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User talk:Pedro Picasso

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Wolf530 19:38, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pedro Picasso


text:
User talk:Ignoramus

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Wolf530 19:38, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

SGpedians' notice board
Our very own notice board is up! Do try to look through and contribute. ;)--Huaiwei 09:12, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Your images
I found some of your images on google, notably in this thread - would you consider releasing them to Wikipedia under the GFDL so I can use them? Or can you release the copyright so I can upload them to Wikipedia and use them without restriction? -- Natalinasmpf 17:18, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Haha...I happen to know him personally...since I am there as well! :D --Huaiwei 17:23, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you available to represent him in his consent? Because since he doesn't appear to be online right now. He's the selfless, free flow of information advocating kind of Wikipedian that everyone loves right, and wouldn't object to me uploading his images? :D -- Natalinasmpf 17:43, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * He just got enlisted into NS, so give him a break! lol! No I cant possibly represent him, so you gotta be patient. Better yet, just go join that site! :D --Huaiwei 18:22, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Lifts at Buona Vista
Nope they are not ready yet. I still see hoardings here and there at the station. --Terence Ong |Talk 15:03, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Sompah MRT Station
This article has been put up for AfD. Please see Articles for deletion/Sompah MRT Station. Thanks - oahiyeel talk 16:19, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Circle Line
Please stop editing Singapore MRT to look like the Circle Line is already in operation, because it's not. Jpatokal (talk) 03:05, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Ignoramus


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Horn-satisfiability

In formal logic, Horn-satisfiability, or HORNSAT, is the problem of deciding whether a given set of propositional Horn clauses is satisfiable or not. Horn-satisfiability and Horn clauses are named after Alfred Horn.

A Horn clause is a clause with at most one positive literal, called the head of the clause, and any number of negative literals, forming the body of the clause. A Horn formula is a propositional formula formed by conjunction of Horn clauses.

Horn satisfiability is actually one of the "hardest" or "most expressive" problems which is known to be computable in polynomial time, in the sense that it is a P-complete problem.

The Horn satisfiability problem can also be asked for propositional many-valued logics. The algorithms are not usually linear, but some are polynomial; see Hähnle (2001 or 2003) for a survey.

Algorithm
The problem of Horn satisfiability is solvable in linear time. The problem of deciding the truth of quantified Horn formulae can be also solved in polynomial time. A polynomial-time algorithm for Horn satisfiability is recursive:
 * A first termination condition is a formula in which all the clauses currently existing contain negative literals. In this case, all the variables currently in the clauses can be set to false.
 * A second termination condition is an empty clause. In this case, the formula has no solutions.
 * In the other cases, the formula contains a positive unit clause $$l$$, so we do a unit propagation: the literal $$l$$ is set to true, all the clauses containing $$l$$ are removed, and all clauses containing $$\neg l$$ have this literal removed. The result is a new Horn formula, so we reiterate.

This algorithm also allows determining a truth assignment of satisfiable Horn formulae: all variables contained in a unit clause are set to the value satisfying that unit clause; all other literals are set to false. The resulting assignment is the minimal model of the Horn formula, that is, the assignment having a minimal set of variables assigned to true, where comparison is made using set containment.

Using a linear algorithm for unit propagation, the algorithm is linear in the size of the formula.

Trivial case
In the Horn formula

each clause has a negated literal. Therefore, setting each variable to false satisfies all clauses, hence it is a solution.

Solvable case
In the Horn formula

one clause forces f to be true. Setting f to true and simplifying gives

Now b must be true. Simplification gives

Now it is a trivial case, so the remaining variables can all be set to false. Thus, a satisfying assignment is

Unsolvable case
In the Horn formula

one clause forces f to be true. Subsequent simplification gives

Now b has to be true. Simplification gives

We obtained an empty clause, hence the formula is unsatisfiable.

Generalization
A generalization of the class of Horn formulae is that of renamable-Horn formulae, which is the set of formulae that can be placed in Horn form by replacing some variables with their respective negation. Checking the existence of such a replacement can be done in linear time; therefore, the satisfiability of such formulae is in P as it can be solved by first performing this replacement and then checking the satisfiability of the resulting Horn formula. Horn satisfiability and renamable Horn satisfiability provide one of two important subclasses of satisfiability that are solvable in polynomial time; the other such subclass is 2-satisfiability.

Dual-Horn SAT
A dual variant of Horn SAT is Dual-Horn SAT, in which each clause has at most one negative literal. Negating all variables transforms an instance of Dual-Horn SAT into Horn SAT. It was proven in 1951 by Horn that Dual-Horn SAT is in P.

title: Horn-satisfiability


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User talk:Appleboy

first archive

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title: User talk:Appleboy


text:
Receiver of Wreck

The Receiver of Wreck is an official who administers law dealing with maritime wrecks and salvage in some countries having a British administrative heritage. In the United Kingdom, the Receiver of Wreck is also appointed to retain the possession of royal fish on behalf of the British crown.

Countries having a Receiver of Wreck
In the United Kingdom, the Receiver of Wreck, a post defined under the Merchant Shipping Act 1995, is an official of the British Government whose main task is to administer the law in relation to Wreck and Salvage. Operating on behalf of the Department for Transport, the Receiver of Wreck is located within the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Until 1993, the role was carried out by numerous coastal customs officials. Nowadays, the Receiver is based in Southampton, and is helped by local outposts of His Majesty's Coastguard.

The UK post holder as of Nov 2023 is Stephen White.

Elsewhere in the British Isles, each of the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man have their own laws of wreck and salvage and their own Receiver of Wreck.

In Ireland a Receiver of Wreck is a Revenue Official appointed by the Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport with the consent of the Revenue Commissioners whose duty is to deal with any wreck found in or on the shores of the sea or any tidal water or harbour.

Canada has a Receiver of Wreck, authorized by Part VI of the Canada Shipping Act. The Navigation Protection Program of Transport Canada is responsible for administering this program.

History
Traditionally, salvage was an important economic source in coastal areas and sometimes exposed the savage and merciless nature of those around the coast. Folklore has it that some coastal dwellers enticed ships to a watery grave by luring them onto the rocks. This was known as wrecking. So that order could be maintained and local people encouraged to save those in peril and their belongings rather than pillage them, receivers of wreck were appointed to keep order and reward those who assisted in a wreck event. Historically, receivers were given powers which allowed them to "hurt, maim or kill" anyone obstructing them in their duties. Theoretically at least, receivers of wreck were permitted to carry weapons with which to defend themselves whilst carrying out their duties up until 1997.

The act of 1995 updates the prior Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 60). The receiver is an official under Admiralty Jurisdiction.

Role of the Receiver of Wreck
The main task of the Receiver of Wreck is to process reports of wreck, in the interest of both finder and owner. This involves researching ownership and working with the finder, owner, archaeologists, museums, and other interested parties. The process of reporting wreck provides legal owners the opportunity to be reunited with their property and to ensure that law-abiding finders of wreck receive appropriate recognition in the form of a salvage award.

The Maritime and Coastguard Agency administers Section 2 of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, which protects wrecks that are deemed dangerous by virtue of their contents. There is a strict no entry policy. This is in the interest of safety of both divers and members of the public. Two wrecks are protected under Section 2 of the Act: the SS Richard Montgomery and the SS Castilian, which are both from the Second World War and contain dangerous quantities of explosives.

The Receiver of Wreck also undertakes the task of disposing of "royal fish" in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. "Royal fish" are dead whales, dolphins, porpoises and sturgeon. This is an ancient right dating back to Edward II's reign which falls under the royal prerogative.

What is wreck?
The Receiver of Wreck's remit is set down in the Merchant Shipping Act 1995, Part IX, Chapters 1-2. It covers wreck from UK territorial waters (within 12 nautical miles), and wreck landed in the UK from outside UK territorial waters. Wreck material includes any part of a vessel, aircraft or hovercraft including any of its cargo or equipment.

According to section 255 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995, wreck includes "jetsam, flotsam, lagan or derelict". The Act does not define these terms, but they may be understood as follows:

 * Flotsam are goods lost from a ship which has sunk or otherwise perished which are recoverable because they have floated.
 * Jetsam are goods cast overboard (jettisoned) in order to lighten a vessel which is in danger of sinking, even if they ultimately perish.
 * Derelict is property which has been abandoned and deserted at sea by those who were in charge without any hope of recovering it. This includes vessels and cargo.
 * Lagan (or ligan) are goods cast overboard from a ship, buoyed so that they can be recovered later.

Boats that have come off their moorings are not normally classified as wreck as they have not been abandoned without hope of recovery. Also, buoys including marker buoys, mooring buoys etc., other than those that are fishing equipment, are not normally classed as wreck.

UK wreck law
It is a legal requirement under the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 that all recovered wreck material landed in the United Kingdom must be reported to the Receiver of Wreck, whether recovered from within or outside UK waters and even if the finder is the owner. All wreck material recovered must be reported, however small or insignificant it may seem.

The Receiver of Wreck will investigate ownership of the recovered items. The owner has one year, after the material has been reported, in which to come forward and prove title to the property. During this period it is common for the finder to hold the wreck on behalf of the Receiver of Wreck while investigations are carried out. Finders should assume that all wreck items have an owner. It is possible for wreck material to be owned by an individual, a company, a dive club, an insurance company, the Ministry of Defence or the Department for Transport.

Wreck from UK waters which is still unclaimed at the end of one year becomes the property of the Crown (or grantee of the Crown such as the Duchy of Cornwall). Any person who believes that they are entitled to unclaimed wreck must provide evidence of entitlement to the satisfaction of the Receiver. If wreck from UK territorial waters is unclaimed at the end of one year, the Receiver will dispose of the find on behalf of the Crown. If wreck from outside UK territorial waters is unclaimed at the end of one year, the Crown makes no claim, and the material is returned to the finder. Often the finder is allowed to keep items of unclaimed wreck in lieu of a salvage award.

Wreck and Salvage in the UK is covered by three main Acts. These are the Merchant Shipping Act 1995, the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 and the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. In simple terms, the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 and the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 detail what salvors cannot do, and the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 covers what salvors can or must do.

For a complete list of wrecks protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, see List of designations under the Protection of Wrecks Act.

Wreck can be reported to the Receiver by completing a Report of Wreck and Salvage Form, known as a Droit.

Penalties
There are several penalties associated with wreck and salvage outlined in the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 and the Receiver has a duty to investigate any report of possible offences regarding the treatment of wreck. If the investigation reveals sufficient evidence, the Receiver may prosecute those suspected of having committed an offence. To enable the Receiver of Wreck to enforce the law the Receiver is awarded several powers by the Secretary of State.

In popular culture

 * The Receiver of Wreck was mentioned by Hammond Innes in the novel (and film based on the novel) The Wreck of the Mary Deare.
 * Show of Hands, an English folk band, sing about the Receiver of Wreck in the song "The Napoli". This was inspired by the wreck of the MSC Napoli, which was grounded in Branscombe Bay and subsequently lost many containers which were washed up on the beach, before being rifled through by people flocking to the small village.

title: Receiver of Wreck


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James D. Hudnall

James David Hudnall (April 10, 1957 – April 9, 2019) was an American writer who began his career in the comic book field in 1986 with the series Espers, published by Eclipse Comics. He later worked for Marvel and DC on such titles as Alpha Flight, Strikeforce: Morituri, and his own creation Interface, which was a sequel to Espers. He also wrote graphic novels such as Lex Luthor: The Unauthorized Biography, Sinking, Streets and The Psycho.

His series Harsh Realm was adapted to television by X-Files producer Chris Carter in 1998. Hudnall and co-creator Andrew Paquette sued Carter and Fox Television when they failed to give them credits on the show. The suit was later settled and as part of the settlement Hudnall and Paquette received credit in the opening titles of the show,

Hudnall's other works includes: The Age of Heroes, Aftermath, Shut Up And Die, Two to the Chest, Chiller, Devastator, Hardcase and The Solution. He wrote a libertarian leaning blog under the Pajamas Media group, a network of political blogs.

Early life
Hudnall's parents divorced when he was two and his mother remarried to a man in the US Navy. The family settled in San Diego, California in the 1970s, and after graduating from Point Loma High School, Hudnall joined the U.S. Air Force in 1976. He was stationed in England.

After his discharge from the Air Force, Hudnall went to Coleman College in San Diego where he majored in computer science. He worked as a computer software consultant in Orange County, California, Sonoma County, and briefly in England. On returning to the states, he settled in Orange County, Ca where he began to read comics again. This renewed his interest in the medium and got him interested in writing, which was an earlier ambition. Hudnall attempted to self-publish a comic in 1982.

Comics career
In 1985, he started working with Eclipse Comics as a marketing director. In 1986 his first comic was published - Espers. From there, he went on to work for Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Image, Dark Horse and Malibu.

Hudnall switched from writing comics to internet development in the late 1990s, while producing more limited work over the years, such as Trigs for Humanoids and 2 To the Chest from his own company Dark Planet Productions.

In 2009, he began writing for the Andrew Breitbart blog Big Hollywood.

Hudnall later went into digital comics in 2012 when David Lloyd created the online comics anthology Aces Weekly with Val Mayerik.

In the fall of 2013, Hudnall released his first novel, The Age of Heroes: Hell's Reward, which is part of a planned series. A second series of novels, the Secret Team, is slated to debut in 2015.

Health
Hudnall had diabetes, which in 2015 led to the amputation of his right leg. He died April 9, 2019, one day prior to his 62nd birthday.

Awards and recognition
His graphic novel, Sinking, which is the fictional autobiography of a schizophrenic, earned him an Eisner Award nomination. The Brazilian translation of Lex Luthor: The Unauthorized Biography, published by Editora Abril in 1990, won the Brazilian award Troféu HQ Mix for best special edition.

In 2017 Hudnall received the Inkpot Award for his career in comics at San Diego Comic Con International.

title: James D. Hudnall


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The Kids of Degrassi Street

The Kids of Degrassi Street is a Canadian children's television series created by Kit Hood and Linda Schuyler. The first entry in the Degrassi franchise and the only one to focus on children instead of teenagers, it follows the lives of a group of children living on De Grassi Street in Toronto. It was produced by Hood and Schuyler's independent company Playing With Time. The series originated as a collection of annual standalone short films that started with Ida Makes a Movie, a live-action adaptation of the Kay Chorao book which premiered on the CBC on December 8, 1979. It became a full series in 1982 when the CBC ordered five more episodes.

It is notable for featuring several actors who would later star in Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High playing different characters.

Development
Linda Schuyler, a seventh and eighth grade teacher at Earl Grey Senior Public School in Toronto, formed the company Playing With Time with Kit Hood in 1976. At the time, Schuyler had been teaching her students an early version of media studies, which included filmmaking with Super-8 film. Discovering that there was a lack of resources on the subject, Earl Grey librarian Bruce Mackey ordered several books about filmmaking, one of which was the picture book Ida Makes a Movie, which was written by Kay Chorao.

Neither were aware that Ida Makes A Movie was a preschool book, in which the titular character was a cat. Nonetheless, Schuyler felt the story was powerful, and became interested in making a live-action adaptation, featuring children instead of cats. She sought the advice of then-lawyer and future Epitome Pictures co-founder Stephen Stohn, who advised her to forego a lawyer, and instead propose the deal herself. Schuyler flew to New York, where she met with Chorao and secured a $200 deal to adapt the book into a movie. Yan Moore, who would eventually become Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High 's head writer, became a writer for the series after he rectified problems with the story of the episode Casey Draws The Line.

Shooting
The series was shot in Toronto.

Opening sequence and music
The opening sequence consists of a short piano piece, set to black and white stills of the Leslieville neighbourhood.

Wendy Watson and Lewis Manne, who later composed the music for Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High, composed the music for The Kids Of Degrassi Street, with John Forbes initially performing the music on a Fairlight CMI.

Cast
The Kids of Degrassi Street featured many of the same actors who would later appear on Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High, including Stacie Mistysyn, Neil Hope, Anais Granofsky, Sarah Charlesworth, John Ioannou, in different unrelated roles.

Broadcast
Ida Makes A Movie premiered on CBC on December 8, 1979. By 1982, the CBC, enamored with the short films that Hood and Schuyler were producing, ordered five more, effectively turning the annual movies into a television series. In the lead-up to Degrassi Junior High, the series was re-run on Sundays at 5:00pm, until it was replaced by its successor in the same timeslot. In the United Kingdom, the series debuted on BBC One on July 9, 1984, with the final episode airing on June 16, 1986. In Australia, the series debuted at 6:00pm on February 2, 1987, on ABC TV.

Print media
In late 1986, James Lorimer & Company published a series of illustrated paperback books based on the television series, written by Schuyler and Hood with the assistance of author Eve Jennings.

Home media
On July 31, 2007, WGBH Boston Home Video released The Kids of Degrassi Street: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

In Region 4, Beyond Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Australia on March 12, 2008.

title: The Kids of Degrassi Street


text:
User talk:Radamfi

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

147.9.201.219 19:43, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

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If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 06:26, 3 January 2011 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 06:26, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radamfi


text:
Negrești-Oaș

Negrești-Oaș (Avasfelsőfalu, Hungarian pronunciation: ) is a town in northwestern Romania, in the county of Satu Mare. Two villages, Luna (Lunaforrás) and Tur (Túrvékonya), are administered by the town. The town is the capital of the Țara Oașului ethnocultural region.

Geography
Negrești-Oaș is situated at an altitude of 223 m, on the banks of the Tur River. It is located in the northeastern part of the county, on the border with Maramureș County, near the Ukrainian border. The town lies at a distance of 50 km east of the county seat, Satu Mare, and about the same distance north of Baia Mare and southwest of Sighetu Marmației.

The town is traversed by national road DN19, which starts in Oradea, runs through Carei, Satu Mare, and Negrești-Oaș, then crosses the Inner Eastern Carpathians at the Huta Pass, and ends in Sighetu Marmației.

Population
At the 2021 census, Negrești-Oaș had a population of 14,616. At the 2011 census, there were 11,867 people living within the town; of those, 95% were ethnic Romanians, while 2.9% were ethnic Hungarians and 1.9% Roma. Furthermore, 72.4% were Romanian Orthodox, 12.6% Jehovah's Witnesses, 4.5% Pentecostal, 3.7% Roman Catholic, 3.4% Greek-Catholic, and 1.6% Reformed.

Natives

 * Oana Gregory (born 1996), actress
 * Mihai Ștețca (born 1981), footballer

title: Negrești-Oaș


text:
User:Ziggyziggyziggy

I have been contributing in Wikipedia since 12 November 2004, having been a regular reader for years.

Currently working on

 * route diagrams for (former) railway lines in the Netherlands
 * adding pages for former railway lines in the Netherlands

title: User:Ziggyziggyziggy


text:
Category:Historical reenactment

Articles relating to historical reenactment, an educational or entertainment activity in which mainly amateur hobbyists and history enthusiasts dress in historic uniforms or costumes and follow a plan to recreate aspects of a historical event or period.

title: Category:Historical reenactment


text:
Talk:Mărțișor

"Ancient" Romanian custom
This item is clearly written with Romanian bias. The sources are all written by Romanian people so naturally the article will discredit the Bulgarian Heritage. Please Insert more articles from Bulgarian and International historians. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.210.147.198 (talk) 07:25, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Firstly I highly respect Romanian people, but could you please remember that the WORD, the term Romania is born in the late 19th century. Also that ROmania as a country was founded in 1878 (AD that is :-)). Before that neither a country nor a nation called Romania existed. So how come it is possible that there is an "ancient" Romanian tradition since no Romanian nation and county existed before 1878. May I remind that naming the newborn state "The Roman Empire" - yes indeed Romania is exactly the word for The Roman Empire - does NOT make it neither Roman, nor an empire.

Once again let me express my greatest respect towards all Romanians, but I simply get annoyed when aggressive nationalism bends facts. We don`t need that anymore, right? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.91.45.231 (talk) 13:25, 3 March 2008 (UTC) If what you say should be universally accepted then the term Italian should not be used referring to the Italian territories before 1861. Don't really understand what exactly is your problem... Stick to the facts! Romanian people existed long before 1878. There are lots of documents attesting this fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.92.3.156 (talk) 17:01, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * check the article on Wallachia, one of the 3 principalities which joined in order to form modern Romania, one of them was called in the local language Țara Românească (standing for Romanian Land), so yes the termn Romania and Romanian are much older than 1878. 1878 was just the year when it regained the independence from the Ottoman Empire, see Romanian War of Independence. (Nicubunu (talk) 09:39, 8 May 2009 (UTC))

Just a bit of linguistical information: Mărţişor is not derived from Martie, but rather from "Marţ" <- Latin "Martius". In fact, the old term for the month of March was "Mărţişor". The new one, (if you can call a 1000 years old new :) "Martie" is derived from a Orthodox source. (from Slavic, which in turn was from Greek). Bogdan | Talk 19:44, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

At the 'External Links' section, change the error link http://social.moldova.org/articole/eng/357/ with the coorrect one:

http://www.moldova.org/pagini/eng/59/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.17.84.203 (talk • contribs)

FYI: this was in the article, can someone who knows vietnamese make a corresponding article?
(vietnamese )

Mărţişor( mùng 1 tháng 3 ) lễ hội truyền thống của người dân Rumani đón mùa xuân về. Mărţişor không những biểu tượng cho mùa xuân thay áo mới với trăm hoa đua nở đâm chồi, với không khí vui vẻ hạnh phúc, mà còn biểu tượng cho cái thiện và cái ác, cái thiện luôn chiến thắng và cái ác bi đấy lùi. Vào dịp lễ này phái nữ nhận được những món quà xinh xắn có tên gọi mărţişoare (theo tiếng Rumani Mărţişor có nghĩa tháng 3 nhỏ xinh ). Thường thì quà Martisor là đồ trang sức hoặc những món đồ trang trí nhỏ nhắn như bông hoa ,con vật hay một trái tim, những món quà đó đều được thắt một chiếc nơ tết bằng những sợi chỉ màu đỏ và trắng biểu tượng cho sự may mắn và an lành. Hai màu đó trắng cũng là biểu tượng của hai mùa xuân và đông, trong khi mầu đỏ biểu tượng cho mùa xuân tươi đẹp đang đến, thì mùa trắng là biểu tượng của mùa đông lạnh giá đã qua. Mărţişor còn mang ý nghĩa sự tái sinh của thiên nhiên. Mùa xuân, cỏ cây hoa lá đâm chồi nảy lộc, có một loài hoa mang tên Ghiocei (Hoa chuông ), cũng được coi là loài hoa biểu tượng của mùa xuân, ở Rumani vào ngày lễ Mărţişor người ta cũng thường tặng cho nhau những bó hoa Ghiocei.

Lịch sử ngày lễ Mărţişor: Không rõ từ khi nào thì người ta kỷ niệm ngày lễ này nhưng có thể cho rằng nó bắt nguồn từ thời La mã cổ đại, khi đó người Ki-tô giáo lấy ngày mùng 1 tháng 3 là ngày đầu tiên của năm. Nguồn gốc của lễ hội này đồng thời cũng được ghi nhận thông qua lễ hội tưởng nhớ thần Marte (thần Chiến tranh ) vị thần bảo vệ mùa màng và chống chiến tranh. Tương đồng với lễ kỷ niệm thần Marte thì ở vùng Tracia ( Rumani cổ) người ta cũng kỷ niệm thần Marsyas Silen, vào ngày này phụ nữ Daco thường đeo trên mình những đồng tiền hoặc những mảnh kim loại xâu bằng những sợi chỉ màu đỏ và trắng biểu tượng cho sự may mắn và một năm an lành —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arthurian Legend (talk • contribs) 00:23, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Relation to Martenitsa
HA-HA-HA-HA-HA I cant believe it "the beautiful tradition in Moldova and Romania" HA-HA-HA dear friends its a BULGARIAN tradition,but you cant know everything!!!The tradition is from 681 A.D. when khan Asparuh win hands down in one battle versus Byzantine enemys,then he send a message with one eagle.He tie up the message with white thread,but the enemys forces wound the eagle and when the eagle arrive in the castle the thread is not only white,the half of this thread is a red from the eagles blood,and by this day every real BULGARIAN have a "martenitsa"(write on Cyrillic:"мартеница") to his hand for luck and health!!!

I wish you happy holiday and dont forget where are you come from ;)

P.S. Sorry if i have wrongs,my English is like your Bulgarian :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.12.220.223 (talk) 05:06, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry to disappoint you, buddy. Martisor has been a Romanian tradition for over 8000 years. It's a fact! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.121.202.15 (talk) 08:46, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You are funny !!! .... martenitza is tradition maked from proto-Bulgarians, in Romania this is become from Avars Haganat ... because in this haganat living too many Bulgarians (from clan Ermi) .... this clan after demolish of avars haganat become in bulgaria.... see: khan Krum :) funny romanians :) hahaha

 * For your information... Mărţişor is an 8000 year old Romanian tradition. Martenitsa is an old Bulgarian tradition (you say from 681 AD). They are similar, yes, but not the same thing. Each article should remain as is and talk about the corresponding tradition. Danielgrad (talk) 11:02, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You so funny,  before 8000  years :)..... in  this period 6000 years before Christ  the humans know only blue ink :)!!!!!! (martenitca is maked from red ink ) and in this  period there is  not Romanian  country :) ha-ha-ha  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ermi.clan (talk • contribs) 11:12, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

The oldest proof for this tradition was found in Schela Clacovie, Mehedinţi, a 10,000 years old human settlement Danielgrad (talk) 11:23, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * and now 10000 years :) , !!!! are u listen what u saying?? the fabric  will be  rotten !!! you talk nonsense !! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ermi.clan (talk • contribs) 11:29, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * See Mărţişor, Schela Cladovei, Mehedinţi and http://www.donsmaps.com/schela.html for references. Do you have any references? Danielgrad (talk) 11:33, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * i dont see any martisor on photos :) where is it??tell me .... ?!?!? if u show me photo of skeleton remake with martisor on it ,i  will believe  you   :)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ermi.clan (talk • contribs) 11:41, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You won't see skeletons wearing them, because they were not worn back then. they were rocks painted in white and red used in rituals of spring and renewal. These colors were combined with the later tradition of threads tied to a coin, replacing the black and white wool threads with red and white threads.
 * As for no Romanian country in 6000 BC... The name Romania is derived from the Roman Empire and it's called that way from the Roman conquer of Dacia (old name of current Romania). In their second attempt, romans conquered Dacia and annexed it to their empire. They only stayed here for less than 200 years, but this was enough to change the name of the country and to influence the language to the point where now it's the closest existing language to old Latin. But the people of Dacia occupied the land long before this. Romanian paleolithic era is dated to 700,000 BC. The earliest occupants of current Bulgarian territory are the Hamangia culture and the Vinča culture, which are dated to around 6000-3000 BC. Danielgrad (talk) 12:58, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

You say its a thracian tradition. We bulgarians inheritted thracians - therefore case closed. Tangra680 (talk) 15:48, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No, you inherited Romanians. Case closed. -- Heron —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.112.24.190 (talk) 16:05, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You're just a complexed nationalist hillbilly, do you realise it ? I guess not. Tangra680 (talk) 17:40, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Indigenous Thracian and Daco-Getic population, lived on the territory of modern Bulgaria before the Slavic invasion, according to the History of Bulgaria article. So yes, you (as most of this part of Europe) inherited Thracians. You also inherited Daco-Gets (the old Romanians) and Slavs. So the above comment (about inheriting Romanians) is also partly correct. But the Mărţişor and Martenitsa traditions, although they have the same roots (Romanians living on Bulgarian territory brought Mărţişor and other traditions), they have evolved in parallel after that and have become distinct in some ways. They are currently different traditions and there is no point in saying that one stole from the other. It's not at all similar to the way we now borrow Valentine's Day from Americans like it is and with the conscious purpose of copying them. It's just a natural cross-influence of neighboring countries. Danielgrad (talk) 12:46, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * PS: It should be noted, that although Bulgarians inherited Daco-Gets, their language was extinct by the time the Slavs came, so Slavic influence is way stronger than Daco-Getic influence. Language is 99.99% Slavic, and only things like archaic traditions are more easily traced back to that time. Danielgrad (talk) 12:49, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Argue this if you want, but keep the edits to the article NPOV or watch them get reverted. Currently both the Romanian and Bulgarian perspectives are presented in the article and I hope this doesn't change again. 198.169.65.1 (talk) 19:35, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Could someone say how to pronounce this? —ScouterSig 17:09, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

If you speak fluent American English, I can give you a spelling that will make you automatically say it right: mert-see-shore

Any relation to Vesta?
Has anyone noticed yet that the Sacred Fire of the Vestal Virgins of Rome was extinguished and relit on March 1st every year? Seems like a big coincidence to me.

Shouldn't the article be written with the Romanian orthography?
In Romanian they use ș (with a comma and not a cedilla). The s cedilla is a sign in Turkish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.106.95.150 (talk) 00:12, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Spamola
This article is riddled with spamlinks and completely unreliable links (blogs, forums etc.), most of which are provided as "references" (crestinortodox.ro, worldofmoldova, dacii.ro, and even a goddamn web archive from some web thread!). In fact, the only source that would have any kind of (bordeline) credibility and comply with our content policies is Libertatea, a tabloid. The format is also atrocious.

It is frankly unbelievable that someone hasn't yet been able to come up with content based on reliable scholarly sources, plenty of which exist, and many of which, I'd wager, are freely available for viewing on the internet. I mean, come on. Dahn (talk) 13:54, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mărțișor


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Tășnad

Tășnad (Hungarian: Tasnád, Hungarian pronunciation : ; German: Trestenburg) is a town in Satu Mare County, Crișana, Romania. It administers five villages: Blaja (Tasnádbalázsháza), Cig (Csög), Rațiu (Ráctanya), Sărăuad (Tasnádszarvad) and Valea Morii (Tasnádmalomszeg).

At about 2 km from the center lies Tășnad geothermal Spa, known in Romania and abroad for its thermal waters.

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Tășnad had a population of 8,058. At the 2011 census, there were 8,411 people living within the city; of those, 51.1% were ethnic Romanians, while 36.2% are ethnic Hungarians, 11.4% ethnic Romani, and 1,1% others.

As of 2022, the city contains the Reformed Church, a Baptist Church, the Orthodox cathedral, a Roman Catholic church, and a Greek Catholic church.

Dr. Abraham Fuchs wrote a comprehensive historical book about Tășnad as it was up to World War II. The book is in Hebrew and describes the vibrant Jewish life in this small town up until its destruction in 1944.

History
At the archaeological site of Tășnad-Sere in the Spa-area, finds from the Neolithic Körös, Pișcolt and Baden cultures have been made as well as remains from the late Iron Age and the migration period (Chernyakhov culture). Since 2012, Ulrike Sommer from the Institute of archaeology London conducts excavations of the Körös site together with the Satu Mare Museum. Until 1876, Tășnad was part of Közép-Szolnok County when it was incorporated in the newly formed Szilágy County of the Kingdom of Hungary.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, and the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania, the Romanian Army took control of Tășnad in April 1919, during the Hungarian–Romanian War. The city officially became part of the territory ceded to the Kingdom of Romania in June 1920 under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon. In August 1940, under the auspices of Nazi Germany, which imposed the Second Vienna Award, Hungary retook the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included Tășnad) from Romania. Towards the end of World War II, however, the city was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces in October 1944.

Natives

 * Lajos Bíró (1856–1931), Hungarian zoologist
 * George Copos (born 1953), businessman and politician
 * Grigore Maior (1715–1785), Bishop of Făgăraș and Primate of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church
 * Petri Mór (1863–1945), teacher, school inspector, and author
 * Károly Nóti (1892–1954), Hungarian screenwriter

Schools

 * Industrial School Group in Tășnad

Twin cities

 * 🇭🇺 Kispest, Hungary

title: Tășnad


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Reenactment

Reenactment or re-enactment may refer to:

Legislation

 * Consolidation bill, a bill that consolidates several Acts of Parliament into a single Act in the United Kingdom
 * Repeal with reenactment, where a law is replaced with one more suitable

Other uses

 * Docudrama, genre of radio and television programming, feature film, and staged theatre
 * Historical reenactment, educational or entertainment activity
 * Pastiche, a work of art that imitates the style or character of another artist
 * The Reenactment, 1968 Romanian film based on a novel by Horia Pătraşcu

title: Reenactment


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Otto Lohmüller

Otto Lohmüller (born 4 February 1943 in Gengenbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) is a German figurative painter, sculptor and book illustrator. His art typically features images of early adolescent males, both clothed and nude, although in his published work there is little overt eroticism.

He works almost exclusively with the human form, usually with minimal backgrounds, in an idealized near-photographic realist style. In addition to boys, his portraits and sculpture include people of all ages from his town, people from his travels to India and Southeast Asia, and occasionally public figures. Some of his works contain subtle political or societal commentary, although this is not a major theme. Occasionally he indulges in wryly humorous works of fantasy, but is primarily a representational artist. His published works are listed in the Catalog of the German National Library.

Biography
Lohmüller was born in Gengenbach in 1943, where he grew up. In 1952 he joined the Boy Scouts. His artistic interests at the time included the sculptures and frescoes of Michelangelo, as well as classical Greek works, and the Boy Scouts illustration work of Pierre Joubert. In 1960 he moved to Paris, where he continued to study art independently. In 1961 he began an apprenticeship in Offenburg as a printer, and took an interest in the work of Caravaggio.

In 1965 he met Ute Wissing, whom he married four years later. The couple lived in Munich, Offenburg, and then Gengenbach, where their first son David was born in 1975. He began working in sculpture, and exhibiting his work to the public. Their second son Adrian was born in 1977. In 1978 he published a small art pamphlet Otto Lohmüller – portraits and acts from in 1972–1977.

Since 1982 he has illustrated songbooks, publications of poems, and books for the local Boy Scouts. In 1984 he joined the Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (German Association for Free Body Culture). He founded the publishing company Zeus Press to produce art volumes of his work.

He became a Boy Scout leader, and illustrated and wrote travel reports of the "Tempelritter" (Temple Knight) troop. In 1989 he joined the Comité pour la Promotion du Scoutisme en Europe (Committee for the Promotion of Scouting in Europe), becoming a vice-president of the organization.

Books by Lohmüller

 * Bildnisse und Akte 1972–1977 (Zeus Press, 1978) (30 pages, 46 illus., 22 cm)
 * Ich sag ja / I say yes / Je dis oui. Porträt- und Aktzeichnungen von Jungen (Zeus Press, 1985) (69 pages, 32 full-page drawings, portraits & nude studies of boys, 31 cm)
 * Species Knabe: Aktskizzen (Zeus Press, 1986) (63 full-pages illus., 24 cm)
 * Kalos: Gemälde. (Zeus Press, 1987) (73 full-page col. illus. of paintings – portraits & figure studies – dating from 1973 to 1986 of boys aged 8–14 & 13 pages of sketches.
 * Kalos II (84 pages, 82 illus, 30 cm)
 * Faces (1990), portraits of people from the Black Forest region, as well as of other lands and continents.

title: Otto Lohmüller


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USS Ellet

USS Ellet (DD-398) was a Benham-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for five members of the Ellet family of Pennsylvania who rendered service during the American Civil War: Colonel Charles Ellet, Jr.; Brigadier General Alfred W. Ellet; Colonel Charles R. Ellet; Lieutenant Colonel John A. Ellet; and Edward C. Ellet. The first two officers commanded the United States Ram Fleet.

History
Ellet (DD-398) was launched 11 June 1938 by Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Kearny, New Jersey; sponsored by Miss Elvira Daniel Cabell, granddaughter of Colonel Charles Ellet, Jr.; and commissioned 17 February 1939.

In September and October 1939 Ellet operated off the Grand Banks on Neutrality Patrol, then with Destroyer Division 18 out of Galveston with the West Gulf Patrol. Based at San Diego, after 26 February 1940, she joined in Battle Force maneuvers as far as Hawaii. In the summer of 1941 her home port became Pearl Harbor and in October she brought home an Army survey expedition from Christmas Island to Honolulu.

When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941, Ellet was returning from reinforcing Wake Island in the screen of TF 8 with which she remained throughout December. After a convoy escort voyage to the west coast, she guarded a troop convoy back to Christmas Island in February.

In April she screened Carrier TF 16, which launched B-25's in the famous Halsey-Doolittle Raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities and returned to Pearl Harbor the 25th. The same ships raced 5 days later to reinforce the carriers headed for the Battle of the Coral Sea. It was won before Ellet's force got there, so TF 16 returned to Pearl Harbor. TF 16 sailed from Pearl Harbor 28 May 1942 once more to join Task Force 17 (TF 17). Together they turned back the Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway on 4, 5 and 6 June. The Japanese lost four carriers, many aircraft, and a number of irreplaceable aviators. Ellet returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 June to prepare for invading the Solomons, the first American land offensive of the war.

Ellet arrived off Guadalcanal 7 August 1942 for pre-invasion bombardment, patrolled the transport area, and fought off air attacks. On 9 August she rescued 41 officers and 451 men from Quincy (CA-39) and 1 man from Astoria (CA-34), sunk in the Battle of Savo Island the night before, then joined Selfridge (DD-357) in the duty of sinking the hulk of HMAS Canberra, hopelessly battered in the same battle. While escorting transports deadheading back to Nouméa, Ellet was detached 12 August to screen the Enterprise (CV-6) task force covering reinforcement and supply of the Solomons. She got back to Pearl Harbor 10 September.

Out of Espiritu Santo Ellet patrolled to the Solomons with TF 16 from November 1942 until May 1943, then returned to Pearl Harbor. Back at Espiritu Santo 1 July, she hurried to Tulagi for the consolidation of the northern Solomons. She sailed for overhaul on the west coast in September 1943.

By the end of January 1944, Ellet was back in action, screening carriers about to invade the Marshalls. After a week in Pearl Harbor for repairs, she saw action in New Guinea, supporting the operations at Hollandia in April. Upon her return to Pearl Harbor she joined the 5th Fleet for the invasion of the Marianas, screening diversionary raids on the Bonins, and carriers in the assaults on Saipan and Guam.

Ellet arrived at Ulithi Atoll 13 October 1944 and was sent to scout neighboring Ngulu Atoll for a proposed secondary fleet anchorage. Troops landed at Ngulu 16 October. When Montgomery (DM-17) struck a mine the 17th, Ellet came to the rescue with pumps then towed her in to Ulithi lagoon.

At October's end, Ellet joined the Marianas Patrol and Escort Group. She bombarded Iwo Jima, in December 1944 and the following January. Based on Guam and Saipan, she escorted convoys and patrolled on air-sea rescue station until July 1945.

When hostilities ended, Ellet was repairing at Mare Island. She was decommissioned there 29 October 1945, and sold 1 August 1947.

Honors
Ellet received 10 battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Ellet


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Degrassi High

Degrassi High is a Canadian television series created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood. The third entry in the Degrassi teen drama franchise and the direct continuation of Degrassi Junior High, it aired on the CBC for two seasons from November 6, 1989 to February 28, 1991 and on PBS in the United States starting from January 13, 1990. Like its predecessor, it was a non-union show produced by Playing With Time with involvement from WGBH.

Set in Toronto, it follows the lives of those who attend the fictional namesake school. As a continuation of Degrassi Junior High, the cast of the previous series reprise their roles, with the addition of several new characters. It addresses a variety of topics, ranging from mundane coming-of-age dilemmas to serious and controversial topics such as abortion, cancer, suicide and HIV/AIDS. It was filmed at the Story Arts Centre of Toronto's Centennial College, while scenes outside the school were shot around the Greater Toronto Area.

Like its predecessor, Degrassi High was met with critical acclaim for its portrayal of teenage life and social issues, with particular praise afforded to the series premiere, "A New Start", which portrayed abortion. A small controversy arose involving the episode when PBS removed a scene of anti-abortion protesters against the wishes of Hood and Schuyler. The show received six awards, including a Prix Jeunesse and four Chris Awards, and seven nominations, including for several actors.

The end of Degrassi High and its parent franchise at the time was attributed to several factors, including Kit Hood's exhaustion and disillusionment with television work, the loss of WGBH as a financial backer, its actors pursuing post-secondary education and careers, and both Hood and Schuyler's desire to end the series before it became stale and predictable. The series officially ended with the television movie School's Out (1992). With the exception of the documentary series Degrassi Talks, which was broadcast a month after School's Out, it was the final mainline Degrassi series until the franchise was revived with Degrassi: The Next Generation in 2001.

Cast
As a continuation of Degrassi Junior High, the series does not feature a definitive cast billing. Many principal, recurring, and minor cast members of the previous series reprise their roles, including:
 * Pat Mastroianni as Joey Jeremiah
 * Stacie Mistysyn as Caitlin Ryan
 * Amanda Stepto as Christine "Spike" Nelson
 * Stefan Brogren as Archie "Snake" Simpson
 * Neil Hope as Derek "Wheels" Wheeler
 * Anais Granofsky as Lucy Fernandez
 * Angela and Maureen Deiseach as Erica and Heather Farrell
 * Duncan Waugh as Arthur Kobalewscuy
 * Siluck Saysanasy as Yick Yu
 * Rebecca Haines-Saah as Kathleen Mead
 * Sara Ballingall as Melanie Brodie
 * Cathy Keenan as Liz O'Rourke
 * Dayo Ade as BLT (Bryant Lester Thomas)
 * Irene Courakos as Alexa Pappadopoulos
 * Michael Carry as Simon Dexter
 * Darrin Brown as Dwayne Myers
 * Christopher Charlesworth as Scooter Webster

Additions

 * David Armin-Parcells as Claude Tanner, who briefly dates Caitlin Ryan. When they are caught spray-painting messages on the wall of a nuclear power plant in protest, he escapes without helping Caitlin over the fence, leading to her arrest. He commits suicide in season two.
 * Byrd Dickens as Scott Smith, a senior student who begins dating Kathleen Mead; it later transpires that he is violently abusive, and eventually Kathleen breaks up with him.
 * Vincent Walsh as Patrick, an Irish-born student who briefly dates Spike. In season two, they break up offscreen, and he briefly dates Liz, much to Spike's chagrin.
 * L. Dean Ifill as Basil "Bronco" Davis, president of the student council, who later starts dating Lucy.

Concept and creation
Degrassi Junior High, which was created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood, premiered on the CBC on 18 January 1987 and garnered widespread acclaim from critics for its realistic portrayal of teenage issues. It won several accolades, including an International Emmy Award in 1987, and four Gemini Awards in 1988. Schuyler mentioned the prospects of continuing the show with a high school setting on multiple occasions. In April 1988, Schuyler mentioned to the Toronto Star that while she was concentrated on the third season of Degrassi Junior High, a high school continuation was a "probability". In November 1988, she told the Montreal Gazette that while the cast worked well together for a sequel to work, "the demographics for CBC favor staying with Junior High — so do we get an all-new cast? Or do I retire and go to tennis camp in the Caribbean?" It was decided to continue with Degrassi High so that more serious and complex issues could be dealt with, including abortion, which was addressed in the series premiere. According to Schuyler: "As the kids get older, the only way we can remain true to this age group is by growing with them. Therefore, the issues get more complex."

On 10 January 1989, Greg Quill of the Toronto Star reported that a spokesman for the producers confirmed the development of Degrassi High, but then subsequently reported on 27 February that no decision had been reportedly made about a sequel. On 13 May 1989, Sid Adilman reported in the Toronto Star that filming for Degrassi High would begin soon. In the series finale of Degrassi Junior High, the titular school is destroyed in a fire. To keep the entire cast together, a creative decision was made to move the younger students displaced by the fire to the new school to join those that had already graduated. Conversely, the grade 7 students introduced in the third season of Degrassi Junior High were accelerated to grade 9 for an unspecified reason. To give the series a "harder-edged feel", several older characters were introduced. Reflecting the growing independence of the aging characters, Degrassi High began to give more focus to the characters' lives outside of school, with scenes taking place at nighttime, on the street, or at the characters' jobs. In contrast to Degrassi Junior High, in which the extras were still made known to the viewers, the newer series would include a team of "extra extras", who would simply appear for no other purpose than to fill the background.

Filming
Filming for Degrassi High started in May 1989, and ended in October 1990. The series was filmed at the Story Arts Centre of Centennial College, located on Toronto's Carlaw Avenue. Formerly a teacher's college, the building was previously used to hold auditions for Ida Makes a Movie, the first episode of The Kids of Degrassi Street and the first installment of the Degrassi franchise, in 1979. The building was chosen as despite being part of a college, it more closely resembled a high school. Other filming locations included the Rose Donut Shop on Carlaw Avenue, where character Michelle Accette briefly works after moving away from her conservative father.

Opening sequence
The Degrassi High theme song, composed by Lewis Manne and Wendy Watson and sung by Watson. is a reworking of the Degrassi Junior High theme song, this time transposed to a different key. It follows the same format as its predecessor, with various scenes of characters in and around the school, omitting individual cast credits. The opening sequence ends with a zooming shot of a girl's backside as the logo is displayed.

The opening sequence contains scenes not included in the final cut, such as a shot of Arthur Kobalewscuy reacting to peanut butter smeared all over his bike; Kit Hood later said the scene and plotline surrounding it did not make the cut as the actor had grown too much to be a believable bullying victim.

Sets and design
According to Kathryn Ellis, "A Degrassi character's bedroom is the most telling set for that character". The bedroom of character Lucy Fernandez was made from drywall and located in the school library, with her bed being the same used in other character's bedrooms. The childhood bedroom of character Liz O'Rourke, seen in a dream sequence in an episode where the character struggles with memories of her childhood sexual abuse, was made to look "larger than life" to make the young Liz seem extremely small, with the walls being painted blue for a "cool, almost cold atmosphere". For the bedroom of character Arthur Kobalewscuy, various items from the previous series were re-used, as well as rock posters of the fictional group Gourmet Scum, to indicate that the character was maturing in his tastes.

End of the series
Despite its continued critical and commercial acclaim, multiple factors contributed to the end of Degrassi in 1991. Kit Hood had become exhausted and frustrated by television work, having reluctantly agreed to the second season of Degrassi High "to please the network and fans", and the partnership between Hood and Schuyler, both creatively and personally, was deteriorating. Schuyler detailed in her memoir The Mother Of All Degrassi that Hood was becoming increasingly temperamental towards the end of production; when learning of the second season renewal, he accused Schuyler of manipulating him and head writer Yan Moore into doing "a year's work that we don't want to do". Compounding this was WGBH's difficulty procuring funding from the PBS's children's department due to the aging cast, and consequently being forced to withdraw from the show.

In spite of these mounting issues, both Hood and Schuyler felt the series had run its course and wanted it to end before it became stale and predictable. In a 1990 news interview, Schuyler explained that they wanted to end the series "while we were still feeling good about what we were doing", and that if they were to continue the series, they would have to "completely re-vamp it" and "bring in a new set of characters", something they did not want to do. Schuyler noted that most of the cast were occupied with post-secondary education, and that she felt the show had already tackled what they had aimed to. In a 1998 web interview with fan site owner Natalie Earl, Hood elaborated:

"The kids were getting older and we had covered every conceivable topic. The most prominent characters were graduating and we didn't feel comfortable with introducing a new class. We could have used Joey, as it was established that he had flunked a grade, (we could have kept on flunking him, I guess,,) but what were we supposed to with the other actors? What was the point, other than to drag out the show? The show had run its course. We wanted to get out while it was still hot. We didn't want to reach the point where the viewers could predict that show's formula and outcomes."Schuyler informed CBC programming chief Ivan Fecan that they would not be able to produce any more of Degrassi High. Fecan enthusiastically accepted Schuyler's proposal to end the series with a feature-length film.

First-run broadcast
Degrassi High premiered on November 6, 1989, on CBC with the two-part episode "A New Start", a week following the documentary Degrassi Between Takes. In the United States, the series debuted on January 14, 1990, on PBS. In Australia, it debuted on ABC TV on September 2, 1990. On the ABC, broadcasts of the series were preceded with a disclaimer that read: "Viewer Advice: The following episode of Degrassi High contains themes appropriate to a teenage audience. Some parents may consider it inappropriate for younger children". Re-runs aired on ABC-TV until 1995.

Post-broadcast distribution
The series continued in re-runs on CBC during the late 1990s. On September 1, 1997, the series debuted on Showcase, where it aired back-to-back with Degrassi Junior High.

Home media and streaming
The series was released on VHS by WGBH-TV Boston Home Video in the United States on March 7, 2000, both as separate tapes containing two episodes each and a full box set. It was later released as part of the Degrassi High: The Complete Collection DVD box set by WGBH on October 9, 2007, and the Degrassi High Collection set by Force Entertainment in Australia on March 12, 2008.

In July 2023, Degrassi High and School's Out were made available on Amazon Prime Video in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Critical reception
As with Degrassi Junior High, Degrassi High was largely acclaimed by critics for many of the same reasons as the previous series. The premiere episode, "A New Start". which centres on a student becoming pregnant and deciding to have an abortion, was a particular point of praise; writing for the Toronto Star, Antonia Zerbisias acclaimed the episode and called it "a gutsy show, particularly in the light of the current political and emotional climate [of the 1980s]", and singled out the even-handed portrayal of abortion and the polarisation surrounding the topic. Furthermore, she quipped that if the show was an American prime time show, "the whole thing would turn out to be a hilarious mix-up. We'd have lots of eye-rolling, sophomoric one-liners about burgeoning bellies and then ooops! Turns out the smart alec kid brother merely murdered the bunny for a school science project." Writing for The Province, Lee Bacchus had mixed feelings about the debut. While feeling the show continued its predecessor's realism, Bacchus felt that it simplified the issue to "the bumper-sticker level of righteous moralism" and "lofty platitudes".

Overall reviews of the series were similarly positive. Writing for The Age, Margaret Geddes declared that the series gave Australian soap operas such as Neighbours and Home and Away "a run for their money", but unlike the "trite morality plays" she felt were pervasive in those shows, Degrassi High was more realistic and thoughtful. Furthermore, she noted a comparison between the series and the British series Grange Hill. Writing for The Los Angeles Times, Lynne Heffley declared that Degrassi High had proved itself to be one of the "gutsiest shows on television". Profiling the show in the lead-up to the debut of its final season, Kelli Pryor of Entertainment Weekly wrote: "In a television landscape where the high jinks of characters like the Fox network’s Parker Lewis often define high school life, Degrassi stands out as the thirtysomething of the book-bag set."

Censorship
The series premiere was shown uncensored on CBC. In the United States, scenes of anti-abortion protesters were removed by PBS. Kate Taylor, co-producer of the series and of WGBH Educational Foundation, defended this as an "[a]esthetic decision" that made for a "more powerful, more poignant" ending. This was done without the permission of Playing With Time, the show's production company, with Kit Hood denouncing it as "an American ending -- happy, safe but incomplete" and requesting his name be removed from the PBS broadcast credits. Likewise, when the series re-ran on Noggin's teen block The N in 2005, "A New Start" was omitted, as well as the third episode "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do", as it referenced the events of "A New Start". When the episode "It Creeps!", which centres around several students shooting a horror movie in the school, aired on ABC-TV in Australia in 1991, various scenes depicting graphic violence were removed. When the episode was shown again unedited on ABC2 on March 28, 2009, two viewers complained.

title: Degrassi High


text:
Talk:Tigris

= Comments =

Kurdish Deletion
"In Kurdish there are a number of words related to Tigris. Tîr means arrow, Tîrik means rolling pin, Tûj means sharp, Tirs means to scare (Someone with a sharp item threatening), Tirş means sour (Meaning that it has a sharp taste), Dijmin means enemy (Probably means someone with a sharp item), Diran means teeth, Dirî means horn, Dirêj means cool, Derzî means needle, Dezî means thin string, Pirç means whore, Dar means wood, Kîr means penis, and Zirav means thin.

By looking at these words it is highly likely that the word Tigris might have originated from Kurdish which an Indo-European language. The name of Tigris might have passed to Greek from Kurdish. Tigris means Tiger in Greek. The letter ‘J’ doesn’t exist in Greek therefore it is replaced by a ‘G’, for example, in Kurdish ‘woman’ means JYN, in Greek it means GYN-i. There is a change between the letters J and G. Plus, in Greek –is connex is added to ends of words. Keeping these in mind; Tigris might have come from the root word ‘Tîjîr’. It is higly probably these words are of Kurdish origin looking at the words above. In Kurdish 'Jehr' means poison. Tîrjîr then means poisonous arrow. The words listed above all have a common origin and they all possess similar meanings. They signify something that is long, thin, sharp and fast just like the Tigris River.

All these words possess the characteristic of the Tigris River. Tîr-Tîrik-Tûj-Tirs-Dijmin-Dirî-Dirêj-Tîjîr-Tîrjîr-Tigris

Xenophon BC 401 mentions Carduchi people when passing near the Tigris River who attached his army of 10.000 soldiers. He mentions that Carduchi people had arrows that were too big and strong which went through the shields of his soldiers. Carduchi people seems to be the Kurds of Kurdistan."

Etymology
This etymological discussion is simply wrong in so many ways:
 * The Greek name tigris comes from the Old Persian word for "tiger" and means "the fast one". It might also be argued to come from Kurdish too. In Kurdish "Tir" means arrow. This means that the river is quick and fast like an arrow.Tîj-Tûj means sharp, pointing and cutting. Since the letter "j" doesn't exist in Greek Tîj-Tûj became Tig later Tigr.In Greek at the end of words -is sonex is used (Tîj-Tijr-Tig-Tigr-Tigris).

First of all, the Persian for "tiger" is babr, not tigr or anything like it. The Greek word "tigris" meaning "tiger" may be related to Persian words within the same family as "*tigr", but that is not the Persian meaning of the words.

Second, the Kurdish (and Farsi) word for "arrow", tir, comes from Middle Persian tigr -- which also means "arrow".

Third, the word tij (or rather tiz) "sharp" is certainly related to tigr, but they belong to the same word family -- they are not the same word.

I'll try to come up with something better.

the word is probably come from tigris,both means TIZ[sharp] and also flooding river[toghian in persian],which is also adjective of tiger[ i mean toghianger] ,both tiger and tigris and tiz and tigh and tir are from the same origins,the word for tiger in old persian has been tigris and the new word "babr" is from 'turko mongolian" root. reference, book:IRANVICH by DR bahram frahvashi.,even the word arvand is synonym of tigris, Spitman 21:01, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Malayo-Polynesian seafarers
The Sumerian names for the Tigris and Euphrates appear to have a word correspondence in sound and meaning to words in Malayo-Polynesian, a language spoken by an ancient seafaring people who sailed the Pacific and Indian oceans, and even settled the island of Madagascar near Africa. In some Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in the Philippines and Indonesia, the word siglat, which means "swift," "fast" or "rapid," appears similar to the Sumerian name Idigna and the Akkadian name Idiglat for the Tigris. The Malayo-Polynesian word burakan, which means "wave," "wavy," or "surf" appears similar to the Sumerian name Buranun and Akkadian name Pu-rat-tu for the Euphrates. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Batobalani (talk • contribs) 03:24, 13 June 2006.

 * This is a fringe theory that violates Wikipedia's rules on no original research, verifiability and reliable sources. That is why it was removed from the article. If you want it included in the article, you will have to make sure that it meets the criteria set out in the policies and guidelines above. — Gareth Hughes 09:26, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

The flow of the Tigris "might" decrease. I believe the flow has substantially decreased - to the point of salination. Saddam threatened to blow up the Turkish dams - one reason for war. Iraq was being attacked by the USA and allies by "other means" long before we ever heard of Saddam " the evil one". Water is a main reason to fight in the middle East - Jordan River, Golun ( Sea of Galilee ), Litani ( southern Lebanon, etc. This is kept hidden from most Americans - the real value of controlling the media ( control the discussion - kind of like a moderator ).

NPOV in discussion of US actions
I don't really doubt the facts we're currently presenting regarding the effects of US war actions and reconstruction efforts. But it does seem to me that we could present the facts in a more credible way. As it stands, we state as a fact (without citation!) that the US-led forces destroyed the water treatment plants in the first war. This is entirely plausible, but is a significant enough claim that it can and should be backed up with a citation.

Then we say that the US-led coalition CLAIMS to have made progress in improving water supplies in Iraq, but we cast doubt on that claim with the additional (weasly OR) comment that nobody has independently verified such progress. We provide a citation that superficially appears to be supporting the lack of independent verification--but in fact the citation is simply referring to USAID's web site in which they brag about what they've accomplished. Is it true that nobody has independently observed USAID's progress in rebuilding Iraq's water infrastructure? If so, we should have an adequate citation for that. If we can't find a citation for it, simply saying "USAID reports having made progress" will be sufficient--any reader with a critical mind will know how much faith they can put in that source, without our editorializing on its plausibility.

As it stands, this reads like anti-US propaganda. I'm an American who opposed the war from the start and has continued to protest in the streets against it, so I'm not naturally inclined to believe everything the US government tells me, or to take a rosy view of what my country has done to Iraq, but as written this article gives the impression of serious bias.

65.213.77.129 (talk) 13:16, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * How's it now? -- Zsero (talk) 14:17, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Better, with regard to the NPOV language, but we still have no cited source for the statement regarding the destruction from the first Gulf War. 65.213.77.129 (talk) 19:43, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * No source has appeared after eight months, so I'm deleting:

 * Coalition forces destroyed Iraq's water treatment plants during the 1990 Gulf War, affecting the water quality of the Tigris.

 * Feel free to reinsert it with an appropriate citation--it seems like a plausible fact, and if true is certainly worthy of inclusion in the article! 65.213.77.129 (talk) 17:41, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

WHICH WAY DO THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS FLOW?
PLEASE I WANT TO KNOW WHICH WAY THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS FLOW!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PLEASE ANSWER ME!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.68.104.185 (talk) 13:13, 29 September 2008 (UTC) == Souce of the Tigris In the collier's encyclopedia and other text sources the armenian highlands are indicated as the origen of the euphrates and the tigris —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.131.174.181 (talk) 17:15, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

"Cadavers being dumped in river"
This whole bit at the end of the "Management and Water Quality" section needs a reference. Madritor (talk) 13:09, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Huge picture... page broken for me
92.29.90.118 seems to have made an edit adding a huge picture which takes all the room. 88.159.72.240 (talk) 20:21, 25 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Looks like vandalism as Assyria is not an existing state. Zoeperkoe (talk) 20:56, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Religion and mythology
I have reinstated part of this section (deleted 6 July 2010 because it was "mostly unsourced and irrelevant for actual river"). Wrt "mostly unsourced", I left out an unsourced bit and added a link to the Kumarbi Cycle. As for "irrelevant for actual river", Wikipedia contains many natural physical features, and in many cases, with associated religious, legendary or mythological status. This is an encyclopaedia, not a geographers' reference book. The Lesser Merlin (talk) 13:55, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Added Kurdish name to infobox
Just like the Euphrates article, it's ridiculous that the Kurdish name should be given such disregard given the river's course through the centre of Kurdistan. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ZanLJackson (talk • contribs) 13:48, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

First Steamers

General Francis Rawdon Chesney hauled 2 steamers overland through Syria in 1836, to explore the possibility of an overland and river route to India. One steamer was wrecked in a storm which sank and killed twenty adventurers. Chesney proved the river navigable to powered craft.

The Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company was established in 1861 by the Lynch Brothers trading company. They had 2 steamers in service. By 1908 ten steamers were on the river. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.7.23.169 (talk) 23:41, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

tigris and eurphates rivers
What are the advantages and disadvantages of flooding to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.73.187.65 (talk) 23:25, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

File:Guffa on the Tigris.JPG Nominated for Deletion
The Tigris river never ends — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.29.211.251 (talk) 18:57, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Tigris


text:
User:AN(Ger)

Look at pl:AN or de:AN

de:Benutzer:AN pl:Wikipedysta:AN

title: User:AN(Ger)


text:
Talk:USS Ellet

Class
The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships lists Ellet as a Gridley class destroyer. However other sources clearly indicate that she was a Benham-class, including the photo page of the Naval Historical Center. Please update the class type only if you have definitive evidence other than DANFS. Jinian 19:52, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sub
Ellet sank RO-35 in August 1943 2fort5r (talk) 07:04, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Ellet


text:
Büraburg

The Büraburg was a prominent hill castle with historic significance, on the Büraberg hill overlooking the Eder river near the town of Fritzlar in northern Hesse (Germany). Only foundation walls remain, and a church dedicated to St. Brigida.

A Christian monastery was already located on the hill in the seventh century. It was occupied by the Franks c. 690, who fortified it with a castle and kept a mounted garrison there. The Franks supported the missionary efforts of Saint Boniface, who cut down the Donar Oak in nearby Geismar and established a short-lived bishopric in Büraburg.

Strategic importance
Hessia, from the early seventh century on, served as a buffer between areas dominated by the Saxons (to the north) and the Franks who brought the area to the south under their control in the early sixth century and occupied Thuringia (to the east) in 531.

By 650, the Franks were establishing themselves as overlords, which is suggested by archeological evidence of burials, and were building fortifications in various places including Christenberg. By 690 they were taking direct control over Hessia, apparently to counteract expansion by the Saxons, who built fortifications in Gaulskopf and Eresburg across the river Diemel, the northern boundary of Hessia. Büraburg (which already had a Frankish settlement in the sixth century ) was one of the places the Franks fortified in order to resist the Saxon pressure, and according to John-Henry Clay the Büraburg was "probably the largest man-made construction seen in Hessia for at least seven hundred years". Walls and trenches totaling one kilometer in length were made, and they enclosed "8 hectares of a spur that offered a commanding view over Fritzlar and the densely populated heart of Hessia". The presence of a mounted garrison is deduced from archeological finds, including spurs, harness fittings, and fragments of weapons.

During the Saxon wars of Charlemagne, it was an important fortified base of the Franks, but with the final submission of the Saxons in 804 it lost its military significance.

Religion
The area around Fritzlar shows evidence of significant pagan belief from the first century on. Geismar was a particular focus of such activity; it was continuously occupied from the Roman period on, with a settlement from the Roman period, which itself had a predecessor from the fifth century BC. Excavations have produced a horse burial and bronze artifacts. A possible religious cult may have centered on a natural spring in Geismar, called Heilgenbron; the name "Geismar" (possibly "energetic pool") itself may be derived from that spring. The village of, now a part of Gudensberg near Fritzlar and less than ten miles from Geismar, was likely an ancient religious center: the basalt outcrop of Gudensberg is named for Wodan, and there is a two-meter tall quartz megalith called the Wotanstein in the center of the village.

Büraburg itself contained a Christian settlement before Boniface. The St. Brigida church was dated to the time of the Hiberno-Scottish mission by Joseph Vonderau, a Fulda archeologist who excavated Büraburg in the 1920s. According to Wand, the church must have been founded later; he states it probably served the Frankish fortress whose construction he dated c. 690. Though one scholar considers that Wand's later dating is correct and that there is no reason to assume the church was already named for St. Brigid, recent scholarship suggests perhaps Vonderau was correct in assuming the Hiberno-Scottish background. For instance, after renovations from 2002-2006, pieces of wood were found in the chancel arch that dated back to between the mid-sixth century and 667/668. This may mean that the church predates even the mission of Saint Kilian, who may have preached in the area in the 680s and was killed in Thuringia in 689—or it may mean that older wood was used to construct the church. Wand's excavations (1969-1996) revealed a monastic complex whose oldest layer contains a cistern lined with stone; one of those stones featured an inscription of the Benedictine cross. The complex could have housed an abbot with up to six monks. Excavations have shown traces of at least sixty buildings (not all from the same time period).

John-Henry Clay considers it likely that the church was indeed Hiberno-Scottish and dates from the earliest fortification, using wood from some nearby building. The connection between Kilian and Boniface is not unique; in Wurzburg Boniface promoted Kilian's cult, and he may have used the cistern in Büraburg as a baptismal font, continuing missionary work that already started before he came to the area.

Donar Oak and bishopric
In 723 AD the Anglo-Saxon missionary Saint Boniface arrived in the area on his mission to convert the central and northern German tribes to Christianity. Seeking to demonstrate the superiority of Christianity, he and his followers felled a sacred oak dedicated to the god Donar (Thor) by the local tribe of the Chatten/Chatti. His hagiography claims that when Thor failed to punish Boniface for his infraction, the locals agreed to be baptized.

Using the wood of the oak, Boniface erected a small chapel dedicated to Saint Peter at a site nearby, in what soon became the important religious, intellectual, and trade center of Fritzlar. Between 723 and 741 Büraburg may have been led by an abbot Humbert, or so local traditions hold. In 742 Boniface established a bishopric at Büraburg, the first in Germany north of the Roman Limes, but after the death of the only bishop, Witta, in 748 the bishopric was incorporated by Lullus, Boniface's successor as archbishop of Mainz, into his own diocese. From 747 to 786 Büraburg was administered by an auxiliary bishop, Meginoz, but this post was not filled again after Meginoz's death.

Current situation
Excavations have unearthed extensive fortifications from the 7th and 8th century AD on the hilltop. Today, a church dedicated to St. Brigida stands at the site, containing parts of the original church building from the 7th century.

title: Büraburg


text:
Pilkington

Pilkington is a glass-manufacturing company which is based in Lathom, Lancashire, England. It includes several legal entities in the UK, and is a subsidiary of Japanese company Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG). It was formerly an independent company listed on the London Stock Exchange and a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

Established in 1826 as the St Helens Crown Glass Company, the company gradually grew to become the largest employer in St Helens, where it was originally based. It was renamed Pilkington Brothers in 1845 following the ending of the partnership with the Greenall family, the business continued to expand, becoming Pilkington Brothers Limited after its incorporation in 1894. In 1903, it became the sole British manufacturer of plate glass as well as the dominant producer of sheet glass. After the First World War, Pilkington was one of only two large glass manufacturers remaining in Britain, the other being Chance Brothers; the firm gradually expanded its stake in Chance, fully acquired it in 1951.

The company performed strongly during the Second World War, fulfilling all wartime demands and emerged in a relatively strong position in the conflict's aftermath. During the 1950s, Pilkington employees Alastair Pilkington (no family relation) and Kenneth Bickerstaff invented the float glass process; the firm leveraged licensing agreements for many other manufacturers to use this new process in exchange for royalty payments. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Pilkington invested heavily into its manufacturing sites and acquired numerous overseas competitors. It also became a major world supplier of toughened and laminated safety glass via its controlling interest in Triplex Safety Glass.

During 1970, Pilkington was floated as a public company on the London Stock Exchange; prior to this, the firm had been owned by a combination of descendants of the Pilkington family and several employee trusts. In late 1985, Pilkington was the subject of a hostile takeover bid from BTR Industries which it successfully warded off. During the 1990s, amid allegations that Pilkington had organised a cartel due to its hold on the float glass market, the US government and Pilkington filed a proposed consent decree that released other businesses from several licensing terms. In late 2005, the company received an initial takeover bid from NSG; a second and more generous bid was accepted by Pilkington's key shareholders. The acquisition was completed during June 2006; the combined company has since competed for global leadership of the glass industry.

History
The company was founded in 1826 as a partnership between members of the Pilkington and Greenall families, based in St Helens, Lancashire, England. The venture used the trading name of St Helens Crown Glass Company. The company grew to become the biggest employer in St Helens. The distinctive blue-glass head office tower block on Alexandra Business Park, off Prescot Road, originally used as the firm's world headquarters, and completed in 1964, still dominates the town's skyline.

Following the departure from the partnership of the last Greenall in 1845, the firm was renamed as Pilkington Brothers. During 1894, the business was incorporated under the Companies Act 1862 as Pilkington Brothers Limited. In 1903, it became the sole British manufacturer of plate glass as well as the dominant producer of sheet glass.

Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the company struck a series of market agreements with various domestic and European glass manufacturers of varying effectiveness. European competitors, particularly those based in Belgium, had applied considerable competitive pressure to Britain's glass making industry; Pilkington was less susceptible due to a strong focus on exports and international developments throughout the British Empire and South America. The company also invested heavily into its manufacturing capabilities, such as a new plate glass works outside Doncaster in 1922, and introduced new production techniques.

After the First World War, Pilkington was one of only two large glass manufacturers remaining in Britain, the other being Chance Brothers, which mostly produced cast glass. The two companies formed various agreements during the interwar period to share the domestic market and to not undercut each other; furthermore, Pilkington agreed to purchase any shares in the firm that Chance's owners wished to sell, thus it gradually built up a sizable stake in the firm. In 1951, Chance became wholly owned by Pilkington.

Pilkington found itself in a relatively strong position in the aftermath of the Second World War, having exclusively fulfilled Britain's wartime requirements and even managing to expand its export activities. While there was no reintroduction of the pre-war quota arrangements and its historic undertakings with individual merchants were abandoned during 1950, the company still entered an export agreement with its competitors in the European mainland. Further reforms to its business practices were made in response to the enactment of the Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1956.

Between 1953 and 1957, Pilkington employees Alastair Pilkington (no family relation) and Kenneth Bickerstaff invented the float glass process, a revolutionary method of high-quality flat glass production by floating molten glass over a bath of molten tin, avoiding the costly need to grind and polish plate glass to make it clear. Pilkington allowed the float process to be used under licence by numerous manufacturers around the world. Amongst other benefits, these licensing arrangements often helped the company to further its interests, including the expansion of its presence in the European market and even gaining stakes in other manufacturers.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Pilkington used the flow of float royalty payments to finance its investments in float glass plants across several countries, including Argentina, Australia, Canada and Sweden, and also to acquire major existing flat and safety glass producers and plants in the United States (Libbey Owens Ford), Germany and France. Pilkington, with its subsidiary Triplex Safety Glass, in which it gradually acquired a controlling interest, also became a major world supplier of toughened and laminated safety glass to the automotive, aerospace and building industries.

A Monopolies Commission report in 1967, concluded that Pilkington and Triplex operations were efficient and entrepreneurial and, despite their high share of the UK glass trade, operated in a manner suited to consumers' best interests. At the time, the majority of the company's shareholding was largely in the hands of various descendants of the original owners or employee trusts.

During 1970, Pilkington was floated as a public company on the London Stock Exchange.

A rank-and-file strike during 1970, sparked off by an error in wage packets, brought 8,000 workers out for nearly two months. The General and Municipal Workers Union and Trades Union Congress leadership failed to provide any support, as they were too closely bound to management and government circles, with the result that strike leaders were blacklisted. Anti-union legislation was introduced by central government. These events were recreated in Ken Loach's film The Rank and File, although the BBC insisted on a change in the name and location of the company, so that the film is set at a Wilkinsons in the West Midlands.

In late 1985, Pilkington was the subject of a hostile takeover bid from BTR Industries, a large British-based conglomerate group, which valued the company at $1.64 billion. Pilington's management rejected the offer and fought a successful defensive campaign in which various politicians took sides in the matter, thus BTR was compelled to withdraw its offer in February 1987.

Litigation
Pilkington aggressively protected its patents and trade secrets through a network of licensing agreements with glass manufacturers around the world. The modern "float" technique (pouring the molten glass on a layer of very pure molten tin) became commercially widespread when Alastair Pilkington developed a practical version, patented in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As Pilkington plc owned all but one of the manufacturing plants around the world employing the float process, Pilkington had a monopoly.

Although the patents had expired by the early 1980s, Pilkington had licensed their use, and required the licensees to keep the details of the float glass process secret. Guardian Industries had tried to challenge Pilkington's dominance but had made a secret agreement to prevent new entrants into the market, with Guardian taking the lead to enable Pilkington, a British company, to reduce its exposure to United States antitrust law.

In May 1994, the United States Department of Justice filed suit on the grounds that Pilkington had created a cartel by exercising control over the markets in which its licensees could sell float glass and construct float-glass manufacturing plants, and over the customers within each market to which each licensee could serve. It was claimed this was a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, because Pilkington's patents had expired and any trade secrets which it might have had in the process used by the licensees had long since become publicly known. On the same day, the US government and Pilkington filed a proposed consent decree, which enjoined Pilkington from enforcing these restrictions against its US licensees, or against US non-licensees, or against non-US licensees wishing to export either technology or glass products to the United States. The agreement came into force on 22 December 1994, and expired ten years later.

During 2008, the European Commission imposed a fine of €357 million on Pilkington, along with three other glass manufacturers, for its part in a five-year price-fixing scheme used in car windscreens.

Pilkington Optronics
In 1988, Pilkington plc formed a new subsidiary, Pilkington Optronics, in order to group together the company's optronics businesses: Pilkington PE located in North Wales (formed in 1966), and Barr and Stroud (acquired in 1977) which was based in Glasgow. Pilkington PE later became Thales Optics Ltd., which was divested from Thales in December 2005 as Qioptiq Ltd.

Thomson-CSF acquired 50% of Pilkington Optronics in 1991. In 1995, Pilkington Optronics acquired Thorn EMI Electro Optics which was renamed Pilkington Thorn Optronics. Three years later, Thomson-CSF purchased another 40% of Pilkington Optronics from Pilkington and the remainder in 2000 to make it a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2000, Thomson-CSF was renamed Thales and Pilkington Optronics Ltd. became Thales Optronics Ltd. Soon afterward, Thomson-CSF acquired W Vinten Ltd, a British reconnaissance equipment manufacturer, including the Joint Reconnaissance Pod, who now operate as Thales Optronics (Bury St Edmunds) Ltd.

In November 2006, Thales Optronics Limited announced the closure of its manufacturing facility in Taunton, Somerset, with the loss of 180 jobs. In June 2007, Thales sold the beryllium mirrors and structures business of Thales Optronics Limited to GSI Group Inc. for an undisclosed amount.

Takeover by NSG
In late 2005, the company received a takeover bid from a bigger Japanese company, NSG, which had previously built up a 20 percent stake in the business by 2002. The initial bid and the first revised bid were not accepted, however, on 16 February 2006, NSG increased its offer for the 80 percent it did not already own to 165 pence per share (£1.8 billion or $3.14 billion in total) and this was accepted by Pilkington's major institutional shareholders, enabling NSG to compulsorily acquire by scheme of arrangement the smaller holdings of other shareholders, many of them being existing and retired employees, who had not wished to support the takeover. The combined company would compete for global leadership in the glass industry with the leading Japanese glassmaker Asahi Glass, which had around a quarter of the global market at the time of the deal. Pilkington had 19% and NSG around half that.

The acquisition was completed in June 2006, after the European Commission stated that it would not be opposed. At the time of the merger, Pilkington and NSG had been the second- and third-largest glass manufacturers in the world, respectively.

Chairmen
An incomplete list:
 * 1914–1921: Arthur Richard Pilkington (1871–1921)
 * 1921–1931: Richard Austin Pilkington (1871–1951)
 * 1932–1949: Geoffrey Langton Pilkington (1885–1972)
 * 1949–1973: Baron Pilkington (1905–1983)
 * 1973–1980: Sir Alastair Pilkington (1920–1995)
 * 1980–1995: Sir Antony Pilkington (1935–2000)
 * 1995–2006: Sir Nigel Rudd (born 1946)

Operations
Pilkington has developed a self-cleaning coated float glass product, called Pilkington Activ. This self-cleaning glass has a coating which uses a method of photocatalysis to break down organic dirt with sunlight. The dirt is then washed away by the rain during a hydrophilic process.

title: Pilkington