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Lion Air

PT Lion Mentari Airlines, operating as Lion Air, is an Indonesian low-cost airline based in Jakarta. Lion Air is the country's largest privately run airline, the second largest low-cost airline in Southeast Asia (after AirAsia) and the largest airline in Indonesia. With Wings Air, Super Air Jet and Batik Air, Lion Group is the country's largest airline's group. The airline operates domestic as well as international routes, which connects different destinations of Indonesia to Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Australia, India, Japan and Saudi Arabia, as well as charter routes to Mainland China, Hong Kong, South Korea and Macau, with more than 630 flights per day.

The airline has repeatedly broken records for largest aircraft orders, such as its $24 billion order for 234 Airbus A320 jets. The airline's 2011 order of 230 Boeing 737 for $21.7 billion was the largest aircraft order received by Boeing at the time, and the agreement signing was witnessed by President of the United States, Barack Obama.

The airline signed an agreement with US-based aircraft manufacturer Boeing for fifty 737 MAX 10 passenger jets worth $6.24 billion in June 2017. The airline is Boeing's second-largest customer (after US-based Southwest Airlines). It had once been criticised for poor operational management in areas such as scheduling and safety, although steps have been taken to improve its safety: on 16 June 2016, the European Union lifted the ban it had placed on Lion Air from flying into European airspace. In June 2018 it attained a positive safety rating following an ICAO audit.

History

The airline was established in October 1999 by Rusdi and Kusnan Kirana and started operations on 30 June 2000, when it began scheduled passenger services from Jakarta to Denpasar and Pontianak using a leased Boeing 737-200. It was the first low-cost airline in Indonesia. The fleet was quickly expanded with the wet-lease of five Yakovlev Yak-42Ds, two McDonnell Douglas MD-82s and two sub-leased Airbus A310-300s. Rapid growth enabled modernisation of the fleet with Boeing 737-300 and Boeing 737-400 aircraft. In 2003, a subsidiary airline was established, Wings Air, operating flights on lower density routes. Further subsidiaries were developed including Malindo Air in Malaysia in 2012, Thai Lion Air in Thailand in 2013 and domestically, Batik Air, a full-service subsidiary, also in 2013.

The airline is planning to join the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and therefore hoping to become the second IATA Indonesian member carrier after Garuda Indonesia. Lion Air failed, in early 2011, the initial IATA assessments for membership due to safety concerns. Lion Air and Boeing pioneered the use of required navigation performance (RNP) procedures in Indonesia, having successfully performed validation flights at the two terrain-challenged airports of Ambon and Manado.

From 19 July 2011, Lion Air grounded 13 aircraft due to sanctions caused by bad on-time performance (OTP). The transportation ministry recorded that Lion Air's OTP of 66.45 percent was the worst of six airlines in an assessment conducted from January to April 2011 at 24 airports nationwide. On the other hand, airlines using Jakarta airport faced considerable delays to their schedules due to runway congestion.

On 18 November 2011, the airline jointly announced with Boeing a record-setting order of 201 Boeing 737 MAX and 29 Boeing 737-900ER aircraft, setting the record for the world's biggest single order of 230 aircraft for a commercial airline worth $21.7 billion.

In January 2012, the Transportation Ministry said that it had sanctioned Lion Air because some of its pilots and crew members were found in recent months to be in possession of crystal methamphetamine. In late 2011, Muhammad Nasri and two other co-pilots were arrested at a party in Tangerang; in early 2012 a pilot was caught with crystal meth in Makassar. On 4 February 2012, another Lion Air pilot was arrested following a positive urinalysis test for use of methamphetamine; he was scheduled to fly the Surabaya-Makassar-Balikpapan-Surabaya flight hours later. The licenses of the pilots and crew were revoked.

On 18 March 2013, Lion Air signed a contract to purchase 234 Airbus aircraft worth US$24 billion in France and witnessed directly by French President François Hollande. The ordered aircraft are types of A320 and A321.

Lion Air established a full service airline with the name Batik Air, which started operating in 2013 using 737-900ER. Lion Air also signed a commitment with Boeing to order five Boeing 787 Dreamliner for this airline, and this made Lion Air the first Indonesian airline to order this type since Garuda Indonesia canceled its order for the 10 Dreamliners in 2010, and is expected to be sent in 2015. The airline has also considered ordering wide-body aircraft Airbus A330, but chose to buy 787's.

On 31 July 2015, Lion Air officially left INACA due to a mismatch with other members.

In June 2016, Lion Group was removed from the list of blacklisted airlines to fly into the EU.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, Lion Group suspended operations until 1 June. It suspended operations again on 5 June after finding few passengers could provide documents proving they were virus-free and have a business reason or family emergency requiring travel. In July 2020, Lion Group announced that the airline will lay off 2,600 contract workers as demand continues to sharply decline.

Destinations
, Lion Air serves a total of 47 destinations: 39 domestic and 8 international.

Fleet
The Boeing customer code for Lion Air is GP, which appears in the designation of its older Boeing aircraft as an infix, such as 737-8GP and 737-9GPER.

Current fleet

, Lion Air operates the following aircraft:

Fleet development and orders
Lion Air was the launch customer for the largest variant of the Boeing 737, the 737-900ER, for which it placed an order in 2005. On the 2005 Paris Air Show, Lion Air signed a preliminary agreement with Boeing for the purchase of up to 60 Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft, valued at $3.9 billion at list prices. Lion Air confirmed their order in July 2005 and became the launch customer for the Boeing 737-900ER with firm orders for 30 aircraft and options for 30 more, which were later converted into firm orders. The -900ER can carry up to 215 passengers in a single-class layout, and is powered by CFM56-7B turbofan engines. On 27 April 2007, Boeing delivered the first 737-900ER to Lion Air. The aircraft was delivered in a special dual-paint scheme that combines Lion Air's logo on its vertical stabilizer and the Boeing "Dreamliner" livery on the fuselage.

Lion Air set a world record when it placed an order for 230 aircraft from Boeing, making this the largest order in terms of aircraft ordered as well the cost of the order. In November 2011, Lion Air and Boeing announced that the airline planned to buy 29 additional Boeing 737 Next Generation and 201 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, with options for 150 more, valued at $21.7 billion at the time. A firm order was signed on 14 February 2012, with the 737 MAX aircraft identified as 737 MAX 9s, making Lion Air the launch customer for that variant. By the time of the signing, the order's value had risen to $22.4 billion at list prices, the largest aircraft order in history. Additionally, the engines for the -900ERs, CFM 56-7s, cost about $580 million and the engines for the MAXs, CFM LEAP-1Bs, cost about $4.8 billion. Deliveries of the additional NGs were to start in 2014, with the MAXs to follow in 2017.

On Monday 18 March 2013 Lion Air placed an order for 234 A320 jets with Airbus, the largest single order ever made, surpassing the previous record by Boeing ($22.4 Billion). The contract, which was signed at the Elysée Palace in the presence of President François Hollande and several government ministers, was worth €18.4 billion ($24 billion) at catalogue prices, the French president said.

In April 2018 Lion Air Group placed an order for fifty Boeing 737 MAX 10 jets, valued at a list price of $6.24 billion.

However, following the crash of Flight 610 in October 2018, Lion Air announced that all Boeing orders would likely be cancelled. The statement was further reinforced following the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, which eventually led to the worldwide grounding of all 737 MAX aircraft currently in service. In the days that followed after Flight 302's crash, Bloomberg News reported that Lion Air was evaluating options from Airbus, having already refused to take delivery of a 737 MAX that was going to be delivered in March 2019.

The airline received its first of 10 Airbus A330-900 aircraft on 19 July 2019, becoming the first Asia/Pacific operator of the type.

Market share
In the 2000s Lion Air began to grow and became a serious rival for the flag carrier Garuda Indonesia in domestic air travel in Indonesia. By mid 2015, Lion Air led Indonesia's domestic air travel market with 41.6 percent share, while Garuda Indonesia came in second with 23.5 percent share. Sriwijaya Air came in third with a market share of 10.4 percent, followed by Garuda's low-cost subsidiary Citilink (8.9 percent) and Lion Air's regional flight service Wings Air (4.7 percent). Indonesia AirAsia, a unit of Malaysian budget airline AirAsia, had a 4.4 percent market share.

Overall, Indonesian domestic air travel business is overwhelmingly ruled by two airline groups; Lion Air Group and Garuda Indonesia. By mid 2015, Lion Air Group accounted for 43.17 percent of market share, while Garuda Indonesia had 37.08 percent of market share.

From 2005 to 2017, the domestic market share of Lion Air Group increased by more than 100%, from 25% to 51%, while Garuda Indonesia's increased from 24% to 33%; their international market share in 2017 was 21% and 39% respectively, while Indonesia AirAsia / Indonesia AirAsia X had 36% of the international market.

Incidents, accidents and other controversies

 * On 14 January 2002, Lion Air Flight 386, a Boeing 737-200 (registration PK-LID) crashed after trying to take-off with an incorrect flap configuration at Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport. Everyone on board survived but the aircraft was written off. This was the first incident involving Lion Air.
 * On 30 November 2004, Lion Air Flight 538, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, crashed in Surakarta with registration PK-LMN (c/n 49189); 25 people died, including the captain.
 * On 4 March 2006, Lion Air Flight 8987, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, crashed after landing at Juanda International Airport. Reverse thrust was used during landing, although the left thrust reverser was stated to be out of service. This caused the aircraft to veer to the right and skid off the runway, coming to rest about 7000 ft from the approach end of the runway. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was badly damaged and later written off.
 * On 24 December 2006, Lion Air Flight 792, a Boeing 737-400 (registration PK-LIJ), landed with an incorrect flap configuration and was not aligned with the runway. The aircraft landed hard and skidded along the runway causing the right main landing gear to detach, the left gear to protrude through the wing and some of the aircraft fuselage to be wrinkled. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.
 * On 2 November 2010, Lion Air Flight 712, a Boeing 737-400 (registration PK-LIQ) overran the runway on landing at Supadio Airport, Pontianak, coming to rest on its belly and sustaining damage to its nose gear. All 174 passengers and crew evacuated by the emergency slides, with few injuries.
 * On 13 April 2013, Lion Air Flight 904, a Boeing 737-800 (registration PK-LKS; c/n 38728) from Bandung to Denpasar with 108 people on board, crashed into water short of the runway at Ngurah Rai International Airport while attempting to land. The aircraft's fuselage broke into two parts. All passengers and crew were evacuated from the aircraft and there were no fatalities.
 * On 9 January 2015, following the fatal crash of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501, 53 routes operated by Lion Air and its subsidiaries were revoked by the transportation ministry as the airline had not been approved to fly. Among the 61 routes, Lion Air had the largest share.
 * On 29 October 2018, Lion Air Flight 610, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, crashed in the Java Sea twelve minutes after takeoff from Jakarta. All 189 people on board died. Following the similar crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 less than five months later, the Boeing 737 MAX was grounded.
 * In March 2019, former Indonesian transportation safety investigators and a former Lion Air employee claimed that Lion Air had attempted to bribe transportation safety officials, including crash investigators, in at least one case with the knowledge of now-President Director of Lion Air, Edward Sirait.
 * In September 2019, Lion Air confirmed that personal data of around 35 million customers had been leaked, including passport details, home addresses, and phone numbers.

title: Lion Air


text:
Sigmatropic reaction

A sigmatropic reaction in organic chemistry is a pericyclic reaction wherein the net result is one σ-bond is changed to another σ-bond in an uncatalyzed intramolecular reaction. The name sigmatropic is the result of a compounding of the long-established sigma designation from single carbon–carbon bonds and the Greek word tropos, meaning turn. In this type of rearrangement reaction, a substituent moves from one part of a π-bonded system to another part in an intramolecular reaction with simultaneous rearrangement of the π system. True sigmatropic reactions are usually uncatalyzed, although Lewis acid catalysis is possible. Sigmatropic reactions often have transition-metal catalysts that form intermediates in analogous reactions. The most well-known of the sigmatropic rearrangements are the [3,3] Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Carroll rearrangement, and the Fischer indole synthesis.

Woodward–Hoffman sigmatropic shift nomenclature
Sigmatropic rearrangements are concisely described by an order term [i,j], which is defined as the migration of a σ-bond adjacent to one or more π systems to a new position (i−1) and (j−1) atoms removed from the original location of the σ-bond. When the sum of i and j is an even number, this is an indication of the involvement of a neutral, all C atom chain. An odd number is an indication of the involvement of a charged C atom or of a heteroatom lone pair replacing a CC double bond. Thus, [1,5] and [3,3] shifts become [1,4] and [2,3] shifts with heteroatoms, while preserving symmetry considerations. Hydrogens are omitted in the third example for clarity.
 * Woodward hoffmann order nomenclature detailed 2.png

A convenient means of determining the order of a given sigmatropic rearrangement is to number the atoms of the bond being broken as atom 1, and then count the atoms in each direction from the broken bond to the atoms that form the new σ-bond in the product, numbering consecutively. The numbers that correspond to the atoms forming the new bond are then separated by a comma and placed within brackets to create the sigmatropic reaction order descriptor.
 * Woodward hoffmann order nomenclature bond break.png

In the case of hydrogen atom migrations, a similar technique may be applied. When determining the order of a sigmatropic shift involving a hydrogen atom migration it is critical to count across all atoms involved in the reaction rather than only across the closest atoms. For example, the following hydrogen atom migration is of order [1,5], attained by counting counterclockwise through the π system, rather than the [1,3] order designation through the ring CH2 group that would mistakenly result if counted clockwise.
 * Woodward hoffmann order nomenclature hydrogen -1,5-.png

As a general approach, one can simply draw the transition state of the reaction. For a sigmatropic reaction, the transition state will consist of two fragments, joined by the forming and breaking σ-bonds. The sigmatropic reaction is named as a [i,j]-sigmatropic rearrangement (i ≤ j) if these two fragments consist of i and j atoms. This is illustrated below, with the relevant fragments shown in color.
 * Sigmatropic rearrangements.png

Suprafacial and antarafacial shifts
In principle, all sigmatropic shifts can occur with either a retention or inversion of the geometry of the migrating group, depending upon whether the original bonding lobe of the migrating atom or its other lobe is used to form the new bond.

 * Stereochemistry rentention inversion.png

In cases of stereochemical retention, the migrating group translates without rotation into the bonding position, while in the case of stereochemical inversion the migrating group both rotates and translates to reach its bonded conformation.

However, another stereochemical transition effect equally capable of producing inversion or retention products is whether the migrating group remains on the original face of the π system after rebonding or instead transfers to the opposite face of the π system. If the migrating group remains on the same face of the π system, the shift is known as suprafacial, while if the migrating group transfers to the opposite face is called an antarafacial shift, which are impossible for transformations that occur within small- or medium-sized rings.
 * Suprafacial antarafacial -1,5-.png

Thermal hydride shifts
In a thermal [1,3] hydride shift, a hydride moves three atoms. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules dictate that it would proceed in an antarafacial shift. Although such a shift is symmetry allowed, the Mobius topology required in the transition state prohibits such a shift because it is geometrically impossible, which accounts for the fact that enols do not isomerize without an acid or base catalyst.
 * Hydride Sigmatropic.png

Thermal alkyl shifts
Thermal alkyl [1,3] shifts, similar to [1,3] hydride shifts, must proceed antarafacially. Here the geometry of the transition state is prohibitive, but an alkyl group, due to the nature of its orbitals, can invert its geometry, form a new bond with the back lobe of its sp3 orbital, and therefore proceed via a suprafacial shift. These reactions are still not common in open-chain compounds because of the highly ordered nature of the transition state, which is more readily achieved in cyclic molecules.
 * [[File:1,3alkylfixed.png|center|550px|[1,3] Alkyl shifts]]

Photochemical [1,3] shifts
Photochemical [1,3] shifts should proceed through suprafacial shifts; however, most are non-concerted because they proceed through a triplet state (i.e., have a diradical mechanism, to which the Woodward-Hoffmann rules do not apply).

[1,5] shifts
A [1,5] shift involves the shift of 1 substituent (hydride, alkyl, or aryl) down 5 atoms of a π system. Hydrogen has been shown to shift in both cyclic and open-chain compounds at temperatures at or above 200 ˚C. These reactions are predicted to proceed suprafacially, via a Hückel-topology transition state.
 * [[File:1,5hydridecyclicfixed.png|center|300px|[1,5] hydride shift in a cyclic system]]

Photoirradiation would require an antarafacial shift of hydrogen. Although rare, there are examples where antarafacial shifts are favored:
 * [[File:1,5hantarafacialfixed.png|center|600px|Antarafacial [1,5] hydride shift]]

In contrast to hydrogen [1,5] shifts, there have never been any observed [1,5] alkyl shifts in an open-chain compound. Several studies have, however, been done to determine rate preferences for [1,5] alkyl shifts in cyclic systems: carbonyl and carboxyl> hydride> phenyl and vinyl>> alkyl.

Alkyl groups undergo [1,5] shifts very poorly, usually requiring high temperatures, however, for cyclohexadiene, the temperature for alkyl shifts isn't much higher than that for carbonyls, the best migratory group. A study showed that this is because alkyl shifts on cyclohexadienes proceed through a different mechanism. First the ring opens, followed by a [1,7] shift, and then the ring reforms electrocyclically:
 * 1,5alkylfixed.png

This same mechanistic process is seen below, without the final electrocyclic ring-closing reaction, in the interconversion of lumisterol to vitamin D2.

[1,7] shifts
[1,7] sigmatropic shifts are predicted by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules to proceed in an antarafacial fashion, via a Mobius topology transition state. An antarafacial [1,7] shift is observed in the conversion of lumisterol to vitamin D2, where following an electrocyclic ring opening to previtamin D2, a methyl hydrogen shifts.
 * VitaminD2Synthesis.png

Bicyclic nonatrienes also undergo [1,7] shifts in a so-called walk rearrangement, which is the shift of divalent group, as part of a three-membered ring, in a bicyclic molecule.
 * 1,7walknonatriene.png

[3,3] shifts
[3,3] sigmatropic shifts are well studied sigmatropic rearrangements. The Woodward–Hoffman rules predict that these six-electron reactions would proceed suprafacially, via a Hückel topology transition state.

Claisen rearrangement
Discovered in 1912 by Rainer Ludwig Claisen, the Claisen rearrangement is the first recorded example of a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. This rearrangement is a useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction. An example of Claisen rearrangement is the [3,3] rearrangement of an allyl vinyl ether, which upon heating yields a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl. The formation of a carbonyl group makes this reaction, unlike other sigmatropic rearrangements, inherently irreversible.
 * Claisenfixed.png

Aromatic Claisen rearrangement
The ortho-Claisen rearrangement involves the [3,3] shift of an allyl phenyl ether to an intermediate which quickly tautomerizes to an ortho-substituted phenol.
 * Aromatic Claisenfixed.png

When both the ortho positions on the benzene ring are blocked, a second [3,3] rearrangement will occur. This para-Claisen rearrangement ends with the tautomerization to a tri-substituted phenol.
 * Paraclaisenfixed.png

Cope rearrangement
The Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. It was developed by Arthur C. Cope. For example, 3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene heated to 300 °C yields 2,6-octadiene.
 * Copefixed.png

Oxy-Cope rearrangement
In the oxy-Cope rearrangement, a hydroxyl group is added at C3 forming an enal or enone after keto-enol tautomerism of the intermediate enol:
 * Oxycopefixed.png

Carroll rearrangement
The Carroll rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a β-keto allyl ester into a α-allyl-β-ketocarboxylic acid. This organic reaction is accompanied by decarboxylation and the final product is a γ,δ-allylketone. The Carroll rearrangement is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement and effectively a decarboxylative allylation.
 * Carrollrearrangementfixed.png

Fischer indole synthesis
The Fischer indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions. The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Hermann Emil Fischer.
 * Fisherfixed.png

The choice of acid catalyst is very important. Brønsted acids such as HCl, H2SO4, polyphosphoric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid have been used successfully. Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, iron(III) chloride, and aluminium chloride are also useful catalysts.

Several reviews have been published.

[5,5] Shifts
Similar to [3,3] shifts, the Woodward-Hoffman rules predict that [5,5] sigmatropic shifts would proceed suprafacially, Hückel topology transition state. These reactions are rarer than [3,3] sigmatropic shifts, but this is mainly a function of the fact that molecules that can undergo [5,5] shifts are rarer than molecules that can undergo [3,3] shifts.
 * [[File:5,5shiftfixeds.png|center|800px|[5,5] shift of phenyl pentadienyl ether]]

[2,3] shifts
An example of a 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement is the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement:
 * 23Mech1.png

Walk rearrangements
The migration of a divalent group, such as O, S, N–R, or C–R2, which is part of a three-membered ring in a bicyclic molecule, is commonly referred to as a walk rearrangement. This can be formally characterized according to the Woodward-Hofmann rules as being a (1, n) sigmatropic shift. An example of such a rearrangement is the shift of substituents on tropilidenes (1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes). When heated, the pi-system goes through an electrocyclic ring closing to form bicycle[4,1,0]heptadiene (norcaradiene). Thereafter follows a [1,5] alkyl shift and an electrocyclic ring opening.
 * Walkrearrangements.png

Proceeding through a [1,5] shift, the walk rearrangement of norcaradienes is expected to proceed suprafacially with a retention of stereochemistry. Experimental observations, however, show that the 1,5-shifts of norcaradienes proceed antarafacially. Theoretical calculations found the [1,5] shift to be a diradical process, but without involving any diradical minima on the potential energy surface.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sigmatropic reaction


text:
Talk:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators

Netherlands
Somebody needs to add some information on what happened in Holland. I only know what I saw in Band of Brothers! Jason404 (talk) 06:20, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

There was a section on the Netherlands, which was un-sourced and was removed as being unreliable.--Rockybiggs (talk) 12:40, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Scotland
I don't see anything about the Antonas Gecas case. See for example:. His extradition was delayed due to his illness and he later died in hospital. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.170.196 (talk) 04:17, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Paul Schäfer
"As in Argentina, several former Nazis escaped to this country. After Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup, some of them, such as Paul Schäfer, chief of the Colonia Dignidad cult, actively participated to the repression against left-wing activists and trade-unionists."

Paul Schäfer wasn't a "Nazi" more than that he was a paramedic in the german Air Force for some time during the war. A nurse. He didn't escape for some "war crimes" or for being a "Nazi", but from being arrested for child molestation. During the Third Reich he would have been executed for that.

What this article states about argentinian authorities creating a network to harbour nazi criminals is insane; it takes as truthful an absolutely biased book published by the american ambassador, Spruille Braden, in an attempt to discredit Perón in 1945. In any case, the information isn´t sustained by any citation. Although I have no intentions of reelaborating the section, I feel compelled to erase the apocrpyphal information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.29.112.232 (talk) 06:45, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Germany
Seriously, no subcategory for Germany? Do I even have to elaborate why Germany should not be absent in this list?2A02:908:E632:8780:8535:399E:E04:1B5F (talk) 02:44, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

Poland
Persecution of Nazi collaborateurs and not a single word about the convicted Polish collaborateurs, are you serious??? Here´s a starter with a few of them and their Nazi friends: http://historia.trojmiasto.pl/Nieznane-zdjecia-z-egzekucji-oprawcow-ze-Stutthofu-n103389.html# Austrianbird (talk) 16:13, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

Sentence structure
This article is grammatically and academically a mess. I rewrote "Background" so that grammatically it is correct -- it was a bunch of phrases that are now a part of a long list. That does not bring it up to WP standards, only makes it (a bit) more readable. To be "Background" it should be completely rewritten along with being sourced. (It is not going onto my to-do list, though.)

Throughout this article are many more incomplete sentences, like someone just published a bunch of background notes. My "fix" was easy compared to some of the rest of the article. I read the long convoluted debate in the Talk Archive about the article title. I am amazed saddened that in 12 years mine is the first reference to the content structure. I'm also amazed, like others, about some of the content gaps. One of the poorer WP articles I've read and I'm vexed that I've given it as much time as I have. Maybe a high-school history class could take it on as a project.

I arrived at this page looking for follow-up on what happened to collaborator women who were humiliated immediately after the end of WWII, mostly by having heads shaved and being paraded, sometimes worse. Under what conditions were they reaccepted back into society? When were they not? Clearly this article is not about pursuit of social justice nor the recovery of a society, (I'm not sure what that article is), is only about pursuit of a few individuals by a few others.

GeeBee60 (talk) 15:45, 27 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators


text:
Talk:Muhammad I of Córdoba

Untitled
What kind of title is "Muhammad I of Umayyad"? john k 20:02, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * No kidding! This is absurd. Wouldn't Muhammad I of Córdoba be much better? QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red flag waving transparent.png|20px|El bien mas preciado es la libertad]] 18:29, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The Middle Ages
— Assignment last updated by Aleclere0413 (talk) 21:45, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

Muhammad I of Cordoba
I am going to add to the current topic, as there is substantial information that the article is currently lacking, especially historiography. Aleclere0413 (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Aleclere0413, your edits so far have contained a lot of unsourced content, some personal comments/opinions, and a lot of information that is not specific to Muhammad I and would instead belong at Emirate of Córdoba, which covers the wider period in question. Please review Wikipedia's core policies: Verifiability, No original research, and Neutral point of view, which all edits must respect. Please limit your edits to adding content that is directly relevant to Muhammad I (not simply to Umayyad Cordoba in general) and that is directly supported by the cited sources (no additional commentary should be added on top of what the cited sources themselves say). R Prazeres (talk) 19:09, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * What is unsourced in my most recent edit? I added my references to the already existing references on the article. Also, what I added to the Muhammad I article directly relates to him as I added information about the historiography about Islamic al-Andalus, the complex relationship between Abrahamic religions, and the architecture that was funded by Muhammad I. Aleclere0413 (talk) 19:45, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * A quick look at the last version of the article edited by you makes it clear that this is an argumentative essay. Please see WP:FORUM (and the wider policy on that page) for a better idea of what Wikipedia should and shouldn't be. Wikipedia articles are intended to summarize facts that can be verified directly in reliable sources. Content consisting largely of opinions or arguments is almost never acceptable, except for specific situations that need to be treated very carefully (see Controversial articles and the wider policy, WP:NPOV, which I already linked above).
 * I'm not going to go through all the problems with your latest edits, but here's one example of the many opinion statements you included that have no cited source: "Both of these one-sided viewpoints have negatively shaped the historical narrative of Islamic Iberia. The persistent lack of continuity in the historiography of the Spanish Middle Ages has made it misunderstood to this day. These historiographical issues need to be acknowledged in order to fully understand the Arab conquest of Spain and how it led to the powerful state of al-Andalus."
 * Even if you show us that these statements are opinions directly expressed in published articles (which should be clearly cited if so), it's still not in line with the purpose of a Wikipedia article and it's beyond the scope of this article, which is specifically about one single ruler, not about al-Andalus or the Umayyad period in general. If you want to edit on that wider topic, then this is the wrong article to do it.
 * Among other problems that could be avoided with more caution, you also needlessly repeated a discussion of the Cordoba Martyrs here, when it's already discussed in the next section following this. R Prazeres (talk) 20:13, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, professional historian here, so I can speak to the fact that this person's edits were absolutely in line with Wikipedia standards. There's no such thing as unbiased, fact-based (positivist) history. We left that idea in the last century. All of history is an argument. As Wikipedia editors, we make decisions about what to include, what to exclude, what to highlight, what to downplay, etc., which is to say, we make arguments. This author stated that the historiography of Islamic Iberia tends to reject a narrative of continuity. That's not an opinion but a claim, which the author could support with citations to various scholarly works making it an evidence-based claim (i.e., the foundation of historical practice).
 * What I find more problematic about your criticisms, and this is, indeed, my opinion, is they're profoundly condescending. Wikipedia should be a place where we edit articles as a community but you seem to be more in favor of a dictatorship. I checked your activity. You've written so many articles on Muslim history that the topic as it stands now on Wikipedia has a lopsided view. No one person should so dominate a single topic let alone one as broad as Muslim history. I think you've edited quite enough and it's appropriate for another voice to be heard, don't you? Otherwise your dominance looks a lot like tyranny. 138.87.133.15 (talk) 19:15, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I am going to add in my new edits to the Wikipedia article. I added some more citations, including primary and secondary sources. Aleclere0413 (talk) 20:57, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Are you planning to simply re-add the same content as before, or will you be restricting yourself to material specifically about Muhammad I? R Prazeres (talk) 21:02, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I guess this answers my question., you have continued to ignore the main and very obvious point I already made above about the scope of this article. Please bring this content to Al-Andalus, the appropriate overview article for the topic you are actually writing on. Other editors may still choose to raise issues there, but it will at least be in the right place. R Prazeres (talk) 22:48, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muhammad I of Córdoba


text:
Licetus (crater)

Licetus is a lunar impact crater on the near side of the Moon, in the rugged southern highland region. It lies to the south of the walled plain Stöfler, and is attached to the northern rim of the sub-divided crater Heraclitus. Just to the southeast is Cuvier. Licetus is 75 kilometers in diameter and 3.8 kilometers deep. It is from the Pre-Nectarian period, 4.55 to 3.92 billion years ago.

It is a worn crater formation with several craterlets across its rim and along its inner wall. The most notable of these is a small crater across the inner southeast rim, with another across the northwest rim. The rim is also especially worn along the northern end, with a cluster of tiny craterlets along the rim lip and the inner wall. The interior floor is relatively flat, with some minor ridges and slips in the southern half. There are small craterlets along the floor's west-southwest and eastern edges.

The crater is named after Fortunio Liceti, a 17th-century Italian philosopher and physicist.

Satellite craters
By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Licetus.

title: Licetus (crater)


text:
User talk:AlistairMcMillan/Archive1

Please don't mock the John Kerry discussion
We are working hard to hash out problems there. You mocking us, does not help. Rex071404 01:31, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Any more attempts at humour will be summarily shot. :) Lacrimosus 04:28, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

FL 2000 - Re: "disenfranchisement"
The term "disenfranchise" plain and simply has a more profound meaning that merely missing a vote for one reason or another. Rather, a "disenfranchised" person is barred from all votes, now and in the future.

It is simply too extreme of a charge to lay upon Bush and/or the Florida 2000 fiasco to say that people were "disenfranchised". Think of it this way, if you are shot by a rifle in battle and are not killed, you are wounded. However, if the wound is fatal, you are killed.

In this analogy, "disenfranchisement" is equivalent to death. But what happened to complaining voters in FL was a wound - they are still free to vote again. Also, if they don't like Palm Beach butterfly ballots, they are free to move to whatever location they decide has a ballot they like. On the other had, a truly "disenfranchised" person is not allowed to vote regardless of the ballot type or where they live.

It is sloppy English, plain and simple to use that word ("disenfranchise") to describe the SNAFUs of FL 2000.

Also, such word usage to describe SNAFUs, flies in the face of the Law_of_large_numbers by suggesting that an election with millions of votes being cast, must not have any votes that are miscounted or voided in error.

And, unless you are claiming bad intent by a controlling party the Law_of_large_numbers will see to it that such errors and miscounts are evenly distributed among both major party candidates in a close election.

What this means is that both Gore and Bush voters missed out at roughly the same rate. This also means that Gore and Bush had a roughly equal number of miscounts and non-counts.

At the same time, this still does not constitute "disenfranchisement". Rather, what you must keep in mind is that even a precise process will, on a large scale have some error. And this is what happened in FL 2000.

Whether you believe Bush won or Gore won there is moot so far as the vote count error rate goes. That election was so-close, that for all intents and purposes all of the potentially different types of recounts would have still fallen within the margin of vote count error.

That being the case, the SCOTUS was perfectly just in making FL stop counting and stick with the rules which were in place on the date of the election. Those rules did not allow for Gore to keep counting again and again in hand picked areas. Regardless of what Gore was hoping for, it is true that GWB did win the tally (albeit, very closely) that was added up based on the rules which were in place on the day of the election. And in fact FL 2000 proves the value of rules of that type.

Prior to invoking a large election, the tally method must be agreed upon in advance. If not, for any election which is so close that it the tally falls within the margin of error, the outcome will change if you change the tally method.

This is why Gore voters still feel cheated - they assert that under some tally methods, Gore would have won. The only problem is that the tally methods they point to were not provided for under FL law at the time, but were instead being sought by Gore in court after the fact.

If such an approach is allowed, well then Bush could then come right back and say "use my method" while pointing to one that put him ahead. And back and forth we go.

It is this ex-post-facto re-jiggering of the tally methods that SCOTUS put a stop to, not any actually vote counting. The votes had already been counted.

On the other hand, what Gore was asking for was not provided for under FL law and in any case, SCOTUS agreed that in giving the green-light to Gore's extra-legislative request for a special tally, the FL Supremes violated the principle of equal protection.

You see, once the tally began being re-done under a statutorily unfounded court-ordered system, the only trumping law left is US Constitution.

The simple fact is that when judges re-write law from the bench, the only remaining defense is an appeal to constitutional principles, which is what Bush did. By the way, there were two rulings by SCOTUS in this case, one was 5-4, but the other was 7-2.

Anyway, in regards to all the vote SNAFUs issues themselves: errors on felon voter list, chads in Miami, Butterfly Ballot in Pam Beach, Military votes being DQ'd because military mail lacked a postmark, the news media falsely declaring the polls closed one hour before the FL panhandle (which is on Central Time) was actually done voting, were not under the control of any single person(s) or group(s), so there is certainly no way the say that all those who mis-voted or missed voting were "disenfranchised".

Certain voters and votes were adversely affected, yes. But this does not rise to the level of "disenfranchisement". The usage of that term is wrong and leaves a false impression.

Remember: precise thought requires precise word usage.

It is through the loopholes of imprecise language that race-baiters have long slipped on this issue. There are numbers of people out there who still try to suggest that there was a master plan (tied to Bush somehow of course) to "disenfranchise" black FL voters and thereby give Bush the win. Such racial based demagoguery is disgusting and offensive on the face. And in order to put a stop to it, people who write on the subject must give the facts in a rigorously clear manner.

I am trying to do that and it's why I oppose the use of the term "disenfranchised". It's not true. It misleads. And in the hands of certain race-baiters (such as Al Gore, Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton, etc.) it fans the flames of racial discord.

Rex071404 04:15, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"Fevered ramblings"...?
What? After all that, I don't even rank as an "incoherent babbler"? Rex071404 07:03, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Journalists with bias
Can you offer any suggestions? Rex071404 15:15, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I took the liberty of answering this on Rex's discussion page. You might have a few more, though.  I hope that wasn't overly intrusive, butting into your conversation like that. Wolfman 01:16, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh dear. I'm afraid that Rex did find it intrusive. Frankly, my feelings are a little hurt. Wolfman 07:27, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Rex
Thanks for your input on Rex's edits. He has impeded progress a great deal. I invite you to continue to monitor his work in this and other article so we can put a stop to his disruptive editing style. --Nysus 02:36, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I posted a petition about Rex's behavior. Please see Talk:Texans_for_Truth

Your contributions
I read you "contributions" list and I see that you post to a wide variety of articles. Hence, I imagine that my particular focus on political ones may alarm you. Please take note however, that I have been the proginator of (4) new articles in the two months I have been here (see my user page). Even so, since your experience is broad compared to say Nysus, I'd be inclined to put heavier wieght on comments from you than from him. Bear that in mind next time you think you'd like to tell me something. I do read your comments to me (even if I do delete them from my talk page, I've read them. 03:23, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

examples please
If you are willing, please cite for me on my talk page, the three most recent edits by me which you feel show unacceptable Bush/Kerry bias. Also, please explain why you think that on each one. I assure you I will consider each one carefully. 03:48, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * But it is your contention of POV I am concerned with. From my vantage point, my edits all pass muster. [[User:Rex071404|Rex071404 [[Image:Happyjoe.jpg]] ]] 04:08, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Alistair, what's your e-mail or a way outside of WP i can contact you? --kizzle 22:34, Sep 24, 2004 (UTC)

don't mock please
Your last Texans for Truth edit summary seemd to indicate intentional trouble making. Please desist. 04:11, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

it begins...
rex is coming back... --kizzle 06:28, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

Ann Coulter/Daily Show
Thanks for correcting the Ann Coulter/Daily Show thing. I was going to look it up at some point, but I'm glad you beat me to it. --Neschek 00:04, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

User:Rex071404
"Just in case anyone else doesn't know who Rex071404 is. He was banned from John Kerry, then banned from a bunch of other pages relating to the 2004 election. Then he disappeared for about a week and now he is back but not signing in, so he appears as 216.153.214.94 all the time. He is basically trolling."

That's a pretty serious allegation. Where are you getting this information from? - Ta bu shi da yu 07:28, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ignore my previous message. I misread what you wrote. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:44, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

User:213.186.47.154
Hello Alistair, why are you reverting all the links added by 213.186.47.154 with comments like "Revert advertising by 213.186.47.154"? So far as I can see, all of the links this user added are free, GPLed source code that is directly relevant to the articles in question and likely quite useful to someone researching the subject. The remainder of the website in question also appears to be totally non-commercial. Securiger 08:10, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The policy, such as it is, is at External links with extensive discussion at Wikipedia talk:External links; advertising is also mentioned in point 18 of What Wikipedia is not (boy do we have a lot of policies!). As you can see, even commerical links are not absolutely forbidden. The problem with advert links is people trying to conceal POV info about their products, or drive Wikipedia readers to a click-sponsored website. Commercial links are generally deprecated, but that isn't hard and fast if the linked page is reasonably NPOV and useful to readers of the article, and/or the best available source of the information. In this case, the linked pages are NPOV, useful, and at least as good as the alternatives. (I personally would have let the links stand even if they were on a commercial site; my remark about being non-commercial was in case you thought he was trying to lure Wikipedians deeper into his site only to later hit them with click-sponsoring.) Securiger 09:35, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hah! You don't need to defer to me, I'm just another Wikipedia editor! Yes, the policy is not a 100% clear on this, there is plenty of grey area. IMHO, this one though is safely over the fence. I would put them back, but it's up to you. Securiger 09:47, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi! I thought I'd add my 2 cents: I think that for software that supports lots of different algorithms (DES, MD5, AES etc..), then it's better to put a single external link to the software on one "parent" page, rather than a separate link for each and every algorithm article. A similar question is still open for the "Jacksum" software, the author of which added links to every hash function page we have (see User talk:Jonelo). Perhaps a cryptographic software article would be good, given that we have PGP, GnuPG, AxCrypt, CrossCrypt etc? I'm just uneasy about adding these external links to all our articles — they'd be more maintainable in a single location. — Matt 10:18, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dedham, Massachusetts
Your particpation in the un-justified deletion (via non-discussed reverts) of a factually accurate, non-POV, historical fact from that page has contributed to causing that page to be "protected". Therefore, I am asking you to particpate in the dialog at Talk:Dedham, Massachusetts which the "protection" notice calls for. Either that, or please leave a message for Mirv and request that the page be unprotected. This message will be reposted here daily (approximately) until you acknowledge it on the Dedham, Massachusetts talk page. Thank you 216.153.214.94 03:45, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlistairMcMillan/Archive1