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User talk:Milkmandan/archive0

This page is an archive of User talk:Milkmandan, and all current discussion should be directed there. --Milkmandan 07:15, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)

Toyota Camry
Thanks for the reorganization of the Camry page, Milkmandan. Looks much better—it clearly needed it. Stombs 05:42, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

Toyota 4Runner
Hi Milkmandan, I would like to ask about the GFDL Licence for the "Image:1985 toyota 4runner sr5.jpg". Someone translated the according article for the german Wikipedia and also copied the image (Same for some other Toyota articles/images). Now we have a discussion about the licence and usability of the image within the german Wikipedia branch, as some doubt that it has been put under the right licence (Germany, famous for it's beer, bavarians and bureaucracy ;). Is it a photo you took yourself, do you have permission from the originator of the image or is there a licence legislation that puts the photo under the GNU-FDL? Sincerely Azhai 62.112.80.130 01:50, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello! I'm going to duplicate this discussion here and on the image, since I can't find a talk page for you.  I took the photo myself and have released it under the GFDL—I'm happy to see that it's made its way onto the German wikipedia.  Und koennen Sie bitte mich zum Artikel fuehren?  Ich kann ein bisschen Deutsch sprechen. --Milkmandan 02:16, 2005 Jan 5 (UTC)

 * Hi, thank you for your fast answer. You can find the article using that image under http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota . I appologise for getting confused, it is not a translation of your article, but a general article about Toyota that uses the image in discussion, linking on a still to write article about the Toyota 4-Runner. You can find the discussion on http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:L%C3%B6schkandidaten/Bilder#3._Januar (you will have to find it under the headline "3. Januar"), that is a page for image licence discussions. My personal "user talk" area is under http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer_Diskussion:Azhai . If you want to, you may use the "Du" instead of the more formal "Sie" when addressing me in german (thats the normal habit on the most internet platforms i know, when members of the same project are talking to each other). But feel free to use english, despite the typos when writing i'm able to understand and read it quite well. Greetings, Azhai 62.112.80.130 04:57, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

BMW Z1
Hope you don't mind my section-breaking—I want to convey how brilliant I think your BMW Z1 page is. Stombs 08:23, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks very much! The real credit needs to go to Fred Brossaud (and the authors of the other links on the Z1 page...but very specifically Brossaud), who coalesced a ton of good information in his PDF.

 * I absolutely don't mind section breaks, either. --Milkmandan 08:43, 2005 Jan 6 (UTC)

Missing edits on BMW Z1
They show up now; I added the bullets for the references, because I just changed Template:Book reference not to do it itself (for consistency with other templates)

My understanding is that edits get made to the master database server, but most information placed on viewed pages is from replicated slave databases. Sometimes, it seems, the slaves lag behind the master. I think that explains the problem. —Morven 09:51, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)

Changing Litres to cubic centimeters
I disagree with that change. Litres are a standard; ccs are not. —Morven 20:45, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. In cases like these, I'm just looking to drop the more precise information so it doesn't get lost.  Moving the data into the body of the article is probably much more appropriate. --Milkmandan 22:28, 2005 Jan 27 (UTC)

moving De Lorean to De Lorean Motor Company
You should call for a vote on this, preferably at Talk:De Lorean, and perhaps later at Requested moves. Others may have a different opinion about whether this move is desirable. In the meantime, you shouldn't break the page at De Lorean Motor Company by overwriting the redirect with a deletion notice. -- Curps 07:34, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No problemo. In the event that the move is approved, how would I get the redirection page deleted without killing the redirect text? --Milkmandan 07:36, 2005 Jan 28 (UTC)

 * Admins can handle that. If you do the vote at the talk page and it's in favor, let me know and I could arrange for it to get done (or if I'm away from Wikipedia for a few days at that time, you could try contacting an admin like User:Violetriga). If you do the vote at Requested moves, one of the admins monitoring that page will do it automatically at the end of a vote in favor. -- Curps 07:41, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Studebaker Starlight
Could you take a look at the Starlight Coupe article and give me your opinion. User:Hotspur wrote it up and I really, really overhauled it. Hotspur is, as I would be, not too pleased with my swift action. But I think I did basically a good job at pointing the article in the right direction. Also, shouldn't the article be Studebaker Starlight? Just need a reality check; feedback is appreciated. Thanks user: stude62 user talk:stude62 21:44, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Will do, in a few hours. I'd respond on your talk page ... but I figured I'd just avoid inflaming things further. --Milkmandan 22:07, 2005 Feb 3 (UTC)

 * Much appreciated and understood.user: stude62 user talk:stude62 00:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow Dan- Just saw the edits on the Starlight coupe! Thanks  user: stude62 user talk:stude62 02:41, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Good work
Hello. Good work with all your copyediting etc. on car articles. Keep it up. SamH|Talk 11:13, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nash Motors
Dan- Someone on with just an ISP edited the Nash Motors entry and it looks like they were indents and returns without understanding what Wiki-code does with such things. I tried working with - I did add in a section on the Nash Healy - could you go over it? user: stude62 user talk:stude62 02:32, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Received your message
Dan -- Got your message. My apologies for not including summaries with my recent edits. I'm still quite new here, and hadn't yet figured out proper posting etiquette. I assure you I will figure out how to add summaries and include them with major edits from now on. Thanks for the support, and I look forward to adding more of my research. user: Jagvar user talk:Jagvar 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the invite
Dan,

Thanks for the invite. I went ahead and signed up for the automotive group. I'm actually trying to update as many car pages as possible, with my own information and stuff I compile from different public domain websites. I'm also updating the pages with pictures, since many of them don't have. I noticed you wanted to update some with every car you've ever owned and you list a few. So have I, so I'll be putting a lot of information up soon. Any pointers/flames/suggestions?

Just for the record, it wasn't me who edited the Nash page... I'm still on the A

Not to worry, I was just clarifying, since I saw the previous post and I actually did some minor fixes to some Acura pages before registering: In a couple of places it said something like "Better then the previous model"... I just exchanged "then" for "than".

On the webpage imagery, I'm updating the ones I know where I got from, but there are many I think I just typed in the image search of Yahoo or something of the sort, so I'm having a hard time with them.

Alright, I think I'm managing to actually have some success. Anyway, being that you're part of the automotive group, whenever I want to discuss something included in a car page, should I write you or someone else, or is there like a "central page" in the group?

Either way, I'm down to the Cadillac Eldorado, and in that page the onyl image is of a '73 model. However, the copy is divided by decades, starting in the 50s. What I've done is eliminated the first '73 model image and placed it in the 70s subdivision, and included one of each model for the rest of the decades. In the future, should I consult before doing so, and again, to you or someone else, or the whole group? Or just follow my initiative and say what I did in the end?

One last thing. I'm sure it's part of the goal of the group in fixing the whole automobile pages. But when I look for a car company (i.e. Cadillac) I get the definition of the name and their respective models etc. However, if I look for just "automobiles" and then go to the respective marques, I won't get the same models I saw before. Sorry, probably this has been talked about before and since I'm new here I'm just being paranoid on everything. Still, I'll keep on trying to make it all better.

Alright, I think I'm managing to actually have some success. Anyway, being that you're part of the automotive group, whenever I want to discuss something included in a car page, should I write you or someone else, or is there like a "central page" in the group?

Either way, I'm down to the Cadillac Eldorado, and in that page the onyl image is of a '73 model. However, the copy is divided by decades, starting in the 50s. What I've done is eliminated the first '73 model image and placed it in the 70s subdivision, and included one of each model for the rest of the decades. In the future, should I consult before doing so, and again, to you or someone else, or the whole group? Or just follow my initiative and say what I did in the end?

One last thing. I'm sure it's part of the goal of the group in fixing the whole automobile pages. But when I look for a car company (i.e. Cadillac) I get the definition of the name and their respective models etc. However, if I look for just "automobiles" and then go to the respective marques, I won't get the same models I saw before. Sorry, probably this has been talked about before and since I'm new here I'm just being paranoid on everything. Still, I'll keep on trying to make it all better.

er... where is the tilde?

New Message
Alright, I think I'm managing to actually have some success. Anyway, being that you're part of the automotive group, whenever I want to discuss something included in a car page, should I write you or someone else, or is there like a "central page" in the group?

Either way, I'm down to the Cadillac Eldorado, and in that page the onyl image is of a '73 model. However, the copy is divided by decades, starting in the 50s. What I've done is eliminated the first '73 model image and placed it in the 70s subdivision, and included one of each model for the rest of the decades. In the future, should I consult before doing so, and again, to you or someone else, or the whole group? Or just follow my initiative and say what I did in the end?

One last thing. I'm sure it's part of the goal of the group in fixing the whole automobile pages. But when I look for a car company (i.e. Cadillac) I get the definition of the name and their respective models etc. However, if I look for just "automobiles" and then go to the respective marques, I won't get the same models I saw before. Sorry, probably this has been talked about before and since I'm new here I'm just being paranoid on everything. Still, I'll keep on trying to make it all better.

er... where is the tilde?

No new WK
Just borrowed one from a friend for some weekend fun! Not a bad vehicle, really. Sure beats the nasty-handling WJ! this is my car! *grin* --SFoskett 04:38, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Milkmandan/archive0


text: Category:1668 books

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1668 books


text: Category:1669 books

title: Category:1669 books


text:
Panhandle hook

A panhandle hook (also called a pan handle hook or Texas hooker ) is a relatively infrequent winter storm system whose cyclogenesis occurs in the South to southwestern United States from the late fall through winter and into the early spring months. They trek to the northeast on a path towards the Great Lakes region, as the southwesterly jet streams are most prevalent, usually affecting the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada. Panhandle hooks account for some of the most memorable and deadly blizzards and snowstorms in North America. The name is derived from the region of surface cyclogenesis in the Texas panhandle and Oklahoma panhandle regions. In some winters, there are no panhandle hook storms; in others, there are several.

Formation
A panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the "hook" refers to the left-ward east to northeast jog in the track of the surface low as it is plotted on a weather analysis chart.

If the associated jet stream is stronger than normal and there is colder than normal air in place in central Canada to provide a greater than normal temperature contrast with Gulf of Mexico moisture drawn northward by the developing panhandle low, surface cyclogenesis can be particularly energetic and cause a great swath of heavy snow to develop and blanket a large portion of the American Great Plains and upper-midwestern states in conjunction with very strong winds, the combination of which exceeds blizzard criteria. Over the Great Lakes, the interaction of these storms with the lakes can amplify windspeeds causing extreme heavy sometimes localized snowfall, thundersnow and often shoreline erosion. Initially pleasant weather ahead of the northeast-bound storm can lull the unwary into dressing lightly and then being surprised by heavy snow accompanied by howling easterly and northerly winds as the low traverses south to east of their location.

Historic panhandle hooks
Famous storms that were panhandle hooks are the Armistice Day Blizzard of November 11, 1940, and the storm which sank the Edmund Fitzgerald on November 10, 1975.

title: Panhandle hook


text:
Flying Yankee

The Flying Yankee was a diesel-electric streamliner built in 1935 for the Maine Central Railroad and the Boston and Maine Railroad by Budd Company and with mechanical and electrical equipment from Electro-Motive Corporation. It was also the name of a passenger train, the third streamliner train in North America. That train ceased passenger service in 1957 and is stored at the Hobo Railroad in New Hampshire. It was owned by the state of New Hampshire, until it was decided to sell the train in 2023. It was purchased by the Flying Yankee Association after being selected by the state of New Hampshire to receive ownership of the diesel streamliner.

History
Prior to 1935, the name Flying Yankee referred to a passenger train that ran between Portland, Maine, and Boston, Massachusetts, at least back to 1891. The train was pulled by an early 4-6-2 Pacific steam engine; cars were standard heavyweight construction.

The new Flying Yankee in the 1930s was a lightweight train constructed with welded stainless steel using Budd's patented process. The engine was an 8-cylinder Winton 201-A diesel, driving a generator; the lead truck was equipped with traction motors. It was fitted with air conditioning in all cars. No dining car was provided; instead, meals were prepared in a galley and served to passengers in trays that clipped to the back of the seat in front.

It was the third streamliner in service after the Union Pacific Railroad's M-10000 and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's Pioneer Zephyr. The Flying Yankee was a virtual clone of the latter, except that it dispensed with the baggage/mail space to seat 142 in three articulated cars.

The train was delivered in February 1935, and toured the BM-MEC railroad system before entering service on April 1. The daily route served began in Portland, then to Boston, followed by a return to Portland and continuing to Bangor, Maine, returning through Portland to Boston and finally returning to Portland late in the day, a distance of 750 mi per day. This schedule was kept six days a week; the trainset spent Sundays undergoing maintenance. The train proved extremely successful, attracting new ridership and earning a profit for its owners.

Later on, as newer equipment replaced it on one route, it would be switched to other routes, bearing the names The Cheshire, The Minuteman, The Mountaineer, and The Business Man.

As railroad passenger ridership declined in the 1950s, the Yankee was also getting old, and thus the trainset, as The Minuteman, was retired, running its last on May 7, 1957.

Most of the train's route is currently operated by Amtrak's Downeaster, which runs as far north as Brunswick, Maine.

Current location
The railroad donated the trainset to the Edaville Railroad tourist/museum operation in Carver, Massachusetts, in 1957. The train remained on static display there for about 35 years until it was moved in 1993 to Glen, New Hampshire, after being purchased by Bob Morrell, then-owner of Story Land. In 1997, the train was moved to the Concord and Claremont Railroad's shops in Claremont, New Hampshire, for a restoration after it was purchased by the state of New Hampshire. By 2004, the major structural restoration had been completed, and detailed restoration of components is ongoing with the goal of restoring the train completely to running condition. The train was moved on August 10, 2005, to the Hobo Railroad in Lincoln, New Hampshire.

Plans to move it to Concord, New Hampshire, site of a former Boston & Maine railyard, fell through in 2017. The state hoped to open the train to public viewing in Lincoln.

In November 2023, the state of New Hampshire put the equipment up for sale, with a focus on "the relocation and encouraged restoration" of the trainset. In April 2024, the trainset was sold to the Flying Yankee Association, who hopes to restore and operate the set in the Mt. Washington Valley, with a possibility of running it on the Conway Scenic Railroad.

Models
HO scale

 * Orion Models/NJ Custom Brass. 1985.  Imported scale brass model.
 * Challenger Imports. Imported scale brass model.

O scale

 * Lionel. "pre-war", produced from 1935 to 1941.  Not a scale model.  "3 rail" AC power.
 * Sunset/3rd Rail. Imported brass model.  Available in both "3 rail" AC and "2 rail" DC power.  Scale model, not "selectively compressed"
 * Lionel. 2008.  Reproduction of pre-war model.

title: Flying Yankee


text:
Category:Streamliners

The term streamliner generally refers to a vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance.

title: Category:Streamliners


text:
A-League Men

A-League Men (currently known as the Isuzu UTE A-League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest-level professional men's soccer league in Australia and New Zealand. At the top of the Australian league system, it is the country's premier men's competition for the sport. A-League Men was established in 2004 as the A-League by the Australian Soccer Association (ASA) as a successor to the National Soccer League (NSL) and competition commenced in August 2005. The league is currently administered by the Australian Professional Leagues (APL), contested by twelve teams; eleven based in Australia and one based in New Zealand. The men's, women's and youth leagues have now been brought together under a unified A-Leagues banner.

Seasons run from October to May and include a 27-round regular season followed by a Finals Series playoff involving the six highest-placed teams, culminating in a grand final match. The winner of the regular season tournament is dubbed the 'Premier' while the winner of the grand final is the season's Champion. This differs from other football codes in Australia, where premier refers to the winner of the grand final and the winner of the regular season is the 'minor premier'.

Successful A-League Men clubs gain qualification into the Asian continental club competitions, the AFC Champions League (ACL) and the AFC Cup (both until 2024). In 2014, the Western Sydney Wanderers became the first and only winning Australian club of the AFC Champions League. Similar to the United States' Major League Soccer, as well as other professional sports leagues in Australia, A-League Men does not practice relegation and promotion.

Origins
A national round-robin tournament existed in various forms prior to the formation of the A-League, with the most notable being the National Soccer League (NSL). The formation of the NSL came after Australia's qualification for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, which led to discussion of a national league, with 14 teams eventually chosen to participate in the inaugural season of the NSL in 1977.

Under the guidance of the then-governing body, the Australian Soccer Federation (later Soccer Australia), the NSL flourished through the 1980s and early 1990s but then fell into decline with the increasing departure of Australian players to overseas leagues, a disastrous television deal with the Seven Network and the resulting lack of sponsorship. Few clubs continued to grow with Sydney Olympic, Perth Glory, and the newly established Adelaide United the exception in a dying league.

In April 2003, the Australian Federal Government initiated the Independent Soccer Review Committee to investigate the governance and management of the sport in Australia, including that of the NSL. In December 2003, the Crawford Report found that the NSL was financially unviable, and in response the chairman of the sports new governing body, Frank Lowy of the Football Federation Australia, announced that a task force would be formed to create a new national competition as a successor to the NSL which dissolved at the conclusion of the 2003–04 season after 27 years of operation.

Foundations
The A-League was announced in April 2004, as a successor to the NSL. Eight teams would be part of the new national competition, with one team from each city of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Newcastle, plus a New Zealand team and one from a remaining expressions of interest from either Melbourne or Sydney. The competition start date was set for August 2005.

By June of that year, 20 submissions had been received and a month later 12 consortiums sent in their final bids for the eight spots. Three bids were received from Melbourne, two each from Sydney and Brisbane, one from each of the remaining preferred cities and a bid from the New South Wales Central Coast city of Gosford. Over the next three months, each bid was reviewed and on 1 November 2004, the eight successful bidders and the major sponsor were revealed, for what would be known as the Hyundai A-League, with the Hyundai Motor Company unveiled as the official naming rights sponsor for the league.

The eight founding teams for the league were Adelaide United, the Central Coast Mariners, the Melbourne Victory, the Newcastle Jets, the New Zealand Knights, the Perth Glory, the Queensland Roar, and Sydney FC, with four former NSL clubs taking part, those being Adelaide United, the Newcastle Jets, and the Perth Glory, as well as the Queensland Lions who withdrew their first team from the Queensland State League and entered it in to the competition as the Queensland Roar plus the New Zealand Knights who were formed from the New Zealand Football Kingz. Each club was given a five-year exclusivity deal in its own market as part of the league's "one-city, one-team" policy. This was intended to allow clubs to grow and develop an identity in their respective region without local competition.

Initial seasons
On 26 August 2005, 16 months after the demise of the NSL, the inaugural season of the A-League began. The first season would see Adelaide United win the premier's plate by seven points over Sydney FC with Central Coast and Newcastle filling the final two spots in the final series. In the final series, it was Sydney that took out the title after they defeated Central Coast by a Steve Corica goal to claim the first title on 5 March 2006. The following season saw Melbourne Victory claim the A-League premiers plate when they smashed Adelaide United 6–0 in the final at the Telstra Dome with Archie Thompson scoring five goals in the rout. But the season wasn't without a change with the New Zealand Knights being replaced by the Wellington Phoenix after the Knights were taken over by New Zealand Football after the team only won six times in forty-two games and selected overseas talent instead of local.

Development and reforms
Both Gold Coast United and the North Queensland Fury joined the league in the 2009–10 season. On 12 June 2009, Melbourne Heart was awarded a licence to join the 2010–11 season. On 1 March 2011 North Queensland Fury's A-League licence was revoked for financial reasons. On 29 February 2012, Gold Coast United also had its licence revoked. On 4 April 2012, it was announced that a new Western Sydney-based club, Western Sydney Wanderers, would join the league for the 2012–13 season. In January 2014, Melbourne Heart was acquired by the City Football Group and was renamed Melbourne City ahead of the 2014–15 season. In February 2018, officials announced that the league would expand to 12 teams for the 2019–20 season. Later that year, the league announced that Western United FC would join the competition in 2019–20 and Macarthur would enter the following season (2020–21).

In the lead-up to the expansion announcements in 2019, club stakeholders entered into discussions with Football Federation Australia (FFA) to take over ownership of the competition. The league had been created and operated by the FFA since its inception in 2004, though by 2018 the FFA and clubs were at loggerheads over the permanent ownership structure of the league. A FIFA-backed congress review working group issued a sweeping 100-page report in August 2018, recommending an expanded domestic congress and an independent A-League, controlled and operated by the clubs. On 1 July 2019, the FFA and Australian Professional Football Clubs Association (the body representing the A-League clubs) announced an agreement had been reached for the FFA to relinquish control of the league to the clubs by the following month, in time for the start of the 2019–20 season. The agreement brought the sport in line with the governance structure utilised in most European leagues. The new ownership body is called the Australian Professional Leagues, a consortium of the A-League clubs and their owners, with certain rights held by the FFA, and a capital investment & ownership stake held by American firm Silver Lake. A-League officials in May 2021 announced that the league will align to the Domestic Match Calendar to avoid clashing with FIFA Days, as well as introducing Domestic Transfer System and National Club Licensing frameworks.

Regular season
The regular season runs mainly during the Australian summer, from early October to April of the following year. As of the 2024–25 season, due to the introduction of Auckland FC and an odd number of teams, the competition consists of 29 rounds, with each team playing every other team two or three times, playing 26 games total. Each team will play 24 home and away fixtures, plus two additional third matches (one of which in Unite Round). Additionally, each team will have three byes. The teams allotted two home matches against an opponent in one season are allotted one home match against that opponent in the following season. Each match sees the winning team awarded three competition points, with one point each for a draw. The club at the top of this ladder is crowned A-League Premiers, and since the 2005–06 season has been entered into the AFC Champions League. The Premier is presented with a trophy known as the Premier's Plate.

At the completion of the regular season the top six placed teams on the league table progress to the finals series. The position of each team is determined by the highest number of points accumulated during the regular season. If two or more teams are level on points, the following criteria are applied in order until one of the teams can be determined as the higher ranked:
 * 1) Most wins;
 * 2) Highest goal difference;
 * 3) Highest number of goals scored;
 * 4) Highest number of points accumulated in matches between the teams concerned;
 * 5) Highest goal difference in matches between the teams concerned;
 * 6) Highest number of goals scored in matches between the teams concerned;
 * 7) Lowest number of red cards accumulated;
 * 8) Lowest number of yellow cards accumulated;
 * 9) Toss of a coin.

Unite Round
For the 2023–24 and 2024–25 season, the Australian Professional Leagues announced "Unite Round". During this round, all matches were held in Sydney, in Allianz Stadium and CommBank Stadium, with some women's matches being held at Leichhardt Oval, across the second weekend of January. The round is part of a partnership with Destination NSW, and was introduced after the Grand Final decision was reversed in October 2023, one year into its original 3-year stretch after severe fan backlash.

Pride Round
After Adelaide United player Josh Cavallo became the first openly gay top-flight male footballer in October 2021, the A-League partnered with A-League Women to stage a single Pride men's and women's doubleheader during the 2021-22 season.

On 24–26 February 2023, both the A-League Men and Women's competitions staged their first-ever Pride Round, the first occasion in which the leagues had "come together to recognise and promote inclusion for the LGBTQIA+ community". Part proceeds from ticket sales across all of the round's fixtures were donated to Pride Cup. In 2024, the Australian Professional Leagues (APL) announced the continuation of the round, as well as providing inclusion training to all players and key stakeholders. The A-Leagues would be collaborating with the PFA and Pride Cup, who would help to deliver the training. The annual Pride Cup double-header between Adelaide United and Melbourne Victory would take place in March, and several men's and women's teams would celebrate by engaging community groups and using indicators such as rainbow corner flags,armbands, special Pride kit and/or rainbow socks.

Finals series

The top six clubs at the conclusion of the regular season progress to the finals series. The finals series culminates to the A-League grand final, where the winner is crowned A-League champion. The club that wins the grand final is presented with the A-League Champions Trophy.

The finals series consists of six teams who are placed by rank, as determined at the end of the regular season. The finals series runs over four weeks. In the first week of fixtures, the third-through-sixth ranked teams play a single-elimination match, with the two winners of those matches joining the first and second ranked teams in two-legged ties played over two weeks. The two winners of those matches meet in the grand final. This method was initially adopted for the 2021–22 season.

Up until 2022, between the two grand finalists, the team that finished higher on the ladder at the conclusion of the regular season hosted the grand final. The only exception to this was if the FA deemed that team's home ground to be an inappropriate venue. For example, in 2008, Central Coast Mariners (as the higher-placed team) hosted the grand final against the Newcastle Jets at Sydney Football Stadium, due to FFA deciding that Central Coast Mariners' home stadium, Central Coast Stadium with a capacity of 20,000, was too small for the event.

On 12 December 2022, the Australian Professional Leagues (APL) announced that the grand finals for the 2022–23, 2023–24 and 2024–25 seasons would be hosted in Sydney, a decision which received considerable backlash. On 18 October 2023, the APL announced that the Grand Final hosting rights would revert to the original format, and instead a new "Unite Round" was introduced, with a regular season round having all its games played in Sydney.

Grand final host stadium

AFC Champions League
A-League clubs are eligible for participation in the AFC Champions League competition each season since the 2007 edition of the tournament. Wellington Phoenix are not eligible to compete in the Asian Champions League, nor do they compete in the OFC Champions League. Qualification is determined by league finishing positions and the winner of the Australia Cup Final, with the number of positions determined by the Asian Football Confederation club competition ranking. Due to the re-formatting of the AFC Champions League to have an inter-year schedule from September (northern hemisphere autumn-to-spring) instead of an intra-year schedule (northern hemisphere spring-to-autumn), the qualification format for the 2023–24 AFC Champions League was changed, with a single qualification spot going to whichever of which of the Premiers for the 2021–22 or the 2022–23 seasons accrues the most combined points over both seasons.

The only Australian side to win the Asian Champions League is Western Sydney Wanderers in 2014. Adelaide United is the only other club to reach the final, and finished runner-up in 2008.

AFC Cup
Australia will participate in the AFC Cup for the first and only time in the 2023–24 season, with allocated slots based on the AFC Club Competitions Ranking which was published on 24 November 2021. Initially, the participants will be the winner of the 2022 Australia Cup (Macarthur FC), and Central Coast Mariners who came second in the 2022–23 season.

Other competitions
In 2004–05, Australia was still a part of the Oceania Football Confederation and Sydney FC won the right to compete in the Oceania Club Championship after defeating the Central Coast Mariners in a qualifying tournament.

Since 2014 clubs compete in the annual Australia Cup knock-out tournament (previously known as the FFA Cup). Since 2021, the top eight teams qualify for the competition's Round of 32, while the bottom four teams play-off against each other for the final two slots.

Between 2005 and 2008 clubs participated in the A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup prior to each A-League regular season. In 2013 and 2014 an A-League All Stars Game was also played as a pre-season friendly game between the league's finest players and a high-profile international team.

Most A-League Men clubs have teams in the A-League Youth competition, which runs in conjunction with the A-League Men as a national youth developmental and reserve league. All players in the youth teams are between the ages of 16 and 21 as of the start of the calendar year for each new season, while four over-age players from each of the senior teams also allowed to be selected. In addition, the A-League Women operates as the top division of women's league with affiliations to the men's competition.

In response to the debate about the development of a new professional second division, the Australian Championship has been proposed to support the A-League, with the aim to avoid the American franchise-based system and to put in line with European football leagues.

Clubs
The A-League Men is currently contested by 13 teams: eleven from Australia and two from New Zealand. A total of 16 teams have competed at some stage in the league's short history. Only four of these clubs – Adelaide United, the Brisbane Roar (as the Queensland Lions), the Newcastle Jets, and the Perth Glory – existed before the A-League was formed in 2004. Gold Coast United, the New Zealand Knights, and the North Queensland Fury have formerly competed in the league.

Unlike most leagues from across the world, there is no system for relegation and promotion of teams. The A-Leagues system thus shares some franchising elements with most other professional leagues in Australia, Major League Soccer, Canadian Premier League, and other major Northern American-based sports leagues.

Timeline
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Expansion
While making a relatively modest start to ensure future stability, both the FFA and the soccer media indicated significant interest in expanding the league. The eight foundation clubs had exclusivity clauses for their respective cities valid for five years, but this did not exclude teams from other areas joining the league.

Before the introduction of the A-League, FFA chairman Frank Lowy speculated that he hoped to expand the league into other cities, mentioning Canberra, Hobart, Wollongong, Geelong, Bendigo, Cairns, Ballarat, Albury–Wodonga, Launceston, Christchurch, Auckland, Sunshine Coast and possibly Darwin and later Singapore.

In February 2018, officials announced that the league would expand to 12 teams for the 2019–20 season. In December 2018, the FFA announced they accepted the bids of Western United who joined the league in the 2019–20 season and of Macarthur FC, who joined the league in the 2020–21 season.

In 2021, further steps were taken in an attempt to expand from the recent 12 clubs, with goals being set to get 14 clubs in 2022–23 and a potential 16 clubs in 2023–24. Neither of these goals were met.

In March 2023, the Australian Professional Leagues confirmed plans for the next two expansion clubs to be based in Canberra and Auckland, ahead of the 2024–25 season.

In October 2023, the preferred bidder as owner of the new Auckland licence was confirmed to be Bill Foley. The licence was officially awarded to Foley on 21 November, 2023. Auckland FC will join the league in the 2024–25 season.

On 13 June 2024, the APL confirmed that the new Canberra men's team would not begin in the 2024–25 season.

Rivalries
There are several key rivalries and local derbies that have formed in the A-League, including:

"Melbourne Derby" – Melbourne City v Melbourne Victory

The two Melbourne clubs first met on 8 October 2010 in a lively game at AAMI Park in front of 25,897 fans. Melbourne City (known at the time as Melbourne Heart) came out on top with a 2–1 victory. A significant narrative in derby history is the role of Melbourne Victory as a more successful club both on and off the field, having joined the A-League five years earlier than City. The rivalry is one of the most intense and well respected in the A-League, producing noticeable atmosphere and some of the largest attendances in the league.

"The Original Rivalry" – Adelaide United v Melbourne Victory

The rivalry stems from the traditional cross-border rivalry between sporting teams from South Australia and Victoria but was strengthened by multiple incidents in the 2006–07 season, such as the confrontation between Melbourne Victory captain Kevin Muscat and Adelaide United coach John Kosmina. The two clubs contested the 2007 and 2009 A-League Grand Finals, with Melbourne winning the 2009 Grand Final 1–0 against a 10-man Adelaide United side. The two clubs were also involved in the first and only occasion in the A-League during the 2008–09 A-League season, where they both finished on the top of the ladder equal on both points and goal difference.

"Sydney Derby" – Sydney FC v Western Sydney Wanderers

The derby was contested for the first time in the 2012–13 season with the introduction of the second Sydney-based club, Western Sydney Wanderers, into the league. Sydney FC grabbed bragging rights by winning the first derby 1–0 at Parramatta Stadium, however Western Sydney Wanderers won the return match at Allianz Stadium 2–0. A Sydney Derby held early in the 2015 season broke the Allianz Stadium record for attendance during a regular season in any football code, dating back to the stadium's opening in 1988. A match in 2016 between the two teams broke the record A-League crowd with 61,880 fans attending the match at ANZ Stadium. Sydney Derby is intensified by the geographic distinction between the two clubs within Sydney, as well as historical grievances related to the foundation of Sydney FC.

"The Big Blue" – Melbourne Victory v Sydney FC

This match is so named because blue is the main colour of both teams' playing kits, and is also Australian slang for a fight or a contest. The rivalry has emerged as a result of a number of spiteful encounters between the teams in recent years, and due to the longstanding rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia's two largest cities. The teams have competed against each other in three grand finals; in 2010 & 2017, with Sydney winning 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw on both occasions and in 2015, with Victory winning 3–0. In 2010, Sydney FC won the A-League Premiership on the final day of the season by defeating Victory 2–0. A Big Blue match is traditionally played on Australia Day each year.

"The F3 Derby" – Central Coast Mariners v Newcastle Jets

Named after the former name of the freeway that connects the cities of Newcastle and Gosford, this match features the only two clubs in the A-League that are not based in state or national capital cities. The two teams' stadiums are just one hour apart, and the derby was intensified when they competed against each other for the premiership in the 2007–08 A-League season and eventually met in the Grand Final, which was won 1–0 by the Jets. Since 2022, the teams have competed for a trophy made out of a core drill sample of the motorway.

"The Distance Derby" – Perth Glory v Wellington Phoenix

First contested in Wellington with their introduction to the A-League in 2007–08, this fixture is considered one of the longest away trips in world football for a domestic top-flight competition, with the distance between the two cities (which themselves are in different countries) being 5,225 km. Since 2015–16, the two teams have contested the "Long Distance Derby Cup", which is awarded to the team with the best results from the three regular season fixtures between them.

Logo and trophies

The current A-League logo was unveiled in January 2017 by Football Federation Australia. The logo formed part of a wider rebranding branding of the A-League and its subsidiary competitions, the W-League and Youth League. The logo design was "inspired by soccer's three outstanding features – atmosphere, diversity and unity" and has colour alterations tailored to each of the 12 A-League clubs. The changes came into effect before the 2017/18 season. The original A-League logo was designed by Coast Design Sydney. It was the inaugural logo of the league. The two-toned ochre colours represented the sun, earth and desert while the 'glow' emanating from the centre of the logo depicted the playing season's spring and summer time span. The eight 'A' figures that made up the ball shape represented the eight foundation clubs of the league. A-league decided to rebrand with a new logo in 2021 designed by R/GA, a creative agency in Sydney, leading to a major controversy and narrowly avoided legal trouble with building company in Adelaide over design similarities.

The A-League has two trophies which are competed for during the season: the Premier's Plate and the A-League Trophy. The Premier's Plate is awarded to the A-League Premiers, the regular season winners, and the A-League Trophy is awarded to the A-League Champions, the winner of the Grand Final. Both pieces of silverware were designed by Sydney design company D3 Design. The A-League Trophy is nicknamed the "Toilet Seat" due to its shape. Where as the Premier's Plate follows a traditional trophy design, the A-League Trophy differs. In 2005, John O'Neill, FFA CEO commented during the unveiling of the A-League Trophy, "We have a new national league and we feel it is important to re-define the conventional view of a trophy to reflect this". Clive Solari of D3 Design explained the trophy's design, saying "We wanted our trophy concept to embody the historical significance of sport in a contemporary design. So we looked to history to see how great achievements have been rewarded across all types of games for thousands of years. The winners of the world's original sporting competition, the Olympic Games, were presented with a laurel wreath on their heads. We used this model as a basis for a unique, cutting-edge design – our trophy is a modern and versatile translation of the wreath. The winners can hold it above their heads as a symbol of success".

Squad formation and salary cap

The A-League match-day squad includes the typical 11 players, and five substitutes of which one must be a goalkeeper. Prior to the 2013–14 season, just four substitutes including one goalkeeper were allowed to be named in the starting line-ups for the teams.

An A-League squad must comprise a minimum of 20 players with a maximum of 26, subject to several limitations. Within the squad, there can be a maximum of five "foreign" or "Visa" players, from outside Australia (and New Zealand, in the case of Wellington Phoenix), that hold a temporary working-visa. Three players in the squad must also be under 20 years of age. In addition to these three under 20 players, clubs are allowed to sign an additional three youth players onto full-time contracts at a lower pay rate than the rest of the squad. The A-League had initially proposed that the quota of five visa players per A-League club be reduced to four in the 2015–16 season, with the limit of four possibly become "3+1", which means three imports from anywhere and one from Asia (following regulations in the AFC Champions League). However, after opposition to the proposal by both players and managers, the move was placed on hold.

Although A-League clubs have restricted salaries (salary cap), the league allows each club to have two "marquee" players whose salaries are exempt from the cap, plus a number of other 'exemptions' or 'allowances' to incentivise clubs to spend in specific areas. Guest players are also excluded for up to a maximum of 14 league matches. From the formation of the league, clubs have been allowed to sign one international marquee player. From the 2008–09 season, A-League clubs have been permitted a junior marquee player; one that is under the age of 23. Now known as the 'Homegrown Player allowance', clubs can spend up to a collective $150,000 on three Australian players aged 23 or younger that have come through the club's youth system. On 19 April 2010, the A-League announced that, in addition to the international marquee and junior marquee, clubs would be allowed an Australian marquee player from the 2010–11 season. Notable marquee and guest players in the A-League have included Alessandro Del Piero, William Gallas, Dwight Yorke, Keisuke Honda, Damien Duff, Emile Heskey, Robbie Fowler, Shinji Ono, David Villa and former FIFA World Player of the Year Romário. Famous Australian Marquees include Harry Kewell, John Aloisi, Brett Emerton, Joshua Kennedy and Tim Cahill. From the 2021–22 A-League Men season, the league added a designated player slot, whose salary is exempt from the cap, but must be $300,000–$600,000 per season. The following season, the league added a second designated player slot for each club.

Commencing in the 2015–16 season, players who have played at their club for 5–10 years will be covered by a "loyalty player allowance", allowing up to $200,000 of their salary to be exempted from the cap. Additionally, clubs are now permitted a mature-age rookie whose wages are outside the salary cap.

The 2016–17 season saw the introduction of a third 'Full Season Guest Marquee' spot, designed to attract high-profile players on short-term deals.

The salary cap for A-League clubs is $2.1 million for the 2020–21 season. In the case for Western United and debuting Macarthur FC, they are entitled to a $333,000 allowance thus increasing their salary cap to $2.433 million. Clubs must spend at least the salary floor which is $1.7 million. The salary cap applies to the 18 to 23 players that clubs have registered to their A-League player roster, the top 2 highest-paid players (Designated Players) don't count in the cap. Unless specifically exempt, all payments and benefits (e.g. cars, accommodation, etc.) provided by a club to a player are included in the club's salary cap. Players registered at a club for more than 4 consecutive years as a professional are considered as Loyalty Players and have the following amounts exempt from a club's salary cap; Year 4 – 12.5%, Year 5 – 25%, and 5% increments after that up until a max of 50%. Teams can spend an unlimited amount on 4 U-23 Australian players who have come from the youth team, called Homegrown Players. Teams can sign up to 9 U-20 players on minimum wage called Scholarship Players who don't count in the squad unless they are one of the 3 U21's in the squad, any payments above the national minimum wage to these Players are included in the club's Salary Cap.

Stadiums
A-League games have been played in 33 stadiums since the inaugural season of the A-League in 2005.

Sponsorship
Since its formation, the A-League has been sponsored by an official naming rights partner. In 2004, the Hyundai Motor Company was announced as the sponsor for the first three seasons of the league, known for commercial purposes as the "Hyundai A-League". In 2008, Hyundai renewed its initial contract with FFA for another four seasons until 2012, and that contract was further extended by four seasons until 2016. This sponsorship deal was then further extended to the end of the 2019–20 A-League season.

On 23 December 2020, it was announced that the new major sponsor of the A-League and W-League would be home improvement store Bunnings Warehouse.

On October 6, 2021, Isuzu UTE was announced as the naming rights partner of the A-League Men in a 3-year deal, with the league known as the Isuzu UTE A-League.

League championships
As of the 2023–24 season, 15 different clubs have competed in the league, with eight having won the trophy, and eight winning at least one premier's plate. 6 clubs have won a Premiership-Championship double, a feat achieved 11 times in total.

The winner of the regular season tournament is dubbed the 'Premier' while the winner of the grand final is the season's 'Champion'. This differs from other football codes in Australia, where 'premier' refers to the winner of the grand final and the winner of the regular season is the 'minor premier'.

Records

Brisbane Roar hold the record for the longest unbeaten run in the competition with 36 league matches without defeat.

Jamie Maclaren holds the record for the greatest number of A-League goals, with 151 goals, playing for Perth Glory, Brisbane Roar, and Melbourne City. The A-League record for most goals in a single match is held by Archie Thompson, scoring 5 goals against Adelaide United on 18 February 2007, during the 2007 A-League Grand Final; and Jamie Maclaren who scored 5 goals against Melbourne Victory on 17 April 2021.

Jamie Maclaren has scored the most A-League hat-tricks with 8.

Shane Smeltz and Bobô are the only players to have scored hat-tricks in consecutive matches.

Henrique was the first, and so far only, player to score a hat-trick coming on as a substitute, for Brisbane Roar against Newcastle Jets.

In 2015, Austrian striker Marc Janko broke the record for scoring in consecutive matches when he scored in seven games for Sydney FC.

In Australia
From the start of the 2005–06 season to the 2012–13 season, television coverage of the A-League in Australia had been restricted to the subscription-only Fox Sports channel, to which only 7% of Australian residents had access.

On 19 November 2012, free-to-air Australian public broadcasting television network SBS secured the shared rights, alongside long-time A-League broadcasters Fox Sports, to the A-League from the 2013–14 season with a A$160 million four-year broadcast deal.

SBS's coverage ended in the 2016–17 season, with Network Ten securing free-to-air broadcast rights. Ten simulcasted the Fox Sports coverage of the Saturday night fixture on its digital multichannel One.

From the 2019–20 season, ABC TV has broadcast one game a weekend (Saturday 5pm) live on its primary channel. It also has the right to broadcast delayed coverage of some finals matches and the Grand Final. Fox Sport's contract with the A-League, which was renegotiated in June 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, concluded in July 2021.

Since August 2021, as part of a five-year deal with ViacomCBS, the A-Leagues are being broadcast by Network 10 and Paramount+ streaming service. Initially one A-League Men match per weekend was broadcast on Ten's main channel and all matches were streamed on Paramount. As of the 2022–23 season, Paramount streams all matches and two matches per weekend are broadcast on 10 Bold.

Other countries
In New Zealand the league has been broadcast on Sky Sport since its inaugural season. In the 2019–20 season, the league also broadcast on Qatari beIN Sports after Sky ink four-year partnership for extensive soccer coverage, especially the A-league.

The growth of coverage of the A-League outside Australia saw the league broadcast in 65 countries around the world in 2013/14. Full match broadcasts are available in the United States, China, Italy, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Canada, the Caribbean, Hong Kong, Singapore and Myanmar. In addition to the full match broadcasts, highlights of A-League matches can be viewed in 53 countries throughout Asia and the Middle East, including Japan and South Korea. In 2014, a three-season deal with Sony TEN allowed the league to be broadcast live in Asian nations including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Every A-League match is also live streamed globally, allowing games to be viewed online through a subscription service provided in a partnership with the FFA. All games were also broadcast live in the United States on ESPN+ until 2021. Most games in the United Kingdom are broadcast by BT Sport but use Paramount+ live feed for every live game. For the 2014–15 Season, the A-League was broadcast in 173 countries.

Promotion
The A-League has been promoted using a number of different advertising slogans and strategies since its inception. At the start of the inaugural season, a A$3 million dollar advertising campaign was launched, with the television and film advertisements produced by Ridley Scott's production company Scott Free Productions. The theme for the campaign was: "Football, but not as you know it". A new television advertisement was created for the start of the 2007–08 season, which debuted on Foxtel's program Total Football. It was filmed at Bob Jane Stadium in Melbourne. Other campaigns include the "90 minutes, 90 emotions", which was used for two seasons from 2007 to 2009 and was accompanied by the music track "My People" from Australian act The Presets.

Current broadcasters
Broadcasters as of the 2023–24 season are as follows:

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Classical Japanese

The classical Japanese language (文語, bungo, "literary language"), also called "old writing" (古文) and sometimes simply called "Medieval Japanese", is the literary form of the Japanese language that was the standard until the early Shōwa period (1926–1989). It is based on Early Middle Japanese, the language as spoken during the Heian period (794–1185), but exhibits some later influences. Its use started to decline during the late Meiji period (1868–1912) when novelists started writing their works in the spoken form. Eventually, the spoken style came into widespread use, including in major newspapers, but many official documents were still written in the old style. After the end of World War II, most documents switched to the spoken style, although the classical style continues to be used in traditional genres, such as haiku and waka. Old laws are also left in the classical style unless fully revised.

The terms 文語 (bungo, "written language") and 口語 (kōgo, "spoken language") are still used for classical and modern Japanese, respectively. Their literal meanings are only historical, as classical Japanese is no longer used, while modern Japanese is the only current written language, despite its name. These terms are often used in descriptions of grammar to distinguish classical and modern inflections. For example, the bungo inflection of the verb 書く (kaku, "to write") is quadrigrade (kaka, kaki, kaku, kake), but its kōgo inflection is quintigrade due to a historical sound change (kaka, kakō < kakau < kakamu, kaki, kaku, kake).

History
Classical Japanese began to be written during the Heian period, at which point it was very similar to spoken Japanese. It became the written standard for the Japanese language for many centuries, though the spoken language continued to evolve and by the Edo period was substantially different from classical Japanese. This is known as diglossia, a situation in which two forms of a language, in this case a written and spoken form, coexist. During the Meiji period, some intellectuals sought the abolition of classical Japanese, such as the Genbun Itchi movement, which proposed that written Japanese conform to the vernacular spoken language. Futabatei Shimei's 1887 novel The Drifting Cloud was one of the first novels to be written in vernacular Japanese rather than classical. By 1908, novels no longer used classical Japanese, and by the 1920s the same was true of all newspapers. Government documents remained in classical Japanese until 1946. Classical Japanese continues to be taught in Japanese high schools and universities due to its importance in the study of traditional Japanese literature.

Orthography
Classical Japanese is written in an orthography that differs from modern Japanese in two major ways. These are the usage of old character forms (旧字体, kyūjitai) and historical kana usage (歴史的仮名遣, rekishi-teki kana-zukai).

Old character forms (旧字体)
Old character forms are the forms of Chinese characters (漢字, kanji) used in Japan before the post-World War II spelling reforms there. The modern, simplified characters are called new character forms (新字体).

A few examples follow, with the old characters on the left and the new characters on the right:

 * 體 → 体
 * 舊 → 旧
 * 當 → 当
 * 與 → 与
 * 變 → 変
 * 靜 → 静
 * 爲 → 為
 * 眞 → 真

The kana spelling of a kanji is not unique; e.g. in modern Japanese, note the difference in the reading of 体 between 体 (からだ, "physical body") and 政体 (せい‐たい, "forms of government"). The above spelling differences are etymological. For example, からだ is just a native Japanese word labeled by a Chinese character with similar meaning, while 政体 is totally a new word derived from the combination of original meanings of two Chinese characters (政 means "politics" and 體 means "body").

In cases like those of the first two, the entire original character has essentially been replaced by a new one, independent of the original's etymology. This type, however, is relatively rare. Another approach is to essentially replace the character with a piece of it, sometimes slightly altered, as in the third and fourth characters. Finally, probably the most common type of simplification is to change one component of the character to reduce the number of strokes and/or make it easier to write, a strategy exemplified by the fifth and sixth examples. Note that, as in the case of the sixth character, the simplification may be very subtle.

In general, old character forms are identical to their traditional Chinese counterparts, but there are some exceptions. For the seventh example character (爲 → 為), the traditional and simplified Japanese versions coexisted as different forms of the same traditional character in Modern Chinese, while in Japan, what is now the new character form was at that time considered a variant and rarely used. And in a few cases, like that of the eighth character (眞 → 真), the old character form has always been considered a rare variant in Modern Chinese. (However, 爲 and 眞 are actually the formal forms in Middle Chinese and Old Chinese.)

Historical kana usage (歴史的仮名遣)
Historical kana usage is the system of kana (i.e., phonetic character) writing used in Japan before the post-war reforms. More specifically, it is the version of kana orthography standardized in the Meiji Period (since before that time kana usage was not standardized). It is, broadly speaking, based on the pronunciation of Japanese in the Heian Period, the time-frame in which Early Middle Japanese (on which the grammar of classical Japanese is based) was spoken. There are several differences between historical kana usage—which is also referred to as "old kana usage" (旧仮名遣)—and the modern kana orthography, called "modern kana usage" (現代仮名遣) or "new kana usage" (新仮名遣). Some of these differences apply primarily to Sino-Japanese readings of Chinese characters, while others apply primarily to native Japanese words, and still others apply equally to both groups of words.

Broadly speaking, the differences are:

H-Row (ハ行) rule

 * Some morpheme-medial sounds currently written as わ/ワ, い/イ, う/ウ, え/エ, and お/オ (wa, i, u, e, and o) were written as は/ハ, ひ/ヒ, ふ/フ, へ/ヘ, and ほ/ホ (ha, hi, fu, he, and ho), respectively. This is because these sounds (as well as all sounds still written with は/ハ, ひ/ヒ, ふ/フ, へ/ヘ, and ほ/ホ) originally had initial consonant in Old Japanese, which then changed to  in Early Middle Japanese, and then, in Late Middle Japanese, split into one of five different phonemes depending on whether it occurred morpheme-initially or morpheme-medially, and then further depending on the following vowel. Morpheme-initially and before, , or , it became ; before , it became ; and before , it became ; these three sounds are still written with は/ハ, ひ/ヒ, ふ/フ, へ/ヘ, and ほ/ホ. Morpheme-medially and before , , , or , it became ; before , it lost its consonant. Finally, later on in the same period of the language the initial  was lost in all instances before , , and  (note that  never existed), leaving the current morpheme-medial pronunciations of , , , , and , but the spellings of , , , , and  (which, in this context, are probably better thought of as , , , , and ; or , , , , and ). This rule primarily applies to native Japanese morphemes, although it is crucial to the mechanics of the long vowel rule that applies primarily to Sino-Japanese words, which is elaborated upon below. The modern usage of は (ha) and へ (he) to represent grammatical particles pronounced as if written わ (wa) and え (e), respectively, is a holdover from this rule.

Some examples follow (old spellings are on the left, new spellings on the right; kana in parentheses represent the pronunciation of the preceding character):

There are some exceptions to this sound change, although they are rare. They include 母 (はは) (haha "mother", expected form はわ hawa), 頬 (ほほ) (hoho "cheek", expected form ほお hō), 家鴨 (あひる) (ahiru "domestic duck", expected form あいる airu), and 溢れる (あふれる) (afure-ru "overflow", expected form あおれる aore-ru or おうれる ōre-ru. Sometimes, as in the case of the first two exceptions, the sound change form exists, usually with a slightly different meaning (はわ hawa is a hyper-formal and very respectful term for mother) or is used in different contexts (ほお hō is generally used in isolation, while ほほ hoho is generally used in compounds). In other cases, as is true of the second two exceptions, the unchanged form is the only one that exists. In addition to these exceptions, some dialects may preserve these sounds as they were at any stage of the language.

W-row (ワ行) rule

 * This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for ゐ, ゑ, and を.

 * The obsolete characters ゐ/ヰ (wi) and ゑ/ヱ (we) are used, and the character を/ヲ (wo) is used in other words besides as the accusative or oblique case marker. This relates to the above rule, in that it reflects a pronunciation with initial before, , and  that is no longer present in the modern language. This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words. The use of を (wo) to write the aforementioned grammatical particle, which is pronounced お (o) in modern Japanese (unless preceded by ん n or sometimes in song, although all morpheme-medial instances of , whether originally お, を, or ほ, tend to become  in song), is a holdover from this rule.

Some examples:

Native Japanese words Sino-Japanese words
 * 居る (ゐる) → 居る (いる) → いる (only in kana) (wi-ru → i-ru "to be [animate objects]")
 * 聲 (こゑ) → 声 (こえ) (kowe → koe "voice") (notice that an old character is also involved in this example)
 * 男 (をとこ) → 男 (おとこ) (wotoko → otoko "male")
 * 役員 (やくゐん) → 役員 (やくいん) (yakuwin → yakuin "officer")
 * 圓 (ゑん) → 円 (えん) (wen → en "Yen") (again, there is an old character used here)
 * 家屋 (かをく) → 家屋 (かおく) (kawoku → kaoku "house")

There are no known exceptions (besides the aforementioned ones regarding を wo) in standard Japanese, and no dialects preserve the distinction between and,  and , and/or  and , but some of the Ryukyuan languages (which are also descended from Proto-Japonic) do.

D-row (ダ行) rule

 * This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for じ, ず, ぢ, づ.

 * The characters ぢ/ヂ (di) and づ/ヅ (du) are used in places other than changes caused by sequential voicing (連濁 Rendaku), where in modern kana じ (ji) and ず (zu), respectively, would be used. Again, this represents a former phonetic distinction, namely between a sound (in じ ji and ず zu) and a sound  (in ぢ di and づ du). This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words, as well as a few loanwords (外来語 Gairaigo).

Some examples:

Native words Sino-Japanese words Loanwords
 * 紫陽花 (あぢさゐ) → 紫陽花 (あじさい) (adisawi → azisai "hydrangea") (notice that this example also contains a change from ゐ wi to い i)
 * 水 (みづ) → 水 (みず) (midu → mizu "water")
 * 解除 (かいぢよ) → 解除 (かいじょ) (kaidiyo → kaizyo "release") (notice the use of Y-row rule, explained below)
 * 地圖 (ちづ) → 地図 (ちず) (chidu → chizu "map") (notice again that an old character form is involved)
 * ラヂオ → ラジオ (radio → razio "radio") (this one is especially notable because it is an exceedingly rare example of a sound change that occurs in a loanword from English)

There are no known exceptions in standard Japanese pronunciation, although there are many dialects (such as the Tosa dialect) that preserve the distinction between historical and  in speech, usually by using  and  for historical  and  and  for historical  (see Yotsugana). In writing, the distinction is preserved in single morphemes in cases where a sequence ちぢ (chidi) or つづ (tsudu) was historically produced by rendaku (such as in 縮む (ちぢむ) chidim-u, "shorten", and 続く (つづく) tsuduk-u, "continue", pronounced as if ちじむ chizim-u and つずく tsuzuk-u, respectively), or in compounds where a phonemic or  has been voiced to  or  (such as in 身近 (みぢか) mi-dika "one's surroundings" and 仮名遣 (かなづかい) kana-dukai "kana usage", pronounced as if みじか mi-zika and かなずかい kana-zukai, respectively). This usage is a holdover from this rule.

Y-row (ヤ行) rule
In modern Japanese, the small kana ゃ/ャ, ゅ/ュ, and ょ/ョ (ya, yu, and yo) are used to indicate palatalized consonants (拗音 Yōon) when following an I-column (イ段 I-dan) kana of the K-, G-, N-, B-, P-, M-, or R-rows (カ～, ガ～, ナ～, バ～, パ～, マ～, ラ行; Ka-, Ga-, Na-, Ba-, Pa-, Ma-, Ra-gyō). For example:

 * 客 (きゃく) (kyaku "guest")
 * 如実 (にょじつ) (nyojitsu "reality")
 * 白檀 (びゃくだん) (byakudan "sandalwood")
 * ぴょこぴょこ (pyokopyoko "up and down")
 * 山脈 (さんみゃく) (sanmyaku "mountain range")
 * 略 (りゃく) (ryaku "abbreviation")

When a small Y-row (ヤ行 Ya-gyō) kana follows an I-column kana of the S-, Z-, T-, D-, or H-rows (サ～, ザ～, タ～, ダ～, ハ行; Sa-, Za-, Ta-, Da-, Ha-gyō), the preceding consonant is changed:

 * 食 (しょく) (shoku "meal")
 * 樹立 (じゅりつ) (juritsu "establish")
 * 茶 (ちゃ) (cha "tea")
 * ～中 (ぢゅう) (-jū "throughout [suffix]") (note that, as noted above, ぢゃ ja, ぢゅ ju, and ぢょ jo only occur in modern Japanese writing when a sequence ちゃ cha, ちゅ chu, or ちょ cho is sequentially voiced, as in this example, and the pronunciation is identical to じゃ ja, じゅ ju, and じょ jo)
 * 百 (ひゃく) (hyaku "hundred") (note that the sequence is pronounced  as noted above, but this difference is not reflected in any mainstream Japanese romanization system)

These three kana cannot follow A-row (ア行 A-gyō) or W-row (ワ行 Wa-gyō) kana in this way.

In historical kana, all of these examples are written with large kana や/ヤ, ゆ/ユ, and よ/ヨ (ya, yu, and yo). So the previous examples would be written:

 * 客 (きやく) (written kiyaku, but pronounced kyaku)
 * 如實 (によじつ) (written niyojitsu, but pronounced nyojitsu) (note the presence of an old character form here)
 * 白檀 (びやくだん) (written biyaku, but pronounced byaku)
 * ぴよこゝゝゝ (written piyokopiyoko, but pronounced pyokopyoko) (again, multiple iteration marks are used here)
 * 山脈 (さんみやく) (written sanmiyaku, but pronounced sanmyaku)
 * 略 (りやく) (written riyaku, but pronounced ryaku)
 * 食 (しよく) (written shiyoku, but pronounced shoku)
 * 樹立 (じゆりつ) (written jiyuritsu, but pronounced juritsu)
 * 茶 (ちや) (written chiya, but pronounced cha)
 * ～中 (ぢゆう) (written -jiyū, but pronounced -jū)
 * 百 (ひやく) (written hiyaku, but pronounced hyaku)

This is the only historical kana rule that does not reflect a historical pronunciation. It is also one of only two rules (along with the geminate rule) that create ambiguity for the reader (excluding the exceptions listed above for the H-row rule). For instance, the aforementioned word 客 (kyaku) is not differentiated in historical kana from the word 規約 (kiyaku "agreement") when written in historical kana: both are written きやく (kiyaku).

Geminate (促音, sokuon) rule
The other use of small kana in modern Japanese is in the geminate consonant mark (促音 Sokuon), っ/ッ, which is a small version of つ/ツ (tsu). In native Japanese words, this symbol can be used before kana of the K-, S-, T-, and P-rows. For example,

 * かっか (kakka "burning hotly")
 * 真っ直ぐ (まっすぐ) (massugu "straight")
 * 屹度 (きっと) (kitto "surely")
 * 葉っぱ (はっぱ) (happa "leaf")

Voiced geminates are generally prohibited by Japanese phonological rules, but they occur in a few loanwords (although they are sometimes pronounced by native speakers as if they were their voiceless counterparts). For example:

 * スラッガー (suraggā "slugger")
 * キッド (kiddo "kid")

Kana of the N- and M-rows can also be geminate, but they are preceded by ん (n) to indicate gemination instead.

Gemination can occur in Japanese for a variety of reasons. In native words, it occurs either when a historical long vowel elides, as in the aforementioned 真っ直ぐ (massugu, originally まあすぐ maasugu), or randomly, as in the aforementioned 屹度 (kitto, originally きと kito). These examples of the geminate consonant marker, along with those found in loanwords, are written with large つ (tsu) in historical kana. Therefore,

 * かつか (written katsuka, but pronounced kakka)
 * 真つ直ぐ (まつすぐ) (written matsusugu, but pronounced massugu)
 * 屹度 (きつと) (written kitsuto, but pronounced kitto)
 * 葉つぱ (はつぱ) (written hatsupa, but pronounced happa)
 * スラツガー (written suratsugā, but pronounced suraggā)
 * キツド (written kitsudo, but pronounced kiddo)

In these cases, the historical usage is not reflecting any historical pronunciation. However, in Sino-Japanese words, geminate consonants are produced by different, more regular processes, and the historical usage for these words reflects historical pronunciations.

The most common way for geminates to be produced in Sino-Japanese words is by the elision of a vowel from the kana き, く, ち, or つ (ki, ku, chi, or tsu). For example:

 * 適格 (てっかく) (tekkaku "eligible", from teki + kaku)
 * 学期 (がっき) (gakki "semester", from gaku + ki)
 * 日程 (にってい) (nittei "schedule", from nichi + tei)
 * 雑誌 (ざっし) (zasshi "magazine", from zatsu + shi)

In historical kana, where the geminate mark is used in the first, second, and fourth examples, a full-sized version of the original kana is used. However, in the third example, つ (tsu) is used, even though an has been elided. The reason for this is that in Early Middle Japanese, when these sounds were borrowed from Middle Chinese, the Japanese language acquired a final in the Sino-Japanese morphemes that currently end in ち (chi, ) or つ (tsu, ). Later on, these acquired two forms, one with and one with  (although in syllables beginning with, one form usually begins with , as is the case with 日). So the semantic difference between Sino-Japanese syllables ending in or  is almost always trivial, and the historical pronunciation was identical, so they were not distinguished in writing. Therefore, the previous examples would be written:

 * 適格 (てきかく) (tekikaku)
 * 學期 (がくき) (gakuki) (note the old character form)
 * 日程 (につてい) (nitsutei)
 * 雜誌 (ざつし) (zatsusi) (note the old character form)

Occasionally, gemination may also result from a loss of a vowel after ふ (fu, originally ). These cases are complicated by the H-row rule, and perhaps because of that, are also written with つ in historical kana. For example,

 * 法師 (ほっし) (hosshi "Buddhist priest", from hofu + shi)

is written

 * 法師 (ほつし) (hotsushi)

in historical kana.

While this usage does reflect a historical pronunciation, it, like the Y-row rule, produces ambiguity. Furthermore, since these vowels are elided in some compounds but not others, this usage obscures the difference in a way that is essentially impossible to predict.

While there are a few other processes that can cause geminates in Sino-Japanese words, they all apply to N- and M-row kana, and are not written differently in historical and modern kana.

Labialized consonant (合拗音, gōyōon) rule
Starting in Early Middle Japanese, as more and more Chinese characters were borrowed into Japanese, the language acquired consonants fronted with glides. Those fronted with the palatal glide are described in the Y-row rule, but Early Middle Japanese also introduced consonants fronted with labial glides (i.e., CwV). These were far more limited in range than their palatal counterparts, however, affecting only the K- and G- rows. instead of, , and for the vowels of onset, like the palatal glides, the vowels of onset for the labial glides were , , and , and used the kana わ, ゐ, and ゑ (wa, wi, and we). Finally, while the palatal glides are written with an I-column kana, the labial glides are written with a U-column (ウ段 U-dan) kana. However, when historical kana was standardized in the Meiji Period, only the syllables with historical were indicated. Nevertheless, some classical texts may indicate the other differences, and some resources will refer to them, so it is useful to be familiar with them. This rule applies exclusively to Sino-Japanese words. Some examples:

くわ (written kuwa, but pronounced kwa) and ぐわ (written guwa, but pronounced gwa) (indicated in standard historical kana) くゐ (written kuwi, but pronounced kwi), ぐゐ (written guwi, but pronounced gwi), くゑ (written kuwe, but pronounced kwe), and ぐゑ (written guwe but pronounced gwe) (not indicated in standard historical kana)
 * 菓子 (くわし) → 菓子 (かし) (kwashi → kashi "sweets")
 * 元旦 (ぐわんたん) → 元旦 (がんたん) (gwantan → gantan "New Year's Day")
 * 歸省 (くゐせい) → 帰省 (きせい) (kwisei → kisei "homecoming") (note the old character form)
 * 僞善 (ぐゐぜん) → 偽善 (ぎぜん) (gwizen → gizen "hypocrisy") (note the old character form)
 * 番犬 (ばんくゑん) → 番犬 (ばんけん) (bankwen → banken "watchdog")
 * 同月 (どうぐゑつ) → 同月 (どうげつ) (dougwetsu → dougetsu "same month")

Labialized consonants sometimes occur in modern loanwords, and they are generally dealt with in one of two ways. Firstly, the labialized consonant may be changed from a sequence to a sequence, both in writing and in speech. For example,

 * クイック (kuikku "quick", from English "quick" with original )

In other cases, they may be indicated with a U-column kana followed by a small A-row kana, indicating a labialized consonant. For example,

 * クィーン (kwīn "queen", from English "queen" with original )

However, in these cases, an alternative version with large A-row kana generally exists (as it does in this case), indicating a monophthong pronunciation, and many speakers use the monophthong pronunciation regardless of how it is written.

There are no known exceptions to this rule, but some dialects (such as the Kagoshima dialect) preserve the distinction.

Classical auxiliary verb む (mu) rule
Modern Japanese has the moraic nasal ん (n), which can represent a variety of sounds depending on what sounds come before and after it. Syllable final nasals are believed by many scholars to have existed in Proto-Japonic, but all agree that they were lost by the time of Old Japanese. They first re-appeared in Early Middle Japanese, with the introduction of Middle Chinese loanwords ending in -n and -m. Therefore, the majority of occurrences of ん (n) in modern Japanese occur in Sino-Japanese vocabulary. Originally, syllabic n and m were phonemically and phonologically distinct, although the distinction was never written down, and was lost by Early Modern Japanese. For example,

 * 漢字 (かんじ) (kanzi, from Middle Chinese )
 * 音樂 (おんがく) (ongaku, from Middle Chinese ; originally pronounced omgaku) (note the old character form)

However, some native Japanese words also have ん (n). This happens exceedingly rarely, and usually results from sound elision. An exhaustive list of every example out of all regular-use characters with the syllabic nasal in their native Japanese readings numbers only 13 characters (0.61% of the regular-use set) giving rise to 14 readings. They are

From the elision of a vowel following /m/ or /n/ From the elision of a full mora From the preservation of an Old Japanese pre-nasalized consonant in a modern Japanese word From abbreviation of another pronunciation on this list From multiple processes From some semantic (rather than phonetic) process
 * 何 (なん) (nan "what"), from なに (nani "what")
 * 女 (をんな) (wonna "woman"), originally pronounced womna; from をみな (womina "woman") (in modern orthography, おんな onna and おみな omina)
 * 懇ろ (ねんごろ) (nengoro "courteous"), originally pronounced nemkoro; from ねもころ (nemokoro "courteous")
 * 神 (かん) (kan "god" in some compounds), originally pronounced kam; from かみ (kami "god") (in modern orthography, 神, using a new character form)
 * 考ふ (かんがふ) (kangaf-u "consider"), from かむがふ (kamugaf-u "consider"); note that these are the classical versions of the modern verbs 考へる (かんがへる) (kangahe-ru) and 考へる (かうがへる) (kaugahe-ru), respectively (in modern orthography, かんがう kangau, こうがう kōga-u, かんがえる kangae-ru, and こうがえる kōgae-ru, respectively)
 * 冠 (かんむり) (kanmuri "crown"), from かうぶり (kauburi "rank"); note also the sound change from to  (in modern orthography, かうぶり kauburi is こうぶり kōburi)
 * 問 (とん) (ton "wholesale" in the compound 問屋 ton'ya "wholesale store"), from とひ (tohi "query") (in modern orthography, とひ tohi is とい toi)
 * 盛ん (さかん) (sakan "prosperous"), from さかり (sakari "one's best days")
 * 芳し (かんばし) (kanba-shi "fragrant"), from かぐはし (kaguha-si "fragrant"); note also the sequential voicing of to, and that these are the classical forms of the adjectives 芳しい (かんばしい) (kanba-shii) and 芳しい (かぐはしい) (kaguha-shii) (in modern orthography, かぐはし kaguha-shi is かぐわし kaguwa-shi and かぐはしい kaguha-shii is かぐわしい kaguwa-shii)
 * 鑑みる (かんがみる) (kangami-ru "learn from"), from かゞみる (kagami-ru "learn from") (in modern orthography, かゞみる kagami-ru is かがみる kagami-ru, without iteration marks)
 * 丼 (どんぶり) (donburi "porcelain bowl"), from どぶり (doburi "[sound symbolism for something big and soft plopping down]")
 * 丼 (どん) (don "porcelain bowl"), originally pronounced dom; from aforementioned どんぶり (donburi "porcelain bowl")
 * 御 (おん) (on "[honorific prefix]"), originally pronounced om; from 大 (おほ) (oho "great") + 御 (み) (mi "august"), which became 大御 (おほみ) (ohomi "august"), and then 御 (おほん) by elision of after, and finally 御 (おん) (on) by elision of the full mora ; note the use of the character 御 instead of 大御 is ateji (in modern orthography, おほ oho is おお ō, おほみ ohomi is おおみ ōmi, and おほん ohon is おおん ōn)
 * 四 (よん) (yon "four"), from よ (yo "four) by analogy with Sino-Japanese 三 (さん) (san "three", originally pronounced sam)

Of course, there are also some words with this sound that either lack Chinese characters or were coined in the modern or Early Modern Japanese eras, when ん (n) had been fully incorporated into the language. For example,

 * さん (san "[all-purpose honorific]"), originally pronounced sam; from 樣 (さま) (sama "[respectful honorific]") (in modern orthography, the new character form 様 is used)

Regardless of how it came to be, the Japanese orthography lacked the character ん/ン (n) or any equivalent. Therefore, until the spelling reforms of 1900, む/ム (mu) was generally used to represent the syllabic nasal. Sometimes, this convention may be preserved by modern writers, but standard historical kana distinguishes む (mu) from ん (n).

There is one exception. In classical Japanese, there is an auxiliary verb (助動詞 jodōshi) む (mu) which indicated the volitional. It, too, underwent vowel elision, and came to be pronounced as and then. However, the conventions of standard historical kana call for this auxiliary verb (and any word derived from it) to be written with む (mu) even though they are pronounced as ん (n).

Since the auxiliary verb む (mu) is non-existent in modern Japanese, there are no dialects that preserve the distinction expressed in this rule. However, some may preserve the distinction between final and.

Miscellaneous
Two other significant differences involve the way that kana are used in general, rather than which kana are used. The first is that Chinese characters in classical texts are often fully marked with ruby text (振り仮名 Furigana), especially in old laws and other very important documents. Ruby text is still widely used in modern Japanese, but only for characters with non-standard or ambiguous pronunciations, or sometimes in materials designed for children or foreigners. The second difference is that, especially in legal documents, Katakana were often used in the way that Hiragana are used in modern Japanese, to write out adjective and verb inflections, suffixes, and particles (送り仮名 Okurigana), and for the aforementioned ruby text.

Finally, kana iteration marks were far more common in classical Japanese, and sometimes used in ways that are considered completely obsolete in modern Japanese.

For an example of a major document written in the classical style, see as an example the original text of the 1890 Meiji Constitution, which is written in classical Japanese using historical kana, old character forms, kana iteration marks, and Katakana in place of Hiragana (although it lacks universal ruby text).

Conjugation table
Classical Japanese has the following verb classes and stem forms:

Inflectional form = (stem) + Inflectional suffix Note that most S-irregular is the combination of a noun and ; for example, す is a combination of the noun  ('date') and.

The よ (yo) at the end of the imperative forms is optional in classical Japanese, although exceedingly common.

Verb class distribution
While the many conjugation classes may seem overwhelming, most of them contain few verbs. The quadrigrade and lower bigrade classes are the primary, containing about 75% and 20% of the verbs in the language, respectively. The upper bigrade class is small (about 56 non-compound verbs), but sizable enough to make an exhaustive list difficult. The other 6 classes all together contain between 22 and 28 verbs, depending on whether basic compound verbs are included or not. An exhaustive list of these follows, with verbs in the conclusive form, as is the most common standard. Chinese character pronunciations are indicated by hiragana in parentheses following the given character. The first spelling listed for a given verb is the most common, and those that follow are alternative spellings. Some of these spellings are generally used for slightly different connotations of the same verb, while others are simple alternatives. In later reference, only the first spelling (in pre-World War II orthography) will be used, and the transcription will be based on the historical spelling. A blank cell in one (or both) of the "modern" columns indicates that the modern spelling and/or transcription is the same as the pre-World War II version.

Table notes
Note that these translations are glosses, and may not reflect certain nuances or rare alternative meanings.

In addition, the translations are for the classical meaning of the verb, which may differ from the modern meaning of the verb if it has survived into modern Japanese either slightly (e.g., 着る (きる) ki-ru, which meant "to wear [in general]" in classical Japanese, but means "to wear [from the waist up]" in modern Japanese), or significantly (e.g., 居る (ゐる) wi-ru, which meant "to sit" in classical Japanese, but primarily means "to be" (for animate objects) in modern Japanese). Some may have the same meaning, but a different pronunciation (e.g., 鑑みる (かゞみる) kagami-ru "to learn from", which is generally pronounced and written 鑑みる (かんがみる) kangami-ru in modern Japanese). Also, even for those verbs which have survived with the same meaning and form, many are archaic and rarely used in modern Japanese (e.g., 嚏る (ひる) hi-ru "to sneeze", with the same modern meaning and form, but almost never used). On the other hand, some have kept the same meaning, form, and prominence into the modern language (e.g., 見る (みる) mi-ru "to see", one of the oldest surviving verbs in the language and also one of the most common, both in classical and modern texts).

在すかり (imasukar-i "to exist", honorific form) has three pronunciation variants, each of which can use either Chinese character: 在すがり (いますがり) / 坐すがり (いますがり) (imasugar-i), 在そかり / 坐そかり (imasokar-i), and 在そがり / 坐そがり (imasogar-i).

Finally, the "modern" transcriptions are purely orthographic. For example, the modern version conclusive form of the classical verb 來 (く) (k-u "to come") is 来る (くる) (k-uru), but the modern form is given in the table as 来 (く) (k-u), which is the way that a modern Japanese writer would write the classical Japanese word, rather than the way they would write the modern Japanese word.

Adjectives (形容詞)
Classical Japanese has the following classes of adjectives and stem forms:

Table notes
The existence of irrealis form is still a controversy. Some scholars assume that the ancient construction called ク語法 (Ku-gohō "Ku-grammar") uses the irrealis form to form nouns from verbs and adjectives; e.g., 安し (やすし) (yasu-shi "peaceful") → 安け (やすけ) (yasu-ke) + ～く (-ku) → 安けく (やすけく) (yasukeku "peace of mind"). Meanwhile, others assumed the construction ～くば (-kuba) / ～しくば (-shikuba) appears to be an irrealis form ～く (-ku) / ～しく (-shiku) + particle ～ば (-ba) (since that particle usually attaches to the irrealis form). However, the scholars agreeing with "Ku-grammar theory" argue that it's actually ～く (-ku) / ～しく (-shiku) + particle は (ha; modern pronunciation wa) with a sequential voicing sound change from は (ha) to ば (ba).

The compound forms are derived from continuitive form ～く (-ku) / ～しく (-shiku) + 有り (ar-i) → ～くあり (-kuar-i) / ～しくあり (-shikuar-i), which then became ～かり (-kar-i) / ～しかり (-shikar-i) by regular sound change rules from Old Japanese. The forms then follow the R-irregular conjugation type like 有り (ar-i), but lack the conclusive form.

Similarly, the basic conjugations have no imperative form. When it is used, therefore, the ～かれ (-kar-e) / ～しかれ (-shikar-e) forms are used. It is however, relatively rare, even in classical Japanese.

Adjectival verbs (形容動詞)
There are the following classes for adjectival verbs:

Table notes
Adjectival verbs are essentially nouns(or stems of the adjectives) combined with an auxiliary verb, either ～なり (-nar-i) or ～たり (-tar-i).

Most tari-adjectival nouns are derived from Sino-Japanese vocabulary. For example,「たり」 is derived from 「悄然」, a Chinese word meaning “quietly, softly”.

The auxiliary verbs are derived from directional particles に (ni) + ～有り (-ar-i) and と (to) + ～有り (-ar-i), respectively, yielding にあり (niar-i) and とあり (toar-i), respectively, which then lead to なり (nar-i) and たり (tar-i), respectively, by regular sound change rules. They therefore follow the R-irregular conjugation like 有り (ar-i).

As with adjectives, the imperative form is rare, but is used.

Miscellaneous

 * The particle は is omitted more often than in the spoken style.

title: Classical Japanese


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rasge (cat)

Rasge (cat) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Yet another Simpsons one-off. Delete. Indrian 05:51, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. If Dr Johnson's cat is in, Bart Simpson's cat is in. Hodge lowered the cruft bar and Rasge vaults it. Dr Zen 06:40, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You do realize that this is not actually the Simpsons' cat, right? Snowball II is the Simpsons feline companion.  This particular cat is part of the premise of a single Simpsons show and is therefore just a one-shot gag, no different than several other Simpsons gags that have been dealt with recently in vfd. Indrian 06:52, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks. Delete imaginary cats. Dr Zen 23:09, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hodge: famous. Rasge: not famous. - Nunh-huh 06:58, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hodge famous?! I don't think the guy on the omnibus would agree. Dr Zen 23:09, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we're aiming a bit above the omnibus crowd, then. - Nunh-huh 03:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you are.Dr Zen 05:46, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I am. - Nunh-huh 05:53, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Who exactly are you aiming at?Dr Zen 06:27, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Those who realize that some things are more important than others. - Nunh-huh 07:04, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You think the "omnibus crowd" don't realise that? In turn, you do realise, don't you, that the guy on the omnibus might think different things from you are more important than others?Dr Zen 07:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, you're the one who thought the omnibus guy would think Rasge was famous. I give him more credit than you. - Nunh-huh 21:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC) [Indent removed]
 * Nope. I said he wouldn't agree that Hodge was famous. Dr Zen 00:14, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right. That's what you said. If either he or you think Hodge and Rasge are equivalent in fame, you're simply wrong. - Nunh-huh 00:32, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If someone has heard of neither, each are exactly equivalent in fame. In any case, that wasn't what I said either. Hodge might have the edge in fame, but neither is famous.Dr Zen 00:36, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that you agree that Hodge is more famed. - Nunh-huh 00:47, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If I'm reading this right, it appears that two of you have gone to a thirteen-asterisk indent to express the vehemence of your agreement that this particular cat does meets neither the high bar for high-brow cat notability nor the high bar for low-brow cat notability, and ought to have its waveform collapsed. How in-felix-itious! Such cathexis! [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:16, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Its waveform will only collapse if Schrödinger counts the votes here....proving, I suppose, that he hasn't yet.  - Nunh-huh 01:25, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Anybody know what the record is for the most asterisk indents on VFD? -Rholton 05:40, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely sure but I'm going to take a wild guess and say... Oh... This many. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 08:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with List of Simpson's cats or something. Kappa 07:27, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC) Delete unless verified Kappa 00:10, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm not convinced this is real. No google hits, and I remember the episode it's supposed to be in. Online reviews of this episode have no mention of it either. Xezbeth  08:05, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Minor fancruft or hoax, either way it should go.  --fvw *  08:25, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 20:25, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect with the episode. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:38, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Likely prank--zero hits for rasge snowball. What Xezbeth said. Niteowlneils 21:51, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Simpsons cats don't qualify as viable feline cruft. Wyss 00:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no merge or redirect: fancruft or prank. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If necessary, merge with One-time characters from The Simpsons before deleting. utcursch 07:51, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Single episode character. - 81.70.91.207 10:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:30, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with One-time characters from The Simpsons], like all the others. Alphax (talk) 04:50, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Imaginary cats are inherently notable. Merge as per Alphax. iMeowbot~Mw 03:43, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC) whoops.
 * Comment. Why are people supporting a merge? This cat doesn't exist. There have been five Snowballs in the Simpsons (I, II, III, Coltane, and V) and this isn't one of them. Xezbeth  09:28, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. I've nothing against articles on one-time characters in general, but there are so many for the Simpsons that it makes a unified article on all of them more worthwhile. Bryan 21:04, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:New Brighton, Minnesota

Pretty Much No Sources
While this page may be accurate according to the average citizens who edited it, about 98% of the information is not cited. I'm not sure what to do about this... 71.210.173.118 22:44, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Besides lacking in basic citations, this page contains information that is of absolutely no use. When I want factual information about the city, I do not need to know about a female mallard living at an area school. How on Earth did that tidbit make it in? { —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.73.132.37 (talk) 18:07, June 8, 2007

I will begun untangling this article and its humorous if not delusional claims. .:DavuMaya:. 18:59, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:New Brighton, Minnesota