text:
Talk:Key size

[who?] key size question
1988 January 22

States in section 15 "no technique other than trying all possible keys using known input and output for the DES will guarantee finding the chosen key. As there are over 70,000,000,000,000,000 (seventy quadrillion) possible keys of 56 bits, the feasibility of deriving a particular key in this way is extremely unlikely in typical threat environments. " Biofuel (talk) 06:40, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

 * That may have been true in 1988, it's not true now. --agr (talk) 11:49, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, the statement in question "... was thought[who?] to be sufficient ..." is about the security of DES when it was released. The reference given by the OP still judges the security of DES as sufficient (for typical applications) even 11 years after release. So, yes it is still true that in 1988 NBS rated the security of DES as sufficient. 178.195.225.28 (talk) 10:02, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Recent addition

 * "...As of 2003, the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology, NIST, is proposing that 80-bit keys be phased out by 2015. The 2005 Shandong University attack on SHA1 suggests a faster phase out."

Hmm...I'm not so sure it does. The SHA-1 attack is claimed to take 269 operations, less than the expected 280 for brute force, which is why it's being replaced. The feasibility or otherwise of performing a computation on the order of 280 hasn't changed. — Matt Crypto 18:01, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it's arguable. I think the broader point is that a cryptographic algorithm with a nominal key size of N may well have weaknesses that reduce that strength somewhat. On the other hand, I took out the recent addition: "or at least will be out of reach while technology continues along its current course. In respect of long term information security it is as well to hold that factor in mind because there are several potential leaps in computational methodology which, _when_ one of the is made, will render current key lengths laughably insecure. A currently evolving technique is that of distributed procssing, where a task is shared between a (potentially very large) network of machines. This technique already renders low to moderate keylengths brute-force breakable." Distributed processing is not, of itself a threat to 128-bit keys. There are 3.4 x 1038 possible keys. There are 3.2 x 1015 microseconds in a century. Testing all possible keys at one key per microsecond per processor requires 1023 processors working for 100 years. Even if you reduce the strength of the algorithm by 20 bits (a work factor of 106) there is a fair margin of safety. --agr 11:28, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It doesn't matter too badly why it does, if thats what they recommend, its then a factual comment.

 * But as background, the concern is not just the availability of processing power to crack it. It's also the speed of development of new attacks that cut down the work needed. So for example, it may be that they feel that computationally we will not have enough computing power for 70 years... but that the algorithm itself will gradually become more vulnerable to attacks with less processing power over time and therefore based on speed of mathematical analysis development they now feel it may not last more than 10 years reliably and should be replaced in 5. That's what's going on, I think. FT2 (Talk 00:35, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Error in article, needs fixing
''One of the asymmetric algorithm types, elliptic curve cryptography, or ECC, appears to be secure with shorter keys than those needed by other asymmetric key algorithms. NIST guidelines state that ECC keys should be twice the length of equivalent strength symmetric key algorithms. So, for example, a 224-bit ECC key would have roughly the same strength as a 112-bit symmetric key.''

If ECC is "secure with shorter keys" then the NIST recommendation would be half the length, and a 112 bit ECC key would be roughly as secure as 224 symmetric (it's given the other way around).

In other words this section should read as follows, either of these versions:

 * One of the asymmetric algorithm types, elliptic curve cryptography, or ECC, appears to be secure with longer keys than those needed by other asymmetric key algorithms. NIST guidelines state that ECC keys should be twice the length of equivalent strength symmetric key algorithms. So, for example, a 224-bit ECC key would have roughly the same strength as a 112-bit symmetric key.

 * One of the asymmetric algorithm types, elliptic curve cryptography, or ECC, appears to be secure with shorter keys than those needed by other asymmetric key algorithms. NIST guidelines state that ECC keys can be half the length of equivalent strength symmetric key algorithms. So, for example, a 112-bit ECC key would have roughly the same strength as a 224-bit symmetric key.

Fix? FT2 (Talk 00:29, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Very late reply, but anyway... you misread the paragraph. It says "ECC appears to be secure with shorter keys than those needed by other asymmetric key algorithms [...] So, for example, a 224-bit ECC key would have roughly the same strength as a 112-bit symmetric key." ECC needs shorter keys than (say) RSA, but longer than (say) AES. -- BenRG (talk) 21:12, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Quantum Computing?
I am not sufficiently expert to write a suitable section, but should there be a section explaining that most current encryption algorithms are vulnerable to quantum computing techniques, when and if they are sufficiently mature? I would suggest that this branch of computing is much nearer providing routine cracking of present day encryption techniques than Moore's Law would indicate. Of course, we do not know what is happening inside organizations such as GCHQ and NSA! --APRCooper (talk) 14:26, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a section. -- BenRG (talk) 13:36, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks! --APRCooper (talk) 17:25, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

What means "No asymmetric-key algorithms with this property are known"?
In the intro phrase, "No asymmetric-key algorithms with this property are known", the only "property" that can be inferred is that of key-length ≈ security (I can't find the "proportional to" symbol!?). That doesn't make sense. What property is being referenced, or what was the sentence supposed to say? Thanks. Saintrain (talk) 19:20, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Not sure what doesn't make sense. It almost seems that you are answering your own question. For many symmetric cryptosystems a k-bit key gives k-bit security. E.g. the best known attack against AES with an 128 bit key needs 2128 steps. Asymmetric cryptosystems don't have k-bit security with k-bit keys. E.g. the best known attack against ECDSA with a 256 bit key needs 2128 steps (and not 2256). RSA with 1024 bit keys has comparable strength as an 80 bit cryptosystem, i.e. very roughly it takes about 280 steps to break it. 85.2.80.189 (talk) 19:56, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks 189, I get it now (after several readings). Any problems if I change "property" to "level of security"?  Saintrain (talk) 21:23, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that's a good idea. Asymmetric ciphers are just as secure as symmetric ciphers, they just have longer keys. -- BenRG (talk) 02:04, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Forgot the other "security" in this context. How about "this property" to "equivalent key strength"?  (Funny, it's obious to me now but confusing before.  Like, "Two faces? Nah. It's just a vase.  Oh.  Yeah.")  Saintrain (talk) 18:47, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think those sentences need any change. Have you read the rest of that sentence? ",elliptic curve cryptography comes the closest with an effective security of roughly half its key length." I think that makes it clear that public-key ciphers need longer keys to get the same level of security.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 21:43, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Diffie-Hellman key strength
It is claimed that: Really? Discrete logarithm is a harder problem than factoring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kuroyama (talk • contribs) 01:40, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The Finite Field Diffie-Hellman algorithm has roughly the same key strength as RSA for the same key sizes. The work factor for breaking Diffie-Hellman is based on the discrete logarithm problem, which is related to the integer factorization problem on which RSA's strength is based. Thus, a 3072-bit Diffie-Hellman key has about the same strength as a 3072-bit RSA key.
 * not in finite fields. --MarioS (talk) 11:55, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

"if sufficiently large quantum computers capable of running Shor's algorithm become available"
What is meant by "sufficiently large" could a "sufficiently large" conventional computer do the job? 87.112.9.121 (talk) 19:23, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

Opening sentence: security vs. hardness assumption
I have revised the opening to try to clarify what was meant. It is still a little unclear to me. In particular, I assume an algorithm's security is intended to correspond to the difficult of any Computational hardness assumption(s) on which the algorithm's security is based. I haven't tried to clarify this, because I'm not an expert. It would be great if someone else could clarify.

Mistake? Key storage vs. key size
The opening sentence

 * key size or key length is the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm

seems to be incorrect. For instance, an El Gamal public key is a prime p, a generator g, and g^x, where x is a random value used in the private key. Thus, the public key length in El Gamal is the length of the prime, plus the length of the generator, plus the length of g^x mod p. But, this isn't how we use key length, since we refer to only the length of g^x mod p.

(We could argue that the public key is g^x, and p and g are merely security parameters, but then the theory of cryptography comes tumbling down, because definitions of asymmetric encryption state that the encryption algorithm only inputs the public key, not the public key and some security parameters.)

Mistake? Symmetric vs. Asymmetric
The sentence

 * ''Since longer symmetric keys require exponentially more work to brute force search, a sufficiently long symmetric key makes this line of attack impractical.

Shouldn't this be "...longer asymmetric keys..." and "...long asymmetric keys..."? Enotdetcelfer (talk) 04:48, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Key size. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120410194831/http://www.pcworld.com/article/16028/governments_relax_encryption_regulations.html to http://www.pcworld.com/article/16028/governments_relax_encryption_regulations.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140606050814/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-57/sp800-57-Part1-revised2_Mar08-2007.pdf to http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-57/sp800-57-Part1-revised2_Mar08-2007.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090207005135/http://www.nsa.gov/ia/programs/suiteb_cryptography/index.shtml to http://www.nsa.gov/ia/programs/suiteb_cryptography/index.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:57, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

RSA key strength
The article currently says: As of 2003 RSA Security claims that 1024-bit RSA keys are equivalent in strength to 80-bit symmetric keys, 2048-bit RSA keys to 112-bit symmetric keys and 3072-bit RSA keys to 128-bit symmetric keys.[14] RSA claims that 1024-bit keys are likely to become crackable some time between 2006 and 2010 and that 2048-bit keys are sufficient until 2030.[14] An RSA key length of 3072 bits should be used if security is required beyond 2030.[15] NIST key management guidelines further suggest that 15360-bit RSA keys are equivalent in strength to 256-bit symmetric keys.[16]

The reference is to a 2003 analysis. Since we're now in 2017, it seems that we should know whether 1024-bit keys actually did become crackable. So, two questions: is there a tag for Wikipedia to mark predictions like this, like a DIDTHISCOMETRUE template? And, second: did this actually come true? --ESP (talk) 18:30, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

 * They did not become crackable. The best-known public attack in 2023 is still under 829 bits (from 2020). Paulehoffman (talk) 01:52, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

TripleDES was known to have 112 bits of strength from the start
The text in the introduction indicates that a new attack reduced the strength of TripleDES after it was designed. That is not true: the meet-in-the-middle attack was known before TripleDES was created. The design goal for TripleDES was 112 bits. I would like to change the intro to remove TripleDES but instead insert RSA, where the NFS attacks were indeed a surprise. Paulehoffman (talk) 16:08, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Key size


text:
India Allen

India Allen (born India Juliana Orban on June 1, 1965, in Portsmouth, Virginia) is an American actress and model. Allen appeared as a centerfold in the December 1987 issue of Playboy magazine and was subsequently named Playmate of the Year in 1988.

Career
Allen was initially encouraged by her mother when she turned eighteen to pursue modeling and to try out for Playboy, but she was not interested. The suggestion came up again a few years later when her casting agent sent her to do a small role in a short film parody of Beverly Hills Cop II, in a role as a Playmate in the Playboy Mansion West scene. On the set of the film, Allen met Monique St. Pierre, Playboy's Playmate of the Year in 1979. Allen was surprised when one of the film's producers mentioned that St. Pierre was a Playmate and the two became friends. After looking through Allen's portfolio of modeling assignments, St. Pierre took her to Playboy's West Coast photo studios on Sunset Boulevard for test shots.

After her first pictorial, Allen continued to act and also appeared in a series of Playboy videos.

Personal life
Allen was born in Portsmouth, Virginia and grew up in the South - Virginia, Georgia, and South Carolina.

In the early 1980s Julie was married to her Ball State University college beau. In September 1988 she was married for a short time to American sports broadcaster Bill Macatee.

In 1996, Allen was a witness in the civil trial of O. J. Simpson and testified that she had seen Simpson strike his then-wife Nicole Brown Simpson in 1983, when Allen was employed by a veterinary hospital in Beverly Hills, California.

Filmography

 * Tattoo, a Love Story (2002)
 * The Force (1994)
 * Silk Degrees (1994)
 * Seduce Me: Pamela Principle 2 (1994)
 * Wild Cactus (1993)
 * Round Numbers (1992)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: India Allen


text: User talk:64.231.101.138

title: User talk:64.231.101.138


text:
Sonny's BBQ

Sonny's BBQ is a barbecue restaurant chain founded by Floyd "Sonny" Tillman in Gainesville, Florida, in 1968. Bob Yarmuth purchased the company in 1991 and continues as the company's owner and CEO today. As of 2016, Sonny's BBQ has 113 restaurants across eight Southeastern states and is headquartered in Maitland, Florida. The restaurant specializes in Southern-style BBQ.

History
Sonny's Real Pit-Bar-B-Q was founded on April 17, 1968, by Floyd "Sonny" Tillman and his wife Lucille, starting with a single location on Waldo Road in Gainesville, Florida. The company began franchising nine years later in 1977 with a menu consisting of pork, beef, ribs, chicken, beans and other sides. In 1988, Sonny's BBQ had grown to 77 restaurants across six states, and Tillman sold the company to outside investors. In 1991, Bob Yarmuth purchased the company.

During the 2000s, Sonny's was the largest BBQ restaurant chain in the United States, with about 150 locations across nine states. In 2011, the company had 125 operating franchised restaurants. In 2012, the company moved its headquarters to Winter Park, Florida and in 2013, the company changed its name from Sonny's Real Pit-Bar-B-Q to Sonny's BBQ.

2008 Recession
On September 25, 2008, Greater Atlanta Bar-B-Q (the only Metro Atlanta franchisee of Sonny's) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for ten locations, four of which were closed completely, raising concerns about another restaurant's viability after Metromedia Restaurant Group closed its Bennigan's and Steak & Ale restaurant chains. Yet, as of the first week of June 2009, it came out of bankruptcy, completing Chapter 11 requirements. On October 15, 2008, all three Sonny's locations in the greater Daytona Beach area of Florida were closed. As of December 1, 2009, the Tifton, Georgia restaurant became known as the Smokehouse Restaurant due to disputes with Sonny's over imagery and icons in the restaurant itself and on employees' clothing.

Sonny Tillman's birthday is celebrated as a special event by the restaurant each August 14. Despite selling the franchise, Tillman retained ownership of the original Sonny's BBQ until 2011, when he relinquished his franchisee agreement. Afterwards he continued to attend grand openings, sometimes appearing in commercials, and participating in other events. Events held by Sonny's include its Random Acts of BBQ events, where individual restaurants provide a BBQ feast for community volunteers and volunteer organizations. The company named October 12 as National Pulled Pork Day beginning in 2016, which is celebrated at all Sonny's locations.

Menu
Sonny's BBQ menu has Southern-style barbecue, including pulled pork, sliced pork, baby back ribs, buffalo wings, St. Louis-style ribs, beef brisket, burgers, appetizers, and sides.

title: Sonny's BBQ


text:
Michael De Luca

Michael De Luca (born August 13, 1965) is an American film studio executive, film producer and screenwriter. He is also the former president of production at both New Line Cinema and DreamWorks. De Luca has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Picture. De Luca formerly served as the chairman of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Motion Picture Group and currently serves as a co-chairperson and CEO of Warner Bros. Pictures Group (now known as Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group).

Early life
De Luca was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. His mother was a German-Jewish immigrant, and his father, who was Italian American and Catholic, worked at ConEdison. De Luca began pursuing a career in show business in 1986. Originally tapped to work as a story editor, he rose fairly quickly through the ranks, thanks in part to his mentor, chairman and co-founder of New Line Cinema Robert Shaye. De Luca completed his degree from Tisch School of the Arts of New York University in 1995.

Career
De Luca began his career in 1988, working as a writer on the TV series Freddy's Nightmares. In 1990, De Luca made his debut in the film industry as an associate producer on Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III, which was quickly followed by his writing/producing role on the film Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare.

He wrote the 1994 horror film In the Mouth of Madness, directed by John Carpenter. De Luca co-wrote the story for the 1995 film adaptation of the popular British comic book character Judge Dredd, starring Sylvester Stallone as the eponymous lead. In 1996, De Luca, was approached by the producers Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore for Star Trek: Voyager and pitched an idea which turned into an opportunity to write an episode for the series, Threshold.

De Luca is a former President of Production for New Line Cinema. During his tenure at New Line Cinema, he oversaw a variety of films that would come to define the studio, including Seven, Friday, Boogie Nights, Austin Powers, Rush Hour, Blade, American History X, and Magnolia.

After New Line Cinema, De Luca became President of Production at DreamWorks, his tenure lasting from 2001 to 2004.

After his contract with DreamWorks ended, De Luca signed a production deal with Sony Pictures and started his own production company, Michael De Luca Productions. His first release under his production company was Ghost Rider (2007) starring Nicolas Cage, followed by 21 and The Love Guru (both 2008) starring Mike Myers.

He was nominated for the Best Picture Oscar two years in a row for The Social Network (2010) and Moneyball (2011). He received a third nomination in 2014 for producing Captain Phillips by Paul Greengrass.

De Luca also produced the 2011 remake of the cult classic vampire horror film Fright Night. De Luca and Dana Brunetti reunited for Fifty Shades of Grey, the 2015 film adaptation of the best-selling novel of the same name. It was a massive financial success, becoming one of the highest-grossing R-rated films of all time.

On January 3, 2020, it was announced that De Luca had been appointed Chairman of the MGM Motion Picture Group. In July 2022 he and Pamela Abdy left for Warner Bros. Pictures Group, taking up the roles of co-chairpersons and CEO, respectively.

Personal life
De Luca was previously in a relationship with actress Julianne Moore, star of New Line's Boogie Nights.

In 2009, he married actress Angelique Madrid (born 1974) from Ft. Worth, Texas, who was a contestant on the first season of ABC's The Bachelor. They have two children.

Film
Executive producer

 * Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III (1990)
 * Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991)
 * The Mask (1994)
 * Don Juan DeMarco (1994)
 * In the Mouth of Madness (1994)
 * Last Man Standing (1996)
 * The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996)
 * B.A.P.S. (1997)
 * Wag the Dog (1997)
 * Dark City (1998)
 * Lost in Space (1998)
 * Blade (1998) (Uncredited)
 * Pleasantville (1998)
 * Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999)
 * Detroit Rock City (1999)
 * Body Shots (1999)
 * The Bachelor (1999)
 * Magnolia (1999)
 * Lost Souls (2000)
 * Little Nicky (2000)
 * Thirteen Days (2000)
 * Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)
 * Blow (2001)
 * Town & Country (2001)
 * Storytelling (2001)
 * Rush Hour 2 (2001)
 * Knockaround Guys (2001)
 * Life as a House (2001)
 * I Am Sam (2001)
 * Run Ronnie Run! (2002)
 * John Q. (2002)
 * Blade II (2002)
 * Highway (2002)
 * Unconditional Love (2002)
 * Simone (2002)
 * A Man Apart (2003)

Co-executive producer

 * Deep Cover (1992)
 * Loaded Weapon 1 (1993)
 * One Night Stand (1997)
 * Boogie Nights (1997)
 * American History X (1998)

Producer

 * Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005)
 * Ghost Rider (2007)
 * 21 (2008)
 * The Love Guru (2008)
 * Brothers (2009)
 * The Social Network (2010)
 * Drive Angry (2011)
 * Priest (2011)
 * Fright Night (2011)
 * Butter (2011)
 * Moneyball (2011)
 * The Sitter (2011)
 * Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2011)
 * Captain Phillips (2013)
 * Dracula Untold (2014)
 * Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)
 * Fifty Shades Darker (2017)
 * Fifty Shades Freed (2018)
 * Under the Silver Lake (2018)
 * The Sisters Brothers (2018)
 * The Kitchen (2019)
 * 12 Mighty Orphans (2021)
 * Reminiscence (2021)
 * Ricky Stanicky (2024)
 * The Fire Inside (2024)
 * Cowboy Ninja Viking (TBA)
 * Metro 2033 (TBA)
 * The Great Outdoors (TBA)
 * Cheshire Crossing (TBA)

Writer

 * The Lawnmower Man (1987) (Short film)
 * Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991)
 * In the Mouth of Madness (1994)
 * Judge Dredd (1995)

 * Miscellaneous crew

 * Thanks

Television
TV specials
 * 89th Academy Awards (2017)
 * 90th Academy Awards (2018)

Executive producer

Writer

 * Miscellaneous crew

 * As an actor

title: Michael De Luca


text:
Wayside

Wayside may refer to:
 * Wayobjects, trackside objects
 * Wayside (band), an early version of As Friends Rust
 * Wayside (TV series), a television show based on the children's book Sideways Stories from Wayside School
 * A rest area

Places

 * United States
 * Wayside, Georgia
 * Wayside, Kansas
 * Wayside, Mississippi
 * Wayside, New Jersey
 * The Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts
 * In Texas:
 * Wayside, Lynn County, Texas
 * Wayside, Roberts County, Texas
 * Wayside, Armstrong County, Texas
 * Wayside, West Virginia
 * Wayside, Wisconsin

title: Wayside


text:
Endless Mountains

The Endless Mountains are a geographical, geological, and cultural region in Northeastern Pennsylvania. The Endless Mountains region includes Bradford, Sullivan, Susquehanna,and Wyoming counties. The highest peak in the region is the North Knob of Elk Mountain at 2693 ft. The dissected plateau is a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains.

Geography
Part of the Appalachian Mountains chain, the region does not consist of true mountains, geologically speaking, but instead a dissected plateau that is part of the Allegheny Plateau. The Catskill Mountains are the highest expression of the plateau, located to the east of the Endless Mountains, and separated from them by the Delaware River.

The current geography was slightly modified during the last ice age by the Wisconsin Glacier about 15,000 years ago. Glacial striations can be found on the rocks of some of the high ridges, but the area was at the margin of the ice sheet, and the impact was much less than in New York just to the north.

The mountains are made up of sedimentary rocks (mostly sandstone and shales, with a little conglomerate) that were part of a lowland that collected sediments eroded from mountains to the southeast in Mississippian and Pennsylvanian geologic time. The area has been uplifted and lowered several times. The highest points are all nearly the same elevation, establishing that the area had once been eroded into a nearly level peneplain, which has since been uplifted. The present Susquehanna River established its meandering course during that time, when it was a mature stream on a topography of very low relief. When the area was uplifted, the river's bends were preserved as incised meanders. The large river cut a deep valley and established a low baseline for its tributaries, which then cut the plateau into the rugged hills of the present day.

History
Several Native American bands settled the area in prehistoric times. By the early colonial period, Munsee-Lenape, Susquehannock, and Iroquois peoples were the principal occupants of the region. The majority of the local place names were derived from the Munsee-Lenape, however; places like Lock-ah Hanna (Lackawanna or Sand River), Tunk Hanna Unk (Tunkhannock or Bend River Place), Why-ohm Ing (Wyoming or Food Place), Min Nees Unk (Minisink), Toe-be Hanna (Tobyhanna or Cool River), Mesh-op Ing (Meshoppen), Why-ah-loose Ing (Wyalusing), Schick-shin Ing (Shickshinny), and Mawsch Unk (Bear Place, present-day Jim Thorpe) are examples. The Munsee and other native peoples like the Shawnee, Nanticoke, Conoy, and Tutelo were evicted by the terms of the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, which was between the Iroquois League and the British Crown.

After 1768, hundreds of British, Irish, and German families flooded in from New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania to occupy lands purchased from the Susquehanna and Connecticut Land companies of Connecticut. These settlements eventually led to armed conflict with the Penn proprietors (William Penn's sons, Richard and Thomas, and his grandson, John), who also claimed the land. (See Pennamite Wars). During the American Revolution in 1778, a combined British, Tory, Iroquois, Munsee, and Lenape force attacked the Wyoming Valley settlers on the eastern edge of this region, and killed many of the settlers. Washington sent Major General John Sullivan on a campaign to destroy the Iroquois threat by a "scorched earth" drive up the Susquehanna and Chemung Rivers into central and western New York.

The region's economy was formerly based on mining, lumbering (especially of hemlock for tanning) and industry but is now largely agricultural with forestry and tourism contributing to the economic base. Much of the land is steep, but there are a few good farms on rolling hilltops or valley bottoms; many of these farms have been occupied by Mennonite and Amish people who have migrated northward as their traditional homelands became developed.

Quarrying remains an important local industry with the region's high quality blue stone being particularly valuable. The area is on the edge of Pennsylvania's Coal Region, with some minor veins of coal extending into the area.

Popular culture
Camptown, Pennsylvania in the Endless Mountains is featured in the lyrics of "Camptown Races", an 1850 song by Stephen Foster.

title: Endless Mountains


text:
Fender Cyclone

The Fender Cyclone denotes a series of electric guitars made by Fender. Introduced in late 1997, the Cyclone body is similarly styled to the Mustang, but it is a quarter of an inch thicker than the body of a Mustang and is made of poplar, whereas contemporary Mustang reissues were made of basswood.

In July 2002, the Cyclone II was introduced as the successor to the Fender Cyclone and featured cosmetic changes such as the Mustang racing stripe as well as 3 vintage single-coil pickups and switching borrowed from the Fender Jaguar. the range included the original Cyclone, the Cyclone HH with two humbuckers, and the Cyclone II with three MIA Jaguar pickups controlled by on-off switches in place of the selector switch. As of January 2007, all original Cyclone variants had been discontinued by Fender. In 2020, Fender's budget brand Squier reissued the Cyclone II as part of its Paranormal Series. The 2020 model was available in Shell Pink or Daphne Blue, with an Indian Laurel fingerboard. The 2021 model was available in Candy Apple Red and Pearl. In 2024, Fender Japan re-issued the Cyclone as a domestic only limited edition model.

Cyclone
The Cyclone has a scale of 24.75 inches (the same as a Gibson Les Paul but an unusual intermediate size for Fender), and a Fender Stratocaster-style synchronized tremolo. The original Cyclone used an Atomic humbucking pickup in the bridge, a Tex-Mex pickup in the neck position, and a conventional 3-way toggle switch.

US Cyclone
The Cyclone was also promoted as a USA-made guitar for a brief time in 2000. The US Cyclone featured two dual-coil ceramic Vintage Noiseless single-coils and a modern 2-point synchronized vibrato with stainless steel saddles. The Custom Cyclone had similar features, but used two Gold Lace Sensor pickups with black covers and a custom vintage 2-point tremolo bridge with bent solid steel saddles. Both guitars were made at the Fender Custom Shop. These American-made Cyclones were gone at the end of 2001.

Cyclone II
Introduced as the successor to the Cyclone in July 2002, the Cyclone II features changes such as the Mustang racing stripe as well as pickups and switching borrowed from the Jaguar. The guitar employs three pickups angled in a similar fashion to the Telecaster bridge pickup, rather than the standard two straight pickups of a Jaguar. It also features a Jazzmaster headstock similar to a 1970s Strat. It has vintage tuning heads as well as vintage nickel string saddles, which were found on 1950s model Strats. It was available in a choice of two colours, Candy Apple Red and Daphne Blue, both with the white racing stripe found on the Mustang.

The Cyclone II has a scale of 24.75 inches, a Stratocaster-style synchronized tremolo, and an on/off switch for each pickup. While it is different in design to the Stratocaster, it has seven pickup selections, including bridge pickup with neck pickup or even all three pickups.

Cyclone HH
The Cyclone HH had the same features and specifications as the original Cyclone, except for the addition of a 3-ply black pickguard and a pair of humbucking pickups, a Fender Santa Ana and a Fender Atomic II in the bridge and neck positions. Introduced in 2003, it was discontinued, like the other Cyclone models, in 2007.

The Cyclone HH also included a vintage-style synchronized tremolo, a three-position toggle switch, master volume and tone controls, as well as chrome-plated hardware. It was available in Black, Pewter, Daphne Blue and Orange.

Paranormal Cyclone
In 2020, Squier released the Paranormal Series, a series that released guitars that feature mash-ups of classic Fender models and rereleases of obscure Fender models. Alongside the Toronado, Cabronita Telecaster, Offset Telecaster, 54' Jazz Bass, and Super Sonic, Squier released a new take on the Cyclone II. It features the same thicker Mustang body and Jaguar-Style pickup switch and electronics, but has 3 Alnico Stratocaster Pickups and a bent steel Vintage Style Tremolo Bridge. It comes in Daphne Blue and Shell Pink from the 2020 release, and Pearl and Candy Apple Red from the 2021 release.

Made in Japan Limited Cyclone
In May 2024, in a first for Fender Japan, a limited edition Cyclone was introduced based on the original 1997 model. Equipped with specially designed pickups, this model is available with either a maple or rosewood fretboard, and comes in multiple new finishes. A butterscotch blonde model, exclusive to Fender's Tokyo Flagship store and MikiGakki, comes with a specially engraved neckplate.

Notable users

 * John Paul Pitts
 * Craig Benzine
 * Brian Molko With a humbucker-sized P-90 in the bridge position.
 * Sawao Yamanaka
 * Zachary Cole Smith
 * Erin Lynn Silva
 * Lawrence Warner

title: Fender Cyclone


text:
William Henry Pope (Texas politician)

William Henry Pope (February 15, 1847 – February 15, 1913) was an American soldier, lawyer, and State Senator from Texas district 3. Pope was influential in writing and passing Texas Jim Crow laws and described himself as the "Jim Crow Senator".

Personal life
William Henry Pope was born on February 15, 1847, in Washington, Georgia, to Alexander and Sarah "Willie" Pope. Him and his family moved to Marshall, Texas, in 1858. He attended Marshall University before enrolling in the Confederate Army in the winter of 1863. He served as a scout for in Terry's Texas Rangers until the end of the American Civil War. He then studied law at the University of Virginia. In 1872, he married Fannie Stedman, whom he had 4 children with.

Death
Pope died on his 66th birthday on February 15, 1913, in a Waco hospital of uremic poisoning, his resting place is in Marshall, Texas.

Political career
Pope was first elected as Harris county attorney in 1869, he failed to be reelected in 1870. He was reelected as Harris county attorney in 1876 and 1878. He then served 10 years in the Texas Senate representing district 3. He often referred to himself as a "Jim Crow Senator". In 1889, Pope authored a law that required African Americans and White Americans to sit in separate coaches. He also appointed by Governor Lawrence Ross to serve as a special agent to the United States Congress to push agendas, he was in Washington, D.C., for 4 years. In 1902, Pope was elected judge of the Fifty-eighth Judicial District. He was affiliated with the Democratic Party.

title: William Henry Pope (Texas politician)


text: User talk:63.189.65.228

title: User talk:63.189.65.228


text: User talk:207.166.8.2

title: User talk:207.166.8.2


text:
Terri Welles

Terri Welles (born Terri Knepper; November 21, 1956) is an American actress and adult model. She first appeared on the cover of the May 1980 issue of Playboy, wearing a flight attendant costume to illustrate a pictorial on stewardesses (Welles was a United Airlines stewardess at the time). She subsequently appeared as a centerfold in the December 1980 issue and was named Playmate of the Year for 1981. Her original pictorial was photographed by Richard Fegley. Welles was the inspiration for the "Bobo Weller" character in the film Star 80.

Career
In 1997 Welles started an online business selling pictures of herself. On her web site she described herself as a former Playboy model and Playmate of the Year. Playboy Enterprises, which was starting up its own online business at this time, sued Welles in 1998 claiming that it had the exclusive right to use of its trademark terms "Playboy" and "Playmate of the Year" for commercial purposes. The outcome of the suit, Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Welles, was that virtually all of Welles' use of the terms were considered nominative uses, and did not infringe on Playboy's rights.

Welles closed down her web site on October 31, 2006, with the announcement that it had "been a fun ride".

Personal life
Welles was born in Santa Monica, California. Welles married NHL ice hockey player, Charlie Simmer, in 1981; they divorced in 1986.

title: Terri Welles


text:
Gravitar

Gravitar is a color vector graphics multidirectional shooter arcade video game released by Atari, Inc. in 1982. Using the same "rotate-and-thrust" controls as Asteroids and Space Duel, the game was known for its high level of difficulty. It was the first of over twenty games (including the 1983 Star Wars) that Mike Hally designed and produced for Atari. The main programmer was Rich Adam and the cabinet art was designed by Brad Chaboya. 5,427 cabinets were produced. An Atari 2600 version by Dan Hitchens was published by Atari in 1983.

Gameplay

The player controls a small blue spacecraft. The game starts in a fictional solar system with several planets to explore. If the player moves their ship into a planet, they will be taken to a side-view landscape. Unlike many other shooting games, gravity plays a fair part in Gravitar: the ship will be pulled slowly to the deadly star in the overworld, and downward in the side-view levels. Great precision is demanded of the player, as the ship rotates too slowly to allow a player to correct their mistake if they apply too much thrust and fly toward an obstacle.

The player has five buttons: two to rotate the ship left or right, one to shoot, one to activate the thruster, and one for both a tractor beam and force field. Gravitar, Asteroids, Asteroids Deluxe and Space Duel all used similar 5-button controlling systems.

In the side-view levels, the player has to destroy red bunkers that shoot constantly, and can also use the tractor beam to pick up blue fuel tanks. Once all of the bunkers are destroyed, the planet will blow up, and the player will earn a bonus. Once all planets are destroyed, the player will move onto another solar system.

The player will lose a life if they crash into the terrain or get hit by an enemy's shot, and the game will end immediately if fuel runs out.

Gravitar has 12 different planets. Red Planet is available in all 3 phases in the universe; it contains a reactor. Shooting the reactor core activates a link. Escaping the reactor successfully moves the player to the next phase of planets, awards bonus points and 7500 units of fuel. Reactor escape time reduces after each phase and eventually becomes virtually impossible to complete.

After completing all 11 planets (or alternatively completing the reactor three times) the player enters the second universe and the gravity will reverse. Instead of dragging the ship towards the planet surface, the gravity pushes it away. In the third universe the landscape becomes invisible and the gravity is positive again. The final, fourth universe, has invisible landscape and reverse gravity. After completing the fourth universe the game starts over, but the reactor escape time will never reset back to high levels again.

The programmers thought that even the best players could never complete the most difficult planets on the invisible levels. Neither of the key developers themselves, Mike Hally and Rich Adam, have ever completed their own game in their own words "without cheating".

Development
Gravitar was developed under the name Lunar Battle.

Ports
The silver label version of Atari 2600 Gravitar was originally only available to Atari Club members. It was later sold in stores in limited quantities. Atari eventually released it in the red box and label style with larger distribution.

Legacy
Gravitar inspired the 1986 computer game Thrust.

Dual-stick shooter Black Widow was offered as a conversion kit for Gravitar. The kit included a new marquee, control panel, side art, and an additional wiring harness. The kit used the original Gravitar PCB, with a few small modifications and a new set of ROM chips. Many factory-built Black Widows were produced using unsold Gravitar cabinets, and although they contain original (not Gravitar conversion) board sets, they had Black Widow side art applied over the Gravitar sideart.

Gravitar is part of the Atari Anthology for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 as well as the Atari Anniversary Edition Vol. 2 for Dreamcast, PlayStation, and Windows. Gravitar is also included in the Atari Flashback 3. In April 2019, Gravitar was added to the TeslAtari game collection included in Tesla vehicles.

In the 1983 James Bond film Never Say Never Again, Domino Petachi (Kim Basinger) is seen about to play Gravitar before meeting up again with Bond (Sean Connery) at Casino de Monte Carlo. The indoor scene was filmed at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England - the arcade cabinets used would have been sourced from Atari's European factory in Ireland.

A revamped version of the game, titled Gravitar: Recharged, part of the Atari Recharged series, was released on May 12, 2022 for Atari VCS, and on June 2 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S.

Records
Dan Coogan, of Phoenix, Arizona, set a Gravitar world record, scoring 8,029,450 points from December 22 to 23, 2006, playing for 23 hours and 15 minutes. The previous world record for score was 4,722,200, which held for 24 years, set by Ray Mueller of Boulder, Colorado, on December 4, 1982, after playing for 12 hours and 21 minutes.

title: Gravitar


text:
Talk:Norwegian Americans

Miscellanous points of WKP style
Although he is well known, calling someone by their last name without having given their first is bad form. "Columbus" should be "Christopher Columbus", and there's no possible reason I can think of why someone would change that.

The second "today" is redundant, since that is the title of the section. Also, unless we're counting the dead bodies of Norwegians in the U.S., the fact that the 4.5 million people discussed in the article are alive in America today is obvious to the reader.

As far as over-linking goes, this article was sorely lacking in that area. Each of the links are useful to readers and go along with our standard practices, such as linking the first instance of dates (for example, 1000). Beginning 21:14, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Valid point, thanks for wikifying. --Wernher 22:49, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * (Oops, regarding BSveen's reply below, I just meant that the 'over-linking' point was valid IMO. I made no comment on the other two points, but I see in retrospect that the indenting of my one comment is highly ambiguous.) --Wernher 14:58, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * While I would agree with Wernher that it is ostensibly a valid point that you are making, I just think it sounds a little awkward to say "There are more than 4.5 million persons of Norwegian ancestry in the U.S." without the 'today' on the end, regardless of the section heading. I think a little redundancy is not a problem as long as it makes the phrasing less awkward and makes what is trying to be said as clear as possible (especially considering that the History section immediately precedes the bullet in question..the word 'today' specifies that we are talking about the present, as opposed to 1910 or 1920, or whenever) - BSveen 10:29, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I generally agree. However, I guess one could discuss whether to use the word 'today' or 'now' to clarify the meaning. Oh well. --Wernher 14:58, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Talk page utilization
In the future, please utilize the Talk page if you are confused as to why edits are being made. Unless you can explain why you think your changes should remain, I will revert the article again at some point in the near future. Beginning 21:14, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, as far as common Wikiquette is concerned (note the last point in the linked-to paragraph), such messages to a specific user, although 'inspired' by work on an article, more properly belongs on his/her talk page. Other contributors would probably not be that interested, quite simply. So, to be a little sarcastic here, the talk page utilization point is not so easily taken by any of us :-) (No problems with your general point, of course, it's correct, but how about being a little more friendly? Never hurts.) --Wernher 22:49, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Population statistics off-topic?
I removed the information that you have now reinserted into the article on the Scandinavian population in the U.S. because it doesn't belong in an article about Norwegian-Americans in particular. If you would like to state that Norwegian-Americans are the most populous group of Scandinavians in the U.S., that is one thing, but to give census data on Scandinavians as a whole is unnecessary and overkill. Everything beyond that first comma has no place in this article. Beginning 21:14, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I for my part would say quite the opposite. The population statistics for Norwegian-Americans as well as Scandinavian-Americans are of relevant informational value to this and any other articles on Sc.-Americans (although naturally the statistics on N.-Americans as such would be exchanged with the other immigrant descendant groups for those other articles, I'd guess). I hope we can agree that the value of such statistics lies*, among other things, in the clear and NPOV language of concrete data contrary to general statements. --Wernher 22:49, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * (* No pun! Really!)

Treaty of Kiel?!
I am unaware that the treaty of Kiel and union with Sweden contributedt to, and much less caused, emigration from Norway. As far as I know, religious intolerance was unchanged to improved in the course of the union, and everything I've read indicates that economic necessity was the main driver in the latter part of the 19th century. I'm not going to revert that introduction, but I also think it needs to be changed. Also, we don't typically refer to modern-day Norwegians as "Norse" or "Norsemen." --Leifern 14:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Second that! Due to Norway not beeing industrialized yet, the younger sons who did not inherit a farm would take the oportunity to get a farm on their own i America. This is the main reason of the norwegian emigration.. Could he/she who wrote the part about the Kiel treaty pleace show some evidence or remove?--Njård 10:51, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It is patent nonsense, and so removed. --Thorsen 15:37, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

White American template
This doesn't sit well with me. I'm not going to rush to revert, but I'd like to get a bit more of an explanation about it. --Leifern 23:48, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The particular choice of terms, White American is charged; it is typically used by white supremacists. If so, I suspect most Norwegian Americans would prefer you not include us in your category. Why not use European American? Williamborg 00:49, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, if the purpose is to categorize and segment immigrant groups, we can do better than the term "white" - it can be done by phase of immigration, motivation for emigration, as well as the geographical origin. Race - whatever that means - is probably the least meaningful distinction. --Leifern 01:36, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Norwegian as a language used in USA today
If anyone know anything about it, it would be very interesting to see where the Norwegian language exists as a primary language in USA today (not including people born in Norway, and people to work there/recently moved). Perhaps also some names of towns where the use of the Norwegian language is more used than the average town. I read somewhere on Wikipedia that 81,000 (or something like it) uses Norwegian as a primary language in USA toda, but can't seem to find any place where these 81,000 people live. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.187.190.50 (talk) 09:46, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Some more pics?
Just a suggestion but perhaps it would be prudent to add a few other people to the two pictures on the template? As it is now it appears as if all Norwegian Americans are stunning Hollywood actresses. I think someone like John Ashcroft (though not so popular), Elliot Ness, or one of the Nobel prize winners would nicely complement the set. JRWalko 02:43, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

The picture box area is completely out of control. Erik the Red ( Talk ) 12:52, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Deletion vote
Please see Deletion_review/Log/2007_August_31. Badagnani 01:10, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Deletion review discussion
Please see the deletion review discussion here. Badagnani 18:37, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Norwegian-Americans in the infobox
I believe we should remove the picture of Marilyn Monroe from the infobox, as it's very disputed whether or not Martin Edward Mortensen was in fact her father. If he was not, which is quite likely, Monroe is probably not a Norwegian-American. We should replace her picture with one of Karl Rove, who is a self-identified Norwegian-American, or/and John Ashcroft, both quite famous politicians. --Aqwis 16:33, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. - Jorunn (talk) 19:36, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

What about Renée Zellweger? Is she part Sami American, part Norwegian American or part both? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bgagaga (talk • contribs) 04:49, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

James Cagney, Celeste Holm - even Mary-Kate_and_Ashley_Olsen have far far greater connections to Norway than half the pictures in that box. Someone needs to edit this by putting less pictures but those with closer connections. The pictures are pretty poor in choice. I have altered the Monroe box to include that her Norwegian parentage is unspecified. I have also added some names of actors with immediate Norwegian family ties like Lance Henriksen and Kristanna Loken. Torcello (talk) 14:58, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

The picture box needs to be changed. Why are there over 30 pictures? I think other ethnicities have around 10~15, which is what we should aim for. And why are there pictures of buildings? This article is about people, not flags in random buildings throughout the US. Right now these are the *people* listed, and I've put some of my thoughts on if I think they should be included in the next pictures. A lot of these people I don't know, but it seems like we have a lot of politicians, especially from the 19th century. The pictures should focus on whose made an impact on the world from a variety of fields. Avikakol (talk) 22:00, 11 May 2011 (UTC)
 * E. Ness - not include, others are more important
 * W. Mondale - include
 * K. Rove - include
 * I. Pop - include
 * K. Nelson - not include (I don't think we need to include every 19th century politician with Norwegian ancestry...)
 * L. Anderson - maybe? just to include more diversity in fields, but I'm thinking no
 * H. Humphrey - include
 * K. Rockne - no
 * S. Gurie - include
 * E. Sevareid - maybe
 * E. Warren - maybe
 * E. Bakken - maybe
 * L. Eder ·
 * E. F. Kvamme ·
 * H. C. Heg ·
 * J. E. Hexum ·
 * R. Hilton ·
 * S. Struthers ·
 * E. Paulsen ·
 * J. Thune - I would say no, too many other politicians
 * M. Groening ·
 * J. Connelly ·
 * K. Kener ·
 * C.B. Anfinsen ·
 * P. Presley ·
 * J. Groban ·
 * Beck ·
 * T. Waits ·
 * J. Ashcroft - no? important but I feel like we already have too many politicians here
 * C. English - no, I don't think she's important enough

Large removal prior to discussion and consensus
See. Badagnani (talk) 23:15, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Why did the pictures of all of the Norwegian-Americans in the infobox get removed?? Gabagool (talk) 00:06, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Maybe we have an editor who wants to re-purpose all the fooian American articles so they only include people born in foo who migrated to the US and none of their descendants Hmains (talk) 02:36, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * That would be a different article. The inclusion criteria of the "X American" articles state that such articles include Americans of X ancestry. Bob Costas, for example, is half Greek American, but was not born in Greece, nor was his father. Badagnani (talk) 02:40, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Because none of them are actually sourced as "Norwegian Americans." As said above, Monroe's only identification comes from a surname, Groban has some sort of connection through his mother, Zellwegger has Sami descent (not even Norwegian) at best, etc... Bull dog123  20:25, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, the comment about Renee Zellweger ignores some fundamental problems of ethnic identification in Northern Norway. Because of a great deal of intermarriage between Norwegians, Sami and Finns, it's usually impossible to determine the exact ethnic (as in genetic) background of most people. How a person self-identifies - particularly in the county of Finnmark, where Zellweger's mother is from - has more to do with culture and language, than with blood. Zellweger's grandmother (on her mother's side, obviously) has a Finnish last name, meaning she was almost certainly part of the sizable Finnish minority in Northern Norway. Her grandfather has a Norwegian last name, but both Sami and descendants of Finns have often adopted Norwegian last names, so that could mean anything, really. In any case, most of the Northern Norwegian Finns are descended from people who immigrated to Norway in the mid-19th century or earlier. My point here is to illustrate that genetic descent is often impossible to determine accurately in a Northern Norwegian context, so if blood is the determinant of ethnicity I doubt Zellweger can be accurately placed in the "Ethnicity X-American" scheme. From what little credible information I've been able to find, though, it seems that Finnish American would be the categorization that can be made with greatest certainty if blood is the determinant, whereas Norwegian American would be most reasonable if nationality (as separate from ethnicity, seeing as both Sami and the Finnish minority are Norwegians too, the same way German Americans, Norwegian Americans or Asian Americans are all Americans) or self-identification are the determinants. While it's certainly likely that she's at least partly Sami, simply because so many residents of Finnmark have some Sami blood, I haven't even been able to determine where that claim comes from. Maitreya (talk) 09:13, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Renee Zellweggers mother is Norwegian. She has family in Norway. As does Pricilla Presley and Paris Hilton to name a few. Mortyman (talk) 21:37, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

I would say that at least half of the current pictures in the box should be removed. They are unnecessary and do not improve the article in the slightest. Erik the Red ( Talk ) 12:53, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Nicer person
 == Can you get a nicer (or less disliked) person than Karl Rove to represent us?!?== —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.114.58.46 (talk) 00:01, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Table alignment
I condensed the two tables on Population and Percentage of Norwegian Americans by state into one. I couldn't figure out how to align all the numbered cells to the right, however. I think this will give the table a cleaner look and make the data easier to read. Many thanks. Reade (talk) 07:38, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

List of counties
I think the list of 500 counties are a bit long to say the least.

I vote for removal or reference to outside source.

--Mordekai wiki (talk) 15:15, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I'd say remove to a separate list, with a cut-off line maybe around 20-30%; I see no reason to list 4% etc....and why are some bolded, and others not??Skookum1 (talk) 15:22, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Relations during/after World War II?
No mention of this in article, but another article implies that there was significant support/assistance to Norway from Nowergian Americans during/after World War II. See Øystein Ore:

'During World War II, he was active in the movements "American Relief for Norway" and "Free Norway"'

Maybe someone with knowledge in this area could include?

Cje (talk) 11:01, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Page Messed Up- Any Solutions
Hi, I have been on this page a few times before, and came back to it today to find it with some new problems. It has almost doubled in length, as well as in pictures, both in the "Famous Norwegian Americans" section, some of which aren't people, to random shots of people on vacation. Before I do anything, I wanted to know if the community had any ideas on how to fix this problem. Feel free to comment Zobango (talk) 20:33, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Proposal to ban user-created montages from Infoboxes
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Ethnic_groups. Bull dog123 09:35, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

opening lede: Ethnic group with heritage, or simply a list of people of a certain biological descent?
There is a dispute on the opening sentence: is this about an ethnic group or not. Is it about cultural heritage or is it only about biological descent. The article itself covers both --both people of Norwegian descent and their cultural heritage. Look at the reliable sources such as Ethnicity on Parade: Inventing the Norwegian American Through Celebration By April R. Schultz (1994) or Norwegian American Women: Migration, Communities, and Identities (2011). The Norwegian language in America: A study in bilingual behavior (1969) by EI Haugen - 1969; Neighboring: Discovering support systems among Norwegian-American women (1981) by AM Aamodt, DA Messerschmidt; ] In America the Men Milk the Cows: Factors of Gender, Ethnicity and Religion in the Americanization of Norwegian-American Women (1991) by LDA Lagerquist. The scholars talk about celebration, communities, identities and behavior. They obviously go far beyond the question of biological descent. Our job here is to follow the reliable sources, To cover the whole story as the scholars see it and not to narrow the article to a list of people. Anyway in and out on ethnicity, should take a look at the standard scholarly source: Stephan Themstrom, ed. Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups (Harvard UP 1980). Rjensen (talk) 16:22, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

Caption for "Notable People" photo
As the caption stands now:
 * "This patriotic fantasy in flag was given to the American friend, violinist and composer Ole Bull (1818–1880) as a gift from The New York Philharmonic Society. The flag of Norway has been the U.S. star banner that the union mark instead of the Norwegian-Swedish "Sildesalaten"."

I'm guessing something has been lost in translation here, but I don't want to make uninformed changes. Does anybody have any insight into this flag and what it means?

Washiwiki (talk) 19:57, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sofieantonsen.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norwegian Americans


text: User:MasqueOfTheRedDeath

title: User:MasqueOfTheRedDeath


text:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (in case citations, S.D. Ohio) is one of two United States district courts in Ohio and includes forty-eight of the state's eighty-eight counties—everything from the Columbus area southward. Appeals from the court are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit at Cincinnati (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States Attorney's Office of the Southern District of Ohio represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. , the United States attorney is Kenneth L. Parker.

Divisions
The court is divided into two divisions.

Eastern Division
The Eastern Division, which sits in the Joseph P. Kinneary United States Courthouse at Columbus, serves the counties of Athens, Belmont, Coshocton, Delaware, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Gallia, Guernsey, Harrison, Hocking, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Licking, Logan, Madison, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Morrow, Muskingum, Noble, Perry, Pickaway, Pike, Ross, Union, Vinton, and Washington.

Western Division
The Western Division sits at both Cincinnati and Dayton. Cases from the counties of Adams, Brown, Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, Highland, Lawrence, Scioto, and Warren are heard at Cincinnati in the Potter Stewart United States Courthouse. Cases from the counties of Champaign, Clark, Darke, Greene, Miami, Montgomery, Preble, and Shelby are heard at Dayton.

History
The United States District Court for the District of Ohio was established on February 19, 1803, by. The act of authorized one judgeship for the court. The district court in Ohio, not being assigned to a judicial circuit, was granted the same jurisdiction as U.S. circuit courts, except in appeals and writs of error, which were the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. By the act of February 24, 1807,, the authority of the Ohio district court to exercise the jurisdiction of a U.S. circuit court was repealed, and Ohio was assigned to the newly organized Seventh Circuit. It also provided for a U.S. circuit court for the District of Ohio. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on February 10, 1855, by. The district judge serving the District of Ohio, Humphrey H. Leavitt, was reassigned to the Southern District of Ohio.

On July 23, 1866, by, Congress reorganized the circuits and assigned Ohio to the Sixth Circuit. Additional judgeships were created in 1910, 1937, 1966, 1970, 1978, 1984, and 1990.


text:
Sidney Buckwold

Sidney Labe Buckwold, (November 3, 1916 – June 27, 2001) was a Canadian politician, soldier, and businessman. Buckwold served as a Senator for 20 years and as mayor of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, for 11 years in two separate tenures.

Early life
Buckwold was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba to Harry Buckwold and Dorothy Friedman in 1916. The family moved to Saskatoon in 1925, where Buckwold attended Buena Vista School, Nutana Collegiate and the University of Saskatchewan, before going to Montreal and receiving a Bachelor of Commerce from McGill University. Afterwards, he returned to Saskatoon and worked for his father's dry goods store, Buckwold’s Ltd.

During the Second World War he served as an officer with the Canadian Army Service Corps from 1942 to 1945. After the war he returned to Saskatoon and Buckwold's Ltd.

Saskatoon City Council
Buckwold was first elected to Saskatoon City Council as an alderman in 1953. When John D. McAskill resigned as mayor in 1958, Buckwold ran to replace him, and was elected mayor. Buckwold was the first Jewish mayor in Saskatoon's history.

Buckwold himself resigned as mayor in 1963 in order to run as a Liberal candidate in the federal election in the Saskatoon riding. He lost to the Progressive Conservative candidate, Henry Frank Jones. He ran again in the 1964 by-election after Jones' death, but lost again, this time to Jones' widow, Eloise.

In 1967, Buckwold returned to the mayor's office, and served in the role until 1971. During his time in office, Buckwold help to lay the groundwork for a revitalization of downtown Saskatoon by moving the Canadian National Railway lines outside of the city. In their place the city constructed a new cultural centre, Centennial Auditorium, and a shopping centre. The federal government was so impressed with this successful vision of urban renewal that it began providing grants to other Canadian cities to move rail lines out of core urban areas. Outside of the downtown core, Buckwold established the Mendel Art Gallery, which would be the city's main gallery well into the twenty first century. He also oversaw the construction of the city's first freeway and the Idylwyld Bridge.

Buckwold was generally known as a booster of Saskatoon, and another former Senator from Saskatchewan, David Tkachuk, credited Buckwold with taking "a sleepy prairie agricultural town and imbu[ing] it with spirit and pride." To help raise the profile of the city, he brought the Canada Winter Games to Saskatoon in 1971, for which the city constructed a small ski hill.

Canadian Senate
In 1971, he resigned again as mayor, this time to accept an appointment to the Canadian Senate on the recommendation of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. A Liberal, he served as Government Whip in the Senate and as Vice-Chairman of the National Liberal Caucus, and he became affectionately known as "Senator Sid." However, he was an advocate for Senate reform, arguing in favour of an elected Senate with better regional representation and less partisanship. He served as a Senator until retiring in 1991 at age 75.

Personal life and legacy
Buckwold married Clarice Rabinovitch in 1939 and they had three children named Jay, Judy, and Linda. He remained active in community life for many years, serving with organizations such as Community Chest and the Rotary Club, and he was a founding member of the local branch of the Canadian Diabetes Association.

Buckwold received numerous honours throughout his life and career. He was named Saskatoon Citizen of the Year in 1971. In 1982, he received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Saskatchewan. In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was also made an honorary Colonel of the North Saskatchewan Regiment for his military service.

Buckwold died on June 27, 2001, aged 84. After his death, the City of Saskatoon renamed the Idylwyld Bridge, which was built during his time as mayor, to Senator Sid Buckwold Bridge in his honour. Buckwold Cove in the Arbor Creek neighbourhood and Sidney L. Buckwold Park in East College Park also bear his name.

title: Sidney Buckwold


text: User talk:65.95.110.141

title: User talk:65.95.110.141


text:
Subgame

In game theory, a subgame is any part (a subset) of a game that meets the following criteria (the following terms allude to a game described in extensive form):

 * 1) It has a single initial node that is the only member of that node's information set (i.e. the initial node is in a singleton information set).
 * 2) If a node is contained in the subgame then so are all of its successors.
 * 3) If a node in a particular information set is in the subgame then all members of that information set belong to the subgame.

It is a notion used in the solution concept of subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, a refinement of the Nash equilibrium that eliminates non-credible threats.

The key feature of a subgame is that it, when seen in isolation, constitutes a game in its own right. When the initial node of a subgame is reached in a larger game, players can concentrate only on that subgame; they can ignore the history of the rest of the game (provided they know what subgame they are playing). This is the intuition behind the definition given above of a subgame. It must contain an initial node that is a singleton information set since this is a requirement of a game. Otherwise, it would be unclear where the player with first move should start at the beginning of a game (but see nature's choice). Even if it is clear in the context of the larger game which node of a non-singleton information set has been reached, players could not ignore the history of the larger game once they reached the initial node of a subgame if subgames cut across information sets. Furthermore, a subgame can be treated as a game in its own right, but it must reflect the strategies available to players in the larger game of which it is a subset. This is the reasoning behind 2 and 3 of the definition. All the strategies (or subsets of strategies) available to a player at a node in a game must be available to that player in the subgame the initial node of which is that node.

Subgame perfection
One of the principal uses of the notion of a subgame is in the solution concept subgame perfection, which stipulates that an equilibrium strategy profile be a Nash equilibrium in every subgame.

In a Nash equilibrium, there is some sense in which the outcome is optimal - every player is playing a best response to the other players. However, in some dynamic games this can yield implausible equilibria. Consider a two-player game in which player 1 has a strategy S to which player 2 can play B as a best response. Suppose also that S is a best response to B. Hence, {S,B} is a Nash equilibrium. Let there be another Nash equilibrium {S',B'}, the outcome of which player 1 prefers and B' is the only best response to S'. In a dynamic game, the first Nash equilibrium is implausible (if player 1 moves first) because player 1 will play S', forcing the response (say) B' from player 2 and thereby attaining the second equilibrium (regardless of the preferences of player 2 over the equilibria). The first equilibrium is subgame imperfect because B does not constitute a best response to S' once S' has been played, i.e. in the subgame reached by player 1 playing S', B is not optimal for player 2.

If not all strategies at a particular node were available in a subgame containing that node, it would be unhelpful in subgame perfection. One could trivially call an equilibrium subgame perfect by ignoring playable strategies to which a strategy was not a best response. Furthermore, if subgames cut across information sets, then a Nash equilibrium in a subgame might suppose a player had information in that subgame, he did not have in the larger game.

title: Subgame


text:
File:Primus Miscellaneous Debris.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Primus album Miscellaneous Debris.

title: File:Primus Miscellaneous Debris.jpg


text:
Forest Hill Community High School

Forest Hill Community High School (FHCHS) also known as Forest Hill or The Hill, is a coeducational public high school in West Palm Beach, Florida with an enrollment of 2,457 students. The school is a part of the School District of Palm Beach County.

History

The school opened as Forest Hill High School in 1959; it is situated next to the West Palm Beach Country Club and I-95 in the southwestern corner of the City of West Palm Beach on a compact 17.38 acre tract. A larger building replaced the original structure on the same site in 2004. The school was first accredited in 1961. In the 1980s, the Palm Beach County School Board added the word Community to the names of all public high schools. Forest Hill is a public school for students in the local community, and for those coming from afar to the magnet programs held at the school.

Academics
The school's attendance boundaries encompass a culturally diverse area with a high percentage of non-native speakers of English. In order to expand the opportunities available to its student body, the school initiated many magnet programs: Information Technology, International Baccalaureate, Environmental Science, Engineering, Tourism and Hospitality, Criminal Justice and Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps. In 2008, the Tourism and Hospitality magnet program introduced a marketing club, DECA, into its program; and in 2009, the club opened up the school's first alternative breakfast cafe called Falcon Cafe, run by its members and officers.

The school also offers English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) and Exceptional Student Education (ESE). The basic classes are: English, Math, Social Studies, Science, Foreign Language, Art, Physical Education, Culinary, and Woodwork.

Athletics

 * Football: Varsity & Junior Varsity Runner up 1986 & 1987
 * Football Cheerleading: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Basketball Cheerleading: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Swimming: Boys & Girls
 * Boys Volleyball: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Girls Volleyball: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Bowling: Boys & Girls
 * Tennis: Boys & Girls
 * Baseball: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Cross Country: Boys & Girls
 * Track: Boys & Girls
 * Softball
 * Flag football
 * Boys Soccer: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Girls Soccer: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Boys Basketball: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Girls Basketball: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Boys Wrestling: Varsity & Junior Varsity
 * Girls Wrestling: Varsity & Junior Varsity

The school ended their 37-game football losing streak on October 23, 2009. The Varsity Falcons beat Spanish River 12-7. They had the longest losing streak in the state with 43 games from 1999-2003. The win was only fifth in the decade for Forest Hill. The game was won on Forest Hill's Senior night, the last home football game for the 2009-2010 season, except for the homecoming game, which was held on November 6, 2009.

Notable alumni

 * Stephanie Abrams, meteorologist who joined at The Weather Channel in 2003
 * Ottis Anderson, National Football League player who earned Most Valuable Player honors at the 1991 Super Bowl (Class of 1975)
 * Susan Backlinie, stuntwoman and animal trainer, best known as the shark attack victim in the opening scene of Jaws (Class of 1964)
 * Jeff Fischer, former Major League Baseball player (Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Dodgers) (Class of 1981)
 * Eddie Gaillard, Major League Baseball player (Class of 1988)
 * Jarrod Jablonski, technical diver and record-setting cave diver (Class of 1987)
 * Jorge Labarga, Justice of the Florida Supreme Court
 * Aaron Neubert, Los Angeles based architect and educator; founding principal of ANX and Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (Class of 1989)
 * J.P. Soars, blues singer, guitarist, songwriter and record producer. In 2021, he was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the 'Contemporary Blues Male Artist' category.
 * Ken Stone, National Football League player (Class of 1968)
 * Robby Thompson, Major League Baseball player (Class of 1980)
 * Harry Winkler, University of Florida basketball player 1965-67, 1972 and 1976 US Olympic Handball player (Class of 1963)
 * Mike Wood, former Major League Baseball player (Oakland Athletics, Kansas City Royals, Texas Rangers) (Class of 1998)

title: Forest Hill Community High School


text:
Talk:Old World sparrow

"Lists of Miscellaneous Information Should Be Avoided"
I came to this page hoping to find out more about the cultural associations of sparrows and was happy to find the section on literary references. Please don't get rid of this section just because of a blanket dislike of lists. —KillerDeathRobot (talk) 06:06, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

White-crown
This article may be useful in future just to back up someones edit to the mail article. I hestate to put it in the main article as i am not sure of this statement. "Professor Gary Rose, of the University of Utah, US, found that white crown sparrows learned a complete song, in the correct order, despite only ever hearing overlapping segments of it." Remind me of another story about a dog that turned out to be very problematic
 * That article is about a New World sparrow. This article is about Old World sparrows. --Evice 23:05, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Literature
Moved the Sparrows in Literature section back here from House Sparrow, since it concerns sparrows generically, and this is where you would naturally think to find it. Oliverkroll 21:28, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Lifespan?
What is the average lifespan of a Sparrow?

Online art store link
The link that has been repeatedly added to this article, while possibly well intentioned, is link spam. It should not be included under WP:EL. If you think I am wrong, please make your case here. Be prepared to state what the link adds to the article that would not be redundant if Sparrow were brought up to featured article standards. --Selket Talk 08:42, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The link has only been added twice, as far as I can see, and only to this article. If it becomes persistent, then I think the assumption of good faith looks a little shaky, and I'll take steps to prevent it. jimfbleak 08:51, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Sparrows as food
I'm not sure which species it is that is consumed, but I'm assuming it's House Sparrow since they are fairly commonplace. This occurs in China and Japan, but I don't want to put anything in the articles without knowing for sure which species it is. Robin Chen 04:49, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Most common?
Article should answer the question: Is this the most common bird worldwide? Tempshill 17:06, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The most common wild bird is Red-billed Quelea, most common including non-wild is chicken, 05:37, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * That depends upon the definition of "most common". I wouldn't treat a bird that is common to only one part of one continent as the "most common" in the world.  I would consider "most common" to be a function of both range and population -- something like "most commonly seen in most parts of the world" The Red-billed Quelea may be the most abundant bird species, but is it actually more abundant than the total population of all the species of Old World sparrow? Dfoxvog (talk) 14:49, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Chirping Sparrow?
Does anyone know the Latin name for the Chirping Sparrow? (80.216.88.241 (talk) 18:46, 5 July 2008 (UTC))

 * I think you mean Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina, an American sparrow jimfbleak (talk) 05:13, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Source for putting Plocepasser and others in Passeridae
I'd like to update the sparrow article properly, so I'd like to know your source for putting Plocepasser in Passeridae. The one you gave in a hidden note is about the lice of Malagasy warblers, and does not discuss sparrows or weavers. —innotata 14:34, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The following place the genera in question in the Passeridae: IOC, IUCN, Zoonomen, and ITIS.  I see Clements has it in Ploceidae.  I went with consensus, since we don't have a single standard.....Pvmoutside (talk) 17:31, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The ITIS is using a rather old taxonomy (it isn't updated much, and I remember being strange in some areas), and I think the IUCN is the same; Zoonomen just displays the taxonomies of the "Peters Checklist, H&M 3rd ed., and CBBM" and the IOC is very fast to adopt proposed changes. The HBW (2009) places the genera in Ploceidae, and discusses the taxonomic issues. That doesn't make a "consensus" of sources, I think, so I'm not sure we should adopt this in taxoboxes. At any rate the article should discuss the genera in question in general, which is what I'll add if it's not clearer. —innotata 20:47, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Parent Species
"According to Luis Allende and colleagues, sparrows seem to have a parental species (Petronia petronia). They are not closely related to American sparrows or finches.[10][11]" Doesn't that make the whole family polyphyletic to a single species? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.140.89.178 (talk) 04:18, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

Feral
Probably need some content mentioning their "feral" status is some locations.

Chris Fletcher (talk) 17:52, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old World sparrow


text:
Yank (disambiguation)

Yank is a shortened form of Yankee, a slang term for an American.

Yank or Yanks may also refer to:

Sports teams

 * Boston Yanks, a National Football League team from 1944 to 1948
 * New York Yanks, a National Football League team in 1950 and 1951, originally the Boston Yanks
 * New York Yankees, a Major League Baseball team nicknamed the "Yanks"
 * An infrequent nickname of the United States men's national soccer team

Arts and entertainment

 * Yanks, a 1979 film
 * The Yank, a 2014 American comedy film
 * Yank!, an off-Broadway play about homosexual soldiers in World War II
 * Yank, a 1940s comic book superhero - see Yank & Doodle
 * Billy Yank, a protagonist in the 1950s comic strip Johnny Reb and Billy Yank

People

 * Yank (nickname)
 * Yank Porter (c. 1895–1944), American jazz drummer

Transportation and vehicles

 * USS Yank (SP-908), a US Navy patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919
 * Yank (automobile), an unsuccessful American sports car produced in 1950
 * Yank, nickname for the Queensland AC16 class locomotive
 * The Yank, nickname of the prototype for the Waveney-class lifeboat

Other uses

 * Yank, the Army Weekly, a magazine for American soldiers during World War II
 * Yanks Air Museum, Chino, California
 * Yank (physics), a rarely used unit in physics

title: Yank (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Bruce89

Infobox 2
Thanks for the contributions to the Metacity article, but I've changed it back to the original software infobox. Here's why... on the discussion page of another article.. Thanks again, and I hope you can improve the article further. - Motor (talk) 17:20, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Your prose on Talk:Ubuntu (Linux distribution)
It would really help the project if you could be both more polite and detailed in your comments. Many thanks. - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 18:37, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I suppose so. bruce89 18:45, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Replacing my edit
Fine. I like a personal note over a template, myself. I haven't told anybody to go away before, but edit warring on Wikipedia... well. Bishonen | talk 11:54, 26 June 2006 (UTC).
 * Sorry, I have merged the two together, I just thought it was a bit rude. bruce89 11:56, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

.NET framework
I appreciate your edit. If you would, please continue to monitor the topic and step in with your own opinions ( on talk:) anytime. Leotohill 17:25, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I will add it to my watchlist. bruce89 17:26, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Dartford
I know the vandal in person, and I am being personally targeted (my user page, various other pages that I edit, etc). Unless you can suggest another way to deal with it, forgive me a bit of impatience while I just sit there and revert his edits without stooping to his level. Thanks for your time. Jdcooper 17:20, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

85.227.10.132
I've been watching over this ip's talk page, and noticed you thought they were the person who edited, or "vandalised", yours. I'm sorry for not using proper Wiki User Talk Page etiquette on your page; it was me who remarked about your rude comment on that ip's talk page. From what I know, that ip is an exit gateway for the Tor network. Again, sorry for causing the hassle. I just thought that the last sentence of your remark on that page stuck out, and was unprofessional and rude, even though the user is a vandal/zombie.
 * Yes, you are right, that's why I changed it. I will not do it again.  I just assumed it was the person whose page I was rude on.bruce89 13:02, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the version number bump on Metacity.
The Wednesday Island 22:36, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I do try to keep things up to date around here, so don't mention it. bruce89 22:36, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Nautilus latest version
Hello Bruce89. According to the official site, it seems that the latest Nautilus version is still 2.12.0, and not 2.16.0. I do not use this file manager, so I did not reverted your edit yet. Please confirm anyway. Thank you. Amux 09:59, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That page is completely out of date. The GNOME FTP site states that 2.16.0 has been released, which is stable as it's minor revision number is even. bruce89 11:39, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Epiphanywebbrowser.png
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Epiphanywebbrowser.png, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. OsamaK 15:50, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Metacity
Can you include a link to the Metacity blog somewhere on Metacity? Possibly some of the posts on there might be good for citations, too. Also, the infobox says it doesn't know what the first release number was; it was 2.4.13, as you can see from the NEWS file. Marnanel (talk) 16:08, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I've put a link in the "External Links" section, I suppose it could be put somewhere more prominent. I'm slightly unsure about the initial release, as FTP would suggest that 2.4.2 was the first. I wonder if technically it should be one of the 2.3.x series, but they appear to have disappeared. bruce89 (talk) 12:53, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Mozilla
see GTK+ discussion —Preceding unsigned comment added by Efa2 (talk • contribs) 09:21, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

SUL
OK
 * It.wiki username Bruce89 is now available for your SUL account. Ciao, Ary29 (talk) 07:05, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being minor in the usual way.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. With the script in place, you can continue with this functionality indefinitely (its use is governed by WP:MINOR). If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 19:03, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Thames measurement
Well, that is not what I see. I see this:

Thames Measurement, also known as Thames Tonnage, is a system for measuring ships and boats. It was created in 1855 by the Royal Thames Yacht Club, and was designed for small vessels, such as yachts. It was originally used for calculating the port dues for yachts; the formula was also used in some early handicapping systems for yacht racing.[1] It is a variation of Builder's Old Measurement.

The calculation of Thames Tonnage uses the following formula:

Failed to parse (unknown error): \text{Thames Tonnage} = \frac {(\text{length}-\text{beam}) \times \text{beam} \times \frac {\text{beam}}{2}} {94}

where:

length is the length, in feet, from the stempost to sternpost;

beam is the maximum beam, in feet.

This can be simplified as:

Failed to parse (unknown error): \text{Thames Tonnage} = \frac {(\text{length}-\text{beam}) \times \text{beam}^2} {188}

So something is wrong Fiddle   Faddle  13:47, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Doesn't cause an error here, but I'll leave it alone anyway. is a amsmath macro, perhaps that's what the issue is. bruce89 (talk) 14:01, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Please see File:Screen shot of Thames Measurement page.png, which is the screenshot I took of the page just now. The prior version does not exhibit this. Please nominate the file for deletion after you have viewed and made use of it, there is no reason to retain it in Wikipedia.
 * I have noi idea of the syntax. Might I suggest you self revert and ask for other eyes to look at the problem? Fiddle   Faddle  14:03, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Math tag replacements
Hey, there seems to be a problem with the characters you used in the math tags in Vertical pressure variation. Did the old version work for you? I'm getting a "Failed to parse(lexing error)". You might want to watch out for those characters you used and see if they work in preview. --EoD (talk) 09:00, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for October 19
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited 2014–15 European Rugby Champions Cup pool stage, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Jonathan Joseph. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 08:56, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C

 * You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.

Dear Wikimedian,

You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process.

This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the U4C Charter.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,

RamzyM (WMF) 23:18, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bruce89