text:
New Jersey Route 25

Route 25 was a major state highway in New Jersey, United States prior to the 1953 renumbering, running from the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in Camden to the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City. The number was retired in the renumbering, as the whole road was followed by various U.S. Routes: US 30 coming off the bridge in Camden, US 130 from the Camden area north to near New Brunswick, US 1 to Tonnele Circle in Jersey City, and US 1 Business (since renamed Route 139) to the Holland Tunnel.

Route 1 largely became Route 25 in the 1927 renumbering. Route 25 was best known for the 13 mi Route 1 Extension, which became the first controlled-access highway or "super-highway" in the United States that also connected the high traffic volume from the Holland Tunnel to the rest of New Jersey (with roads to other state destinations). The Holland Tunnel was the first vehicular connection between New York City and New Jersey, which are separated by the Hudson River.

The Route 1 Extension was built between 1925 and 1932 and was best known for the Pulaski Skyway. The skyway and portions of the currently designated Route 139 have been listed on the federal and NJ state registers of historic places since 2005 as part of a nominated portion of the Route 1 Extension.

Routes 1 and 2: 1916-1927
In 1916, two routes were defined by the state legislature:
 * Route 1, from the south border of Elizabeth via Rahway and Metuchen to the north border of New Brunswick, and from the south border of New Brunswick via Hightstown and Robbinsville to the east border of Trenton.
 * Route 2, from the south border of Trenton via White Horse, Bordentown and Burlington to the north border of Camden.

Route 1 used the existing Lincoln Highway from Elizabeth to New Brunswick, except for two sections between Rahway and New Brunswick (where the Lincoln Highway largely used the old Essex and Middlesex Turnpike). A new alignment was built on the northwest side of the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor) in Woodbridge Township and Edison to avoid two grade crossings, and a detour around existing streets was made in Metuchen to avoid another one in favor of a tunnel. This route, including the realignments, was taken over in 1919, except between the south border of Rahway and downtown Metuchen, which was acquired in 1918.

South of New Brunswick, Route 1 used the old New Brunswick and Cranbury Turnpike (Georges Road) to Cranbury and the Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike to Robbinsville. At Robbinsville, it turned west on Nottingham Way, running to the Trenton line on Greenwood Avenue. This section was all taken over in 1919.

Route 2 left Trenton on Broad Street, known as the White Horse Road, to White Horse. At White Horse it turned south on what was known as the White Horse Road Extension and Trenton Road, intersecting the Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike northeast of Bordentown. There it turned southwest along the turnpike, named Park Street in Bordentown, continuing on the Florence Road (old Burlington Turnpike) through Florence Township to Burlington. From Burlington, Route 2 kept going southwest on the Westfield and Camden Turnpike, ending at the Camden border at Westfield Avenue. This was also taken over in 1919.

Several amendments in 1922 added to the routes. Route 2 was extended southwest through Camden to the proposed Benjamin Franklin Bridge, and a spur was added from Five Points northwest to the Tacony-Palmyra Ferry. More important was the extension of Route 1 north to the planned Holland Tunnel.

Route 1 Extension: 1922-1932
The 13 mi Route 1 Extension is considered to be the first controlled-access highway or "super-highway" in the United States. The highway was built to carry large amounts of traffic from the Holland Tunnel to the rest of New Jersey. The south end of the extension was at Edgar Road in Linden, just south of Elizabeth and the Bayway Circle. Edgar Road had been built as a turnpike in the 19th century, and now serves as part of U.S. Route 1/9 south of the extension.

The road was built from 1925 to 1932. All, but the Pulaski Skyway, was finished by 1930. It was a full freeway, mostly elevated on embankments or viaducts, from four blocks west of the Holland Tunnel to just north of Newark Airport, and a high-speed surface road from there to Elizabeth (and beyond).

In summer of 1923, the NJ State Highway Commission decided that it would be an entirely new route, from the Lincoln Highway (Route 1) southwest of Elizabeth to the Holland Tunnel. Existing roads, which passed through downtown Newark, were already experiencing major congestion. Frederick Lavis, Assistant Construction Engineer of the New Jersey State Highway Department, explained this decision:
 * The new highway will be the easterly end of the Lincoln Highway and will carry the greater part of the travel between New Jersey coast resorts, and Trenton, Philadelphia and points south of New York. It was to be made part of one of the main through routes from and to New York. It was stated that this route would undoubtedly be used as a main artery of transportation by trucks carrying freight from New Jersey, Pennsylvania and adjacent points to and from New York.
 * It was reported that the highway will assume many of the characteristics of a railway, except that the rolling stock will be autos and auto trucks. It was pointed out that in order that the maximum amount of traffic could pass, the highway would have to be free from interruption.

It was also decided that the road would have a minimum width of 50 ft, which would be enough room for five lanes. The center one was intended as a vehicle breakdown lane since there were no shoulders, but was used as a "suicide lane" for passing slower traffic. At the time, it often took two or three hours to go the 15 mi from New York City to the far border of Elizabeth, and the new highway would reduce travel time by over an hour. Grades would be at most 3.5%, and roadway curves would have radii of at least 1000 ft.

Construction
As part of the Holland Tunnel project, the New Jersey Interstate Bridge and Tunnel Commission and the New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission widened the four blocks of 12th and 14th Streets in Jersey City from Jersey Avenue to Provost Street. 12th Street was widened west of Grove Street to 100 ft, with the remaining block, at the toll plaza, being 160 ft wide. 14th Street, and the two blocks of Jersey Avenue carrying westbound traffic to the 12th Street Viaduct, were widened to 100 ft.

As part of the project, current U.S. Route 1-9 Truck was built under the Pennsylvania Railroad at Charlotte Circle and east to Tonnele Circle. This was bypassed by the Pulaski Skyway, the last part of the route to be built. Prior to its completion, traffic used what is now US 1-9 Truck.

The city of Elizabeth opposed the alignment along Spring Street, preferring the use of Division Street, but lost the argument.

Route 25: 1927-1953
Route 1 largely became Route 25 in the 1927 renumbering and Route 1 again in the 1953 highway renumbering in New Jersey.

In the 1927 renumbering, the majority of the Jersey City-Camden corridor, made of Routes 1 and 2, was assigned Route 25. The one major difference was near Trenton; the new Route 25 bypassed Trenton via the old Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike, cutting from Route 1 at Robbinsville southwest to Route 2 at Bordentown. Route 1 west from Robbinsville to Trenton became part of Route 33, and Route 2 became part of Route 37 from Trenton to White Horse and Route 39 from White Horse to Bordentown. Additionally, the former Route 1 between Elizabeth and New Brunswick became part of Route 27; a new alignment was planned from Elizabeth to south of New Brunswick, running east of the existing road and connecting directly with the Route 1 Extension. The short spur to the Tacony-Palmyra Ferry became Route S41N.

Also in 1927, U.S. Route 1 was assigned to Route 25 north of the New Brunswick area (temporarily signed along Route 27 until Route 25 was finished) and U.S. Route 130 was assigned south to Camden.

North of New Brunswick, the new 50 ft wide alignment was completed September 27, 1930; the last part to open was the reconstruction of Edgar Road through Linden, held up by a grade crossing elimination with the Baltimore and New York Railway. The part of old Route 1 to the south border of New Brunswick became Route 25M. The Pulaski Skyway opened in 1932. Sources disagree about whether the old route (U.S. Route 1-9 Truck) became another Route 25M, Route 25T, or an un-suffixed section of 25. (The eastern half of the old road was part of post-1927 New Jersey Route 1.)

The embankment in Newark was doubled in 1949 with a new four-lane northbound roadway.

The Port of New York Authority, which superseded the two state tunnel commissions and took over authority for the Holland Tunnel, built the 14th Street Viaduct in order to avoid the turns to and from Jersey Avenue, but turned over authority over the viaduct to the New Jersey State Highway Commission. The four-lane, westbound 1800 ft viaduct, which was connected to the 12th Street Viaduct, was opened on February 13, 1951.

Many bypasses were built south of New Brunswick:
 * Burlington, (as Route 2), (ca. 1925)
 * Pennsauken Township to Airport Circle east of Camden, (ca. 1927)
 * Bordentown, (ca. 1928)
 * Completed from Airport Circle west to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, (now U.S. Route 30), (ca. 1929)
 * Hightstown and Cranbury, (ca. 1937)
 * South Brunswick Township, (ca. 1942)
 * Yardville, (the old road became Route 156), (ca. 1952)

In the 1953 renumbering, the whole route was decommissioned in favor of the U.S. Routes that were signed along it - US 30, US 130, US 1 and US 1 Business.

title: New Jersey Route 25


text: Category:1193 deaths

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1193 deaths


text:
Talk:Oude Rijn (Gelderland)

Comments
A 'bend' in the river? Shouldn't this be fork, stream or tributary? I'm ignorant of the region so I'm not able to change it. Quill 21:00, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oude Rijn (Gelderland)


text: Category:1246 births

title: Category:1246 births


text: Category:1255 births

title: Category:1255 births


text: Category:1260 births

title: Category:1260 births


text:
User talk:Bugmenot02

This account is disabled. Bugmenot users take note: anonymous users have the same abilities as logged in users on this site, and registration is optional. This is an abuse of bugmenot. Bugmenot02 21:02, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bugmenot02


text: Category:1292 deaths

title: Category:1292 deaths


text:
Łodwigowo

Łodwigowo (Ludwigsdorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grunwald, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 27 km south-east of Ostróda and 42 km south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is located in the historic region of Masuria.

History
The village surely existed in the 14th century. It is close to the site of the Battle of Grunwald (1410), which is commemorated by a museum and memorial site. It was devastated during the Polish-Teutonic wars, and then refounded by Polish people.

title: Łodwigowo


text:
Langtang

Langtang Valley (लाङटाङ उपत्यका) also known as Lamtang Valley is a Himalayan valley in the mountains of north-central Nepal, known for its trekking routes and natural environment.

Administrative
The Langtang Valley lies in Rasuwa district of the Bagmati Province in Nepal. Situated about 80 kilometres north of the Kathmandu Valley, the valley lies within the Langtang National Park, which borders the Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwest China. Prior to the 2015 earthquake, 668 individuals were estimated to be living within the valley.

Ecology
The Langtang Valley lies within the Langtang National Park. The park contains a wide variety of climatic zones, from subtropical to alpine. Approximately 25% of the park is forested. Trees include the deciduous oak and maple, evergreens like pine, and various types of rhododendron. Animal life includes the Himalayan black bear, Himalayan tahr, Assam macaque, snow leopard, yak, red panda and more than 250 species of birds.

Culture
Among themselves, the local inhabitants of the Langtang valley refer to each other as 'Langtangpa'. They generally follow Tibetan Buddhism, and speak a Tibetan language that is closely related to the Tibetan spoken in Kyirong, southern Tibet. The Langtangpas regard the mountain Langtang Lirung as their 'yu-lha', their local country god. However, in the state census, the Langtangpas are categorised as Tamang. Langtang valley is believed to be the Beyul Dagam Namgo, one of the many hidden valleys blessed by Guru Padmasambhava.

Economy
The traditional livelihoods of the Langtangpas have centered around agropastoralism. Since the mid-1970s, tourism has grown to become an important source of livelihoods in the Langtang Valley. Swiss cheese-making was introduced in Langtang in the 1950s by Werner Schulthess. Over time, Swiss cheese became a popular product of Langtang, and its production in the valley continues to this day.

Access
The nearest motorable roadhead for the Langtang Valley is Syaphrubesi, which is also the base for most treks into the Langtang Valley. The distance of Syaphrubesi from Kathmandu is 80 km. But due to bad road conditions, it usually takes 6-8 hours to drive from Kathmandu to Syaphrubesi. Just as for the Langtang National Park, entering the Langtang Valley requires everyone except locals to have the TIMS permit and the Langtang National Park entry permit.

Tourism
The Langtang Valley trek, from Syaphrubesi to Kyanjin Gompa and back, is known to be the third most popular trek in Nepal, after the Annapurna Circuit and Everest Base Camp (EBC) treks. There are several treks that go through the Langtang valley and link it to nearby valleys, like the Helambu valley. In most of these treks, one can stay at local 'tea-houses', which are run by locals in nearly every village in the valley, and where one gets basic lodging and food. Around 2000, with support of the United Nations Development Programme, some of these were equipped with solar panels so that hikers could shower with warm water. There are several mountain-climbing options available too in the Langtang valley, ranging from relatively easy-to-climb peaks around 5,000 m high, such as Kyanjin Ri and Tsergo Ri, to technically challenging peaks, such as Dorje Lhakpa and Langtang Lirung.

2015 Nepal earthquake
The village of Langtang was almost completely destroyed (1 building survived) by a massive avalanche caused by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. The village suffered an estimated 310 deaths, including 176 Langtang residents, 80 foreigners, and 10 army personnel. More than 100 bodies were never recovered. Several other villages in upper Langtang valley were also destroyed. The Langtangpas who survived the destruction of the earthquake were evacuated by helicopter to Kathmandu, where a displaced persons camp was temporarily set up at the Yellow Gumba near Swayanmbhu. Many Langtangpas returned to the valley in the following months, and a significant amount of reconstruction was completed within the first year after the earthquake. By early 2018, the centuries-old gompa at Kyanjin Gompa, which had also been destroyed in the earthquake, had been rebuilt. The Swiss-cheese factory at Kyanjin Gompa village was destroyed too, but has been rebuilt and since then become operational again.

Climate change
Since the mid-2010s, Langtangpas have noticed that most natural springs in the valley have gone dry. Scientists have attributed the reduction in the glacier area of the Langtang glacier directly to anthropogenic climate change since the 1970s. The intergovernmental organisation ICIMOD conducts periodic cryospheric research in the Langtang valley and Yala Glacier.

Langtang Himal
Langtang Himal is a mountain range in the Himalayas which includes the following peaks:

title: Langtang


text:
Łogdowo

Łogdowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dąbrówno, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 29 km south-east of Ostróda and 43 km south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Łogdowo lies close to the site of the Battle of Grunwald (1410).

title: Łogdowo


text:
Wolseley River

The Wolseley River is a river in Sudbury District and Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The river begins at an unnamed lake in geographic Servos Township in the Unorganized North Part of Sudbury District, passes through the municipality of French River, then flows about 4 km through the municipality of West Nipissing in Nipissing District to Wolseley Bay on the French River adjacent to the community of Wolseley Bay (also part of the municipality of French River, Sudbury District).

Tributaries

 * Wolf River (right)

title: Wolseley River


text: Category:1660 books

title: Category:1660 books


text:
Current transformer

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary.

Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers. Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small, standardized values that are easy to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a negligible load to the primary circuit.

Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power system and are used at generating stations, electrical substations, and in industrial and commercial electric power distribution.

Function

A current transformer has a primary winding, a core, and a secondary winding, although some transformers use an air core. While the physical principles are the same, the details of a "current" transformer compared with a "voltage" transformer will differ owing to different requirements of the application. A current transformer is designed to maintain an accurate ratio between the currents in its primary and secondary circuits over a defined range.

The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the core, which then induces an alternating current in the secondary. The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of the CT. Accurate current transformers need close coupling between the primary and secondary to ensure that the secondary current is proportional to the primary current over a wide current range. The current in the secondary is the current in the primary (assuming a single turn primary) divided by the number of turns of the secondary. In the illustration on the right, 'I' is the current in the primary, 'B' is the magnetic field, 'N' is the number of turns on the secondary, and 'A' is an AC ammeter.

Current transformers typically consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns of copper wire, as shown in the illustration to the right. The conductor carrying the primary current is passed through the ring. The CT's primary, therefore, consists of a single 'turn'. The primary 'winding' may be a permanent part of the current transformer, i.e., a heavy copper bar to carry current through the core. Window-type current transformers are also common, which can have circuit cables run through the middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. To assist accuracy, the primary conductor should be centered in the aperture.

CTs are specified by their current ratio from primary to secondary. The rated secondary current is normally standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5 CT secondary winding will supply an output current of 5 amperes when the primary winding current is 4000 amperes. This ratio can also be used to find the impedance or voltage on one side of the transformer, given the appropriate value at the other side. For the 4000:5 CT, the secondary impedance can be found as $Z_{S} = NZ_{P} = 800Z_{P}$, and the secondary voltage can be found as $V_{S} = NV_{P} = 800V_{P}$. In some cases, the secondary impedance is referred to the primary side, and is found as $Z_{S}′ = N^{2}Z_{P}$. Referring the impedance is done simply by multiplying initial secondary impedance value by the current ratio. The secondary winding of a CT can have taps to provide a range of ratios, five taps being common.

Current transformer shapes and sizes vary depending on the end-user or switch gear manufacturer. Low-voltage single ratio metering current transformers are either a ring type or plastic molded case.

Split-core current transformers either have a two-part core or a core with a removable section. This allows the transformer to be placed around a conductor without disconnecting it first. Split-core current transformers are typically used in low current measuring instruments, often portable, battery-operated, and hand-held (see illustration lower right).

Use
Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical utility's watt-hour meter on many larger commercial and industrial supplies.

High-voltage current transformers are mounted on porcelain or polymer insulators to isolate them from ground. Some CT configurations slip around the bushing of a high-voltage transformer or circuit breaker, which automatically centers the conductor inside the CT window.

Current transformers can be mounted on the low voltage or high voltage leads of a power transformer. Sometimes a section of a bus bar can be removed to replace a current transformer.

Often, multiple CTs are installed as a "stack" for various uses. For example, protection devices and revenue metering may use separate CTs to provide isolation between metering and protection circuits and allows current transformers with different characteristics (accuracy, overload performance) to be used for the devices.

In the United States, the National Electrical Code (NEC) requires residual current devices in commercial and residential electrical systems to protect outlets installed in "wet" locations such as kitchens and bathrooms, as well as weatherproof outlets installed outdoors. Such devices, most commonly ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), typically run both the 120-volt energized conductor and the neutral return conductor through a current transformer, with the secondary coil connected to a trip device.

Under normal conditions, the current in the two circuit wires will be equal and flow in opposite directions, resulting in zero net current through the CT and no current in the secondary coil. If the supply current is redirected downstream into the third (ground) circuit conductor (e.g., if the grounded metallic case of a power tool contacts a 120-volt conductor), or into earth ground (e.g., if a person contacts a 120-volt conductor), the neutral return current will be less than the supply current, resulting in a positive net current flow through the CT. This net current flow will induce current in the secondary coil, which will cause the trip device to operate and de-energize the circuit - typically within 0.2 seconds.

The burden (load) impedance should not exceed the specified maximum value to avoid the secondary voltage exceeding the limits for the current transformer. The primary current rating of a current transformer should not be exceeded, or the core may enter its non-linear region and ultimately saturate. This would occur near the end of the first half of each half (positive and negative) of the AC sine wave in the primary and compromise accuracy.

Safety
Current transformers are often used to monitor high currents or currents at high voltages. Technical standards and design practices are used to ensure the safety of installations using current transformers.

The secondary of a current transformer should not be disconnected from its burden while current is in the primary, as the secondary will attempt to continue driving current into an effective infinite impedance potentially generating high voltages and thus compromising operator safety. For certain current transformers, this voltage may reach several kilovolts and may cause arcing. Exceeding the secondary voltage may also degrade the accuracy of the transformer or destroy it. Output voltage in open operation is limited by core saturation since the primary flux is no longer canceled by secondary flux, smaller current transformers may not actually incur dangerous voltages when operating nominally. Faster current transients from loads being switched on etc. can however still induce dangerous voltage levels due to high current slope.

Accuracy
The accuracy of a CT is affected by a number of factors including:
 * Burden
 * Burden class/saturation class
 * Rating factor
 * Load
 * External electromagnetic fields
 * Temperature
 * Physical configuration
 * The selected tap, for multi-ratio CTs
 * Phase change
 * Capacitive coupling between primary and secondary
 * Resistance of primary and secondary
 * Core magnetizing current

Accuracy classes for various types of measurement and at standard loads in the secondary circuit (burdens) are defined in IEC 61869-1 as classes 0.1, 0.2s, 0.2, 0.5, 0.5s, 1 and 3. The class designation is an approximate measure of the CT's accuracy. The ratio (primary to secondary current) error of a Class 1 CT is 1% at rated current; the ratio error of a Class 0.5 CT is 0.5% or less. Errors in phase are also important, especially in power measuring circuits. Each class has an allowable maximum phase error for a specified load impedance.

Current transformers used for protective relaying also have accuracy requirements at overload currents in excess of the normal rating to ensure accurate performance of relays during system faults. A CT with a rating of 2.5L400 specifies with an output from its secondary winding of twenty times its rated secondary current (usually $5 A × 20 = 100 A$) and 400 V (IZ drop) its output accuracy will be within 2.5 percent.

Burden
The secondary load of a current transformer is termed the "burden" to distinguish it from the primary load.

The burden in a CT metering electrical network is largely resistive impedance presented to its secondary winding. Typical burden ratings for IEC CTs are 1.5 VA, 3 VA, 5 VA, 10 VA, 15 VA, 20 VA, 30 VA, 45 VA and 60 VA. ANSI/IEEE burden ratings are B-0.1, B-0.2, B-0.5, B-1.0, B-2.0 and B-4.0. This means a CT with a burden rating of B-0.2 will maintain its stated accuracy with up to 0.2 Ω on the secondary circuit. These specification diagrams show accuracy parallelograms on a grid incorporating magnitude and phase angle error scales at the CT's rated burden. Items that contribute to the burden of a current measurement circuit are switch-blocks, meters and intermediate conductors. The most common cause of excess burden impedance is the conductor between the meter and the CT. When substation meters are located far from the meter cabinets, the excessive length of cable creates a large resistance. This problem can be reduced by using thicker cables and CTs with lower secondary currents (1 A), both of which will produce less voltage drop between the CT and its metering devices.

Knee-point core-saturation voltage
The knee-point voltage of a current transformer is the magnitude of the secondary voltage above which the output current ceases to linearly follow the input current within declared accuracy. In testing, if a voltage is applied across the secondary terminals the magnetizing current will increase in proportion to the applied voltage, until the knee point is reached. The knee point is defined as the voltage at which a 10% increase in applied voltage increases the magnetizing current by 50%. For voltages greater than the knee point, the magnetizing current increases considerably even for small increments in voltage across the secondary terminals. The knee-point voltage is less applicable for metering current transformers as their accuracy is generally much higher but constrained within a very small range of the current transformer rating, typically 1.2 to 1.5 times rated current. However, the concept of knee point voltage is very pertinent to protection current transformers, since they are necessarily exposed to fault currents of 20 to 30 times rated current.

Phase shift
Ideally, the primary and secondary currents of a current transformer should be in phase. In practice, this is impossible, but, at normal power frequencies, phase shifts of a few tenths of a degree are achievable, while simpler CTs may have larger phase shifts. For current measurement, phase shift is immaterial as ammeters only display the magnitude of the current. However, in wattmeters, energy meters, and power factor, phase shift produces errors. For power and energy measurement, the errors are considered to be negligible at unity power factor but become more significant as the power factor approaches zero. The introduction of electronic power and energy meters has allowed current phase error to be calibrated out.

Construction
Bar-type current transformers have terminals for source and load connections of the primary circuit, and the body of the current transformer provides insulation between the primary circuit and ground. By use of oil insulation and porcelain bushings, such transformers can be applied at the highest transmission voltages.

Ring-type current transformers are installed over a bus bar or an insulated cable and have only a low level of insulation on the secondary coil. To obtain non-standard ratios or for other special purposes, more than one turn of the primary cable may be passed through the ring. Where a metal shield is present in the cable jacket, it must be terminated so no net sheath current passes through the ring, to ensure accuracy. Current transformers used to sense ground fault (zero sequence) currents, such as in a three-phase installation, may have three primary conductors passed through the ring. Only the net unbalanced current produces a secondary current - this can be used to detect a fault from an energized conductor to ground. Ring-type transformers usually use dry insulation systems, with a hard rubber or plastic case over the secondary windings.

For temporary connections, a split ring-type current transformer can be slipped over a cable without disconnecting it. This type has a laminated iron core, with a hinged section that allows it to be installed over the cable; the core links the magnetic flux produced by the single turn primary winding to a wound secondary with many turns. Because the gaps in the hinged segment introduce inaccuracy, such devices are not normally used for revenue metering.

Current transformers, especially those intended for high voltage substation service, may have multiple taps on their secondary windings, providing several ratios in the same device. This can be done to allow for reduced inventory of spare units, or to allow for load growth in an installation. A high-voltage current transformer may have several secondary windings with the same primary, to allow for separate metering and protection circuits, or for connection to different types of protective devices. For example, one secondary may be used for branch overcurrent protection, while a second winding may be used in a bus differential protective scheme, and a third winding used for power and current measurement.

Special types
Specially constructed wideband current transformers are also used (usually with an oscilloscope) to measure waveforms of high frequency or pulsed currents within pulsed power systems. Unlike CTs used for power circuitry, wideband CTs are rated in output volts per ampere of primary current.

If the burden resistance is much less than inductive impedance of the secondary winding at the measurement frequency then the current in the secondary tracks the primary current and the transformer provides a current output that is proportional to the measured current. On the other hand, if that condition is not true, then the transformer is inductive and gives a differential output. The Rogowski coil uses this effect and requires an external integrator in order to provide a voltage output that is proportional to the measured current.

Standards
Ultimately, depending on client requirements, there are two main standards to which current transformers are designed. IEC 61869-1 (in the past IEC 60044-1) & IEEE C57.13 (ANSI), although the Canadian and Australian standards are also recognised.

High voltage types
Current transformers are used for protection, measurement and control in high-voltage electrical substations and the electrical grid. Current transformers may be installed inside switchgear or in apparatus bushings, but very often free-standing outdoor current transformers are used. In a switchyard, live tank current transformers have a substantial part of their enclosure energized at the line voltage and must be mounted on insulators. Dead tank current transformers isolate the measured circuit from the enclosure. Live tank CTs are useful because the primary conductor is short, which gives better stability and a higher short-circuit current rating. The primary of the winding can be evenly distributed around the magnetic core, which gives better performance for overloads and transients. Since the major insulation of a live-tank current transformer is not exposed to the heat of the primary conductors, insulation life and thermal stability is improved.

A high-voltage current transformer may contain several cores, each with a secondary winding, for different purposes (such as metering circuits, control, or protection). A neutral current transformer is used as earth fault protection to measure any fault current flowing through the neutral line from the wye neutral point of a transformer.

title: Current transformer


text: User talk:68.127.243.223

title: User talk:68.127.243.223


text:
Verus (senator)

Verus (died 219) was a Roman usurper.

Verus was a centurion, who had successfully raised to the rank of Roman Senator. He was the commander of the Legio III Gallica, a legion located in Syria, which supported Elagabalus bid for power (218).

Soon, however, the soldiers disenchanted with the reign of Elagabalus, and in the winter 218–219 Verus took the opportunity, proclaiming himself Roman Emperor, and leading the rebellion of the Third legion. However, Elagabalus had Verus executed, dispersed the legion and stripped Tyre, where its headquarters were, of its status of metropolis.

title: Verus (senator)


text: Category:1661 books

title: Category:1661 books


text: Category:1662 books

title: Category:1662 books


text:
User talk:Xmeltrut

Erica Durance
Firstly, "Wikipedia is not a link collection...".

Secondly, the site you linked has very little content right now and is just over a month old. In a while, if the site grows to have a bunch of content, then it might be worth linking here, but not right now. AlistairMcMillan 21:12, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
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Notability of SitePoint
seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. --Android Mouse Bot 2 19:42, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Robert Hess
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Robert Hess, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Notability not asserted; no third-party references

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AfD nomination of Robert Hess
I have nominated Robert Hess, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Robert Hess. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. -- Ged UK  10:46, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of PsyToolkit
A tag has been placed on PsyToolkit requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for organizations and companies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Humanist Community of Leeds
A tag has been placed on Humanist Community of Leeds requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for organizations and companies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Payza

A tag has been placed on Payza requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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Mistake on Payza
On Payza's article, it says that Payza operates in 192 countries and 22 countries... Since you are the first editor, care to clarify? Which? Both added? --86.5.226.63 (talk) 01:18, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Payza

The article Payza has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (companies) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back. Thank you,

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Proposed deletion of PsyToolkit

The article PsyToolkit has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (software) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back. Thank you,

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Proposed deletion of Quinta (Christian centre)

The article Quinta (Christian centre) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Lacks coverage in WP:RS, only reference is its own website, orphan since 08

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Proposed deletion of Bodington Hall

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Proposed deletion of UltraPlayer

The article UltraPlayer has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (software) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you.

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Proposed deletion of .NET Show

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Proposed deletion of Dawson Leery

The article Dawson Leery has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you.

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Proposed deletion of Pacey Witter

The article Pacey Witter has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you.

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Proposed deletion of Jen Lindley

The article Jen Lindley has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
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Nomination of UltraPlayer for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article UltraPlayer is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of Dawson Leery for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Dawson Leery is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of Humanist Community of Leeds

The article Humanist Community of Leeds has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non notable local humanist group."

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title: User talk:Xmeltrut


text: Category:1663 books

title: Category:1663 books


text: Category:1664 books

title: Category:1664 books


text: Category:1665 books

title: Category:1665 books


text: Category:1666 books

title: Category:1666 books


text:
Commodity pool

A commodity pool is an investment structure where many individual investors combine their moneys and trade in futures contracts as a single entity in order to gain leverage. They are analogous to mutual funds wherein a fund is similarly set up expressly for trading in equity, except that mutual funds are open to public subscription whereas commodity pools and hedge funds are private.

Commodity pools are also called "managed futures funds". The name "commodity pool" is a National Futures Association (NFA) legal term. In the United States, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and the NFA, as opposed to the Securities and Exchange Commission, regulate commodity pools.

Many hedge funds are commodity pools. Funds that trade in commodities, which include many of the largest funds engaged in macro-strategies, are registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as commodity pools and as commodity trading advisors (CTAs). In an address to the Securities Industry Association in 2004, Sharon Brown-Hruska, acting director of the CFTC, said that 65 of the top 100 funds in 2003 were commodity pools, and 50 out of the 100 largest hedge funds were CTAs in addition to being commodity pools.

title: Commodity pool


text: Category:Transfusion medicine

title: Category:Transfusion medicine


text:
Godard (disambiguation)

Jean-Luc Godard (1930–2022) was a French-Swiss filmmaker.

Godard may also refer to:

 * Godard (surname), includes a list of people with the surname
 * "Godard", composition from the compilation album Godard/Spillane by John Zorn

title: Godard (disambiguation)


text:
Jönköping Regiment

The Jönköping Regiment (Jönköpings regemente), designation I 12, was a Swedish Army infantry regiment that traced its origins back to the 16th century. It was merged with another unit to form a new regiment in 1927. The regiment's soldiers were originally recruited from Jönköping County, and it was later garrisoned there.

History
The regiment has its origins in fänikor (companies) raised in Jönköping County in the 1550s and 1560s. In 1619, these units—along with fänikor from the nearby province of Östergötland—were organised by Gustav II Adolf into Östergötlands storregemente, of which eleven of the total 24 companies were recruited in Jönköping County. Östergötlands storregemente consisted of three field regiments, of which Jönköping Regiment was one. Sometime between 1623 and 1628, the grand regiment was permanently split into three smaller regiments, of which Jönköping Regiment was one.

Jönköping Regiment was one of the original 20 Swedish infantry regiments mentioned in the Swedish constitution of 1634, although it was mentioned as one of two regiments that should merge to form Småland Regiment, but that regiment was never formed and instead Jönköping Regiment and Kronoberg Regiment were kept separate. The regiment's first commander was Lars Kagg. The regiment was allotted in 1684. The regiment was given the designation I 12 (12th Infantry Regiment) in a general order in 1816. Jönköping Regiment was garrisoned in Jönköping from 1909, before it was merged with Kalmar Regiment to form Jönköping-Kalmar Regiment in 1927.

Campaigns

 * The Polish War (1600–1629)
 * The Thirty Years' War (1630–1648)
 * The Northern Wars (1655–1661)
 * The Scanian War (1674–1679)
 * The Great Northern War (1700–1721)
 * The Seven Years' War (1757–1762)
 * The Franco-Swedish War (1805–1810)
 * The Finnish War (1808–1809)
 * The War of the Sixth Coalition (1813–1814)
 * The Campaign against Norway (1814)

Organisation

 * 1634(?)
 * Livkompaniet
 * Överstelöjtnantens kompani
 * Majorens kompani
 * Norra Wedbo kompani
 * Västra Härads kompani
 * Wässbo kompani
 * Ösbo härads kompani
 * Wista härads kompani

 * 1814(?)
 * Livkompaniet
 * Norra Vedbo kompani
 * Västra Härads kompani
 * Vista kompani
 * Mo kompani
 * Norra Vestbo kompani
 * Östbo kompani
 * Södra Vestbo kompani

Commanding officers
Regimental commanders active at the regiment during the years 1623–1927.

 * 1623–1631: Lars Kagg
 * 1631–1700: ???
 * 1700–1706: L Clerck
 * 1706–1706: E Hillebard
 * 1706–1710: Georg von Buchwaldt
 * 1709–1710: G W Fleetwood (acting)
 * 1710–1710: H Hamilton
 * 1710–1712: Anders Eriksson Leijonhielm
 * 1712–1714: Carl Breitholtz (acting)
 * 1714–1725: Henrik Otto von Albedyl
 * 1725–1736: Christer Henrik d'Albedyhll
 * 1736–1739: B Horn
 * 1739–1747: P Silfversparre
 * 1747–1761: Erik Gustaf Queckfeldt
 * 1761–1772: Carl Fredrik Pechlin
 * 1773–1774: Hugo Herman von Saltza
 * 1774–1774: Hans Gustaf Gyllengranat
 * 1774–1782: Germund Carl von Braunjohan
 * 1782–1785: Otto Jacob Zöge von Manteuffel
 * 1785–1790: Curt Philip Carl von Schwerin
 * 1790–1797: A L von Friesendorff
 * 1797–1810: W Bennet
 * 1810–1816: Gustaf Bergenstråhle
 * 1816–1818: C S von Hartmansdorff
 * 1818–1849: H Stierngranat
 * 1849–1857: Enar Nordenfelt
 * 1857–1867: C J Munck
 * 1867–1884: A M Leuhusen
 * 1884–1892: H O E d'Ailly
 * 1892–1901: Fredrik August Åstrand
 * 1901–1909: Otto Ewert Mauritz Wolffelt
 * 1909–1917: Per Ludwig Henrik Alexander Tham
 * 1917–1926: Axel Steuch
 * 1926–1927: Fredrik Lovén

title: Jönköping Regiment


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quidjibo

Quidjibo
Misspelled Simpsons foghat. —tregoweth 21:23, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is already covered (with the correct spelling) at Made-up words in The Simpsons. Delete. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 22:59, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Make a redirect only: Duplicate. Geogre 05:24, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It is misspelled, but then again it's a hard word to spell. I'm tempted to vote keep and move to proper title, but the list Livajo mentions above still seems to have plenty of room, so I vote to redirect there. Everyking 06:48, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Conti|✉ 00:36, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. too good a word. much better.  more score than that other word spelled with kwy...  too brilliant.  delete. ConfessedSockPuppetJunior 06:37, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Pixie

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:24, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
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Hello! Where is the source of this picture? Can I upload to Japanese Wikipedia? --Sheynhertz-Unbayg 02:41, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi. I took this picture myself. I uploaded it also to the Hebrew and German Wiki, and you can do the same. Pixie 10:46, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bamba snack
I am eagerly hoping that as an expert you know or can find the answer to my question at Talk:Bamba snack, for whose answer I have been waiting for months. Thank you — Pekinensis 6 July 2005 14:51 (UTC)

Isomers
Hi Pixie. I was just looking at Isomerism.png. I think something like this can be useful, but I had a couple of issues with the "Diasteriomers" part. 1. When I think of diastereomers, I think of things like glucose and galactose. Such things are not represented at all. 2. Rotamers and other conformers can be enantiomers rather than diastereomers. In fact there is a third rotamer of n-butane that is the enantiomer of one of those shown. Josh Cherry 14:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Josh. I'll check your remarks and update the image accordingly. This might, however, take a few days. Thanks, Pixie 01:35, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Snowdonia.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Snowdonia.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Stan 03:52, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Dermatology
Do you have any interest in dermatology? If so, we are always looking for more help at WP:DERM ;) kilbad (talk) 16:39, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of John Rolfe Gardiner

The article John Rolfe Gardiner has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this newly created biography of a living person will be deleted unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Jackmcbarn (talk) 19:39, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Confiture listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Confiture. Since you had some involvement with the Confiture redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 00:19, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Pixie


text: Category:2000 elections

title: Category:2000 elections


text:
User talk:Voldemort

Speedy deletion nomination of Youtube-dl

A tag has been placed on Youtube-dl requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, such as at Articles for deletion. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. ___CAPTAIN MEDUSA talk   11:42, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Voldemort


text:
Federated database system

A federated database system (FDBS) is a type of meta-database management system (DBMS), which transparently maps multiple autonomous database systems into a single federated database. The constituent databases are interconnected via a computer network and may be geographically decentralized. Since the constituent database systems remain autonomous, a federated database system is a contrastable alternative to the (sometimes daunting) task of merging several disparate databases. A federated database, or virtual database, is a composite of all constituent databases in a federated database system. There is no actual data integration in the constituent disparate databases as a result of data federation.

Through data abstraction, federated database systems can provide a uniform user interface, enabling users and clients to store and retrieve data from multiple noncontiguous databases with a single query—even if the constituent databases are heterogeneous. To this end, a federated database system must be able to decompose the query into subqueries for submission to the relevant constituent DBMSs, after which the system must composite the result sets of the subqueries. Because various database management systems employ different query languages, federated database systems can apply wrappers to the subqueries to translate them into the appropriate query languages.

Definition
McLeod and Heimbigner were among the first to define a federated database system in the mid-1980s.

A FDBS is one which "define[s] the architecture and interconnect[s] databases that minimize central authority yet support partial sharing and coordination among database systems". This description might not accurately reflect the McLeod/Heimbigner definition of a federated database. Rather, this description fits what McLeod/Heimbigner called a composite database. McLeod/Heimbigner's federated database is a collection of autonomous components that make their data available to other members of the federation through the publication of an export schema and access operations; there is no unified, central schema that encompasses the information available from the members of the federation.

Among other surveys, practitioners define a Federated Database as a collection of cooperating component systems which are autonomous and are possibly heterogeneous.

The three important components of an FDBS are autonomy, heterogeneity and distribution. Another dimension which has also been considered is the Networking Environment Computer Network, e.g., many DBSs over a LAN or many DBSs over a WAN update related functions of participating DBSs (e.g., no updates, nonatomic transitions, atomic updates).

FDBS architecture
A DBMS can be classified as either centralized or distributed. A centralized system manages a single database while distributed manages multiple databases. A component DBS in a DBMS may be centralized or distributed. A multiple DBS (MDBS) can be classified into two types depending on the autonomy of the component DBS as federated and non federated. A nonfederated database system is an integration of component DBMS that are not autonomous. A federated database system consists of component DBS that are autonomous yet participate in a federation to allow partial and controlled sharing of their data.

Federated architectures differ based on levels of integration with the component database systems and the extent of services offered by the federation. A FDBS can be categorized as loosely or tightly coupled systems.

 * Loosely Coupled require component databases to construct their own federated schema. A user will typically access other component database systems by using a multidatabase language but this removes any levels of location transparency, forcing the user to have direct knowledge of the federated schema. A user imports the data they require from other component databases and integrates it with their own to form a federated schema.
 * Tightly coupled system consists of component systems that use independent processes to construct and publicize an integrated federated schema.

Multiple DBS of which FDBS are a specific type can be characterized along three dimensions: Distribution, Heterogeneity and Autonomy. Another characterization could be based on the dimension of networking, for example single databases or multiple databases in a LAN or WAN.

Distribution
Distribution of data in an FDBS is due to the existence of a multiple DBS before an FDBS is built. Data can be distributed among multiple databases which could be stored in a single computer or multiple computers. These computers could be geographically located in different places but interconnected by a network. The benefits of data distribution help in increased availability and reliability as well as improved access times.

Heterogeneity
Heterogeneities in databases arise due to factors such as differences in structures, semantics of data, the constraints supported or query language. Differences in structure occur when two data models provide different primitives such as object oriented (OO) models that support specialization and inheritance and relational models that do not. Differences due to constraints occur when two models support two different constraints. For example, the set type in CODASYL schema may be partially modeled as a referential integrity constraint in a relationship schema. CODASYL supports insertion and retention that are not captured by referential integrity alone. The query language supported by one DBMS can also contribute to heterogeneity between other component DBMSs. For example, differences in query languages with the same data models or different versions of query languages could contribute to heterogeneity.

Semantic heterogeneities arise when there is a disagreement about meaning, interpretation or intended use of data. At the schema and data level, classification of possible heterogeneities include:
 * Naming conflicts e.g. databases using different names to represent the same concept.
 * Domain conflicts or data representation conflicts e.g. databases using different values to represent same concept.
 * Precision conflicts e.g. databases using same data values from domains of different cardinalities for same data.
 * Metadata conflicts e.g. same concepts are represented at schema level and instance level.
 * Data conflicts e.g. missing attributes
 * Schema conflicts e.g. table versus table conflict which includes naming conflicts, data conflicts etc.

In creating a federated schema, one has to resolve such heterogeneities before integrating the component DB schemas.

Schema matching, schema mapping
Dealing with incompatible data types or query syntax is not the only obstacle to a concrete implementation of an FDBS. In systems that are not planned top-down, a generic problem lies in matching semantically equivalent, but differently named parts from different schemas (=data models) (tables, attributes). A pairwise mapping between n attributes would result in $$n (n-1) \over 2$$ mapping rules (given equivalence mappings) - a number that quickly gets too large for practical purposes. A common way out is to provide a global schema that comprises the relevant parts of all member schemas and provide mappings in the form of database views. Two principal approaches depend on the direction of the mapping: Both are examples of data integration, called the schema matching problem.
 * 1) Global as View (GaV): the global schema is defined in terms of the underlying schemas
 * 2) Local as View (LaV): the local schemas are defined in terms of the global schema

Autonomy
Fundamental to the difference between an MDBS and an FDBS is the concept of autonomy. It is important to understand the aspects of autonomy for component databases and how they can be addressed when a component DBS participates in an FDBS. There are four kinds of autonomies addressed: Heterogeneities in an FDBS are primarily due to design autonomy.
 * Design Autonomy which refers to ability to choose its design irrespective of data, query language or conceptualization, functionality of the system implementation.
 * Communication autonomy refers to the general operation of the DBMS to communicate with other DBMS or not.
 * Execution autonomy allows a component DBMS to control the operations requested by local and external operations.
 * Association autonomy gives a power to component DBS to disassociate itself from a federation which means FDBS can operate independently of any single DBS.

The ANSI/X3/SPARC Study Group outlined a three level data description architecture, the components of which are the conceptual schema, internal schema and external schema of databases. The three level architecture is however inadequate to describing the architectures of an FDBS. It was therefore extended to support the three dimensions of the FDBS namely Distribution, Autonomy and Heterogeneity. The five level schema architecture is explained below.

Concurrency control
The Heterogeneity and Autonomy requirements pose special challenges concerning concurrency control in an FDBS, which is crucial for the correct execution of its concurrent transactions (see also Global concurrency control). Achieving global serializability, the major correctness criterion, under these requirements has been characterized as very difficult and unsolved.

Five level schema architecture for FDBSs
The five level schema architecture includes the following:

 * Local Schema is basically the conceptual model of a component database expressed in a native data model.
 * Component schema is the subset of the local schema that the owner organisation is willing to share with other users of the FDBS and it is translated into a common data model.
 * Export Schema represents a subset of a component schema that is available to a particular federation. It may include access control information regarding its use by a specific federation user.  The export schema helps in managing flow of control of data.
 * Federated Schema is an integration of multiple export schemas. It includes information on data distribution that is generated when integrating export schemas.
 * External schema is extracted from a federated schema, and is defined for the users/applications of a particular federation.

While accurately representing the state of the art in data integration, the Five Level Schema Architecture above does suffer from a major drawback, namely IT imposed look and feel. Modern data users demand control over how data is presented; their needs are somewhat in conflict with such bottom-up approaches to data integration.

title: Federated database system


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Kill You"

"Kill You"
"Kill You" was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Disambiguation page for two songs that don't even have articles. —tregoweth 21:26, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. No articles, no apparent need for articles, nothing links here, and the title's got unecessary quotation marks in it too. Bryan 00:43, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Orphans and unusable title. Geogre 05:26, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonnotable. DreamGuy 21:55, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Burnt River (Ontario)

The Burnt River is a river which flows from its source at Miskwabi Lake in Highlands East, Haliburton County south into the Kawartha Lakes region. It empties into Cameron Lake in the city of Kawartha Lakes, part of the Trent–Severn Waterway. The town of Burnt River is located near its southern end.

The river was used to transport lumber to sawmills downstream. Later, the Victoria Railway was built along the river. The old railway bed is now a recreational trail.

The river was given its name after a forest fire in the region left the river's water with an unusual colour.

Fish species
There are three major species of fish in the river including walleye, muskie and smallmouth bass. All three tend to grow smaller than those in the nearby lakes, however they may be legally caught according to local regulations. As well as conventional fishing techniques, the smallmouth bass may be caught while fly fishing.

Tributaries

 * Drag River
 * Irondale River

title: Burnt River (Ontario)


text: Category:2005 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:2005 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Saint-Amand-Montrond

Saint-Amand-Montrond is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France and the historical province of Bourbonnais.

Saint-Amand-Montrond literally translates to Saint Amand round hill, despite not being on a round hill.

Geography
A small town of farming and a little light industry situated some 26 mi southeast of Bourges, at the junction of the D951 with the D300 and D2144 roads. The town was built in the basin of the eastern banks of the Cher which separates it from the commune of Orval, to which it is connected by two bridges.

A small river, the Marmande, joins the Cher here, and the canal de Berry crosses the commune from southeast to southwest. Some flooding is common because of the nearby marshes. The town is the capital of the small region of Boischaut, known for its woodland and cattle pastures.

History
The settlement of Saint-Amand goes back to prehistoric times. Evidence of Roman occupation has also been discovered here. An abbey was founded here around the year 620 by a monk called Theodulph. The commune was created after the French Revolution by the amalgamation of three separate small towns that had grown up during the Middle Ages: Saint Amand le Chastel, Montrond and Saint Amand sous Montrond.

Sights

 * The church of Saint Amandus, dating from the eleventh century.
 * Several houses dating from the fifteenth century.
 * The church of a Carmelite convent dating from the fifteenth century.
 * A chapel from the convent, nowadays the town hall (hôtel de ville).
 * Château de Montrond, a thirteenth-century castle, a historic site.
 * The chateau of La Férolle.
 * Vestiges of the twelfth-century castle of Saint-Amand-le-Chatel.
 * The museum of Saint-Vic.

Notable people

 * Jean-Baptiste Lemire (1867–1945), composer.
 * Louis Lecoin (1888–1971), pacifist and libertarian, was born in Saint-Amand-Montrond.
 * Maurice Papon (1910–2007), mayor of Saint-Amand-Montrond (1971–1983) and collaborator during World War II.
 * Serge Vinçon (1949–2007), college professor and politician was born here.
 * Jean Godin des Odonais, cartographer and explorer, lived here.
 * Julian Alaphilippe and his younger brother Bryan Alaphilippe, both cyclists, are from here.
 * Érick Jacquin, French chef naturalized Brazilian, was born here.

Economy
The town is noted for its goldsmiths and jewellers. It has 9 companies specialising in gold work as well as a professional school dedicated to jewellery.

Two large printing companies, Bussière and Clerc, produce large volumes of books and magazines.

Sport
Cycling: The Tour de France has finished in the town three times. In 2001, it was the finishing line of a 61 km individual time trial from Montluçon. The stage was won by American Lance Armstrong of Discovery Channel Cycling Team. It featured again in the 2008 edition, again as a finish for an individual time trial. German Stefan Schumacher won the 53 km long stage from Cérilly. In 2013 stage 13 finished here from Tours and was won by British sprinter Mark Cavendish.

Twin towns

 * 🇩🇪 Nottuln, in Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Otwock, Poland
 * 🇪🇨 Riobamba, Ecuador

title: Saint-Amand-Montrond


text:
Youth center

A youth center or youth centre, often called youth club, is a place where young people can meet and participate in a variety of activities, for example table football, association football (US soccer, UK football), basketball, table tennis, video games, occupational therapy and religious activities. Youth clubs and centres vary in their activities across the globe, and have diverse histories based on shifting cultural, political and social contexts and relative levels of state funding or voluntary action.

Young social groups
Many youth clubs are set up to provide young people with activities designed to keep them off the streets and out of trouble, and to give them a job and an interest in activity. Some youth clubs can have a particular compelling force, such as music, spiritual/religious guidance and advice or characteristics such as determination.

In the United Kingdom, there are a number of national youth club networks, including:
 * UK Youth
 * Ambition
 * National Association of Boys and Girls Clubs

In the United States, the Boys & Girls Clubs of America is one of the most popular (or well known) youth clubs.

Projects and activities
Many youth clubs and projects are open to all people aged 15–21, although some clubs may still accept young people as old as 25. There are places where young people can meet with friends and practice new activities. Many youth clubs offer various activities, such as table tennis.

Youth clubs are there to help young people understand the world around them. They are there to advise young people with their future, to talk about the past and even help them with the present. Many clubs hold different sessions to educate young people about different topics regarding their health and worries, e.g. contraception. Youth clubs normally have a leader youth worker who normally organizes trips or workshops for the young people to contribute in, e.g. Show Racism the Red Card. They can also hold charity events and even volunteer to do many different things. Youth clubs will sometimes help young people to gain qualifications for their life ahead, e.g. The Duke of Edinburgh's Award.

title: Youth center


text:
Derive (computer algebra system)

Derive was a computer algebra system, developed as a successor to muMATH by the Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii, now owned by Texas Instruments. Derive was implemented in, also by Soft Warehouse. The first release was in 1988 for DOS. It was discontinued on June 29, 2007, in favor of the TI-Nspire CAS. The final version is Derive 6.1 for Windows.

Since Derive required comparably little memory, it was suitable for use on older and smaller machines. It was available for the DOS and Windows platforms and served as an inspiration for the computer algebra system in certain TI pocket calculators.

Books

 * Jerry Glynn, Exploring Math from Algebra to Calculus with Derive, A Mathematical Assistant, Mathware Inc, 1992, ISBN 0-9623629-0-5
 * Leon Magiera, General Physics Problem Solving With Cas Derive, Nova Science Pub Inc 2001, ISBN 1-59033-057-9
 * Vladimir Dyakonov. Handbook on application system Derive. Moscow (Russia) 1996, Phismatlit, 320 p, ISBN 5-02-015100-9
 * Vladimir Dyakonov. Computers algebra systems Derive. Moscow (Russia) 2002, SOLON-R, 320 p, ISBN 5-93455-139-6
 * Vladimir Dyakonov. Computers algebra systems Derive. Moscow (Russia) 2002, SOLON-R, 320 p, ISBN 5-93455-139-6

title: Derive (computer algebra system)


text:
Beatriz Marinello

Beatriz Mansilla Marinello (born May 14, 1964) is a Chilean-American chess player and chess official. She was a vice president of FIDE from 2010 to 2018. Marinello was previously president of the United States Chess Federation (USCF) from 2003 to 2005 and a member of the executive board from 2003 to 2007. She was elected general secretary of the Association of Chess Professionals in 2019.

Marinello started playing chess at the age of 13 and became national women's champion of Chile when she was 16 years old. In 1980, she was awarded the title Woman International Master (WIM) by FIDE. She organized her first national championship in Chile at the age of 20 years, and later organized other international competitions.

Marinello arrived in the United States from Chile in 1990, and became a chess teacher in Miami. She represented the US in two Women's Interzonal Tournaments: in 1991 in Subotica and in 1993 in Jakarta. She also represented the United States in the 1994 Women's Chess Olympiad held in Moscow.

title: Beatriz Marinello