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Clarence White

Clarence White (born Clarence Joseph LeBlanc; June 7, 1944 – July 15, 1973) was an American bluegrass and country guitarist and singer. He is best known as a member of the bluegrass ensemble the Kentucky Colonels and the rock band the Byrds, as well as for being a pioneer of the musical genre of country rock during the late 1960s. White also worked extensively as a session musician, appearing on recordings by the Everly Brothers, Joe Cocker, Ricky Nelson, Pat Boone, the Monkees, Randy Newman, Gene Clark, Linda Ronstadt, Arlo Guthrie, and Jackson Browne among others.

Together with frequent collaborator Gene Parsons, he invented the B-Bender, a guitar accessory that enables a player to mechanically bend the B-string up a whole tone and emulate the sound of a pedal steel guitar. White was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Association Hall of Fame in 2016, and was inducted a second time in 2019 as a member of The Kentucky Colonels.

Early years
Clarence Joseph LeBlanc was born on June 7, 1944, in Lewiston, Maine. The LeBlanc family, who later changed their surname to White, were of French-Canadian ancestry and hailed from New Brunswick, Canada. Clarence's father, Eric LeBlanc Sr., played guitar, banjo, fiddle, and harmonica, ensuring that his offspring grew up surrounded by music. A child prodigy, Clarence began playing guitar at the age of six. At such a young age he was barely able to hold the instrument and as a result, he briefly switched to ukulele, awaiting a time when his young hands would be big enough to confidently grapple with the guitar.

In 1954, when Clarence was ten, the White family relocated to Burbank, California and soon after, Clarence joined his brothers Roland and Eric Jr. (who played mandolin and banjo respectively) in a trio called Three Little Country Boys. Although they initially started out playing contemporary country music, the group soon switched to a purely bluegrass repertoire, as a result of Roland's burgeoning interest in the genre.

In 1957, banjoist Billy Ray Latham and Dobro player LeRoy Mack were added to the line-up, with the band renaming themselves the Country Boys soon after. In 1961, the Country Boys also added Roger Bush on double bass, as a replacement for Eric White Jr. That same year, Clarence and other members of the Country Boys appeared on two episodes of The Andy Griffith Show. Between 1959 and 1962, the group released three singles on the Sundown, Republic and Briar International record labels.

The Kentucky Colonels
Following the recording sessions for the Country Boys' debut album, the band changed its name to the Kentucky Colonels in September 1962, at the suggestion of country guitarist and friend Joe Maphis. The band's album was released by Briar International under the title The New Sound of Bluegrass America in early 1963.

Around this time, Clarence's flatpicking guitar style was becoming a much more prominent part of the group's music. After attending a performance by Doc Watson at the Ash Grove folk club in Los Angeles, where he also met the guitarist, Clarence began to explore the possibilities of the acoustic guitar's role in bluegrass music. At that time, the guitar was largely regarded as a rhythm instrument in bluegrass, with only a few performers, such as Doc Watson, exploring its potential for soloing. White soon began to integrate elements of Watson's playing style, including the use of open strings and syncopation, into his own flatpicking guitar technique. His breathtaking speed and virtuosity on the instrument was largely responsible for making the guitar a lead instrument within bluegrass.

The Kentucky Colonels became well known on the bluegrass circuit during this period and made many live appearances throughout California and the United States. Between bookings with the Colonels, White also made a guest appearance on Eric Weissberg and Marshall Brickman's New Dimensions in Banjo & Bluegrass album, which would be re-released in 1973 as the soundtrack album to the film Deliverance (with Weissberg and Steve Mandell's version of "Dueling Banjos" added to the album's track listing).

In 1964 the Colonels recruiting fiddle player Bobby Sloan into their ranks and continued to make live appearances at various clubs, concert halls and festivals. The Colonels' second album, Appalachian Swing!, was a commercial success and saw White's flatpicking permanently expand the language of bluegrass guitar. Music critic Thom Owens has remarked that White's playing on the album, "helped pioneer a new style in bluegrass; namely, he redefined the acoustic guitar as a solo instrument."

Shortly after the recording of the Appalachian Swing! album, Roland and Clarence undertook some session work backing dobroist Tut Taylor on a Dobro-themed album that was released by World Pacific in late 1964 as Dobro Country. Although the brothers were employed as session musicians, the album was credited to Tut Taylor, Roland and Clarence White upon release.

Although they were a successful recording act, it was becoming increasingly difficult for the Colonels to make a living, due to the waning popularity of the American folk music revival due to the British Invasion and homegrown folk rock acts, such as the Byrds and Bob Dylan. As a result, the Colonels switched to electric instrumentation and hired a drummer. In spite of these changes, the Kentucky Colonels dissolved as a band following a show on October 31, 1965. Clarence, Roland and Eric Jr. formed a new line-up of the Colonels in 1966, with several other musicians, but this second version of the group was short-lived and by early 1967 they had broken up.

Session work (1966–1968)
During 1964, White began to look beyond bluegrass music towards rock 'n' roll as an avenue for artistic expression. Although he was influenced by Country guitarists like Doc Watson, Don Reno and Joe Maphis, he also idolized the playing of jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt, rock 'n' roller Chuck Berry, and studio musician James Burton. White even anticipated the viability of a folk/rock hybrid when, in the summer of 1964, he was approached by Jim Dickson to record a version of the then-unreleased Bob Dylan song "Mr. Tambourine Man" with electric instruments. However, despite White's enthusiasm for the project, he was unable to convince his bandmates in the Kentucky Colonels of the experiment's validity and ultimately, the song was instead recorded by Dickson's proteges, the Byrds.

By the time the original line-up of the Kentucky Colonels folded in late 1965, White had become a respected and well-known guitarist. Abandoning bluegrass temporarily, he switched from his Martin D-28 acoustic guitar to an electric Fender Telecaster, with the intention of becoming a studio musician like his hero James Burton. Transitioning to electric guitar required White to modify his right hand playing technique, switch from open chording to fretting the whole guitar neck with his left hand, and practice using the tone and volume controls. However, he soon mastered the intricacies of the instrument and, between 1965 and 1968, he undertook session work for artists including Ricky Nelson, the Monkees, and the Gosdin Brothers. As 1965 turned into 1966, White met Gene Parsons and Gib Guilbeau at a recording session for the Gosdin Brothers and shortly after, he began to perform live with the duo in local California clubs, as well as doing regular session work on their records, which were released under the moniker of Cajun Gib and Gene. 1966 also saw White begin playing with a country group called Trio, which featured drummer Bart Haney and former Kentucky Colonel, Roger Bush, on bass. In autumn of that year, as a result of his friendship with Gilbeau, Parsons and the Gosdin Brothers, White was asked to provide lead guitar to ex-Byrd Gene Clark's debut solo album, Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers. White briefly joined Clark's touring band shortly thereafter.

During the Clark album sessions, White reconnected with mandolin player and bassist Chris Hillman, who he had known during the early 1960s as a member of the bluegrass combo the Hillmen. Hillman was currently a member of the Byrds and, in December 1966, he invited White to contribute countrified lead guitar playing to his songs "Time Between" and "The Girl with No Name", which both appeared on the Byrds' Younger Than Yesterday album. The country-oriented nature of the songs was something of a stylistic departure for the group and can be seen as an early indicator of the experimentation with country music that would color the Byrds' subsequent work. White also contributed guitar to the band's follow-up album, The Notorious Byrd Brothers, and to their seminal 1968 country rock release, Sweetheart of the Rodeo.

Nashville West
By mid-1967, White had begun performing at night in the band the Reasons (a.k.a. Nashville West), which included bass player Wayne Moore, along with Parsons and Guilbeau (as banjoist-turned-drummer and lead singer respectively). The band mostly worked at the Nashville West club in El Monte, California, frequently borrowing the club's name as their own. Critic Erik Hage has said that, in the years since their formation, the band have become legendary as one of the first to play a seamless blend of country and rock, although L.A. group the International Submarine Band, which featured country rock pioneer Gram Parsons (no relation to Gene), were also exploring a similar sound concurrently.

A live recording of Nashville West would eventually be released in 1979, which music historian Richie Unterberger later described as being "of considerable historical interest for anyone interested in the roots of country-rock". Unterberger also remarked that the recording illustrated Nashville West as having "more electric rock influences than most country acts were using at the time." In addition to being a member of Nashville West, White was also a member of another country bar band that regularly played at the Nashville West club called the Roustabouts.

In July 1967, White signed with Gary Paxton's Bakersfield International record label and released a pair of solo singles: "Tango for a Sad Mood" b/w "Tuff and Stringy" and "Grandma Funderbunks Music Box" b/w "Riff Raff". He also reportedly recorded a solo album for the label, although it has never been released.

The StringBender
During 1967, while they were both members of Nashville West, White and Parsons invented a device that enabled Clarence to simulate the sound of a pedal steel guitar on his 1954 Fender Telecaster. The need for such a device was driven by White's desire to bend his guitar's B-string up a full tone, while keeping his left hand on the strings and fretboard. In order to achieve this feat, White felt that he needed a third hand. The guitarist turned to his friend Parsons, who was an amateur machinist, and asked him to design and build an apparatus to pull or drop the B-string.

The device, which was known as the Parsons/White StringBender (also known as the B-Bender), was a spring-lever mechanism built into the inside of White's guitar, which linked to the guitar's strap button and the B-string. When it was activated, by pulling down on the guitar neck, it pulled on the B-string and caused the guitar to simulate the "crying" sound of a pedal steel. White would go on to use the device extensively as a member of the Byrds and, as a result, the distinctive sound of the StringBender would become a defining characteristic of that band's music during White's tenure with the group.

The Byrds
Following the abrupt departure from the Byrds of singer and guitarist Gram Parsons in July 1968, White was invited to join the group as a full-time member, remaining until the band was finally dissolved by lead guitarist Roger McGuinn in February 1973. This extended tenure with the band makes White the second longest-serving member of the Byrds after McGuinn. White was brought into the group at bass player Chris Hillman's suggestion, as someone who could handle the band's older rock material and their newer country-flavored repertoire.

Once he was a member of the Byrds, White began to express dissatisfaction with the band's current drummer, Kevin Kelley. Before long, he had persuaded McGuinn and Hillman to replace Kelley with his friend from the recently dissolved Nashville West, Gene Parsons (no relation to Gram).

Hillman quit the Byrds within a month of White joining, in order to form the Flying Burrito Brothers with Gram Parsons. At around this same time, White and Gene Parsons undertook some informal rehearsing and recording with Hillman and Gram Parsons, as part of a prototype version of the Burrito Brothers. However, the pair declined an invitation to join the new country rock group and instead opted to stay with McGuinn's new-look Byrds.

The White-era version of the Byrds, featuring McGuinn, White and Parsons, along with bassists John York (September 1968–September 1969) and Skip Battin (September 1969–February 1973), released five albums and toured relentlessly between 1969 and 1972. Journalist Steve Leggett has noted that, although the original line-up of the Byrds gets the most attention and praise, the latter-day version, featuring McGuinn and White's dual lead guitar work, was regarded by critics and audiences as much more accomplished in concert than any previous configuration of the band had been. Similarly, authors Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz have commented that although the White-era Byrds failed to achieve the commercial success of the original line-up, the group were a formidable live act and a consistently in-demand attraction on the touring circuit. The authors also cited the Byrds' archival release Live at the Fillmore – February 1969 as a good example of the White-era band's musical potency. Rolling Stone journalist David Fricke has commented on White's contribution to the band, by noting, "with his powerful, impeccable tone and melodic ingenuity, White did much to rebuild the creative reputation of the Byrds and define the road-hearty sound of the group at the turn of the '70s."

The first Byrds' album to feature White as a full member was Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde, which was released in early 1969. The album included a re-recording of the Gene Parsons and White-penned instrumental "Nashville West", as well as a rendition of the traditional song "Old Blue", which was the first Byrds' recording to utilize the StringBender. The Ballad of Easy Rider album followed in November 1969, on which White could be heard leading the band through a rendition of the traditional song "Oil in My Lamp", representing the guitarist's first lead vocal performance as a Byrd.

1970 saw the Byrds release the double album (Untitled), which consisted of one LP of live concert recordings and another of new studio recordings. Upon release, the album was a critical and commercial success on both sides of the Atlantic, peaking at number 40 on the Billboard Top LPs chart and reaching number 11 on the UK Albums Chart. Two of the album's studio recordings featured White singing lead vocals: a cover version of the Lowell George composition "Truck Stop Girl" and a rendition of Leadbelly's "Take a Whiff on Me" (the latter also featured White playing mandolin). In addition, excerpts from an instrumental jam, recorded during the (Untitled) album sessions and logged in the Columbia Records' files under the title of "Fifteen Minute Jam", were later released as "White's Lightning" and "White's Lightning Pt.2" on The Byrds box set and the remastered double CD version of (Untitled) respectively.

The 1971 Byrdmaniax album saw White singing lead vocals on "My Destiny", written by Helen Carter, and "Jamaica Say You Will", penned by the then little-known songwriter Jackson Browne. In addition, White received a co-writing credit for the album's bluegrass instrumental "Green Apple Quick Step". This song also featured White's father, Eric White Sr., on harmonica.

Farther Along, released in November 1971, would prove to be the final album by the White-era Byrds. It featured White singing the Gospel hymn and title track "Farther Along" and a cover of the Larry Murray composition "Bugler". This latter song features White playing mandolin and has been described by Byrds expert Tim Connors as, "the best song on the album, and by far the best vocal ever recorded by Clarence White during his time with the Byrds."

Following the release of Farther Along, the band continued to tour throughout 1972, but no new Byrds album appeared. In late 1972, the original five-piece line-up of the Byrds reunited and, as a result, McGuinn decided to disband the existing version of the band. Parsons had been fired in July 1972 and Battin was dismissed by McGuinn in early 1973. The last concert by the White-era version of the Byrds (which at this point featured former Byrd Chris Hillman on bass and Joe Lala on drums) was given on February 24, 1973, at The Capitol Theatre, Passaic, New Jersey, with White and McGuinn jokingly firing each other from the band afterwards.

Despite being on tour or in the recording studio with the Byrds for the majority of the time between 1969 and 1972, White continued to undertake selected session work for other recording artists. During this period he played on Joe Cocker's 1969 album Joe Cocker!, Randy Newman's 1970 album 12 Songs, and the Everly Brothers' Stories We Could Tell from 1972. In early 1971, White also contributed guitar to Paul Siebel's Jack-Knife Gypsy album and the title track of the L.A. Getaway album by Joel Scott-Hill, John Barbata and Chris Ethridge. Other albums that White contributed his guitar playing to while he was a member of the Byrds include Linda Ronstadt's Hand Sown ... Home Grown (1969), Rita Coolidge's Rita Coolidge (1971), Marc Benno's Minnows (1971), Jackson Browne's Jackson Browne (1972), Gene Clark's Roadmaster (1973), and a trio of Arlo Guthrie albums: Running Down the Road (1969), Washington County (1970) and Hobo's Lullaby (1972).

Post-Byrds
In mid-February 1973, just prior to the break up of the White-era version of the Byrds, White joined with guitarist Peter Rowan, mandolinist David Grisman, fiddler Richard Greene, and banjoist Bill Keith to form the bluegrass supergroup Muleskinner. The musicians initially assembled as a one-off pickup band to back bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe for a television program, but ended up performing on their own when Monroe's tour bus broke down on the way to the television studios. A recording of this broadcast, which was once thought lost, was released as an album in 1992, under the title Muleskinner Live. A VHS video cassette of the broadcast was also released in 1992 and later re-issued on DVD.

As a result of the success of their appearance on the television broadcast, the band was offered a one album recording contract with Warner Bros. Records. Recording sessions for the album took place at the Record Plant in Los Angeles between March 27 and April 14, 1973, with Richard Greene and Joe Boyd producing. The music the band recorded for the Muleskinner album (a.k.a. A Potpourri of Bluegrass Jam) was in the vein of country rock, traditional bluegrass and progressive bluegrass (or "newgrass"). It was also one of the first bluegrass albums to feature a full drum kit. The album was released in the latter half of 1973 and is nowadays regarded by critics as a milestone in the development of progressive bluegrass, with ex-band members Greene, Keith, Grisman, and Rowan all going on to become important figures in the development of that genre.

In addition to his work with Muleskinner, White also undertook a number of sessions between late 1972 and early 1973 for his friend Gene Parsons' debut solo album Kindling. White's distinctive guitar and mandolin playing can be heard on the tracks "Do Not Disturb", "On the Spot", "Sonic Bummer", "I Must Be a Tree", "Banjo Dog", "Back Again", and "Drunkard's Dream" (the latter of which also features White contributing harmony vocals).

Following completion of the Muleskinner album in April 1973, White reunited with his brothers Roland and Eric Jr. for a tour as the White Brothers (a.k.a. The New Kentucky Colonels). After playing a handful of shows in California, the White Brothers departed for Europe in May 1973.

Returning to the U.S., White's final bout of touring took place with the New Kentucky Colonels in June 1973, as part of a four-date country rock package tour with Gram Parsons, Emmylou Harris, Country Gazette, Sneaky Pete Kleinow, Gene Parsons, Byron Berline, and Chris Ethridge among others. Although Gram and Clarence had been acquainted with one another since the Byrds' Sweetheart of the Rodeo sessions, the pair would develop a fast friendship during the mini-tour, after a very acrimonious re-acquaintance. Following the end of the package tour, White entered the recording studio with producer Jim Dickson on June 28 and 29, 1973 to begin work on a solo album. He recorded a total of six songs, four of which would belatedly be released on the archival album Silver Meteor: A Progressive Country Anthology in 1980.

Death
White died on July 19, 1973, after being struck by a drunk driver on July 15, 1973. The accident occurred shortly after 2 a.m., while he and his brother Roland were loading equipment into their car in Palmdale, California, following a White Brothers concert. Gram Parsons was especially shaken by his death; he led a singalong of "Farther Along" at White's funeral service and later conceived his final song (before his own death), "In My Hour of Darkness", as a partial tribute to White.

Musical influence
Clarence White helped popularize the acoustic guitar as a lead instrument in bluegrass music, building on the work of guitarists such as Doc Watson. Prior to the advent of the more aggressive flatpicking style pioneered by guitarists like Watson and White, the guitar was strictly a rhythm instrument, save for a few exceptions (such as the occasional guitar track by banjoist Don Reno). Many of the most influential flatpickers of the 20th century cite White as a primary influence, including Dan Crary, Norman Blake, and Tony Rice. Rice owned and played White's highly modified 1935 Martin D-28. David Grier and Russ Barenberg are two other acoustic guitarists who were heavily influenced by White's guitar work. White's bluegrass playing with the Kentucky Colonels was also a considerable influence on Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead, who traveled with the band during 1964.

On the electric side of the guitar spectrum, White was similarly influential. Together with fellow Byrds bandmember Gene Parsons, White invented the B-Bender device. This device raises the B-string (second string) of the guitar a whole step by the use of pulleys and levers attached to both the upper strap knob and the second string on the guitar. It is activated by pushing down on the neck, and produces a "pedal steel" type sound. Arlen Roth, heavily influenced by this style, did not at the time know that White and Parsons had invented a B-bender, so instead developed his own unique all-finger bending version of this technique. This was heavily documented in his ground-breaking book, "Nashville Guitar", all of his recordings, as well as his book "Masters of the Telecaster". Subsequently, his Telecaster sound became as notable as his bluegrass playing. Marty Stuart, another guitarist influenced by White's playing, now owns and regularly plays White's 1954 Fender Telecaster with the prototype B-Bender.

Music archivist and writer Alec Palao has called White "one of a handful of true greats amongst the instrumentalists of 20th century popular music", before adding that "the waves created by the guitarist's idiosyncratic style are still forming ripples within bluegrass, country and rock 'n' roll." In 2003, White was ranked No. 41 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2010, guitar manufacturer Gibson ranked White at No. 42 on their Top 50 Guitarists of All Time list.

Selected album discography
NOTES:
 * This discography does not include albums that Clarence White played on as a session musician, with the exception of Dobro Country, on which he is billed by name.
 * Sources for this section are Johnny Rogan's book Timeless Flight Revisited and the Kentucky Colonels discography at the AllMusic website.

Kentucky Colonels

 * The New Sound of Bluegrass America (1963)
 * Appalachian Swing! (1964)
 * Kentucky Colonels (1974) — UK reissue of Appalachian Swing! with two bonus tracks.
 * Livin' in the Past (1975) — Various live recordings from 1961 to 1965.
 * The Kentucky Colonels 1965-1966 (1976) — Live recordings.
 * Scotty Stoneman, Live in LA with the Kentucky Colonels (1979) — Live recording from 1965.
 * Kentucky Colonels 1966 (1979) — Studio demo recordings for an unreleased album.
 * Clarence White and the Kentucky Colonels (1980) — Live recordings.
 * On Stage (1984) — Live recordings.
 * Long Journey Home (1991) — Live recordings from the 1964 Newport Folk Festival.
 * Live in Stereo (1999) — Live recordings from a 1965 concert in Vancouver.
 * Bush, Latham & White (2011) — Live recordings from 1964.

Tut Taylor, Roland and Clarence White

 * Dobro Country (1964)

Nashville West

 * Nashville West (a.k.a. The Legendary Nashville West Album) (1979) — Live recordings from 1967.

The Byrds

 * Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde (1969)
 * Ballad of Easy Rider (1969)
 * (Untitled) (1970)
 * Byrdmaniax (1971)
 * Farther Along (1971)
 * Live at the Fillmore – February 1969 (2000)
 * Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971 (2008)
 * The Lost Broadcasts (2011) — Live recordings from the Byrds' 1971 appearance on the Beat-Club television program.

Muleskinner

 * Muleskinner (aka A Pot Pourri of Bluegrass Jam) (1973)
 * Muleskinner Live: Original Television Soundtrack (1992) — Live recordings from a 1973 television broadcast.

The New Kentucky Colonels

 * The White Brothers: The New Kentucky Colonels Live in Sweden 1973 (1976)
 * Live in Holland 1973 (2013)

Clarence White

 * 33 Acoustic Guitar Instrumentals (2003) — Recorded in 1962.
 * Tuff & Stringy Sessions 1966–68 (2003) — Various studio sessions.
 * Flatpick (2006) — Recorded 1964, 1967, 1970 and 1973.
 * White Lightnin' (2008)  — Various recordings from 1962 to 1972.

Tut Taylor & Clarence White

 * Tut & Clarence Flatpickin' (2003)

title: Clarence White


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Black Hundreds

The Black Hundreds were reactionary, monarchist and ultra-nationalist groups in Russia in the early 20th century. They were staunch supporters of the House of Romanov, and opposed any retreat from the autocracy of the reigning monarch. Their name arose from the medieval concept of "black", or common (non-noble) people, organized into militias.

The Black Hundreds were noted for extremism and incitement to pogroms, nationalistic Russocentric doctrines, as well as various xenophobic beliefs, including anti-Ukrainian sentiment and anti-semitism.

The ideology of the movement is based on a slogan formulated by Count Sergey Uvarov: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality".

Terminology
The term was intended to be pejorative in revolutionary newspapers, but adherents used it in their own literature. They traced the term back to the "black lands", where peasants, merchants and craftsmen paid taxes to the government (lands owned by the nobility and church were called "white lands"), and the term "hundred" (sotnya) was used to refer to a feudal administrative division. In the right wing extremist imagination, it was the loyal people of the Black Hundreds who gathered to fight Poles and traitors when it was needed.

Revolutionary newspapers identified the Black Hundreds as a threat, describing them as "hooligan gangs" paid by the government to threaten political opponents. The Menshevik leader Julius Martov feared that the government would bribe lower class individuals to act against the social revolutionaries of the time. The term "Black Hundreds" started to appear in newspapers around 1905, along with warnings that the government would mobilize the Black Hundreds in pursuit of mass murder, and would even resort to inciting anti-Jewish pogroms and strife between different religious groups. They alleged that the Black Hundreds were being organized by the police, and called for resistance. The term became more closely associated with pogrom-like violence after thousands of people were killed in attacks on demonstrations, public assemblies, and in the anti-semitic pogroms that followed the October Manifesto.

Pre-formation
and others.
 * "Svjashchjennaja druzhina" (Священнaя дружинa, or The Holy Brigade) and "Russkoye sobraniye" (Русское собрание, or Russian Assembly) in St. Petersburg are considered by the Russian historian Anatoly Stepanov to be predecessors of the Black Hundreds. Starting in 1900, the two organizations united representatives of conservative intellectuals, government officials, Russian Orthodox clergy and landowners. A number of black-hundredist organizations formed during and after the Russian Revolution of 1905, such as:
 * "Soyuz russkogo naroda" (Союз русского народа, or Union of the Russian People) in St. Petersburg,
 * "Soyuz russkikh lyudey" (Союз русских людей, or Union of the Russians) in Moscow,
 * "Russkaya monarkhicheskaya partiya" (Русская монархическая партия, or Russian Monarchist Party) in Moscow and elsewhere,
 * "Obshchestvo aktivnoy borby s revolyutsiyey" (Общество активной борьбы с революцией, or Society of Active Struggle Against Revolution) in Moscow,
 * "Belyy dvuglavyy oryol" (Белый двуглавый орёл, or White Two-headed Eagle) in Odesa (modern day Ukraine),

Predecessors
Members of the Black Hundreds organizations came from different social strata—such as landowners, clergymen, the high and petty bourgeoisie, merchants, artisans, workers and the so-called "declassed elements". The Postoyanny Sovyet Ob'yedinnyonnykh dvoryanskikh obshchshestv Rossii (United Gentry Council) guided the activities of the black-hundredists; the tsarist regime provided moral and financial support to the movement. The Black Hundreds were founded on a devotion to Tsar, church and motherland, expressed previously by the motto of Tsar Nicholas I: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" (Pravoslaviye, Samoderzhaviye i Narodnost). The black-hundredists conducted oral propaganda: in churches by holding special services and during meetings, lectures and demonstrations. Such propaganda provoked antisemitic sentiments and monarchic "exaltation" and incited pogroms and terrorist acts, performed by the Black Hundreds' paramilitary groups, sometimes known as "Yellow Shirts".

Popularity and power
The Black Hundred movement published newspapers, such as Znamya (The Banner) or Russkoye znamya (Russian Banner), Pochayevsky Listok (The Pochayev Page), Zemshchina, Kolokol (Bell), Groza (Thunderstorm), Veche (Popular Assembly) and others. Many rightist newspapers, such as Moskovskiye vedomosti (Moscow News), Grazhdanin (Citizen) and Kievlyanin (Kievan), published their materials as well. Among the prominent leaders of the Black Hundred movement were Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, A. I. Trishatny, Pavel Krushevan, Pavel Bulatsel, Ivan Vostorgov, M. K. Shakhovskoy, Saint John of Kronstadt, Hieromonk Iliodor, Bishop Hermogen, and others.

Incitement to violence
When two Duma delegates, Grigori Iollos (Poltava province) and Mikhail Herzenstein (b. 1859, d. 1906 in Terijoki), both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by members of the Black Hundreds, their press organ Russkoe Znamya declared openly that "Real Russians assassinated Herzenstein and Iollos with knowledge of officials", and expressed regret that "only two Jews perished in the crusade against revolutionaries." The black hundred were known to have used violence and torture on anyone they believed was a threat to the Tsar.

Members of the Black Hundreds carried out raids (with unofficial government approval) against various revolutionary groups and pogroms, including inciting pogroms against Jews.

The historian of the Black Hundred movement Sergei Stepanov, writes that after the 1905 Russian Revolution, fighting squads of the Union of the Russian People and other extremist right-wing organizations became the weapons of the Black Hundred terror.

Fight against the Black Hundreds
Radical socialist parties organized revolutionary terror in retaliation to the Black Hundred activities. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP wrote in 1905:

"The fight against the Black Hundreds is an excellent type of military action, which will train the soldiers of the revolutionary army, give them their baptism of fire, and at the same time be of tremendous benefit to the revolution. Revolutionary army groups must at once find out who organises the Black Hundreds and where and how they are organised, and then, without confining themselves to propaganda (which is useful but inadequate) they must act with armed force, beat up and kill the members of the Black-Hundred gangs, blow up their headquarters, etc., etc."On behalf of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, an armed attack was carried out on the Tver tea house, where the workers of the Nevsky Shipbuilding Plant, who were members of the Union of the Russian People, gathered. First, two bombs were thrown by the Bolshevik militants, and then those who ran out of the teahouse were shot with revolvers. The Bolsheviks killed two and wounded fifteen people.

Revolutionary organizations carried out many other terrorist acts, mainly against the chairmen of local departments of the Union of the Russian People. So, according to the police department, only in March 1908 in one Chernihiv province in the city of Bakhmach, a bomb was thrown at the house of the chairman of the local union of the RNC, in the city of Nizhyn the house of the chairman of the union was set on fire. The whole family died, in the village of Domyany the department's chairman was killed, two chairmen of departments were killed in Nizhyn.

The Socialist-Revolutionaries also killed such prominent Black Hundreds as and.

Black Hundred and the Ukrainian question
The Black Hundreds classified Ukrainians as Russians, and attracted the support of many "Moscowphiles" who considered themselves Russian and rejected Ukrainian nationalism and identity. The Black Hundred movement actively campaigned against what it considered to be Ukrainian separatism, as well as against promoting Ukrainian culture and language in general, and against the works of Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, in particular. In Odesa, the Black Hundreds shut down the local branch of the Ukrainian Prosvita society. This organization was dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian cultural awareness.

All-Russian congresses
The black-hundredists organized four all-Russian congresses to unite their forces. In October 1906, they elected the so-called glavnaya uprava (a kind of board of directors) of the new all-Russian black-hundredist organization "Ob’yedinyonniy russkiy narod" (Объединённый русский народ, or Russian People United). After 1907, however, this organization disintegrated, and the whole Black Hundreds movement became weaker as the membership rate steadily declined. After the February Revolution 1917, the remaining black-hundredist organizations were officially abolished.

After emigrating abroad, many black-hundredists were among the main critics of the White movement. They blamed the movement for not only failing to stress monarchism as its key ideological foundation but also supposedly being run under the influence of classical liberals and Freemasons. Boris Brasol (1885–1963), a former member of the Black Hundreds, was among those who later emigrated to the United States. There he befriended industrialist Henry Ford, who gave Brasol a job on The Dearborn Independent newspaper. Brasol also helped in the production of anti-Jewish propaganda such as The International Jew.

Modern version
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the nationalist and monarchist movements were reborn in Russian society. In 1992, Alexander Shtilmark (former member of Pamyat) decided to found a modern Black Hundred movement.

The movement maintains contacts with other Russian nationalist organizations (like the Russian Imperial Movement and the Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers) and also participated in the early stages of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the side of pro-Russian separatists.

In popular culture

 * In Jack London's 1908 novel The Iron Heel, which predicts the rise of a hypothetical fascist regime in the US, the regime's anti-labour hired thugs use the name of the Black Hundreds.
 * In Bernard Malamud's 1966 novel The Fixer, which portrays Yakov Bok as a Jewish man who survived the pogrom and moved to Kyiv, Yakov changes his last name to sound more Russian and soon becomes hired by a member of the Black Hundred.
 * In Edward Rutherfurd's 1991 novel Russka, a young Bobrov (one of the fictional families portrayed in the novel) is beaten in the street by a gang of young Black Hundreds for being Jewish-looking and being the son of a social democrat.
 * In Roots: The Next Generations, a Jewish friend of the series' black protagonists jokes that the Ku Klux Klansmen who burn down his shop are mere pikers next to the "Czar's Black One Hundred".
 * In Anatoli Rybakov’s 1988 novel Children of the Arbat, in part II, chapter 13, set in Moscow in the mid-1930s, the Sharoks' old neighbourhood Okhotny Row is described as having many storekeepers who had been Black Hundreds. In part III, chapter 5, Khanlar Safaraliyev, an oil worker, is killed by thugs who belong to a gang of Black Hundreds; Stalin makes a speech at his graveside.

title: Black Hundreds


text:
Munith, Michigan

 * official_name           = Munith, Michigan
 * settlement_type         = Unincorporated community
 * nickname                =
 * motto                   =

 * image_skyline           = Munith Michigan Main Street.JPG
 * imagesize               = 275
 * image_caption           = Looking north along Main Street
 * image_flag              =
 * image_seal              =

 * pushpin_map           =Michigan#USA
 * pushpin_label_position =left
 * pushpin_label         =Munith
 * pushpin_map_caption   =Location within the state of Michigan
 * pushpin_mapsize       =

 * subdivision_type        = Country
 * subdivision_name        = United States
 * subdivision_type1       = State
 * subdivision_name1       = Michigan
 * subdivision_type2       = County
 * subdivision_name2       = Jackson
 * subdivision_type3       = Townships
 * subdivision_name3       = Henrietta and Waterloo

 * government_footnotes    =
 * government_type         =
 * leader_title            =
 * leader_name             =
 * leader_title1           =
 * leader_name1            =
 * established_title       =
 * established_date        =

 * unit_pref =  Imperial
 * area_footnotes          =
 * area_magnitude          =
 * area_total_km2          =
 * area_land_km2           =
 * area_water_km2          =
 * area_total_sq_mi        =
 * area_land_sq_mi         =
 * area_water_sq_mi        =

 * population_as_of        =
 * population_footnotes    =
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 * timezone                = Eastern (EST)
 * utc_offset              = -5
 * timezone_DST            = EDT
 * utc_offset_DST          = -4
 * elevation_footnotes     =
 * elevation_m             = 287
 * elevation_ft            = 942
 * coordinates             = 42.39056°N, -84.25056°W

}} Munith is an unincorporated community in northeast Jackson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located along M-106 on the boundary between Waterloo Township and Henrietta Township at 42.39056°N, -84.25056°W.
 * postal_code_type        = ZIP code(s)
 * postal_code             = 49259
 * area_code               = 517
 * blank_name              = FIPS code
 * blank_info              = 26-56260
 * blank1_name             = GNIS feature ID
 * blank1_info             = 633123
 * website                 =
 * footnotes               =

The ZIP Code is 49259 and serves portions of both Henrietta and Waterloo townships.

In addition to the post office, there is a township hall, a cemetery, a gas station/convenience store, the headquarters of Farmers State Bank (member FDIC and an equal housing lender), and zero stoplights. The Munith area is served by the Stockbridge Community Schools, Northwest Community Schools, and East Jackson Community Schools. The community is home to two Christian congregations: Munith United Methodist Church on Main Street and Jeruel Baptist Church on M-106.

title: Munith, Michigan


text:
Lisa Otto

Lisa Otto (14 November 1919 – 18 September 2013) was a German operatic soprano, particularly associated with soubrette and light coloratura soprano roles.

Born in Dresden, she studied there at the Musikhochschule with Susanne Steinmetz-Prée. She made her debut, as Sophie in Der Rosenkavalier, in 1941 at the Silesian Opera in Beuthen, where she remained until 1944. She then sang in Nuremberg (1944–45), Dresden (1945–51), and joined the Berlin State Opera in 1951, where she was to remain until 1985.

She is best known for soubrette roles in Mozart's operas, such as Blondchen, Susanna, Zerlina, Despina, and Papagena. Other notables roles included the First Lady, Marzelline, Ännchen, Zerline, Echo, etc. She took part in the creation of Giselher Klebe's Alkmene and Hans Werner Henze's Der junge Lord. She made guest appearances at the Vienna State Opera, the Salzburg Festival, La Scala in Milan, the Paris Opera, and the Glyndebourne Festival Opera.

Personal life and death
Otto was married to Dr Albert Bind. She died in Berlin on 18 September 2013, at the age of 93.

title: Lisa Otto


text: User talk:66.99.149.243

title: User talk:66.99.149.243


text:
Talk:Punk culture

im not sure the article is correct when it says that punk came over from england; the phenomenon itself was american and groups like the the sex pistols and the clash seem to have wanted to model themselves after their imagination of was american punk was -- like the ramones -- consequently, they greated something quite different and something more viable in the media, so the pistols got a considerable amount of coverage and were labelled punk (and they certainly are a part of it), but not without the american originators saying "what? now wait a minute..."

 * I agree, some investigation should be done into punk origin. A while ago I remember reading that there was no definitive answer to where punk came from (can't remember were I read that). Perhaps the line that implies punk originated from somewhere should be removed and replaced with a more thoughtful explaination.

 * While we are talking about this, maybe this is a good time to bring up a problem I noticed with the nature of the article itself. Is this an article about culture or about history. If it is then should the name be changed or should the content here be merged into punk? Should there be an article on punk history? Is that warrented? And should this article be about the subgenres of punk like straight edge punk and neo-nazi punk or should it be a disambuguation page that references articles on the cultural or historical aspects of these genres. TimMony 22:54, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Where did it come from; a question as old as punk itself. I don't want to pretend I know everything, but I do feel that I should put something down here. If you feel that punk started with the sex pistols, you haven't done your research. It is true that the sex pistols did have a hand in starting the clash--Joe Strummer started the clash after his pub band the 101ers opened for the sex pistols--but the sex pistols wouldn't have been a punk band if they didn't here blank generation by Richard Hell and the Voidoids. s song and wrote there version of it which they called pretty vancant. This was the first sex pistols song according to an interview with Steve Jones. But, here's the thing. The music was all american, Though american punk never generated the ferocity and energy of either sex pistols or the anti nowhere league. The term punk or punker or punk rock started with the U.K. and I'm not sure where the style of dress came from.

the interview was in the movie The Filth and the Fury - A Sex Pistols Film I think it was with Steve Jones, it was with one of them anyway. the stuff about the 101ers was on wikipedia

Punk owns all the other genres

This page is just a history of punk, which is duplicated by the Punk Rock article. Tenebrous 22:36, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm in favor of merging this with Punk Rock or rewriting it to be about aspects of punk culture other than music. As it stands, this is a secondary article about Punk Rock. --Zwilson 18:21, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Merging
The parts of this article concerning punk music should be merged into Punk rock, the parts concerning punk fashion should be merged into Punk fashion, and the parts concerning punk as a subculture should be merged into Punk--the title "Punk culture" doesn't work in describing punk as a whole, because punk is a subculture, not a culture--plus the title "punk" is short and sweet, and most people don't use the phrase "punk rock" as a noun for the punk subculture. Ecto 03:52, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

I have merged some material into Punk. The rest of the article should be merged into Punk rock. I am removing the merge template for Punk and leaving the one for Punk rock. Ecto 07:55, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

All the content about punk rock has been merged into the Punk rock article. The rest of this article should be deleted, as it is the same as the first paragraph of the Punk rock article, or duplicates content from Punk, so there is no further need to merge anything else. Punk culture should then serve as a redirect to Punk. I will go ahead and do that if there is no opposition. Ecto 01:08, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

NO WAY
Dude, punk is not the as punk rock! Punks dont need to listen to punk music, as a lot of ppl listen and aren't really punk. I dont agree with the merge.
 * Please see the Punk article. Ecto 01:32, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Punk culture


text:
User:Oystertoadfish

Hi, I'm a student at the University of Virginia, and my screen name is in tribute to the Oyster toadfish. I'm a middling-to-good writer and expect to make occasional contributions to Wikipedia. I'd appreciate constructive or deconstructive criticism and editing of my changes, especially on the Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic article I started, as it's not really that well written and I couldn't find much information about it.

title: User:Oystertoadfish


text:
File:007Octopussysoundtrack.jpg

Fair use rationale in Octopussy (soundtrack)
It is contended that the use of this album cover in Octopussy (soundtrack) qualifies as fair use, in the context of wikipedias fair use criteria and applicable copyright laws, for the following reasons:
 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.
 * 2) This image, a small portion of the overall copyrighted content, illustrates the cover of the album or associated single that is discussed in the article Octopussy (soundtrack).
 * 3) This image is used for identification purposes for the following reasons
 * 4) * This image can be used to identify the album or associated single that is the subject of this article.
 * 5) * The identification that this image provides could not be equally provided via prose alone as the album cover is directly related to the content within for the purpose of identification. This identification only qualifies when used in the article on Octopussy (soundtrack) as this image is the cover of that album.
 * 6) * This image greatly increase the readers ability to identify the album over any form of prose including traditional track listing and/or an album description alone.
 * 7) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the album in any way.
 * 8) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 9) The image is being used in an informative way and does not detract from sales of the album.

title: File:007Octopussysoundtrack.jpg


text:
Charles Ganilh

Charles Ganilh (6 January 1758 – 1836) was a French economist and politician.

He was born at Allanche in Cantal. He was educated for a profession in law and practised as avocat. During the troubled period which culminated in the taking of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, he became prominent in public affairs, and was one of the seven members of the permanent Committee of Public Safety.

Ganilh was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror and was only released by the counter-revolution of the 9th Thermidor. During the first consulate he was called to the tribunate but was excluded in 1802. In 1815 he was elected deputy for Cantal and finally left the Chamber on its dissolution in 1823.

Ganilh is best known as the most vigorous defender of the mercantile school in opposition to the views of Adam Smith and the English economists.

The mercantilists were believers in nations keeping a positive balance of trade at all times in order to prosper, economically. However, they also valued the maximization of the national domestic resources of that nation and a total ban on the export of gold and silver. In pursuit of the positive balance of trade they recommended expansion of the colonial system, exclusivity of trade with the colonies and forbidding trade carried in foreign ships. Britain attempted to follow the mercantilists' suggestions and found themselves involved in frequent trade wars like the four Anglo-Dutch Navigation Wars.

On the scale of the individual sale, the mercantilists believed that profit arose only during the sale of commodities by the seller over-charging the buyer. Thus, Ganilh says that "exchange or trade alone gives value to things." In his mercantile outlook, Ganilh rejected the general labor theory of Adam Smith and David Ricardo in which commodities have value from the beginning. Commodities obtain value only through the labor that is used to prepare the commodity for market. His works on political economy are clear and concise. His writings include Essai politique sur le revenue des peuples de l'antiquité, du moyen âge, &c. (1808), Des systèmes d'économie politique (1809), Théorie d'économie politique (1815), and Dictionnaire analytique d'économie politique (1826).

title: Charles Ganilh


text:
Brunei national football team

The Brunei national football team (Pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Brunei; recognized as Brunei Darussalam by FIFA ), nicknamed Tebuan (The Wasps), is the national team of Brunei, controlled by the Football Association of Brunei Darussalam. The team was founded in 1959 and joined FIFA in 1969. In the past, they have also frequently featured in the Malaysian league and cup competitions as one of the state representative sides.

The Brunei State Football Amateur Association was formed on 15 March 1956. In 1993, the word "Amateur" was dropped, and they were known as the Brunei Football Association. Brunei's experience of international football has been more or less restricted to regional Asian competitions, such as the Southeast Asian Games and the AFF Championship. So far, Brunei has entered the FIFA World Cup qualifiers only four times, in 1986, 2002, 2018 and 2022. On these occasions, they did not qualify for the competition. They have made five appearances in the AFC Asian Cup qualifiers, but they have never passed the first qualification round.

Early days
The national team's first appearance took place during the 1972 AFC Asian Cup qualification, where they were unable to qualify after all three heavy defeats. The following two championships (1976 and 1977) were no different from the first, with their first and second victory during the 1980 Summer Olympics. In 1979, Brunei entered a team to compete in the professional Malaysian league and despite competing against Malaysian clubs, Brunei had previously never made an impact. However, in 1999, they shocked everyone by lifting the Malaysia Cup.

Brunei won their first and only Brunei Merdeka Games trophy in 1985. Since then, team was not able to qualify into or win any major tournaments. Coming the closest was the 1993 Philippines International Cup, where they came in third position after a 1–0 victory against the Philippines. Brunei was then invited for the inaugural 2006 AFC Challenge Cup held in Bangladesh being grouped with Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Nepal. Brunei narrowly lost to Sri Lanka 1–0 before bouncing back from their defeat in the second match winning against Nepal 2–1 however with them needing the win in the last fixture, Brunei ended up in a goalless draw crashing out from the cup splitting the same points as Nepal but on goal differences.

Suspension
In September 2009, the Brunei Football Association (BAFA) was suspended due to governmental interference in its affairs, which started with a decision by the Brunei authorities to dissolve BAFA and to replace it with a new federation in December 2008. The suspension was applied with immediate effect and meant that the Brunei club DPMM were no longer permitted to play in the Singapore S.League until it was resolved. DPMM has confirmed to Football Association of Singapore (FAS) that they are unable to finish their S.League season because of the issue with its association. FIFA rejected FAS's final request on 17 October 2009 to permit DPMM to compete in the current S.League season while BAFA's suspension persisted.

On 19 March 2010, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed to submit to the next FIFA Congress the expulsion of the association if the BAFA has not been reinstated by then, after noting that no major progress had been made since the BAFA was suspended in September 2009. FIFA warned that unless BAFA came to FIFA's Congress on 9 and 10 June in South Africa having met the conditions for reinstatement it would be expelled. Brunei were re-instated on 31 May 2011 and the National Football Association of Brunei Darussalam (NFABD) was formed that same year.

Reform
Upon returning to the football action, the Wasps were unable to qualify for both the 2012 and 2014 AFF Championship following several losses. Brunei was again defeated 2–1 in aggregate against the Chinese Taipei during the 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualification in March 2015. The wasps failed to qualify for the 2016 AFF Championship after suffering defeats from Cambodia and Laos. Brunei was then invited to the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup where they finished in fourth place after losing 3–2 to Laos. Despite the disappointment, Shah Razen Said from the Bruneian side managed to become the tournament's top scorer, finishing with a total of 4 goals.

Timor-Leste defeated Brunei in the second leg 2018 AFF Championship qualifying match at the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium on 8 September 2018, securing their spot in the 2018 AFF Championship final round group action for the first time in 14 years. Despite having a two-goal advantage from the first leg, Timor-Leste fell 1–0 but still advanced with a 3–2 aggregate score. Brunei defeated Mongolia 2–1 on 11 June 2019, but were unable to advance to the next stage of the preliminary joint qualification for the 2022 FIFA World Cup and the 2023 AFC Asian Cup.

Returrn to the AFF Championship
Under new coach Mario Rivera, Brunei managed to qualify to the 2022 AFF Championship for the first time in 26 years since its inaugural edition in 1996, by defeating Timor-Leste 6–3 on aggregate. The Wasps were grouped with Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Cambodia. They finished the group stage without gaining a single point, conceding at least 5 goals in every game with Razimie Ramlli scoring against the Philippines and Nur Ikhwan Othman scoring against Cambodia.

On 17 October 2023, Brunei returned to the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium after four years since their last match against Mongolia in 2019 for their fixture against Indonesia in the first round of the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification. The Wasps were beaten 0–12 on aggregate, knocking them out of the qualification in the first round.

2024 win streak
In 2024, FIFA invited Brunei to the 2024 FIFA Series held in March in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia where they would face their first ever opponents outside of their confederation. On 22 March, Brunei faced off against CONCACAF opponent Bermuda but conceded two late goals, losing 2–0. Four days later, Brunei came against Vanuatu and won the match 3–2, when three minutes into stoppage time Hakeme Yazid Said's direct free kick sealed the victory against their opponents from Oceania.

Later in June of that year, Brunei invited the Sri Lankan national team to two friendly matches in the country in conjunction with the FIFA calendar. Headed by interim coach Rui Capela Batista, Brunei extended their winning form to three which is the first time in their history after captain Azwan Ali Rahman scored the only goal in both games held at the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium on 8 and 11 June.

Kit
Brunei had initially worn dark yellow shirts and shorts as their home kit since their inception in 1956 to represent the colours of their flags.

On 11 July 2021, a decade after it was formed, the Football Association of Brunei Darussalam (FABD) aligned itself with the country’s philosophy as part of its rebranding strategy. In fact, FABD, which was earlier established as the National Football Association of Brunei Darussalam (NFABD), dropped the word National from its name including a new logo which was also unveiled consisting of a three-layered crescent combined to represent the lunar stages culminating into a full moon. The three layers of the crescent each represent the colours of the national flag of Brunei. The ‘ripe-lemon’ coloured crescent contains a Jawi inscription of the association’s name in Malay while the black crescent has the association’s name written in English. The logo also features a green football covered with honeycomb pattern, signifying the association’s wish to inject more precise and better growth in the sport. In fact, the honeycomb motif was chosen as it drew inspiration from the national team’s nickname ‘The Wasps’.

Home stadium
Brunei's home stadium is the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium in Bandar Seri Begawan. The stadium capacity is 28,000. Since 2021, Brunei have used the Track & Field Sports Complex as an alternative stadium as their main stadium went for a renovation works for improvement however as the Track & Field Sports Complex does not meet the required standards, Brunei have chosen the Kuala Lumpur Stadium in Malaysia as their home ground for their 2022 AFF Championship matches.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * John Then (1959–71)
 * Abdul Karim Pukul & Ibrahim Yahya (1971)
 * Duncan McDowell (1976–81)
 * Ibrahim Damit (1982)
 * Idris Damit (1983)
 * Danny Bergara (1984)
 * 🇧🇷 Oscar Amaro de Silva (1985–86)
 * Dayem Ali (1987)
 * Zainuddin Kassim (1988)
 * Dayem Ali (1989)
 * Hussein Aljunied (1990–1993)
 * 🏴 Mick Lyons (1993–95)
 * 🇦🇺 Bobby McLachlan (1995)
 * 🏴 David Booth (1996–98)
 * 🏴 Mick Jones (1998–01)
 * Zainuddin Kassim (2001)
 * 🏴 Mick Lyons (2002)
 * 🇲🇦 Karim Bencherifa (2003–04)
 * 🇧🇦 Amir Alagić (2005)
 * Ranko Buketa (2005)
 * Ali Mustafa (2006)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Oh-Son (2008)
 * Vjeran Simunić (2008–09)
 * Ali Mustafa (2009–11)
 * Dayem Ali (2011)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Oh-Son (2012–13)
 * Vjeran Simunić (2013–14)
 * Steve Kean (2014)
 * Mike Wong (2014–16)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Oh-Son (2016)
 * Stephen Ng (2017)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Oh-Son (2018)
 * Robbie Servais (2019)
 * 🏴 Paul Smalley (2019–20)
 * Ali Mustafa (2020)
 * Aminuddin Jumat (2020)
 * Ameer Lani (2020)
 * K. Rajagobal (2020–22)
 * Rosanan Samak (2022)
 * 🇪🇸 Mario Rivera (2022–2024)
 * Rui Capela (2024)

Current squad
The following 20 players were called up for the friendlies against  on 8 and 11 June 2024.
 * Information correct as of 11 June 2024, after the second match against .

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Brunei squad in the last twelve months.

 * Notes
 * STD = On standby
 * PRE = Preliminary squad
 * RET = Retired from international duty

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Brunei.

ASEAN Championship
This competition was formerly known as the Tiger Cup and afterwards the AFF Championship

Head-to-head record
As of 11 June 2024 after match against

Honours

 * Borneo Cup
 * Winners (3): 1968, 1981, 1987
 * Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1985
 * Philippines International Cup
 * Third place (1): 1993

title: Brunei national football team


text:
Kingdom of Agwe

The kingdom of Agwe (aka the Ewe state of Agwe) was an African state created by the Ewe ethnic group in the territory of present-day Benin and Togo, in 1812. It had territories that were divided between France and Germany. France established the protectorate in 1895, and Germany in 1896. The kingdom was abolished but the two powers eventually considered their reestablishment in 1901. The kingdom was definitively abolished in 1949.

title: Kingdom of Agwe


text:
Dean Whitehead

Dean Whitehead (born 12 January 1982) is an English football coach and former professional footballer player, He is currently assistant manager of EFL Championship club Watford. A midfielder who occasionally played as a right-back, he made 622 league and cup appearances in a 19-year playing career, scoring 29 goals.

Whitehead joined his local non-League club Abingdon Town before he signed for Football League club Oxford United in 1999. He played for Oxford in the Second Division until their relegation into the Third Division in 2001. He was signed by Championship club Sunderland in 2004. He won promotion in his first season with Sunderland, although they were relegated from the Premier League after one season. He was made captain by Roy Keane as Sunderland claimed an instant return to the top flight. After two more seasons in the north-east, Whitehead signed for Stoke City in 2009. He helped Stoke reach the 2011 FA Cup final, where the team finished runners-up to Manchester City. After spending four seasons with Stoke, Whitehead signed for Middlesbrough in 2013. He moved to Huddersfield Town two years later, helping them to get promoted to the Championship in 2017 before retiring in 2018.

Oxford United
Born in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, Whitehead started his career with Abingdon Town's youth team, before joining the youth scheme of his local professional Football League club, Oxford United as an apprentice.

He progressed through the ranks, making his first-team debut in a 2–0 win over Luton Town in the Football League Trophy on 7 December 1999. This turned out to be Whitehead's only appearance of the 1999–00 season, as he spent the rest of the season on the substitute bench. At the end of the 1999–00 season, he signed a contract with the club.

In the 2000–01 season, Whitehead soon received a handful of first-team appearances for the club by manager Denis Smith. Although he received his first-team opportunities, he found himself in a competition with Matt Murphy and other midfielders for the central role. Despite being sidelined on two occasions, due to suspensions, Whitehead played in 23 matches in 2000–01 season, as Oxford suffered relegation to the Third Division. At the end of the 2000–01 season, he signed a long–term contract with the club.

In the 2001–02 season, Whitehead scored his first goal in the Football League against Rushden & Diamonds on 31 August 2001. He was soon a first-team regular in 2001–02 season, establishing himself in the midfield position. However, halfway through the season, Whitehead, along with Chris Hackett were subjected to criticism by manager Ian Atkins for unprofessionalism over refusing to do the club's fitness programme, which were denied by the pair, who stated the whole thing was a misunderstanding. Towards the end of the 2001–02 season, he began playing in a central midfield role. Despite missing out three matches, he played in 43 fixtures as Oxford United had a poor season, finishing in 21st position.

Whitehead began the 2002–03 season as a first-team regular in good form. At the beginning of November, Whitehead's performances against Aston Villa and Rochdale were praised by Atkins. He continued with his impressive displays to the end of the year. Whitehead later scored his first goal of the season on 26 December, in a 3–0 win over AFC Bournemouth. However, he found his first-team chances limited between January and March. As a result, he was restricted to 22 appearances in 2002–03 as Oxford missed out on a play-off place by a single point.

In 2003–04 season, Whitehead reclaimed his place in the team following the departure of Dave Savage. It wasn't until on 27 September 2003 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–0 win over Northampton Town. He was praised for his performances in his run of first-team football. Whitehead scored his first brace of the season on 18 October, in a 4–0 win over Bury. He also scored a free kick on 1 November, helping his team to make a 3–1 comeback win over Darlington. As a result, he was offered a two–year contract by the club, which would keep him at the Kassam Stadium until 2006. On 21 February 2004, he scored against Bury for the second time that season, in a 1–1 draw. In a 2–1 loss against Macclesfield Town on 1 May, Whitehead captained the side for the first time, in the absence of Andy Crosby. By the end of the 2003–04 season, he made 47 appearances and scoring seven goals. Whitehead was named the club's Player of the Season.

After playing for the club for five seasons, his contract expired and he turned down the offer of a new one from the club. Manager Graham Rix revealed that Whitehead would have been appointed as Crosby's successor as captain if he signed a new contract with the club.

Sunderland
In June 2004, Whitehead signed for Championship club Sunderland on a free transfer. Upon signing a three–year contract with the club, he revealed that his ambition and desire to play at a higher level was why he joined Sunderland. Sunderland were ordered to pay £150,000 to Oxford at an FA tribunal, to compensate for the time and money put into his development. Oxford would also receive 25% of any fee should Sunderland sell Whitehead.

Whitehead made his Sunderland debut, coming on as a late substitute for Ben Clark, in a 2–0 loss against Coventry City in the opening game of the season. He quickly became a key member of the team, playing regularly despite facing competition from other midfielders. His run in the first-team saw him praised by manager Mick McCarthy. It wasn't until 25 October when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 1–0 win over Rotherham United. He then scored his second goal of the season on 11 December, in a 2–0 win over Cardiff City. Whitehead scored three more goals later in the season in games that ended up as Sunderland victories. Following his good performance at Sunderland halfway through the season, he was given a new three-year contract during 2004–05. Despite missing out three matches during the season, as he went on to make forty–three appearances and scoring five times in all competitions. He helped Sunderland to win the Championship in 2004–05, and was chosen as Players' Player of the Year by his teammates at the end of the season.

In the 2005–06, Whitehead continued to establish himself in the starting eleven, with the club playing in the Premier League. Despite the club's struggles in the Premier League at the start of the season, he made a positive impact for the side. His performances earned him comparison to Manchester United's Roy Keane. It wasn't until 29 October when he scored his first Premier League goal, in a 4–1 loss against Portsmouth. Three weeks later, on 19 November, Whitehead scored his second goal of the season, in a 3–1 loss against Aston Villa. By November, he began playing in the right-wing position, a more unfamiliar role. On 26 November, Whitehead signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him at the Stadium of Light until 2010. He scored a swerving 30 yd free kick past then-England goalkeeper Paul Robinson in a 3–2 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane on 3 December. Sunderland were eventually relegated to the Championship for the 2006–07 season. Despite missing out one match during the 2005–06 season, Whitehead went on to make thirty–eight appearances and scored three goals in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2006–07 season, Reading had a bid of £1.2 million for Whitehead rejected in July 2006. The following month, Whitehead and teammate Liam Lawrence both signed new contracts. He continued to establish himself in the first-team, under the management of newly appointed manager Roy Keane. Whitehead then scored his first goal of the season against West Bromwich Albion, in a 2–0 win during which he was named as man of the match. Then, on 21 October, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 2–0 win against Barnsley. During the 2006–07 season, Whitehead resigned the captaincy to concentrate on his football but he deputised for the frequently injured Steven Caldwell and was reappointed as captain on a permanent basis after Caldwell was sold to Burnley. At one point during the 2006–07 season, Whitehead played in a right–back position following the absence of Nyron Nosworthy. The following month, he reverted to his central midfield position. Towards the end of the season, Whitehead scored two more goals. Sunderland finished first in the Championship in 2006–07, thus making an instant return to the Premier League. At the end of the 2006–07 season, Whitehead was included in the PFA Team of the Year. He also came second in the club's Player of the Year vote. Despite being sidelined during the 2006–07 season, Whitehead went on to make forty–seven appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.

In the 2007–08 season, Whitehead played in the right–back position against Tottenham Hotspur in the opening game of the season before sustaining a cruciate knee ligament injury in a match against Wigan Athletic in August, which ruled him out for six months. He made his comeback from injury in early–November 2007 and made his first-team return on 24 November, playing every minute of a 7–1 loss against Everton. Since returning from injury, he regained his first-team place for Sunderland. He then scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–1 loss against Manchester City on 14 April. At the end of the 2007–08 season, Whitehead helped Sunderland to avoid relegation by three points. Despite being sidelined during the season, Whitehead went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions. During parts of the season, Whitehead played at right-back, although this ended when Whitehead moved back into central midfield.

Ahead of the 2008–09 season, Whitehead was linked to a move away from Sunderland, as newly-promotion Premier League side Stoke City made a £3 million bid on him. In response, he stated that he wanted to stay at Sunderland. At the start of the season, Whitehead continued to remain in the starting line-up for the side. After a 4–1 loss against Bolton Wanderers on 29 November, he was heavily booed by the club's supporters for the performance throughout the match, in what transpired to be Keane's last match as Sunderland manager. Whitehead continued to be linked away from Sunderland throughout the January transfer window. Despite missing out four matches during the season, Whitehead helped the side avoid relegation once again after losing 3–2 to Chelsea in the last game of the season as defeats for Newcastle and Middlesbrough meant Sunderland were safe. By the end of the 2008–09 season, Whitehead went on to make thirty–eight appearances in all competitions. He left Sunderland in August 2009 after making 200 appearances for the club.

Stoke City

Whitehead signed a four-year contract with Premier League club Stoke City on 24 July 2009 for an initial £3 million fee, rising to £5 million with add-ons. He stated that Stoke's team spirit was the main reason for his move to the club. He made his debut on 15 August 2009 in a 2–0 win over Burnley. Whitehead made a slow start to his Stoke career with a number of anonymous performances. However, following a 0–0 draw with Blackburn Rovers, he earned praise from manager Tony Pulis. Whitehead scored his first goal for Stoke when he converted winger Matthew Etherington's cross in the 86th-minute in a 3–1 FA Cup fourth-round win over Arsenal at the Britannia Stadium on 24 January 2010. Whitehead was sent off against Tottenham Hotspur in March 2010 in a decision which drew referee Mike Dean heavy criticism from Tony Pulis and Matthew Etherington.

His first Premier League goal for Stoke came against Birmingham City on 9 November 2010, with Whitehead scoring the winning goal in a 3–2 victory. He scored his second league goal for Stoke away to Manchester United on 4 January 2011, becoming the first Stoke player to score at Old Trafford since 1980. Towards the end of 2010–11, Whitehead lost his place in the starting eleven to a resurging Glenn Whelan, making some cameo appearances from the bench. One of these came at Wembley Stadium in the 2011 FA Cup final defeat to Manchester City.

Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Whitehead said he expected to face new competition in the club's midfield section. He then made his 100th appearance for Stoke on 3 November 2011 in a UEFA Europa League match against Maccabi Tel Aviv, scoring the first goal in a 2–1 victory. He played in 10 of Stoke's 12 European fixtures in 2011–12, and ended the season having played in 47 matches in total. He made a bad start to 2012–13, as on the opening day of the season away to Reading, he conceded a 90th-minute penalty. He was sent off after picking up a second yellow card. He remained back-up to Glenn Whelan for the remainder of the season, being used mainly as a substitute, although he was assigned as a stand-in right-back in the absence of Andy Wilkinson and Ryan Shotton. He was released by Stoke at the end of 2012–13.

Middlesbrough
Whitehead signed a two-year contract with Championship club Middlesbrough on 2 July 2013. Manager Tony Mowbray revealed that Whitehead's experience of gaining promotion from the Championship twice was the key reason in signing him. Upon joining the club, he was given a number eighteen shirt ahead of a new season. He made his Middlesbrough debut in a 2–1 loss against Leicester City in the opening game of the season. Since joining the club, he quickly established himself in the starting eleven in the midfield position. Despite being in the first-team, Whitehead faced strong competition from other midfielders at the Riverside Stadium. After missing four matches between late–October and late–November, he returned as a late substitute on 30 November 2013, in a 1–0 win over Bolton Wanderers. Whitehead scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for the club in a 2–1 loss away to Derby County on 4 December. Two weeks later, on 21 December, he captained Middlesbrough for the first time, in a 2–0 win over Millwall. Later in the 2013–14 season, Whitehead was suspended on three occasions, including being sent–off for dissent, in a 1–0 loss against Sheffield Wednesday on 1 March. Despite this, he remained in the first-team, where he captained the side four more times later in the season. Whitehead played 38 times and scored one goal in the 2013–14 season, as Middlesbrough finished in 12th-position.

In the 2014–15 season, Whitehead continued to feature in the first team at the start of the season, mostly coming on as a substitute. This was due to added competition for the defensive midfield position with Richard Smallwood, Grant Leadbitter and Adam Clayton. However, in a 4–0 win over Brentford on 20 September, he was sent–off "for an over the top tackle", leading the referee giving him a straight red card. After serving a three-match suspension, he returned to the first-team from suspension, coming on as a late substitute, in a 2–0 win over Fulham on 2 October. Whitehead captained the side for the first time in the league, in a 1–1 draw against Watford on 25 October. However, throughout the 2014–15 season, Whitehead was demoted to the substitute bench. But he did provide cover, playing twice at right–back and six times in central midfield. He also captained the side once again this season against Sheffield Wednesday on 28 February, which ended in a 2–0 defeat. In the Championship play-offs, Whitehead was featured three times as a right–back, including the play-off final at Wembley, where they lost 2–0 to Norwich City. Whitehead made twenty–five appearances in all competitions. At the end of the season, Whitehead left Middlesbrough as manager Aitor Karanka could not guarantee him game time.

Huddersfield Town
In June 2015, Whitehead signed for Championship club Huddersfield Town on a two-year contract. Upon joining the club, he was given a number four shirt ahead of the 2015–16 season. He made his debut in a 2–0 defeat against Hull City at the KC Stadium on 8 August. He captained Huddersfield Town for the first time on 11 August, in a 2–1 loss against Notts County. Whitehead quickly established himself in the first-team under the management of Chris Powell. He captained the side once again following Mark Hudson's absence for five matches between 12 September and 3 October. Whitehead's performance saw him earned BWF Player of the Month for October and November. However, he suffered a knee injury during a 2–0 win over Birmingham City on 5 December and was sidelined for two months. A month later, on 23 January, Whitehead returned to the first-team from injury, coming on as a late substitute in a 2–1 loss against Brighton & Hove Albion. Since returning to the first-team, he regained his first-team place in the starting eleven for the rest of the season. By the end of the 2015–16 season, Whitehead went on to make thirty–six appearances in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Whitehead turned down a move to Rotherham United and said he would fight for his place in the first-team. He missed the first two matches of the new season after being suspended over his involvement in an incident against Brentford in the last game of the previous season. He made his first appearance of the season on 20 August, where he started the whole game of a 2–1 win over Barnsley. However, Whitehead struggled in the first-team under David Wagner, due to strong competition from other midfielders. He captained the side for the first time this season, in a 2–1 win over Rotherham United on 27 September. Due to Hudson's absence, Whitehead often stood in as captain, though Tommy Smith was another stand-in captain when Whitehead was not included in the starting eleven. Throughout the January transfer window, he stayed at the Kirklees Stadium after being linked with a move to Wigan Athletic. However, in a 1–0 loss against Burton Albion on 1 April, he was sent–off for a second bookable offence. Whitehead later featured three times as an unused substitute in the Championship play–offs, as he was part of the squad that saw Huddersfield side promoted to the Premier League after beating Reading 5–4 in penalty shoot–out after a 0–0 draw in the EFL Championship play-off final. By the end of the 2016–17 season, he went on to make twenty appearances in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2017–18 season, Huddersfield announced that Whitehead had extended his contract with the club until the end of the 2017–18 Premier League season, with manager David Wagner stating: "Even if he plays less for us, he is still a very important part of the team and our dressing room." He was included for the 25-man squad for the Premier League. He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season, where he started the whole game, in a 2–1 win over Rotherham United in the second round of the League Cup on 23 August. Then, on 30 September, Whitehead made his first Premier League appearance – his first in four years – as a late substitute, in a 4–0 loss against Tottenham Hotspur. However, his first-team appearances at Huddersfield Town continued to be restricted to the substitute bench for most of the 2017–18 season. On 11 May 2018, Whitehead announced his retirement from professional football at the end of the 2017–18 season. He made his last appearance for the club (and his football career), coming on as a late substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Arsenal in the last game of the season.

Coaching career
Following his retirement, Whitehead took up a coaching role at Huddersfield Town as part of David Wagner's first-team technical staff, having earned a UEFA A coaching license, and took charge of the club's new Under-17 Academy age group from 1 January 2019. By October, he took charge for Huddersfield Town's Under-17s side.

On 16 November 2019, Whitehead joined Sam Ricketts' backroom staff at League One side Shrewsbury Town, replacing Joe Parkinson as first-team coach. On 25 August 2020, Whitehead was promoted to assistant manager after the departure of Jon Pitts and Graham Barrow. On 25 November, Whitehead and Ricketts were relieved of their duties with the club sitting 23rd in League One with just 9 points from a possible 39.

Whitehead joined the coaching staff at League Two side Port Vale in July 2021 as part of director of football David Flitcroft's summer overhaul; manager Darrell Clarke said that Whitehead "is definitely someone our squad can look up to". Having helped Vale to win promotion at the end of the 2021–22 season, he moved to Turkey in July 2022 to coach alongside Adam Murray at Süper Lig champions Beşiktaş. He left the club when head coach Valérien Ismaël was sacked three months later. He joined Cardiff City as a first-team coach in November 2022. Following the sacking of Mark Hudson on 14 January 2023, Whitehead was placed in interim charge of the first-team at Cardiff City. In the 2023 pre-season, Ismaël was appointed manager at Championship side Watford, and Whitehead moved to work there with him as assistant head coach.

Personal life
Growing up, Whitehead was raised in a football-loving family and supported Liverpool. He has a brother, Craig. During his time at Huddersfield Town, he was known as 'Whitesey' by his teammate Tommy Smith, who gave him a nickname.

He is good friends with Liam Lawrence, having been Sunderland and Stoke City teammates. During his time at Stoke City and Huddersfield Town, Whitehead resided in Cheshire with his wife, Louise, and their two sons, Olly and Harry.

Honours
Sunderland
 * Football League Championship: 2004–05, 2006–07

Stoke City
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2010–11

Huddersfield Town
 * EFL Championship play-offs: 2017

Individual
 * Oxford United F.C. Player of the Season: 2003–04
 * Sunderland A.F.C. Player of the Year: 2005–06
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2006–07 Championship

title: Dean Whitehead


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Chiu (0th nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Alex Chiu
This is nothing more than a vanity page for a huckster peddling "immortality rings." Katefan0 21:48, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, snake oil ad. Wyss 22:51, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * ROFL! This guy?  His page is very often used as the non plus ultra of web hoaxes in technology classes.  I used to direct 10 year olds to his page, and they'd howl with laughter at his money back guarantee if you ever die.  Truly infamous for being truly terrible.  Delete: He already has his ill-fame, and he'd never merit discussion except as a line or two in an article on Internet hoaxes. Geogre 03:30, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That his page is so referenced as the non plus ultra of its type indicates noteriety (hence my vote below). -- Infrogmation 07:39, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: This guy is in the exact same class of Internet kooks as Gene Ray, whose page started out about as small as this one when it went through it's VfD, but which evolved into something useful. He's a kooky snake-oil peddler, but a notable one. See also Jeff K., Real Ultimate Power, Goatse.cx... goofy internet memes generally are allowed pages here. Vslashg 07:08, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This figure is very noteworthy. Fight the suppression of information by the deletionists. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, yes, of course. That's what people are doing. They're suppressing information. Yep.  That's why people have said that he should be discussed elsewhere: they're out to suppress information. Sheesh.
 * I'm tempted to think Geogre is right and this really needs a brief mention in a larger article on hoaxes and charlatans. Other than making some outrageous claims and spamming them all over the world he hasn't done anything. There are thousands of other people who do much the same thing, but perhaps less outrageous. And is his favorite actor at all relevant? -R. fiend 18:33, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'd support the idea of adding him to a page of Internet hoaxes, but he's not worth an entire page when his only reason for being listed is because his shtick is laughable. Katefan0 18:55, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Vanity page?? The article basically says he is a spamming huckster kook! And he has been notable as such for years. -- Paul Richter 04:00, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: My position is that he's not known for himself. He's known as a hoax. I.e. "Alex Chiu" and "hoax" are inextricably linked. Thus, I feel like his notability, his fame, and the reason for discussing him is solely as part of an article on Internet hoaxes. Internet hoaxes is a redlink, but I feel sure we have an article on the subject. If we don't, we really should as an omnibus for these folks. Geogre 04:21, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. The fact that Geogre used to direct his own students to Alex Chiu's page proves his notability (or infamy). He was interviewed on Slashdot in 2001, has been incorporated into video games by cult-like fans, and is famously known around the world for his so-called Immortality Device.   This is such a blatantly obvious keep.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:12, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, unfortunately. It may be too early to say whether this particular peddler will turn out to be significant or not - he may be just the 32rd in a dozen. There are similar historical cases (James Morison, anyone?) Skysmith 09:34, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Certainly not vanity by Chiu himself. Chiu a figure of some note in some circles, such as Usenet oldbies and followers of crackpots eccentric alternative thinkers. -- Infrogmation 07:39, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Archimedes Plutonium has been written up too, so we may as well keep this one. Silly Dan 05:09, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Golbez 07:26, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 09:09, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep --holizz 18:22, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. —tregoweth 21:03, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Definite hoaxter, but a very very very well known hoaxter. Also given as an example in some of my classes as well. Alkivar 05:34, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Alex Chiu is the man of our time so there is no more deleting this entry. Furthermore the entry should be further expanded. - immortalw

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
RQS

RQS may refer to:

Rescue squadrons

 * State National Guards
 * 101st Rescue Squadron, New York Air National Guard
 * 103d Rescue Squadron, New York Air National Guard
 * 129th Rescue Squadron, California Air National Guard
 * 130th Rescue Squadron, California Air National Guard
 * 131st Rescue Squadron, California Air National Guard
 * 210th Rescue Squadron, Alaska Air National Guard
 * 211th Rescue Squadron, Alaska Air National Guard
 * 212th Rescue Squadron, Alaska Air National Guard
 * 212th Rescue Squadron, Alaska Air National Guard

Other

 * Regional Qualifying Score, in U.S. NCAA Women's Collegiate Gymnastics; see
 * Raytown C-2 School District, or Raytown Quality Schools, Raytown, Missouri

title: RQS


text:
Talk:The Woman in White (novel)

Novel
I wish there was an official GP place to discuss books like this. The feminist ramifications of this novel are significant. I find it a lot more enjoyable than, say, Dracula. I am sorry to see people emphasizing movies or TV shows here -- the novel itself is well worth reading.Geneven (talk) 12:13, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

 * What on earth has Dracula to do with it, or for that matter your personal tastes in literature? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.97.111 (talk) 15:40, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Anyone noticed that the 'Plot summary' does not in any way summarise the plot? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.214.35.167 (talk) 18:33, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's too bad. I've pruned it and filled in some gaps Chrismorey (talk) 05:04, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Actress
I think we would be remiss not to mention the actress for the role to which the title "The Woman in White" refers. I've added Oliver Darley and Jill Paice with the intention of starting a additional pages for these careers that are sure to blossom.

--206.180.38.20 21:50, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

And what about the version that appeared on Masterpiece Theatre? --JohnDBuell 22:09, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

GET RID of that logo. Lloyd-Webber has his own page.

 * this page is about the novel. Significant adaptations have their own articles Chrismorey (talk) 05:05, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Collin's most famous novel?
Is the claim in the article that this is Collins' most famous novel correct? I would have thought that it's at least arguable that The Moonstone is even more famous. JH (talk page) 19:08, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Claims about 'most famous' are absurd. But then, Wikipedia is a laughable entity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.97.111 (talk) 15:42, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Collins thought it was his best (see his epitaph). Modern critics rate it above the Moonstone which is however a close second Chrismorey (talk) 05:04, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Not epistolary
Epistolary novels are those written wholly or largely as a series of letters. This is not; it's a multiple-viewpoint novel written in successive Narratives by various characters who are significant actors in those Narratives (plus one "Narrative" from a tombstone). Collins used this device again in The Moonstone. It allows the author to vary style, pace and viewpoint, and allow plot details to be revealed by those who would know them, rather than having an omniscient narrator or relying on coincidence, unexpected revelation etc. An early and excellent epistolary novel is Smollett's The Expedition of Humphry Clinker. Another example is Jane Austen's novel Lady Susan. Chrismorey (talk) 05:19, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Louisa Nottidge
While editing the article on the Agapemonites I came across this source which suggests that the case of Louisa Nottidge may have inspired this story. Can anyone corroborate this?— Rod talk 20:18, 26 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The article on Louisa Nottidge covers the likely relation to this book well. --ssd (talk) 07:30, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

 * It does no such thing. It merely mentions the dedication of The Woman in White. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.97.111 (talk) 15:52, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Woman in White (novel)


text: User talk:66.121.167.16

title: User talk:66.121.167.16


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scott wallace

Scott wallace
Another vanity page. No evidence in the article about what makes this man encyclopedic. Joyous 21:51, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Is somewhere between rambling and nonsense. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 22:21, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why is the surname always in lower case on these vanity articles? [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 22:24, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy, please Delete Wyss 23:32, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a speedy at all. Delete it with the due process.Dr Zen 00:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd be interested in reading the "expose on nursing homes that conveniently lose patients who discover that administrators are running geriatric porn sites" but delete. — [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 00:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and pwn the site as well. Rickyrab 00:28, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Neutrality has once more abused the process to speedy delete an article on which this process was ongoing. Not only did he do so but he showed his contempt for his fellow editors by not commenting here.Dr Zen 01:55, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Totally valid speedy delete. It was nonsense.  If you really believe that it was not nonsense, pursue it at VfU.  I agree with User:Dr Zen that it is impolite and ill-advised to speedy articles listed on VfD without telling folks about it, usually in advance, but it is also possible that an article carries a speedy tag as well as a VfD tag, or instead of one, and then that an administrator sees it at cat:csd.  For those interested in the article's contents for private reasons, here it is, in living color:
 * "Scott Wallace is a lovely fellow from upstate New York, a former hockey childstar and chronic melancholic, who just turned 28 on Monday, Dec. 6 and is close to tears about it. He thinks his looks are fading and that his talents are waning. Instead, however, age is simply giving him a nobility he did not have before, and his talents are becoming softer, gentler - not more rotten - and in my opinion more applicable to helping his generation of near-30 somethings find themselves. I can attest to that. He is a journalism student at Columbia University. And is writing an expose on nursing homes that conveniently lose patients who discover that administrators are running geriatric porn sites."

Geogre 06:34, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please cite here the criterion that you use for deciding this is a speedy. The criterion for nonsense would not disallow the page in question. Dr Zen 07:14, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I agree with Dr Zen - this was an obvious delete but not really a speedy delete according to the current cases. (It would be an excellent case study for the proposed expansion of speedy cases.) Rossami (talk)

 * Well, remember that I didn't speedy delete it. I do think it's a speedy delete, however.  (I don't speedy things from the VfD page without at least 24 hours notice to see if anyone disagrees.)  The reason that I think it's a valid speedy is the internal indications of pranking, which is, therefore, vandalism.  The impossibilities (the geriatric porn, the chronic melancholic) suggest that the intent of the "article" is to play a joke on someone (the reader, most likely).  Those are valid speedies.  Geogre 04:29, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: File:John Barry - A View to a Kill album cover.jpg


text:
File:Jody Watley - Flower.jpg

Album cover for Flower by Jody Watley

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Jody Watley - Flower.jpg


text:
Talk:Zech's logarithm

Untitled 2004 comment
I foound the literature on this a bit confusing, last time I looked. But I would have expect 'logarithm' to mean the inverse of the mapping indicated. That is, the log map would be

 * polynomial in α (reduced) → n

where n is the power you need to take ...

Charles Matthews 21:54, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * When discussing Zech's logarithms in particular you start with a lot of high power polynomials and then the set of logarithms is the set of sums of reduced powers. So I believe the power-reducing nature lead to the naming.  That being said, I've only seen Zech's logarithms described in lecture notes and mentioned referentially in a couple of papers, and I'm not even sure where they were first introduced.  I tried many different searches on search engines to try to figure out who Zech is and ultimately posted here, to no avail.  So, if you can dig up some more info on the subject perhaps you can set things straight (if they aren't already). CryptoDerk 23:46, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Who is Zech? If possible, the article should say who this concept is named after. Michael Hardy 22:11, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Addition in a finite field
Zech's logarithms are used to perform addition in a finite field, not to reduce a high degree polynomial to one of a lesser degree. The description given in the article seems totally spurious to me. Bekant 10:06, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. I've made a large revision to the article to correct this problem. Hurkyl (talk) 18:51, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

The title should be Zech logarithms since one needs to refer to Zech himself. . There IS literature on Zech. May be hard to find. See [Lam and McKay] Collected algorithms A.C.M. Nov 1973 No. 469 for computing them. John McKay24.200.155.110 (talk) 01:01, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Two further references are John H. Conway (MR 0237467) (1968) and in Fletcher, Miller, Rosenhead Mathematical Tables. The purpose of the Zech logarithm is to do rational arithmetic (originally over the reals I believe). The index set includes {-\infinity} to produce a consistent notation. The name \v{Z}ech is common but one should be able to find more biographical details. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.130.86.141 (talk) 22:26, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zech's logarithm