegrated expression I have acces to? (a NON-ENG source)--109.166.137.150 (talk) 00:35, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Another aspect concerns the separation between electrolytes and non-electrolytes re the dependence on temperature. Should we include also a separate tempdep in the Simple dissolution section to present the dependence?--109.166.137.150 (talk) 00:43, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I have included the cited integrated form from Atkins.--109.166.128.144 (talk) 01:13, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

Mixed solvents systems
I notice that this article does not include info re the solubility equilibrium of substances in mixed solvents.--109.166.137.83 (talk) 23:36, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

K_sp isn't equal to [Ca]^3 (?)
In the section regarding the solubility product, it is stated that, since in a calcium hydroxide solution the number of hydroxide anions is double the amount of calcium cations, the solubility product K_sp = [Ca2+][OH-]^2 reduces to K_sp = [Ca2+]^3.

How is this possible if the concentration of OH-, as previously stated, is double the concentration of Ca2+? Shouldn't the solubility product equal [Ca2+]{2*[Ca2+]}^2, and thus 4[Ca2+]^3?

This seems to be reinforced by the immediately following table.

Is this correct? 93.43.184.56 (talk) 13:11, 17 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes. It follows from  $$ \mathrm{K_{sp} =  [Ca]  [OH]^2 }$$, since [OH] = 2 [Ca] Petergans (talk) 14:27, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solubility equilibrium


text:
Samphor

The samphor (សំភោរ; also romanized as sampho) is a small, 2-headed barrel drum indigenous to Cambodia, approximately .35 meter wide by .5 meter long. It has two heads, with one drumhead being larger than the other and is played with both hands. Depending on the ability of the musician, the samphor can make as many as 8 different pitches. The player of the sampho leads the pinpeat (a classical ensemble of wind and percussion instruments), setting the tempo and beat. It is also played at freestyle boxing evens, accompanying the sralai. The samphor is analogous to the taphon used in Thailand.

The samphor is made by hollowing out a single block of wood into a barrel shape. Both ends are covered with calfskin, tightened by strips of leather or rattan. One head of the drum is larger than the other to allow differing tones. Traditionally, the maker "tunes" each head by applying a circle of paste made of rice and ashes (from a palm); however a new resin paste is available today. The pitch to which the skin head is tuned becomes lower with a thicker layer of ash.

The drummer makes use of four distinct strokes: an open and closed stroke for each head. Each of these four sounds has a Cambodian name:
 * Open stroke, small head (ting)
 * Closed stroke, small head (tip)
 * Open stroke, large head (theung)
 * Closed stroke, large head (tup)

title: Samphor


text:
Talk:List of sultans of Sokoto

[Untitled]
I would really like to move this to Sultan of Sokoto and make Sokoto Caliph the redirect. In the first 15 years of my life, spent in an around Sokoto, I never heard the phrase "Sokoto Caliph"—and my parents were both history teachers. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 20:46, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * If no one has any objection, I would like to go ahead and make this move now.

IFaqeer 23:52, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

>> I fully back this remark. I am now for more than half a year in direct contact with one of the sons of the Sultan of Sokoto. I did hear from his son and others the term Sultan and sometimes Emir/Amir, but never Caliph. - 27 April 2006

Why don't you read the article? I've already made a move so Sokoto caliph IS a redirect since January and put the phrase (which occurs frequently in sources that can indeed be doubted) in parenthesis. What more do you want ? Fastifex 07:32, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Sada Abubakar
I've added Sada Abubakar as the new 20th sultan as according to the BBC website he was elected to this office. Someone more knowledgeable however may want to write his biography/entry... -- fdewaele, 2 November 2006, 13:02

The sentence which lists 'Mai' as a local kingship title in the context of this article is wrong, and I can tell you so as a Hausa subject of the sultanate. 'Mai' is a title that used to be used for the Rulers of the Borno and means 'King' ONLY in the Kanem-Bornu context; in the local Kanuri language. However when you speak of the Hausa/Fulani Sultans and Amirs, the HAUSA word 'Mai' signifies ownership - a direct transliteration may be 'of' and it does not signify any special effect, it is just a word, when you read of someone for example called 'Abubakar Mai Dawaki' it simply means 'Abubakar of the Horses' a.k.a Abubakar who owns lots of horses. these types of names could frequently become honorific surnames over time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.0.193.205 (talk) 01:22, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Also the word Caliph and Caliphate was and is never used by us locals to describe the Sultanate - it is a media rehash, although the Sultan of Sokoto can be referred to technically as a Khalifa(Caliph). Local use is commonly 'Sarkin Musulmi' in Hausa which translates directly to 'Amir ul Muminin' in Arabic or 'King of the Muslims/Commander of the Faithful' in English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.0.193.205 (talk) 01:28, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Not a current event
I think this is just a normal article, it isnt a current event, i think the current event tag is for things changing minute by minute, like when Arafat was ill, or Sadaam Hussain etc.--Halaqah 07:32, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

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 * Ibrahim Dasuki.jpg
 * Muhammadu Maccido.jpg
 * Siddiq Abubakar.jpg

title: Talk:List of sultans of Sokoto


text:
Fernmeldeturm Berlin

The Fernmeldeturm Berlin (Telecommunications Tower Berlin) is a telecommunication tower located atop the Schäferberg hill in Berlin-Wannsee. The tower was built between 1961 and 1964, and is not open to the public. Owner and operator of the site is Deutsche Funkturm (DFMG), a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom.

The Fernmeldeturm Berlin is 212 m tall, and its steel-reinforced concrete shaft extends to a height of 187 m. Between 101 and 132 m in elevation, the tower houses six floors for technical equipment. This currently consists of transmitters for DVB-T digital television, analog [|FM]] radio, and newer DAB and DMB digital radio.

From 1964 to the early nineties, the tower was used to implement two over-the-horizon radio links to the rest of West Germany. The city of Berlin was geographically isolated, so unusual means were necessary to bridge the distance. One such link used bundled arrays of directional antennas mounted near the top to establish a near-line-of sight connection at 250 MHz and 400 MHz to the tower at Gartow. The other used tropospheric scatter at 2 GHz to establish a non-line-of-sight link to Torfhaus. To that end the tower was equipped with two Parabolic reflector antennas, each 18 m in diameter, which were mounted on the lower portion of the tower. They were removed in 1996. Because of these aerials, the Fernmeldeturm Berlin had to be designed to withstand triple the wind loading of the comparably sized TV tower in Stuttgart. The concrete shaft is thus 12 m in diameter at the bottom, with a wall thickness of 55 cm. At the 97 m mark, the shaft is nigh 7 m in diameter.

Directly adjacent to the Fernmeldeturm Berlin is a free standing steel framework tower. Formerly it supported two 10 m diameter parabolic aerials for an over-the-horizon radio link, also to Torfhaus. These have since been removed. It is now predominantly used for cellular network aerials.

Since 2001, the Fernmeldeturm Berlin is also used for transmissions in the medium wave range on 1485 kHz in DRM mode. Since the tower was not designed to accommodate this frequency range, a long wire aerial was installed for this purpose.

title: Fernmeldeturm Berlin


text:
Juan Bernardo Huyke

Juan Bernardo Huyke Bozello (June 11, 1880 – December 17, 1961) served as acting governor of Puerto Rico several months in 1923.

Background
Huyke was born in Arroyo, Puerto Rico, on June 11, 1880. He was the son of Don Enrique Huyke and Doña Carmen Bozello. His father, who was a principal of a school in Arroyo, named Huyke after his grandfather (Bernardo H. Huyke) who lived with family on the island of Curaçao in 1891. He studied at the Normal School of the University of Puerto Rico. At the age of 21 Juan Bernardo Huyke began his career as an English teacher at a school in Arroyo.

He was an attorney, writer, publisher, educator, and statesman. He served as Puerto Rico's Superintendent of Schools from 1908 until 1910. As superintendent, he was one of the first people to promote bilingual education. Huyke Bozello was president of the American Red Cross in Puerto Rico. He served in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from 1912 to 1920, and became Commissioner of Public Instruction in 1921 until 1930.

For several months in 1923, Huyke served as interim Governor of Puerto Rico between the administrations of Emmet Montgomery Reily and Horace Mann Towner. He was the second native Puerto Rican to serve as interim Governor of Puerto Rico, the first was Juan Ponce de Leon II. From 1935 to 1945 Huyke was Chairman of the Puerto Rico Civil Service Commission.

In 1950, Huyke was the superintendent of the Bayamón school district.

Juan B. Huyke died on December 17, 1961, in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

He was the father of sports journalist Emilio Huyke.

Publications
In 1932, Huyke published El Pais (The Country) a pro-statehood newspaper that represented many conservative views.

Huyke wrote and published several books, among his popular sellers were Children and Schools Niños y Escuelas, Advice Our Youth, Stories of Puerto Rico, If I Were 21 Years old, Verse of Hector, The Small Cause, The Antillean Agony, and How I Educated My Son.

title: Juan Bernardo Huyke


text:
Dorothea Binz

Dorothea Binz (16 March 1920 – 2 May 1947) was a Nazi German officer and supervisor at Ravensbrück concentration camp during the Holocaust. She was executed for war crimes on May 2, 1947.

Early life
Born to a lower middle-class German family in Försterei Dusterlake, Brandenburg, Germany, Binz attended school until she was 15.

Atrocities at Ravensbrück concentration camp
She volunteered for kitchen work at Ravensbrück in August 1939, and was given a position of Aufseherin (female overseer) the following month.

Binz served as an Aufseherin under Oberaufseherin Emma Zimmer, Johanna Langefeld, Maria Mandl, and Anna Klein. Though she worked under higher-ranking guards, Binz was known as "the true star of the camp", and the "chief guard was completely overshadowed by her deputy." She worked in various parts of the camp, including the kitchen and laundry. Later, she is said to have supervised the bunker where prisoners were tortured and killed. She began as deputy director of her penal block in September 1940, and became director of the cell block in the summer of 1942.

Binz was unofficially promoted to Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin (Deputy Chief Wardress) in July 1943; the promotion was made official in February 1944. Her abuse was later described as "unyielding". She was known to "watch for the weakest or most fearful prisoners, whom she would then shower with lashes or blows." As a member of the command staff between 1943 and 1945, she directed training and assigned duties to over 100 female guards at one time. Binz reportedly trained some of the cruelest female guards in the system, including Ruth Closius.

At Ravensbrück, the young Binz is said to have beaten, slapped, kicked, shot, whipped, stomped and abused prisoners continuously. Witnesses testified that when she appeared at the Appellplatz, "silence fell." She reportedly carried a whip in hand, along with a leashed German Shepherd, and at a moment's notice would kick prisoners to death or select them to be killed. She reportedly had a boyfriend in the camp, an SS officer, Edmund Bräuning. The couple reportedly went on romantic walks around the camp to watch prisoners being flogged, after which they would stroll away laughing. They lived together in a house outside the camp walls until late 1944, when Bräuning was transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp.

Capture and execution
Binz fled Ravensbrück during the death march, but was captured on 3 May 1945 by the British in Hamburg, and incarcerated in the Recklinghausen camp (formerly a Buchenwald subcamp). She was tried for war crimes with other SS personnel by a British court in the Ravensbrück trial in 1947. Binz was found guilty and sentenced to death. Hours after her death sentence was confirmed in April 1947, Binz attempted to kill herself by slashing her wrists. However, officials intervened before she could bleed to death. Binz was subsequently hanged at Hamelin Prison by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint on May 2, 1947.

title: Dorothea Binz


text:
Sralai

The sralai (ស្រឡៃ) is a Cambodian wind instrument that uses a quadruple reed to produce sound. The instrument is used in the pinpeat orchestra, where it is the only wind instrument. The set of quadruple reeds are made of palm leaf. The bore of the instrument is not evenly bored, but "slightly conical." Its cousin, the Western oboe, has a double reed and a conical bore. The pinpeat instruments tune to the sralai's pitch, and the player must learn circular breathing to play continuously without stopping for breath. The sralai is very similar in construction and playing technique to the Thai pi.

title: Sralai


text:
Heinrich Leopold Wagner

Heinrich Leopold Wagner (19 February 1747 – 4 March 1779) was a German dramatist of the Sturm und Drang movement.

Wagner was born in Strasbourg as the eldest son of a merchant. After his school years in Strasbourg, he studied Law. In 1773, he went to Saarbrücken, where he worked as a tutor at the court. From there in 1774 he travelled to Frankfurt am Main via Zweibrücken and Gießen. In 1776, he resumed his studies in Strasbourg and finished with his doctoral examination. From the 21 September 1776 he worked as a lawyer in Frankfurt. He married a widowed woman 18 years older than him and died on the 4 March 1779 at the young age of 32, probably from tuberculosis. Wagner had contact with several important writers of the Sturm und Drang movement, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Maximillian Klinger, (1752–1831), Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, Christoph Kaufmann (1753–1795), Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (1739–1791) and Johann Friedrich Müller, known as Maler Müller, (1749–1825). Together with Klinger and Lenz Wangner was known by his contemporaries as a Goethianer, since these authors were among Goethe's closest friends. He was seen nonetheless as the least important of the Goethianer. His most important work was a play written in 1776 titled The Child Murderess, a societal critique typical of the Sturm und Drang movement. The work was reworked by Peter Hacks in 1957.

Works

 * Prometheus, Deukalion und seine Rezensenten, 1775
 * Der wohltätige Unbekannte, 1775
 * Die Reue nach der Tat, 1775
 * Neuer Versuch über die Schauspielkunst, 1776, a translation of Louis-Sébastien Mercier's Du Théâtre ou nouvel essai sur l'art dramatique
 * Leben und Tod Sebastian Silligs
 * Die Kindermörderin, 1776
 * Briefe, die Seylersche Gesellschaft betreffend, 1777
 * Evchen Humbrecht oder Ihr Mütter merkts Euch!, 1778, a reworking of Die Kindermörderin

title: Heinrich Leopold Wagner