text:
Talk:Asiaphile

Here we go again
Here is another Wikipedia article that is the product of a small army of Asians out there who insist that simple interest or attraction to anything Asian is obsessive, dangerous, and is akin to a condition that is demented, perverted and criminal (in clinical terms, that would be a "fetish"). They have no proof that said attraction/interest in Asian things is a "fetish." And yet they insist that it remain part of Wiki architecture. The same is true of the current article Asian Fetishism. I would urge anyone who is either offended by this, or who has interest in guarding against gross bias and unscientific banter being presented as truth, to get involved in editing any articles that make these claims.Computer1200 (talk) 15:05, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The problem with the article is that the title is already POV and perjorative. Rather than commenting on the idea of "Asian fetishism" as an encyclopedia should, it is merely articulating and advocating for it. Overall, it harms the credibility of Wikipedia when you have a few pages that are the playground of special interests like this one. This article should definitely be merge with the more neutrally titled alternative. Soda80 (talk) 18:31, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy
Isn't this a neologism? 132.205.15.43 04:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I dispute the fact that east asians have little body hair. There are a people called the Ainu who have been called caucasoid-feature-bearing asians, who are one of the groups furthest EAST on Asia. 132.205.15.43 04:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"Race" is not a fact. "East Asian" is not a clear category of people anyway, but a racial folk belief. Your reference to Ainu is a good example of why it is an artificial category, mostly based on superficial skin and hair attributes. Soda80 (talk) 18:33, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

NPOV
I dispute the fact that East Indians, or true Indians are not Asian. In FRENCH, asiatique covers Indians. 132.205.15.43 04:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

VFD vs disputed & NPOV
I dispute that any of this matters. If you'd followed the link to the VFD page, you'd have seen that the page is likely to be deleted. --Carnildo 06:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If it survives, it's still disputable. 132.205.15.43 21:25, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup/Attention
This article is written in the first person. That needs to be corrected. 132.205.45.148 15:45, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Recommend change to redirect
Let me give this a try. There are three Wikipedia entries to examine: Asiaphilia, Japanophile, and Asian fetish, plus Asiaphile (redirect page); and decide which to delete, leave alone, or merge. Can we agree that there are two fundamental differences here? On one side there is the socio-cultural issue of a non-Asian person with an interest in aspects of Asian culture such as music, food, people, movies. To my way of thinking this pertains to both the Asiaphilia and Japanophile articles. Now there is also sexuality side of it, Asian fetish. One does not necessitate the other. Regardless of one’s own personal beliefs, the fact does exist that there are individuals who these terms do apply to. Looking at the history of the pages it seems obvious that these subjects incite some strong feelings by some users here. My conclusions are below, and I welcome any more eloquent member to amplify with their own thoughts. Your ideas? --Tony Hecht 19:48, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Asiaphilia
 * Merge Japanophile into Asiaphilia
 * Keep Asian fetish
 * Change Asiaphile (redirect page) to point to Asiaphilia
 * Use the Template:Cleanup-verify
 * Remove the Template:Disputed and the Template:POV
 * Recommend also look at Otaku and Orientalism

I move to delete them all until there all real sources out there documenting the phenomena? 68.46.183.96 (talk) 19:02, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll second that motion. Perhaps "the fact does exist that there are individuals who these terms do apply to," but that alone does not meet the standard for inclusion. Without reliable sources these articles are doomed to forever be WP:OR. - Headwes (talk) 01:37, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I move to merge all articles into one.--Joel Lindley (talk) 10:43, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Merge (good) or delete (better). If merged, should be NPOV topic, something like "Racial dating preference" or "Asian exogamy", not some internet slang neologism. That would probably attract better editing, instead of opinionating. Soda80 (talk) 18:38, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Word choice
"An Asiaphile is a person with a sexual perversion" Nobody else have a problem with this? I think that perhaps using the word 'preference' in place of 'perversion' would be more appropriate, I feel it jepordises the neutrality of the article. "The term has a negative connotation" <-- Because people use words like 'perversion' to describe it.

user:Tkguy, I appreciate that you want to make the point that this word is sometimes used to imply an obsessive sexual desire for Asian people however, this is the secondary meaning of the word. This discussion is also better dealt with at the Asian fetish page which actually covers this point. I have therefore toned down the language used and put it as a short secondary meaning. Finally please note that there have been a number of wikipedia arguments against using urban dictionary as a source because it lacks any authority NickCwik 10:52, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

This article is a mess
First off, I'm not sure, but the word might be a neologism, not even worthy of inclusion. Second, do we really need interjections of "Asiaphiles are dorks (and possibly perverts) who have no idea about hte culture they're obsessing with" after every single sentence? Isn't there a way to make this more neutral? I'm tempted to scrap the whole article, rewrite it in two or three sentences and stub it.TomorrowTime 17:24, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, here's how it goes. I trimmed the article down to bare essentials. I removed all the sexual and racial insinuations. Go vent your frustrations over mixed race couples or fat geeky perverts to Asian fetish. I will remove all such additions to this article. Reasonable additions are more than welcome.
 * Also, I removed the Asian American category and stub. Asiaphile can refer to *any* non-Asian, not only American ones. Remember, Anglo-American focus is POV.
 * Frankly, I don't think this article should exist in the first place. But as long as it does, let's keep it straight, people. This is an encyclopedia, not a bashing ground. If you hate otaku or perverted old men buying mail-order brides, go find an appropriate internet forum and pour your hearts out there. TomorrowTime 02:28, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Asiaphiles deal with the type of person who stereotype men and women of Asian culture. This is very, very different from those who study, know and involve themselves in Asian culture. Those people are something called cultural anthropologists and humans who want to learn truly to understand others. It's like saying racism doesn't exist nor acknowledging that racism can go into the other extreme. Or are you afraid to address an issue where people have filias towards certain culture? Where they become so enamored of the culture they fail to actually see the people involved in it. I have no issue with otaku. I do have an issue with men who think that all Asain women should be submissive and they want to marry one. However, I do think it's fair to say asiaphiles has a negative connotation, not a positive one. Cultural filias is just another form of stereotyping. Or are you not acknowledging that sort of thing? I've also heard the words that Asians are only good for Anime... so where do you want to place that one? If there can be Anglophiles, why not Asiaphiles? If this article called all white men Asiaphiles then it's POV, if it just says Asiaphiles tend to be cultural philias meaning they objectify and stereotype people of Asian decent, isn't that true? That's what the root of the words are saying. --Hitsuji Kinno 06:41, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we're not on the same wavelength here. I'm not trying to diminish stereotypes about Asians or deny the existance of Asian fetish. I have strong feelings about those, but my personal opinion counts for little on the article page. But what you and many others fail to see is the difference between "-philes" and philias. The way I see it, a "country-phile" is genuinely interested in a country and its culture, while a "country-philia" is a sexual inclination. There should be a clear-cut distinction between a Japanophile and a Japanophiliac.

 * The problem with the word "Asiaphile" is that it is NOT an umbrella term, encompassing the notions of "Sinophile", "Japanophile" "Koreaphile" or "Indophile", as one of the previous versions of the article suggested. Each of the other "-philes" is on a quest for better and deeper knowledge about the culture of their choice. A "country-phile" hopefully also respects the culture of the country in question. "Asiaphile" is, on the other hand, something of a contradiction in terms when seen through that optic. How can you hope to achieve better knowledge or respect for a culture, if you lump an entire continent together? How can you do those things, if you apparently make no distinction between China, Japan or Korea, between India, Indonesia or the Phillipines? So somebody who likes Asia because it's Asian can really not have much of an indepth knowledge about Asia. The word Asiaphile can only describe a person with a stereotyped notion of Asia, be it positive or negative, respectful or racist, sexist or not. Such a person can hardly be described as a "-phile". Such a person either has romantic (or other) stereotypes, or is an Asiaphiliac. Or both. That is why I think this term is a neologism. I think it doesn't belong. But nevertheless, as long as it is here, it might as well be a decent article, not the heap of rubish that it was before. TomorrowTime 07:26, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

I agree that this article was a horrible mess prior to the shortening. I have previously argued that to use the term Asiaphile to imply an Asia fetish is unhelpful (because it doesn't meant that) and is more appropriatly dealt with on that article's page [which is also a mess but at least it's a mess in the right place!].

Anyway, TomorrowTime, I had wanted disagree with your assertion that an Asiaphile is not an umbrella term encompassing someone who could properly be categorised as two or more of the other -philes. I do not believe that such a grouping is a stereotyping in the way you suggest and I will explain why...

First of all you might want to consider that if a person is drawn to particular aspects of, say, Chinese culture (i.e. A Sinophile) then that person is unsurprisingly going to be drawn to other countries that exhibit this particular traits. It is self-evident that a country does not exist in isolation and that any understanding of one country requires a broader regional view as countries bi-laterally interact and tend to share common features within a given geographical example. We might use the counter-example of a European country for example France & Germany. While it is clear that these countries have many differences they also have a great deal in common. If we then look at Japan and China we can see that the first couplet are 'similar' when compared with the second 'couplet'. It is not an unfair stereotyping for a person to be drawn to similarities in these countries and it is also possibly to be interested in more than one country in a region at any one time.

Your distinction between the other -philes and Asiaphile is also artificial. We might equally say that the term Sinophile is a stereotyping in the same way as you argue Asiaphile is; in that Sinophile implies the similarity in all regions of China which are clearly not entirely accurate (i.e. a stereotyping of shared features from an external perspective in the same way as the couplets I discussed above). This does not devalue the term in the same way that the term Asiaphile still carries objective worth in the same way as, say, the term Anglophile.

Even from a totally pragmatic, non-theoretical viewpoint, you might notice that eminent Sinologists not infrequently develop expertise in in Japan as well; or that many people with an interest in Vietnam will also develop an interest in wider Indochina (Laos, Cambodia and even Thailand); often those with this kind of academic inhterest will have an interest in the entire Asia region even if they do not pursue this directly. Asiaphiles would be an acceptable description of these people whereas a country-specific term might be less useful. NickCwik 10:55, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

WP:NOT Wikipedia is not a dictionary
which is all this article currently is. Google news seems to point to number of stories or things about a company called asiaphile which seems to make housewares. Some evidence needs to be given to demonstrate that this is an accepted definition of this term, by reliable sources which meet WP:V, and then this needs to be expanded beyond that of a dictionary definition, otherwise it doesn't belong on wikipedia.--Crossmr (talk) 02:25, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Why this article should not be deleted
The main reason for deletion was because the page had no "reliable source" material and the lack of it made it look more like a dictionary entry than a stand alone wikipedia article. I've added 5 sources that meets WP:V so this article no longer looks like just a definition. It focuses on the common usage of the term in the media. The issue that people had have been dealt with. If there are more issues then bring it up. Tkguy (talk) 07:12, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I have declined the speedy request as the article has been completely rewritten following its recent deletion. However, I'm wondering if a redirect to Asian fetish might be more appropriate here... faithless   (speak)  07:43, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for removing the speedy deletion request. As for the redirect, Asiaphile is a term for a person. Asian fetish is a term for an obsession. An asiaphile can have an asian fetish. The two are not the same. They are not synonyms. It would be more appropriate to have Yellow fever redirect to Asian fetish. You can redirect Asianophile, Asianphile, or Orientophile to Asiaphile. these three terms are synonymous. Tkguy (talk) 07:59, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Besides there are many embedded references to Asian fetish in this article. Tkguy (talk) 08:18, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I understand that the two are not synonymous. However, it is common practice on Wikipedia that when you have two subjects which are closely related like this to just have one article that incorporates both. I find it beneficial, really, as it usually results in one strong article, rather than two weak-ish articles. For example, the word 'leper' redirects to leprosy. The two are not synonyms, but refer to the same thing. And while you could have a separate article for leper theoretically, it would not be a very high quality article. And no, I'm not suggesting that an Asiaphile is anything comparable to a leper. :) What I am saying is that this article (and you've done a fine job rewriting it), is never going to be much. It just doesn't have great potential, to be honest. Not that there is anything wrong with stubs, but that's all this is going to be. If, however, you take the info here and merge it into Asian fetish, you're bolstering both articles. Just a suggestion. :) faithless   (speak)  08:55, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Better suited for the dictionary.
Is there anything here that couldn't be shrunk down to a few sentences and moved to the wiktionary? 68.46.183.96 (talk) 09:14, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The first paragrah is the only part that actually makes sense anyway. Shinigami27 (talk) 01:02, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I support redirecting this article to Asian fetish. мirаgeinred سَراب ٭  (talk) 08:21, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I find the content of the article redundant as it overlaps heavily with the article that I have mentioned above. мirаgeinred سَراب ٭  (talk) 08:23, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * There are valid entries on this page. They are all for the term Asiaphile and it usage. The Asian fetish page have none of the entries on this page. So this argument that this page is redundant is moot and an overly broad generalization. If you are going to stick with this argument then write about exactly where it's redundant. Where on the the asian fetish page does is include quotes about the usage of asiaphile in the english language? To redirect without preserving these valid content is the very definition of Vandalism WP:VAN. Tkguy (talk) 01:02, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asiaphile


text:
Bracław Voivodeship

The Bracław Voivodeship (Palatinatus Braclaviensis; Województwo bracławskie; Брацлавське воєводство, Braclavśke vojevodstvo) was a unit of administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Created in 1566 as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it was passed to the Kingdom of Poland in 1569 following the Union of Lublin. After Second Partition of Poland in 1793 the voivodeship was taken by the Russian Empire and replaced with the Bratslav Viceroyalty.

In 1648-57 the territory of voivodeship was a part of Cossack Hetmanate following the Khmelnytsky Uprising and Truce of Andrusovo, while in 1672-99 it became part of Ottoman Ukraine which was a vassal Ottoman Empire (see: Treaty of Buchach and Treaty of Karlowitz).

Overview
Together with the Podolian Voivodeship it formed the historical region of Podolia and part of a bigger Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.

Officially, the capital of the voivodeship was in Braclaw (today Bratslav), but local voivodes also resided in Winnica (Vinnytsia). It was divided into County of Braclaw and County of Winnica. The County of Braclaw itself was divided into two districts—Braclaw and Zwinogródek (some sources claim there was a separate County of Zwinogródek). In 1791, the Great Sejm also created Boh County (Polish: powiat nadbohski), but it was never created due to the Polish–Russian War of 1792. Braclaw Voivodeship had two senators—the Voivode and the Castellan of Braclaw. It also had six deputies to the Sejm—two from Braclaw County, two from Winnica County, and two from District of Zwinogródek. Local sejmiks took place in Winnica. Today the region belongs to Ukraine and Transnistria in Moldova.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Braclaw Voivodeship:

"After the Union of Lublin, the province of Podolia was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland. Soon afterwards, Ukrainian Podolia, located lower than Podole Voivodeship, between the Dniestr and the Boh rivers, was turned into Braclaw Voivodeship. It had three castles at Braclaw, Winnica and Zwinogrod (...) In 1570, a special royal commission was created to mark the borders of the voivodeship. Its western boundary was marked by the Murachwa river, and in the southeast, it was separated from Wallachia by the Dniestr. The commission marked northern border of the voivodeship along the Black Tatar Trail, and to settle arguments between Braclaw and Kijow Voivodeships, King Stefan Batory in 1584 stated that boundary line was to be marked by the Uhorski Tykicz river (...)"

"In the late 16th century, most of Braclaw Voivodeship was a depopulated wild field. Political and social life existed only in the agricultural belt, located in the immediate vicinity of royal castles. Settlers however began to move into the desert, even along southern border of the province, in the area called Pobereze (...) After the Union of Lublin, when Ukrainian lands were annexed by the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, life became more organized, with Polish-style starostas, voivodes, nobility, sejmiks, and courts (...)"

"The County of Winnica was smaller, but more populated. It had the area of 200 sq. miles, in northwestern corner of the voivodeship, along the Boh river. The County of Braclaw had the area of 420 sq. miles, and consisted of two districts - Bracław and Zwinogrod. The district of Zwinogrod covered the desert of the Blue Waters (see also Battle of Blue Waters), but due to destruction of the Zwinogrod Castle, it did not emerge as a separate county (...) In 1584, Stefan Batory divided this area between Braclaw and Kijow Voivodeship, along the Uhorski Tykicz river (...)"

"In 1569, first voivode of Braclaw was Prince Roman Sanguszko, while first castellan was Knyaz Jedrzej Kapusta. In 1589 Polish Sejm ordered that all official documents in Braclaw Voivodeship should be written in Old East Slavic language (...) The voivodeship had two senators (the voivode and the castellan of Braclaw), six deputies to the Sejm, and two deputies to the Lesser Poland Tribunal at Lublin. Furthermore, like in neighbouring Podole Voivodeship, Braclaw had its own border judges, who cooperated with officials of the Ottoman Porte and the Crimean Khanate, solving conflicts between citizens of the two countries (...)"

"In 1598 the Sejm ordered that all courts and sejmiks be moved from Braclaw to Winnica. As a result, Winnica came to be regarded the capital of the voivodeship. Since in the 18th century the population of the region grew, in 1791 the Sejm created another county, called Boh County, increasing number of deputies from the voivodeship from six to eight. After the Partitions of Poland, Russian authorities created Braclaw Governorate (1793 - 1796), whose lands were then divided between Podolia Governorate, Volhynian Governorate, and Kiev Governorate (...)"

"According to the 1625 census, Braclaw Voivodeship had 285 villages, but its population grew so fast that in the early 1790s, the number of villages grew to 1,500 (...) Before the Union of Lublin, there were some 30 castles, forts and strongholds in the province. Fifty years after the union, the number of castles grew significantly. Most of them were private, with the strongest one being Uman (...) In the 18th century, the voivodeship had several grand residences of Polish magnates, among them was Zofiowka of the Potocki family, located in close proximity to Uman."

Municipal government
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Bracław (Bratslav)

Regional council (sejmik generalny) for all Ruthenian lands
 * Sądowa Wisznia (Sudova Vyshnia)

Regional council (sejmik poselski i deputacki) seats:
 * Winnica (Vinnytsia)

Administrative division

 * Bracław County (Powiat bracławski), Bracław (Bratslav)
 * Winnica County (Powiat winnicki), Winnica (Vinnytsia)
 * Zwinogrodek District or Zwinogródek County (powiat zwinogrodzki),
 * Boh County (powiat nadbohski), created in 1791,

Voivodes

 * Roman Sanguszko (16th century)
 * Aleksander Zasławski (1628–?)
 * Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki (1631–1636)
 * Adam Kisiel (1647–?)
 * Andrzej Potocki (1662–?)
 * Stanisław Lubomirski (1764–?)

Neighbouring Voivodeships and regions

 * Podole Voivodeship
 * Kijów Voivodeship
 * Jedysan
 * Moldavia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bracław Voivodeship


text: User talk:24.214.99.108

title: User talk:24.214.99.108


text:
B20

B20 may refer to:

Aircraft

 * Blackburn B-20, a 1940 experimental aircraft
 * Boeing Y1B-20, A Boeing experimental heavy bomber
 * Douglas A-20 Havoc, designated the ZB-20 at the end of its life

Roads

 * B20 motorway (Spain), a ring road around Barcelona in Catalonia
 * B20 road (Cyprus)

Other uses

 * B20 (biodiesel), a mixture composed of 20% of biodiesel with 80% of diesel
 * B20 (bronze), bell bronze or bell metal, a kind of bronze used in bells and cymbals
 * B20 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn
 * Berezin B-20, a 20 mm caliber autocannon used by Soviet aircraft in World War II
 * Honda B20 engine
 * Volvo B20 engine
 * 20 amp, type B – a standard circuit breaker current rating
 * Bravo Two Zero, an eight-man British Special Air Service patrol that was tasked with finding Iraqi Scud missile launchers during the Gulf War
 * The designation number assigned to the coupe version of the Lancia Aurelia motorcar, produced between 1951 and 1958
 * Sicilian Defense, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
 * Boron-20 (B-20 or 20B), an isotope of boron
 * Burroughs B20, a line of microcomputers
 * Business 20, an offshoot of the G20, which hopes to present a forum for the world's largest companies to discuss global issues
 * B20 Summit, an international summit meeting of delegates from business groups around the world

title: B20


text:
Myospalax

Myospalax is a genus of rodents in the family Spalacidae. It contains these species of zokor:

 * False zokor, M. aspalax
 * Siberian zokor, M. myospalax
 * Transbaikal zokor, M. psilurus

title: Myospalax


text: EFIGS

title: EFIGS


text:
User talk:Clyde frogg

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:17, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Cavalley05.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Ar-15sp1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ar-15sp1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ed g2s • talk 00:31, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Mini-14.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mini-14.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ed g2s • talk 00:44, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Reverted move to "Ponderosa pine"
Hello, Clyde. I have reverted your move of Pinus ponderosa to Ponderosa pine, pending discussion. Please feel free to explain your rationale for the move at Talk:Pinus ponderosa. Thanks! —hike395 (talk) 12:12, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Clyde frogg


text:
French language in Cambodia

Cambodia is the smallest of the three Francophone communities in Southeast Asia, the others being found in Vietnam and Laos. Out of all Asian Francophone nations, Cambodia is where French has declined the most. In 2014, French was spoken by 423,000 people as a foreign language, which is 3% of the country's population and by only 873 people as a mother tongue according to the country's 2008 census.

History
The French language began its presence in Cambodia in the late 19th century after French explorers and merchants made their way from Vietnam into Cambodia. In 1863, Cambodia became a protectorate of France and was incorporated into French Indochina in 1887. The French did not exert much influence on Cambodia as they did in Vietnam and Khmer still remained widely taught and spoken in Cambodia as French was only limited to politicians. It was not until the 1890s that French began to be introduced in Cambodian education, but that was only limited to elite classes and it was only until the 1910s that the masses began learning French nationwide. With the growth of revolutionary movements in Vietnam, the French did not promote education in Cambodia and literacy rates remained low. The French language's growth in Cambodia only slightly increased until the Japanese invasion of Cambodia in World War II. Under the Japanese, Khmer was also made a government language alongside French and the two were taught alongside in schools. After the war, French again became the sole official language. When Cambodia became independent in 1953, the French language continued to be widely taught and used in the government.

Despite its strong presence in the government and education, French declined earlier and heavier in Cambodia than in Vietnam and Laos. Lower rates of influence and education in Cambodia meant that by the 1960s, French began to decline in Cambodia in contrast to being a government language in South Vietnam and Laos. In the mid-1970s, the Khmer Rouge came into power in Cambodia and began killing thousands of educated Cambodians, most of whom were French-educated. By the end of their reign in 1979, French had almost been completely wiped out in Cambodia. A Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia that established the People's Republic of Kampuchea reintroduced French into the nation, though ironically, French began its decline in Vietnam around this time. French continued to gain ground in Cambodia until 1993, when the present government of Cambodia took power and Khmer became the sole language of government and primary language of education. Beginning in the late 1990s, the English language became more widely taught in Cambodia and French continued its decline as English was seen as a more useful international language. Revival of the French language has gained ground much later in Cambodia than in Vietnam and Laos. In 1997, a French-language center opened in Phnom Penh and French-language education began to revive in Cambodia and dozens of Cambodian students study abroad each year in France. French is also once again, a diplomatic language of Cambodia. Communities of returned refugees from France and Quebec as well as students who have studied in Francophone nations have also added to the French-speaking population of Cambodia.

Dialect characteristics
Cambodian French vocabulary has been influenced by Cambodian, Cantonese Chinese, and Teochew Chinese. Cambodian French is based on standard Parisian French but contains more differences from standard French than the dialects of Vietnam and Laos.

Media
French-language media is present in Cambodia, though less so than in Vietnam and Laos. The nation boasts a French-language newspaper, Cambodge Nouveau (and had another, Cambodge Soir, until 2010), as well as French-language television channels.

Education
The following higher education institutions are members of the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie:
 * Institut de Technologie du Cambodge
 * National Institute of Education
 * Royal University of Agriculture
 * Royal University of Fine Arts
 * Royal University of Law and Economics
 * Royal University of Phnom Penh

title: French language in Cambodia


text:
William A. Webb

William Augustin Webb (1824-1881) was an American sailor and Mexican–American War veteran who resigned his United States Navy commission after more than 20 years of service to join the Confederate States Navy in the American Civil War. Webb was decorated for his service as Captain of the CSS Teaser, part of the James River Squadron, during the Battle of Hampton Roads (1862).

In 1863, his orders sent him to Savannah, where he commanded a squadron that included the ironclad CSS Atlanta. He was captured in June 1863 and imprisoned in Boston. He was released as part of a prisoner exchange in October 1864 and returned to action on the CSS Richmond.

Early life and career
William A. Webb grew up in Virginia. He joined the United States Navy at an early age and attained the rank of Midshipman on January 26, 1838. His young wife Elizabeth Ann Webb endured the lonely life of a navy spouse. He was the brother-in-law to another naval officer John Randolph Tucker.

On July 2, 1845, Webb was promoted to Passed Midshipman. He served in the Mexican–American War on the 6-gun storeship USS Southampton. Webb departed from Norfolk, Virginia on February 7, 1847, traveling to the Pacific Ocean by way of Cape Horn, eventually reaching Japan in 1854. He was afterwards appointed as Master on October 9, 1853, and Lieutenant on June 12, 1854.

Civil War
Webb resigned his commission on May 17, 1861, four months after the Secession, enrolling instead in the Confederate Navy as a First Lieutenant in June. He served at Fernandina, Florida in mid-1861 and then Richmond Station from 1861 to 1862.

CSS Teaser and the Battle of Hampton Roads

In early 1862, First Lieutenant Webb was made commander of the armed gunboat CSS Teaser (or Teazer). Prior to the secession it was the property of the Virginia State Navy (then called the York River). The 64 ton, 80 by 18 foot tugboat was armed with a 32 and a 12-pounder rifled cannon. The CSS Teaser was part of the James River Squadron, operating on the homonymous river from Norfolk. The squadron's chieftain was Flag-Officer Franklin Buchanan, on the ironclad steamer CSS Virginia (ex-Merrimack). The squadron consisted of 3 steamers (24 guns in all) and 3 supporting gunboats, each with one gun.

On March 8–9, 1862, at the Battle of Hampton Roads, the Confederate flotilla tried to break a blockade maintained by two wooden Union frigates, the USS Cumberland and the USS Congress. The Union ships were escorted by some gunboats and backed by shore batteries. Buchanan wrote later: "The general order under which the gunboat squadron went into action required that, in the absence of all signals, each commanding officer was to exercise his own judgment and discretion in doing all the damage he could to the enemy and to sink before surrendering." To support the CSS Virginia in this action, Capt. John Randolph Tucker, commanding the rest of the James River Squadron, ran past the shore batteries to join the battle, with the CSS Teaser "puffing with all the energy of a short-winded tug." They arrived just as the CSS Virginia had managed to sink the USS Cumberland.

"Their escape was miraculous, as they were under a galling fire of solid shot, shell, grape and canister, a number of which passed through the vessels without doing any serious injury, except to the Patrick Henry..."

- J. Thomas Scharf

The squadron immediately joined in the battle with the CSS Virginia against the Union blockade and shore batteries. One eyewitness described the "little Teaser... pushed her way in between the Patrick Henry and Jamestown, and advancing close to the shore fired her one gun in face of the battery of sixty guns. Probably her insignificance saved her, for now every shot seemed concentrated upon the [Virginia]..." The Confederate squadron now concentrated their fire on the USS Congress and forced its surrender. When the Confederate ships charged with accepting the surrender and escorting the captured officers were fired upon by Union shore batteries, Buchanan then ordered another boat to burn her, with Webb's Teaser as cover. When they were also fired upon, Buchanan then ordered his men to destroy the USS Congress using "hot shot and incendiary shell".

The arrival of the USS Monitor on the following day resulted in the "world's first battle between ironclads". Neither the CSS Virginia, nor the USS Monitor suffered major damage. However, the Monitor's arrival forced the Confederate ships eventually to retreat without having broken the blockade.

Webb was reported later as "slightly wounded" during the battle. Buchanan took pride in his gunboats: "Their judgment in selecting their positions for attacking the enemy was good; their constant fire was destructive, and contributed much to the success of the day." The Confederate Congress also "thanked" Webb.

"Special duty"
During 1862–1863, Webb was stationed at Charleston station for "special duty." This term was typically used for a secret activity. In this case, Webb was made commander of the "Special Expedition", a squadron of small boats manned by sixty officers and men, on February 19, 1863. The squadron was stationed behind Fort Sumter in order to stop any Union ships that made it past the obstructions. What made this flotilla unusual, and hence its appellation of "special", was that the boats were armed with spar torpedoes, a highly controversial weapon of war that some considered "uncivilized". Webb assembled this squadron with a few cutters and a lot of canoes and skiffs, all armed with 20-foot long poles with a 60-pound torpedo.

"It was not at all uncommon to see a sailor rolling down to his boat, when they were called for exercise, with a quid of tobacco in his cheek and a torpedo slung over his back; and when it is recollected that each torpedo had seven sensitive fuses which a tap with a stick or blow with a stone was sufficient to explode and blow half the street down, it can readily be believed that we gave them a wide berth."

- J. Thomas Scharf

The only thing the small flotilla was lacking were steamers and Capt. John Randolph Tucker ordered Webb to contact a local merchant and acquire the steamers "quietly and pleasantly if possible" or seize them, if not.

While present when Admiral Du Pont's fleet crossed the Charleston Bar on April 6, 1863, Webb's squadron was not called into action that day. Eager to make use of the torpedoes, Tucker, Gen. Beauregard and Webb hatched a plan on April 10 that would "shake Abolitiondom to [its] foundation." They decided to attack each of the seven Union ironclads by three torpedo boats, but in the several days it took to get the extra boats required, the Union ironclads had left Charleston.

CSS Atlanta

Commodore Josiah Tattnall III, Flag Officer commanded the southern region of the Confederate States, especially Savannah, Georgia. He was expected to repeat his success commanding the CSS Virginia in crushing the wooden Union ships in the James River. Tattnall was handicapped in bringing this to fruition because of the blockade. In May 1863, Webb replaced Tatnall as commander of the CSS Atlanta ironclad, launched in 1862, and flag officer of the Savannah Squadron, with "the implied condition of his appointment being that he should 'do something' with her..." Webb proclaimed that "the whole abolition fleet" had "no terror" for him.

Considered by the citizens of Georgia to be the most powerful Confederate warship because of its fast speed of 7 knots, as well as its armament of four Brooke rifles, the Atlanta was difficult to maneuver. Special difficulties were caused by its 16-feet draft in the shallow waters surrounding Savannah. Another problem was the scarce airflow of its tight, armored roof, which caused profound heat and humidity. The Atlanta suffered profuse leaking. The ship's helm was already difficult to steer because it was simply unwieldy: the ship frequently stalled into sand banks along the side of the river. Webb marshaled the CSS Atlanta, though, removing the boat of unnecessary comfort - including sanitation and ventilation, as well as fully outfitting it with weaponry. Webb also had to deal with inexperienced sailors, most of whom were recruited from the Confederate Army around the mountainous regions of Georgia. For instance, his pilots arrived just two weeks before the ship engaged in the Battle of Wassaw Sound.

Although beset by problems, Webb was still excited about his prospects. He formulated ambitiously elaborate plans for the CSS Atlanta ' s first mission to clear the region of nearby Union forces. Webb was supposed to await reinforcement: the Confederate Congress voted to reinforce his squad with another ship still under construction: the CSS Savannah ironclad. Webb, however, waged action in Wassaw Sound against orders on June 17, 1863. He was escorted by two wooden steamers, the CSS Isondiga and the CSS Resolute. A percussion torpedo was attached to a large, projecting ram.

The Union expected Webb's move per intelligence reports and dispatched Captain John Rodgers in the USS Weehawken, escorted by the USS Nahant. The Atlanta suddenly ran aground and swayed at an angle which made it difficult to shoot. The USS Weehawken held fire until it was at 300 yards and then pounded the immobile ship, basically turning into target practice for the Union ship. After receiving five of the Weehawken ' s 350-pound shots, which knocked a hole in her casemate, crushed the pilot house and port shutter and severely wounded its pilots and several helmsmen, Webb was compelled to surrender immediately. The "battle" lasted only a few minutes, and the Atlanta became the first Confederate ironclad to surrender to the Union. He told his crew: "I most earnestly wish that it had happened otherwise, but Providence, for some good reason, has interfered with our plans ..." Meanwhile, the two boats escorting the Atlanta scurried upriver for safety. The USS Nahant had watched the action without firing a shot.

"... his behavior on this occasion was as gallant and seamenlike as when he carried the cockleshell gunboat Teaser into action on the James River. His stranded ship would have become a slaughter-pen under a few more of the Weehawken's shots ..."

- J. Thomas Scharf

However, the news stunned the South and Webb faced criticism even after the war from experienced naval officers. He was brave, yes, but lacked good sense. Criticism also fell on Secretary of the Navy, Stephen R. Mallory for his policy of replacing older officers with younger ones and for not firmly opposing Webb in his decision.

The CSS Atlanta suffered the sole fatality of the battle, as well as 16 wounded. From 136 to 165 men were taken captive and moved to the ships USS Cimarron and USS Oleander. These travelled to Fort Lafayette, in New York Harbor, and arrived in late June at Fort Warren on Georges Island in Boston Harbor.

Fort Warren was a relatively modern jail where the prisoners were registered and photographed. However, they were deprived of blankets, food, and clothing. Among the captive sailors, there were 12 deaths due to injuries, as well as death by pneumonia and dysentery, caused by the poor conditions in which they were held. Three healthy crew members escaped. Webb was the first to gain parole, in September 1864, and was later exchanged in October of the same year.

CSS Richmond
Webb was paroled on September 28, 1864, and exchanged at Cox's Wharf, Virginia on October 18, 1864. He was then again fighting on the James River, as Commander of the CSS Richmond from October through November 1864. Webb was in command of the Richmond, when the James River Squadron, of which Richmond was a member, during a routine patrol of the James River, were surprised on the morning of October 22, 1864, when the Union Army revealed their new battery at Boulware House, two miles from Chaffin's Bluff. To cover the retreat of the wooden vessels of the fleet, the flagship Virginia II approached the battery, followed by the Richmond and Fredericksburg, and effected the retreat upstream to Chaffin's Bluff. Though they were caught by surprise, this small action helped determine the effectiveness of the ironclads' casemates against close rifled fire, and in the case of the Richmond the results were favorable: her armor withstood the fire, though her smokestack was shot off.

Retirement
William A. Webb subsequently relinquished command of the CSS Richmond because of declining health. For this reason, as well as unspecified business matters, he left the Confederacy, in December, 1864, for England. While in London, he took the Oath of Allegiance before Francis A. Adams, the U.S. Consul in that city, on 31 May 1865, and left England the next month, to return home to his native state of Virginia. By mid-1865, after the close of the war, he was already back in Richmond, Virginia, and requested a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, which was approved shortly afterwards.

He died at his home in Goochland County on December 1, 1881.

title: William A. Webb


text:
Talk:Fraternity Vacation

2010 comments
Fraternity Vacation is a movie from 1985 about a nerd who gets befriended from two of his frat brothers as his father offers them a condo during their vacation in Palm Springs.

The most memorable part of the movie occurs early on with Barbara Crampton and Kathleen Kinmont.

I added the fact about Barbara Crampton and Kathleen Kinmont into the main article plus the following "in a classic nude scene as they each take each other's bikinis off. The scene is most often talked about and most often viewed especially by fans of Barbara Crampton and Kathleen Kinmont." I dón't know if there is any suitable citation that I can add here to justify the latter sentence but if one does searches on the Internet of "Barbara Crampton, Kathleen Kinmont, Fraternity Vacation" you would find that it is undoubtedly true. I very much doubt that anyone would even be aware of Fraternity Vacation's existence if it weren't for the Barbara-Kathleen scene. --The Shadow Treasurer (talk) 06:04, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fraternity vacation (DVD cover).jpg
Image:Fraternity vacation (DVD cover).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:56, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

"Classic nude scene"
Variants of the following line keep getting inserted and removed from this article:

 * 'The film is notable for a classic nude scene featuring Barbara Crampton and Kathleen Kinmont.'

I've removed it again, but brought it here per WP:BRD. I don't doubt there is a "nude scene" in this movie, but if we are going to claim that this is notable (compared for example to every nude scene in every other film) we need this to be supported by a reliable source which explains why the scene meets the notability criteria. Without a source, the sentence above (or variants on it) are just a personal opinion and cannot be included in the article.

If there's disagreement with this removal, let's discuss it here and obtain a consensus rather than continuing the slow-moving edit-war of adding and deleting it from the article. Euryalus (talk) 01:14, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

That scene is only remarkable aspect of the film and therefore it should be included and what I definitely do not like is the tampering and abuse that I have received from Hullaballoo Wolfowitz and I request that he would be removed as an editor on Wikipedia. The Shadow Treasurer (talk) 05:03, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Remove him as an editor over that?! Not gonna happen (nor should it). Doc   talk  05:14, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The cited source does not support that a certain nude scene is "classic" or is specifically notable in the movie (merely that it's an opening part), let alone that it's the only such scene or that this scene makes the film as a whole notable. WP:V and WP:NPOV are wikipedia policy, and it's up to the editor who wishes to add/retain disputed content to provide WP:RS to support the facts and analysis. DMacks (talk) 14:35, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * This verification failure has been noted previously in the edit-history, so rather than just tagging, I have removed it. We cannot have edit-war to insert or let it stand, given that multiple editors have observed the same problem with the content and misrepresentation of source and proponent has not been willing or able to bring it into compliance. DMacks (talk) 14:38, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I have very little to add to the cogent comments from Euryalus and DMacks, except to note that some of The Shadow Treasurer's earlier versions of the claim, like this sequence of edits (which, admittedly, The Shadow Treasurer toned down a bit soon afterwards), would make almost any editor who came across them doubt his constructive intentions. Hullaballoo Wolfowitz (talk) 16:03, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

First of all do not refer to me as TST, say the whole name of The Shadow Treasurer hence why made the necessary edit to Hullaballoo Wolfowitz's remarks. Also Doc's remarks were not helpful and therefore was supporting Hullaballo Wolfowitz's abuse to me. If you are not going to be helpful don't respond at all. To be quite honest I can't understand what DMacks is talking about but I added the sources from Barbara and Kathleen's biographies from The Actress Zone and it should be good enough as it did present their work on Fraternity Vacation in perspective. That fact stays in this article and it is the end of the matter. The Shadow Treasurer
 * In small words: there is no evidence that this scene is a source of notability for the film. The mole on my foot is a notable aspect of my foot, but nobody cares about my foot even though it has a mole. You'll want to avoid WP:OWN and instead read WP:CONSENSUS and WP:DR to make sure you are able to continue working on Wikipedia. DMacks (talk) 03:28, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Fraternity Vacation is notable for a nude scene from Barbara Crampton and Kathleen Kinmont. Poppycock. It is not notable for this. Or if it is notable for this, neither of the sources most recently adduced for it actually say so. These sources (in some area of Wordpress.com) merely suggest that a topless or nude scene (the two sources even disagree over this) is the most notable part of these two actresses' participation. Or more strictly, they say this for the kind of audience that wants to see actresses rated by ACTING ABILITY, STARDOM, ELEGANCE, BODY, and BREASTS (their capitalization, not mine). Deleted from the WP article is any mention of Ebert's review, previously and fraudulently presented as evidence for this claim. Unlike this Wordpress.com site, (a) Ebert is a pundit whose opinions are discussed (if not always agreed with), and (b) Ebert writes an entire review of the film. -- Hoary (talk) 09:51, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fraternity Vacation


text:
Ghost Stations

Ghost Stations is a series of books by the British military historian Bruce Barrymore Halpenny, containing ostensibly true ghost and mystery stories generally connected to the RAF, airfields and other military or war connected stories.

History
Bruce Halpenny had been writing ghost stories in the 1960s and encountering ghost stories in his exhaustive research into airfield histories, when he decided they should form the subject of a special book, and so started to add to and research his “ghost-mystery” files about abandoned airfields that "murmur and whisper with ghosts". Halpenny had by 1984 become acknowledged as a respected British military historian, expert in airfield histories, and expert in "RAF ghosts", especially surrounding airfields.

In the 1960s, Halpenny began presenting what he believed to be evidence of paranormal activity on airfields. He also campaigned for the British government to do their part by preserving a Second World War airfield in its original condition for future generations to see, and for the history of each airfield to be recorded fully and the men and sacrifice never forgotten.

Ghost Stations was officially launched at RAF Wittering on Thursday 16 October 1986. The book took 18 months to compile and drew upon the author's knowledge and experience working in airfields and documenting their history. Ghost Stations proved a best seller and was followed by a second book, entitled, Aaargh! that was published with over 30 "ghostly and mysterious" tales, one of which was "The eerie mystery of Lightning 894". Aaargh!, was later to become Ghost Stations 2 as six more books followed over the years.

GHOST STATIONS became a trademark in the late 1980s and in 2008 the new Ghost Stations series, based on the original series, was brought out. In the new series the stories had been shuffled around and merged, thus a story that was being investigated by Bruce Halpenny that was in several books in the old series, were merged into one story in one book in the new series. Also regional books were created in the new series, with Ghost Stations Lincolnshire, already for some Lincolnshire bookshops, one of their best sellers. The author's son, commercial artist, book editor and writer, Baron Barrymore Halpenny had a hand in the book cover design from the original series to the new series.

The author expresses his beliefs in the supernatural:

"It is difficult for people to believe in ghosts and this is understandable for people tend to accept only what they can see and hear with their normal senses. Strange paranormal events take place, which seem to verge on fantasy, these events happen when we least expect them. It is not necessarily the bewitching hour of midnight, which animates ghosts; neither is it necessary for the location to be the hallowed ground of some ancient churchyard, or burial place. Ghosts and other phantoms can show up at any time, day or night, taking many forms."

The original series of Ghost Stations books
The original eight Ghost Stations books were:

 * Ghost Stations (Paperback) (ISBN 978-0-86303-314-8)
 * Aaargh! (Paperback) – Later retitled Ghost Stations 2 (ISBN 978-0-907595-55-7)
 * Ghost Stations 3 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-0-907595-57-1)
 * Ghost Stations 4 (Paperback)  (ISBN 978-0-907595-76-2)
 * Ghost Stations 5 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-0-907595-81-6)
 * Ghost Stations 6 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-0-907595-86-1)
 * Ghost Stations 7 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-0-907595-97-7)
 * Ghost Stations 8 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-900456-02-9)

The new series of Ghost Stations books
The new Ghost Stations books (as of 2008), published by L'Aquila Publishing:

 * Ghost Stations 1 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-10-8)
 * Ghost Stations 2 (Paperback)  (ISBN 978-1-871448-11-5)
 * Ghost Stations 3 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-12-2)
 * Ghost Stations 4 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-13-9)
 * Ghost Stations 5 (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-14-6)
 * Ghost Stations Mysteries (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-08-5)
 * Ghost Stations Lincolnshire (Paperback)  (ISBN 978-1-871448-06-1)
 * Ghost Stations Yorkshire (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-05-4)
 * Ghost Stations Germany (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-07-8)
 * Ghost Stations The Story (Paperback) (ISBN 978-1-871448-09-2)

title: Ghost Stations


text:
Impersonal verb

In linguistics, an impersonal verb is one that has no determinate subject. For example, in the sentence "It rains", rain is an impersonal verb and the pronoun it corresponds to an exophoric referrent. In many languages the verb takes a third person singular inflection and often appears with an expletive subject. In the active voice, impersonal verbs can be used to express operation of nature, mental distress, and acts with no reference to the doer. Impersonal verbs are also called weather verbs because they frequently appear in the context of weather description. Also, indefinite pronouns may be called "impersonal", as they refer to an unknown person, like one or someone, and there is overlap between the use of the two.

Valency
Impersonal verbs appear only in non-finite forms or with third-person inflection. In the third person, the subject is either implied or a dummy referring to people in general. The term "impersonal" simply means that the verb does not change according to grammatical person. In terms of valency, impersonal verbs are often avalent, as they often lack semantic arguments. In the sentence It rains, the pronoun it is a dummy subject; it is merely a syntactic placeholder—it has no concrete referent. In many other languages, there would be no subject at all. In Spanish, for example, It is raining could be expressed as simply llueve.

Use in meteorological expressions
Temperature expressions ("it is hot"), weather expressions ("it is snowing"), and daylight expressions ("it is dark") tend to lack independent participants with distinct semantic roles. While snow participates in snowing, very few other types of participants can participate, and the participant is indistinguishable from the event itself; this is similar to the phenomenon of cognate objects. In addition, the participating snow is non-specific, and lacks a clear semantic role. Therefore, assigning the participating snow the role of 'referent' in the default English expression "it is snowing" would seem inappropriate. Instead, linguistics classify the "is snowing" in "it is snowing" as an impersonal verb.

Meteorological expressions are often constructed with impersonal verbs in English. However, meteorological expressions are obviously not restricted solely to impersonal verbs, even in English; furthermore, different languages use different strategies for their default meteorological expressions and common idioms. In Palestinian Arabic, "Id-dunya ti-shti" translates to "It (the world) is raining" and uses a non-impersonal verb. "Vreme je sunčano", which means "the weather is sunny", is a common Serbian construction that uses a (non-impersonal) adverb rather than a verb.

Invisible arguments
When an agent is unspecified, impersonal verbs are also known as zero person construction, or impersonal construction. An implicit argument (an argument that is put forth without stating it directly) is present on a semantic level for both Estonian and Finnish. The Finnic impersonal construction enables an event or state to be described without specifying the identity of the agent (actor). Despite this, the interpretation of the impersonal includes a referent of some sort (dummy). The zero person is not entirely the same as an impersonal.

Finnish: Sunnuntaina voi nukkua pitkään.

Sunday-on can.PRS.3sg sleep.INF long.

Estonian: Pühapäeviti saab sisse magada.

Sundays-on can.PRS.3sg in.ILL sleep.INF

On Sundays you/one can sleep in.

There is a lack of an overt nominative subject in these constructions.

By-phrase
Some languages require their counterpart to the English by-phrase be present (like Palauan and Indonesian, Austronesian languages). Other languages disallow the presence of a by-phrase. For example, Polish does not allow the use of a by-phrase in its passive.

Zapukano w drzwi (*przez sąsiada)

was-knocked at door (*by neighbor)

It was knocked at the door. There was a knock at the door.

The content in the parenthesis causes the Polish sentence to be ungrammatical as who did the knocking cannot be overtly stated. As such, it might seem like it would be more grammatical to use impersonal verbs in such cases.

Impersonal verbs by language
In some languages such as English, French, German, Dutch and Swedish, an impersonal verb always takes an impersonal pronoun (it in English, il in French, es in German, het in Dutch, det in Swedish) as its syntactical subject:

 * It snowed yesterday. (English)
 * Il a neigé hier. (French)
 * Es schneite gestern. (German)
 * Het sneeuwde gisteren. (Dutch)
 * Det snöade igår. (Swedish)

Occasionally an impersonal verb will allow an object to appear in apposition to the impersonal subject pronoun:

 * It is raining diamonds.

Or as an instrumental adjunct:

 * It was pouring with rain. (British English)

In some other languages (necessarily null subject languages and typically pro-drop languages), such as Portuguese, Spanish, Occitan, Catalan, Italian, Romanian, in Hungarian and all the Slavic languages, an impersonal verb takes no subject at all, but it is conjugated in the third-person singular, which is much as though it had a third-person, singular subject.

 * Nevó ayer. (Spanish)
 * Nevou ontem. (Portuguese)
 * Ha nevicato ieri. (Italian)
 * A nins ieri. (Romanian)
 * Sniježilo je jučer. (Croatian)
 * Havazott tegnap. (Hungarian)
 * Вчера вееше снег. / Včera veeše sneg. (Macedonian)

Other languages, those which require a subject, may permit an adjunct to assume that role.

 * Unfortunately the next day poured with rain.

English
The following sentences illustrate impersonal verbs:

 * (1) It rains.
 * (2) It is cold.
 * (3) It is growing dark.
 * (4) It seems that there is no end to this.
 * (5) It is unclear why he cut the rope.

The expletive pronoun it in these sentences does not denote a clear entity, yet the meaning is clear. In other words, the pronoun it has no clear antecedent. English is so strict about requiring a subject that it supplies them for verbs that do not really require them. In sentences (4) and (5), it is in the subject position, while the real subject has been moved to the end of the sentence.

A simple test can be done to see if the sentence contains an impersonal verb. One checks to see if a given subject pronoun takes an antecedent in the previous clause or sentence, e.g.

 * Bukit Timah is 163.63 metres tall. It is the highest point in Singapore.

 * Bukit Timah is 163.63 metres tall. It rains frequently there.

The two examples may seem similar, but only the pronoun it in the first example links with the previous subject. The pronoun it in the second example, on the other hand, has no referent. The hill (Bukit Timah) does not rain, it rains. This demonstrates that rain is an impersonal verb.

Spanish
There is no equivalent of the dummy subject it in Spanish. In Spanish, there are a few true impersonal avalent verbs. Most of them are "atmospheric verbs":

 * llueve
 * It's raining
 * Ha helado
 * It froze

Most impersonal constructions in Spanish involve using a special verb in third-person defective verb with a direct object as its only argument or use of impersonal se (not to be confused with other uses of se).

There are two main impersonal verbs in Spanish: haber (to have, to be (there is/are, there were)) and hacer (to do). Haber is an irregular verb. When used as an impersonal verb in the present tense, it has a special conjugation for the third person singular (hay). Clauses with the verb haber do not have an explicit subject; its only argument is a direct object noun phrase that does not agree with the verb. Haber has its 'natural meaning' of tener 'to have'.
 * Hay un libro (aquí).
 * There is a book (here).
 * Hay muchos libros.
 * There are many books.
 * Hubo muchos libros (que no se vendieron).
 * There were many books (that were not sold).

Less frequently, and only in some expressions with a limited number of nouns in singular, the verb "hacer" in the 3rd singular is used as impersonal (Hacer is a very common verb meaning 'to do').
 * Hace frío.
 * It's cold.
 * Hizo frío ayer.
 * It was cold yesterday.
 * Hace viento.
 * It's windy.

Spanish will add the pronoun se in front of verbs to form general sentences. Impersonal voice using se will use a singular verb since se can be replaced by uno.

 * ¿Cómo se escribe "Apple"?
 * How do you spell "Apple"?

The passive voice in Spanish has similar characteristics following that of the impersonal se. It is normally formed by using se + the third person singular or plural conjugation of a verb, similar to the impersonal se. This use of se is easily confused with the medial se.
 * Active voice:
 * Mis amigos comieron torta (European and American Spanish)
 * My friends ate cake (i.e. some of the cake)
 * Mis amigos comieron la torta (American Spanish, less frequent in European Spanish)
 * My friends ate the cake

 * Medial meaning:
 * Mis amigos se comieron la torta
 * My friends ate all the cake

 * Passive voice:
 * Esta torta se come tradicionalmente en Navidad.
 * This cake is normally eaten during Christmas
 * Se vende esta casa.
 * This house is for sale

French
Verbs can be impersonal in French when they do not take a real personal subject as they do not represent any action, occurrence or state-of-being that can be attributed to a person, place or a thing. In French, as in English, these impersonal verbs take on the impersonal pronoun - il in French.

 * Il faut que tu fasses tes devoirs.
 * It is necessary that you do your homework.

The il is a dummy subject and does not refer to anything in particular in this phrase. The most common impersonal form is il y a, meaning there is, there are. Note its other tenses (il y avait, il y a eu, il y aura, etc.).

French makes a distinction between a dummy subject and an actual subject in clauses with infinitives by the use of a different preposition. The preposition de is used with dummy subjects and the preposition à is used with real subjects. Compare:

 * It's important to learn. (= Learning is important.) - dummy subject
 * ''Il est important d'apprendre.

 * It's important to learn. (= This is important to learn.) - real subject
 * Il est important à apprendre.

German
Impersonal verbs are relatively common in German, often in constructions about a state or process. Common examples include es brennt ("there is a fire", literally "it burns"), es zieht ("there is a draft", literally "it draws") and es klopft ("there is a knock at the door", literally "it knocks"), as well as the whimsical es weihnachtet sehr ("it is very Christmassy", literally "it is Christmas-ing hard").

Many statements asserting existence also use an impersonal form. Often the equivalent sentences in English start with there.

 * Es gibt
 * There is
 * Es kamen
 * There came

Celtic languages
The Celtic languages also possess impersonal verbal forms though their use is usually translated into English by forms such as 'one sees' (Welsh: gwelir), 'one did' (Welsh: gwnaethpwyd), 'one is' (Irish: táthar) etc., in which he 'one' is taken to be an empty subject. For weather, personal verbs are used in Celtic languages, e.g. Welsh Mae hi'n bwrw eira 'it is snowing'.

Verbs meaning existence may also be impersonal.

 * Há livros. / Há um livro. (Portuguese)
 * Hay libros. / Hay un libro. (Spanish)
 * There are (some) books. / There is a book.

However, sometimes there are intransitive verbs with more or less the same meaning:

 * Existem livros. / Existe um livro. (Portuguese)
 * Existen libros. / Existe un libro. (Spanish)
 * (Some) books exist. / A book exists.

Latin
Latin has several impersonal verbs, most often seen in the third person singular. The real subject of the sentence will not be in the nominative case but is most often in the dative or accusative case. These verbs include:

 * Decet – it becomes/suits; it is right/proper
 * Libet – it pleases
 * Licet – it is permitted/allowed
 * Oportet – it is proper/fitting
 * Placet – it is agreed/resolved

Thai
Impersonal verbs in Thai do not allow for an overt grammatical subject. The impersonal verbs occur only with transitive verbs.

kəət3 phɛɛndinwaày thîï4 yîïpùn

happen earthquake at Japan

There is an earthquake in Japan.

 * man kəət3 phɛɛndinwaày thîï4 yîïpùn

 * it happen earthquake in Japan

 * There is an earthquake in Japan.

There is no allowance for the presence of a non-referential subject man 'it' in the case frame. In general, it is not allowed in formal speech, such as news reports. However, the presence of non-referential subject man can occur in the colloquial form.

man mii phîï nay bâan nii dûay rəə

it exist ghost in house this also Ques

Is there also a ghost in this house?

Subdivision into non-inception and inception subclasses can occur depending on whether the verb may occur with the path adverb khin 'up'.

Constructed languages
In the auxiliary language Interlingua, verbs are not conjugated by person. Impersonal verbs take the pronoun il:

 * Il ha nivate heri.

In the auxiliary language Esperanto, where verbs also are not conjugated for person, impersonal verbs are simply stated with no subject given or implied, even though Esperanto is otherwise not a null subject language:

 * Neĝis hieraŭ.

In the logical language Lojban, impersonal verbs simply have no first argument filled and might not have any arguments filled at all:

 * carvi ca lo prulamdei

where carvi is a verb meaning x1 rains to x2 from x3 (x1, x2, and x3 being core arguments).

Weather verb
Verbs which are used to describe the weather, are often noted to be impersonal verbs in some languages. Some linguists consider the impersonal subject of a weather verb to be a "dummy pronoun", while others have been critical of this interpretation on the basis of their role as objects in the arguments of verb clauses. In Mandarin Chinese, there are weather verbs which may take no subject or object.

Impersonal pronoun
An impersonal pronoun, or dummy pronoun, lacks a reference; in English, the usual example is "it" when used with an impersonal verb. Some sources classify certain uses of "one" (ex. "what should one say?") or "you" (ex. "you only live once") as "human impersonal pronouns". An impersonal pronoun, when used, serves as an empty placeholder, or "dummy subject", for the sentence.

Examples:
 * You would think the inner dome of heaven had fallen.
 * The young comedian was awful; one felt embarrassed for him.
 * If one fails, then one must try harder next time.

When the pronoun one is used in the numerical sense (rather than as a dummy pronoun), a different pronoun can be used subsequently to referring to the same entity.
 * We watched as one [of the ospreys] dried its feathers in the sun.
 * One [driver] pulled her car over to the side.

Generally, it is not ideal to mix the impersonal pronoun one with another pronoun in the same sentence.

 * If one fails, then he/you must simply try harder.

Null objects
While the concept of impersonal verbs is closely related to phenomenon of null subjects, null objects have to do with the lack of the obligatory projection of an object position.

In French
 * C'est pas lui qui l'a écrit, son livre, le pape, c'est quelqu'un qui lui écrit __.
 * The Pope didn't write his book himself, someone writes __ for him.

In English
 * Why then do the psychic gifts often seem to tease __, confuse __ and obstruct __?

Null objects can be understood as implicit anaphoric direct objects, that is, those whose referents can be understood from the prior or ongoing discourse context as well as sufficiently salient in that context not only to be encoded pronominally, but even to be entirely omitted. However, it is not imperative that the referent of the direct object has been referred to explicitly previously in the discourse; it could instead be accessible extra-linguistically due to its salience to the interlocutors.

Defective verb
An impersonal verb is different from a defective verb in that, with an impersonal verb, only one possible syntactical subject is meaningful (either expressed or not), whereas with a defective verb, certain choices of subject might not be grammatically possible, because the verb does not have a complete conjugation.

In universal grammar theory
Impersonal verbs can be considered null subject data. They involve a general concern in generative grammar: determining the nature and distribution of phonetically null but syntactically present entities (empty categories). Since, by definition, these entities are absent from the speech signal, it is of interest that language learners still can come to have information about them. As this phenomenon could not have resulted from sufficient prior experience, it suggests the role of universal grammar.

title: Impersonal verb


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The Ghosts of London

The Ghosts Of London is a book written by Henry Vollam Morton ("H.V."), published in 1939 by Methuen & Co Limited in London. Far from being on the subject of ghosts and the supernatural, Morton's book is instead a sentimental portrait of historic London juxtaposed with contemporary (1930s) London. The book is made up of 30 short histories and anecdotes, likely collected from his work as a journalist.

Subjects profiled in the book include snuff, herb shops (including a recipe for making Aqua vitae), the London curfew, hansom cabs, lamplighters, Ely Place, the Royal Waxworks, the bells of St. Paul's Cathedral, Lambeth Palace, Big Ben and Huguenot weavers.

A dozen black-and-white photos appear in the original edition, mostly credited to the London Daily Herald.

title: The Ghosts of London


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Talk:List of Rhode Island schools

Initial version of this article is primarily made of public domain data, as a work of the US government, downloaded from here. The data only covers public schools, so people should feel free to add private schools, following the example given in the table. Niteowlneils 04:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Looks like similar private school data is available from another page of the same site, just not in near as convenient form to create a table from. Niteowlneils 05:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Invitation to wikicity
If you wish to edit articles about schools you can try Students Wikicity where those articles will be more than welcom. Beta m (talk)

Listing
The listing should be:

Public High Schools

Public Junior High Schools

Public Middle Schools

Public Elementary Schools

Charter Schools

Private Schools

Colleges —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.16.21.103 (talk) 03:13, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Rhode Island schools


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Talk:List of Providence County, Rhode Island schools

Initial version of this article is primarily made of public domain data, as a work of the US government, downloaded from here. The data only covers public schools, so people should feel free to add private schools, following the example given in the table. Niteowlneils 04:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Looks like similar private school data is available from another page of the same site, just not in near as convenient form to create a table from. Niteowlneils 05:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Megring into Rhode Island Schools
I think this page should be merged with the other list as it provided uniformity. ~KB1KOI~


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Anthony Sampson

Anthony Terrell Seward Sampson (3 August 1926 – 18 December 2004) was a British writer and journalist. His most notable and successful book was Anatomy of Britain, which was published in 1962 and was followed by five more "Anatomies", updating the original book under various titles. He was the grandson of the linguist John Sampson, of whom he wrote a biography, The Scholar Gypsy: The Quest For A Family Secret (1997). He also gave Nelson Mandela advice on Mandela's famous 1964 defence speech at the trial which led to his conviction for life.

Early life and education
Sampson was born in Billingham, County Durham, and was educated at Westminster School. In 1944 he joined the Royal Navy, and by the time he left, in 1947, he was a sub-lieutenant in the RN Volunteer Reserve. He then studied English at Christ Church, Oxford.

Career
In 1951 Sampson went to Johannesburg, South Africa, to become editor of the magazine Drum, remaining there for four years. After his return to the United Kingdom, he joined the editorial staff of The Observer, where he worked from 1955 to 1966.

He was the author of a series of books, starting with Anatomy of Britain (1962), in which he explored the workings of the British state and other major social institutions, in particular the large corporation. He took an interest in broad political and economic power structures, but he also saw power as personal. He occasionally offered psychoanalytical interpretations of power players, as in this passage from The Money Lenders:"'[Bankers] seem specially conscious of time, always aware that time is money. There is always a sense of restraint and tension. (Is it part of the connection which Freud observed between compulsive neatness, anal eroticism and interest in money?)'"

Sampson was a personal friend of Nelson Mandela before Mandela became politically active. In 1964 Sampson attended the Rivonia Trial in support of Mandela and other ANC leaders, and in 1999 he published the authorised biography of Mandela.

Sampson was also a founding member of the now defunct Social Democratic Party (SDP).

Sampson's personal archive, catalogued by the Bodleian Library, was made public for the first time in 2012.

Personal life
He married Sally on his return from South Africa. She was a Justice of the Peace and was a bench chairman of the Youth Court at Camberwell, London

Books

 * Drum: the Making of a Magazine. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2005. ISBN 9781868422111.
 * The Treason Cage (1958)
 * Common Sense About Africa (1960)
 * Anatomy of Britain (1962) online free
 * Anatomy of Britain Today (1965)
 * Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity (1967)
 * The New Europeans. A guide to the workings, institutions and character of contemporary Western Europe (1968)
 * The New Anatomy of Britain (1971) online free
 * The Sovereign State of ITT (1973)
 * The Seven Sisters (a study of the international oil industry) (1974, ISBN 0-553-20449-1)
 * Serpico (with Peter Maas) (1976)
 * The Arms Bazaar (a study of the international arms trade) (1977)
 * The Money Lenders (a study of international banking) (1981)
 * The Changing Anatomy of Britain (1982)
 * Black Gold (a novel about the crumbling of apartheid and the business/financial picture in South Africa) (1987)
 * The Midas Touch (a study of money; book and TV series) (1989, ISBN 0-340-48793-3 or 0-563-20853-8 (BBC))
 * The Essential Anatomy of Britain: Democracy in Crisis (1992) online free
 * Company Man (a study of corporate life) (1995)
 * The Scholar Gypsy: The Quest for a Family Secret (1997)
 * Mandela: The Authorised Biography (1999), winner of the Alan Paton Award
 * Who Runs This Place?: The Anatomy of Britain in the 21st Century (2004)
 * The Anatomist (his autobiography, prepared for publication by his widow and family) (2008)
 * The Anatomist (his autobiography, prepared for publication by his widow and family) (2008)

Critical studies, reviews and biography

 * Review of Company man.

title: Anthony Sampson


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User:Haxtaro

hi!

title: User:Haxtaro


text:
Rugby player

Rugby player can refer to:

 * A player of rugby union
 * A player of rugby sevens
 * A player of rugby league
 * A player of rugby league sevens
 * A player of rugby league nines
 * A player of both codes of rugby football
 * A player of wheelchair rugby

title: Rugby player


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Kiev Voivodeship

The Kiev Voivodeship (Województwo kijowskie; Palatinatus Kioviensis; Київське воєводство) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1471 until 1569 and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793, as part of Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. On some maps Kiev Voivodeship was also named as the Lower Volhynia.

The voivodeship was established in 1471 upon the death of the last prince of Kiev Simeon Olelkovich and transformation of the Duchy of Kiev (appanage duchy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) into the Voivodeship of Kiev.

Description
The voivodeship was established in 1471 under the order of King Casimir IV Jagiellon soon after the death of Semen Olelkovich. It had replaced the former Principality of Kiev, ruled by Lithuanian-Ruthenian Olelkovich princes (related to House of Algirdas and Olshansky family).

Its first administrative center was Kiev, but when the city was given to Imperial Russia in 1667 by Treaty of Andrusovo, the capital moved to Zhytomyr (Żytomierz), where it remained until 1793.

It was the biggest voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by land area, covering, among others, the land of Zaporizhian Cossacks.

Municipal government
The governor of the voivodeship was voivode (List of voivodes of Kiev). In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the other two major administrative positions were castellan and bishop (biskup kijowski).

 * List of voivodes of Kiev
 * Castellan of Kijow (city governor)
 * Vogt of Kijow

Flag and coat of arms
The flag on one side had Lithuanian Pogon on red field and on other side black bear on white field with his front left paw raised up.

Regional council (sejmik)

 * Zhytomyr

Regional council (sejmik generalny) for all Ruthenian lands

 * Sudova Vyshnia

Regional council (sejmik poselski i deputacki) seats

 * Kive
 * Ovruch
 * Zhytomyr

Counties

 * Kijow County, Kijow (Biała Cerkiew, Bila Tserkva, since 1659)
 * Owrucz County, Owrucz
 * Żytomierz County, Żytomierz

Other former counties

 * Putywl County, Putywl (lost after the second Muscovite–Lithuanian War)
 * Mozyrz County, Mozyrz (transferred to Minsk Voivodeship under the Union of Lublin)
 * Czerkasy County, Czerkasy (liquidated in 1566)
 * Czarnobyl County, Czarnobyl (liquidated in 1566)

Former counties lost under the Treaty of Andrusovo

 * Lubecz County, Lubecz
 * Oster County, Oster
 * City of Kijow

Elderships (Starostwo)
Instead of some liquidated counties in 1566 there were established elderships: Biała Cerkiew, Kaniów, Korsun, Romanówka, Czerkasy, Czigrin.

Free royal cities

 * Berezań
 * Biała Cerkiew
 * Bohusław
 * Czehryń
 * Czerkasy
 * Jagodzin
 * Kaniów
 * Kijów
 * Korsuń
 * Myrhorod
 * Oster
 * Owrucz
 * Stebliw
 * Trechtymirów
 * Żytomierz

Neighbouring Voivodeships and regions

 * Bratslav Voivodeship
 * Podolian Voivodeship
 * Brest Litovsk Voivodeship
 * Minsk Voivodeship
 * Chernihiv Voivodeship
 * Grand Duchy of Moscow
 * Crimean Khanate
 * Yedisan

title: Kiev Voivodeship


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Lord Roberts (electoral district)

Lord Roberts was a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba, located in the south-central section of the City of Winnipeg. It was created by redistribution in 1999, and consists primarily of territory taken from the now-defunct ridings of Osborne and Crescentwood. The district is named after Field Marshal Lord Roberts.

Lord Roberts was bordered to the south by Fort Garry and St. Vital, to the west by River Heights, to the north by Fort Rouge and St. Boniface and to the east by St. Vital.

Lord Roberts' population in 1996 was 20,469. The average family income in 1999 was $44,963, with an unemployment rate of 7.70%. Thirty-one per cent of the riding's residents are listed as low income. Over 47% of the riding's dwelling houses in 1999 were rental units, and over 20% of the riding's families were single-parent.

Over 19% of the riding's population was above 65 years of age. 14% per cent of the riding's residents were immigrants, including 5% German and 4% Ukrainian. Four percent of the riding's residents were Jewish.

The service sector accounts for 19% of Lord Roberts's industry, followed by 13% in health and social services.

The riding was only ever held by the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), and was generally considered safe for the party. Its only MLA was Diane McGifford, who was re-elected in 2003 with over 60% of the riding's popular vote.

For the 2011 election, the riding was dissolved into Fort Rouge, River Heights, and the new riding of Fort Garry-Riverview

title: Lord Roberts (electoral district)


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Ostraka (journal)

Ostraka is an academic journal published semiannually from 1992–2012 and roughly annually thereafter by the Istituto di studi comparati sulle società antiche of the University of Perugia in Perugia, Italy. It publishes research by professionals into the archaeology of classical antiquity.

title: Ostraka (journal)


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Melancton Smith

Melancton Smith (May 7, 1744 – July 29, 1798) was a merchant, lawyer and a New York delegate to the Continental Congress. Praised for his intelligence, liberality, and reasonableness, Smith had attained considerable respect in the State of New York by 1787 and he has been described by modern scholars as the most important Anti-Federalist theorist and spokesman. Additionally, Smith played an active and central role in the ratification of the United States Constitution.

Biography
Melancton Smith was born in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, and was homeschooled by his parents. When his family moved to Poughkeepsie, New York, he became involved in the mercantile business as well as alpaca farming. Smith manifested a life-long interest in metaphysics and religion, and in 1769 he helped organize the Washington Hollow Presbyterian Church and purchased one of its pews.

Career in New York
He became a delegate to the first New York Provincial Congress in New York on May 22, 1775. He served in the Continental Line Regiment on June 30, 1775, which he organized as the Dutchess County Rangers. On Feb. 11, 1777, he became one of three members of a Dutchess County commission for "inquiring into, detecting and defeating all conspiracies ... against the liberties of America;" he served for the next six months administering oaths of allegiance, arresting suspects, informing upon and examining Loyalists. While wielding this powerful civil and military authority, he was also serving as sheriff of Dutchess County. He extended his land holdings by purchasing some of the forfeited Loyalist estates. In May 1777 was appointed Sheriff of Dutchess County, an office he retained until 1781. In the following year, the Provincial Commission selected Smith to be the Second Judge on the Court of Common Pleas. He was also elected to be the Justice of the Peace in Dutchess County and held both positions until 1784, when he and his family moved to New York City.

US Constitution
Smith moved to New York City in 1784 where he became a prominent merchant. He helped found the New York Manumission Society in opposition to slavery and served in the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1787. He played an active role in the writing of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Smith was the most important Anti-Federalist member of the State ratification convention at Poughkeepsie in 1788, where he made many of the same arguments as the Federal Farmer, bore the brunt of the Federalist attack and got into heated debates with Alexander Hamilton. Smith was so successful in opposing even Hamilton that he had been characterized as "one of the ablest debaters in the country". Following the ratification of the Constitution by New Hampshire and Virginia, and a letter he received from Nathan Dane, Smith became convinced that New York had no choice but to accept the ratification of the Constitution and could not afford to wait until it had been amended because of external threats. His vote for the Constitution, albeit with the recommendation of amendments, broke Anti-Federalist ranks and brought down Governor George Clinton's wrath.

He was one of the few important landowners and merchants among the Anti-Federalists, and Smith continued in the Clintonian party. He was elected to the Assembly in 1791 and canvassed the state for Clinton in 1792 against John Jay. Smith died during the yellow fever epidemic in New York City in 1798 and is buried in Jamaica Cemetery, Jamaica, Queens, New York. The homonymous Unionist naval officer Melancton Smith was his grandson.

Anti-Federalist Papers
Smith has been cited as the likely author of some of the more prominent Anti-Federalist essays written to encourage voters to reject ratification of the Constitution: the essays of Brutus and The Federal Farmer. While many believed Robert Yates to have been the author of the Brutus essays and Richard Henry Lee to have written the Federal Farmer, scholars have recently cast doubt on those attributions. In a computational analysis of the known writings of Smith, Yates, Lee, and other prominent Antifederalists, John Burrows concluded that Smith was the most likely author of both sets of essays. He found that "Brutus is consistently unlike... Yates's other writings." However, "the resemblance to Smith is strong and unfaltering." Furthermore, "[a]ll of the tests employed upheld Smith's authorship of Federal Farmer's papers, while the claim for Richard Henry Lee found no support at all." Michael Zuckert and Derek Webb, noting that it would be odd for one person to write two separate sets of essays covering similar topics and publishing at the same time, suggest that Smith instead collaborated closely with other Antifederalists. They find it more probable that he wrote one of the sets of essays, while another person or persons close to him wrote the other.

title: Melancton Smith


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Category:Shaman King characters

These characters are from Shaman King. For a more complete list, see:List of Characters in Shaman King

title: Category:Shaman King characters


text: User talk:67.166.178.65

title: User talk:67.166.178.65


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French Vietnamese

French Vietnamese or Vietnamese French may refer to:

 * Of or relating to any of the subdivisions of Vietnam during the period of French colonialism
 * Annam
 * Tonkin
 * Cochinchina
 * Tây Bồi Pidgin French, an extinct pidgin formerly spoken by non-French-educated Vietnamese
 * French language in Vietnam
 * Franco-Vietnamese relations
 * French people in Vietnam
 * Vietnamese people in France

title: French Vietnamese


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Bond order

In chemistry, bond order is a formal measure of the multiplicity of a covalent bond between two atoms. As introduced by Linus Pauling, bond order is defined as the difference between the numbers of electron pairs in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.

Bond order gives a rough indication of the stability of a bond. Isoelectronic species have the same bond order.

Examples
The bond order itself is the number of electron pairs (covalent bonds) between two atoms. For example, in diatomic nitrogen N≡N, the bond order between the two nitrogen atoms is 3 (triple bond). In acetylene H–C≡C–H, the bond order between the two carbon atoms is also 3, and the C–H bond order is 1 (single bond). In carbon monoxide, -C\tO+, the bond order between carbon and oxygen is 3. In thiazyl trifluoride N\tSF3, the bond order between sulfur and nitrogen is 3, and between sulfur and fluorine is 1. In diatomic oxygen O=O the bond order is 2 (double bond). In ethylene H2C\dCH2 the bond order between the two carbon atoms is also 2. The bond order between carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide O=C=O is also 2. In phosgene O\dCCl2, the bond order between carbon and oxygen is 2, and between carbon and chlorine is 1.

In some molecules, bond orders can be 4 (quadruple bond), 5 (quintuple bond) or even 6 (sextuple bond). For example, potassium octachlorodimolybdate salt (K4[Mo2Cl8]) contains the [Cl4Mo\qMoCl4](4–) anion, in which the two Mo atoms are linked to each other by a bond with order of 4. Each Mo atom is linked to four Cl− ligands by a bond with order of 1. The compound (terphenyl)–CrCr–(terphenyl) contains two chromium atoms linked to each other by a bond with order of 5, and each chromium atom is linked to one terphenyl ligand by a single bond. A bond of order 6 is detected in ditungsten molecules W2, which exist only in a gaseous phase.

Non-integer bond orders
In molecules which have resonance or nonclassical bonding, bond order may not be an integer. In benzene, the delocalized molecular orbitals contain 6 pi electrons over six carbons, essentially yielding half a pi bond together with the sigma bond for each pair of carbon atoms, giving a calculated bond order of 1.5 (one and a half bond). Furthermore, bond orders of 1.1 (eleven tenths bond), 4/3 (or 1.333333..., four thirds bond) or 0.5 (half bond), for example, can occur in some molecules and essentially refer to bond strength relative to bonds with order 1. In the nitrate anion (NO3−), the bond order for each bond between nitrogen and oxygen is 4/3 (or 1.333333...). Bonding in dihydrogen cation H2+ can be described as a covalent one-electron bond, thus the bonding between the two hydrogen atoms has bond order of 0.5.

Bond order in molecular orbital theory
In molecular orbital theory, bond order is defined as half the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons as per the equation below. This often but not always yields similar results for bonds near their equilibrium lengths, but it does not work for stretched bonds. Bond order is also an index of bond strength and is also used extensively in valence bond theory.

 * bond order = $number of bonding electrons - number of antibonding electrons⁄2$

Generally, the higher the bond order, the stronger the bond. Bond orders of one-half may be stable, as shown by the stability of H2+ (bond length 106 pm, bond energy 269 kJ/mol) and He2+ (bond length 108 pm, bond energy 251 kJ/mol).

Hückel molecular orbital theory offers another approach for defining bond orders based on molecular orbital coefficients, for planar molecules with delocalized π bonding. The theory divides bonding into a sigma framework and a pi system. The π-bond order between atoms r and s derived from Hückel theory was defined by Charles Coulson by using the orbital coefficients of the Hückel MOs:

 * $$p_{rs} = \sum_i n_ic_{ri}c_{si}$$,

Here the sum extends over π molecular orbitals only, and ni is the number of electrons occupying orbital i with coefficients cri and csi on atoms r and s respectively. Assuming a bond order contribution of 1 from the sigma component this gives a total bond order (σ + π) of 5/3 = 1.67 for benzene, rather than the commonly cited bond order of 1.5, showing some degree of ambiguity in how the concept of bond order is defined.

For more elaborate forms of molecular orbital theory involving larger basis sets, still other definitions have been proposed. A standard quantum mechanical definition for bond order has been debated for a long time. A comprehensive method to compute bond orders from quantum chemistry calculations was published in 2017.

Other definitions
The bond order concept is used in molecular dynamics and bond order potentials. The magnitude of the bond order is associated with the bond length. According to Linus Pauling in 1947, the bond order between atoms i and j is experimentally described as

 * $$s_{ij} = \exp{\left[\frac{d_{1} - d_{ij}}{b}\right]}$$

where d1 is the single bond length, dij is the bond length experimentally measured, and b is a constant, depending on the atoms. Pauling suggested a value of 0.353 Å for b, for carbon-carbon bonds in the original equation:

 * $$d_{1} - d_{ij} = 0.353~\text{ln}(s_{ij})$$

The value of the constant b depends on the atoms. This definition of bond order is somewhat ad hoc and only easy to apply for diatomic molecules.

title: Bond order


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title: Talk:Brotha Lynch Hung