text:
User talk:VivaEmilyDavies

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 15:55, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Linkage (mechanical)
Thanks twice. The image should now be fixed to match the formula. --Duk 17:51, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Try re-loading the page, the image and formula should both have f. If that doesn't work then, 1) copy the url from the Edit this page button, 2)paste into browser url window, 3) replace edit with purge(last word in the url), then enter the url and reload. Duk 18:31, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Romanization of Hebrew
Good catch. I have added the word 'modern'. --Arcadian 18:41, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Various aircraft categories
Hi VivaEmilyDavies - I noticed you've made some recent changes to high-level branches of Category:Aircraft. You may not have realised that this is a well-maintained and well-documented tree, and that these changes are not consistent with the rest of the categories in it.

I was wondering whether you were intending to continue this project? If so, I can help you identify the categories that you still need to attend to, and will update the documentation of the tree accordingly. If not, I wonder whether you would mind reverting the changes that you made? Cheers --Rlandmann 13:35, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi again - I agree there wasn't anything "awful" about what you did - it's merely an issue of consistency across the whole tree. I didn't/don't mind whether you continue with this or not - I'm only concerned about that consistency.

 * Under bad, you've already correctly guessed why subcategories like the ones you've created were not included in the first place. As originally designed, navigation went:

 * Supermarine Spitfire
 * cat British fighter aircraft 1930-1939
 * cat British fighter aircraft
 * cat British military aircraft
 * cat Military aircraft
 * cat Aircraft

 * (or various other routes of the same length) - 5 clicks from any of the 1,500 various aircraft we have covered in the pedia to the very top of category:Aircraft. Introducing intervening categories could produce anything up to and including:

 * Supermarine Spitfire
 * cat British fighter aircraft 1930-1939
 * cat British fighter aircraft by era
 * cat British fighter aircraft
 * cat British military aircraft by type
 * cat British military aircraft
 * cat Military aircraft by country
 * cat Military aircraft
 * cat aircraft by role
 * cat Aircraft

 * None of the new additions would be particularly objectionable, but 5 clicks have now turned into 9, and several hundred new categories are needed across the tree...

 * If you take a look at the category description, you will see that the Czech/Czechoslovak issue has already been taken care of, and is documented alongside Russian/Soviet, Yugoslavian/Serbian, Chinese/Taiwanese/PRC etc.

 * High-level categories without dates are all "Czech and Czechoslovakian" (eg Category:Czech and Czechoslovakian military aircraft).

 * Those with dates use "Czechoslovakian" in the decades 1910-1919 through to 1980-1989, (eg Category:Czechoslovakian civil aircraft 1930-1939)
 * "Czech and Czechoslovakian" in the decade 1990-1999, (eg Category:Czech and Czechoslovakian civil aircraft 1990-1999)
 * and become "Czech" in 2000-2009. (eg Category:Czech civil aircraft 2000-2009)

 * If and when we have any Slovak aircraft to write about before 2009, these will be "Slovak" in the same decade.

 * Any aircraft produced in the area later to become Czechoslovakia/Czechia/Slovakia before 1918 will be classified as Austro-Hungarian (if they exist - I'm not presently aware of any).

 * I'm not an expert on Czech history, however, so if you think there's a mistake anywhere here, please let me know! --Rlandmann 15:17, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Also note that the parametrised template slowly being spread around the tree is broken. As you say, it doesn't work with any of the countries whose names have changed, and it fails to link in many of the minor aircraft-producing nations that we have coverage of. Personally, I suggest not using this template for those very reasons. Hopefully, someone will come up with something more workable sooner or later, but I don't think that things like "Soviet and Russian airliners 2000-2009" are an acceptable solution... --Rlandmann 15:27, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the on-going feedback! The "Spitfire" example is only illustrative of a "between two points" example, and there are multiple ways of reaching the same point, so the "ors" you included are quite correct - I just didn't want to bog things down!

The full version is (sorry - long!):

Supermarine Spitfire +British fighter aircraft 1930-1939 |     +British fighter aircraft |  +British military aircraft |  |   +British aircraft |  |   |   +Aircraft |  |   |   +United Kingdon |  |   |      |   |   +Military aircraft |  |       +Aircraft |  |       +Military equipment |  |      |   +Fighter aircraft |      +Military aircraft |          +Aircraft |          +Military equipment |     +British military aircraft 1930-1939 |  +British military aircraft |  |   +British aircraft |  |       +Aircraft |  |       +United Kingdon |  |          |   +British aircraft 1930-1939 |  |   +British aircraft |  |   |   +Aircraft |  |   |   +United Kingdon |  |   |      |   |   +Aircraft 1930-1939 |  |       +Aircraft |  |       +1930s |  |      |   +Military aircraft 1930-1939 |      +Military aircraft |      |   +Aircraft |      |   +Military equipment |      |      |       +Aircraft 1930-1939 |          +Aircraft |          +1930s |     +Fighter aircraft 1930-1939 +Fighter aircraft |  +Military aircraft |      +Aircraft |      +Military equipment |         +Military aircraft 1930-1939 +Military aircraft |  +Aircraft |  +Military equipment |             +Aircraft 1930-1939 +Aircraft +1930s

Spitfire to Bf 109, as things stand now is:

Supermarine Spitfire
 * cat British fighter aircraft 1930-1939
 * cat Fighter aircraft 1930-1939
 * cat German fighter aircraft 1930-1939

Messerschmitt Bf 109

When everything is properly templated, we'll be able to save one click by linking straight from British fighter aircraft 1930-1939 to German fighter aircraft 1930-1939.

Unfortunately, categories can't redirect, so that doesn't provide a solution. Where this system would really become very powerful, of course, would be if the wiki software ever allows readers to expand and collapse categories in their browsers... however, if wikipedia itself never provides this function, other projects derived from it might well.

Apart from not coping with "name-change" countries, the parametrised templates force us to either exclude the smaller aircraft-manufacturers (which arguably have an even greater need to be linked into more populous categories rather than be further marginalised), or to end up with templates with a very large number of redlinks that will never ever be filled.

Anyway, this conversation has got me thinking again about how we can overcome this. I'm going to put the question to someone from WikiProject Ships who seems quite adept at this kind of thing - I'll get back to you with anything I learn, and if there's a solution forthcoming, I'd welcome any help you'd care to offer. Sorry again for the very long post! --Rlandmann 23:10, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
When editing an article on Wikipedia there is a small field labelled "Edit summary" under the main edit-box. It looks like this: The text written here will appear on the Recent changes page, in the page revision history, on the diff page, and in the watchlists of users who are watching that article. See m:Help:Edit summary for full information on this feature. When you leave the edit summary blank, some of your edits could be mistaken for vandalism and may be reverted, so please always briefly summarize your edits, especially when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you.

Sopot, Zagreb
It definately should not be a town, it is an itergral part of Novi Zagreb but I used to live there and it is as big as quite a few other places that have there pages. Neighborhoods of Zagreb is a good idea. As to pictures I may well take a few when I return to Zagreb. Dejvid 23:13, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Category redirection
Yay! Many thanks for alerting me to this - I'm not sure when this became available, but it's very welcome. :) --Rlandmann 02:42, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Just following up - it seems that there is still on-going work by the developers in this area - see . It's probably prudent to wait a bit longer before relying on this feature, since future tinkering may break it again. Ironically, one of the current perceived problems (as summarised in Additional Comment #11 From Aphaia) works to the benefit of Category:Aircraft, since in this case it's a Good Thing that articles mistakenly placed directly in "Soviet and Russian airliners 2000-2009" don't show up in the redirectee category - it provides an immediate clue to the user that there's a problem with their categorisation. --Rlandmann 03:32, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bernard Chazelle
Please explain on what grounds you changed the categories, at the article talk page. Do you know the person's current citizenship? Mikkalai 06:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oops
I didn't think about that, thanks for the warning, fixed now. Pcb21| Pete 10:20, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:botanists
Thanks; that looks an excellent suggestion. My only thought is whether it might become redundant once this promised 'see-through' categorisation is implemented (I've no idea how that'll work, so don't know if it will affect the suggestion or not).

Could the following also be added to the botanist template please:

The standard botanical author abbreviation . is applied to plants he described.

Thanks - MPF 19:49, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks; yes, looks good. I presume it'll be in tags only visible when editing (forgot to say there was also a bit of that in my template addition above, I've made it visible now) - MPF 20:03, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Belarus presidentS
Category:Presidents of Belarus - LOL. Thank you very much. You made my day. :) --rydel 19:56, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Professionals by nationality
Thanks for moving forward on renaming that category. And thanks for your other contributions to Wikipedia, and to the categorization schemes in particular. Cheers, -Willmcw 20:38, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

Botanist cats and template
Hi Emily. It seems you are bent on creating a whole load of new botanist categories. To my mind, its largely category pollution, but I see now that there is a whole ugly history there that I don't care to wade into.... I reverted two articles that I watch, but I'll leave it at that and see which way the wind blows. But one favour please...if you persist in applying the new botanist template everywhere, could you please use it with "subst:" to avoid a drain on the servers? Cheers, Fawcett5 04:09, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Emily, thanks for your explanation on my talk page. My personal opinion is that the Category explosion may not go over well, but I'm going to bow out on this one, I won't revert anything more. Botanists by area of specialization though is going to result in a **lot** of multiple categories - many of these people catalogued whatever came their way. Add on top of that the Botanist with abbreviations AND Botanists by nationality cat (which despite surviving CFD is flawed too, many lived in colonial times and moved to new countries - do you call them british or Australian? British or Canadian? etc. For me it makes people HARDER to find) and it starts taking up a lot of screen real estate and looking pretty ugly. It'll be interesting to see how this pans out, it might be precedent setting. Fawcett5 13:42, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Company (law)
Hi VED -- over at Company (law) you requested that the article be kept, and not merged with corporation. Could you edit the article to specifically discuss how a company differs from a corporation in the UK? Otherwise the article is a dictdef, as far as I can tell.

Thanks,

Tempshill 18:53, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Botanists again
Sorry to say, it isn't working - there were 243 botanists at Category:Botanists, now there's only 98, and I can't find where Marshall (Humphry Marshall) has gone. I need to know to correct his link at Beaked Hazel. Can you make sure that all 243 are returned to one list, please? - Thanks, MPF 19:11, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks; I'll take a look-see a bit later when it is more complete. As Gadfium points out below, I suspect several of the IPNI labels may already have their own names, like also bryologists for moss-people, pteridologists for fern-people, etc. Oh, and just to notice that even IPNI aren't above typos, 'Pteridophypes' there is of course 'Pteridophytes'! - MPF 19:42, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe time to start a page on Humphry Marshall (I'm very surprised he didn't have a page as he's one of the more important early American botanists) . . . I'll wait until your template is up and running before starting. Thanks for all the hard work on sorting things! - MPF 20:16, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I see that you are categorising botanists by nationality, area of work, and specialty. In particular, I see the category Category:Botanists studying fungi. I assume that you are aware that Category:Mycologists means the same thing. At the very least, one of these categories should refer to the other. I have a preference for the latter category; it was there first, and is the proper title.-gadfium 19:19, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the notes; I'll take a look over sometime but with other things to do over the next few days I may not be wiki-ing very much until next week. Category:Pteridologists will do for fern people and Category:Bryologists for moss people; not quite sure about algae people or fossil people (oops, no, NOT Category:Cave-men for that!! - ah, remembered it, they'd be Category:Palaeontologists, which probably already exists*). Not sure what's best on the Australia question. - MPF 18:03, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * * Except it is a red link, so it doesn't - MPF 18:04, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * "Found them - they're in Category:Paleontologists (U.S. spelling!) - but (1) the people in there mainly studied animal fossils, especially dinosaurs, and (2) it's already been split by nationality. What do you think about Category:Paleobotanists?"
 * Yes, good idea, though why not as Category:Palaeobotanists :-) MPF 18:55, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * "My dictionary and various other sources suggest the following: Category:Algologists, Category:Lichenologists, Category:Pteridologists, Category:Bryologists (like you suggested) - I think it's worth giving up on Category:Botanists studying spermatophytes, and am considering putting it up for deletion. The problem is that it is so broad, nobody will ever find anything useful in it! Does it represent a field in its own right? If so what is its name? VivaEmilyDavies 18:37, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)"
 * They all look good. Yes, I suspect the last isn't worth having, as with 95% of all botanists in it (the other groups just filter off a small handful), it is effectively the same as the general Category:Botanists - MPF 18:55, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Replied to your comment at my talk page.-gadfium 20:12, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stephen Harvey
I agree what the "because" you listed on the cat:csd for this article, but, alas, self-promotion is not a speedy deletion criterion. I hope you'll list the article on VfD, as it's pretty obviously a deletion offense. It's just not a speedy deletion candidate, as history shows that it has never been deleted in process before. Geogre 02:30, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep, seems like someone without my fine scruples (or someone who hadn't been reversed via VfU recently, like I have) got to it. C'est la vie.  I'm sure Mr. Hypnotoad the Philosopher will find another way to celebrate the miracle that is himself.  At any rate, while some folks will go ahead and knock down a blatant vanity on CSD (mainly because they're thinking of it as spam (an article with mainly links in it that's also advertising)), technically it's not one of the cases.  Vanity violates the deletion policy (i.e. VfD), but not the delete-on-sight policy (which you can find at wp:csd).  Geogre 12:33, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

CfD restruct
Hi there! You voted on #4, but that's rather pointless unless #3 passes, so you may want to consider voting on #3. Yours, Radiant_* 15:25, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Category for deletion deleted
Hi. You made this change to my proposal to delete a category. I assume it was an error. I've added it again. Imc 18:08, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

quasi-adjectival
I suppose you are right on that one (new word for me!) It's even official in the names of things like the Defense Force. (The government is GOTT, or GORTT. People like to draw the similarity with the German word for God). Now you have me second-guessing myself, big time. It would be the "Canadian" [military], never the Canada [military]. But the United State Army. Not the American Army. I was speaking simply, not into the world of quasi-adjectival. Had never made the connection really. Now I have to figure this out. :)

By the way - good work on the Botany stubs and categories. Are you a botanist of some form, or just a stub-catter? Guettarda 21:08, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Smiths theorem, not Smith's Theorem
Please. "Smith's Theorem", with a capital "T", is grossly incorrect by standard Wikipedia conventions followed in thousands of articles and links. Michael Hardy 22:52, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Zeeman
Although born in Denmark Zeeman is clearly a UK citizen as otherwise he could not use the title Sir. Are these national categories meant to be purely birth or citizenship? Billlion 11:17, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Biographies
Hi. I already noticed your edits because recently you name did feature quite often on my watchlist :) I mainly work on math related articles, and when I need some math biography page I usually only create a short stub and fill it with the basic dates from mactutor. I think the mactutor template would be a great idea, and your style changes to my article stubs are definitely an improvement.

As for the change from nationality adjective to nation state, I do not really care. In future articles I will use the nation-state link if this the de facto standard. MathMartin 19:46, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have created the mactutor template at Template:MacTutor Biography. Feel free to change it. At the moment it outputs

MathMartin 17:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

After converting nearly all biography pages which linked to MacTutor archive to use the new template, I discovered your template at Template:MacTutor

(which is not used so far). I do not care which template is used, but would prefer to call the parameter id instead of 1.MathMartin 17:44, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Francesco Faà di Bruno
You wrote. I changed it to. Being less than an expert in Italian nomenclature, I wonder if you can shed any light on which of us missed something? The discovery from which Faà di Bruno is best-known among mathematicians is usually called Faà di Bruno's formula, and rarely if ever called Bruno's formula. Michael Hardy 21:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your message to Geogre
Hi! I saw your message on Geogre's talk page, which I was giving a check-over because I know Geogre is having major hookup problems atm and won't himself have much chance to read it. He'll be back, but I don't know when, so if your problem is at all urgent, I'm afraid you'd better take it elsewhere. As a housekeeper at peer review, though, can I just ask you about your statement that WP:AD "recommends that in cases of accuracy dispute, you should call for peer review, but WP:PR says that peer review is only for articles close to featured article status"? I thought I was finally finding out why people keep listing accuracy disputes on peer review (creating headaches for me), but when I checked out WP:AD, I wasn't able to find the recommendation you mention. Am I missing it, or is it possible you were thinking of a different page? I see one mention of peer review on WP:AD, indeed, but that's in the infobox, and states quite correctly that PR is for getting articles up to Featured status. I'd really appreciate it if you'd check it out and let me know—it might solve some of my housekeeping problems! Bishonen|Talk 03:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC) (P.S. If you do have an accuracy dispute problem, WP:RFC is the place to list it. Bishonen|Talk 03:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC))

Jacob Palis
I'm thankful for your recent editing in Jacob Palis! Porcher 14:52, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

dogma
Thanks for asking me about dogma in Orthodox Christianity. Here's my own off the cuff, unofficial answer. Dogma refers to theological beliefs that we can be sure of because God has revealed them clearly. Rejecting them or directly contradicting them is seen as directly contradicting divinely revealed truth. Not everything the church teaches is a dogma though, not by a long shot. Orthodoxy is careful to distinguish between dogma and "theologoumena" (sp??), or "theological opinions." For instance, it's dogma that Jesus was born of the virgin Mary. That's not negotiable. It's a theological opinion that Mary herself never sinned at all, and many Orthodox theologians believe and teach this. Others disagree and say that she did (probably) commit some sins, but was a a generally righteous person. Some church fathers prayed for the salvation of everyone, even Satan himself, and believed Satan's salvation and repentance was possible; this seems to be a minority opinion, but despite being unpopular it's not an actual heresy. There are some things that the Orthodox will refuse to answer or to claim any sure knowledge of, such as whether any particular person will be saved or damned. "It's a mystery" is a frequent answer, and this can often be frustrating to new inquirers and catechumens.

By way of contrast, the Roman Catholic Church seems to have defined many more dogmas than the Orthodox Church has, and as a result is even more inflexible. The Protestants of course have far fewer dogmas; sola scriptura is one of the few widely held dogmas, but in practice it allows them to believe almost anything so long as they can quote a couple of verses that seem to support it. Hope this helps answer your question. Wesley 05:28, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Good questions. I really don't know how to address whether Orthodoxy recognizes 'that from the outside of the religion, it may appear fundamentally uncertain, and that it is ultimately acknowledged to require a "leap of faith"?' Of course the Church recognizes that not everyone believes everything that God has revealed or that the Church teaches. In some prayers, we acknowledge that we ourselves act at times as though we don't believe in God or as though we don't love God or as though we have some other false idea about God, and confess that our sinful actions reflect our own unbelief. "Lord, I believe; help my unbelief." But the Church does not say that what we believe is true for us, and something different or opposite may be just as true for another religion. That would be logically impossible. Christianity is not pluralistic the way Hinduism is, for example. You also asked, "does "dogmatic" make (theological) sense as a way to refer to people with beliefs that might now be characterised as a "fundamentalist", particularly rigid literalism and a tendency to try to see all things (including philosophical and scientific topics) through the prism of scripture?" I would say no, because Orthodoxy is not fundamentalist in that sense, it does not believe in sola scriptura or in a rigidly literal reading of all Bible passages. For example, it is not dogmatic regarding whether God literally created the world in six 24-hour days just a few thousand years ago. Some do believe that, but others believe that God caused the "Big Bang" billions of years ago, and both are acceptable so long as God remains affirmed as the Primary Cause of everything that exists. We are not "dogmatic" about the mechanical, scientific details, but we are dogmatic about God's existence, and the things said about Him in the Nicene Creed and so forth. We believe that sincere atheists, or Greek pagans that sincerely believed in Zeus and friends, were sincerely mistaken. Hope this helps. Wesley 16:48, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Esteban Terradas i Illa article
Article: Esteban Terradas i Illa. Thanks for your rewriting, pls do it again if feel necessary, Catalan is my native language. And thanks for your warm welcome!--Friviere 09:48, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pls. do have a look again at the Esteban Terradas i Illa article, as I added some paragraphs.

I have also written a short Catalan turn entry which I would very much thank if you had a look to it.--Friviere 15:24, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks again for your nice suggestions.

Catalonia and Spain: I see this does not work as in the Catalan WP, from which it was translated, in which it is suggested to do it that way. I'll put attention to it. Article sections: I agree and will remember your suggestions. In fact I has readen your comments to the article and understand your arguments. Drive: I meant 'lead? which I consider a good suggestion and'll try to use to avoid `drive'. Catalan turn: what I meant an sort of architectural arch, that can be seen on these shots:, ,, , built of plain brick. --Friviere 20:59, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vote for deletion
Hi, see the ("Vote for Deletion") concerning the various sub-categories for Jewish people at Categories for deletion. Thank you. IZAK 10:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Love your user name!
I saw your name in the stub discussion page. I just wanted to let you know that I love it. It's so, erm, vivacious! I like the notion of bright happiness! And a stub monster is a wonderful thing to be.Grace Note 14:55, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Paternalism
Please have a look @ Talk:Paternalism, thanks, Sam Spade 15:15, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for help with new cats
Thanks for help with and possibly others. You added the parent categroy before I remember to do it. Pavel Vozenilek 02:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Inclusion not Deletion
(AIW) can you take a look at Wikipedia "apartheid"? There is a movement to delete a two-word inclusion that is fact and true. It's gotten to the point that everyone is focused on the disputing editors and not the edit itself.

" Deletionists are disputing the following statement: "South Africa was settled initially by the Dutch, Germans and French from the 17th century onwards. English, other European settlers, and Diaspora Jews followed in the 19th century." This statement is true, and it therefore should not be deleted.69.217.125.53 15:10, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Apartheid

Thanks!69.217.123.174 19:05, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I was also spammed with this, it is not an inclusionist/deletionist issue, it's an edit war.   — PhilHibbs | talk 08:31, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

lots of edits, not an admin
Hi - I made a list of users who've been around long enough to have made lots of edits but aren't admins. It looks like you're not active anymore, but if you come back and are at all interested in becoming an admin, can you please add an '*' immediately before your name in this list? I've suggested folks nominating someone might want to puruse this list, although there is certainly no guarantee anyone will ever look at it. I've marked you on this list as "inactve". Feel free to update this as well. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) July 3, 2005 18:38 (UTC)

Irish mathematicians
I have removed your template here - it was redundant since there is also a European template. The normal thing is to list mathematicians who spent alot of time in England under both categories.Notjim 23:11, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

category confusion
There is much confusion here in Australia. The categories 'botanists active in Australia' and 'Australian botanists' are out of wack. Most of the those in the active are dead-for a long time. The wholw category of 'active' botanists should go to further accuracy and prevent confusion. They SHOULD all go to category 'Australian botanists' Ill let you take care of it as it seems to be your baby? OK? 128.250.87.108 04:33, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Babel
Could you consider adding this template to your userpage? It is very helpful in case translators are needed and such.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:18, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Emily Davies
Thanks for your kind note! - I have now added a picture to the page, although I could not find the Girton College portrait. Bwithh 00:26, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Template:botanist
I made a suggestion for a change to template:botanist. I am unaware of the history of the template, except that you seem to be in charge? Brya 15:29, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Kjetil r as admin on commons
Hi! The norwegians have put foreward an admin request on commons, commons:Template:Administrators/Requests and votes/Kjetil r. It would be nice to have your votes! — John Erling Blad (no) 21:39, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Proposal on Notability
Because you're a member of the Association of Inclusionist Wikipedians, I'm notifying you that the inclusionist proposa Non-notabilityl is in progress to define the role of notability in articles. Please help us make this successful! Also note the proposal Importance is a deletionist proposla that seeks to officially introduce notabiltiy for the first time. --Ephilei 04:45, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Thomas Coke (Methodist)
I tried to recreate this page (in which I take it you have some interest since you created the redirection) but it was immediately deleted again. I'm not sure how the review process for undeletion works. Do you want to try to get it reinstated? I don't understand why it was deleted.--AlexanderLondon 12:58, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:European mathematicians
A tag has been placed on Template:European mathematicians requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes.

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 21:02, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Esteban Terradas clean-up
Thank you for the cleaning-up of the article. I just added a little more of rearrangement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.151.239.13 (talk) 18:34, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Botanist
Template:Botanist has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 09:46, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

Category:Pioneers by field
Category:Pioneers by field, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. SFB 14:55, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Charles Smith (playwright)

The article Charles Smith (playwright) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Fails WP:NCREATIVE as well as the WP:GNG – no evidence of importance, and no significant coverage in independent sources.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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title: User talk:VivaEmilyDavies


text:
Willis McGahee

Willis Andrew McGahee III (born October 21, 1981) is an American former football running back. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, earning consensus All-American honors. McGahee was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2003 NFL draft. In addition to his time with the Bills, he played for the Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos, and Cleveland Browns.

In 2015, McGahee signed on as an athlete for the Miami Surge of the National Pro Grid League.

Early life
McGahee was born in Miami, Florida. He attended Miami Central High School for one year after transferring from Miami Springs High School, where he previously attended for three years.

College career
McGahee received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Miami, where he played for coach Butch Davis and coach Larry Coker's Miami Hurricanes football teams from 2000 to 2002.

McGahee was a member of the 2001 University of Miami team, which won the National Championship over Nebraska in the 2002 Rose Bowl that year.

In 2002, McGahee, along with Ken Dorsey, Andre Johnson, Kellen Winslow II, and others helped lead Miami to an undefeated regular season and a #1 ranking, which included a trip to the National Championship game against second ranked Ohio State. On December 7 against Virginia Tech, he had 39 carries for 205 yards and six rushing touchdowns in the win. His six touchdowns were a Big East record. McGahee broke several records in the 2002 season. He shattered school season records, carrying the ball 282 times for 1,753 yards, for a 6.2 average, and 28 touchdowns. Only UCF's Kevin Smith (29 in 2007), Florida Atlantic's Devin Singletary (32 in 2017), Nebraska's Mike Rozier (29 in 1983), Colorado State's Kapri Bibbs (31 in 2013), Wisconsin's Montee Ball (33 in 2011), and Oklahoma State's Barry Sanders (37 in 1988) ran for more touchdowns in an NCAA Division I-A season. Following his 2002 sophomore season, he was a first-team All-Big east selection and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. McGahee's ten 100-yard performances broke the Hurricanes' season record of eight, set by Ottis Anderson in 1978; he added 355 yards on 25 receptions, for a 14.2 average, that season. He gained 2,108 all-purpose yards during 2002, which remains a Hurricanes' season record. He was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy, given to the nation's top player, finishing fourth in the voting (660 votes), while teammate Ken Dorsey finished fifth with 643 votes.

In the early part of the fourth quarter during the 2003 Fiesta Bowl National Championship Game, McGahee suffered an injury after catching a screen pass from Dorsey. He was immediately hit by Buckeye safety Will Allen, turning his left knee into a swivel joint and causing tears of the ACL, PCL, and MCL. Prior to getting hurt, he had rushed for 67 yards and a touchdown, as Miami would lose the game in double-overtime, 31–24. This injury required several surgeries and extensive rehabilitation before he would be able to play again. At the season's end, McGahee announced he would not collect on a $2.5 million insurance policy he had taken out before the Championship game, and therefore would enter the 2003 NFL draft.

At the conclusion of his collegiate career, he had rushed for 2,067 yards and 31 touchdowns. He majored in criminology while at the University of Miami.

Pre-draft
Prior to his knee injury in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl, McGahee was considered "a cinch top-five pick." Afterwards, McGahee was projected a late third round pick due to risk of "a long rehabilitation process".

2003 season
Eventually, he was selected in the first round with the 23rd overall pick in the 2003 NFL draft by the Buffalo Bills. The Bills originally acquired the pick in a trade that sent Peerless Price to the Atlanta Falcons.

Due to the length of the rehabilitation for his knee, he missed the entire 2003 season.

2004 season
McGahee made his NFL debut in Week 1 of the 2004 season against the Jacksonville Jaguars and had nine carries for 31 rushing yards in the 13–10 loss. In Week 6, McGahee assumed the starting role and had 26 carries for 111 rushing yards in the 20–13 victory over the Miami Dolphins. In Week 8, he scored his first two professional touchdowns in a 38–14 victory over the Arizona Cardinals. In the following game, a 22–17 victory over the New York Jets, he had season-highs with 37 carries for 132 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 22–17 victory. In Week 12, a 38–9 victory over the Seattle Seahawks, he had 28 carries for 116 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns. The close out the 2004 season, McGahee had two games going over the 100-yard rushing mark while scoring two rushing touchdowns in both of the games. He finished the 2004 season with 284 carries for 1,128 rushing yards and 13 rushing touchdowns to go along with 22 receptions for 169 receiving yards. He was named by the PFWA as Comeback Player of the Year for the 2004 season.

2005 season
McGahee started the 2005 season strong with 22 carries for 117 rushing yards in the 22–7 victory over the Houston Texans. In Week 3 against the Atlanta Falcons, he had 27 carries for 140 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown in the 24–16 loss. In Week 6, against the New York Jets, he had 29 carries for 143 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown in the 27–17 victory. In Week 8, against the New England Patriots, he had 31 carries for 136 rushing yards in the 21–16 loss. McGahee closed out the 2005 regular season with 22 carries for 113 rushing yards in a 30–26 loss to the Jets in Week 17. In the 2005 season, McGahee finished with 325 carries for 1,247 rushing yards and five rushing touchdowns to go along with 28 receptions for 178 receiving yards.

2006 season
In Week 3, McGahee had 26 carries for 150 rushing yards in the 28–20 loss to the New York Jets. In Week 12, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had two rushing touchdowns in the 27–24 victory. In Week 14 against the Jets, he had 16 carries for 125 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 31–13 victory. He finished the 2006 season with 259 carries for 990 rushing yards and six rushing touchdowns to go along with 18 receptions for 156 receiving yards.

Following the 2006 season, after McGahee had made disparaging remarks about the city of Buffalo—including an implication that the Bills should move to Toronto—the Bills traded him to the Baltimore Ravens. The Bills received third and seventh round picks in the 2007 NFL draft and a third round pick in the 2008 NFL draft.

2007 season
McGahee was traded to the Baltimore Ravens before the 2007 season. He replaced Jamal Lewis, who left the team to play for the Cleveland Browns. He was slated to earn $40.12 million through a seven-year contract, making him one of the league's highest paid running backs. In his first season with Baltimore, he had 294 carries for 1,207 rushing yards and seven rushing touchdowns. McGahee made his first Pro Bowl in 2007, on the strength of five 100+ yard games, and a streak of seven straight games with a rushing touchdown. In addition, he recorded his first career receiving touchdown, along with a career-high 231 receiving yards on 43 receptions. Due to a cracked rib injury suffered against the Seattle Seahawks late in the season, he came up just short of having his best career rushing season, as he had been on pace to do so at the time with his best yards-per-carry average and his best career yards-per-game average.

2008 season
McGahee was slated to be the starting running back under new head coach John Harbaugh in 2008, but various injuries through the season, including eye, shoulder, knee and ankle injuries, kept him from achieving his fourth 1,000-yard season in the NFL. Fullback LeRon McClain wound up taking a majority of the snaps that season, as both McGahee and rookie Ray Rice suffered injuries during the season. Despite his injuries, McGahee still rushed for 671 yards and seven touchdowns, including a career-long 77-yard touchdown run against the Dallas Cowboys. He was instrumental in what Baltimore dubbed their "Three-Headed-Monster" rushing attack and still played a key role in the team's 11–5 record and playoff berth.

McGahee's first career post-season play came in 2008, and he did not disappoint. With minor injuries to McClain and Rice, the Ravens relied on McGahee to carry their rushing attack in the playoffs, where he was vital in a 27–9 victory over the Miami Dolphins in the Wild Card Round, and in a close 13–10 victory over the top rated Tennessee Titans in the Divisional Round. During the 2008 AFC Championship, Willis was the Ravens' primary offensive weapon, scoring two touchdowns against the Pittsburgh Steelers to keep the game close. However, following a hard hit by Ryan Clark, he was taken off the field on a stretcher to be evaluated by team physicians. He would later be diagnosed with no serious injury.

2009 season
McGahee spent the 2009 offseason more seriously dedicated to rehabbing and coming back better than ever. Despite McGahee's extra training, the Ravens decided to go with second-year player Ray Rice as their starter. McClain's carries were drastically reduced, as he took on his traditional run blocking FB role, but McGahee's carries were also severely limited during several games, as the team either tried to have a pass-heavy attack, or relied almost entirely on Rice. Despite this, Willis remained fresh and injury free the entire season, and would actually become the teams' leading scorer, with 14 touchdowns (12 rushing, 2 receiving). In Week 2 against the San Diego Chargers, he scored two rushing touchdowns and two receiving touchdowns in one game, another career record, in the 31–26 victory. In the following game, a 34–3 victory over the Cleveland Browns, he had two more rushing touchdowns. In Week 14, a 48–3 victory over the Detroit Lions, he had a third game with two rushing touchdowns. His 14 regular season touchdowns saw him tied for second most touchdowns in the league in 2009. McGahee ended the season with his best career game, racking up 167 rushing yards on 16 carries and three rushing touchdowns in a 21–13 victory over the Oakland Raiders. He earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his game against Oakland. He recorded 20 carries for 62 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in a Wild Card Round 33–14 blowout of the New England Patriots.

2010 season
During the 2010 offseason, McGahee opted to remain with the Baltimore Ravens, instead of going to another team as a possible starter. He appeared in 15 games and recorded 100 carries for 380 rushing yards and five rushing touchdowns to go along with 14 receptions for 55 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. In the Wild Card Round against the Kansas City Chiefs, McGahee scored a 25-yard touchdown run late in the fourth quarter that sealed the win for Baltimore. The Ravens won by a score of 30–7.

The Ravens released McGahee on July 28, 2011, to allow the team to free up salary cap space. In his four seasons as a Baltimore Raven, he accrued over 3,300 total yards from scrimmage, as well as 35 total regular season touchdowns, including 31 rushing touchdowns.

2011 season
On July 30, 2011, McGahee signed a four-year deal with the Denver Broncos worth $9.5 million, $3 million being guaranteed. Following an injury in Week 1 to Knowshon Moreno, McGahee became the primary running back for the Broncos and in Week 2 versus the Cincinnati Bengals, he rushed for 101 yards on 28 carries and one rushing touchdown in the 24–22 victory. In a Week 3 loss to the Tennessee Titans, McGahee ran for 52 yards on 22 carries and had a 5-yard reception for a touchdown. During a Week 4 loss to the Green Bay Packers, McGahee rushed 15 times for 103 yards in the 49–23 loss In a Week 5 loss to the Chargers, McGahee rushed for 125 yards on 16 carries. In the Week 7 win against the Dolphins, in the early second half McGahee already racked up 76 yards with an average of 4.2 yards per carry. It looked as if McGahee was on pace for his third-straight 100 yard game, and fourth of the season. However, McGahee fractured his hand early in the second half as well. In that game, McGahee could have moved up from 10th in the NFL in rushing to 8th. McGahee was unable to play the following week against the Lions due to his injury. The Broncos lost 45–10. However, the following week against the Raiders, McGahee came back with a strong performance. He put up 163 rushing yards, which included a 60-yard touchdown and 24-yard touchdown in the 38–24 victory. In a Week 10 game against the Kansas City Chiefs, McGahee ran up one of his blockers legs, and suffered a left hamstring injury. He was taken to the locker room and listed as questionable to return. Head coach John Fox stated in a post-game press conference that McGahee was fine and could've returned in an emergency situation. Fox said McGahee would most likely be able to play in the next game.

On November 23, 2011, McGahee was named a team captain after the release of captain and backup quarterback Kyle Orton. Coach Fox attributed this to the fact that McGahee "had the next most votes when we took the vote [for team captain] back before the season started." In the Week 12 versus the Chargers, he rushed for 117 yards on 23 carries. The 117 yards included two 20-plus yard runs. One of which was a 24-yard run in overtime which set up the Broncos inside of the 20-yard line. This critical run set up the game-winning field goal for Denver. In a Week 13 win against the Vikings, he picked up 111 yards on the ground, which included a 24-yard touchdown run.

In Week 15 against the New England Patriots, McGahee rushed for 70 yards averaging 10 yards per carry but was unfortunately pulled out of the game due to a hamstring injury. With only 10 yards to go to eclipse the 1,000-yard mark, Willis was able to accomplish that feat on a 24-yard run against the Buffalo Bills in week 16. He ended the game with only 64 yards rushing and 15 carries. The next week against the Kansas City Chiefs, McGahee rushed for 145 yards on 28 carries in the 7–3 loss. On January 17, 2012, McGahee was added to the 2012 Pro Bowl Roster to replace Arian Foster. He was ranked 98th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.

2012 season
For the 2012 season, McGahee started as the number one running back on the Broncos depth chart. McGahee played well, averaging 4.4 yards per carry through his first ten starts. In Week 2, against the Atlanta Falcons, he had 22 carries for 113 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 27–21 loss. He had two other games with one rushing touchdowns and a rushing touchdown, in Weeks 4 and 8. McGahee suffered a season-ending injury in Week 11 in a game against the San Diego Chargers on November 18, 2012. The injury occurred when his knee was hit by the helmet of Chargers cornerback Quentin Jammer during the second quarter of the Broncos' 30–23 win. Coach John Fox initially stated that McGahee would not be placed on Injured Reserve, but on November 19, McGahee underwent an MRI that revealed a torn medial collateral ligament and compression fracture in his right knee. McGahee was placed on Injured Reserve on November 21, while the Broncos used the NFL's new "Designated for Return" label, meaning that he could potentially play in the post season. He finished the 2012 season with 167 carries for 731 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns to go along with 26 receptions for 221 receiving yards.

McGahee was designated for assignment on June 13, 2013, due to health concerns and then waived on June 16.

Cleveland Browns
After the Cleveland Browns traded Trent Richardson, their first-round (third overall) pick in the 2012 NFL draft, to the Indianapolis Colts for their first-round choice in 2014, the Browns brought in McGahee to replace him. After passing his team physical, McGahee agreed to terms with the Browns.

In the 2013 season, McGahee appeared in 12 games and had 138 carries for 377 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns.

Personal life
McGahee was known for both his dislike of Applebee’s (which his successor in Buffalo, Marshawn Lynch, lampooned in an ESPN skit with Kenny Mayne.) and his multiple children with various women in his life. Last count had him at 10 children by 9 different women by the time he was 32.

In 2016, he starred on the E! reality television series Famously Single.

McGahee made several appearances in television commercials for Easterns Automotive Group, a local car dealership group on the Washington, D.C., and Baltimore areas, alongside Chief Zee, Antwaan Randle El and Santana Moss.

In a 2023 interview with The Athletic, McGahee stated that he had contemplated suicide "a couple of times" since retiring from the NFL.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Willis McGahee


text:
Ž

The grapheme Ž (minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of caron (háček, mäkčeň, strešica, kvačica). It is used in various contexts, usually denoting the voiced postalveolar fricative, the sound of English g in mirage, s in vision, or Portuguese and French j. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with, but the lowercase ž is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. In addition, ž is used as the romanisation of Cyrillic ж in ISO 9 and scientific transliteration.

For use in computer systems, Ž and ž are at Unicode codepoints U+017D and U+017E, respectively. On Windows computers, it can be typed with Alt+0142 and Alt+0158, respectively.

Ž is the last letter of most alphabets that contain it, but exceptions include Estonian, Karelian, Veps, and Turkmen.

Origin
The symbol originates with the Czech alphabet. In Czech printed books it first appeared in the late 15th century. It evolved from the letter Ż, introduced by the author of the early 15th-century De orthographia Bohemica (probably Jan Hus) to indicate a Slavic fricative not represented in Latin alphabet. The punctus rotundus over was gradually replaced by háček (caron). This orthography later became standard and was popularized by the Bible of Kralice. It was occasionally used for the closely related Slovak language during the period when it lacked a literary norm. From Czech, it was adopted into the Croatian alphabet by Ljudevit Gaj in 1830, and then into the Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian and Bosnian alphabets. In addition, it features in the orthographies of the Baltic, some Uralic and other languages.

Slavic languages
It is the 42nd letter of the Czech, the 46th letter of Slovak, the 25th letter of the Slovenian alphabet, as well as the 30th letter of the Serbo-Croatian latinic alphabet and the Macedonian one (as a counterpart or transliteration of Cyrillic Ж in the latter two). It is the 27th letter of the Sorbian alphabet, and it appears in the Belarusian latin alphabet.

It is used in Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian, and Bulgarian transliteration.

The letter represents a voiced postalveolar fricative except in Russian transliterations of Ж where it represents a voiced retroflex fricative.

In Polish, the corresponding letter is Ż/ż.

Baltic languages
It is the 32nd letter of the Lithuanian and 33rd letter of the Latvian alphabets.

Uralic languages
It is the 20th letter of the Estonian alphabet, where it is used in loan words. It is the 22nd letter of the Karelian and Veps alphabets. It is the 29th letter of the Northern Sami alphabet, where it represents. It is regarded as a variant of Z in Finnish.

In Finnish, the letter ž is used in loan words, džonkki and maharadža, and in romanization of Russian and other non-Latin alphabets. In Finnish and Estonian, it is possible to replace ž with zh when it is technically impossible to typeset the accented character.

In Hungarian, the corresponding letter is the digraph Zs.

Other languages

 * It is the 12th letter of the Turkmen alphabet, pronounced.
 * It is the 33rd letter of the Laz alphabet, where it represents.
 * It is the 27th and last letter of the Songhay alphabet.
 * It is used in Persian romanization, equivalent to ژ.
 * It is used in Devanagari romanization for the letter झ़, albeit unofficially and rarely.
 * It is also used in the standard orthography of the Lakota language.
 * It is also used (unofficially) in Cypriot Greek to depict, which does not occur in the Standard Modern Greek, or the Greek Alphabet.
 * It is, at times, used for romanization of Syriac to represent in borrowed Iranian words, but the digraph "zh" is more commonly used.

title: Ž


text:
Pennsylvania Dutch Country

The Pennsylvania Dutch Country (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pennsylvanie Deitschland), or Pennsylvania Dutchland, is a region of German Pennsylvania spanning the Delaware Valley and South Central and Northeastern regions of Pennsylvania.

By the American Revolution in the 18th century, the region had a high percentage of Pennsylvania Dutch inhabitants. Religiously, they were predominantly Lutherans but also included German Reformed, Moravian, Amish, Mennonite, Schwarzenau Brethren, and other German Christian denominations. Catholics settled around early Jesuit missions in Conewago near Hanover and Goshenhoppen, now known as Bally. The term was used in the middle of the 20th century as a description of a region with a distinctive Pennsylvania Dutch culture, but in recent decades the composition of the population is changing and the phrase is used more now in a tourism context than any other.

The Greater Pennsylvania Dutch Country (Pennsylvania Dutch: Die Breet-Deitscherei (The Broad Dutchery) refers to this Pennsylvania region but also includes smaller enclaves of Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas in New York, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, North Carolina, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Virginia, and the Canadian province of Ontario.

History
Waves of colonial Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate, one of the Holy Roman states, settled in the Province of New York and the Province of Pennsylvania. The first Palatines arrived in the late 1600s but the majority came throughout the 1700s; they were known collectively as the Palatine Dutch. Many American Palatines settled other states, including Indiana and Ohio.

American Palatines continued to use their language as a way of distinguishing themselves from later (post-1830) waves of German-speaking immigrants to the United States. The Pennsylvania Dutch came to refer to themselves as Deitsche, and called immigrants of German-speaking countries and territories in Europe Deitschlenner, (literally "Dutchlanders", compare Deutschländer), which translates to "European Germans", whom they saw as a distinct group.

These European Germans immigrated to Pennsylvania Dutch cities, where many came to prominence in matters of the church, newspapers and urban business. After the 1871 unification of the first German Empire, the term "Dutchlander" came to refer to the nationality of people from the Pennsylvania Dutch Country.

Geography
Geographically the area referred to as Amish/Dutch country centers on the cities of Allentown, Hershey, Lancaster, Reading, and York. Pennsylvania Dutch Country encompasses the counties of Lancaster, York, Adams, Franklin, Dauphin, Cumberland, Lebanon, Berks, Northampton, Montgomery, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Snyder, Union, Juniata, Mifflin, Huntingdon, Northumberland, and Centre. Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants would spread from this area outwards outside the Pennsylvania borders between the mountains along river valleys into neighboring Maryland (Washington, Frederick, and Carroll counties), West Virginia, New Jersey (Warren and northern Hunterdon counties), Virginia (Shenandoah Valley), and North Carolina. The larger region has been historically referred to as Greater Pennsylvania. The historic Pennsylvania Dutch diaspora in Ontario, Canada, has been referred to as Little Pennsylvania.

The area lies in the Piedmont region of the Appalachian Mountains. The landscape is marked by rolling, wooded hills, deep stream valleys, and fertile soils. The Susquehanna River bisects the region and provides its drainage.

19th century
Contrary to popular belief, the word Dutch in Pennsylvania Dutch is not a mistranslation, but rather a variation of the Pennsylvania German endonym Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch / German" or "German". Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all cognates of the Proto-Germanic word meaning "popular" or "of the people". The continued use of Pennsylvania Dutch to describe them was strengthened by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century as a way of distinguishing thems from the later (post-1830) waves of German immigrants to the U.S. Further, the Pennsylvania Dutch referred to themselves as Deitsche and to Germans as Deitschlenner (literally "Germany-ers", compare Deutschland-er) whom they saw as a related but distinct group.

Many Dutchlanders are descendants of Palatine refugees. The German-speaking settlers came from a variety of countries and religious backgrounds, but most became assimilated to Anglo-American language and culture beginning in the second half of the 19th century with English-language evangelism efforts and the outlawing of German-language schooling.

20th century
The assimilation process continued soon after the turn of the 20th century with World War I, consolidated schools, and the advent of mandatory public education until the age of 16, with added pressures from increased mobility, the influence of English-language media, communications, and urbanization. Also, many German-Americans hid their ethnicity with the spread of anti-German sentiment and propaganda.

Originally, the economy of the region was almost entirely rural and agricultural, based on the immigrants' dream of bettering their lot through the ownership of their own farms. The small tradesmen indispensable to a rural economy, such as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, millers, and storekeepers, constituted the bulk of the non-farm economy. In the 19th century, a small educated class, comprising the Lutheran and Reformed ministers, began to emerge. The Pennsylvania seminaries educated them in High German so that they could preach to their flocks in a scholarly way.

The advent of the industrial revolution brought technologies based on coal, iron, canals, and railroads, but the Dutch, unversed in English, and lacking connections to the English-speaking establishment, were unable to engage in entrepreneurship on a large scale. Consequently, the large-scale enterprises which came to characterize the industrialized eastern half of the region, such as the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company (marketer of the coal branded "Old Company's Lehigh"), the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and the Bethlehem Iron Company (later known as Bethlehem Steel) were founded by English speaking residents from the Philadelphia and New York areas. The English-speakers (referred to by the Dutch as simply "the English") dominated the managerial and engineering positions of these companies, and the Dutch supplied the blue collar and supervisory workforce.

As technology advanced during the late 19th century, higher technology companies such as Mack Truck and New Jersey Zinc moved to the region as well. As the local industries expanded, immigrants from Middle Europe (primarily Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary) were recruited for the low-skilled positions, and the more established Dutch retained the skilled blue collar and supervisory positions. The Dutch influence on the shop floor was so great that some Slavic immigrants became bilingual in their native language and in Pennsylvania Dutch while they had not yet mastered English.

21st century
In the 20th century, however, universal public education in English and relatively easy access to higher education erased many of the elements that made the Pennsylvania Dutch Country a distinctive region of the United States. The information age and globalization greatly reduced the dependence of the region on industrial jobs. The Eastern part of the region (Northampton, Lehigh, and Berks Counties) is now dominated by information-intensive white collar employment.

The western counties of the region experienced industrialization as well, with Hershey Foods being the most notable example, but it was less intensive, and agriculture retained a larger share of the economy. In the middle of the 20th century, both Amish and non-Amish entrepreneurs began to promote the area as a tourist destination. Though there are still plenty of Amish attempting to follow their traditional way of life, tourism and population growth have significantly changed the appearance and cultural flavor of the area. The region is within 50 miles of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Maryland, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and has not escaped the effects of being located on the western edge of the East Coast conurbation which stretches from Washington, D.C. to New York City.

The Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites, who have resisted these urbanization efforts most successfully, have retained aspects of their 18th century way of life, including the Deitsch dialect; however, these groups have changed significantly in the last two hundred years. Nevertheless, for the Old Order groups, change has come slower, and gradually they have become more and more distinctively different as the surrounding rural and urban population of Pennsylvania has changed.

Nearby attractions

 * Crystal Cave in Berks County
 * Dutch Wonderland, an amusement park
 * Gettysburg National Military Park (nearby)
 * Hersheypark
 * Indian Echo Caverns, Hummelstown
 * Koziar's Christmas Village
 * Limestone Inn Bed and Breakfast listed in the National Register of Historic Places
 * Middletown and Hummelstown Railroad
 * Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
 * Roadside America in Shartlesville
 * Strasburg Rail Road, a steam locomotive-driven heritage railway
 * Susquehannock State Park
 * Union Canal Tunnel, Lebanon

title: Pennsylvania Dutch Country


text:
Abhinavagupta

Abhinavagupta (Devanāgarī अभिनवगुप्तः; c. 950 – 1016 CE ) was a philosopher, mystic and aesthetician from Kashmir. He was also considered an influential musician, poet, dramatist, exegete, theologian, and logician – a polymathic personality who exercised strong influences on Indian culture.

Abhinavagupta was born in a Kānyakubja Brāhmin family of scholars and mystics whose ancestors immigrated from Kannauj on invitation by the great king of Kashmir, Lalitaditya Muktapida. He studied all the schools of philosophy and art of his time under the guidance of as many as fifteen (or more) teachers and gurus. In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is Tantrāloka, an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Kaula and Trika (known today as Kashmir Shaivism). Another one of his very important contributions was in the field of philosophy of aesthetics with his famous Abhinavabhāratī commentary of Nāṭyaśāstra of Bharata Muni.

Life
"Abhinavagupta" was not his real name, rather a title he earned from his master(Guru), carrying a meaning of "competence and authoritativeness". In his analysis, Jayaratha (1150–1200 AD) – who was Abhinavagupta's most important commentator – also reveals three more meanings: "being ever vigilant", "being present everywhere" and "protected by praises". Raniero Gnoli, the only Sanskrit scholar who completed a translation of Tantrāloka in a European language, mentions that "Abhinava" also means "new", as a reference to the ever-new creative force of his mystical experience.

From Jayaratha, we learn that Abhinavagupta was in possession of all the six qualities required for the recipients of the tremendous level of śaktipāta, as described in the sacred texts (Śrīpūrvaśāstra): an unflinching faith in God, realisation of mantras, control over objective principles (referring to the 36 tattvas), successful conclusion of all the activities undertaken, poetic creativity and spontaneous knowledge of all disciplines.

Abhinavagupta's creation is well equilibrated between the branches of the triad (Trika): will (icchā), knowledge (jñāna), action (kriyā); his works also include devotional songs, academical/philosophical works and works describing ritual/yogic practices.

As an author, he is considered a systematiser of the philosophical thought. He reconstructed, rationalised and orchestrated the philosophical knowledge into a more coherent form, assessing all the available sources of his time, not unlike a modern scientific researcher.

Various contemporary scholars have characterised Abhinavagupta as a "brilliant scholar and saint", "the pinnacle of the development of Kaśmir Śaivism" and "in possession of yogic realization".

"Magical" birth
The term by which Abhinavagupta himself defines his origin is "yoginībhū", 'born of a yoginī'. In Kashmir Shaivism and especially in Kaula it is considered that a progeny of parents "established in the divine essence of Bhairava", is endowed with exceptional spiritual and intellectual prowess. Such a child is supposed to be "the depository of knowledge", who "even as a child in the womb, has the form of Shiva", to enumerate but a few of the classical attributes of his kind.

Parents
Abhinavagupta was born in a Kanyakubja Brahmin family in Kashmir. His mother, Vimalā (Vimalakalā) died when Abhinavagupta was just two years old; as a consequence of losing his mother, of whom he was reportedly very attached, he grew more distant from worldly life and focused all the more on spiritual endeavour.

The father, Narasiṃhgupt, after his wife's death favoured an ascetic lifestyle, while raising his three children. He had a cultivated mind and a heart "outstandingly adorned with devotion to Mahesvara (Shiva)" (in Abhinavagupta's own words). He was Abhinavagupta's first teacher, instructing him in grammar, logic and literature.

Family
Abhinavagupta had a brother and a sister. His brother, Manoratha, was a well-versed devotee of Shiva. His sister, Ambā (probable name, according to Navjivan Rastogi), devoted herself to worship after the death of her husband in late life.

His cousin Karṇa demonstrated even from his youth that he grasped the essence of Śaivism and was detached of the world. His wife was presumably Abhinavagupta's older sister Ambā, who looked with reverence upon her illustrious brother. Ambā and Karṇa had a son, Yogeśvaridatta, who was precociously talented in yoga

Abhinavagupta also mentions his disciple Rāmadeva as faithfully devoted to scriptural study and serving his master. Another cousin was Kṣema, possibly the same as Abhinavagupta's illustrious disciple Kṣemarāja. Mandra, a childhood friend of Karṇa, was their host in a suburban residence; he was not only rich and in possession of a pleasing personality, but also equally learned. And last but not least, Vatasikā, Mandra's aunt, who got a special mention from Abhinavagupta for caring for him with exceptional dedication and concern; to express his gratitude, Abhinavagupta declared that Vatasikā deserved the credit for the successful completion of his work.

The emerging picture here is that Abhinavagupta lived in a nurturing and protected environment, where his creative energies got all the support they required. Everyone around him was filled with spiritual fervor and had taken Abhinavagupta as their spiritual master. Such a supporting group of family and friends was equally necessary as his personal qualities of genius, to complete a work of the magnitude of Tantrāloka.

Ancestors
By Abhinavagupta's own account, his most remote known ancestor was called Atrigupta, born in antarved Kānyakubja in Madhyadesha, i.e. the Middle Country. From Madhyadeśa he travelled to Kashmir at the request of king Lalitāditya,  around year 740 CE.

Masters
Abhinavagupta is famous for his voracious thirst for knowledge. To study he took many teachers (as many as fifteen), both mystical philosophers and scholars. He approached Vaiṣṇavas, Buddhists, Śiddhānta Śaivists, and the Trika scholars.

Among the most prominent of his teachers, he enumerates four, two of whom were Vāmanātha, who instructed him in dualistic Śaivism, and Bhūtirāja in the dualist/nondualist school. Besides being the teacher of the famous Abhinavagupta, Bhūtirāja was also the father of two eminent scholars.

Lakṣmaṇagupta, a direct disciple of Utpaladeva, in the lineage of Trayambaka, was highly respected by Abhinavagupta and taught him all the schools of monistic thought: Krama, Trika, and Pratyabhijña (except Kula). Śambhunātha taught him the fourth school (Ardha-trayambaka). This school is in fact Kaula, and it was emanated from Trayambaka's daughter.

For Abhinavagupta, Śambhunātha was the most admired guru. Describing the greatness of his master, he compared Śambhunātha to the Sun, in his power to dispel ignorance from the heart, and, in another place, with "the Moon shining over the ocean of Trika knowledge." Abhinavagupta received Kaula initiation through Śambhunātha's wife (acting as a dūtī or conduit). The energy of this initiation is transmitted and sublimated into the heart and finally into consciousness. Such a method is difficult but very rapid and is reserved for those who shed their mental limitations and are pure. It was Śambhunātha who requested he write Tantrāloka. As guru, he had a profound influence in the structure of Tantrāloka and in the life of its creator, Abhinavagupta.

As many as twelve more of his principal teachers are enumerated by name but without details. It is believed that Abhinavagupta had more secondary teachers. Moreover, during his life he had accumulated a large number of texts from which he quoted in his magnum opus, in his desire to create a syncretic, all-inclusive system, where the contrasts of different scriptures could be resolved by integration into a superior perspective.

Lifestyle
Abhinavagupta remained unmarried all his life, and as an adept of Kaula, at least initially maintained brahmacharya and supposedly used the vital force of his energy (ojas) to deepen his understanding of the spiritual nervous system he outlined in his works—a system involving ritual union between Purusha (as Shiva) and Shakti. Such union is essentially non-physical and universal, and thus Abhinavagupta conceived himself as always in communion with Shiva-Shakti. In the context of his life and teachings, Abhinavagupta parallels Shiva as both ascetic and enjoyer.

Abhinavagupta studied assiduously at least until the age of thirty or thirty-five. To accomplish that he travelled, mostly inside Kashmir. By his own testimony, he had attained spiritual liberation through his Kaula practice, under the guidance of his most admired master, Śambhunātha. He lived in his home (functioning as an ashram) with his family members and disciples, and he did not become a wandering monk, nor did he take on the regular duties of his family, but lived out his life as a writer and a teacher. Abhinavagupta's personality was described as a living realisation of his vision.

In an epoch pen-painting, Abhinavagupta is depicted seated in Virasana, surrounded by devoted disciples and family, performing a kind of trance-inducing music on a veena while dictating verses of Tantrāloka to one of his attendees--behind him two dūtī (women yogi) waiting on him. A legend about the moment of his death (placed somewhere between 1015 and 1025, depending on the source), says that he took with him 1,200 disciples and marched off to a cave, today this cave is known by (Abhinavagupta Cave) located at hill called Bairam at Beerwah, reciting his poem Bhairava-stava, a devotional work. They were never to be seen again, supposedly translating together into the spiritual world.

Works

Abhinavagupta's works fall into multiple sections: manuals of religious ritual, devotional songs, philosophical works and philosophy of aesthetics. Here are enumerated most of his works. Bold type faced titles represent the most important ones.

Tantraloka
His most important work was Tantrāloka ("Elucidation of Tantra"), a synthesis of the entire Trika system. The esoteric chapter 29 on the Kaula ritual was translated in English together with Jayaratha's commentary by John R. Dupuche. A complex study on the context, authors, contents and references of Tantrāloka was published by Navjivan Rastogi, Prof. of the Lucknow University. Though there are no English translations of Tantrāloka to date, the last recognized master of the oral tradition of Kashmir Shaivism, Swami Lakshman Joo, gave a condensed version of the key philosophical chapters of Tantrāloka in his book, Kashmir Shaivism – The Secret Supreme.

Another important text was the commentary on Parātrīśikā, Parātrīśikāvivaraṇa, detailing the signification of the phonematic energies and their two sequential ordering systems, Mātṛkā and Mālinī. This was the last major translation project of Jaideva Singh.

Tantrasara
Tantrasāra ("Essence of Tantra") is a summarised version, in prose, of Tantrāloka, which was once more summarised in Tantroccaya, and finally presented in a very short summary form under the name of Tantravaṭadhānikā – the "Seed of Tantra".

Pūrvapañcikā was a commentary of Pūrvatantra, alias Mālinīvijaya Tantra, lost to this day. Mālinīvijayā-varttika ("Commentary on Mālinīvijaya") is a versified commentary on Mālinīvijaya Tantra's first verse. Kramakeli, "Krama's Play" was a commentary of Kramastotra, now lost. Bhagavadgītārtha-saṃgraha which translates "Commentary on Bhagavad Gita" has now an English translation by Boris Marjanovic.

Other religious works are: Parātrīśikā-laghuvṛtti, "A Short Commentary on Parātrīśikā", Paryantapañcāśīkā ("Fifty Verses on the Ultimate Reality"), Rahasyapañcadaśikā ("Fifteen Verses on the Mystical Doctrine"), Laghvī prakriyā ("Short Ceremony"), Devīstotravivaraṇa ("Commentary on the Hymn to Devi") and Paramārthasāra ("Essence of the Supreme Reality").

Devotional hymns
Abhinavagupta has composed a number of devotional poems, most of which have been translated into French by Lilian Silburn:

 * Bodhapañcadaśikā – "Fifteen Verses on Consciousness";
 * Paramārthacarcā – "Discussion on the Supreme Reality";
 * Anubhavanivedana – "Tribute of the Inner Experience";
 * Anuttarāṣṭikā – "Eight Verses on Anuttara";
 * Krama-stotra – an hymn, different from the fundamental text of the Krama school;
 * Bhairava-stava – "Hymn to Bhairava";
 * Dehasthadevatācakra-stotra – "Hymn to the Wheel of Divinities that Live in the Body";
 * Paramārthadvādaśikā – "Twelve Verses on the Supreme Reality" and
 * Mahopadeśa-viṃśatikā – "Twenty Verses on the Great Teaching".
 * Another poem Śivaśaktyavinābhāva-stotra – "Hymn on the Inseparability of Shiva and Shakti" was lost.

Philosophical works
One of the most important works of Abhinavagupta is Īśvarapratyabhijñā-vimarśini ("Commentary to the Verses on the Recognition of the Lord") and Īśvarapratyabhijñā-vivṛti-vimarśini ("Commentary on the explanation of Īśvarapratyabhijñā"). This treatise is fundamental in the transmission of the Pratyabhijña school (the branch of Kashmir Shaivism based on direct recognition of the Lord) to our days. Another commentary on a Pratyabhijña work – Śivadṛṣtyā-locana ("Light on Śivadṛṣṭi") – is now lost. Another lost commentary is Padārthapraveśa-nirṇaya-ṭīkā and Prakīrṇkavivaraṇa ("Comment on the Notebook") referring to the third chapter of Vākyapadīya of Bhartrihari. Two more philosophical texts of Abhinavagupta are Kathāmukha-tilaka ("Ornament of the Face of Discourses") and Bhedavāda-vidāraṇa ("Confrontation of the Dualist Thesis").

Poetical and dramatic works
Abhinavaguptas most important work on the philosophy of art is Abhinavabhāratī – a long and complex commentary on Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni. This work has been one of the most important factors contributing to Abhinavagupta's fame up until present day. His most important contribution was that to the theory of rasa (aesthetic savour).

Other poetical works include: Ghaṭa-karpara-kulaka-vivṛti, a commentary on "Ghaṭakarpara" of Kalidasa; Kāvyakauṭukavivaraṇa, a "Commentary to the Wonder of Poetry" (a work of Bhaṭṭa Tauta), now lost; and Dhvanyālokalocana, "Illustration of Dhvanyāloka", which is a famous work of Anandavardhana.

title: Abhinavagupta


text:
NLE

NLE is an acronym. It can refer to:

In education

 * National Latin Exam, a test given to Latin students
 * Philippine Nursing Licensure Exam, a basic level nursing exam given in public schools in the Philippines

In science, medicine, and technology

 * Non-linear editing system, a form of audio, video, and image editing
 * N.L.E. Tractors, a codename for Cultivator No. 6

In transportation

 * North Luzon Expressway, an expressway located in the Philippines
 * The Northern line extension to Battersea, an underground extension project in London
 * IATA code for Jerry Tyler Memorial Airport, Niles, Michigan

People

 * NLE Choppa, an American rapper and his label No Love Entertainment

title: NLE


text:
Talk:Micro-Star International

Reads Like an Advertisement
Don't get me wrong, I love MSI, but this article reads like an advertisement! It's unacceptable for Wikipedia. – Lunarbunny 06:05, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, and it still does 9 years later. I mean, what's the point of listing all those awards.  They have nothing to do with an encyclopedic article... 84.49.75.226 (talk) 11:15, 17 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Advert banner was added November 2015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro-Star_International&oldid=691251115) and removed the next day (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro-Star_International&oldid=691314069). I'll readd it... 24.130.94.168 (talk) 10:47, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

Should be rewritten
This article is terrible, first the capacitor plague is a 2000-2001 occurance I used to run a computer store who dealt in oem parts and the capacitor problem was mostly an abit problem msi and asus and other high-end boards' capacitor failed no more than the average of capacitor of this capacitance and voltage this problem has been overstated because some manufacturers were especially prone to early capacitor leakage beside this article provide no source other than the "capacitor plague" wikipedia article which itself has very little sources

In all the mention of the capacitor problem (for which MSI and other (even Abit) can't be blamed for having been sold counterfeits that can't be economically time-tested before product launch) is taking way too much space .. I mean it's half the arcticle !

Also the msi logo should be cropped, the "Press  to switch to POST or  to run BIOS setup" at the bottom is very amateurish

"MSI products are sold as OEM parts" if that is true every computer part in existance is also "OEM" not only the feel of the use of that word is nearly derogatory but it's plain wrong as even HP/Compaq and Dell used their products at some point wikipedia at domn dot net

Ugh
Sorry, but this page is indicative of all of Wikipedia: poorly written, bad grammar, non-existant maintenence, etc. etc.. I've been working as hard as I can with what little time I have, making new computer related articles, cleaning many up (just finished ASUS), but man, the task at hand is too big. DoomBringer 07:35, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, what is the deal with the external link? It goes to the Abit settlement, not MSI one. DoomBringer 06:32, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article is hardly neutral. It all starts with ''This means product quality suffers at MSI. Remember you must choose two: good, cheap, fast.'' Perhaps even the preceeding sentence is questionable.

Any other opinions?

--

This is hardly a neutral article at all. This should either be edited to reflect a neutral POV, or be removed entirely.

The events detailed in this article occured over 2 years ago, and have no direct relevance to the company's present-day product line quality or reputation.

--

I'm adding a NPOV then.

T2X 23:43, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

...Heh... Already there...

T2X 23:43, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

MSI RULEZ
They make the best mobos out there. I got my FX-53 running at 4 gHz on a neo4 platinum
 * I tend to agree, but the encyclopedia article shouldn't have that in it. Next time you want to mess around, use the sandbox. DoomBringer 06:30, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Notebooks
MSI also manufactures barebone notebooks as well, mostly rebranded by Averatec. VoodooPC also uses one of their notebooks (MSI-1013). http://www.msicomputer.com/NB/index.asp

Media Centers
They also build barebone media centers which are placed in the centeral part of the house; the living room. http://www.msicomputer.com/product/p_spec.asp?model=MEGA_865_PRO&class=mega

MP3 players
MSI also manufactures MP3 players, some of which are entry-level and are sold very cheaply.

The tres el-cheapo MS-538 model (sold in Estonia for 340 EEK and a bit less around Nov/Dec 2005–Jan 2006... Prices in Germany have hovered around €17,00–19,00 near end of 2005 and beginning of 2006) has no internal memory, so an SD or MMC memory card must be acquired separately. Headphones (earbuds) are not of very high quality /according to reviews. Sound quality is equal to radio quality; then again, for an entry-level item, this seems acceptable.

A regular AAA battery lasts up to eight hours. Accu-batteries are suggested to avoid buying AAA batteries all the time. The memory card limit was up to 512Mb, so files with a constant 128 kbit/s bitrate are suggested — for acceptable audio and also more listening material.

Some good points:
 * Cheap initial price;
 * AAA accu-batteries can be changed to types that last longer. I'd expect future types of AAA accu-batteries to last longer anyway, if there will be any advancement in battery technology of convetional batteries that have predetermined sizes —
 * "With the exception of lead-acid batteries, most Ni-MH batteries can be recharged 500-1000 times while Ni-CD batteries can only be recharged about 400 times." — Batteries

I still wonder, which type of batteries, either nickel-cadmium or nickel metal-hydride are good for daily use for such an item... The latter doesn't last as long, but is more environmentally friendly. The former lasts longer, is less environmentally friendly and maybe poses some dangers, that Ni-MH batteries don't possess.

 * I've gotten some new information regarding the abovementioned player, but I have written it like a user review. I am planning to compare articles on other manufacturers' MP3-player models and see if my information is good for publishing on WikiPedia or WikiBooks, perhaps... Although I'm still leaning in favour of Wikipedia.

Infobox...
I drew up a new SVG logo and added an infobox. I'm terrible at research, so there's no guarantee that my information is accurate. Feel free to fix any mistakes you see.

disgraceful
this page has been written by the marketing wing of MSI. please remove it, wikipedia is no place to advertise your company

 * Agreed. This is nothing but crap.  I tried to remove the blatently biased material, but after doing so the article was about 6 lines long.  Somebody needs to do a rewrite :/

 * Concur. My idea is to get a relatively normal version from history and then add information that was added later, without it sounding like it came straight from marketing.
 * From history, 203.177.236.244 traces back to here:

10  233 ms   230 ms   224 ms  peer1.ldn1.flagtel.com [195.66.224.146] 11  251 ms   307 ms   307 ms  so-1-0-0.0.cjr04.alx001.flagtel.com [62.216.129.202] 12  342 ms   317 ms   491 ms  so-3-3-0.0.cjr04.hkg003.flagtel.com [62.216.128.218] 13  512 ms   530 ms   501 ms  62.216.146.38 14  500 ms   495 ms     *     so-0-0-0.0.cjr04.hkg003.flagtel.com [62.216.128.106] 15  540 ms   498 ms   491 ms  62.216.146.38 16  562 ms     *      524 ms  203.177.150.201 17  545 ms   516 ms   507 ms  global.hgc.com.hk [218.189.23.106] 18  574 ms   540 ms   527 ms  203.177.150.201 19    *      517 ms   510 ms  203.177.31.90 20    *        *      552 ms  203.177.197.162 --timeouts from here on
 * -Mardus 16:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I traced article history for a bit and then found out that advertising text was written by User:Borko.radojkovic (see his contributions). Important stuff about MSI that remained for some time was removed and I personally think a revert should have been done. -Mardus 00:37, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Msi logo.jpg
Image:Msi logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 17:37, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

MSI link and use of the name
I've noticed some discrepancies. MSI should only be written with capital letters, the logo is in small print so all references to "MSi, Msi, msi" etc are wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Neliz (talk • contribs) 01:35, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Suspected Conflict of Interest
User:59.125.101.61 is a Taiwanese IP address. This IP has exclusively edited the MSI page since 2013 by removing vandalism and adding awards. In addition, it has removed Template:Advert tags twice (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro-Star_International&diff=prev&oldid=679216685 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro-Star_International&diff=prev&oldid=679216994 double-undo) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro-Star_International&diff=prev&oldid=734540599 ).

I suspect this is MSI PR attempting to "preserve" their image by removing advertisement tags. Jimbo1qaz (talk) 03:45, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Trimmed PR back to reasonable level. Left in pictures of products. John Nagle (talk) 19:12, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160224182407/https://www.htcvive.com/us/product-optimized/ to https://www.htcvive.com/us/product-optimized/

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This article seriously needs a rewrite.
I'll look to getting to rewriting it from scratch, but in the meantime if any of you would like to give it a go use the sandbox and flag down a draftee checker to be sure. - MountainKemono (talk) 13:38, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

founders of wikipedia
https;//en wikipedia.org/wiki/talk;micro-star_internnational 2A02:2F0E:5310:FF00:6151:1409:8523:BA9 (talk) 14:34, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Missing info about the MSI UEFI BIOS signing key leak
See, for example, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/05/leak-of-msi-uefi-signing-keys-stokes-concerns-of-doomsday-supply-chain-attack/ 199.247.42.77 (talk) 20:35, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Micro-Star International


text:
File:Three Dog Night - It Ain't Easy.jpg

Cover for album It Ain't Easy by Three Dog Night.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright