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Talk:Allan Bloom

Sexuality and death
I just read an article in the Huffington Post stating that Bloom was gay and died of AIDS. Is this true? If so, shouldn't it be mentioned somewhere in the article? And if it isn't true - what did he die of? I understand some editors may have concerns about adding controversial material, but as he is no longer living, the biographies of living persons policy does not strictly apply. Additionally, almost all biographical articles have 'Personal life' and 'Death' sections - it's odd this one does not. Robofish (talk) 16:47, 22 September 2009 (UTC) The source in the article is a Christopher Hitchen's book and it says he "likely" died of AIDS. The Huffington Post could've picked up this rumour from Hitchens or vice-versa. In any case it's a rumour floating around academia, and is far from confirmed. I've added a dubious tag. Wlmg (talk) 15:50, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I have removed the whole poorly source specualtion. This kind of "material" is best left for blogs and tabloids. The "offical" cause was liver failure, but that mention and NYT sourced have been removed. Also, why is his death in the friendship and love or whatever its called section? --Threeafterthree (talk) 18:12, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Threeafterthree's edit deleting the reference to Bloom's death from AIDS (that is, the two word mention of it I'd just added) asks "whether we can find a better source than opinion?"  What--like a coroner's report?  Only immediate family gets access to those; besides WIkipedia would abjure that as "original research" WP:OR.  Wikipedia depends on secondary sources, like newspaper articles, and the most trustworthy and certainly most eloquent press on this was Christopher Hitchen's London Review of Books article.  The London Review of Books is not a tabloid, nor is Hitchens given to stating wild fantasy as fact.   I note just for the sake of interest, though it was unreported and hence not citable, the conference at American Enterprise Institute considering the relation of reason and revelation shortly after Bloom's demise. In the course of which the assembled Straussians confronted the fact that he'd died of AIDS (a speaker on the podium brought it up).   I mention that only to bolster Hitchen's point that AIDS as a cause of death "was finally and reluctantly admitted by his admirers." That is true.  Now, normally a cause of death is not very pertinent for an academic.  If it had been say a heart attack, so what?   But Hitchens also rightly suggests Bloom's death in that fashion, pointing as it did to his behavior, is incongruous with Bloom's "assaults on promiscuous modernism."    I might add more in Bloom's favor that it usefully illuminates his choice of topic for his final book--Love and Friendship.  So.  Having I hope established Bloom's death from AIDS is pertinent, and that there is credible secondary source support, I think the burden now falls on Threeafterthree to justify his deletion.  In the course of which perhaps he might ponder the difference between a noble lie much beloved by Straussians--and an ignoble one?ElijahBosley (talk) 20:26, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * But Hitchens also rightly suggests Bloom's death in that fashion, pointing as it did to his behavior, is incongruous with Bloom's "assaults on promiscuous modernism." imho shows that this is being introduced for a "reason" and shows a clear POV. This isn't a BLP, thank g&d, but I would still rather see a "news" report, ect, rather that the assertion of somebody who admittidtly is try to make a point about this person's life/death. Again, this isn't about the "truth", but using the best possibly reliable source(s), especially when commenting/noting of somebody's cause of death. As far as ponder the difference between a noble lie much beloved by Straussians--and an ignoble one I don't personally give a rat's tuckus about this individual, his sexual preference, or his morality lecturing. Can we please just try to find the NYT article previously used and word it per that citation? --Threeafterthree (talk) 21:03, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * NYT Magazine by D.T. Max
 * NYT Book section/essay by By Jim Sleeper
 * Inside Higher Ed - The Closing of the American Mind, 20 Years Later. By Donald Lazere --Threeafterthree (talk) 21:59, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Threeafterthree for weighing in and thanks also for the three citations. Max, in the  New York Times Magazine says Bloom "possibly died from AIDS." Sleeper, in the NYT Book Section says nothing about his death.   Lazere, from Inside Higher Ed, speaks of "semi-closeted homosexuality" "possibly culminating" in death from AIDS.  As mentioned earlier Hitchens in the London Review of Books says flat out Bloom died of AIDS "as even his supporters reluctantly admit."  I now see why you feel Hitchens overstated the case when he omitted the "possibly."    So where does that leave us?   I have two ideas.   One is instead of two words, three words. That last sentence would say "Bloom died, possibly of AIDS" with a footnote that cites all the articles.   The second idea which would require more work *sigh* is a separate section (responding to your point that his death may not belong in the Love and Friendshipsection) which discusses his death and why the various commentators think dying of AIDS, if he died of it, significant in the culture wars.  Reluctant as I am to overdo that, and also reticent to take on more work, I tend toward the second as the right solution but will wait for your view before I attempt to write it.ElijahBosley (talk) 12:09, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

ElijahBosley, how about idea three? Bloom died of liver failure, and find a reliable source that states that rather than the speculation/weaselly words about possibly his cause of death or the pronouncement of a writer trying to make some point? This to me falls into the "gerbil up the tuckus" stories senerio. Just becasue there has been speculation, do we include it? Other input would surely help and I too could try to rewrite something here and look for more reliable sources. It would seem that the placement should be in a different/new section as well. Anyways, to be continued I am sure :) Cheers, --Threeafterthree (talk) 13:03, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks Threafterthree--I'll use your fine suggestion as an reason not to do anything at all right now. "More research needed."  Wonderful excuse for procrastination, beloved of academics and lawyers.  I will note in passing that liver and kidney failure are perfectly consistent with AIDS.    Usually the death certificate reads "complications of AIDS,"  since the AIDS virus itself is not fatal, but by destroying the immune system it paves the way for other stuff to ravage the organs.  Everything fails, just gives up and collapses.  All beside the point since I do not have and cannot get Bloom's hospital charts showing his blood tests, and even if I did Wiki would prohibit publishing them both as OR and possibly invasion of privacy.   So I think the right approach would be to say that Saul Bellow's book Ravelstein, by making the main character gay and dying of AIDS, opened up questions about Bloom's sexuality and his death.  Citing the controversy, rather than taking sides in it.  Which I might do, but later, because now I am procrastinating.  Other fish to fry.  Best wishes.ElijahBosley (talk) 14:13, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Don't even start me on procrastinating, but that is for another day :). Also, Citing the controversy, a thing I always love(j/k) about this project, why/who says this is such a controversy? Huffington post? Hitchens? Others? "they"? I admitt, I knew little/to nothing about this bio before hand, and don't really care that much about it now, but I am always concerned when "speculation" opinion, whatever you want to call it, creeps into articles, especially when they involve people, died or alive(both the same to me), and it seems to be to "prove" some kind of point or theory. That is why I don't really do much climate change, ethnic battling, conspiracy stuff per say, since who really cares and it doesn't really effect actual individuals or their legacy. Anyways, good luck with your fish and I will try to craft something. Is anybody else out there that could "improve/solve" this?? --Threeafterthree (talk) 14:41, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

This is all a perfect example for those who accuse wikipedia to be nothing more than a place to push points of views and settle old scores. Bloom didn't die of AIDS nor did the scores of prominent theater and Hollywood types who bought the farm from pneumonia in the 80's and early 90's. Why all this fuss to insert this speculation of his cause of death as AIDS into the article? I say leave it as it is with a hard cited source, why let the allegationists have a separate section? Unless a hard source can be found that the cause of death was AIDS, then every source that says he (likely,maybe,possibly,thankfully,hopefully,finally,deservedly) died of AIDS is at the best hearsay and at the worst slander.Wlmg (talk) 15:32, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Can we at least have some acknowledgment of Bloom's homosexuality somewhere in the article? I agree that the AIDS issue is speculative, but his sexual identity is both widely acknowledged and relevant to his position as a cultural critic. 76.104.153.48 (talk) 02:04, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

I'm a newcomer to this article and this debate; I came to this talk page specifically to see if the homosexuality/AIDS issued had been discussed. In other words, if I'm interested in the topic, others will be too, and will want some guidance from Wiki about what the status of those claims is. May I propose an approach? In the footnote to the following sentence, "he is virtually silent on the gay rights movement," could the following be added: "Bloom's position on gay rights is of interest because of widespread statements and questions about Bloom's own sexual orientation, including claims that he died of AIDS. [then include citations of the Hitchens, Lazere, Max, and Sleeper articles]."Blewenstein (talk) 01:50, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

I am another newcomer to this article, having researched the topic for several days. I did find that on 3 April 2012 with a posting at 23:28, the text in the paragraph entitled "Career" was changed to reflect that Allan Bloom died of AIDS. I've naturally read the earlier postings which seemed to indicate that the topic has been in a kind of limbo among talkers since September 2010. The new text cites Andrew Ferguson's recent Weekly Standard article on Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind as its source; I believe his article is what occasioned this latest change. In that article Ferguson states flatly that Bloom died of AIDS, but he does not cite any authority for this statement. After all the earlier talk of a couple years ago now, I'm surprised this statement has "suddenly" entered the article as though it is an undisputed fact. I believe this part of the text should be returned to its state just prior to the change on 3 April 2012.

The Wikipedia chapter "Critical Reception" on Allan Bloom does now state that Bloom was a homosexual. While that is unlikely to be disputed, even without a footnoted source, the cause of his death in obituaries at the time of his death is not listed as AIDS. I remain on the side of the debates that the statement that has been added is still POV, rumor, speculation,and that we still have no NPOV or valid document to substantiate it. Cedrtainly to cite Ferguson's article for the source leads one to a dead-end.

I have looked at the Wikipedia talk piece by Ruy Lopez, "Bloom's own sexuality (Revisited 2007"), checking each citation there, except for the one by Christopher Hitchens, to which I don't have access. I recall, though, that Hitchens had no authority for his statements in other writings I've read other than to say simply said it was "likely" Bloom died of AIDS. Kipnis does not say Bloom died of AIDS but in her footnote 19 to Chapter 5, she mentions that rumors swept the University of Chicago campus when Bloom died, reportedly of bleeding ulcers and/or liver failure; those who knew him to be homosexual wondered if he had AIDS. The passage in "Carpe Manana" where Leonard Sweets says Bloom died of AIDS uses only the roman a clef "Ravelstein" as its source. This of course does not help at all for the Bloom article. The Wikipedia article on "Ravelstein" does not speak to this matter. Irishellen (talk) 20:16, 21 April 2012 (UTC)irishellen

"The Life of Saul Bellow, Volume 2 LOVE AND STRIFE, 1965-2005" By ZACHARY LEADER has an entire chapter on Bloom and his death and whether or not he had AIDS and whether it was AIDS that killed him. (Since Bellow and Bloom were best friends.) Leader quotes Bloom's medical executor, Nathan Tarcov, as saying that Bloom did not die of AIDS, but Leader himself doesn't seem to take a position on it, acknowledging that there is evidence both for and against. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.244.74.98 (talk) 06:05, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

Plato's Republic
This section largely deals with Leo Strauss and the concept of esoteric writing. We need to remove it from Bloom's bio and either attach it to the Struass page or delete it altogether.Wirelesswonderer (talk) 23:24, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Edit summary, continued
...Whether the author means to have this dash, and blend pop and rock, or whether he is more determined to have the words "pop" and "music," I cannot say. (Musical sense seems to characterize the Rolling Stones as occupying a place on the outside of pop.) Please comment if you wish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dsnow75 (talk • contribs) 19:52, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:22, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Add Picture
I don't know how to, but there should be a picture of him! If someone could add one, that would be nice :) 136.167.100.137 (talk) 13:21, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allan Bloom


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Christoph Demantius

Johann Christoph Demantius (15 December 1567 – 20 April 1643) was a German composer, music theorist, writer and poet. He was an exact contemporary of Monteverdi, and represented a transitional phase in German Lutheran music from the polyphonic Renaissance style to the early Baroque.

Life
He was born in Reichenberg (now Liberec, in the Czech Republic, north of Prague near the border with Germany), and probably received his early training there, though little information is available about his early life. By the early 1590s he was in Bautzen, where he wrote a school textbook, and in 1593 he received a degree from the University of Wittenberg. In 1594 he moved to Leipzig, and in 1597 he acquired the post of Kantor at Zittau, where he probably taught the young Melchior Franck.

His next post, one he held for the rest of his life, was as Kantor to Freiberg Cathedral. While he was able to keep his position, the Thirty Years' War was disruptive to his life, and most of his children, of four different marriages, died due to the hardships imposed by the war.

Works
Demantius was a hugely prolific composer, though many of his works have been lost. Stylistically he was a successor to Lassus, who was also working in Germany during the first part of Demantius's life. He wrote most of his music before the Thirty Years' War; it is probable that the hardships of the war, including lack of performing musicians, made it difficult to compose and publish.

In the realm of sacred music Demantius wrote motets, masses, Magnificat settings, psalm settings, hymns, and a splendid setting of the St. John Passion, one of the most significant passion settings of the late Renaissance. This work, for six voices, is considered to be the last in the development of the German motet passion; those composed later were to be of the more dramatic kind, culminating in the St John Passion of J.S. Bach. Demantius's setting includes a setting of Isaiah chapter 53 in addition to the usual text from the Gospel of St. John.

His motets are of a late Renaissance type, and all Lutheran; some are in German and others Latin. They are conservative in that they avoid some of the Italian Baroque innovations such as the concertato style and the basso continuo, both of which were becoming widely used in Germany by 1610; but he also created a highly individual musical language using traditional forms and means, quite distinct from the Palestrinian polyphony adopted by the other composers of the time commonly regarded as "conservative."

He also wrote secular music, both vocal and instrumental, including threnodies, dances, epithalamia, and numerous other occasional works. Most likely he wrote the poetry for his own music.

As a music theoretician he is famous for compiling the first dictionary of musical terms in the German language. He also published a textbook for teaching music in school, Forma musices, in 1592, at Bautzen.

References and further reading

 * Walter Blankenburg, "Christoph Demantius". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  ISBN 1-56159-174-2
 * Walter Blankenburg/Dorothea Schröder: "Christoph Demantius", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 3, 2007), (subscription access)
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4
 * Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.  ISBN 0-393-09745-5

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christoph Demantius


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William Baxter (law professor)

William Francis Baxter, Jr. (July 13, 1929 – November 27, 1998) was a law professor at Stanford University. His specialty was antitrust law.

Antitrust Law
As Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1981–1983, Baxter commanded wide public attention when in 1982 he settled a seven-year-old case against AT&T with by far the largest breakup in the history of the Sherman Antitrust Act, splitting AT&T up into seven regional phone companies. On that same day, he dismissed as "without merit" a seemingly endless, thirteen-year-old suit against IBM, which had employed more than 300 lawyers and generated 2,500 depositions and 66 million pages of documents. Additionally, under his leadership, the U.S. Justice Department promulgated revised guidelines that it would use to enforce U.S. antitrust laws going forward. As part of that practice, he is the author of Baxter's Law or the Bell Doctrine.

Animal Rights
In 1974, Baxter published a widely read and influential book on the law and economics of pollution control entitled People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution. This book, though aimed at a law audience, contains a philosophically sophisticated stance on the topic of animal rights.

Baxter maintains that non-human animals have no moral consideration on their own. Any moral consideration of animals is in relation to humans. Moral consideration is a uniquely human affair. This differs from the view that there is no essential difference between the pain of non-human animals and that of human beings (see Peter Singer), and also differs from the view that the pain of animals is a morally relevant consideration, but is not morally decisive (See Bonnie Steinbock).

It is important to note that Baxter is not antipathetic toward non-human animals; in fact, he points out that many things that are in the interests of animals (and the larger environment for that matter) are in fact also in the best interests of humans as well. In this sense we have obligations to how we treat non-human animals, but the grounds is only because of the respective impact on human beings.

Baxter states that the way to measure these humans interests are in terms of a cost benefit analysis, where cost doesn't necessarily mean uniquely monetary costs.

title: William Baxter (law professor)


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UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc., 92 F. Supp. 2d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) was a landmark case of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York concerning the unauthorized copying of copyrighted materials on the Internet. The case concerned unauthorized duplication by the company MP3.com of songs from a wide selection of compact discs for the purposes of launching a service that allowed users to access their private music collections online from anywhere in the world. This business model was ruled to be a violation of American copyright law.

Background
Upon the rise of music file sharing by consumers on the Internet, MP3,com conceived a new service in early 2000 called My.MP3.com that allowed users to rip songs from compact discs that they had already purchased legitimately, then upload the resulting MP3 files to an account managed by MP3.com. The users would then be able to log into their accounts from any Internet-connected device anywhere in the world, and listen to the music that they had previously uploaded. Users quickly compiled a library of over 80,000 albums, with the songs stored on servers at MP3.com. The company also attempted to expand the library by buying tens of thousands of albums on compact disc itself, and adding those to the library to be accessed by its users.

To use the service, the My.MP3.com subscriber had to "confirm" that they had legitimately purchased the CD by placing it in their computer's CD drive while logged in to My.MP3.com, thus allowing a purchase code to be recorded by the service. A subscriber could also purchase a CD from one of defendant's cooperating online retailers. Despite this process, the record companies argued that MP3.com had made few efforts to ensure that the songs being uploaded by its users had in fact been legitimately purchased in CD form.

Eleven different record companies, with UMG Recordings serving as the lead plaintiff, sued MP3.com for failing to secure permission for copies of songs that were created automatically when users uploaded ripped songs to the company's servers. MP3.com argued that the owners of compact discs were entitled to make copies of copyrighted songs that they had purchased legitimately, and give them to any selected party (including an online service) per the fair use defense in American copyright law, as well as the first sale doctrine. MP3.com also claimed that its business plan helped the record industry by enabling music fans to enjoy their purchased music outside of the home.

MP3.com also argued that a copied MP3 file suffered from lesser audio fidelity and lower quality than the equivalent song on a compact disc, so the files in its My.MP3.com library constituted transformative use under copyright law. MP3.com also accused the record companies of copyright misuse by filing a lawsuit for purposes of revenge, while its subscribers were simply engaged in space shifting – consuming their purchased media in different environments – which had been upheld by several Supreme Court precedents.

Opinion of the court
As stated by Judge Jed S. Rakoff in his opinion: “The complex marvels of cyberspatial communication may create difficult legal issues, but not in this case.” Rakoff rejected arguments by MP3.com that its service merely allowed listeners to practice space shifting, stating that "stripped to its essence, defendant's 'consumer protection' argument amounts to nothing more than a bold claim that defendant should be able to misappropriate plaintiff's property simply because there is a consumer demand for it. This hardly appeals to the conscience of equity."

Rakoff also ruled that given recent advances in computing technology and the playback devices used by the typical music consumer, an MP3 file was not substantially different in quality from a compact disc, so a ripped file does not qualify as transformative use under copyright law, while MP3.com's claim that it was protecting or enhancing the music industry was rejected because the service infringed on the companies' distribution rights.

Impact
With this decision, the court drew a distinction between traditional space shifting, which had previously been allowed for video cassettes and other physical media, and "virtual" space shifting as practiced by My.MP3.com. This type of virtual space shifting required the creation of a copy at the MP3.com servers, which in turn required authorization from the copyright owners under copyright law.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc. was cited at the time as an important decision in the then-burgeoning practice of file sharing and the trading of unauthorized music and media files on the Internet. However, some scholars argued that the ruling only addressed the specific business model practiced by My.MP3.com, and left larger file sharing trends on the Internet unaddressed, particularly those practices not covered by a legitimate (if unsuccessful) business plan. The ruling also neglected to address any responsibilities that the legacy record companies may or may not have had in the management of their own copyrighted products and preventing them from being illegally traded.

This ruling resulted in several additional legal claims against MP3.com, with the company ultimately owing more than $150 million to legacy record companies. The judgments pushed MP3.com into severe financial difficulties which were averted by a merger with Vivendi Universal.

title: UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc.


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Mutant League Football

Mutant League Football is a video game that was originally released in 1993 for the Sega Genesis. The game was designed using the John Madden Football '93 engine, and features a different take on American football, where the games resemble a war as much as a sporting competition.

A year later, the same team applied similar concepts to the sport of ice hockey to create Mutant League Hockey. An animated TV series based around the games, Mutant League, aired from July 1994 to February 1996, while a spiritual successor, Mutant Football League was released in 2017.

Gameplay
The game deviates from usual football simulations in several ways. Most notably it takes place in a post-apocalyptic world where radiation has caused the human race to mutate and the dead to rise from the grave. The game instruction manual states that the exact causes of the upheaval have been lost or corrupted, due to (among many things) the chaos of an alien invasion, spin control, a sloppy filing system set up by a temp, and what appears to be barbecue sauce.

Landmines, fire pits, and other hazards (such as areas being open to empty space) litter the field, which can be made of rock, ice, or even toxic waste or rubber, and players can lose health or die during the run of play (upon which they will fumble). Teams have special Nasty Audibles, which are dirty (not to mention excessively violent) tricks such as exploding balls, invisibility, electric shocks, jet packs, or jumping the other quarterback with intent to kill, that lead to big gains and/or horrific casualties. Killing enough players causes an opposing team to forfeit.

Each team can "bribe ref" twice per game (once in each half), after which, the bought referee will call phony penalties (e.g. 5-yard penalty for crying) on the opposing team. This will last for a few plays, but the other team usually tries to kill him (one of the Nasty Audibles that can actually be played at any time) immediately after the first dirty call. A slain Ref is then replaced by an even tougher one, who will promptly call another 5-yard penalty on the murdering team for Ref Bashing. Note that accidental referee deaths, such as being caught in the middle of a pileup, or nudged into a mine, are not penalized. Other penalties include offsides (encroachment also counts as this penalty), illegal kick, delay of game, QB bashing, and pass interference. All of these penalties are 5-yard penalties except pass interference, which is an automatic first down.

Gameplay can take place in the form of a pickup game or full-season mode. Winning the championship game in season mode results in the losing team exploding spontaneously, and the winning team's MVP perishing by induction into the "Hole of Flame", the induction ceremony of which entitles the game referees to snatch the MVP and stuff him into a firepit.

Teams
Teams are composed of aliens, skeletons, robots, trolls, and superhumans. Seven players are on the field for each team, instead of the usual eleven. Many of the teams are based on real life teams, with names like the Deathskin Razors and the Midway Monsters. Players also have humorous names, like Bones Jackson (Bo Jackson), L.T. Impaler (Lawrence Taylor), Joe Magician (Joe Montana) and Scary Ice (Jerry Rice). However, despite all the death and destruction, the competition aspect is still high, and requires much strategy, especially compared to games like NFL Blitz.

Legacy
This game was followed by a spin-off titled Mutant League Hockey. A basketball game, Mutant League Basketball, was in development, but was never released. These games were also used as the basis for an animated series called Mutant League, which aired from 1994 to 1996. Another spin-off, Mutant Speed Demons, was planned but never released but a non-working prototype was found in 2009.

The game inspired a one-off series in the British children's comic Sonic the Comic. The story, entitled "Bring Me the Head of Coach Brikka", ran for 6 episodes in 1994.

Electronic Arts included the game in the PlayStation Portable (PSP) compilation EA Replay. It was released in the United States on November 14, 2006. The PSP allowed a higher resolution for the game than seen on the Genesis, therefore bringing greater graphics to the game when played on a television screen via the new PSP Slim & Lite's output capabilities.

In the Xbox 360 version of the video game Madden NFL 09, there is an achievement worth 50 gamerscore titled "Midway Monster". The achievement is unlocked by creating a player named "Bones Jackson" and placing him on the Chicago Bears.

A spiritual successor called Mutant Football League has been developed by Digital Dreams Entertainment for the PC, Xbox One, PS4, and mobile platforms. This has been headed up by Michael Mendheim, the original creator and lead designer of the Mutant League series.

title: Mutant League Football


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Terry Kennedy (baseball)

Terrence Edward Kennedy (born June 4, 1956) is an American former Major League Baseball catcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals (1978–80), San Diego Padres (1981–86), Baltimore Orioles (1987–88) and San Francisco Giants (1989–91). He was a four-time All-Star, three times with the Padres and once with the Orioles. Kennedy batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He is the son of former major league player and manager Bob Kennedy.

Early life
Born in Euclid, Ohio, Kennedy attended St. Mary's High School (Phoenix, Arizona) before playing college baseball at Florida State University. He was a two-time All-American and Sporting News College Player of the Year in 1976. Kennedy was inducted into the FSU Athletics Hall of Fame in 1982.

Career
In a 14-year major league career, Kennedy hit .264 with 113 home runs and 628 RBI in 1491 games. Kennedy tied Johnny Bench's NL mark of 40 doubles in a season in 1982. That same year, Kennedy won the Silver Slugger Award. He appeared in four All-Star Games (1981, 1983, 1985, and 1987). He also played in two World Series, with the Padres in 1984 and with the Giants in 1989. Terry and his father, Bob, became the first father and son duo to drive in runs in a World Series when Terry drove in two against the Tigers in 1984 in his first at bat.

Throughout most of his career, Kennedy wore #16, which he was assigned on his first day in major league camp with the Cardinals. When he came to the Orioles, he could not get #16 because veteran pitcher Scott McGregor already had the number, so he wore #15 during his time with them. He reverted to #16 during his time with the Giants, during which he took part in the earthquake-interrupted 1989 World Series.

After his playing days, Kennedy managed, coached, and instructed in the minor leagues for the St. Louis Cardinals, Montreal Expos, Seattle Mariners, Chicago Cubs, Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres, as well as the Independent Leagues. Kennedy was voted Manager of the Year twice, including Baseball America Manager of the Year in 1998, when he led the Iowa Cubs to a first-place finish.

Kennedy is a scout with the Chicago Cubs.

title: Terry Kennedy (baseball)


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Talk:List of people claiming to be deities/to do

Name | Birth-Death | Citation or Quote
 * Tablefy article with following columns:
 * Remove people for whom we cannot find a definitive reputable source. Place them here until we can.


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7×57mm Mauser

The 7×57mm Mauser (designated as the 7 mm Mauser or 7×57mm by the SAAMI and 7 × 57 by the C.I.P.) is a first-generation smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge. It was developed by Paul Mauser of the Mauser company in 1892 and adopted as a military cartridge by Spain in 1893. It was subsequently adopted by several other countries as the standard military cartridge, and although now obsolete as a military cartridge, it remains in widespread international use as a sporting round. The 7×57 Mauser (originally known in Britain as the .275) was a popular stalking cartridge and sporting rifles in this chambering were made by the famous British riflemakers, such as John Rigby, Holland and Holland, Westley Richards and others. British cartridge nomenclature designated caliber in inches, and the cartridge was known as the .275 bore after the measurement of a 7 mm rifle's bore across the lands. The cartridge is sometimes erroneously referred to as the ".275 Rigby", However, the original John Rigby & Sons never referred to the cartridge by that name, nor did any of UK gun trade; the Rigby association is a misconception attributed to modern American gun writers.

History
Paul Mauser visited the Kingdom of Spain in 1892 after the delivery of trial rifles in 1891 and brought with him a new rifle designed to use a new cartridge of 7 mm caliber. Judging by the dimensions of the casing, it was developed from Mauser's Patrone 88 adopted into German service: in fact, its derivative, 6.5×57mm Mauser, was marketed as M88/57/6.5 mit und ohne Rand in a 1921 catalog. Like the 7.65×53mm Mauser introduced in 1889, he had developed the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge for use with the new smokeless propellant, introduced as Poudre B in the 1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel, which started a military rifle ammunition revolution. At the time of its development 7×57mm Mauser was a high-performance smokeless-powder cartridge.

The Mauser Model 1892 rifle turned out to be a transitional design that was manufactured in limited numbers for the Spanish Army. It was quickly improved to the Mauser Model 1893 featuring a new internal box magazine where the cartridges were stored in a staggered column. The Spaniards were so impressed with the Mauser Model 1892 and 1893 rifles and their new 7×57mm Mauser cartridge that they not only ordered rifles and ammunition from Mauser, but also awarded him the Grand Cross of the Spanish Military Order of Merit, the highest decoration Mauser ever received.

Cartridge dimensions
The 7×57mm cartridge has 3.90 ml (60 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.

7×57mm maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 20.55 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 220 mm (1 in 8.66 in), 4 grooves, diameter of lands = 6.98 mm, diameter of grooves = 7.24 mm, land width = 3.90 mm and the primer type is large rifle.

European 7 mm cartridges all have 7.24 mm (0.285 in) grooves diameter. American 7 mm cartridges have 7.21 mm (0.284 in) grooves diameter.

According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 7×57mm case can handle up to 390.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.

The SAAMI maximum average pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is 51000 psi piezo pressure or 46,000 CUP. This lower specification is in deference to the Remington Rolling block rifles that may still be in circulation. Concerns regarding the early Mauser rifles such as the models 93 and 95 are misplaced, as the original ammunition issued with the M93 Spanish Mauser produced an average pressure of 50,370 CUP in those rifles.

7×57mmR (rimmed)
A rimmed cartridge was developed from the 7×57mm shortly after its introduction for use in break-action rifles and combination guns. A rimmed cartridge greatly simplifies the issues of designing an extractor, particularly in a combination gun or "drilling" which must also be designed to extract rimmed shotgun shells. While various modern break-action and single-shot rifle and pistol designs have been developed that can reliably extract rimless cartridges, most of these date from the 1970s or later. While the external dimensions of the two versions are nearly identical other than the rim, there are differences in the internal design. In particular, the cartridge web, the area immediately above the rim on the rimmed version or the rebate on the rimless version, is thinner in the rimmed case, and some authorities recommend limiting the rimmed cartridge to 41,000 CUP because of this.

7×57mmR cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Sporting round
The ballistics of the 7×57mm became popular with deer and plains game hunters. The relatively flat trajectory and manageable recoil ensured its place as a sportsman's cartridge. The 7×57mm can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with a high sectional density. This made it popular in Africa, where it was used on animals up to and including elephants, for which it was particularly favoured by noted ivory hunter W.D.M. "Karamojo" Bell, who shot about 800 African elephants with 1893 pattern 7×57mm military ball ammunition using Rigby Mauser 98 rifles, when most ivory hunters were using larger-caliber rifles. Bell selected the cartridge for moderate recoil, and relied on the 11.2 g long round-nosed military full metal jacket bullets for penetration.

The 7×57mm was also the favored cartridge of Eleanor O'Connor, wife of famous hunter and author Jack O'Connor. Eleanor accompanied her husband on multiple hunting expeditions all over the world, killing small and large game with the 7×57mm. Jack O'Connor also made extensive use of the round and remarked that "I think I have seen more game killed with fewer shots from this modest little cartridge than with any other." Though not as popular today, the 7×57mm is still produced by most major ammunition manufacturers and many modern rifles are available chambered for the cartridge. The cartridge is more popular in Europe than in the United States and most European gunmakers chamber rifles in 7×57mm. (Although they don't export them to the USA.)

The 7×57mm round was also used by the Indian hunter and conservationist Jim Corbett to put down the infamous man-eating Leopard of Rudraprayag besides a few other Man-Eaters of Kumaon. Corbett's writings mention using the .275 in a Rigby-made Mauser 1898 sporting rifle with attached torch to despatch the leopard on a dark summer night in May 1926. For man-eating tigers, Corbett preferred the .450/400 Nitro Express cartridge in a double-barreled configuration from W.J. Jeffery & Co as the .400 Jeffery Nitro Express rifle but retained the Rigby Mauser as a backup weapon.

The 7×57 is able to handle a wide range of projectile weights, is easy to reload, has relatively mild recoil, and is accurate. Some rifle metallic silhouette shooters use 7×57.

Military use
The military of the Kingdom of Spain adopted the Mauser Model 1893 rifle. It was chambered for the new 7×57mm Mauser cartridge. The original cartridge featured a long, 11.2 g round-nose, full-metal-jacketed bullet with a muzzle velocity of about 700 m/s with 2744 J muzzle energy from a 740 mm barreled rifle. For the late 19th century, these ballistics were impressive, and the loading provided a fairly flat trajectory combined with excellent penetration. At the same time, it exhibited relatively modest free recoil. That was a combination of attributes that made it popular with both soldiers and sportsmen alike.

The qualities of the 7×57mm as a military round were shown in the Spanish–American War of 1898. At the commencement of the American assault on the strategic Cuban city of Santiago, 750 Spanish troops defended positions on San Juan and Kettle hills. The attacking force numbered approximately 6,600 American soldiers, most of them armed with new smokeless-powder Krag–Jørgensen rifles in .30-40 Krag caliber, and supported by artillery and Gatling gun fire. Though the assault was successful, the Americans suffered more than 1,400 casualties, nearly 20 per cent of their forces. A U.S. board of investigation later concluded that the casualties were primarily due to the superior firepower of the Spanish Model 1893 Mauser rifles.

During the Second Boer War in South Africa, British authorities were obliged to re-evaluate rifle and ammunition design and tactics after facing Boer sharpshooters and snipers armed with Mauser Model 1893 rifles and Mauser Model 1895 rifles firing 7×57mm rounds with withering effectiveness, easily outranging the .303 British cartridge as regarding accurate long-range fire. The .303 British cartridge at that time was still using cordite propellant, in contrast to the Mauser's higher-performance ballistite type smokeless powder.

Military ammunition
The oldest 1893 pattern military ball ammunition was loaded with an 11.2 g long round-nosed bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of 670 m/s with 2514 J muzzle energy from a 589 mm long barrel. It had a maximum range of 3250 m. In 1893 this ballistic performance made it the high-performance service cartridge champion of its day when compared to other 1893 pattern smokeless-powder cartridges such as the 8mm Lebel, .303 British, and 8×50mmR Mannlicher.

In 1913, following the lead of French and German Army commands in developing the spitzer or pointed-tip bullet shape, the Spanish ordnance authorities issued a redesigned 7×57mm cartridge with a spitzer bullet (7 mm Cartucho para Mauser Tipo S). It was loaded with a 9 g spitzer bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s with 3251 J muzzle energy from a 589 mm long barrel. It had a maximum range of 3700 m. The new spitzer bullet style was partially responsible for the cartridge's improved performance as it significantly reduced air drag within normal combat ranges and withstood higher accelerations in the barrel. Reverse engineering the trajectory from the previous sentence indicates a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.33.

After that, military ball ammunition loaded with a 10.5 g spitzer bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of 750 m/s with 2953 J muzzle energy from a 589 mm long barrel became available. Besides a pointed nose, this projectile also had a boat tail to reduce drag. It had a maximum range of 5000 m. Reverse engineering the trajectory from the previous sentence indicates a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.54.

Military users
At one time, the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge saw widespread military use. It was used by:
 * Austria-Hungary:User Repetiergewehr M.14. in WWI
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * El Salvador
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * Iran
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * Orange Free State
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay
 * First Philippine Republic
 * Kingdom of Serbia
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * South African Republic
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela

Chambered weapons

 * Mauser Model 1893
 * Mauser Model 1895 and Mauser Model 1899
 * Mauser Model 1907
 * Mauser Model 1908
 * Mauser Standardmodell
 * vz. 24
 * Mondragón rifle
 * FN Mauser M1930
 * Remington Rolling Block
 * Venezuelan FN Model 1949
 * M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun
 * Hotchkiss Model 1922 machine gun
 * Madsen machine gun
 * SIG KE7
 * FN Model D
 * Colt R75 Browning Automatic Rifle model 1925
 * M1941 Johnson
 * FA Trapote m/33
 * Type 3 heavy machine gun
 * ZB vz.26

Use as a parent case
6.5×57mm Mauser was created by Paul Mauser himself by necking down the 7×57mm already in 1890s. 5.6×57mm was created by RWS in 1960s in a similar way. Both cartridges also have rimmed variants for break-action hunting rifles, 6.5×57mmR and 5.6×57mmR respectively.

The .257 Roberts uses the 7×57mm Mauser as its parent cartridge. The 6mm Remington is also based on the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge.

The 7×57mm Mauser was also the parent case of the 6×57mm Mauser developed in 1895.

Wildcats
The 7×57mm Mauser is also used as the parent case for a host of modified variants that are not officially registered with or sanctioned by C.I.P. or its American equivalent, SAAMI. These cartridges are known as wildcat cartridges. The US wildcat cartridge developer P.O. Ackley developed several 7×57mm Mauser based wildcat cartridges.

The 7×57mm Mauser Ackley Improved is an alternate version of the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge with 40 degree shoulder. This wildcat was designed to be easily made by rechambering existing firearms, and fire forming the ammunition to decrease body taper and increase shoulder angle, resulting in a higher case capacity. Dies for this wildcat chambering are readily available.

The .228 Ackley Magnum is also based on the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge but is also necked down to .228 caliber (5.79 mm). Bullets in this caliber are hard to find but provide greater weight than .223 caliber bullets, up to 100 grains (6.5 g), without excessively quick twist rate.

The .257 Roberts Ackley Improved is a second generation wildcat cartridge based on the .257 Roberts cartridge.

title: 7×57mm Mauser


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NKVD Order No. 00593

NKVD Order No. 00593, also known as NKVD Order about Harbinites (приказ НКВД о харбинцах, ("Харбинский приказ") by September 20, 1937, undersigned by Nikolai Yezhov regulated arrest and prosecution of former Russian personnel (Harbin Russians) of the China Far East Railway (KVZhD), who had lived in Harbin and reemigrated into the Soviet Union after 1935, when the KVZhD was sold to the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

Background
The Chinese Eastern Railway (KVZhD) was constructed in 1897—1903. After the Russo-Japanese War, the southern portion of the railway was ceded to Japan, which created the South Manchuria Railway out of the former Russian portion of the railway.

In the 1920s, some 120,000 Russian citizens lived in Manchuria. 43,500 persons, 64.5% of the population of Harbin, were Russians. The Russian population began to steadily drop as economic conditions deteriorated due to the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, causing high rates of unemployment.

Emigration from Northern Manchuria to the Soviet Union increased in the 1930s as the Soviet Government sold the railway to Manchukuo, accelerating as some 19,570 residents left Manchuria to the Soviet Union in 1935 alone.

Order No. 00593
By 1935, the NKVD began actively persecuting Harbin repatriates. Yezhov's order to arrest and execute the Harbinites stated that of 25,000 registered "Harbinites" the majority were former White Guardists, "emigre spying-fascist organizations", former policemen etc. and worked for the Japanese intelligence service.

It was ordered to perform arrests (from October 1, 1937 to December 25, 1937) of all Harbinites that fell into 13 pre-defined categories. Those who didn't match any of the listed categories were to be immediately removed from all jobs related to transport and industry.

Soviet intelligence conducted an investigation of Harbin emigres who had recently repatriated to Voronezh Oblast, concluding that out of 2,500 persons investigated, 248 were former members of the White army or intelligence services and 108 were members of overseas political organizations.

Implementation
The operation lasted beyond the deadline of December 25th.

According to the data collected by Memorial, 48,133 Harbinites were repressed, of which whom 30,992 were shot.

Order No. 00593 instructed to handle the family members of the arrested according to the NKVD Order No. 00486 about family members of "traitors to the Motherland".

title: NKVD Order No. 00593


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Cold urticaria

Cold urticaria (essentially meaning cold hives) is a disorder in which large red welts called hives (urticaria) form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus. The hives are usually itchy and often the hands and feet will become itchy and swollen as well. Hives vary in size from about $7 mm$ in diameter to as big as about $27 mm$ or larger.

This disorder, or perhaps two disorders with the same clinical manifestations, can be inherited (familial cold urticaria) or acquired (primary acquired cold urticaria). The acquired form is most likely to begin between ages 18 and 25, although it can occur as early as 5 years old in some cases. Life-threatening risks include suffocation resulting from swollen tissue (pharyngeal angioedema) induced by cold foods or beverages, drowning after shock from swimming in cold water, and anaphylactic shock.

Types
Cold urticaria may be divided into the following types:

Primary cold contact urticaria
Primary cold contact urticaria is a cutaneous condition characterized by wheals, and occurs in rainy, windy weather, and after swimming in cold water and after contact with cold objects, including ice cubes.

Secondary cold contact urticaria
Secondary cold contact urticaria is a cutaneous condition characterized by wheals, due to serum abnormalities such as cryoglobulinemia or cryofibrinogenemia are extremely rare, and are then associated with other manifestations such as Raynaud's phenomenon or purpura.

Reflex cold urticaria
Reflex cold urticaria is a cutaneous condition in which generalized cooling of the body induces widespread welting.

Familial cold urticaria
Familial cold urticaria (also properly known as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, FCAS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, fever/chills and arthralgias elicited by exposure to cold - sometimes temperatures below 22 C.

It has been mapped to CIAS1 and is a slightly milder member of the disease family including Muckle–Wells syndrome and NOMID. It is rare and is estimated as having a prevalence of 1 per million people and mainly affects Americans and Europeans.

FCAS is one of the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) caused by mutations in the CIAS1/NALP3 (aka NLRP3) gene at location 1q44.

The effect of FCAS on the quality of life of patients is far reaching. A survey of patients in the United States in 2008 found that "[t]o cope with their underlying disease and to try to avoid symptomatic, painful, flares patients reported limiting their work, school, family, and social activities. Seventy-eight percent of survey participants described an impact of the disease on their work, including absenteeism and impaired job advancement; frequently, they quit their job as a consequence of their disease".

Treatment using anakinra (Kineret) has been shown effective for FCAS, although this does mean daily injections of the immunosuppressant into an area such as the lower abdomen. The monoclonal antibody canakinumab (Ilaris) is also used.

Signs and symptoms

When the body is exposed to the cold in individuals affected by the condition, hives appear and the skin in the affected area typically becomes itchy. Hives result from dilation of capillaries which allow fluid to flow out into the surrounding tissue which is the epidermis. They resolve when the body absorbs this fluid. The border of a hive is described as polycyclic, or made up of many circles, and changes as fluid leaks out and then is absorbed. Pressing on a hive causes the skin to blanch (turn pale as blood flow is interrupted), distinguishing it from a bruise or papule.

Hives may appear immediately or after a delay. Hives can last for a few minutes or a few days, and vary from person to person. Also, a burning sensation occurs. A serious reaction is most likely to occur for patients where the hives occur with less than three minutes of exposure (during a cold test).

Cause
The hives are a histamine reaction in response to cold stimuli, including a drastic drop in temperature, cold air, and cold water. There are many causes for cold hives, most are idiopathic (meaning they have no known cause). Some rare conditions can cause cold hives, and it can be useful to test for these conditions if the cold hives are in any way unusual.

Scientists from the USA National Institutes of Health have identified a genetic mutation in three unrelated families that causes a rare immune disorder characterized by excessive and impaired immune function: immune deficiency, autoimmunity, inflammatory skin disorders and cold-induced hives (cold urticaria). "'The mutation discovered occurs in a gene for phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLCG2), an enzyme involved in the activation of immune cells. The investigators have named the condition PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, or PLAID.'"

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically obtained by an allergist or other licensed practitioner performing a cold test. During the cold test, a piece of ice is placed inside a thin plastic bag and held against the forearm, typically for 3–4 minutes. A positive result is a specific looking mark of raised red hives. The hives may be the shape of the ice, or it may radiate from the contact area of the ice. However, while these techniques assist in diagnosis, they do not provide information about temperature and stimulation time thresholds at which patients will start to develop symptoms, which is essential because it can establish disease severity and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Management
Management largely consists of avoiding exposures that could trigger a reaction and taking medicine to manage the reaction. The best treatment for this allergy is avoiding exposure to cold temperatures.

Avoiding triggers
Anything that lowers the skin temperature (not body's core temperature) can trigger a reaction in affected people. Avoiding exposures limits the risk of a reaction. The reaction usually affects the body parts that are exposed, so cold air could trigger a reaction to exposed skin or in the breathing passages if cold air is inhaled. Risky exposures include:
 * Situations:
 * Cold weather, including snow: Exposure to cold or cool air can quickly trigger a reaction; for example walking by the open freezer cases in a supermarket.
 * Air conditioning: Entering a cool building during a summer day can result in a reaction.
 * Cool/cold surfaces: Sitting on sidewalks which are cool, leaning on or grabbing a cold pole can result in hives forming on the area which had contact with the cool surfaces.
 * Cold IV lines: Sometimes IV lines are cold, which can result in a reaction.  A line of hives may appear within 6 to 8 in from the IV site in the pattern of a line going up the limb.
 * Activities:
 * Ice water.jpg foods and drinks: Eating or drinking cold or cool substances such as ice cream or iced tea may result in a reaction inside the mouth and throat.
 * Swimming: Swimming can be especially dangerous, as the rapid heart rate combined with the onset of hives can lead to hypotension, shock, and drowning.
 * Sweat: A reaction may even occur on a warm day or coming out of a sauna when there is sweat on the skin, since the reaction is triggered by skin temperature, not core temperature. If there is a breeze, it will rapidly cool the skin and create hives.
 * Restriction of blood flow: Activities which cause tense muscles and reduce blood flow can cool the body parts enough to trigger itching and hives.

Drugs
The first-line therapy is symptomatic relief with second-generation H1-antihistamines. If standard dosing is ineffective, increasing dosages up to fourfold is recommended to control symptoms.

The second-generation H1-antihistamine rupatadine was found to significantly reduce the development of chronic cold urticaria symptom without an increase in adverse effects at doses of $20 mg$ and $40 mg$.

Allergy medications containing antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), cetirizine (Zyrtec), loratadine (Claritin), cyproheptadine (Periactin), and fexofenadine (Allegra) may be taken orally to prevent and relieve some of the hives. For those who have severe anaphylactic reactions, a prescribed medicine such as doxepin, taken daily, should help to prevent and/or lessen the likelihood of a reaction and thus, anaphylaxis. The effectiveness of topical antihistamine creams against hives induced by cold temperature has not been evaluated.

Cold hives can result in a potentially serious or even fatal systemic reaction (anaphylactic shock). People with cold hives may have to carry an injectable form of epinephrine (like Epi-pen or Twinject) for use in the event of a serious reaction.

Studies have found that omalizumab (Xolair) may be an effective and safe treatment for cold urticaria in patients who do not sufficiently respond to standard treatments.

Ebastine has been proposed as an approach to prevent acquired cold urticaria.

title: Cold urticaria


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Gary Stewart (politician)

Richard Gary Stewart (born March 23, 1938) is a former Canadian politician in Ontario. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003 and briefly served as a cabinet minister under Mike Harris.

Background
Stewart was educated at Banting Institute, receiving a Mortician Certificate, and worked for a time at Comstock Funeral Home in Peterborough. In 1974, he became president of G. Stewart Travel Services in Peterborough, which he continued to operate throughout his political career. He also served as a director of the Peterborough Civic Hospital.

Politics
Stewart became deputy reeve of the Township of Otonabee in 1985 and was a warden of Peterborough County from 1992 to 1994.

He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1995, defeating Liberal candidate Sylvia Sutherland and incumbent New Democrat Jenny Carter by a significant margin. He was a backbench supporter of Mike Harris for the next four years.

In the provincial election of 1999, Stewart was elected over Liberal Jeff Leal by about 2,500 votes. He served as chief government whip and minister without portfolio from July 31, 2001 to April 14, 2002. When Ernie Eves became premier in 2002, he was dropped from cabinet. In 2003, Stewart recommended that provincial governments stop enforcing the federal gun registry.

In the 2003 provincial election, Stewart lost to Leal by over 6,000 votes in a rematch from 1999.

Gary’s son Scott Stewart lost to Leal in the general election of 2014.

title: Gary Stewart (politician)


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Patrick Lachman

Patrick "Pat" Lachman (born 1970) is an American heavy metal guitarist and vocalist, best known as the lead vocalist of Damageplan. He has also played guitar for Halford, Killswitch Engage, The Mercy Clinic and Burn It All. He currently performs with Diesel Machine.

Biography
Portland, Oregon native Lachman started playing guitar at age 12. He was a short-lived member of Dr. Mastermind, featuring former Wild Dogs vocalist Matt McCourt, before joining his brother, vocalist Tim Lachman, in another local band, Gargoyle, in 1988. Gargoyle would move to Los Angeles in 1990 where the band morphed into State of the Art, recording an acclaimed three-song demo before disbanding in 1993. The Lachman brothers next hooked up with Canada native Shane Gaalaas, then the drummer for Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, and recorded another demo under the name Eleventh Hour. In 1996, Lachman and Gaalaas teamed up with former Last Rites and World in Pain members A.J. Cavalier (later to join SOiL) and Jeff Mohr to form Diesel and cut a six-song demo. Parting ways with Mohr and adding Rich Gonzales, formerly with Recipients of Death, on bass, the band would change their name to Diesel Machine in time for the release of their debut album, Torture Test, in 2000. By then, Lachman had already been picked as one of the guitar players for Halford, the solo band of Judas Priest vocalist Rob Halford.

With Halford, Lachman co-wrote and recorded Resurrection (2000), Live Insurrection (2001), and another studio album, Crucible (2002). He also collaborated with Tommy Victor of Prong on the song "Initiation" which appeared on the band's 2002 100% Live album and was re-recorded as "Embrace the Depth" for Scorpio Rising. 2003 saw the release of a Halford EP titled Fourging the Furnace, released in Japan only.

Lachman had already left the Halford band in November 2002 to join former Pantera guitarist "Dimebag Darrell" Abbott and his brother, drummer Vinnie Paul Abbott, in a new band called Damageplan as their vocalist. Their debut album, New Found Power, was released in 2004; in addition, the song "Ashes to Ashes", featuring Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains, appeared on The Punisher soundtrack. The band had recorded several songs for a second album, however, on December 8, 2004, during a Damageplan show at the Alrosa Villa in Columbus, Ohio, Darrell was fatally shot on stage by 25-year-old mentally ill ex-Marine Nathan Gale, who was shot and killed by police minutes later.

After the untimely demise of Damageplan, Lachman put together a new band called The Mercy Clinic in 2005 with guitarists Brian Harrah (Professional Murder Music) and Josh Stinson (Drist), bassist Steed Najera (Triple Seven), and drummer Bevan Davies (Danzig, Comes with the Fall, Jerry Cantrell). Over the course of the next couple of years, the group would write and demo upwards of 20 songs and played frequent shows in the Los Angeles area but ultimately failed to land a record deal. Subsequently, the project was put on hold. On In February 2005, Lachman performed with the surviving members of Alice in Chains at a benefit for tsunami relief in Seattle, Washington, filling in for their late lead singer Layne Staley, along with fellow singers Maynard James Keenan (Tool), Wes Scantlin (Puddle of Mudd), and Ann Wilson (Heart).

Lachman filled in for Killswitch Engage's guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz on the band's North American tour in early 2007. He also filled in for Dutkiewicz at Download Festival 2007. In 2008, Lachman began working with Raymond Herrera and Christian Olde Wolbers formerly of Fear Factory under the name Burn It All.

On April 1, 2019, Lachman and Diesel Machine released "Shut It", their first new song in nearly two decades, and announced a tentative fall 2019 release for their long in the works sophomore album, Evolve. The album was finally released on August 21, 2020, through German company Metalville.

On April 30, 2021, Cosmosquad & The Jasonauts released a digital single of "A Jam For Jason MMXXI" on Bandcamp to raise funds for ALS stricken musician Jason Becker, with Lachman contributing lead guitars alongside Jeff Kollman, Chris Poland, Vinnie Moore, and Steve Morse. Lachman had recorded his parts 20 years earlier but this particular version of the track was never released and had only recently been re-discovered.

Halford

 * Resurrection (2000)
 * Live Insurrection (2001)
 * Crucible (2002)
 * Fourging the Furnace EP (2003)
 * Metal God Essentials, Vol. 1 (2006)
 * Halford: Live at Rock in Rio III DVD (2008)

Diesel Machine

 * Torture Test (2000)
 * Evolve (2020)

Damageplan

 * New Found Power (2004)

The Mercy Clinic

 * The Mercy Clinic demos (2005, 2006)

Cosmosquad & The Jasonauts

 * A Jam for Jason MMXXI digital single (2021)

Compilations and soundtracks
with Diesel Machine – The Thing That Should Not Be with Diesel Machine – Children of the Damned with Diesel Machine – Supermanic Soul with Diesel Machine – Primal Concrete Sledge with Eleventh Hour – Alexander the Great with Error 7 – Stranger in a Strange Land with Damageplan – Ashes to Ashes (featuring Jerry Cantrell)
 * Overload – A Tribute to Metallica (1998)
 * A Call to Irons: A Tribute to Iron Maiden Volume 2 (1999)
 * Devilswork: A Tribute to Ministry (2000)
 * Southern Death – Tribute to Pantera (2000)
 * Slave to the Power – The Iron Maiden Tribute (2000)
 * The Punisher OST (2004)

title: Patrick Lachman


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Stingray Radio

Stingray Radio is a Canadian radio broadcasting conglomerate owned by Stingray Group. It owns and operates 101 radio stations in Canada—making it the second-largest radio conglomerate in Canada behind Bell Media. It also owns two television stations in Lloydminster. The majority of its stations are situated in Atlantic and Western Canada, with its largest presences being in the provinces of Alberta and Newfoundland.

The company was founded in 1986 by Harold R. Steele as Newfoundland Capital Corporation Ltd. based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, later operating under the names Newcap Broadcasting and Newcap Radio. In October 2018, Newcap was acquired by Stingray. As a result of the acquisition, the Steele family became Stingray Group's largest third-party shareholder.

History
The company dates back to 1980. The group's Newfoundland and Labrador division, known as Steele Communications, included all but two of the full-power commercial stations in that province. In the past, Newfoundland Capital acted as a conglomerate with interests in diverse industries such as newspapers and freight transportation. The firm owns one asset unrelated to the broadcasting industry: a hotel in Corner Brook, the Glynmill Inn, which is operated as part of the Steele Hotels group which includes other properties held directly by the Steele family. The Steele family also has private holdings in other industries which are entirely outside of the Newcap corporate umbrella.

In 1986, NCCL received CRTC approval to acquire its first radio station, CHTN in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, from Northumberland Broadcasting Ltd. By 2008, Newcap would own over 70 radio stations, and flipped many radio stations from the AM band to the FM band.

In July 2008, Newcap announced a deal to trade CFDR in Halifax to Rogers Media in exchange for CIGM in Sudbury. Both stations were the sole remaining AM stations in their respective markets, and in both cases the current owner already had the maximum permitted number of FM stations in the applicable market, whereas the acquirer only had a single FM station. Both companies successfully applied to move the stations to FM as part of the trade. Newcap flipped CIGM Sudbury to FM on August 25, 2009, and Rogers flipped CFDR Halifax to FM on August 7, 2009.

On July 28, 2008, Newcap announced that it had a tentative deal to acquire 12 stations in Ontario from Haliburton Broadcasting Group, subject to CRTC approval, for $18.95 million. The company's application to acquire the Haliburton stations was formally published by the CRTC on November 13, 2008, but was subsequently withdrawn in January 2009. Newcap CEO Rob Steele indicated that in light of the credit market crisis, the company did not feel that it was the right time to increase its debt load.

In May 2011, Newcap announced that it was selling its two stations in Winnipeg, CKJS and CHNK-FM, to Evanov Communications; the sale was approved on October 24, 2011.

In January 2013, the company announced it was exploring a possible sale of its remaining broadcasting assets in Western Canada, consisting of 32 radio stations and two television stations, and six rebroadcasters associated with those stations. These stations are predominantly in Alberta (including several stations in the Lloydminster region on the Alberta/Saskatchewan border), except for two stations in British Columbia. The company announced in May 2013 it was no longer planning to sell its assets in Western Canada. If such a sale had occurred, Newcap suggested that the proceeds might be used to either fund acquisitions "closer to [Newcap's] base in Atlantic Canada", pay down debt, or return capital to shareholders.

On August 26, 2013, Newcap Radio announced it would acquire four former Astral Media radio stations in Toronto and Vancouver, including CHBM-FM, CKZZ-FM, CHHR-FM and CISL, along with Bell Media's CFXJ-FM, for $112 million. The deal was made in the wake of Bell Media's acquisition of Astral. The deal was approved by the CRTC on March 19, 2014 and the sale closed on March 31, 2014.

On April 25, 2017, Rogers Media announced its intent to acquire CISL from Newcap, who relaunched it as a Sportsnet Radio sports talk station with rights to the NHL's Vancouver Canucks.

On May 11, 2017, Newcap Radio announced its purchase of NL Broadcasting in Kamloops and its three stations, CHNL, CKRV-FM, and CJKC-FM.

On May 2, 2018, cable radio broadcaster Stingray Digital announced its intent to acquire Newcap Radio for $506 million. On October 23, 2018, the CRTC approved Stingray's application to acquire Newcap. The sale was completed just days later on October 26, 2018, with the Steele family holding the largest stake in the company besides its founders.

In January 2021, Stingray networked its rock stations in Atlantic Canada out of CFRQ-FM/Halifax, with all of them adopting similar Q branding and airing CFRQ's morning show, in addition to the existing networked evening show Rock of the Atlantic. In late-March 2021, the company underwent a restructuring of some of its staff and local program directors, which resulted in layoffs. On April 5, 2021, Stingray launched networked programming for its The Breeze-branded soft adult contemporary stations and its classic rock stations in western Canada. The Breeze introduced The Morning Breeze with Brad & Deb, which is networked out of CKUL-FM/Halifax and incorporates local inserts. Stingray also introduced the networked evening program Rock of the West (modelled after Rock of the Atlantic), which is hosted by Travis Currah of CIZZ-FM/Red Deer.

In June 2023, Stingray Radio's stations joined Bell Media's iHeartRadio Canada service; it will still participate in Radioplayer Canada.

Assets
The following list is based on the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission's media ownership charts as of January 26, 2013.

Television

 * Lloydminster - CKSA-DT, CITL-DT

Newfoundland and Labrador

 * Carbonear - CHVO-FM
 * Channel-Port aux Basques - CFGN-FM
 * Clarenville - CKVO
 * Corner Brook - CFCB, CKXX-FM
 * Gander - CKGA, CKXD-FM
 * Grand Falls-Windsor - CKCM, CKXG-FM
 * Happy Valley-Goose Bay - CFLN-FM
 * Marystown - CHCM-FM
 * St. John's - VOCM, VOCM-FM, CJYQ, CKIX-FM
 * Stephenville - CFSX

Nova Scotia

 * Halifax - CFRQ-FM, CKUL-FM
 * Kentville - CIJK-FM
 * New Glasgow - CKEZ-FM, CKEC-FM
 * Sydney - CHRK-FM, CKCH-FM

Prince Edward Island

 * Charlottetown - CHTN-FM, CKQK-FM

New Brunswick

 * Fredericton - CFRK-FM, CIHI-FM
 * Miramichi - CHHI-FM
 * Moncton - CJMO-FM, CJXL-FM
 * Saint John - CHNI-FM

Ontario

 * Ottawa - CIHT-FM, CILV-FM
 * Sudbury - CHNO-FM, CIGM-FM
 * Toronto - CFXJ-FM, CHBM-FM

Alberta

 * Athabasca - CKBA-FM
 * Blairmore - CJPR-FM
 * Bonnyville - CJEG-FM
 * Brooks - CIBQ-FM, CIXF-FM
 * Calgary - CFXL-FM, CKMP-FM
 * Camrose - CFCW, CFCW-FM
 * Cold Lake - CJXK-FM
 * Drumheller - CKDQ-FM, CHOO-FM
 * Edmonton - CIRK-FM, CKRA-FM, CFCW, CKJR
 * Edson - CFXE-FM
 * High Prairie - CKVH-FM
 * Hinton - CFHI-FM
 * Lac La Biche - CILB-FM
 * Lloydminster - CKSA-FM, CILR-FM (unlicensed travellers' information station)
 * Red Deer - CKGY-FM, CIZZ-FM
 * St. Paul - CHSP-FM
 * Slave Lake - CHSL-FM
 * Stettler - CKSQ-FM
 * Wainwright - CKKY-FM, CKWY-FM
 * Westlock - CKWB-FM
 * Wetaskiwin - CKJR
 * Whitecourt - CFXW-FM

British Columbia

 * Kamloops - CHNL, CKRV-FM, CJKC-FM
 * Kelowna - CKKO-FM
 * Penticton - CIGV-FM
 * Vancouver - CHLG-FM, CKZZ-FM

3937844 Canada Inc.
The numbered company 3937844 Canada Inc., a partnership between Newcap and Standard Broadcasting, was the licensee for most of the Alberta stations listed above from 2002, when Standard acquired the stations from Telemedia, until 2007, when Newcap bought out Standard's share of the stations.

title: Stingray Radio


text:
Kristen Pfaff

Kristen Marie Pfaff (née Parco; May 26, 1967 – June 16, 1994) was an American musician, best known as the bassist for alternative rock band Hole from 1993 to 1994. Prior to Hole, Pfaff was the bassist and backing vocalist for Minneapolis-based band Janitor Joe. Pfaff returned to Janitor Joe for a short tour in the weeks before her death in June 1994 of a heroin overdose.

Early life and career
Pfaff was born to Janet Pfaff and her first husband, Mike Parco, in Buffalo, New York. Her birth father comes from a family of several highly successful musicians. Her parents divorced when she was a child, and her mother remarried to Norman Pfaff, who adopted Kristen and gave her his surname. She had one younger brother, Jason, a musician. She studied classical piano and cello.

After graduating from Catholic school Buffalo Academy of the Sacred Heart in 1985, Pfaff spent a short time in Europe and briefly attended Boston College before ultimately finishing at the University of Minnesota, majoring in women's studies. There, she also worked as a counselor for rape victims. She was a part of Restore of the Sexual Violence Program, which offered a crisis line, counseling services and training in self-defense programs. Pfaff also took part in the annual 24 Hour Rape Free Zone in 1990, and was quoted as saying the goal was "to draw attention to violence brought against women on campus and in the world". During this time, she participated in the college radio station, Radio K, and she can be heard doing this in a short clip available on Soundcloud.

While living in Minneapolis, Minnesota following her graduation, Pfaff taught herself to play bass guitar. Pfaff, guitarist/vocalist Joachim Breuer (formerly of Minneapolis band "The Bastards") and drummer Matt Entsminger formed the band Janitor Joe in 1991.

Janitor Joe
The band's first single, "Hmong", was released in 1992. Later that year, they released the "Bullethead" single on picture disc, which was followed in 1993 with the "Boyfriend" 7-inch and Janitor Joe's debut album Big Metal Birds. One Janitor Joe track, "Under The Knife", can also be found on an OXO records 4-track EP, released in 1993.

Janitor Joe were becoming a staple of the Minneapolis sound, influenced by the Pacific Northwest's early grunge sound and by the sharper, faster DC post-hardcore scene, as well as the stop-start distortion of the Butthole Surfers, Big Black and others on the Touch and Go label. Pfaff's playing style was central to Janitor Joe's relentless assault both live and on record, and she and Breuer both contributed songs to Big Metal Birds: "Both operate within easy reach of the line separating punishment and reward - Pfaff's contributions (the surly "Boys in Blue") tend to be slightly more spacious, while Breuer's ("One Eye," for instance) stipulate that drummer Matt Entsminger maintain perpetual motion", wrote David Sprague of Trouser Press.

The growing Minneapolis scene was beginning to attract music press attention in 1993. Amphetamine Reptile released a tour single, "Stinker", and Janitor Joe began to tour nationally. It was on one such tour in California that year that Pfaff was scouted by Eric Erlandson and Courtney Love of Hole, who were at the time looking for a new bassist. Love invited Pfaff to play with Hole; Pfaff declined and returned to Minneapolis, but Erlandson and Love continued to pursue her.

Hole
Pfaff, initially reluctant to leave Minneapolis and join Hole, reconsidered after advice from her father, Norman: "From a professional point of view, there was no decision", he later told Seattle Weekly, "because they are already on Geffen Records and already have this huge following in England... if you're wanting to move up the ladder, that's the way to go", although Kristen's mother Janet was more reluctant for her daughter to leave Minneapolis and Janitor Joe in favor of Seattle and Hole. Following international critical acclaim for their first, independent album, Pretty on the Inside, Hole had generated a great deal of major-label interest, eventually signing an eight-album deal with Geffen Records for a reported $3 million.

In 1993, Pfaff moved to Seattle, Washington, to work with the other members of Hole on Live Through This, the major-label follow-up to Pretty on the Inside. The band's new line-up – Love, Erlandson, Pfaff and Patty Schemel on drums – entered the studio in early 1993 to begin rehearsals. "That's when we took off," Eric Erlandson said of Pfaff joining. "All of a sudden, we became a real band."

Later years
Pfaff's time in Seattle was a creatively rich period, and she formed close friendships with Eric Erlandson and Kurt Cobain. While working on the platinum selling album Live Through This, Pfaff and Erlandson dated, and stayed together for most of 1993, remaining close even after splitting up. All was not well, however; while living in Washington's 'heroin capital', Pfaff developed a problem with drug use. "Everybody was doing it. Everyone, everyone. All our friends were junkies. It was ridiculous. Everybody in this town did dope", said Love of this period in the Seattle music scene. By most accounts, Pfaff's own drug use was relatively moderate: "Kristen...dabbled in drugs before she was in our band, in Minneapolis, but it was very light", Erlandson told Craig Marks of Spin. "She moved to Seattle and felt disconnected from everything, and she made friends, drug connections, which I told her not to do. The only way you can survive in this town is if you don't make those connections." After the critical acclaim of Hole's Live Through This album, Pfaff decided to move back to Minnesota, partly because of her drug problem and partly because of creative differences within Hole. Pfaff entered a Minneapolis detox center for heroin addiction in February 1994 and left Hole later that spring, to tour with Janitor Joe. "She went on tour... and when she came back from that, she was clean", says Erlandson. In the wake of Cobain's death in April 1994, Pfaff decided to leave Hole, and return to Minneapolis permanently. After her tour with Janitor Joe, however, Pfaff made plans to return to Seattle in order to retrieve the rest of her belongings, making the trip to Seattle on June 14, 1994.

Death
On June 16, 1994, at around 9:30 a.m., Pfaff was found dead in her Seattle apartment by Paul Erickson, a friend with whom she had planned to leave for Minneapolis that day. She was 27 years old. On the floor was a bag containing syringes and drug paraphernalia. Pfaff's death was attributed to "acute opiate intoxication". She died two months after Kurt Cobain, who was a close friend as well as the husband of Hole's frontwoman Courtney Love.

Her father, Norman Pfaff, described her as "bright, personable, wonderful...very, very talented, smart, and she always seemed to be in control of her circumstances. Last night she wasn't." In the book Love & Death, released April 2004, Kristen Pfaff's mother, Janet Pfaff, states she has never accepted the official story regarding her daughter's death. Janet was interviewed by authors Wallace and Halperin in August 2003.

Eric Erlandson, the last person to see Pfaff alive before she overdosed on heroin, later said: "I admit, I made some stupid mistakes with some people, and people are dead because of my stupid mistakes. That's what I want to say. And I want to use that so that other people don't make the same mistakes that I made, and other people start understanding. I get emotional about this. We've all lost people."

Posthumous acknowledgements
After a period of mourning, Hole recruited bassist Melissa Auf der Maur and dedicated their first show of an extensive touring period to Pfaff. Hole's 1997 retrospective compilation My Body, the Hand Grenade is also dedicated to her.

On October 20, 1994, Janet Pfaff, Kristen's mother, accepted induction on her daughter's behalf into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame. "I'm proud to accept this award for Kristen and I know she would be happy to receive it," Mrs. Pfaff said. "It's sad because Kristen wasn't here herself to enjoy the moment. You work so hard in the business to make it at the national level, and that's what Kristen did. I just wish she was here to enjoy it, and see how her hometown feels about her." A local Minneapolis radio station, University of Minnesota's KUOM, has started a yearly $1,000 Memorial Scholarship in her name. The award is earmarked for "individuals active in the arts in the pursuit of their educational goals." Portions from the proceeds of Hole's album sales have gone to the Kristen Pfaff Memorial Fund.

Circa 2021, Guy Mankowski started writing a book focusing on Pfaff's life and her work as an activist, counsellor and musician. The book draws from Kristen's archive and her audio diary she recorded to tape. In October 2022, Mankowski's TEDx talk 'Lived Through This: Kristen Pfaff's hidden archive and influence' was published online. In October 2023 3:AM Magazine published the first chapter of the book online.

Discography

 * Big Metal Birds (1993); with Janitor Joe
 * Live Through This (1994); with Hole
 * My Body, the Hand Grenade (1997); compilation by Hole, bass and backing vocals on "Old Age"

title: Kristen Pfaff


text:
Buckongahelas

Buckongahelas (c. 1720 – May 1805) was a regionally and nationally renowned Lenape chief, councilor and warrior. He was active from the days of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) through the Northwest Indian Wars, after the United States achieved independence and settlers encroached on territory beyond the Appalachian Mountains and Ohio River. During the Northwest Indian Wars, he led Indian troops along with Little Turtle & Blue Jacket, achieving the greatest victory won by Native Americans against the US government in St. Clair’s Defeat, killing over 600 American soldiers. The chief led his Lenape band from present-day Delaware westward, eventually to the White River area of present-day Muncie, Indiana.

Early life and education
Buckongahelas was born in present-day Delaware around the year 1720 to Lenape parents. The British colonists called the people the Delaware, after the river, which was the heart of their territory. The Algonquian-speaking Lenape lived throughout the mid-Atlantic area. Buckongahelas in the Lenape language means a "Giver of Presents." He was also known as Pachgantschihilas and Petchnanalas, meaning a "fulfiller" or "one who succeeds in all he undertakes."

Marriage and family
Buckongahelas married as a young man and started his family. Under pressure from colonial settlers, he began to move his band westward. He was believed to have lived some time with his people in what is now Buckhannon in Upshur County, West Virginia.

His son Mahonegon was killed there in June 1773 by Captain William White, a native of Frederick County, Virginia. Local legend states that the current Upshur County Courthouse was built over the grave of Mahonegon. Local legend suggests Buckongahelas took revenge on White after trailing his son's killer for a period of nine years (1773–1782). The captain was killed March 8, 1782 within sight of Bush Fort in the vicinity of the Buckhannon River. But, historic documentation places Buckongahelas in Ohio by 1781, as he was moving his band west to escape European-American encroachment.

American Revolutionary War
During the American Revolutionary War, Buckongahelas led his followers against the Continentals. He broke away from the neutral and pro-American Lenape led by White Eyes. He took his band west to establish a town near the war chief Blue Jacket of the Shawnee. The two men became close allies.

During the war years, a number of Lenape who had converted to Christianity were living in frontier villages run by Moravian missionaries. In April 1781, at the Ohio village of Gnadenhütten, Buckongahelas warned the Lenape that an American militia from Pennsylvania was likely to execute any Indians in their path and would not pay attention to their Christian pacifism. He urged the pacifists to follow him further west away from the encroaching Americans. Moving westward "from the rising sun," the people could live where the land was good and his warriors would protect them. The Christian Lenape did not heed his words.

John Heckewelder, a Moravian missionary, wrote in his account that Buckongahelas' oration to the Christian Indians was told "with ease and an eloquence not to be imitated." He continued, "Eleven months after this speech was delivered by this prophetic chief, ninety-six of these same Christian Indians, about sixty of them women and children, were murdered at the place where these very words had been spoken, by the same men he had alluded to, and in the same manner that he had described." On March 8, 1782, state militia attacked and killed the Lenape in what is known as the Gnadenhütten massacre.

Post-war tensions
In the Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the Revolutionary War, the British ceded Indian lands in the Ohio Country that were not theirs to the United States. In the late 1780s, Buckongahelas joined a Shawnee-led confederacy to try to repel the American settlers who had begun migrating west of the Appalachian Mountains, using the Ohio River to penetrate the territory.

They won several battles against the Americans in the Northwest Indian Wars, with British support. Buckongahelas led his warriors to win the most devastating military victory ever achieved by Native Americans in the United States, in 1791 against General Arthur St. Clair, who lost 600 troops. The Lenape described Buckongahelas as their own George Washington. Standing 5 feet, 10 inches tall, he was strong with powerful muscles and was said to resemble the statesman Benjamin Franklin.

The Indian confederacy was finally defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. The British failed to support the Indian confederacy after this battle, and Buckongahelas signed the Treaty of Greenville on August 3, 1795. By this treaty, his band and other Lenape ceded much land in Pennsylvania and Ohio to the United States. At times, competing tribes tried to control the lands and villages, and it was not clear that the chiefs who signed the treaties had authority over the lands they were ceding.

On June 7, 1803, Buckongahelas signed the Treaty of Fort Wayne in Indiana; the US set new boundaries for the Lenape and other nations. They also ceded salt springs. Algonquian tribes ceded large land tracts to the United States. Lastly, he signed the Treaty of Vincennes on August 18, 1804, in Vincennes, Indiana. The Lenape ceded lands between the Ohio and Wabash rivers. The treaty helped open the Ohio and Indiana territories to European-American settlement. Not able to read and write, Buckongahelas made "X" signatures on the three treaties.

Buckongahelas spent his final years living with his people on the White River near present-day Muncie, Indiana. He died in May 1805 at the age of 85 from smallpox or influenza.

Many local Native Americans thought the epidemics of fatal illnesses to be related to witchcraft, as their traditional remedies and medicine men had no effect on the course of the diseases. They conducted a witch-hunt and executed several Lenape suspected of witchcraft. The conditions of defeat and despair were the grounds for the rise of the Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa, who promised renewed power for the American Indians against the European Americans. His brother Tecumseh became an influential chief leading a new Indian confederacy against the Americans in the early 19th century.

Legacy and honors

 * Chief Buckongahelas' loss of his son Mahonegon was memorialized in a 650-pound bronze statue installed in Buckhannon's Jawbone Run Park, because settlers admired his alliance with British colonists during the Seven Years' War. The statue depicts the chief cradling the body of his son. Ross Straight of Buckhannon, WV created the sculpture.

Popular culture references

 * The killing of the chief's son was represented in the historical romance novel The Scout of the Buckongehanon (1927), written by John Camillus McWhorter (1866–1937), a judge in Buckhannon.

title: Buckongahelas


text:
Polonia Poznań

Polonia Poznań is an omnisport club based in Poznań, Poland. Currently, the men's football section competes in the Greater Poland II group of the regional league. From 2009 to 2020, Polonia also operated a women's football section.

In the past the club had many successful sections, with the rugby section a five-time Polish champion. However, today rowing is the only other existing section.

title: Polonia Poznań


text:
Brian Giles

Brian Stephen Giles (born January 20, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. During his career he played for the Cleveland Indians, Pittsburgh Pirates and San Diego Padres. The left-handed Giles was a two-time All-Star and had a career line of .291/.400/.502 with 287 home runs, 411 doubles, 1,078 runs batted in (RBI), and 1,183 walks in 1,847 games.

His younger brother, Marcus Giles, is a former Major League infielder who was most notable for playing with the Atlanta Braves organization. Marcus and Brian played together on the 2007 San Diego Padres.

Cleveland Indians
Giles was born in El Cajon, California, and attended Granite Hills High School. He was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 17th round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft. By 1994, Giles had worked his way up to Triple-A, where he batted .313 for Charlotte making the International League All-Star team. In 1995, Giles was again in Triple-A, where he batted .310 for Buffalo and made his major league debut as a September callup on September 16 (where he would bat .556 in nine at-bats with the Indians). He was also an American Association All-Star. Giles hit .355 in 51 games for the Indians in 1996 and hit .314 in 83 games with Buffalo, again making the American Association All-Star team. In 1997, Giles established himself as a major league regular, playing 130 games for the Indians and 112 games in 1998.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On November 18, 1998, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates for pitcher Ricardo Rincón.

In 1999 with the Pirates, Giles emerged as a power-hitting outfielder who also hit for average and showed plate discipline. He began a streak of hitting at least 35 home runs for four straight seasons, during which he batted no lower than .298 and was named Pittsburgh Pirates Player of the Year each year.

Giles led the 2000 club in doubles, triples, home runs, RBIs and walks. His 123 RBIs were eight shy of Paul Waner's club record of 131 set in 1927. He became the first Pirate ever to hit at least .300 with 30 plus home runs and 100 plus RBIs in back-to-back seasons, he became the third player in club history with 100 runs, 100 RBIs and 100 walks in the same season, after Barry Bonds in 1992 and Ralph Kiner from 1948–51. His 114 walks were the most by a Pirate since 1992, Bonds drew 127 walks. Giles' 74 home runs in two seasons with the club represent the most in back-to-back seasons since Willie Stargell hit 77 in 1972–73. He was named National League Player-of-the-Week after hitting .400 with two doubles, three home runs and 12 RBIs between May 2 and May 7 and shared player of the week honors with Colorado's Todd Helton after hitting .523 with three doubles, one triple, three home runs, eight RBIs and six runs scored between August 12 and August 20. Giles was named to the All-Star team for the first time in his career. He finished ninth in voting among National League outfielders.

In 2001 Giles established career highs in games played, at bats, runs and hits. He tied career highs in doubles, triples and stolen bases. At the end of the season he ranked tenth among NL players in runs (116), on-base percentage (.404), and slugging percentage (.590). His runs total was the highest by a Pirate since Ralph Kiner in 1951. He led the Pirates in batting, home runs and walks. He tied Dave Parker's club record for most total bases, 340, by a left-handed hitter. Giles hit his 100th career home run as a member of the Pirates on August 9; he is one of 17 players to homer 100 times as a Pirate. He was selected to play in the All-Star Game for the second consecutive year.

In 2002, Giles drew a career-high 135 walks, ranking him second in the National League behind San Francisco's Barry Bonds, who led with 198. He also established the club record for most base on balls in a season by a left-handed batter. His .450 on-base percentage tied him for the second-best mark in the majors, he also ranked second in the league in slugging percentage with .622, sixth in home runs, second with 80 extra-base hits ranked second behind San Francisco's Jeff Kent, tied for second in the league with 13 outfield assists and also finished third in the NL with 24 intentional walks. He homered once every 13.1 at bats, the third-best ratio in the league behind Bonds' 8.8 and Sammy Sosa's 11.3.

San Diego Padres
On August 26, 2003, he was traded to his hometown San Diego Padres for Jason Bay, Óliver Pérez, and minor leaguer Corey Stewart.

Giles continued to be a patient and reliable hitter in San Diego, leading the majors with 119 walks in 2005. From 2004–2006, Giles played in over 150 games each season for the Padres, but in 2006, his batting average dropped to a career-low .263. On May 14, 2006, he drew five walks in a game, one shy of the record of six. In 2007, joined by his brother Marcus, signed as a free agent to be the starting second baseman, Giles batted .271, but missed time with an injured knee.

In 2008, Giles, in the third and final guaranteed year of his contract with the Padres, vetoed a potential trade to Boston, citing a desire to remain close to his family. In 2008, 58% of his strikeouts were "looking", by far the highest percentage in the major leagues.

In 2009, through July 1 Giles had the lowest batting average (.191), slugging percentage (.271), and OPS (.548) in the major leagues. However, he went on the disabled list soon afterward with an arthritic right knee and missed the rest of the season.

As of August 22, 2018 the San Diego Padres have cut ties with Brian Giles and his brother Marcus, over domestic violence issues.

Retirement
On February 7, 2010, Giles signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers and received an invitation to spring training. However, after playing in just two spring training games as a designated hitter, he announced his retirement on March 11, 2010.

Personal life
Giles was sued by his former girlfriend for more than $10 million. She alleged Giles broke an oral and/or implied agreement that he would take care of her for an indefinite period of time. She alleged Giles began abusing her in 2002, and battered her while she was pregnant with Giles' child, and caused her to have a miscarriage. She dropped the allegations that Giles caused the miscarriage before the trial began. A jury found that both Giles and his girlfriend, Cheri Olvera, committed acts of domestic violence against each other but that there were no damages. The jury also refused to award damages on Olvera's contract claim, finding that Olvera's alleged terms were not clear enough so that both Olvera and Giles could understand what each was required to do. Instead, the jury found that Olvera must return the $107,000 engagement ring Giles provided to her or pay the $107,000 as damages. Following Giles' dispute with Olvera and given the nature of the court case, Giles' endorsement contract with Nair Hair Removal products was terminated.

title: Brian Giles