text:
Talk:Rawa Voivodeship

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903

Województwo Rawskie.

Jedną z trzech głównych dzielnic, na jakie rozpadło się Mazowsze pod panowaniem piastowiczów w wieku XV, było księstwo Rawskie. Dwaj synowie księcia Płockiego i Bełzkiego, Władysława Ziemowitowicza, rodzonego siostrzeńca Jagiełły: Władysław II i Ziemowit IV, byli małoletnimi podczas zgonu ojca (roku 1455), nie zaraz więc podzielili się spadkiem między sobą. Matka ich miała od męża w dożywociu ziemię Sochaczewską, syn Władysław później dodał jej Gostyńską (trzy miasta: Gostyń, Gombin i Osmoły, oraz 22 włości). Na początku roku 1462 obaj ci książęta, dochodząc zaledwie pełnoletności, pomarli. Najprzód zmarł (w Sannikach) Ziemowit dnia 1. stycznia, po nim Władysław w nocy z dnia 26. na 27. lutego, i pochowani zostali w Płocku. Do spadku zgłosiła się zrazu ich ciotka Katarzyna, wdowa po Michale Zygmuntowiczu litewskim, i nawet wydawała przywileje, potem inni. Wówczas (r. 1462) Kazimierz Jagiellończyk wcielił księstwo Rawskie do Korony, a Płockie oddał linii panującej warszawskiej.

Była to zatem pierwsza z dzielnic mazowieckich, która powróciła do Polski, i zamieniona na województwo Rawskie, w granicach swoich z XV wieku dotrwała do upadku Rzeczypospolitej. Północną granicę tego województwa stanowiła rzeka Wisła na przestrzeni od Zakroczymia do granicy województwa Brzesko-kujawskiego, zaczynającej się wprost ujścia Skrwy. Na północ poza Wisłą leżało księstwo Płockie, oraz ziemia Zakroczymska, należąca do trzeciej (warszawskiej) dzielnicy Mazowsza. Wschodnią ścianę województwa Rawskiego stanowiły ziemie: Warszawska i Czerska z województwa Mazowieckiego. Na granicy tej ku południowi płynęła rzeczka Magielanka, wpadająca do Pilicy pod Przybyszewem. Południową granicę od województwa Sandomierskiego stanowiła rzeka Pilica na przestrzeni od Przybyszewa do Brzegu, a od Brzegu do Brzezin graniczył od południa powiat Brzeziński województwa Łęczyckiego. Część tej granicy stanowiła Leśnica, dopływ Pilicy. Na zachodzie od Brzezin aż do Wisły i punktu wprost ujścia Skrwy graniczyło województwo Rawskie z Łęczyckiem i Brzesko-kujawskiem.

Województwo Rawskie posiadało powierzchni 92 mil kwadratowych. Dzieliło się na trzy ziemie: Rawską, Sochaczewską i Gostyńską, a każda z nich na 2 powiaty. Rawska miała powiaty: Rawski i Bielski, Sochaczewska: Sochaczewski i Mszczonowski, a Gostyńska: Gostyński i Gąbiński. Trzy te ziemie były co do wielkości dosyć równomierne, posiadały ogółem w wieku XVI parafij 100, miast 15, łanów kmiecych z folwarcznymi 5093 i bezkmiecej szlachty zagród 558.

Senatorów posiadało województwo większych 2, to jest wojewodę i kasztelana rawskich, mniejszych także 2, to jest kasztelanów: sochaczewskiego i gostyńskiego. Starostwa grodowe były trzy: Rawskie, Sochaczewskie i Gostyńskie, czyli, że każda ziemia miała gród swój własny. Sejmiki odbywały się w Rawie, Sochaczewie i Gąbinie, na których ziemie obierały po 2 posłów na sejm i po 2 deputatów na trybunał; deputatów obierano co trzeci rok, t. j. że corocznie kolejno jedna z ziem wybierała dwóch dla całego województwa. Konstytucya sejmowa z roku 1766 przywróciła województwu Rawskiemu sejmik generalny czyli wojewódzki, t. j. tak zwany „generał Rawski”, ale tylko dla obioru deputatów trybunalskich i „Komisyj dobrego porządku”. Na miejsce do odbywania generałów Rawskich naznaczono miasteczko Bolimów, jako środkowy punkt województwa. Popis rycerstwa czyli zbrojne „okazowanie” szlachty odbywało się pod Sochaczewem.

Herb województwa Rawskiego był taki sam, jak Płockiego, to jest czarny orzeł bez korony w czerwonem polu, tylko z tą różnicą, że płocki miał na piersiach literę P., a Rawski literę R. Mundur wojewódzki był: kontusz szkarłatny, wyłogi czarne i żupan biały, a na guzach litera R. Mówiono, iż litera ta ma oznaczać pamiątkę dawnej udzielności księstwa Rawskiego. Starostwa niegrodowe w tem województwie były: Bolimowskie, Gąbińskie, Guzowskie, Kapinowskie, Długołęckie i inne.

Miasta znaczniejsze: Rawa, stołeczne województwa z zamkiem po książętach mazowieckich, Biała, gdzie się sądziło ziemstwo rawskie, Sochaczew, Bolimów, Gostyń i Skierniewice z rezydencyą książąt prymasów w księstwie Łowickiem, które w ziemi Sochaczewskiej leżało. Łowicz nad rzeką Bzurą przyozdobiony zamkiem arcybiskupim i kilku kościołami, uczyniony przez sejm roku 1764 miastem grodowem. W zamku rawskiem osadzano zwykle więźniów najdostojniejszych, w czasie wojen pojmanych. Gdy roku 1562 postanowioną została kwarta, czyli czwarcizna dochodu z królewszczyzn, na utrzymanie wojska stałego, zwożono te pieniądze zewsząd do Rawy (corocznie około Zielonych Świątek), gdzie wyznaczeni senatorowie i posłowie ze starostą rawskim przyjmowali je, liczyli i kwitowali, a stąd ta opłata nazywała się „kwartą rawską”. W ziemi Sochaczewskiej leżała puszcza Jaktorowska, w której znajdowały się ostatnie tury w Polsce. W lustracyi z roku 1559 zapisano ich sztuk 24, a roku 1601 już tylko było turów 4 i turzyca 1.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by WLKP (talk • contribs) 06:23, 15 December 2004

 * The above comment is a relevant public domain text from Zygmunt Gloger. I hope that someone can translate it to english so we can use it on the article. --Enric Naval (talk) 19:12, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rawa Voivodeship


text:
Talk:Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998)

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903

Województwo Płockie.

Gdy bezdzietny Janusz II, książę łomżyński, ciechanowski, płocki i wiski (syn Bolesława IV, księcia warszawskiego, czerskiego, zakroczymskiego, ciechanowskiego i łomżyńskiego, oraz Barbary, księżniczki Ruskiej), w dniu 16. lutego 1495 r. życie zakończył – ziemia Płocka, czyli księstwo, będące jego dzielnicą, na mocy prawa feudalnego zostało włączone (oprócz ziemi Wyszogrodzkiej) do Korony polskiej i na województwo Płockie zamienione. Województwo to graniczyło na północy z Prusami książęcemi i krańcem województwa Chełmińskiego Prus polskich. Tutaj na małej przestrzeni, od wsi Zielunia ku Działdowu, granicę pruską stanowiła rzeczka Działdówka. Na wschód graniczyło z księstwem a później województwem Mazowieckiem (najpóźniej, bo roku 1526, do Korony wcielonem), mianowicie z ziemią jego Ciechanowską. Granicę od tej ziemi stanowiły miejscami rzeczki: Orzyc i Lidynia, a z ziemią Wyszogrodzką od Blichowa i Bodzanowa do Wisły, strumień Mułtawa. Na południe od ziemi Wyszogrodzkiej odgraniczała rzeczka Płonna, a od województwa Rawskiego Wisła, na przestrzeni od ujścia Mułtawy do ujścia Skrwy. Zachodnią ścianę od ziemi Dobrzyńskiej tworzyła Skrwa, od wsi Piotków w dół ku Wiśle.

Województwo Płockie zajmowało przestrzeni w wieku XVI mil kwadratowych 701/3 i dzieliło się na 8 małych powiatów: Płocki, Bielski, Raciąski, Sierpski, Płoński, Szreński, Niedzborski i Mławski. Z tych trzy ostatnie, położone między rzeką Wkrą i Prusami, oraz ziemią Ciechanowską, nosiły miano ziemi Zawskrzeńskiej. Powiaty Szreński i Sierpski (dawniej pisano Sieprski), jako więcej leśne i mniej zaludnione, były większe od innych, za to Płoński np. miał tylko 51/2 mili kwadratowej. Parafij posiadało wogóle to województwo 67, najwięcej w powiecie Płockim i Szreńskim; miast i masteczek 63, wsi 1115, których najgęstszą zasiadłość, po 21 na milę kwadratową, posiadał powiat Bielski. Łanów kmiecych i folwarcznych liczyło województwo Płockie 3620, łanów szlachty zagrodowej, to jest bezkmiecej, 1864, ogółem łanów wszystkich 5484.

Województwo Płockie sejmikowało w Raciążu (jako mniej więcej środkowym swoim punkcie), obierając 4 posłów na sejm i 2 deputatów na trybunał piotrkowski. Popisy rycerstwa odbywały się także pod Raciążem. Za rządów Stanisława Augusta przeniesiono sejmiki do Płocka. Senatorów większych miało województwo Płockie trzech, t. j. biskupa, wojewodę i kasztelana płockich; mniejszych zaś dwóch, t. j. kasztelanów: raciąskiego i sierpskiego. Starostwo grodowe byłe Płockie, niegrodowe: Mławskie, Płońskie i inne. Konstytucya sejmowa z roku 1726 pozwoliła ziemi Zawskrzeńskiej na urzędników i oddzielne ziemstwo, zasiadające w Mławie. Sądy ziemskie odbywały się bowiem pierwej tylko w Płocku, Bielsku i Sierpcu. Herbem województwa był orzeł czarny w polu czerwonem z literą P. na piersiach, bez korony na głowie.

Stolicą województwa był Płock, na wyniosłym prawym brzegu Wisły, jeden z najdawniejszych grodów lechickich i do wieku XV główne miasto całego Mazowsza. Prawnuk Chrobrego, Władysław I Herman, i syn tego ostatniego, Bolesław Krzywousty, stojąc jakby na czatach od napastniczej dziczy pruskiej i usiłując ustalić granicę Polski na lechickich wybrzeżach Baltyku, przemieszkiwali częściej w Płocku, niż Krakowie i tu obydwa pomarli – pierwszy w roku 1102, a drugi roku 1138, i obu w tutejszym kościele katedralnym pochowano. Długosz powiada, że Władysław rad przesiadywał w zamku płockim, „ta bowiem okolica z położenia swego zdawała mu się do mieszkania nad wszystkie inne przyjemniejszą”.

Później wielu książąt mazowieckich, oraz ich żony i dzieci, grzebano w katedrze płockiej, skończywszy na Januszu II, ostatnim księciu płockim. Prochy tych Piastów spoczywają w głębi podkościelnej, śladów zaś zewnętrznych pozostało niewiele. Na pieczęci kościoła płockiego z roku 1238 wyobrażona jest romańska katedra płocka z dwiema wysokiemi wieżami o wielu piętrach.

Po zgonie Zygmuta I, królowa Bona posiadała Płock tytułem odprawy (od roku 1548 przez lat 7 do wyjazdu swego z Polski, w początkach roku 1555). Wznoszący się na wyżynie, z wysokiemi wieżami Płock należał jeszcze w wieku XVI do znakomitszych miast polskich. Klonowicz, płynąc Wisłą, pisze o nim:

Ujrzysz na szkucie przez górę zaiste Krzyże złociste. Płocko wesołe na lądzie wysokim Oglądasz, będąc pod brzegiem głębokim, Chceszli wierzch ujrzeć stamtąd kościołowy, Zdejm kołpak z głowy.

Za czasów tego poety pobierano pod zamkiem płockim cło od prowadzonych Wisłą do Gdańska płodów handlowych, więc też pisał o tem Klonowicz:

Tam, jeśli też chcesz z pokojem swe żyto Prowadzić, radzę, nieś Karłowi1) myto, Choć się odyma, niech cię to nie rusza, Oddaj, co słusza.

Na pochyłościach góry płockiej słynęły z dawnych czasów sady owocowe, które Szwedzi, zająwszy to miasto w roku 1655, zniszczyli wraz z winnicami.

1) Karzeł – sługa cłowy, z niemieckiego Kerl = chłop.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998)


text:
Talk:Masovian Voivodeship

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903

Województwo Mazowieckie.

Gdy bezdzietność i wczesny zgon prześladowały książąt mazowieckich, dzielnice ich, jak widzieliśmy, powracały kolejno do Korony: Rawska w roku 1462, a Płocka w roku 1495, i tym sposobem z końcem wieku XV był już Polsce zwrócony w spadku po Piastach mazowieckich, szeroki pas Mazowsza płocko-rawskiego, ciągnący się z północy od granicy pruskiej i miasta Mławy na południe, po rzekę Pilicę. Tylko więc w posiadaniu linii warszawsko-czerskiej pozostawała jeszcze, na początku wieku XVI, wschodnia, ale za to prawie półtrzecia razy większa od dwóch poprzednich (Płockiej i Rawskiej), prowincya mazowiecka, warszawsko-łomżyńsko-czerska, ciągnąca się także z północo-wschodu od granicy Prus książęcych i Podlasia po województwo Sandomierskie na południu.

Gdy dnia 8. sierpnia 1524 roku zmarł znowu bezżenny, młody Stanisław książę mazowiecki, a 10. marca 1526 roku brat jego, Janusz III, z ich zgonem przybyło Koronie nowe województwo, prawie kraj cały, 410 mil rozległy. Powracała do Polski szeroka jej dzielnica, niegdyś za Mieczysławów Chrobrych grodami ich warowna, która do zgonu książąt (Stanisława i Janusza) nosiła nazwę księstwa Mazowieckiego, a teraz po ich zgonie wcielona do Korony, została Województwem Mazowieckim, zachowała granice i nazwę powyższą do roku 1795. Województwo Mazowieckie składało się z 10 ziem następujących: Czerskiej, Warszawskiej, Wiskiej, Wyszogrodzkiej, Zakroczymskiej, Ciechanowskiej, Łomżyńskiej, Rożańskiej, Liwskiej i Nurskiej. Tu pozwolimy sobie nadmienić słów kilka o tem, co dawniej rozumiano pod nazwami: opola, ziemi i powiatu. W czasach piastowskich każda grupa sąsiadujących z sobą wiosek i osad rolnych, t. j. otoczonych i połączonych polami, tworzyła tak zwane opole, po łacinie vicinia – sąsiedztwo, czyli po dzisiejszemu: gminę. Opola więc były najmniejszemi terytoryami w pierwotnej organizacyi krajowej. Pewna grupa opol, wspólnie wiecująca i sądząca się, powiadamiana i zwoływana do spraw wspólnych, tworzyła powiat (źródło nazwy od wyrazów wiec, powiecać, powiadamiać się). Opola i powiaty nie mogły mieć odrębnego znaczenia politycznego, ale tylko administracyjno-sądowe i obronne, o ile miały gród warowny; zmieniały zaś swoje granice lub powstawały nowe, w miarę przybywania nowych po lasach wiosek i zaludniania się okolic pierwej małoludnych. Dopiero „ziemia” miała już pewien charakter terytoryalny stały i często polityczny. Granice bowiem „ziemi” stanowiły zwykle jakieś rzeki i strugi, np. ziemia Chełmińska leżała między Wisłą, Drwęcą i Ossą; Dobrzyńska zajmowała przestrzeń od Drwęcy i Wisły po Skrwę; Wiska od Narwi do Biebrzy i Łeku. W tej naturze granic zwykle wodnych leżała właśnie przyczyna, dla której przestrzenie podobne nazywano „ziemiami”, bo dosłownie była to ziemia pomiędzy wodami i bagnami położona. Naturalnie nie wszystkie granice ziem mogły być wodami określone, a nawet, w późniejszych rozgraniczeniach, nie zawsze zwracano uwagę na rzeki i strumienie, ale było to już wtedy, kiedy nazwa i znaczenie „ziemi” ustaliło się w narodzie i kiedy wytykano granice suche między dobrami, a do granic takich musiano nieraz stosować granice ziem.

W Litwie nie było podziału na ziemie, tylko na „powiaty”, bo podział ten nastąpił już w tych czasach, kiedy piastowski podział na ziemie nie mógł dosłownie być stosowany. W Polsce „ziemia” dzieliła się na „powiaty”, mające, jak już wyżej powiedzieliśmy, najprzód znaczenie okręgów grodowych czyli obronnych, potem administracyjno-sądowo-ziemskich. Podstawą zatem tego podziału był stopień zaludnienia, czyli potrzeba posiadania w okolicy grodu obronnego, a następnie sądu i pewnych władz. To też, jak ziemia była mała, mogła nie dzielić się wcale na powiaty, np. dwie najmniejsze ziemie w województwie Mazowieckim: Wyszogrodzka i Liwska, nie miały wcale powiatów, największa zaś, Łomżyńska, miała ich najwięcej, bo cztery. Ziemia Płocka, będąca zarazem województwem, jako obszerna i ludna, dzieliła się na ośm powiatów, a że trzy z nich były odcięte od reszty rzeką Wkrą, to też, jak widzieliśmy, dostały oddzielne miano „ziemi Zawskrzeńskiej”.

Granice województwa Mazowieckiego były następujące: na północ Prusy książęce, począwszy od Janowa (gdzie małą część granicy stanowiła rzeka Orzyc) aż do Grajewa i rzeki Łeku. Ścianę tę północną, około 20 mil długą, stanowiła przeważnie granica sucha. Ścianę wschodnią, na długości mil przeszło 25, tworzyło województwo Podlaskie aż pod Siedlce, a dalej ku południo-zachodowi, na kilku milach, ziemia Łukowska. Granica ta wschodnia, wprost przeciwnie, niż północna, biegła przeważnie rzekami: a najprzód od Grajewa do rzekł Biebrzy stanowiła ją rzeka Łek, potem od ujścia Łeku Biebrza do połączenia się tejże z Narwią w okolicy Wizny, potem od ujścia Biebrzy w górę Narwi do ujścia rzeczki Jamiołki, zwanej także Śliną i wzdłuż Śliny do jej źródeł, a potem z rzeczką Mieniem do Nurca, a z Nurcem do Bugu. Bug stanowił granicę Mazowsza z Podlasiem od ujścia Nurca w dół swego biegu aż prawie do ujścia Broku, a dalej szła granica sucha, od lewego brzegu Buga do rzeki Liwca pod wieś Paplin, a od Wólki Paplińskiej w górę rzeką Liwcem aż do ujścia Muchawki w pobliżu Siedlec. Tym sposobem Węgrów i Mokobody leżały na Podlasiu, zamek Liw na Mazowszu, a Siedlce w ziemi Łukowskiej, zaliczanej do województwa Lubelskiego. Dalej, na małej przestrzeni, stanowiła granicę Mazowsza z ziemią Łukowską mała rzeczka Muchawka. Granica ta, porzuciwszy potem Muchawkę, zwracała się stanowczo na południo-zachód i biegła już odtąd suchym szlakiem mil kilkanaście aż do Wisły, której dosięgała wprost Magnuszewa, odgraniczając Mazowsze od ziemi Łukowskiej, a dalej od ziemi Stężyckiej, należącej do województwa Sandomierskiego, ale położonej na prawym brzegu Wisły, poniżej ujścia rzeki Wieprza.

Całą południową granicę Mazowsza stanowiła ściana województwa Sandomierskiego od okolicy Stoczka i Żelechowa do Wyśmierzyc nad Pilicą. Rzeka Pilica jednak nie stanowiła granicy województwa Mazowieckiego, które przekraczało jej brzeg prawy i koło Ryczywołu i Głowaczewa sięgało po rzekę Radomkę, dalej zaś od Głowaczewa do Wyśmierzyc miało granicę suchą. Na całym zachodzie województwo Mazowieckie graniczyło z dzielnicą Płocką i Rawską, których rubieże spisane już były przy województwie Płockiem i Rawskiem. Co do ogólnej rozległości, to, jak już wzmiankowaliśmy, województwo Mazowieckie posiadało około 410 mil kwadratowych.

Popis czyli „okazowanie” rycerstwa, odbywał się w każdej z 10 ziem, składających to województwo, w niektórych zaś ziemiach, w trzech miejscach z powodu wielkiej liczby szlachty. W wieku XVI całe województwo posiadało razem parafij 266, które najgęstsze były w ziemi Wyszogrodzkiej, Zakroczymskiej i w powiecie Grójeckim ziemi Czerskiej. Miast i miasteczek posiadało to województwo ogółem 63, wiosek 3.957, łanów kmiecych i folwarcznych 14.648, a łanów czyli gospodarstw szlachty zagrodowej, nie mającej kmieci, 12.031. Widzimy z tego, że prawie połowa ogólnej przestrzeni ziemi ornej w województwie Mazowieckim uprawianą była bez pomocy kmieci, własną ręką szlachty polskiej, posiadającej szerokie przywileje i nieograniczone swobody, ręką ludzi, z których każdy powtarzał charakterystyczne przysłowie: „choć nie umiem czytać ani pisać, ale królem mogę zostać”. Podobnego zdemokratyzowania klasy uprzywilejowanej i uznania najszerszych praw ludzkich w tak wielkim liczebnie odłamie społeczeństwa, żaden naród słowiański ani zachodnio-europejski współcześnie nie przedstawiał, co względnie do pojęć tamtoczesnych niezawodną chlubę narodowi polskiemu przynosi i pod względem zachowania pojęć rdzennie słowiańskich na wyjątkowem stawia go miejscu.

Województwo Mazowieckie ma za herb orła białego bez korony, w polu czerwonem. Tymże herbem zaszczycały się wszystkie ziemie województwa Mazowieckiego, z wyjątkiem Liwskiej, która nosi w herbie pół niedźwiedzia czarnego i pół orła czerwonego pod jedną koroną. Senatorów większych posiadało województwo dwóch t. j. wojewodę mazowieckiego i kasztelana czerskiego, mniejszych zaś sześciu, a mianowicie kasztelanów; wiskiego, wyszogrodzkiego, zakroczymskiego, warszawskiego, ciechanowskiego i liwskiego.

1) Ziemia Czerska, rozległa mil kwadratowych 731/2, zatem po Łomżyńskiej druga co do wielkości w swojem województwie, na dwie prawie równe części Wisłą przedzielona, powiatów miała 3: Czerski, zwany niekiedy Garwolińskim, Grójecki i Warecki; starostwo grodowe Czerskie; niegrodowe Grójeckie, Wareckie, Garwolińskie, Latowickie, Osieckie, Stromeckie. Sejmikuje w Czersku, obiera posłów 2 na sejm, a deputata 1 do trybunału co piąty rok. Gdy bowiem całe województwo wysyłało corocznie z 10 ziem tylko 2 deputatów, to wybór wypadał na każdą ziemię po 1 co piąty rok. Miasto Czersk ze starożytnym zamkiem książęcym na górze panującej nad doliną Wisły, liczyło się jako stolica województwa Mazowieckiego, inne miasta znaczniejsze w tej ziemi były: Warka, Grójec, Garwolin i Góra.

2) Ziemia Warszawska, rozległa mil kwadratowych 52, także po obu brzegach Wisły w dwóch prawie równych częściach rozciągająca się, miała powiatów 3: Warszawski, Błoński i Tarczyński; starostwo grodowe Warszawskie, niegrodowe: Błońskie, Stanisławowskie, Piaseczyńskie i inne. Sejmikuje w Warszawie, obiera posłów 2, deputata na trybunał co piąty rok jednego. Główne miasto Warszawa, od Zygmunta III stolica całej Rzeczypospolitej, na dość wyniosłym lewym brzegu Wisły, rezydencya królów, miejsce sejmów. Za ostatniego króla Stanisława Augusta zasiadały tu komisye: skarbowa, wojskowa, edukacyjna, dobrego porządku, rada nieustająca, sądy asesorskie, marszałkowskie, ziemskie, grodowe. W pałacu publicznym przy placu Krasińskich mieściły się cztery jurysdykcye sądowe, t. j. obu komisyj, sądów asesorskich i marszałkowskich z kancelaryami. Przy tym pałacu był ogród publiczny do przechadzki (zwany ogrodem Krasińskich). Biblioteka publiczna, zebrana i darowana przez biskupa Załuskiego Rzeczypospolitej wraz z gmachem przy ulicy Daniłowiczowskiej, obejmująca 400.000 tomów dzieł i rękopisów, swego czasu jedna z największych w świecie. O milę od Warszawy Wilanów z rezydencyą i ogrodem, założonym przez Jana Sobieskiego, gdzie król ten po 20-letniem panowaniu dnia 17. czerwca 1696 roku żywot swój zakończył.

3) Ziemia Wiska, zajmująca północny kraniec województwa, rozległa mil kwadratowych około 26, miała trzy powiaty: Wiski, Wąsoski i Radziłowski: starostwo grodowe Wiskie, do którego należy także gród Wąsoski. Sejmikuje w Wiznie, obiera dwu posłów na sejm, oraz co piąty rok deputata na trybunał. Zamieszkana przeważnie przez szlachtę zagrodową. W mieście stołecznem tej ziemi, Wiznie, znajduje się nad Narwią obszerna warowna góra po grodzie z czasów piastowskich.

4) Ziemia Wyszogrodzka, dla zbyt małej przestrzeni, bo tylko 111/2 mili kwadratowej rozległości mająca, nie podzielona na powiaty. Sejmikuje w Wyszogrodzie, obiera na sejmy dwu posłów i co piąty rok deputata do trybunału. Wyszogród na wyżynie prawego brzegu Wisły, stolica ziemi i starostwo grodowe, gdzie też odbywają się sądy ziemskie i grodzkie. Ziemia Wyszogrodzka należała po rok 1495 do księstwa Płockiego, ale kiedy w roku powyższym dzielnica płocka wcielaną została do Korony, król Jan Olbracht pozwolił na przyłączenie tej ziemi do księstwa Mazowieckiego, gdzie panowała jeszcze linia niewygasłych Piastów czersko-warszawskich i dopiero po ich zgonie roku 1526 powróciła z resztą Mazowsza do Polski. Wyszogród słynął w XVI wieku z sukiennictwa, z sadów owocowych i z uprawy winogradu na stokach gór nad Wisłą. Podług lustracyi z roku 1564, z winnicy zamkowej natłaczają wina „czasem baryłkę, czasem dwie”.

5) Ziemia Zakroczymska, 21 mil kwadratowych rozległa, podzielona była na 2 powiaty: Zakroczymski i Nowomiejski. Sejmikowała w Zakroczymiu, obierając, jak inne, 2 posłów i 1 deputata co piąty rok. Zakroczym na wyżynie prawego brzegu Wisły poniżej ujścia Narwi, starostwo grodowe i stolica ziemi. Sądy ziemskie odprawiały się w Zakroczymiu, Serocku i Nowemmieście.

6) Ziemia Ciechanowska, 49 mil kwadratowych rozległa, miała 3 powiaty: Ciechanowski, Przasnyski i Sąchocki, oraz starostwo grodowe w Ciechanowie, gdzie obierała 2 posłów i co piąty rok deputata. Miasta: Ciechanów, stołeczne ziemi, i Przasnysz.

7) Ziemia Łomżyńska, przeszło 77 mil kwadratowych rozległa, zatem największa w województwie Mazowieckiem, rzeką Narwią prawie na dwie równe części przedzielona, składała się z 4 powiatów: Łomżyńskiego (mówiono i pisano: Łomzieńskiego), Kolnieńskiego, Zambrowskiego i Ostrołęckiego; starostwo grodowe Łomżyńskie, do którego należały grody: Kolnieński, Zambrowski i Ostrołęcki. Za osobnym przywilejem królewskim chodzi leśnictwo łomżyńskie, do którego należą miasteczka Kolno i Nowogród. Niegrodowe starostwo Ostrołęckie, w którego rozległych puszczach, od Narwi do granicy pruskiej, wytworzył się ród mazowiecki Kurpiów. Sejmikowała ziemia w Łomży, gdzie obierała dwóch posłów i deputata, jak inne. Powiat Zambrowski, zamieszkały prawie wyłącznie przez zagrodową bezkmiecą szlachtę, jako bardzo ludny, miał swoje osobne ziemstwo w Zambrowie.

8) Ziemia Rożańska, około 161/3 mili kwadratowej rozległa, ma 2 powiaty: Rożański i Makowski. Sejmikuje w Rożanie, gdzie obiera, jak inne ziemie tego województwa, 2 posłów i co piąty rok deputata na trybunał.

9) Ziemia Liwska, rozległa mil kwadratowych 17, cała na lewym brzegu rzeki Liwca, który odgranicza ją od wschodu z ziemią Drohicką, czyli od województwa Podlaskiego, nie była podzielona na powiaty. Starostwo miała grodowe, Liwskie, i niegrodowe, Korytnickie. Sejmikowała w Liwie, obierając 2 posłów i co piąty rok deputata. Miasto Liw, nad rzeką Liwcem, stołeczne tej ziemi, ze starożytnym murowanym zamkiem książąt mazowieckich, osada bardzo dawna, co wskazuje mnóstwo znajdowanych tu pieniędzy staro-rzymskich.

10) Ziemia Nurska, rozległa mil kwadratowych 661/3, zatem po Łomżyńskiej i Czerskiej trzecia co do wielkości w liczbie 10 ziem województwa Mazowieckiego. Miała trzy powiaty: Nurski, Kamieńczykowski i Ostrowski. Do starostwa grodowego nurskiego należały też grody Kamieńczyk i Ostrów. Sejmikowała w Nurze nad Bugiem. Większa część ziemi leżała na prawym, mniejsza na lewym brzegu tej rzeki. Część środkowa i zachodnia pokryta była w okolicy Kamieńczyka, Ostrowa i Wyszkowa puszczą biskupów płockich, część wschodnia, koło Nura i Czyżewa, zamieszkana prawie wyłącznie przez Mazowiecką szlachtę zagrodową, bezkmiecą.

Mundur sejmowy wszystkich ziem województwa Mazowieckiego był: kontusz ciemno-szafirowy, wyłogi i żupan barwy słomianej, guzy z literami X. M., na pamiątkę dawnej udzielności Księstwa Mazowieckiego.

How about another picture?
We have two pictures focusing only on the modern Warsaw. How about another town in Mazowsze, or a nature pic? Bug river or smthg? Ksenon 16:50, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
move to Masovian Voivodeship. -- Kjkolb 23:41, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

I am formally requesting that this article be moved from Masovia Voivodeship to Masovian Voivodeship, to make it consistent with the other voivodeship articles such as Silesian Voivodeship and Pomeranian Voivodeship. --Elonka 15:53, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, wholeheartedly. But on a personal note, don't you think that your recent mass moving spree is exactly what you criticised in Piotrus' behaviour?  // Halibutt 18:47, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Nope, because there was a clear consensus at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject Geography of Poland. In most cases, I was simply moving pages back to the English names that they'd been at, before Logologist moved them to Polish. In general, the English name was usually still on the article, because often he had just moved the article itself to a new name, but hadn't bothered changing the actual text or section headers of the article.  I also used "What links here" to help determine what the most common usage was from other Wikipedia articles that were linking to the page, and that too was often a clear doublecheck of what "most common usage in English" was. In the cases where it's ambiguous (like I'll freely admit that Podlachian Voivodeship was a tough call), I made my best good faith determination (for example, I reviewed the related page at Podlachia), but if there's genuine concern from other editors, I am fine on doublechecking consensus on the appropriate article talk pages.  In summary, I don't really care what the article titles are, be they English "Silesian" or Polish "Lodz", I just want to make sure that there's clear cross-cultural community consensus for it. --Elonka 21:34, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Support, as nominator. --Elonka 15:20, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Founding of Masovia Name?
Hello, I am a Pole and I am surprised with the last line in section "Most popular surnames in the region":

4. Mazurkiewicz: Founding of Masovia Name.

I cannot see in what sense could the surname Mazurkiewicz be "founding of Masovia name". The only morphological connection easily seen is Mazur-k-iew-icz, regarding neighbouring Mazury region (so, the "meaning" of Mazurkiewicz would be perhaps a descendant of a small person from Mazury?), not Masovia. And also it seems most probable that Mazurkiewicz is derived from Mazury, not the other way. But what I say is just of my reason, not of specialist knowledge.

If the sentence quoted has any sense, it would be fine to make it clearer and link some source.

Best regards! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.36.12.248 (talk) 16:09, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Two parts
"It currently has the lowest unemployment rate in Poland and is classified as a very high income province" - Warsaw metropolitan area is rich, external parts of the region aren't, PiS proposed to divide the voivodeship into two ones.Xx236 (talk) 08:19, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes that is true that the sub-governments (samorządy) around Warsaw and generally in the voivodeship are much poorer (eg. Radom), however, compared to other voivodeships like Podlasie and Subcarpathian Voivodeship the income is higher by almost half. Oliszydlowski 18:26, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Statistical division since 2020 .Xx236 (talk) 08:46, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I've heard about the decision, however, it is going to be implied in 2020 so we can mention that in the body. Oliszydlowski 18:52, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The new division will be since 2018 not 2020: http://stat.gov.pl/statystyka-regionalna/jednostki-terytorialne/klasyfikacja-nuts/rewizja-klasyfikacji-nuts-2016/ Aotearoa (talk) 09:57, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Masovian Voivodeship


text: User talk:200.222.134.85

title: User talk:200.222.134.85


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Edrington

Michael Edrington
From a very welcome newbie, but not notable. DJ Clayworth 06:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move it to his user page, tell him that's where that sort of stuff belongs and delete the redirect created by moving the page. -- [[User:Bobdoe|Bobdoe (Talk)]] 06:52, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's ad copy for real estate agency. iMeowbot 07:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del blatant advertising --Catullus 09:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to User:Matt Yohe and Delete. utcursch 10:49, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable, and written in ad language. Geogre 14:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable and advertising --Spangineer 16:06, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy, spam wrapped in vanity. Wyss 19:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to the user page and delete. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 23:34, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:50, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Carole a 18:25, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ballard High School (Louisville, Kentucky)

Ballard High School is a high school in the eastern suburbs of Louisville, Kentucky, and is a part of the Jefferson County Public Schools (JCPS) school district. The school opened in the fall of 1968. The first students were in grades 7-9, and a grade was added each year as the building was expanded. This kept the school system from having to transfer upper class students from other high schools. The first class (consisting of the original freshmen) graduated in 1972. From its founding until the mid-1980s the principal was Patrick Crawford. Sandy Allen served from the mid-1980s to the 2003–2004 school year. The principal from 2004 through 2013 was Jim Jury. Staci Edelman was the 4th and shortest standing principal, from 2015 to 2017, with a term marked by racial tension and controversy. The current principal is Jason Neuss. The school offers grades 9-12.

Ballard participates in the Jefferson County Public Schools Advanced Program, a program designed to provide accelerated instruction for academically gifted and talented students. The school also offers over 20 advanced placement courses.

Approximately 20 percent of Ballard graduates transition to college.

Campus
The campus at Ballard High School consists of the main school building as well as the fine arts building. The main building is referred to by students and faculty as four separate buildings (North, South, East, and West), although all four sections are connected to each other by overhead walkways. The South and North buildings house the majority of the classrooms at Ballard High School as well as the North and South offices. The West building's first floor is the home of Ballard's famed art department and the 2nd floor houses the Library. The East building's 1st floor contains the three cafeterias, the Ballard Bank, and the Ballard Student Guidance Center (College Counselor.) The East building second floor is the home of Ballard's award-winning Music department as well as both the large and small gymnasiums.

The Sandy Allen Fine Arts Center is a performing arts facility on the Ballard High School campus. The 22500 sqft. facility, which opened in 1998, seats 900. The fine arts center is used for musical and theatrical productions put on by the school's fine arts department. In 1999, it was awarded the AIA KY Merit Award of Excellence for its design.

In Kentucky, care must be taken not to confuse this school with Ballard Memorial High School, the public high school that serves Ballard County in the far-western Jackson Purchase.

Demographics
The following table represents the breakdown of students by race/ethnicity from the 2013–14 and 2022–21 school years.

Choir, band, orchestra and speech
The Ballard choral program is one of the largest in the state of Kentucky and is the only fully graded-sequential program in Jefferson County. Each year a large number of students are accepted into the KMEA All-State Choirs and many go on to participate in university choral programs. The choir has received distinguished ratings at the regional KMEA Assessment every year since 1995 and has received national and international awards in the past. The choral program also has a strong club aspect with the school's Madrigal Singers, made up of choral students, being known for putting on a Madrigal Feast each year for the community. The current choir director is Noel Weaver.

Notable alumni

 * Jo Adell, first round pick in 2017 MLB Draft by Los Angeles Angels
 * Ronnie Baker, third-fastest man in history for the 60 Meter Dash
 * Dotsie Bausch, track cyclist and member of 2012 U.S. Olympic team
 * Dontez Byrd, NFL football player
 * Jerry Eaves, NBA basketball player for Utah Jazz
 * Craig Greenberg (born 1973), businessman, lawyer, and politician; Mayor of Louisville
 * Sid Griffin, musician and co-founder of The Long Ryders
 * Earl Heyman, member of NFL Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints, also CFL defensive lineman for Edmonton Eskimos
 * Allan Houston, Kentucky Mr. Basketball (1989), All-SEC, All-American, and all-time leading scorer at University of Tennessee, NBA guard for Detroit Pistons and New York Knicks
 * Jeremi Johnson, fullback for Cincinnati Bengals
 * Shawn Kelley, Major League Baseball player for Washington Nationals, New York Yankees
 * James Kim, 1989, CNET editor and victim of hypothermia
 * Jeff Lamp, basketball player
 * Kelan Martin, NBA basketball player for the Indiana Pacers
 * DeVante Parker, first round pick in 2015 NFL Draft, wide receiver for Miami Dolphins
 * Bill Plaschke, sports columnist for Los Angeles Times and panelist on ESPN's Around the Horn
 * Michael Saag, 1973, physician, infectious disease expert
 * Jeremy Sowers, baseball player for Cleveland Indians and Manager of Major League Operations for the Tampa Bay Rays
 * Wayne Kent Taylor, founder and former CEO of casual-dining chain Texas Roadhouse
 * DeJuan Wheat, NBA basketball player


text:
Mathieu Flamini

Mathieu Pierre Flamini (born 7 March 1984) is a French former professional footballer and biochemical entrepreneur. A midfielder, he played for French side Marseille, English sides Arsenal and Crystal Palace, Italian side Milan and Spanish side Getafe. At international level, he was capped by the France national team on three occasions.

Mathieu Flamini will join Chelsea FC as a backroom staff under Enzo Maresca according to @Fabrizio Romano.

Marseille
Born in Marseille, Flamini was a youth team player for his local professional club Marseille. He made his debut for the senior team on 20 December 2003 in the 1–0 victory over Toulouse. He impressed the team as a hardworking midfield player and played 14 times for the club. However, it was his performances in Marseille’s UEFA Cup campaign that brought him to the attention of the football world, including the 2–0 semi-final victory over Newcastle United. He then started in the Final in Gothenburg, a match Spanish club Valencia won 2–0. Due to his age, however, Marseille was later unable to offer him a long-term professional contract.

Arsenal
On 23 July 2004, Flamini signed a professional contract for English club Arsenal, rejecting Marseille's long-term senior contract offer to which he had already verbally agreed. Soon after the incident, then-Marseille manager José Anigo stated, "This is a beautiful treason. He used me." Arsenal were eventually ordered by The Dispute Resolution Chamber of FIFA to pay Marseille a compensation fee of €480 000 for Flamini.

Flamini made his Arsenal debut in the 1–4 win at Everton on 15 August 2004. In his first season, he was typically used as a utility player, starting only nine games but used as a substitute in 12. The following season saw him filling in for a number of injured players, but again unable to command a first team place in his favoured position. He scored his first Arsenal goal on 11 May 2005 in a 7–0 home win against Everton, scoring the seventh goal, the team's last-ever goal scored in their traditional red and white kit at Highbury.

In the 2006–07 season, Flamini scored the winning goal against Dinamo Zagreb in the qualifying stages of the UEFA Champions League. He also scored important goals against Chelsea, Blackburn Rovers and Liverpool in the Premier League. Despite these important goals, however, he remained unsatisfied with his "utility player" role at the club and in April 2007, he admitted that he would most likely be leaving Arsenal in the summer. Flamini, however, turned down a proposed £3m move to Birmingham City and remained with the team.

Flamini started in central midfield for Arsenal's first match of the 2007–08 Premier League season due to the absence of Gilberto Silva and Abou Diaby. During Arsenal's 2007–08 campaign, he struck up a strong partnership with Cesc Fàbregas, keeping Gilberto out of the starting XI with displays widely regarded by Arsenal fans as a vast improvement on those during his previous years at the club. Flamini enjoyed a generally good rapport with Arsenal's fans, who provided him with his own song, an adaptation of the theme tune to British television programme The Sweeney. On 29 January 2008, he scored an extraordinary 25 yd strike in Arsenal's 3–0 win over Newcastle United in the Premier League. He played on 8 April 2008, a UEFA Champions League match in which Arsenal were knocked out by English rival Liverpool. After the match, he was reported injured and it proved to be his last match for Arsenal. In April 2009, he stated in an interview that he is still an Arsenal fan and that he has no hard feelings towards the club: "Arsenal are in my heart and they will be in my heart for ever," he said. "I will always be an Arsenal fan and leaving was not easy."

Milan
Flamini signed a contract with Italian club Milan on 5 May 2008. Flamini wore the number 84 on his shirt to represent his year of birth.

He made his Serie A debut on 30 August 2008 in a 2–1 loss to Bologna. Initially, Flamini did not enjoy the number of starts or appearances for the Italian team, and was regarded as a utility player at Milan. Nevertheless, injuries to other players and his consistent good form helped him to cement a starting place at San Siro. With Milan failing to find a stable defence and a lack of a fit, consistent and reliable right back, Gianluca Zambrotta was switched to the left flank to help Flamini develop as a tenacious right back. After stating that his preferred position is in the midfield, Milan re-deployed him as a defensive midfielder.

Flamini saw limited playing time towards the end of 2009–10 season due to the great form of club captain Massimo Ambrosini. In the following season, Flamini became an important asset of the team that would win its 18th scudetto, playing many games as starter and scoring two goals against Bari and Bologna, respectively. After playing as a rotation role in the 2010–11 season, he injured himself in a pre-season training session, suffering a serious knee injury which required an operation. Flamini spent the entire 2011–12 season out.

On 20 June 2012, it was confirmed by the club that he had left following the expiration of his contract, as they had ended negotiations with the player, and so he became a free agent. Two weeks later, Flamini and Adriano Galliani reached a new agreement for a one-year contract, with the Frenchman taking a significant cut in his wages. On 7 April 2013, Flamini scored his first goal of the season, and Milan's second of the game, in a 2–2 draw against Fiorentina.

Return to Arsenal
Flamini began training with Arsenal midway in early August, with the reason to "solely maintain fitness" with a view to signing for a club in England. Immediately it sparked media attention with claims rising that he would soon sign for Arsenal, but these reports were shunned by many journalists, pointing out that many other ex-Arsenal players had returned to train with Arsenal, including club legends Robert Pires and Thierry Henry.

Flamini, however, did indeed sign for Arsenal on 29 August 2013 and became Arsenal's second acquisition of the summer, after Yaya Sanogo. He made his returning debut on 1 September at Emirates Stadium against Tottenham Hotspur, coming on for Jack Wilshere and helping the team secure a 1–0 win. His performances after signing were lauded by both critics and fans alike, and had featured in all of Arsenal's Premier League, Football League Cup and European games since, with many seeing his signing, and his combative style of play, as one of the key reasons for Arsenal's excellent early season form. He scored his first goal in his second spell at Arsenal on 30 November, the second in a 0–3 away win at Cardiff City. He has also scored in a crucial 1–1 draw against Manchester City after a run of bad form from Arsenal, helping the club rejuvenate and achieve an eventual top four league finish. At the start of Arsenal's 2013–14 FA Cup run, Flamini expressed his desire to win the Cup, having been left out of the squad when Arsenal won the 2005 FA Cup Final. Arsenal went on to win the tournament, though Flamini was an unused substitute in the Final, also remaining on the substitutes' bench when Arsenal repeated the feat, becoming FA Cup champions again in 2015.

On 23 September 2015, Flamini earned his first start of the 2015–16 season in the Football League Cup third round tie against Tottenham Hotspur. He scored both of Arsenal's goals with a Man of the Match performance.

Late career
Flamini signed as a free-agent for Crystal Palace at the beginning of the 2016–17 season, and released by the club at the season's end. He joined Getafe in February 2018, making eight appearances in La Liga before leaving the club at the end of the season. He rejoined Getafe in December 2018, and retired from playing in 2019.

International career
Flamini accepted his first call up to France by coach Raymond Domenech for a friendly against Argentina at the Stade de France on 7 February 2007 after Jérémy Toulalan was ruled out due to injury. He later made his international debut in a friendly against Morocco on 16 November 2007 as a substitute.

Style of play
A combative, energetic, tactically intelligent, and tenacious midfielder, according to Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger, Flamini was a player with a fantastic work rate, good ball-winning ability and great mentality; he could play anywhere across midfield, in the centre as a box-to-box or defensive midfielder, or on either flank as a cover at full-back.

Business career
Flamini is a partner of GF Biochemicals, a leading global producer of levulinic acid and derivatives. He has stated that “we founded GFBiochemicals with the ambition of finding sustainable alternatives to oil-based products”. Levulinic acid includes grass or woodchips, and can be used in plastics, solvents, fuels and the pharmaceutical industry. Levulinic acid has been identified by the U.S. Department of Energy as one of the 12 molecules that can help unlock a “greener” world.

in addition to GFBiochemicals’ established presence in the Netherlands and headquarters in Italy, Flamini has named China and Brazil as potential new markets for expansion. In 2016, GFBiochemicals fully controls the Segetis, the leading producer of levulinic acid derivatives, in a move towards downstream integration. Segitis was previously owned by Sabic, DSM, and Khosla Ventures, among other entities, and has invested in R&D over the past decade. In 2017, GFBiochemicals announced that it will build a cellulosic biorefinery in the US, in partnership with biotech company American Process.

Flamini was also part of the team that created BIOCIRCE (Bioeconomy in the Circular economy), Europe’s first master's degree dedicated to promoting bioeconomy education. It was launched in collaboration with Italian bank Intesa Sanpaolo, Novamont (a producer of bioplastics), and the Universities of Naples, Torino, Milano Bicocca and Bologna. In addition, Flamini co-founded The BioJournal the world’s first e-magazine devoted entirely to the bio world and eco-sustainability and managed by Italian environmental journalist Mario Bonaccorso. Flamini is also part of the Environmental Excellence Committee for the candidature of Paris as the location for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

In 2015, Flamini was named one of People of the Year by the NME.

International
Appearances and goals by national team and year

Honours
Marseille
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 2003–04

Arsenal
 * FA Cup: 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15
 * FA Community Shield: 2014
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005–06

Milan Individual
 * Serie A: 2010–11
 * Arsenal Player of the Season: 2007−08

title: Mathieu Flamini


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Vladimir Malakhov (ice hockey)

Vladimir Igorevich Malakhov (Владимир Игоревич Малахов; born August 30, 1968) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the Russian Super League. Currently, Malakhov is a Player Development coach for the New York Islanders.

Malakhov was drafted by the New York Islanders in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft, tenth round, 191st overall. He has played for Spartak Moscow, CSKA Moscow, New York Islanders, Montreal Canadiens, New Jersey Devils (winning the Stanley Cup in 2000), New York Rangers and the Philadelphia Flyers.

Transactions

 * June 17, 1989 – New York Islanders' 10th round draft choice (191st overall) in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft.
 * April 5, 1995 – Traded by the New York Islanders, along with Pierre Turgeon to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Craig Darby, Kirk Muller and Mathieu Schneider.
 * March 1, 2000 – Traded by the Montreal Canadiens to the New Jersey Devils in exchange for Sheldon Souray, Josh Dewolf and New Jersey's 2001 2nd round draft choice.
 * July 10, 2000 – Signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers
 * March 8, 2004 – Traded by the New York Rangers to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Rick Kozak and Philadelphia's 2005 2nd round draft choice.
 * August 5, 2005 – Signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Devils.
 * October 1, 2006 – Traded by the New Jersey Devils, along with a conditional 1st round draft choice, to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Alexander Korolyuk and Jim Fahey.

Controversies
In 1999, Donald Trump’s lawyer, Michael Cohen, was given a check for $350,000 from Malakhov to be given as a loan to his friend, Yulia Fomina. The friend, however, swore in an affidavit that she never received the money and never even knew the check had been written until it was discovered years later in a Florida lawsuit.

During the 1999-2000 NHL season, Malakhov came under fire from Canadiens head coach Alain Vigneault, after it was revealed that he went on a ski trip to a resort in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec with his family during the All-Star break. This proved to be controversial with team management, as he hadn't played with the team all season, as he was recovering from a knee injury. As he was in breach of his contract, Malakhov was suspended by the Canadiens as a result.

Malakhov further angered Canadiens fans and coaches after he returned to the lineup following his suspension, after he responded to jeers by waving obscene gestures at fans which prompted louder jeers. When asked about it, Malakhov lashed out at the team's fans for his reaction. Malakhov, who was slated to become an unrestricted free agent at the end of the season, was traded to the New Jersey Devils weeks later.

On December 19, 2005, reports surfaced that Malakhov, who joined the Devils for the second time, had unexpectedly retired from the NHL. However, shortly after the story broke, his agent claimed that Malakhov had not retired and was taking a leave of absence "to deal with some internal, personal and medical issues." This claim was disputed by Lou Lamoriello, Devils CEO, president, general manager, and interim head coach. Lamoriello rejected the request for a leave of absence and treated Malakhov's absence as a retirement. This marked the end of Malakhov's pro career.

Achievements

 * Olympic Bronze Medal (2002)
 * 1999–2000 Stanley Cup (New Jersey)
 * NHL All-Rookie Team (1993)
 * Olympic Gold Medal (1992)

title: Vladimir Malakhov (ice hockey)


text:
User:ZeWrestler

I came across Wikipedia in 2003 when I was reading an article about it on Yahoo.

I have a wide variety of interests, mostly technical and historical, and I can be found usually editing an article within those topics. Unfortunately, my time for either has been rather limited the last few years as Wikipedia competes with my other hobbies.

I'm semi active right now. The time I've spent here lately has tends to be fighting vandalism, rather than adding to articles. Also, contributing pictures to Wiki-commons.

That sums me up in general. Feel free to leave me a message at my talk page.

Notable contributions
Amateur wrestling | Ancient Rome | Animorphs | Arithmetic logic unit | Cael Sanderson | Central processing unit | Crouse College, Syracuse University | Excess-3 | Final Fantasy magic | Final Fantasy VI | Final Fantasy VII | Final Fantasy VIII | Final Fantasy X | Final Fantasy Mystic Quest | Fire ant | Ganon | Hall of Languages, Syracuse University | History of sex | Hurricane Katrina | Insaniquarium | The Legend of Zelda | The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening | The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask | The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time | The Legend of Zelda series | The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker | Link (Legend of Zelda) | List of BSA local councils and districts in New Jersey | LiveJournal | Mega Man (NES) | Mega Man II (Game Boy) | Mitchell Johnson | Montclair State University | Mortal Kombat (movie) | Nest | Paul Hamm | Phishing | Plainsboro Township, New Jersey | Pogs | President (game) | Ransomware | Real Pro Wrestling | Red Lake High School | Rulon Gardner | The Seventies | Snowball fight | Snowball II | Squall Leonhart | Syracuse University | Tasmanian Devil | Tim Berners-Lee | Utopia (online game) | VG Cats | Video game | Vision Quest | Yellow-eyed Penguin | The War of the Worlds (radio) | West Windsor-Plainsboro High School North | Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics | Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

Articles
2003 West Virginia sniper | 2006 New Jersey State Government Shutdown | 2008 Tennessee Titans season | 2008 San Francisco 49ers season | Adobe Photoshop Album | AMD Quad FX platform | An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (The Twilight Zone) | Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew | Baroque (video game) | Captain N: The Game Master | Church at Auvers | Dan Gable | Dan Maffei | Episodes of Highlander (Season 5) | Frat Party Games: Beer Pong | Geography of New Jersey | Green Ripper | History of New Jersey | Internet governance | Job security | King Cotton | Krugle | The Legend of Zelda (animated series) | List of Final Fantasy airships | List of individuals executed in New York | List of Syracuse University buildings | March of the Penguins | Mariana Fruit Bat | Mega Man V (Game Boy) | Mega Man X (game) | Morgan Hamm | Netroots | Operation: Mindcrime II | Patricia Miranda  | Rock cycle | Rock Phish Kit | Sara McMann | Scryed | Snood (game) | Syracuse City Hall | Ten Thousand Fists | Witch Hunter Robin | X-Blades | Yamanner

Categories
Category:Anti-war songs | Category:Chrono media | Category:Final Fantasy media files | Category:Old requests for CVG peer review |  Category:Square Enix media files

Template
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Wiki Commons Pages
Commons:Category:2005 in Samara Oblast | Commons:Category:2015 in Nigeria | Charles Dondald Griffin | Commons:Category:Calvert Cliffs State Park |Dikes (geology) | Gila cypha | Commons:Category:Hoplomys gymnurus | Hurricane Dean (2007) | Lake Las Vegas | Muscicapa sibirica| Myotis sodalis | Commons:Category:Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear| Rock Cycle diagrams | Syracuse University | Commons:Category:Traffic lights in Strasbourg | Trogon viridis

Special Pages
WikiProject Computer and video games/Peer review | WikiProject Computer and video games/Peer review/archive | WikiProject Final Fantasy/Featued Article Drive | Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linux/index

Images
See ZeWrestler's Image Gallery for gallery of images I've added to Wikipedia and Wikicommons.

Awards

A Phacochoerus africanus satanicus has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling at someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message.-WarthogDemon 20:47, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Projects
CurrentGCOTW

 * WikiProject Anime and manga
 * WikiProject Computer and Video Games
 * WikiProject Computer science
 * WikiProject Computing
 * WikiProject Final Fantasy
 * WikiProject Illustration
 * WikiProject The Legend of Zelda
 * WikiProject Linux
 * WikiProject New Jersey
 * WikiProject Webcomics
 * WikiProject Wiki Syntax
 * Untagged Images
 * Welcoming committee

Genuinely interesting
Blizzard of 2005 | Liger | Pheromone | Red-crested Pochard | Top-down and bottom-up design | Thylacine | Userboxes

Useful pages
Cite sources | Image Copyright tags | Inline Citation | Image description page | Fair Use Regulations for pictures | Moving images to the Commons | Stub List | Style and How-to Directory | Vandalism in progress

title: User:ZeWrestler


text: Template:NewZealand-stub

title: Template:NewZealand-stub


text:
Jeremy Sowers

Jeremy Bryan Sowers (born May 17, 1983) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and current executive. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians from 2006 to 2009, and is currently the manager of major league operations for the Tampa Bay Rays.

Sowers grew up in Louisville, Kentucky, where he attended Ballard High School. His twin brother, Joshua Sowers, formerly played in the Toronto Blue Jays organization. Sowers' pitching repertoire featured a fastball with which he varied the speed between about 85 and 92 mph, a curveball, a slider that cuts in on right-handed batters, and a changeup.

High school and college
Sowers threw four no-hitters in high school. In both his junior and his senior year at Ballard, he led the team to consecutive appearances in the state high school championship game and was named All-State, All-Section, All-Region and County Player of the Year. As a senior, he was named to Baseball America's National High School All-American team, Kentucky Gatorade Player of the Year, Mr. Kentucky Baseball and Kentucky High School Coaches Association Athlete of the Year. He was selected out of high school with the 20th overall pick in the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft by the Cincinnati Reds.

Rather than sign with the Reds, Sowers chose to attend Vanderbilt University where he was named to the Louisville Slugger Freshman All-American team following the 2002 season and to their 2004 pre-season All-American team. He was second team All-SEC as both a sophomore and a junior and was also selected second team All-South Region by the American Baseball Coaches Association as a sophomore.

In 2002 and 2003, Sowers played collegiate summer baseball for the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). A league all-star in 2003, he posted a 1.20 ERA with 64 strikeouts in 67.1 innings. Sowers was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2017.

After his junior year at Vanderbilt, the Indians selected Sowers with the 6th overall pick in the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft and he signed with them for a $2.475 million signing bonus, the third highest bonus in club history. During the 2005–06 offseason, he was granted permission by the club to return to Vanderbilt to complete his political science degree.

Minor leagues
Sowers split most of the 2005 season between the Indians' Single-A (Kinston) and Double-A (Akron) farm teams, compiling a combined 13–4 record and 2.40 ERA. He finished 2005 with a single start for the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons in which he was credited with a win. He was named the Indians Minor League Pitcher of the Year (Bob Feller Award) for the 2005 season. Baseball America named him the #2 prospect in the Indians organization, the #6 prospect in the Carolina League and the #8 prospect in the Eastern League. He was named the Indians' 2005 Minor League Player of the Year (receiving the "Lou Boudreau Award").

In 2006, he was a non-roster invitee at the Indians' spring training, but did not make the club's Opening Day roster, beginning the season with Buffalo. In 15 starts for the Bisons, he picked up where he left off in 2005, posting a sterling 9–1 record and 1.39 ERA. Baseball America named him the #3 prospect in the International League.

Cleveland Indians
Sowers' performance for Buffalo in 2006 earned him a promotion to Cleveland on June 20 where he made his major league debut against the Reds on June 25, taking the loss (5 IP, 4 ERs, 5 Hs, 2 HRs, 3 SOs, 2 BBs). He tossed his first major league complete game shutout on July 22,, against the Minnesota Twins, allowing 4 hits and 1 walk while striking out 4. Six days later, he threw another shutout—this one a 1–0 game against the Seattle Mariners—becoming the first Indians rookie to throw back-to-back shutouts since Dick Tidrow in. In his next start against Boston, he extended his scoreless inning streak to 22 before yielding an RBI double in the fifth inning.

Sowers was projected to be the Indians' fourth starter in. When Cliff Lee was injured during spring training, Sowers was bumped up to the third spot in the starting rotation. However, he struggled through the first two months of the season (1–6, 6.93 ERA in 12 starts) and was demoted to Buffalo on June 10.

During spring training in 2009, Sowers competed for the fifth starting pitcher slot; he was not selected and was sent down to the Triple-A Columbus Clippers.

On March 31, 2010, after failing to secure a spot in the major league starting rotation, Sowers was sent outright to Triple-A Columbus and removed from the Indians' 40-man roster. Suffering with a sore shoulder for most of the season, Sowers was finally placed on the disabled list on August 14, 2010, and did not play for the remainder of the 2010 season. He became a free agent on November 2, 2011.

Southern Maryland Blue Crabs
On April 17, 2013, After sitting out the 2012 season, Sowers signed with the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He announced his retirement on June 1. In 8 starts 44 innings he went 1–3 with a 4.30 ERA and 25 strikeouts.

Post playing career
After playing Independent baseball he earned his MBA and worked corporate strategy for Wal-Mart before returning to baseball with the Baltimore Orioles.

He served as an assistant in the Tampa Bay Rays baseball operation department. In February 2020, when James Click left the Rays to become the general manager of the Houston Astros, Sowers was promoted to manager of major league operations.

Sowers and his wife, Ashley, have two daughters.

title: Jeremy Sowers


text:
Rick Mahorn

Derrick Allen Mahorn (born September 21, 1958) is an American former professional basketball player who played power forward and center for the Washington Bullets, Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, and the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is currently a radio analyst for the Detroit Pistons, works as a co-host/analyst on SiriusXM NBA Radio, and during the summer is the head coach of the Aliens of the BIG3.

Mahorn had a reputation for physical play, and was a member of the late 1980s Detroit Pistons teams known as "The Bad Boys", and with them won the 1989 NBA Championship. After his playing career, Mahorn would go on to be an assistant coach under Pistons teammate and head coach Bill Laimbeer with the Detroit Shock of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and was part of two WNBA Championship teams (2006, 2008). He would eventually become head coach of the Shock, and later became head coach of Trilogy of the BIG3, leading the team to the inaugural BIG3 Championship in 2017, making Mahorn the only one in history to have won a championship in the NBA, WNBA, and BIG3.

College career
Mahorn played college basketball at Hampton University. He was a three-time NAIA All-American and owned 18 school records. He scored 2,418 points while playing for the Pirates, averaging 20.3 points per game.

Playing career
The turning point of Mahorn's career was perhaps when he was traded by the Washington Bullets to the Detroit Pistons. He was unhappy with the trade initially and, as he claimed in a 2014 ESPN documentary, showed up to training camp overweight and out of shape. After teammate Bill Laimbeer took him aside and spoke with him about what he was brought there for, Mahorn acquiesced and became an integral part of the Pistons’ core. In 1989, Mahorn - dubbed by Piston announcer George Blaha the "Baddest Bad Boy of them all" - won his only NBA championship with the Pistons.

Two days after the Pistons won the championship in 1989, the NBA held an expansion draft for its two newest franchises, the Orlando Magic and Minnesota Timberwolves. League rules dictated that only eight players on each roster could be protected from being drafted by either team, and the Pistons elected not to extend that protection to Mahorn. As such, he was made the second pick in the expansion draft and the first to be taken by the Timberwolves; the Pistons were conducting their victory celebration in Detroit while the draft was happening and Mahorn was taken aside during the festivities, so he could be told. Pistons general manager Jack McCloskey tried to reacquire Mahorn to no avail, and years later Mahorn was shown to still be bothered by what transpired as the story of the expansion draft brought him to tears during the 2014 ESPN film about the team.

Mahorn, as it turned out, would never play for Minnesota. After refusing to report to the Timberwolves, he ended up being traded instead to the Philadelphia 76ers, where he teamed with superstar Charles Barkley (despite previous rivalries with him) to form the top-rebounding duo of "Thump N' Bump". After two seasons, Mahorn signed a two-year contract with Il Messaggero Roma of the Italian Serie A in 1991. Teaming up with Dino Radja, Mahorn helped Roma win the 1992 FIBA Korać Cup. He started the 1992–1993 season with Roma but was kicked of the team in October after throwing a chair in a heated argument with head coach Paolo Di Fonzo. In November, he returned to the NBA and signed with the New Jersey Nets. He played with the Nets for four seasons, before returning to the Pistons in 1996–97 under coach Doug Collins. He retired after the 1999 season, after a second stint with the 76ers.

WNBA
Mahorn then served as a color commentator for Pistons radio broadcasts, and as an assistant coach under former teammate Bill Laimbeer with the WNBA's Detroit Shock. Laimbeer and Mahorn led the Shock to two WNBA titles (2006, 2008).

On July 22, 2008, at a Sparks-Shock game, Mahorn attempted to break up a brawl. When attempting to restrain Lisa Leslie, he put his left hand out and Leslie fell to the ground. Mahorn was suspended for two games.

On June 15, 2009, he became the head coach of the Shock, a position he held until the franchise moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma after the season. Shortly afterward, Mahorn continued his work with Pistons radio, doing color commentary alongside Mark Champion.

BIG3
In 2017, Mahorn became head coach of Trilogy, the eventual champion of the BIG3 basketball league's inaugural season. His team's players included Al Harrington and Kenyon Martin.

Personal life
Mahorn played himself in a 2017 episode of Detroiters titled "Quick Rick Mahorn of Dearborn."

Awards and honors

 * 1989 NBA Champion (as a player with the Detroit Pistons)
 * Two-time WNBA Champion (2006, 2008 - as an assistant coach with the Detroit Shock)
 * 2017 BIG3 Champion (as head coach of Trilogy)
 * Virginia Sports Hall of Fame (class of 2018)

title: Rick Mahorn


text:
Mstsislaw Voivodeship

Mstislaw Voivodeship or Mścisław Voivodeship (Амсьціслаўскае ваяводзтва; Województwo Mścisławskie; Palatinatus Mscislaviensis) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), since the 15th century until the Partitions of Poland in 1795.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of the Mscislaw Voivodeship:

“Mscislaw (Mscislavia), which lies at the Wiechra river, was probably founded in the late 13th century, and named after Duke of Smolensk, Mstislav Romanovich the Old. In the 14th century, it was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and for a while remained a fief (...) By 1538, the Duchy of Mscislaw was already governed by a starosta, who during the reign of King Zygmunt August was renamed into a voivode, while the Duchy was turned into a voivodeship. First Voivode of Mscislaw was Jerzy Oscik, Traby coat of arms.

The Voivodeship of Mscislaw was not divided into counties (see powiat). Its sejmiks took place at Mscislaw, where two deputies to the Sejm were elected, and two to the Lithuanian Tribunal (...) It ceased to exist in 1772, when after the first partition of Poland, Mscislaw Voivodeship was annexed by the Russian Empire".

Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Mścisław

Voivodes

 * Janusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz (1621-1626)
 * Mikołaj Kiszka (1626-1636)
 * Krzysztof Kiszka (1636–1639)
 * Józef Korsak (1639–1643)
 * Mikołaj Abramowicz (1643-1647)
 * Fryderyk Sapieha (VIII 1647–1650)

Administrative division

 * the voivodeship was not divided into counties

title: Mstsislaw Voivodeship


text:
User:Patcat45

I am Patcat45. See my talk page.

title: User:Patcat45


text:
Smolensk Voivodeship

Smolensk Voivodeship (Palatinatus smolencensis; Смаленскае ваяводзтва; Województwo smoleńskie; Smolensko vaivadija; Смоленское воеводство) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The territory of Smolensk was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1404, but the voivodeship was established only in 1508. Just six years later, in 1514, it was lost to the Grand Duchy of Moscow during the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars. The voivodeship was recaptured by the Commonwealth in 1611 during the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18) and lost again in 1654 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67). Even when the territory was under Russian control, Poland and Lithuania claimed it as a titular voivodeship. The capital of the voivodeship, and the seat of its governor (voivode), was in Smolensk. It was subdivided into two powiats: Smolensk and Starodub.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of the Smolensk Voivodeship:

In the 9th century, Smolensk was the main center of the Krivichs. In the 11th century, it became the capital of a separate duchy, the Principality of Smolensk, which in the 14th century was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1404, it became a permanent part of Lithuania, and later on, the Principality was turned into a Voivodeship. In 1514, Smolensk was captured by Muscovy, which was confirmed by a 1522 treaty. For the next 89 years Smolensk belonged to Muscovy. It was recovered by King Sigismund III of Poland in 1611, but Smolensk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth existed only for 56 years. In 1654 it was recaptured by the Russians, which was confirmed by the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667.

Smolensk Voivodeship had three senators: the Bishop, the Voivode, and the Castellan of Smolensk. It was divided into two counties: those of Smolensk and Starodub. After its final annexation by Russia, it continued to exist as a voivodeship in exile, with sejmiks taking place at a Bernardine Church in Vilnius. Furthermore, the title of Bishop of Smolensk remained in use. The last titular Bishops before the partitions of Poland were Adam Naruszewicz, and Tymoteusz Gorzeński.

title: Smolensk Voivodeship


text:
Andrei Kovalenko

Andrei Nikolaevich Kovalenko (Андрей Николаевич Коваленко; born 7 June 1970) is a Russian former professional ice hockey forward. He played in the National Hockey League with the Quebec Nordiques, Colorado Avalanche, Montreal Canadiens, Edmonton Oilers, Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes and the Boston Bruins. He is currently the chairman of the Kontinental Hockey League players association (KHL PA).

He is the father of NHL Player Nikolai Kovalenko, who currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche.

Playing career
Nicknamed "The Tank" by his teammates because of his immovable presence from the goal crease, Kovalenko was drafted 148th overall in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques while playing in Russia for HC CSKA Moscow.

Kovalenko was traded from the Colorado Avalanche to the Montreal Canadiens with Jocelyn Thibault and Martin Ručinský for Patrick Roy and Mike Keane. In 1996, he scored the final goal in the history of the Montreal Forum, the fourth in a 4–1 victory over the Dallas Stars.

In 1999, Kovalenko scored the first goal in the history of the RBC Center as a member of the Carolina Hurricanes in a 4–2 loss to the New Jersey Devils.

Kovalenko last played in the National Hockey League in 2000–01 with the Boston Bruins, and finished his career playing in the Russian Super League for Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, Avangard Omsk, and Severstal Cherepovets.

Kovalenko is the father of Nikolai Kovalenko, who was drafted by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft.

Member of parliament
In September 2020 Kovalenko was elected deputy of the State Duma, Russia's lower house, at a special election in Yaroslavl constituency No. 194, defeating long-time governor of Yaroslavl Oblast Anatoly Lisitsyn from left-leaning A Just Russia. Kovalenko was a candidate of ruling United Russia. A year later, in the 2021 elections Lisitsyn won the constituency with 36.5% of the vote, while Kovalenko received 27.3%.

Awards and achievements

 * Soviet championship:  1989 (with CSKA)
 * European Ice Hockey Cup:  1990 (with CSKA)
 * Russian championship:  2002 (with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl)
 * Russian championship:  2003 (with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl)
 * European Champions Cup:  2005 (with Avangard)
 * Pajulahti Cup:  2006 (with Severstal)

title: Andrei Kovalenko


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Vitebsk Voivodeship

Vitebsk Voivodeship (Віцебскае ваяводзтва; Województwo witebskie; Palatinatus Vitebsciensis) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from 1569 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) from the 15th century until the partitions of Poland in 1795.

History
Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of the Witebsk Voivodeship:

“Witebsk (in Latin Vitebscum), located on the Dvina river, was one of main gord of the Principality of Polotsk. In the second half of the 12th century, it emerged as a local center of government. Conquered by one of the sons of Mindaugas in ca. 1239, it became a permanent part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the times of Gediminas. In ca. 1342 Witebsk was already the seat of a starosta, who in the early 16th century were named voivodes. First voivode of Witebsk was Jerzy Chlebowicz (...)

The Dvina river divided the voivodeship into two parts, of which northern one was smaller. Since the town of Witebsk was located in the middle of a sparsely populated province, at first the voivodeship was not divided into counties. Later on, however, the County of Orsza, which had been part of Smolensk Voivodeship, was attached to Witebsk Voivodeship (...) Witebsk Voivodeship remained in the Commonwealth until September 1772, when most of it was annexed by the Russian Empire. What remained was southern part of the Land of Orsza, which belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until 1793 (...)

Starostas resided at Witebsk and Orsza, while local sejmiks took place in both towns. Altogether, Witebsk Voivodeship elected four deputies to the Sejm - two from each county. After the first partition, the sejmiks were moved to the town of Cholopienicze, located in Minsk Voivodeship”.

Administration
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Vitebsk

Voivodes: Samuel Sanguszko (1629- XI 1638), Paweł Jan Sapieha (15 VIII 1646-)

Administrative division:
 * since the Truce of Andrusovo (1667), Vitebsk Voivodeship consisted of two counties (powiats): Witebsk and Orsza. The first was lost to the Russian Empire in 1772, and only a little part of the second belonged to the Commonwealth until 1793.

title: Vitebsk Voivodeship


text:
Polotsk Voivodeship

Polotsk or Połock Voivodeship (Palatinatus Polocensis; Polocko vaivadija; Województwo połockie, Полацкае ваяводства) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) since the 15th century until the partitions of Poland in 1793.

History
The voivodeship history can be traced to the Principality of Polotsk, conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania around late 14th / early 15th centuries. From 1504 the former Principality was recognized as a voivodeship.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of the Połock Voivodeship:

“Połock, in Latin Polocia, Polocium, lies on the right bank of the Dvina, and is regarded as one of the oldest gords of Rus’. In the 13th century, the Principality of Polotsk was ruled by Kievan princes, but in app. 1225 it was seized by the Lithuanians under Duke Mindaugas (...) Duke Vytautas named the first starosta of Połock, and in app. 1500, the starosta was renamed into the Voivode of Połock, while the Duchy was turned into a voivodeship, divided into halves by the Dvina (...)

The voivodeship had two senators, who were the Voivode and the Castellan of Połock (...) Since it was not too large and its population was not numerous, furthermore, its capital was located in the middle, the voivodeship was not divided into counties. Its courts were located in Połock, where the sejmiks also took place. Połock Voivodeship had two envoys in the Sejm, and two deputies to the Lithuanian Tribunal”.

Population

 * 109,848 in 1790

Administration
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Połock

Administrative division:
 * this voivodeship was not divided into counties

Number of Senators:
 * 2

Number of envoys in the Sejm:
 * 2

Voivodes

 * Stanisław Hlebowicz
 * Albertas Goštautas
 * Stanisław Ościk
 * Piotr Kiszka
 * Jan Hlebowicz
 * Stanisław Dowojno
 * Mikołaj Dorohostajski
 * Andrzej Sapieha
 * Michał Drucki-Sokoliński
 * Janusz Kiszka
 * Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł
 * Jan Karol Kopeć
 * Kazimierz Jan Sapieha
 * Jan Jacek Ogiński
 * Dominik Michał Słuszka
 * Stanisław Ernest Denhoff
 * Aleksander Michał Sapieha
 * Józef Sylwester Sosnowski
 * Tadeusz Żaba

title: Polotsk Voivodeship


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Seine River (electoral district)

Seine River (Rivière-Seine) is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 1989, and has formally existed since the 1990 provincial election. The constituency is located in the southern section of the City of Winnipeg.

Seine River is bordered to the south and east by the rural riding of Dawson Trail, to the north by Southdale and Riel, and to the west by St. Norbert. The riding is mostly urban, although it also includes some rural space.

The riding's population in 1996 was 18,833. In 1999, the average family income was $63,800, and the unemployment rate was 4.20%. Seine River's francophone population is 9%, and there is also a significant German community (4%). Health and social services account for 14% of the riding's industry.

List of provincial representatives
This riding has elected the following MLAs:

Electoral results

 * Progressive Conservative
 * Louise Dacquay
 * style="text-align:right;" |3,582
 * style="text-align:right;" |42.40
 * style="text-align:right;" |-5.38
 * style="text-align:right;" |$16,327.06

title: Seine River (electoral district)


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First Band on the Moon

First Band on the Moon is the third studio album by the Cardigans. It features the international single "Lovefool". It was first released on 12 August 1996 and internationally on 6 September 1996.

The album was a major breakthrough for the band, both in their native Sweden and internationally. It is their best-selling album in the United States, having sold around 664,000 copies there as of September 2010.

Critical reception
AllMusic critic John Bush viewed First Band on the Moon as a return to the "mood and feel" of the Cardigans' 1994 debut album Emmerdale, with a new lyrical focus on "unfaithful lovers" and, in the case of "Lovefool", "unrequited affection". He noted that while its stylistic shift from its 1995 predecessor Life may confuse listeners, the album is buoyed by Nina Persson's vocals and Peter Svensson's arrangements, "the Cardigans' core strengths".

Track listing
"Happy Meal II" is a re-recording of "Happy Meal", a song that was originally a bonus track on the US edition of Life, with some minor lyric changes.

Black Sabbath connections
At least two songs on the album directly reference Black Sabbath material. In addition to the cover "Iron Man", "Heartbreaker" begins and ends with a quotation of the primary material from the song "Black Sabbath", the first track on Black Sabbath's debut album.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of First Band On The Moon.

The Cardigans
 * Lars-Olof Johansson – keyboards, piano
 * Bengt Lagerberg – drums, percussion
 * Nina Persson – lead vocals
 * Magnus Sveningsson – bass, vocals
 * Peter Svensson – guitar, vocals

"Your New Cuckoo"
 * Åva Håkansson – violin
 * Inga Zeppezauer – violin
 * Mattias Svensson – violin
 * Maria Holm – violin
 * David Wilczewski – flute
 * Lynette Koyana – background vocals

"Heartbreaker"
 * Petter Lindgård – trumpet
 * Patrik Bartosch – clavinet
 * Ulf Thuresson – background vocals

"Never Recover"
 * David Wilczewski – flute

"Losers"
 * Annette Helmers – cello

"Great Divide"
 * Ronnie Weber – violin
 * Gabriele Freese – violin
 * Anna Berström – violin
 * Ivan Bakran – cello, double bass

"Choke"
 * Jens Lindgård – trombone
 * Sven Andersson – saxophone

Singles

 * "Lovefool" (9 September 1996, #21 UK)
 * "Been It" (25 November 1996, #56 UK)
 * "Lovefool" (re-release 24 February 1997, #2 UK)
 * "Your New Cuckoo" (25 August 1997, #35 UK)

Release dates refer to UK single releases. In Europe and Japan, "Your New Cuckoo" was released much earlier than in the UK, where the release was delayed due to the continued success of "Lovefool" and also to commission new remixes for the single release.

"Been It" and "Your New Cuckoo" were both slightly shortened for single release; the former also had the word "whore" obscured by a guitar lick to make it more palatable for radio play.

Single charts
United States UK Australia Sweden
 * Billboard Hot 100 Airplay: "Lovefool"; #1
 * Billboard Adult Top 40: "Lovefool"; #2
 * Billboard Modern Rock Tracks: "Lovefool"; #9
 * Billboard Top 40 Mainstream: "Lovefool"; #1
 * Billboard Adult Contemporary: "Lovefool"; #23
 * Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play: "Lovefool"; #5
 * Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxisingle Sales: "Lovefool; #24
 * Billboard Rhythmic Top 40: "Lovefool"; #18
 * Billboard Top 40 Adult Recurrents: "Lovefool" #1
 * UK Radio Airplay: "Lovefool"; #1
 * UK Top 100 Singles: "Lovefool"; #21, "Been It"; #56, "Lovefool" (Re-issue); #2, "Your New Cuckoo"; #35
 * ARIA Top 100 Singles 1997 Year-End Chart: "Lovefool"; #52
 * Swedish Top 100 Singles 1996 Year-end Chart: "Lovefool"; #60

title: First Band on the Moon


text:
F. W. Williams

F. W. Williams was a Canadian architect.

Work
Williams was the architect in charge of the Canadian Building at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The Canadian Building was constructed out of almost entirely Canadian materials. Canadian life and products were depicted in dioramas, animated maps, photo montages, panoramas, and a reflecting pool.

title: F. W. Williams


text:
Chernihiv Voivodeship

Czernihów (Chernihiv) Voivodeship (Województwo czernihowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland (part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) from 1635 until Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 (technically it existed up until 1654). Also it was used as a fictitious title in the Commonwealth until the Partitions of Poland in 1772/1795. In 1635, Marcin Kalinowski was the first voivode (governor) of the Chernihiv Voivodeship.

The voivodeship was part of the Lesser Poland Province, and was divided into two counties: Czernihów and Nowogród Siewierski. Local sejmiks took place at Czernihów, and it had two senators in the Polish–Lithuanian Senate. Together with Kijów Voivodeship (Kyiv) and Bracław Voivodeship (Bratslav) it made the territory that came to be known as Ukraine.

History
The history of Czernihow Voivodeship dates back to 1618, when after the Truce of Deulino, the Commonwealth gained control of the towns of Smolensk, Czernihow and Nowogród Siewierski. Since the truce was set to expire in 14.5 years, new acquisitions were not organized in official way. Smolensk was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, while both Czernihow and Nowogrod became part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland forming the Duchy of Siveria. In 1633, during the Smolensk War, Polish Parliament (Sejm) introduced a bill in which both land court and starosta office were established at Czernihow. In 1634 the Treaty of Polyanovka confirmed that Czernihow remained part of Poland, so finally in 1635 the Sejm created the voivodeship, with two senators – the Voivode and the Castellan of Czernihow. Both county elected two deputies to the Sejm, and one deputy to the Lesser Poland Tribunal at Lublin. In 1637, construction of a fortress at Konotop began, whose purpose was to protect the newly acquired province. The fortress was completed in 1642.

The Commonwealth lost control of the province as early as 1648, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the Treaty of Hadiach (1658), the Duchy of Ruthenia was created out of Czernihow Voivodship, Kiev Voivodeship and Bracław Voivodeship. The idea however was quickly abandoned, and after the Truce of Andrusovo (1667), Czernihow Voivodeship was annexed by the Tsardom of Russia.

The history of Czernihow Voivodeship does not end in 1667. Following the example of other provinces lost by the Commonwealth in the mid-17th century (e.g. Smolensk Voivodeship), the government in Warsaw continued to claim it as a titular voivodeship, with fictitious titles of voivode, senators, deputies and starostas named by the King, and remaining in use until the Partitions of Poland. The nobility of former Czernihow Voivodeship had its sejmiks at Wlodzimierz Wolynski. Last voivode of Czernihow was a man named Ludwik Wilga, nominated in 1783. In 1785, Stanisław August Poniatowski gave fictitious title of starosta of Nowogrod Siewierski to Tadeusz Czacki.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Czernihow Voivodeship:

"Czernihow on the Desna river is one of the eldest Slavic gord of Kievan Rus, as it was first mentioned in 907 (...) In 1238 it was captured and burned by the Tatars, after which the province of Czernihow – Nowogrod Siewierski turned into a ruin. Lithuanian Duke Algirdas captured this land in the mid-14th century, and it remained part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the next 150 years (...) In 1493 (see also Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars), the province was captured by the Grand Principality of Moscow, where it remained until 1618. Officially, Czernihow belonged to the Commonwealth for 59 years, until 1667 (see also Truce of Andrusovo) (...)

Since the 1618 Truce of Deulino was to expire after 16 years, the Commonwealth did not find it necessary to create a new voivodeship. Only after the Treaty of Polyanovka did the Sejm decide in 1635 to turn Duchy of Czernihow into Czernihow Voivodeship, with two counties, those of Nowogrod Siewierski and Czernihow. There were two starostas, local sejmik at Czernihow, and two senators. First voivode was named Marcin Kalinowski "in honor of his bloody deeds", while first castellan was Mikolaj Kossakowski (...) On 30 January 1667, the Commonwealth handed Czernihow over to the Tsardom of Russia, which was confirmed on 3 May 1686 in the Eternal Peace Treaty. Poland kept the titles of civil servants of Czernihow Voivodeship, and later on, the number of fictitious deputies was raised from 4 to 6."

Seat and administrative division
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Czerihów

Administrative divisions:
 * Czerihów County
 * Nowogród County

Voivodes

 * Marcin Kalinowski 1602–1652
 * Stefan Bieniewski 1598–1648
 * Krzysztof Łohojski-Tyszkiewicz 1616–1666
 * Stanisław Kazimierz Bieniewski 1611–1695
 * Mariusz Stanisław Jaskólski 1624–1683
 * Jan Gniński 1650–1703
 * Otto Fryderyk Felkerzamb 1641–1705
 * Franciszek Jan Załuski 1660–1735
 * Mikołaj Franciszek Krosnowski 1652–1723
 * Piotr Jan Potocki 1679–1726
 * Józef Lubomirski 1680–1732
 * Józef Remigian Potulicki 1732–1734
 * Jakub Florian Narzymski 1690–1759
 * Piotr Michał Miączyński 1695–1776
 * Franciszek Antoni Ledóchowski 1755–1835
 * Ludwik Wilga, died 1797

title: Chernihiv Voivodeship


text:
Minsk Voivodeship

Minsk Voivodeship (Менскае ваяводзтва; Województwo mińskie; Minsko vaivadija; Palatinatus Minscensis) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1566 and later in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the partitions of the Commonwealth in 1793. Centred on the city of Minsk and subordinate to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the region continued the traditions – and shared the borders – of several previously existing units of administrative division, notably a separate Duchy of Minsk, annexed by Lithuania in the 13th century. It was replaced with Minsk Governorate in 1793.

Geography
The voivodeship was stretched along the Berezina and Dneper rivers, with the earlier river having both its source and its estuary within the limits of the voivodeship, as well as most of its basin. To the north east it bordered Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mscislaw voivodeships. To the east it bordered with the lands of Chernigov (on both sides of the Dneper and Sozh rivers), while to the south-east it was delimited by the river Snov. Further southwards the voivodeship was bordering the land of Kiev. Across the basin of the Pripyat river the land of Minsk was bordering the Brześć Voivodeship (across Ubort river) and Nowogródek Voivodeship (across Ptsich river). Further northwards it was bordering the capital of the Grand Duchy, the Vilnius Voivodeship.

History
Minsk had been a capital of a semi-independent duchy at least since 1067. Raided on a yearly basis by Lithuanian tribes, by the 12th century it was made a fief and in the 14th century it was directly incorporated into the Grand Duchy. In 1441 the city of Minsk was granted with a city charter, by the king Casimir IV Jagiellon. His son, Alexander Jagiellon extended the privilege in 1496 and granted the town with Magdeburg Laws. Since then, the entire region shared the fate of its capital city. In 1773 a post-Jesuit academy had been founded in Minsk by the Commission of National Education.

Politics
All voivodeships played an important role within the Polish political system, extended to Lithuania by the Polish–Lithuanian unions. Following the final Union of Lublin of 1569, the Minsk Voivodeship received two seats within the Senate. The seats were held ex officio by the voivod and the castellan of Minsk. Each of the three powiats organized its own Sejmik, which had a right to elect two members of Sejm each, and two deputies to the Lithuanian Tribunal.

The three cities were also entitled to house local courts. Since 1599, the Tribunal of Lithuania did also held sessions in Minsk (every three years, other cities it visited were Vilnius and Navahrudak). The court held there served the role of the highest juridical authority for all of Ruthenian voivodeships, that is Minsk, Nowogródek, Vitebsk, Mstislav and Kiev. Following the first partition of Poland in 1775, the tribunal abandoned Minsk and held its sessions in Hrodna.

Notable voivodes of Minsk include Balcer Strawiński (1631–33), Aleksander Suszka (1633–38) and Mikołaj Sapieha (since 1638).

Voivodes of Minsk Voivodeship

 * Gabriel Hornostaj (1566–76)
 * Mikołaj Sapieha (died 1599) (Elder) (1576–88)
 * Bohdan Sapieha (1588–93)
 * Jan Abramowicz (1593–96)
 * Andriusz Zawisza (1596–98)
 * Jan Pac (1600–11)
 * Mikołaj Sapieha (1611–18)
 * Piotr Tyszkiewicz (1618–31)
 * Balcer Strawiński (1631–33)
 * Aleksander Suszka (1633–38)
 * Mikołaj Sapieha (1638)
 * Aleksander Massalski (1638–43)
 * Andriusz Massalski (1643–45)
 * Aleksander Ogiński (1645–49)
 * Gideon Rajecké (1649–54)
 * Krzysztof Ciechanowiecki (1654–55)
 * Krzysztof Rudomina-Dusiacki (1655)
 * Jan Sebastian Kęsztort (1656–67)
 * Kazimierz Białłozor (1667–80)
 * Michael Siasickis (1680–98)
 * Władysław Jozafat Sapieha (1699–1709)
 * Krzysztof Zenovicz (1709–17)
 * Krzysztof Stanisław Zawisza (1720–21)
 * Jan Kazimierz Toad (1721–54)
 * Jan August Hylzen (1754–67)
 * Józef Jerzy Hylzen (1767–70)
 * Tadeusz Burzyński (1770–73)
 * Józef Mikołaj Radziwiłł (1773–84)
 * Adam Chmara (1784–93)

Colours
Much like other Ruthenian lands, the Minsk voivodeship signed its documents with the Pogoń (Chase) coat of arms. The flag was Or, in field Gules a chase Carnation. The official uniform was a crimson kontusz and żupan, with a navy blue collar. The powiat of Rechytsa adopted a white żupan with white collar.

title: Minsk Voivodeship


text:
Brest Litovsk Voivodeship

Brest Litovsk Voivodeship (Берасьцейскае ваяводзтва; Województwo brzeskolitewskie) was a unit of administrative territorial division and a seat of local government (voivode) within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) since 1566 until the May Constitution in 1791, and from 1791 to 1795 (partitions of Poland) as a voivodeship in Poland. It was constituted from Brest-Litovsk and Pinsk counties.

Overview
It was created from southern part of Trakai Voivodeship in 1566. In 1791 Kobryn and Pinsk-Zarzeche (Its center was Poltnica, now Plotnitsa) counties were created. Pinsk-Zarzeche country was renamed as Zapynsky and its seat was moved to Stolin. After the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793, Pinsk and Zapynsky countries were left to Russian Empire as part of Minsk Governorate. Finally remainder of it was dissolved in 1795 and part of Slonim Governorate.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of the Brest Litovsk Voivodeship:

“After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the land located between the Bug, and the Dniepr were divided into several duchies. The Principality of Turov and Pinsk in the late 1310s joined the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (...) Kęstutis, the son of the Grand Duke Gediminas, ruled western Lithuania, including Podlasie, Troki Voivodeship, and Polesie, together with Pińsk. During his reign, the three regions of Polesie - those of Brześć, Pińsk and Turów were united. After the Union of Lublin, due to its immense area, Polesie was separated from Troki Voivodeship. Brzesc Voivodeship was created, in a shape which remained unchanged until the 1793 Second Partition of Poland. Central and eastern parts of the voivodeship were made of former Principality of Turov and Pinsk (...)

Brzesc Voivodeship was divided into two enormous counties - those of Brzesc and Pinsk. Each county had its own starosta, electing two deputies to the Sejm, and two deputies to the Lithuanian Tribunal. The voivodeship had two senators, who were the Castellan and the Voivode (...) Among major cities were Brześć, Pińsk, Biała, Koden, Wołczyn and Kamieniec Litewski. In northeastern corner of Brześć Voivodeship was Białowieża Forest, where Polish kings hunted”.

Governors
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Brest-Litovsk

Voivodes:
 * Jerzy Ilinicz (1566)
 * Jerzy Tyszkiewicz Łohojski (1566-1576)
 * Gabriel Hornostaj (1576-1587)
 * Mikołaj Michał Sapieha (1587-1588)
 * Jan Kiszka (1589—1592)
 * Krzysztof Zenowicz (Zienowicz) (1592—1615)
 * Jan Ostafi Tyszkiewicz Łohojski (1615-1631)
 * Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł (1631–1635)
 * Mikołaj Sapieha (XI 1638-VII 1642)
 * Teofil Iwan Tryzna (1642—1644)
 * Andrzej Massalski (1645-1651/1652)
 * Jerzy Klonowski (1652—1653)
 * Maksymilian Brzozowski (1653-1659)
 * Kazimierz Ludwik Jewłaszewski (1659—1664)
 * Jakub Teodor Kuncewicz (1664—1666/1667)
 * Melchior Stanisław Sawicki (1666—1668)
 * Krzysztof Piekarski (1668-1672)
 * Stefan Kurcz (1672—1702)
 * Krzysztof Komorowski (1702-1708)
 * Władysław Jozafat Sapieha (1709-1733)
 * Kazimierz Leon Sapieha (1735-1738)
 * Adam Tadeusz Chodkiewicz (1738-1745)
 * Jan Michał Sołłohub (1745-1748)
 * Karol Józef Sapieha (1748-1768)
 * Jan Antoni Horain (1768-1777)
 * Mikołaj Tadeusz Łopaciński (1777—1778)
 * Jan Tadeusz Zyberg (1783—1795)

title: Brest Litovsk Voivodeship