text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Maurreen

Maurreen
final (5/5/3) ending 03:01, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

Maurreen has been with us for about three months, and in that time has racked up over 4400 edits. In addition to the main namespace, she has been active on the Wikipedia namespace as well, contributing significantly to policy discussion and the like. I can think of few more suitable for adminship. Taco Deposit | Talk-o Deposit 03:01, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Taco Deposit | Talk-o Deposit 03:04, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Ram-Man - Minor edits are great. Doing simple tasks is a thankless job sometimes.  I also only use my sysop abilities somewhat infrequently, but when I do it is quite useful. (such as when I need to delete a vandals page).
 * 3) Strongly support - Maurreen has been doing a lot of important household chores for Wikipedia, and these are often thankless tasks, like tightening up policy pages, for example on original research; exploring ways of improving the quality of content through the enclyopedic standards and Wikipedia 1.0 initiatives; and developing consistency in the Style Manual. Whether it's a policy page or an article, a text is always improved by Maurreen editing it, both in terms of quality and consistency of content, and in terms of the writing itself. Slim 21:51, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Strong support. The comment below from jguk seems to be motivated by some run-ins with Maurreen.  I did quite a bit of looking around the pages he mentioned and I can find no Wikiquette issues.  Maurreen does quite a bit of discussion, chores, etc.  She uses logic and doesn't appear to be hostile.  She's not afraid of confrontation and when faced with it I found her to be very civil.  Talk pages look good, contributions look good. CryptoDerk 18:03, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Strong support. I thought being an admin wasn't that big of a deal? Maurreen has taken a very hands on and practical approach to working on both articles and on ways to deal with the issues that come up when editing those articles, and she even re-started work on a "1.0" project when many other editors were still hemming and hawing and only "thinking about it". Please give her the tools to do the job right.

Oppose Neutral
 * 1) Weak oppose.Dr Zen 04:33, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Strong oppose. Unfortunately this editor does not understand Wikiquette. There are numerous instances of her not assuming good faith. Where debates are not going the way she wishes, she overreacts - always taking the debate further rather than stepping back and moving on (see the history of Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks and Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style). She deliberately increases the heat in a discussion, even arguing strongly about the omission of the word "good" in an article . In a discussion on the Manual of Style she even proposed deleting all the comments in favour of a proposal (which outnumbered those taking the "oppose" stance she strongly believed in), whilst implying later on in the page that since there was not any support for that proposal it should be dropped. She also promotes alternative policies: such as (in my words) "consensus is necessary for textual changes to an article"; "let's fix some 'good' articles on the version they are now on". She also places "NPOV" tags onto articles without explaining why. Taken as a whole, it is clear this editor is not ready to be trusted as a sysop. jguk 18:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose now, but might support later. Not clearly a 'bad' candidate, just needs a little more polish and more work on 'admin chores'.  Would support this candidate if Maurreen demonstrates a better understanding that wikipedia needs more lubrication and less friction. (bear in mind that I myself do not meet my own standards for admins)  Maurreen is generally a good editor. Pedant 20:04, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose. Far too soon for adminship. Moreover, those things which she has done would not be enhanced by adminship. Mackensen (talk) 03:49, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Account is too young. Would prefer to see more Wikitime under their belt. --Improv 05:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) From what I've seen here... I'm not so sure anymore. Maybe another time. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  00:10, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) What Lst27 said. Maurreen's a good editor, but could brush up on her etiquette a little. Johnleemk | Talk 12:16, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Let's give it another month or two. Pakaran (ark a pan) 15:43, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * I think I should acknowledge that many of my edits are minor. Also, there appear to be two views on how big a deal adminship is. I'm not sure I am prepared for whatever work might be expected of me. Maurreen 07:27, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:New Thought/Archive 1

 * For later archives, see Talk:New Thought/Archive 2

Comment
As much as possible, please keep all comments on one topic grouped together. That is, if you have three things to say put them in the three correct places, not all together in the section you are currently editing. This is the only practical way to have your comments found by others. —WikiLen 19:34, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Quimby issues
Regarding this statement from article

"The New Thought Movement describes a set of religious developments that originated in the United States during the late 19th century, beginning with Phineas Parkhurst Quimby, a clock maker from Maine." -Phineasquimby 17:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)PhineasQuimby

 * Phineas Quimby had no association with any formal religion. In fact, he spoke out against religious beliefs and opinions, claiming these to be the very issues that make people sick.  He used the Bible to prove to people that the interpretations being given to them as "priestcraft" were devised to keep the masses under their control. -Phineasquimby 17:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)PhineasQuimby

 * Any student and reader of Quimby's writings knows he despised religion. -Phineasquimby 17:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)PhineasQuimby

 * Scholars in the Society for the Study of Metaphysical Religion traced New Thought to Quimby in the 1990s as a missing link in the path between Franz Mesmer and what came to be known as Scientific Christian Mental Practice, taught by Emma Curtis Hopkins after she left the Christian Science movement due to disagreements with Mary Baker Eddy. He was not characterized as religious, but as one whose work was borrowed more as an explanation for how prayer worked to heal. Suntree 12:50, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

 * O1thomas 03:02, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC) added reference to Modern Teacher of New Thought/Religious Science.

Cult label
I wonder if the "New-Thoughters" realize that they are categorized under religious "cults." -Phineasquimby 17:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)PhineasQuimby

 * Hard-line Christian Fundamentalists classify New Thought as "cult" relgiions, but they do not fit the academic definition of a cult as it is considered in secular university comparitive relgious studies. --Scottandrewhutchins 14:07, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Agreed, it doesn't fit the definition of a cult. Religious groups, especially fundamentalists, colloquially refer to many groups that do not share their doctrine as cults. Suntree 12:57, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

Merge Issues: New Age
Merge or firstly and prominently distinguish from/relate to New Age. -SV|t|th 21:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The New Thought Movement describes some movements that originated in the USA in the late 19th century. Some of which may now be described by some people as new age and others not. the New Age is the name of a late 20th century movement. There is no question they should be merged in my mind. Lumos3 21:31, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Saying "there is no question they should be merged" in English means that you agree that they should be merged. -SV|t|th 21:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) What about treating the difference more prominently as I wrote above? ps

Merge Issues: New Thought
How is this page distinct from New Thought? --Hex 20:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the question of merging should be to merge this (New Thought Movement) with New Thought -- along with a real clean up of this page! This page cannot/should not be merged with New Age.  Terraflora 04:29, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * New Thought and New Age are separate movements. New Thought and New Thought Movement are repetitive and should be merged. Suntree 12:59, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

 * I agree. "New Thought" has no more association with "New Age" than it does with "New Cow", "New Baby" or "New Movie".

 * This page should be merged with the NT page.

 * This should be a "link farm"! It isn't what WK might or might not have intended. If a person comes looking for information, and wants more resources on"New Thought" he or she should find links to them so that they too might become enlightened and find the Path of their Wyrd.

 * Also, there is a tendency to overlook the Huna religion, which is New Thought. Please leave the link to "Max Freedom Long" in there. Kahuna.Lani

 * This page is way NON-NPOV and is also incorrectly titled. I second the proposal for a merge with the better tilted New Thought page. cat Catherineyronwode 01:06, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Link farm
Is this page a link farm? There are more links than actual text. --Jdemarcos 20:26, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree that all these churches and organizations on this page constitute a "link farm." -Phineasquimby 17:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)PhineasQuimby

Article skews toward non-NOPV
Along with the criticism above that this looks like a 'link farm', I also agree with you. Having a significant experience with this 'tradition', it reads as if I'm talking to my former 'church-goers'.

I think that many of the links to individual congregations should be removed; perhaps only keeping the more 'parent-organizations' that are listed. I don't think WP intends to be a search directory, after all. I'm very new so still a little hesitant to remove things. I could offer my suggestions of links/items to delete first if I should.. else I can "be bold" like the introduction says! (I guess that's why there are histories and reversions... In case I get it wrong!) Terraflora 00:33, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I see nothing on critics of NTM, and biased, unsourced statements like, "traditional systems do not grow." What's a 'traditional system'? Xen0phile 06:31, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This article reads like pampleteering to me.
 * 168.36.66.82 18:09, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Seicho no Ei
What is this? If it's the largest denomination (I thought the Unity Church was the largest), why is there no page about it or explanation what it is? --Scottandrewhutchins 14:06, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Unity is the largest New Thought denomination and Religious Science is 2nd largest in numbers of members. Someone removed several of the major groups, including Seicho no Ei that will have to be added back when someone gets time. Suntree 13:09, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

More an advertisement, less a scholarly review
"The philosophies and religions of today differ from those of yesterday, and those of tomorrow will be unlike those of today. History alone demonstrates the truth of this statement."

- this is a statement of opinion, and an incorrect one, factually speaking. it needs to go or be fixed.

- pterantula 070105

Merge NT and NT Movement
Absolutely !!

Pgc512 21:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Right now each makes the other redundant. (As for the name of the merged article - the article New Thought Movement is more complete, but I would prefer to stick with the name New Thought.) DBlomgren 14:40, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree, merge. —WikiLen 19:03, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, merge. Suntree 13:10, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

 * Yes, merge this article into New Thought (and not vice versa) cat Catherineyronwode 01:06, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge. I've no vested intrest in these articles and as a casual reader i don't see why they would be 2 seperate ones.Darrell Wheeler 08:35, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

The Secret
Saw this movie recently called The Secret. It is almost entirely New Thought. Should it be place in the page? H2P (Yell at me for what I've done) 04:24, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Merge will take care of that as other article mentions the film. —WikiLen 19:07, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

The Secret goes a bit beyond New Thought, but some key people featured in the film are New Thought. I agree, include it in the merge. Suntree 13:12, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

New Additions
The material added includes links that require subscriptions. However, the sources are reliable and verifiable.24.168.224.213 13:58, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * SUBSCRIPTIONS? Link farming! catherine Catherineyronwode 01:06, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Those in favour of merging NTM into NT
So far, no one here has objected to merging NTM into the extant (and more neutral) NT page. Here, for the record, is a list of those who approved the merge idea, prior to there being a formal proposal, arrayed in date order:

Telefora
 * [...] merge this (New Thought Movement) with New Thought[...] Terraflora 04:29, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Pgc512
 * Merge NT and NT Movement [...] Absolutely !! Pgc512 21:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

DBlomgren
 * I agree. Right now each makes the other redundant. (As for the name of the merged article - the article New Thought Movement is more complete, but I would prefer to stick with the name New Thought.) DBlomgren 14:40, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiLen
 * Agree, merge. —WikiLen 19:03, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Merge will take care of The Secret as other article mentions the film. —WikiLen 19:07, 23 May 2007

Suntree
 * Yes, merge. Suntree 13:10, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

 * New Thought and New Thought Movement are repetitive and should be merged. Suntree 12:59, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

 * The Secret goes a bit beyond New Thought, but some key people featured in the film are New Thought. I agree, include it in the merge. Suntree 13:12, 27 June 2007 (UTC)Suntree

Kahuna.Lani
 * This page should be merged with the NT page. Kahuna.Lani (undated)

Catherineyronwode
 * I second the proposal for a merge with the better tilted New Thought page. cat Catherineyronwode 01:06, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, merge this article into New Thought (and not vice versa) cat Catherineyronwode 01:06, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

I have contacted an admin named AnonEMouse with a request that she guide us through both the merge process and the renaming of the Category New Thought. I will gladly take on the responsibility of merging the text of both articles, on the assumption that there have been and will be no objections. Tonight i am migrating all of the non-duplicated text from the NTM oage (this page) to the NT page, and integrating it there. That will leave this page (the NTM page) a duplicate that should be blanked and redirected to the NT page. I do not know how long the merge will take, but i would ask you to no longer update the NTM page, but rather to work on the NT page, for any chages to the NTM page made after tonight may not be noticed by me and may be lost when the page is merged.

cat yronwode Catherineyronwode 01:32, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Thought/Archive 1


text:
Thorndon, New Zealand

Thorndon is a historic inner suburb of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. Because the suburb is relatively level compared to the hilly terrain elsewhere in Wellington it contained Wellington's elite residential area until its best was destroyed in the 1960s by a new motorway and the erection of tall office buildings on the sites of its Molesworth Street retail and service businesses.

Before Thorndon was Thorndon it was Haukawakawa and in 1824 Pipitea Pā was settled at its southern end. More recently Pipitea Marae and the land under the Government Centre have been separated from Thorndon and the name Pipitea returned to them in 2003. The reclamations have been included in the new suburb Pipitea.

Thorndon combines the home of government and upmarket residential accommodation. It is located at the northern end of the Central Business District.

History
Pipitea has been said to have been named for the pipi beds along Thorndon Quay.

Ngāti Mutunga from Taranaki established the fortified village, Pipitea Pā, in 1824 on the Haukawakawa flats. Then the Ngāti Mutunga left on the sailing ship Rodney in 1835 settling in the Chatham Islands and Te Āti Awa occupied the pā. The pā declined after European settlement though some people remained there into the 20th century. There were other villages near 191 Thorndon Quay and near the junction of Hobson Street with Fitzherbert Terrace. The Pā's gardens reached parliament grounds and the Botanic Garden.

Part of the pā site opened in 1980 as an urban marae. The site transferred to Te Āti Awa/Taranaki whānui as part of the local Treaty Settlement in 2009.

Pipitea Marae and its meeting house, Te Upoko o te Ika a Māui, is a meeting place for Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika and Te Āti Awa.

Thorndon, like Te Aro, is one of the few comparatively flat areas on the harbour. Haukawakawa / Thorndon flats became a significant part of Port Nicholson's first organised European settlement in 1840. S C Brees described it in 1848 as "the court end of town". European settlers built their houses alongside the Maori settlement of Pipitea and the New Zealand Company named all the flats Thorndon after the estate of W H F Petre one of their directors.

Demographics
Thorndon statistical area covers 1.49 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Thorndon had a population of 4,020 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 333 people (9.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 543 people (15.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,860 households, comprising 1,923 males and 2,097 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.92 males per female. The median age was 32.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 312 people (7.8%) aged under 15 years, 1,443 (35.9%) aged 15 to 29, 1,833 (45.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 432 (10.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 79.0% European/Pākehā, 6.9% Māori, 2.5% Pasifika, 17.2% Asian, and 3.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 36.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.1% had no religion, 29.9% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 3.1% were Hindu, 1.3% were Muslim, 1.7% were Buddhist and 3.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,193 (59.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 114 (3.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $52,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 1,281 people (34.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,469 (66.6%) people were employed full-time, 435 (11.7%) were part-time, and 129 (3.5%) were unemployed.

Notable buildings
The buildings of the New Zealand Parliament are located in Thorndon. Thorndon is also the location of national institutions including the Appeal and High Courts —the Supreme Court is on Lambton Quay facing Parliament— the National Library and Archives New Zealand.

The national museum moved from behind Parliament in Museum Street to a much larger purpose-built building in Buckle Street just before the second world war then in 1998 to the harbour edge and is now Te Papa Tongarewa.

Thorndon is home to two Cathedrals: the Anglican St Paul's Cathedral built between 1937 and 1998 to replace the pro-cathedral now known as Old St Paul's, which in turn had replaced a church on the site of the Beehive in 1844; and the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Cathedral in Hill Street, opened in 1901 to replace the destroyed St Mary's Cathedral in Eccleston Hill dating from 1851.

The Thistle Inn is one of New Zealand's oldest pubs.

Geographic boundaries
Thorndon occupies the northern end of the narrow coastal plain that makes up the heart of Wellington. It is flanked to the north by the green hills of Wadestown, by Northland and Kelburn to the west and south, and on its south Pipitea with the Government Centre, the marae and to its east the port facilities of Wellington Harbour. Thorndon now incorporates Te Ahumairangi Hill.

The boundaries of Thorndon form a very rough triangle. Starting from the triangle's lower south-west corner, at the intersection of Glenmore Street and Collins Terrace, the boundary goes up through the north side of Te Ahumairangi Hill right across to Wadestown's Weld Street and down to the north end of Frandi Street. Then the boundary follows the west side of Thorndon Quay down until Davis Street where it zig-zags through to Hill Street then over to Bowen Street, Tinakori Road and Glenmore Street up to its junction with Collins Terrace.

Parks and gardens
Queen's Park was created to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. It is bounded by Grant Road, Wadestown Road and Park Road. There is a fountain at the intersection of Grant Road and Wadestown Road. Trees in the park are a mixture of natives and exotics including a stand of oak trees. The Magyar Millennium Park, commonly known as the Hungarian garden, is on the corner of Molesworth Street and Hawkestone Street. It was built in 2003, although it was planned to be opened in 2000 to mark the millennium of Hungary being a Christian state. It is the only Hungarian monument in New Zealand. It incorporates a paved area, seating, planted garden beds, a carved gate and memorial plaques. The Katherine Mansfield Memorial Park in Fitzherbert Terrace is dedicated to the writer Katherine Mansfield. It was created in the late 1960s when the urban motorway was built and incorporates the Lady McKenzie Garden for the Blind.

Education
Schools located in Thorndon include Wellington Girls' College, St Mary's College, Queen Margaret College and primary schools Thorndon School and Sacred Heart Cathedral School.

The Central Regional Health School, a hospital school, is located in Thorndon. It has a roll of as of.

Events
Thorndon Farmers Market is set up each Saturday in Hill Street.

The Thorndon Fair is held annually, usually on the first Sunday of December. The fair has many stalls selling crafts and second-hand goods and is held for the benefit of Thorndon School. It has taken place for many years and is one of the main community events held in Thorndon. Parts of Tinakori Road and Hill Street are closed during the fair.

Thorndon's Sky Stadium is one of New Zealand's top sports venues. The Thorndon Tennis (and Squash) Club, established in the 19th century, is one of the oldest in the world.

Ex officio

 * Governor-General at Bowen Street from 1871 to 1907 on what is now the site of the Beehive
 * Prime Minister at 260 Tinakori Road
 * Speaker
 * Anglican Bishop of Wellington
 * Catholic Archbishop of Wellington and Metropolitan of New Zealand

Private citizens
Hobson Street
 * Charles Abraham (bishop of Wellington)
 * Charles Barron
 * Harold Beauchamp #8
 * Alfred Brandon (politician)
 * Alfred Brandon (mayor)
 * Alfred Brandon (lawyer)
 * William Henry Clayton
 * Charles Clifford
 * John Duncan (1839–1919) now the site of the Australian High Commission
 * Robert Hart (politician)
 * Charles Beard Izard
 * Walter Woods Johnston #6
 * Jacob Joseph (merchant)
 * Arthur Myers, Cabinet Minister
 * Evelyn Margaret Page #20
 * Robert Pharazyn merchant and runholder
 * William Pharazyn merchant and runholder
 * Robert Stains
 * Thomas Coldham Williams (1825–1912) runholder now Queen Margaret College

Tinakori Road
 * Harold Beauchamp #25 and 133
 * Elsdon Best
 * Isaac Featherston land now Newman Terrace
 * George Hunter (mayor)
 * Nathaniel Levin merchant
 * William Levin merchant and runholder now Pendennis, #15 Burnell Avenue
 * Douglas Lilburn #22 Ascot Street
 * Katherine Mansfield
 * Andrew Todd (New Zealand)

Fitzherbert Terrace
 * John Johnston (New Zealand politician) merchant and runholder, driveway Katherine Avenue, Queen Margaret College and Thorndon tennis club courts
 * Harold Beauchamp #47

Hawkestone Street and Portland Crescent
 * Joseph Nathan merchant, founded Glaxo now GlaxoSmithKline

Hill Street Sydney Street West
 * Charles Hayward Izard #21
 * Jonas Woodward
 * Rita Angus #194a

Bowen Street
 * Alexander Turnbull #25
 * Bowen Street Hospital

Murphy Street
 * Arthur Donald Stuart Duncan
 * Robin Cooke took the suburb's name when raised to a life peerage

Thorndon Quay
 * George Friend

Glenmore Street

Many embassies, high commissions and consulates are located in Thorndon including: the US, Chinese, Cuban, German, Italian, Philippine, Thai and Turkish Embassies; the Australian, British, Canadian, Cook Islands, Fijian, Indian, and Niue High Commissions; and the Norwegian and Swedish Consulates-General.

Thorndon Esplanade
"Wellington's Show Walk". Thorndon Esplanade with its baths and shrubs lies beneath Aotea Quay. Its band rotunda was sent to Central Park in 1921. Built at the end of the 1880s on the reclamation of the Manawatu Railway Company and intended to be a place of fashionable display it did not survive the first World War. It had become dirty and disreputable suffering from the increased activity in the smoky railway yards alongside. Its coprosmas and "gallant pohutukawas" never grew larger seeming to lack any care from the City Council but the wind and the poor soil and the grimy railway yard discouraged plants and visitors. "Lovers seemed to monopolise the gardens in the evenings".

The salt water baths were closed in 1920 and the superstructure moved to Evans Bay for dressing sheds. New baths opened in Murphy Street in November 1924 with certain hours set aside for mixed bathing.

title: Thorndon, New Zealand


text:
Charles Panici

Charles "Chuck" Panici (December 26, 1930 - December 20, 2017 ) was mayor of Chicago Heights, Illinois from 1975 to 1991. He was also head of the Bloom Township Republican Party from 1978 to 1992. He was born in 1930 in the "Hungry Hill" section of Chicago Heights, a south suburb, which was the home to mainly Italian immigrants in a heavily Italian town. His parents operated "Three Star Restaurant", a popular hangout for many neighborhood residents.

Political career
Panici began his political career in the early 1970s as President of the Chicago Heights Park District. In 1975, he put together a coalition ticket and easily defeated the incumbent mayor. His Concerned Citizens ticket won three of the four seats on the city council. In 1979, Panici won again, with his entire city council slate of John Gliottoni, Louise Marshall and Eugene Sadus winning re-election. They were joined by Nicholas C. "Nick" LoBue, and all five won easy victories in 1983 and 1987. His administration was responsible for bringing Lake Michigan water to Chicago Heights after residents had complained for years about poor water quality. Several municipal buildings were also built during his tenure, including a new City Hall, police station and library.

Beginning in 1978, Panici was the Bloom Township Republican Committeeman. With a patronage army that spanned all levels of city and township government. During Panici's time as Bloom Township's Republican leader, it consistently turned out one of the highest Republican vote totals in the Chicago suburbs. This made the Bloom GOP one of the most powerful political organizations in Illinois. The party backed winning candidates in every city, park district, school district and township race during the 1980s.

Panici was also responsible for fostering the political careers of numerous local officials, state legislators and judges during that time. He was instrumental in the campaigns of Governor Jim Thompson. The party became so powerful that Bloom Township High School hosted President Ronald Reagan in 1986 and then-Vice President George H. W. Bush in 1988. Panici even forged alliances with Democrats, and was partly responsible for bringing former Cook County Democratic chairman Edward Vrdolyak to the county's Republican party. Panici also organized a crossover vote in 1992 to defeat former congressman Gus Savage in the Democratic primary.

Panici co-founded Telecommunication Services (TCS) with two other Chicago Heights entrepreneurs, and the company grew rapidly during the 1980s and early 1990s, serving many of the area's hospitals and other businesses.

FBI investigation
In 1988, south suburban mob boss Albert Tocco of Chicago Heights was indicted for a wide range of crimes, including racketeering, murder, extortion, and arson. He was also implicated by his wife in the murder of Anthony Spilotro, which was depicted in the movie Casino. Although he was never charged with the Spilotro killing, he would be convicted on many other charges in 1990 and sentenced to 200 years in prison. During the trial, LoBue's name was mentioned along with another Panici ally, former South Chicago Heights mayor Donald Prisco. Testimony alleged that LoBue and Prisco were accepting bribe money from Tocco in exchange for their help in keeping the garbage-hauling license for both cities in the hands of Tocco's Chicago Heights Disposal. This led federal investigators to open a wide-ranging probe of public corruption in Chicago Heights. City Street Department superintendent Ernest Molyneaux pleaded guilty to bribery-related charges in 1990 and cooperated with the investigation, leading to the indictments of LoBue and Prisco later that year. The two were charged with multiple racketeering violations under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). The investigation also led to the indictments of several other city officials on charges of bribery, tax evasion and other crimes. Under this cloud of controversy, Panici chose not to seek re-election as mayor in 1991. His hand-picked successor, Douglas Troiani, won an easy victory against Sadus, who had split with the party.

In March 1992, two weeks after the death of his wife, Panici was indicted along with Gliottoni and Marshall on federal charges of racketeering, extortion and bribery. He was also charged separately with witness tampering for directing a witness to lie to investigators. The indictment charged that the group extorted more than $700,000 from businesses in return for city contracts. Panici stepped down from his post as township Republican committeeman after the indictment.

LoBue and Prisco each pleaded guilty to lesser crimes and agreed to testify against the others. LoBue would tell a federal jury that nearly every major city contractor paid kickbacks to city council members. He claimed that Panici was responsible for orchestrating the schemes. LoBue testified that Panici decided how much bribe money would be required to secure each contract, and who would receive the payoffs. One of these schemes involved monthly payments from Tocco to LoBue and Panici. Prisco and lifelong Panici friend Ralph Galderio, a former city employee, also testified that Panici was involved in bribery and received significantly reduced sentences in return for their testimony. Panici was accused of personally taking nearly $260,000 in bribes during his 16 years as mayor.

Panici, Gliottoni and Marshall were convicted in 1993 on all charges. Panici was sentenced to 10 years in prison, Gliottoni to five years, six months and Marshall to four years. Over the next several years, other Panici allies would also head to prison. Bloom Township Supervisor Robert Grossi was sentenced to four years in prison in 1996 for misusing township funds, and former Chicago Heights Deputy Police Chief Sam Mangialardi would get a 10½ year sentence for his 1995 conviction on charges that he accepted $10,000 monthly payments to protect the city's top drug dealer. Panici was not involved in either case.

After the fall
Panici was released in 2001, and returned to live in Chicago Heights. He has always maintained that LoBue, who admittedly had ties to organized crime, extorted city contractors without Panici's approval or knowledge. He published a book, "From Hero to Zero: How the Feds and a Mafia Wannabe Took a Good Man Down" in 2013 detailing his version of the events leading up to his trial and imprisonment In his later years, he remained active in local politics, advising several candidates successfully. Panici died in Chicago Heights on December 20, 2017 after a lengthy illness.

title: Charles Panici


text:
USS Gurnard

USS Gurnard has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Gurnard (SS-254), a Gato-class submarine in commission from 1942 to 1945
 * USS Gurnard (SSN-662), a Sturgeon-class nuclear submarine in commission from 1968 to 1995

title: USS Gurnard


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The Cheesecake Factory

The Cheesecake Factory Incorporated is an American restaurant company and distributor of cheesecakes based in the United States. It operates 219 full-service restaurants: 206 under the Cheesecake Factory brand and 7 under the Grand Lux Cafe brand, not including the number of restaurants operated under the North Italia nor any of Fox Restaurant Brands' names. The Cheesecake Factory also operates two bakery production facilities—in Calabasas, California, and Rocky Mount, North Carolina—and licenses two bakery-based menus for other foodservice operators under the Cheesecake Factory Bakery Cafe marque. Its cheesecakes and other baked goods can also be found in the cafes of many Barnes & Noble stores.

David M. Overton, the company's founder, opened the first Cheesecake Factory restaurant in Beverly Hills, California, in 1978. The restaurant established the future chain's pattern of featuring an eclectic menu, large portions, and signature cheesecakes. In 2020, Fortune ranked the Cheesecake Factory at number 12 on their Fortune List of the Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2020 based on an employee survey of satisfaction.

Founding and early years
Evelyn Overton opened a business after making a cheesecake for her husband's employer in the 1940s. She opened a small cheesecake bakery in Detroit, Michigan, in the late 1950s but eventually gave it up to raise her two children. She continued to supply cakes to several local restaurants through a kitchen in her basement. In 1967, Evelyn's son David M. Overton left Detroit to attend Hastings College of Law in San Francisco, but in 1968, decided to be a drummer, performing with the Billy Roberts Blues Band. In 1971, David convinced his parents to relocate to Los Angeles to open a commercial bakery. In 1972, they moved to the Woodland Hills area of Los Angeles where they opened the Cheesecake Factory Bakery, in which they produced cheesecakes and other desserts for local restaurants.

California
In 1978, Evelyn's son David opened the Cheesecake Factory, a small salad-and-sandwich restaurant in Beverly Hills that sold ten varieties of cheesecakes on a one-page menu. In 1983, he opened a second restaurant in Marina del Rey. By 1987, the Beverly Hills location had expanded into a 78-seat restaurant and was experiencing great financial success. This led to the opening of a third, larger location in Redondo Beach, which was eventually renovated into a 300-seat, 21000 sqft location. By the end of the 1980s, the Cheesecake Factory's one-page menu had expanded, and the restaurant offered additional fast-food and short-order items.

Expansion beyond Southern California
The 1990s saw the opening of the first Cheesecake Factory restaurant outside of Southern California. The new restaurant was located in Washington, D.C. The Cheesecake Factory was incorporated in 1992 and went public in September 1993. David Overton planned to open 3–4 units a year to generate a 25% yearly increase in sales.

The company began changing its menu twice a year and adding steaks, seafood, and vegetarian dishes. The company continued to open new restaurants and by 1995 was ranked 11th in the United States. As of April 2013, the Cheesecake Factory operated 162 restaurants under the Cheesecake Factory name in 36 states. Plaza Las Américas in San Juan, Puerto Rico, opened its first Cheesecake Factory on August 28, 2013.

The company used to operate one self-service, limited-menu express food service operation under the Cheesecake Factory marque inside DisneyQuest at Disney Springs in Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. It opened in 1998 and closed in 2017.

International expansion
The Cheesecake Factory has expanded into international markets by licensing agreements for other companies to operate franchises and corporate ownership. The first store outside the United States was opened at The Dubai Mall in August 2012 as a franchise via a licensing agreement.On January 25, 2011, the company expanded into the Middle East in a partnership with Kuwaiti retail franchising company M.H. Alshaya Co. The 300-seat restaurant opened on August 16, 2012, at The Dubai Mall. This is the Cheesecake Factory's first location outside the United States.

In May 2014, the Cheesecake Factory announced that it would open the first Cheesecake Factory in East Asia. The first East Asian Cheesecake Factory opened in Disneytown in Pudong, Shanghai, China, on June 16, 2016.

Also, in 2014, the first Cheesecake Factory in Mexico opened its doors in Guadalajara.

As of May 2018, the Cheesecake Factory has eleven restaurants in the Middle East: four in Dubai (Dubai Mall, Mall of Emirates, Jumeirah Beach Residence and Dubai Festival City Mall), three in Kuwait (Arabella, Sidra, and The Avenues—which was the 160th Cheesecake Factory opening), two in Saudi Arabia (Riyadh and Jeddah), and lastly one in the Yas Mall and one in The Galleria in Abu Dhabi. On December 1, 2015, the Cheesecake Factory opened its eighth Middle East branch at the Verdun Shopping Center in Beirut, Lebanon. Many of the Cheesecake Factory management attended the opening, including managers from the US and Dubai. The Cheesecake Factory also made its first appearance in Doha, Qatar, by opening in the Mall of Qatar and further opened two more branches in Villaggio and Doha Festival City.

There are Cheesecake Factories in Parque Delta and Centro Santa Fe, Mexico City.

On April 12, 2017, the company announced it would expand into Canada. In November 2017, the first Canadian location opened at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto, Ontario.

In May 2017, a Hong Kong store opened in Harbour City, Tsim Sha Tsui.

As of the end of 2021, the Cheesecake Factory is open for business in Canada, USA, UAE, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Mexico, the Chinese Mainland, and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

Legal problems
On December 4, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission resolved charges brought against the Cheesecake Factory for misleading investors during the COVID-19 pandemic; the company paid a $125,000 fine without admitting the findings in the order.

Other restaurants
The Cheesecake Factory Bakery Cafe operates two bakery production facilities in Calabasas Hills, California, and Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and licenses two bakery-based menus to other food service operators. This division operates in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. The Cheesecake Factory Bakery has appointed Schengen Desserts B.V. as their master distributor for Europe.

Grand Lux Cafe
David Overton designed the Grand Lux Cafe, an upscale restaurant for The Venetian hotel and casino in Las Vegas. The restaurant is modeled after Italian, French, and Austrian styles. The Cafe offers, in addition to American and European-style food, Thai, Malaysian, Caribbean cuisine, and others. The Cheesecake Factory operates seven Grand Lux Cafe restaurants located in Florida, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, and Texas. A location in Chicago closed December 24, 2023.

The Garden City, New York location is currently closed due to a July 3rd, 2024 gas related fire in the kitchen. The date of this Long Island location reopening is unknown.

Each Grand Lux Cafe features an on-site bakery that produces a selection of signature bake-to-order desserts (up to 30 minutes) and a full-service craft bar.

RockSugar Southeast Asian Kitchen
RockSugar Southeast Asian Kitchen was a contemporary Asian-fusion restaurant that opened on June 19, 2008, at Century City in Los Angeles. David Overton excluded Chinese and Japanese cuisines from the menu, as these are served at the Grand Lux and Cheesecake Factory restaurants. It closed on December 31, 2020, at least in part to the COVID-19 pandemic. A second location opened in Oakbrook, Illinois, in November 2017, but closed in December 2019.

Fox Restaurant Concepts
On July 31, 2019, the Cheesecake Factory announced it had reached an agreement to buy Phoenix-based Fox Restaurant Concepts (FRC) for $308 million in cash at closing and another $45 million due over the next four years. FRC started in 1998 when 21-year-old founder Sam Fox launched his first restaurant concept Wildflower (unrelated to another Arizona restaurant Wildflower Bread Company) and has since launched additional restaurants in differing categories including North Italia, a specialty restaurant known for pasta, pizza, and other Italian foods. North Italia alone currently has locations in Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Other concepts from the FRC portfolio include: Flower Child, Culinary Dropout, Blanco, The Henry, Zinburger, The Arrogant Butcher, Doughbird, Fly Bye, The Greene House, Olive & Ivy, and Pushing Daisies.

Menu

The Cheesecake Factory dining menu includes steaks, chops, burgers, chicken, seafood, sandwiches, pasta, pizza, soups, and salads in various cuisines. In addition to its regular dining menu, the company offers a lower-calorie menu that includes salads, burgers, sandwiches, and small plates. The brunch menu is offered on Saturdays and Sundays and includes pancakes, waffles, French toast, and eggs.

The dessert menu offers 37 cheesecake flavors and cakes, milkshakes, and specialty and ice cream desserts. Per a company spokesperson, the restaurant sells almost 35 million slices of cheesecake annually.

The more than 250 menu items are all made from scratch to order.

Caloric content
The Cheesecake Factory has been criticized for featuring large servings of high-calorie and high-fat foods and a lack of healthy menu options. For these reasons, the chain was dubbed the "worst family restaurant in America" for 2010 by Men's Health magazine. The average sandwich at the restaurant contains 1,400 calories. In 2013, the Center for Science in the Public Interest gave a better understanding toward some of the food found at the Cheesecake Factory, including the "Crispy Chicken Costoletta" that has more calories (2,610) than a 12-piece bucket of fried chicken from KFC and the Cheesecake Factory's "Bistro Shrimp Pasta" dish, which had more calories than any other entrée from a national chain restaurant at 3,120 calories, with 89 grams of saturated fat. The United States Department of Agriculture's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion states in its dietary guidelines that a typical female adult should consume about 2,000 calories (males 2,500) and no more than 10% of saturated fat per day. In an attempt to offer healthier, lower-calorie meal options, the Cheesecake Factory created a "Skinnylicious" menu that features a variety of cocktails, salads, appetizers, and specialty dishes such as lemon-garlic shrimp and grilled salmon.

COVID-19 pandemic
On March 18, 2020, Overton informed his landlords that his restaurants would be unable to pay rent for April due to significant financial losses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic but would resume paying rent as soon as possible. Following the close, the restaurants reopened after the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

title: The Cheesecake Factory


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Cutthroat trout

The cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) is a fish species of the family Salmonidae native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean, Rocky Mountains, and Great Basin in North America. As a member of the genus Oncorhynchus, it is one of the Pacific trout, a group that includes the widely distributed rainbow trout. Cutthroat trout are popular gamefish, especially among anglers who enjoy fly fishing. The common name "cutthroat" refers to the distinctive red coloration on the underside of the lower jaw. The specific name clarkii was given to honor explorer William Clark, coleader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Cutthroat trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, clear, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms. They reproduce in clear, cold, moderately deep lakes. They are native to the alluvial or freestone streams that are typical tributaries of the rivers of the Pacific Basin, Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. Cutthroat trout spawn in the spring and may inadvertently but naturally hybridize with rainbow trout, producing fertile cutbows. Some populations of the coastal cutthroat trout (O. c. clarkii) are semi-anadromous.

Several subspecies of cutthroat trout are currently listed as threatened in their native ranges due to habitat loss and the introduction of non-native species. Two subspecies, O. c. alvordensis and O. c. macdonaldi, are considered extinct. Cutthroat trout are raised in hatcheries to restore populations in their native range, as well as stock non-native lake environments to support angling. The cutthroat trout type species and several subspecies are the official state fish of seven western U.S. states.

Taxonomy
The scientific name of the cutthroat trout is Oncorhynchus clarkii. Cutthroat trout were the first New World trout encountered by Europeans when in 1541, Spanish explorer Francisco de Coronado recorded seeing trout in the Pecos River near Santa Fe, New Mexico. These were most likely Rio Grande cutthroat trout (O. c. virginalis). The species was first described in the journals of explorer William Clark from specimens obtained during the Lewis and Clark Expedition from the Missouri River near Great Falls, Montana, and these were most likely the westslope cutthroat trout (O. c. lewisi). As one of Lewis and Clark's many missions was to describe the flora and fauna encountered during their expedition, cutthroat trout were given the name Salmo clarkii in honor of William Clark. In 1836, the type specimen of S. clarkii was described by naturalist John Richardson from a tributary of the lower Columbia River, identified as the "Katpootl", which was perhaps the Lewis River, as there was a Multnomah village of similar name at the confluence. This type specimen was most likely the coastal cutthroat trout subspecies O. c. clarkii. Until the 1960s, populations of westslope cutthroat trout and Yellowstone cutthroat trout were lumped into one subspecies; Salmo clarkii lewisii. Biologists later split the group into two subspecies, christening the name westslope cutthroat trout with the lewisii name which honors explorer Meriwether Lewis and renaming the Yellowstone cutthroat trout Salmo bouvierii, the first name given to the Yellowstone cutthroat trout by David Starr Jordan in 1883 honoring a U.S. Army Captain Bouvier.

In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated trout of the Pacific Basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus species) than to the Salmos–brown trout (S. trutta) or Atlantic salmon (S. salar) of the Atlantic Basin. Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, cutthroat and other Pacific Basin trout into the genus Oncorhynchus.

Subspecies
Behnke in his salmon and trout handbook of 2002 recognized 14 subspecies of cutthroat trout that are each native to a separate geographic area. Not all of them were scientifically described, and different views on the taxonomic identities have been presented in some cases. It has been suggested that the cutthroat trout evolved from a common Oncorhynchus ancestor that migrated along the Pacific Coast and into the mountain west primarily via the Columbia and Snake River basins 3-5 million years ago, in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene epochs. These epochs had repeated glacial and interglacial periods that would have caused repeated fracturing and isolation of cutthroat trout populations, eventually resulting in the different subspecies found today. The 14 subspecies are found in four evolutionary groups—Coastal, Westslope, Yellowstone and Lahontan.

Description
Throughout their native and introduced ranges, cutthroat trout vary widely in size, coloration and habitat selection. Their coloration can range from golden to gray to green on the back. Cutthroat trout can generally be distinguished from rainbow trout by the presence of basibranchial teeth at the base of tongue and a maxillary that extends beyond the posterior edge of the eye. Depending on subspecies, strain and habitat, most have distinctive red, pink, or orange linear marks along the underside of their mandibles in the lower folds of the gill plates. These markings are responsible for the common name "cutthroat", first given to the trout by outdoor writer Charles Hallock in an 1884 article in The American Angler. These markings are not unique to the species. Some coastal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) and Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri) populations also display reddish or pink throat markings.

At maturity, different populations and subspecies of cutthroat trout can range from 6 to 40 in in length, depending on habitat and food availability. Sea-run forms of coastal cutthroat trout average 2 to 5 lbs. The length and weights of mature inland forms vary widely depending on their particular environment and availability of food. Stream-resident fish are much smaller, 0.4 to 3.2 oz, while lacustrine populations have attained weights ranging from 12 to 17 lbs in ideal conditions. The largest cutthroat trout subspecies is the Lahontan cutthroat trout (O. c. henshawi). These fish average 8 to 9 in in small streams and 8 to 22 in in larger rivers and lakes. In ideal environments, the Lahontan cutthroat trout attains typical weights of 0.25 to 8 lbs. The world record cutthroat trout is a Lahontan at 39 in and 41 lbs.

Lifecycle
Cutthroat trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, clear, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms. They are native to the alluvial or freestone streams typical of tributaries of the Pacific Basin, Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. They spawn in the spring, as early as February in coastal rivers and as late as July in high mountain lakes and streams. Spawning begins when water temperatures reach 43 to 46 F. Cutthroat trout construct a redd in the stream gravel to lay eggs. The female selects the site for and excavates the redd. Females, depending on size, lay between 200 and 4,400 eggs. Eggs are fertilized with milt (sperm) by an attending male. Eggs hatch into alevins or sac fry in about a month and spend two weeks in the gravel while they absorb their yolk sack before emerging. After emergence, fry begin feeding on zooplankton. Juvenile cutthroat trout typically mature in three to five years. Lake-resident cutthroat trout are usually found in moderately deep, cool lakes with adequate shallows and vegetation for good food production. Lake populations generally require access to gravel-bottomed streams to be self-sustaining, but occasionally spawn on shallow gravel beds with good water circulation.

Cutthroat trout naturally interbreed with the closely related rainbow trout, producing fertile hybrids commonly called "cutbows". This hybrid generally bears similar coloration and overall appearance to the cutthroat trout, usually retaining the characteristic orange-red slash. Cutbow hybrids often pose a taxonomic difficulty when trying to distinguish any given specimen as a rainbow or cutthroat trout. In addition, cutthroat trout may hybridize with O. gilae, the Gila trout and O. apache, the Apache trout in regions where their ranges overlap.

Range
Cutthroat trout are native to western North America and have evolved through geographic isolation into 14 subspecies, each native to a different major drainage basin. Native cutthroat trout species are found along the Pacific Northwest coast from Alaska through British Columbia into northern California, in the Cascade Range, the Great Basin and throughout the Rocky Mountains including southern Alberta. Some coastal populations of the coastal cutthroat trout (O. c. clarkii) are semi-anadromous, spending a few months in marine environments to feed as adults and returning to fresh water from fall through early spring to feed on insects and spawn. Cutthroat trout have the second-largest historic native range of North American trout; the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) having the largest. Ranges of some subspecies, particularly the westslope cutthroat trout (O. c. lewisi), have been reduced to less than 10 percent of their historic range due to habitat loss and introduction of non-native species.

Although members of Oncorhynchus, the Pacific trout/salmon species, three subspecies—the westslope (O. c. lewisi), the greenback (O. c. stomias) and Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. c. bouvierii)—evolved populations east of the Continental Divide in the upper Missouri River basin, upper Arkansas and Platte River basins and upper Yellowstone River basin, each which drain into the Atlantic basin via the Mississippi River (in 2005, researchers published a report stating that a natural distribution of (O. mykiss), the Conchos trout, is also located in an Atlantic basin drainage ). Scientists believe that the climatic and geologic conditions 3-5 million years ago allowed cutthroat trout from the Snake River to migrate over the divide into the Yellowstone plateau via Two Ocean Pass. There is also evidence that Yellowstone Lake once drained south into the Snake River drainage. Evidence suggests that the westslope cutthroat trout was able to establish populations east of the divide via Summit Lake at Marias Pass which at one time connected the Flathead River drainage with the upper Missouri River drainage. Scientists speculate that there are several mountain passes associated with the headwaters of the Colorado River drainage and Arkansas/Platte River drainages that would have allowed migration of cutthroat trout east of the divide.

Cutthroat trout have been introduced into non-native waters outside their historic native range, but not to the extent of the rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Within the native range of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout, U.S. Fisheries Bureau and National Park Service authorities introduced Yellowstone cutthroat trout into many fishless lakes in Yellowstone National Park. Cutthroat trout were introduced into Lake Michigan tributaries in the 1890s and sporadically in the early 20th century, but never established wild populations. A population of Yellowstone cutthroat trout purportedly has been established in Lake Huron. Although cutthroat trout are not native to Arizona, they are routinely introduced by the Arizona Game and Fish Department into high mountain lakes in the White Mountains in the northeastern region of that state.

Habitat
Cutthroat trout require cold, clear, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms or cold, moderately deep lakes. Healthy stream-side vegetation that reduces siltation is typical of healthy cutthroat trout habitat and beaver ponds may provide refuge during periods of drought and over winter. Most populations stay in fresh water throughout their lives and are known as nonmigratory, stream-resident or riverine populations. The coastal cutthroat trout (O. c. clarkii) is the only cutthroat trout subspecies to coevolve through its entire range with the coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus). Portions of the westslope cutthroat trout's (O. c. lewisi) range overlap with the Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri), but the majority of its native range is in headwater tributary streams above major waterfalls and other barriers to upstream migration. At least three subspecies are confined to isolated basins in the Great Basin and can tolerate saline or alkaline water.

Cutthroat trout are opportunistic feeders. Stream-resident cutthroat trout primarily feed on larval, pupal and adult forms of aquatic insects (typically caddisflies, stoneflies, mayflies and aquatic dipterans), and adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants, beetles, grasshoppers and crickets) that fall into the water, fish eggs, small fish, along with crayfish, shrimp and other crustaceans. As they grow the proportion of fish consumed increases in most populations. In saltwater estuaries and along beaches, Coastal cutthroat trout feed on small fish such as sculpins, sand lance, salmon fry and herring. They also consume shrimp, small squid and krill. In fresh water, they consume the same diet as stream resident trout—aquatic insects and crustaceans, amphibians, earthworms, small fish and fish eggs. Within the range of the bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) the cutthroat trout is a forage fish for the piscivorous bull trout.

Artificial propagation
Various subspecies of cutthroat trout are raised in commercial, state and federal hatcheries for introduction into suitable native and non-native riverine and lacustrine environments. In the early 20th century, several hatcheries were established in Yellowstone National Park by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. These hatcheries not only produced stocks of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. c. bouvierii) for the park, but also took advantage of the great spawning stock of cutthroat trout to supply eggs to hatcheries around the U.S. Between the years 1901 and 1953 a total of 818 million trout eggs were exported from the park to hatcheries throughout the U.S. The Lahontan National Fish Hatchery operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service exists to restore populations of the Lahontan cutthroat trout (O. c. henshawi) in Pyramid, Walker, Fallen Leaf, June, Marlette, and Gull Lakes and the Truckee River in California and Nevada. The hatchery produces about 300,000–400,000 Lahontan cutthroat trout fry annually. The Jackson National Fish Hatchery produces around 400,000 Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout (O. c. behnkei) annually to support fisheries in Idaho and Wyoming. The Leadville National Fish Hatchery produces 125,000–200,000 Snake River fine-spotted, greenback cutthroat and rainbow trout annually to support fishing in the Fryingpan and Arkansas River drainages and other Colorado waters. The Bozeman Fish Technology Center, formerly a cutthroat trout fish hatchery in Bozeman, Montana, plays a major role in the restoration of the greenback (O. c. stomias) and westslope cutthroat trout (O. c. lewisi) subspecies.

Population threats
The historic native range of cutthroat trout has been reduced by overfishing, urbanization and habitat loss due to mining, livestock grazing and logging. Population densities have been reduced and in some cases populations have disappeared though competition with non-native brook, brown, lake and rainbow trout, kokanee salmon, lake whitefish and mysis shrimp which were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Scientists believe the westslope cutthroat trout will eventually be extirpated from the large lakes in Western Montana due to the trophic cascades resulting from lake trout and mysis shrimp introductions. The most serious current threats to several subspecies are interspecific breeding with introduced rainbow trout, creating hybrid cutbows, and intraspecific breeding with other introduced cutthroat trout subspecies. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the presence of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park has caused a serious decline in Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. c. bouvierii). Outbreaks of whirling disease in major spawning tributaries within the native ranges have also caused declines. Most subspecies of cutthroat trout are highly susceptible to whirling disease, although the Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout (O. c. behnkei) appears to be resistant to the parasite.

Interspecific and intraspecific breeding
The most serious impact on the genetic purity of most cutthroat trout subspecies results from interspecific and intraspecific breeding resulting in hybrids that carry the genes of both parents. In inland populations, the introduction of rainbow trout from hatchery stocks have resulted in cutbow hybrids that continue to diminish the genetic purity of many cutthroat trout subspecies. The introduction of hatchery-raised Yellowstone cutthroat trout into native ranges of other cutthroat trout subspecies, particularly the westslope cutthroat trout, has resulted in intraspecific breeding and diminished genetic purity of the westslope subspecies. As such, populations of genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout are very rare and localized in streams above barriers to upstream migrations by introduced species. Fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke attributes the extinction of the yellowfin cutthroat trout (O. c. macdonaldi) and Alvord cutthroat trout (O. c. alvordensis) subspecies to the introduction of non-native rainbow trout.

Decline of the Yellowstone subspecies

The population at the core of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout's native range, in Yellowstone Lake, declined significantly in the 1960s due to overharvest of mature cutthroat trout by anglers, as well as overharvesting of eggs by hatcheries in the early 20th century. Managers implemented catch and release, which required anglers to return their catches to the lake, and they terminated hatchery operations in the park, which allowed the cutthroat trout to recover. Then, in 1994, park officials discovered lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Yellowstone Lake. Although lake trout were established in Shoshone, Lewis and Heart Lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. government stocking operations in 1890, they were never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage and their presence there is probably the result of accidental or illegal introductions. By 2000, the cutthroat trout population had declined to less than 10 percent of its early 20th century abundance. However, aggressive lake trout eradication programs have killed over 1 million lake trout since 1996, and the hope is that this will lead to a restoration of cutthroat numbers. Cutthroat trout co-exist with lake trout in Heart Lake, an isolated back-country lake at the head of the Heart River that gets little angling pressure.

Angling
Cutthroat trout are prized as a gamefish, particularly by fly anglers. They are regulated as a gamefish in every state and province they occur in. From the Yellowstone cutthroat trout fishery in Yellowstone National Park,  the unique Lahontan cutthroat trout fishery in Pyramid Lake in Nevada, and the small stream fisheries of the westslope cutthroat trout to saltwater angling for sea-run cutthroat trout on the Pacific coast, cutthroat trout are a popular quarry for trout anglers throughout their ranges. The all-tackle world record is 41 lbs caught in Pyramid Lake in December 1925. Their propensity to feed on aquatic and terrestrial insects make them an ideal quarry for the fly angler.

Sea-run fishing along the Pacific Coast
From Alaska to Northern California, coastal cutthroat trout in sea-run, resident stream and lacustrine forms are sought by anglers. Puget Sound in Washington is a stronghold of sea-run cutthroat trout fishing with its many tributaries and protected saltwater inlets and beaches. Fly anglers search for sea-run cutthroat trout along beaches, river mouths and estuaries year round. In the lower reaches of larger rivers, anglers in drift boats float the rivers searching for trout along the wooded shorelines. In addition to a cutthroat trout sport fishery managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the Federal Subsistence Management Program manages coastal cutthroat trout subsistence fisheries in Southeast Alaska.

Yellowstone fishery

Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872. By the 1890s, the Yellowstone cutthroat trout fishery in the Yellowstone River and Yellowstone Lake were well known and being promoted in national guidebooks. "Fishing Grounds.—In the river at the lake outlet are the fishing grounds, about a mile from the hotel, while at many places between the lake and canyon excellent fishing is had from shore. The best results in the outlet are had from row boats; they can be rented from the steamboat company who have a supply, as well as competent and experienced oarsmen. Not more than two can successfully fish from one boat. When the grounds are reached, have the oarsman occupy the 'stern,' as from this position he can manipulate the landing net to a better advantage, the anchor is attached to the 'bow.' During the trout season (July to September), no better fishing can be found. They average about one and one-half pounds each and are of the salmon myhiss [sic] variety—a catch of 100, three or four hours before sundown, is not unfrequent." In 1902, anticipating the completion of the east entrance road from Cody, Wyoming, Captain Hiram M. Chittenden supervised the construction of the first "Fishing Bridge" across the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. Fishing Bridge was rebuilt in 1919, and reconstructed in 1937, primarily to accommodate vehicle traffic. Between 1916 and 1931, a large development of campgrounds, cabins, stores and service facilities were built just east of the bridge to support anglers. This area is now known as the Fishing Bridge Historic District. The 1937 bridge boasted pedestrian walkways on either side of the roadway to give more room to anglers. Angling in the river, at Fishing Bridge and in the lake, boomed during the 1950s and 1960s and over harvest caused a significant decline in the fishery. Consequently, in 1973, fishing was no longer permitted from Fishing Bridge.

Pyramid Lake Lahontan subspecies fishery
The Pyramid Lake strain of the Lahontan cutthroat trout, source of the 41 lbs world record and native to Pyramid Lake, Lake Tahoe and the Truckee River, was brought to near-extinction in the two decades between the 1920s-40s from overharvest, introduced species and loss of spawning habitat. In the 1970s, Pyramid Lake was stocked with Lahontan cutthroat trout strains still surviving in some nearby lakes, but they were not the large Pyramid Lake strain. Although the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe had been successful in re-establishing a cutthroat trout fishery on the reservation in Pyramid Lake, the cutthroat trout were not the large fish of the late 19th and early 20th century. In the late 1970, biologists discovered a surviving population of a pure Pyramid Lake strain in a small headwaters stream on the Nevada-Utah border that had at some point around 1900 been introduced into the stream. In 1995, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began rearing these fish in the Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in Gardnerville, Nevada. In 2006, the Pyramid Lake strain of Lahontan cutthroat trout were reintroduced into the lake. As Pyramid Lake has a very shallow shoreline, anglers use ladders to stand comfortably in 3 to 4 ft of water and cast to trout cruising along shoreline breaks. Considered a "world-class" fishery, anglers routinely catch cutthroat trout exceeding 10 lbs.

As a symbol
The cutthroat trout is the state fish of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, while particular subspecies of cutthroat are the state fish of Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah.
 * Idaho Montana and Wyoming –Cutthroat trout (O. clarki)
 * Colorado–Greenback cutthroat trout (O. c. stomias)
 * Nevada –Lahontan cutthroat trout (O. c. henshawi)
 * New Mexico –Rio Grande cutthroat trout (O. c. virginalis)
 * Utah –Bonneville cutthroat trout (O. c. utah)

title: Cutthroat trout


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USS Harold J. Ellison

USS Harold J. Ellison has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Harold J. Ellison (DE-545), a destroyer escort cancelled during construction in 1944
 * USS Harold J. Ellison (DD-864), was a destroyer in commission from 1945 to 1983

title: USS Harold J. Ellison


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Golden trout

The California golden trout (Oncorhynchus aguabonita or Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) is a species of trout native to California. The golden trout is normally found in the Golden Trout Creek (tributary to the Kern River), Volcano Creek (tributary to Golden Trout Creek), and the South Fork Kern River. The Golden trout is the official freshwater state fish of California since 1947.

The California golden trout is closely related to two rainbow trout subspecies. The Little Kern golden trout (O. m. whitei), found in the Little Kern River basin, and the Kern River rainbow trout (O. m. gilberti), found in the Kern River system. Together, these three trout form what is sometimes referred to as the "golden trout complex".

Taxonomy
Originally the golden trout was described as a subspecies of the salmon species, with a name Salmo mykiss agua-bonita, and it is still often considered a subspecies (now called Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) along with several other rainbow trout subspecies commonly known as redband trout.

FishBase and the Catalog of Fishes however now (2014) list O. aguabonita as an independent species rather than as subspecies of O. mykiss. Likewise, while ITIS lists O. m. whitei and O. m. gilberti as subspecies of O. mykiss, O. aguabonita instead is listed as a full species.

Description
The golden trout has golden flanks with red, horizontal bands along the lateral lines on each side and about 10 dark, vertical, oval marks (called "parr marks") on each side. Dorsal, lateral and anal fins have white leading edges. In their native habitat, adults range from 6 to 12 in long. Fish over 12 in are considered large. Golden trout that have been transplanted to lakes have been recorded up to 11 lbs.

The golden trout should be distinguished from the similarly named golden rainbow trout, also known as the palomino trout. The golden rainbow is a color variant of the rainbow trout.

The golden trout is commonly found at elevations from 6890 ft to 10,000 ft above sea level, and is native to California's southern Sierra Nevada mountains. Outside of its native range in California, Golden trout are more often found in cirques and creeks in wilderness areas around 10,500–12,000"+, often beyond 12,500"+ passes that are not passable without crampons, ice axes, and ropes until after the Fourth of July. Their preferred water temperature is 58 to 62 F but they can tolerate temperatures in degraded streams on the Kern Plateau as high as 70 F so long as those waters cool during the night. The only other species of fish indigenous to the native range of California golden trout is the Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis occidentalis).

Record catches
The Wyoming Game & Fish Department state record golden trout measured 28 in and weighed 11.25 lb, caught in Cooks Lake, Wyoming in 1948. The IGFA "All-Tackle Length Record" for O. m. aguabonita measured 53 cm caught in Golden Lake, Wyoming in 2012.

Distribution
O. m. aguabonita is native to the southern Sierra Nevada, including the upper reach and tributaries of the South Fork of the Kern River, and Golden Trout Creek and its tributaries. It has been introduced in hundreds of lakes and streams outside the native range, though most of these populations did not last or hybridized with cutthroat trout and other subspecies of rainbow trout.

History
In 1892, the California golden trout was originally described by David Starr Jordan, the first President of Stanford University, as Salmo mykiss agua-bonita. The fish was named after the Agua Bonita Waterfall where the first specimens were collected, at the mouth of Volcano Creek, at the creek's confluence with the Kern River. A century later they were listed as Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita in Behnke's Native trout of western North America.

In 1904, Stewart Edward White communicated to his friend President Theodore Roosevelt, that overfishing could lead to extinction of the golden trout. In White's novel The Mountains, he wrote about the threatened golden trout on California's Kern Plateau. Roosevelt shared White's concern and, through U.S. Fish Commissioner George M. Bowers, dispatched biologist Barton Warren Evermann of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries to study the situation. In 1906 Evermann published The Golden Trout of the Southern High Sierras. Based on morphology, Evermann accurately described four forms of this native fish: Salmo roosevelti from Golden Trout (Volcano) Creek, Salmo aguabonita from nearby South Fork of the Kern River, Salmo whitei (named in recognition of Stewart Edward White) from the Little Kern River, and Salmo gilberti, the Kern River rainbow.

Genetic studies have since clarified three groups of trout native to the Kern River: California golden trout (O. m. aguabonita) native to the South Fork Kern River and Golden Trout Creek (tributary to the Kern River mainstem but the historic course of the South Fork Kern River and now only separated from it by a lava flow and ridge of sediment), Little Kern River golden trout (O. m. whitei), and Kern River rainbow trout (O. m. gilberti).

Conservation
Years of overexploitation, mismanagement and competition with exotic species have brought golden trout to the brink of being designated as "threatened". Introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) outcompete them for food, introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) prey on them and introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss) hybridize with them, damaging the native gene pool through introgression. Populations have been in steady decline for decades.

In 1978, the Golden Trout Wilderness was established within Inyo National Forest and Sequoia National Forest, protecting the upper watersheds of the Kern River and South Fork Kern River. It also resulted in the closure of the Tunnel Air Camp airstrip and air charters operations for sport fishermen in the region.

In September 2004, the California Department of Fish and Game signed an agreement with federal agencies to work on restoring back-country habitat, heavily damaged by overgrazing from cattle and sheep, as part of a comprehensive conservation strategy.

The US Endangered Species Act (USESA) designated the subspecies O. m. whitei as LT, or Listed Threatened, since 1978, under the name Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei.

Subspecies designations
NatureServe has designated the following NatureServe Conservation Status for the three subspecies:

 * Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita—Golden trout (G5T1): Critically Imperiled, last reviewed in 2013. The primary threat is hybridization and introgression with stocked rainbow trout. Other threats include competition with non-native brown trout and rainbow trout, predation by brown trout, habitat degradation from cattle grazing, and possibly expanding beaver populations in the native range. Genetic studies showed hybridization with stocked rainbow trout in almost all known wild populations analyzed to as of 2003. Non-hybridized populations are restricted to less than 1% of their native range, and confinement to these areas for long periods create a significant risk of inbreeding depression, and loss of heterozygosity and genetic variance.
 * Oncorhynchus mykiss gilberti—Kern River rainbow trout (G5T1Q): Critically Imperiled, with questionable taxonomy that may reduce conservation priority, last reviewed in 2005. Few if any genetically pure populations still exist. Primary threats include continued introgression with introduced rainbow trout, habitat loss from grazing, logging and road building, unpredictable events such as floods, drought, and fire (and subsequent landslides), and reduced habitat availability due to introduced beaver.
 * Oncorhynchus mykiss whitei—Little Kern golden trout (G5T2Q): Imperiled, with questionable taxonomy that may reduce conservation priority, last reviewed in 2005. Hybridization with introduced rainbow trout is considered a threat, and "there is a constant threat from introductions of other salmonids by disgruntled anglers." The subspecies still occurs in the Little Kern River, above the falls on the lower river, though some populations show signs of introgression with coastal rainbow trout.

The American Fisheries Society has designated all three subspecies as Threatened since August 2008.

Translocations outside of endemic range
For sportfishing, the golden trout underwent many twentieth century translocations into multiple Western states and established populations survive in California, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Washington, Colorado, and Wyoming. Populations in the high-elevation lakes in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada, have died out. The current status in other states where the California golden trout were planted (Arizona, New Mexico and Oregon) lacks documentation.

However, a former New Mexico population is relatively well known and storied as, when then-Colonel Chuck Yeager introduced one of his commanding officers, General Irving "Twig" Branch, to the Sierra Nevada populations of golden trout, Branch ordered Yeager and Bud Anderson to introduce the species to the mountain streams of New Mexico. These New Mexico populations have since also died out. In his second memoir, Press On, Yeager detailed his annual fishing trips to catch golden trout which he extols as one of the best game fish and best eating fish to be found.

A self-sustaining introduced population also exists in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada; the province's golden trout population is managed by translocating fish between lakes to balance populations, but no new fish from other populations are introduced.

title: Golden trout


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Apache trout

The Apache trout or Arizona trout (Oncorhynchus apache), is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes. It is one of the Pacific trouts.

Description
The Apache trout measures in length from 6 to(-), and weighs between 0.4 to(-). It rarely exceeds 25 cm, but can reach up to 40 cm in its native, headwater streams. Apache trout are a yellowish-gold color with a golden belly and have medium-sized dark spots that are evenly spaced and that may extend below the lateral line and onto the dorsal and tail fins. The top of its head and back are dark olive in color, and it has the appearance of having a black stripe/mask through each of its eyes, due to two small black dots on either side of the pupil. There can be a throat mark below the lower jaw, ranging in color from yellow to gold.

Distribution
The Apache trout is the state fish of Arizona, and is one of only two species of trout native to that state, with the other being the gila trout (O. g. gilae). It natively lives in clear, cool streams in the White Mountains that flow through coniferous forests and marshes, but has been introduced into several lakes in the area. The Apache trout is native to the upper Salt River watershed (Black and White rivers) and the upper Little Colorado River watershed. Apache trout have been introduced into isolated streams outside of their historic range in the Pinaleño Mountains and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. Apache trout exist in their most pure form within headwater streams at an elevation of 2,100m or higher in the White Mountain Apache Reservation.

Life history
The Apache trout spawns from March to the middle of June, and varies with elevations. Maturity was found to occur in three years, and fecundity is based on the size of trout. One female typically produces from 72 to 240 eggs in 13.1 to 19.1 cm fish and from 646 to 1,083 eggs in 29.8 to 34.9 cm fish. The eggs hatch after 30 days. The Apache trout eats both terrestrial and aquatic insects, such as Trichoptera and Diptera. In lakes, they also eat small fishes and zooplankton.

Conservation
Recovery and management efforts for Apache trout have been ongoing since the 1940s. Apache trout are raised in federal and state hatcheries, and reared fish have been used to assist with recovery and to maintain populations for sport fishing in certain streams and reservoirs.

While the IUCN considers the Apache trout to be critically endangered, it is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Around 100 years ago, they could be found in 600 mi of streams in the White Mountains. By the late 1960s, their range had been reduced to around 30 mi of these streams. Once the Endangered Species Act of 1969 was passed, they became one of the first species listed under it. When this act was replaced by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, they became one of the first fish species protected under the newer Act. Population numbers for this species are still rising.

Today, major risks to the Apache trout are its easy hybridization with the rainbow trout and major forest fires. Cutthroat trout are also genetically similar and cross-breed with Apache trout, compromising the genetic purity of each species. The range of the Apache trout remains limited, which puts it at risk, but it is now common enough that limited fishing is permitted.

Ongoing conservation efforts by the White Mountain Apache Tribe have helped to preserve the subspecies.

Many of the Mount Baldy headwater streams that are the stronghold of Apache trout are entirely closed to fishing. Catch and release fishing opportunities for wild (stream born), pure-strain Apache trout exist in a limited number of areas. Additionally, there are numerous consumptive fishing opportunities for Apache trout in waters where natural reproduction is not occurring and the Apache trout population is the result of stocking efforts.

The 2011 Wallow Fire resulted in the loss of stream barriers erected to prevent hybridization and the extirpation of Apache trout from Coleman Creek  and likely of hybridized populations elsewhere,  while the 2017 Frye Fire destroyed a stocked population in Ash Creek in the Pinaleño Mountains. Climate change causing rising temperatures and increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires threatens the existence of Apache trout.

title: Apache trout


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USS Hart

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Hart. The first Hart was named for Midshipman Ezekiel Hart, who died in the War of 1812, and Lieutenant Commander John E. Hart, who died in the Civil War. The second Hart was named for Lieutenant Patrick H. Hart (1915–1942), who died in the Battle of Midway.

 * USS Hart (DD-110), was a Wickes-class destroyer, launched in 1918 and struck in 1931
 * USS Hart (DD-594), was a Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1944 and struck in 1973

title: USS Hart


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Talk:John Deere

The commas look out of place on the table under the 'Equipment divisions' tab
The commas look out of place on the table under the 'Equipment divisions' tab. Xboxsponge15 (talk) 21:54, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

Narrative control
With the recent articles claiming farmers have had some big win with right to repair I would suggest people be on the lookout for PR people looking to influence narrative through modifying wiki pages.

This seems to already be happening with the no relevant section in this page about farm equipment being remotely shutdown in the Ukraine after Russian troops stole them. This section appeared direct onto the subsection about right to repair criticism, clearly designed to place a positive spin on remote shutdown capabilities with JD equipment. 193.119.123.65 (talk) 06:59, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Article issues and classification

 * The article has a section "needs additional citations" and at least one Sept 2013 inline "Citation needed" tag. Fails B-class criteria.

 * Citations: The B-class criteria #1 states; The article is suitably referenced, with inline citations. It has reliable sources, and any important or controversial material which is likely to be challenged is cited.

title: Talk:John Deere


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List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty

The following is a list of emperors of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It also contains early rulers (khagans-emperors and regents) of the Mongol Empire posthumously honored by Kublai Khan as Yuan emperors.

Timeline
Legend:
 * Orange denotes monarchs of the Mongol Empire
 * Teal denotes Yuan monarchs
 * Pink denotes Northern Yuan monarchs

title: List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty


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Talk:Tower of Song

...and if the idea of Elton John covering Cohen doesn't make ya barf, nothing will... Bearcat 03:10, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tower of Song