text:
Pale Male

Pale Male (1990 – May 16, 2023), or Palemale, was a red-tailed hawk that resided in and near New York City's Central Park from the 1990s until 2023. Birdwatcher and author Marie Winn gave him his name because of the unusually light coloring of his head. He was one of the first red-tailed hawks known to have nested on a building rather than in a tree and is known for establishing a dynasty of urban-dwelling red-tailed hawks.

Each spring, bird watchers would set up telescopes alongside Central Park's Model Boat Pond to observe his nest and chicks at 927 Fifth Avenue. Although it was suggested over the years that Pale Male could have died and been replaced by a similarly colored bird without the change being observed, there was no strong evidence to confirm or deny this possibility.

Life
When he arrived in Central Park in 1991, as a first-year immature hawk, Pale Male tried to nest in a tree, but he was driven off by crows. He later roosted on a building on Fifth Avenue across the street from the park. Around early 1992, he found a mate, dubbed "First Love". First Love was injured later that year and removed to the Raptor Trust in Morris County, New Jersey. During her absence, Pale Male took another mate. After several unsuccessful spring nesting attempts, Pale Male and a mate hatched three eyasses in 1995. The eyasses survived to young adulthood and took up residence in Central Park.

First Love returned to Central Park after being banded and released from the Raptor Trust. She and Pale Male reunited and raised several eyasses. Some birdwatchers waited several months to see the eyasses grow and then take their first flights. Pale Male brought food to his offspring about five times each day. In 1997, First Love died after eating a poisoned pigeon in Central Park.

Pale Male's mate from 1998 to 2001 was a hawk known as Blue. The pair were observed to hatch about 11 eyasses in that period. Blue disappeared about the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001. In early 2002, Pale Male was first observed with a new mate, Lola. They raised seven eyasses between 2002 and 2004, building a nest on ornamental stonework above a top-story window on a residential housing cooperative at 927 Fifth Avenue, near 74th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Although Pale Male and Lola collected sticks for a potential nest at a cooperative on the Upper West Side, the Beresford at 81st Street and Central Park West, in 2006, they never nested there. Lola disappeared in December 2010 and was presumed dead.

A new mate appeared in early January 2011. This new hawk, Lima, also called "Ginger", because of her dark feathers on her neck and chin, was only in her second year. She was a young adult, with still-yellow irises, indicating her exact age. Her first nesting attempt was in the winter and spring of 2011 using the existing nest. Ginger exhibited behavior consistent with incubation of eggs in mid-April 2011 and two eyasses emerged towards the end of May 2011, producing the first baby hawks in this nest since 2004. Lima died in late February 2012, presumably after eating a poisoned rat.

After Lima's death, Pale Male took a new mate, dubbed Zena. The two fledged three offspring, two of which were poisoned, rescued, rehabilitated, and then released back into Central Park. In September 2012, Zena disappeared and was presumed dead, and Pale Male took a new mate, called "Octavia" due to her status as Pale Male's eighth mate.

, many observers believed that Pale Male was still alive at the age of 31. This would have made him one of the oldest known red-tailed hawks on record. It was suggested in 2015 that Pale Male could have died sometime over the years and been replaced without birdwatchers' notice by another male hawk with similar coloring, but no substantive evidence has been provided for either fate.

Death
On May 16, 2023, wildlife rehabilitator Bob Horvath reported that Pale Male had been found "sick and grounded in Central Park" by New York City Urban Park Ranger Nick Baisley the previous day, on May 15, 2023. Pale Male was transferred into Horvath's custody and he immediately took the hawk to the vet. Blood work and x-rays were done and Horvath then took him to WINORR to provide supportive care while they waited for the test results. Pale Male died on the evening of May 16, 2023, at age 33.

Nest controversy
In early December 2004, the hawks' nest and the anti-pigeon spikes that had long anchored it were removed by the board of the co-op due to concerns about debris from the nest falling to the street below. The removal caused an international outcry and a series of impassioned protests organized by New York City Audubon Society and the Central Park birding community. Mary Tyler Moore, a resident of the building and animal rights advocate, also participated in the protests. By December 12, 2004, the building, various city agencies, and the Audubon Society agreed to seek a solution, and quickly came to an agreement to replace the spikes and to install a new "cradle" for the nest. By December 28, 2004, the scaffolding had been removed and the hawks started bringing twigs to the nest site.

However, eggs laid by Lola in March 2005 did not hatch, and in fact Pale Male and Lola did not hatch any new eyasses since the disturbance of their original nest. A panel of experts assembled by the Audubon Society reviewed the photos taken of the interior of the nest on January 4, 2008, and recommended the removal of stainless steel spikes seen protruding through the bowl of the nest. The spikes impeded the rolling of the eggs by the female during incubation. The Audubon Society obtained the support and approvals of municipal agencies and property owners to have the 92 spikes removed from the cradle supporting the nest.

Other red-tailed hawks in the area
Since 2000, other adult hawk pairs have nested in or on the bounds of Central Park, with varying degrees of success.

At the south end of the park, a hawk couple dubbed Pale Male Junior (or simply "Junior") and Charlotte nested on the Trump Park Hotel on Central Park South in 2005.

Following reports of red-tails attempting to nest on or near the Plaza Hotel at the southeast corner of Central Park, a pair of red-tails built a nest in a tree on the edge of the park's Sheep Meadow in 2014 and raised two baby hawks.

Reports of further attempts to nest on buildings along or near Central Park South since 2016 have continued, e.g., at the Ritz-Carlton in 2022, but none have been reported successful.

A pair of red-tails known for several years of unsuccessful nesting attempts on buildings along Central Park West built a nest in Central Park's Pinetum in 2022 and successfully fledged two babies.

A hawk couple known as Tristan and Isolde claimed Central Park's Great Hill and North Wood as their territory in 2006, but their nest was located about four blocks from the park at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, overlooking Morningside Park. Although both Tristan and Isolde have since died or disappeared, they and their successors at the cathedral nest had fledged 28 baby red-tails as of 2020.

Attempted red-tail nesting activity has been reported at other locations on the periphery of Central Park, including locations on Central Park West since 2013, but none were successful until 2021. In 2021 and 2022, a pair of red-tailed hawks nested on the Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Center, across Fifth Avenue from Central Park's Conservatory Garden, and hatches were reported there.

New York City red-tail population
A 2007 study commissioned by the Audubon Society reported that pairs of red-tails were spotted breeding in nests at 32 locations throughout the city, and hawk watchers say they have spotted dozens of unattached red-tails across the five boroughs. Since 2010, there have typically been about ten active red-tailed hawk nests in Manhattan per year. For example, in 2014, there were at least eleven red-tailed nests reported in Manhattan, of which ten were known to have fledged baby hawks. In 2021 there were ten nests reported, but only five were confirmed to fledge at least a young bird.

Relatively small green spaces about the city may see red-tailed hawk visitors, while slightly larger locations, such as Washington Square Park, Tompkins Square Park, the Fordham University Rose Hill campus, and the main Columbia University campus, may support nesting pairs.

In popular culture

 * Pale Male, a one-hour documentary by filmmaker Frederic Lilien, aired on WNET's Nature in 2004. A feature documentary called The Legend of Pale Male by Frederic Lilien was completed in April 2009.
 * Alternative country singer Steve Earle references Pale Male in his song "Down Here Below", from the 2007 album Washington Square Serenade.
 * A puppet of Pale Male made several appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien where he played various instruments with The Max Weinberg 7.
 * At least three children's illustrated books about Pale Male have been published, including:
 * The Tale of Pale Male: A True Story, by Jeanette Winter (Harcourt, 2007)
 * City Hawk: The Story of Pale Male, by Meghan McCarthy (Simon & Schuster, 2007)
 * Pale Male: Citizen Hawk of New York City, by Janet Schulman (Knopf, 2008).
 * Pale Male is the mascot of PS 6, an elementary school on the Upper East Side.

title: Pale Male


text:
Talk:Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism

Why this is listed in Category:Iranian writers? --Pouya 20:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism


text:
User talk:Emulynx

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title: User talk:Emulynx


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User talk:Mattb90

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title: User talk:Mattb90


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File:Jenblue.jpg

myself, in blue, my pic, my face, my manipulation

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User talk:RyanGerbil10

'''English spoken here | Wir sprechen Deutsch | Nosotros hablamos español | On parle français | Мы говорим по-русски | Türkçe dili biliyoruz Welcome to my talk page! Please imagine that the following is set to a catchy song:

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Would you be tempted to list Template:Internet memes for deletion again? Your statement at Deletion_review/Log/2008_November_30 still holds true. I think it was kept due to WP:INTERESTING/WP:LIKE/WP:USEFUL votes and the original problem wasn't solved.--Otterathome (talk) 09:23, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

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hi
Please help us translate Persepolis to Azerbaijani.Shahin (talk) 11:02, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

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GA Reassessment of Litchfield Towers
I have done a GA Reassessment of the Litchfield Towers article as part of the GA Sweeps project. My review can be found here. I have found that the artice does not meet the current GA Criteria. As such I have put the article on hold for a week and I am notifying all interested projects and editors. If you have any questions or concerns please contact me on my talk page. H1nkles (talk) 18:14, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

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Template Arnold Scwarzenegger
I saw that you had deleted this in the past. Was there a reason? I couldn't find the reasons why. I would think it would be a good idea given the numerous things he has been involved in. Of course I am just talking about ideas and am ignorant of any possible wikipedia policies about templates. Thanks! Arnabdas (talk) 20:09, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello RyanGerbil10! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:41, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Laith Al-Deen -

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Regarding a little something that you did 2 years ago...
I have been brought to the attention to, where you have removed the template as a result of the TfD, but have not replaced it with a suitable tag (namely  ), which is the reason for a CSD on the file in question a few days ago. Now, I have added the relevant tag, and I will AGF as I assume that you had no ill intent in doing so, but should I be aware of any other files that you have done the same to, so that I can add the relevant tags so they do not end up being unnecessarily deleted? Thanks. --  李博杰   | —Talk contribs email 06:21, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

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Hallo, übersetzt du für wiki? Habe dich hier gefunden. Würde mich freuen, wenn du dich meldest. Bis bald--Veden11 (talk) 16:31, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

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Re: Templates_for_deletion/Log/2007_December_3 (specifically Template:Warcraft character)
Hello, RyanGerbil10.

I am currently undergoing the painstaking process of generating quality articles concerning notable characters in the Warcraft/World of Warcraft universe. I understand from skimming the AfD archives that a great many of them once existed and were deleted primarily on the basis of being badly written and poorly sourced. I am attempting to rectify this situation. To aid in this effort, I have created a userfied version of the deleted template at User:Cjmclark/Sandbox/Warcraft/Template:Warcraft character.

This template is only being used in articles currently under development in my sandbox, but I would like to make it live in the mainspace as those articles near completion. As you are the administrator responsible for deleting the template following the discussion referenced in the subject, I would like your opinion on the regeneration of this template prior to placing it in the mainspace. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thank you.  Cjmclark (Contact) 16:02, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Invitation to join WikiProject Pittsburgh
--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 20:57, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Welcome back
Good to see you back at the old mop and bucket game. Guy (Help!) 20:35, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

I just saw your name pop up as well, welcome back. Secret account 06:12, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Climate of the Rock Hill, South Carolina area for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Climate of the Rock Hill, South Carolina area is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Climate of the Rock Hill, South Carolina area until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Blueboy96 01:35, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject Romania
--Codrin.B (talk) 06:14, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

MSU Interview
Dear RyanGerbil10,

My name is Jonathan Obar user:Jaobar, I'm a professor in the College of Communication Arts and Sciences at Michigan State University and a Teaching Fellow with the Wikimedia Foundation's Education Program. This semester I've been running a little experiment at MSU, a class where we teach students about becoming Wikipedia administrators. Not a lot is known about your community, and our students (who are fascinated by wiki-culture by the way!) want to learn how you do what you do, and why you do it. A while back I proposed this idea (the class) to the communityHERE, where it was met mainly with positive feedback. Anyhow, I'd like my students to speak with a few administrators to get a sense of admin experiences, training, motivations, likes, dislikes, etc. We were wondering if you'd be interested in speaking with one of our students.

So a few things about the interviews:
 * Interviews will last between 15 and 30 minutes.
 * Interviews can be conducted over skype (preferred), IRC or email. (You choose the form of communication based upon your comfort level, time, etc.)
 * All interviews will be completely anonymous, meaning that you (real name and/or pseudonym) will never be identified in any of our materials, unless you give the interviewer permission to do so.
 * All interviews will be completely voluntary. You are under no obligation to say yes to an interview, and can say no and stop or leave the interview at any time.
 * The entire interview process is being overseen by MSU's institutional review board (ethics review). This means that all questions have been approved by the university and all students have been trained how to conduct interviews ethically and properly.

Bottom line is that we really need your help, and would really appreciate the opportunity to speak with you. If interested, please send me an email at obar@msu.edu (to maintain anonymity) and I will add your name to my offline contact list. If you feel comfortable doing so, you can post your nameHERE instead.

If you have questions or concerns at any time, feel free to email me at obar@msu.edu. I will be more than happy to speak with you.

Thanks in advance for your help. We have a lot to learn from you.

Sincerely,

Jonathan Obar --Jaobar (talk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 35.9.34.167 (talk) 20:56, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. ( X! ·  talk )  · @174  · 03:10, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Knights of Columbus FAC
Hello! Seven years ago you took part reviewing the Knights of Columbus article when it was up for Featured Article. It passed then, but was later delisted. I've addressed the new concerns and have put it back up for consideration again. If you would be kind enough to review the article again and then offer either your support or suggestions on its new nomination page, I would very much appreciate it. Thanks! --Briancua (talk) 13:47, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Request for comment
Hello there, a proposal regarding pre-adminship review has been raised at Village pump by. Your comments here is very much appreciated. Many thanks. Jim Carter through MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:46, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. MadmanBot (talk) 00:31, 1 August 2014 (UTC)

Notification of imminent suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next several days. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. MadmanBot (talk) 00:30, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions have been removed pending your return. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. WJBscribe (talk) 11:39, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

File:Iowa2004PresElection.PNG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Iowa2004PresElection.PNG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Kelly hi! 15:30, 12 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Missing
Hi. You are now listed as missing. Should you ever return or choose not to be listed, you are welcome to remove your name. Chris Troutman ( talk ) 23:25, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:LocationOfRonneburg.png

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Nomination of University of Pittsburgh Honors College for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article University of Pittsburgh Honors College is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/University of Pittsburgh Honors College until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Drmies (talk) 20:42, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

"Template:Proseline" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Proseline&redirect=no Template:Proseline] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Jay 💬 07:55, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:RyanGerbil10


text:
Category:Dartmoor

Articles relating to Dartmoor, an upland area in southern Devon, England. The moorland and surrounding land has been protected by National Park status since 1951. Dartmoor National Park covers 954 km2.

title: Category:Dartmoor


text:
Talk:James Alexandrou

Untitled
Is this neutral writing?

"James is one of the few British actors that you can love to hate, and hate to love. You can see and feel the emotion in his eyes"

Hi, I'm removing some of the text. You really don't need so much information about Martin Fowler, this is about James Alexandrou. There's too much about Martin here and his storylines so I will remove some of it.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:07, 23 February 2022 (UTC)
 * James.Alexandrou.jpg

title: Talk:James Alexandrou


text:
Cypriot Arabic

Cypriot Arabic (العربية القبرصية), also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic or Sanna is a moribund variety of Arabic spoken by the Maronite community of Cyprus. Formerly speakers were mostly situated in Kormakitis, but following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, the majority relocated to the south and dispersed, leading to the decline of the language. Traditionally bilingual in Cypriot Greek, as of some time prior to 2000, all remaining speakers of Cypriot Arabic were over 30 years of age. A 2011 census reported that, of the 3,656 Maronite Cypriots in Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas, none declared Cypriot Arabic as their first language.

History and classification
Cypriot Arabic was first introduced to Cyprus by Maronites who came mainly from Lebanon and Syria as early as the seventh century, with waves of immigration up to the thirteenth century. Since 2002, it is one of UNESCO-designated severely endangered languages and, since 2008, it is recognised as a minority language of Cyprus, coinciding with an attempt to revitalise the language.

Cypriot Arabic has in the past been assigned to a Syrian-Lebanese or Levantine Arabic classification, likely owing to the contemporary presence of a large Lebanese-speaking Maronite community on the mainland. However, more recently it has been shown to share a large number of common features with the qeltu or North Mesopotamian Arabic dialects of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, and a pre-Cypriot medieval antecedent has been deduced as belonging to this dialect area. Indications of an Aramaic substrate suggest it was close to the time of the language shift from Aramaic to Arabic; other features are common to those of Syro-Lebanese and Palestinian, which go back to a period in which there was a dialect continuum between the Mesopotamian dialects and the Syrian dialect area.

In the Cypriot stage, the language was extensively restructured through contact with Cypriot Greek, acquiring numerous features and constraints not typical of Arabic. Essentially unintelligible to mainland Arabic speakers, it is characterized as an isolated "peripheral Arabic" along with others such as Maltese. Its Arabic component is a hybrid of dialects from diverse areas and times of Southeastern Anatolia, northern Syria, and Mesopotamia, as well as the Levant, offering unique insights into the historical evolution of Eastern Arabic.

Phonology
argues that the sound system of Cypriot Arabic has been heavily influenced by that of Cypriot Greek. Cypriot Arabic has lost all emphatic consonants and stop-voicing opposition (though this is subject to debate in literature)—but retained gemination. Geminate voiceless stop consonants surface as aspirates. Furthermore, Old Arabic merged with,  became , and  merged with.

The consonant phonemes of Cypriot Arabic, according to, are. Affricates occur as allophones of clusters. Voiced stops occur as allophones of voiceless stops intervocalically and next to a sonorant or. There are five vowel phonemes,, and two diphthongs,. Phonological rules observed in Cypriot Arabic include:
 * Historical stop + stop clusters are dissimilated to fricative + stop.
 * are palatalized to before .  is fully assimilated.
 * between an obstruent and a vowel surfaces as.
 * An epenthetic stop occurs between a nasal and a continuant or sonorant. The place of articulation is inherited from the nasal before it and the voicing from the continuant or sonorant that follows.

Phenomena similar to the first three are also observed in Cypriot Greek.

Writing system
In May 2009, the Committee of Experts for the Codification of Cypriot Maronite Arabic submitted an action plan for the codification and revitalisation of the language to the Cypriot government. The Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research reported in 2006 that both the Greek and Latin script had been suggested for adoption. The Greek script is used for Cypriot Arabic in a Cypriot Arabic–Greek dictionary.

Alexander Borg, a linguist specialising in the language, created a Latin-based alphabet with elements from Maltese and Greek that the non-governmental organisation for the revitalisation of the language "Hki Fi Sanna" endorsed in 2007, and some "small texts" have apparently been translated into it.

All letters loosely represent their IPA values, with some exceptions: • c:

• ċ: (biphonemic)

• ẟ:

• ġ:  (biphonemic)

• j:

• ş:

• y:

Examples

 * Phrases

title: Cypriot Arabic


text:
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church

Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Bethel AME Church, Greater Bethel AME Church or Union Bethel AME Church may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Batesville, Arkansas)
 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Malvern, Arkansas)

California

 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Sacramento, California)
 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (San Francisco, California)

Florida

 * Greater Bethel AME Church (Miami, Florida)

Georgia

 * Bethel AME Church (Acworth, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Cobb County

Indiana

 * Bethel AME Church of Crawfordsville
 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Franklin, Indiana)
 * Bethel A.M.E. Church (Indianapolis, Indiana)
 * Bethel A.M.E. Church (Richmond, Indiana)

Iowa

 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)
 * Bethel AME Church (Davenport, Iowa)
 * Bethel AME Church (Iowa City, Iowa)

Kansas

 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Coffeyville, Kansas)
 * Bethel A.M.E. Church (Manhattan, Kansas), listed on the NRHP in Riley County

Kentucky

 * Bethel AME Church (Shelbyville, Kentucky)

Louisiana

 * Union Bethel A.M.E. Church (New Orleans, Louisiana)

Massachusetts

 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church and Parsonage, Plymouth
 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, Boston.

Mississippi

 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Vicksburg, Mississippi)

Missouri

 * Bethel Chapel AME Church, Louisiana, Missouri

Montana

 * Union Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Great Falls, Montana), listed on the NRHP in Cascade County

Nevada

 * Bethel AME Church (Reno, Nevada)

New Jersey

 * Bethel A.M.E. Church (Morristown, New Jersey)
 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Springtown, New Jersey)

New York

 * Bethel AME Church and Manse, Huntington
 * Greater Bethel AME Church (Harlem, New York)

Pennsylvania

 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church of Monongahela City
 * Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, Philadelphia, the founding church of the African Methodist Episcopal Church denomination
 * Bethel A.M.E. Church (Reading, Pennsylvania)

South Carolina

 * Bethel A.M.E. Church (Columbia, South Carolina)
 * Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (McClellanville, South Carolina)

Virginia

 * Third Street Bethel A.M.E. Church, Richmond

West Virginia

 * Bethel AME Church (Parkersburg, West Virginia)


text:
User:Andrewa/Requests for Stubification

''This is just an idea at this stage, but feel free to edit it or comment on it in the talk page. It will be moved to the project namespace if and when I feel it's ready to try. Andrewa 00:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)''

''This page does not replace, clarify, or modify any existing policy. It is just an optional procedure that can be followed within existing policy.''

One of the components of Wikipedia is its system of stubs. A good stub encourages the development of a good article. In the early days some editors argued strongly that stubs should be deleted on sight, but they have become an accepted part of the project.

This page exists:

 * To facilitate and encourage the creation of good stubs.
 * To provide an efficient and non-confrontational alternative to VfD and cleanup.

Listing an article on VfD takes a lot more effort than listing it here, and that is the thin end of the wedge. The article must then be examined by several voters. So it's a considerable investment in many people's time. On the other hand, it gets results.

Listing on cleanup is easy and quick, but the time delay can be considerable. There are many options, and many different problems, and many, many listings. On the other hand, cleanup is non-confrontational, very laid back and very wiki.

This page is a third alternative. It fits somewhere between the two, more focussed than cleanup and less focussed than VfD. Like cleanup, any editor can respond to these requests, but like VfD the options are quite restricted.

The intention is to take some of the pressure off both cleanup and VfD by handling some of the easier cases which don't need to go there. And there are also other alternatives, see below.

Stubs
Most stubs are created from scratch, responding to a red link. Sometimes, however, an article has a problem that is best fixed by converting it to a stub. This process is called stubification.

What is a good stub?
A good stub says at a minimum:

 * What the article is about - the subject.
 * Why the subject is a suitable subject for a Wikipedia article.

A good stub complies with Wikipedia formatting conventions, see the Manual of style, and also those of any applicable WikiProjects.

A good stub has a stub warning. This may be just the general notice or, better, one of the specialised stub warnings listed at Template messages/Stubs.

A good stub often provides additional information that will be helpful to the writer of an article, including but not restricted to:

 * It may be in one or more appropriate categories.
 * It may provide relevant external links.

A good stub does not contain:

 * Speculation.
 * Questions.
 * Opinions.
 * Any signed comments.

If these are going to be helpful to someone writing the article, then they belong in the article's talk page, and should be added or moved there.

A good stub is not the same thing as a short article. A short article is much better than a stub, it may not be complete but in a sense no article is ever complete. The difference is, in a stub the information still needed to complete the article is far more important than the information already there. In a short article, this is not so: The basic information already is there. This can be a fine line to draw, but fortunately, deciding borderline cases is not terribly important.

Finally, a good stub is not merely a placeholder. A good stub makes it more likely that an article on the subject will be written, or that it will be written sooner.

How can a stub help Wikipedia?
Writing a good stub is one way of using Wikipedia for collaboration. By writing a good stub, you encourage other writers:

 * You point out that the article is needed.
 * You get them started writing, overcoming their writers' block.
 * You provide them with a framework that already looks good on all the various skins and complies to the Wikipedia formatting conventions.

Can a stub hinder Wikipedia?
Yes, definitely.

The main problem is that a stub does not create a red link. A wikilink to a stub looks just like a wikilink to an article.

When someone who has knowledge and interest in an area is reading an article, they will not follow every link. They will note red links, and may well follow some to write an article. They are especially likely to do this if they see one to a topic that is a particular interest or speciality of theirs, or which they recognise as being an important topic in the field. So the existence of a stub can quite easily mean that the expert who might otherwise have written the article does not even notice the need for one.

Similarly, a stub can waste the time of people looking for information. They will quickly recognise that following red links is a waste of time, but they have no way of finding out that a particular wikilink leads to a minimum stub except to follow it.

It is again a fine line. In general, the more people who would be competent to write an article on a topic, the more likely it is that a stub will be helpful. Conversely, stubs on extremely obscure topics are less likely to be helpful.

That is all assuming that the stub is well written. A poorly written stub can be confusing and discouraging to an editor who might otherwise have contributed an article.

What is a substub?
That's a good question, meaning it's not an easy one to answer. Substub once meant something with too little content to ever grow into an article, and as such was always a candidate for to speedy deletion. That was before category:substubs was created as part of a campaign to keep smaller stubs.

What substub means now is not altogether clear. See deletion policy and candidates for speedy deletion for circumstances under which substubs may still be deletable.

But for the purposes of this page it doesn't matter. This is about writing good stubs. Anything that has a good subject and is less than a good stub is a good candidate for stubification. If it's listed as a substub too, that tag will also go when it is stubified.

How do I list a page for stubification?
This page works by using the category:requests for stubification.

To list a request, simply edit the page you wish to list, and add the text

preferably at the very bottom of the article.

Before doing this, please edit the page's own talk page and say why you think the page should be stubified. This is not strictly mandatory, but highly and always recommended. It will help a great deal, and it will save the stub team a great deal more time than it takes you. It will increase the chance of your request being acted on, and bear in mind that you are asked not to relist an article here if the first request is refused (see below). So give it your best shot the first time.

(Mind you, there is no reason you can't still stubify the article yourself if that happens.)

What will happen then?
One of the stub team will have a look at it. There's no timescale for this, we just do it as soon as we can. One or two days is a good expectation, allowing for time zones.

We'll look at any comments you have left on the article's talk page.

If we agree with your request, we'll do it. It doesn't take long, and anyone (including anonymous editors not logged on) has the required access and authority to take this action. As part of the stubification, we'll remove the category, which removes the request. We may comment on the talk page, or we may not.

If we don't agree, then we'll also remove the request. If you have left reasons on the talk page, we'll reply there saying why. We may also take other action, such as listing the page for deletion or even speedy deletion, or making it into a redirect, or all sorts of other options.

Who are the stub team?
The stub team are Wikipedia editors who practice and encourage the writing of good stubs.

There is no list of team members. You join simply by lending a hand. You need no extra authority, any user can do it, whether logged on or not.

If you wish to talk to a team member, perhaps to talk about joining the team, or just to make yourself known to us, this page's talk page is a good place to start.

Why would I list an article?
Because:

 * You feel that stubification is what is needed.
 * You don't feel up to writing the stub yourself.

Some types of problems that might lead you to list here:

 * Substubs.
 * Heavily POV articles.
 * Jokes whose title is suitable for a real article.

Other options
Listing here is not the only answer to these problems. Even if, having read this page, you feel that a stub is the answer, you may prefer to do it yourself. It's not difficult and may well take you less time than listing the article on VfD. If you find this works for you, then plan to visit category:requests for stubification occasionally to see other stubs you can help with. Welcome to the stub team!

Or you may consider:

 * Listing the article on:
 * cleanup.
 * articles needing attention.
 * votes for deletion.
 * Adding an:
 * accuracy dispute notice.
 * NPOV dispute notice.
 * Nominating the article for speedy delete.

These are each the right answer to some problems. And for many problems, there are several right answers, any one of which will produce a good result.

Responding to stubification requests
This is suggested only for relatively experienced Wikipedians. There are some traps. One goal is to avoid confrontation, but this will not always be easy or even possible. However you do not need admin authority. You do not even need to log on, but it is recommended that you do.

If you want to help Wikipedia by responding to stubification requests, create a bookmark or link to category:Requests for Stubification and check it periodically. Create another to WikiProject Stub sorting or whichever list of stub categories or templates you find most helpful, you will need it!

The category may often be empty. That's good, it means that any requests are being cleared.

If there are any requests there, select one of them to work on.

Skim:

 * The current article contents.
 * The talk page if there is one.
 * The article history to identify who listed the article for stubification.

In particular, read any comments this Wikipedian left in the talk page. Try to understand the problem they want addressed, and form an opinion as to whether stubification will be helpful in terms of:

 * Will it address this problem?
 * Will it improve Wikipedia?

If the answer is clearly "no" to either of these questions, then do not stubify. Delist the article, and attempt to reply to any comments the requestor has left in the talk page. Take other action as needed, such as listing the article on cleanup or VfD, or commenting on the article talk page or the user talk page of the person who listed the article. Assume good faith.

If you are unsure, then leave handling this request to someone else, and again take other action as appropriate, such as adding your own comments to the talk page. Be particularly wary of stubifying articles that are already the subject of some sort of conflict.

If the answer to both questions is clearly "yes", then stubify the article:
 * Write a one-sentence introductory paragraph that clearly identifies the subject, and names it in bold.
 * Write a second paragraph that contains something about why the subject is encyclopedic.
 * Expand either of these as you can.
 * Try to include a few relevant wikilinks.
 * Move any relevant external links already provided, and any others you know, to a final section headed ==External links==.
 * Move any removed text which you think may be useful to subsequent editors to the article's talk page. It is still in the history but they are unlikely to find it there.
 * Again, take other action as appropriate, such as replying to talk page comments.
 * Add a stub warning to the page. Be as specific as possible.

But before adding the stub warning, ask yourself, Does this really need to be a stub? If it already contains the main points, it is already a short article. Leave the stub warning off. If it's almost to that stage, perhaps a little more work will make it a short article. Consider doing it, you've probably done half the research already.

Articles, not stubs, are our product. The best response to a request for stubification is not a good stub but a good article. On the other hand, never feel guilty about creating a good stub. If you do it well, the article will follow.

Relisting
Don't. If the page has been listed for stubification once, whether by you or someone else, that's enough. Someone disagrees with you. This is true whether the page was stubified on the first occasion, or not.

The discussion may now get heated, and it may not, but in any case this page is specifically not designed to handle it. This page is designed to avoid confrontation. It doesn't always work. But the rule here is, one strike, out.

It was worth a try, but you must now try something else. See other options above, or consider giving this particular issue a break. If it really matters, others will fix it. Thank you for considering this alternative, and happy editing.

Or, if you are still determined that the article should be stubified, have a go yourself. It's not difficult. See responding to stubification requests above for some guidelines.

title: User:Andrewa/Requests for Stubification


text:
Category:Technology folklore

Folklore involving technology.

title: Category:Technology folklore


text:
Incat

Incat Tasmania is an Australian manufacturer of high-speed craft (HSC) catamaran ferries. Its greatest success has been with large, sea going passenger and vehicle ferries, but it has also built military transports and since 2015 it has built smaller river and bay ferries. Based in Derwent Park, a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, it was founded by Bob Clifford.

The company builds vessels using aluminium construction, wave-piercing and water-jet technology. Vessels have been constructed up to 130 metres in length with a size of 13,000 gross tons and with cruising speeds of up to 58 knots (107 km/h).

Company history
The company began in the 1970s as the Sullivans Cove Ferry Company in suburban Hobart and built four small ferries before International Catamarans was formed in 1977 by a partnership between founder Bob Clifford and marine architect Philip Hercus. This partnership created plans for what was probably the first large wave piercing catamaran in the world. However the partnership was dissolved in 1988 with Clifford remaining in Hobart trading as Incat Tasmania while Hercus returned to Sydney to establish Incat Designs (Sydney), a design-only company that became Incat Crowther after a merger in 2005. Incat Crowther has no association with Incat Tasmania and its ships are built by other companies. Incat Tasmania has its own in-house design company, Revolution Design.

In 1989 Incat Tasmania moved to its present location on Prince of Wales Bay, which allowed it to build larger ships, and in 1990 Incat delivered its first 74-metre fast catamaran ferry. At the same time, several other companies also began to build large aluminium vehicle carrying ferries. This new type of ship was revolutionary and over the next decade fast cats replaced most hydrofoil and hovercraft services as well as many monohull ferries. The success of this new type of ferry led to other shipbuilders around the world using their yards to build large vehicle carrying aluminium catamarans. However many ferry operators preferred traditional monohull designs and the limited market for fast cats became crowded with manufacturers bidding low to keep their shipyards working.

After the inevitable collapse of the industry, two builders of large catamaran ferries survived, Incat and its Perth based rival Austal. However Incat had needed to downsize and after a brief stint in receivership, the company continued building ferries and developing larger and more efficient designs. With diversification into smaller bay ferries in 2015 and the recovery of the market for large vehicle carrying ferries, Incat Tasmania's workforce expanded rapidly from 2015.

Large wave piercing passenger and vehicle ferries
In 1990 Incat was one of the pioneers of large, fast catamaran ferries and they have been its core product ever since. The type of ship was different from earlier ferries and its instant success led to Incat becoming a major player in the industry. Over the years innovation has led to the ships becoming bigger, faster, more fuel efficient and much more stable on rough seas. Vehicle decks are often movable to make way for high trucks or extra cars.

Ships in this category have been built from 74 to 130 metres long and from 3,000 to 13,000 gross tons. The 99-metre HSC Francisco (Hull 069) is the world's fastest ship in commercial service and can achieve speeds up to 58 knots.

Smaller passenger ferries
Incat began by building small ferries under 37 metres, but from 1990 it concentrated on larger vehicle-carrying catamarans. However, in 2015 the company resumed building smaller ferries and in that year it delivered river ferries for operation in London, Hobart and Sydney. Since then it has designed and built more smaller ferries including two 35-metre, 400 passenger ferries (Hulls 090 and 095) for commuter runs by Port Phillip Ferries from Melbourne Docklands to Portarlington and Geelong.

Military vessels
In the 1990s several catamarans built by Incat entered naval service as fast transports, including HMAS Jervis Bay with the Royal Australian Navy and HSV-X1Joint Venture, Spearhead and HSV-2 Swift, which served with the United States Armed Forces.

K class
In the mid-1990s Incat built three "K class" ferries. They are 70 to 80 metres long, low profile passenger vessels without wave piercing bows or the distinctive centre bow that characterise all other larger Incat ferries. Two were built by Incat in Hobart and a third was built by a Chinese partner. Plans for further Chinese built K class ferries did not eventuate and Hull NF08 remains the only Incat vessel not built in Hobart.

Oil rig tender
Most offshore oil rigs are exposed to rough open seas with crew transfers by helicopter and freight needs served by platform supply vessels. However Azerbaijan's offshore oil rigs are in the calmer waters of the Caspian Sea, the world's largest lake, so crew transfers can be comfortably and more economically undertaken by water. Several fast catamarans have been built to transfer both crews and cargo for this market including Incat Hull 074 Muslim Magomayev delivered in 2015. The size of catamarans that can be built for this niche market is restricted by the 16.5-metre width of locks on the Volga–Don Canal that connects the Caspian Sea with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.

Brooke Street Pier
From 1990 Incat had almost exclusively built large catamarans, but this changed in 2014 when the company diversified into something that was not even a ship, although it did float. An earlier Brooke Street Pier ferry terminal on Hobart's waterfront needed replacement and Incat was commissioned to build an 80 x 20-metre floating pontoon. Hull 077 was towed 8 km from Incat's shipyard to Sullivans Cove before finishing work was done on site. In addition to ferry berths, the pier hosts a restaurant, a cafe and a number of stalls.

Luxury super yachts
The market for opulent motor yachts has grown rapidly in the 21st century and while the market is mostly for monohull vessels, catamarans are beginning to make inroads. Incat has released several designs ranging from 80 to 112 metres which are shown on their website, but so far there have been no orders.

Deliveries
In its early years Incat built smaller boats and ferries with little to distinguish it from other boat yards except for a willingness to experiment and innovate. But the revolutionary Hull 023 completed in 1990 was quite different and was the first of the type of ferry that Incat is best known for today with its large capacity, high speed, wave piercing hulls and distinctive centre bow. As one of the first large aluminium vehicle carrying catamarans in the world, it contributed to the big changes in the ferry industry that occurred in the 1990s. In the "Length / class" field of the table WPC means the vessel is a wave piercing catamaran. The three K class vessels were a low profile design without the wave piercing bows and the capacity to carry fewer cars than traditional Incat designs.

In the competitive ferry industry, ships often change operators, especially in Europe. Other ferries have alternated between summer service in the northern and southern hemispheres every six months. Some Incat vessels of the 1990s have been operated by up to six shipping companies with regular name changes.

Gross tonnage is a measure of a ship's enclosed volume rather than its weight or displacement, so similar ships can have differing gross tonnages due to factors such as whether a viewing platform is fully enclosed or open to the weather.

title: Incat


text:
Maryland Route 201

Maryland Route 201 (MD 201) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Kenilworth Avenue, the highway runs 9.40 mi from the District of Columbia boundary in Tuxedo, where the highway continues south as District of Columbia Route 295 (DC 295), north to MD 212 in Beltsville. MD 201 is a four to six-lane divided highway that connects Washington, D.C., with the northern Prince George's County municipalities of Cheverly, Bladensburg, Edmonston, Riverdale Park, College Park, Berwyn Heights, and Greenbelt. The highway also provides part of the connections from Interstate 95 (I-95)/I-495 to a pair of Washington Metro stations. MD 201 was built as two separate highways in the late 1920s: MD 201 from Washington, D.C., to Bladensburg and MD 205 from Bladensburg to Greenbelt. These highways, some of which became MD 769, were replaced with a relocated Kenilworth Avenue in the mid 1950s, including the Kenilworth Interchange with U.S. Route 50 (US 50) and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway in Tuxedo. MD 201 was extended north to Beltsville in the early 1960s. The Maryland State Highway Administration (MDSHA) plans to extend MD 201 north toward Laurel.

Route description
MD 201 begins at the District of Columbia boundary in Tuxedo as Kenilworth Avenue, which continues into Washington, D.C., as DC 295. The six-lane freeway enters Maryland by passing under Eastern Avenue, which has an extra-wide bridge over the freeway. MD 201 heads north paralleled by unsigned MD 965 (Kenilworth Avenue), a one-way service road to and from Eastern Avenue that parallels the freeway along a narrow roadway; there are ramps from MD 965 to northbound MD 201 and from southbound MD 201 to MD 965. The freeway crosses over MD 965 and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line and enters the Kenilworth Interchange, which connects MD 201, US 50 (John Hanson Highway), the Baltimore–Washington Parkway (unsigned MD 295), and MD 459, which is also named Kenilworth Avenue. Just north of MD 201's bridges over US 50, two-lane ramps split from MD 201 to join the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. MD 201 becomes a four-lane expressway and has ramps to and from MD 459, which is used for access from northbound MD 201 to westbound US 50 and from westbound US 50 to northbound MD 201.

North of MD 459, MD 201 crosses over the Alexandria Extension of CSX's Capital Subdivision railroad line and curves northwest to pass under the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. North of the parkway, southbound MD 201 has a ramp to US 50 (New York Avenue) into Washington. MD 201 becomes a four-lane arterial road and has a staggered pair of intersections with 52nd Avenue, which heads south and north as MD 769D and MD 769C, respectively. MD 201 expands to six lanes and curves north into the town of Bladensburg. The highway drops to four lanes ahead of its partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 450 (Annapolis Road). Northbound MD 201 has two pairs of ramps for the interchange; the southern set are with MD 201A and the northern set are with the northern end of MD 769C (48th Street). MD 201 leaves Bladensburg, passes through the town of Edmonston, and meets the northern end of the southern segment of Edmonston Road in the town of Riverdale Park.

MD 201 intersects Riverdale Road and MD 410 (East–West Highway), then follows the eastern boundary of Riverdale Park, meeting the southern terminus of MD 431 (River Road). The route runs along the border of Riverdale Park to Brier Ditch, just north of which the highway intersects Campus Drive and Good Luck Road. The former road provides access to the University of Maryland, the College Park Airport, and the College Park–University of Maryland station on the Washington Metro's Green Line. MD 201 begins to be paralleled by the middle segment of Edmonston Road to the west; this road forms the eastern boundary of the city of College Park and then the town of Berwyn Heights. On the east side of the state highway is Greenbelt Park within the city of Greenbelt. MD 201 expands to six lanes at its intersection with Pontiac Street then fully enters Greenbelt at its diamond interchange with MD 193 (Greenbelt Road).

MD 201 has a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-95/I-495 (Capital Beltway) and meets the western end of Crescent Road opposite the entrance to MDSHA's District 3 office. The highway drops to four lanes at Ivy Lane as it curves northwest. MD 201 drops to two lanes and its name changes to Edmonston Road at the northern city limit of Greenbelt at Cherrywood Lane, which leads to the Greenbelt Metro station along the Green Line. The highway continues through the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, within which the highway crosses Beaverdam Creek and curves north to its terminus at the intersection of Powder Mill Road and Edmonston Road on the eastern edge of Beltsville. The intersection also serves as the signed eastern terminus of MD 212, which is officially MD 212A at this location. Powder Mill Road continues east as the main highway through the research farm; Edmonston Road continues north as a county highway.

MD 201 is part of the main National Highway System from the District of Columbia to MD 459 just north of MD 201's interchange with US 50 and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway in Tuxedo. The highway is also an intermodal connector from Campus Drive near College Park to Cherrywood Lane in Greenbelt and a National Highway System principal arterial from MD 459 to Campus Drive.

History
The first segment of MD 201, which was then known as River Road, was constructed as a 15 to 18 ft concrete road from the District of Columbia boundary to Tuxedo Road (now MD 459) in Tuxedo in 1926 and 1927. The highway was extended north to US 50 (now MD 450) in Bladensburg in 1929. MD 201 was widened with a pair of 3.5 ft bituminous shoulders along its entire length in 1941. The state highway originally followed what is now MD 965 north from Eastern Avenue along the northbound side of the modern highway. MD 201 continued along a road that no longer exists across Beaverdam Creek and the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak Northeast Corridor). North of what is now US 50, the highway followed the Kenilworth Avenue portion of MD 459 to its junction with MD 201, where the route was broken by modern MD 201 and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. MD 201 continued along what are today MD 769D and MD 769C (52nd Avenue, Quincy Street, and 48th Street) to US 50 in Bladensburg.

The first segment of MD 205, which comprised Edmonston Road from Bladensburg to Greenbelt, was constructed as a 15 ft concrete road from US 50 in Bladensburg to Riverdale Road in Riverdale Park between 1924 and 1926. The highway was extended north to Branchville Road (now MD 193) in Berwyn Heights between 1926 and 1928. MD 205 was widened with a pair of 3.5 ft bituminous shoulders along its entire length in 1940. The highway was relocated and given two new bridges across Brier Ditch in 1949 and 1950. MD 205 originally followed Edmonston Road, including all of MD 769B, from Bladensburg to Greenbelt. The highway followed the present alignment of MD 201 from the north end of Edmonston Road in East Riverdale to Old Calvert Road just north of Campus Drive in Riverdale Park.

Construction on modern MD 201 as a divided highway from Washington, D.C., to Greenbelt began in 1952. The first segment of the highway, from Creston Street (at the ramp from southbound MD 201 to MD 459) north to Inwood Street (at the 52nd Street intersection), was started in 1952 and completed in 1954 and included a bridge across the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Alexandria Branch. The new MD 201 was extended north from Inwood Street to Upshur Street north of the new MD 450 interchange and from there to the Brier Ditch relocation from 1954 to 1956. The new highway was constructed from the Brief Ditch relocation to just north of MD 430 (now MD 193) in Greenbelt starting in 1956; the divided highway was completed in 1958. The MD 205 designation was removed north of Bladensburg in 1956; the old segments of MD 201 and MD 205 became segments of MD 769.

Work on the Kenilworth or Tuxedo Interchange between MD 201, the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, and the Annapolis–Washington Expressway (US 50) began in 1954. The first highway through the interchange, the parkway and its continuation into Washington along New York Avenue, was completed in 1955. The new alignment of MD 201 from MD 459 to the District of Columbia was completed in 1957 and opened concurrently with the adjacent portion of expanded Kenilworth Avenue in the city. The portion of John Hanson Highway from New York Avenue to the interchange opened that same year. The final movements in the interchange, from MD 201 to eastbound US 50 and from westbound US 50 to MD 201, opened concurrent with the portion of John Hanson Highway from the Kenilworth Interchange to MD 704 in Lanham in 1962.

MD 201 was extended north along Edmonston Road through Greenbelt to MD 212 in Beltsville in 1962. The following year, the divided highway was extended north through the interchange with the Capital Beltway to relocated Crescent Road in Greenbelt. MD 201's diamond interchange with MD 193 was built in 1988. The MDSHA plans to extend MD 201 north as a multi-lane divided highway north from MD 212 in Beltsville to I-95 south of Laurel. The highway would split north from Edmonston Road north of Odell Road, cross over CSX's Capital Subdivision and US 1, and follow an existing right-of-way corridor to the intersection of Virginia Manor Road and Ritz Way. MD 201 would continue along Virginia Manor Road to Konterra Drive (Maryland Route 206), which has an interchange with I-95.

Auxiliary route
MD 201A is the designation for the unnamed 0.08 mi connector between a right-in/right-out intersection with northbound MD 201 and MD 769C (48th Street) in the southeast quadrant of the MD 201–MD 450 interchange in Bladensburg.

title: Maryland Route 201