text:
Talk:Solow growth model

The Solow growth model is a rather advanced theoretical tool, or at least it can be. There are still a lot of relations not accounted for and I will try to continue updating this page.

I'd appreciate any help I can get with the... rather inelegant formatting.

To further explain topics such as balanced growth and the golden rule of growth I feel that it is important to add graphs. I'll get on it right away.

Thanks for the formatting help by the way ;-) --Albron 23:00, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solow growth model


text: Talk:Bristol Brabazon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bristol Brabazon


text:
Porrentruy

Porrentruy (,, Pruntrut) is a Swiss municipality and seat of the district of the same name located in the canton of Jura.

Porrentruy is home to National League team, HC Ajoie.

The city's name, Porrentruy, derives from the French words for wild boar ("Porc") and sow ("Truie"). This connection is reflected in the statue located in front of the city government and resonates throughout the urban landscape. The story behind this symbolism centers on the legendary status of the first mayor, a figure of renown whose father is a wild boar. During wartime, the mayor demonstrated remarkable leadership, spearheading the city's transition from tribal governance to a structured administration. In homage to his father's legacy and the courage and strength he instilled, the mayor chose to name the city Porrentruy.

History
The first trace of human presence in Porrentruy is a mesolithic tool that was found in the backyard of the Hôtel-Dieu. Scattered, individual objects have also been found from the neolithic, the late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The first known settlement in what became Porrentruy goes back to the Roman era. In 1983, the ruins of a Gallo-Roman temple were discovered in the cemetery on the north of town, and Roman coins were found there. Near the town, a kilometre long (0.6 mile) section of the Augst-Epomanduodurum (now Mandeure) Roman road was discovered.

In the backyard of the Hôtel-Dieu the charred remains of a building from the 10th or 11th century were discovered. However, the first historical mention of the name occurs in 1136 as Purrentru. The name presumably comes from the Latin pons Ragentrudis (Ragentrud bridge). Ragentrud was the wife of the Frankish King Dagobert I. The German form of the name, Pruntrut may have a separate etymology from Bruntrutum, which means an abundant spring.

The first settlement was established in 1140 in the vicinity of the Church of Saint-Germain, which was built in the Early Middle Ages. The Counts of Pfirt, who owned the region around Porrentruy, built a castle on a defensible hill and made it the capital of the Ajoie territory. A settlement (now known as the Faubourg de France) was founded at the foot of the castle, with another south on the opposite hill. The city wall was probably built before 1283 and surrounded the two settlements, but not the parish church of Saint-Germain.

In 1236 the Counts of Pfirt pledged the town to the Counts of Montbéliard, however, they retained their rights to the Ajoie until 1281 when they sold the territory to the Bishop of Basel. The Counts of Montbéliard refused to hand over Porrentruy, which led Bishop Henry of Isny to request support from King Rudolph I of Habsburg. After six weeks under siege, the Count relented and handed it over to the Bishop. On 20 April 1283, the king asked the Bishop of Basel to grant Porrentruy a town charter and make it a free Imperial city. While the Counts of Montbéliard retained some power in the town, their influence waned during the 13th century.

Financial difficulties forced the Bishop to sell the Ajoie (including Porrentruy) back to the lords of Montbéliard in 1386. But in 1461, the town once again became subject to the episcopal see. Because of the Reformation in Basel, the Bishopric moved its official headquarters to Porrentruy in 1527. Under Bishop Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, who reigned from 1575 to 1608, the town reached the apogee of its importance. In his time, many architectural projects, including expansion of the castle and the building of a Jesuit college, were undertaken. This period of prosperity ended in 1618 with the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War. Porrentruy was repeatedly occupied, besieged, and plundered.

The first parish church of Saint-Germain was replaced in the 13th century by a new building, which underwent several renovations. The Church of Saint-Pierre was completed in 1349 and became the parish church in 1475. The cathedral chapter was established in 1377. Several religious orders were active in the city, including the Jesuits who built their college in 1591. In addition to the Jesuits other orders included the Ursulines (1619), the Sisters of the Annonciade (permanently established in 1646) and the Capuchins (1663).

The first uprising against the Bishop's power was under the Comité de la Commune de Porrentruy on 20 August 1790, but they were unable to expel the Bishop. However, on 27 April 1792, French Revolutionary troops invaded the city and drove the Bishop out. Porrentruy became the capital of a dependent republic, which was then incorporated into France in 1793 as the Département du Mont-Terrible. In 1800, this department was incorporated into the Département du Haut-Rhin as a sub-département. During the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon, Allied troops entered Porrentruy on 24 December 1813. Following their liberation, the future of this former episcopal seat was uncertain. The government divided into two parties, the Episcopal party that sought the return of the prince bishop as the head of a Swiss canton, while the French party wanted to retain the current secular government. However, soon after the fall of Napoleon, the municipality was given to the Canton of Bern (in 1815) to compensate for the loss of the Canton of Vaud, which had become a separate canton in 1803.

Both factions, the religious and the secular, retained power in the town in the following years. The political life in the 19th century was characterized by the severe conflict between Liberal-Radicals and the Catholic Conservatives. The secular side gained power in 1860, when the mayor, Joseph Trouillat, was forced out of office. The Radicals retained the mayor's office and a majority of the town council from 1860 until 1972.

Until World War I, Porrentruy was the cultural center of the region and had a larger population than Delémont. However, with the increase in automobile traffic, its situation on the edge of the country became a liability and caused economic stagnation. In the second half of the 20th century, tensions between the French-speaking minority in the Canton of Bern and the German-speaking majority led to the creation of the new Canton of Jura on 1 January 1979. To the chagrin of the inhabitants of Ajoie, Delémont was chosen as the cantonal capital.

Culture
Porrentruy is the site of many important institutions of the canton of Jura, including the cantonal courts, and also of the archives of the former Episcopal See of Basel. It is also the location of the Université Populaire Jurassienne.

In 1988, Porrentruy was awarded the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage.

Geography
Porrentruy has an area of. Of this area, 5.08 km2 or 34.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.91 km2 or 40.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.64 km2 or 24.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.12 km2 or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.7% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 10.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 7.3%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.5%. Out of the forested land, 38.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 22.0% is used for growing crops and 12.1% is pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.2% is in lakes and 0.6% is in rivers and streams.

The municipality lies on both sides of the Allaine River, in Ajoie (the bulge in the northwest corner of Switzerland that extends into France) at the foot of the Jura Mountains on the north. In addition to the wide valley of the Allaine itself, it includes the watershed of the Creux-Genat River, that flows down from the peaks of La Banné (511 m) and La Perche (526 m). In the north, the municipality includes the hills and forests of the Petit Fahy (543 m) und Grand Fahy (570 m). The highest point in the municipality is the ridge that divides it from the municipality of Bure at 580 m.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Boar salient Sable.

Demographics
Porrentruy has a population of. , 16.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -0.9%. Migration accounted for 0.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -2.9%.

Most of the population speaks French (6,046 or 89.5%) as their first language, German is the second most common (191 or 2.8%) and Italian is the third (147 or 2.2%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.

, the population was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. The population was made up of 2,655 Swiss men (39.9% of the population) and 573 (8.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 2,895 Swiss women (43.5%) and 533 (8.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 2,201 or about 32.6% were born in Porrentruy and lived there in 2000. There were 2,066 or 30.6% who were born in the same canton, while 812 or 12.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,361 or 20.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.5%.

, there were 2,770 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 3,031 married individuals, 498 widows or widowers and 454 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 3,022 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 1,261 households that consist of only one person and 152 households with five or more people. , a total of 2,921 apartments (84.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 259 apartments (7.5%) were seasonally occupied and 278 apartments (8.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.7 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.25%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Archives of the Republic and the Canton and the cantonal library, Porrentruy Castle, the church and college of the Jesuits, the St-Pierre Church, the Hôtel de Gléresse et Fondation des Archives, the Hôtel de Gléresse with the archives, the Hôtel-Dieu with the Pharmacy Museum and the Jura Natural Sciences Museum and gardens are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire old town of Porrentruy is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

The scenic historic city center has many buildings in gothic, baroque, and neo-classical styles, notably the buildings of the Jesuit college, which are now used by the cantonal school. The only remaining medieval city gate is the Porte de France, which was built in 1563.

The Catholic Church of Saint-Pierre is a gothic basilica that was built from 1330 to 1350. It houses valuable relics and has a late-gothic altar. The Catholic Church of Saint-Germain, was built in the 13th century and restored and expanded in 1698. The chapel of the Jesuit college (1599–1603) has an octagonal tower built in 1701, which is now used as a concert hall. The church of the Ursulines was dedicated in 1626.

On a prominence stands the Château de Porrentruy, which was the residence of the Bishop of Basel from 1527 to 1792. The oldest part is the round Bergfried, which was built in 1271.

Important baroque buildings are the Hôtel de Ville (1761–63), the Hôtel-Dieu (1761–65), the Hôtel de Gléresse (built in 1750 for the Baron of Ligerz), and the Hôtel des Halles (1766–69). On the squares of the old city are monumental fountains, including the Fontaine des Samarites (1564) and the Fontaine Suisse (1518).

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the PSS which received 37.11% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the PDC (29.88%), the PLR (14.89%) and the UDC (12.5%). In the federal election, a total of 2,082 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.2%.

Economy
In the course of the 19th century, Porrentruy developed from a trading center to an important industrial town, with traditional industries such as watchmaking, shoemaking, and textiles. In the 20th century, other important industries were added, notably metalworking, machine manufacturing, electronics, and furniture building. Agriculture is no longer a major factor in the labor market of the municipality.

, Porrentruy had an unemployment rate of 6.3%. , there were 48 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 17 businesses involved in this sector. 1,933 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 108 businesses in this sector. 3,734 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 407 businesses in this sector. There were 3,308 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 4,822. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 34, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,887 of which 1,454 or (77.1%) were in manufacturing and 389 (20.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2,901. In the tertiary sector; 612 or 21.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 65 or 2.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 133 or 4.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 22 or 0.8% were in the information industry, 163 or 5.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 220 or 7.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 340 or 11.7% were in education and 834 or 28.7% were in health care.

, there were 4,145 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,051 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 3.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 18.3% of the workforce coming into Porrentruy are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.5% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 8.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 5,017 or 74.3% were Roman Catholic, while 657 or 9.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 45 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.67% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.03% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 107 individuals (or about 1.58% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 3 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who were Jewish, and 160 (or about 2.37% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 14 individuals who were Buddhist, 4 individuals who were Hindu and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 481 (or about 7.12% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 312 individuals (or about 4.62% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Porrentruy about 2,097 or (31.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 813 or (12.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 813 who completed tertiary schooling, 59.5% were Swiss men, 25.2% were Swiss women, 8.4% were non-Swiss men and 6.9% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary stage, students may attend a three or four year optional upper secondary school followed by some form of tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 1,183 students attending 59 classes in Porrentruy. There were 5 kindergarten classes with a total of 83 students in the municipality. The municipality had 18 primary classes and 342 students. During the same year, there were 36 lower secondary classes with a total of 758 students.

, there were 1,682 students in Porrentruy who came from another municipality, while 52 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Porrentruy is home to the Bibliothèque cantonale jurassienne library. The library has 115,585 books or other media, and loaned out 10,097 items in the same year. It was open a total of 243 days with average of 32 hours per week during that year.

Porrentruy is also home to the only two tertiary schools (or "Lycées" in French) in the Canton of Jura. The first being the Lycée Cantonal de Porrentruy, a public tertiary school and the second being the Collège et Lycée Saint-Charles.

Transportation
Porrentruy lies at the junction of two railway lines: the Delémont–Delle railway line of Swiss Federal Railways and the Porrentruy–Bonfol railway line of Chemins de fer du Jura. The first railway line opened in 1872, connecting Porrentruy with Delle, in France, via Boncourt. A further connection south to Glovelier and the rest of the Swiss railway network opened in 1877. The branch line to Bonfol opened in 1901.

The municipality lies on the first stretch of the motorway (A16 or E27) to open (in 1998) in the canton of Jura between Delémont and Belfort, France. The motorway is meant to be completed in 2016, the difficult topography of the Jura only allowing the opening of short sections, one by one. This explains why the international railway played such an important role in the economic rise of Porrentruy because the railway follows the course of the Allaine river to the economic rail hub at Belfort.

Notable people

 * Paul Migy (1814–1879) a Swiss politician, President of the Swiss Council of States (1851) and National Council (1857).
 * Hélène Rivier (1902–1986) a Swiss librarian, in 1931, she established the Bibliothèque Moderne at Geneva, the first free lending library in Switzerland
 * Florian Froehlich (born 1959) is a contemporary artist who creates paintings, sculptures, stained-glass and installations. Has lived in Porrentruy since 1996
 * Bernard Comment (born 1960) a Swiss writer, translator, scriptwriter and publisher of books
 * Régis Fuchs (born 1970) a Swiss professional ice hockey winger
 * Benjamin Conz (born 1991) a Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender

title: Porrentruy


text:
User talk:NicholasJones

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:46, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Leeds Railways
Can't quite make my mind up where to ask for help for these: Airedale line, Caldervale(needs moving), Dearne Valley line, Hallam line, Harrogate line, Huddersfield Line(either need to move this one or all the rest), Leeds-Bradford line, Penistone line, Pontefract line, Wakefield line, Wharfedale line, York & Selby line The articles are stubs, but I would like them to be laid out in tables, which I don't know how to do; ideally with an article on the station(if appropriate) and an article on the city/town/village(s) served by them. Also it would be improve them greatly if someone could write/add to history sections. -- (attributed to User:NicholasJones)
 * Does the addition of Template:Britishmainlines fill this request? If not, what sort of tables you were thinking of, exactly? Help wanted appears defunct, so I'm moving this here for your attention.  Talk:Rail transport in Great Britain might be a good place to ask for help in formatting these articles. -- Beland 02:35, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The template helps, however it is not what I was looking for. Particularly since another contributor has put the names of Closed stations in, the lists of stations and junctions need arranging into tables, like the tables used in, for example List of Olympus products.--NicholasJones 17:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Olympus mju III wide 100

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title: User talk:NicholasJones


text: User talk:68.67.207.117

title: User talk:68.67.207.117


text:
Saint Martin national football team

The Saint Martin national football team is the football team of the Collectivity of Saint Martin, the French half of the island of Saint Martin which was previously part of the French overseas department of Guadeloupe (not to be confused with the team of the Dutch half, the Sint Maarten national football team) and is controlled by the Comité de Football des Îles du Nord. Saint Martin is not a member of FIFA, and is therefore not eligible to enter the World Cup, but it does compete in CONCACAF competitions.

History
Saint Martin played their first competitive match during the 1990 Caribbean Cup qualifiers against British Virgin Islands, winning 3–0. They beat Anguilla (4–0) and Cayman Islands (8–3 on aggregate) to advance to the final qualifying round where they failed to progress, losing 1–0 to Jamaica in the decisive group game.

Saint Martin would not enter the next nine Caribbean Cup tournaments, before returning in the 2001 qualification process, beating Anguilla and Montserrat before finishing six points behind Cuba in the final round of qualifying. In 2005 qualifying, Saint Martin failed to advance past the first qualifying round, losing heavily to Jamaica (12–0). From 2007 to 2012, Saint Martin were knocked out in the first round in every qualifying competition.

In August 2014, Saint Martin played a friendly against the British Virgin Islands, the territory's first match since 2012. At that time, SMFA president Fabrice Baly announced a 3-year project to fully return to Caribbean international football. He established long-term objectives of attracting the attention of international recruiters and qualifying for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Saint Martin withdrew from 2017 Caribbean Cup qualification, ending the project that Baly had started.

In 2019, Saint Martin entered the qualification for the first CONCACAF Nations League, losing all four of their matches and finishing bottom of the standings, placing them into League C where they finished third, three points off from qualifying for League B.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * 🇸🇽 Owen Nickie (2004)
 * 🇫🇷 Gérard Andy (2006–2008)
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Louis Richards & David Baltase (2010)
 * 🇫🇷 Dominique Rénia (2012)
 * 🇫🇷 David Baltase (2018)
 * 🇬🇵 Stéphane Auvray (2019–present)

Current squad
The following players were called up for two friendlies against Anguilla and Saint Barthélemy on 4 and 10 March 2023.

Caps and goals as of 4 March 2023 after the game against Anguilla.

Recent call ups
Following players have been called up in previous 12 months.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Saint Martin.

Record by opponent
Updated on 14 June 2022 after match against

Historical kits
Sources:

title: Saint Martin national football team


text:
Collision Course (EP)

Collision Course is a collaborative EP from American rapper Jay-Z and rock band Linkin Park, released on November 30, 2004, by Roc-A-Fella, Machine Shop, Warner Bros. and Def Jam. From Linkin Park's catalog, Collision Course features three songs from Meteora and four from Hybrid Theory. From Jay-Z's catalog, it features three songs from The Black Album, one from Vol. 3: Life and Times of S. Carter, one from Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life and one from The Blueprint. Before the album, Jay-Z had released collaborations with The Roots and R. Kelly, and Linkin Park had collaborated with various artists on their remix album Reanimation.

The album was inspired by The Grey Album by Danger Mouse, which was a mash-up album between Jay-Z and The Beatles. MTV had originally planned on mashing up only one or two songs, but the project was eventually expanded to a six-song album. The production on the album was mostly handled by Mike Shinoda and Jay-Z, and it was recorded between July 16 and July 19. The album spawned one single, "Numb/Encore" which won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 48th Grammy Awards. The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics but despite that was a commercial success. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 368,000 copies in its first week.

Overview
Due to its short running time at 21:18, with six tracks in total included on the disc, the release has been identified as an EP. All of the tracks included are mashups combining songs by both artists.

The DVD contains behind-the-scenes new footage of the making of the album, as well as the second take of all of the Collision Course songs at The Roxy Theatre on July 18, 2004. Also included are the five scenes from the concert shown on MTV Ultimate Mash-Ups and a picture gallery.

The first single released from the EP, "Numb/Encore", achieved significant airplay on the charts, and stayed on six months after its release. "Points of Authority/99 Problems/One Step Closer" was also released to the radio in the US, but was never featured on the Billboard Charts – the videos for both that track and "Jigga What/Faint" were also seen on Kerrang! in the UK. "Izzo/In the End" was also heavily promoted on the official Linkin Park websites.

Background and production
Mike Shinoda revealed in his 2004 Grammy acceptance speech that he would be mashing up with Jay-Z for a record under MTV's Mash Ups show.

The network allowed Jay-Z to choose a group or artist for the mash-up. Jay contacted Shinoda, who began experimenting with mixing the tracks before sending some examples to him. As a result, Jay-Z began working with Shinoda through email. The two decided that instead of combining the existing tracks for the live performance on MTV, they wanted to re-work and re-record parts of the songs to make them fit better. Shinoda explains, "Jay and I realized it's better to re-perform the rap vocals if you're gonna do it to a new beat because the vibe changes and you have to deliver your verse a little differently." Shinoda asked his bandmates to re-record instrumental and vocal tracks as well, and ultimately both parties decided they wanted to release the studio tracks. The entire album was put together within four days.

Sometimes, behind-the-scenes audio can be heard within the album, such as Jay-Z saying "You're wasting your talent, Randy!" before "Big Pimpin'/Papercut", or Shinoda saying "This is fun" before "Izzo/In the End".

Collision Course was the first album of Linkin Park that contained a Parental Advisory sticker, since most of Jay-Z's verses contain profanity (although Shinoda and Chester Bennington are also heard using vulgar language on the album). This album was also made in an edited/censored version. However, the clean version of the album left the words "bitch", "ass", and "hoes" uncensored, which means that "Izzo/In the End" is the same on the clean and explicit versions.

A year after the release of Collision Course, Jay-Z was the executive producer on Mike Shinoda's solo effort Fort Minor's The Rising Tied. Also, the song "High Road" from the same record talks about how some critics negatively received Collision Course.

Critical reception
Collision Course received generally mixed reviews from music critics. David Jeffries of AllMusic praised the album, calling it "awesomely fun". K.B. Tindal of HipHopDX also equally praised the album, saying that the project "will open a passageway for artists who want to dare to be different as well as those who want to work hard to maintain that difference." Steve Juon of RapReviews called the album "an experiment which bodes well since for the most part these two artists compliment each other."

Meanwhile, Raymond Fiore of Entertainment Weekly, gave a negative review of the album, saying that the pairing of Linkin Park and Jay-Z "comes off like a sanitized nonevent." At the 48th Grammy Awards, the song "Numb/Encore", a mash-up of "Numb" by Linkin Park and "Encore" by Jay-Z, won the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.

Commercial performance
Collision Course debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 368,000 copies in its first week, according to Nielsen Soundscan. This became Jay-Z eighth US number one album and Linkin Park's second. It also became the first EP ever to top the chart since Alice in Chains' Jar of Flies in 1994. In its second week, the EP dropped to number nine on the chart, selling an additional 186,000 copies. In its third week, the EP dropped to number ten on the chart, selling 236,000 more copies. In its fourth week, the EP climbed to number eight on the chart, selling 283,000 more copies. As of August 2009, the EP has sold 1,934,000 copies in the US. On August 15, 2017, the EP was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over two million units in the United States.

Enhanced content on CD

 * 1) "Links to Bonus Content"
 * 2) "Photos"

DVD track listing

 * 1) Intro
 * 2) In the Studio
 * 3) Jay-Z Arrives
 * 4) Rehearsal
 * 5) Sound Check
 * 6) Dirt Off Your Shoulder/Lying from You (Live)
 * 7) Big Pimpin'/Papercut (Live)
 * 8) Jigga What/Faint (Live)
 * 9) Numb/Encore (Live)
 * 10) Izzo/In the End (Live)
 * 11) Points of Authority/99 Problems/One Step Closer (Live)
 * 12) End Credits

Special Features

 * 1) "MTV Ultimate Mash-Ups"
 * 2) *It's Goin' Down
 * 3) *Dirt Off You Shoulder/Lying from You
 * 4) *Jigga What/Faint
 * 5) *Numb/Encore
 * 6) *Points of Authority/99 Problems/One Step Closer

 * 1) "Photo Gallery"
 * 2) "5.1 Surround Sound"

Personnel
Linkin Park
 * Chester Bennington – vocals (1, 3 & 6), backing vocals (2, 5) , lead vocals (4)
 * Mike Shinoda – vocals (1, 3 & 4), lead vocals (2, 5 & 6) , additional guitar (3) , keyboard, piano (4)
 * Brad Delson – guitar
 * Dave Farrell – bass guitar
 * Joseph Hahn – turntables, sampling, programming
 * Rob Bourdon – drums

Jay-Z
 * Shawn Carter – lead vocals

Production

 * Produced and mixed by Mike Shinoda
 * Arranged by Brad Delson and Mike Shinoda
 * Engineered by Mike Shinoda, John Ewing and Mark Kiczula
 * Mastered by Brain "Big Bass" Gardner at Bernie Grundman Mastering
 * Executive producers: Shawn Carter and Linkin Park
 * A&R: Tom Whalley
 * A&R coordination for Warner Bros. Records: Marny Cameron
 * Marketing director: Peter Standish
 * A&R coordinator: Michael "Stick" Stefrin
 * Production coordinator: Ryan DeMarti
 * Sample clearance: Eric Weissman for Sample Clearance Limited
 * Executive producers: Rob McDermott and John Meneilly
 * Creative direction for Warner Bros. Records: Ellen Wakayama
 * Project art direction: THE FLEM and Mike Shinoda
 * Cover art direction and design: THE FLEM
 * Cover and all interior line art illustrations: David Choe
 * Digipak and booklet art direction and design: Lawrence Azerrad for LAD
 * Photography: Greg Watermann

DVD

 * Director: Kimo Proudfoot
 * Producer: Matt Caltabiano
 * Editor: Kevin McCullough
 * Live audio engineer: Guy Charbonneau
 * Live audio mix: Mike Shinoda
 * Executive producer: Janet Haase
 * Head of production: Joby Barnhart
 * Post production supervisor: Jason Cohon
 * For Sunset Editorial: Nazeli Kodjoian, Sin Halina Sy
 * Additional footage produced by Lenny Santiago
 * 5.1 mixed of Roxy Performance
 * DVD post producer: David May
 * Associate producer: Raena Winscott
 * Menu design: Sean Donelly
 * 5.1 mix producer: David May
 * 5.1 mix engineer: Ted Hall
 * Assistant engineer: Bruce Balestier
 * Audio mix: Mix Magic
 * Colorist: Dave Hussey
 * Title graphics: Carlos
 * Authoring: Cinram
 * Live performance filmed July 18, 2004 at The Roxy Theatre, West Hollywood, CA
 * Original concept by Michele Megan Dix and Jesse Ignjatovic

title: Collision Course (EP)


text:
User talk:Oliver s.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:47, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Oliver s.! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 17:58, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Nadja Tiller -

title: User talk:Oliver s.


text:
User talk:F23

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

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 * Policy Library
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title: User talk:F23


text:
Words per minute

Words per minute, commonly abbreviated as WPM (sometimes lowercased as wpm), is a measure of words processed in a minute, often used as a measurement of the speed of typing, reading or Morse code sending and receiving.

Alphanumeric entry
Since words vary in length, for the purpose of measurement of text entry the definition of each "word" is often standardized to be five characters or keystrokes long in English, including spaces and punctuation. For example, under such a method applied to plain English text the phrase "I run" counts as one word, but "rhinoceros" and "let's talk" would both count as two.

Karat et al. found in one study of average computer users in 1999 that the average rate for transcription was 32.5 words per minute, and 19.0 words per minute for composition. In the same study, when the group was divided into "fast", "moderate", and "slow" groups, the average speeds were 40 wpm, 35 wpm, and 23 wpm, respectively.

With the onset of the era of desktop computers, fast typing skills became much more widespread.

Typically, professional typists type at speeds of 43 to 80 wpm, while some positions can require 80 to 95 (usually the minimum required for dispatch positions and other time-sensitive typing jobs), and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm. Two-finger typists, sometimes also referred to as "hunt and peck" typists, commonly reach sustained speeds of about 37 wpm for memorized text and 27 wpm when copying text, but in bursts may be able to reach much higher speeds. From the 1920s through the 1970s, typing speed (along with shorthand speed) was an important secretarial qualification, and typing contests were popular and often publicized by typewriter companies as promotional tools.

Stenotype
Stenotype keyboards enable the trained user to input text as fast as 360 wpm at very high accuracy for an extended period, which is sufficient for real-time activities such as court reporting or closed captioning. While training dropout rates are very high — in some cases only 10% or even fewer graduate — stenotype students are usually able to reach speeds of 100–120 wpm within six months, which is faster than most alphanumeric typists. Guinness World Records gives 360 wpm with 97.23% accuracy as the highest achieved speed using a stenotype.

Numeric entry
The numeric entry or 10-key speed is a measure of one's ability to manipulate the numeric keypad found on most modern separate computer keyboards. It is used to measure speed for jobs such as data entry of number information on items such as remittance advice, bills, or checks, as deposited to lock boxes. It is measured in keystrokes per hour (KPH). Many jobs require a certain KPH, often 8,000 or 10,000.

Handwriting
For an adult population (age range 18–60) the average speed of copying is 40 letters per minute (approximately 8 wpm), with the range from a minimum of 26 to a maximum of 113 letters per minute (approximately 5 to 20 wpm).

A study of police interview records showed that the highest speed fell in the range 120–155 characters per minute, the highest possible limit being 190 characters per minute.

According to various studies the speed of handwriting of 3–7 graders varies from 25 to 94 letters per minute.

Using stenography (shorthand) methods, this rate increases greatly. Handwriting speeds up to 350 words per minute have been achieved in shorthand competitions.

Reading and comprehension
Words per minute is a common metric for assessing reading speed and is often used in the context of remedial skills evaluation, as well as in the context of speed reading, where it is a controversial measure of reading performance.

A word in this context is the same as in the context of speech.

Research done in 2012 measured the speed at which subjects read a text aloud, and found the typical range of speeds across 17 different languages to be 184±29 wpm or 863±234 characters per minute. However, the number of wpm varied between languages, even for languages that use the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets: as low as 161±18 for Finnish and as high as 228±30 for English. This was because different languages have different average word lengths (longer words in such languages as Finnish and shorter words in English). However, the number of characters per minute tends to be around 1000 for all the tested languages. For the tested Asian languages that use particular writing systems (Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese) these numbers are lower.

Scientific studies have demonstrated that reading—defined here as capturing and decoding all the words on every page—faster than 900 wpm is not feasible given the limits set by the anatomy of the eye.

While proofreading materials, people are able to read English at 200 wpm on paper, and 180 wpm on a monitor. [Those numbers from Ziefle, 1998, are for studies that used monitors prior to 1992. See Noyes & Garland 2008 for a modern tech view of equivalence.]

Speech and listening
Audiobooks are recommended to be 150–160 words per minute, which is the range that people comfortably hear and vocalize words.

Slide presentations tend to be closer to 100–125 wpm for a comfortable pace, auctioneers can speak at about 250 wpm, and the fastest speaking policy debaters speak from 350 to over 500 words per minute. Internet speech calculators show that various things influence words per minute including nervousness.

An example of an agglutinative language, the average rate of Turkish speech is reported to be about 220 syllables per minute. When the time spent for the silent parts of speech are removed, the so-called average articulation rate reaches 310 syllables per minute. The average number of syllables per (written) word has been measured as 2.6. For a comparison, Flesch has suggested that the conversational English for consumers aims 1.5 syllables per word, although these measures are dependent on corpus.

John Moschitta Jr. was listed in Guinness World Records, for a time, as the world's fastest speaker, being able to talk at 586 wpm. He has since been surpassed by Steve Woodmore, who achieved a rate of 637 wpm.

Sign language
In the realm of American Sign Language, the American Sign Language University (ASLU) specifies a cutoff proficiency for students who clock a signing speed of 110-130 wpm.

Morse code
Morse code uses variable length sequences of short and long duration signals (dits and dahs, colloquially called dots and dashes) to represent source information e.g., sequences for the letter "K" and numeral "2" are respectively and. This variability complicates the measurement of Morse code speed rated in words per minute. Using telegram messages, the average English word length is about five characters, each averaging 5.124 dot durations or baud. Spacing between words should also be considered, being seven dot durations in the USA and five in British territories. So the average British telegraph word was 30.67 dot times. So the baud rate of a Morse code is $50/60$ × word per minute rate.

It is standard practice to use two different such standard words to measure Morse code speeds in words per minute. The standard words are: "PARIS" and "CODEX". In Morse code "PARIS" has a dot duration of 50, while "CODEX" has 60.

Although many countries no longer require it for licensing, Morse is still widely used by amateur radio ("ham") operators. Experienced hams routinely send Morse at 20 words per minute, using manually operated hand telegraph keys; enthusiasts such as members of The CW Operators' Club routinely send and receive Morse code at speeds up to 60 wpm. The upper limit for Morse operators attempting to write down Morse code received by ear using paper and pencil is roughly 20 wpm. Many skilled Morse code operators can receive Morse code by ear mentally without writing down the information at speeds up to 70 wpm. To write down the Morse code information manually at speeds higher than 20 wpm it is usual for the operators to use a typewriter or computer keyboard to enable higher speed copying.

In the United States a commercial radiotelegraph operator's license is still issued, although there is almost no demand for it, since for long distance communication ships now use the satellite-based Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. Besides a written examination, proficiency at receiving Morse at 20 wpm plain language and 16 wpm in code groups must be demonstrated.

High-speed telegraphy contests are still held. The fastest Morse code operator was Theodore Roosevelt McElroy copying at 75.6 wpm using a typewriter at the 1939 world championship.

title: Words per minute


text:
User talk:Erath

Rating
B-Class --Sealicus

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Glasgow city council logo.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 14:33, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:European football leagues
A tag has been placed on Template:European football leagues requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

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Snippy comment
Someone who can't be sure whether something is true or not can't do more than request references. - Denimadept (talk) 19:23, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Or ask on talk. Or do a quick search on Google, BBC News, the bridge's official website... Okay I don't expect you to check for yourself every time, but it's becoming an all-too-common getout to just tag-and-forget. Erath (talk) 19:39, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Flatwater Racing World Championships renaming
I plan on changing the Flatwater Racing World Championships article name to the ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships. Any objections? Chris (talk) 14:07, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Not a problem. You will know better than me. Go for it! Erath (talk) 21:17, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Within Temptation
Cheers, that's much appreciated. Prophaniti (talk) 19:07, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Service areas AfD
Since you expressed an opinion in the last AfD regarding UK service areas at Articles for deletion/Donington Park services, I'd like to inform you of a new AfD discussion which has recently been started by another user at Articles for deletion/Norton Canes services (2nd nomination). In the interests of keeping this within the rules regarding canvassing, I am sending this to everyone involved with that original debate, regardless of if they voted keep or delete, or if they appear to be active or inactive. Jeni ( talk ) 14:29, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I don't get involved in Wikipedia's politics and backroom dealings anymore - the aforementioned discussion that I started being exhibit A in why not - but I appreciate the notice. Erath (talk) 15:32, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:UK motorway routebox
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Thanks.  Imzadi  1979   →  06:09, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

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Edinburgh Trams
Hi. As I'm sure you're aware, this is not a particularly contribution. Wikipedia isn't really a place for political jibes. Thanks, The Land (talk) 22:15, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, but it was fun.

Nomination of Concurrency (road) for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Erath


text:
User talk:Lawrennd

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

User:ClockworkSoul 21:48, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lawrennd


text:
Serta

Serta may refer to:
 * Sertã, a municipality in central Portugal
 * Sertã (parish), a civil parish in the municipality
 * Serta (company), a mattress company based in the United States
 * Serto, the western form of the Syriac alphabet
 * An alternative spelling of Sêrtar County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, People's Republic of China
 * Serta, an ancient and titular bishopric of the Catholic Church in North Africa

title: Serta


text:
Los Kjarkas

Los Kjarkas is a Bolivian band from the Capinota province in the department of Cochabamba, and one of the most popular Andean folk music bands in the country's history. Among the styles they play are Saya, tuntuna, huayno, and carnavales. The instruments they use include the charango, quena, zampoña, ronroco, guitar, and bombo.

The band's leader has always been singer, guitarist, and songwriter Gonzalo Hermosa González, who formed the band with his brothers Élmer Hermosa González and Ulises Hermosa González, as well as Gastón Guardia Bilboa and Ramiro de la Zerda. De la Zerda left group to form Grupo Fortaleza and Ulises Hermosa died of cancer in 1992, being replaced by Eduardo Yáñez Loayza, Rolando Malpartida Porcel and José Luis Morales Rodríguez. By 2002, Lin Angulo, Gonzalo Hermosa Camacho, and Japanese-born Makoto Shishido had replaced Yáñez, Porcel, and Rodríguez. Makoto joined the band after seeing them play in Japan. In the later 2000s, Élmer Hermosa was diagnosed with diabetes. In 2010, Edwin Castellanos, who was in the band from 1983 to 1995, became mayor of the city of Cochabamba.

Kjarkas have founded two schools teaching Andean folk music: the Musical School of Kjarkas (Lima, Peru) and La Fundación Kjarkas (Ecuador). They have toured across Japan, Europe, Scandinavia, the United States, South America, and Australia, and have composed over 350 songs. Among their most popular are "Imillitay", "Al Final", "Canto a la mujer de mi pueblo", and "Pequeño Amor".

An unauthorized translation of their song "Llorando se fue" by French producers Jean Karakos and Olivier Lorsac resulted in Kaoma's hit "Lambada". After a successful lawsuit, Kaoma paid to license the song. The song was also sampled on Don Omar's "Taboo" and on Jennifer López's single "On the Floor". Also "Wayayay" was covered by Tarkan as "Gelip Te Halimi Gördün Mü ?" ("Did You Ever Come To See My Situation ?" in Turkish) at "Yine Sensiz" ("Without You Again" in Turkish), whose debut album was in 1992.

The group's music was also used for the Argentine-Dutch film Bolivia (2001). The group's cultural heritage is passed down in the next generation of Hermosa blood with the popular youth group band Chila Jatun, made up by the sons of this influential Bolivian group.

They have been rewarded by the Bolivian Government the Banner of Gold

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Bolivia (1976)
 * Fortaleza Vol. 1 (1977)
 * Fortaleza Vol. 2 (1978)
 * Kutimuy (1979)
 * Condor Mallku (1980)
 * Desde el alma de mi pueblo (1981)
 * Canto a la mujer de mi pueblo (1981)
 * Sol de los andes (1983)
 * Pueblos perdidos (1984)
 * Desde el japón (1985)
 * El amor y la libertad (1987)
 * Chuquiago Marka (1988)
 * Génesis Aymara (1989)
 * Sin palabras (1989)
 * Los andes... descubrió su rostro milenario (1990)
 * Techno Kjarkas (1991)
 * El arbol de mi destino (1992)
 * Hermanos (1993)
 * A los 500 años (1994)
 * Quiquin... Pacha (Por un mundo nuevo) (1995)
 * Por siempre (1997)
 * El lider de los humildes (1998)
 * Lección de vida (2001)
 * 35 años (2006)
 * 40 años despues (2012)

 * Contributing artist
 * The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996, World Music Network)

title: Los Kjarkas


text: Category:Bolivian musical groups

title: Category:Bolivian musical groups


text:
Anthony Miers

Rear Admiral Sir Anthony Cecil Capel Miers, (11 November 1906 – 30 June 1985), known as "Crap Miers" and "Gamp", was a Royal Navy officer who served in the submarine service during the Second World War.

Miers was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was allegedly responsible for two war crime incidents, while commanding HMS Torbay (N79), including the shooting of seven Germans in a life raft.

Early life
Born in 1906 in Inverness, Scotland, the son of an army captain killed in the First World War, Miers was educated at Stubbington House School in Gosport, Edinburgh Academy, and Wellington College. In 1924 he joined the Royal Navy as a special entry cadet and volunteered for the submarine service in 1929. He could be hot-tempered, and in 1933 was court martialled for striking a rating. Miers' career however continued, with HMS L54 his first submarine command (1936–7). He then served in the battleship HMS Iron Duke (1912), before joining, as a lieutenant commander, the staff of the commander-in-chief, Home Fleet (1939–40), where he was mentioned in despatches.

War service
In November 1940 Miers was given command of HM Submarine Torbay. While working up, Torbay collided with the British tanker Vancouver in Loch Long though no serious damage was caused.

Torbay began its first patrol in March 1941. The submarine left at very short notice, with half the crew on leave and replaced by members of the spare crew of the depot ship, the reason being that the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, had arrived at Brest and the Royal Navy wanted them shadowed in case they sailed for the Atlantic sea lanes. The submarine later continued to Gibraltar, then Alexandria, Egypt to join the 1st Submarine Flotilla.

On 27 April 1941, while on patrol off Cape Ferrato, Miers attacked a two-masted single-funnelled merchant ship of about 4,000 GRT. Torbay fired two torpedoes but both missed.

Torbay's third war patrol was in the northern Aegean Sea. On 28 May 1941, Torbay sank two Greek caiques with gunfire, then torpedoed and damaged the Vichy French tanker Alberta off Cape Hellas.

In 1989 former Royal Naval officer and broadcaster Ludovic Kennedy published his autobiography, in which he describes "a submarine atrocity" on the night of 9 July 1941, which gave rise to the accusation of 'war crimes'. According to the accounts, on two separate occasions Miers ordered the machine-gunning of several shipwrecked German soldiers in rafts who had jumped overboard when their vessels were sunk by the Torbay. These events were witnessed and reported by acting First Lieutenant Paul Chapman who reported "everything and everybody was destroyed by one sort of gunfire or another". Miers also made no attempt to conceal his actions, his patrol log recording: "Submarine cast off, and with the Lewis gun accounted for the soldiers in the rubber raft to prevent them from regaining their ship..." When informed of Miers' actions, Flag Officer Submarines, Admiral Max Horton wrote to the Admiralty about the possibility of German reprisals: "As far as I am aware, the enemy has not made a habit of firing on personnel in the water or on rafts even when such personnel were members of the fighting services; since the incidents referred to in Torbay's report, he may feel justified in doing so." The Admiralty then sent a strongly worded letter to Miers advising him not to repeat the practices of his last patrol.

According to historian Alfred-Maurice de Zayas in his 1979 work The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939–1945, the incident was one of several instances of the Royal Navy sinking Greek ships believed to be transporting German soldiers and then firing on survivors in the water or in lifeboats. All reports of such incidents were investigated by the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, which collected depositions from surviving German and Greek witnesses supporting Kennedy's claims regarding the incident.

By now, Miers had carried out nine successful patrols in HMS Torbay in the Mediterranean theatre, had received the Distinguished Service Order and Bar, and had been promoted to commander in December 1941. His tenth patrol in HMS Torbay in March 1942 saw the incident which earned him the VC. Whilst on patrol in Torbay off the Greek coast on the 4 March 1942, Miers sighted a northbound convoy of four troopships entering the South Corfu Channel and, since they had been too far distant for him to attack initially, he decided to follow in the hope of catching them in Corfu harbour. During the night 4/5 March, Torbay approached undetected up the channel and remained on the surface charging her battery. The convoy passed straight through the channel but on the morning of the 5 March, in glassy sea conditions, Miers successfully attacked two store ships present in the roadstead and then brought Torbay safely back to the open sea. The submarine endured 40 depth charges and had been in closely patrolled enemy waters for seventeen hours.

The citation in the London Gazette read: "Commander Anthony Cecil Capel Miers DSO, Royal Navy: For valour in command of H.M. Submarine Torbay in a daring and successful raid on shipping in a defended enemy harbour, planned with full knowledge of the great hazards to be expected during seventeen hours in waters closely patrolled by the enemy. On arriving in the harbour, he had to charge his batteries lying on the surface in full moonlight, under the guns of the enemy. As he could not see his target, he waited several hours and attacked in full daylight in a glassy calm. When he had fired his torpedoes he was heavily counter-attacked and had to withdraw through a long channel with anti-submarine craft all round and continuous air patrols overhead."

His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London.

From December 1942 Miers served as submarine liaison officer to the American Pacific Fleet, and was later made a commander of the US Legion of Merit. From July 1944 he was Commander (Submarines) of the 8th Submarine Flotilla in the Far East based at Trincomalee, Sri Lanka and later Fremantle, Australia.

Post war
Miers remained in the navy after the war, and was promoted to captain in December 1946. He was commanding officer of the naval establishments HMS Vernon (shore establishment) and then HMS Blackcap, a Fleet Air Arm station (1948–50), HMS Forth (A187) and the 1st submarine squadron (1950–52), and the Royal Naval College, Greenwich (1952–4). He commanded the aircraft carrier HMS Theseus (R64) for a year from 9 December 1954. He was promoted to rear admiral in January 1956, and became Flag Officer, Middle East, until his retirement in August 1959. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1958, and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1959.

Miers served for many years as the national president of the Submarine Old Comrades' Association. He died at his home in Roehampton, London, on 30 June 1985. He is buried at Tomnahurich Cemetery, Inverness, Scotland, in the Roman Catholic Section.

title: Anthony Miers


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David Burrows (footballer)

David Burrows (born 25 October 1968) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left-back.

As a player he notably played in the Premier League for Liverpool, West Ham United, Everton and Coventry City. Whilst a Liverpool player he won the Football League, the FA Cup and twice won the Charity Shield and he played his part in the earlier stages of Everton's successful FA Cup campaign in 1995. He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion, Birmingham City and Sheffield Wednesday as well as the England Under-21 and B teams.

Playing career
Burrows completed an apprenticeship at West Bromwich Albion and signed professional forms with the club as a 17-year-old in 1985, after a period in the Tipton Town youth team. He spent three years at The Hawthorns, playing 46 times and scoring one goal. He was signed by Liverpool for £550,000 in October 1988, making his debut two days later in a 0–0 draw against Coventry City at Anfield. Vying for a place with Steve Staunton meant that Burrows' first team opportunities were limited in his first season at Liverpool.

Burrows, an England under-21 international, joined his teammates in mourning for the 96 fans who lost their lives at the Hillsborough disaster in April 1989. He along with the rest of Liverpool Football Club were commended for the way they conducted themselves after the disaster and he attended numerous funerals and comforted the victims' families and friends. At this time he was not regularly featuring in the team, with the equally inexperienced Steve Staunton enjoying an extended run at left back which lasted through to the end of the season, including the 3–2 FA Cup final victory over Everton in which Barry Venison was selected for a place on the substitute's bench ahead of Burrows.

The following year, with Staunton more frequently deployed in midfield and manager Dalglish prepared to rotate his squad more, Burrows played more regularly and won his first honour with Liverpool when they clinched the League title, finishing nine points clear of Aston Villa. When Dalglish quit in 1991 and was replaced by Graeme Souness, Burrows found his chances more restricted, though he did score his first Liverpool goal on 31 August 1991 in a 3–1 victory over Everton at Anfield. Later that season he was picked by Souness for the 1992 FA Cup final, which Liverpool won, beating Sunderland 2–0 at Wembley.

Burrows left for West Ham United in September 1993, along with Mike Marsh, as part of a deal that took Julian Dicks to Anfield. Burrows had appeared 193 times for the Reds, scoring three goals. He made his West Ham debut in September 1993, just a day after joining them, in a 2–0 league win over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park. He spent just a single year at Upton Park, appearing 35 times scoring twice; in his second West Ham game in a 5–1 League Cup win against Chesterfield and in a 3–1 home win against Manchester City Although he started the 1994–95 season, he played only four games before moving to Everton as part of a deal which saw the return of Tony Cottee to West Ham. Burrows joined Everton in September 1994, featuring in the early stages of Everton's glorious 1994–95 FA Cup campaign, starting the third and fourth round ties against Derby County and Bristol City respectively.

Burrows spent just six months at Everton, playing 23 times, before he was on the move again, this time to Ron Atkinson's Coventry City, in March 1995, or a fee of £1.1 million. Atkinson said at the time he knew of "no better English left-back". "If he plays to his best form, there's no reason why he shouldn't make the squad for the European Championships." He again made a quick début, appearing two days after signing in a 0–0 league draw with Southampton at the Dell. He suffered frequent injury during his four years at Highfield Road, but still made 130 appearances.

In 2000, failing to regain his place in the City line-up after returning from injury and unable to agree a new deal with the club, he moved again to Coventry's Midland rivals Birmingham City, in June 2000, on a free transfer. He made his debut in September 2000 in a 1–0 league victory over Sheffield United at St Andrew's. He helped Birmingham reach the 2001 Football League Cup Final. Burrows was left out of the match-day squad for the final against former club Liverpool, but he was on the pitch as a substitute as they beat Ipswich Town in the semi-finals. He spent less than two years at Birmingham, playing 30 matches. Burrows' time at Birmingham was marred with disagreements with managers Trevor Francis and Steve Bruce. A training ground incident in February 2002 involving Bruce and Burrows resulted in him being thrown out of the club.

In March 2002, Sheffield Wednesday signed Burrows on a free transfer and yet again he made a quick début, this time the following day, in a 0–0 league draw against Gillingham at Hillsborough. Injuries once again dogged Burrows as he injured both his collarbone and hamstring whilst at Sheffield Wednesday, forcing him to quit the professional game in May 2003.

Personal life
After retirement he moved to France with his family where he got involved with the local football community, playing and coaching several local football teams, notably FC Sarlat Marcillac where he led he team to victory in the "Coupe de Dordogne". He now spends time maintaining his holiday rental properties in the area.

Honours

 * Charity Shield: 1989, 1990
 * Division 1 (Level 1): 1990
 * FA Cup: 1992

title: David Burrows (footballer)


text:
Maringa

Maringa may refer to:
 * Maringa people, a sub-group of the Burarra Aboriginal Australian people
 * Maringá, a city in the state of Paraná in southern Brazil
 * Maringa River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape, an ecologically sensitive area in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Nova Maringá, a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil
 * Grêmio de Esportes Maringá, a Brazilian soccer club from the city of Maringá
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maringá, an archdiocese located in the city of Maringá
 * Maringá Regional Airport, the airport serving Maringá, Brazil
 * Palm-wine music, known as "Maringa" in Sierra Leone

title: Maringa


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Albert Wesker

Albert Wesker is a character in Resident Evil (Biohazard in Japan), a survival horror video game series created by the Japanese company Capcom. He was first introduced in the original Resident Evil (1996) as the captain of the Special Tactics and Rescue Service (S.T.A.R.S.) unit of the Raccoon Police Department. Wesker has been one of the series' main antagonists as a member of the pharmaceutical conglomerate Umbrella Corporation, the primary antagonistic faction, manipulating story events behind the scenes. To further his own plans, Wesker betrays his allies, fakes his death, gains superhuman abilities, and works with both Umbrella's mysterious rival company and their successors in the field of biological weapons development until his ultimate defeat by Chris Redfield and Sheva Alomar in Resident Evil 5 (2009).

Wesker appears in several Resident Evil games, novelizations, and films and has also appeared in other game franchises, including Marvel vs. Capcom, Teppen, and Dead by Daylight. In his first appearance, Wesker was voiced by Pablo Kuntz, while D. C. Douglas voiced the character across most of his other appearances; in Japanese dubbings, Jouji Nakata has consistently voiced the character across all of his video game appearances. Several actors have portrayed Wesker, including Jason O'Mara, Shawn Roberts, Tom Hopper, and Lance Reddick, in the live-action Resident Evil films and television series.

Wesker was conceptualized by writer Kenichi Iwao, who envisioned Wesker as an arrogant, intelligent, and unsympathetic character. Wesker is presented as a virologist focused on advancing human evolution and later becomes a bio-terrorist obsessed with eradicating humanity. He possesses superhuman strength, speed, stamina, and regeneration, and he mutates into a more powerful form in Resident Evil 5. Wesker has received mostly positive reviews from video game publications, with critics praising him for being one of the most memorable video game villains, particularly his death, but critiquing him for appearing as a one-dimensional and stereotypical villain.

Concept and design
Albert Wesker is an American of Caucasian descent. He was created by director Shinji Mikami and designer Isao Ohishi. The main characters were originally intended to be cyborg police officers, until writer Kenichi Iwao discarded the idea and completely redesigned the characters and the game's backstory. He envisioned Wesker as a former special forces member who possessed exceptional intelligence and physical prowess, with a cold demeanor that matched his egotistical mindset. His co-workers suggested making the character a traitor who betrays the protagonist. The game's designers ultimately developed Wesker into the commander of the protagonists' elite police task force, who is secretly employed as a virologist for the Umbrella Corporation. His drive to develop viral agents and engineer the ultimate lifeform is a central plotline in the Resident Evil series. Wesker is depicted as a white male with blonde hair in the video games and movies. Designer Jun Takeuchi helped create Wesker's in-game character model in the first Resident Evil. He suggested giving Wesker a pair of black sunglasses to help differentiate him from the other characters, which became a staple of his appearance throughout the series.

During the finale of Resident Evil 5, Wesker sheds his human appearance when he infects himself with the Uroboros virus, a volatile and mutagenic viral agent. The Uroboros virus grants him more strength while also transforming his arms into tentacles that allow him to absorb and wield metallic objects as weapons. The early concept sketches of his Uroboros mutation differed significantly from the final version. In the initial design, his combat style would have relied solely on his mental powers to manipulate Uroboros. This concept was shaped by the one-on-one battle between Wesker and Chris Redfield, without a co-op partner. However, with the addition of Sheva Alomar as a co-op partner, adjustments were made to bolster Wesker's abilities and provide him with additional makeshift weaponry for the final boss battle. Following Wesker's demise, producer Masachika Kawata stated that there was no possibility of the character returning.

Voice-over and live-action actors
Wesker was originally voiced by Pablo Kuntz, who said that Capcom's staff gave him limited direction and that he did not fully understand the game's plot at the time of recording. He later reflected on his performance, stating: "I know the acting was slightly over-the-top, but you know, the more we played RE1, the more the voices seemed to harmonize with everything the gameplay offered". He was also surprised at the character's popularity among fans, commenting that it was "a wonderful experience" to voice him.

Peter Jessop voiced the character in the 2002 remake of Resident Evil and a recreational arcade game released solely in Japan. Wesker was next voiced by Richard Waugh in Resident Evil – Code: Veronica. His performance of Wesker was influenced by George Sanders, particularly his role as Shere Khan in The Jungle Book. He wanted to give the character a "precise and inhuman" speech pattern by speaking with a "military-type" tone and never using contractions. He reprised his role in Wesker's Report, a fictional documentary detailing Wesker's backstory, as well as Resident Evil Zero and Resident Evil 4. He also provided voice recordings in Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, but they were replaced by D. C. Douglas's recordings before launch.

Douglas then voiced Wesker in Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, Resident Evil 5, Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, Resident Evil: The Mercenaries 3D, Resident Evil Zero HD Remaster, Resident Evil: Revelations 2, Umbrella Corps, Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds, and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. He described his inspiration for Wesker's voice as "an amalgamation of Peter Jessop, Richard Waugh, and the spirit of an irritated David Bowie". He was instructed by Capcom's staff to keep his performance for Wesker in Resident Evil 5 closer to the character's previous voice actors, but he also "unleash[ed] his rage and animalistic side, letting it over power his coolness" as Wesker mutated during the course of the game.

Ken Lally provided a motion capture for Wesker in Resident Evil 5. In the 2023 remake of Resident Evil 4, he was voiced and motion captured by Craig Burnatowski. Eric Pirius portrayed Wesker in the Resident Evil live-action cutscenes. In Resident Evil: Extinction, Jason O'Mara portrayed Wesker, and Shawn Roberts portrayed him in Resident Evil: Afterlife, Resident Evil: Retribution, and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter. Tom Hopper portrayed Wesker in Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City. In contrast to other video game and film characterizations of Wesker, he portrayed Wesker as a sympathetic character with a friendly demeanor who begrudgingly followed orders from the Umbrella Corporation to betray his compatriots. He explained that the filmmakers did not want Wesker "to be a stereotypical villain, we wanted him to be likable. We're seeing who he really is underneath the sunglasses."

In the 2022 Resident Evil Netflix series, Lance Reddick portrayed the character; he was the first person of color to do so. The series' showrunners did not want to limit themselves to actors who resembled Wesker's in-game appearance; showrunner Andrew Dabb stated that "you're making the show weaker by going with someone that may be more aesthetically a match to the game." Reddick did not know that the character was from a video game series, stating: "When I was doing it, I didn't think of having to play an already established iconic character, I just kept trying to bring what was on the page to life". He further said, "This Wesker, although very very much based on the Wesker in the games, isn't exactly him".

In the Resident Evil series
Every game in the series is set in the fictional American metropolitan area of Raccoon City until its destruction at the end of Resident Evil 3: Nemesis. Wesker's presence was initially limited to cutscenes in the main Resident Evil games, where he manipulates the series' events from the background. He leverages his genius-level intellect to engineer mutagenic viruses to forcefully advance human evolution. Wesker's backstory was largely left undeveloped until the release of The Wesker Report, a fictional documentary that details his virology research and role within the Umbrella Corporation. Resident Evil 5 reveals the Umbrella Corporation raised Wesker as part of a eugenics program, which offers him the best education but also indoctrinates him into developing misanthropic views and a superiority complex.

Wesker debuted in the original Resident Evil (1996), where he is the captain of the Special Tactics and Rescue Service (S.T.A.R.S.), a special forces police unit in Raccoon City. He initially helps the player by providing supplies and useful information. However, the protagonists learn Wesker is secretly working with the Umbrella Corporation to develop mutagenic viruses and bio-organic weapons (BOWs). Wesker is seemingly killed after releasing his latest BOW, the Tyrant, which unexpectedly impales him during the game's finale.

He returned to the franchise after a two-game hiatus in Resident Evil – Code: Veronica (2000) as the game's secondary antagonist. He survives his apparent death due to an experimental virus that not only resurrected him after suffering grievous injuries but also endowed him with enhanced strength, speed, and agility. Wesker, now working for an unnamed rival to the Umbrella Corporation, conducts a raid on a secret research facility in Antarctica. He is defeated by Chris Redfield, who arrives at the facility while searching for his missing sister, Claire. Wesker makes a cameo appearance in Resident Evil 4 (2005), where he is revealed to be working with Ada Wong to obtain a specimen sample for further BOW research.

He is the central antagonist in Resident Evil 5 (2009), where he conspires to release the Uroboros virus across the world and trigger an extinction event. He appears in-game as a nigh-invincible boss during the game's penultimate battle, in which he effortlessly dodges and parries most of the player's attacks. Chris and his partner Sheva ultimately halt his plans and kill Wesker in an active volcano at the end of the game. Despite his demise, his plans continue to drive the plot of the series, as his viral and BOW research causes many of the disasters and outbreaks in the subsequent games. The producer of the series has acknowledged that Wesker is indeed dead in the mainline video games.

Other appearances
Wesker appears in several of the Resident Evil live-action film series. His character was adapted for the 2007 live-action film Resident Evil: Extinction. This version of Wesker is the head of the Umbrella Corporation, unlike Wesker's role in the games as a renegade high-ranking Umbrella researcher. He runs Umbrella's operations from behind the scenes, holding meetings via hologram with his underground board of directors in Tokyo. Originally, Wesker's character was not intended to be in the film, with his role and lines in the script being given to Commander Okamoto. He reappears in 2010's Resident Evil: Afterlife as the main antagonist of the film. He later appears in Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) as a defector from Umbrella, who sends Ada to rescue Alice from an underground Russian Umbrella outpost run by the Red Queen, who has taken over the rest of Umbrella. Wesker returns in the sixth film, Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016), where he betrays Alice. She then tracks him down to the Hive and kills him. His death triggers a dead man's switch, which destroys the Hive and everyone within, including Alicia Marcus, the Umbrella High Command, and thousands of others held in stasis. In the reboot film Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021), he is portrayed as a more sympathetic police officer for the Raccoon Police Department and serves as a secondary antagonist. Notwithstanding his appearance in the Resident Evil Netflix series (2022), which delves into his backstory and personal experiments with human cloning.

Wesker is a playable character in several non-canonical Resident Evil games. He features in numerous Resident Evil mobile games. He appears in two games in the Marvel vs. Capcom franchise and in the asymmetrical survival horror game Dead by Daylight (2016). He also makes a cameo appearance as an unlockable alternate skin in Lost Planet 2 (2010), Street Fighter V (2016) for Urien as an alternate skin, as a spirit in the Nintendo crossover video game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018), and in the digital collectible card game Teppen (2019).

Wesker features in novelizations of the first game and Code: Veronica. In the former, titled The Umbrella Conspiracy, Wesker is attacked by multiple Chimeras and fatally wounded; he manages to awaken the Tyrant, which kills him. Several comic books based on the games were released, and he is a character in Bandai's Resident Evil Deck Building Card Game (2011). Merchandise featuring Wesker includes action figures and gun replicas.

Reception
Game publications have described Wesker as one of the best and most memorable villains in video game history. In 2013, Guinness World Records named Wesker among the 50 greatest video game villains of all time. Kazuma Hashimoto of Polygon noted that the character's light skin and blonde hair design evoke the aesthetic of the Nazi ideal of Übermensch, reflecting the series' "core" theme of eugenics. She noted that Wesker's monologue in Resident Evil 5 fully illustrated the visual metaphor and stand-in Wesker embodies, drawing on standard social Darwinist talking points from Friedrich Nietzsche's Übermensch theory. Together with other themes from the series, Wesker's monologue creates a sense of terror that transcends the visual into something genuinely unsettling and intensely political. Kat Bailey of VG247 stated that Wesker is the perfect horror game villain. She said, "With his trenchcoat and omnipresent sunglasses hiding red, reptilian eyes, Wesker is the overarching antagonist through much of the series". Ryan Davis of GameSpot said that the voice acting of Wesker "is a better fit", and he is entertaining while serving as the narrator of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles. Jesse Schedeen of IGN discussed his appearances across the franchise and also said that "even if the games start over from square one, we highly doubt Wesker will be left out of the party. After all, the best bad guys are the ones that wear shades." Rich Stanton of Eurogamer said that "Chris and Wesker's final showdown is both a terrible boss fight and unforgettable, because despite the faults it showcases a certain mindset about what an ultimate action climax should be." GamesRadar+ staff described him among the "best characters in the three decades of Capcom's history" and wrote, "Even after his death in Resident Evil 5, Albert Wesker shows no signs of stopping, which is just the way we like it." Matt Cundy of GamesRadar+ praised Wesker's death scene in Resident Evil 5, as it showed the character's strength. Brandon Trush of Bloody Disgusting and Luke McKinney of Den of Geek both echoed a similar sentiment and regarded Weskers' death scene as one of the most outstanding and over-the-top moments of the Resident Evil series. Conversely, Shubhankar Parijat of GamingBolt stated that "Resident Evil hasn't had an overbearing villainous presence since Wesker died", but noted that "his arc was wrapped up very well, and bringing him back might not be the best idea."

The character has also received negative critical reviews. Ron Whitaker of The Escapist described Wesker as one of the terrible video game villains; he said that he always finds Wesker "kind of a joke of a villain." He further said that it became worse in Resident Evil 5 when he shows up "looking like he just failed a casting call for a character from The Matrix." Obi Anyanwu of Complex described him as the "second-douchiest" video game character, stating that "Wesker has a following, yes, but there's something very Agent Smith, a villain in The Matrix, about him that makes us shake our heads." Marshall Lemon of The Escapist also compared Wesker to Agent Smith, noting both villains' creators illogically enhanced their characters' power in subsequent installments, which diminished the narrative's coherence. Lemon stated that the amount of varied roles Wesker played in association with his constant reappearances was cited by Lemon as devaluing his influence and effectiveness overall. Andy Kelly of PC Gamer commented that Wesker lacked the depth of a complex villain and instead embodied the over-the-top antagonist trope, surmising the character as "a comically evil asshole who can do cool Matrix moves and transform into a monster." Ben Yahtzee Croshaw of The Escapist said that he cannot stand with Wesker and described him as "emotionless shithead", "grating", and "boring cunt." Andy Kelly of PlayStation Official Magazine described the battle with Wesker in Resident Evil 5 as one of the worst boss fights in a PlayStation 3 game. John Friscia of The Escapist said that the final boss fight against Wesker was a "pisstake for the ages." He felt that the boss fight was not difficult but basic, though he said that he "couldn't crack it." Bob Mackey of 1UP.com has called him one of the least scary things in Resident Evil, suggesting that "[t]o accentuate his alleged nefariousness, we suggest that Wesker grow a zombie mustache — that twirls itself."

There was also commentary on Wesker's film persona. Lance Reddick's portrayal of Wesker in the 2022 Resident Evil Netflix series was lauded by critics. Zosha Millman of Polygon described his performance as the "perfect balance of menacing and mannered." Charles Pulliam-Moore of The Verge offered a mixed review of the series but cited Wesker as the show's best character, which they attributed to Reddick's "steely, menacing energy". Taylor Lyes of IGN noted that the Netflix series' portrayal and characterization of Wesker diverged from his video game counterpart, but commended the character's revised backstory and story arc. However, Shawn Roberts' performance as Wesker in Resident Evil: Afterlife was criticized by Jim Vejvoda of IGN, who wrote that his portrayal of the character is "one-dimensionally evil and over-the-top", which he attributed to poorly developed writing. Cory Wells of Hardcore Gamer criticized Tom Hopper's portrayal as Wesker in Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City and said "Wesker lacks his monotone, conniving demeanor that's matched in the games" and "doesn't exude cocky confidence in the game series, but does [in the film]."

title: Albert Wesker