text:
Stan Collymore

Stanley Victor Collymore (born 22 January 1971) is an English football pundit, sport strategist, and former player who played as a striker from 1990 to 2001, most notably for Nottingham Forest and later Liverpool, who he joined from the former for an English transfer record of £8.5 million in 1995. He is currently senior football strategist at Southend United.

After his release from Wolves' academy, Collymore signed for non-league Stafford Rangers, where he caught the eye of First Division side Crystal Palace who signed him in January 1991. He failed to break into the first team and subsequently dropped down to the Second Division (renamed as the First Division in 1992) with Southend United, for whom his goalscoring record helped save from relegation and attract attention from Nottingham Forest, who he joined in the summer of 1993 for £2.25 million. Collymore enjoyed two prolific seasons at Forest, earning promotion to the Premier League in his first season and scoring 22 goals as Forest finished in third place during the 1994–95 season. Perennial title challengers Liverpool signed him in 1995, where he initially formed a successful partnership with Robbie Fowler, but was eventually ousted in favour of younger striker Michael Owen and sold on to boyhood club Aston Villa in 1997, where his form dipped and he struggled to break into the first team. After two unsuccessful years with Villa, he joined Leicester City in 2000 where he saw a brief career resurgence under Martin O'Neill, but struggled under his successor Peter Taylor and was sold to Bradford City in October 2000, but would leave the club after just 10 weeks due to his high wage bill. He then joined Real Oviedo of the Primera Liga, where he finished his career in March 2001 after just five weeks with the club.

While a talented and prolific goalscorer, Collymore's career was often marred by controversy, including his public struggles with mental health, outbursts on the pitch and arguments with coaches and teammates. During 2021, he became involved with the management of former club Southend United.

Early career
Collymore was born at Groundslow Hospital, Tittensor, Staffordshire to a Barbadian father and English mother. He first took an interest in football as a child, and grew up supporting Aston Villa. He started playing soon after as a centre forward for Cannock Peelers and Penkridge Juniors, before starting his professional career as an apprentice with Walsall, and later Wolverhampton Wanderers, before being released and signing for then Conference team, Stafford Rangers.

Crystal Palace (1991–92)
While playing for Stafford Rangers, Collymore was spotted by a scout from First Division side Crystal Palace and signed with the club on 4 January 1991, when he was 19 years old. He made his first team debut for Palace on 23 April, coming on as a 76th minute substitute in a match against Liverpool. Collymore would remain with Palace for nearly two years, but struggled to find a place in the first team ahead of the prolific goalscoring partnership of Mark Bright and Ian Wright, and left the club in November 1992.

Southend United (1992–93)
Collymore joined First Division strugglers Southend United for £150,000 on 20 November 1992, as the club was stuck firmly in the second tier relegation battle with the likes of Birmingham, Oxford and Peterborough. Collymore would score 15 goals in 30 league appearances that season, with his goalscoring record and form helping Southend to claw their way out of the bottom three and finish the season in 18th, after being tipped by many to be relegated at the start of the season. Collymore later said "I count helping to keep Southend in the First Division in my season there as one of my finest achievements."

First Division (1993–94)
Collymore's work at Southend attracted attention from a number of different teams, including boyhood club Aston Villa of the Premiership and newly relegated Nottingham Forest. Frank Clark eventually signed him to the latter on 5 July 1993 for an initial fee of £2.25 million. Collymore's prolific goalscoring form continued with Forest, as he scored 19 goals in 28 games and led the attack as Forest became a fixture in the top of the table and looked to win automatic promotion back to the Premiership. This was realised on 30 April 1994, when a last minute winner from Collymore saw Forest beat Peterborough United 3–2, securing a second place finish and automatic promotion to English football's top flight.

Premiership (1994–95)
He made his first appearance for Forest in the Premiership on 22 August 1994, scoring a 26th minute equaliser in a 1–1 draw against Manchester United at City Ground. Collymore scored 22 goals as Forest remained a consistent challenger for a top 3 finish in 1994–95, and a thirteen game unbeaten run from February–May saw them finish third and earn a place in the next season's UEFA Cup. Despite success on the field, Collymore became an unpopular figure among his teammates, to the point that they refused to celebrate with him when he scored a goal. Midway through the season, his impressive goalscoring record had attracted attention from Manchester United, who were looking to replace ageing striker Mark Hughes with a younger talent. Collymore spent almost the entirety of late 1994 linked with a move to Old Trafford, with himself and Newcastle United's Andy Cole named as Sir Alex Ferguson‘s most wanted targets. Eventually, Cole was signed by United for an English transfer record deal worth £7 million, while Collymore stayed at Forest for the remainder of the season; by the end of the campaign, however, he had received offers from Liverpool, Everton and Newcastle, with all three battling to earn his signature in the summer of 1995.

1995–96
Roy Evans would sign the deal to bring Collymore to Liverpool on 3 July 1995 for £8.5 million, shattering the English transfer record set earlier in the year by Andy Cole's move to Manchester United. Collymore was initially placed in a forward partnership with veteran Ian Rush, though Rush was soon replaced with the younger Robbie Fowler early in the season. The up front pairing of Collymore and Fowler proved to be successful, as they scored a combined 55 goals in 1995–96 and established Evans' Liverpool side as serious contenders for that year's Premiership trophy. On 3 April 1996, with the title still very much up for grabs, Liverpool met league leaders Newcastle in a thrilling 4–3 win at Anfield, with Collymore scoring the winner in the second minute of stoppage time to severely weaken Newcastle's grip on first place and eventually play a part in them falling to second as Manchester United would take the trophy on the final day. This was later voted as the best match of the decade by the Premier League in 2003. Along with a strong league finish, Collymore was part of the Liverpool side that reached the 1996 FA Cup Final, played against Manchester United on 11 May 1996. Though he started the game, Collymore failed to get on the scoresheet and was subbed off in the 74th minute for Ian Rush, in what went on to be Rush's final appearance for the club. Collymore watched from the sidelines as Eric Cantona fired home the winning goal with five minutes left on the clock, consigning Liverpool to another year with no major silverware. It would be the closest that Collymore would come to winning a major trophy in his playing career.

1996–97
Expectations were high for Liverpool and the Collymore/Fowler partnership the following season after the promise they had showed in the previous campaign. Roy Evans' exciting young squad led the league for much of the first half of the season, but a series of poor performances in early 1997 saw them fall behind winners Manchester United and eventually finish 4th. Collymore was again a regular fixture in the attack and was a consistent goalscorer and creator, but became the subject of increasing media scrutiny throughout the season, as tabloids accused him and most of his teammates of being unprofessional, with the squad being dubbed the "Spice Boys" by newspapers in 1997. He eventually fell out of favour with Evans, and was gradually replaced with the up-and-coming Michael Owen towards the end of the season. As his starts for Liverpool became more sporadic, rumours of his departure from Anfield began to circulate prior to the summer.

1997–98
Rumours of his exit from Liverpool were confirmed on 16 May 1997 when Collymore was signed by boyhood club Aston Villa, then under Brian Little, for a club record £7 million. Collymore debuted for the Villans on 9 August 1997 in a 1–0 loss to Leicester City. He scored his first club goal on 27 August, in a 3–2 loss against Tottenham. On 4 October, he was sent off after getting into a fistfight with Bolton Wanderers' Andy Todd and subsequently handed a three match ban by the F.A. His debut season for Villa coincided with a major dip in form, as well as injury and disciplinary problems, as he managed just six goals all season and struggled to break into the starting lineup ahead of longtime main striker Dwight Yorke. During a match against Liverpool on 28 February 1998, Collymore accused former teammate Steve Harkness of racist abuse, an incident that was later picked up by the Professional Footballer's Association (PFA), but went unresolved and was closed after both players met in private and agreed to move on without charges. Off the field, Collymore was involved in an incident on 9 June 1998 where he assaulted girlfriend Ulrika Jonsson in a Paris bar, which he later apologised for.

1998–99
The 1998–99 season saw Collymore score just once in 19 appearances, as his issues off the field came to a head. In a match against Liverpool on 20 November 1998, Collymore was given a yellow card for a 9th minute tackle on defender Steve Harkness that caused the latter to be carried off the pitch and suffer ligament damage; Collymore was later shown a second yellow and sent off for another rash challenge on Michael Owen. Given his history with Harkness, Collymore was accused of holding a grudge and purposely trying to injure his former teammate; he denied the allegations. Shortly after this, he began to publicly struggle with his mental health, and was diagnosed with clinical depression, stress and anxiety in January 1999. Following this, he announced he would seek counselling and checked himself into the Priory Group Hospital in Roehampton, where he stayed for several weeks. He returned to the Villa side later in the season, but after a 3–0 loss to Chelsea on 21 March 1999, manager John Gregory dropped him from the first team for the rest of the season. This would go on to be his last appearance for Aston Villa.

Fulham (1999)
After a summer move to Greek side Panathinaikos failed to materialise, Collymore was sent out on a three month loan to Fulham at the start of the 1999–2000 season, with an option for the club to sign him for £1 million at the end. While he failed to make a major impact and was not signed, he did score the winner in a 2–1 League Cup win over West Bromwich Albion on 12 October 1999.

1999–2000
Collymore and Aston Villa mutually agreed to separate after he returned from his loan spell at Fulham, and he spent the rest of 1999 training with the youth team and looking for a new club. Ligue 1 outfit Montpellier HSC showed interest, but rescinded their offer after Collymore refused to play in a practice match before signing. Newly promoted Bradford City also tried and failed to sign him, put off by Villa's £3 million asking price. He eventually joined Leicester City for free on a pay-as-you-play basis on 11 February 2000. Just days after signing for the club, he made front page news during a team break in Spain, when he set off a fire extinguisher during a night of drinking inside La Manga Club, which resulted in £700 of damage to the bar and the entire team being sent home. Collymore was fined £30,000 and ordered to undertake community work by boss Martin O'Neill for the incident; O'Neill also warned Collymore that he would terminate his contract if any more incidents like this would occur. After returning to England, his second appearance and home debut for the club saw him score a hat-trick in a 5–2 drubbing of Sunderland. He would score four times in six appearances in his debut campaign for the Foxes, a season that saw them reach the League Cup Final, where they defeated Tranmere Rovers 2–1, though Collymore, having turned out for Fulham earlier in the season, was cup-tied and unable to feature. Collymore was stretchered off the pitch during a game against Derby County on 2 April after just 17 minutes, having audibly screamed and collapsed in the middle of the pitch. Scans later revealed he had suffered a broken left leg after an awkward landing, and he missed the rest of the season.

2000–01
Having fully recovered, Collymore remained with Leicester through the summer transfer window and was thought to be the club's new first choice striker after Emile Heskey had left for Liverpool in the summer; however, with Martin O'Neill having departed Leicester to manage Celtic, he was dropped by replacement manager Peter Taylor in favour of new signing Ade Akinbiyi and instead often brought on as a midfield substitute. He scored once more for the Foxes, in a 2–0 win against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on 17 September 2000. On 24 September, during a 1–1 draw against Everton, Collymore was alleged to have "stamped on, and later elbowed" Paul Gascoigne. While referee Alan Wiley claimed he did not see the incident and Collymore was not punished during the game, he was later ordered to attend a disciplinary hearing by the FA on 28 November. Two days after the incident with Gascoigne, Collymore submitted a transfer request to Leicester. He would later retract this request, but manager Peter Taylor still placed him on the transfer list, citing Collymore's poor fitness, lack of commitment and attitude problems. Having fallen out of favour with another manager, and demoted to the reserve squad, where he was involved in a half time altercation with teammate Trevor Benjamin, Collymore and Leicester would eventually agree to part ways, and he was allowed to leave on a free transfer in October 2000.

Bradford City (2000–2001)
Collymore was immediately signed by longtime admirers Bradford City on 26 October 2000, a move described as "desperate" by BBC Sport pundit Mark Lawrenson. He made his Bradford debut in a West Yorkshire derby against Leeds United at Valley Parade on 29 October, scoring a memorable overhead kick in a 1–1 draw, however, his controversial celebration in front of the away crowd caused uproar and led to two Leeds fans being restrained by stewards. Collymore subsequently faced additional charges from the F.A. for the incident. He was substituted at half-time in his second game as Bradford lost 4–3 to Newcastle United in the League Cup, and missed the following game at Charlton Athletic because of flu and a sore wisdom tooth. In Collymore's absence, City lost 2–0, and manager Chris Hutchings was sacked two days later. Jim Jefferies soon took over as new City manager, and Collymore once again led the front line in Jefferies' first home game in charge against Coventry City, scoring Bradford's first goal. On 28 November, he attended a disciplinary hearing for the incident with Paul Gascoigne while he was still at Leicester, and upon video review of the incident, he was handed a three match ban, which meant he would miss key games against Liverpool, Sunderland and Chelsea. After returning from his ban, Collymore, and other highly paid players Benito Carbone and Dan Petrescu were transfer-listed in January 2001 by chairman Geoffrey Richmond in a bid to reduce the club's high wage bill. VFB Stuttgart and Celtic both made offers for Collymore, but he would eventually choose to sign with Spanish outfit Real Oviedo after just 8 games and 10 weeks with Bradford.

Real Oviedo (2001)
Collymore signed an 18 month contract with Primera Liga side Real Oviedo on 31 January 2001. He made his debut for Oviedo as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Las Palmas on 4 February 2001. He was again brought on during the second half of his home debut a week later in a loss against Villarreal, but was dropped by coach Radomir Antić after the game and told to improve his fitness. He played just one more game for Oviedo, another loss against Celta Vigo on 3 March, before announcing his retirement on 7 March 2001 at the age of 30, just five weeks after he had joined Oviedo; he did not tell the club of his plans beforehand and they only found out through the Spanish tabloids. A statement issued through his spokesman said, "Stan Collymore has decided, after discussions with his family and close friends, to give up playing professional football. He has just turned 30 and believes that the time is right to explore other career opportunities which are available to him." He was offered a chance to return to Southend United and was also approached by Boston United and Wolverhampton Wanderers, but never made a return to football, however, he applied but was turned down for the manager's position at Bradford City following the dismissal of Jim Jefferies in December 2001. Before the end of the year, Oviedo had begun court proceedings against Collymore for breach of his contract, unsuccessfully suing him for £7 million.

International career
After an impressive debut season in the Premier League, Collymore was called up to Terry Venables' England squad for the Umbro Cup in June 1995. He made his début at Wembley Stadium against Japan, partnering Alan Shearer in a 2–1 win. He won his second cap as a 90th minute substitute against Brazil.

Collymore made his third and final appearance for England as a substitute in a 4–0 win over Moldova during qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

Post-playing career
Collymore contributed to his biography Stan: Tackling my demons with Oliver Holt. In 2005, he played the character Kevin Franks in the film Basic Instinct 2 alongside Sharon Stone.

On 20 October 2008, Collymore won more than £1.5 million in damages from his financial advisers, for the poor investment advice he had been given since retiring from professional football in 2001. The judge ruled that Collymore had been given advice that was in breach of statutory obligations.

Collymore worked as a football pundit and presenter on the Talksport radio station for eight years between 2008 and 2016. He also worked as a commentator for BT Sport, he was released from his contract in 2015 for criticising their lack of action regarding sectarian chanting during a game between Rangers and Raith Rovers. He writes a column for caughtoffside.com.

Return to football with Southend United
In April 2021, Collymore wrote to Southend United chairman Ron Martin offering to buy the club from him, and held talks concerning the potential appointment of a Collymore associate as the club's CEO; in May, Tom Lawrence was appointed.

In October, Collymore, Martin, Lawrence and director Gary Lockett formed a panel to appoint a new club manager following the sacking of Phil Brown. Collymore offered further free support, as the club was described as "a mess" by the BBC, and Lawrence started negotiations with Collymore about a formal role with the club. Collymore was announced as the club's senior football strategist on 4 November 2021.

Personal life
Collymore has talked openly about his mental health issues. He began to seek counselling after he was diagnosed with clinical depression, stress and anxiety in 1999 while playing for Aston Villa. He also stated in his autobiography that he has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Since retiring, he has continued to struggle with depression, and uses his Twitter account to raise awareness of the condition.

He is a supporter of Republic, a campaign group that campaigns for an elected UK head of state. He supported the Labour Party before leaving them for the Scottish National Party in December 2015 after a notable minority of Labour MPs supported airstrikes in Syria.

Incidents
In early 1998, Collymore was accused of assault by the mother of his child, Michelle Green; she alleged he had punched her in the face and caused injury after an argument regarding their son on 22 December 1997. Collymore denied the accusations, and was found not guilty and cleared of any charges at a court hearing on 28 April 1998. Around the same time, he was in a relationship with television personality Ulrika Jonsson, which ended after he assaulted her in a Paris bar on 9 June 1998. He later apologised for the incident.

Collymore made front page news in February 2000 while playing for Leicester City, when, during a team break in Spain, he set off a fire extinguisher during a night of drinking inside La Manga Club which resulted in the entire team being sent home and banned from the resort. Collymore was fined £30,000 and ordered to undertake community work by boss Martin O'Neill for the incident. Later, in December 2000, while playing for Bradford City, Collymore suffered a broken nose after he was assaulted by two men in a Birmingham nightclub. He was subsequently cautioned by manager Jim Jefferies.

In 2004, Collymore was accused of taking part in dogging at Cannock Chase by an undercover News of the World reporter. He lost his job at BBC Radio 5 Live over the incident.

Honours
Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1993–94 First Division
 * Premier League Player of the Month: January 1996

title: Stan Collymore


text: Category:Norwegian economists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Norwegian economists


text:
Pakistani poetry

Pakistan’s tradition of poetry includes Urdu poetry, English poetry, Sindhi poetry, Pashto poetry, Punjabi poetry, Saraiki poetry, Baluchi poetry, and Kashmiri poetry. Sufi poetry has a strong tradition in Pakistan and the poetry of popular Sufi poets is often recited and sung.

title: Pakistani poetry


text:
User talk:Harry Stottle~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 13:00, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Harry Stottle. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Harry Stottle~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:15, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:38, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Harry Stottle~enwiki


text:
Conspicuous Gallantry Cross

The Conspicuous Gallantry Cross (CGC) is a second level military decoration of the British Armed Forces. Created in 1993 and first awarded in 1995, it was instituted after a review of the British honours system to remove distinctions of rank in the awarding of gallantry decorations. The Victoria Cross is the only higher combat gallantry award presented by the United Kingdom.

History
The CGC was instituted in the aftermath of the 1993 review of the honours system. As part of the drive to remove distinctions of rank in awards for bravery, the CGC replaced both the Distinguished Conduct Medal (Army) and the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Naval and Air) as second level awards to other ranks and ratings. The CGC also replaced the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), in its role as an award to officers for gallantry. The DSO was retained as an award for outstanding leadership. The CGC now serves as the second level award for gallantry for all ranks across the whole armed forces. It was designed and sculpted by Michael Rizzello for the Royal Mint.

Eligibility
The CGC, which may be awarded posthumously, is awarded "in recognition of an act or acts of conspicuous gallantry during active operations against the enemy". All ranks of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, British Army, and Royal Air Force may be awarded the CGC in recognition of qualifying acts of gallantry. Bars are awarded to the CGC in recognition of the performance of further acts of gallantry meriting the award. When the ribbon bar alone is worn, a silver rosette on the ribbon indicates the award of a bar. Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters CGC.

Appearance
The medal is in the shape of a cross pattée in silver. Arranged behind the cross, visible between the arms is a laurel wreath. On the obverse of the medal, the circular medallion in the centre depicts St Edward's crown. The reverse is plain which allows room for the engraving of the rank, name, and unit of its recipient. The award date is also engraved on the reverse of the medal. The medal is suspended by a white ribbon with two narrow dark blue stripes at the edge and one centre stripe in crimson.

Recipients
To date, there have been about 60 awards of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross, including three posthumous and one unit award. No second award bars have been awarded. The following is a full list of recipients who have been Gazetted to date.

title: Conspicuous Gallantry Cross


text:
Hugh Cortazzi

Sir Arthur Henry Hugh Cortazzi, (2 May 1924 – 14 August 2018) was a British diplomat. He was also a distinguished international businessman, academic, author and prominent Japanologist. He was Ambassador from the United Kingdom to Japan (1980–84), President of the Asiatic Society of Japan (1982–1983) and Chairman of the Japan Society of London (1985–95).

Early life
Cortazzi was educated at Sedbergh School, St Andrews University and University of London. He served in the Royal Air Force from 1943 to 1947, serving in Britain and India, and later elsewhere in Asia. He began in the RAF as an Aircraftman 2nd Class and was assigned to a six-month course learning Japanese, taught at the School of Oriental and African Studies. After completion of the course, Cortazzi was sent to the headquarters of the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre in Delhi, India, just as the war was ending. He was assigned to Number 5 Mobile Section, and was then posted to Singapore as the personal interpreter of General Miles Dempsey, the commander of the 14th Army. In 1946, he conducted many interrogations and produced translations of wartime documents in Singapore. In June 1946, he was posted to the British Commonwealth Air Contingent of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force and was based in Iwakuni. There he considered that the tasks he was given to undertake were of little value. Cortazzi was granted a wartime commission in the rank of Pilot Officer in June 1945. He was promoted to Flying Officer in December 1945, and left the service in 1947, after which he joined the Foreign Office. In 1998 Cortazzi published his autobiography, Japan and Back, and Places Elsewhere.

Diplomatic career
After the War, the British Foreign Office posted Cortazzi to Singapore (1950–1951) and to Tokyo (1951–1954). After returning to Whitehall (1954–1958), he was posted to Bonn (1958–1960). Another stint in Tokyo (1961–1965) preceded his return to London (1965–1966). Another posting in Tokyo (1966–1970) was followed by a different kind of opportunity at the Royal College of Defence Studies (1971–1972), after which he was posted to Washington, D.C. (1972–1975).

In 1975, Cortazzi was appointed Deputy Under-Secretary of State. The next few years in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1975–1980) preceded his appointment as Her Majesty's Ambassador to Japan in 1980. In 1980, Sir Hugh was elevated to the rank of Knight Commander the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George. He spent the next four years in Tokyo.

Businessman
Sir Hugh retired from public service after his years as British ambassador to Japan, but in private life, he has continued to work promoting better Anglo-Japanese relations. In addition to the books he has since written or edited, he has regularly carved out time to write reviews and a recurring column in the Japan Times.

In 2006, Sir Hugh's translation of the Japanese Crown Prince Naruhito's account of his time at Oxford was published as The Thames and I.

Sir Hugh diversified his experiences with time spent as a Director of Hill Samuel and Company, later Hill Samuel Bank (1984–1991). He has been a Director of Director: Foreign and Colonial Pacific Trust since 1984; a Director of GT Japan Investment Trust since 1984; and a Director of Thornton Pacific (formerly Pacific) Investment Trust since 1986. Since 1992 he has served as Senior Adviser to a number of Japanese multi-national businesses with significant interests in the United Kingdom—such as, NEC Corporation, Dai-ichi Kangyo Bank, Bank of Kyoto.

Sir Hugh was a member of the Economic and Social Research Council (1984–1989); a member of the Council and Court, University of Sussex (1985–1992); and Honorary Fellow of Robinson College, University of Cambridge, (1988).

He died on 14 August 2018 at the age of 94.

Honours

 * University of Stirling, Honorary doctorate, 1988.
 * Order of the Sacred Treasure, Grand Cordon (Japan), 1995.
 * Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), 1969.
 * Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), 1980.
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG), 1984.

Selected works
Sir Hugh has written, edited, translated or contributed to a number of books on the history of Anglo-Japanese relations, and Japanese history or culture. He has also written articles on Japanese themes in English and Japanese publications.

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Hugh Cortazzi, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 60+ works in 100+ publications in 4 languages and 4,000+ library holdings.

 * 2009 – Japan in Late Victorian London: The Japanese Native Village in Knightsbridge and 'The Mikado', 1885, Sainsbury Institute, 2009 ISBN 954-592-115-3
 * 2009 – Introduction to A Diplomat in Japan Part II: The Diaries of Sir Ernest Satow, 1870-1883, lulu.com
 * 2007 – Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, vol. VI. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. [reprinted by University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 2007. ISBN 978-190-524633-5 (cloth)]
 * 2005 – Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, vol. V. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-48-5 (cloth)
 * 2003 – Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, vol. IV. London: Curzon. ISBN 978-190-335014-0 (Cloth)
 * 2001 – British Envoys in Japan, 1859–1972. Folkestone, Kent: Japan Library. ISBN 1-901903-51-6.
 * 2001 – Japan Experiences : Fifty Years, One Hundred Views Post-War Japan Through British Eyes, 1945-2000, Folkestone Kent: Japan Library. ISBN 978-190-335004-1 (cloth)
 * 2000 – Collected Writings of Sir Hugh Cortazzi, vol. II; London: Routledge. ISBN 1-873410-96-4 (cloth)
 * 1998 – Japan and Back and Places Elsewhere [reprinted University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 2000; ISBN 978-1-901-90320-1 (cloth)]
 * 1995 – Caught in Time: Japan (with Terry Bennett). Boston: Weatherhill; ISBN 978-0-834-80343-5 (cloth)
 * 1994 – Japan. New York: Paul & Co. Publishers Consortium; ISBN 978-187-393855-3
 * 1993 – Modern Japan: a concise survey [reprinted by Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2006; ISBN 978-0-333-54340-5 (paper)]
 * 1992 – Britain and Japan 1859-1991: Themes and Personalities (with Gordon Daniels). London: Routledge; ISBN 978-0-415-05966-4 (cloth)
 * 1990 – The Japanese Achievement: a short history of Japan and Japanese culture. London: Sidgwick & Jackson; ISBN 0-283-99647-1 [reprinted by Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire: 1990; ISBN 978-0-312-04237-0 (cloth)]
 * 1988 – Kipling's Japan, (with George Webb); London: Continuum International; ISBN 978-0-485-11348-8 (cloth)
 * 1987 – Victorians in Japan: in and around the Treaty Ports, London: Continuum International; ISBN 978-0-485-11312-9 (cloth)
 * 1987 – Japanese Encounter, Tokyo: Eichosha Shinsha
 * 1987 – Zoku, Higashi no Shimaguni, Nishi no Shimaguni, Chuokoron-sha
 * 1986 – Second Thoughts (essays). Tokyo: Eichosha Shinsha
 * 1985 – Dr. Willis in Japan, 1862–1877: British Medical Pioneer, London: Athlone Press/ Continuum International; ISBN 978-0-485-11264-1 (cloth)
 * 1984 – Higashi No Shimaguni, Nishi No Shimaguni (collection of articles and speeches in Japanese), Chuokoron-sha
 * 1984 – For Japanese students of English: Thoughts from a Sussex Garden (essays), Tokyo: Eichosha Shinsha
 * 1983 – Isle of Gold: Antique Maps of Japan Boston: Weatherhill; ISBN 978-0-834-80184-4 (cloth)
 * 1980 – The Lucky One and Other Humorous Stories
 * 1972 – The Guardian God of Golf and other humorous stories [reprinted as The Lucky One, 1980]

Editor
 * 2004 – Hiro no Miya Naruhito. The Thames and I: A Memoir Of Two Years At Oxford (tr., Hugh Cortazzi). Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.
 * 2000 – Shillony, Ben-Ami. Collected Writings of Ben-Ami Shillony (eds., Carmen Blacker and Hugh Cortazzi). London: Routledge; ISBN 1-873410-99-9 (cloth)
 * 1991 – East, Sir Alfred. A British Artist in Meiji Japan (ed., Hugh Cortazzi) - reprinted by Weatherhill, Boston, 1997. ISBN 978-1-873-04705-7 (cloth)]
 * 1991 – Brunton, Richard Henry. Building Japan, 1868–1876 (ed., Hugh Cortazzi). Folkestone Kent: Japan Library; ISBN 978-1-873-41005-9 (cloth)
 * 1985 – Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford. Mitford's Japan: Memories and Recollections, 1866-1906 (ed., Hugh Cortazzi). London: Athlone Press/Continuum International; ISBN 978-0-485-11275-7 (cloth)) [reprinted by Global Oriental, Folkestone, Kent, 2003; ISBN 978-1-903-35007-2 (paper)]
 * 1982 – Fraser, Mary Crawford Fraser. A Diplomat's Wife in Japan: Sketches at the Turn of the Century (ed., Hugh Cortazzi). Boston: Weatherhill; ISBN 0-8348-0172-8 (cloth)
 * 1972 – Keita Genji. The Ogre and other stories of the Japanese Salarymen (tr., Hugh Cortazzi). Tokyo: Japan Times.

title: Hugh Cortazzi


text:
Aerarium

Aerarium, from aes ("bronze, money") + -ārium ("place for"), was the name given in Ancient Rome to the public treasury, and in a secondary sense to the public finances.

Aerarium populi Romani

The main aerarium, that of the Roman people, was the aerarium Saturni located below the Temple of Saturn at the foot of the Capitoline hill. The Roman state stored here financial and non-financial state documents – including Roman laws and senatus consulta – along with the public treasury. Laws did not become valid until they were deposited there. It also held the standards of the Roman legions; during the Roman Republic, the urban quaestors managed it under the supervision and control of the Senate. By the classical republican period, the Senate had exclusive authority to disburse funds from it.

Caesar replaced quaestorian administration with the administration of two aediles. In 28 BC, Augustus transferred the aerarium to two praefecti aerarii, chosen annually by the Senate from ex-praetors. In AD 23, these were replaced by two praetors (praetores aerarii or ad aerarium), selected by lot during their term of office. Claudius in 44 restored the quaestors, but had them nominated by the emperor for three years. In 56, Nero substituted two ex-praetors selected under the same conditions.

By the time of the late republic, the provincial governors had their own provincial treasuries, called a fiscus (initially referring to a "money bag"). Over time, the governors' exchequers merged with that of the emperor into an imperial fiscus. However, after a time, as the power of the emperors further increased, this distinction between senatorially-administered and provincial treasuries became irrelevant. Revenues from the Senatorial provinces increasingly became transferred from the aerarium to the fiscus through the early Principate. By the reign of Honorius and the Theodosian code, any vestigial distinctions had fallen away.

The extent to which records were centralised in the aerarium may be exaggerated. The various reforms done at previous times may imply negligent management, falsification, or loss of records. Even in the Republican period, Cicero lamented the extent to which the public records were managed and in later periods, the extent to which the public records were really used for reference is controversial: scholars, eg Mommsen, have argued that the sources of law in the later empire were not based on state records but rather those of private individuals, law schools, and provincial administrators.

Aerarium sanctius
In addition to the common treasury, supported by the general taxes and charged with the ordinary expenditure, there was a special reserve fund, also in the Temple of Saturn, the aerarium sanctum (or sanctius). This fund probably originally consisted of the spoils of war. Afterwards it was maintained chiefly by a five per cent tax on the value of all manumitted slaves. This fund was not to be touched except in cases of extreme necessity. This continued until 49 BC when Julius Caesar, after seizing the city of Rome during the civil war looted this special fund.

Aerarium militare
Besides creating the fiscus, Augustus also established in AD 6 a military treasury (aerarium militare) as a fund for veterans' retirement benefits. It was first endowed by 170 million sesterces of the emperor's own funds, supported by new taxes, a five per cent inheritance tax and a one per cent sales tax on auctions. Its administration was in the hands of three praefecti aerarii militaris. At first these were appointed by lot, but afterwards by the emperor, from ex-praetors, for three years.

Tribuni aerarii
The tribuni aerarii ("tribunes of the treasury") have been the subject of much discussion. They are supposed by some to be identical with the curatores tribuum, and to have been the officials who, under the Servian organization, levied the war-tax (tributum) in the tribes and the poll-tax on the aerarii. They also acted as paymasters of the equites and of the soldiers on service in each tribe. By the lex Aurelia (70 BC) the list of judices was composed, in addition to senators and equites, of tribuni aerarii. Whether these were the successors of the above, or a new order closely connected with the equites, or even the same as the latter, is uncertain.

According to Theodor Mommsen, they were persons who possessed the equestrian census, but no public horse. They were removed from the list of judices by Julius Caesar, but replaced by Augustus. According to Madvig, the original tribuni aerarii were not officials at all, but private individuals of considerable means, quite distinct from the curatores tribuum, who undertook certain financial work connected with their own tribes. Then, as in the case of the equites, the term was subsequently extended to include all those who possessed the property qualification that would have entitled them to serve as tribuni aerarii.

Publicum
Prior to the decemvirate in 451 BC, there was a separate institution known as the publicum.

On a number of occasions it is recorded that various patricians incurred the anger of the plebs by paying the spoils from war into the publicum rather than the aerarium, for example Quintus Fabius Vibulanus in 485 BC following a victory over the Volsci and Aequi. From this it has been argued that the publicum was a fund administered by the patricians, but this has been disputed by others.

title: Aerarium


text: Category:Growth factors

title: Category:Growth factors


text:
Edwin Charles Tubb

Edwin Charles Tubb (15 October 1919 – 10 September 2010) was a British writer of science fiction, fantasy and western novels. The author of over 140 novels and 230 short stories and novellas, Tubb is best known for The Dumarest Saga (US collective title: Dumarest of Terra), an epic science-fiction saga set in the far future. Michael Moorcock wrote, "His reputation for fast-moving and colourful SF writing is unmatched by anyone in Britain."

Much of Tubb's work was written under pseudonyms including Gregory Kern, Carl Maddox, Alan Guthrie, Eric Storm and George Holt. He used 58 pen names over five decades of writing, although some of these were publishers' house names also used by other writers: Volsted Gridban (along with John Russell Fearn), Gill Hunt (with John Brunner and Dennis Hughes), King Lang (with George Hay and John W Jennison), Roy Sheldon (with H. J. Campbell) and Brian Shaw. Tubb's Charles Grey alias was solely his own and acquired a big following in the early 1950s.

Life
Tubb was born in London and resided there until his death in 2010. He married Iris Kathleen Smith in 1944 and is survived by their two daughters, Jennifer and Linda, three grandsons, John Barham, Alan Barham and Steven, and two granddaughters, Lisa Elcomb and Julie Hickmott.

Career
An avid reader of pulp science-fiction and fantasy in his youth, in 1938 Tubb made contact with other British fans and made his first attempts at writing in the genre. "My first attempts were written for my own pleasure," he later told New Worlds, "and they are now perfect examples of what not to do". Tubb found that he had a particular talent as a writer of stories in that genre when his short story "No Short Cuts" was published in New Worlds magazine in 1951. Previously a salesman of printing machinery, he opted for a full-time career as a writer and soon became renowned for the speed and diversity of his output.

Tubb wrote for many of the science fiction magazines of the 1950s including Futuristic Science Stories, Science Fantasy, Nebula and Galaxy Science Fiction. He contributed heavily to Authentic Science Fiction, editing the magazine for nearly two years from February 1956 until it folded in October 1957. During this time he found it so difficult to find good writers to contribute to the magazine that he often wrote most of the stories himself under a variety of pseudonyms.

His main work in the science fiction genre, the Dumarest series, appeared from 1967 to 1985, with two final volumes in 1997 and 2008. His second major series, the Cap Kennedy series, was written from 1973 to 1983.

Later in life Tubb updated many of his 1950s science fiction novels for 21st century readers.

Tubb was one of the co-founders of the British Science Fiction Association.

Honors
Tubb was Guest of Honour at Heicon, the 1970 World Science Fiction Convention, in Heidelberg, Germany. He was a five-time winner of the Nebula Science Fiction Magazine Literary Award (1953–1958) and the recipient of the 1955 Cytricon Literary Award for Best British SF Writer. His short story "Lucifer!" won the Europa Prize in 1972. In 2010, his novel The Possessed (2005, revised version of Touch of Evil [1959]) won the Premio Italia Award for Best International Novel.

The Dumarest saga
Tubb's best known series is The Dumarest Saga (US collective title: Dumarest of Terra), a far future epic science-fiction saga charting the adventures of traveler Earl Dumarest as he attempts to find his way back to his home planet, Earth, from a region of space so far distant that the existence of the planet is believed to be nothing more than a myth. Originally written in what Michael Moorcock has described as a "conscious and acknowledged imitation" of Leigh Brackett's Eric John Stark stories, the series subsequently developed a style of storytelling unique to Tubb.

Published over a span of more than 40 years, the Dumarest Saga comprised 33 novels. The 33rd, which brings closure to Dumarest's search for Earth, was published in 2008 by Homeworld Press of Chicago. A pair of Dumarest short stories, entitled "Child of Earth" and "Figona" and published in the science fiction anthologies Fantasy Adventures 1 (2002) and Fantasy Adventures 2 (2003), were extracts from this longer work.

Cap Kennedy series
Tubb's other main novel series, Cap Kennedy, is space opera in the style of Perry Rhodan. Known as F.A.T.E. in the UK (where only the first six books have ever been published), the novels follow the adventures of Captain 'Cap' Kennedy, a Free Acting Terran Envoy (F.A.T.E.) with licence to act as judge, jury, and executioner, and the power to intervene in any situation which threatens the peace of the Terran Sphere, an interplanetary federation centred on Earth.

Independently wealthy and operating from his personal spaceship, the Mordain, Kennedy is assisted on his missions by engineer Penza Saratov, veteran scientist Professor Jarl Luden, and alien navigator Veem Chemile, a humanoid chameleon who claims to be descended from the Zheltyana, an ancient race which dominated the galaxy in the distant past before vanishing without trace. The discovery of mysterious artifacts left behind by the Zheltyana on different worlds often provided the spring-board for the stories in the series.

Lester del Rey found that although the first volume managed to "avoid the primitiveness and the formula" that spoiled many similar series, the virtues of such series were also missing, leaving him unenthusiastic. He later noted improvement in a subsequent installment.

Tubb wrote 17 Cap Kennedy novels, all under the pseudonym Gregory Kern.

These books were the basis for the Commander Scott series from German publishers Bastei Lübbe. This series included all of the Cap Kennedy books by Tubb as well as a number of further novels, written under pseudonym by different German authors. Published in the format of romanheft (a digest-sized version of pulp magazines), the series lasted for 42 issues from 1975 to 1976. (See the entry under the German Wikipedia, Commander Scott.)

Space: 1999 series
Tubb was the author of six novels based on Gerry Anderson's 1975 science fiction television series Space: 1999. Breakaway (1975), Collision Course (1975) and Earthbound (2003) are novelizations of 11 scripts written for the series' first season format (including two that were subsequently filmed as second-season episodes), while Alien Seed (1976), Rogue Planet (1976) and Earthfall (1977, revised 2002) are original novels set within the first season continuity. The latter rejected the format changes of the TV series' second season to provide a satisfactory conclusion to the Space 1999 story.

Tubb's short story "Random Sample" from New Writings in SF 29 (1976) was revised to become "Dead End", a short story in the Space: 1999 anthology Shepherd Moon (2010). The original story's Prometheus starship crew are replaced by the Moonbase Alpha characters in the Space: 1999 version. "Random Sample" was itself a revised version of a much earlier Tubb short, "Entrance Exam", originally published in New Worlds magazine (1951).

Other science fiction
Tubb's best known standalone novel is The Space-Born (1956), which started life as a serial for New Worlds Science Fiction magazine entitled "Star Ship". An acknowledged masterpiece of the "generational starship" story, the book tells of a society who are the sixteenth generation of the original crew of a vast starship on a 300-year journey to Pollux from Earth. The plot centres on a protagonist whose job is to eliminate anyone who has become a burden to the society, through ill health, mental instability, or anyone over 40.

Other notable standalone novels include Alien Dust (1955), which charts the first 35 years of an Earth colony on Mars, and Moon Base (1964), a science fiction detective thriller set on a British Moonbase where a biochemical computer is under development. The short story collections Ten From Tomorrow (1966), A Scatter of Stardust (1972) and The Best Science Fiction of E.C. Tubb (2003) contain the best of Tubb's short form writing, including "The Last Day of Summer" (1955), "Little Girl Lost" (1955), "Vigil" (1956), "The Bells of Acheron" (1957), "Fresh Guy" (1958), "The Ming Vase" (1963), "J is for Jeanne" (1965), and "Evane" (1973).

Other genres
Outside the field of science fiction, Tubb wrote 11 western novels, a detective novel and a Foreign Legion novel for Badger Books. Once again, many of these were published under a variety of pseudonyms, including the house name "Chuck Adams", which were also used by other authors. In the 1970s he wrote a trilogy of historical novels set in Ancient Rome under the pseudonym Edward Thomson.

Dramatisations
Tubb's 1955 novel The Space-Born was dramatised for French television in 1962 as a 90-minute play for Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française. The production was directed by Alain Boudet from a script by Michael Subrela and broadcast on 11 December 1962.

The short story "Little Girl Lost", originally published in New Worlds magazine (1955), was dramatised as a segment of Night Gallery in 1972. Adapted by Stanford Whitmore and directed by Timothy Galfras, with a cast featuring William Windom and Ed Nelson, the segment originally aired on 1 March 1972, paired with The Caterpillar in the penultimate episode of the series' second season.

Tubb's award-winning short story "Lucifer!" (later published in a slightly revised version under the title "Fallen Angel") was adapted for the 2023 film, "57 Seconds" starring Morgan Freeman and Josh Hutcherson. The title "57 Seconds" refers to the amount of time that the ring possessed by the main character sets back time.

The Dumarest Saga (US: Dumarest of Terra)

 * 1) The Winds of Gath (1967) (also published with slightly modified text as Gath [1968, 2010])
 * 2) Derai (1968) (also published as The Death Zone [2010])
 * 3) Toyman (1969)
 * 4) Kalin (1969)
 * 5) The Jester at Scar (1970)
 * 6) Lallia (1971)
 * 7) Technos (1972)
 * 8) Veruchia (1973)
 * 9) Mayenne (1973)
 * 10) Jondelle (1973)
 * 11) Zenya (1974)
 * 12) Eloise (1975)
 * 13) Eye of the Zodiac (1975)
 * 14) Jack of Swords (1976)
 * 15) Spectrum of a Forgotten Sun (1976)
 * 16) Haven of Darkness (1977)
 * 17) Prison of Night (1977)
 * 18) Incident on Ath (1978)
 * 19) The Quillian Sector (1978)
 * 20) Web of Sand (1979)
 * 21) Iduna's Universe (1979)
 * 22) The Terra Data (1980)
 * 23) World of Promise (1980)
 * 24) Nectar of Heaven (1981)
 * 25) The Terridae (1981)
 * 26) The Coming Event (1982)
 * 27) Earth is Heaven (1982)
 * 28) Melome (1983) (published in UK with Angado [1984] as Melome and Angado  [1988])
 * 29) Angado (1984) (published in UK with Melome [1983] as Melome and Angado  [1988])
 * 30) Symbol of Terra (1984) (published in UK with The Temple of Truth [1985] as Symbol of Terra and The Temple of Truth [1989])
 * 31) The Temple of Truth (1985) (published in UK with Symbol of Terra [1985] as Symbol of Terra and The Temple of Truth [1989])
 * 32) The Return (1997) (written 1985 but previously only published in French language as Le Retour [1992])
 * 33) Child of Earth (2008)
 * The Winds of Gath / Derai (1973) (omnibus edition of The Winds of Gath [1967] and Derai [1968])
 * Mayenne and Jondelle (1981) (omnibus edition of Mayenne [1973] and Jondelle [1973])
 * Dumarest of Terra Omnibus (2005) (omnibus edition of The Winds of Gath [1967], Derai [1968], Toyman [1969] and Kalin [1969])

Cap Kennedy (UK: F.A.T.E.)
All as by Gregory Kern

 * 1) Galaxy of the Lost (1973)
 * 2) Slave Ship from Sergan (1973)
 * 3) Monster of Metelaze (1973)
 * 4) Enemy Within the Skull (1974)
 * 5) Jewel of Jarhen (1974)
 * 6) Seetee Alert! (1974)
 * 7) The Gholan Gate (1974)
 * 8) The Eater of Worlds (1974)
 * 9) Earth Enslaved (1974
 * 10) Planet of Dread (1974)
 * 11) Spawn of Laban (1974)
 * 12) The Genetic Buccaneer (1974)
 * 13) A World Aflame (1974)
 * 14) The Ghosts of Epidoris (1975)
 * 15) Mimics of Dephene (1975)
 * 16) Beyond the Galactic Lens (1975)
 * 17) The Galactiad (1983) (written 1976 but previously only published in German language as Das kosmische Duell [1976])

Space: 1999

 * 1) Breakaway (1975)
 * 2) Collision Course (1975)
 * 3) Alien Seed (1976)
 * 4) Rogue Planet (1976)
 * 5) Earthfall (1977) (also published in 25th anniversary revised edition [2002])
 * 6) Earthbound (2003)
 * 7) Year One (2020) (also published in a revised second edition [2023])

The Chronicles of Malkar

 * 1) Death God's Doom (1999)
 * 2) The Sleeping City (1999)

Other science fiction novels

 * Saturn Patrol (1951), as by King Lang
 * also published as Saturn Patrol (1996) by E.C. Tubb
 * Planetfall (1951), as by Gill Hunt
 * Argentis (1952), as by Brian Shaw
 * also published as Argentis (1979) by E.C. Tubb
 * Alien Impact (1952)
 * Alien Universe (1952), as by Volsted Gridban
 * also published as The Green Helix (2009) by E.C. Tubb
 * Reverse Universe (1952), as by Volsted Gridban
 * Atom War on Mars (1952)
 * Planetoid Disposals Ltd. (1953), as by Volsted Gridban
 * De Bracy's Drug (1953), as by Volsted Gridban
 * also published as De Bracy's Drug (2004) by E.C. Tubb
 * also published as The Freedom Army (2009) by E.C. Tubb
 * Fugitive of Time (1953), as by Volsted Gridban
 * The Wall (1953), as by Charles Grey
 * also published as The Wall (1999, 2009) by E.C. Tubb
 * The Mutants Rebel (1953)
 * also published as World in Torment (2008)
 * Dynasty of Doom (1953), as by Charles Grey
 * The Tormented City (1953), as by Charles Grey
 * also published as Secret of the Towers (2008) by E.C. Tubb
 * Space Hunger (1953), as by Charles Grey
 * also published as Earth Set Free (1999) by E.C. Tubb
 * also published as The Price of Freedom (2008) by E.C. Tubb
 * I Fight for Mars (1953), as by Charles Grey
 * also published as I Fight for Mars (1998) by E.C. Tubb
 * Venusian Adventure (1953)
 * Alien Life (1954)
 * The Living World (1954), as by Carl Maddox
 * The Extra Man (1954)
 * also published as Fifty Days to Doom (2010)
 * Menace from the Past (1954), as by Carl Maddox
 * The Metal Eater (1954), as by Roy Sheldon
 * Journey to Mars (1954)
 * World at Bay (1954)
 * also published as Tide of Death (2008)
 * City of No Return (1954)
 * Hell Planet (1954)
 * The Resurrected Man (1954)
 * The Stellar Legion (1954)
 * The Hand of Havoc (1954), as by Charles Grey
 * Enterprise 2115 (1954), as by Charles Grey
 * also published as The Mechanical Monarch (1958) by E.C. Tubb
 * Alien Dust (1955)
 * The Space-Born (1956)
 * Touch of Evil (1957), as by Arthur Maclean
 * also published in revised version as The Possessed (2005) by E.C. Tubb
 * Moon Base (1964)
 * Death is a Dream (1967)
 * The Life-Buyer (1967)
 * also published as The Life Buyer (2006)
 * C.O.D. - Mars (1968)
 * also published as Fear of Strangers (2007)
 * Escape into Space (1969)
 * S.T.A.R. Flight (1969)
 * Century of the Manikin (1972)
 * The Primitive (1977)
 * Death Wears a White Face (1979)
 * also published as Dead Weight (2007)
 * Stellar Assignment (1979)
 * The Luck Machine (1980)
 * Pawn of the Omphalos (1980)
 * also published in revised version as Death God's Doom (1999)
 * Stardeath (1983)
 * Pandora's Box (1996) (previously unpublished work written 1954)
 * Temple of Death (1996) (previously unpublished work written 1954)
 * Alien Life (1998) (revised and expanded version of Alien Life [1954])
 * also published as Journey into Terror (2009)
 * Alien Worlds (1999) (collection of Alien Dust [1955] and Alien Universe [1952])
 * Footsteps of Angels (2004) (previously unpublished work written c.1988)
 * Starslave (2010) (previously unpublished work written 1984)
 * To Dream Again (2011)
 * Fires of Satan (2012)

Short story collections

 * Supernatural Stories 9 (1957), as by various pseudonyms
 * Ten from Tomorrow (1966)
 * A Scatter of Stardust (1972)
 * Kalgan the Golden (1996)
 * Murder in Space (1997)
 * The Best Science Fiction of E.C. Tubb (2003)
 * Mirror of the Night and Other Weird Tales (2003)
 * The Wager: Science Fiction Mystery Tales (2011)
 * The Ming Vase and Other Science Fiction Stories (2011)
 * Enemy of the State: Fantastic Mystery Stories (2011)
 * Tomorrow: Science Fiction Mystery Tales (2011)
 * The Wonderful Day: Science Fiction Stories (2012)
 * Only One Winner: Science Fiction Mystery Tales (2013)
 * The Troublemaker and Other Stories (2020)
 * Secret Weapon and Other Stories (2020)

Novellas

 * Freight (1953, Nebula 3)
 * Subtle Victory (1953, Authentic Science Fiction 39)
 * The Inevitable Conflict (1954, Vargo Statten Science Fiction 1–3)
 * Forbidden Fruit (1954, Vargo Statten/British Science Fiction 4–6)
 * Star Haven (1954, Authentic Science Fiction 52)
 * Number Thirteen (1956, Authentic Science Fiction 69), as by Douglas West
 * The Big Secret (1956, Authentic Science Fiction 70), as by Ken Wainwright
 * The Give-Away Worlds (1956, Authentic Science Fiction 72), as by Julian Cary
 * Enemy of the State (1956, Authentic Science Fiction 74), as by Ken Wainwright
 * There's Only One Winner (1957, Authentic Science Fiction 81), as by Nigel Lloyd
 * The Touch of Reality (1958, Nebula 28)
 * Galactic Destiny (1959, SF Adventures 10)
 * Spawn of Jupiter (1970, Vision of Tomorrow 11)

Non-SF novels

 * Assignment New York (1955), as by Mike Lantry
 * also published as Assignment New York (1996) by E.C. Tubb
 * The Fighting Fury (1955), as by Paul Schofield
 * also published as The Fighting Fury (1962), as by Chuck Adams
 * also published as The Gold Seekers (2000) by E.C. Tubb
 * Comanche Capture (1955), as by E. F. Jackson
 * also published as The Captive (2000), as by E.F. Jackson
 * also published as The Captive (2010) by E.C. Tubb
 * Sands of Destiny (1955), as by Jud Cary
 * also published as Sands of Destiny (2009) by E.C. Tubb
 * also published as Sands of Destiny: A Novel of the French Foreign Legion (2011) by E.C. Tubb
 * Men of the Long Rifle (1955), as by J.F. Clarkson
 * also published as The Pathfinders (2000), as by Charles Grey
 * Scourge of the South (1956), as by M.L. Powers
 * also published as The Marauders (1960), as by M.L. Powers
 * also published as Scourge of the South (2000), as by George Holt
 * Vengeance Trail (1956), as by James Farrow
 * also published as The Liberators (2000), as by Brett Landry
 * Trail Blazers (1956), as by Chuck Adams
 * also published as The Last Outlaw (1961), as by Chuck Adams
 * also published as Trail Blazers (2000), as by Eric Storm
 * also published as Trail Blazers (2007) by E.C. Tubb
 * Quest for Quantrell (1956), as by John Stevens
 * also published as Night Raiders (1960), as by John Stevens
 * also published as Curse of Quantrill (2000), as by Carl Maddox
 * Drums of the Prairie (1956), as by P. Lawrence
 * also published as The Red Lance (1959), as by L.P. Eastern
 * also published as The Dying Tree (2000), as by Edward Thomson
 * Men of the West (1956), as by Chet Lawson
 * also published as Massacre Trail (1960), as by Chuck Adams
 * also published as Hills of Blood (2000), as by Frank Weight
 * Wagon Trail (1957), as by Charles S. Graham
 * also published as Cauldron of Violence (2000), as by Gordon Kent
 * also published as Cauldron of Violence (2010) by E.C. Tubb
 * Colt Vengeance (1957), as by James R. Fenner
 * also published as Colt Law (1962), as by Chuck Adams
 * also published as The First Shot (2000) by E.C. Tubb

The Gladiators
All as by Edward Thomson

 * 1) Atilus the Slave (1975)
 * 2) Atilus the Gladiator (1975)
 * 3) Gladiator (1978)

Comic Books

 * Hellfire Landing (Commando issue 5, 1961)
 * Target Death (Combat Library issue 102, 1961)
 * Lucky Strike (War Picture Library issue 124, 1961)
 * Calculated Risk (Air Ace Picture Library issue 78, 1961)
 * Too Tough to Handle (War Picture Library issue 134, 1962)
 * The Dead Keep Faith (War Picture Library issue 140, 1962)
 * The Spark of Anger (Battle Picture Library issue 52, 1962)
 * Full Impact (Air Ace Picture Library issue 92, 1962)
 * I Vow Vengeance (War at Sea Picture Library issue 7, 1962)
 * One Must Die (Battle Picture Library issue 72, 1962)
 * Gunflash (War Picture Library issue 157, 1962)
 * Hit Back (Battle Picture Library issue 69, 1962)
 * Suicide Squad (War Picture Library issue 172, 1962)
 * No Higher Stakes (Battle Picture Library issue 89, 1963)
 * Penalty of Fear (Thriller Picture Library issue 444, 1963)

Anthologies

 * Gateway to the Stars (ed. John Carnell, 1955) - 'Unfortunate Purchase'
 * SF: The Year's Greatest Science Fiction and Fantasy (ed. Judith Merril, 1956) - 'The Last Day of Summer'
 * SF '59: The Year's Greatest Science Fiction and Fantasy (ed. Judith Merril, 1959) - 'Fresh Guy'
 * The Vampire (ed. Ornella Volta and Valerio Riva, 1963) - 'Fresh Guy'
 * The Year's Best SF: 9 (ed. Judith Merril, 1964) - 'The Ming Vase'
 * Dimension 4 (ed. Groff Conklin, 1964) - 'Sense of Proportion'
 * Best of New Worlds (ed. Michael Moorcock, 1965) - 'New Experience'
 * Weird Shadows from Beyond (ed. John Carnell, 1965) - 'Fresh Guy'
 * New Writings in SF 6 (ed. John Carnell, 1965) - 'The Seekers'
 * The Year's Best SF: 11th (ed. Judith Merril, 1966) - 'J is for Jeanne'
 * SF Reprise 1 (ed. Michael Moorcock, 1966) - 'New Experience'
 * Window on the Future (ed. Douglas Hill, 1966) - 'Sense of Proportion'
 * 9th Annual S-F (ed. Judith Merril, 1967) - 'The Ming Vase'
 * The Devil His Due (ed. Douglas Hill, 1967) - 'Return Visit'
 * More Tales of Unease (ed. John Burke, 1969) - 'Little Girl Lost'
 * The Best of Sci-fi 12 (ed. Judith Merril, 1970) - 'J is for Jeanne'
 * The Year's Best Horror Stories (ed. Richard Davis, 1971) - 'Lucifer!'
 * New Writings in Horror and the Supernatural (ed. David Sutton, 1971) - 'The Winner'
 * New Writings in SF 22 (ed. Kenneth Bulmer, 1973) - 'Evane'
 * Space 1 (ed. Richard Davis, 1973) - 'Mistaken Identity'
 * The 1974 Annual World's Best SF (ed. Donald Wollheim, 1974) - 'Evane'
 * New Writings in SF 23 (ed. Kenneth Bulmer,1974) - 'Made to be Broken', 'Accolade'
 * History of the Science Fiction Magazine 1946-1955 (ed. Mike Ashley, 1974) - 'The Wager'
 * World's Best SF Short Stories 1 (ed. Donald Wollheim, 1975) - 'Evane'
 * New Writings in SF 28 (ed. Kenneth Bulmer, 1976) - 'Face to Infinity'
 * New Writings in SF 29 (ed. Kenneth Bulmer, 1976) - 'Random Sample'
 * Best of British SF Vol. 2 (ed. Mike Ashley, 1977) - 'Trojan Horse'
 * Strange Planets (ed. A. Williams-Ellis and M. Pearson, 1977) - 'Made to be Broken'
 * New Writings in SF 30 (ed. Kenneth Bulmer, 1978) - 'Read Me This Riddle'
 * Perilous Planets (ed. Brian Aldiss, 1978) - 'The Seekers'
 * The Androids Are Coming (ed. Robert Silverberg, 1979) - 'The Captain's Dog'
 * Wollheim's World of Best SF (ed. Donald Wollheim, 1979) - 'Evane'
 * Heroic Fantasy (ed. Gerald Page and Hank Reinhardt, 1979) - 'Blood in the Mist'
 * Pulsar 2 (ed. George Hay, 1979) - 'The Knife'
 * Jewels of Wonder (ed. Mike Ashley, 1981) - 'Blood in the Mist'
 * The Drabble Project (ed. Rob Meades and David B Wake, 1988) - 'As it Really Was', 'The Very Small Knife'
 * Space Stories (ed. Mike Ashley, 1996) - 'The Bells of Acheron'
 * Classical Stories: Heroic Tales from Ancient Greece and Rome (ed. Mike Ashley, 1996) - 'The Sword of Freedom'
 * The New Random House Book of Science Fiction Stories (ed. Mike Ashley, 1997) - 'The Bells of Acheron'
 * Fantasy Annual 1 (ed. Philip Harbottle and Sean Wallace, 1997) - 'Time and Again'
 * Heroic Adventure Stories: From the Golden Age of Greece and Rome (ed. Mike Ashley, 1998) - 'The Sword of Freedom'
 * Giant Book of Heroic Adventure Stories (ed. Mike Ashley, 1998) - 'The Sword of Freedom'
 * The Iron God/Tomorrow Gryphon Double (ed. Philip Harbottle, 1998) - 'Tomorrow'
 * Fantasy Annual 2 (ed. Philip Harbottle and Sean Wallace, 1998) - 'Gift Wrapped'
 * Fantasy Annual 3 (ed. Philip Harbottle and Sean Wallace, 1999) - 'Fallen Angel'
 * Gryphon Science Fiction and Fantasy Reader 1 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 1999) - 'Talk Not at All'
 * Fantasy Annual 4 (ed. Philip Harbottle and Sean Wallace, 2000) - 'Afternoon'
 * Fantasy Quarterly 1 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2001) - 'The Inevitable Conflict'
 * Fantasy Adventures 1 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2002) - 'Child of Earth'
 * Fantasy Adventures 2 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2002) - 'Figona', 'Emergency Exit'
 * Fantasy Annual 5 (ed. Philip Harbottle and Sean Wallace, 2003) - 'Lazarus'
 * Fantasy Adventures 3 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2003) - 'Illusion'
 * Fantasy Adventures 4 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2003) - 'The Greater Ideal'
 * Fantasy Adventures 5 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2003) - 'The Answer'
 * Fantasy Adventures 6 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2003) - 'Food for Friendship'
 * Fantasy Adventures 7 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2003) - 'Sell Me a Dream'
 * Mammoth Book of New Terror (ed. Stephen Jones, 2004) - 'Mirror of the Night'
 * Fantasy Adventures 8 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2004) - 'Jackpot'
 * Fantasy Adventures 9 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2004) - 'Spawn of Jupiter'
 * Fantasy Adventures 10 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2004) - 'The Dilettantes'
 * Fantasy Adventures 11 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2004) - 'Agent'
 * Fantasy Adventures 12 (ed. Philip Harbottle, 2006) - 'You Go'
 * Space:1999 - Shepherd Moon (ed. Mateo Latosa, 2010) - 'Dead End'

title: Edwin Charles Tubb


text: User talk:68.49.150.22

title: User talk:68.49.150.22


text:
Bocha

Bocha may refer to:

 * Bocce
 * Bocha, Nepal
 * The Bocha Chiefdom in Zimbabwe

title: Bocha


text:
Lionel Morgan (footballer)

Lionel Anthony Morgan (born 17 February 1983) is an English former footballer who played as a winger for Wimbledon before injury forced him to retire from the game at the age of just 21. He made an appearance for England under-19s in a televised game in which he received the man of the match award, and was compared by studio analysts to a young John Barnes.

Playing career
Morgan was born in the London Borough of Enfield and grew up in Tottenham. As a youngster he played for Broadwater United F.C., a community club on the Broadwater Farm Estate. He joined Wimbledon's youth system at the age of 10, and went on to represent England at under-16 level. He scored a goal on his full debut for Wimbledon's reserve team aged only 16, and impressed on his next appearance.

His first-team debut came on 26 August 2000 in a goalless draw against Watford; the 17-year-old set up a chance from which John Hartson headed against the goalkeeper. He played three more first-team games before breaking his ankle in an under-19 game. He played twice more for the first team at the end of the 2000–01 Football League season, then surgery to knee cartilage damaged in a pre-season friendly caused him to miss the first two months of the 2001–02 season. He made an impressive return to the reserves, and in November 2001 played for England under-19s in a European Championship qualifier against their Georgian counterparts. The match, a 4–1 win, was televised, and Morgan was named by Sky Sports' Nigel Spackman as man of the match.

He returned to first-team action as a substitute at the end of January 2002. In February, Tottenham Hotspur made an offer of £750,000 for Morgan's services. Manager Terry Burton was unwilling to sell, but the club's reported £20,000-a-day losses prompted chairman Charles Koppel to consider the offer. Koppel was later insistent that Morgan would only leave "at the right price" and the player confirmed he was happy at the club. Meanwhile, Morgan scored for England under-19s in a friendly against Germany, and speculation in the press was that Wimbledon would not reach the play-offs unless Morgan was part of the starting eleven. In March he scored his first senior goal, the only goal of the game against Rotherham United, from a free kick described by assistant manager Stuart Murdoch as "Beckham-esque". A few days later he damaged his cruciate ligament against Crewe Alexandra, an injury which required two operations and kept him out of first-team action for seven months.

After scoring in his first league start of the season, he received a call-up to represent England under-20s, and played the whole of a 2–0 defeat to Switzerland. In his third game back in first-team action after a knee cartilage operation in January 2003, he was forced out of the game with a bruised and lacerated ankle resulting from a foul tackle by Portsmouth's Tim Sherwood; manager Murdoch accused the player of singling Morgan out for rough treatment. In April he underwent further surgery on his knee cartilage.

In June 2003, Wimbledon F.C. went into administration; Morgan's proposed transfer to Tottenham, for a fee of £400,000, fell through when he failed the medical, although it was reported that the deal could proceed once the player proved his fitness. His next first-team comeback, in September, lasted just three games before a training-ground knock aggravated the knee problem and two more operations ensued, though the prognosis was hopeful. However, the player's contract was due to expire at the end of the 2003–04 season, and the club chose not to renew it. Manager Murdoch said Morgan was attempting to regain fitness in time for pre-season training so that he could find another club, but he did not play professionally again.

After playing
Morgan was for a time reserve team manager of Wingate & Finchley, and had a brief involvement with managing the first team in the Isthmian League. In 2008, Morgan was coaching at the Broadwater United football project alongside former teammate Jude Stirling, son of the programme's founder Clasford Stirling. Morgan and former teammate Jobi McAnuff formed a management company, Infinite Sports Management, in 2011. The company was dissolved in 2017.

title: Lionel Morgan (footballer)


text:
Talk:Perfect score in a bocha match

from VfD:

Just... ugly. There is no article for Bocha (there was a substub in Portuguese or Spanish which didn't seem quite relevant, therefore speedy deleted). The article for Seu Osny needs drastic cleanup, but already seems to contain most of the information here except maybe the date. --Woggly 13:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC) I see the article has already been improved, but I still believe it should be merged with Bocha or Seu Osny and deleted, as opposed to being expanded under this cumbersome title. --Woggly 13:47, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

There is now a article for bocha in english, it definitely needs some editing though ''(Note: this comment added by User:162.84.185.69) P.S. I wonder if Bocha is different from Boccia. Kappa 18:32, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A single achievement at a time in a particular sport that is generally not well known outside of its native nation. Geogre 15:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: This is not the Guinnes book of records. --Regebro 16:20, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable - Wyss 18:18, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or delete all those Super Bowl single achievements, like Super Bowl XXXVII Kappa 18:26, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * or merge somewhere Kappa 05:58, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * probably, but I doubt it's much different from Bocca. Still, one is Brazilian and one is Italian/European, so I'm not convinced they're precisely the same. --Woggly 18:52, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Fascinating. Alternatively, as suggested above, we will need to consider all the sportcruft (-> relating to baseball and other sports played in guess which country... Andrewa 19:48, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Someone please point to an article on Perfect game in bowling or No-hitter by Nolan Ryan or 1,000 yard rushing in III-A football. This is an article about one achievement by one guy.  No one is saying "don't list the game," so far.  Geogre 21:21, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - agree with Woggly's suggestion - this information belongs in the Bocha article, but not all alone in this badly-named article. Cdc 21:58, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Possibly dumb question: are all the "deletes" here really "merge and delete"s?
 * At the time of nomination, there was no Bocha article, so that was impossible. However, merge would be good.  Merge and delete is not valid, and, while I don't think the redirect hurts anything, I also think this is a virtually unsearchable term.  Geogre 05:46, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Bocha - We have a whole Wiki universe for Homestar Runner characters, and we aren't allowed to have this article? Come on, people! Ashibaka tlk 03:07, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It is similar to Bocce, but not identical. I've seen this (or something rather like it) played in Catalonia, and I've seen bocce in NYC growing up: Italian men, mostly of a generation born in the 1920s or earlier, played it in Washington Square Park. Merge, I suppose. [Bocha itself is pretty crappy so far. A comparitive article on the variants of this class of game would be nice. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:54, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Perfect score in a bocha match


text:
Charles Eliot (diplomat)

Sir Charles Norton Edgcumbe Eliot (8 January 1862 – 16 March 1931) was a British diplomat, colonial administrator and botanist. He served as Commissioner of British East Africa in 1900–1904. He was British Ambassador to Japan in 1919–1925.

He was also known as a malacologist and marine biologist. He described a number of sea slug species, including Chelidonura varians.

Career
Eliot was born in the village of Sibford Gower near Banbury, Oxfordshire, England and educated at Cheltenham College and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a double first in classical moderations and Greats, as well as winning the Craven, Ireland and Hertford scholarships. Remarkably, he also won the Boden Sanskrit Scholarship and the Houghton Syriac prize. He was a noteworthy linguist, with a full knowledge of 16 languages and conversant in 20 more.

Eliot served in diplomatic posts in Russia (1885), Morocco (1892), Turkey (1893), and Washington, D.C. (1899). He also served as British Commissioner in Samoa. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1898 Birthday Honours and was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the New Year honours list 1 January 1900.

British East Africa
In 1900, he was appointed commissioner of British East Africa, and on 1 January 1902 he was appointed Commissioner, Commander-in-Chief and Consul-General for the East Africa Protectorate, including the mainland dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar, and also as British Agent and Consul-General for the island dominions of the Sultan. In December 1902 he hosted the British colonial secretary (Joseph Chamberlain) during his tour of the African colonies.

In April 1902, the first application for land in British East Africa was made by the East Africa Syndicate – a company in which financiers belonging to the British South Africa Company were interested – which sought a grant of 500 sqmi sq. m., and this was followed by other applications for considerable areas, a scheme being also propounded for a large Jewish settlement (which was rejected by the world Jewish community). During 1903 the arrival of hundreds of prospective settlers, chiefly from South Africa, led to the decision to entertain no more applications for large areas of land, especially as questions were raised concerning the preservation for the Maasai of their rights of pasturage. In the 24 October 1903 edition of the Natal Witness, Eliot wrote: "There can be no doubt that the Maasai and many other tribes must go under. It is a prospect that I view with equanimity...I have no desire to protect Maasaidom...the sooner it disappears and it is unknown, except in books of anthropology, the better..." In April 1903, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the famous American scout and then a Director of the East African Syndicate, sent an expedition consisting of John Weston Brooke, John Charles Blick, Mr. Bittlebank, and Mr. Brown, to assess the mineral wealth of the region. The party, known as the "Four B.'s", travelled from Nairobi via Mount Elgon northwards to the western shores of Lake Rudolph, experiencing plenty of privations from want of water, and of the danger from encounters with the Maasai.

In the carrying out of this policy of colonisation a dispute arose between Eliot and Lord Lansdowne, the British Foreign Secretary. Lansdowne, believing himself bound by pledges given to the East Africa Syndicate, decided that they should be granted the lease of the 500 sqmi they had applied for; but after consulting officials of the protectorate then in London, he refused Eliot permission to conclude leases for 50 sqmi each to two applicants from South Africa. Eliot thereupon resigned his post, and in a public telegram to the prime minister, dated Mombasa, 21 June 1904, gave as his reason:- "Lord Lansdowne ordered me to refuse grants of land to certain private persons while giving a monopoly of land on unduly advantageous terms to the East Africa Syndicate. I have refused to execute these instructions, which I consider unjust and impolitic." On the day Sir Charles sent this telegram, Sir Donald William Stewart, the chief commissioner of Ashanti (Ghana), was appointed his successor.

University administration
In 1905 Eliot was the first Vice-Chancellor of the newly created University of Sheffield until 1912 when he was appointed the first Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong; he served there until 1918 when he was recalled to the diplomatic service becoming high commissioner and consul-general in Siberia.

Japan
He was the British Ambassador to Japan in 1920–1926: though the position was not renewed, he stayed in Japan, studying the practice of Buddhism there. He regretted the 1921 decision to end the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1923.

Taken ill with influenza, he decided to return to England but died on the journey on 16 March 1931 and was buried at sea in the Straits of Malacca. He never married.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Sir Charles Eliot, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 106 works in 355 publications in 2 languages and 4,509 library holdings.

 * The East Africa Protectorate (1905)
 * Japanese Buddhism (1935)
 * A Finnish Grammar (1890)
 * "Letters from the Far East" (1907)
 * Japanese Buddhism (1935)
 * A Finnish Grammar (1890)
 * "Letters from the Far East" (1907)

Malacology

 * 1900. Notes on tectibranchs and naked mollusks from Samoa. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, pp. 512–523, pl. 19.
 * 1901. Notes on a remarkable nudibranch from north-west America. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 4(4):163-165.
 * 1903.
 * 1903a. On some nudibranchs from east Africa and Zanzibar, part II. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1:250-257.
 * 1903b. On some nudibranchs from east Africa and Zanzibar. Part III. Dorididae Cryptobranchiatae, I. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2:354-385, pls. 22–24.
 * 1904.
 * 1904a. On some nudibranchs from east Africa and Zanzibar. Part V. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2:83-105, pls. 3–4.
 * 1904b. On the Doris planata of Alder and Hancock. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 6(3):180-181.
 * 1905. Note on Geitodoris planata (Alder & Hancock). Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 6(4):186-187.
 * 1905a. On some nudibranchs from the Pacific, including a new genus, Chromodoridella. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 6(4):229-238.
 * 1905b. Notes on two rare British nudibranchs, Hero formosa, var. arborescens, and Staurodoris maculata. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 6(4):239-243.
 * 1905c. On some nudibranchs from east Africa and Zanzibar. Part VI. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2:268-298, pls. 16–17.
 * 1905d.
 * 1905f. Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific. I. Notes on a collection dredged near Karachi and Maskat. Journal of Conchology 11(8):237-256.
 * 1906. The genus Doriopsilla Bergh. Journal of Conchology 11(12):366-367.
 * 1906a. On the nudibranchs of southern India and Ceylon, with special reference to the drawings by Kelaart and the collections belonging to Alder and Hancock preserved in the Hancock Museum at Newcastle upon Tyne. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 636–691, pls. 42–47.
 * 1906b. On the nudibranchs of southern India and Ceylon, with special reference to the drawings by Kelaart and the collections belonging to Alder and Hancock preserved in the Hancock Museum at Newcastle upon Tyne.—No. 2. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 999–1008.
 * 1906c. Notes on some British nudibranchs. Journal of the Marine Biological Association, new series, 7(3):333-382, pls. 11–12.
 * 1906d. Report upon a collection of Nudibranchiata from the Cape Verde Islands, with notes by C. Crossland. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 7(3):131-159, pl. 14.
 * 1906e. Nudibranchiata, with some remarks on the families and genera and description of a new genus, Doridomorpha, pp. 540–573, pl. 32. In: J. Stanley Gardiner (Ed.) The fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900, vol. 2.
 * 1907. Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific. III. Journal of Conchology 12(3):81-92.
 * 1907a. Nudibranchs from New Zealand and the Falkland Islands. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 7(6):327-361, pl. 28.
 * 1907b. Mollusca. IV. Nudibranchiata. National Antarctic Expedition 1901–1904. Natural History 2:1-28, 1 pl.
 * 1908.
 * 1908a.
 * 1909. Report on the nudibranchs collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905–6. In: Report to the government of Baroda on the marine zoology of Okhamandal 1:137-145.
 * 1909a. Notes on a collection of nudibranchs from Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica. Colombo 6(23):79-95.
 * 1909b. The Nudibranchiata of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of S. Y. "Scotia" during the years 1902, 1903, and 1904, under the leadership of William S. Bruce, Volume V—Zoology, Part II, Nudibranchiata, pp. 11–24.
 * 1910.
 * 1910a.
 * 1910b. On some nudibranchs from the coast of Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum 2:221- 225.
 * 1910d. A monograph of the British nudibranchiate Mollusca: with figures of the species. pt. VIII (supplementary). Figures by the late Joshua Alder and the late Albany Hancock, and others, pp. 1–198, pls. 1–8. Ray Society, London.
 * 1911. Chromodorids from the Red Sea, collected and figured by Mr. Cyril Crossland. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 1068–1072, pl. 61.
 * 1912. A note on the rare British nudibranch Hancockia eudactylota Gosse. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, p. 770, pl. 85.
 * 1913. Japanese nudibranchs. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University Tokyo 35:1-47, pls. 1–2.
 * 1916. Mollusca Nudibranchiata. In: Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Memoirs of the Indian Museum 5:375-380.
 * 1916a. Zoological results of a tour in the far east. Mollusca Nudibranchiata. Memoirs Asiatic Society Bengal 6
 * with T. J. Evans. 1908. Doridoeides gardineri: a doridiform cladohepatic nudibranch. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 52(2):279-299, pls. 15–16.

Species
The World Register of Marine Species mentions 119 marine taxa named by Charles Eliot. Eliotia Vayssière, 1909, a nudibranch genus was named after him.

Species described by Charles Eliot include:

 * Acanthodoris falklandica Eliot, 1907
 * Bathydoris hodgsoni Eliot, 1907
 * Bornella simplex Eliot, 1904
 * Ceratophyllidia africana Eliot, 1903
 * Cerberilla africana Eliot, 1903
 * Chelidonura punctata Eliot, 1903
 * Chelidonura varians Eliot, 1903
 * Chromodoris africana Eliot, 1904
 * Chromodoris cavae Eliot, 1904
 * Chromodoris inconspicua Eliot, 1904
 * Chromodoris splendens Eliot, 1904
 * Crosslandia viridis Eliot, 1902
 * Cuthona henrici Eliot, 1916
 * Doridomorpha gardineri Eliot, 1903
 * Doto antarctica Eliot, 1907
 * Doto oscura Eliot, 1906
 * Elysia chilkensis Eliot, 1916
 * Elysia hendersoni Eliot, 1899
 * Elysia japonica Eliot, 1913
 * Ercolania zanzibarica Eliot, 1903
 * Geitodoris reticulata Eliot, 1906
 * Halgerda wasinensis Eliot, 1904
 * Halgerda willeyi Eliot, 1904
 * Lomanotus vermiformis Eliot, 1908
 * Marionia levis Eliot, 1904
 * Marionia viridescens Eliot, 1904
 * Miamira magnifica Eliot, 1904
 * Notaeolidia depressa Eliot, 1905
 * Notaeolidia gigas Eliot, 1905
 * Platydoris pulchra Eliot, 1904
 * Sclerodoris coriacea Eliot, 1904
 * Sclerodoris minor Eliot, 1904
 * Sclerodoris tuberculata Eliot, 1904
 * Thordisa burnupi Eliot, 1910
 * Tritoniella belli Eliot, 1907

title: Charles Eliot (diplomat)


text:
User talk:Ofer

I would like to draw attention to a recent edit you made...

''But it is important to state that under the Buteyko model, an Asthma Attack is actually considered the body's response to chronic hyperventilation (depleated CO 2 ). That is, the body recognizes its need to breath less and causes an attack, which in turn lowers CO 2 .''

As the article is careful to point out, the later statement is simple untrue. Is this a typo on your part? Maury 13:13, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ofer


text:
Hakkapeliitta

Hakkapeliitta (Finnish ) is a historiographical term used for a Finnish light cavalryman in the service of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648). is a 19th-century Finnish modification of a contemporary name given by foreigners in the Holy Roman Empire and variously spelled as Hackapelit, Hackapelite, Hackapell, Haccapelit, or Haccapelite. These terms were based on a Finnish battle cry (lit. 'strike upon [them]'; hacka på), commonly translated as Cut them down!

The hakkapeliitta-style cavalry was first used during the Polish-Swedish Wars of the late 16th century. In the early 17th century the cavalry led by the Field Marshal Jacob De la Gardie participated in campaigns against Poland and Russia. The Hakkapeliitta cavalry men led by Field Marshal Gustaf Horn were vital to the Swedish victories in Germany during the Thirty Years' War.

The Finnish military march Hakkapeliittain Marssi is named after hakkapeliittas.

Tactics
The Hakkapeliitta were well-trained Finnish light cavalrymen who excelled in skirmishing, raiding and reconnaissance, as well as in pitched battles. The greatest advantage these lightly armored horsemen had were the speed and ferocity of their charge. They were equipped like the typical harquebusier light cavalry of their era; armed with a broadsword and two wheellock pistols and protected by a buff coat and a pot helmet. A steel breastplate was often worn as well. They would attack at a full gallop, the troopers on the front rank firing their pistols at near-contact distance and the whole formation crashing through the enemy at sword point. The horses themselves were another weapon, as they were used to trample enemy infantrymen. The horses used by the Hakkapeliitta were the ancestors of the modern Finnhorse; they were strong and durable.

Organization
The Swedish army then had three cavalry regiments from Finland:
 * Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment (Nylands och Tavastehus läns kavalleriregemente)
 * Åbo and Björneborg County Cavalry Regiment (Åbo och Björneborgs läns kavalleriregemente)
 * Viborg and Nyslott County Cavalry Regiment (Viborgs och Nyslotts läns kavalleriregemente)

Their most famous commander was Torsten Stålhandske (surname meaning steelglove), who was commissioned as a lieutenant-colonel with the Nyland and Tavastehus Cavalry Regiment in 1629 and led it for the first time in the Thirty Years' War. The original provincial regiments (landskapsregementen) had been raised by splitting the old Grand regiments (Storregementen); also "Land regiments" (landsregementen), organized by Gustavus Adolphus at the end of the 1610s, forming 21 infantry and eight cavalry regiments as written in the Swedish constitution of 1634.

Notable battles
The main battles in which the Hakkapeliitta took part during the Thirty Years' War were:

 * Breitenfeld in 1631
 * Lech in 1632
 * Battle of Alte Veste in 1632
 * Lützen in 1632
 * Nördlingen in 1634
 * Leipzig in 1642 (also known as the Second Battle of Breitenfeld or the First Battle of Leipzig)
 * Jankau in 1645

200 Hakkapeliitta were also part of the army which King Karl X Gustav of Sweden led across the frozen Danish straits in the winter of 1658, which enabled him to conquer Skåneland from Denmark in the Treaty of Roskilde. Many Finnish soldiers served under the Swedish Empire. During the era of the Swedish Empire of the 17th century, the Finnish cavalry was constantly used in Germany, Bohemia, Poland, and Denmark. Parts of the cavalry were stationed in Estonia and Livonia.

In popular culture

 * The Bearkillers, a protagonist faction in S.M. Stirling's Emberverse series, uses the Hakkapeliitta battle cry.
 * The module of the Advanced Squad Leader board game system, depicting the Finnish forces in World War II, is titled Hakkaa Päälle!
 * Nokian Tyres makes snow tires called Hakkapeliittas.
 * Hakkapeliitta's feature in Eric Flint's 1632 novel series as one part of Gustav II Adolf's armies.
 * The song "Rex Regi Rebellis" by Finnish metal band Turisas describes the adventures of the Hakkapeliitta and includes the battle cry Hakkaa päälle pohjan poika! Strike them down, son of the North!.
 * The Hakkapeliitta is included in the video game Age of Empires III as a mercenary unit, under the name hackapell. When Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition released, the Hackapell mercenary was removed and replaced with a more generic "Harquebusier" unit. This is due to the introduction of a full Swedes civilization, who can field non-mercenary Hakkapelit from the Stable. While historically the Hakkapeliitta are light cavalry, until Patch 13.27885 of the Knights of the Mediterranean expansion, the game classifies them as Ranged Heavy Cavalry. Thereafter, Hakkapeliitta are correctly classified as Light Cavalry, albeit still primarily a ranged unit.
 * In Civilization V, the Hakkapeliitta are a unique unit of the Swedish Empire under Gustavus Adolphus.
 * Hakkapeliitta is the only unique unit of the Swedish Empire's unit roster in the strategy game Empire: Total War.
 * In the Anime Jormungand, Sophia Valmer use this war cry before engaging an hand to hand combat situation with knives, in episode 12 of the first season.

title: Hakkapeliitta


text:
Louis Vuitton Cup

The Louis Vuitton Cup was the name of the Challenger Selection Series sailing competition from 1983, named after its sponsor, Louis Vuitton. The winner of the competition became the challenger to compete with the defender of the America's Cup. The competition for the 2017 America's Cup changed format and name to the Louis Vuitton Challenger’s Trophy. The following series, in 2021, was named the Prada Cup after its new sponsor. In 2024 the challenger selection series will again be named after Louis Vuitton. Five out of the nine winners of the Louis Vuitton Cup competitions subsequently won the America's Cup itself.

History
In 1970, for the first time in America's Cup history, multiple "international" challengers competed for the right to challenge the New York Yacht Club, the defender of the America's Cup (the key word being "international": in 1964, for example, two British challengers competed for the right to challenge the NYYC.)

For the 1983 America's Cup match, the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron, the "Challenger of Record", contracted with New York Yacht Club member, Paul Madden, to create "The Challenger's Cup". Paul Madden then contracted with Louis Vuitton to be the first sponsor of this Cup series that led up to the main event. Louis Vuitton offered a trophy to the winner of the challenger selection series; the idea was Paul Madden's, but is generally credited to Bruno Trouble, a French yachtsman. The initial Louis Vuitton Cup was contested off Newport, United States, with Australia II prevailing, thereby earning the right to meet the NYYC’s defending yacht Liberty in that year’s America’s Cup.

With the exception of the America's Cup races in 1988 and 2010, the winner of the Louis Vuitton Cup has been awarded the right to challenge the current defender for the America's Cup. During the 1992 and 1995 regattas Citizen Watch offered a trophy to the winner of the defender selection series (the Citizen Cup) as the defense’s counterpart to the Louis Vuitton cup.

Due to the large number of challengers in recent decades the Louis Vuitton Cup has had to eliminate challengers in two phases. A round-robin points accruing phase, and then a pair of semi-finals involving the top four, followed by a final between the top two. The semi-finals and finals are a best of nine races between two boats.

Between the 2004 and 2007 Cups, Louis Vuitton sponsored thirteen "acts" of competition, with the first three acts not awarding points toward rankings. Some challengers do not enter the competition by the start of the acts. Rules for the current races (2005–2007) stipulate that ranking points awarded for each act of competition will increase as they get closer to the final. For acts taking place in 2005, standard points were awarded, with 11 ranking points for a first-place finish, and points awarded decreasing based on placing. Acts in 2006 double the points, with 22 ranking points for first place, and the final act 13 which takes place in 2007 will award triple points, giving 33 points to the winner.

History shows that the Louis Vuitton Cup series enhances the chances of the challenger due to the intense racing against different opponents which improves the tactics and crew co-ordination of the winner. Differences in boat speed are becoming less and less, placing an even greater premium on reliability, superior tactics, and crewing. In the weeks leading up to the America's Cup competition, the defender has to mainly practice using in-house racing which can never be as intense as real competition.

In July 2007, Louis Vuitton announced termination of all its sponsorship activities associated with the America's Cup after 25 years of involvement, arguing the organisation of the America's Cup was taken over by business under the rule of Ernesto Bertarelli, leader of Alinghi, winner in 2003. Louis Vuitton instead sponsored the Louis Vuitton Pacific Series and Louis Vuitton Trophy.

After Oracle Racing won the America's Cup for the Golden Gate Yacht Club in the 2010 Deed-of-Gift race against Alinghi, Louis Vuitton again sponsored the challenger series for the 34th America's Cup which was held in 2013 on the San Francisco Bay.

Louis Vuitton also sponsored the heats to the 2013 and 2017 America's Cups; These "world series" were sailed in smaller 45 ft wingsail catamarans, the AC45. Participation was compulsory to take part in the Louis Vuitton Cup.

title: Louis Vuitton Cup