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Royal Anglian Regiment

The Royal Anglian Regiment (R ANGLIAN) is an infantry regiment of the British Army. It consists of two Regular battalions and one Reserve battalion. The modern regiment was formed in 1964, making it the oldest of the Line Regiments now operating in the British Army, and can trace its history back to 1685. The regiment was the first of the large infantry regiments and is one of the three regiments of the Queen's Division.

Formation
The regiment was formed on 1 September 1964 as the first of the new large infantry regiments, through the amalgamation of the four regiments of the East Anglian Brigade:
 * 1st (Norfolk and Suffolk) Battalion from the 1st Battalion of the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk)
 * 2nd (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire) Battalion – 1st Battalion, 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire)
 * 3rd (16th/44th Foot) Battalion – 1st Battalion, 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot)
 * 4th (Leicestershire) Battalion – 1st Battalion, Royal Leicestershire Regiment.

The Royal Anglian Regiment was established to serve as the county regiment for the following counties:

 * Bedfordshire
 * Cambridgeshire
 * Essex
 * Hertfordshire
 * Leicestershire
 * Lincolnshire
 * Norfolk
 * Northamptonshire
 * Rutland
 * Suffolk

Initially formed of seven battalions (four regular and three Territorial Army), the regiment was reduced in 1975 with the loss of the 4th (Leicestershire) Battalion to three regular battalions and three TA. The regiment was reduced again in 1992 to two regular and two TA battalions with the loss of the 3rd (16th/44th Foot) and 5th Battalions.

The remaining Territorial battalion of the regiment, the East of England Regiment was re-designated on 1 April 2006 as the 3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment as part of the reforms.

Northern Ireland
The regiment carried out a series of tours-of-duty throughout "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland.

Yugoslav Wars
During the Yugoslav Wars, the 2nd Battalion was deployed to Bosnia in April 1994 as part of the United Nations peacekeeping force UNPROFOR. During the tour, Corporal Andrew Rainey became one of the first ever non-officers to win the Military Cross, for his actions during a heavy contact between 3 Platoon, A Company and a Bosnian Serb Army unit on the confrontation line in the north of the Maglaj Finger.

Croatia
In 1995 the 1st Battalion was sent to Croatia as part of 24 Airmobile Brigade between July and October of that year. The Vikings returned to the UK having suffered no casualties.

Sierra Leone
Shortly after British forces intervened in Sierra Leone during its civil war, the 2nd Battalion briefly joined the IMATT force in June 2000 to help train the Sierra Leonean armed forces.

Operation Fingal
In March 2002, a majority of the 1st Battalion were sent to Afghanistan as part of Operation Fingal which involved military leadership and the provision of a 2,000-strong contingent to coalition forces in Afghanistan. The Battalion was based in the capital Kabul as part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The following 2 February Battalion's A Company were posted to Kabul and were replaced by C Company in June.

Operation Herrick
From March to September 2007, as part of 12th Mechanised Brigade, 1st Battalion was deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Herrick 6. This deployment was the subject of the Sky One documentary Ross Kemp in Afghanistan, broadcast in January/February 2008. A book has also been written by a former commanding officer about the battalion on this tour, Attack State Red, published by Penguin. They were stationed in Helmand Province. The fighting attracted much media attention due to the ferocity of the combat, with soldiers often having to resort to using bayonets. The battalion suffered nine casualties during its tour, five from attacks and four accidental.

In a reported friendly fire incident, on 23 August 2007, one of a pair United States Air Force F-15E fighter aircraft called in to support a patrol of the 1st Battalion in Afghanistan dropped a bomb on the same patrol, killing three men, and severely injured two others. It was later revealed that the British forward air controller who called in the strike had not been issued a noise-cancelling headset, and in the confusion and stress of the battle incorrectly confirmed one wrong digit of the co-ordinates mistakenly repeated by the pilot, and the bomb landed on the British position 1,000 metres away from the enemy. The coroner at the soldiers' inquest stated that the incident was due to "flawed application of procedures" rather than individual errors or "recklessness".

With very little notice the 1st Battalion would deploy again to Helmand Province in late 2009 where soldiers from 1st Battalion saw action guarding checkpoints in the Nad-e-Ali area, in central Helmand province later in the year. Deploying alongside them were elements of the sister 3rd Battalion, who deployed to Afghanistan as part of 11 Light Brigade in October 2009.

The 1st Battalion and elements of 3rd Battalion again deployed to Afghanistan as part of 12th Mechanised Brigade in March 2012 as part of Operation Herrick 16 in the closing stages of the conflict.

Iraq
In 2005, 1st Battalion undertook a tour in Iraq as part of Operation Telic 6 where the battle group was responsible for the Basra Rural South area of operations. C (Essex) Company was detached to act as a Brigade Operations Company and was involved in several high-profile arrest operations.

In Spring 2006, 2nd Battalion deployed to Iraq as part of Op Telic 8 and formed Basra City South Battlegroup. C (Northamptonshire) company was detached to operate as part of Force Reserve and was involved in many high-profile arrest and strike operations. During the tour the regiment mourned the loss of two soldiers; on 13 May 2006 Privates Joseva Lewaicei and Adam Morris died as a result of injuries sustained from a roadside bomb attack in Basra. A third soldier was badly injured.

Cyprus
In autumn 2017 the 2nd Battalion Royal Anglian Regiment deployed to Cyprus, assuming the role of Regional Standby Battalion and was held at very high readiness to deploy anywhere in the world. It returned to Kendrew Barracks in August 2019.

In summer 2021 the 1st Battalion deployed to Cyprus and, as with the 2nd Battalion in the years before, assumed the role of Regional Standby Battalion to be ready to deploy anywhere in the world. Elements of the battalion were deployed at short notice on Operation PITTING, helping to recover British nationals and Afghan refugees following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban.

Recent history
On 9 October 2019, 100 men from C and D companies marched through Haverhill and received the freedom of the town. The battalion was led by their commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Phillip Moxey MBE. In 2020 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, members of the regiment helped assist the NHS for testing of COVID-19 patients, and provided checkpoints throughout London in collaboration with the Grenadier Guards. 1 Royal Anglian also helped build NHS Nightingale London, a temporary critical care hospital.

Regimental museum
The Royal Anglian Regiment Museum is based at Duxford in Cambridgeshire.

Regimental ethos
The regimental ethos is as follows: "We are a county based Regiment bound together by a closely-knit family spirit. Our approach is classless, based on mutual respect and trust, where developing and believing in our soldiers is paramount. We are a forward looking, self-starting and welcoming team for whom the mission remains key."

Structure
In 1995, each battalion renamed its companies in order to perpetuate its lineage from the old county regiments. The current structure is as follows:

1st Battalion, The Royal Anglian Regiment 'The Vikings'

 * A (Royal Norfolk) Company
 * B (Suffolk) Company
 * C (Essex) Company
 * D (Cambridgeshire) Company

The 1st Battalion operates in the light infantry role as part of British Forces Cyprus and is based in Alexander Barracks in Dhekelia, Cyprus. Following the Future Soldier announcements, the 1st Battalion will move to Kendrew Barracks, Cottesmore as part of 11th Security Force Assistance (SFA) Brigade and re-role to a Security Force Assistance (SFA) role. This move will see the 1st and 2nd Battalions based together for the first time in the Regiment's history.

2nd Battalion, The Royal Anglian Regiment 'The Poachers'

 * A (Royal Lincolnshire) Company
 * B (Royal Leicestershire) Company
 * C (Northamptonshire) Company
 * D (Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire) Company
 * HQ (Rutland) Company

The 2nd Battalion operates in the Light Mechanised Infantry role, as part of 7th Infantry Brigade, and is currently based at Kendrew Barracks.

3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment "The Steelbacks"

 * 1 (Norfolk) Company
 * 2 (Leicestershire & Northamptonshire) Company
 * 3 (Essex) Company
 * 4 (Lincolnshire) Company
 * HQ (Suffolk & Cambridgeshire) Company

The 3rd Battalion operates in the light infantry role under 7th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters East and is based at Bury St Edmunds.

Under the new rotations announced in Future soldier the 2nd Battalion will continue to rotate as a resident unit of British Forces Cyprus.

Battalion nicknames
The battalion nicknames are as follows: The Vikings – 1st Battalion

The nickname stems from the late 1960s when the Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion, The 1st East Anglian Regiment Lt Col A F Campbell, MC said it described the Nordic influence on the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The nickname stuck, was adopted by the 1st Battalion on formation, and is still widely used today.

The Poachers – 2nd Battalion

This stems from the Regimental March, The Lincolnshire Poacher, of one of their predecessors, the Royal Lincolnshire Regiment.

The Steelbacks – 3rd Battalion

This was the nickname of the 58th Regiment of Foot, later the 2nd Battalion the Northamptonshire Regiment. It was subsequently the nickname of the former 5th (Volunteer) Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment. It stems from Private Hovenden of the 58th being described as a 'Steelback' after a flogging in 1813.

Marches
The regimental marches are as follows:
 * Regimental quick march: Rule Britannia and Speed the Plough – the former inherited from the Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Regimental slow march: The Northamptonshire

Regimental days
The regimental days are as follows: The Regiment The 1st Battalion The 2nd Battalion
 * 1 September – The Royal Anglian Regiment Formation Day
 * 1 August – Minden Day
 * 27 July – Talavera Day

Celebrated by the individual battalions (in date order)

 * 2nd Battalion: 10 February – Sobraon Day
 * 1st Battalion: 17 March – St Patrick's Day
 * 1st Battalion: 25 April – Almanza Day
 * 2nd Battalion: 25 June – Hindoostan Day
 * 1st Battalion: 27 June – Dettingen Day
 * 1st Battalion: 22 July – Salamanca Day
 * 2nd Battalion: 27 July – Talavera Day
 * 1st Battalion: 1 August – Minden Day
 * 2nd Battalion: 13 August – Blenheim Day

Uniform
Uniforms are as follows:
 * The Cap badge : The Cap badge consists of The Garter Star, a silver star of eight points, denoting the Royal status of the Royal Anglian regiment. Mounted upon which, is the castle of Gibraltar with a scroll inscribed 'ROYAL ANGLIAN' in gold. The Suffolks, Essex and Northamptonshire Regiments served at the Great Siege of Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, the key identifies that Gibraltar was the "key to the Mediterranean".

 * Beret : The 1st Battalion the Royal Norfolk Regiment joined 24th Guards Independent Brigade Group in 1942; the Guards Officers wore a khaki beret and the Norfolks adopted it at the time. The beret went out of use after the war but was re-adopted in 1960, and has continued in use. It was adopted by the rest of the Royal Anglian Regiment in 1970 and the wearing of it extended to warrant officers. The regiment complete went to khaki berets in 1976.

 * The Black Patch :The black patch behind the cap badge commemorates the burial of Sir John Moore at Corunna in 1809 by officers and men of the 9th of Foot (which later became the Norfolk Regiment, the rearguard of the withdrawing British Expeditionary Force.

 * Tactical recognition flashes (TRFs) : The 1st Battalion wear the red and yellow Minden Flash. It originates from the Suffolk Regiment who adopted it after Dunkirk; it symbolises the red and yellow of the roses at the Battle of Minden. The 2nd Battalion wear the black, yellow, black of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment. The 3rd Battalion wear the Regimental colours, blue, red and yellow.

 * Eagle : The Salamanca Eagle is worn on the left sleeve on No. 1 and No 2 dress tunics. It is a replica of the French 62nd Regiment's French Imperial Eagle standard which was captured by the 2/44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Salamanca during the Peninsular War. The Eagle is mounted on a backing of Pompadour Purple, representing the 3rd Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment (The Pompadours) disbanded in 1992. The British Army captured a total of six of Napoleon's Eagles (two at Salamanca, two at Madrid and two at Waterloo), four of which were taken with bayonet. The original Eagle is still held in the Essex Regiment Museum and is displayed in the 1st Battalion on Salamanca Day.

 * Collar Badges : The 1st Battalion wear a figure of Britannia superimposed on a Castle and Key. Britannia was awarded to the Royal Norfolk Regiment for service at the Battle of Almansa and the castle was the cap badge of the Suffolk Regiment, commemorating the siege of Gibraltar. The 2nd Battalion wear the Sphinx with underneath a scroll inscribed 'TALAVERA'. The Sphinx is from the Royal Lincolnshire Regiment, for service in Egypt, 'TALAVERA' is from the Northamptons' famous victory at that battle. The 3rd Battalion wear the cap badge as their collar badge.

 * Lanyards : The lanyard of the 1st Battalion is yellow from the Royal Norfolk Regiment. The 2nd Battalion wear black to commemorate the Northamptonshire Regiment. The 3rd Battalion wears the black and primrose yellow lanyard of the former Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment.

 * Buttons : All ranks wear the Royal Leicestershire Regiment buttons, a tiger surrounded by an unbroken laurel wreath. The Tiger is in memory of the Regiments distinguished campaign service in India, the wreath commemorates the Battle of Princeton in the American War of Independence.

Band
The first trace of a band within the Northamptonshire Regiment was recorded in 1798, during which a "German bandmaster was engaged". Military bands have continued in this regiment over the years after Territorial Army battalions of the former regiments were affiliated were merged. In 1986, the first women were recruited into the band from the Women's Royal Army Corps. In 1996, the 5th Battalion of the Royal Anglian Regiment was reorganized with the regimental Council electing to keep the band, under the name of the Band of the Royal Anglian regiment following the amalgamation of the Regular Royal Anglian bands into the Bands of the Queen's Division.

Alliances
The regiment's alliances are as follows:
 * 🇨🇦 – Lincoln and Welland Regiment
 * 🇨🇦 – Essex and Kent Scottish
 * 🇨🇦 – Lake Superior Scottish Regiment
 * 🇨🇦 – Sherbrooke Hussars
 * 🇦🇺 – Royal Tasmania Regiment
 * 🇳🇿 – Auckland (Countess of Ranfurly's Own) and Northland Regiment
 * 🇵🇰 – 5th Battalion, The Frontier Force Regiment
 * – 1st Battalion, The Royal Malay Regiment
 * – Barbados Regiment
 * – Chief Makhanda Regiment
 * – General de la Rey Regiment
 * – Royal Bermuda Regiment
 * 🇬🇮 – The Royal Gibraltar Regiment
 * 🇧🇿 – The Belize Defence Force
 * – HMS St Albans (F83)

The Royal Bermuda Regiment
The Royal Anglian Regiment has a unique relationship with the Royal Bermuda Regiment (RBR), a Territorial battalion of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda (which was designated an Imperial fortress until the 1950s,               with the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda reduced to a base in 1951, the naval Commander-in-Chief of the America and West Indies Station abolished with the station in 1956, and the Bermuda Command Headquarters and all regular units and detachments of the garrison withdrawn in 1957). Although the Royal Bermuda Regiment is usually described as an affiliated regiment, its relationship to the Regiment is more akin to that of one of Royal Anglian's own TA battalions. The Royal Bermuda Regiment sent troops to the Western Front, to support the Lincolnshire Regiment in June, 1915, during the First World War. From the 1990s, senior NCOs were loaned to the Royal Bermuda Regiment for the duration of its annual recruit camps, with one attached to each platoon of its training company.

Popular culture
In 1989, the Band and fifty members of the old 3rd Battalion were featured in the opening and closing sequences of BBC historical sitcom Blackadder Goes Forth with the band, men and actors Rowan Atkinson, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, Tony Robinson and Tim McInnerny dressed in World War I period uniforms marching to "The British Grenadiers" and the Blackadder theme song. It was shot on location at the former Colchester Cavalry Barracks.

title: Royal Anglian Regiment


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Woodie Flowers

Woodie Claude Flowers (November 18, 1943 – October 11, 2019) was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His specialty areas were engineering design and product development; he held the Pappalardo Professorship and was a MacVicar Faculty Fellow.

Flowers was known for co-creating FIRST, a youth organization known primarily for operating FIRST Robotics Competition and other student engineering competitions. Working with inventor Dean Kamen, Flowers helped design the organization's competition structure based loosely around his 2.70 class at MIT.

Early life
Flowers was born in Jena, Louisiana on November 18, 1943, and named after his grandfathers Woodie and Claude. His father, Abe Flowers, was a welder and inventor; his mother, Bertie Graham, was an elementary-school and special education teacher. Flowers had a sister, Kay. As a boy, he showed mechanical aptitude like his father, Abe, and he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. When he was seventeen, he and four friends were driving on Louisiana Highway 127 when they were hit head-on by another vehicle that was traveling at about 100 mph. The collision killed two people in Flowers' vehicle and one in the other. The event ingrained his self-described "genetic opposition to violence" and his "fierce, vocal loathing of any spectacle that involves crashing pieces of machinery into each other with deliberate force."

1961–1973: Education
Flowers initially expected not to attend college, but at the advice of a high school teacher he attended Louisiana Polytechnic Institute under a disability scholarship, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1966. He then attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), earning his M.S. (1968), M.E. (1971), and PhD (1973) under the direction of Bob Mann. His thesis, titled "A man-interactive simulator system for above-knee prosthetics studies," was on a robot-like prosthetic knee inspired by Mann's Boston Arm.

1974–1987: MIT Professor
After receiving his doctorate, Flowers began as an assistant professor at MIT, working with Herb Richardson on the "Introduction to Design and Manufacturing" class. Known by its course number as 2.70 (now 2.007), the class featured a design competition to build robotic mechanisms to accomplish a given challenge. Flowers took over the class in 1974, developing it into one of the most popular classes at MIT. He redesigned the challenge every year, always trying to make it more complex and exciting for students. The competition was televised several years on the PBS show Discover: the World of Science. The competition became akin to a sporting event, and was even jokingly referred to as MIT's true homecoming game. In 1987, Flowers handed the class over to Harry West.

Discover: the World of Science changed its name to Scientific American Frontiers in 1990, and Flowers served as its host until 1993 when he was replaced by Alan Alda.

1990–2019: FIRST
In 1990, Flowers began working with Dean Kamen on FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), a project to inspire a culture that celebrates science and technology. Taking elements from 2.70, they created the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) in 1992, which evolved into an international competition involving 3,647 teams and serving more than 91,000 students as of 2020. Flowers introduced the phrase "gracious professionalism" to FIRST, an idea which has since pervaded FIRST literature and culture. Flowers served every year as National Advisor to FIRST. He was active at FIRST events, working as an MC and being treated along with Kamen "like heroes."

At the 2017 VEX Robotics World Championship, Woodie Flowers was inducted into the STEM Hall of Fame.

FRC Woodie Flowers Award
In 1996, the FIRST Robotics Competition created the Woodie Flowers award, which was awarded to Flowers that year. In years since, the award has served as a way for FRC teams to recognize distinguished adult mentors. At each FRC regional competition a Woodie Flowers Finalist Award (W.F.F.A) is presented to one nominee, qualifying them for the Championship Woodie Flowers Award (WFA) presented at the FIRST Championship.

Later career
Flowers was a "Distinguished Partner" at Olin College, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2007, he received a degree honoris causa from Chilean university Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello.

Personal life
Flowers married Margaret Weas, who he met at Louisiana Tech University, in 1967. Flowers was known for having an eclectic selection of hobbies, including wildlife photography, scuba diving, unicycling, skydiving, and trapeze.

Death
Flowers died on October 11, 2019, at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston following complications from aorta surgery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Woodie Flowers


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Oregonia

Oregonia may refer to:
 * Oregonia, Ohio
 * Oregonia (crab), a genus of crabs
 * Oregonian Biogeographic Province

title: Oregonia


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M. K. Raina

Maharaj Krishen Raina (born 10 February 1948), popularly known as M. K. Raina, is an Indian theatre actor and director. Raina graduated from National School of Drama in 1970 with the Best Actor award.

Early life
Maharaj Krishna Raina was born on 10 February 1948 in the city of Srinagar of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Union of India. Maharaj completed his college in Srinagar and then moved to NSD in Delhi on a state scholarship. Raina, born into a Kashmiri Pandit family, comes from a family background of doctors and engineers. His father was a political activist this influenced Raina into social activism.

Theatre and drama
After graduating from the National School of Drama in 1970, Raina commenced on his work in Indian parallel cinema 27 Down, in which he also plays the lead role of "Sanjay". He has produced over 150 plays in 12 languages.

As an actor, he has worked in more than a hundred plays. He has directed several memorable productions like Kabira Khada Bazar Mein, Karmawali, Pari Kukh, Kabhi Na Chooden Khet and The Mother, Bhanbhatt Ki Atmakatha, Godan, Muavze, Tum Saadat Hasan Manto Ho, Badshah Pather, Stay Yet A While, Baaki Itihaas, Hiroshima, Hatya Ek Aakar Ki, The Great Trial. His production encompass the works of Sanskrit classic plays, folk theatre and classic international playwrights like Shakespeare, Ibsen, Chekov, Lorca, Brecht. Andha Yug, which he directed, was performed in Berlin and the Festival of India in the USSR. He was a Fellow and also produced Jasma Odan at Hawaii University in 1986. His films as actor include 27 Down, Satah Se Uthta Aadmi, Ek Ruka Hua Faisla, Tamas, Titli, Genesis, Tarang, Ankur Maina aur Kabootar, Taare Zameen Par, Rab Ne Banadi Jodi, Aisha, Noor, Lakshya, Teen Aur Aadha, Exchange Offer (short). He has also acted in the acclaimed web series The Forgotten Army for Amazon Prime.

Cultural activist
Besides being a practising actor/director in theatre and media, he is known also as a cultural activist. Raina believes that culture is a counterpoint to the violence and terrorism around us.

Academia
He has been a visiting director at the National School of Drama, Hyderabad Central University, IIT Hyderabad and Chhattisgarh among others.

He was the Scholar in Residence at Jamia Milia Islamia. He was also Fellow at the Stanford University (USA).

Awards
He has received the Sanskriti Samman in 1980, the Sahitya Kala Parishad Award in 1981, Best Director of the year by West Bengal Government 1982 and the Best Director's award of Punjabi Akademi, Delhi in 1987.

M. K. Raina received the Sangeet Natak Akademi award in 1995 and the Swarna Padak from the Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir in 1996 for his contribution to Indian Theater.

He was also awarded one of India's highest theatre awards, the B. V. Karanth award for lifetime achievement in 2007.

The Delhi Government awarded him the Hindi Akademi Shikhar Samman in 18.

Filmography

 * Tanaav (2022)
 * Gangubai Kathiawadi (2022)
 * Prassthanam (2019) as Jaiprakash Kedar
 * Three and Half/Teen Aur Aadha (2018) as Old Man
 * Noor (2017) as Noor's father
 * Aisha (2010) as Aisha's father
 * Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) as Taani's father (Special Appearance)
 * Taare Zameen Par (2007) as Principal - Boarding School
 * Lakshya (2004) as Romi's father (Special Appearance)
 * Main Azaad Hoon (1989) as Newspaper employee
 * Genesis (1986) as The trader
 * Ek Ruka Hua Faisla (1986) as Juror #7
 * New Delhi Times (1986)
 * Aghaat (1985)
 * Giddh: The Vulture (1984) as Masterji
 * Tarang (1984) as Abdul
 * Tasveer Apni Apni (1984) (TV) as Office Manager
 * Satah Se Uthata Aadmi (1980) as Keshav
 * 27 Down (1974) as Sanjay
 * Kasba (1991) as Kashinath

title: M. K. Raina


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Orthosie

Orthosie may refer to:

 * The Greek goddess of prosperity, one of the Horae
 * Orthosie (moon), a small moon of Jupiter

title: Orthosie


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Osceola Township

Osceola Township may refer to:

 * Osceola Township, Stark County, Illinois
 * Osceola Township, Clarke County, Iowa
 * Osceola Township, Franklin County, Iowa
 * Osceola Township, Houghton County, Michigan
 * Osceola Township, Osceola County, Michigan
 * Osceola Township, Renville County, Minnesota
 * Osceola Township, Camden County, Missouri
 * Osceola Township, St. Clair County, Missouri
 * Osceola Township, Pennsylvania
 * Osceola Township, Brown County, South Dakota, in Brown County, South Dakota
 * Osceola Township, Grant County, South Dakota, in Grant County, South Dakota

title: Osceola Township


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GetRight

GetRight is a shareware download manager developed by Michael Burford. Burford's company, Headlight Software, first published the program in 1997. At the time of its release, one of GetRight's defining features was its ability to resume an interrupted download.

Download manager
GetRight is able to pause and resume downloads, download from multiple servers to speed up download time (segmented file transfer), scheduling the starting and stopping of downloads and shutting off the computer or disconnecting the modem when the downloads have finished. It is also able to integrate with Microsoft's Internet Explorer, and Mozilla Firefox with the FlashGot extension. It features support for the BitTorrent protocol, Metalink, and podcast support, along with built-in verification MD5 and SHA-1 checksums. In its time it was a well known download manager.

License modes
Version 6 is available in two license modes: Standard and Pro. "Standard" is the continuation of previous versions, while "Pro" contains new features like: upload capability, using scripts for programming its tasks, a simple web server (called "Web Access"), ability to act as a proxy server or work in a Client/Server mode when using two or more computers in a network.

title: GetRight


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Chowan

Chowan is a variation of the name of the Chowanoke American Indian tribe in North Carolina. It may refer to:

 * Chowan, the original name of the USS Crusader
 * Chowan County, North Carolina
 * Chowan River, in Virginia and North Carolina
 * Chowan University, in Murfreesboro, Hertford County, North Carolina
 * Chowan River Formation, a geologic formation in North Carolina.

title: Chowan


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Phlooblem

Phlooblem was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Probably vandalism—Trevor Caira 15:48, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC) No! its all true! Saul Emery 15:49, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely vandalism, as confirmed by the last comment ("No! its all true!"). Kappa 16:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. Disputed notice posted. Andrewa 17:22, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedied. Google has no idea what a "phlooblem" is. Article was garden variety vandalism and, additionally, likely libelous. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 21:46, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Category talk:Hertzsprung-Russell classifications

Name
Would it be more useful (from the perspective of Category:Stars to rename this Category:Stars by H-R classification? (You could go with Category:Stars by Hertzsprung-Russell classification, but it seems like the abbreviation would be easy enough to understand.) -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 15:49, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Westminster City Council

Westminster City Council is the local authority for the City of Westminster in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in London. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2022. Full council meetings are generally held at Westminster Council House, also known as Marylebone Town Hall, and the council has its main offices at Westminster City Hall on Victoria Street.

History
Whilst an important centre of royal authority from Saxon times, Westminster was not formally incorporated as a borough for local government purposes until 1900. However, it was declared a city in 1540.

From 1856 the area of the modern borough was within the area governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works, which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London. From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards. One such district was initially called the Westminster District, which was renamed the St Margaret and St John Combined Vestry in 1887. In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs, including Westminster (which inherited Westminster's city status), Paddington and St Marylebone, each with a borough council.

The larger London borough called the City of Westminster and its council were created under the London Government Act 1963, with the first election held in 1964. For its first year the council acted as a shadow authority alongside the area's three outgoing authorities, being the metropolitan borough councils of Westminster, Paddington and St Marylebone. The new council formally came into its powers on 1 April 1965, at which point the old boroughs and their councils were abolished. In 1966 the city was granted the dignity of having a lord mayor.

The council's full legal name is "The Lord Mayor and Citizens of the City of Westminster", but it is generally known as Westminster City Council.

From 1965 until 1986 the council was a lower-tier authority, with upper-tier functions provided by the Greater London Council. The split of powers and functions meant that the Greater London Council was responsible for "wide area" services such as fire, ambulance, flood prevention, and refuse disposal; with the boroughs (including Westminster) responsible for "personal" services such as social care, libraries, cemeteries and refuse collection. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 and its functions passed to the London Boroughs, with some services provided through joint committees. Westminster became a local education authority in 1990 when the Inner London Education Authority was dissolved.

In the late 1980s, the under the leadership of Conservative councillor Shirley Porter, the council was involved in the homes for votes scandal. In marginal wards, the council moved the homeless elsewhere, and sold council homes to groups who were more likely to vote Conservative. On investigation, the policy was ruled to be illegal, and it was revealed that some of the homeless had been rehoused in condemned accommodation. After leaving office, Porter was found guilty of wilful misconduct and ordered to repay £36.1million; a payment of £12.3million was eventually accepted.

Since 2000 the Greater London Authority has taken some responsibility for highways and planning control from the council, but within the English local government system the council remains a "most purpose" authority in terms of the available range of powers and functions.

Powers and functions
The local authority derives its powers and functions from the London Government Act 1963 and subsequent legislation, and has the powers and functions of a London borough council. It sets council tax and as a billing authority also collects precepts for Greater London Authority functions and business rates. It sets planning policies which complement Greater London Authority and national policies, and decides on almost all planning applications accordingly. It is a local education authority and is also responsible for council housing, social services, libraries, waste collection and disposal, traffic, and most roads and environmental health.

Political control
The council has been under Labour majority control since 2022. Prior to that the council had been under Conservative majority control since the creation of the current authority in 1965.

The first election was held in 1964, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1965. Political control of the council since 1965 has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of Lord Mayor of Westminster is largely ceremonial. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1965 have been:

Composition
Following the 2022 election the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2026.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2022 the council has comprised 54 councillors representing 18 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

Premises
The council has its main offices at Westminster City Hall on Victoria Street in the Victoria area. It was designed by Burnet Tait & Partners on a speculative basis, and completed in 1966. Full council meetings are held in the council chamber of Marylebone Town Hall on Marylebone Road, built in 1920 for the former Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone, one of the council's predecessors.

Notable councillors

 * Diane Abbott (Labour, Harrow Road 1982–86), MP for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987
 * Nickie Aiken (Conservative, Warwick 2006–22), MP for Cities of London and Westminster 2019–24
 * Edward Argar (Conservative, Warwick ward 2006–15), Member of Parliament for Charnwood 2015–24; Melton and Syston since 2024
 * Nicholas Boles (Conservative, West End 1998–2002), MP for Grantham and Stamford, 2010–19
 * Muriel Bowen (Conservative, Baker Street 1964–68), councillor for Battersea South on London County Council
 * Peter Bradley (Labour, Millbank 1986–96), MP for The Wrekin, 1997–2005
 * Sir Ashley Bramall (Labour, Alderney 1964–68), MP for Bexley 1946–50 and Leader of the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) 1970–81; councillor for Bethnal Green on London County Council, 1961–65 and Greater London Council 1965–86 (also Alderman of former Westminster City Council 1959–65)
 * John Browne (Conservative, Knightsbridge 1974–78), MP for Winchester, 1979–92
 * Karen Buck (Labour, Queen's Park 1990–97), MP for Regent's Park and Kensington North (1997–2010) and Westminster North 2010–24
 * Melvyn Caplan (Conservative, Little Venice 1990–), leader of the council 1995–2000
 * Greg Clark (Conservative, Warwick 2002–05), MP for Tunbridge Wells 2005–24
 * Neale Coleman (Labour, Maida Vale 1982–90), former senior adviser to Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party
 * Robert Davis (Conservative, Bayswater 1982–86; Lancaster Gate 1986–2018), deputy leader of the council, 2008–18 and Lord Mayor (1996)
 * Anthony Devenish (Conservative, Knightsbridge and Belgravia 2006–), Member of the London Assembly for West Central 2016–2024
 * Andrew Dismore (Labour, Westbourne 1982–97), MP for Hendon 1997–2010, London Assembly Member for Barnet and Camden 2012–21
 * Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative, Regent's Park 1994–2001), MP for Huntingdon 2001–2024
 * Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs (Labour, Westbourne 1971–78), MP for Battersea South (1979–83) and Battersea (1983–87)
 * Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean (Conservative, Churchill 1978–82; Belgrave 1982–83), MP for Stirling 1983–97
 * Trixie Gardner, Baroness Gardner of Parkes (Conservative, Hyde Park 1968–78), first Australian female peer. Councillor on the Greater London Council (GLC), representing Havering 1970–73 and Enfield Southgate 1977–86
 * Mair Garside (Labour, Millbank 1996–98), councillor for Woolwich West on London County Council (1958–61); Greenwich (1970–73) and Woolwich East (1973–86) on Greater London Council
 * Teresa Gorman (Conservative, Millbank 1982–86), MP for Billericay, 1987–2001
 * Illtyd Harrington (Labour, Harrow Road 1964–68, 1971–78; also Harrow Road South 1959–65 on former Paddington Borough Council), deputy leader of the Greater London Council (1981–84) and subsequently GLC chairman (1984–85)
 * Michael Latham (Conservative, Churchill 1968–71), MP for Melton, 1974–83; Rutland and Melton 1983–92
 * Sir Spencer Le Marchant (Conservative, Warwick 1964–71; Victoria 1956–59, Warwick 1959–65 on former Westminster City Council), MP for High Peak 1970–83
 * Barry Legg (Conservative, Regent's Park 1978–91), MP for Milton Keynes South West 1992–97
 * Jonathan Lord (Conservative, Little Venice 1994–2002), MP for Woking since 2010–24
 * Serge Lourie (Labour, Westbourne 1971–74), Social Democratic Party–Alliance councillor in Richmond Upon Thames, 1982–90; Liberal Democrat councillor in Richmond Upon Thames, 1990–2010; Leader of the Council (Richmond) 2001–02 and 2006–10
 * Kit Malthouse (Conservative, St. George's 1998–2002; Warwick 2002–06), Assembly Member for West Central on the London Assembly; MP for North West Hampshire since 2015 and Secretary of State for Education
 * Graham Mather (Conservative, Churchill 1982–86), Member of the European Parliament for Hampshire North and Oxford (1994–99)
 * Francis Maude, Baron Maude of Horsham (Conservative, Bayswater 1978–82; Hamilton Terrace 1982–84), MP for North Warwickshire, 1983–92 and Horsham, 1997–2015
 * Richard May (Labour, Millbank 1971–78), judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 1997–2004; Leader of the Opposition on Westminster Council 1974–77.
 * Sir Simon Milton (Conservative, Lancaster Gate 1988–2008; Hon. Alderman 2008–11), Deputy Mayor of London for Policy and Planning (2008–11)
 * Robert Moreland (Conservative, Knightsbridge 1990–98), MEP for Staffordshire East 1979–84
 * Sir Charles Norton (Conservative, Alderman 1964–71; Grosvenor 1948–62, Alderman 1962–65 on previous Westminster City Council), solicitor
 * David Pitt–Watson (Labour, Maida Vale 1986–90), business and social entrepreneur
 * Olga Polizzi (Conservative, Lancaster Gate 1989–94), hotelier and interior designer
 * Dame Shirley Porter (Conservative, Hyde Park 1974–93), leader of the council 1983–91 and Lord Mayor of Westminster (1991)
 * Murad Qureshi (Labour, Church Street 1998–2006), Member of the London Assembly, 2004–16; former chair of Stop the War Coalition
 * Glenys Roberts (Conservative, West End 1999–2018), journalist
 * Tim Roca (Labour, Harrow Road 2018–) Deputy Leader of Westminster City Council 2022–24; MP for Macclesfield since 2024
 * Philippa Roe, Baroness Couttie (Conservative, Knightsbridge and Belgravia 2006–18), leader of the council 2012–17
 * Lee Rowley (Conservative, Maida Vale 2006–2014), MP for North East Derbyshire 2017–24
 * Nicholas St Aubyn (Conservative, Little Venice 1982–86), MP for Guildford, 1997–2001
 * Michael Shersby (Conservative, Maida Vale 1964–71; also Maida Vale North 1959–65 on former Paddington Borough Council) MP for Uxbridge, 1972–97
 * Ben Summerskill (Labour, Westbourne 1994–98), former chief executive of Stonewall
 * Manuela Sykes (Labour, Churchill 1971–78), lecturer, writer, and public relations adviser
 * Jessica Toale (Labour, West End 2022–) MP for Bournemouth West since 2024
 * David Weeks (Conservative, Warwick 1974–78; St. George's 1978–98), leader of the council 1991–93
 * Anne Weyman (Labour, Little Venice 1978–82), vice–chair of Britain for Europe
 * Miles Young (Conservative, Victoria 1986–98), businessman

title: Westminster City Council


text:
Internet Download Manager

Internet Download Manager (IDM) is a commercial download manager software application owned by American company Tonec, Inc. It is only available for the Microsoft Windows operating system.

IDM is a tool that manages and schedules downloads. It can utilize full bandwidth and contains recovery and resume capabilities to continue downloading files that were interrupted due to a loss of network connection or other unexpected failures. IDM speeds up downloads by splitting the target file into several parts, depending on the file size, then downloading the split files simultaneously. IDM then combines the downloaded split files into a full file.

IDM supports a wide range of proxy servers such as firewalls, FTP, HTTP protocols, cookies, MP3 audio and MPEG video processing. It is compatible with most popular web browsers.

Features

 * Divides downloads into multiple streams for faster downloading.
 * Batch downloads.
 * Import/Export download jobs.
 * Auto/manual updating of download address.
 * Multiple queues.
 * Video downloading from streaming video sites.
 * Authentication protocols: Basic, NTLM, and Kerberos allowing for storage and auto-authentication of user names and passwords.

Reception
Softpedia gave IDM a rating of 5/5 stars, complementing on its convenience, effectiveness and diversity of options. An extended review has been done by Softpedia in March 2014; giving the software 4/5 stars, but criticized IDM for not having released a major version since 2010. An updated review gave IDM a rating of 5/5 stars again.

title: Internet Download Manager


text:
Ruabon

Ruabon (Rhiwabon; ) is a village and community in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The name comes from Rhiw Fabon, rhiw being the Welsh word for "slope" or "hillside" and Fabon being a mutation from St Mabon, the original church name, of earlier, Celtic origin. An older English spelling, Rhuabon, can sometimes be seen.

In 2001, more than 80% of the population of 2,400 were born in Wales, with 13.6% having some ability in Welsh.

Early history
There is evidence that a settlement existed in Ruabon in the Bronze Age. In 1898, building works in the centre of Ruabon exposed a cist or stone urn containing cremated human remains dating from 2000 years BC. In 1917, the remains of a Bronze Age round barrow were discovered on the playing fields of Ruabon Grammar School; they contained human remains, a flint arrowhead and a bronze axe.

Overlooking Ruabon, the Gardden (Caer Ddin) is an ancient hillfort surrounded by circular ditches, dating back to the Iron Age.

The old parish
The ancient parish of Ruabon was made up of the townships of Ruabon (which also included the hamlets of Belan, Bodylltyn, Hafod and Rhuddallt), Cristionydd Cynrig (also known as Y Dref Fawr or Cristionydd Kenrick in English), Coed Cristionydd, Cristionydd Fechan (also known as Y Dref Fechan or Dynhinlle Uchaf), Dinhinlle Isaf; Morton Anglicorum (the “English Morton” or Morton Below the Dyke) and Morton Wallichorum (the “Welsh Morton” or Morton Above the Dyke).

In 1844, Coed Cristionydd and part of Cristionydd Cynrig became part of the new parish of Rhosymedre, and Cristionydd Fechan and Moreton Above became part of the new parish of Rhosllannerchrugog. Later in 1879, Dynhinlle Uchaf and the remainder of Cristionydd Cynrig became the new parish of Penycae.

Ruabon is within the historic county of Denbighshire and, between 1889 and 1974, was administered by Denbighshire County Council. From 1974 until 1996, it was administered as part of Clwyd. From 1996, it has been administered as part of the County Borough of Wrexham.

Wild Wales
In the 1850s the English writer George Borrow toured Wales and wrote an account of his journey in the book Wild Wales:
 * “Rhiwabon … a large village about halfway between Wrexham and Llangollen. I observed in this place nothing remarkable, but an ancient church. My way from hence lay nearly west. I ascended a hill, from the top of which I looked down into a smoky valley. I descended, passing by a great many collieries, in which I observed grimy men working amidst smoke and flame. At the bottom of the hill near a bridge I turned round. A ridge to the east particularly struck my attention; it was covered with dusky edifices, from which proceeded thundering sounds, and puffs of smoke. A woman passed me going towards Rhiwabon; I pointed to the ridge and asked its name; I spoke English. The woman shook her head and replied "Dim Saesneg" (English: "No English"). "This is as it should be", said I to myself; "I now feel I AM in Wales."

The Wynns of Wynnstay
The Williams-Wynn family were major landowners in north and mid-Wales and also across the English border. For centuries they had a great influence on the political, cultural, social and literary life of Wales. Although the family-owned several houses throughout Wales, the seat of the family was at Wynnstay in Ruabon. The fifth baronet became so powerful that he was given the unofficial title of "The Prince IN Wales".

Wynnstay had passed into the possession of the Wynn family (as they were then known) through marriage. The estate, originally known simply as Rhiwabon, was owned by the Eyton family who later changed its name to "Watstay". On inheriting the estate, Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn took on the additional surname of Wynn and commissioned the building of a new mansion, to be known as Wynnstay, to replace the original building. The arms of the Williams-Wynn family show an eagle with the Welsh motto "Eryr Eryrod Eryri" which translates into English as "The Eagle of Eagles of the Land of Eagles", the "Land of Eagles" being Snowdonia and reflecting the family's origins in that part of Wales.

One of Wales’ greatest harpists was under the patronage of the Williams-Wynns. John Parry (“John Parry Ddall, Rhiwabon”) was born in about 1710 on Pen Llyn and was blind from birth. He lived on the Wynnstay estate but spent much of his time at the family's London home where he performed on the Welsh triple harp for London's cultural elite.

Parts of the grounds were landscaped by Capability Brown and the park was regarded as one of the largest and most important in Wales, containing several important monuments: a column by James Wyatt, erected in 1790 as a memorial to the fourth baronet; the Nant y Belan Tower and the Waterloo Tower.

In 1858, the ‘old’ Wynnstay was destroyed by fire, with many valuable manuscripts being lost. Sir Watkin built a new mansion on the same site. During the Second World War the hall and part of the park became the headquarters for the Royal Engineers Survey, a specialist branch of the RE responsible for providing training for sappers who staffed the mobile Map Production units which were part of all British Army operations. RE Survey moved out in 1946. There was also a fire in the stables adjoining the hall during the same War while the hall was used as billeting for officers.

Owing to heavy death duties, the Williams-Wynns moved from Wynnstay to nearby Plas Belan, a house in the estate grounds, and finally left Ruabon forever in 1948, severing a link with Ruabon of over two centuries. Lady Daisy Williams-Wynn continued to live at Belan for much longer than 1948. Much of the estate was put up for sale and the house became a private school, Lindisfarne College (which took its name from the island of Lindisfarne in Northumberland although it had no connection with the island). The school itself closed in bankruptcy in 1994 and the house was converted into luxury flats.

The organ at Wynnstay was built by John Snetzler in 1774 for Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn's London home in St James's Square but was moved to Wynnstay in 1863. During the sale of Wynnstay and its contents, the organ, and many other treasures, were acquired for the nation and are now displayed at the National Museum in Cardiff.

The woodlands within the estate were taken over by the Forestry Commission and the trees were felled and replaced by conifers. Further destruction took place when parts of the estate grounds were built over during the construction of the Ruabon bypass.

Iron works, coal mines and chemical works
The Ruabon area was once heavily industrialised with large deposits of iron, coal and clay. Iron was worked in Gyfelia and Cinders as far back as the Middle Ages but heavy industry dominated the entire parish in the 18th and 19th centuries. Coal was extracted from pits at the Green, Plas Madoc, Plas Bennion, Wynn Hall, Afon Eitha, Cristionydd, Groes, Plas Isaf, Plas Kynaston, Gardden, Brandie, Aberderfyn, Ponkey and Rhos, but many of these were hit by flooding in 1846 and ceased production. Later collieries were built at Wynnstay, Vauxhall and Hafod. Hafod Colliery was sunk in 1867 to replace the former Wynnstay Colliery (whose Engine House and Fan House can still be seen on either side of the B5605 to Rhosymedre) after flooding caused it to close in the 1850s. Hafod, at first called New Ruabon Colliery, was once the biggest employer in the area. It closed in 1968. The colliery's coal tip has since been preserved as Parc Bonc yr Hafod. The last colliery to work the Ruabon coalfield was Bersham, which at once stage connected with Hafod Colliery underground. Bersham Colliery closed in December 1986.

Iron was worked at Ruabon, Acrefair, Cefn Mawr and Plas Madoc, and zinc at Wynn Hall. One of the main companies was the British Iron Company and their successors, the New British Iron Company, who operated ironworks and collieries at Acrefair from 1825 to 1887. In 1867 Robert Graesser, an industrial chemist from Obermosel in Saxony, Germany, established a chemical works at Plas Kynaston in Cefn Mawr to extract paraffin oil and wax from the local shale. This was the start of the long association between the chemical industry and Cefn Mawr.

Much of the mineral wealth of the area was exported by canal over the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct on the Shropshire Union Canal, until the railway reached Ruabon in 1855. The site was later acquired by the American chemical company Monsanto, their first venture in Europe, but in 1995 it was sold and renamed Flexys, a specialist in chemicals and additives for the rubber industry. The site was later operated as Solutia but closed in 2010.

Brick and clay works
At Afongoch there were three clay companies very close together:
 * "Monk & Newell" was situated on the east side of the Ruabon–Wrexham road. It closed in the 1920s and the site was later used for housing (Newell Drive) and the adjacent flooded claypit (Monk's Pool) is now used by a local angling club.
 * The “Ruabon Brick & Terra Cotta Ltd" or "Jenks' Terracotta Works" (or "Gwaith Jinks") was situated on the west side of the Ruabon–Wrexham road (off Tatham Road) but with its original clay pit to the east of the Ruabon–Wrexham road, separated from the Monk & Newell clay pit by the Afon Goch. Founded by the Hague family of the Gardden in about 1883 and managed by Henry Jenks, it produced bricks, chimney pots, finials, cornices and encaustic tiles. It was taken over by Dennis' in the 1960s but closed in the mid-1970s. The works site is now an industrial estate as is the original clay pit.
 * The "Tatham Brick & Tile Works" or "Afongoch & Tatham Tileries" was at Afongoch, on the west side of the Ruabon–Wrexham road, off Tatham Road. Opened about 1860 by Henry Richard Bowers & Co. of Penbedw, Acrefair, it produced bricks, pipes and chimney pots. It closed about 1910 when the clay pit was taken over by Jenks' Terracotta Works. The clay pit is now occupied by a closed landfill managed by FCC Environment.

At Hafod, the Cornish engineer Henry Dennis founded a clay works next to the Hafod Colliery. The Dennis Company became world-famous for its tiles and still operates today.

At Cinders, the "Wynnstay Brickworks" was to the right of the Ruabon–Overton road near Cinders Farm. It produced bricks, tiles and drainage pipes for the Wynnstay estate.

Other large brickworks existed at Pant-yr-Ochain, Rhos, Acrefair, Trefor and Newbridge.

Railways
Ruabon railway station is on the Shrewsbury to Chester line which was formerly part of the Great Western Railway from London Paddington to Birkenhead Woodside. Transport for Wales services operate from Ruabon to destinations including Cardiff, Birmingham, Chester, Llandudno and Holyhead. Former services included the Wrexham & Shropshire service to London Marylebone. The railway here was also the junction to the now-closed Ruabon–Barmouth line, along sections of which now run the Llangollen Railway, Bala Lake Railway and the Mawddach Trail, now a cycle track.

Until the 1960s, most of the local industries were connected to one or other of the main lines, or to the Ruabon Brook Tramway (or one of its branches) which followed a route further North between Trevor and Wrexham via Rhosllannerchrugog.

SS Ruabon
The British merchant ship Ruabon, a steamer of, was captured and sunk by German U-boat SMU U-20 (Germany) on 2 May 1916. The ship was torpedoed about 160 miles/258 km W by S of the island of Ushant in Brittany en route from Seville, Spain to Troon, Scotland. The ship was owned by John Cory & Sons of Cardiff.

Offa's Dyke
Substantial remains of Offa's Dyke (Welsh: Clawdd Offa) can be seen on the western outskirts of Ruabon. This massive earthwork, stretching from Chepstow in the south to Prestatyn in the north, was constructed in the late 8th century by Offa, king of Mercia, as a boundary between Saxon Mercia and Celtic Wales.

Traces of an earlier dyke, Wat's Dyke, can be seen on the eastern side of Ruabon. It would be several centuries before the lands to the east of Offa's Dyke would be returned to Wales.

Governance
Ruabon is also the name of an electoral ward to Wrexham County Borough Council, though the ward only covers the northern part of the community. The southern part of the community (including the south of the Ruabon village) is covered by the Penycae and Ruabon South ward. Each ward elects a county councillor.

Education
Ruabon's first school was the Endowed Grammar School, founded in the early 17th century close to the church. This school later became the Ruabon Grammar School and eventually moved to the outskirts of Ruabon, near Mill Farm. Ruabon Grammar School provided education for boys in the parishes of both Ruabon and Erbistock for several centuries.

In 1922 a girls' grammar school was built, using temporary accommodation, on a site adjacent to the boys' school but they had to wait until 1962 before a permanent school was built nearby. In 1967 both the boys' and girls' grammar schools merged to form Ysgol Rhiwabon, a Comprehensive School.

The Ruabon National School, a Church of England foundation, was built on Overton Road in the late 1840s. It later became St Mary's Church in Wales School and was completely rebuilt on the same site in 1976.

To cope with an expanding population another school was provided by Denbighshire Education Committee on Maes y Llan and opened in 1912. This later became Ysgol Maes y Llan. It was always known as the Council School.

Lindisfarne College, an independent school, moved from Westcliff-on-Sea in Essex to Wynnstay in 1950. The school closed, through bankruptcy, in 1994.

Modern day
The village is home to pubs, small shops and a post office on its high street. A late 17th century prison or lockup still exists next to the Vaults public house. These were common in rural areas in the 18th and 19th centuries often next to public houses where miscreants were detained while awaiting transport to the nearest town. As of July 2012, an old industrial unit on the former Ruabon Industrial Estate has a planning application submitted by developers Capital & Centric Plc for a new supermarket on the disused site, potentially creating 300 jobs for the area. Ruabon is served by the A483 trunk road which bypasses the settlement just to the east.

Notable people

 * See Category:People from Ruabon

 * Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet (1553–1627), Welsh baronet, MP and antiquary.
 * Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet (ca.1692 – 1749), politician and landowner.
 * John Downman (1750–1824), portrait and subject painter.
 * Llewellyn Cadwaladr (1857–1909), operatic tenor, early Gilbert and Sullivan performer
 * Isaac Daniel Hooson (1880–1948), poet and novelist, went to Ruabon Grammar School
 * Howard Saint (1893–1976), First World War flying ace
 * Meredith Edwards (1917–1999), character actor and writer
 * Will Roberts (1907–2000), a Welsh industrial artist and expressionist painter
 * Alex Carlile, Baron Carlile of Berriew (born 1948), barrister, crossbench peer and MP for Montgomeryshire, 1983 to 1997.

Sport

 * Walter Clopton Wingfield (1833–1912), inventor, British Army officer and pioneer of lawn tennis
 * Llewelyn Kenrick (1847–1933), the "Father of Welsh football", born in Wynn Hall
 * Brothers David Thomson (1847-1876) and George Thomson (1853-1937), Wales international footballers
 * Alfred Payne (1849-1927), cricketer, died at Pen-y-Nant
 * Charles Taylor (1863–1915), Royal Navy officer and rugby union player, killed in WWI
 * Ted Hughes (1876-??), footballer with over 150 club caps and 14 for Wales
 * Lloyd Davies (1877–1957), footballer with 345 club caps and 16 for Wales
 * Mark Hughes (born 1963), football manager and former player with 606 club caps and 72 for Wales

title: Ruabon


text:
1604 Tombaugh

1604 Tombaugh, provisional designation, is a rare-type Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1931, by American astronomer Carl Otto Lampland at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. It was named after the discoverer of Pluto, Clyde Tombaugh.

Classification and orbit
Tombaugh is a member of the Eos family that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,920 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins at Flagstaff, one year prior to its official discovery observation at Lowell Observatory. It had been previously identified at Heidelberg as in 1920, and as  in 1930.

Physical characteristics
Tombaugh is classified as an X-type asteroid. It is also classified as a rare XSCU type in the Tholen, and as a transitional Xc type in the SMASS taxonomy.

Rotation period
In April 2010 and November 2012, rotational lightcurves of Tombaugh were obtained from photometric observations at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, and at Bassano Bresciano Observatory, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.047 and 7.056 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 and 0.35 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2+).

These periods supersede previous results obtained by astronomers Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist (1975), Richard P. Binzel (1984) and Krisztián Sárneczky (U=1/2/2).

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Tombaugh measures 28.78 and 32.33 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.138 and 0.104, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0933 and a diameter of 32.25 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.65.

Naming
This minor planet was named for American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh (1906–1997), famous for his discovery of Pluto in 1930. The discovering Lowell Observatory named this asteroid on the occasion of a symposium on Pluto, held in 1980. When Tombaugh examined the photographic plates during the trans-Saturnian search program at the Lowell Observatory, he also marked over 4,000 minor planets on these plates. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5280).

title: 1604 Tombaugh


text: User talk:216.114.232.130

title: User talk:216.114.232.130


text:
Clare Hall

Clare Hall may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Clare Hall, Cambridge, a constituent college of the University of Cambridge
 * Clare College, Cambridge, a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, originally called Clare Hall
 * Clare Hall Manor, a former health facility in Hertfordshire, England
 * Clare Town Hall, Suffolk, a municipal building in Suffolk, England

Elsewhere

 * Clare Town Hall (New York), a museum in Clare, New York, United States
 * Clare Hall, a city in Antigua and Barbuda
 * Clarehall Shopping Centre, in Coolock, Dublin, Ireland

title: Clare Hall


text:
Portage Township

Portage Township may refer to:

Indiana

 * Portage Township, Porter County, Indiana
 * Portage Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana

Michigan

 * Portage Charter Township, Michigan, in Houghton County
 * Portage Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, now the city of Portage
 * Portage Township, Mackinac County, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Portage Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Portage Township, New Madrid County, Missouri

Ohio

 * Portage Township, Hancock County, Ohio
 * Portage Township, Ottawa County, Ohio
 * Portage Township, Summit County, Ohio, defunct
 * Portage Township, Wood County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Portage Township, Cambria County, Pennsylvania
 * Portage Township, Cameron County, Pennsylvania
 * Portage Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania

South Dakota

 * Portage Township, Brown County, South Dakota, in Brown County, South Dakota

title: Portage Township


text:
Pushkar Bhan

Pushkar Bhan (1926 in Srinagar – 5 October 2008 in Delhi ) was an Indian radio actor and script writer from Kashmir, India.

Literary career
He wrote three plays in collaboration with Som Nath Sadhu - Grand Rehearsal (1967), Chapath or Slap (1973) & Nev Nosh or New Bride (1975) & also played a central part in all three. He played the role of villain in first Kashmiri movie "Manzeraat" (1964) along with illustrious actors like Som Nath Sadhu.Other artists in Manzeraat were Omkar Nath Aima. Songs were sung by Raj Begum & Nirmala Chattoo (referred to as Nirmla).

Media career
In 1952, Pushkar joined the All India Radio's Srinagar station as an artist & playwright, and retired as a senior producer in 1985. Bhan acted in Kashmiri films Manziraat (Mehndiraat) & Shayir-e-Kashmir Mehjoor. He has also acted with Bollywood actor Raj Kapoor. His Kashmiri serial Zoon Dab created media history as it was continuously aired every day for nineteen years.

Awards
He was awarded the Padma Shri (1974) and the Sahitya Academy Award (1976) for Machamaa which is a collection of humorous plays.

title: Pushkar Bhan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Milan jilka

Milan jilka
Non-notable (Google: 16). Vanity—Trevor Caira 15:52, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This person is not notable. Tomato 23:26, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity --LeeHunter 01:50, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A high school teacher, not spectacular at that. Delete, vanity. Alphax (talk) 04:01, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Andrewthorniley

JFW | T@lk  15:53, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrewthorniley


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/December 22, 2004


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Serreta (Angra do Heroísmo)

Serreta is a civil parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. Its elevation is approximately 471 m. The population in 2011 was 335, in an area of 14.36 km2. It is the smallest parish in the municipality by population. It contains the localities Canada das Fontes, Canada do Mato, Rossa do Couto and Serreta.

History
The settlement of the western portion of the island, that includes the parish of Serreta, began at the end of the 15th century, when uncultivated lands along the flanks of the Santa Bárbara massif were distributed by João Vaz Corte-Real, then Captain-donatário in Angra. The vast area, which extended from the current parishes of São Bartolomeu dos Regatos until Serreta followed the ravines, giving rise to the toponymic names Cinco Ribeiras, Nove Ribeiras or Doze Ribeiras. The administrative and religious centre of this region then concentrated on the Church of Santa Bárbara, which was established in 1489, and encompassed the communities from Cruz das Duas Ribeiras until Biscoito da Serreta.

The territory of Serreta, being far distant then the other settlements, was the last to be occupied. It was a border region of the parish of São Roque dos Alteres, and populated initially in the area of Ribeira das Catorze by peoples living in the settlement nucleus of Santa Bárbara. This was followed later in the area of Fajã, now uninhabited, which was settled by peoples from the parish of Altares, until the beginning of the 19th century. While the rest of the southwest coast developed around 1510 (except for a few zones, such as Fajã), the territory of Serreta was generally settled much later, during the middle of the 17th century. Generally, the area was still in a natural condition, where a hermit priest began to reside. The poor soils, over pumice (the bagacina branca of Serreta), the altitude and exposure to southwestern winds, made the lands inhospitable and most unproductive on the island. Western farmers from Angra realized the unoccupied spaces could be used to raise cattle, sheep and pigs, but the conditions were inadequate, and the animals raised there were considered worst and weakest on the island.

Yet, over time, some population concentrated in the territory west of the old parish of Santa Bárbara. As a result, the hermitage of São Jorge, situated in Doze Ribeiras, was at the beginning of the 17th century transformed into the parish of Santa Bárbara das Nove Ribeiras, under the direction of Father Francisco Dias Godinho. This parish included all the territory that extended west until Biscoito da Serreta, where the parish bordered Altares (and included Serreta), although Fajã continued to an area connected religiously to the parish of Altares and municipality of the Vila de São Sebastião. At the end 1684, the clergy of São Jorge das Doze Ribeiras began to operate as their own independent parish, with its first vicar, Father Manuel Tristão de Melo, as parish priest. The new parish was limited by the tenth ravine in the district (the Ribeira das Dez), which today remains a division to Santa Bárbara and the cliffs of Peneireiro (in Biscoito da Fajã), where the island extends northwest, separating the Raminho dos Folhadais (which continued to function under the parish of Altares). Consequently, Serreta began to function within this new institution.

Civic

 * Lighthouse of Serreta (Farol da Serreta), located at the Ponta da Serreta, the lighthouse was completed in 1908, after originally being conceived in the late 19th century
 * Serreta Inn (Estalagem da Serreta), designed by architect João Correia Rebelo, the inn was constructed between 1963 and 1969 (and opened on 9 September 1969) to support visitors to the western coast of Angra do Heroísmo, but by the end of the 1980s the inn was abandoned and closed.  During its short history, it hosted French President Georges Pompidou, on the occasion of the 12–14 December 1971 Atlantic Meeting with U.S. President Richard M. Nixon. It was later used by the Associação La Patriache to assist addicts, with the support of the Regional Government, before being bought by Grupo Paim in 1998.  It was classified as a property of public interest by the Regional Government of the Azores on 24 January 2007.

Religious

 * Church of Nossa Senhora dos Milagres (Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Milagres), completed in the 19th century (1852) from the donations of its parochia, but damaged after the 1980 earthquake.

title: Serreta (Angra do Heroísmo)


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Pran Kishore Kaul

Pran Kishore Kaul is a Kashmiri stage personality. In addition to acting, he has directed and written screenplays. He was bestowed from the Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel Sheen Tu Watu Pod. He was one of the founders of the Miltsar Kashmir Music & Dance Group, a group that travels widely with the goal of supporting Kashmiri and Indian arts.

Pran Kishore Kaul is best known as the creator of 1991 Doordarshan television serial Gul Gulshan Gulfaam. He is also a recipient of Siliver peacock for the feature film Maanzirath and was instrumental in major cultural activities that took place in the Kashmir valley since past five decades thus made a unique contribution and place in the field. In 2018, Kaul was awarded with the civilian award Padma Shri.

title: Pran Kishore Kaul


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Randwick

Randwick may refer to:

Australia

 * Randwick, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
 * City of Randwick, a local-government area in Sydney
 * Randwick Racecourse
 * Randwick DRUFC, a rugby-union club in Randwick, New South Wales

New Zealand

 * Randwick Kingfishers, a rugby-league club based in Lower Hutt

United Kingdom

 * Randwick, Gloucestershire, a village

title: Randwick


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/December 23, 2004


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GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro

GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro is a 4-4-0 steam locomotive built in 1903 for the Great Western Railway (GWR) at Swindon Works to a design by George Jackson Churchward. It was partially rebuilt in 1911 and 1915, and renumbered 3717 in 1912. Although it is a point of contention, some believe the locomotive to be the first to attain a speed of 100 mph during a run from Plymouth to London Paddington in 1904.

Construction and modifications
The locomotive was the eighth of a batch of ten locomotives forming part of the GWR 3700 (or 'City') Class, and was delivered from Swindon Works in May 1903. All ten were named after cities on the GWR system; this batch was originally numbered 3433–42, City of Truro being 3440; like most GWR 4-4-0s, they were renumbered in December 1912, this batch becoming 3710–19 of which City of Truro became 3717. The locomotives were fitted with superheaters in 1910–12, City of Truro being so treated in September 1911. This changed its appearance quite noticeably, as it gained a longer smokebox. Most were later given piston valves instead of their original slide valves, City of Truro in November 1915.

Speed record
City of Truro was timed at 8.8 seconds between two quarter-mile posts whilst hauling the "Ocean Mails" special from Plymouth to London Paddington on 9 May 1904. This timing was recorded from the train by Charles Rous-Marten, who wrote for The Railway Magazine and other journals. If exact, this time would correspond to a speed of 102.3 mph; but Rous-Marten's stopwatch read in multiples of $1/5$ second, so the next possible longer time it could register was 9 seconds, corresponding to exactly 100 mph.

Initially, mindful of the need to preserve their reputation for safety, the railway company allowed only the overall timings for the run to be put into print; neither The Times report of the following day nor Rous-Marten's article in The Railway Magazine of June 1904 mentioned the maximum speed. However, the morning after the run two local Plymouth newspapers did report that the train had reached a speed between 99 and 100 miles an hour whilst descending Wellington Bank, Somerset. This claim was based on the stopwatch timings of a postal worker, William Kennedy, who was also on the train.

Rous-Marten first published the maximum speed in 1905, though he did not name the locomotive or railway company:

"On one occasion when special experimental tests were being made with an engine having 6 ft. 8 in. coupled wheels hauling a load of approximately 150 tons behind the tender down a gradient of 1 in 90, I personally recorded a rate of no less than 102.3 miles an hour for a single quarter-mile, which was covered in 8.8 seconds, exactly 100 miles an hour for half a mile which occupied 18 seconds, 96.7 miles an hour for a whole mile run in 37.2 seconds; five successive quarter-miles were run respectively in 10 seconds, 9.8 seconds, 9.4 seconds, 9.2 seconds and 8.8 seconds. This I have reason to believe to be the highest railway speed ever authentically recorded. I need hardly add that the observations were made with the utmost possible care, and with the advantage of previous knowledge that the experiment was to be made, consequently without the disadvantage of unpreparedness that usually attaches itself to speed observations made in a merely casual way in an ordinary passenger train. The performance was certainly an epoch-making one. In a previous trial with another engine of the same class, a maximum of 95.6 miles an hour was reached."

Before his death in 1908, Rous-Marten did name the locomotive as City of Truro. Official confirmation from the Great Western Railway came in 1922, when they published a letter written in June 1905 by Rous-Marten to James Inglis, the general manager, giving further details of the record.

"...What happened was this: when we topped the Whiteball Summit, we were still doing 63 miles an hour; when we emerged from the Whiteball Tunnel we had reached 80; thenceforward our velocity rapidly and steadily increased, the quarter-mile times diminishing from 11 sec. at the tunnel entrance to 10.6 sec., 10.2 sec., 10 sec., 9.8 sec., 9.4 sec., 9.2 sec., and finally to 8.8 sec., this last being equivalent to a rate of 102.3 miles an hour. The two quickest quarters thus occupied exactly 18 sec. for the half-mile, equal to 100 miles an hour. At this time the travelling was so curiously smooth that, but for the sound, it was difficult to believe we were moving at all..."

This sequence of eight quarter-mile timings is thought to start at milepost 173, the first after the tunnel, with the maximum speed at milepost 171.

From 1922 onwards, City of Truro featured prominently in the Great Western Railway's publicity material.

Doubts over the record centre on the power of the locomotive and some contradictions in Rous-Marten's passing times. However, his milepost timings are consistent with a speed of 100 mph or just over. The latest research examines the evidence and uses computer simulation of the locomotive performance to show that a speed of 100 mph was possible but John Heaton and Bill Hemstock's exhaustive research conclude the engine probably peaked at just under 99 mph around milepost 168.

This record was set before any car or aeroplane had attained such a speed. However, in May 1904, City of Truro was not the fastest vehicle in the world, as 130 mph had been reached the previous year on an experimental electric railway near Berlin. An earlier, unconfirmed run of over 100 mph is recorded from 1893 in the US, by New York Central and Hudson River Railroad 4-4-0 locomotive No. 999. This claim has little supporting evidence; for example, unlike City of Truro, there are no timings showing the acceleration up to 100 mph. Even some contemporary American technical journals doubted that such a high speed had been attained: "Many are disposed to receive with doubt the statement that on 9 May the locomotive No. 999 of the New York Central railroad ran at the speed of 100 miles an hour, or that on a subsequent date she ran a single mile in 32 seconds." J P Pearson travelled on the Empire State Express on 10 May 1893 and recorded a speed no higher than 81 mph, still a very respectable speed for the time.

Preservation
After the 1904 speed record, 3440 continued in everyday service until it was rendered obsolete in 1931, being withdrawn from service in March that year. The historical significance of City of Truro led to the locomotive's survival after withdrawal from service, with the GWR's Chief Mechanical Engineer Charles Collett asking that the engine be preserved at the London and North Eastern Railway's Railway Museum at York when it was withdrawn in 1931, after the directors of the GWR had refused to preserve the engine at the company's expense. It was donated to the LNER, being sent from Swindon on 20 March 1931, and was subsequently displayed at the new museum in York. During World War II York was considered to be a likely bombing target so the locomotive was evacuated to the small engine shed at Sprouston railway station (near Kelso) on the Tweedmouth to St Boswells line in the Scottish Borders. In 1957, City of Truro was returned to service by British Railways Western Region. The locomotive was based at Didcot, and was used both for hauling special excursion trains and for normal revenue services, usually on the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton line, and was renumbered back to 3440, and repainted into the ornate livery it carried at the time of its speed record in 1904. It was withdrawn for a second time in 1961. In 1962, it was taken to Swindon's GWR Museum where, renumbered back to 3717 and in plain green livery with black frames, it stayed until 1984, when it was restored for the GWR's 150th anniversary celebrations the following year. After that, it was returned to the National Railway Museum, from where it was occasionally used on main line outings. In 1989, 3440 City of Truro went over to the Netherlands for 6 weeks to represent Great Britain and the National Railway Museum in the 150th anniversary celebrations of the Netherlands railways. It was only by chance that City of Truro made an appearance on the continent as the original choice was LNER A4 Mallard which failed a boiler test. A year later 3440 made a guest appearance in an exhibition called "National Railway Museum on Tour" which visited Swindon in 1990.

The latest restoration to full working order was undertaken in 2004, at a cost of £130,000, to mark the 100th anniversary of the record-breaking run, and the locomotive has subsequently hauled several trains on UK main lines, although due to the lack of certain safety features it no longer operates on the main line.

City of Truro is now based semi-permanently at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway, often hauling trains between Toddington and Cheltenham Racecourse. However, it frequently left its Toddington base to visit other UK heritage railways.

In 2010, as part of the celebrations to mark the 175th anniversary of the founding of the GWR, City of Truro was repainted and took up its 3717 guise once again. This was the first time it had carried an authentic livery for its current state whilst operating in preservation.

City of Truro was withdrawn from traffic at the Bodmin & Wenford Railway in early September 2011 with serious tube leaks, and was moved to Shildon Locomotion Museum and placed on static display. It was back in service in 2012, but in early 2013 the NRM declared the locomotive was to be withdrawn ahead of its boiler ticket expiry due to a hole being discovered in one of its tubes. The NRM did state that they would repair the leaking tubes after they had restored 4472 Flying Scotsman, but after examination it was found that the locomotive required more work than first thought and was unlikely to be operational in the foreseeable future.

In late 2015, City of Truro, along with 'King' No. 6000 King George V, returned to STEAM – Museum of the Great Western Railway (located at the site of the old railway works in Swindon), and both were put on display in preparation for Swindon 175 in 2016, celebrating 175 years since the inception of Swindon as a railway town. Both locomotives are expected to remain at Swindon for five years.

In popular culture
City of Truro is featured as a minor character in the book Duck and the Diesel Engine, part of The Railway Series by the Rev. W. Awdry. The locomotive also appears in the television spin-off Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends. A die-cast model was released in the Ertl range.

City of Truro starred in the 1957-8 serial "Will o'the Whistle" in the D.C. Thomson comic The Wizard, in which it was used by resistance fighters after the Kushanti invasion of Britain.

Models
The erstwhile Kitmaster company produced an unpowered polystyrene injection moulded model kit for 00 gauge. In late 1962, the Kitmaster brand was sold by its parent company (Rosebud Dolls) to Airfix, who transferred the moulding tools to their own factory; they re-introduced some of the former Kitmaster range, including City of Truro. In time, the moulding tools passed on to Dapol who have also produced the model kit.

title: GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/December 24, 2004


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Anglo-Arabian

The Anglo-Arabian, also known as the Anglo-Arab, is a horse breed that originated in France by cross-breeding a Thoroughbred with an Arabian. The Anglo-Arabian has origins tracing back to the Limousin Horse. It was officially recognized by Emperor Louis Philippe I and produced by the Haras National du Pin. The Anglo-Arabian has long legs, a refined head, larger hindquarters, and are most commonly seen in gray, bay, or chestnut. To be recognized as an Anglo-Arabian with the Arabian Horse Association, the horse must have at least 25% Arabian blood. There are no color or height restrictions to be registered. Due to its lineage and physique, the Anglo-Arabian is utilized for sports-related activities such as dressage, show jumping, endurance, and cross-country.

Genetic diseases are possible as the foal is likely to inherit a combination of both parent genes. Genetic testing will help limit fetal DNA exposure and ensure knowledgeable breeding. The most common genetic diseases associated with the Anglo-Arabian lineage include Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Cerebellar Abiotrophy, Lavender Foal Syndrome, and Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation.

Origin
The Limousin horse was a breed that originated from the region of Limousin in France during the Medieval times. They were created by breeding French native mares with imported English Thoroughbreds and a sprinkle of Arabian blood. Although this breed is now extinct, the Limousins were the predecessor of the Anglo-Arabians and significantly influenced the creation of this breed.

In the 1750s, breeders from Normandy, France, bred Syrian imported Arabians with native thoroughbred mares. There is limited documentation on their breeding of the Anglo-Arabians, but the breeders are credited with the first traceable origins as the offspring of these mares were later used to produce the officiated Anglo-Arabians.

In 1833, Emperor Louis Phillipe I passed an ordinance that led to the creation of the French Studbook. The primary aim of the Studbook was to help establish the breeds of horses suitable for race horsing. The Studbook officially recognized English, Arab, and Anglo-Arab horses as suitable breeds. It also served as a valuable resource for those interested in locating the horse's pedigree.

In 1836, the French National Stud Service, Haras National du Pin, began officially breeding Anglo-Arabians. Their service was responsible for maintaining the breedings for private cooperators, and they were highly selective in picking and breeding the most exceptional candidates. They crossed the imported English Thoroughbred mares with Arabians that remained in the country after the French defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours. The service also attempted to crossbreed in the opposite direction, where Arabian mares bred with English sires, but found that the foal was less desirable as the size of the mother’s uterus affects the adult size of the foal.

In 1880, the Anglo-Arabian breed criteria formally established that a horse only needed 25% Arabian blood to be considered an Anglo-Arabian. As long as they have the minimum ratio, they can be registered with the Anglo-Arabian Horse Registry of the Arabian Horse Association (AHA) and are eligible to participate in AHA shows. Horses registered with the Arabian Horse Association will be given the breed brand.

Characteristics
The size and appearance of the Anglo-Arabian breed mix varies depending on their ancestry, just like other breed mixes. On average, they stand between 15.2 and 16.3 hands (62-67 inches, 158-65 cm) tall, which is taller than the average Arabian but just below the height of a thoroughbred. Their body is sturdily built, similar to the thoroughbred, with refined heads that showcase their Arabian lineage. They have a deep chest, round hindquarters, prominent withers, and lengthy legs. The most common colors for the Anglo-Arabian are chestnut, bay, or gray. The Arabian Horse Association accepts any color and height for the breed, but the association requires photos of their coloring to be submitted for registration.

Genetic diseases
Breeding Arabians and thoroughbreds comes with a risk of breed-specific diseases that can be inherited. When breeding Anglo-Arabians, it is vital to prioritize the breed's well-being and genetic health by noting potential health problems. Genetic testing can help identify carriers of these diseases, prevent them from entering the breeding stream, and assist breeders in making informed decisions before breeding. By being mindful of these health concerns, breeders can ensure the breed's continued success. The following diseases are autosomal recessive traits that will lead to the death or euthanasia of the affected foal.

 * Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
 * Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a fatal genetic disorder by a mutation which causes the complete absence of immune cells. The foals will have immunodeficiency, where they will be cease within 4-6 months.

 * Cerebellar Abiotrophy
 * Arabian horses and other horses of Arabian ancestry can inherit a neurological condition called cerebellar abiotrophy (CA), which causes the progressive death of neurons. Affected foals will have head tremors, lack of balance equilibrium (ataxia), and other neurological problems.

 * Lavender Foal Syndrome
 * Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), also known as Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL), is a rare genetic condition that affects foals. This syndrome causes the foals to have a unique pink-gray coat and neurological dysfunctions that hinder their ability to stand and nurse properly. The syndrome is caused by a mutation in the myosin Va (MYO5A) gene. Clinical signs of LFS include seizures, nystagmus, and severe hyperextension of limbs and back (opisthotonos).

 * Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation
 * Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) is a neurological disorder that affects the first two vertebrae of the neck and the base of the skull. This disorder is caused by a deletion in the homeobox D3 gene (HOXD3), resulting in spinal compression, damage to the spinal cord, reduced body coordination, and limited movement of the foal.

Use
The Arabian breed was initially developed to be war horses, known for their great stamina, endurance, and intelligence, which aided their riders on the battlefield. On the other hand, thoroughbreds were primarily bred for racing and show jumping due to their athleticism. Combining these two breeds resulted in the Anglo-Arabian, which is an ideal breed for sports-related activities such as show jumping, cross-country, endurance, or dressage. The best examples of this breed inherit the Arabian's refinement, structure, and endurance as well as the speed and scope of the Thoroughbred.

title: Anglo-Arabian


text: Category:Districts of Kerala

title: Category:Districts of Kerala


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Panchito Pistoles

Panchito Pistoles is a cartoon anthropomorphic rooster created by Fred Moore. He first appeared in the 1944 Disney film The Three Caballeros with his friends Donald Duck and José Carioca. He later appeared in several Disney comics, including a year-long run in the Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip (1944–1945) as well as Don Rosa's comic book stories The Three Caballeros Ride Again (2000) and The Magnificent Seven (Minus 4) Caballeros (2005). He speaks Spanish with a Mexican accent.

Description
Panchito is a friend of Donald Duck and José Carioca. He lives in Mexico and rides on a horse called Señor Martinez. He had some appearances in the television series House of Mouse and in Minnie's Bow-Toons as a MC for a Mexican Fiesta. His first appearance in comics was a self-titled 1943 story in which he met and fell for Clara Cluck. A few months earlier he appeared in a text story titled "La Piñata".

From 1944, Panchito headlined a year-long sequence in the Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip, written by Bill Walsh, with pencils by Paul Murry and inks by Dick Moores.

Panchito's full name is Panchito Romero Miguel Junipero Francisco Quintero González III. Panchito is a nickname for Francisco, which is also his fifth name. The unusually long name is a joking reference to the fact that, in many Spanish speaking countries, people use two surnames (which in some cases are composed of two or more words) and commonly have one or more middle names. This full name was mostly maintained in Legend of the Three Caballeros, only dropping Junipero from his name.

As there is no reference to his surname "Pistoles", some people assume that it is another nickname. The word "Pistoles" does not exist in Spanish, although "Pistolas" would mean guns, specifically handguns or pistols. As a matter of fact, the character is known as "Panchito Pistolas" in the Spanish market.

Señor Martinez
Señor Martinez is the anthropomorphic horse of Panchito Pistolas. Señor Martinez first appeared in a 1944 newspaper strip, written by Bill Walsh and drawn by Paul Murry. Recently the horse made appearances in "The Three Caballeros Ride Again" and "The Magnificent Seven (Minus Four) Caballeros", both stories written and drawn by Don Rosa. However, Don Rosa chose to draw Señor Martinez as a 'realistic' horse, instead of sticking with his more cartoonish original appearance.

Disney theme parks appearances
The merchandise location at Disney's Coronado Springs Resort at Walt Disney World is named Panchito's Gifts and Sundries, and features Panchito's likeness on its sign.

In April 2007, Walt Disney World re-introduced Panchito (along with the second Caballero, José Carioca), in the newly revamped ride at Epcot's Mexico Pavilion with entirely new animation and a new storyline. It has been dubbed "The Gran Fiesta Tour". In the storyline, the reunited Three Caballeros are set to play a show in Mexico City. Donald Duck goes missing, and José and Panchito must search throughout Mexico for Donald as he takes in various sights around Mexico. The animation was apparently directed by Eric Goldberg.

Panchito can also be seen in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World, which opened on April 28, 2008, as well as the Disneyland (in California) version of It's a Small World, installed during major refurbishments between January and November 2008, also as the Tokyo Disneyland version of It's a Small World, installed during major refurbishments between March 2017 and April 2018.

José and Panchito's costumes were extinct at the Disneyland Resort by 2011, but were re-Imagineered for Mickey's Soundsational Parade. They now appear daily with Donald Duck and dancers with a float where Donald is trying to hit a Pinata.

In late 2012, Panchito appears with José and Donald in Disney California Adventure's ¡Viva Navidad! celebration for the holiday seasons.

Aircraft representations

During World War II, the Mexican Escuadrón 201 used Panchito Pistolas as its mascot.

The U.S. Army Air Force operated a North American Aviation B-25J Mitchell, serial number 43-28147, which was named and decorated with the likeness of Panchito as her nose art. She operated with the 41st Bombardment Group in the Central Pacific theater from December 1943 to October 1944 and was eventually scrapped in 1949.

Also the Swedish Air force had a P51 decorated with Panchito. The P51 was called J26 in Sweden and this air craft, "Röd Erik" (Red Erik), belonged to the 3rd division at the 16th wing outside Uppsala. The decoration was painted 1946 by Sture Mattsson.

Today, another B-25J Mitchell, serial number 44-30734, flies as a replica of the original Panchito. Delivered in February 1945, she operated with the U.S. Army Air Force until being sold into civilian service in 1959. Restored in 1986, today she flies with the Rag Wings and Radials airshow performers.

In other media

 * Panchito made guest appearances in House of Mouse, voiced by Carlos Alazraqui. He and José appear in major roles in the episodes "The Three Caballeros" and "Not So Goofy", while in other episodes they are also seen sitting among the club's audience.
 * Panchito appears alongside José in the Mickey and the Roadster Racers episodes "Mickey's Perfector Day!" and "Super-Charged: Daisy's Grande Goal", reprised by Carlos Alazraqui.
 * Panchito and the Three Caballeros make an appearance in the Mickey Mouse episode "¡Feliz Cumpleaños!" as performers at Mickey's birthday.
 * Panchito appears as one of the main characters in the Legend of the Three Caballeros animated series. He is voiced by Jaime Camil. For this incarnation, he does not use pistols and is credited as "Panchito Gonzalez".
 * Panchito appears alongside the other Caballeros in the 2017 DuckTales series, voiced by Arturo Del Puerto. He appears in the episode "The Town Where Everyone Was Nice!", which explains that he, José and Donald performed in a band called "The Three Caballeros" in college, reuniting years later as adults. He returned in the third-season episode, "Louie's Eleven!" to increase the Caballeros' popularity, and makes a cameo in the series finale, "The Last Adventure!"
 * Panchito also has a cameo appearance in the 2023 short film Once Upon a Studio, as part of the Walt Disney Animation Studios characters that take a group photo.

title: Panchito Pistoles