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From Hell letter

The "From Hell" letter (also known as the "Lusk letter") was a letter sent with half of a preserved human kidney to George Lusk, the chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, in October 1888. The author of this letter claimed to be the unidentified serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, who had murdered and mutilated at least four women in the Whitechapel and Spitalfields districts of London in the two months prior to Lusk receiving this letter, and whose vigilance committee Lusk led in civilian efforts to assist the police in identifying and apprehending the perpetrator.

The letter was postmarked 15 October 1888 and was received by Lusk the following day. An examination of the kidney revealed the individual from whom the organ originated had suffered from Bright's disease. The author of this letter claimed to have fried and eaten the other half.

Police, press, and public alike received many letters claiming to be from the Whitechapel Murderer, with investigators at one stage having to deal with an estimated 1,000 letters related to the case. However, the "From Hell" letter is one of the few articles of correspondence that has received serious consideration as to actually being genuine. Nonetheless, opinions remain divided with regards to the letter's authenticity.

The murders committed by Jack the Ripper have attracted much attention in popular culture for decades, with several factual and fictional works directly making reference to the "From Hell" letter.

Background
The murder of Mary Ann Nichols on 31 August 1888 resulted in increased media attention focusing on the suspect known as "the Whitechapel murderer" and, later, "Leather Apron". The grotesque mutilation upon Nichols and later victims was generally described as involving their bodies having been "ripped up" and residents spoke of their worries of a "ripper" or "high rip" gang. The identification of the killer as Jack the Ripper occurred after 27 September, when the offices of Central News Ltd received the "Dear Boss" letter. The author of this letter signed the letter "Yours truly, Jack the Ripper", vowing to continue "ripping [prostitutes]" until his arrest. The author of this letter also threatened to remove and post the ears of his next victim to the police.

While newsmen considered this letter a mere joke, they decided after two days to notify Scotland Yard of the matter. The double murder of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes took place the night that the police received the "Dear Boss" letter. The Central News people received a second communication known as the "Saucy Jacky" postcard on 1 October 1888, the day after the double murder, and the message was duly passed over to the authorities. Copies of both messages were soon posted to the public in the hopes that the writing style would be recognised. While the police felt determined to discover the author of both messages, they found themselves overwhelmed by the media circus around the Ripper killings and soon received a large amount of material, most of it useless.

The letter
The letter reads:

"From hell

Mr Lusk,

Sor

I send you half the Kidne I took from one women prasarved it for you tother [sic] piece I fried and ate it was very nise [sic]. I may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate [sic] a whil longer

signed

Catch me when you can Mishter Lusk [sic]"

The letter came into the possession of the City of London Police, being later transferred to the Metropolitan Police. The original letter and the kidney which accompanied it have since been lost or stolen, along with other contents that were contained in the Metropolitan Police Ripper files, but a photograph was taken of the "From Hell" letter. The original of this photograph has now also disappeared. The image shown here is from the photograph.

Analysis
Hundreds of letters claiming to be from the killer were posted at the time of the Ripper murders, but many researchers argue that the "From Hell" letter is one of a handful of possibly authentic writings received from the murderer. The author did not sign this correspondence with the "Jack the Ripper" pseudonym, distinguishing it from the earlier "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy Jacky" postcard, as well as their many imitators. Furthermore, the handwriting in the "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy Jacky" postcard are markedly similar, but the handwriting of the "From Hell" letter is dissimilar. The letter was delivered to Lusk personally without reference to the police or to the British government, which could indicate animosity towards Lusk or the local Whitechapel community of which he was a member.

Opinions regarding the authenticity of the letter are divided. The possibility has been raised that all of the communications supposedly from the Whitechapel murderer are fraudulent, acts done by cranks or by journalists seeking to maintain the public interest in the murders and thus increase sales of their newspapers. Scotland Yard had reason to doubt the validity of the letter, yet ultimately did not take action against suspected reporters. However, the many differences between the "From Hell" letter and the vast majority of the messages received have been cited by some figures analysing the case, such as a forensic handwriting expert interviewed by the History Channel and another interviewed by the Discovery Channel, as evidence to view it as possibly the only authentic letter.

The primary reason this letter stands out more than any other is that it was delivered with a small box containing half of what doctors later determined was a human kidney which had been preserved in spirits. One of murder victim Catherine Eddowes's kidneys had been removed by the killer. Medical opinion at the time was that the organ could have been acquired by medical students and sent with the letter as part of a hoax. Lusk himself believed that this was the case and did not report the letter until he was urged to do so by friends.

Arguments in favour of the letter's genuineness sometimes state that contemporary analysis of the kidney by Dr Thomas Openshaw of the London Hospital found that it came from a sickly alcoholic woman who had died within the past three weeks, which would be consistent with Eddowes. However, these facts have been in dispute, as contemporary media reporting at the time and later recollections give contradictory information about Openshaw's opinions. Historian Philip Sugden has written that perhaps all that can be concluded, given the uncertainty, is that the kidney was human and from the left side of the body.

A contemporary police lead found that shopkeeper Emily Marsh had encountered a visitor at her shop, located in Mile End Road, with an odd, unsettling manner in both his appearance and speech. The visitor asked Marsh for the address of Mr Lusk, which he wrote in a personal notebook, before abruptly leaving. He was described as a slim man wearing a long black overcoat at about six feet in height who spoke with a distinct Irish accent, his face featuring a dark beard and moustache. While the event took place the day before Lusk received the "From Hell" message and occurred in the area in which it is considered to have been postmarked, the fact that Lusk received so many letters during this time suggests that the suspicious individual may have been another crank.

Calligraphy and linguistic analysis
The "From Hell" letter is written with a much lower level of literacy than other letters purporting to be from the murderer, in that this letter features numerous errors in spelling and grammar. Scholars have debated whether this is a deliberate misdirection, as the author observed the silent k in "knif[e]" and h in "whil[e]". The formatting of the letter also features a cramped writing style in which letters are pressed together haphazardly; many ink blots appear in a manner which might indicate that the writer was unfamiliar with using a pen. The formatting of the message might point to it being a hoax by a well-educated individual, but some researchers have argued that it is the genuine work of a partly functional but deranged individual.

Forensic handwriting expert Michelle Dresbold, working for the History Channel documentary series MysteryQuest, has argued that the letter is genuine, based on the peculiar characteristics of the handwriting, particularly the "invasive loop" letter "y"s. The criminal profiling experts in the programme also created a profile of the killer, stating that he possessed a deranged animosity towards women and skills in using a knife. Based on linguistic clues (including the use of the particular spelling of the word "prasarved" for "preserved"), Dresbold felt that the letter showed strong evidence that the writer was either Irish or of Irish extraction, indicating a possible link between the letter and known Ripper suspect Francis Tumblety. Tumblety was an itinerant Irish-American quack doctor who was mentally ill and who had resided in London during the year of the murders. He had had encounters with the law and a strong dislike of women, as well as a background of collecting body parts. However, after arresting him at the time as a suspect, the police ended up releasing him on bail, having failed to find hard evidence against him. He ultimately died of a heart condition in the U.S. in 1903. Sugden has also written that the author may have had an Irish background, but also stated that he may have had Cockney mannerisms.

The purported diary of James Maybrick, another man who has been proposed as a Ripper suspect, contains references to the "From Hell" letter, particularly the alleged cannibalism. However, even if the diary is assumed to be genuine, the handwriting does not match that of the letter at all. A Kirkus Reviews article has referred to the diary rumour as a "hoax" that is one of several "bizarre hypotheses" relating to the case.

In popular culture
The Jack the Ripper murders are regarded as the first internationally publicised set of serial killings, with the perpetrator never conclusively identified. They have attracted much attention for decades, with fictional works referring specifically to the Lusk letter. The graphic novel From Hell, created by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell, concerns the Ripper murders and takes its name from the letter. The work was originally published in serial form from 1989 to 1996, first collected as a single piece in 1999, and adapted into a 2001 feature film starring Johnny Depp and Heather Graham. The series features the actual killer as a main protagonist, going into his tortured mind and warped justifications for the murders. Cultural commentators such as Professor Elizabeth Ho have highlighted the way in which the work comments "on the present's relationship to the past", with text and image placed "in critical tension".

title: From Hell letter


text:
Craig Bromell

Craig Bromell (born 1959 in Oshawa) is a Canadian radio personality and former police officer. Prior to his broadcast career, Bromell served as president of the Toronto Police Association from 1997 to 2003. In that position, he was often at odds with the two chiefs of police during his tenure, Julian Fantino and David Boothby. Previous to becoming TPA president, Bromell led a wildcat strike of officers in 51 Division.

In 1996, Thomas Kerr, a homeless man, claimed that he was beaten up by nine police officers, including Bromell, in retaliation for breaking another police officer's arm in a previous encounter. A settlement was made before Bromell, now head of the Toronto Police Union, was scheduled to testify and would be subject to questioning about the event in question. The internal investigator's testimony stated that police claimed that they had never picked up Kerr. However, a fingerprint of Kerr's was lifted from the cruiser that one of the officers had been using. The investigator also noticed later changes to police notebooks to make it look as though Kerr had an eye injury and was bleeding from his mouth before the alleged beating.

In 2000, the police association, under Bromell's leadership, launched a telemarketing campaign called Operation True Blue, in which donors were given windshield stickers for their cars. Critics charged that Bromell and the union were amassing a war chest in order to target political opponents, and raised the concern that police officers could offer special privilege (such as disregarding minor traffic infractions, etc.) to people whose cars bore the stickers. Fantino soon forced the campaign to cease. That same year, Bromell released a list of 17 councillors he recommended that the union endorse during the municipal elections. All of the 17 were conservatives who advocated curtailing the right of the municipal police services board to review internal affairs, especially in the city's racial profiling controversy.

Bromell stepped down as head of the police association in 2003 and was succeeded by Rick McIntosh.

In 2004, Bromell became a late morning radio host for talk radio station AM640 Toronto Radio, co-hosting The Beat briefly with 640's former news director Ross MacLeod, before permanent co-host Tina Trigiani was selected. The show was rebranded Bromell! in 2006, with co-host John Downs as Trigiani went on a temporary professional leave. Bromell left AM640 in August 2007.

The television series The Bridge is loosely based upon Bromell's tenure as head of the police union. Bromell is the executive producer. The lead character, Frank Leo, is modeled upon Bromell and played by Aaron Douglas.

In 2012, Bromell became the first head of the new Building Union of Canada. The union planned to unionize non-unionized workers in the construction field. It got into a dispute with the existing Laborers' International Union of North America over raids by BUC on LIUNA workplaces.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Craig Bromell


text: Category:Mass media in Ohio

title: Category:Mass media in Ohio


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The Harvey Girls

The Harvey Girls is a 1946 Technicolor American musical film produced by Arthur Freed for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It is based on the 1942 novel of the same name by Samuel Hopkins Adams, about Fred Harvey's Harvey House waitresses. Directed by George Sidney, the film stars Judy Garland and features John Hodiak, Ray Bolger, and Angela Lansbury, as well as Preston Foster, Virginia O'Brien, Kenny Baker, Marjorie Main and Chill Wills. Future star Cyd Charisse appears in her first speaking role on film.

The Harvey Girls won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe", written by Harry Warren and Johnny Mercer.

Plot
In the 1890s, a group of "Harvey Girls" – new waitresses for Fred Harvey's pioneering chain of Harvey House restaurants – travels on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway to the American Southwest town of Sandrock. On the trip they meet Susan Bradley, who is travelling to the same town to marry the man whose beautiful letters she received when she answered a "lonely-hearts" ad.

Unfortunately, when she arrives, her husband-to-be turns out to be an "old coot" who does not at all meet her expectations, and vice versa. They start to argue and list their own personal faults, which they claim not to have mentioned in their letters. With their mutual disinclination to continue with the marital union clear, they jointly decide to call off the wedding.

With the marriage safely cancelled, he reveals to Susan that his letters were actually ghost-written as a joke by Ned Trent, the local saloon owner. Susan, rightly furious, confronts Ned to tell him off, in the process endearing herself to him.

Susan joins the Harvey Girls and she soon becomes their leader in fighting against the attempts by Trent's business associate, Judge Sam Purvis, to scare them away to maintain his own thriving business running the large saloon in town. The Harvey Girls also face the animosity of the so-called "dance-hall girls," led by Em, who is in love with Trent and sees Susan as a rival.

Trent visits the Harvey House, sees its value along with the other trappings of civilization, and then tells Purvis to leave them alone. Purvis continues with his campaign of intimidation, finally burning down the restaurant. Trent offers his saloon as a replacement and Em and the dance-hall girls leave town. Susan, thinking that Trent too is leaving, gets on the train, but Em, seeing that Susan loves Trent so much that she is willing to give up everything for him, stops the train and points out Trent, riding toward them on his horse. Ultimately, they wed in the desert, surrounded by the Harvey Girls.

Cast

Cast notes:
 * Byron Harvey Jr., the grandson of Fred Harvey of the Fred Harvey Company, has an uncredited role as a train conductor.
 * The Harvey Girls was the first reunion on film with Ray Bolger and Judy Garland since The Wizard of Oz (1939).

Production
The Harvey Girls was conceived by MGM as a dramatic western vehicle for Lana Turner, but Roger Edens, of the Arthur Freed unit, decided after seeing the musical Oklahoma! that the story should be reworked as MGM's western musical with Judy Garland as its star. Garland wanted to work with Fred Astaire on Yolanda and the Thief, which was directed by fiancé Vincente Minnelli. Edens convinced her that the part in Yolanda was not large enough for her, and he promised that The Harvey Girls would be specifically created to showcase her talents.

Principal photography on The Harvey Girls lasted from January 12 through June 4, 1945, a long production period. Studio filming was at MGM's Culver City studios, and the locations were in Victorville, California; at the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth (near Los Angeles); and in Monument Valley.

Singer Virginia Rees' voice was dubbed for Angela Lansbury's songs. Cyd Charisse, who had her first speaking role in the film, had her singing dubbed by Marion Doenges.

Virginia O'Brien, a comic actress known for her deadpan style of singing, was pregnant while The Harvey Girls was filmed. Several scenes with Ray Bolger were never filmed due to the difficulty in hiding her pregnancy. This accounts for O'Brien's character disappearing after she sings "Wild Wild West".

The Harvey Girls was released in the United States on January 18, 1946.

Production credits:

 * Art direction – William Ferrari and Cedric Gibbons
 * Set decoration – Mildred Griffiths and Edwin B. Willis
 * Costume design – Irene Gibbons, Helen Rose, Valles
 * Makeup artist – Dorothy Ponedel
 * Production manager – Dave Friedman
 * Assistant director – George Rhein
 * Sound director – Douglas Shearer
 * Special effects – Warren Newcombe
 * Choreographer – Robert Alton
 * Musical director – Lennie Hayton
 * Orchestrator – Conrad Salinger

Songs
The songs in The Harvey Girls were all written by Harry Warren (music) and Johnny Mercer (lyrics):

 * "In the Valley (Where the Evening Sun Goes Down)" – Judy Garland
 * "Wait and See" – Angela Lansbury (voice: Virginia Rees)
 * "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" – Ben Carter, Marjorie Main, Ray Bolger, Judy Garland and chorus
 * "The Train Must Be Fed" – Edward Earle, Selena Royle, Marjorie Main, Judy Garland and chorus
 * "Oh, You Kid" – Angela Lansbury (voice: Virginia Rees)
 * "Wait and See (reprise) – Kenny Baker
 * "It's a Great Big World" – Judy Garland, Virginia O'Brien, Cyd Charisse (voice: Marion Doenges)
 * "The Wild, Wild West" – Virginia O'Brien
 * "Wait and See (second reprise) – Kenny Baker, Cyd Charisse (voice: Marion Doenges)
 * "Swing Your Partner Round and Round" – Ray Bolger, Judy Garland, Marjorie Main, Cyd Charisse and chorus
 * "In the Valley (Where the Evening Sun Goes Down) (reprise)" – Kenny Baker, Judy Garland

By far the biggest hit from the score of The Harvey Girls was "On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe". MGM released the song to record companies even before shooting was finished on the film, and it became an instant hit dominating the airwaves through the summer and fall of 1945, with versions by Bing Crosby with Six Hits and a Miss, Judy Garland and The Merry Macs, the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra with the Sentimentalists, and, the most popular, Johnny Mercer and The Pied Pipers. Mercer's version entered the Billboard charts on July 5, 1945, and stayed on it for 16 weeks, including seven straight weeks as No. 1 between July 28 and September 8. Crosby's entered the charts on July 19 and stayed ten weeks, going as high as No. 4, while Dorsey's entered on August 2 and stayed for six weeks, peaking at No. 6. Garland's hit the Billboard No. 10 position on September 20. The song was also number 1 on Your Hit Parade for eight weeks running.

In shooting the number for the film, Garland reportedly did the entire song up to the tempo change in one take, twice, after watching her stand-in do one run-through.

Deleted songs
Cut from the film were three other songs written for it by Warren and Mercer: "March of the Doagies", "Hayride" and "My Intuition". "Doagies" was a production number featuring Garland; the outtake was included in That's Entertainment! III (1994). "My Intuition" was a duet for Garland and John Hodiak; this was also filmed and still survives in video format. "Hayride", sung by Garland and Ray Bolger, was prerecorded but not filmed.

Critical response
Howard Barnes wrote in the New York Herald Tribune that the film was "A great big animated picture postcard. Judy Garland is the film's bright ... star. Miss Garland is effectively glamorized in get-ups of the (18)90's and sings her songs pleasantly. The Harvey Girls is a perfect demonstration of what Hollywood can do with its vast resources when it wants to be really showy ... pretty girls – period sets and costumes – lilting tunes – super-speedy dance shuffles."

The New York Daily News said it was "A nostalgic whiff of the old west. Judy sings several sentimental ballads, as well as On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe number. Her chief support in the way of real entertainment comes from Ray Bolger." Time wrote "A technicolored musical celebrating the coming of chastity, clean silverware, and crumbless tablecloths to the pioneer Southwest. The bearers of this culture, according to evidence presented here, were waitresses. The Harvey Girls is good fun in spots. Miss Garland doesn't seem as recklessly happy as she was in St. Louis but she still appears to be having a pretty fine time."

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $4,112,000 in the US and Canada and $1,063,000.

Awards and honors
"On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for Harry Warren and Johnny Mercer. In addition, Lennie Hayton's score was nominated for Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture, but did not win; the Oscar went to Morris Stoloff for The Jolson Story.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 * "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" – Nominated
 * 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated

title: The Harvey Girls


text:
Category:Companies based in Ohio

Companies started in Ohio or based in Ohio.

title: Category:Companies based in Ohio


text:
Frattamaggiore

Frattamaggiore (locally also known as Fratta) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy. It is located 15 km north of Naples and 15 km southwest of Caserta. It was awarded the title of "City of art" in 2008 and named Benedictine city in 1997. It is located in the Naples hinterland. It is bordered by the comuni of Afragola, Cardito, Crispano, Frattaminore, Grumo Nevano, and Sant'Arpino.

History
The first records of Frattamaggiore date to 921 AD, although the area was probably settled in pre-Roman times. The people of Atella built a watchtower in response to the Vandal invasion of 455 AD, around which refugees from Miseno settled when their town was razed by the Saracens; here they also built a Catholic church in honour of Sossius, now the patron saint of Frattamaggiore.

Transportation
Frattamaggiore is served by:
 * Provincial road 162, a freeway that connects the city to the Milano-Napoli freeway;
 * a railway station on the Rome–Formia–Naples railway;
 * Napoli Afragola railway station on the Rome–Naples high-speed line, 6 km from Frattamaggiore;
 * several bus lines of the Naples Public Transport Company that connect the city to Naples, Caserta, Afragola, Casoria, Sant'Antimo, Orta di Atella, Frattaminore and other closer cities;
 * the Naples International Airport, A104 bis, 10 km from Frattamaggiore.

Notable people

 * Massimo Stanzione (1585 – 1656), painter
 * Francesco Durante (1684 – 1755), composer
 * Francesco Lodi (born 1984), football player
 * Lorenzo Insigne (born 1991), football player

Twin towns

 * 🇮🇹 Striano, Italy, since 2006

title: Frattamaggiore


text:
User:Satori/moon

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 * Culture_of_Korea
 * Culture_of_Lithuania
 * Cushing's_syndrome
 * Cybele
 * Cycle
 * DOOM
 * Dahomey_mythology
 * Daina
 * Daniel_Guérin
 * Dark_Funeral
 * Dark_Side_of_the_Moon
 * Darth_Vader
 * Dating_Creation
 * Dattatreya
 * David_Bowie
 * David_Bowman
 * Day
 * De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestium
 * Dead_Angel
 * Death_Star
 * Death_knight
 * December_7
 * Deimos_(moon)
 * Demonstrative_pronoun
 * Desdemona
 * Desolation_Row
 * Despina
 * Destination:_Void
 * Destination_Moon
 * Dhalgren
 * Diamond_Sutra
 * Diana_(Sailor_Moon)
 * Diana_(goddess)
 * Dianic_Wicca
 * Dianic_tradition
 * Dick_Tracy
 * Die_Meistersinger_von_Nürnberg
 * Dione_(moon)
 * Diwali
 * Do_I_Hear_a_Waltz?
 * Dockapps
 * Domestic_violence
 * Doors_of_Durin
 * Doris_Blackburn
 * Doris_Roberts
 * Dorset
 * Double_planet
 * Doug_Kershaw
 * Douglas_Fairbanks,_Jr.
 * Dover_Beach
 * Dr._Phibes_Rises_Again
 * Dragonlance_Timeline
 * Drake_equation
 * Druidry
 * Durga
 * EME
 * Early_history_of_Ireland
 * Earth
 * Earth_Alliance_(Babylon_5)
 * Earthlight
 * Earthsearch
 * Earthstation_One
 * Ecclesiastical_new_moon
 * Eclipse_cycle
 * Ectomorphed_works
 * Edgar_Mitchell
 * Edward_Young
 * Egyptian_chronology
 * Egyptian_mythology
 * Eisenhower_dollar
 * Electricity_generation
 * Elkanah_Settle
 * Elsweyr
 * Emanuel_Swedenborg
 * Embedded_system
 * Emerald_Tablet
 * Emperor_Pilaf_Saga
 * Enceladus_(moon)
 * Encke_Division
 * Endor
 * Endor_(Star_Wars)
 * Endorian_Holocaust
 * Endymion_(mythology)
 * English-language_editions_of_The_Hobbit
 * Enheduanna
 * Enlil
 * Eostre
 * Epimetheus_(moon)
 * Ernst_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Klinkerfues
 * Esbat
 * Escherichia_coli
 * Eternals
 * Eugene_Cernan
 * EverQuest
 * EverQuest_II
 * Ewok
 * Exar_Kun
 * Exploration_of_Mars
 * Explorers_on_the_Moon
 * Falklands_War
 * Falsifiability
 * Family_dictatorship
 * Far_side_(Moon)
 * Farmer_in_the_Sky
 * Fathulla_Jameel
 * Fati
 * Felucca_(Ultima)
 * Final_Fantasy_IV
 * First_Babylonian_Dynasty
 * First_World_Martial_Arts_Championship_Saga
 * Flag_of_Laos
 * Flag_of_Nepal
 * Flag_of_Singapore
 * Flag_of_Turkey
 * Flag_of_Turkmenistan
 * Flat_Earth_Society
 * Forest_Moon_of_Endor
 * Forest_moon_of_Endor
 * Fort_Boyard
 * Fox_spirit
 * Frank_E._Ross
 * Fred_Singer
 * From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(HBO)
 * Fudan_University
 * Full_Circle_Temple
 * Full_moon
 * Full_moon_cycle
 * Fumocy
 * GUCT
 * Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)
 * Galatea
 * Galaxy_class_starship
 * Galilaei_(Lunar_crater)
 * Galilean_moon
 * Galileo_spacecraft
 * Ganesha_Chaturthi
 * Gangneung
 * Ganymede
 * Ganymede_(moon)
 * Gardens_of_Adonis
 * Garlic
 * Gastropoda
 * Gaudy_Night
 * Gautama_Buddha
 * Gaylord_Perry
 * Gene_Kranz
 * Geneva_Bible
 * Gentlemen,_Be_Seated!
 * Geodesic_dome
 * Geography_of_Afghanistan
 * George_Adamski
 * George_Biddell_Airy
 * George_Brent
 * George_Mallory
 * Georgi_Grechko
 * Georgian_mythology
 * Gerald_Hawkins
 * Gerard_Kuiper
 * Germanic_mythology
 * Giant_impact_theory
 * Gib_morgan
 * Glyndebourne
 * Goatvomit666
 * Goddess
 * Goldar
 * Goldmoon
 * Gong_mythology
 * Good_King_Wenceslas
 * Goodnight_Moon
 * Graham_cracker
 * Gravity
 * Great_Moon_Hoax
 * Great_Wall_of_China
 * Greek_lexicon
 * Green_grow_the_rushes,_O
 * Greenpeace
 * Grey_Knights
 * Guan_Dao
 * Guilin
 * Gus_Grissom
 * Guy_Gibson
 * Hadith
 * Haida_mythology
 * Hail_to_the_Thief
 * Half_Caste
 * Half_Mute
 * Halfmoon_Township,_PA
 * Halfmoon_Township,_Pennsylvania
 * Halo:_Combat_Evolved
 * Halo_(optical_phenomenon)
 * Han_Solo
 * Hangetsu
 * Hannah_Szenes
 * Hardwar
 * Harold_J._Reitsema
 * Harry_Warren
 * Harvest_moon
 * Hearts
 * Hebrew_calendar
 * Hedgehog_Day
 * Hellcat_(comics)
 * Hemvati
 * Henry_Percy,_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland
 * Herbie_Hancock
 * Hermann_Mayer_Salomon_Goldschmidt
 * Hermann_Oberth
 * Herod_the_Great
 * Herschel_(Mimasian_crater)
 * Herschel_(crater)
 * Hill_sphere
 * Hindu_calendar
 * Hip_hop_(dance_move)
 * Hipparchus
 * Hiroshi_Abe_(actor)
 * Hiroshige
 * Historicity_of_Jesus
 * Historicity_of_Jesus/
 * Historicity_of_Jesus/New_version
 * History_of_Mega-City_One
 * History_of_astrology
 * History_of_science_fiction
 * Holly_(Red_Dwarf)
 * Hollywood_Hotel
 * Home_Means_Nevada
 * Honeymoon
 * Honeymoon_Suite
 * Honeymoon_Suite_(band)
 * Horace_de_Vere_Cole
 * Horoscope
 * Hubal
 * Hughes_Aircraft
 * Human_(Babylon_5)
 * Hun-Apu
 * Huntsville,_Alabama
 * Hydroelectricity
 * Hyperion_(moon)
 * Hypothetical_Sol_System_bodies
 * I_Am_a_Cat
 * I_Am_the_Walrus
 * Identification_of_Emily_Dickinson_Poems
 * Ideogram
 * Ijiraq
 * Ijiraq_(mythology)
 * Immortal_(band)
 * Imperial_Guard_(comics)
 * In_a_Reverie
 * Inari_(god)
 * Inclined_orbit
 * Independent_Agencies_of_the_United_States_Government
 * Indians_of_Canada_Pavilion
 * Infantry_(computer_game)
 * Infinite_Ryvius
 * Inklink
 * Interplanetary_mission
 * InuYasha_(character)
 * Io_(moon)
 * Io_(mythology)
 * Iopolis
 * Irving_Berlin
 * Isaac_Asimov_complete_bibliography
 * Isaac_Newton_(in_depth)
 * Isaac_Newton_(in_depth,_2/3)
 * Isaac_Newton_(in_depth,_3/3)
 * Ishtar
 * Islam_in_Maldives
 * Islamic_calendar
 * Ithaca
 * Ithaca_(disambiguation)
 * Ithaca_Chasma
 * Ithildin
 * Ixbalanque
 * Ixchel
 * Jade_Emperor
 * Jakob_Lorber
 * Jambavant
 * James_Caan
 * James_Downey
 * James_P._Hogan_(writer)
 * January_2003
 * January_26
 * Janus_(moon)
 * Japanese_mythology
 * Jeffrey_Farnol
 * Jem'Hadar
 * Jennifer_Mossop
 * Jens_Jensen_(Landscape_Architect)
 * Jim_Lovell
 * Joanna_Southcott
 * Jodrell_Bank
 * Johann_Friedrich_Julius_Schmidt
 * Johannes_Kepler
 * Johannes_Rydberg
 * John_C._Stennis_Space_Center
 * John_Harrison
 * John_Jacob_Astor_IV
 * John_Jacob_Astor_VI
 * John_Lennon
 * John_Russell_(painter)
 * Joshua
 * Juan_Maria_Solare:_List_of_works
 * Juliet
 * June_2004
 * Jupiter's_natural_satellites
 * Jupiter_(planet)
 * Jyotish
 * Ka-Ata-Killa
 * Kai_Opaka
 * Kalevala
 * Kalki_Purana
 * Kevin_and_Kell
 * Khitomer_Accords
 * Kigo
 * Kim_Cattrall
 * Klaus_Riedel
 * Known_Space
 * Ko_Pha_Ngan
 * Ko_Samui
 * Konica_Minolta
 * Korea_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics
 * Korean_name
 * Kumbh_Mela
 * Kurma
 * L._T._C._Rolt
 * LLRV
 * Labor_Exchange_Band
 * Lagrangian_point
 * Lake_Vostok
 * Landing_at_Anzac_Cove
 * Languages_in_Star_Wars
 * Leap_year
 * Lee_Ving
 * Leo_Corbett
 * Leto_Regio
 * Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition
 * Libration
 * Licence_to_Kill
 * Lie-to-children
 * Link_(Legend_of_Zelda)
 * List_of_Acacia_species
 * List_of_Acer_species
 * List_of_BSA_local_councils_and_districts_in_Texas
 * List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters
 * List_of_Korea-related_topics_(L-Z)
 * List_of_Mystery_Science_Theater_3000_episodes
 * List_of_Neopian_worlds
 * List_of_Other_Charmed_Magical_Information/Temp
 * List_of_Red_Dwarf_episodes
 * List_of_Star_Trek_characters
 * List_of_The_West_Wing_episodes
 * List_of_alleged_conspiracy_theories
 * List_of_asteroids_named_after_people
 * List_of_astronauts_by_selection
 * List_of_characters_from_Mr._Show
 * List_of_city_nicknames_in_the_United_States
 * List_of_cocktails
 * List_of_commercial_brands_of_beer
 * List_of_current_Disneyland_attractions
 * List_of_cycles
 * List_of_deities
 * List_of_fictional_rabbits
 * List_of_human_spaceflights,_1961-1986
 * List_of_human_spaceflights_by_program
 * List_of_islands_of_Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean
 * List_of_islands_of_Ontario
 * List_of_lunar_astronauts
 * List_of_mathematical_topics_(D-F)
 * List_of_national_leaders
 * List_of_notable_Muslims
 * List_of_other_Charmed_magical_information
 * List_of_past_Disneyland_attractions
 * List_of_postcodes_in_New_South_Wales_(N-Z)
 * List_of_postcodes_in_Queensland
 * List_of_redundant_expressions
 * List_of_songs_by_name:_Ho
 * List_of_songs_that_retell_a_work_of_literature
 * List_of_songs_whose_title_does_not_appear_in_the_lyrics
 * List_of_songs_with_numbers_in_the_title
 * List_of_state_leaders_in_1981
 * List_of_state_leaders_in_1988
 * List_of_state_leaders_in_2004
 * List_of_topics_(scientific_method)
 * List_of_two-letter_English_words
 * List_of_video_game_music_H
 * List_of_video_game_music_P
 * List_of_volcanoes
 * List_of_waterfalls
 * Live at the BBC
 * Logic
 * Loi_Kratong
 * Lonely_Mountain
 * Longbow
 * Looney_Tunes:_Back_In_Action
 * Looney_Tunes_&_Merrie_Melodies_filmography
 * Lord_Zedd
 * Losna
 * Louie,_Louie
 * Louis_Poinsot
 * Love_bug
 * Luclin
 * Luna_(Sailor_Moon)
 * Luna_1
 * Luna_2
 * Luna_Lovegood
 * Lunar:_Silver_Star_Story_Complete
 * Lunar_2:_Eternal_Blue_Complete
 * Lunar_Government
 * Lunar_Orbiter_1
 * Lunar_Orbiter_2
 * Lunar_Orbiter_3
 * Lunar_Orbiter_4
 * Lunar_Orbiter_5
 * Lunar_Prospector
 * Lunar_Society_Moonstones
 * Lunar_calendar
 * Lunar_conjunction
 * Lunar_deity
 * Lunar_meteorite
 * Lunar_phase
 * Lunar_precession
 * Lunatic
 * Lunation
 * Lunette
 * Lunisolar_calendar
 * Lunitidal_interval
 * Ly-Cilph
 * Lydia_Lunch
 * Lyndon_B._Johnson
 * Lysithea
 * MER-A_timeline_for_2004_March
 * MER-B_timeline_for_2004_March
 * Madeira_Park,_British_Columbia
 * Magellan_probe
 * Mah
 * Mahabaleshwar
 * Mahavir
 * Mahavir_Jayanti
 * Mahavir_Swami
 * Mahavira
 * Makoto_Kino
 * Maldives
 * Maldivian_Democratic_Party
 * Malina
 * Mama_Quilla
 * Mamoon_Abdul_Gayoom
 * Mani
 * Mani_(god)
 * Mantell_Incident
 * Maple
 * Marapu
 * March_1
 * March_2
 * Mariana
 * Mariner_Mark_II
 * Mark_Philippoussis
 * Marquee_Moon
 * Mars_(planet)
 * Masque
 * Master_Vile
 * Matsuo_Basho
 * Matvei_Gusev
 * Maumoon_Abdul_Gayoom
 * Maya_mythology
 * Melvin_Calvin
 * Menstrual_cycle
 * Mercury_(planet)
 * Merrie_Melodies
 * Mesklin
 * Metis_(moon)
 * Metis_(mythology)
 * Metztli
 * Michael_J._Adams
 * Michael_Scot
 * Mid-Autumn_Festival
 * Miesiac
 * Miles_Vorkosigan
 * Mimas_(moon)
 * Minerva_Mink
 * Minor_characters_in_Star_Wars
 * Misirlou
 * Mister_Squiggle
 * Mnemonic
 * Mockumentary
 * Modern_geocentrism
 * Mon_(ethnic_group)
 * Mona
 * Mondegreen
 * Monitor_(comics)
 * Monkey_Island
 * Monstrous_moonshine
 * Month
 * Moon
 * Moon_(Middle-earth)
 * Moon_(mythology)
 * Moon_Maid
 * Moon_Patrol
 * Moon_hoax
 * Moon_landing_hoax
 * Moon_pie
 * Moonbat
 * Mooning
 * Moonlight
 * Mount_Sinai
 * Musaeum_Clausum
 * Music_of_Canada
 * Music_of_Latvia
 * Music_of_Taiwan
 * Musica_universalis
 * Mên-an-Tol
 * N1_rocket
 * NASA
 * NBC_Universal
 * Naboo
 * Naiad
 * Naming_of_natural_satellites
 * Nana_Buluku
 * Nanauatzin
 * Nasir_al-Din_Tusi
 * National_Security_Service_(Maldives)
 * Natural_gender
 * Natural_satellite
 * Naval_architecture
 * Navigation
 * Nazi_mysticism
 * Neelix
 * Neith
 * Nepotism
 * Neptune_(planet)
 * Nereid_(moon)
 * Netu
 * Neutron_star
 * New_moon
 * Niagara_Falls,_Ontario
 * Nicolas_Cage
 * Nigger_(word)
 * Nikita_Khrushchev
 * Nils_Christoffer_Dunér
 * Nokomis
 * Non-sports_trading_card
 * Nostradamus
 * November_11
 * November_2002
 * November_2003
 * November_27
 * November_3
 * O_Yuki_Conjugate
 * Oatman,_Arizona
 * Oberon
 * Oberon_programming_language
 * Ocean_Sunfish
 * Oceanus_Procellarum
 * Octaeteris
 * October_15
 * Ogdens'_Nut_Gone_Flake
 * Ojibwe_language
 * Ole_Rømer
 * Omega_Watches
 * Operation_Stardust
 * Ophion
 * Optical_phenomenon
 * Orbit
 * Oregon_Vortex
 * Organic_lawn_management
 * Ottava_rima
 * Ottoman_Flag
 * Outer_Space_Treaty
 * Outer_planets
 * Outhouse
 * Outland_(movie)
 * Owen_Lattimore
 * Pan_(moon)
 * Pan_American_World_Airways
 * Panspermia
 * Papcio_Chmiel
 * Parallax
 * Parallel_universe
 * Parkes_Observatory
 * Pasiphaë
 * Pasiphaë_(moon)
 * Pat_Morita
 * Paul_Feyerabend
 * Paul_Revere's_Ride
 * Penguin
 * Perry_Rhodan
 * Persekutuan_Pengakap_Malaysia
 * Petit-Prince_(asteroid)
 * Phanes
 * Phobos_(moon)
 * Phoebe_(moon)
 * Phra_That_Si_Song_Rak
 * Pilgrimage
 * Pink_Floyd_trivia
 * Pizza
 * Planet
 * Planetary_nomenclature
 * Planetary_ring
 * Planets_in_science_fiction
 * Please_Save_My_Earth
 * Pluto_(planet)
 * Poincaré_map
 * Poké_Ball
 * Policenauts
 * Political_families_by_country:_F-M
 * Politics_of_Nepal
 * Politics_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro
 * Politics_of_Turkmenistan
 * Politics_of_Uzbekistan
 * Politics_of_the_Maldives
 * Portia
 * Pradosham
 * Prague_Orloj
 * Prambanan
 * Pravic
 * Praxis
 * Praxis_(moon)
 * Primal_Rage
 * Prime_Meridian
 * Procter_&_Gamble
 * Prograde_and_retrograde_motion
 * Project_Apollo
 * Project_Gemini
 * Prometheus
 * Prometheus_(moon)
 * Prophecy_of_the_Popes
 * Prospero
 * Proteus_(moon)
 * Pseudoscience
 * Ptolemaeus_(Lunar_crater)
 * Ptolemaic_system
 * Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong
 * Public_holidays_in_Mongolia
 * Puck
 * Puck_(moon)
 * Puddle
 * Purdue_University
 * Pysanka
 * Quatermass_II
 * Queen_Bee
 * R.C._Cola
 * R._Gordon_Wasson
 * Radar_astronomy
 * Radical_(Chinese_character)
 * Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator
 * Rahu
 * Rainbow_Bridge_(Niagara_Falls)
 * Rakhi
 * Ramadan
 * Ranger_3
 * Ranger_4
 * Ranger_5
 * Ranger_6
 * Ranger_7
 * Ranger_8
 * Ranger_9
 * Ranjitkar
 * Rare_Earth_hypothesis
 * Rattle_and_Hum
 * Ray_Bradbury
 * Rebecca_Donaldson-Katsopolis
 * Reform_of_the_date_of_Easter
 * Refrain
 * Religious_humanism
 * Renaissance_class_starship
 * Reverse_speech
 * Revolver
 * Rice_University
 * Richard_Bolt
 * Richard_C._Hoagland
 * Richard_Thorpe
 * Richmond_upon_Thames
 * Rio_de_Janeiro
 * Rishi
 * Risk_2210
 * Robert_A._Heinlein
 * Robert_Goddard_(scientist)
 * Robert_Johnson
 * Roche_limit
 * Rockwell
 * Roman_numerals
 * Romsey
 * Ronald_Evans
 * Roncevaux_Terra
 * Rosalind
 * Rosh_Chodesh
 * Rosh_Hashanah
 * Rosh_Hashanah_(Talmud)
 * Route_66
 * Rudolf_Steiner
 * Runemagick
 * Russian_Aviation_and_Space_Agency
 * S/1986_U_10
 * S/2002_N_4
 * S/2003_J_20
 * S/2004_1R
 * S/2004_S_3
 * S/2004_S_4
 * SELENE
 * STS-69
 * Sabbat_(neopaganism)
 * Sai_Kung
 * Sailor_Moon
 * Sam_and_Max
 * Sami_flag
 * San_Fernando_Valley
 * San_Francisco-Oakland_Bay_Bridge
 * Sara_Cox
 * Sarah_Jessica_Parker
 * Sarah_Kerrigan
 * Saros
 * Satellite_laser_ranging
 * Saturn's_natural_satellites
 * Saturn_(planet)
 * Saturn_(rocket_family)
 * Saturn_V
 * Saturniidae
 * Scabiosa
 * Scientific_revolution
 * Scott_Henderson
 * Scout_trooper
 * Seasonal_lag
 * Secondary_Ionisation_(SIMS)
 * Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)
 * Selene
 * Self-replication
 * Sennacherib
 * Seomoon_Tak
 * September_12
 * September_15
 * Serenity_(Firefly_episode)
 * Serpent's_Walk
 * Setebos
 * Sextant
 * Shabbir_Banoobhai
 * Shadow_of_the_Moon
 * Shamash
 * Shavuot
 * She-Ra
 * Sheffield
 * Shmoo
 * Shora
 * Shuttle_Tyderium
 * Sijo
 * Silent_film
 * Silverstein_Committee
 * Silverstein_Committee
 * Simile
 * Simone_Melchior
 * Sin_(mythology)
 * Siouan
 * Skaði
 * Skies_of_other_planets
 * Skull_Kid
 * Slashdot_subculture
 * Slave_II
 * Slidell,_Louisiana
 * Slim_Pickens
 * Slow-scan_television
 * Smith_and_Tinker
 * Sokar_(Stargate)
 * Solar_calendar
 * Solar_eclipse
 * Solar_forge
 * Solinari
 * Soluna
 * Soma
 * Songs_from_an_American_Movie,_Vol._1:_Learning_How_to_Smile
 * South_Shetland_Islands
 * Soviet_space_program
 * Soyuz_4
 * Soyuz_programme
 * Soyuz_spacecraft
 * Space_Oddity
 * Space_Shuttle_program
 * Space_burial
 * Space_colonization
 * Space_elevator
 * Space_exploration
 * Space_law
 * Space_race
 * Spaceflight_records
 * Spathi
 * Speckle_interferometry
 * Spiritus_asper
 * Spiritus_lenis
 * Spiru_Haret
 * Spongmonkeys
 * Sri_Dalada_Maligawa
 * Sri_K._Pattabhi_Jois
 * Stagger_Lee
 * Star_Fox_Adventures
 * Star_Tours
 * Star_Wars
 * Star_Wars:_Galactic_Battlegrounds
 * Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_II:_The_Sith_Lords
 * Star_Wars_Battlefront
 * Star_Wars_Episode_IV:_A_New_Hope
 * Star_Wars_Episode_VI:_Return_of_the_Jedi
 * Steve_McQueen
 * Stone_circle
 * Strict_conditional
 * Strider_(arcade_game)
 * Studio_54
 * Sulfur
 * Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2003_(1-500)
 * Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2004
 * Super_Sonic
 * Superman_IV:_The_Quest_For_Peace
 * Surveyor_1
 * Surveyor_2
 * Surveyor_3
 * Surveyor_4
 * Surveyor_5
 * Surveyor_6
 * Surveyor_7
 * Surveyor_program
 * Suspicion_(movie)
 * Susumu_Terajima
 * Swamp_dragon
 * Sycorax
 * Sycorax_(moon)
 * Sylvia_and_Gerry_Anderson
 * Symbionese_Liberation_Army
 * Synthetic_aperture_radar
 * System/360
 * Sándor_Petöfi
 * Taj_Mahal
 * Tarantula_Nebula
 * Tasmin_Archer
 * Taíno
 * Tecciztecatl
 * Telesto
 * Telesto_(moon)
 * Tenggerese
 * Termina
 * Terra
 * Tethys_(moon)
 * Tetra
 * Tetri_giorgi
 * Thai_lunar_calendar
 * Thaipusam
 * Thalassa
 * Thallus_(historian)
 * Thanos
 * That's_Amore
 * The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol
 * The_Bedside_Drama:_A_Petite_Tragedy
 * The_Black_Pits_of_Luna
 * The_Clangers
 * The_Creation
 * The_Cruel_Sea_(band)
 * The_Curlew
 * The_Dish
 * The_Dispossessed
 * The_Elder_Scrolls_III:_Bloodmoon
 * The_Ewok_Adventure
 * The_Godmakers
 * The_Green_Glass_Door
 * The_Hobbit
 * The_Iguanas
 * The_Integral_Trees
 * The_Iroquois_Constitution
 * The_Jury
 * The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Majora's_Mask
 * The_Legend_of_Zelda_series
 * The_Martian_Chronicles
 * The_Moody_Blues
 * The_Ninth_Configuration
 * The_Quibbler
 * The_Reality_Dysfunction
 * The_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_Show
 * The_Sandman:_Worlds'_End
 * The_Sirens_of_Titan
 * The_Song_Remains_the_Same
 * The_Story_of_the_Stone
 * The_Taming_of_the_Shrew
 * The_Toasters
 * The_Wolf_Man
 * Theia
 * Theophilus_of_Antioch
 * Thoth
 * Thrones,_Dominations
 * Thule_(Star_Wars)
 * Tidal_locking
 * Tidal_power
 * Tidal_resonance
 * Tide
 * Tier_One
 * Time_and_date_and_astronomy_on_Mars
 * Timeline_of_fictional_future_events
 * Timeline_of_fictional_historical_events
 * Titan_(moon)
 * Titan_(novel_by_Stephen_Baxter)
 * Titan_II
 * Titania_(moon)
 * Titius-Bode_law
 * Tlön,_Uqbar,_Orbis_Tertius
 * Tom_o'_Bedlam
 * Tony_Shalhoub
 * Trade-off
 * Tralfamadore
 * Trammel
 * Trans-Neptunian_object
 * Treaty_Oak
 * Tribune_Tower
 * Triggerfish
 * Triple_J_Hottest_100,_1993
 * Triton
 * Triton_(moon)
 * Triton_(novel)
 * Trojan_moon
 * Tunnel_Vision
 * Tuxedomoon
 * Tvashtri
 * Twinkle
 * Two-body_problem
 * Two_Trees_of_Valinor
 * U.S._Space_&_Rocket_Center
 * UFO_(TV_series)
 * USS_DeLong_(DD-129)
 * USS_Jacob_Jones_(DD-130)
 * USS_Sea_Devil_(SS-400)
 * USS_South_Dakota_(BB-57)
 * USS_Thresher_(SS-200)
 * USS_Ticonderoga_(CV-14)
 * USS_Trigger_(SS-237)
 * USS_Tunny_(SS-282)
 * USS_Wahoo_(SS-238)
 * USS_Wyoming_(1859)
 * Umbar
 * Umbriel
 * Undead_(Discworld)
 * Unicron
 * United_States_dollar_coin
 * Universal_Century
 * Uranus'_natural_satellites
 * Uranus_(planet)
 * Usagi_Tsukino
 * Uzza
 * VW_Beetle
 * Vaastu_Shastra
 * Van_Allen_radiation_belt
 * Vedic_timekeeping
 * Very_Large_Telescope
 * Vesak
 * Vidfinn
 * Viluppuram
 * Visit_of_King_George_IV_to_Scotland
 * Vorkosigan_Saga
 * Vostok_programme
 * W.H._Dall
 * Wanderly_Wagon
 * Washington_Dulles_International_Airport
 * Washington_Wizards
 * Weather_lore
 * Week
 * Welteislehre
 * Werewolf
 * Werewolf:_The_Apocalypse
 * Wernher_von_Braun
 * White-tailed_Deer
 * Who's_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf?
 * Who's_Next
 * Wicket_W._Warrick
 * Wilhelm_Beer
 * William_Cranch_Bond
 * William_Henry_Pickering
 * William_Herschel
 * William_Lassell
 * William_Reid
 * William_Walker_(composer)
 * Wonder_Woman
 * Workweek
 * World_of_Two_Moons
 * Wozzeck
 * Wunda
 * Wunda_(crater)
 * Xanadu
 * Xanadu_Regio
 * Xenobiology
 * Xochiquetzal
 * Yajnavalkya
 * Yavin_4
 * Year
 * Yin_Yang
 * Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali
 * Yohaulticetl
 * Yojiro_Takita
 * Zener_card
 * Zmeu
 * Zodiacal_light
 * Zond_4
 * Zond_6
 * Zond_8
 * Zond_program
 * Zones_of_EverQuest
 * Zoviet_France
 * Zytglogge
 * Émile_Cohl

title: User:Satori/moon


text:
Cannabivarin

Cannabivarin (CBV), also known as cannabivarol, is considered a non-psychoactive cannabinoid — it does not produce the euphoric side effects found in THC. Minor amounts of CBV are found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It is an analog of cannabinol (CBN) with the side chain shortened by two methylene bridges (-CH2-). CBV is an oxidation product of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, THV).

Chemistry
It has no double bond isomers nor stereoisomers.

Legal status
It is not scheduled by Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

United States
CBV is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States, but it could be considered an analog (of THC), in which case, sales or possession intended for human consumption could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.

title: Cannabivarin


text: Category:Distribution (marketing)

title: Category:Distribution (marketing)


text:
Checkout

Checkout may refer to:

 * a point of sale terminal
 * Google Checkout, Google's online payment services
 * Check-Out (The Price Is Right), a segment game from The Price Is Right
 * in information management, it means blocking a file for editing; see Revision control
 * The Checkout, an Australian television series

title: Checkout


text:
St Kilda

St Kilda may refer to:

Scotland:
 * St Kilda, Scotland, archipelago in the north Atlantic off the west coast of the Scottish mainland

Australia:
 * St Kilda, Queensland, a locality in Bundaberg Region
 * St Kilda, South Australia, suburb of Adelaide, Australia
 * St Kilda, Victoria, suburb of Melbourne, Australia
 * City of St Kilda, former municipality in Melbourne
 * Electoral district of St Kilda, a state electoral district abolished in 1992
 * St Kilda light rail station, Melbourne
 * St Kilda Cricket Club
 * St Kilda Football Club, Australian-rules football club established in 1873
 * St Kilda Saints (NBL) or Southern Melbourne Saints, Australian National Basketball League team

New Zealand:
 * St Kilda, New Zealand, suburb of Dunedin, New Zealand
 * St Kilda (New Zealand electorate), former New Zealand Parliamentary electorate

Canada:
 * St. Kilda, Alberta, unincorporated community in Warner County, Alberta

Other:
 * Lady of St Kilda, a schooner that the Melbourne suburb was named after

title: St Kilda


text:
Fluoromethane

Fluoromethane, also known as methyl fluoride, Freon 41, Halocarbon-41 and HFC-41, is a non-toxic, liquefiable, and flammable gas at standard temperature and pressure. It is made of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. The name stems from the fact that it is methane (CH4) with a fluorine atom substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms. It is used in semiconductor manufacturing processes as an etching gas in plasma etch reactors.

Composition
The compound is the lowest mass member of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) family, compounds which contain only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. These compounds are related to the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), but since they do not contain chlorine, are not destructive to the ozone layer. Fluorocarbons are, however, potent greenhouse gasses, and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an attempt to phase them out due to their contribution to global warming.

The C−F bond energy is 552 kJ/mol and its length is 0.139 nm. Its molecular geometry is tetrahedral.

Its specific heat capacity (Cp) is 38.171 J·mol−1·K−1 at 25 °C. The critical point of fluoromethane is at 44.9 °C (318.1 K) and 6.280 MPa.

title: Fluoromethane


text:
Gmina Gródek

Gmina Gródek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus. Its seat is the village of Gródek, which lies approximately 33 km east of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 430.6 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 5,740.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Knyszyń Forest Landscape Park.

Villages
Gmina Gródek contains the villages and settlements of Bagno, Bielewicze, Bobrowniki, Borki, Chomontowce, Downiewo, Dzierniakowo, Glejsk, Gobiaty, Gródek, Gródek-Kolonia, Grzybowce, Jakubin, Jaryłówka, Józefowo, Kołodno, Kondycja, Kozi Las, Królowe Stojło, Królowy Most, Kuberka, Łużany, Mieleszki, Mieleszki-Kolonia, Mostowlany, Narejki, Nowosiółki, Pałatki, Pieszczaniki, Piłatowszczyzna, Podozierany, Podzałuki, Przechody, Radunin, Ruda, Skroblaki, Słuczanka, Sofipol, Straszewo, Stryjenszczyzna, Świsłoczany, Waliły, Waliły-Dwór, Waliły-Stacja, Wiejki, Wierobie, Wyżary, Załuki, Zarzeczany, Zasady, Zielona, Zubki and Zubry.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Gródek is bordered by the gminas of Krynki, Michałowo, Supraśl, Szudziałowo and Zabłudów. It also borders Belarus.

Born

 * Kastuś Kalinoŭski (1838–1864) - a writer, journalist, lawyer, one of the leaders of Belarusian and Lithuanian national revival (was born in Mostowlany).
 * Aliaksei Karpiuk (1920–1992) - Belarusian writer and public activist (was born in Straszewo).
 * Leon Tarasewicz - Polish artist of Belarusian origin (was born in Waliły)

Culture
Basovišča (Music Festival of Young Belarus) – the festival of Belarusian alternative and rock music, which is annually conducted by Belarusian Association of Students since 1990.

title: Gmina Gródek


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rune Glifberg

Rune Glifberg was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Rune Glifberg
Vanity page. AtonX 00:18, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

fullerton 01:33, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Clean up. — David Remahl 00:24, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I did a quick Google found 16,000 hits, long history of international competition, several high places/wins, interviews with Mountain Dew, Thrasher Managzine, others. seems like the guy is a professional competitor of some note, tho' I know very little about this field. Chris vLS 00:31, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.Dr Zen 01:18, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: DCEdwards1966 04:13, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. - knoodelhed 08:47, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Gtabary 09:57, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Is vanity by itself a cause for deletion here?  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:29, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 02:46, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:39, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep This shouldn't even be up to debate. the guy is one of the best skaters in the world!!!
 * Keep [[User:Squash|Squash (Talk)]] 01:03, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:The Real World (TV series)

Logo
Can someone update the logo with the show's current logo as of 2013 from http://images4.mtv.com/uri/mgid:uma:image:mtv.com:8916001 ? I'm not sure how to upload and change images. The old logo should be put into the actual article.

Real World/Road Rules/Challenge template split discussion
I have proposed splitting up the template that is used on this and other related pages. You can find the discussion on the talk page for the template. Posting here to bring some people to the discussion. Thank you. WikiVirusC (talk) 19:26, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

Reformatting season-specific cast lists
The table version you reverted back to is barely readable on smartphones (and tablets?). An average mobile user would have difficulties navigating a description about any cast member. Also, per MOS:NO-TABLES, prose shouldn't be tabulated. Furthermore, to this date, MOS:TABLE hasn't used tabulated list of cast members to exemplify what a table should be. In response to your the consensus of the editors who have worked on them, I could not find past discussions regarding this matter. George Ho (talk) 18:25, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

 * The consensus I refer to is that which is inferred from all the editors who have worked on those tables in the decades that those articles have been existence, with tables to denote that information. With respect to MOS:NO-TABLES, which states at the very top that exceptions can be made, I would point to other common exceptions both in and out of TRW articles. One set of exceptions outside of TRW articles are articles on TV shows, which regularly employ tables for capsule-sized synopses of episodes. Three examples I would point to of this are Abby, All Souls, and Shannen Says, all of which are Featured Articles. Another example, which is within TRW articles, is the very episode you edited, The Real World: New York, which also displays episode synopses in a table format, but which for some reason you left alone. Why did you leave that table alone, and not the cast one? Do you intend to go to all the articles on TV shows and re-format those tables as prosem including ones that have achieved Featured Article status? In summary, I think that cast bios constitute a reasonable exception.

 * With respect to readability on mobile devices, there is much about how Wikipedia reads on mobile devices that I find to be not user-friendly. But obviously, we don't reoccupy ourselves with how articles read on those devices. It is the job of those who develop and maintain the mobile version of Wikipedia to worry about that, and not Wikipedia editors.

 * Also, why did you change the note "Age at the time of filming" to the more grammatically incoherent "The cast's age was at the time of filming" (emphasis mine)? What was the purpose of this? Nightscream (talk) 19:58, 2 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Should've been "The cast members' age were", right? That doesn't matter anyways. I just . Furthermore, I sorted data in order to help the rows stick together. Would the edit I made recently be more acceptable?

 * Regarding mobile being not user-friendly, I know that it's not editor-friendly, but I'm unsure whether I shall agree with it being less reader-friendly than I thought it should be. Indeed, I'm more concerned about increasing amount of mobile users. As I just figured, per stats, the article has been read on mobile web version more than on desktop one. George Ho (talk) 21:38, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Do you plan on doing this for all the season articles? Nightscream (talk) 13:59, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

 * If you don't object, I will do so soon. But I must make sure not to mess up the sorting and the tables. George Ho (talk) 19:23, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

 * As long as all the info and citations are carried over, I have no objections. Good work. Nightscream (talk) 21:20, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Real World (TV series)


text:
Talk:Long Island, Maine

Untitled
Long Island Maine is the best place to vacation in the world! But do NOT swim in the freshwater marsh/pond, because it is filled with toxic contamination thanks to runoff from pipes that are fed by underground fuel tanks.

Contaminated Marsh
When the Navy built the underground Fuel Tanks, runoff flowed into pipes that in turn drained into the once vibrant freshwater marsh. Now, after decades of contamination, that persists to this day, this marsh is nothing short of an ecological disaster area, that Long Islanders and Town Officials would rather ignore than deal with. What a shame. Conservation area? Well, the contamination is being conserved, that's for sure. Sludge traps in the pipes are not cleaned, and the fear of reduced property values has kept this issue under the radar for long enough. A clean-up is in order.

-Bradley McDonough

Demographics section
The Demographics section needs to be re-written using the 2010 census data.

-Peter B Hayward

Removal of the Area Tanks
Though it only seems logical for a full-fledged government clean-up to take place the project as they fear that the removal of the "Area" tanks will do greater damage to the surrounding environment than if they were to keep them installed. No one swims in the dirty marsh anyway out of fear of blood-sucking leaches.

Expansion of Article
Would it be improper to expand this article to talk about the ongoing development of the Long Island Rec Department? Likewise, could we discuss the destruction of the historic Spar Restaurant and its monstrous replacement?

Additionally - it would be useful to list all businesses that operate in the town since it's not that many, even out-of-home businesses, so that there is a readily available public record. 207.237.245.171 (talk) 20:41, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Long Island, Maine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html
 * Added tag to http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-vol2/Appen6.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:43, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Long Island, Maine


text:
Norman Inkster

Norman David Inkster (born August 19, 1938) is a retired police officer who served as 18th commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) from 1987 to 1994. From 1992 until 1994, he also served as president of Interpol.

Early life and career
Norman David Inkster was born on August 19, 1938, in Winnipeg, but grew up in Broadview, Saskatchewan. His father, Harold, was a master mechanic with the Canadian Pacific Railway and his mother, Martha, was a housewife. He was educated at the University of New Brunswick, where he studied sociology and psychology.

During his studies he was continuously employed in the Human Resources department of the RCMP. In 1961, he married Mary-Anne Morrison. They raised three children together: Leslie Anne (1965), Scott (1967) and Dana (1972).

Later life and career
From 1994 to 2003, he was a partner with KPMG in Toronto, the latter part of which he was global managing partner of the forensic practice. In 1995 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2003, he retired from KPMG and started Inkster Group. He was president of the Inkster Group, which provides various security and policing services to a list of international clients, including the Province of Ontario. In 2006, Inkster Group was acquired by Navigant Consulting where Inkster served as a managing director. In 2007, Inkster became an independent consultant. He was engaged to marry Pamela Jeffery, founder of the Women's Executive Network in 2008. They later were married in of October in a service in Toronto with friends and family. He was awarded the Gusi Peace Prize in 2011.

title: Norman Inkster


text: Category:Royal Canadian Mounted Police commissioners


text:
Crystal Cove State Park

Crystal Cove State Park is a state park of California, United States, encompassing 3.2 mi of Pacific coastline, inland chaparral canyons, and the Crystal Cove Historic District of beach houses. The park is located partially in Newport Beach and partially in an unincorporated area of Orange County, and is part of the larger South Coast Wilderness area. Crystal Cove is a stretch of coastal cliffs and a beachfront cove situated between the Pacific Coast Highway and the Pacific Ocean, southeast of Newport Beach and northwest of Laguna Beach. The 3936 acre park was established in 1979. The entire park hosts a total of 3 miles of beaches and tide pools, a 1,400 acre as well as underwater park, 400 acres of bluffs, and 2,400 acres of canyons.

History
Up until the arrival of the Spanish Missionaries, the region was a series of native villages built around two different natural springs. The natives were then drafted to Mission San Gabriel and Mission San Juan Capistrano, which was later known as "Rancho San Joaquin", until it went into debt and was sold in 1864 to James Irvine, a financier from San Francisco, along with three other ranchers, however in 1876, when their sheep stock began to fail from drought, poor wool, and the increasingly competitive marketplace, James Irvine bought out his partners prior to his death. His son, James Irvine II, then inherited the ranch and began to expand the production of the land by leasing it to agriculturally diverse farmers, and formed "The Irvine Company" in 1894. Being a favorite spot to James Irvine II, he allowed his friends and family as well as employees to build cottages on the area that we now refer to as Crystal Cove. As cottages began to undergo renovations and become more permanent residences, the owners were offered a choice by the Irvine Company to either move the cottages elsewhere or to hand over ownership and allow them to be leased by the company. These cottages were developed by the Irvine Company and the location was called the Crystal Cove Community. In 1927, the Irvine Company leased a portion of the area to a businessman who sold propane to coastal farmers and became a camping site named "Tyrone's Camp". Trailers replaced tent camping in the 1940s and in 1954, it was renamed El Morro. About 290 mobile home trailers on the beachfront and inland area were primary homes for some families up to four generations. In 2006, after 26 years of litigation, the California Coastal Commission, who purchased the property in 1979, evicted the tenants and demolished the El Morro Village mobile home park converting the private community into a day-use and overnight campground. The area was renovated to also include a visitors center for tourist information, dining areas along the beachfront, cultural center, museums and the Park and Marine Research Facility. The Crystal Cove Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places site, inside the park contains 46 beach cottages from the 1920s and 1930s, of which 29 have been restored. 21 of these cottages are available for rent. The house from the Bette Midler movie Beaches is located in Crystal Cove.

Crystal Cove has long been a source of inspiration for plein air painters, a type of landscape painting that originated in France. Early plein air painters documented Orange County's coastline, and Crystal Cove, in particular, with their paintings. In homage to the movement, one of the cottages at Crystal Cove is called "Painter's Cottage."

Recreation
Crystal Cove is used by mountain bikers inland and scuba and skin divers underwater. The beach is popular with swimmers and surfers. Lifeguard services at Crystal Cove are provided by the California State Parks Lifeguard Service. Lifeguards patrol the beach year-round while lifeguard towers are staffed roughly Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend. The offshore waters are designated as a Marine Conservation area as well as a 1140 acre underwater park. Visitors can explore tidepools and sandy coves.

In addition to the beach, the park has 2400 acre of undeveloped woodland inland of the coast highway, which is popular for hiking and horseback riding. The park has a total of 17 different trails.

The grounds are also available for camping. There are 34 different lots spread across the 3 designated backpacking camping areas, including the Upper Morro, Lower Moro & Deer Canyon campsites. None are accessible by car, only by hike, and are for up to 4 people per site. No pets are allowed. No fires are allowed in the backcountry campsites.

Wildlife of Crystal Cove State Park
Crystal Cove State Park has a registered 180 different species of birds that can be observed throughout the entire year, seasonally, or a few times per year. Some of the birds seen regularly include the Turkey vulture, Mourning dove, Ring-billed gull, the Common raven, the Greater roadrunner, Quail and the House sparrow. Along with registered birds, there are roughly 26 registered reptiles of Crystal Cove State Park, and 10 of which are commonly seen by visitors. These include the California legless lizard, Arboreal salamander, Pacific tree frog, Red diamond rattlesnake, Pacific gopher snake, Southern Pacific rattlesnake, California kingsnake, Side-blotched lizard, Western fence lizard, and the Coast horned lizard.

title: Crystal Cove State Park


text:
ACE (compressed file format)

In computing, ACE is a proprietary data compression archive file format developed by Marcel Lemke, and later bought by e-merge GmbH. The peak of its popularity was 1999–2001, when it provided slightly better compression rates than RAR, which has since become more popular.

WinAce
WinAce, maintained by e-merge GmbH, is used to compress and decompress ACE files under Microsoft Windows. When installed, it lets the user choose between paying for a registration or installing WhenU SaveNow adware. e-merge GmbH also produces a Commandline ACE for DOS; and a freeware command-line interface decompression tool for Linux (i386) and macOS called "Unace". e-merge GmbH also provides several libraries for developers, including a freeware decompression DLL called "unace.dll". Some third-party archivers can read the format using this DLL. None of the above is open source free software.

On November 23, 2007, version 2.69 of WinACE was released, including a less-intrusive adware application, MeMedia AdVantage, which replaces WhenU. No other major changes are in this release.

Other implementations
An older version of an Unace 1.2b is free software and licensed under the GPL by the author Marcel Lemke, but it cannot extract ACE archives from version 2.0 and newer.

A newer version of Unace 2.5 that supports ACE 2.0 archives is available under a restrictive source available license, also by Marcel Lemke.

An older, independent C implementation is part of XAD-Master libxad by Dirk Stöcker. It is limited to unpacking ACE 1.0 archives.

Since 2017, there is a BSD licensed python module and CLI utility by Daniel Roethlisberger, that supports unpacking of ACE 2.0 format archives.

Third-party support
Packing of ACE files is licensed as proprietary information and only available through WinACE, while unpacking of ACE files is supported by a number of third-party archivers. However, virtually all of them (the ones that support ACE 2.x format) do this by using the proprietary "unace.dll" from e-merge GmbH.

Use for malware distribution
Since at least 2015, ACE archives have been used to deliver malware to victims by e-mail. This tactic was viable because popular archiving software was able to uncompress ACE archives, but support for the ACE format in security products such as mail filters, web content filters, and anti-virus software was generally weak.

Security vulnerabilities
In February 2019 several major security vulnerabilities were found in the unacev2.dll library which is used by WinRAR and other archiving products. Since WinACE support is discontinued, users are advised against opening ACE archives in WinRAR and possibly other products using this library. WinRAR stopped supporting ACE as of version 5.70, and similar products are following suit.

title: ACE (compressed file format)


text:
Talk:Commerce Clause

Confusing the Marine Power with Regulating Commerce
This article confuses Marine Power under Law of Nations with regulating commerce. Navigation Acts were enacted under the nations Marine Power and not via Power to Regulate Commerce. The Marine Power of Nations is where the power over enrollment and licensing comes from which Marshall in Gibbons ruled was the valid power Congress was exercising under the Coasting Act.

The above is absolutely untrue:

"The words are, "Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes."

The subject to be regulated is commerce, and our Constitution being, as was aptly said at the bar, one of enumeration, and not of definition, to ascertain the extent of the power, it becomes necessary to settle the meaning of the word. The counsel for the appellee would limit it to traffic, to buying and selling, or the interchange of commodities, and do not admit that it comprehends navigation. This would restrict a general term, applicable to many objects, to one of its significations. Commerce, undoubtedly, is traffic, but it is something more: it is intercourse. It describes the commercial [p190] intercourse between nations, and parts of nations, in all its branches, and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse. The mind can scarcely conceive a system for regulating commerce between nations which shall exclude all laws concerning navigation, which shall be silent on the admission of the vessels of the one nation into the ports of the other, and be confined to prescribing rules for the conduct of individuals in the actual employment of buying and selling or of barter.

If commerce does not include navigation, the government of the Union has no direct power over that subject, and can make no law prescribing what shall constitute American vessels or requiring that they shall be navigated by American seamen. Yet this power has been exercised from the commencement of the government, has been exercised with the consent of all, and has been understood by all to be a commercial regulation. All America understands, and has uniformly understood, the word "commerce" to comprehend navigation. It was so understood, and must have been so understood, when the Constitution was framed. The power over commerce, including navigation, was one of the primary objects for which the people of America adopted their government, and must have been contemplated in forming it. The convention must have used the word in that sense, because all have understood it in that sense, and the attempt to restrict it comes too late."

Clearly Marshall is saying that Navigation of vessels through American waters is something Congress has the power to regulate under the Commerce Clause.Emt1619 (talk) 17:40, 19 June 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Emt1619 (talk • contribs) 17:36, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

Numbering of Article 1, Section 8's clauses
The Commerce Clause is Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1. Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 is the Elastic Clause. Anyone taking the time to check that against the Constitution would notice that. --Lemcconnell wrote without signing
 * No, the Elastic Clause is Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18. The Commerce Clause is Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 as the article states. Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1 is the Taxing and Spending Clause. Please sign your posts in the future. --Rajah 01:09, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

I am afraid that the unsigned ids correct. The Commerce Clause, beginning with ''To regulate commerce with... '', is a part of Clause 1. Clause 2 begins with To exercise executive Legislation in all cases whatsoever... and Clause 3 begins with To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper...

Clause 1 contains a lot of congressional powers within it, but each one is not individually organized as "clause". The constitution specifically states only 3 clauses in Sec 8, Art I.

Wiki for Article One of the United States Constitution puts it like this, as well as my Poly Sci text that I am reading right now (Govt. By The People. Magelby, O'Brien, Light, Peltason, Cronin) and several other websites. I am editing it to clause 1. Seary6579 (talk) 01:17, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Removal of text

 * I removed the following paragraph, posted by an anonymous user:

 * This period, referred to as the Constitutional Revolution of 1937, ushered in a period wherein the Supreme Court largely abdicated its role in limiting the scope of federal power

 * The exact phrase doesn't appear at all in google and "consitutional revolution" 1937 only appears once (in an extract from the writings of a newly appointed, by W, conservative justice). I hardly think this qualifies as a widely used, NPOV phrase.

 * It is rather silly to be throwing around slang in something that is written for everyone to read. I can only guess that by "W" you could mean President George W. Bush. Considering that the latter wasn't even alive in 1937, that makes it very obscure.72.146.43.188 (talk) 02:30, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

You should try spelling it correctly next time. When I was in Constitutional Law classes in the 80s and 90s, that term certainly was used. One two-part course was split into pre-37 and post-37 courses. It was a very pivotal point in the history of American Federal Constitutional law. My unnecessary Google search for "constitutional revolution of 1937" returned "about" 645,000 hits. The Revolution of '37 is quite orthodox and should most certainly be mentioned. I have edited the article to once again reference the Revolution, and have provided at least one citation of a book published well before 'W' was elected (a book I happen to have on my shelf as well). Fingusernames 07:42, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Gonzales v. Raich
I think the legal interpretation of this case which I just reversed was wrong. It did not reverse Lopez at all, that case was explicitely distinguished on the basis that marijuana was commercial activity. Nor did it further expand the scope of the power, it was straightforward application of post new-deal precedent. See here for a more sober analysis of the case. Psychobabble 21:50, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You just reversed Gonzales v. Raich? Your influence over the Supreme Court is strong.
 * Thank you, thank you, I'll be here all week. Tempshill

If I remember right, Raich grows marijuana for herself, and thus the last phrase in that section can be made stronger: it never enters commerce at all, let alone interstate commerce. —Tamfang 19:57, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Re: Revisions of 8/1/05
Psychobabble, I've restored my previous change that adds the "Significance" section. You reverted the whole thing on the basis of POV. You have a point, and I've adjusted the language to make it more neutral. But the new material describes why Commerce Clause decisions are still important and controversial, provides more references, and there was at least one factual error in the previous version. If you're still concerned about balance, then let's talk. --Lockley 05:36, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That was still exceedingly pov. I have removed all of the "significance" section which was duplicated. Discussions of the detail of the interpretation is covered adequately and fairly well elsewhere. What remains is a less pov summary of the significance of the commerce clause. Note that my comments have avoided the "fed gov't power = less individual rights" story which your edit was telling.

 * Further, many, many people find the court's post-new deal commerce clause decisions as perfectly reasonable (Jeffery Rosen is a particularly strong defender of the minimalist/defer to congress & the people interpretation behind them). Also, people who assert a strongly "originalist" interpretation of the constitution (as you seem to be doing) forget that the constitution has a built in mechanism for interpreting the constitution - the Supreme Court. Their interpretation is valid, by definition. Constitutions, such as the US one, were drafted in a deliberately vague way so they could be interpreted in accordance with changed circumstances and movements in the popular will (eg. the depression and the New Deal).

 * A final comment on your sources. That quote from landmarkcases.org was flat out wrong - it's really easy to imagine what isn't covered by the clause, you can even find out on this very page by reading under the "Renquist" heading. As a general rule it's best to keep external "commentary" sources to a minimum in the text because they can be cherry picked one way or another to tell a particular story, like that Slate quote, where you could have picked another to tell a different story. Finally, cherry picking "founding father" quotes is once again a favourite of originalists and libertarians, but it ignores that the most conclusive evidence of their intent as a whole group is the final Constitution. The final constitution didn't demand a narrow interpretation of the commerce clause - it left that job to the Supreme Court.

 * I'm not criticising you at all. I'm just trying to keep this more on an "analysis" and less on an "opinion" level - especially as this is the sort of page where libertarians and libertarian-sympathisers love to tell a story (not that I'm necessarily suggesting you were). Psychobabble 03:13, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Psychobabble, I'm trying to illuminate the ongoing controversy over the Commerce Clause, not take sides in it. I disagree that my last revision was POV, much less exceedingly POV.

 * In fact I disagree with nearly every sentence in your last comment, but life is short (smile).

 * When and if US Supreme Court decisions contain questionable logic, that discussion is (in proper context) valid material for wikipedia. Your comment about the inherent validity of SC decisions suggests that they are beyond criticism.  I don't accept that.  For US citizens, we have more than an academic interest in the issue.

 * Twice now you have deleted accurate, pertinent, sourced material because you think its inclusion is 'cherry-picking' and presents an unbalanced view. If you want to bring balance to the article, better to add material than just snip out what you don't agree with.  That would be more constructive.  --Lockley 20:55, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've put this up for peer-review. I haven't read the cases or done a detailed study of US Constitutional law. However, these commerce clause decisions have been mainstream constitutional interpretation for 70 years with strong judicial and academic support for a reason and I don't think it's the proper purpose of this article to come down on one side of the debate. This isn't the case of some odd judicial reasoning in a particular case, it's well established and mainstream legal scholarship. I think the current revision provides a good overview of the facts of the issue with links to external resources and the cases themselves to help people further research the subject. The article does say that the clause has been the subject of controversy, explains that the interpretation is "wide" and provides specific examples of things which have been found to be the subject of interstate commerce. I do not think there is a case for telling a story here (ie. that the decisions are incomprehensible), but I'll leave a final decision on that to others who hopefully know more about the specifics if the peer review is successful.Psychobabble 00:05, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Definition of "Commerce"
Apparently, there is an argument that the primary meaning of the word "commerce" in the late eighteenth century -- and the intent of the Commerce Clause -- was not "trade" as today, but more generally "affairs" or "interaction". See e.g.. Here is the most relevant paragraph:

 * But Amar makes a compelling case on textual and historical grounds that the commerce clause can be read, as many liberals would like, as applying to more than just the economic sphere. He notes that in 1787 the word "commerce" was generally used to refer to all the various forms of interaction in life. (He cites contemporary texts that spoke of the "free and easy commerce of social life" and "our Lord's commerce with his disciples.") More important, he argues, unless "commerce" is read in this expansive fashion, it is not clear how Congress would have the authority to address noneconomic relations with other nations or with Indian tribes, a power that you might reasonably assume the framers wanted Congress to have. Indeed, Amar shows that if you examine the draft language from the constitutional conclave at Philadelphia in 1787, the framers initially granted Congress the power to regulate "affairs" (not just economic affairs) with the Indians. This language became simply "commerce" when the Indian clause was merged into the same provision with "foreign Nations" and "several States" in the final document.

Crust 21:01, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Could someone comment on this? Otherwise, I can have a stab at making a mention in the article, but I am not an expert and would prefer to leave this to people who are more knowledgeable on this.  Crust 14:32, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Clean Water Act
There should also be a mention somewhere that this clause is the justification for the Clean Water Act

10th amendment.
Under the "significance" heading, the articles states "The Tenth Amendment states that the federal government of the United States has only the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution. Other powers are reserved to the states, or to the people." The 10th Amendment does not say "specifically" delegated powers, and this is contentious in constitutional law. The phrase is somewhat biased in the article because I don't believe there has ever been a lasting precedent that voted one way or the other. This goes back to Jefferson/Hamilton and is still debated in the Supreme Court. 131.156.75.125 (talk) 23:40, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Since the tenth amendment was written and passed after the adoption of the Constitution, does that imply that the Commerce Clause was broader in scope before passage of the Tenth Amendment? If it is the Tenth Amendment that is supplying the limitations on the Commerce Clause power, why then do the early cases that limit the scope of the commerce clause focus so much attention on the language of the commerce clause, instead of the of the language of the Tenth Amendment? If the Tenth Amendment reserves powers to the states, or to the people, why then cannot the people approve their exercise by the federal government?

Jvonkorff (talk) 00:49, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Source? Cornince (talk) 12:45, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

I moved the Justice Thomas's quotation from his dissent in Gonzalez v Raich down to the section on later decisions at the end. I think that it is out of place in a discussion of the central importance of the commerce clause. Jvonkorff (talk) 12:36, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

navigable waters
I believe that the significance Part I, II, and III structure, to which I have just added, is somewhat cumbersome. But I can't think of a better way of handling this right now. Comments please. I've added material from United States v Rands and I would like to add material from the history of this issue to present time. There is an article on "navigable servitudes" which consists of just a few sentences, that seems related, but I wouldn't give it this name. The topic here is between navigable waters, eminent domain, and water law. Any ideas on how to approach this in terms of organization

Jvonkorff (talk) 00:07, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Indian commerce clause
This article concerns almost entirely the interstate commerce clause. For example, though Indian tribes generally retain rights not explicitly abrogated in treaties or legislation/regulation when Congress hasn't shown an intent to abrogate them, the Indian commerce clause is much more broad than the interstate commerce clause since the SCOTUS has interpreted the Indian commerce clause to mean that Congress has plenary authority to legislate in Indian affairs. On the other hand, it has limited the interstate commerce clause in US v. Lopez.

Basically, we need to add information about the Indian commerce clause to this article, or create separate articles for the Indian commerce clause, the foreign commerce clause, and the interstate commerce clause. 216.27.182.48 (talk) 05:25, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

I don't know enough about law to write the Indian commerce clause article, but this ruling, especially paragraph 34, explains the differences very well. 64.81.59.139 (talk) 05:26, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Needs indefinite semi-protection ASAP
This article was vandalized on 26 September 2008, resulting in a laughably bizarre error in the first major quote, and NO ONE CAUGHT IT until I saw the error this morning. This article needs indefinite semi-protection immediately. --Coolcaesar (talk) 17:05, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Balls - "The Commerce Clause Power is often amplified by the Necessary and Proper Clause which states that this Commerce Clause power, and all of the other balls enumerated powers," - not editing cos I don't feel like sticking around to defend it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.198.73.177 (talk) 15:38, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Dormant commerce section
The article on the Dormant Commerce Clause states that the clause is used to strike down state laws that inflict on federal governments interstate commerce clause, however our section implies that it is used to strike down federal clauses - at least to my reading.
 * From the aforementioned article: "The idea behind the Dormant Commerce Clause is that this grant of power implies a negative converse — a restriction prohibiting a state from passing legislation that improperly burdens or discriminates against interstate commerce. The restriction is self-executing and applies even in the absence of a conflicting federal statute."

--155.247.134.211 (talk) 19:23, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Abuse of the commerce clause
I think a section of this article should be included on abuse/misuse of the Commerce Clause as a general justification of federal laws otherwise not enumerated. Mal7798 (talk) 22:01, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * While there are things that I would agree are clear abuse of the Commerce Clause, the definition of those is a controversial subject, and NPV would be nearly impossible while writing about it.   Lolinder (talk) 03:11, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

 * The clause has allowed the Federal Government to be a monstrous leviathan. Every human activity is subject to this clause based on rulings, and the government can do anything it wants to. Cameron Nedland (talk) 03:22, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. However, a consensus could never be reached on what to include under abuse. Lolinder (talk) 04:38, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Rather than calling it "abuse" it could be a section on controversial power and execution (This is a well-established section in many Wikipedia articles). Then it wouldn't need a consensus to agree on the examples, just proper citation of sources for common or contested criticisms. I found this to be lacking because regardless of what one believes to be the extent of the commerce clause it has been controversial and publicly debated to this day. Particularly in how the commerce clause has become a default go-to justification for powers when there are many other Constitutional and legal precedents.

 * One example I found missing entirely is federal law enforcement's use of the commerce clause to justify virtually any investigation. Example: When former LAPD officer Chris Dorner murdered two people, the FBI's official request to join the case solely cited the commerce clause as authority for their involvement. Chris Dorner wasn't growing weed or selling bootlegs across state lines, he committed murder and stayed locally. This might be justified under the clause, but nothing in this realm of power is even mentioned in this article. J1DW (talk) 22:35, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

A sloppy article needing total rewriting
This article is in serious need of total rewriting by someone fully familiar with the topic - hopefully a professor of constitutional law. It is disorganized, erratic, does not deal fully with major elements (such as the extent of the states' power to affect interstate commerce), and discusses wholly tangential or irrelevant subjects (such as the nature of Indian tribal government). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.16.252.154 (talk) 22:30, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

The section about sex offenders is also incorrect. The Supreme Court will be deciding an ex post facto issue of SORNA, and not whether the law comports with the commerce clause. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.239.47.135 (talk) 15:03, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

I have edited the entire "New Deal" section as it was rather convoluted and did not flow well. Lweeks (talk) 19:58, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

General Welfare Clause
I think this article (and this talk page) needs to make some reference to the so-called "General Welfare" clause, which was pivotal in the 1937 shift in interpretation regarding the constitutional limits of Federal powers.

One very useful source can be found at: http://constitutionalawareness.org/genwelf.html It is a scholarly article by John Bugler, about "The General Welfare Clause and how, since 1937, it has been abused to undermine Constitutional government." Tripodics (talk) 18:44, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * If you believe that hilarious nonsense (essentially a dressed-up bizarre blog post) is a scholarly article, well, that's just really, really sad. You have clearly never read a real scholarly article---I read at least two per week, plus dozens of reported court decisions.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 07:31, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Ah yes, you my friend have very large testes indeed! 68.43.17.191 (talk) 03:40, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

More specific dates
Under "The Rehquist Court", last main paragraph, RE: 10th Amendment "in the last two decades" this phrase needs to be more specific about the dates. The last two decades from today will be different than the last two decades prior to 50 years from now, so who will know which last two decades this means? -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE 17:02, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I changed the wording. See if that is satisfactory.    Thorncrag  18:17, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

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The Original Intent of the Commerce Clause
Summary

The original intent of the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution) was to remove/reduce burdens and obstructions to the free-flow of trade in commerce among the States.[1] The original intent is still alive and well today - clearly understood by the Supreme Court in its Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence[2], but the Court selectively ignores the original intent across the rest of the Commerce Clause corpus juris. Congress regularly transgresses the limitations put on its police powers to exercise an unconstitutional power (i.e enacting criminal statutes beyond those of the four powers) in violation of 1. the original intent of the Commerce Clause; 2. principles of federalism and dual sovereignty; and 3. the Tenth Amendment. The very foundation of our Rule of Law has been subverted and "sunk" into a Serbonian Bog of illegal legislation[3].

Footnotes. 1. Florida v. United States HHS, 780 F. Supp. 2d 1256, 1276-77 (ND FL 2011).

2. Tenn. Wine & Spirits Retailers v. Thomas, 139 S. Ct. 2449, 2460 (2019)

3. Milton, John. 1969. Paradise Lost. Four Harvard Classics: The Complete Poems of John Milton. Harvard University Press. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.247.81.94 (talk) 05:23, 1 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commerce Clause