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Non-monogamy

Non-monogamy (or nonmonogamy) is an umbrella term for every practice or philosophy of non-dyadic intimate relationship that does not strictly hew to the standards of monogamy, particularly that of having only one person with whom to exchange sex, love, and/or affection. In that sense, "nonmonogamy" may be accurately applied to extramarital sex, group marriage, or polyamory. It is not synonymous with infidelity, since all parties are consenting to the relationship structure, partners are often committed to each other as well as to their other partners and cheating is still considered problematic behavior with many non-monogamous relationships.

More specifically, "nonmonogamy" indicates forms of interpersonal relationship, intentionally undertaken, in which demands for exclusivity (of sexual interaction or emotional connection, for example) are attenuated or eliminated, and individuals may form multiple and simultaneous sexual and/or romantic bonds. This stands in contrast to monogamy, yet may arise from the same psychology. According to Jessica Fern, a psychotherapist and the author of Polysecure: Attachment, Trauma and Consensual Nonmonogamy, as of September 2020, about 4% of Americans, nearly 16 million people, are "practising a non-monogamous style of relationship" while the a 2016 study said that over 21% of Americans engaged in consensual non-monogamy at "some point in their lifetime." In January 2020, a YouGov poll found that about one-third of US adults believe that "their ideal relationship is non-monogamous to some degree."

Terminology
Many terms for non-monogamous practices are vague, being based on criteria such as "relationship" or "love" that are themselves subjectively defined. There are forms of non-monogamy whose practitioners set themselves apart by qualifiers, such as "ethically non-monogamous" which intends a distancing from the deceit or subterfuge they perceive in common cheating and adultery. This usage creates distinctions beyond the definitions of the words. For example, though some relations might literally be both polygamous and polyamorous, polygamy usually signifies a codified form of multiple marriage, based on established religious teachings such as Plural marriage, a form of polygyny associated with the Latter Day Saint movement in the 19th-century and with present-day splinter groups from that faith, as well as evangelical sects that advocate Christian Plural Marriage.

Polyamory is based on the preferences of the participants rather than social custom or established precedent. There is no one 'right' way to engage in non-monogamy (although there are widely agreed on 'wrong' ways). Because of this, the terms for the various kinds of relationships can be vague and sometimes interchangeable. but there are some distinctions that are worth defining. For example, swingers may intentionally avoid emotional and social connection to those—other than their primary partner—with whom they have sex, so may or may not be polyamorous but are non-monogamous.

Some useful terms are Metamour or Meta, the common term for a person with whom a partner is shared, V-Structure, one person is equally involved with two partners, and Triads / Quads. The latter is when three or four participants make up the primary partnership.

Forms of non-monogamy are varied. They include a casual relationship, sometimes called friends with benefits, which is a primarily physical relationship between two people with low expectations of commitment or emotional labor, and an open relationship (incl. open marriage), referring to one or both members of a committed (or married) couple have the express freedom to become sexually active with others, Other forms include sexual activities involving more than two participants at the same time, referring to group sex  orgies, and threesomes, a primarily sexual arrangement involving three people. There's also relationship anarchy where participants are not bound by set rules in relationships other than whatever is explicitly agreed upon by the people involved, and swinging, which refers to similar to an organized social activity, often involving some form of group sex and sometimes simply trading partners with other swingers. There's also concepts such as Polyfidelity, where participants have multiple partners but restrict sexual activity to within a certain group, and a situation where there is a main romantic relationship with all other relationships being second to it, known as primary/secondary. One of the most well-known forms is polygamy, where one person is married to multiple partners. This has three primary sub-forms: polyandry where a woman has multiple husbands, group or conjoint marriage, and polygyny, referring to a man has multiple wives. The latter is more widespread in Africa than in any other continent, especially in West Africa and in North America, it is practiced by some Mormon sects, such as the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church).

It is sometimes confused with polyamory, referring to when participants have multiple romantic partners It comes in various forms, such as hierarchical polyamory, where there is a primary romantic relationship with all other relationships being secondary to it, kitchen table polyamory which refers to people are expected to know one another and be comfortable in each others' company,  and parallel polyamory, with relationships between people who are kept separately, all may be aware of each other, but are not expected to be friends. There is also group marriage, where several people form a single familial unit and each person considered to be married to all other members. Line families are a form of group marriage intended to outlive its original members by ongoing addition of new spouses and poly families, which is similar to group marriage, but some members may not consider themselves married to all other members.

Favorable preexisting conditions before non-monogamy
Michael Shernoff cites two studies in his report on same-sex couples considering non-monogamy. Morin (1999) stated that a couple has a very good chance of adjusting to non-exclusivity if at least some of the following conditions exist. This includes both partners wanting their relationship to remain primary, the couple having an established reservoir of good will, and a minimum of lingering resentments from past hurts and betrayals. Other conditions include the partners in agreement on the question of monogamy/non-monogamy and the partners feeling similarly powerful and autonomous. Additionally, Green and Mitchell (2002) stated that direct discussion of the following issues can provide the basis for honest and important conversations, including openness versus secrecy, volition and equality versus coercion and inequality. Other issues include clarity and specificity of agreements versus confusion/vagueness, honoring keeping agreements versus violating them, and how each partner views non-monogamy. According to Shernoff, if the matter is discussed with a third party, such as a therapist, the task of the therapist is to "engage couples in conversations that let them decide for themselves whether sexual exclusivity or non-exclusivity is functional or dysfunctional for the relationship."

Public health and morality

The concepts of monogamy and marriage have been strongly intertwined for centuries, and in English-language dictionaries one is often used to define the other, as when "monogamy" is "being married to one person at a time." A common antonym is polygamy, meaning to have more than one spouse at one time. As a result, monogamy is deeply entrenched within many religions, and in social regulations and law, and exceptions are condemned as incursions on both morality and public health.

To some, the term non-monogamy semantically implies that monogamy is the norm, with other forms of relational intimacy being deviant and therefore somehow unhealthy or immoral. This concern over sexually transmitted diseases is despite the common practice of regular testing and sharing of recent test results prior to engaging in sexual activity.

It is often assumed that people who participate in non-monogamous sexual relationships have a higher rate of STIs. Despite reporting a higher number of sexual partners, research suggests that the risk of transmitting STIs is no higher than they are among the monogamous population. This is because the non-monogamous community is more likely to be regularly tested and more open about their results. The stigma of receiving a positive result is diminished, resulting in better treatment options and fewer people who are unwittingly transmitting the disease because they were not told by the person who gave it to them.

title: Non-monogamy


text: User talk:206.163.235.96

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:206.163.235.96


text: User talk:213.239.235.206

title: User talk:213.239.235.206


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Lar Lubovitch

Lar Lubovitch (born April 9, 1943) is an American choreographer. He founded his own dance company, the Lar Lubovitch Dance Company in 1968. Based in New York City, the company has performed in all 50 American states as well as in more than 30 countries. As of 2005, he had choreographed more than 100 dances for the company. In addition to the company, Lubovitch has also done creative work in ballet, ice-skating venues, and musical theater, notably Into the Woods. He has played a key role in raising funds to fight AIDS.

Early life and education
Born in Chicago, Lubovitch was educated at the University of Iowa and at New York City's Juilliard School, where he graduated in 1964. His teachers at Juilliard included Antony Tudor, José Limón, Anna Sokolow and Martha Graham.

Career
Lubovitch danced in numerous modern, ballet, jazz and ethnic companies before forming the Lar Lubovitch Dance Company in 1968.

His works are included in the repertories of companies throughout the world, including the New York City Ballet, American Ballet Theatre, Paris Opera Ballet, Royal Danish Ballet, Stuttgart Ballet, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Baryshnikov's White Oak Dance Project and Netherlands Dance Theater. His work is renowned for its musicality, rhapsodic style and sophisticated formal structures. His radiant, highly technical choreography and deeply humanistic voice have been acclaimed throughout the world.

Lubovitch made his Broadway debut in 1987 with the musical staging for the Stephen Sondheim/James Lapine musical, Into the Woods, for which he received a Tony Award nomination. In 1993 he choreographed the highly praised dance sequences for the Broadway show The Red Shoes. The final ballet from that show joined the repertories of American Ballet Theatre and the National Ballet of Canada. For his work on that show, he received the 1993-94 Astaire Award from the Theater Development Fund.

Starting in 1995, the company began focusing on creating dances in New York and teaching throughout the world. A prolific choreographer, Lubovitch created three new dances during the 2004-05 season. The first, Love Stories, was a collaboration between the Lubovitch company and Hubbard Street Dance Chicago (it premiered in Chicago in March 2005), the second, Do You Be, was created solely with the Lubovitch company in honor of Meredith Monk and premiered in NYC in November 2004). The third, Elemental Brubeck, is a collaboration between the Lubovitch company and the San Francisco Ballet (premiered in Paris in July 2005). Also in 2005 the Lubovitch company collaborated with the Limón Dance Company in the creation of another new dance, and staged its annual New York City season at the 850-seat Skirball Center on Washington Square in November.

In 1996 he created the musical staging (and two new dances) for the Tony Award-winning Broadway revival of The King and I. Most recently he devised the musical staging for Walt Disney's stage version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame in Berlin. In 2004 he was honored with the Elan Award for his outstanding choreography. United States Artists named him a 2011 Fellow.

Recent projects (as of 2005) have included: the Lubovitch company's world premiere of My Funny Valentine as part of the company's 2001 season in New York at City Center, and (the year before that) staging the world premiere of its acclaimed hit Men's Stories as part of the company's 2000 season in New York at the Orensanz Center for the Arts. Recent projects also include the creation of a full-evening-length (3-act) ballet composed by Elliot Goldenthal based on Othello in an unprecedented collaboration between the Lubovitch company and American Ballet Theatre and San Francisco Ballet. Othello was broadcast nationwide on PBS's Great Performances and nominated for an Emmy Award for its music.

In addition to his work for stage, screen and television, Lubovitch has also made a notable contribution to the advancement of choreography in the field of ice dancing. He has created dances for Olympic gold medalists John Curry, Peggy Fleming and Dorothy Hamill and has choreographed a full-length ice-dancing version of The Sleeping Beauty, starring Olympic medalists Robin Cousins and Rosalynn Sumners. The ballet was broadcast throughout Great Britain and America. He also choreographed a TV project with Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay, who won the silver medal for France at the 1992 Olympics. The show, based on The Planets by Gustav Holst, was broadcast by the A&E television network in June 1995 and was nominated for an International Emmy Award, a Cable ACE Award and a Grammy Award. Most recently he created two new ice dances for Paul Wylie, a duet for Renée Roca and Gorsha Sur, and an ensemble piece for the Ice Theatre of New York.

Significant works

 * Cavalcade (1980), score by Steve Reich
 * A Brahms Symphony (1985), marked Lubovitch's return to early composers
 * Into the Woods (1987), choreography for the Stephen Sondheim musical
 * Fandango (1990), choreographed without music, and later set to Ravel's "Bolero"
 * The Red Shoes (1993), choreography bought by American Ballet Theatre
 * Othello (1997), commissioned by American Ballet Theatre and San Francisco Ballet, to a score by Elliot Goldenthal

title: Lar Lubovitch


text: User talk:24.143.149.30

title: User talk:24.143.149.30


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BR-101 (Brazil highway)

The BR-101 (also called Translitorânea (transcoastal), officially named Rodovia Governador Mário Covas. and nicknamed Briói in some regions ) is a longitudinal highway of Brazil. It is the longest in the country with a length of nearly 4800 km, and it is considered one of the most important highways in the country, along with BR-116.

It crosses 12 Brazilian states: Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. It also connects more state capitals than any other "rodovia" (highway) in the country. In total, 12 capitals are directly connected by BR-101.

Its northern terminus is located in the city of Touros-RN and its southern terminus is located in São José do Norte-RS.

It follows virtually the entire east coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte to Rio Grande do Sul. The highway has not been built between two stretches between Peruíbe (SP) and Iguape (SP), and between Cananéia (SP) and Garuva (SC).

Between Curitiba and Garuva (SC), the highway was replaced by the BR 101 / BR 376 and was widened by the Paraná government, not by the federal government.

The northern section between Curitiba and the border with São Paulo was not built to preserve an area of the Atlantic Forest.

The Rio-Niterói Bridge is part of the BR-101.

Duplication
In the southern region of the country, the 312 km section between Curitiba and Florianópolis doubled completely around the year 2000. In 2005, the duplication of the 350 km section between Palhoça – SC and Osório – RS began. The 88.5 kilometers of the Rio Grande do Sul section were delivered only in February 2011; in the southern state of Santa Catarina, the delay was even longer: in 2018, 14.5 km (10 km in Laguna and 2 km in Tubarão) had yet to double. In 2019, the section was completed and opened to traffic.

In the Southeast Region of the country, in 2009, the duplication of 26 km between the Santa Cruz district, in the West Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, to the Itacuruçá district, in the municipality of Mangaratiba, was opened to the public, a section located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Janeiro, near the capital of Rio de Janeiro. The urban section that comprises Avenida Brasil is 58 km long and is completely duplicated and is administered by the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and ends near the beginning of the Río – Niterói Bridge. The bridge is about 13 km long. Between the capital of Rio de Janeiro and the city of Campos, the stretch between Niterói and Rio Bonito has already doubled since the 1980s. The 176.6 km stretch between Rio Bonito and Campos dos Goytacazes was awarded to the company Arteris in 2008, for 30 years. The duplication work started in 2011, and in 2018 the company had already duplicated 126.3 km.

In the Northeast Region of the country, the BR-101 section in the northeast, between Natal and Salvador, has been duplicated since 2005. Not yet completed, it's expected to be finished in 2021. About 70 km that cut the Recife Metropolitan Region already were duplicated before 2005. In the 688 km section connecting the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Alagoas (section between Natal-RN, João Pessoa-PB, Recife-PE, Maceió-AL and the AL-SE border), the road is almost completely duplicated. In February 2019, there was a 59 km section in Alagoas, between São Miguel and Rio Largo, whose inauguration was scheduled for the second half of 2020. A 10 km section in the indigenous reserve in Joaquim Gomes-AL is pending release for construction. In Sergipe, the works are progressing at a slow pace, with no anticipation of completion. In the Sergipe state, the 67 km stretch between Aracaju and Estância has been completed and the link between Maruim and Propriá is almost interrupted, and the Brazilian army is only carrying out work. At the end of 2018, duplicate 18 km were delivered in this section. The section of Bahia, with no forecast of completion, will be 165.4 kilometers from Feira de Santana to the border with the state of Sergipe. Another part will double from Eunápolis to the border with Espírito Santo.

title: BR-101 (Brazil highway)


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Johnsonville, New Zealand

Johnsonville is a large suburb in northern Wellington, New Zealand. It is seven kilometres north of the city centre, at the top of the Ngauranga Gorge, on the main route to Porirua (State Highway 1). It is commonly known by locals as "J'ville".

Johnson's clearing
Johnsonville was originally the site of a Māori track from Wellington to Porirua (the Old Porirua Road), and had no indigenous inhabitants prior to European settlement. Vegetation was dense native forest, dominated by tōtara, mixed podocarp trees (notably tōtara and rimu), rātā and hīnau. Johnsonville was settled in 1841 by, among others, Frank Johnson who had purchased a certificate of selection and had drawn the 100 acre 'Section 11 Kinapora (Kenepuru) District'. Initially called 'Johnson's clearing', Frank Johnson built a house by the Johnsonville stream and a timber mill near the centre of modern Johnsonville. He quickly denuded the entire Johnsonville area of virgin native forest, with timber sold to help build the nearby town of Wellington. He soon sold his land at a substantial profit, and returned to England by 1858 leaving the environment massively changed, and on which site a farming industry to support nearby Wellington City grew. The Daisy Hill Farm House was built about 1860, and is still standing.

Over the 20th century, farmland slowly gave way to Suburbia, with the first tiny township of Johnsonville steadily growing to become populated principally by a "mid-level" socio-economic strata. Johnsonville was a town by 1896.

1886: the railway arrives
The opening of the railway to Wellington by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company in 1886 (see Johnsonville Branch and Johnsonville Station) enabled people to commute to Wellington, and the line was electrified with more frequent and faster trains in 1938.

About 1894 stockyards were built in Broderick Road adjacent to the station sidings by Freeman R. Jackson. Stock (cattle and sheep) railed from the Manawatu and elsewhere were driven through the streets and down Fraser Avenue to the Ngauranga abattoir. The suburb got the name "Cowtown", and residents complained about hygiene and noise. So a new siding and stockyard was opened near Raroa station in 1958.

Town Board
Johnsonville was proclaimed a local board in 1874. From 1881 it was a dependent town district, renamed in 1887 the Johnsonville Town District. In 1908 the Town Board became independent. In 1909 John Rod, Chairman of the Town Board, negotiated for electric power; supplied by the Hutt Valley Electric Power Board and installed in Johnsonville by Norman Heath & Co. The board was active in the 1912-1922 period when gas lighting and drainage were installed and streets kerbed and channeled. In 1912 a water reservoir was built for water supplied from Ohariu Valley, and a new reservoir built in 1922. Drainage installed in 1912 was to a septic tank in Ngauranga Gorge. The septic tank lasted to 1953; when Johnsonville amalgamated with the Wellington City Council in April and the council completed a main sewer to the area. Surrounding areas also joined Wellington; like Raroa, which had been in the Hutt County Council.

The Town Board area was extended to the Hawtrey Estate north of Ironside Road from 1 April 1932, and the board installed some standpipes to fill water buckets.

The population grew from 143 in 1874 to 206 in 1878 and 438 (in 83 dwellings) in 1897. The population almost doubled between 1901 (502) and 1911, and was just over 3000 by 1951. In 1976 it was 9230; a 37% increase 1956-66 and 106% increase 1966–76.

Wellington suburb
The town grew rapidly from 1938 with state houses built on the former Native Reserve between Broderick Road and Fraser Avenue; the first was built in Bould Street. From 1938 to 1956, 329 state houses were built.

In the 1960s, the first shopping mall in the Wellington region was built in Johnsonville.

Demographics
Johnsonville, comprising the statistical areas of Johnsonville West, Johnsonville North, Johnsonville Central and Johnsonville South, covers 3.73 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Johnsonville had a population of 11,106 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 870 people (8.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,866 people (20.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,942 households, comprising 5,394 males and 5,712 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.94 males per female, with 2,211 people (19.9%) aged under 15 years, 2,202 (19.8%) aged 15 to 29, 5,349 (48.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,350 (12.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 61.2% European/Pākehā, 9.8% Māori, 5.9% Pasifika, 30.3% Asian, and 3.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 36.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 43.9% had no religion, 37.3% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 5.2% were Hindu, 2.1% were Muslim, 2.1% were Buddhist and 2.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 3,381 (38.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 885 (9.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,271 people (25.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,890 (55.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,176 (13.2%) were part-time, and 387 (4.4%) were unemployed.

Infrastructure
Johnsonville has a modestly large commercial infrastructure and is self-sufficient in many ways; it has a shopping mall, two supermarkets, library and a community hub.

Public transport
Johnsonville is a reasonably large residential and commercial suburb. Johnsonville Station is the northern terminus of the Johnsonville branch line of the Tranz Metro electric passenger service to central Wellington, with an adjacent bus stop for several routes known as the Johnsonville Hub. Johnsonville supports a large commuter population. Housing is spread around the shopping hub in the centre and extends out to the base of Mt Kaukau to the west, and out across the hill towards the suburb of Newlands to the south-east.

Keith Spry Pool
Keith Spry pool is an indoor 25 metre heated pool with a diving pool, toddler pool, spa, and sauna: opened in June 1982. The pool is run by Wellington City Council. In June 2013, work started on a $6 million revamp of the facilities which expanded the complex by 50 percent, adding a new learn to swim pool, replacing the roof and expanding the changing rooms. In 2019, Keith Spry Pool and Johnsonville Library was brought under the wings of Waitohi Hub.

Alex Moore Park
Alex Moore park is a sporting ground located on Broderick Road / Moorefield Road. The grounds host football, rugby, cricket, softball and athletics. The facilities include an artificial cricket surface, changing rooms and club house. The Alex Moore Park Development Project is planning a $6 million sports centre on the site that will replace disparate and outdated sports clubrooms with a centralised gym, meeting rooms and function area.

Johnsonville Community Centre
The Johnsonville Community Centre is located on the corner of Frankmoore Avenue and Moorefield Road and provides community services including education, Citizens Advice Bureau, support groups and youth groups. The building is owned by the Wellington City Council and was opened in 1995 after significant investment and fund raising by local community groups.

Regional planning
As a part of the Northern Growth Management Plan from Wellington City Council, there exists a proposal to redevelop Johnsonville's main precinct into the "Johnsonville Town Centre". This plan recognises Johnsonville as Wellington's most economically important commercial and population hub outside the city centre. The plan recommends the creation of a unique and identifiable Johnsonville culture around the triangular precinct - bounded by Johnsonville Road to the east, Broderick Road to the south and Moorefield Road to the west.

Community and social groups
Johnsonville has a number of community groups including:
 * The Johnsonville Club
 * Johnsonville Community Centre (next to Keith Spry pool)
 * Johnsonville Lions & Rotary
 * Johnsonville Community Association (Inc.)

Retail
Johnsonville Shopping Centre consists of 500 carparks and 70 shops, including a Countdown supermarket. Johnsonville Shopping Centre is part of the Stride Property Limited portfolio and (as of December 2023) was owned 50/50 with Diversified NZ Property Trust, and managed by Stride Investment Management Limited.

School enrolment zones
Johnsonville is within the enrolment zones for Onslow College, Newlands College, St Oran's College, Raroa Normal Intermediate and Johnsonville School.

Secondary education
Johnsonville is home to the co-educational high school Onslow College. It has a roll of as of

Primary and intermediate education
Johnsonville has one intermediate school and several primary schools:
 * Raroa Normal Intermediate is a state intermediate school with a roll of.
 * Johnsonville School is a contributing state primary school with a roll of.
 * St Brigids School is a contributing state-integrated Catholic primary school with a roll of.
 * West Park School is a contributing state primary school with a roll of.

Nearby suburbs
The residents of nearby suburbs such as Churton Park, Grenada Village, Newlands, Khandallah, Ngaio, Raroa and Broadmeadows also use Johnsonville's facilities - especially for shopping at the Johnsonville Shopping Centre. While many of these centres have new supermarkets, the range of shops available in Johnsonville is a major attraction to the wider district.

title: Johnsonville, New Zealand


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User talk:Nbertram

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:00, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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Organochlorine chemistry

Organochlorine chemistry is concerned with the properties of organochlorine compounds, or organochlorides, organic compounds containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. The chloroalkane class (alkanes with one or more hydrogens substituted by chlorine) includes common examples. The wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties of organochlorides lead to a broad range of names, applications, and properties. Organochlorine compounds have wide use in many applications, though some are of profound environmental concern, with TCDD being one of the most notorious.

Physical and chemical properties
Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen. They have higher boiling and melting points compared to related hydrocarbons. Flammability reduces with increased chlorine substitution in hydrocarbons.

Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.

Natural occurrence
Many organochlorine compounds have been isolated from natural sources ranging from bacteria to humans. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Dioxins, which are of particular concern to human and environmental health, are produced in the high temperature environment of forest fires and have been found in the preserved ashes of lightning-ignited fires that predate synthetic dioxins. In addition, a variety of simple chlorinated hydrocarbons including dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride have been isolated from marine algae. A majority of the chloromethane in the environment is produced naturally by biological decomposition, forest fires, and volcanoes.

The natural organochloride epibatidine, an alkaloid isolated from tree frogs, has potent analgesic effects and has stimulated research into new pain medication. However, because of its unacceptable therapeutic index, it is no longer a subject of research for potential therapeutic uses. The frogs obtain epibatidine through their diet which is then sequestered into their skin. Likely dietary sources are beetles, ants, mites, and flies.

From chlorine
Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.

The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.

Chlorine adds to the multiple bonds on alkenes and alkynes as well, giving di- or tetra-chloro compounds.

Reaction with hydrogen chloride
Alkenes react with hydrogen chloride (HCl) to give alkyl chlorides. For example, the industrial production of chloroethane proceeds by the reaction of ethylene with HCl:
 * H2C=CH2 + HCl → CH3CH2Cl

In oxychlorination, hydrogen chloride instead of the more expensive chlorine is used for the same purpose:
 * CH2=CH2 + 2 HCl + $1/undefined$ O2 → ClCH2CH2Cl + H2O.

Secondary and tertiary alcohols react with hydrogen chloride to give the corresponding chlorides. In the laboratory, the related reaction involving zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid:

Called the Lucas reagent, this mixture was once used in qualitative organic analysis for classifying alcohols.

Other chlorinating agents
Alkyl chlorides are most easily prepared by treating alcohols with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) or phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), but also commonly with sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) and phosphorus trichloride (PCl3):
 * ROH + SOCl2 → RCl + SO2 + HCl
 * 3 ROH + PCl3 → 3 RCl + H3PO3
 * ROH + PCl5 → RCl + POCl3 + HCl

In the laboratory, thionyl chloride is especially convenient, because the byproducts are gaseous. Alternatively, the Appel reaction can be used:

 * Appel reaction.svg

Reactions
Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.

Heating alkyl halides with sodium hydroxide or water gives alcohols. Reaction with alkoxides or aryloxides give ethers in the Williamson ether synthesis; reaction with thiols give thioethers. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction. Reaction with other pseudohalides such as azide, cyanide, and thiocyanate are possible as well. In the presence of a strong base, alkyl chlorides undergo dehydrohalogenation to give alkenes or alkynes.

Alkyl chlorides react with magnesium to give Grignard reagents, transforming an electrophilic compound into a nucleophilic compound. The Wurtz reaction reductively couples two alkyl halides to couple with sodium.

Vinyl chloride
The largest application of organochlorine chemistry is the production of vinyl chloride. The annual production in 1985 was around 13 million tons, almost all of which was converted into polyvinylchloride (PVC).

Chloromethanes
Most low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethene, and trichloroethane are useful solvents. These solvents tend to be relatively non-polar; they are therefore immiscible with water and effective in cleaning applications such as degreasing and dry cleaning. Several billion kilograms of chlorinated methanes are produced annually, mainly by chlorination of methane:
 * CH4 + x Cl2 → CH4−xClx + x HCl

The most important is dichloromethane, which is mainly used as a solvent. Chloromethane is a precursor to chlorosilanes and silicones. Historically significant, but smaller in scale is chloroform, mainly a precursor to chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2) and tetrafluoroethene which is used in the manufacture of Teflon.

Pesticides
The two main groups of organochlorine insecticides are the DDT-type compounds and the chlorinated alicyclics. Their mechanism of action differs slightly.

 * The DDT like compounds work on the peripheral nervous system. At the axon's sodium channel, they prevent gate closure after activation and membrane depolarization.  Sodium ions leak through the nerve membrane and create a destabilizing negative "afterpotential" with hyperexcitability of the nerve. This leakage causes repeated discharges in the neuron either spontaneously or after a single stimulus.
 * Chlorinated cyclodienes include aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane and endosulfan. A 2- to 8-hour exposure leads to depressed central nervous system (CNS) activity, followed by hyperexcitability, tremors, and then seizures. The mechanism of action is the insecticide binding at the GABAA site in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) chloride ionophore complex, which inhibits chloride flow into the nerve.
 * Other examples include dicofol, mirex, kepone, and pentachlorophenol. These can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, depending on their molecular structure.

Insulators
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were once commonly used electrical insulators and heat transfer agents. Their use has generally been phased out due to health concerns. PCBs were replaced by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which bring similar toxicity and bioaccumulation concerns.

Toxicity
Some types of organochlorides have significant toxicity to plants or animals, including humans. Dioxins, produced when organic matter is burned in the presence of chlorine, are persistent organic pollutants which pose dangers when they are released into the environment, as are some insecticides (such as DDT). For example, DDT, which was widely used to control insects in the mid-20th century, also accumulates in food chains, as do its metabolites DDE and DDD, and causes reproductive problems (e.g., eggshell thinning) in certain bird species. DDT also posed further issues to the environment as it is extremely mobile, traces even being found in Antarctica despite the chemical never being used there. Some organochlorine compounds, such as sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, and Lewisite, are even used as chemical weapons due to their toxicity.

However, the presence of chlorine in an organic compound does not ensure toxicity. Some organochlorides are considered safe enough for consumption in foods and medicines. For example, peas and broad beans contain the natural chlorinated plant hormone 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA); and the sweetener sucralose (Splenda) is widely used in diet products. , at least 165 organochlorides had been approved worldwide for use as pharmaceutical drugs, including the natural antibiotic vancomycin, the antihistamine loratadine (Claritin), the antidepressant sertraline (Zoloft), the anti-epileptic lamotrigine (Lamictal), and the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane.

Rachel Carson brought the issue of DDT pesticide toxicity to public awareness with her 1962 book Silent Spring. While many countries have phased out the use of some types of organochlorides such as the US ban on DDT, persistent DDT, PCBs, and other organochloride residues continue to be found in humans and mammals across the planet many years after production and use have been limited. In Arctic areas, particularly high levels are found in marine mammals. These chemicals concentrate in mammals, and are even found in human breast milk. In some species of marine mammals, particularly those that produce milk with a high fat content, males typically have far higher levels, as females reduce their concentration by transfer to their offspring through lactation.

title: Organochlorine chemistry


text:
User talk:Danita

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:03, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Danita


text:
Christopher Gillis

Christopher Gillis (February 26, 1951 in Montreal – August 7, 1993 in New York City) was an important gay male dancer and choreographer and member of the Paul Taylor Dance Company.

Early life and career
Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of the late Gene Gillis, a US Olympic skier, and Rhona Wurtele, a Canadian Olympic skier who competed in the 1948 Winter Olympics along with her twin sister Rhoda. His sister, Margie Gillis, is also a dancer and choreographer; they were dance partners from childhood and collaborated on numerous shows. His brother, Jere Gillis, played professional hockey from 1977 to 1987 for the Vancouver Canucks, New York Rangers, Quebec Nordiques, Buffalo Sabres, and the Philadelphia Flyers.

Gillis studied with Finis Jhung, with Paul Taylor and with choreographers May O'Donnell and Norman Walker. He performed with José Limón's company.

He joined the Paul Taylor Dance Company in 1976 in New York City. He lived and worked in New York for the next seventeen years. He was designated Taylor's heir-apparent.

His works have been performed by the Paul Taylor company, the White Oak Dance Project and the Fairfax Ballet.

He died from AIDS complications at the age of 42.

As choreographer

 * Ne Me Quitte Pas 1993
 * Landscape 1993
 * Ghost Stories (around 1985?)
 * Andalusian Green 1992
 * Icarus At Night 1991
 * Curbs & Corridors 1990
 * Luvs Alphabet 1989
 * Spell It Out 1988
 * Paean 1987
 * VeRS La Glace 1986
 * Thin Ice 1982

As dancer

 * Fact and Fancy 3 Epitaphs & All / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1991
 * Of Bright & Blue Birds & the Gala Sun 1990
 * The Sorcerer's Sofa / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1989
 * Minikin Fair / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1989
 * Speaking in Tongues / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1988
 * Danbury Mix / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1988
 * Counterswarm / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1988
 * Brandenburgs / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1988
 * Syzygy / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1987
 * Kith and Kin / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1987
 * A Musical Offering / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1986
 * Ab Ovo Usque Ad Mala (From Soup to Nuts) / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1986
 * Roses / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1985
 * Byzantium / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1984
 * Equinox / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1983
 * Snow White / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1983
 * Sunset / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1983
 * Mecuric Tidings / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1982
 * Lost, Found and Lost / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1981
 * House of Cards / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1981
 * Arden Court / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1981
 * Le Sacre du Printemps (the Rehearsal) / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1980
 * Profiles / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1979
 * Nightshade / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1979
 * Diggity / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1978
 * Airs / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1978
 * Aphrodisiamania / choreographed by Paul Taylor 1977
 * Dust / choreographed by Paul Taylor) 1977
 * Images / choreographed by Paul Taylor) 1977
 * Polaris / choreographed by Paul Taylor) 1976
 * Cloven Kingdom / choreographed by Paul Taylor) 1976

Film

 * Eye on Dance, Produced by: Celia Ipiotis. Documentary/Interview with Margie and Christopher Gillis, ARC Videodance NY 1990

Resources

 * Memorial Service
 * Article and photo on AWA

title: Christopher Gillis


text:
File:Tracy Chapman - Crossroads.jpg

Cover for album Crossroads by Tracy Chapman.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Tracy Chapman - Crossroads.jpg


text:
Crossroads (Tracy Chapman album)

Crossroads is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman, released in 1989. Chapman was also a producer on this album, the first time she had taken on such a role. The song "Freedom Now" is dedicated to Nelson Mandela.

Track listing
All songs written by Tracy Chapman.

 * 1) "Crossroads" – 4:11
 * 2) "Bridges" – 5:24
 * 3) "Freedom Now" – 4:02
 * 4) "Material World" – 3:02
 * 5) "Be Careful of My Heart" – 4:39
 * 6) "Subcity" – 5:09
 * 7) "Born to Fight" – 2:46
 * 8) "A Hundred Years" – 4:20
 * 9) "This Time" – 3:43
 * 10) "All That You Have Is Your Soul" – 5:16

Musicians

 * Tracy Chapman – acoustic guitar, harmonica (tracks 6, 10), electric guitar (tracks 3, 8), vocals, background vocals (track 3), 12 string guitar (tracks 6, 9), stagecoach guitar (track 10)
 * Charlie Bisharat – viola (track 6), electric violin (track 6), violin pizzicato (track 1)
 * Peggie Blu – background vocals (track 3)
 * Marc Cohn – piano (track 2)
 * Paulinho da Costa – tambourine (track 3), conga (track 8)
 * Carolyn Dennis – background vocals (track 3)
 * Denny Fongheiser – drums (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8)
 * Bobbye Hall – percussion (tracks 1, 4, 5), conga (tracks 3, 6), tambourine (track 7)
 * Jack Holder – banjo (track 3), piano (tracks 2, 7), acoustic stagecoach guitar (track 9), organ (track 9)
 * Larry Klein – bass guitar (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
 * Danny Kortchmar – electric guitar (track 8)
 * Russ Kunkel – drums (tracks 2, 6, 9)
 * Jim Lacefield – cello (track 10)
 * Tim Landers – bass guitar (tracks 3, 7)
 * Steve Lindley – electric piano (track 8)
 * Bob Marlette – keyboards (tracks 1, 2)
 * Frank Marocco – accordion (track 1)
 * Sheila Minard – background vocals (track 3)
 * Scarlet Rivera – violin (track 9)
 * Roz Seay – background vocals (track 3)
 * G.E. Smith – acoustic picking guitar (track 1), mandolin (track 5), electric guitar (track 4)
 * William D. "Smitty" Smith – organ (tracks 4, 6, 8)
 * John X. Volaitis – piano (track 9)
 * Elesecia Wright – background vocals (track 3)
 * Snooky Young – trumpet (track 7)
 * Neil Young – acoustic guitar (track 10), piano (track 10)

Production

 * Producers: Tracy Chapman, David Kershenbaum
 * Kevin W. Smith – engineer, mixing
 * Herb Ritts – cover photography

Awards
32nd Annual Grammy Awards

title: Crossroads (Tracy Chapman album)


text:
Talk:Crossroads (Tracy Chapman album)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060818014532/http://www.rollingstone.com:80/artists/tracychapman/albums/album/226609/review/5946696/crossroads to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tracychapman/albums/album/226609/review/5946696/crossroads

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title: Talk:Crossroads (Tracy Chapman album)


text:
KSEV

KSEV (700 AM) is a commercial radio station, licensed to Tomball, Texas, and serving Greater Houston. It broadcasts a talk radio format and is owned by Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. (Patrick is not related to sports radio and TV host Dan Patrick.) The studios and offices are on Katy Freeway (I-10) in Houston. The transmitter is off FM 2978 in Magnolia, Texas.

AM 700 is a clear-channel frequency reserved for WLW in Cincinnati, a Class A, 50,000-watt station. While KSEV operates with 15,000 watts by day, it must reduce power at night to 1,000 watts to avoid interference. There are only thirteen other stations in the United States that broadcast on 700 kHz.

Programming
On weekdays, KSEV features local hosts in the morning and afternoon drive times, with paid brokered programming in middays and syndicated conservative talk shows heard the rest of the day. Hosts include Brian Kilmeade, Ben Shapiro, Dana Loesch, Joe Pags and Dan Bongino; programs include Red Eye Radio and First Light. On weekends, KSEV carries programs about money, health, lifestyle, real estate, cars, and gardening; while money, lifestyle, and health programs were also carried on weekday afternoons, some of which are brokered programming. Most hours begin with the world and national news from Townhall Radio.

The station's primary competitors are two well-established talk stations, both owned by iHeartMedia, AM 740 KTRH and AM 950 KPRC, as well as Salem Media talk radio outlet AM 1070 KNTH.

History
On December 1, 1986, the station first signed on as KTBT. It was owned by Duncan Broadcasting and aired a middle of the road (MOR) music format. At first, the power was 2,500 watts by day and 1,000 watts at night. Howard Sellers acquired the station in September 1989. He kept the format as MOR. Sellers sold the station the following month. In October 1989, the station changed owners again, as Sunbelt Broadcasting bought the station for only $47,164. Sunbelt's president and owner was Dan Patrick, who was already hosting a show on KTBT. Previously, Patrick had served as sports director for KHOU Channel 11 in Houston. Sunbelt changed the call sign to KSEV and switched the format to conservative talk. The station became an NBC Radio Network affiliate and also got a boost in power to 25,000 watts in the daytime, and 1,000 watts at night. Patrick wore several hats as owner, general manager, and morning drive sports talk host in the early years of KSEV. Also in 1989, KSEV acquired the Houston-area rights to run the nationally syndicated Rush Limbaugh Show, while Limbaugh was relatively unknown. (Limbaugh later switched to 740 KTRH, owned by iHeartMedia, which also syndicates Limbaugh's show.) In April of that year, Los Angeles Kings hockey games were aired; it ended in June 1993. Dallas Stars took over in the fall of that year. By 1990, along with Limbaugh and Patrick, KSEV had a lineup of local hosts which included Roger Gray, Jerry Trupiano, and former Houston Chronicle sportswriter Ed Fowler. Bob Hallmark was the program director and Rod Evans served as the news director. In 1995, KSEV was acquired by San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications. The format remained talk and Patrick stayed on as vice president and general manager. The station changed hands again in 2001, as Clear Channel sold KSEV to Liberman Broadcasting, based in Southern California. Even though Lieberman usually programs Spanish-language formats, KSEV remained a conservative talk station in English. Patrick remained KSEV's vice president, running the station through a local marketing agreement (LMA). Patrick later bought the station from Lieberman.

title: KSEV


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Karina Calzada

Karina Calzada
Karina Calzada was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Not notable. --fvw *  05:08, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Delete bad vanity Cdc 06:56, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity page. 129.177.61.120 08:29, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. utcursch 09:23, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Bandie vanity. Geogre 16:40, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Houshuang 18:37, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Jayjg 19:44, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity doesn't even start to describe it Carole a 17:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Gurkha711

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:09, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Gurkha711


text: User talk:24.242.5.173

title: User talk:24.242.5.173


text:
2004 Saarland state election

The 2004 Saarland state election was held on 5 September 2004 to elect the members of the Landtag of Saarland. The incumbent Christian Democratic Union (CDU) government led by Minister-President Peter Müller retained its majority and continued in office.

Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Saarland.

Election result
! colspan="2" | Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! Seats % ! colspan=8| ! align=right colspan=2| Total ! align=right| 441,628 ! align=right| 100.0 ! align=right| ! align=right| 51 ! align=right| ±0 ! align=right| ! align=right colspan=2| Voter turnout ! align=right| ! align=right| 55.5 ! align=right| 13.2 ! align=right| ! align=right| ! align=right|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=right| 209,690
 * align=right| 47.5
 * align=right| 2.0
 * align=right| 27
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 52.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=right| 136,224
 * align=right| 30.8
 * align=right| 13.6
 * align=right| 18
 * align=right| 7
 * align=right| 35.3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=right| 24,830
 * align=right| 5.6
 * align=right| 2.4
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 5.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=right| 22,842
 * align=right| 5.2
 * align=right| 2.6
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 6.9
 * align=right| 2.6
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 6.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | National Democratic Party (NPD)
 * align=right| 17,590
 * align=right| 4.0
 * align=right| 4.0
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Family Party of Germany (FAMILIE)
 * align=right| 13,106
 * align=right| 3.0
 * align=right| 2.0
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)
 * align=right| 10,240
 * align=right| 2.3
 * align=right| 1.5
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Others
 * align=right| 7,106
 * align=right| 1.6
 * align=right|
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right|
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * }

title: 2004 Saarland state election


text: User talk:69.138.181.254

title: User talk:69.138.181.254


text: Category:Nantucket County, Massachusetts


text: User talk:69.75.103.246

title: User talk:69.75.103.246


text:
Family Party of Germany

The Family Party of Germany (Familienpartei Deutschlands) is a minor conservative political party in Germany. It has elected members to several local councils in the state of Saarland. In the 2005 federal elections, the Family Party received 0.4% of the popular vote and no seats. The party wants to introduce a right to vote for children carried out by the legal guardians.

In the 2014 European parliament elections, the Family Party received 0.69% of the national vote (202,871 votes in total) and elected one Member of the European Parliament - Arne Gericke, however he later went on to join Freie Wähler in June 2017. In the 2019 European Parliament election, the Family Party slightly increased their vote share, reaching the threshold and electing lead candidate Helmut Geuking as an MEP.

title: Family Party of Germany


text:
File:Tracy Chapman - Matters of the Heart.jpg

Cover for album Matters of the Heart by Tracy Chapman.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
The Adventure of the Gloria Scott

"The Adventure of the Gloria Scott ", one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 12 stories in the cycle collected as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in The Strand Magazine in the United Kingdom in April 1893, and in Harper's Weekly in the United States on 15 April 1893.

It is chronologically the earliest case in Sherlock Holmes canon. This story is related mainly by Holmes rather than Watson, and is the first case to which Holmes applied his powers of deduction, having treated it as a mere hobby until this time. This is one of numerous Sherlock Holmes stories in which a protagonist is haunted by an old acquaintance for an old crime. The others include "The Boscombe Valley Mystery" "Black Peter", "The Sign of Four", "The Five Orange Pips", "The Resident Patient", etc. It is also one of his many stories that deal with the fate of characters who return to England after having spent time abroad in the colonies of the British Empire.

Synopsis
In his university days, Holmes spent a month with his friend, Victor Trevor, at Victor's father's estate in Norfolk. While there, Holmes amazed his host, Victor's father, who was a Justice of the Peace and a landowner. He had made his fortune in the goldfields in Australia. One of Holmes's deductions was that the elder Mr. Trevor was once connected with someone with the initials "J. A." whom he wanted to forget. His host then passed out on the table. Holmes had touched a sore spot, and possibly did not believe the old man's explanation once he had come back to himself that J. A. had been an old lover.

Holmes perceived that he was making his host uncomfortable and decided to take his leave. The evening before he did this, another old man suddenly appeared at the house causing the elder Mr. Trevor to rush for a shot of brandy before greeting him. They had apparently been shipmates some 30 years earlier, and Mr. Trevor said something about finding him some work. Soon afterwards, Holmes and his friend found Mr. Trevor drunk.

Holmes then left the Trevor estate and spent the next seven weeks at his chemistry experiments, suddenly receiving a telegram from the younger Trevor begging him to come back to Norfolk. Once he got there, Victor told Holmes that his father was dying as a result of a stroke suffered after he received a letter. They found that he had died while Victor had been meeting Holmes at the station.

After Holmes had left the house seven weeks earlier, it seems that this old man who had come looking for work, and whose name was Hudson, proved to be as unruly an employee as could be imagined. He had demanded to be promoted from gardener to butler and had got what he wanted. He had taken unforgivable liberties which would normally have resulted in an employee's dismissal. He was often drunk. Victor could not stand him and would have beaten Hudson up if he had been younger. The other staff had complained about him. However, Victor's father always let him get away with any infamy. Suddenly, Hudson announced that he was leaving because he had tired of Norfolk, and he was going to Hampshire to see Beddoes, another old shipmate.

Now, Holmes's friend had become thin and careworn by the ordeal. He had thought that the trouble was over when Hudson had left, but then came the letter, from Fordingbridge in Hampshire. It read:

 * "The supply of game for London is going steadily up. Head-keeper Hudson, we believe, has been now told to receive all orders for fly-paper and for preservation of your hen pheasant's life."

It meant nothing to Victor, and it was quite a while before Holmes saw anything in it. He found the key. If one read every third word beginning with the first, there was an intelligible message: "The game is up. Hudson has told all. Fly for your life."

Holmes had deduced that the game was blackmail. Some guilty secret had been the power that Hudson had held over the elder Mr. Trevor. The old man's dying words to his doctor unlocked the secret. Some papers were found in Mr. Trevor's Japanese cabinet.

The document was a confession. The elder Mr. Trevor had once borne the name James Armitage (initials: J. A.) and had been a criminal having embezzled money from the bank where he worked and been caught. He was sentenced to transportation.

Once on the ship, the Gloria Scott, bound for Australia from Falmouth, Armitage found out from a neighbouring prisoner that there was a conspiracy to take over the ship. The neighbour, Jack Prendergast, had financed the scheme out of the nearly £250,000 in unrecovered money from his crime. Many of the crew, even officers, were in his employ, and even the chaplain Wilson, who was not truly a clergyman at all. Wilson, while pretending to minister to the prisoners, was actually furnishing them with pistols and other equipment to be used when the time was right. Armitage also drew his other neighbour, Evans, into the scheme.

As might be expected, all did not go as planned. The takeover was accomplished unexpectedly when the ship's doctor discovered a pistol while treating a prisoner. The prisoners then had to make their move right away or they would lose the element of surprise. In the ensuing mêlée, the Captain and many other men were killed, and there arose a dispute between Prendergast with his supporters and a group including Armitage over what to do with the few loyal crewmen still left alive. Armitage and others would not stand for cold-blooded murder. They were cast adrift in a small boat to make their way as they would.

Shortly after leaving in their small boat, the Gloria Scott blew up as the result of the violence spreading to where the gunpowder was kept. The men in the small boat, among whom was also Evans, hurried back to the site and rescued one survivor—Hudson.

The next day, as luck would have it, the men were rescued by another ship, the Hotspur, also bound for Australia. They passed themselves off as survivors from a passenger ship and once in Australia, headed for the goldfields. Armitage changed his name to Trevor, and Evans changed his name to Beddoes. Both later returned to England as rich men.

All had gone well until Hudson had suddenly shown up.

Since no scandal involving the Gloria Scott ever followed the odd message from Beddoes (Evans), and since neither Hudson nor Evans was ever heard from again, the Police believed Hudson had done away with Evans while Holmes believed that Evans had likely killed Hudson, believing that he had told all, when in fact he had not, and then fled with as much money as he could lay his hands on.

The case is referenced by Holmes once more in "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire" when Holmes consults an index of his past exploits for references to "vampires" and remarks on "the Voyage of the Gloria Scott" listed under "V". It is also mentioned in passing in "The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual" as Holmes recounts to Watson his early cases when he first became a detective.

Discrepancy
The confession account contained a scribbled footnote from the elder Trevor that recorded the fatal note delivered to him. This contradicts the stated fact that Trevor never regained consciousness until the very end of his life, at which time he merely revealed where the confession lay.

According to Trevor's confession the Gloria Scott left Falmouth "thirty years ago" and precisely in 1855, but that would set Holmes's enquiry in 1885 and not in his college years, as he told Watson. Since further in the story the elder Trevor writes also: "For more than twenty years we have led peaceful and useful lives", we can assume that the exact date is around 1875, which would fit Holmes's reference to his college years. It is also possible that the "thirty years" was a rounding of twenty-five years, which would place the case in 1880.

Publication history
The story was published in the UK in The Strand Magazine in April 1893, and in the US in Harper's Weekly on 15 April 1893. It was also published in the US edition of the Strand in May 1893. The story was published with seven illustrations by Sidney Paget in The Strand Magazine, and with two illustrations by W. H. Hyde in Harper's Weekly. It was included in the short story collection The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in the UK in December 1893 and in the US in February 1894.

Film and television
The story was adapted as a 1923 short film for the Sherlock Holmes Stoll film series, with Eille Norwood as Sherlock Holmes and Hubert Willis as Dr. Watson.

The 1954–1955 Sherlock Holmes television series starring Ronald Howard as Holmes and H. Marion Crawford as Watson loosely adapted the story for its episode "The Case of the Blind Man's Bluff", changing the name of the ship to the "Gloria North". It retains elements from the story, such as a respectable character with a tattoo he has tried to erase but which Holmes observes anyway (in the episode, the tattoo was the initials "G.N." for "Gloria North" rather than "J.A."). The episode was later remade, retaining the plot structure and much of the dialogue, for the 1980 American-Polish series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson starring Geoffrey Whitehead, which was also produced by Sheldon Reynolds.

"The Gloria Scott" was a 2001 episode of the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century, in which the titular prison ship was a spacecraft en route to the Moon.

In the 2014 episode "The Empty Hearse", the first episode of the third series of the BBC television series Sherlock, Dr. Watson's fiancee, Mary Morstan, solves a coded text message on a cellphone by reading every third word. In the fourth series episode "The Final Problem" in 2017, it is revealed that Holmes had a childhood friend named Victor Trevor.

Radio
Edith Meiser adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes with Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson. The episode aired on 21 January 1932. Other episodes adapted from the story aired on 14 April 1935 (with Louis Hector as Holmes and Lovell as Watson) and 1 October 1936 (with Gordon as Holmes and Harry West as Watson).

Meiser also adapted the story for the American radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes as an episode with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson, which aired on 28 December 1941.

The story was adapted as an episode of the American radio series CBS Radio Mystery Theater titled "The Gloria Scott". The episode, which starred Kevin McCarthy as Sherlock Holmes and Court Benson as Dr. Watson, first aired in November 1977.

"The Gloria Scott" was dramatised by Vincent McInerney for BBC Radio 4 in 1992, as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. It featured Simon Treves as Victor and Terence Edmond as Trevor.

A 2008 episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, was adapted from the story, with John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson.

Print
In 2005, Croatian writer Mima Simić published a short story collection entitled Pustolovine Glorije Scott (Adventures of Gloria Scott). This loose adaptation introduces a queer parody of the Sherlock Holmes canon through the gender reversal of the protagonists: disastrous detective Gloria Scott and her faithful assistant Mary Lambert. A TV animation series based on this adaptation was under development as of 2014.

The 2016 book The Murder of Mary Russell by Laurie R. King is based on the premise that Gloria Scott's Hudson is none other than the father of Holmes' landlady Mrs. Hudson.

title: The Adventure of the Gloria Scott


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User talk:Brucekog

Hi---

I am a new user at this site. I hope all is well for everyone.

title: User talk:Brucekog


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Verchères

Verchères is an off-island suburb of Montreal, in Montérégie, Quebec, located on the south bank of the Saint Lawrence River. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 5,759.

History
In the 17th century, the settlement at Verchères was the scene of an Iroquois raid that was apparently thwarted by the ingenuity of a 14-year-old girl named Madeleine (now known as Madeleine de Verchères). A cast-iron statue of Madeleine de Verchères stands today by the former location of the settlement stronghold on the shore of the Saint-Lawrence river.

In French, the word Verchères can be used as an adjective to describe a specific type of rowboat invented in Verchères at the end of the 19th century, i.e. chaloupe verchères. A specimen of the rowboat is on permanent outdoor display during the summer and fall at the Parc Jean-Marie Moreau across from the town office.

The motto of Verchères is In Tenebris Lumen Rectis Corde. The streets of Verchères are mostly named after the patronyms of residing families but also after local people who rose to celebrity in Canadian history.

Geography
Verchères is located about 40 km east of Montréal. The municipality is traversed by Road 132, an important road that runs along the St. Lawrence River and connects several municipalities along the south shore. The river plays a significant role in the economy of Verchères, offering picturesque views and opportunities for recreational activities.

The terrain is relatively flat, typical of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, with some gentle elevations and wppded areas. The landscape of Verchères is typically rural, with farmland, natural areas and residential zones.

Notable people

 * Jean Blouf, pioneer of Verchères
 * Joseph Coulon de Jumonville whose death while a prisoner of George Washington ignited the French and Indian War theater of the Seven Years' War
 * Louis Coulon de Villiers who is the only officer to whom Washington ever surrendered.
 * François Coulon de Villiers another of the Coulon brothers who would later be Alcalde of New Orleans, Louisiana (New Spain)
 * Bernard Landry former Premier of Quebec.
 * Lynda Lemay, songwriter and singer.
 * Calixa Lavallée, composer of O Canada.
 * Pierre Bouchard, Montreal Canadiens retired former professional hockey player.
 * Alexandre Beaudoin, fingerprint scientist
 * Joseph Bailly, fur trader and first permanent Euro-American settler in northwest Indiana. His homestead is a part of Indiana Dunes National Park.

title: Verchères


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Matters of the Heart (Tracy Chapman album)

Matters of the Heart is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman, released on April 28, 1992, by Elektra Records. It was her first not to be produced or co-produced by David Kershenbaum.

Track listing
All songs written by Tracy Chapman.

 * 1) "Bang Bang Bang" – 4:21
 * 2) "So" – 3:26
 * 3) "I Used to Be a Sailor" – 3:56
 * 4) "The Love That You Had" – 4:11
 * 5) "Woman's Work" – 2:01
 * 6) "If These Are the Things" – 4:40
 * 7) "Short Supply" (Jigten; For Richmond) – 4:23
 * 8) "Dreaming on a World" – 5:03
 * 9) "Open Arms" – 4:34
 * 10) "Matters of the Heart" – 6:59

Critical reception
Matters of the Heart received generally mixed reviews from music critics.

Musical style
The record marked a notable switch in sound from Chapman's earlier works. AllMusic labeled it as "less bold and angry" than her preceding record, and Israbox took note of the "subtle elements of world music, blues, and jazz" included in the record.

Musicians
• Tracy Chapman – acoustic guitar, vocals

• Manu Katché – drums (tracks: 1 to 4, 7 to 10)

• Omar Hakim – drums (tracks: 6)

• Alex Acuña – percussion (tracks: 8, 9)

• Mino Cinelu and Steve Thornton – percussion (tracks: 1 to 4, 7 to 10)

• Michael Fisher – percussion (tracks: 5, 6, 9)

• Nellee Hooper – percussion (tracks: 9)

• Tony Levin – bass guitar (tracks: 2, 3, 7, 10)

• Randy "The Emperor" Jackson – bass guitar (tracks: 1, 8, 9)

• Larry Klein – bass guitar (tracks: 6)

• Bob Glaub – bass guitar (tracks: 4)

• Roy Bittan – accordion (tracks: 5), keyboard

• Charles Judge & Larry Williams – keyboard (tracks: 9)

• Mike Campbell – bouzouki (tracks: 2), mandolin (tracks: 3, 5), electric guitar (tracks: 1, 2, 6, 7)

• Vernon Reid – electric guitar (tracks: 1, 7, 8)

• Waddy Wachtel – electric guitar (tracks: 1, 6)

• Bobby Womack – acoustic Guitar (tracks: 9)

Production
• Producers: Tracy Chapman, Jimmy Iovine

• Engineers: David Bianco, Niko Bolas, Nellee Hooper, Femi Jiya, Bradshaw Leigh, Thom Panunzio, Mark "Spike" Stent

• Assistant engineers: Chad Blinman, Greg Goldman, Ed Korengo, Chad Munsey, Joe Pirrera, Rick Plank

• Mixing: Bob Clearmountain, Femi Jiya

• Mastering: Bob Ludwig

• Coordination: Susie Tallman

• Art direction: Tracy Chapman

• Photography: Herb Ritts


text: Talk:Matters of the Heart (Tracy Chapman album)


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List of peers 1090–1099

Peerage of England

 * rowspan=2|Earl of Cornwall (1068)||Robert, Count of Mortain||1068||1095||Died
 * William Fitz-Robert, 2nd Earl of Cornwall||1095||1106||
 * Earl of Dorset (1070)||Osmund, Count of Seez||1070||1099||Died
 * Earl of Chester (1071)||Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester||1071||1101||
 * rowspan=3|Earl of Shrewsbury (1074)||Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury||1074||1094||Died
 * Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury||1094||1098||Died
 * Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury||1098||1102||
 * Earl of Northampton (1080)||Simon I de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton||1080||1109||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Albemarle (1081)||Adelaide, 1st Countess of Albemarle||1081||1090||Died
 * Stephen de Blois, 2nd Earl of Albemarle||1090||1127||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Surrey (1088)||William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey||1088||1099||Died
 * William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey||1099||1138||
 * Earl of Warwick (1088)||Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick||1088||1119||
 * Earl of Gloucester (1093)||William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester||1093||1094||New creation; Died
 * Earl of Buckingham (1097)||Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham||1097||1102||New creation
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Albemarle (1081)||Adelaide, 1st Countess of Albemarle||1081||1090||Died
 * Stephen de Blois, 2nd Earl of Albemarle||1090||1127||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Surrey (1088)||William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey||1088||1099||Died
 * William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey||1099||1138||
 * Earl of Warwick (1088)||Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick||1088||1119||
 * Earl of Gloucester (1093)||William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester||1093||1094||New creation; Died
 * Earl of Buckingham (1097)||Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham||1097||1102||New creation
 * William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey||1099||1138||
 * Earl of Warwick (1088)||Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick||1088||1119||
 * Earl of Gloucester (1093)||William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester||1093||1094||New creation; Died
 * Earl of Buckingham (1097)||Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham||1097||1102||New creation
 * Earl of Gloucester (1093)||William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester||1093||1094||New creation; Died
 * Earl of Buckingham (1097)||Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham||1097||1102||New creation
 * Earl of Buckingham (1097)||Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham||1097||1102||New creation

Peerage of Scotland

 * Mormaer of Fife||Causantín, Earl of Fife||c. 1095||1128||
 * Mormaer of Mearns||Máel Petair of Mearns|| || ||fl. 1094
 * Mormaer of Mearns||Máel Petair of Mearns|| || ||fl. 1094

title: List of peers 1090–1099


text: User talk:65.187.231.237

title: User talk:65.187.231.237


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T. J. Duckett

Todd Jeffery Duckett (born February 17, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Michigan State Spartans. Duckett was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round of the 2002 NFL draft with the 18th overall pick. He also played in the NFL for the Washington Redskins, Detroit Lions and Seattle Seahawks.

Early years
Duckett participated in track & field, where he was a three-time state Class-A shot put champion. He held the state record in the shot put, from 1999 until 2016, at 20.42 meters (67 ft). In sprints, he was a member of the 4 × 100 m relay (42.59s) team and recorded a personal-best time of 10.6 seconds in the 100-meter dash. He was also timed at 4.37 seconds in the 40-yard dash and bench pressed 515 pounds.

Seattle Seahawks
On March 4, 2008, the Seattle Seahawks signed Duckett to a five-year contract worth $14 million. He served as a short-yardage back for the Seahawks. Duckett scored a touchdown on a one-yard run on September 14, 2008. Before the game, his number was changed from 45 to 42.

NFL statistics
Rushing Stats

Receiving Stats

Personal life
In 2012, he started a nonprofit printing company for t-shirts and other clothing items. In 2017, he started New World Flood, a non-profit organization that goes into schools and teaches kids how they can start a flood of community service and kind acts in their school, town, city, and world.

Duckett's cousin Mazi Smith plays defensive tackle in the NFL.

title: T. J. Duckett


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Prima donna

In opera or commedia dell'arte, a prima donna (Italian for 'first lady'; : prime donne) is the leading female singer in the company, the person to whom the prime roles would be given.

Prime donne often had grand off-stage personalities and were seen as demanding of their colleagues. Because of this, the term has spread in contemporary usage, from its original usage in opera to referring to anyone behaving in a demanding or temperamental fashion or having an inflated view of oneself.

The prima donna in opera was normally, but not necessarily, a soprano. The corresponding term for the male lead (usually a castrato in the 17th and 18th centuries, later a tenor) is primo uomo.

Opera
In 19th century Italy, the leading woman in an opera or commedia dell'arte company was known as the prima donna, literally the "first lady". This woman, usually the principal soprano of the company, would typically perform leading roles and generally sing more music than other women in the company. Famous opera prime donne have often caused opera enthusiasts to divide into opposing "clubs", supporting one singer over another. The rivalry between the fans of Maria Callas and Renata Tebaldi, for example, was one of the most famous, despite the friendship of the two singers.

The designation prima donna assoluta (absolute first lady) is occasionally applied to a prima donna of outstanding excellence. It has also been used to describe the creators of heroic coloratura roles in the first half of the 19th century.

The woman who sang the second major part in an opera was, correspondingly, referred to as the seconda donna; by the late 18th century, this role was sometimes called the altra prima donna.

Personality
At times, these prime donne had grand off-stage personalities and strict demands of fellow troupe members, musicians, set and wardrobe designers, producers, and other staff. However, they were deferentially tolerated because of their consummate talent and their draw at the box office. From this experience, the term prima donna has come into common usage in any field, denoting someone who behaves in a demanding, often temperamental fashion, revealing an inflated view of themselves, their talent, and their importance. Due to this association, the contemporary meaning of the word has taken on the negative connotation of a vain, undisciplined, egotistical, obnoxious, or temperamental person who finds it difficult to work under direction or as part of a team but whose contributions are essential to the success of the team.

title: Prima donna


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File:Tracy Chapman - New Beginning.jpg

Cover for album New Beginning by Tracy Chapman.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Tracy Chapman - New Beginning.jpg