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Joi Lansing

Joi Lansing (born Joy Rae Brown; April 6, 1929 – August 7, 1972) was an American model, film and television actress, and nightclub singer. She was noted for her pin-up photos and roles in B-movies, as well as a prominent role in the famous opening "tracking shot" in Orson Welles' 1958 crime drama Touch of Evil.

Lansing was often cast in roles similar to those played by her contemporaries Jayne Mansfield and Mamie Van Doren. She frequently was clad in skimpy costumes and bikinis that accentuated her figure (34D bust), but she never posed nude.

Early life
Lansing was born at Salt Lake Regional Medical Center in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1929 to Jack Glen Brown (also known as Glen Jack Brown and Glenn Jack Brown), a shoe salesman and orchestra musician, and Virginia Grace (née Shupe) Brown, a housewife.

She was later known by her stepfathers' surnames, i.e. Wassmansdorff and Loveland. In 1940, her family moved to Los Angeles, where her siblings were born.

Career
She began modeling at the age of 14. Lansing was discovered at age 14 by Arthur Freed, the producer, and was signed to an MGM talent school contract. Lansing completed high school on the studio lot. While a student at the University of California, Los Angeles, a writer for The Bob Cummings Show spotted her, and a part was written into the show for her.

Films
Lansing's film career began in 1948, and in 1952 she played an uncredited role in MGM's Singin' in the Rain. She received top billing in Hot Cars (1956), a crime drama involving a stolen-car racket. In 1958, she appeared in the famous opening sequence of Orson Welles's Touch of Evil as Zita, the dancer who dies in a car explosion at the end of the extended tracking shot after exclaiming to a border guard "I keep hearing this ticking noise inside my head!"

She had a brief role as an astronaut's girlfriend in sci-fi parody Queen of Outer Space (1958) and had fourth billing in the science fiction feature The Atomic Submarine (1959). During the 1960s, she starred in short musical films for the Scopitone video-jukebox system. Her songs included "The Web of Love" and "The Silencers".

In 1964, producer Stanley Todd discussed a film project with Lansing, tentatively titled Project 22, with location shooting planned in Yugoslavia, and with George Hamilton and Geraldine Chaplin named to the cast. The film never was made.

Lansing played "Lola" in the romantic comedy Marriage on the Rocks (1965), with a cast that included Frank Sinatra, Deborah Kerr, and Dean Martin. Lansing previously had appeared in Sinatra's drama A Hole in the Head (1959) and in Martin's comedy Who Was That Lady? (1960). She turned down the chance to replace Jayne Mansfield in The Ice House (a 1969 horror film), and instead appeared opposite Basil Rathbone (in his last film appearance) and John Carradine in Hillbillys in a Haunted House (1967), as Mamie Van Doren's replacement. Her last film was Bigfoot (1970).

Recordings
Lansing started singing in nightclubs in the early 1960s, and her performances are documented in several trade magazines. She performed with the Xavier Cugat orchestra and briefly toured with Les Paul, but little is known about the songs she actually recorded. Apparently, while starring on The Bob Cummings Show, she recorded a 45 r.p.m. single on the small REO record label in 1957: "Love Me/What's It Gonna Be" (REO #1007).

In 1962, she recorded six to eight sides at Que Recorders in Los Angeles. These turned up at auction and were acetates of four songs each (with two songs duplicated on the second acetate). It is unknown whether these tracks were released on an album. Both acetates list the same identifying number of #4-8351. The songs recorded on February 23, 1962, were "Masquerade is Over", "All of You" (Cole Porter), "The One I Love" (which was most likely "The One I Love (Belongs to Somebody Else)", and "Who Cares?" (George and Ira Gershwin). On April 30, 1962, the songs recorded were "Feel So Young" (which was probably "You Make Me Feel So Young"), "Dream", "Masquerade", and "All of You".

It was reported in Cashbox magazine on April 17, 1965, that Lansing was recording an album for RCA records with Jimmie Haskell (and suggested that it should be titled Joi to the World of Jazz), but nothing further is known about this project.

Television
Lansing appeared in The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok, The Jack Benny Program, It's a Great Life, I Love Lucy, Bat Masterson, Where's Raymond?, State Trooper, The People's Choice, Richard Diamond, Private Detective, The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, Sugarfoot, This Man Dawson, Maverick, Perry Mason, The Joey Bishop Show, Petticoat Junction, The Mothers-in-Law, and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, and had a recurring role in The Beverly Hillbillies.

The biggest single break of Lansing's career had come the year before, when, from 1955 through 1959, in roughly 125 episodes, she portrayed the character Shirley Swanson on the Robert Cummings sitcom, The Bob Cummings Show.

She named Ozzie Nelson as possessing the greatest sex appeal of any actor with whom she worked. The two played a love scene in a 1956 Fireside Theater drama titled Shoot the Moon. Lansing had a recurring role as Shirley Swanson in The Bob Cummings Show (1956–59). She appeared in several episodes as a busty model who was the foil for photographer Bob Collins, Cummings's series name. The series ran for 173 episodes.

Lansing appeared as herself in a 1956 I Love Lucy season 6 episode, "Desert Island". In 1957, she played Vera Payson in the Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Crimson Kiss". She achieved some distinction for beating out Lois Lane (Noel Neill) to marry Superman (George Reeves) as the title character in "Superman's Wife", a 1958 episode of Adventures of Superman.

What was possibly Lansing's best television role may have been her least-seen as the leading lady in The Fountain of Youth, a Peabody Award-winning unsold television pilot directed by Orson Welles for Desilu in 1956 and broadcast on the Colgate Theatre two years later. The half-hour film remains available for public viewing at the Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles.

She appeared in a 1960 episode of The Untouchables entitled “The Noise of Death,” playing a character named Georgina Jones. In the 1960–61 season of Klondike, Lansing appeared as Goldie with Ralph Taeger, James Coburn, and Mari Blanchard. In 1960, she appeared as Evelyn in the "Election Bet" episode of the Mr. Lucky TV series (season 1, episode 34). In May 1963, Lansing appeared in Falcon Frolics '63. The broadcast honored the men stationed at the Vandenberg Air Force Base.

She appeared in six episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies in the role of Gladys Flatt, the glamorous wife of bluegrass musician Lester Flatt.

Lansing has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles for her contributions to television.

Personal life
In August 1960, she married Stanley Laurence Todd, who had been her business manager when she married him.

Lansing died from breast cancer on August 7, 1972, at St. John's Hospital, Santa Monica, California. She had been treated surgically for the disease two years earlier. She also suffered from severe anemia. While some press accounts gave her age as 37, she was actually 43 years old.

In popular culture
A highly fictionalized version of Lansing appears in James Ellroy's 2021 novel Widespread Panic.

She appears in the Tex Avery animated short The House of Tomorrow, released in 1949.

Features

 * When a Girl's Beautiful (1947) - Model (uncredited)
 * Linda, Be Good (1947) - Cameo Girl (uncredited)
 * The Counterfeiters (1948) - Caroline - Art Model
 * Easter Parade (1948) - Hat Model / Showgirl (uncredited)
 * Julia Misbehaves (1948) - Mannequin (uncredited)
 * Blondie's Secret (1948) - Bathing Girl in Dream (uncredited)
 * Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949) - Girl on Train (uncredited)
 * Neptune's Daughter (1949) - Linda (uncredited)
 * The Girl from Jones Beach (1949) - Model (uncredited)
 * In the Good Old Summertime (1949) - Pretty Girl (uncredited)
 * Key to the City (1950) - Miss Garbage Truck (uncredited)
 * Pier 23 (1951) - The Cocktail Waitress
 * On the Riviera (1951) - Marilyn Turner (uncredited)
 * FBI Girl (1951) - Susan
 * Two Tickets to Broadway (1951) - Showgirl (uncredited)
 * Singin' in the Rain (1952) - Chorus Girl (uncredited)
 * Glory Alley (1952) - Chorus Girl (uncredited)
 * The Merry Widow (1952) - Girl at Maxim's (uncredited)
 * The French Line (1953) - Model (uncredited)
 * Son of Sinbad (1955) - Harem Girl (uncredited)
 * Finger Man (1955) - Blonde in Bar (uncredited)
 * Terror at Midnight (1956) - Hazel (uncredited)
 * The Brave One (1956) - Marion Randall
 * Hot Cars (1956) - Karen Winter
 * Hot Shots (1956) - Connie Forbes
 * Touch of Evil (1958) - Zita
 * Queen of Outer Space (1958) - Larry's Girl (uncredited)
 * A Hole in the Head (1959) - Dorine
 * It Started with a Kiss (1959) - Checkroom Girl (uncredited)
 * But Not for Me (1959) - Blonde Bathing Beauty (uncredited)
 * The Atomic Submarine (1959) - Julie
 * Who Was That Lady? (1960) - Florence Coogle
 * Marriage on the Rocks (1965) - Lola
 * Hillbillys in a Haunted House (1967) - Boots Malone
 * Bigfoot (1970) - Joi Landis

Short subjects

 * Super Cue Men (1937)
 * The House of Tomorrow (1949), created by Tex Avery - "The Girl" on television (uncredited)
 * Joe McDoakes
 * "So You Want to Go to a Nightclub" (1954) - Lorna Lamour (uncredited)
 * "So You're Taking in a Roomer" (1954) - Blonde Roomer (uncredited)
 * "So You Want to Be a V.P." (1955) - Miss Poindexter - Secretary (uncredited)
 * "So You Want to Be a Policeman" (1955) - Blonde Getting Ticket (uncredited)
 * "So You Think the Grass Is Greener" (1956) - Geraldine Backspace (uncredited)
 * The Fountain of Youth (1956), scripted & directed by Orson Welles - Carolyn Coates
 * The Starmaker (1957), starring Bette Davis, on television - Mrs. Barclay Alexander

title: Joi Lansing


text:
Lausanne Covenant

The Lausanne Covenant is a July 1974 religious manifesto promoting active worldwide Christian evangelism. One of the most influential documents in modern evangelicalism, it was written at the First International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne, Switzerland, where it was adopted by 2,300 evangelicals in attendance.

History
In July 1974, the original Lausanne conference brought together approximately 2,700 Christian religious leaders from over 150 countries and was called by a committee headed by the American evangelist Billy Graham. The drafting committee for the 15-point document was chaired by John Stott of the United Kingdom. In addition to the signing of the covenant, the conference also created the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization. The covenant is in the form of an ecumenical confession, in which the signatories profess their shame at having failed to spread the Gospel of Jesus. The covenant specifically affirms the beliefs in the Nicene Creed. The signatories express their intention to be more committed to spreading Christianity throughout the world.

The original document is in English and has been translated into at least twenty different languages. In 1989, fifteen years after the original Lausanne conference, the Second International Congress on World Evangelization (sometimes called "Lausanne II") convened in Manila, Philippines, and adopted the Manila Manifesto, an elaboration of the Lausanne Covenant.

The introduction of the covenant is: "We, members of the Church of Jesus Christ, from more than 150 nations, participants in the International Congress on World Evangelization at Lausanne, praise God for his great salvation and rejoice in the fellowship he has given us with himself and with each other. We are deeply stirred by what God is doing in our day, moved to penitence by our failures, and challenged by the unfinished task of evangelization. We believe the gospel is God's good news for the whole world, and we are determined, by his grace, to obey Christ's commission to proclaim it to all mankind and to make disciples of every nation. We desire, therefore, to affirm our faith and our resolve, and to make public our covenant."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lausanne Covenant


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alcoholocaust (0th nomination)

Alcoholocaust was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Alcoholocaust
Is this term much used? [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 05:47, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 05:52, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Fastfission 05:55, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, it's got 3000+ Google hits, but they don't seem to be related to this definition. Delete. --jpgordon{gab} 06:46, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; I don't see this becoming a real article. Wiktionary, if anything. -leigh 07:09, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or transwiki to wiktionary. It's a dicdef. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 07:14, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete looks like a joke. --Gene s 09:42, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks made up, and a bad joke.  --Randy 12:08, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, obvious joke, but I give the author kudos for making me laugh. Shane King 23:28, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete to BJAODN. This was pretty funny.  --Idont Havaname 00:47, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, BJAODN; clearly the most clever neologism we've seen in a while. - RedWordSmith 06:35, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * BJAODN - not exactly Meaning of Liff caliber :-7 - Skysmith 09:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete--Regebro 11:50, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Boronia, Victoria

I think this line needs some explanation : "Because it is on the foothills, it itself possesses many hills, and that was a reason for the station dividing people."

we need to add more about our rowdy teens,yeh! seein dat im one...

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Military exercise

A military exercise, training exercise, maneuver (manoeuvre), or war game is the employment of military resources in training for military operations. Military exercises are conducted to explore the effects of warfare or test tactics and strategies without actual combat. They also ensure the combat readiness of garrisoned or deployable forces prior to deployment from a home base.

While both war games and military exercises aim to simulate real conditions and scenarios for the purpose of preparing and analyzing those scenarios, the distinction between a war game and a military exercise is determined, primarily, by the involvement of actual military forces within the simulation, or lack thereof. Military exercises focus on the simulation of real, full-scale military operations in controlled hostile conditions in attempts to reproduce war time decisions and activities for training purposes or to analyze the outcome of possible war time decisions. War games, however, can be much smaller than full-scale military operations, do not typically include the use of functional military equipment, and decisions and actions are carried out by artificial players to simulate possible decisions and actions within an artificial scenario which usually represents a model of a real-world scenario. Additionally, mathematical modeling is used in the simulation of war games to provide a quantifiable method of deduction. However, it is rare that a war game is depended upon for quantitative results, and the use of war games is more often found in situations where qualitative factors of the simulated scenario are needed to be determined.

The actual use of war games and the results that they can provide are limited by possibilities. War games cannot be used to achieve predictive results, as the nature of war and the scenarios that war games aim to simulate are not deterministic. Therefore, war games are primarily used to consider multiple possible outcomes of any given decision, or number of decisions, made in the simulated scenario. These possible outcomes are analyzed and compared, and cause-and-effect relationships are typically sought for the unknown factors within the simulation. It is typically the relationships between visual aspects of the simulation that aid in the assessment of the problems that are simulated within war games, like geographic locations and positionings that would be difficult to discern or analyze at full-scale and for complex environments.

Military exercises involving multiple branches of the same military are known as joint exercises, while military exercises involving two or more countries are known as combined, coalition, bilateral, or multilateral exercises, depending on the nature of the relationship between the countries and the number of them involved. These exercises allow for better coordination between militaries and observation of enemy tactics, and serve as a visible show of strength and cooperation for the participating countries. According to a 2021 study, joint military exercises within well-defined alliances usually deter adversaries without producing a moral hazard because of the narrow scope of the alliance, while joint military exercises outside of an alliance (which are extremely rare) usually lead to conflict escalation.

Exercises in the 20th and 21st centuries have often been identified by a unique code name, such as Cobra Gold, in the same manner as military contingency operations and combat operations like Operation Phantom Fury.

Military exercises are sometimes used as cover for the build up to an actual invasion, as in the cases of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, or it can provoke opponents at peace to perceive it as such, as in the case of Able Archer 83.

Command post
A Command Post Exercise (CPX) typically focuses on the battle readiness of staffs such as a particular Unified Combatant Command or one of its components at any level. It may run in parallel with an FTX or its equivalent, or as a stand-alone event for headquarters staff only with heavy emphasis on simulated events.

Field
Historical names for the field exercise, or the full-scale rehearsal of military maneuvers as practice for warfare in the military services of the British Commonwealth include "schemes", while those of the military services United States are known as Field Training Exercises (FTX), or, in the case of naval forces, Fleet Exercises (FLEETEX). In a field exercise or fleet exercise, the two sides in the simulated battle are typically called "red" (simulating the enemy forces) and "blue", to avoid naming a particular adversary. This naming convention originates with the inventors of the table-top war-game (the "Kriegsspiel"), the Prussian Georg von Reisswitz; their army wore Prussian blue, so friendly forces were depicted by the color blue.

Multiple forces
Several different armed forces of the same nation training together are described as having a joint exercise. Those involving forces of multiple nations are described as having a combined exercise or coalition exercise. These are called a bilateral exercise if based on security agreements between two nations, or a multilateral exercise if the agreement is between multiple nations.

Simulation
Other types of exercise include the Tactical Exercise Without Troops (TEWT), also known as a sand table, map, cloth model, or computer simulation exercise. These allow commanders to manipulate models through possible scenarios in military planning. This is also called warfare simulation, or in some instances a virtual battlefield, and in the past has been described as "wargames". Such examples of modern military wargames include DARWARS, a serious game developed since 2003 by DARPA with BBN Technologies, a defense contractor which was involved in the development of packet switching, used for ARPANET, and which developed the first computer modem in 1963.

Military operations and training have included different scenarios a soldier might encounter with morals and different ethics. In one military operation soldiers are frequently asked to engage in combat, humanitarian, and stabilization roles. These increase the ambiguity of a role one may encounter and challenge of ethics. This will also lead the military personnel to have to make a difficult call in challenging circumstances. Even in difficult situations and conditions, military personnel still has to follow rules and regulations such as: 1) when the right thing to do is not immediately clear; 2) when two or more important principles or values support different actions, and 3) when some harm will result, regardless of the actions taken (Defense Ethics Program, Department of National Defense, 2012). These simulations involve crude living conditions, sleep deprivations, time limit, and either lack or ambiguous amount of information.

A subset of simulated exercises is the Table Top Exercise (TTX), typically limited to senior personnel stepping through the decision-making processes they would employ in a crisis, a contingency, or general warfare.

History
The use of military exercises and war games can be found to date back to as early as the early 19th century, wherein it was the officers of the Prussian Army who created the contemporary, tactical form of wargames that have since been more widely used and developed by other military conglomerations throughout the world. Non-tactical forms of wargames have existed for much longer, however, in the forms of tabletop games such as chess and Go.

The modern use of military exercises grew out of the military need to study warfare and to reenact old battles for learning purposes. During the age of Kabinettskriege (Cabinet wars), Frederick the Great, King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, "put together his armies as a well-oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors. No individual initiative was allowed to Frederick's soldiers; their only role was to cooperate in the creation of walls of projectiles through synchronized firepower." This was in the pursuit of a more effective army, and such practices made it easier to look at war from a top-down perspective. Disciplined troops should respond predictably, allowing study to be confined to maneuvers and command.

Prussia's victory over the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the wargame Kriegsspiel, which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army. These first wargames were played with dice which represented "friction", or the intrusion of less than ideal circumstances during a real war (including morale, meteorology, the fog of war, etc.).

21st century militaries still use wargames to simulate future wars and model their reaction. According to Manuel de Landa, after World War II the Command, Control and Communications (C3) was transferred from the military staff to the RAND Corporation, the first think tank. Around the mid to late 20th century, computer simulated war games were created to replace traditional war gaming methods with the goal of optimizing and speeding up the process and making it possible to analyze more complex scenarios with greater ease. In 1958, the Naval War college installed a computer war game system where their traditional war gaming activities were held. The system was called the Navy Electronic Warfare System, and cost over $10 million to install. The change from traditional war gaming methods to electronic computer simulated ones meant that the value and accuracy of a war game simulation was less dependent on skill and individual experiences, and more dependent on quantitative data and complicated analysis methods.

Von Neumann was employed by the RAND Corporation, and his game theory was used in wargames to model nuclear dissuasion during the Cold War. Thus, the U.S. nuclear strategy was defined using wargames, "SAM" representing the U.S. and "IVAN" representing the Soviet Union.

Early game theory included only zero-sum games, which means that when one player won, the other automatically lost. The prisoner's dilemma, which models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other, gave three alternatives to the game:
 * Neither prisoners betrays the other, and both are given short-term sentences
 * One prisoner betrays the other, and is freed, while the other gets a long sentence
 * Both prisoners betray each other, and both are given mid-sized sentences

This model gave the basis for the massive retaliation nuclear doctrine. The zero-sum fallacy and cooperative games would be theorized only later, while the evolution of nuclear technology and missiles made the massive retaliation nuclear strategy obsolete.

title: Military exercise


text:
Flavio Biondo

Flavio Biondo (Latin Flavius Blondus) (1392 – June 4, 1463) was an Italian Renaissance humanist historian. He was one of the first historians to use a three-period division of history (Ancient, Medieval, Modern) and is known as one of the first archaeologists. Born in the capital city of Forlì, in the Romagna region, Flavio was well schooled from an early age, studying under Ballistario of Cremona. During a brief stay in Milan, he discovered and transcribed the unique manuscript of Cicero's dialogue Brutus. He moved to Rome in 1433 where he began work on his writing career; he was appointed secretary to the Cancelleria under Eugene IV in 1444 and accompanied Eugene in his exile in Ferrara and Florence. After his patron's death, Flavio was employed by his papal successors, Nicholas V, Callixtus III and the humanist Pius II.

Archaeological works
Flavio published three encyclopedic works that were systematic and documented guides to the ruins and topography of ancient Rome, for which he has been called one of the first archaeologists; subsequent antiquaries and historians built on the foundations laid down by Flavio and by his older contemporary, Poggio Bracciolini. At the time the ruins of ancient Rome were overgrown and unexplored. When in 1420 Bracciolini climbed the Capitol he saw only deserted fields. The Forum, buried in eroded topsoil, was grazed by cows—the Campo Vaccino—and pigs rooted in its unweeded vegetation. Flavio and fellow humanists like Leon Battista Alberti began to explore and document the architecture, topography and history of Rome, and in the process revived a vision of Rome's former glory.

Flavio's first work was De Roma instaurata (Rome Restored, 3 vols., 1444–1448), a reconstruction of ancient Roman topography. It was and remains a highly influential humanist vision of restoring Rome to its previous heights of grandeur by recreating what Rome used to look like based on the ruins which remained. This work was the first systematic and well documented guide to the ruins of Rome, or indeed any ancient ruins.

The second was the highly popular De Roma triumphante (Rome Triumphant, 1479) about pagan Rome as a model for contemporary governmental and military reforms. The book was highly influential in reviving Roman patriotism and respect for ancient Rome, while presenting the papacy as a continuation of the Roman Empire.

Historical works
Biondo's greatest works were Italia illustrata (Italy Illuminated, written between 1448 and 1458, published 1474) and the Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum imperii decades (Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire, written from 1439 to 1453, published in 1483).

The Italia illustrata (1474) is a geography, based on the author's personal travels, and history of fourteen Italian regions (regiones). Unlike medieval geographers, whose focus was regional, Biondo, taking Strabo for his model, reinstated the idea of Italy to include the whole of the peninsula. Through topography, he intended to link Antiquity with modern times, with descriptions of each location, the etymology of its toponym and its changes through time, with a synopsis of important events connected with each location. This first historical geography starts with the Roman Republic and Empire, through 400 years of barbarian invasions and an analysis of Charlemagne and later Holy Roman Emperors. He gives an excellent description of the humanist revival and restoration of the classics during the first half of the fifteenth century.

Flavio's greatest work is the Historiarum ab Inclinatione Romanorum Imperii (Venice, 1483), a history of Europe in thirty-two books, from the plunder of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths to contemporary Italy (1442). Using only the most reliable and primary sources, it used a three-period framework, with Italy reviving in Biondo's own time and breaking free of earlier trends. Leonardo Bruni also used a three-period framework in History of the Florentine People, written at about the same time as Biondo's work.

title: Flavio Biondo


text:
Talk:Holden

reference no 8
It seems this reference is misleading. Yes HMBB did build a couple of Ford T bodies c1923 but the reference indicates hmbb was a source of Ford bodies. Until Ford Aust est bodies for T Fords were produced in the main by each Ford Distributor, in Victoria it was Tarrants in NSW it was Davis & Fehon. Refer The History of Ford in Australia chapter 2. by Norm Darwin

On the matter of Fishermen's Bend. I have a Holden publication dated 1936 titled "The Changing Trend" by GMH that shows there address as Fishermen's Bend. GMH continued to use this Fishermen's Bend through the 60s and when publishing 100 Years of GM in Australia I had a discussion with Holden's PR dept about the spelling and apostrophe. As there was more than one Fisherman on the bend of the Yarra perhaps the apostrophe should have been after the S. Just to confuse things an early copy of Morgan's Street Directory spells it Fisherman's Bend, but then they show it where Garden City should be. Victorian place names use Fishermens Bend as a Historical ref and Fishermans Bend as the Official name. No apostrophe. Holden's address is now Port Melbouurne. (Sloper35 (talk) 11:33, 19 August 2010 (UTC)) Reading further I have some more comments about references. Ref no 18. The Holden design was based on a pre-war GM Product Study Group project to see if a 4 cylinder light cars performance was better or worse than a 6 cylinder. Two cars were built using some modified 1938 Chevrolet body parts, hence the confusion. The cars were known as the 195-Y-13 (4 cylinder) and 195-Y-15 (6 cylinder). The 6 cylinder spec was very close to that proposed for the Holden car and so it was largely used. see 100 Years of GM in Australia p187, History of Holden Since 1917 p155. Heart of the Lion p48. Ref no 20 The FX designation. Loffler contends that this came from GMH. I dissagree, the FX does not fit into the codes used by GMH engineering at the time. The letter codes stood for the year numeral. (see 100 Years of GM in Australia p 224)It is my understanding that the Used Car Dealers (possibly Kevin Dennis) coined the letters after the FJ release, after all 2 didgets cost less to typeset than 6 didgets (48-215). Loffler offers no source for his GMH contention. I hold a 48-215/FJ product program and FX is not mentioned. (Sloper35 (talk) 12:01, 19 August 2010 (UTC)) Loffler now offers reference to FX designation see enlarged ed of. It is possible that both explanations are true. NormDar (talk) 01:15, 14 February 2018 (UTC) Tried to replace Note 31 with later Loffler (2006) book. Gave up and added a new note. Old one needs to go. NormDar (talk) 01:44, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

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Subsidiary or marque?
I saw a recent change to General Motors where Holden was removed from the list of Divisions in the infobox, and it appears in the list of Subsidiaries instead. This conflicts with other things like the Holden timeline template and General Motors template, where Holden is listed as a brand, or marque, of General Motors, like Chevrolet/Buick/Cadillac/GMC, rather than a subsidiary, like Wuling/Baojun/Ravon. Is there consensus on which one Holden is? --Vossanova o< 15:03, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Why do you think it must be one or the other? I expect it has always been both. Johnbod (talk) 17:39, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay, let me rephrase that. Is it only a brand, or is it also a subsidiary as well? --Vossanova o< 21:01, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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FA compliance
This article is not in compliance with FA standards due to the large number of refs to primary sources [28 to Davis, which is a Holden publication] and other non-RS such as 'Unique Cars and Parts' 'MotoringORient' and also the Holden website itself Bumbubookworm (talk) 13:02, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holden


text:
Marwari people

The Marwari or Marwadi (Devanagari: मारवाड़ी) are an Indian ethnic group that originate from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, India. Their language, also called Marwari, comes under the umbrella of Rajasthani languages, which is part of the Western Zone of Indo-Aryan languages.

Etymology
The term Marwari once referred to the area encompassed by the former princely state of Marwar, also called the Jodhpur region of southwest Rajasthan in India. The Jodhpur region includes the present districts of Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu, Pali and parts of Sikar. It has evolved to be a designation for the Rajasthani people in general but it is used particularly with reference to certain jātis that fall within the Bania community. The most prominent among these communities, are the Agrawals, Khandelwals, Maheshwaris and Oswals. It is possible that the association of the Marwari term with Jodhpur owes more to the high status of that place in pre-independence India.

Dwijendra Tripathi believes that the term Marwari was probably used by the traders only when they were outside their home region; that is, by the diaspora. Anne Hardgrove also supports this argument, saying that the Marwari identity could only exist in the context of a diaspora who came from somewhere and that until they migrated they had no such designation.

Early origins
Marwari traders have historically been migratory in habit. The possible causes of this trait include the proximity of their homeland to the major Ganges - Yamuna trade route; movement to escape famine; and the encouragement given to them by various rulers of northern India who saw advantages in having their skills in banking and finance.

The pattern of Marwari migration became increasingly divergent following the decline in wars between Rajput kingdoms, which the Marwaris had helped to finance, and the decreasing influence of the community over the North Indian caravan trading routes that resulted from the British establishing themselves in the region. The changed focus of migration was also encouraged by the British, who established or patronised new trading routes and centres, as well as by the decline in the political significance of the Rajput courts whose famed conspicuous consumption had been supported by Marwari money. The community welcomed the relative safety that the British presence offered, as well as the commercial and legal frameworks that they provided and which were more favourable to Marwari activities than the systems prevalent during the earlier period of Mughal and Rajput rule.

The Marwari Jagat Seth family served as banker to the Nawab of Bengal.

British era
After the decline of Mughal authority, Marwari traders, bankers and financiers migrated to the growing British power in Calcutta. There were particularly significant population shifts to Bombay between 1835-1850 and Kolkata from the 1870s, as well as to Madras.

Historian Medha M. Kudaisya has said that the Marwaris: "made the transition from being niche players in trading to becoming industrial conglomerates ... From being brokers and bankers, the Marwaris went on to break the British monopoly over the jute industry after World War I; they then moved into other industrial sectors, such as cotton and sugar, and set up diversified conglomerates. By the 1950s, the Marwaris dominated the India private industry scenario, emerging as the establishers of its most prominent business houses."

A considerable number of Marwari business groups made their fortune on speculative markets in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.

Although maintaining close and public ties with the British authorities, members of the Marwari business community were early financial supporters of the Indian National Congress, often in secret.

Independent India
In 1956, the All-India Marwari Federation opposed a linguistic organisation of states whilst buying up regional language newspapers in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Today, they control many of the country's largest media groups.

The community's influence over the Indian economy declined following the country's 1991 economic reforms. From a peak of controlling 24 per cent of economic activity in 1990, it had fallen to less than 2 per cent in 2000. This reflects the growth of new industries outside of commodities trading and primary production. The figure for 2000 is considered to be lower than the position in 1939, when the community first began its resurgence.

Language
Marwari, or Marrubhasha, as it is referred to by Marwaris, is the traditional, historical, language of the Marwari ethnicity. The Marwari language is closely related to the Rajasthani language. The latter evolved from the Old Gujarati (also called Old Western Rajasthani, Gujjar Bhakha or Maru-Gurjar), language spoken by the people in Gujarat and Rajasthan. It has been noted that throughout the state of Rajasthan, people avoid identifying their language by name, preferring to identify themselves as speaking "Rajasthani" with Marwari literature and taught as Rajasthani until secondary level.

Culture
Marwaris have been known for a tightly knit social solidarity, described by Selig Harrison in 1960 as "indissoluble under the impact of the strongest regional solvents". According to Hardgrove, "The main duty for Marwari women, it would seem, is to provide a stable household life for their husbands, sons and brothers-in-law", although she acknowledges that some such women have in recent years been attempting to carve out roles in the wider world through engagement in charitable ventures and even running their own businesses.

Marwadis in Nepal
The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Marwaris (called Marwadis in the Nepal census) as a subgroup within the broader social group of "Indian Nepalis". At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 51,443 people (0.2% of the population of Nepal) were Marwadi. The frequency of Marwadis by province was as follows:
 * Koshi Province (0.4%)
 * Bagmati Province (0.3%)
 * Madhesh Province (0.2%)
 * Lumbini Province (0.1%)
 * Gandaki Province (0.0%)
 * Karnali Province (0.0%)
 * Sudurpashchim Province (0.0%)

The frequency of Marwadis was higher than national average (0.2%) in the following districts:
 * Morang (1.0%)
 * Parsa (0.9%)
 * Kathmandu (0.8%)
 * Sunsari (0.6%)
 * Jhapa (0.5%)
 * Banke (0.3%)
 * Kapilvastu (0.3%)
 * Sarlahi (0.3%)

Notable people

 * Anil Agarwal
 * Ritesh Agarwal
 * Nidhhi Agerwal
 * Janaki Devi Bajaj
 * Rahul Bajaj
 * Benu Gopal Bangur
 * Sooraj Barjatya
 * Tarachand Barjatya
 * Shobhana Bhartia
 * Aditya Vikram Birla
 * Kumar Mangalam Birla
 * Om Birla
 * Kishore Biyani
 * Binod Chaudhary
 * Ritu Dalmia
 * Jagmohan Dalmiya
 * Radhakishan Damani
 * Harsh Goenka
 * Rama Prasad Goenka
 * S. N. Goenka
 * Abhishek Jain
 * Ravi Jaipuria
 * Shyamanand Jalan
 * Rakesh Jhunjhunwala
 * Rajeev Khandelwal
 * Rohit Khandelwal
 * Mangal Prabhat Lodha
 * Shailesh Lodha, actor, writer and poet
 * Shantanu Maheshwari.
 * Smriti Mandhana
 * Lakshmi Mittal
 * Palak Muchhal
 * Hanuman Prasad Poddar
 * Shashi and Ravi Ruia
 * Kiku Sharda
 * Lala Kamlapat Singhania
 * Abhishek Singhvi
 * Ashok Kumar Singhvi
 * Laxmi Mall Singhvi
 * Liaquat Soldier, comedy actor, writer and director.
 * Vijay Varma

title: Marwari people


text:
Rākino Island

Rākino Island is one of the many islands in the Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana, an arm of the Pacific Ocean to the northeast of Auckland, New Zealand.

Rākino is a small island north-east of Motutapu Island. The island is 2.4 km long and about 1.2 km wide and has an area of 1.5 km² (0.58 sq mi / 371 acres). The two most popular bays have public access, but three others also have access from the sea. There are smaller bays and beaches without public access. The public wharf is at the south end of Sandy Bay, and a barge access ramp is at the western end of Sanford Way in Home Bay. The hilly topography comprises a fertile layer of volcanic topsoil from Rangitoto Island that overlays a thick mantle of clay soil which in turn overlays greywacke rock. The island is mostly in pasture with pockets of coastal pōhutukawa.

There are around 76 dwellings on Rākino Island though the permanent population is only 21 as of 2019. Rākino, with its few permanent residents and its small size, and with a limited public ferry service, has little attraction for commuters. Residents welcome its isolation and privacy.

History
Sir George Grey, governor of New Zealand, bought Rākino in 1862. He ordered trees and started building a house in Home Bay but he lost interest when Kawau Island became available. During the 1860s the prisoners from the Invasion of the Waikato phase of the New Zealand Wars were brought to Auckland, some were housed in the hulks Marion and Manukau at anchor in the harbour and a small party was settled at Rākino, where a house and gardening supplies were provided. The experiment was a failure and soon abandoned. There is an entry in the Appendices to the House of Representatives Journal which says "Ihaka did not thrive much on the island and died there, it is presumed of homesickness and a broken heart."

In 1874 Albert Sanford leased the island from Sir George Grey before his wife, Elizabeth Sanford, bought it in 1904. He and his family lived there for nearly 80 years. He was one of the founders of the Auckland commercial fishing fleet. His company started on Rākino Island in 1881, and he sold fish on the wharves at the bottom of Queen St. “Sanford Limited” was incorporated in 1904. The family home he built still stands in Home Bay. It was built of kauri logs rafted from Mercury Bay on the Coromandel Peninsula.

In 1963, the island was bought by Dr Maxwell Rickard, president of the UPO (United Peoples' Organisation (Worldwide) Incorporated), with the aim of setting up a philanthropic community. Rickard was a clinical psychologist and hypnotherapist and also owned an Auckland nightclub and toured as a professional hypnotherapist under the name "The Great Ricardo". Plans for the island included a clinic for disturbed and nervous patients, an international orphanage, a refuge for unmarried mothers and homes for the elderly. However, these plans did not eventuate and the island was subdivided in 1965 into 25 blocks of 10 acre and 125 smaller pieces of land which sold for between £2500 and £6000.

Communication on the island was a problem, so the world's first solar-powered telephone was installed. While widespread use of mobile phones has reduced reliance on landlines, the phone is still in use and local calling to Auckland is free.

Biodiversity
In 2002 the invasive Norwegian rat was eradicated from Rākino Island.

title: Rākino Island


text:
Westmoreland County, Connecticut

Westmoreland County, Connecticut was a county established by the State of Connecticut in October 1776, encompassing the present-day area of Wyoming Valley, in northeastern Pennsylvania. Both colonies claimed this territory and the issue was further confused by the Six Nations selling the territory to both Connecticut in 1754 and again to Pennsylvania in 1768. The first of the Yankee-Pennamite Wars were fought in and around the County, from 1771 through 1775.

In December 1782 a court of arbitration appointed by the Continental Congress met in Trenton, New Jersey, and made a unanimous decision in favor of Pennsylvania's claim. In compensation, Connecticut received equivalent territory of 3,300,000 acres named the Western Reserve, in the future northeast of Ohio. Pennsylvania then refused to confirm the private land titles of the settlers, which caused the Second of the Yankee-Pennamite Wars. It briefly seceded to become the short-lived State of Westmoreland in 1784. Connecticut finally ceded it to Pennsylvania in 1786 after Pennsylvania confirmed the land titles and Westmoreland County was renamed to Luzerne County.

It has no relationship to the current Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, which is located on the western and opposite side of the state.

title: Westmoreland County, Connecticut


text:
Limb darkening

Limb darkening is an optical effect seen in stars (including the Sun) and planets, where the central part of the disk appears brighter than the edge, or limb. Its understanding offered early solar astronomers an opportunity to construct models with such gradients. This encouraged the development of the theory of radiative transfer.

Basic theory

Optical depth, a measure of the opacity of an object or part of an object, combines with effective temperature gradients inside the star to produce limb darkening. The light seen is approximately the integral of all emission along the line of sight modulated by the optical depth to the viewer (i.e. 1/e times the emission at 1 optical depth, 1/e2 times the emission at 2 optical depths, etc.). Near the center of the star, optical depth is effectively infinite, causing approximately constant brightness. However, the effective optical depth decreases with increasing radius due to lower gas density and a shorter line of sight distance through the star, producing a gradual dimming, until it becomes zero at the apparent edge of the star.

The effective temperature of the photosphere also decreases with increasing distance from the center of the star. The radiation emitted from a gas is approximately black-body radiation, the intensity of which is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. Therefore, even in line of sight directions where the optical depth is effectively infinite, the emitted energy comes from cooler parts of the photosphere, resulting in less total energy reaching the viewer.

The temperature in the atmosphere of a star does not always decrease with increasing height. For certain spectral lines, the optical depth is greatest in regions of increasing temperature. In this scenario, the phenomenon of "limb brightening" is seen instead. In the Sun, the existence of a temperature minimum region means that limb brightening should start to dominate at far-infrared or radio wavelengths. Above the lower atmosphere, and well above the temperature-minimum region, the Sun is surrounded by the million-kelvin solar corona. For most wavelengths this region is optically thin, i.e. has small optical depth, and must, therefore, be limb-brightened if it is spherically symmetric.

Calculation of limb darkening

In the figure shown here, as long as the observer at point P is outside the stellar atmosphere, the intensity seen in the direction θ will be a function only of the angle of incidence $ψ$. This is most conveniently approximated as a polynomial in $cos ψ$: $$ \frac{I(\psi)}{I(0)} = \sum_{k=0}^N a_k \cos^k \psi, $$ where $I(ψ)$ is the intensity seen at P along a line of sight forming angle $ψ$ with respect to the stellar radius, and $I(0)$ is the central intensity. In order that the ratio be unity for $ψ = 0$, we must have $$ \sum_{k=0}^N a_k = 1. $$

For example, for a Lambertian radiator (no limb darkening) we will have all $a_{k} = 0$ except $a_{1} = 1$. As another example, for the Sun at 550 nm, the limb darkening is well expressed by N = 2 and $$\begin{align} a_0 &= 1 - a_1 - a_2 = 0.3, \\ a_1 &= 0.93, \\ a_2 &= -0.23 \end{align}$$

The equation for limb darkening is sometimes more conveniently written as $$ \frac{I(\psi)}{I(0)} = 1 + \sum_{k=1}^N A_k (1 - \cos \psi)^k, $$ which now has $N$ independent coefficients rather than $N + 1$ coefficients that must sum to unity.

The $a_{k}$ constants can be related to the $A_{k}$ constants. For $N = 2$, $$\begin{align} A_1 &= - (a_1 + 2a_2), \\ A_2 &= a_2. \end{align}$$

For the Sun at 550 nm, we then have $$\begin{align} A_1 &= -0.47,\\ A_2 &= -0.23. \end{align}$$

This model gives an intensity at the edge of the Sun's disk of only 30% of the intensity at the center of the disk.

We can convert these formulas to functions of $θ$ by using the substitution $$ \cos \psi = \frac{\sqrt{\cos^2 \theta - \cos^2 \Omega}}{\sin \Omega} = \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{\sin \theta}{\sin \Omega}\right)^2}, $$ where $Ω$ is the angle from the observer to the limb of the star. For small $θ$ we have $$\cos\psi \approx \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{\theta}{\sin \Omega}\right)^2}.$$

We see that the derivative of cos ψ is infinite at the edge.

The above approximation can be used to derive an analytic expression for the ratio of the mean intensity to the central intensity. The mean intensity $I_{m}$ is the integral of the intensity over the disk of the star divided by the solid angle subtended by the disk: $$I_m = \frac{\int I(\psi)\,d\omega}{\int d\omega},$$

where $dω = sin θ dθ dφ$ is a solid angle element, and the integrals are over the disk: $0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π$ and $0 ≤ θ ≤ Ω$. We may rewrite this as $$I_m = \frac{\int_{\cos\Omega}^1 I(\psi) \,d\cos\theta}{\int_{\cos\Omega}^1 d\cos\theta} = \frac{\int_{\cos\Omega}^1 I(\psi) \,d\cos\theta}{1 - \cos\Omega}. $$

Although this equation can be solved analytically, it is rather cumbersome. However, for an observer at infinite distance from the star, $$d\cos\theta$$ can be replaced by $$\sin^2\Omega \cos\psi \,d\cos\psi$$, so we have $$I_m = \frac{\int_0^1 I(\psi) \cos\psi \,d\cos\psi}{\int_0^1 \cos\psi \,d\cos\psi} = 2\int_0^1 I(\psi) \cos\psi \,d\cos\psi,$$ which gives $$\frac{I_m}{I(0)} = 2 \sum_{k=0}^N \frac{a_k}{k + 2}.$$

For the Sun at 550 nm, this says that the average intensity is 80.5% of the intensity at the center.

title: Limb darkening


text:
User:Buoren

The name "Buoren" is a misromanization of the two Chinese mandarin characters "bo2" and "ren2," and was officially added as a middle name in 1999 by the Probate Court in West Hartford, Connecticut. As a result of this accidental internet unambiguity, I now use it for everything, including email and AIM.

I currently work for Guidewire

--

Wiki interests: While I have certain areas where I've done more research, I am most interested in presentation of information which is non-biased. Even if information agrees with my viewpoint, I find that I am disturbed by usage of biased language and inclusion of certain facts at the exclusion of others. Please contact me on my Talk page about discussion in regards to any actions I've taken on your material.

title: User:Buoren


text:
NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles

The NoHo Arts District is a community in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, that is home to contemporary theaters, art galleries, cafes, and shops. The community is generally bounded by Hatteras Street to the north, Cahuenga Blvd to the east, Tujunga Ave to the west, and Camarillo Street to the south. The area features more than twenty professional theaters, producing new work and classics, diverse art galleries, public art, and professional dance studios. The district also features the largest concentration of music recording venues west of the Mississippi. A Metro Rail station is located here, the North Hollywood station of the B Line and serves as the terminus of the Metro G Line busway.

Business and theater owners in the Universal City/North Hollywood Chamber of Commerce established a theater and arts district in 1992 with support from the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs. They chose "NoHo", a play off the well-known SoHo Arts District neighborhood of New York City.

The NoHo Arts District, in conjunction with greater North Hollywood, is being transformed into a regional center, in large part as a result of the construction of Metro Stations for the B Line and the G Line, two lines that have made the neighborhood into a regional hub for the San Fernando Valley. Medium- and high-density developments are being built around the Metro Station, making the Arts District a center of citywide development, with the intent of creating a walkable urban village. North Hollywood's landscape (and the Art's District as a result) has been transformed in recent years, with condominium towers (including a fifteen-story building on Lankershim Boulevard being built in the midst of older one-story bungalows and small apartment complexes.

The theater district includes two new large venues that expand upon existing theaters, the redesigned NoHo Arts Center (formerly the American Renegade Theatre) and the redesigned Historical El Portal. They add to the existing 31 theaters located in and around the NoHo Arts District. NoHo Commons, developed by J.H. Snyder Company, is located near the NoHo Arts District's commercial core and subway station. The $100-million, 292-unit loft apartment project by Snyder was the first segment to be completed of NoHo Commons, part of a "transit village" taking form at the terminus of the Metro B Line subway and the G Line busway. The NoHo Commons construction and development consisted of three phases, completing with the construction of a Laemmle Theatre. Phase III also consisted of the construction of an eight-story office on the corner of Lankershim and Weddington in 2009. The building's primary tenant is currently the Art Institute of California-Hollywood. NoHo 14, a 180-unit, fourteen-story apartment building, was built in 2004 as one of the first large-scale developments in the neighborhood.

The historic North Hollywood train depot at Lankershim and Chandler Boulevards was restored in 2014 for $3.6 million. It is a Southern Pacific Railroad standard design, a One Story Combination Depot No. 15 or 21. The train depot, dating to 1896, sits on land owned by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, across from the Metro Red Line subway station and next to the terminus of the Orange Line bus line.

Currently the NoHo Arts District, in conjunction with the Community Redevelopment Agency-Los Angeles, is working on beautification efforts to make the area more appealing to businesses. The current focus is primarily on revamping store fronts on Lankershim Blvd and Magnolia Blvd with Burbank Blvd to follow.

In the future, North Hollywood plans a $1 billion mixed-use development at Lankershim and Chandler, surrounding the Metro Red and Orange line terminals. The project would re-develop 15.6 acre with 600000 sqft of commercial space and nearly 1500 residential units in three high-rise towers. The project was awarded to Trammell Crow Company and High Street Residential by the Los Angeles Metro board.

title: NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles


text:
First International Congress on World Evangelization

The First International Congress on World Evangelization (ICOWE), also sometimes called the Lausanne Congress or Lausanne '74, was a Christian conference held from 16 to 25 July 1974 in Switzerland.

The conference is noted for producing the Lausanne Covenant, one of the major documents of modern evangelical Christianity. The drafting committee of the covenant was headed by John Stott of England.

The movement claims to follow in the footsteps of the 1910 World Missionary Conference.

History
The congress started as a plan announced by American evangelist Billy Graham in August 1972 to hold an international congress on evangelism as a follow-up to the 1966 World Congress on Evangelism held in Berlin, West Germany. The conference was called by a committee headed by Graham and brought together religious leaders from 150 nations. Lausanne was selected for the congress in October 1972. The congress office opened in April 1973. The theme of the congress was "Let the earth hear His voice."

Almost 2,700 evangelical Christian leaders attended the confernce at the Palais de Beaulieu in Lausanne, Switzerland to discuss the progress, resources and methods of evangelizing the world. The reports and papers at the congress helped to illustrate the shift of Christianity's center of gravity from Europe and North America to Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Millie Dienert chaired the prayer committee at the Lausanne conference. After the congress, the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization was established.

The conference was attended by, among others, Francis Schaeffer, journalist Malcolm Muggeridge and bishop Jack Dain.

Legacy
The Second International Congress on World Evangelization was held fifteen years later in Manila.

The Third International Congress on World Evangelization was held in Cape Town, South Africa, from 16 to 25 October 2010.

A fourth congress is due to be held in Seoul, South Korea, in September 2024.


text:
George Wylie Henderson

George Wylie Henderson (June 14, 1904 – 1965) was an American writer of the Harlem Renaissance.

Biography
Henderson was born in 1904 in Warriorstand, Alabama, an unincorporated area of Macon County. He attended the limited and segregated rural school. He went to Tuskegee Institute, where he learned printing as a trade.

As a young man, Henderson moved to New York, joining the Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South to Northern and Midwestern industrial cities in the early part of the 20th century. He supported himself as a printer for the New York Daily News.

He also worked as a writer, becoming associated with writers and artists of the Harlem Renaissance. Henderson lived in New York City until his death.

From 1932–33, he published nine stories in The New York Daily News, in its "Daily Story from Real Life" series. In addition, he became a regular contributor of short stories in Redbook Magazine, which had national distribution.

Henderson also published two novels, Ollie Miss (1935) and Jule (1946), which dealt with pressures on African Americans in the modernizing South. These novels were reprinted in 1989 and 1990, respectively, by the University of Alabama Press, with an introduction by Blyden Jackson. David Nicholls suggests that these expressed some of the "individualist ethos" of Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee Institute which Henderson had attended. They also express contrasts, as Ollie Miss is about an African-American woman near Tuskegee who wants a farm where she can raise her child. Jule, by contrast, deals with a young man who leaves the South to go to the city in the North, similar to Henderson's own journey of advancement, to an urban center that held the promise of autonomy.

title: George Wylie Henderson


text:
Template:SBirthyr

People born in .

See also: Category: deaths.

title: Template:SBirthyr


text:
File:Romana (Doctor Who).jpg

Mary Tamm as Romana I, from Doctor Who (publicity still)

Non-free use rationale
The above image is believed to qualify as fair use as it is an image of: a web resolution, and of a lower quality then broadcast/verbatim media releases. The image provides critical commentary in describing the subject of the article. Furthermore it is believed that this image will not impede the copyright owners' ability to profit.

Mary Tamm
The above image is believed to qualify as fair use as it is an image of: a web resolution, and of a lower quality then broadcast/verbatim media releases. The image provides critical commentary in describing the subject of the article. Furthermore it is believed that this image will not impede the copyright owners' ability to profit, and the subject is deceased so no replacement image is available.

http://www.joekyrillos.com/america-works

title: File:Romana (Doctor Who).jpg


text:
International Congress on World Evangelization

International Congress on World Evangelization may refer to:

 * The First International Congress on World Evangelization held in 1974 in Lausanne, Switzerland
 * The Second International Congress on World Evangelization held in 1989 in Manila, the Philippines
 * The Third Lausanne Congress on World Evangelization held in 2010 in Cape Town, South Africa


text:
File:Romanadvoratrelundar.jpg

Fair use rationale
The above image is believed to qualify as fair use as it is an image of: a web resolution, and of a lower quality then broadcast/verbatim media releases. The image provides critical commentary in describing a key moment in the said episode. Furthermore it is believed that this image will not impede the copyright owners' ability to profit.

title: File:Romanadvoratrelundar.jpg


text:
Talk:Palais-Royal

Palais-Royal is correct. Palais Royal is an okay approximation. --Wetman 06:12, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) ---

Untitled
French Wikipedia gives a starting date of 1624 instead of 1629. Any sound reference to support one date over the other? --Wetman 18:11, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Which Philippe?
French Wiki states also that Philippe II of Orleans (Louis' nephew) inherited the Palais-Royal from his father, Philippe I (Louis' brother). I'm afraid I messed about with the page for half-an-hour changing the relationship back and forth. I think it is correct now.

Certainly Philippe I (Monsieur) lived there with his brother, Louis, during their minority. But nowhere in either article (Eng or Fr) is there a date quoted for a formal handover to the Orleans family. Quite possibly, they just 'hung around' when Louis moved on, and what started as an informal arrangement only became officially formalised when Philippe II was allowed to 'inherit' what may or may not have been his father's to bequeath. Another reference required?

--Redpaul 15:59, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Article improvement
This article uses Nancy Barker's biography of Philippe d'Orléans as a principal reference. This book is about Louis XIV's brother, not the Palais-Royal. Mitford's The Sun King is largely anecdotal and provides only a cursory discussion about the Palais-Royal. There are no primary sources indicated and much of the article has been written without citations.

There is a need for a thorough editing, sourcing, and restructuring of the article to come up to Wiki standards.

--E. Lighthart (talk) 16:13, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 26 plus tags is incredibly excessive. I combined all the tags into one. Inclusionist (talk) 15:29, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I think we need to thank Elighthart for the tagging added on 8 August. Elighthart professes to be a "native speaker" of English, French, Italian and Spanish, and a speaker of German on a professional level. We congratulate Elighthart on so many parents and such a very multi-cultural nursery. --Wetman (talk) 17:39, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

 * While going through the article doing some editing, thinking it would be easy & take no time, I came to realise that I was wasting my time. The article needs more than editing, it needs a complete overhaul, i.e. rewriting.  Its present form is more on a tabloid level on the Orléans family & the dévergondage of some of its members than on the Palais-Royal itself. Now, as I read the talk page, I see that I am in total agreement with E. Lighthart.  Is there a good writer with time to spare ?

 * Frania W. (talk) 01:40, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

The section dealing with the Palais-Royal's opening of a public marketplace is written as if the palace were converted into a market, rather than indicating that the markets were a new addition to the palace (built in the former gardens), and not a conversion of the palace (which remained a home of the Orleans family).M de Lorz (talk) 23:59, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Is it clearer now?--Wetman (talk) 05:21, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

"Dubious" translation?
Will take up the discussion here rather than in the body of the article. What is at all dubious about the translation? Sounds right to me. Unless there is objection from a literate native speaker of Parisian French, which I admittedly am not, I'd say that the "dubious" tag should go. 75.201.128.65 (talk) 23:29, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Me too. We've discussed it, as asked, & I'm removing the tag. Johnbod (talk) 00:39, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:11, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Palais-Royal


text:
User:Worlock93

My names Dave and I'm Worlock93

title: User:Worlock93


text:
Western Institute

The Western Institute in Poznań (Polish: Instytut Zachodni, German West-Institut, French: L'Institut Occidental) is a scientific research society focusing on the Western provinces of Poland - Kresy Zachodnie (including Greater Poland, Silesia, Pomerania), history, economy and politics of Germany, and the Polish-German relations in history and today.

Established by professor Zygmunt Wojciechowski in 1944 in Warsaw, since 1945 based in Poznań. There were branches in Warsaw (1945–53), Wrocław (1948–49) and scientific posts in Kraków and Olsztyn.

Full name: ''Instytut Zachodni. Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy im. Zygmunta Wojciechowskiego w Poznaniu''

History
The Western Institute was founded in 1944 and became the flagship of the Polish Research of the West.

Mission
The mission of the Institute is to conduct research projects within fields of political science, sociology, history, economics and law-especially focusing on Polish-German issues as well as European politics. It has been founded by a group of Poznań University professor in 1944, and incorporated with Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1992

Praise
Professor Władysław Bartoszewski, Polish survivor of Auschwitz, and renowned figure of Polish-Jewish and Polish-German reconciliation praised the work of the institute:
 * I often used the archives of the Western Institute, when writing my works on the Nazi terror. They reliably researched Nazi atrocities. The series "Documenta Occupationis"-a collection of original documents concerning German policy in occupied Poland is a canon position. Many American, Israeli and German scholars use them to this day without reservations. They are part of scholarly literature and this is the greatest contribution of the Institute during its early years of existence

Criticism
The work of the Institute carried out while Poland was a communist country has been criticised by American historian Richard Blanke as having anti-German bias Other criticism of work from this period have included allegations of propaganda and dullness while admitting that the Institute produced "some good works on political sciences and legal systems"

German historian Gregor Thum has written that the premise of the research concept of the Western Institute in the first decades was the idea of an eternal German-Polish antagonism and thus the Institute's research, like its German counterpart, the Ostforschung, was based on explicit political objectives, active support of the territorial claims of the state and the distribution of research results by popular science.

After the fall of communism, the Institute has been one of the leading institutions in joint Polish-German scholarship and cooperation.

The directors

 * 1945-1955 - prof. Zygmunt Wojciechowski
 * 1956-1958 - prof. Kazimierz Piwarski
 * 1959-1961 - prof. Gerard Labuda
 * 1961-1964 - prof. Michał Sczaniecki
 * 1964-1965 - prof. Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk
 * 1966-1973 - prof. Władysław Markiewicz
 * 1974-1978 - prof. Lech Trzeciakowski
 * 1978-1990 - prof. Antoni Czubiński
 * 1990-2004 - prof. Anna Wolff-Powęska
 * since 2004 - prof. Andrzej Sakson

Main publications

 * The Western Review (Przegląd Zachodni)
 * Polish Western Affairs
 * La Pologne et les Affaires Occidentales

title: Western Institute