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Kiwi (shoe polish)

Kiwi is a global brand of shoe polish, originally developed in Australia in 1906 by William Ramsay. Kiwi has grown to be the dominant shoe polish in many countries since it was used by both the British and U.S. Armies in World War I. However it announced its exit from the UK market in 2022. Soon afterwards in 2023 Kiwi announced it will be ending the brand in the US by June 2024, sunsetting certain products before the 2023 year even ended.

the Kiwi brand is owned by S. C. Johnson.

History
The polish was originally made by an Australian company, which first marketed the product in 1906. William Ramsay and fellow Scottish expatriate in Australia, Hamilton McKellar, began making boot polish and other products in a small factory in Melbourne in 1904. While a number of older leather preserving products existed, including the Irish brand "Punch", which was first made in 1851, and the German brand, "Erdal", which went on sale in 1901, Kiwi's introduction in 1906 made it the first shoe polish to resemble modern varieties, aimed primarily at inducing shine. Ramsay and McKellar launched an improved formula, marketing it in Melbourne as "Kiwi Boot Polish". Ramsay loaded boxes of the product on to his horse and cart and sold it to farmers to protect their boots. Ramsay named it "Kiwi" after the flightless bird native to New Zealand, the home country of his wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek.

Kiwi was a major improvement on previous brands. It preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored colour. By the time Kiwi Dark Tan was released in 1908, it incorporated agents that added suppleness and water resistance. Australian-made boot polish was then considered the world's best. A range of colours became available, and exports began to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand.

A rival brand at the time was "Cobra Boot Polish", based in Sydney. Cobra was noted for a series of cartoon advertisements in The Sydney Bulletin, starting in 1909, using a character called "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo". (The Australian slang word chunder, meaning "to vomit", possibly originated through the rhyming slang of Chunder Loo and spew.)

Its success in Australia was matched overseas after it was adopted by both the British and United States armies in World War I.

The spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the popular appeal of the kiwi as New Zealand's national symbol.

Australian ownership
Over the years, Kiwi has been owned by a variety of corporations. For the first six decades of its existence, it was one of the iterations of an Australian corporation with Kiwi in its name, all based in the state of Victoria, including Kiwi Boot Polish Co. (1913–1916) and Kiwi Polish Co. (1916–1971). The company then joined with Nicholas International Ltd., a Melbourne-based pharmaceutical company producing international brands such as Aspro and Rennie. The new company was renamed Nicholas Kiwi.

Manufacture in the UK
In the UK, Kiwi polish was manufactured for many years at the company's British headquarters in Ealing. That facility manufactured for the UK market and exported the Kiwi brand to much of Europe and the Middle East. In the mid-1970s, as part of a major streamlining, the UK factory was closed, and production was switched to France. The UK operation moved to Yateley becoming, effectively, a sales and marketing office, with distribution contracted to a third party.

In 1980, production for the UK market moved back to the UK, and was housed in a factory near Huddersfield. The UK head office was relocated to Maidstone, in Kent, where Kiwi had other product interests. Following a global merger with Nicholas Laboratories, the UK head office was again relocated to Slough, at the Nicholas building on the Bath Road.

Sara Lee (1984–2011)
In 1984, it was acquired by American-based Consolidated Foods Corporation (now Sara Lee Corporation), who eventually sold the Nicholas pharmaceutical products to Roche of Switzerland but kept the Kiwi range.

In 1991, a subsidiary of the Sara Lee Corporation (Sara Lee) acquired part of the shoe care business of Reckitt & Colman, including the Cherry Blossom and Meltonian brands. Sara Lee already owned the Kiwi brand, among others. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission ruled that Sara Lee had to divest its ownership of these companies in 1994, to prevent it from becoming a monopoly. Since that ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring any further assets or firms associated with chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior commission approval. The Competition Commission in the United Kingdom also investigated the potential monopoly of Sara Lee in the shoe care industry.

As of 2005 it was manufactured in Australia, Canada, Honduras, France, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Peru, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

S. C. Johnson (April 2011–present)
On 4 April 2011, Sara Lee announced that it had completed its sale of its global shoe care business, in a majority of countries, to S. C. Johnson.

Market share
Kiwi has been the dominant shoe polish in many countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States for much of its life. Kiwi remained the predominant shoe polish brand in most of the world, being sold in over 180 countries and holding a 53% market share worldwide. In Malaysia and Singapore, Kiwi has become such a household name for shoe polish that the word "kiwi" has been genericised into a verb in the Malay language, meaning "to polish one's shoes".

In December 2022, S. C. Johnson announced that it had exited the UK shoe care market, blaming the effect of changes in work patterns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, and the rise of casual shoes that do not require polishing.

title: Kiwi (shoe polish)


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Maharam

Maharam (מהר"ם) is an acronym of the words (Morenu Ha-Rav rabi M..., Our teacher the Rabbi M...), a pattern also used for other names. Since many Rabbis were referred to as Maharam, an addition, usually a name of a place or a surname is generally used to differentiate between them.

Maharam may refer to

People

 * Dorothy Maharam (1917–2014), American mathematician behind Maharam's theorem
 * Meir Eisenstadt (Maharam Ash), Rabbi Meir EisenstadtPoland, Germany, c. 1670–1744
 * Meir Eisenstaedter (Maharam Ash, 1780–1852), Rabbi Meir Eisenstaedter (Hungary, 1780–1861)
 * Meir Lublin (Maharam Lublin, 1558–1616), Rabbi Meir Lublin
 * Meir of Rothenburg (Maharam of Rothenburg), Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg ob der Tauber
 * Meir Shapiro (Maharam Shapiro, 1887–1933), Rabbi Meir Yehuda Shapiro of Lublin, creator of the Daf Yomi
 * Meïr b. Jacob Schiff (Maharam Schiff), Rabbi Meïr b. Jacob Schiff
 * Mordecai Benet (Maharam Benet, 1753–1829), Rabbi Mordecai Benet (Moravia
 * Moses Alashkar (Maharam Alashkar, 1466–1542) -posek quoted extensively by R. Chaim Benbenishti
 * Moses Halevi Mintz (Maharam Mintz), Rabbi Moses Halevi Mintz (Germany, 1415–Poland, 1480)
 * Moshe Schick (Maharam Schick, 1807–1879), Hungarian rabbi

Other

 * Maharam's theorem, a mathematical theorem regarding decomposability of measure spaces
 * Maharam algebra

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maharam


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Critic of Finno Ugric and Uralic language Groups

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - no consensus

Critic of Finno Ugric and Uralic language Groups
This is an expanded version of Antifinnougric, which was deleted after discussion at Votes for deletion/Antifinnougric. User:Antifinnugor didn't accept the discussion at Talk:Finno-Ugric languages about the relevance of his POV and created a new POV split-off, against our policy to disallow parallel articles containing different POVs. --Pjacobi 13:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The page was moved to Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language groups, so the title spelling issue is fixed. (Whether it's a good title is a different issue, but at least there's only one version now.) --Dbenbenn 00:38, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

(ᛏ) 13:38, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete because the title isn't even spelled correctly. I do support however, the creation of an in-depth article Criticism of the Finno-Ugric group (or similar). It is true that the family is disputed, and it's nobody's fault that the most outspoken critic on WP happens to be rather unspoiled by linguistic education. The various criticisms (some of them valid) of the group can be listed on such an article in greater detail than would be possible on the main page. Of course, the article would also have to be npov-policed against Hungarian nationalists (sigh). dab
 * what is this? the "Critique" page was copy-paste created, and immediately nominated for speedy deletion? I am for deleting both. First, it should not be a "Critique", which would be original research, but rather a report on "Criticism". Second, the main article does not even have a section about such criticism, so the creation of a separate article is unwarranted. Once enough detail is accumulated in such a section, a separate article may be created. At the moment, this is pure edit warring. dab (ᛏ) 07:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

*delete I removed it to Critique. It has completely different contents and argumentation, than the originally deleted one (please check), so it is not an expanded, but a completely rewritten version, handling all the arguments of the criticized pages. Please also delete the accidentally setup similar page with ending with edit, thanks.Antifinnugor 14:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete this unsalvageably POV and ignorant rant, no matter what title it gets put under. - Mustafaa 15:14, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. This page was copy-pasted to Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language Groups earlier today.  That page should be deleted, and this page should be moved to a good title, to retain the edit history.  Also, although this page is an ignorant POV rant, I think it has the potential to develop into a scholarly discussion of the real disputes that exist, as has been discussed on Talk:Finno-Ugric languages.  It's a temporary page that should be allowed to develop; if it ever achieves an acceptable quality, it should be moved to a section in Finno-Ugric languages.  --Dbenbenn 15:44, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A suitable location for a temporary page used for drafting would be Talk:Finno-Ugric languages/Critique draft. --Pjacobi 15:48, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, that sounds like "a good title". My vote remains keep and move.  By the way, I listed the copied page Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language Groups for speedy deletion.

 * Delete, too cranky (insufficient evidence of peer-review, strong political agenda). Wyss 23:08, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, for reasons of above users.  — mark ✎ 00:41, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * COMMENT This is an improper title, I make no comment on the article content itself, but based purely on duplication deletion, then Critic of Finno Ugric and Uralic language Groups should be deleted, and turned into a redirect to Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language Groups 132.205.15.43 03:48, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep under this title or under another, I have no preference, but the information should be kept. --Pgreenfinch 15:56, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Very similar arguments could be used as "evidence" that English and Hindi are unrelated. But regardless of its scientific merit, this rant is irreparably POV and it would probably be better to start from scratch somewhere else, so delete. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 23:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep This page contains almost the same information as the fino-ugric-Uralic page from the view of a critical person. THere is too little room in those pages to wirte all this information there, if this page remains, the overview of the thema is better. Nobody who criticizes it argued somehow, I just read common places, no real convincing argumentation of any kind. Antifinnugor 19:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep, the hungarian equvivalents of this pages and same pages after long and acrimonius discussions have been kept. See w:hu:Vita:A finnugorokra vonatkozó elméletek kritikái, w:hu:Vita:Magyar nyelv, w:hu:Vita:Uráli nyelvcsalád, and see the participiant's (Nyenyec, Antifinnugor, Gubbubu) stb. talk pages. We don't have time to discuss all points of views again – furhermore in english. Gubbubu
 * Actually, we do have the time. Especially since most of us don't speak Hungarian.  :)  --Dbenbenn 21:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't want to contradict Gubbubu, but the matter is everything but settled in the Hungarian Wikipedia. Let me put it this way: the page still exists because the majority of the editors thought that it could be brought to an acceptable level of quality.  But there are still a large number of debated statements there.  I, for one, am waiting for the outcome of the discussion here before I take a stand there, so as far as I'm concerned, by all means, proceed. --Dhanak 22:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The Hungarian pages have been kept with the hope that someone who actually knows something about linguisics will verify or refute the statements made by Antifinnugor. So far this hasn't happened yet. The corresponding Hungarian articles still contain AF's unsupported statements (like Hungarian not having any grammatical cases) and are still marked as POV. Also there don't seem to be any editors versed in linguistics on the Hungarian pages (there are only about 30 active wikipedians there).
 * That's exactly the reason why I've been following the discussion on the English pages with great interest. I don't really care if you keep this specific article or not, but the outcome of the discussion and hopefully an eventual consensus will help us fix the Hungarian articles too.
 * Dbenbenn, you don't need to understand Hungarian to follow the discussion on the Hungarian pages, since AF is using the same arguments here, almost word by word.
 * Nyenyec 00:59, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) I think a critic of a theory must be POV. How can you criticise something in neutral point of view? this is an oxymoron.
 * 2) To Dhanak: yes, the hungarian articles on critics of FU-theory need attention. Not deletion, attention. So they are there.
 * 3) Oppinions of only linguistisc not relevant - Finno-Ugric theory is a a multi-disciplinar discussed theory, and can't explain so much genetical, archeological etc. doubts. Gubbubu 16:21, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * comment: contents should be removed from article space and moved into a subpage (.../criticism of whatever) for providing material for those editors who can write proper articles. As dab and others said: the information should be preserved, but it is not yet ready to be called more but a colletion of scattered nationalist POV informations about the topic. (And the related mentioned articles in Hungarian are in pretty bad shape, with the POV warning, lots of possibilities to rewrite and all. Definitely not an example to follow. We would need editors familiar with the criticising concept AND writing style of Wikipedia...) --grin ✎ 17:29, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

 * keep: This page contains almost the same information as the Finno-Ugric-Uralic page, but from a different point of view. Balf 20:36, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry to say this, but I have a feeling that you're a sockpuppet. You can answer me on your talk page. Nyenyec 21:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, looks like it to me, too. Good catch, Nyenyec.  --Dbenbenn 23:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * keep: There is always room for an alternative view point. Nemenyi 21:03, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is either another sockpuppet or suddenly a lot of newbies decide for some reason that this should be the first page they edit in Wikipedia. Nyenyec 21:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

—Psychonaut 17:16, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. I don't see how this could become something else than an article pushing for a particular POV. Besides, there is already a Criticism section in Finno-Ugric languages. -- Jniemenmaa 09:25, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. "Critique of X" articles are inherently suspect. Can't think of very many good reasons why "Critique of X" should ever be independent of "X".    Even if the "X" article is getting long, there are almost invariably better ways to split it than "X" and "Critique of X". --BM 18:08, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - if there's anything useful here, it can go in Finno-Ugric languages. Cdc 02:15, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Finno-Ugric languages Paul August ☎ 04:52, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC).
 * As someone with some formal training in linguistics and a basic knowledge of Hungarian, I believe this article to be highly POV, and that many of its arguments and examples are misleading. However, I grant that this theory is worthy of mention in Wikipedia.  I vote to keep, provided that it is cleaned up and that User:Antifinnugor doesn't get to monopolize control over it.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Ford Galaxy

The Ford Galaxy is a seven-seater car produced by Ford of Europe from June 1995 to April 2023. Considered in the motor industry to be a large multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), it was the first Ford-brand MPV produced and marketed outside of North America, the model line is currently in its third generation. Sharing its platform architecture with the Ford Mondeo, the Galaxy was developed alongside the Ford S-Max; the model line is slotted between the Connect and Custom variants of the Ford Tourneo/Transit model family.

In contrast to the American-designed Ford Aerostar and Chrysler Voyager (both imported to Europe), the Galaxy is configured with four sedan-style doors (in line with the Renault Espace).

First generation (V191; 1995)
The first Galaxy was designed as a joint venture product between Ford and the Volkswagen Group. Produced at the joint-venture AutoEuropa plant in Palmela, Portugal, the vehicle was badge-engineered to create three vehicles: the Ford Galaxy; by Volkswagen as the Volkswagen Sharan; and by SEAT as the Alhambra. Production started in May 1995.

The Galaxy used predominantly Volkswagen Group mechanicals, most notably the 2.8-litre VR6 petrol engine from the top versions of the Volkswagen Golf, as well as Volkswagen Group's 1.9-litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) turbo-diesel unit. Initially only the 2.0-litre inline-four petrol version used a Ford powerplant – this derived from the Ford I4 DOHC engine. In later years, this unit was supplemented by a 2.3-litre 16 valve version first seen in the facelifted Ford Scorpio. This engine was transversely mounted as opposed to longitudinal mounting like in the Scorpio.

The 2.8-litre VR6 model was also available with an optional four-wheel-drive system, however this did not reappear on the second generation.

All of the VW Group sourced engines were supplied with "Ford" badges on the rocker covers, despite being VW Group designs. All automatic transmissions were VW Group AG4 boxes, but manual gearboxes on all engines were VXT75 five speeds (modified versions of the trusted Ford MTX-75 five speed set-up to suit the transverse engine layout).

The original interior used a mix of both Ford and VW Group components, using a Volkswagen Golf-derived instrument pack, and most of the switchgear, while the curved fascia moulding was of Ford design, heavily reminiscent of that used in the Ford Mondeo.

Public reaction
In 1999, the MkI Ford Galaxy was rated in a Top Gear magazine survey as the least satisfying car in the United Kingdom, though 12,233 people bought a Galaxy in the previous year, which was twice the market share of its nearest rival, according to a Ford's spokesman. In the UK, Ford Galaxy sold more than Volkswagen Sharan and was the best selling MPV.

Trims and facelifts
When the car was launched in 1995, there were two trim levels; the Aspen and the GLX, as well as the Ghia which launched a few months later. In 1996, the 4x4 powertrain was available, the Aspen was updated with body coloured bumpers and updated hubcaps, as well as the launch of the Ghia X which was powered by the 2.3 petrol as standard instead of the 2.0 like that on the standard Ghia - and it had a few more standard features like air conditioning and front fog lights. In early 1997, the Ultima was also launched, designed to be more luxurious than the Ghia. It had 6 leather captains chairs, as well as a front passenger airbag, traction control and different alloy wheels (all as standard features). However, it never sold very well and approximately only around 125 were on the road at its peak. Then, in 1999, Ford introduced the new LX and Zetec trim styles which replaced the Aspen and GLX models.

In August 2000, the Galaxy received a facelift with new exterior (incorporating New Edge) and interior styling including a new dashboard. The updated trims included the LX, the Zetec and Ghia. Contrary to the name, the Zetec was not available with a Zetec engine, but with the 1.9 TDI engine which was supplied by Volkswagen, as well as Ford's own 2.3 petrol. In 2004, the Galaxy received a very minor facelift with new taillights, a new lower front grille and a few differences to some trims. As well as this, the Silver special edition was launched alongside the Mondeo Silver, both having alloy wheels and only being available in 3 different silver colours.

Second generation (2006)
The second generation Galaxy was introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show, and went on sale alongside the Ford S-Max (which had a lower rear roofline, external cosmetic differences and only child seats in the third row) in June 2006.

The new Galaxy is larger than its predecessor, and is a four pillar vehicle of Ford design, with no Volkswagen Group content (Ford sold its stake in AutoEuropa back to the Volkswagen Group the year before). No longer produced at the AutoEuropa plant in Portugal, Europe's replacement Galaxy is assembled at a newly re equipped plant alongside the Mondeo in Genk, Belgium. With the S-Max catering to customers who require a sport-oriented multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), Ford was able to expand the Galaxy in every dimension without losing sales in size conscious Europe.

Due to its size, Ford was unable to design the Galaxy using a full Kinetic Design format. However, Ford states that the Mk III Galaxy has 'elements' of Kinetic Design, such as its trapezoidal grille, large wheelarches and angular headlights. The vehicle has no spare wheel; instead an aerosol foam sealant is provided to seal punctures until a new tyre can be purchased.

Only Ford's own engines are used, all diesels being from the Duratorq family of engines in 100 PS and 125 PS 1.8-litre format, and also 130 PS and 140 PS 2.0 TDCi versions, with 2.2 TDCi for more power. Two petrol engines are now offered, there is the "1.6T 160PS EcoBoost Start/Stop" and the "2.0 203 PS EcoBoost

However the 1.6-litre Ecoboost engine has been criticized by the Independent writer Jamie Merrill. He describes the engine as not powerful enough and should have been left in the smaller cars.

In the United Kingdom, the Mk III Galaxy was available in Edge, Zetec, and Ghia trim levels. In February 2008, Ford added the Titanium high level trim in common with the Focus, C-MAX, Kuga, Mondeo and S-MAX ranges. The Titanium model is specified to the same level as the Ghia but adds a 'techno' feel. At the same time, the availability of a 175 PS 2.2 TDCi engine option (joint design with PSA) was announced. The current trim levels available in the United Kingdom (November 2011) are Zetec, Titanium and Titanium X.

The Ford Galaxy also comes with many features such as Home Safe Lighting, Quickclear heated windscreen and a cooled passenger glove box.

One major selling point of the Galaxy and S-MAX is the "FoldFlatSystem". This design allows the second and third row seats to fold flat into the floor, although this change in seating design reduces the load carrying capacity of the vehicle.

This model of car is known as the main vehicle on the British television series Outnumbered, which replaces the Vauxhall Zafira the family had in the older series.

Third generation (CD390; 2015)
After its sibling, the Ford S-Max, was presented at the 2014 Paris Motor Show, the all-new Galaxy went on sale in mid-2015.

The Galaxy is available with the same range of engines as the S-Max, namely one diesel (in four states of tune) and two petrol variants. The petrol 1.5 SCTi Ecoboost has 160 hp, and the larger 2.0 SCTi has 240 hp, but can only be mated to Ford's Powershift automatic gearbox. At launch, Ford expected only two percent of United Kingdom sales to be petrol models.

All the diesels average over 50 mpg – the most economical being the 2.0 TDCi Duratorq 120, which manages 57mpg. Both the 2.0 TDCi 150 and 180 versions come with either a six-speed manual gearbox or the Powershift auto – the 180 hp version can also be specced with AWD. The range topping Bi-Turbo 2.0 TDCi 210 comes with the Powershift gearbox only, and can accelerate from 0 to 60 in under nine seconds.

The trim levels, mirroring those available in the S-Max, Mondeo and Edge, include Zetec, Titanium and Titanium X.

Mid-cycle facelift
Ford updated the Galaxy for the 2020 model year. It received a new front grille and bumpers with a similar design as the Mondeo, Focus, Fiesta, Puma and Kuga. The Galaxy also received the Vignale version, a new automatic transmission and an updated infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.

Hybrid update
In late 2021, Ford stopped selling the standard petrol and diesel models, only selling it with one engine choice, a 2.5-litre hybrid Duratec - producing 190PS with a Durashift CVT transmission.

Discontinuation
In January 2022, Ford announced plans to discontinue the Galaxy after 27 years of production, stopping accepting orders for the minivan in favour of realisation of existing ones. Afterwards the cars will be axed from the European lineup without direct successor.

Reviews
The 2012 Ford Galaxy was reviewed by What Car?, and was given 4 out of 5 stars. They added that the Galaxy was more fun to drive than most MPVs.

Top Gear also reviewed the car and gave it 7/10 and added it looked great all around.

title: Ford Galaxy


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Eggheads (game show)

Eggheads is a British quiz show produced by 12 Yard. It was first broadcast in November 2003 chaired by Dermot Murnaghan. In 2008, Jeremy Vine became joint chair, and subsequently sole chair. The show has inspired three spinoff series: Are You an Egghead? (2008), Revenge of the Egghead (2014) and Make Me an Egghead (2016). There have also been episodes of the regular series featuring teams of celebrities in their own short series, with their own rolling prize fund.

History
The show began in 2003 with Dermot Murnaghan as the presenter. From 2008, Jeremy Vine presented when Murnaghan was hosting the spinoff series. After the spin-off show finished, Murnaghan and Vine continued to host the series on a rotational basis, with Murnaghan typically hosting the first half of each series and Vine taking over for the second half. From series 16 Vine became the sole presenter.

The series originally broadcast on BBC One at lunchtime beginning in November 2003, and later moved to a primetime slot on BBC Two from 2005 to 2020.

On 31 December 2016 the quiz made a brief cameo in BBC One’s Peter Pan Goes Wrong TV special.

On 12 March 2021, after a year's hiatus during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced on Jeremy Vine's titular Channel 5 programme that the quiz show would be moving to Channel 5 with Vine and the most recent Eggheads returning. The new series premiered on 4 October 2021, and alongside a studio change, only four Eggheads and four contestants now played at a time with a reduction to three one-on-one rounds to accommodate advert breaks (due to Channel 5's status as a commercial broadcaster). Due to social distancing restrictions, the desks were lengthened and perspex screens were added. The first challengers, playing for charity, were Jay's Virtual Quiz, who had become a fundraising hit on social media during the pandemic. An additional Egghead was featured on the opening credits and competed from week two.

Format
In each episode, a team of five quiz and game show champions (the Eggheads) is challenged by a team of five contestants for prize money. If the challengers lose, then £1,000 is added to the prize money fund until the Eggheads are beaten, when the prize will revert to £1,000. The most prize money that has been won is £75,000, in 2007.

Some teams have been reduced to one contestant for the final round, but have still beaten five Eggheads. Occasionally, one remaining Egghead will beat five challengers. Only once have the Eggheads lost four games in succession and only four times has a team of all five challengers won the final round. Since 2021, it has been four Eggheads against four challengers, instead of the previous five.

Rounds
The show is played in five rounds. The first four 'one-on-one' 'elimination' rounds each focus on one subject category (of nine) while the final 'conferring' round tests general knowledge. In the first four rounds, the challengers choose a member of their own team to play, and an Egghead against whom they wish to compete. The players for that round then leave the studio to go into the "Question Room". The challenger is given the choice of going first or second. Both players are asked in turn three multiple-choice questions. If there is no winner, the round goes into sudden death with no choices given for answers. Since the show moved to Channel 5, there have only been four players per team, and thus only three 'one-on-one' rounds.

The player who wins each round earns a place in the final round, while losing players are eliminated from the game.

The final general knowledge round is then played between non-eliminated Eggheads and challengers with a similar question format to the previous rounds, with the exception that if more than one remains on a team they may confer. If the challengers win they take the prize money; if the Eggheads win, the prize money is increased by £1,000 for the next quiz.

Subjects
There are nine (formerly eight) possible subjects for the first rounds. They are: Music and Film & Television were introduced in Autumn 2008 through a split of the Entertainment category. Subjects can appear in any order, although at least one of Sport, Music or Film & Television will appear in every episode. Despite the splitting of the Entertainment category, Music and Film & Television can appear in the same episode, sometimes consecutively.
 * Arts & Books (2003–present)
 * Entertainment (2003–2008)
 * Film & Television (2008–present)
 * Food & Drink (2003–present)
 * Geography (2003–present)
 * History (2003–present)
 * Music (2008–present)
 * Politics (2003–present)
 * Science (2003–present)
 * Sport (2003–present)

"Eggheads"
In the first eight series, the team consisted of only five Eggheads who each appeared in every episode and did not rotate. At the end of 2008, a sixth Egghead was added and appearances rotated. From series 15, five of eight possible Eggheads appear each episode, and later in 2016, two brand-new Eggheads (one male and one female) joined the panel after a spin-off series entitled Make Me an Egghead. Currently, there are 8 Eggheads (6 male and 2 female): Kevin Ashman, Chris Hughes, Barry Simmons, Pat Gibson, Steve Cooke, Olav Bjortomt, Lisa Thiel and Beth Webster and they currently appear on Channel 5.

Current Eggheads

 * Kevin Ashman (2003–present) is the eight-time winner of the British Quiz Championship, the winner of the third series of Fifteen to One in 1989, the 1995 Mastermind (including all-time record score), the 1996 Brain of Britain (including all-time record score), its 3-yearly Brain of Brains and 9-yearly Top Brain in 1998, the Fifteen to One: Millenium Edition in 1999, the thirteen time Brain of London winner, the twice Gold Medallist for quizzing at the Mind Sports Olympiad, the two time Master Brain, and the winner of Sale of the Century, Quiz Night, Trivial Pursuit and The Great British Quiz. Since joining Eggheads, he has won six European Quizzing Championships and six World Quizzing Championships as well as being the Captain of the England quiz team and being ranked the number one quizzer in the world.
 * Chris Hughes (2003–present) won £100 on The Sky's the Limit in the 1970s, Top of the World in 1982, Mastermind and International Mastermind in 1983 and participated on The Weakest Link in 2001 where despite answering every question correctly, was the last contestant voted off. Since joining Eggheads, he won Brain of Britain in 2005.
 * Barry Simmons (2008–present) won £64,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2005, a winning member of Masterteam in 2006 and a semi-finalist on Mastermind. He joined Eggheads in 2008 after winning the first series of Are You an Egghead? beating in the final Shaun Wallace, who would become one of two original chasers in The Chase. Since joining Eggheads, he won Brain of Britain in 2013 which garnered controversy amongst listeners. He is currently a member of the Scotland Quiz Team.
 * Pat Gibson (2009–present) was the fourth British winner of £1,000,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and the fifth recorded contestant to do so, in 2004, Mastermind in 2005 and Brain of Britain in 2006. He is a four-time winner (2007, 2010, 2014, 2015) of the British Quiz Championship, and a four-time winner (2007, 2010, 2011, 2013) of the World Quizzing Championships. He took part in Are You an Egghead? twice, losing in the quarter-finals to Mark Kerr in the first series in 2008, but winning the second series in 2009 beating David Edwards in the final to join the Eggheads. He also won Mastermind Champion of Champions in 2010. He has amassed 21 international quizzing medals and was ranked the second strongest quizzer in the UK, behind Kevin Ashman.
 * Lisa Thiel (2014–present), a previous contestant on The Weakest Link in 2001 where she made the final but lost, The Chase in 2012 and part of a winning team on the Egghead's spinoff Revenge of the Egghead in 2014.
 * Steve Cooke (2016–present), winner of the men's contest in Make Me an Egghead. He is a member of Mensa who previously won £12,900 on The People Versus in 2001.
 * Beth Webster (2016–present), winner of the women's contest in Make Me an Egghead. She is active on the Quizzing Grand Prix Circuit in the United Kingdom, and in The Quiz League of London. She was ranked as a "Sage" in the 2012 Order of Merit listings of the British Quiz Association.
 * Olav Bjortomt (2021–present), the four-time winner of the World Quizzing Championships, and a four-time European Quiz Champion. He is also a question setter for University Challenge and The Chase and has previously been a contestant on Are You an Egghead?

Former Eggheads

 * CJ de Mooi (2003–2012, Revenge of the Egghead (2014), 2014–2016) won the original The Weakest Link Bad Loser Special in 2000,100% in 2001, Beat the Nation in 2002 and Fifteen to One. He is also a Mensa chess champion. He took a break from the show from August 2012 until May 2014. His last appearance on his first run on the show was on 31 August 2012 during Series 13. He was the sole Egghead on Revenge of the Egghead, which aired on BBC Two in 2014. In May 2016, he confirmed on Twitter that he was leaving the show again to pursue an acting career in South Africa.
 * Daphne Fowler (2003–2014) won Going for Gold in 1988, Brain of Britain in 1997 and two series of Fifteen to One in 2001 (including second highest score, for which she answered every question in the final round correctly). She has now retired from Eggheads, with her last appearance being in May 2014. She was replaced in the team by returning Egghead CJ de Mooi.
 * Dave Rainford (2012–2018) appeared on Remote Control in 1991 and won £250,000 on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire in 2005. He was a previous contestant on Are You An Egghead where he was a semi-finalist in the first series in 2008, losing to eventual winner Barry Simmons, and a quarter-finalist in the second series in 2009, losing to David Edwards. He replaced CJ de Mooi. He earned himself the nickname "Tremendous Knowledge Dave". On 7 March 2020, it was reported that Rainford had died, after illness had prevented him appearing on the show since 2018.
 * Judith Keppel (2003–2022) was the first British winner of £1,000,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2000. On 10 October 2022, Judith announced her retirement from the show. On 22 March 2023, she returned to celebrate the show's 2000th episode.

Graphical representation
This chart displays when each presenter and Egghead was active. The black bars denote the start of each series.

Teams who have defeated the Eggheads
The highest amount any team has won to beat the Eggheads is £75,000 in 2007 (Series 8, Episode 14) by a team of Oxford Brookes University students, Beer Today, Gone Tomorrow.

Are You an Egghead?
On 20 October 2008, a spin-off called Are You an Egghead? debuted on BBC Two. The first series was won by Barry Simmons and ran from 20 October to 2 December 2008 while the second series was won by Pat Gibson and ran from 12 October to 23 November 2009.

Revenge of the Egghead
On 24 February 2014, a new spin-off series of Eggheads was launched called Revenge of the Egghead. It was presented by Jeremy Vine and saw the return of CJ de Mooi, who left Eggheads in 2012. In each episode, de Mooi faced a team of five contestants hoping to win thousands of pounds. The series ran for a 6-week period, between 24 February and 4 April 2014. Lisa Thiel appeared on the show as part of a winning team before becoming an Egghead herself shortly afterwards.

Main game
Each contestant, in turn, is asked a general knowledge question. If their answer is right, £200 is added to the prize fund but if their answer is wrong and de Mooi knows their answer is wrong, he presses a red button in front of him to answer the same question. If he gets it wrong and the contestant gets it right, an additional £100 is added to the prize fund. If he gets it right, the contestant is asked a multiple-choice question by de Mooi. If they get it right, gameplay continues as normal but if they get it wrong, they lose one of their two lives. If a contestant loses both of their lives, they are out of the game. When time runs out, the surviving players move on to the final round, along with the total number of lives remaining for all players, for a chance to win an equal share of the prize fund.

Final round
The final round starts out with de Mooi answering ten general knowledge questions. The number of questions he gets right becomes the target that the team has to beat. The team can confer on every question. Every wrong answer means that the team loses one of their lives and if they lose all of their lives, they leave with nothing but if they beat the target, they win an equal share of the prize fund.

Make Me an Egghead
A 25-part spin-off series ran from 22 August to 23 September 2016, with the search for two new members for the Eggheads line-up: one male, one female. The series was won by Steve Cooke and Beth Webster.

title: Eggheads (game show)


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Eduard von Simson

Martin Sigismund Eduard von Simson (10 November 1810 – 2 May 1899) was a German jurist and distinguished liberal politician of the Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire, who served as President of the Frankfurt Parliament as well as the first President of the German Parliament and of the Imperial Court. He was ennobled by Kaiser Frederick III in 1888.

Education
Eduard Simson was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, in a Jewish family. The family converted to Protestantism in 1823. After the usual course at the Gymnasium of his native town, he entered its university in 1826 as a student of jurisprudence, and specially of Roman law. He continued his studies at Berlin and Bonn, and, having graduated doctor juris, attended lectures at the École de Droit in Paris. Returning to Königsberg in 1831 he established himself as a Privatdozent in Roman law, becoming two years later extraordinary, and in 1836 ordinary, professor in the faculty of the university.

National Assembly
Like many other distinguished German jurists, pari passu with his professorial activity, Simson followed the judicial branch of the legal profession, and, passing rapidly through the subordinate stages of auscultator and assessor, became adviser (Rath) to the Landgericht in 1846. In this year he stood for the representation of Königsberg in the National Assembly at Frankfurt am Main, and on his election was immediately appointed secretary, and in the course of the same year became successively its vice-president and president.

Frederick William IV
In Berlin on 3 April 1849, Simson appeared in his capacity of president at the head of a deputation of the Frankfurt Parliament to announce to King Frederick William IV his election as German Emperor by the representatives of the people. The king, either apprehensive of a rupture with the Austrian Empire, or fearing detriment to the prerogatives of the Prussian crown should he accept this dignity at the hands of a democracy, refused the offer. Simson, bitterly disappointed at the outcome of his mission, resigned his seat in the Frankfurt Parliament, but in the summer of the same year was elected deputy for Königsberg in the popular chamber of the Prussian Landtag. Here he soon made his mark as one of the best orators in that assembly. A member of the short-lived Erfurt Parliament of 1850, he was again summoned to the presidential chair.

Prussian Landtag
On the dissolution of the Erfurt assembly, Simson retired from politics, and for the next few years devoted himself exclusively to his academic and judicial duties. It was not until 1859 that he re-entered public life, when he was elected deputy for Königsberg in the lower chamber of the Prussian Landtag, of which he was president in 1860 and 1861. In the first of these years he attained high judicial office as president of the court of appeal at Frankfurt (Oder). In 1867, having been elected a member of the constituent assembly of the North German Confederation, he again occupied the presidential chair, as he did also in the first regular North German Reichstag and the Reichstag of the German Empire which succeeded it.

William I
On 18 December 1870, Simson arrived at the head of a deputation in the German headquarters at Versailles to offer the imperial crown to the king of Prussia in the name of the newly elected Reichstag. The conditions under which Prussia might justly aspire to the hegemony in Germany at last appeared to have been accomplished; no obstacles, as in 1849, were in the way of the acceptance of the crown by the leading sovereign of the confederation, and on 18 January 1871 King William I of Prussia was proclaimed with all pomp German Emperor in the Salle des Glaces at Palace of Versailles.

Reichsgericht
Simson continued as president of the Reichstag until 1874, when he retired from the chair, and in 1877 resigned his seat in the Diet, but at Otto von Bismarck's urging, accepted the presidency of the supreme court of justice (Reichsgericht). He filled this high office with great distinction until his final retirement from public life in 1891.

His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

Orders and decorations

 * Kingdom of Prussia:
 * Knight of the Royal Order of the Crown, 1st Class, 18 January 1881
 * Knight of the Order of the Red Eagle, 1st Class (50 years) with Oak Leaves and Enamel Band of the Royal Crown Order, 15 May 1883
 * Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 1888

title: Eduard von Simson


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Yewon Arts University

Yewon Arts University is a private university located in Imsil County, North Jeolla province, South Korea. Undergraduate courses of study include painting, jewelry design, cultural product design, visual imaging, animation, music, dance, comedy, and cultural property preservation, as well as e-business and leisure studies. Campus facilities include a library and broadcasting facility. The dormitory is located in neighboring Jeonju City.

Notable people

 * Kim Shin-young, comedienne

title: Yewon Arts University


text:
Talk:Yewon Arts University

Yewon university
Sir, I can talk you? Plz tell me ? Yewon university of arts admission detail send me and documents required Thanks Sana sajid (talk) 04:08, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yewon Arts University


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Bob Bertles

Bob Bertles is an Australian jazz alto, tenor and baritone saxophonist and bandleader.

Life and career
A self-taught musician, Bertles in the late 1950s and early 60s was a member of the developing modern jazz scene that grew out of venues like the Mocambo in Newtown and the El Rocco Jazz Cellar in Sydney's Kings Cross.

Active in clubs, on TV, as a session musician and on the pop-rock scene, he toured with Johnny O'Keefe.

In 1967 Bertles temporarily joined Sydney-based rock-soul band Max Merritt & The Meteors. Only weeks after joining, Bertles, Merritt and drummer Stewie Speer narrowly escaped death after their van collided head-on with a truck on the way to a country dance; all three were seriously injured and Bertles was left with a permanent limp. In 1974, after the group split, Bertles joined Ian Carr's Nucleus.

In more recent years Bertles has toured Europe extensively, joined the orchestra for the Australian production of the stage musical Chicago, where he met his future wife, theatre performer Nancye Hayes.

In addition to regular concerts, festivals, session work, and touring, Bertles' recent projects include recording and live performances with Sydney's renowned Ten Part Invention.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 1996
 * Rhythm of the Heart
 * Best Jazz Album
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Bob Bertles


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British Rail DP2

DP2, meaning Development Prototype number 2, was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive, built by English Electric in 1962. DP2 was effectively the prototype for the later ; it trialled the engine and electronic systems later used in that class of locomotives.

Externally DP2 was visually similar to a Class 55 "Deltic" locomotive, as it used a modified Deltic bodyshell, but internally it had a single engine of a different type to the twin-engined Deltics. DP2 was used firstly in trials, and then in ordinary service until 1967, when it was wrecked in a serious accident at Thirsk.

Design
The locomotive was built in 1962 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. As the Deltics were then in production, it was decided to produce the locomotive on the same production line; the bodyshell used for DP2 reputedly being the eighteenth made. While DP2 looked like a Deltic in outline, there were many detail differences; particularly the large bodyside radiator vents at one end, and the single roof fan as opposed to the four symmetrically placed fans on the Deltics. These differences revealed that DP2 was totally different from the twin-engined Deltics internally, having only a single prime mover and generator. The loco was later updated with electronic control systems to become the forerunner of the Class 50.

It was of Co-Co wheel arrangement and was fitted with an English Electric 16CSVT engine of 2700 hp. It had a maximum speed of 90 mph and weighed 105 LT. It was initially painted in standard BR Brunswick Green livery and later (from 1965) in two-tone green livery with a light green lower bodyside band.

Operation
Its first test service was on 2 May 1962, running light from Newton-le-Willows to Chester and back. Its final test with Vulcan Foundry was a fast running test six days later, with a 15-coach train of 475 LT between Crewe and Penrith, passing Tebay at 80 mph. On 11 May, the locomotive was lent to the London Midland Region for crew training where it undertook a few Crewe–Birmingham runs.

From 14 May 1962, BR tested it on regular London Midland Region services out of London Euston and later on the Eastern Region from London King's Cross. Following its first major overhaul in mid-1965 and clad in new two-tone green Deltic livery, it was used on the Sheffield Pullman workings until 1966. It was fitted with electronic tractive effort and wheel-slip control which gave it superior acceleration to a Deltic, in spite of possessing only 82% of the power. It was placed in a Deltic Diagram covering the 01.32 King's Cross - Edinburgh and the 22.50 Edinburgh - King's Cross, These duties were performed quite punctually and without complaint. In August 1966, it was derailed at Edinburgh Waverley station.

Accident
On 31 July 1967 it was involved in a serious accident at Thirsk, colliding at speed with the de-railed Cliffe (Kent) to Uddingston (Glasgow) cement train. DP2 sustained severe front and left hand side damage, and was taken to York shed where it remained sheeted over. The damage proved to be so great that it was considered uneconomical to repair. It was withdrawn from BR service in September 1967 and moved to the Vulcan Foundry where it was stored until it was dismantled in 1968, its reusable parts being provided to the Class 50 pool of spares. Its engine initially went to D417/50 017 'Royal Oak', but ended its working days in D437/50037 'Illustrious'.

Models
The DP2 "Prototype Deltic" is being made as a kit and ready-to-run in OO gauge by Silver Fox Models. Ready-to-run models in both liveries are also available from Heljan.

title: British Rail DP2


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Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Hong Kong)

The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is a late 19th-century English Gothic revival church that serves as the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong. It is located in the Mid-Levels area of the city at 16 Caine Road.

Groundbreaking and construction of the cathedral began in 1883 after the previous cathedral, on Wellington Street, was destroyed by fire. Built from brick and stone, the new cathedral was designed by the London-based architectural firm Crawley and Company. The church opened on 7 December 1888, the day before the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, and was consecrated in 1938. Three years later, it was damaged during the Battle of Hong Kong, but remained untouched throughout the subsequent Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. At the turn of the century, the cathedral underwent an extensive and costly program of refurbishment, which was completed in 2002. The cathedral is listed as a Grade I historic building by the Hong Kong Government.

Original structure (1843–1859)
After the First Opium War, Hong Kong was ceded to the British in the Treaty of Nanking and the colony soon became a popular stopover for missionaries travelling onwards to China. The parish was established in 1842 by Theodore Joset, the first Prefect Apostolic of Hong Kong, and work began on a new and permanent church soon afterwards. The new church was located at the junction of Pottinger Street and Wellington Street. Construction was completed in 1843. Within the next few years, the number of Catholics in the parish grew significantly, partly due to the emigration of people from neighbouring Macau. The Portuguese colony was in gradual decline, and many people who resided there sought better opportunities in the young and prospering colony of Hong Kong.

Second cathedral (1859)
In 1859, just sixteen years after it was built, the church was destroyed by fire. This was not uncommon, however, as devastating fires frequently plagued the developing colony, and a new cathedral was quickly built on the same site. It featured iconic twin steeples at its facade. However, the Victoria Harbour waterfront district where the church was situated became more overcrowded with the rapid growth of Hong Kong at the time, and it became apparent that a permanent and larger cathedral was necessary. As a result, plans were made for a new church on a more elevated ground in Mid-Levels, located close to the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens.

Present-day cathedral
A new site for the cathedral was selected above Caine Road by the Glenealy Ravine and the cornerstone of the new church was laid on 8 December 1883. Crawley and Company of London were hired to be the architects and five years later, construction was completed. The church opened on 7 December 1888, the vigil of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, and was blessed one day later. The construction of the cathedral cost US$15,400, and since a Catholic church can only be consecrated once it has become free from debt, the cathedral did not have its rite of consecration held until 8 December 1938, exactly fifty years after it first opened. The ceremony was officiated by the vicar apostolic of Hong Kong Enrico Valtorta, the bishop of Macau José da Costa Nunes and the bishop emeritus of Canton; three of the cathedral's altars were also consecrated.

During the Second World War, the cathedral suffered damage on its anniversary in 1941, when a Japanese shell was dropped onto it during the Battle of Hong Kong. However, it survived the war relatively unscathed due to a decree made a century before. When the mission in Hong Kong was first established in 1841, Pope Pius IX ruled that, although the colony was under British rule, the Prefecture Apostolic should remain under the administration of the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions (PIME), a missionary society from Italy. As a result, the Japanese treated the cathedral as being under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy, with whom they were not at war. Because of this, the cathedral was spared from being ransacked and plundered by the occupying forces and its archives were preserved better than other churches throughout Hong Kong, having been left "relatively unscathed." After the conclusion of the war, the cathedral underwent a series of renovations. The roof – which was previously made of timber – was replaced with a concrete one in 1952 due to damage from termites. The reordering of the sanctuary took place in 1969 after the Second Vatican Council, in which the main altar was moved to the cathedral's crossing. In 1988, air conditioning was installed and the roof underwent reparation.

Significant leaks in the roof were reported in 1997 and a massive restoration project took place. This entailed fixing the roof, repainting the walls and the niche housing the statue of the Immaculate Conception, replacing tiles, enhancing the lighting and sound system and installing new stained glass windows in the Chapel of Our Lord's Passion, which was rededicated to the Chinese Martyrs. The renovation was completed on 8 December 2002 and cost a total of US$1.1 million. The project's success in preserving the building's heritage resulted in the cathedral being given an honourable mention at the 2003 UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation and presented with the award on its anniversary in 2003.

The cathedral holds a Red Mass every other year for the Judiciary of Hong Kong, alternating with St. John's Cathedral in hosting the annual opening of the Assizes.

Interior
The cathedral, built in an English Gothic style, is cruciform in the shape of the Latin cross. The exterior walls of the church were built from brick and stone, while its base and columns were made of granite. Its dimensions are 82 m long, 40 m wide and 23.7 m tall, with the tower at the centre rising to 33.7 m.

Altar of St. Joseph
Located to the right of the main altar and sanctuary is the side altar of St. Joseph. It was given to the cathedral by King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and the donation was facilitated by Joseph Mary Sala, an expatriate living in Hong Kong who was from the nobility of Italy. It is adorned by the royal coat of arms of the House of Savoy; this conspicuous symbol of Italy was said to have helped the cathedral identify itself as Italian rather than British, and thus, remain untouched throughout the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, as the Kingdom of Italy and Empire of Japan were both signatories to the Tripartite Pact.

Altar of the Sacred Heart
Located to the left of the main altar is the side altar of the Sacred Heart. It was previously used as the high altar of the original cathedral at Wellington Street. It now houses the Blessed Sacrament – serving as the cathedral's main tabernacle after the removal of the high altar in 1969 – and is reserved for Eucharistic adoration.

Chapel of Our Lord's Passion (now Chapel of Chinese Martyrs)
Located to the right of the cathedral's sacristy is the side chapel of Our Lord's Passion. Given by J.J. Braga, a parishioner from Portugal, it was rededicated to the Chinese Martyrs after the 1997–2002 renovation. The chapel was chosen out of the four to commemorate the then-newly canonised saints because it was the most thematically similar, in that the martyrs gave up their lives for the faith, emulating Jesus' sacrifice to save mankind. New stained glass windows were installed depicting the saints.

Crypt
A crypt was constructed beneath the former Chapel of St. Anthony in 2009 to house the remains of former bishops of Hong Kong. This consists of two vicar apostolics, Timoleon Raimondi and Dominic Pozzoni, and five of the six deceased bishops – Enrico Valtorta, Lorenzo Bianchi, Francis Hsu, Peter Lei, and John Baptist Wu. Bianchi's remains were interred later than the others (apart from Wu) due to the fact that he was buried in Milan. Thus, the diocese had to apply for permission to allow for some of his remains to be transported back to Hong Kong; the request was eventually granted. Wu's remains were interred in September 2022, twenty years after his death, while the remains of Michael Yeung are buried at St. Michael's Catholic Cemetery in Happy Valley.

The inspiration for the crypt came from the design of a traditional Chinese family house, which would contain the remains of ancestors. The bishop at the time, Joseph Cardinal Zen, felt that the crypt would be a "symbolic move to inherit the teachings of previous generations in order to inspire future ones." Because the cathedral is a Grade I historic building, prior approval had to be obtained from the Buildings Department before any construction work could be carried out.

Relics of the Chinese Martyrs
Shortly after the canonisation of the 120 Chinese Martyrs on 1 October 2000, the relics of sixteen of them were placed at the Chinese Martyrs' Chapel (formerly the Chapel of Our Lord's Passion). They are stored in a relic box – designed locally by Sister Paola Yue – that is situated at the foot of the side altar.

Relic of Pope John Paul II

In November 2011, a lock of John Paul II's hair was brought to the cathedral after the Holy See granted the Diocese of Hong Kong a relic from the late pontiff. The diocese had earlier requested this, since they felt this would symbolically accomplish the Pope's longtime dream of visiting China. He had constantly stated his intent of visiting the country, but never did so due to the longstanding tensions and strained relations between China and the Holy See. Bishop John Tong Hon expressed his hope that the relic would be able to venerated by the Mainland Chinese faithful who visited Hong Kong, the only city on Chinese soil and the first city in Asia to house a relic of John Paul II. It is currently displayed in the same chapel as the bishops' crypt.

Relic of Blessed Gabriele Allegra
The relic of Blessed Gabriele Allegra, being the bone from his right middle finger, was placed at the Chinese Martyrs' Chapel. He was known for accomplishing the first complete translation of the Catholic Bible into the Chinese language.


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Henry Morgenthau Sr.

Henry Morgenthau (April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946) was a German-born American lawyer and businessman, best known for his role as the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Morgenthau was one of the most prominent Americans who spoke about the Greek genocide and the Armenian genocide of which he stated, "I am firmly convinced that this is the greatest crime of the ages".

Morgenthau was the father of the politician Henry Morgenthau Jr. His grandchildren include Robert M. Morgenthau, District Attorney of Manhattan for 35 years, and Barbara W. Tuchman, a historian who won the Pulitzer Prize for her book The Guns of August.

Early life and education
Morgenthau was born the ninth of 11 living children, in Mannheim, Baden (present-day Baden-Württemberg, Germany), in 1856 into an Ashkenazi Jewish family. He was the son of Lazarus and Babette (Guggenheim) Morgenthau. His father was a successful cigar manufacturer who had cigar factories at Mannheim, Lorsch and Heppenheim, employing as many as 1,000 people (Mannheim had a population of 21,000 during this period). His business suffered a severe financial setback during the American Civil War, due to an 1862 tobacco tariff on imports, which closed German tobacco exports to the US for good.

The Morgenthau family immigrated to New York in 1866. There, despite considerable savings, his father was not able to re-establish himself in business. His development and marketing of various inventions and his investments in other enterprises failed. Lazarus Morgenthau staved off failure and stabilized his income by becoming a fundraiser for Jewish houses of worship. Henry attended City College of New York, where he received his BA, and later Columbia Law School.

Business career
He began his career as a lawyer, but he made a substantial fortune in real estate investments. In 1898, he acquired 41 lots on New York's Lower East Side from William Waldorf Astor for $850,000. A few years later, he led a syndicate that bought a swath of undeveloped land in Washington Heights around 181st Street, anticipating the construction of the first subway through the area. In 1899 he left his law practice and became president of the Central Realty, Bond & Trust Company. He was president of the Henry Morgenthau Company from 1905 to 1913.

Morgenthau married Josephine Sykes in 1882 and they had four children: Helen, Alma, Henry Jr. and Ruth. His daughter Helen - a noted garden writer who broadcast on radio & television and lectured on horticulture - married Mortimer J. Fox an architect, banker and landscape artist. His daughter Alma - an art collector and patron of the arts & music - married investment banker, art collector and philanthropist Maurice Wertheim. His daughter Ruth married banker and philanthropist George Washington Naumburg She was also a civic leader supporting the arts and music. Ruth founded Fountain House, a home in NYC to assist those with schizophrenia and men leaving jail. It was a residence that pioneered providing psychological counseling to people, and developed the novel concept of looking after the community's mental health. She was also a board member of the Manhattan School of Music, and there she established a fund to assist troubled students at the school, which still operates. In Pound Ridge, NY she co-founded the town's library and gave it an additional reading room, and then at her death, she donated the Henry Morgenthau Preserve, Pound Ridge, NY, in her father's memory.

Morgenthau built a successful career as a lawyer and served as the leader of the Reform Jewish community in New York.

Political career

Morgenthau's career enabled him to contribute handsomely to President Woodrow Wilson's election campaign in 1912. He had first met Wilson in 1911 at a dinner celebrating the fourth anniversary of the founding of the Free Synagogue society and the two "seem to have bonded", marking the "turning point in Morgenthau's political career". His role in American politics grew more pronounced in later months. Although he did not gain the chairmanship of Wilson's campaign finance committee, Morgenthau was offered the position of ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. He had hoped for a cabinet post as well, but was not successful in gaining one.

Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
As an early Wilson supporter, Morgenthau assumed that Wilson would appoint him to a cabinet-level position, but the new president had other plans for him. Like other prominent Jewish Americans (Oscar Straus and Solomon Hirsch before him), Morgenthau was appointed as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Wilson's assumption that Jews somehow represented a bridge between Muslim Turks and Christian Armenians rankled Morgenthau; in reply, Wilson assured him that the Porte in Constantinople "was the point at which the interest of American Jews in the welfare of the Jews of Palestine is focused, and it is almost indispensable that I have a Jew in that post". Though no Zionist himself, Morgenthau cared "fervidly" about the plight of his co-religionists. He initially rejected the position, but following a trip to Europe, and with the encouragement of his pro-Zionist friend Rabbi Stephen Wise, he reconsidered his decision and accepted Wilson's offer. Appointed as U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in 1913, he served in this position until 1916.

Although the safety of American citizens in the Ottoman Empire, mostly Christian missionaries and Jews, loomed large early in his ambassadorship, Morgenthau said that he was most preoccupied by the Armenian Question. After the outbreak of war in 1914, the U.S. remained neutral, so the American Embassy – and by extension Morgenthau – additionally represented many of the Allies' interests in Constantinople, since they had withdrawn their diplomatic missions after the beginning of hostilities. As Ottoman authorities began the Armenian genocide in 1914–1915, the American consuls residing in different parts of the Empire flooded Morgenthau's desk with reports nearly every hour, documenting the massacres and deportation marches taking place. Faced with the accumulating evidence, he officially informed the U.S. government of the activities of the Ottoman government and asked Washington to intervene.

The American government however, not wanting to get dragged into disputes, remained a neutral power in the conflict at the time and voiced little official reaction. Morgenthau held high-level meetings with the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to help alleviate the position of the Armenians, but the Turks waived and ignored his protestations. He famously admonished the Ottoman Interior Minister Talaat Pasha, stating: "Our people will never forget these massacres." As the massacres continued unabated, Morgenthau and several other Americans decided to form a public fund-raising committee to assist the Armenians – the Committee on Armenian Atrocities (later renamed the Near East Relief) – raising over $100 million in aid, the equivalent of $1 billion today. Through his friendship with Adolph Ochs, publisher of The New York Times, Morgenthau also ensured that the massacres continued to receive prominent coverage. The The New York Times published 145 articles in 1915 alone.

Exasperated with his relationship with the Ottoman government, he resigned from the ambassadorship in 1916. Looking back on that decision in his memoir Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, he wrote he had come to see the Ottoman Empire as "a place of horror. I had reached the end of my resources. I found intolerable my further daily association with men, however gracious and accommodating…who were still reeking with the blood of nearly a million human beings." He published his conversations with Ottoman leaders and his account of the Armenian genocide in Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, which appeared in the end of 1918.

In June 1917 Felix Frankfurter accompanied Morgenthau, as a representative of the War Department, on a secret mission to persuade the Ottoman Empire to abandon the Central Powers in the war effort. The mission had as its stated purpose to "ameliorate the condition of the Jewish communities in Palestine". In 1918 Morgenthau gave public speeches in the United States warning that the Greeks and Assyrians were being subjected to the "same methods" of deportation and "wholesale massacre" as the Armenians, and that two million Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians had already perished.

Interwar period
Following the war, there was much interest and preparation within the Jewish community for the forthcoming Paris Peace Conference, by groups both supportive and opposed to the concept of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. In March 1919, as President Woodrow Wilson was leaving for the Conference, Morgenthau was among 31 prominent Jewish Americans to sign an anti-Zionist petition presented by U.S. Congressman Julius Kahn; he and many other prominent Jewish representatives attended the Conference. Morgenthau served as an advisor regarding Eastern Europe and the Middle East, and later worked with war-related charitable bodies, including the Relief Committee for the Middle East, the Greek Refugee Settlement Commission and the American Red Cross. In 1919, he headed the United States government fact-finding mission to Poland, which produced the Morgenthau Report. In 1933, he was the American representative at the Geneva Conference.

Death
Morgenthau died in 1946 following a cerebral hemorrhage, in New York City, and was buried in Hawthorne, New York, at the age of 90. His son Henry Morgenthau Jr. was a Secretary of the Treasury from 1934 to July 1945. His daughter, Alma Wertheim, had married banker Maurice Wertheim in 1909 and was the mother of historian Barbara Tuchman. His daughter Ruth Morgenthau was married to banker George W. Naumburg (son of Elkan Naumburg), and then John Knight.

Selected works
Morgenthau published several books. The Library of Congress holds some 30,000 documents from his personal papers, including:
 * Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday (online).
 * The Secrets of the Bosphorus (1918) (online)
 * The Morgenthau Report (October 3, 1919) concerning the plight of Jews in the Second Polish Republic.
 * All in a Lifetime (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co, 1925), 454 pages, 7 illustrations; featuring the Morgenthau Report (online, at Archive.org).
 * I was sent to Athens (1929) deals with his time working with Greek refugees (openlibrary.org)
 * The Murder of a Nation (1974). With preface by W. N. Medlicott. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America.

 * Diaries
 * United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau, 1913–1916 (2004). Compiled with an introduction by Ara Sarafian. London: Taderon Press (Gomidas Institute). ISBN 1-903656-40-0.

 * Official documents
 * Ara Sarafian (ed.): United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide. 1915–1917 (2004). London and Princeton: Gomidas Institute. ISBN 1-903656-39-7

Depictions
In Terry George's 2016 drama The Promise, set in the final years of the Ottoman Empire, Morgenthau is played by James Cromwell.

title: Henry Morgenthau Sr.


text:
Sara Lee Corporation

The Sara Lee Corporation was an American consumer-goods company based in Downers Grove, Illinois. On July 4, 2012, Sara Lee Corporation was split into two companies: one for North American operations renamed Hillshire Brands (the Sara Lee name continued to be used on bakery and certain deli products distributed by Hillshire Brands), the other for international beverage and bakery businesses named D.E Master Blenders 1753.

It had operations in more than 40 countries and sold its products in over 180 countries. Its international operations were headquartered in Utrecht, The Netherlands. As of 2020 the Sara Lee brand is owned by Kohlberg & Company, making frozen cakes, etc. at its present facility in Illinois, United States.

Sara Lee is also the brand name of a number of frozen and packaged foods, often known for the long-running slogan "Everybody doesn't like something, but nobody doesn't like Sara Lee", often incorrectly reported as "Nobody does it like Sara Lee".

As of 2005, Sara Lee Corporation had operations in more than 40 countries; sold food, beverage, and household products in over 180 countries; and had some 137,000 employees worldwide.

History
In 1935, Charles Lubin and his brother-in-law, Arthur Gordon, bought a small chain of Chicago neighborhood bakeries called Community Bake Shops. Working together, the businessmen expanded their original three stores into a chain of seven bakeries. Lubin wanted to expand the business. He named a cream cheesecake after his eight-year-old daughter, Sara Lee Lubin, and changed the name of the business to Kitchens of Sara Lee. In 1956, the Consolidated Foods Corporation bought Kitchens of Sara Lee, and it became one of the company's best-known brand names. In 1985, the name Sara Lee Corporation was adopted for the corporation as a whole.

While the company traced its lineage to 1939, when Nathan Cummings acquired C. D. Kenny Company, a wholesale distributor of sugar, coffee, and tea in Baltimore, Consolidated Foods Corporation was actually the descendant of a Chicago grocery store called Sprague, Warner & Company. This enterprise, which started on State Street in Chicago, was founded during the Civil War by Albert A. Sprague and Ezra J. Warner. By 1909, Sprague, Warner & Company was one of the leading wholesale grocery companies in the United States, famous for house brands such as Richelieu, Ferndell, and Batavia. In 1942, this company was acquired by the Canadian-born Cummings. The new Chicago-based company, at first called Sprague Warner–Kenny Corp., ranked as the largest grocery wholesaler in the United States. Annual sales grew from about $20 million in 1942 to $120 million by 1946. After changing its name in 1945 to Consolidated Grocers, Cummings's company became the Consolidated Foods Corporation in 1953.

In 1986, Sara Lee bought the manufacturing and mail order operations of Wolferman's, a maker of English muffins, that dated back to 1888.

In February 1988, Sara Lee agreed to the purchase of the 84-year-old Adams-Millis Corporation of High Point, North Carolina, the largest private label sock and stocking manufacturer in the United States, with 3000 employees and 1987 sales of nearly $200 million.

On June 25, 2001, Sara Lee Corp pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and agreed to pay $4.4 million for selling tainted meat that was blamed for at least 15 deaths and six miscarriages in 1998; the agreement stressed that Sara Lee's Bil Mar Foods division did not knowingly distribute the tainted meat. On August 7, 2001, Sara Lee Corp cleared the last remaining regulatory hurdle in its purchase of Earthgrains Co, receiving approval from the European Commission (S).

Brenda C. Barnes joined Sara Lee Corporation in July 2004 as the president and chief operating officer. Then in February 2005, Barnes was named president and chief executive officer, and the corporation announced it would move its headquarters from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Downers Grove, Illinois, which housed the company's North American operating businesses and the majority of Sara Lee's corporate staff.

Also in February 2005, the company began executing a multi-year plan to transform Sara Lee into a company focused on its food, beverage, and household and body care businesses around the world. To support that focus, Sara Lee announced plans to dispose of approximately 40 percent of the company's revenues, including its apparel, European packaged meats, US retail coffee and direct selling businesses. On December 22, 2005, Sara Lee Corporation was to delist from Euronext Amsterdam and Euronext Paris stock exchanges, as well as the Swiss Exchange. The company said it was taking the voluntary step due to low trading volumes on those exchanges.

2005 also saw the debut of Sara Lee Soft & Smooth made with whole grain white bread. In October, Barnes succeeded C. Steven McMillan as chairman. The year ended with the sale of the direct selling business to Tupperware.

In 2006, Sara Lee announced a new company wide campaign: "the joy of eating". The campaign was part of a restructuring at Sara Lee.

2006 featured the divestiture of Sara Lee's European meats and European branded apparel businesses. In addition, the corporation spun off to its shareholders the branded apparel, Americas/Asia, business, into a separate, publicly traded company called Hanesbrands Inc.

Including the spin-off, Sara Lee raised more than $3.7 billion in proceeds as part of the company's transformation plan. In addition to the monetary benefits, the company became tightly focused on its core businesses: food, beverage, and household and body care. In 2008, Sara Lee sold off its Direct Store Delivery foodservice coffee business to Farmer Brothers for a reported $45 million.

By 2009, Sara Lee was pursuing the sale of its household and body care business in their continuing effort to focus on core business. In April, Sara Lee launched a state-of-the-art research and development center named The Kitchens of Sara Lee, a 120000 sqft campus at the company's headquarters in Downers Grove.

On September 25, 2009, Sara Lee announced it accepted a binding offer by Unilever for €1.275 billion to sell its global body care and European detergents business. The transaction was approved by EU regulators in November of the following year.

On November 9, 2010, Sara Lee said that by selling its North American Fresh Bakery unit to Grupo Bimbo, it could grow in other areas. The $959 million deal gave Sara Lee the right to continue using the Sara Lee name on frozen desserts and meat products. Grupo Bimbo was to use the Sara Lee name for fresh-baked products around the world except for Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand. The deal also gave Grupo Bimbo 41 baking plants, and the regional brands Grandma Sycamore's, Heiner's and Rainbo.

On January 28, 2011, Sara Lee announced the company would be split into two units. The company said its North American operations (including Jimmy Dean, Ball Park and Hillshire Farm) would take the Hillshire Brands corporate name, while the international beverage and bakery businesses (including Douwe Egberts, Senseo, Pickwick, Maison du Café, L'OR, Café Pilão, and Marcilla) would constitute a separate unit named D.E Master Blenders 1753. Some analysts claimed splitting the business into two units would make a takeover more likely. Stockholders would have equal shares in both companies. In the same month, Sara Lee received noted media attention regarding their strategy to "refocus on the core" to revamp the company. In a Forbes magazine column, Adam Hartung stated Sara Lee could not "cost-cut, refocus or re-align a business to success with no new products and no growth plan". Also, Marcel Smits, interim CEO since Barnes suffered a stroke, became the new CEO, and Jan Bennink director and chairman. The split was completed on July 4, 2012.

The successor company, Hillshire Brands, re-located its headquarters from Downers Grove to Chicago in 2012. In 2014, Hillshire, along with the Sara Lee operations, was acquired by Tyson Foods.

On June 1, 2018, Tyson announced that it would sell the Sara Lee, Van's, Chef Pierre and Bistro Collection brands to Kohlberg & Company. The sale was completed on August 1, forming Sara Lee Frozen Bakery, which will be based in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois.

Brands

 * Food

 * Ball Park Franks: hot dogs
 * Bryan: meats
 * Bryan Foods: meats
 * CroustiPâte: bakery, European market
 * Deli d'Italia: meats
 * Deli Perfect: meats
 * Emeril: meats
 * Galileo: salame, meats (east coast)
 * Gallo Salame: meats (San Francisco, west coast)
 * Green Hill: sausage
 * Hillshire Farm: meats
 * Jimmy Dean: pork sausages and meat products
 * Kahn's: meats
 * King Cotton: meats
 * Mr. Turkey
 * Ortiz: bakery
 * R.B. Rice: meats
 * Rainbo: bakery
 * Rudy's Farm: pork sausage and breakfast sandwiches
 * Sara Lee: bakery, condiments, deli cheese, deli meats and frozen sweets
 * State Fair: corn dogs
 * West Virginia Brand: meats

 * Beverages

 * Butter-Nut Cappuccino:
 * Bravo:
 * Caboclo
 * Café Continental
 * Café Damasco
 * Café do Ponto
 * Café Pilão
 * Cafitesse
 * Chat Noir
 * Cain's Coffee
 * Douwe Egberts: coffee, tea
 * Harris
 * Hornimans
 * Jacqmotte
 * Java Coast
 * Kanis & Gunnink
 * Kayo
 * Laurentis
 * Maison du Café
 * Marcilla
 * Maryland Club
 * Merrild
 * Moccona
 * Natreen
 * Natrena
 * Paradise
 * Piazza d'Oro
 * Pickwick: tea
 * Prima
 * Seleto
 * Senseo: coffee machine and coffee pods
 * Soley
 * Steamers
 * Suntipt
 * Van Nelle

Divested
Sara Lee Corporation announced in 2006 that it had completed the sale of its branded apparel business in Europe to an affiliate of Sun Capital Partners. Such brands included Dim, Playtex, Wonderbra, Lovable, Abanderado, Nur Die, Unno and Bellinda. Sara Lee Corporation announced on Sept 28, 2009, that it had received a binding offer for its Global Body Care and European Detergents to Unilever for €1.275 billion. On June 1, 2010, Sara Lee announced it had completed the sale of its 51 percent stake in its Godrej Sara Lee joint venture to Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. for a total consideration of €185 million ($230 million). On June 15, 2010, the company announced that it had received a binding offer of $153.5 million for its remaining insecticides business. The offer is dependent on European Union antitrust approval; the decision is due May 2, 2011. On July 5, 2010, Sara Lee completed the sale of its Ambi Pur air care business to Procter & Gamble for €320 million. On April 4, 2011, Sara Lee completed the sale of its Kiwi shoe care business to SC Johnson for €245 million. In 2010, Sara Lee completed the sale of White King and Janola brands to Symex for €38 million. In addition, Sara Lee announced the pending sale of its non-Indian insecticides business to SC Johnson for €153.5 million.

In 2010, Sara Lee divested its North American fresh bakery business to Grupo Bimbo.

In 2012, Hillshire Brands sold its Australian bakery operations to McCain Foods.

Discontinued
On November 19, 2008, Sara Lee Corporation, which had acquired "the No. 2 kosher hot dog brand" in 1993, announced that it would close its kosher hot dog and meat processing facility in Chicago, on or before January 30, 2009. Sara Lee decided to exit the kosher meat business and discontinue processing and distributing products made under all of its kosher meat brands, including: Best's Kosher, Sinai Kosher, Shofar and Wilno.

As of early 2019, certain Sara Lee bread and other baked goods products, which had dropped some kosher certifications in 2017, restored them.

Political issues
Throughout 2012, Sara Lee contributed $343,600 to a $46 million political campaign known as "The Coalition Against The Costly Food Labeling Proposition, sponsored by Farmers and Food Producers". This organization was set up to oppose a California citizen's initiative, known as Proposition 37, demanding mandatory labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients.

The Sara Lee Foundation
The Sara Lee Foundation was founded in 1981 to formalize Sara Lee's dedication to community services.

title: Sara Lee Corporation


text:
Cape May Seashore Lines

Cape May Seashore Lines is a short line railroad in southern New Jersey that operates both freight trains and excursion trains. It offers two excursion services: a 30 mile round trip between Richland and Tuckahoe along the Beesley's Point Secondary railroad line and a 14 mile round trip between Rio Grande, Cold Spring Village, and Cape May City along the Cape May Branch (service between Rio Grande and Cape May is suspended due to theft of track material and damage along the Cape May Branch). The track is owned by NJ Transit and leased to the Seashore Lines. The Cape May Branch is the original line operated by the Cape May Seashore Lines and runs from Cape May north to Tuckahoe, connecting to the Beesley's Point Secondary in Tuckahoe. Cape May Seashore Lines operates freight service along the Beesley's Point Secondary line between Winslow and Palermo, interchanging with Conrail Shared Assets Operations in Winslow. Tony Macrie has been president of the Seashore Lines since he formed the railroad in 1984.

Predecessor lines
The line to Cape May was built in 1863 by the Tuckahoe and Cape May Railroad, and operated by the Philadelphia and Reading Railway's Atlantic City Railroad and later Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines (PRSL). At one time, the rail line was known as "The Steel Speedway To The Shore”. Eventually it became part of Conrail, which ended passenger service on the line in 1981, ended freight service on October 10, 1983 and sold the line to New Jersey Transit as their Cape May Branch.

Establishment of CMSL
The Seashore Lines was founded by Tony Macrie (CEO) in January 1984. Regular train service between Cape May Court House and Cold Spring Village began in 1996. Service was extended in Cape May City in 1999 after repairs to the swing bridge crossing the Cape May Canal were completed.

In 2005, mechanical issues with the Cape May Canal swing bridge prevented trains from entering the city of Cape May. Although the bridge was repaired a year later, a severe storm in April 2007 damaged the tracks and left locomotives stranded in Tuckahoe. Passenger train service between Rio Grande and Cape May City resumed on October 12, 2009.

New Jersey Seashore Lines
New Jersey Seashore Lines (NJSL) is a subsidiary of Cape May Seashore Lines. New Jersey Seashore Lines was created by Cape May Seashore Lines in conjunction with the Clayton Sand Co. in Chatsworth. Using state and federal grants New Jersey Seashore Lines has rehabilitated 13 mile of track between Lakehurst and the Woodmansie section of Chatsworth (which itself is part of Woodland Township), where Clayton operates a sand mine. New Jersey Seashore Lines had originally planned to operate rail service to transport sand and gravel from Clayton and serve the needs of any other customers that might need rail service along the line. The line was originally owned by the Central Railroad of New Jersey and was once part of the route of the famed Blue Comet. South of Woodmansie the tracks are abandoned leaving no connection from the south. Neither CMSL, their subsidiary NJSL or Clayton Sand Co. have released any information on the current or future plans for the line and if or when operation may begin.

Lines

 * Richland- Tuckahoe Station, Tuckahoe
 * Rio Grande Station, Rio Grande - Cape May

Current Service
The Seashore Lines currently operates excursion trains on 15 miles of Conrail's Beesley's Point Secondary between Tuckahoe and Richland. Current passenger train operations include the Valentine’s Express, St. Patrick’s Express, Easter Bunny Express, Ice Cream Express, and the Santa Express service. Train sets primarily consist of the railroad's two GP38 diesel locomotives and six passenger cars. The Seashore Lines operates occasional passenger excursions for the Buena Vista Township / Richland Village Festival, as well as the Annual Tuckahoe Transportation Heritage Festival.

Freight Service Expansion
In November, 2021, the Seashore Lines filed with the Surface Transportation Board to operate freight rail service on the former Conrail Beesley's Point Secondary Track between Winslow and Palermo, a distance of approximately 30 miles. Service began in February of 2022.

2012 vandalism
On March 1, 2012, the Seashore Lines received a telephone call from the New Jersey State Police, advising them that theft of track material had occurred on their Cape May Branch in Dennisville. This is the Seashore Lines’ main line between Tuckahoe and Cape May City. The investigating trooper informed them that several individuals associated with the theft had been arrested and charged with indictable offenses. Arrested on Monday, March 5, were a father and son team from the Villas section of Lower Township, New Jersey, along with a third individual from Rio Grande.

Several days later, Macrie and two Seashore Lines employees conducted a detailed track inspection of the entire area of the theft, which consisted primarily of the removal of tie plates and spikes. This inspection concluded that the area of the theft encompassed approximately 6,800 feet (1 1/4 miles), or 75 percent of the total number of tie plates and spikes in that particular section of track. In their actions to remove the tie plates and spikes, the perpetrators also damaged and destroyed numerous cross ties.

Excursion trains did not run during the summer of 2012 due to the damage from the vandalism. The company occasionally offered rides to the public on railroad speeder vehicles along several miles of undamaged track on the Cape May Branch. As of early 2022 Rio Grande-Cape May service remains suspended.

Railbiking
Beginning in 2020 Seashore Lines partnered with Revolution Rail Co., a railbiking company. The railbike trail uses approximately 4 miles of track between the welcome center near Cape May Station to just before the bridge at Cape May Channel. In March 2022 members of the Cape May city council began negotiating with the owner of the tracks, the New Jersey Department of Transportation, to remove the trackage around the station for conversion to a walking trail.

However, as of 2023, the tracks leading to Cape May City Rail Terminal are still in place as an extension to the railbiking route.

Roster
The Seashore Lines owns and leases a large roster of equipment:

 * Three EMD GP38's, two leased from GATX, one leased from LLPX. Two of them are ex-PRSL #'s 2011 and 2012, respectively.
 * Eight of the 12 original PRSL Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDC) diesel multiple units (M-407 and M-410 are no longer self-propelled, but are used on excursion service as coach class passenger cars).
 * Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) sleeping car Braddock Inn and Pullman parlor car "Mineral Springs".
 * Braddock Inn has been restored for service.
 * Mineral Springs is awaiting final test/inspection/approval to be used in regular excursion train service. Before restoration it was assigned to the PRR and sold for PRR MofW usage after retirement from Pullman service.
 * Restored New York Central Railroad (NYC) coach & tavern lounge No. 38.
 * Restored Pullman/Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF) lounge/observation car Vista Valley.
 * Several P70 coaches, including the last two surviving PRSL P70 coaches.
 * Four cabooses, including the last remaining PRSL caboose.
 * An ALCO RS-3m, formerly PRR 8481, wearing Conrail blue.
 * Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) observation car, "Tempel", used on the Blue Comet, and wearing the Blue Comet colors of blue and cream.

title: Cape May Seashore Lines


text:
Patrick White Award

The Patrick White Award is an annual literary prize established by Patrick White. White used his 1973 Nobel Prize in Literature award to establish a trust for this prize.

The $25,000 cash award is given to a writer who has been highly creative over a long period but has not necessarily received adequate recognition. White stipulated that the award be announced the Friday after the Melbourne Cup to turn attention from sport to literature. The 2010 award was reduced to $18,000 because of the economic slump, and in 2012 it was $23,000. In 2020 the winner received $15,000. Writers are automatically eligible without the necessity for submissions.

Winners

 * 2023 Alex Skovron
 * 2022 Antigone Kefala
 * 2021 Adam Aitken
 * 2020 Gregory Day
 * 2019 Jordie Albiston
 * 2018 Samuel Wagan Watson
 * 2017 Tony Birch
 * 2016 Carmel Bird
 * 2015 Joan London
 * 2014 Brian Castro
 * 2013 Louis Nowra
 * 2012 Amanda Lohrey
 * 2011 Robert Adamson
 * 2010 David Foster
 * 2009 Beverley Farmer
 * 2008 John Romeril
 * 2007 David Rowbotham
 * 2006 Morris Lurie
 * 2005 Fay Zwicky
 * 2004 Nancy Phelan
 * 2003 Janette Turner Hospital
 * 2002 Tom Hungerford
 * 2001 Geoff Page
 * 2000 Thomas Shapcott
 * 1999 Gerald Murnane
 * 1998 Alma De Groen
 * 1997 Vivian Smith
 * 1996 Elizabeth Harrower
 * 1995 Elizabeth Riddell
 * 1994 Dimitris Tsaloumas
 * 1993 Amy Witting
 * 1992 Peter Cowan
 * 1991 David Martin
 * 1990 Robert Gray
 * 1989 Thea Astley
 * 1988 Roland Robinson
 * 1987 William Hart-Smith
 * 1986 John Morrison
 * 1985 Judah Waten (posthumous)
 * 1984 Rosemary Dobson
 * 1983 Marjorie Barnard
 * 1982 Bruce Beaver
 * 1981 Dal Stivens
 * 1980 Bruce Dawe
 * 1979 Randolph Stow
 * 1978 Gwen Harwood
 * 1977 Sumner Locke Elliott
 * 1976 John Blight
 * 1975 David Campbell
 * 1974 Christina Stead

title: Patrick White Award