text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/ArmchairVexillologistDon

 * Opened: 16:15, December 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Withdrawn: 22:06, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Reopened: 16:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Reclosed: 23:13, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

RFA withdrawn on 3 September 2005 User:Homey 22:06, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Please do not edit this page directly if you are not a participant in this case. Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on evidence and proposals at /Workshop and voting at /Proposed decision

The parties
This matter concerns a complaint filed by User:Homey against User:ArmchairVexillologistDon.

Reopening
See, for reference, Requests for comment/ArmchairVexillologistDon

Statement of complaint
Don and I are in a dispute at Talk:Red Ensign where Don has resorted to what I believe constitute personal attacks (see also Talk:Red Ensign/Archive 1). Because we talked briefly over email he knows my "real" name. As a result he has googled me and has posted not only my name but excerpts from various items concerning me from the internet. This really has nothing to do with the debate at hand and I contend it consitutes a personal attack and harassment. User:Homey 23:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

'''As per an agreement between myself, AVD and User:SlimVirgin I am now withdrawing my RFA. I request that Arbitrators view this matter as closed.''' User:Homey 22:06, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Statement by affected party
Hello, I am ArmchairVexillogoistDon,

On the morning (Eastern Standard Time) of Thursday Dec 16, 2004, my new home computer of 10 months went down. My Windows XP profile was damaged/wiped out by a possible virus (so the shop tells me). My home computer is still getting fixed, and I am writting from work right now.

Early today, on the morning of Monday, Dec 20, 2004, I had my first access to a computer in 4 days (my work computer). I tried to edit this arbitartion page, but I could not (it seemed as I was locked out). I then wrote to maverick149 about being my seeming to be locked out, and I inqured about who should I write to. Then a short time later, I could now edit this page. I honestly don't know if this was a string of considences, or what, but I am honestly recounting my personal experience of the last 4 days without access to a computer.

My experience with Homey over the

(1). Red Ensign (later a separate Canadian Red Ensign) Page,

THE TWO PROVINCAL RED ENSIGN DESPUTES HAPPENNED IMMEDIATELY after the original national RED ENSIGN DISPUTE settled down.

Homey changed BOTH the Provincal Red Ensign pages of Ontario, and Manitoba right after our "big Red Ensign (of Canada) dispute" petered out. He inserted text (to emphasize earlier) references that stated the Red Ensigns were adopted in 1965 AD, and 1966 AD, respectively.' However, Homeys wording, and later he openly said to me that the Ontario, and Manitoba Red Ensigns DID NOT EXIST until 1965 AD, and 1966 AD, respectively.

(2). Ontario Red Ensign Page,

(3). Manitoba Red Ensign Page

 * Homey Response (on ArmchairVexillologistDon Talk page)

 * I don't know why Don has chosen to ignore the substance of the complaint and spend his time writing on an irrelevent side issue but, in point of fact, what Don says above is wrong. In fact the histories of both the Flag of Ontario and Flag of Manitoba articles show that reference to those flags being adopted in 1965 and 1966 respectively were added to those articles long before Don ever became an editor and were, in fact, added by editors other than me. I edited those articles only to change the Red Ensign link to Canadian Red Ensign. I did revert Don, however, when he subsequently made poor quality edits to those articles. However, given that the references Don is complaining about are, in fact, correct (ie the flags of those provinces were adopted in 1965 and 1966) I don't see the problem if I had added those reference. As point of fact, however, I did not. User:Homey 21:25, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Homey,

You are being "inaccurate".

You specifically said that Ontarios Red Ensign prior to 1965 AD did not exist. I differed with you ardently, and I said that the Ontario Red Ensign did exist from 1868 AD (when the Ontario Coat-of-Arms was granted) until 1965 AD, it was just an unoffical Flag. However it DID EXIST FROM 1868-1965 AD, and THAT IS WHAT I WAS ASCERTING. You rube.

ArmchairVexillologistDonArmchairVexillologistDon 01:36, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

For Review of the Arbitars: A Historical Red Ensign Entry
For your review, I entered the following historical contributions to the Red Ensign page. Would the arbitars please let me what is wrong with this information that I provided? Its all factual, and non-slanted.

RECORDED HISTORY of the Red Ensign Page (9:56 PM EST)

(cur) (last) 02:35, 21 Dec 2004 ArmchairVexillologistDon

(cur) (last) 02:34, 21 Dec 2004 ArmchairVexillologistDon

(cur) (last) 02:32, 21 Dec 2004 ArmchairVexillologistDon

(cur) (last) 02:28, 21 Dec 2004 ArmchairVexillologistDon

(cur) (last) 05:04, 19 Dec 2004 Homey

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ensign#Canada

 * The Red Ensign originated in the 1500's, and had the St. Georges Cross in the Canton, and the background was a red field (Red Ensigns denoted Commerical Colonies, that were supplied by Commerical ships. In contrast to the Blue Ensigns which denoted Government Colonies, that were supplied by Government ships).   In 1603 AD, the Union of the Crowns placed King James IV of Scotland on the English throne, and thus Scotland and England where under the personal union of James I of England.  The Red Ensign was then modifed to contain the Union Flag in the Canton.  The Union Flag consisted of St. Georges Cross of England placed atop St. Andrews Cross of Scotland.

 * This Union Flag Red Ensign existed unoffically until the Parliamentary Act of Union of 1707 AD that formally enshined the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.  The offical named of the Flag was coined as the 1707 Red Ensign.   Later on in 1801 AD, following the Act of Union of 1801 AD, and the formal adminision of Ireland (represented by St. Patricks Cross), and the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the present day Royal Union Flag (St. Georges Cross, St. Andrews Cross, and St. Patricks Cross) was added to the Canton, yielding todays Red Ensign.

Will Homey be deleting this true information that I have just contributed? One more of many of his summary deletions?. If Homey does delete this, would you the arbitars consider it VANDALISM by Homey? For the record, I would (and will) consider it such.

Sincerely,

ArmchairVexillologistDonArmchairVexillologistDon 02:53, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Homey: Your biased source says Ontarios Red Ensign existed unoffically(1868-1965 AD)
http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Provinces/Ontario.html

 * ONTARIO
 * UT INCEPIT FIDELIS SIC PERMANET
 * (Loyal she began and loyal she remains)
 * Motto of Ontario

 * The maple leaf had been established as the symbol of the land well before Canada West was transformed into Ontario on July 1, 1867. Consequently, for the arms assigned to Ontario on May 26, 1868, Canadian authorities had requested a cluster of three maple leaves rather than the single wheat sheaf which had been proposed by the, then, Garter King of Arms. Completing the Ontario arms, the cross of St. George recalls the English stock of the United Empire Loyalists whose indelible mark is upon the province yet.

 * The arms of Ontario were widely used on flags, for, as they composed part of the official composite badge of the country before Canadian arms were granted in 1921, they appeared on the Governor General's flag, the Canadian Blue and Red Ensigns, as well as the flag of Ontario's Lieutenant Governor. However, we know of no evidence that any Ontario authorities ever made use of their armorial banner.

Ontario Red Ensign (Un-offical 1868-1965 AD, Offical post-1965 AD)

http://flagspot.net/images/c/ca-on.gif

Its says, http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Provinces/Ontario.html The Coat-of-Arms of Ontario was widely used on "Canadian Blue and Red Ensigns.  In plain English, unoffical Red Ensigns and Blue Ensigns each with the Coat-of-Arms of Ontario existed.

Please read your own sources Homey.

Additionally,

http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Provinces/Provinces.html

 * When the arms of a province were granted, they were frequently accompanied by an statement authorizing their use upon banners or flags. Any flag bearing the provincial arms is, as are the arms themselves, a symbol of provincial authority. It is not automatically a provincial flag, in the sense that a provincial flag, like a national flag, is one authorized by the vice-regal representative (on behalf of the government) to be flown by members of the public.

 * A clear distinction is to be made between any flag bearing the provincial arms, and the provincial flag, itself. In short, the granting of arms gives provincial authorities the right to use the arms alone or on flags to signify their authority. It is up to the province to transfer that right, if it so wishes and in whatever form it wishes, to the public. Eight provinces have specifically done this by authorizing a provincial flag which contains the shield of their arms. Newfoundland chose not to incorporate its arms into a provincial flag. Nova Scotia, where there is a long tradition of informal public use of the province's armorial banner, seems content to leave the arrangement unconsummated.

The bolded text in plain English again "when a Provinces Coat-of-Arms is formally granted, the informal tradition is it is ACCOMPANIED BY a BANNER (i.e., a FLAG). That flag is NOT AUTOMATICALLY OFFICAL, rather the tradition stipulates for UN-OFFICAL PUBLIC USE of an (Red or Blue) ENSIGN with the OFFICAL COAT-OF-ARMS in the field of the Flag.

Ontario had the unoffical Red Ensign from (1868-1965 AD).

ArmchairVexillologistDonArmchairVexillologistDon 03:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

To Arbitars: Basics of Homey position, and (my) ArmchairVexillologistDon Position
This is taken from my talk page, (please read the page to understand the full context).

ArmchairVexillologistDon Talk (page)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:ArmchairVexillologistDon

Homey's basic complaint about me

 * What you don't understand is that the complaint against you regards your personal behaviour. You have not provided any sort of defence or justification for your behaviour, instead you are making a spectacle of yourself over a very minor side issue which is of no consequence whatsoever and which the Arbitration Commitee couldn't care less about. If, it turns out, you are correct about the Ontario red ensign all that will happen is we'll add a line saying "the red ensign was used informally after confederation but did not become the official Ontario flag until 1965". I won't face any sort of sanctions because I haven't done anything except for insist on proof, which is what an editor should do. What you have done, conversely, is behave in an abusive and intolerable manner - even if it turns out you are correct about the Ontario red ensign that does not mitigate your behaviour one iota. If you are banned it won't be because there's some conspiracy against you or your opinions, it'll be because you have shown an inability to function in the wikicommunity in a non-abusive manner. User:Homey 14:28, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

My basic complaint about Homey

 * Homey,

 * I haven't shown any ability to function in a non-abusive manner?

 * (or is it in a non-abusive behaviour towards you, Homey? Now what may have PREVOKED that from me?).

 * Now, what about your behaviour towards me?

 * The list is Legion.

 * Homey, your behaviour towards me had been aggressive, dismissive, abusive, and harrassing. And that is just for starters eh. You have commited VANDALISM after I asked you not too.  You prance around the Wikipedia board like its your own Kingdom.   You don't listen, you just dictate, and harrass.  You are incredibly myopic.  You look at EVERTHING IN ISOLATION, NEVER CONSIDERING the CONNECTIONS between things.  In my opinion, that makes you a very biased Administrator/Editor.

ArmchairVexillologistDonArmchairVexillologistDon 18:17, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Statement by Zscout370
Which the recent behavior at, which was filed by User:HistoryBA on October 2 2005 (about two weeks after the last RFAr closed), I am asking for the ArbCom to reconsider opening the case against AVD. While I know the last one closed between an agreement with AVD, User:Homey and User:SlimVirgin, AVD did not get the message and wound up back at RFC. Recently, I have banned him for his statement at, but it will be lifted so that AVD could state his case here. While I have not been a major party to the main issues, but I still highly believe that no matter what we say or do, we cannot try to find a happy medium with AVD. Zach (Sound Off) 08:38, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Addition: I have unblocked AVD and his autoblocked IP's as of now and I am in email communication with the user. Zach (Sound Off) 19:48, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Statement by Ground Zero
AVD has persistently flouted Wikipedia rules and treated other editors with contempt. In this case, an RfC was opened with regard to two specific forms of AVD's repeated transgressions: After he was made aware of the RfC, Don posted a long comment |here on Talk:Canada's name about a casual remark I had made seven months before, repeating the first basis of complaint made against him in the RfC. He has been advised several times in the past by various editors that this is not appropriate. Along with a couple of other editors, I pointed out to him that this was not appropriate, and he did remove the comment from the talk page, but violated the NPA policy again in so doing, by calling me a "jerk" on the RfC page, repeating the second basis of complaint made against him. So even while there is an RfC open about him, he has carried on with the offensive behaviour. I have long given up hope that he will ever be wiling to accept Wikipedia policies. Ground Zero | t 18:23, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Using article talk pages as chat rooms to posted lengthy comemtns not directly related to the article, and
 * 2) violating the No personal attacks policy.

Arbitrators' opinions on hearing this matter (4/0/0/0)

 * Accept -- while it is early, the talk page in question appears to show that Homey's personal identity and many facts about him personally are being shared against his will, apparently in an attempt to intimidate. If this is the case, I take it seriously enough that it needs to be dealt with swiftly.  If there is more to this than meets the eye....well, then we'll find that out.  In any case, it looks serious enough to me to bypass RFC. Jwrosenzweig 01:07, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept. James F. (talk) 06:37, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept Fred Bauder 13:00, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 14:29, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrators' opinions on reopening (4/0/0/0)

 * Accept Fred Bauder 12:39, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept ➥the Epopt 04:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept Jayjg (talk) 20:42, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept. James F. (talk) 15:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Final decision
No verdict was reached on this case, as ArmchairVexillologistDon has ceased contributing to Wikipedia. Subject to reactivation should ArmchairVexillologistDon return.
 * He's back.... --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 23:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * jpgordon,

 * Homey formally withdrew the ArbComm Case (Sept. 3, 2005), and the Motion to Formally Close the Case was successfully completed last week (Sept. 17-Sept. 24, 2005).

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/ArmchairVexillologistDon/Proposed_decision#Limited_ban_on_ArmchairVexillologistDon

 * This Case has been offically dealt with, in its entirity.

 * ArmchairVexillologistDon 15:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

One year ban
ArmchairVexillologistDon is banned from Wikipedia for one year.

 * Passed 4-0 on 23:13, 24 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Battle of Hubbardton

The Battle of Hubbardton was an engagement in the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought in the village of Hubbardton, Vermont. Vermont was then a disputed territory sometimes called the New Hampshire Grants, claimed by New York, New Hampshire, and the newly organized, not yet recognized, but de facto independent government of Vermont. On the morning of July 7, 1777, British forces, under General Simon Fraser, caught up with the American rear guard of the forces retreating after the withdrawal from Fort Ticonderoga. It was the only battle in Vermont during the revolution. (The Battle of Bennington was fought in what is now Walloomsac, New York.)

The American retreat from Fort Ticonderoga began late on July 5 after British cannons were seen on top of high ground, Mount Defiance (a.k.a. Rattlesnake Mountain and Sugar Loaf Hill) that commanded the fort. The bulk of General Arthur St. Clair's army retreated through Hubbardton to Castleton, while the rear guard, commanded by Seth Warner, stopped at Hubbardton to rest and pick up stragglers.

General Fraser, alerted to the American withdrawal early on July 6, immediately set out in pursuit, leaving a message for General John Burgoyne to send reinforcements as quickly as possible. That night Fraser camped a few miles short of Hubbardton, and the German General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, leading reinforcements, camped a few miles further back. Rising early in the morning, Fraser reached Hubbardton, where he surprised some elements of the American rear, while other elements managed to form defensive lines. In a spirited battle, the Americans were driven back, but had almost succeeded in turning Fraser's left flank when Riedesel and his German reinforcements arrived, eventually scattering the American forces.

The battle took a large enough toll on the British forces that they did not further pursue the main American army. The many American prisoners were sent to Ticonderoga while most of the British troops made their way to Skenesboro to rejoin Burgoyne's army. Most of the scattered American remnants made their way to rejoin St. Clair's army on its way toward the Hudson River.

Background
General John Burgoyne began his 1777 campaign for control of the Hudson River valley by moving an army of 8,000 down Lake Champlain in late June, arriving near Fort Ticonderoga on July 1. On July 5, General Arthur St. Clair's American forces defending Fort Ticonderoga and its supporting defenses discovered that Burgoyne's men had placed cannons on a position overlooking the fort. They evacuated the fort that night, with the majority of the army marching down a rough road (now referred to locally as the 1776 Hubbardton Military Road) toward Hubbardton in the disputed New Hampshire Grants territory. The day was hot and sunny, and the pace was rapid and grueling; most of the army marched 30 mi to Castleton before making camp on the evening of July 6.

British troops give chase
The British general, a Scotsman named Simon Fraser discovered early on July 6 that the Americans had abandoned Ticonderoga. Leaving a message for General Burgoyne, he set out in pursuit with companies of grenadiers (9th, 29th, 34th, and 62nd Foot) and light infantry (24th, 29th, 34th, 53rd, and 62nd), as well as two companies of the 24th Regiment and about 100 Loyalists and Indian scouts. Burgoyne ordered Riedesel to follow; he set out with a few companies of Brunswick jägers and grenadiers, leaving orders for the rest of his troops to come as rapidly as possible. Fraser's advance corps was only a few miles behind Colonel Ebenezer Francis' 11th Massachusetts Regiment, which acted as St. Clair's rear guard.

American general St. Clair paused at Hubbardton to give the main army's tired and hungry troops time to rest while he hoped the rear guard would arrive. When it did not arrive in time, he left Colonel Seth Warner and the Green Mountain Boys behind, along with the 2nd New Hampshire Regiment under Colonel Nathan Hale, to wait for the rear guard while the main army marched on to Castleton. When Francis' and Hale's men arrived, Warner decided, against St. Clair's orders, that they would spend the night there, rather than marching on to Castleton. Warner, who had experience in rear-guard actions while serving in the invasion of Quebec, arranged the camps in a defensive position on Monument Hill, and set patrols to guard the road to Ticonderoga.

Baron Riedesel caught up with Fraser around 4 pm, and insisted that his men could not go further before making camp. Fraser, who acquiesced to this as Riedesel was senior to him in the chain of command, pointed out that he was authorized to engage the enemy, and would be leaving his camp at 3 am the next morning. He then advanced until he found a site about three miles (4.8 km) from Hubbardton, where his troops camped for the night. Riedesel waited for the bulk of his men, about 1,500 strong, and also made camp.

Attack

Fraser's men were up at 3 am, but did not make good time due to the darkness. Riedesel left his camp at 3 am with a picked group of men, and was still behind Fraser when the latter arrived at Hubbardton near dawn and very nearly surprised elements of Hale's regiment, which were scattered in the early fighting. A messenger had arrived from General St. Clair delivering news that the British had reached Skenesboro, where the elements of the retreating army had planned to regroup, and that a more circuitous route to the Hudson River was now required. St. Clair's instructions were to follow him immediately to Rutland. Francis' men had formed a column to march out around 7:15 when the British vanguard began cresting the hill behind them. Rapidly reforming into a line behind some cover, the Massachusetts men unleashed a withering volley of fire at the winded British. General Fraser took stock of the situation, and decided to send a detachment around to flank the American left, at the risk of exposing his own left, which he hoped would hold until Riedesel arrived. Riedesel reached the top of another hill, where he observed that the American line, now including parts of Hale's regiment, was in fact pressing on Fraser's left. He therefore sent his grenadiers to support Fraser's flank and directed the jägers against the American center.

At some point early in the conflict, St. Clair was made aware of the gunfire off in the distance. He immediately dispatched Henry Brockholst Livingston and Isaac Dunn to send the militia camped closest to Hubbardton down the road in support of the action. When they reached the area of those camps they found those militia companies in full retreat away from the gunfire in the distance, and no amount of persuasion could convince the men to turn around. Livingston and Dunn continued riding toward Hubbardton.

Falling back to a secure position on Monument Hill, the Americans repulsed several vigorous British assaults, although Colonel Francis was hit in the arm by a shot. He soldiered on, directing troops to a perceived weakness on Fraser's left. The tide of the battle turned when, after more than an hour of battle, Riedesel's grenadiers arrived. These disciplined forces entered the fray singing hymns to the accompaniment of a military band to make them appear more numerous than they actually were. The American flanks were turned, and they were forced to make a desperate race across an open field to avoid being enveloped. Colonel Francis fell in a volley of musket fire as the troops raced away from the advancing British and scattered into the countryside.

Aftermath

The remnants of the American rear guard made their way toward Rutland to rejoin the main army. Harassed by Fraser's scouts and Indians, and without food or shelter, it took some of them five days to reach the army. Livingston and Dunn were met by retreating Americans on the Castleton road. They returned to Castleton with the news about the Hubbardton battle, and St. Clair then marched the army towards the American camp at Fort Edward, which it reached on July 12. Others Americans from the rear guard, including Colonel Hale and a 230-man detachment, were captured. As a sign of respect, the British buried Colonel Francis with their Brunswick dead.

Baron Riedesel and the Brunswickers departed for Skenesboro the next day. Their departure left Fraser in "the most disaffected part of America, every person a Spy", with 600 tired men, a sizable contingent of prisoners and wounded, and no significant supplies. On July 9 he sent the 300 prisoners, under light guard but with threats of retaliation should they try to escape, toward Ticonderoga while he marched his exhausted forces toward Castleton and then Skenesboro.

Though many Americans were taken prisoner and marched back to Fort Ticonderoga, the main body of Saint Clair's troops escaped, which led to American successes at the Battle of Bennington and Battles of Saratoga. The Battle of Hubbardton was a British tactical victory, because the British defeated the American rear guard. It was a strategic American victory, because the main body of troops that evacuated Ticonderoga was able to continue the fight against Burgoyne's invasion force.

Losses
The official casualty return for the British troops gives 39 British soldiers and 1 French-Canadian killed and 127 British and 2 French-Canadians wounded. A separate return for the German troops has 10 killed and 14 wounded, for a grand total of 50 killed and 143 wounded. Historian Richard M. Ketchum gives different British casualties of 60 killed and 168 wounded. Ketchum gives American casualties as 41 killed, 96 wounded and 230 captured. However, Lt. Anburey, present at the battle, states that the total dead and wounded of both sides found on the field in the aftermath amounted to 200 and 600 respectively. Subtracting the British-Canadian-German casualty returns from that gives American losses of 150 killed, 457 wounded and 230 captured.

Hubbardton Battlefield Historic Site
A local body commissioned the erection of a monument on the battlefield site in 1859, and the state began acquiring battlefield lands in the 1930s for operation as a state historic site. Hubbardton Battlefield has been owned and operated by the State of Vermont's Division for Historic Preservation since 1937. The battlefield was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and is the site of annual Revolutionary War reenactments. The site's visitor center features a permanent exhibit which tells the story of the Battle of Hubbardton and places it in its context of the Revolutionary War. The Hubbardton Battlefield Trail features interpretive signs highlighting important points and locations of the battle.

In popular culture
The battle is used as the backdrop for the climax of the film Time Chasers. The battlefield is approximately 20 miles northwest of Rutland, Vermont, where most of the film's production was centered.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Hubbardton


text:
Steering law

The steering law in human–computer interaction and ergonomics is a predictive model of human movement that describes the time required to navigate, or steer, through a 2-dimensional tunnel. The tunnel can be thought of as a path or trajectory on a plane that has an associated thickness or width, where the width can vary along the tunnel. The goal of a steering task is to navigate from one end of the tunnel to the other as quickly as possible, without touching the boundaries of the tunnel. A real-world example that approximates this task is driving a car down a road that may have twists and turns, where the car must navigate the road as quickly as possible without touching the sides of the road. The steering law predicts both the instantaneous speed at which we may navigate the tunnel, and the total time required to navigate the entire tunnel.

The steering law has been independently discovered and studied three times (Rashevsky, 1959; Drury, 1971; Accot and Zhai, 1997). Its most recent discovery has been within the human–computer interaction community, which has resulted in the most general mathematical formulation of the law.

The steering law in human–computer interaction
Within human–computer interaction, the law was rediscovered by Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai, who mathematically derived it in a novel way from Fitts's law using integral calculus, experimentally verified it for a class of tasks, and developed the most general mathematical statement of it. Some researchers within this community have sometimes referred to the law as the Accot–Zhai steering law or Accot's law (Accot is pronounced ah-cot in English and ah-koh in French). In this context, the steering law is a predictive model of human movement, concerning the speed and total time with which a user may steer a pointing device (such as a mouse or stylus) through a 2D tunnel presented on a screen (i.e. with a bird's eye view of the tunnel), where the user must travel from one end of the path to the other as quickly as possible, while staying within the confines of the path. One potential practical application of this law is in modelling a user's performance in navigating a hierarchical cascading menu.

Many researchers in human–computer interaction, including Accot himself, find it surprising or even amazing that the steering law model predicts performance as well as it does, given the almost purely mathematical way in which it was derived. Some consider this a testament to the robustness of Fitts's law.

In its general form, the steering law can be expressed as

 * $$T=a + b \int_{C} \frac{ds}{W(s)}$$

where T is the average time to navigate through the path, C is the path parameterized by s, W(s) is the width of the path at s, and a and b are experimentally fitted constants. In general, the path may have a complicated curvilinear shape (such as a spiral) with variable thickness W(s).

Simpler paths allow for mathematical simplifications of the general form of the law. For example, if the path is a straight tunnel of constant width W, the equation reduces to

 * $$T=a + b \frac{A}{W}$$

where A is the length of the path. We see, especially in this simplified form, a speed–accuracy tradeoff, somewhat similar to that in Fitts's law.

We can also differentiate both sides of the integral equation with respect to s to obtain the local, or instantaneous, form of the law:

 * $$\frac{ds}{dT} = \frac{W(s)}{b}$$

which says that the instantaneous speed of the user is proportional to the width of the tunnel. This makes intuitive sense if we consider the analogous task of driving a car down a road: the wider the road, the faster we can drive and still stay on the road, even if there are curves in the road.

Derivation of the model from Fitts's law
This derivation is only meant as a high level sketch. It lacks the illustrations of, and may differ in detail from, the derivation given by Accot and Zhai (1997).

Assume that the time required for goal passing (i.e. passing a pointer through a goal at distance A and of width W, oriented perpendicular to the axis of motion) can be modeled with this form of Fitts's law:

 * $$T_\text{goal} = b \log_2 \left( \frac{A}{W} + 1 \right)$$

Then, a straight tunnel of length A and constant width W can be approximated as a sequence of N evenly spaced goals, each separated from its neighbours by a distance of A/N. We can let N grow arbitrarily large, making the distance between successive goals become infinitesimal. The total time to navigative through all the goals, and thus through the tunnel, is

Note that b is an experimentally fitted constant and let $$\tilde{b} := \frac{b}{\ln(2)}$$. Therefore, Tstraight tunnel = $$\tilde{b} \cdot \frac{A}{W}$$.

Next, consider a curved tunnel of total length A, parameterized by s varying from 0 to A. Let W(s) be the variable width of the tunnel. The tunnel can be approximated as a sequence of N straight tunnels, numbered 1 through N, each located at si where i = 1 to N, and each of length si+1 − si and of width W(si). We can let N grow arbitrarily large, making the length of successive straight tunnels become infinitesimal. The total time to navigative through the curved tunnel is

yielding the general form of the steering law.

Modeling steering in layers
Steering law has been extended to predict movement time for steering in layers of thickness t (Kattinakere et al., 2007). The relation is given by

 * $$T = a+b\sqrt{(A/W)^2+(A/t)^2}.$$

title: Steering law


text:
Achnashellach railway station

Achnashellach railway station is a railway station serving Achnashellach on the Kyle of Lochalsh Line, in Wester Ross, Scotland. The station lies between Strathcarron and Achnasheen, 40 mi from Dingwall. ScotRail, who manage the station, operate all services.

History
The station was privately opened by the Dingwall and Skye Railway in August 1870, primarily to serve Achnashellach Lodge near Loch Dughaill, but was operated from the outset by the Highland Railway (HR), and only opened to the public a year later, on 1 May 1871. The passing loop at the station was removed in 1966, and the wooden station buildings removed a few years after, although he remains of the second platform are partially visible.

Accidents and incidents
On 14 October 1892, Achnashellach was the scene of a runaway train in which the brake in the brake van had malfunctioned. Subsequently, this train moved off down the slope at considerable speed without a locomotive to keep it under control. Reaching the bottom of the slope, it had enough energy to proceed back uphill, before running down the slope once again. Unfortunately, another train was approaching Achnashellach in the opposite direction at that very moment, and the two trains collided at the bottom of the slope with great force. Eight passengers were injured, though none seriously, and the track was not damaged with only minor damage occurring to the rolling stock.

Facilities
Facilities, like at many other stations on the line, are incredibly basic, comprising just a shelter, help point and bike racks, although the station is fully accessible. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.

Passenger volume
The main origin or destination station for journeys to or from Achnashellach in the 2022–23 period was Inverness, making up 410 of the 752 journeys (54.5%). The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.

Services
Four trains each way call (on request) on weekdays and Saturdays and one each way all year on Sundays, plus a second from May to late September only.

title: Achnashellach railway station


text:
Louvre Accord

The Louvre Accord (formally, the Statement of the G6 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors) was an agreement, signed on February 22, 1987, in Paris, that aimed to stabilize international currency markets and halt the continued decline of the US dollar after 1985 following the Plaza Accord. It was considered, from a relational international contract viewpoint, as a rational compromise solution between two ideal-type extremes of international monetary regimes: the perfectly flexible and the perfectly fixed exchange rates.

The agreement was signed by Canada, France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Italian government was invited to sign the agreement but declined.

Background
The Plaza Accord is recognized as the precursor to the Louvre Accord and this deal was struck to depreciate the US dollar for the purpose of exchange rate realignment with the Japanese yen and German Deutsche Mark, which was agreed upon during the G7 Minister of Finance meeting held in New York in 1985. The United States had a trade deficit while Japan and a few European countries were experiencing a trade surplus along with negative GDP growth. The then U.S. Treasury Secretary James Baker attempted to address the imbalance by encouraging its trade partners to stimulate their economies so they can purchase more from it. He maintained that if these partners did not grow, he would allow the dollar's continued depreciation.

After the Plaza Accord, the dollar depreciated, reaching an exchange rate of ¥150 per US$1 in 1987. By this time, the nominal dollar exchange rate against other currencies had fallen more than 25%. The ministers of the G7 nations gathered at the French finance ministry, then located inside the Louvre Palace in Paris, to minimize this decline and stabilize it around the prevailing levels. The Louvre Accord may have helped prevent a recession because it stopped the US dollar from decreasing further in relation to other currencies.

Provisions
France agreed to reduce its budget deficits by 1% of GDP and cut taxes by the same amount for corporations and individuals. Japan would reduce its trade surplus and cut interest rates. The United Kingdom would reduce public expenditures and reduce taxes. Germany, the real object of this agreement because of its leading economic position in Europe, would reduce public spending, cut taxes for individuals and corporations, and keep interest rates low. The United States would reduce its fiscal 1988 deficit to 2.3% of GDP from an estimated 3.9% in 1987, reduce government spending by 1% in 1988 and keep interest rates low.

Impact
[[File:US Dollar Index DXY.webp|thumb|400px|right| {{legend|#00A2FF|outline=#0076BA|US Dollar Index (DXY)}}

]] The US dollar continued to weaken in 1987 against the Deutsche Mark and other major currencies, reaching a low of 1.57 marks per dollar and 121 yen per dollar in early 1988. The dollar then strengthened over the next 18 months, reaching over 2.04 marks per dollar and 160 yen per dollar, in tandem with the Federal Reserve raising interest rates aggressively, from 6.50% to 9.75%.

title: Louvre Accord


text:
Talk:Clube Atlético Mineiro

Notable Matches
Well... we could use a description of Atlético most notable and important matches, I mean, those ones that were sad, happy or polemical... this would improved the quality of the article.

--Etpezzini

Use of the definite article "the" before complete names of sportive clubs
Complete names of sportive clubs use the definite article "the", as "the Associação Atlética Ponte Preta", "the Club Athletico Paranaense", "the Clube Atlético Mineiro", "the Esporte Clube Bahia", "the Fluminense Futebol Clube", "the Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras", "the Sport Club Corinthians Paulista" and so on.

189.50.182.128 (talk) 11:15, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clube Atlético Mineiro


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/ArmchairVexillologistDon/Evidence

Anyone, whether directly involved or not, may add evidence to this page. Please make a header for your evidence and sign your comments with your name.

When placing evidence here, please be considerate of the arbitrators and be concise. Long, rambling, or stream-of-conciousness rants are not helpful.

As such, it is extremely important that you use the prescribed format. Submitted evidence should include a link to the actual page diff; links to the page itself are not sufficient. For example, to cite the edit by Mennonot to the article Anomalous phenomenon adding a link to Hundredth Monkey use this form:.

This page is not for general discussion - for that, see talk page.

Please make a section for your evidence and add evidence only in your own section. Please limit your evidence to a maximum 1000 words and 100 diffs, a much shorter, concise presentation is more likely to be effective. Please focus on the issues raised in the complaint and answer and on diffs which illustrate behavior which relates to the issues.

If you disagree with some evidence you see here, please cite the evidence in your own section and provide counter-evidence, or an explanation of why the evidence is misleading. Do not edit within the evidence section of any other user.

Be aware that the Arbitrators may at times rework this page to try to make it more coherent. If you are a participant in the case or a third party, please don't try to refactor the page, let the Arbitrators do it. If you object to evidence which is inserted by other participants or third parties please cite the evidence and voice your objections within your own section of the page. It is especially important to not remove evidence presented by others. If something is put in the wrong place, please leave it for the arbitrators to move.

Arbitrators may advance proposals and consider evidence at /Workshop where parties and others may also comment. Voting by Arbitrators on proposed decisions is at /Proposed decision

Request for comment
Requests for comment/ArmchairVexillologistDon

11 December 2004

 * Talk:Red_Ensign/Archive_1
 * In a dispute regarding whether or not to make reference to the use of the Canadian Red Ensign by fascist groups, ArmchairVexillologistDon stated: "I have deleted your reference to the Canadian Red Ensign and the "Zundel People". I shall keep doing so. EVERYDAY.... If I have to. FOREVER."

 * 06:39, 11 Dec 2004
 * ArmchairVexillologistDon spams User:Montrealais by posting the entire contents of the Red Ensign Talk page on Montrealais' talk page see here (Montrealais had not been a party to the discussion before this point). As a result, I tempbanned ArmchariVexillologistDon for vandalism. The tempban was originally for 24 hours but, after Don and I had an email exchange which left me assured he would not do something like that again, I lifted the ban after about 5 or 6 hours. As a result of this email exchange, Don learned my "real" name.

12 December 2004

 * 22:12, 12 Dec 2004
 * The discussion regarding the Red Ensign article continues with no sign of resolution. Having learned my name from our email exchange, Don 1) posts my full name on Talk: Red Ensign (see Talk:Red_Ensign/Archive_1) and, having googled me (presumably along with the word wikipedia) brings up the May 2004 arbitration dispute with Paul Vogel in which I was a complainant.

13 December 2004

 * 16:13, 13 Dec 2004 and 18:34, 13 Dec 2004
 * Having googled me further he brings up other matters in which my full name pops up (ie non-wikipedia involvements and disputes past and present). Such matters are completely irrelevant to the question of how to edit the Red Ensign article and were, I believe, simply an attempt to intimidate and/or embarrass me.

It is my contention that the aforementioned incidents constitute a) personal attacks and b) invasion of privacy (by taking information from a private email, ie my full name, and posting it on wikipedia.

15 December 2004

 * 02:08, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC), 04:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) and 07:50, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Despite the fact that the actual editing issue has been resolved, Don's personal attacks on me continue on Talk:Red Ensign

Evidence presented by SimonP:
If anyone doutbs that after his long break AVD is still a problem, edits like and   should quickly remove all doubt. - SimonP 01:11, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

Evidence presented by Zscout370:
While this user has been cordial and has not attacked me in any way, shape or form, I believe that his behavior that I witnessed is not appropriate in my opinion.

August 8th, 2005

 * 11:15 UTC
 * While the user was trying to talk to me, he attacked two users in this manner: "However, SimonP and GroundZero have seen fit to arbitarily deem my additions as "POV warranting Deletion" without any discussion. The information that was deleted, which was deemed original research, can be seen at . AVD added the additions again at, removed again at , and added the link to the POV fork at and at.
 * 15:01 UTC
 * Announces his intent to recreating the now deleted article, dispite not only the article being deleted but also his ban on editing articles that deal with vexillology (flags) and Canada.
 * 15:21 UTC
 * Personally attacks User:Homey for starting the VFD aginst the page French_Republican_Tricolour_form_of_Canadian_Maple_Leaf_Flag and assuming that he and a user by the name of User:DJ Clayworth that he and Homey "are not "strangers"." He still continues to refer to Homey by his previous user name [removed].
 * 15:39 UTC
 * Dispite Homey information AVD of the reinstatment of the ban and his violaton of the ban, AVD said "No [name removed], it does not. You are behaving "irrationally" in my opinion. With the crap that you have been pulling with gbambino you had be very careful in what you decide to do next. I would advise that you back off, and let me be on this page."
 * 21:54 UTC
 * Even after being asked by Homey to refer to him by his user name only, AVD still continues to use his real name.


text:
Talk:Pie (disambiguation)

Untitled
I may simply be showing my ignorance, but listing the Greek letter under the heading of 'PIE/pie' looks to me to be a bit silly. If people want to look up pi, being the number or the letter, then they should look up pi, not pie. By all means relegate 'pi' to the 'See also' section on this page for those who mistype or misspell, but confusing the two things together in the same list is the reverse of disambiguation, in my book!

Deletions
2 deletions made on to entries lacking notability and any information in Wikipedia: Rexparry sydney 02:11, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Persistent Identification Element, an alternative to HTTP cookies in Macromedia Flash
 * Processware Integration Environment, middleware of CMA Small System

PIE root
What's a "PIE" root? Saw it in Etymology dictionary, eg. here: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=litotes&allowed_in_frame=0 "from PIE root *(s)lei- "slimy, sticky, slippery" (hence "smooth"); see slime (n.)."CrocodilesAreForWimps (talk) 20:45, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, figured it out: Proto-Indo-European root, and added it CrocodilesAreForWimps (talk) 20:54, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Public Interest Entity
It is a term for large corporations and coined by the EU and commonly abbreviated PIE. I just stumbled across the acronym in a peer-reviewed scientific article without any explanation. Might be worth adding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.23.170.99 (talk) 18:56, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pie (disambiguation)


text: Category:Linz

title: Category:Linz


text:
1840 in rail transport

March events

 * 9 March – The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is completed from Wilmington to Weldon, North Carolina. At 161.5 miles (260 km), it is the world's longest railroad at this time.

April events

 * April – The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad is completed from Raleigh to near Weldon, North Carolina.

May events

 * 11 May – The London and South Western Railway opens its original main line throughout to Southampton (England).

July events

 * 1 July - The Midland Counties Railway of England opens its line from Derby and Nottingham via Leicester to a junction with the London and Birmingham Railway at Rugby.

August events

 * 12 August – The Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway opened between Glasgow Bridge Street railway station and Ayr, the first inter-urban railroad in Scotland.
 * 17 August – The first railroad built in Milan, Italy, the Milan and Monza Rail Road opens for service.

October events

 * 8 October – Formal opening of first section of the Taff Vale Railway, the first steam-worked passenger railway in Wales, from Cardiff Docks to Navigation House (Abercynon). Public service begins the following day.

December events

 * 21 December – Manchester and Birmingham Railway in England completes Stockport Viaduct (but does not yet bring it into use). It is one of the largest brick structures in Europe.

Unknown date events

 * By July – August Borsig completes the first steam locomotive built in Germany.
 * Mordecai W. Jackson and George Mack partner to create a farm implement manufacturing company that will eventually become Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing Company, one of the constituent companies of American Car and Foundry Company.

January births

 * January 8 – William Dean, Chief Mechanical Engineer of Great Western Railway of England 1877–1902 (d. 1905).
 * January 29 – Henry H. Rogers, American financier who helped finance and build the Virginian Railway (d. 1909).

February births

 * February 7 – Samuel W. Fordyce, president of St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas Railway 1886–1889, St. Louis Southwestern Railway 1890–1898, Kansas City Southern Railway 1900 (d. 1919).

March births

 * March 31 – Benjamin Baker, British civil engineer, designer of the Forth Railway Bridge (d. 1907).

April births

 * April – William Sykes, English railway signalling engineer (d. 1917).

June births

 * June 6 – William Dudley Chipley, president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1873–1876 (d. 1897).
 * June 14 – William F. Nast, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway September 1868.
 * June 27 – Alpheus Beede Stickney, first president of Chicago Great Western Railway 1884–1909 (d. 1916).

August births

 * August 23 – Brayton Ives, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1893–1896 (d. 1914).
 * August 25 – George C. Magoun, Chairman of the Board of Directors for Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in the late 1880s (d. 1893).

November births

 * November 17 – Edmund Morel, English-born civil engineer in Japan (d. 1871).
 * November 24 – Henry Kirke Porter, American steam locomotive builder and founder of H. K. Porter, Inc (d. 1921).

April deaths

 * April 12 – Franz Anton von Gerstner, Bohemian-born railway civil engineer (b. 1796)

title: 1840 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Phthalocyanine

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): FacetiousLobster.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:20, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Saimsiddiqui. Peer reviewers: Saimsiddiqui.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Who made this article ?
This article needs to be urgently rewritten - it is awful. Donttellya (talk) 14:18, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Scrap area
REMOVED *Handbook of Porphyrin Science, link to a page to buy a book Mark155.198.186.180 (talk) 20:31, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

If you would like to have some information included in the article but don't have the time or energy to write it down, just put it in here. Over time, I will add it. mkengel

The stability of a metal phthalocyanine coordination compound depends on the size of the intercalated metal cation. When a copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt, aluminum, platinum, or iron anion is inserted in the phthalocyanine ring, the resulting complex is quite stable. For example, unsubstituted copper-phthalocyanine is mainly used as blue pigment while substituted phthalocyanines are used as dye. However, the out of plane intercalation of sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, or mercury cations which are to big to fit into the cavity of the phthalocyanine macrocycle is possible but the resulting coordination compounds are quite unstable and such metal phthalocyanines can be easily converted into metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) which is also a valuable pigment whose color is a little bit more greenish than the copper phthalocyanine. Halogenated phthalocyanines are bright green pigments.

The ring of phthalocyanine has π-electrons that can move via π-electron cloud overlaps; therefore high conductivity can occur. In fact, metal phthalocyanines are known to form conducting solids when the π-ligand is oxidized. Partially oxidized complex salts of [MPc]X (M = H2, Ni, Cu, etc.; Pc = phthalocyanine; X = I, (BF4)0.33, (SbF6)0.5,etc) are known to be metallic one-dimensional conductors. The crystals consist of one-dimensional face-to-face stacked phthalocyanine columns and one-dimensional anion chains.

SMILES
I think the diagram and Smiles formula disagree. To create the diagram shown, I need to use the following Smiles formula:

C1=CC=C8C(=C1)C9=NC3=C2C=CC=CC2=[C](=N3)N=C5C4=CC=CC=C4C(N5)N=C7C6=CC=CC=C6C(=N7)N=C8N9

However, I am uncertain if the diagram or Smiles formula are wrong in the original article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.0.72.125 (talk) 06:20, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

chunk of areas that are just headings
''These seem to just be headings that were never filled in. Moved here until we have som inforation to go with them.''

Characterization

 * UV-Vis
 * IR, Raman,
 * NMR
 * Powder diffraction
 * Cyclic Voltammetry

Structures

 * Single-crystal structures
 * Phthalocyanine Crystal Structures
 * Liquid-crystalline structures

Theoretical calculations and predictions

 * Crystal structure prediction
 * Quantum-chemical calculations

Properties

 * Electrical properties
 * Optical and non-linear optical properties
 * Magnetical properties

Toxicity
Didn't see anything on toxicity, or a link to an MSDS. Out pet beagle just bit a few holes in a CD-R disc. Since is uses a Phthalocyanine in the dye layer, is there anything to worry about?

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:07, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * CoPc on Au110.jpg

title: Talk:Phthalocyanine


text:
1921 in rail transport

January

 * January 26 – Abermule train collision, Wales: faulty operation of single line train tablet leads to head-on collision killing 17 people.

April

 * April 15 – Southern Pacific Railroad takes delivery of 4-6-2 number 2472 (now preserved) from Baldwin Locomotive Works.

July

 * July 14 – In an effort to consolidate maintenance and simplify operations, Grand Trunk Railway and Canadian Northern Ontario Railway open a 0.35 mi connection in Lyn, Ontario.
 * July 24 – In the Russian SFSR, the propeller-driven Aerowagon derails at speed, killing 6.

August

 * August 19 – Publication in the United Kingdom of the Railways Act 1921, which provides for the amalgamation of British railway companies into four large groups, "The Big Four", with effect from January 1, 1923.

September

 * September 17 – The Dovre Line between Oslo and Trondheim in Norway is officially opened.

December

 * December 5 – The Louisville and Nashville Railroad introduces the Pan-American passenger train between Cincinnati, Ohio and New Orleans, Louisiana.

Unknown date

 * Spring – Founding of Railway & Locomotive Historical Society in the U.S.
 * Standard Oil begins shipments of gasoline from Casper, Wyoming, by tank car on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad to Baton Rouge, Louisiana; in Baton Rouge, the fuel is transloaded to ships for export. The city of Casper claims that it ships more oil by railroad than any other city in the world.

July births

 * July 31 – James I. C. Boyd, British railway historian (died 2009).

February deaths

 * February 9 – Lucius E. Johnson, president of the Norfolk and Western Railroad 1904–1921 (born 1846).

April deaths

 * April 10 – Henry Kirke Porter, American steam locomotive builder (born 1840).

May deaths

 * May 18 – Franklin Knight Lane, Interstate Commerce Commission commissioner 1905–1913, chairman of same in 1913 (b. 1864).

September deaths

 * September 3 – Joseph A. Bennett, president of the Bridgton and Saco River Railroad (born 1852).

November deaths

 * November 29 – George Stephen, first president of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited 1881–1888 (born 1829).

title: 1921 in rail transport


text:
Federation (disambiguation)

A federation is a state governed under the system of federalism.

Federation may also refer to:

Political science

 * Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan, a short-lived country formed in 1958 from the union of Iraq and Jordan
 * Balkan Federation, a left-wing late 19th century project
 * Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, an organization of states within the British Aden Protectorate in what would become South Yemen, 1959 to 1962
 * Federation of Arab Republics, an attempt to merge Libya, Egypt and Syria in order to create a United Arab state, 1972 to 1977
 * Federation of Australia, 1901 – a historical event in the History of Australia
 * Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the two political entities that compose Bosnia and Herzegovina, in existence since 1994
 * Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea or Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation, a federation of the Ethiopian Empire and Eritrea, 1952 to 1962
 * Federation of Malaya an Asian nation that existed from 31 January 1948 until 16 September 1963
 * Federation of Nigeria, a predecessor to modern-day Nigeria from 1954 to 1963
 * Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, also known as the Central African Federation, an African nation in existence from 1953 to 1963
 * Federation of South Arabia, formed from the 15 protected states of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, 1962 to 1967
 * Mali Federation (Fédération du Mali), a West African federation linking the French colonies of Sénégal and the Sudanese Republic (or French Sudan, the future Mali), 1959 to 1960
 * Non-governmental federations, organizations governed by federalism
 * Russian Federation, the official name for Russia since 1991
 * West Indies Federation, also known as the Federation of the West Indies or the West Indian Federation, a political union of various Caribbean islands that were colonies of the United Kingdom, 1958 to 1962

Fictional federations

 * The Earth Federation (Gundam), a fictional governing body of the Universal Century Gundam anime series
 * The Federation, the main antagonist from Battle Garegga
 * The Federation, a futuristic "US-style" superpower, one of three such powers in the game Elite: Dangerous
 * The Federation (Shannara), fictional country from the Shannara series by Terry Brooks
 * The Galactic Federation, a fictional organisation featured in the Doctor Who serials The Curse of Peladon and The Monster of Peladon
 * The Galactic Federation (Metroid), the main governing body in the Metroid video game series
 * The Federation of the Americas, a fictional country from Call of Duty: Ghosts in the Call of Duty video game series
 * Terran Federation, the fictional totalitarian government centred on Earth in the British television series Blake's 7
 * The Terran Federation (Starship Troopers) and United Citizens' Federation from the novel and film Starship Troopers
 * Trade Federation, a galaxy-wide megacorporation in Star Wars
 * United Federation of Planets, the fictional federation which encompasses approximately 150 planets in Star Trek

Sports

 * Sports federation, sports organization that has a regulatory or sanctioning function
 * International Basketball Federation (FIBA), an association of national organizations which governs the sport of basketball worldwide
 * World Chess Federation (FIDE), an international chess organization
 * Federation of International Football Associations (FIFA), international soccer organization
 * WWE Federation Champion, a world heavyweight wrestling championship
 * World Wrestling Federation Entertainment (WWE), an American integrated media and entertainment company
 * Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the badminton international governing body
 * International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness, an international professional sports governing body for bodybuilding and fitness

Other uses

 * American Federation of Labor (AFL), a former national federation of labor unions in the United States
 * American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO), the largest federation of unions in the United States
 * World Federation of Exchanges (WFE), international trade association of publicly regulated stock, futures, and options exchanges
 * Federation (information technology), the standardization of information systems, or their means of inter-connection
 * WS-Federation, an identity specification
 * Federation (novel), a 1994 science fiction novel by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens
 * Federation (miniseries), 1998 documentary film about federation of Australia
 * The Federation (band), a Bay Area hip-hop collective
 * Federation II, a text-based online RPG
 * Federation architecture, an Australian architectural style (c. 1890 – c. 1915)
 * Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), organization that provides reproductive health care
 * Federation of Damanhur, a community situated in the Piedmont region of northern Italy
 * Solidarity Federation, a political organization in the United Kingdom
 * Federation Bells, an artistic installation comprising 39 upturned bells, located in Birrarung Marr, Melbourne
 * School federation (England and Wales), a partnership between schools in England and Wales
 * Federation Council, New South Wales, a local government area in Australia

title: Federation (disambiguation)


text:
James McCracken

James McCracken (December 16, 1926 – April 29, 1988) was an American operatic tenor. At the time of his death The New York Times stated that McCracken was "the most successful dramatic tenor yet produced by the United States and a pillar of the Metropolitan Opera during the 1960s and 1970s."

Biography
Born in Gary, Indiana, McCracken's earliest musical experiences were singing in his church choir in childhood. In the US Navy during World War II, he sang in the Blue Jacket Choir. He studied music at Columbia University, with Elsa Seyfert in Konstanz, Germany, and then with Joyce McLean in New York City until his death.

McCracken made his professional opera debut in 1952 with the Central City Opera in Colorado as Rodolfo in Puccini's La bohème. He sang minor roles at the Metropolitan Opera from 1953 to 1957, while still a student. In 1957, he moved to Europe and made his debut at the Vienna State Opera. He had great success with the Zürich Opera.

The role of Otello in Verdi's opera, Otello, was one of his signature roles. Starting in 1963, he became one of the Met's principal dramatic tenors. He replaced an injured Mario del Monaco at The Royal Opera House in London on very short notice on 11 April 1964, which won critical acclaim, including by Philip Hope-Wallace of The Guardian who described it as: "[T]he audience know at once that this was the voice for the part: large, inclined to perhaps splay a little, but sonorous, the emanation of the true Otello..." James McCracken also starred in Otello and Carmen in 1972; in Aida directed by John Dexter in 1976; in Le prophete in 1977; and in Tannhauser in 1978, his only leading Wagnerian role.

Feeling slighted about being passed over for the September 1978 telecast of Otello which starred Jon Vickers, McCracken resigned from the Metropolitan Opera, only to return to a rousing ovation in October 1983 for the Centennial Gala, during which he performed Otello's Act 3 soliloquy, "Dio! mi potevi scagliar". The following season, he took part in a live telecast of Verdi's Aida on January 5, 1985, which was historic in that it was Leontyne Price's farewell to the operatic stage.

McCracken's voice was huge, with a distinctive and somewhat thick texture. Occasionally he was criticized for his less-than-effortless singing technique. But virtually all critics acknowledged his acting skill, as well as the overwhelming power of his sound and his clarion high notes.

He was married to mezzo-soprano Sandra Warfield, with whom he performed Saint-Saëns' Samson and Delilah at the Met. He was a member of the Metropolitan Opera's final U.S. tour, where he sang the role of Canio in Pagliacci.

Recordings
McCracken made a number of complete opera recordings, including "Le prophète" (with Marilyn Horne and Renata Scotto, (Col/CBS), 1976), "Carmen" (conducted by Leonard Bernstein, (DG), 1972), "Fidelio" (with Birgit Nilsson, (Decca/London), 1964), "Otello" (with Dame Gwyneth Jones, (EMI/Angel), 1968) and "Pagliacci", on which side 4 of the original LP version was a recital of opera arias, (Decca/London), (1967), as well as Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder (with Jessye Norman, Tatiana Troyanos and David Arnold, (Phi), 1979), and a program of Irish and Scottish songs with piano (EMI/Angel), 1977. Additionally, he sang the part of Waldemar in Gurre-Lieder when it opened the Edinburgh International Festival in 1961. The broadcast of this concert, under the direction of Leopold Stokowski, has now been issued on CD (Guild Historical).

Videography

 * The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009

Publications

 * McCracken, James; Sandra Warfield; Robert Daley (ed.) (1970), A Star in the Family: the Warm and Vibrant Romance of the Internationally Celebrated Singing Couple, New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 1-199-45280-7

title: James McCracken


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/ArmchairVexillologistDon/Proposed decision

RFA withdrawn on 3 September 2005Homey 22:10, 3 September 2005 (UTC) Reopened 16:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

all proposed

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority aye vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority aye or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.
 * Items that receive a majority abstentions will need to go through an amendment process and be re-voted on once.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator in parenthesis after his time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted. See also /Evidence and /Workshop

For this case, 5 arbitrators are recused/inactive (Fennec, Sannse, David Gerard, Mindspillage, Kelly Martin), meaning that 4 votes is a majority.

Template
1) {text of proposed orders}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Temporary ban of ArmchairVexillologistDon
1) is banned from the editing of any Wikipedia page other than his or her user page and pages relating to this arbitration pending a decision in this matter. This ban is based upon posting of personal information regarding User:AndyL, see  and following material on Talk:Red_Ensign.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 16:31, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * What AVD did was certainly intended to intimidate. However, AndyL's edit-warring and POV-pushing need to be considered as well. ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 17:28, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. James F. (talk) 22:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * Not really necessary. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:34, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Temporary Ban of Disputants
2) ArmchairVexillologistDon and AndyL are banned from the editing of any Wikipedia page related to vexillology, fascism, or Canada pending a decision in this matter. What constitutes "Vexillogy," "fascism," or "Canada" shall be interpreted broadly. Their user pages and pages relating to this Arbitration are explicitly exempt from this ban.

 * Aye:
 * ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 17:28, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 17:46, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:57, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Jwrosenzweig 00:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) (i'm foggy under cold medicine right now, but as the decision seems close to passage, I thought I'd vote nay because I need till tomorrow to think about this and I hope no action is taken until then. The only evidence I've yet seen was of Don revealing Andy's identity without Andy's permission, and so I don't understand why Andy would be banned at all, but maybe there is something new I haven't seen.  Either way, if you all wouldn't mind waiting to put anything into effect until tomorrow (PST) I would appreciate it.  Thanks)
 * James F. (talk) 21:01, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) [was Aye] Overly broad on AndyL.
 * Agree with James F. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:37, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

2.1) The injunction passed above in 2) is narrowed such that ArmchairVexillologistDon and AndyL are banned from the editing of only the Wikipedia pages Red Ensign, Canadian Red Ensign, Flag of Manitoba, and Flag of Ontario, and their Talk pages.

 * Aye:
 * After looking into the behavior of both parties, I concur with AndyL: the injunction is unnecessarily broad. ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 14:14, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * # Jwrosenzweig 23:12, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) (see 2.3)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) 2.3

 * Abstain:
 * Not sure if this is necessary. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:37, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)

2.2) ArmchairVexillologistDon is banned from the editing of any Wikipedia page related to vexillology, fascism, or Canada pending a decision in this matter. What constitutes "Vexillogy," "fascism," or "Canada" shall be interpreted broadly. His user pages, and pages relating to this Arbitration, are explicitly exempt from this ban. AndyL is banned from the editing of the Wikipedia pages Red Ensign, Canadian Red Ensign, Flag of Manitoba, and Flag of Ontario, and their related talk pages.

 * Aye:
 * Unnecessarily broad on AndyL, perhaps, but not so much on ArmchairVexillologistDon, IMO. James F. (talk) 15:14, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Jwrosenzweig 23:12, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) (see 2.3)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) 2.3

 * Abstain:
 * Not sure if this is necessary. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:37, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)

Limited ban on ArmchairVexillologistDon
2.3) ArmchairVexillologistDon is banned from the editing of any Wikipedia page related to vexillology, fascism, or Canada pending a decision in this matter. What constitutes "Vexillogy," "fascism," or "Canada" shall be interpreted broadly.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 15:23, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Jwrosenzweig 23:12, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) (Given that no evidence has been introduced against AndyL -- and I haven't come across any on my own as yet -- I don't feel any temp ban can be issued against him. I feel that the evidence produced against AVD, however, is enough to bar him in this way.  One question -- is a cease and desist order to AVD stopping any further revelation about AndyL's real-life identity necessary, or should it be assumed by all parties that one is in effect?)
 * mav 06:41, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:
 * Not sure if this is necessary. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:37, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)

Proposed principles
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

1) Attempts to intimidate are forms of personal attack, which are not allowed.

 * Aye:
 * ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 18:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:17, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:37, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC) I don't think this is quite strong enough - they're a particularly nasty form of attack, and one that's much worse than, say, calling someone a troll.
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) Nasty stuff.
 * Fred Bauder 01:04, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Proposed findings of fact
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

AndyL's Full Name
1) On or shortly before 12 December 2004, AndyL sent an e-mail message to ArmchairVexillologistDon (AVD) that revealed AndyL's name.

 * Aye:
 * ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 18:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 18:45, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:38, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

2) On 12 December 2004, AVD posted on the Talk:Red Ensign page links to the pipermail archive of messages from the Wikipedia mailing list. In those messages, Paul Vogel addresses AndyL by his full name.

 * Aye:
 * ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 18:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 18:45, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:38, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

3) Messages sent to the Wikipedia mailing list are publicly available, both when initially sent and after being archived. There is no reasonable expectation of privacy for the content of those messages.

 * Aye:
 * ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 18:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 18:45, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:38, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

4) Not withstanding fact #3, a reasonable person could conclude that AVD's intent in posting the links to the archived Wikipedia mailing list messages was to intimidate AndyL.

 * Aye:
 * ➥the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 18:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 18:45, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:38, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Template
0) {text of proposed finding of fact}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Remedies
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Personal attack parole
1) AVD is placed on standard personal attack parole for up to and including two months. If he makes any edits which are judged by an administrator to be personal attacks, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week, and the parole shall be reset.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:34, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC) I'd also like this to explicitly address the harrassment issue, and make clear that if it occurs again, it will not be looked upon lightly.
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) A year is right.

 * Nay:
 * Too short. James F. (talk) 15:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

1.1) AVD is placed on standard personal attack parole for up to and including one year. If he makes any edits which are judged by an administrator to be personal attacks, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week, and the parole shall be reset.

 * Aye:
 * Two months too short. Ambi 03:50, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:46, 2005 Jan 10 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:22, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 01:04, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Discussion
2) AVD is required to discuss all reverts and removals to vexillology, fascism, Canada, Red Ensign, Canadian Red Ensign, Flag of Manitoba and Flag of Ontario on the relavant talk page, with the goal of finding mutually acceptable compromises.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:34, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) Particularly with a penalty for violation
 * James F. (talk) 15:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 01:04, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Ambi 03:50, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC) Prefer 2.1.

 * Abstain:

Ban on editing some articles
2.1) ArmchairVexillologistDon is banned from editing vexillology, fascism, Canada, Red Ensign, Canadian Red Ensign, Flag of Manitoba, Flag of Ontario, and their related talk pages. Should he do so, any administrator may block him for a length of time up onto and including one week.

 * Aye:
 * Neutralitytalk 16:56, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 03:50, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) Discussion option
 * We should encourage discussion. James F. (talk) 15:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * Prefer the discussion aspect. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:21, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)

Good behaviour
3) If AVD can demonstrate good skill in discussion and behaviour relatively free of personal attacks, he may apply to the Arbcom to have the above restrictions reduced or lifted.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:34, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) Of course.
 * James F. (talk) 15:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 01:04, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

One year ban
ArmchairVexillologistDon is banned from Wikipedia for one year.

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 23:12, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 01:04, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:19, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 21:21, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Enforcement
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Reversion violations
1) Should AVD revert Red Ensign or a related article or remove material without discussion, an administrator may block him for up to 24 hours.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:34, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 05:24, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 10:09, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 01:04, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 01:04, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Motion to close
Four Aye votes needed to close case

 * ArmchairVexillologistDon resigned from Wikipedia on January 3, 2005 and has not edited since Fred Bauder 12:02, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * We should leave the option to re-open this if he returns, however. Ambi 12:17, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Subject to reactivation if AVD returns. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 14:42, 2005 Jan 19 (UTC)

 * It's been two weeks. Subject to reactivation on his return - David Gerard 18:17, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Second motion to close
Four Aye votes needed to close case

 * This case appears to be settled so far as the two users are concerned. Fred Bauder 03:30, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:23, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I suppose so. James F. (talk) 03:42, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 02:29, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 11:30, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Third motion to close
Four net Aye votes needed to close case
 * 1) Move to close.  Since this case was opened the same day that Jimbo appointed Mindspillage and Karynn, we can assume that they are auto-recused. As such, only 4 votes are required to pass the one-year ban above.  ➥the Epopt 22:44, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) 'Concur with Epopt. →Raul654 22:56, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Close Fred Bauder 13:32, 24 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Islam in Pakistan

Islam is the largest and the state religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan has over 240 Million adherents of Islam. Pakistan is the fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. As much as 90% of the population follows Sunni Islam. Most Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, which is represented by the Barelvi and Deobandi traditions.

About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunni (85-90%)    while Shias make up between 10% and 15%. The Hanbali school has gained popularity recently due to Wahabbi influence from the Middle East. Smaller minority Muslim populations in Pakistan include Quranists, nondenominational Muslims. There are also two Mahdi'ist based creeds practiced in Pakistan, namely Mahdavia and Ahmadis, the latter of whom are considered by the constitution of Pakistan to be non-Muslims, constitute 1% of the Muslim population. Pakistan has the world's largest Muslim majority city (Karachi).

Before independence
Islam had reached the Indian subcontinent during the lifetime of Muhammad. According to a tradition, Baba Ratan Hindi was a trader from Punjab who was one of the non-Arab companions of Muhammad. In 644 AD, the Rashidun caliphate conquered Makran after defeating the kingdom of Sindh in the battle of Rasil. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and early partisans of Ali or proto-Shi'ites can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649 AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. During the Caliphate of Ali, many Hindus of Sindh had come under influence of Islam and some even participated in the Battle of Camel. In 712 CE, a young Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region for the Caliphal empire, to be made the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah. The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid. By the end of the 10th century CE, the region was ruled by several Hindu Shahi kings who would be subdued by the Ghaznavids. The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. These developments set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).

Nature of state
The Muslim League leadership, ulama (Islamic clergy) and Jinnah had articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama. When Jinnah died, Islamic scholar Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and also compared Jinnah's death to the Muhammad's passing. Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember Jinnah's message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream:"to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies."The first formal step taken to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was in March 1949 when the country's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, introduced the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly. The Objectives Resolution declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God. The president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, announced that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan-a pan-Islamic entity. Khaliq believed that Pakistan was only a Muslim state and was not yet an Islamic state, but that it could certainly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit. Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world:"Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality."However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments were not shared by other Muslim governments at the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language and culture. Although Muslim governments were unsympathetic with Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from all over the world were drawn to Pakistan. Figures such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, became frequent visitors to the country. After General Zia-ul-Haq took power in a military coup, Hizb ut-Tahrir (an Islamist group calling for the establishment of a Caliphate) expanded its organisational network and activities in Pakistan. Its founder, Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, would maintain regular correspondence with Abul A’la Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), and he also urged Dr. Israr Ahmed to continue his work in Pakistan for the establishment of a global caliphate.

Social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed conducted a survey in 1969 in pre-divided Pakistan on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that over 60% of people in East Pakistan (modern day Bangladesh) professed to have a secular national identity. However, in West Pakistan (current day Pakistan) the same figure professed to have an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in East Pakistan defined their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not Islam. It was the opposite in West Pakistan, where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.

After Pakistan's first ever general elections the 1973 Constitution was created by an elected Parliament. The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted. The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as the Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.

Zia ul Haq's Islamization
On 5 July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq led a coup d'état. In the year or two before Zia-ul-Haq's coup, his predecessor, leftist Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had faced vigorous opposition which was united under the revivalist banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the prophet"). According to supporters of the movement, establishing an Islamic state based on sharia law would mean a return to the justice and success of the early days of Islam when Muhammad ruled the Muslims. In an effort to stem the tide of street Islamisation, Bhutto had also called for it and banned the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, nightclubs and horse racing.

"Islamisation" was the "primary" policy, or "centerpiece" of his government. Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing sharia law. Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts and court benches to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine. New criminal offences (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law. Interest payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss" payments. Zakat charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material. Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space. Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties, whilst conservative scholars became fixtures on television. 10,000s of activists from the Jamaat-e-Islami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing. Conservative ulama (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology. Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985 even though Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process.

Zia's state sponsored Islamization increased sectarian divisions in Pakistan between Sunnis and Shias and between Deobandis and Barelvis. A solid majority of Barelvis had supported the creation of Pakistan, and Barelvi ulama had also issued fatwas in support of the Pakistan Movement during the 1946 elections, but ironically Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/Salafi) institutions. This was despite the fact that only a few (although influential) Deobandi clerics had supported the Pakistan Movement. Zia-ul-Haq forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobandi institutions. In Pakistan, actors who have been identified by the state as moderate Sufis—such as the Barelwis, a movement founded in the 19th century in response to conservative reformers such as the Deobandis—mobilized after the government's call from 2009 onwards to save the soul of Pakistan from creeping “Talibanization.”

Possible motivations for the Islamization programme included Zia's personal piety (most accounts agree that he came from a religious family), desire to gain political allies, to "fulfill Pakistan's raison d'être" as a Muslim state, and/or the political need to legitimise what was seen by some Pakistanis as his "repressive, un-representative martial law regime".

Until the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, "Islamic activists" were frustrated by the lack of "teeth" to enforce Islamic law in Pakistan's constitution. For example, in the 1956 constitution, the state did not enforce "Islamic moral standards" but "endeavor[ed]" to make them compulsory and to "prevent" prostitution, gambling, consumption of alcoholic liquor, etc. Interest was to be eliminated "as soon as possible".

According to Shajeel Zaidi a million people attended Zia ul Haq's funeral because he had given them what they wanted: more religion. A PEW opinion poll found that 84% of Pakistanis favoured making Sharia the official law of the land. According to the 2013 Pew Research Center report, the majority of Pakistani Muslims also support the death penalty for those who leave Islam (62%). In contrast, support for the death penalty for those who leave Islam was only 36% in fellow South Asian Muslim country Bangladesh (which shared heritage with Pakistan). A 2010 opinion poll by PEW Research Centre also found that 87% of Pakistanis considered themselves 'Muslims first' rather than a member of their nationality. This was the highest figure amongst all Muslim populations surveyed. In contrast only 67% in Jordan, 59% in Egypt, 51% in Turkey, 36% in Indonesia and 71% in Nigeria considered themselves as 'Muslim first' rather than a member of their own nationality.

"Islamic activists" such as much or the ulama (Islamic clerics) and Jamaat-e-Islami (Islamist party), support the expansion of "Islamic law and Islamic practices". "Islamic Modernists" are lukewarm to this expansion and "some may even advocate development along the secularist lines of the West."

Islamic way of life
The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan. Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.

Denominations

According to the CIA World Factbook and Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, 96–97% of the total population of Pakistan is Muslim.

Sunni
The majority of the Pakistani Muslims belong to Sunni Islam. Muslims belong to different schools which are called Madhahib (singular: Madhhab) i.e., schools of jurisprudence (also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of Thought) in Urdu).) Estimates on the Sunni population in Pakistan range from 85% to 90%.

Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni Muslims
The two major Sunni sects in Pakistan are the Barelvi movement and Deobandi movement. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous", but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to 50% the Barelvi school, while 50% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.

Shia
Shias are estimated to constitute about 10-15 percent of the country's population. Major traditions of Shia Islam found in Pakistan include the Twelver Shias (or Ithna Ashariyyah) and the Ismaili Shias (or Seveners); most notably the Dawoodi Bohras and the Khoja Ismailis—known for their prominence in commerce and industry.

Many prominent Shia Muslim politicians were known to play a decisive role in the creation of Pakistan for decades during the Pakistan Movement. The role as the first president of the Muslim League and its main financial backer during its earlier years was undertaken by Sir Aga Khan III, an Ismaili by faith. Other politicians that held prominent roles in the initial decades of the Muslim League include Raja Sahib, Syed Ameer Ali and Syed Wazir Hasan, among others.

A 2012 study found 50% of surveyed Pakistanis considered Shia as Muslims while 41% rejected (Shia as muslims). Shias allege discrimination by the Pakistani government since 1948, claiming that Sunnis are given preference in business, official positions and administration of justice. Attacks on Shias increased under the presidency of Zia-ul-Haq, with the first major sectarian riots in Pakistan breaking out in 1983 in Karachi and later spreading to other parts of the country. Shias have long been a target of Sunni radical groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi in the country. Sectarian violence became a recurring feature of the Muharram month every year, with sectarian violence between Sunnis and Shias taking place on multiple occasions. Since 2008 thousands of Shia have been killed by Sunni extremists according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and violent clashes between the two sects are common.

A subset of Shia in Pakistan are the Hazara ethnic group -- which are distinct from other Shi’a due to their language and facial features. Most Hazaras live in Afghanistan, but Pakistan also hosts between 650,000 and 900,000 – and around 500,000 live in the city of Quetta.

Sufism

Sufism is a vast term and many Sufi orders exist within Pakistan where the philosophy has a strong tradition. Historically, the Sufi missionaries had played a pivotal role in converting the native peoples of Punjab and Sindh to Islam. The most notable Muslim Sufi orders in Pakistan are the Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiya, Chishtiya and Suhrawardiyya silsas (Muslim Orders) and they have a large amount of devotees in Pakistan. The tradition of visiting dargahs is still practiced today. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh (Ali Hajweri) in Lahore (ca. 11th century), Sultan Bahoo in Shorkot Jhang, Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan, and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan (ca. 12th century) and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in Bhit, Sindh and Rehman Baba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. The Urs (death anniversary) of Sufi saints accounts for the largest gathering upon their shrines held annually by the devotees.

Although, popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance, certain tariqas such as Sarwari Qadri Order, refrain from such traditions and believe in paying visit to the shrines, making prayers or reciting manqabat. Moreover, contemporary Islamic fundamentalists also criticize the popular tradition of singing, dance and music, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of Mohammad and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, five in 2010 that killed 64 people. Presently, the known tariqas in Pakistan have maintained their organisations usually known as tehreeks and have their khanqahs for the dhikr of Allah, as per the old age Sufi tradition.

Quranists
Muslims who reject the authority of hadith, known as Quranist, Quraniyoon, or Ahle Quran, are also present in Pakistan. The largest Quranist organization in Pakistan is Ahle Quran, followed by Bazm-e-Tolu-e-Islam. Another Quranist movement in Pakistan is Ahlu Zikr.

Nondenominational
Roughly twelve per cent of Pakistani Muslims self-describe or have beliefs overlapping with non-denominational Muslims. These Muslims have beliefs that by and large overlap with those of the majority of Muslims and the difference in their prayers are usually non-existent or negligible. Nonetheless, in censuses asking for a clarification on which strand or rite of Muslim faith they most closely align, they usually answer "just a Muslim".

Blasphemy
The Pakistan Penal Code, the main criminal code of Pakistan, punishes blasphemy against any recognized religion, providing penalties ranging from a fine to death. Pakistan inherited blasphemy laws enacted by British colonial authorities and made them more severe between 1980 and 1986, when a number of clauses were added by the military government of General Zia-ul Haq, in order to "Islamicise" the laws and deny the Muslim character of the Ahmadi minority. Parliament through the Second Amendment to the Constitution on 7 September 1974, under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, declared Ahmadi Muslims as non-Muslims. In 1986 it was supplemented by a new blasphemy provision also applied to Ahmadi Muslims (See Persecution of Ahmadis). In 2020, the European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS) in a report entitled, Guilty until proven innocent: The sacrilegious nature of blasphemy laws Pakistan, recommended wide-ranging changes to Pakistan's laws and legal systems.

Conversions
There have been conversions to Islam from the religious minorities of Pakistan. Baba Deen Mohammad Shaikh, a former Hindu, is a Muslim missionary from Matli in Badin District of Sindh province who claims that he has converted over 110,000 Hindus to Islam. The Human Rights Council of Pakistan has reported that cases of forced conversion to Islam are increasing. According to victims' families and activists, Mian Abdul Haq, who is a local political and religious leader in Sindh, has been accused of being responsible for forced conversions of girls within the province.

title: Islam in Pakistan