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User talk:Better Than You At Everything

Cheers

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title: User talk:Better Than You At Everything


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Speed

Chris Speed was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Hoax. I think if some guy had managed to take over NASA, he'd at least have one hit at Google for his name along with the virus he purportedly used, but nope, nothing. In fact, even the virus' name alone gives no results. Hacker vanity. Delete. - Vague | Rant 06:43, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Cdc 07:39, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete  --fvw *  07:43, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * "Several people though also found that the "Speed" plays such popular online games such as "Halo" and "Counter-Strike" in which his player name is "Hive Clone" Surprily though he did not try to hack these games but he just plays them for fun. He is a 14 year old kid after all." Delete. Samaritan 08:07, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, where vanity and vandalism intersect. Wyss 18:56, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No justification for that in CSD policy. Wikimol 00:06, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I interpret it as bad-faith, not innocent vanity and that's vandalism, a speedy. Turns out I was right about the bad-faith/vandalism... he's removed the VfD notice several times. Wyss 03:44, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete --Wikimol 00:06, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete why is this even here? Come on people what a total waste of time, should be speedy delete.--Deglr6328 03:50, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vague Rant proved it can't be verified. If a virus hasn't got any google hits, you can be positive it doesn't exist. Let's check a antivirus to be sure, but I don't expect to find it. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:48, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:25, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unfortunately speedy cannot be justified, so I am removing that notice. The anon has several times removed the vfd notice, and I'll block him if he does so again.-gadfium (talk) 20:30, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete --Melaen 14:54, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete -- 23:49, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:PacknCanes

Hello! I'm Brian, aka PacknCanes (if you've ever been on a hockey message board, you've probably seen that name). The name's an amalgamation of two of my favorite teams -- the N.C. State Wolfpack and the Carolina Hurricanes of the NHL. I work overnight as an announcer at a radio station in Raleigh, North Carolina, so if it looks like I'm always on here, that would probably be why. (Sleep? Who needs sleep?)

My interests include hockey, roads and transportation, and geography. Also, anything relating to Raleigh or my hometown of Cleveland, Ohio is fair game. I was one of the contributors that worked on the Cleveland article to get it to featured article status, which it attained (after many sleepless nights on my part) on October 20, 2005.

Thanks for stopping by! If I can help you in any way, please feel free to drop me an email or post something on my talk page.

FAC philosophy
Since the majority of the people that will read this are probably concerned with a featured article nomination, I think it's fair to post my philosophy on voting for nominated articles. The following are absolute must-haves for any article to receive my support: Also, if I comment on a nomination, consider it an invitation that I will help in any way I can to get the article to featured status. Don't be afraid to ask for help! I only comment on articles that I believe have a reasonable chance of becoming featured, for this reason. So if you need a copyedit, a second pair of eyes, a proofreader -- whatever -- please let me know, and I'll help as best I can.
 * The article must teach me something. I don't claim to have a monopoly on knowledge, and something as mundane as the lat/lon coordinates of a city will count.  But a featured article is supposed to be comprehensive, so there should be something within a 30 KB article that I don't know (or didn't, before I read the article).
 * The article must be sourced. When people ask me about Wikipedia, the first thing they say invariably is something on the order of "But how can I trust it when John Q. Public can edit?"  I tell them that they should click on "Discussion" and if the article is listed as a featured article, it can be trusted.  That's a pretty high standard to meet, so sources are an absolute must.
 * The article must be well-written. It has to be understandable by the aforementioned John Q. Public. Not to mention, it has to be understandable by the editors voting on the nomination!  I'm a real stickler for well-flowing prose.  Short, choppy sentences and 1- or 2-sentence paragraphs don't constitute a well-written article; there's skill involved in writing a featured article.  I don't mean to sound crass (honest!), but ALWAYS remember that a featured article sets the bar for every other article on Wikipedia.
 * Finally, whoever nominates the article must be able to accept criticism. Whenever I object to a nomination, I'm objecting to the article, not the person who nominated it.  Always remember to assume good faith from anyone who objects to the article; we're not on a crusade against you.  Speaking for myself, I believe that just about every article nominated has a chance to become featured as long as the nominator and the voters are willing to work together to improve the article.

Good luck!

title: User:PacknCanes


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Nudge Nudge

"Candid Photography", better known as "Nudge Nudge", is a sketch from the third Monty Python's Flying Circus episode, "How to Recognise Different Types of Trees From Quite a Long Way Away" (series 1, ep. 3) featuring Eric Idle (author of the sketch) and Terry Jones as two strangers who meet in a pub.

Sketch description
Idle (playing a character sometimes referred to as "Arthur Nudge") sits too close to an unassuming pub patron played by Terry Jones. Idle asks Jones a series of questions about his romantic relationships that seem odd and cryptic, but that are eventually revealed to be complex double entendres. Jones becomes irritated by the line of questioning and asks Idle, directly, what he is implying. Idle forwardly admits that he really wants to know whether Jones has ever "slept with a lady." When Jones directly answers "Yes," Idle curiously asks him, "What's it like?" This conclusion makes it one of the few Monty Python sketches to end on a clear punch line.

In other Monty Python material
The sketch appears in the 1971 spin-off feature film, And Now for Something Completely Different and the 1982 concert film Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl. It was also performed when the Pythons appeared on The Midnight Special and was recorded for the 1976 concert album Monty Python Live at City Center.

In its original airing on Monty Python's Flying Circus, the sketch was preceded by a short link in which Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin portray schoolboys being interviewed for television by John Cleese. During the interview, Palin and Jones say they would like to see the sketch that Idle has written.

In And Now for Something Completely Different, the sketch is followed by a cut to a scene in a gym, where Terry Gilliam dressed as a nun on an ergometer replies (dubbed by a female voice), "I think it's overrated." Then, the "Self-Defence Against Fresh Fruit" sketch is played in the setting.

Idle's character in the pub makes several cameo appearances in later episodes, referred to as "Arthur Name".

In Monty Python Live (Mostly), the sketch segues from "Albatross". In the background, a piano version of "Never Be Rude to an Arab" is heard. Eventually the sketch segues into a new opening title song for Blackmail which incorporates samples of Idle's Nudge, Nudge dialogue.

History
Originally written by Eric Idle for Ronnie Barker in another comedy show, the sketch was then rejected as a script. Eric Idle openly admits the script is confusing, the joke being mostly in the delivery.

Reception
The phrases, "nudge nudge" and "wink wink", are part of the English lexicon as idiomatic phrases implying sexual innuendo.

Idle says he learned that Elvis Presley was a fan of the sketch, and would call his friends "squire" in reference to it.

Idle reprised the sketch in TV advertisements for the Breakaway chocolate bar. A reference to this is clearly heard on Monty Python Live at Drury Lane, where Idle mentions the product. Idle and Cleese also both advertised the Cadbury Nudge chocolate bar in Australia from 1976.

title: Nudge Nudge


text: File:Cherie - Cherie album cover.jpg

title: File:Cherie - Cherie album cover.jpg


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Sankoré Madrasah

Sankoré Madrasa (also called the Sankoré Mosque, Sankoré Masjid or University of Sankoré) is one of three medieval mosques and centres of learning located in Timbuktu, Mali, the others being the Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques. Founded in the 14th century, the Sankoré mosque went through multiple periods of patronage and renovation under both the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire until its decline following the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. The mosque developed into a madrasa (meaning a school or college in Arabic), reaching its peak in the 16th century. The term "University of Sankoré" has sometimes been applied to the Sankoré madrasa, though there is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies. Instead the mosque served as the focal point for individual scholars with their own private students, and as a location in which some lectures and classes were held.

History
The Sankoré mosque was originally built in the 14th-15th centuries with the financial backing of a Tuareg woman of the Aghlal tribe. Modern analyzes have rejected the understanding that there was an al-Sahili influence on West African architecture - now treated as a myth - demonstrating that the architectural style of West African mosques derives mainly from mosques in the Sahara and traditional African architecture and religions.

The Sankore Mosque was later restored between 1578 and 1582 AD by Imam Al-Aqib ibn Mahmud ibn Umar, the Chief Qadi (judge) of Timbuktu. Imam al-Aqib demolished the sanctuary and had it rebuilt with the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca. The Sankoré madrasa prospered and became a significant place of learning within the Sudanic Muslim world, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries under Askia dynasty of the Songhai Empire (1493–1591). Sankoré was the mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in Timbuktu in this period.

Growth as a center of learning
Timbuktu developed as a commercial centre in the 14th century, as Walata, the previous hub of trans-Saharan trade in the region, began to decline in importance. It was not long before ideas as well as merchandise began passing through the city. Muslim scholars associated with the Sankoré mosque accumulated a wealth of books from throughout the Muslim world, leading to Sankoré becoming a centre of learning as well as a centre of worship. At its peak the mosque was the focal point for a class of Islamic scholars that were held in high regard both locally and abroad. Songhai kings would even bestow numerous gifts upon them during Ramadan.

Apex and Fall
The golden age of the Sankoré madrasa occurred in the 16th century during the Songhai Empire under Askia Muhammad, drawing in scholars from as far as Egypt and Syria. Scholars from Sankoré would also engage in learning or teaching while completing the Hajj to Mecca. The trade in books within the Islamic world was one of the most important aspects of intellectual life in Timbuktu. In 1526 AD the author Leo Africanus noted this trade when he visited Timbuktu, writing: "Here are great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the kings cost and charges. And hither are brought divers manuscripts or written books out of Barbarie, which are sold for more money than any other merchandize." Some Sankoré scholars accumulated large private libraries, with over 1600 manuscripts, though there was no public library or university library in Timbuktu. Manuscripts were copied by local students, giving them a means to earn a living during their studies. Works written in Timbuktu were also exported to North Africa, such as the Nayl al-ibtihaj by Ahmad Baba, a biographical dictionary of Maliki scholars which gained popularity throughout the Maghreb.

In 1591 AD, an invasion by Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco led to the fall of the Songhai empire following the Battle of Tondibi, starting a long decline of the West African states. In 1594 many Sankoré scholars, including Ahmed Baba, were arrested by Moroccan troops on grounds of sedition and deported to Morocco along with their manuscript collections.

Modern Day
The integrity of the Sankoré madrasa has been at risk with increased urbanization and contemporary construction in Timbuktu. Significant damage has been done to the mosque due to flooding and a lack of restoration work. As a result, the integrity of the traditional building is at risk. However, there are currently several restoration and protective committees being funded by the government to prevent further damage. The Management and Conservation Committee of the Old Town, in coordination with the World Heritage Center, held long term plans to create a 500 foot buffer zone to protect the madrasa and create a sustainable urban development framework.

Academic Administration
As the center of an Islamic scholarly community, the madrasa was very different in organization from European medieval universities, where students studied in one institution and were awarded degrees by the college. In contrast, the Sankoré madrasa had no central administration, student registers, or prescribed course of study. The school instead consisted of individual scholars (known as sheiks or ulama), each with their own private students. Most students learned from a single teacher throughout their entire education, which could last up to 10 years, having a relationship akin to that of an apprenticeship, though some studied at multiple madrasas under a series of teachers. Classes were held either at the mosque or at the teacher's home. While madrasas in other parts of the Islamic world were often funded through endowments known as waqf (charitable giving), students at the Sankoré madrasa had to finance their own tuition with money or bartered goods.

Architecture
The late 16th-century courtyard was reconstructed to exactly match the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca, one of Islam's most holy sites. Classes took place in the open courtyard of the mosque, which was made entirely of clay and wood beams. The building still stands today, likely due to Al-Sahili's directive to incorporate a wooden framework into the mud walls in order to facilitate repairs after the rainy season. Despite its historical significance the Sankoré mosque was smaller and less intricate than earlier Malian mosques such as the Great Mosque of Djenné.

Curriculum
Islamic schooling had existed in West Africa since the 11th century, and although it was usually intended for elites, the Qur’anic emphasis on equality in education allowed for the spread of the institution and increased literacy rates. The Qur'an itself and the hadiths stress the search for knowledge, and Islamic scholarship, especially in the Golden Age of Islam, focused heavily on education. In the 15th century the scholar Al-Kābarī contributed to the development of education in Timbuktu, with a focus on religious teachings. By the 16th century Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 Qur'anic schools, which taught basic literacy and recitation of the Qur'an, with an estimated 4,000-9,000 students. Around 200-300 individuals drawn from wealthy families were able to pursue higher levels of study at the madrasas and attain the status of ulama (scholars). Many of these became influential jurists, historians and theologians in the wider muslim world.

With the Qur'an being the foundation of all teachings, arguments that could not be backed by the Qur'an were inadmissible in discussions and debates at the Sankoré madrasa. Madrasas differed from traditional Qur’anic schools in that they focused on Arabic grammar to properly understand holy texts and Islamic scholarship. However, subjects studied at Sankoré also included mathematics, astronomy and history, drawing from the diverse collections of manuscripts held by scholars. Education at Sankoré and other madrasas in the area had four levels of schooling or "degrees". When graduating from each level, students would receive a turban symbolizing their level.

Degrees of Study
The first or primary degree (Qur'anic school) required a mastery of Arabic and writing along with complete memorization of the Qur'an.

The secondary degree focused on full immersion in the basic sciences. Students learned grammar, mathematics, geography, history, physics, astronomy, chemistry alongside more advanced learning of the Qur'an. At this level, they learned the hadiths, jurisprudence, and the sciences of spiritual purification according to Islam. Finally, they began an introduction to trade and business ethics. On graduation day, students were given turbans symbolizing divine light, wisdom, knowledge and excellent moral conduct.

The superior degree required students to study under specialized professors and to complete research work. Much of the learning centered on debates regarding philosophic or religious questions. Before graduating from this level, students attached themselves to a Sheik (Islamic teacher) and had to demonstrate a strong character.

Senior Roles
The last level of learning at Sankoré or any masjid was the level of judge or professor. These men worked mainly as judges for the city and throughout the region, dispersing learned men to all the principal cities in Mali. A third level student who had impressed his Sheik enough was admitted into a "circle of knowledge" and valued as a truly learned individual and expert in his field. The members of this scholar's club similar to the modern concept of tenured professors. Those who did not leave Timbuktu remained to teach or counsel the leading people of the region on important legal and religious matters. The scholars would receive questions from the region's kings or governors, and distribute them to the third level students as research assignments. After discussing the findings among themselves, the scholars would issue a fatwa on the best way to deal with the problem at hand.

Scholars of Sankoré
The African civilizations had a rich history in literature and the arts, long before their contact with the Arabian and Western worlds. The scholars employed at the Sankoré university were of the highest quality, "astounding even the most learned men of Islam". As such, many scholars were later inducted as professors at universities in Morocco and Egypt. Scholars were accomplished in multiple disciplines and employed to not only teach the students at the university, but to spread the madrasa's influence to other parts of the Islamic world. Under the direction of Askia Daoud, ruler of the Songhai empire from 1549 to 1583, the university grew to encompass 180 facilities and house 25,000 students. Each facility was led by one Ulema, for a total of 180 scholars.

Notable Scholars
Some significant scholars include Abu Abdallah, Ag Mohammed ibn Utman, Ag Mohammed Ibn Al-Mukhtar An-Nawahi. Most came from wealthy and religious families that were members of the Sufi Qadiriyya. The most influential scholar was Ahmad Bamba who served as the final chancellor of Sankoré Madrasa. His life is a brilliant example of the range and depth of West African intellectual activity before colonialism. He was the author of over forty books, with nearly each one having a different theme. He was also one of the first citizens to protest the Moroccan conquest of Timbuktu in 1591. Eventually, he, along with his peer scholars, was imprisoned and exiled to Morocco. This led to the loss of his personal collection of 1600 books, which was one of the richest libraries of his day.

Religious Pilgrimage
Apart from their time working in their theoretical studies and the preservation of knowledge, the scholars of Timbuktu were extremely pious. Many embarked on the Hajj, the religious pilgrimage to Mecca, and used this opportunity to hold discussions with scholars from other parts of the Muslim world. On the way home, the scholars showed their humble nature by both learning from other leading scholars in Cairo, and volunteering to teach pupils of other schools in Kano, Katsina, and Walata. Mohammed Bagayogo received an honorary doctorate in Cairo on his holy pilgrimage to Mecca.

title: Sankoré Madrasah


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Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin

Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin Rinpoche (1921– 1 December 2004) was a scholar of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. He was born in Lhasa, Tibet.

title: Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin


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Robert Cummings

Charles Clarence Robert Orville Cummings (June 9, 1910 – December 2, 1990) was an American film and television actor who appeared in roles in comedy films such as The Devil and Miss Jones (1941) and Princess O'Rourke (1943), and in dramatic films, especially two of Alfred Hitchcock's thrillers, Saboteur (1942) and Dial M for Murder (1954). He received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Single Performance in 1955. On February 8, 1960, he received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture and television industries, at 6816 Hollywood Boulevard and 1718 Vine Street. He used the stage name Robert Cummings from mid-1935 until the end of 1954 and was credited as Bob Cummings from 1955 until his death.

Early life
Cummings was born in Joplin, Missouri, a son of Dr. Charles Clarence Cummings and the former Ruth Annabelle Kraft. His father was a surgeon, part of the original medical staff of St. John's Hospital in Joplin, and the founder of the Jasper County Tuberculosis Hospital in Webb City, Missouri. Cummings's mother was an ordained minister of the Science of Mind.

While attending Joplin High School, Cummings learned to fly. His first solo flight was on March 3, 1927. Some reports of his learning to fly refer to Orville Wright, the aviation pioneer, as being his godfather and flight instructor. However, these reports appear to be based on either media interviews of Cummings or other anecdotal references. There is no historical record of Orville Wright having traveled to Joplin, Missouri either around the time of the gestation or the birth of Cummings, or during 1927, the year Cummings learned to fly. Cummings, born in 1910, would have only been 8 years old when Orville Wright had essentially stopped flying on May 13, 1918, as a result of injuries he sustained in an accident at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908. The report that Orville Wright taught Cummings to fly is also contradicted by Cummings' interview reported in the March 1960 Flying magazine. In the interview, Cummings described how he learned to fly "by trial and error, mostly error" during 3 hours of instruction from a Joplin, Missouri plumber named Cooper before he soloed on March 3, 1927. During high school, Cummings gave Joplin residents rides in his aircraft for $5 per person.

When the government began licensing flight instructors, Cummings was issued flight instructor certificate No. 1, making him the first official flight instructor in the United States.

Education
Cummings studied briefly at Drury College in Springfield, Missouri, but his love of flying caused him to transfer to the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh. He studied aeronautical engineering for a year before he dropped out for financial reasons, his family having lost heavily in the 1929 stock market crash.

Cummings became interested in acting while performing in plays at Carnegie Tech, and decided to pursue it as a career. Since the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City paid its male actors $14 a week, Cummings decided to study there. He stayed only one season, but later said he learned "three basic principles of acting. The first – never anticipate; second – take pride in my profession. And third – trust in God. And that last is said in reverence."

Blade Stanhope Conway
Cummings started looking for work in 1930, but couldn't find any roles, forcing him to get a job at a theatrical agency. Realizing that, at the time, "three quarters of Broadway plays were from England" and that English accents and actors were in demand, Cummings decided to cash in an insurance policy and buy a round-trip ticket there.

He was driving a motorbike through the countryside, picking up the accent and learning about the country, when his bike broke down at Harrogate. While waiting for repairs, he devised a plan. He invented the name "Blade Stanhope Conway" and bribed the janitor of a local theatre to put on the marquee: "Blade Stanhope Conway in Candida". He then had a photo taken of himself in front of the marquee and had 80 prints made. In London, he outfitted himself with a new wardrobe, composed a letter introducing the actor-author-manager-director "Blade" of Harrogate Repertory Theatre, and sent it off to 80 New York theatrical agents and producers.

As a result, when Cummings returned to New York, he was able to obtain several meetings.

One of the producers to whom he sent letters, Charles Hopkings, cast him in a production of The Roof by John Galsworthy, playing the role of the Hon. Reggie Fanning. Also in the cast was Henry Hull. The play ran from October to November 1931 and Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times listed "Conway" among the cast who provided "some excellent bits of acting".

In November 1932, "Conway" replaced Edwin Styles in the Broadway revue Earl Carroll's Vanities after studying song and dance by correspondence course.

Cummings later encouraged an old drama school classmate, Margaret Kies, to use a similar deception – she became the "British" Margaret Lindsay. He later said pretending to be Conway broke up his first marriage, to a girl from Joplin. "She couldn't stand me."

He was an extra in the Laurel and Hardy comedy film Sons of the Desert (1933) and in the musical short Seasoned Greetings (1933).

Bryce Hutchens
Cummings decided to change his approach, when in the words of one report, "suddenly the bottom dropped out of the John Bull market; almost overnight, demand switched from Londoners to lassoers."

In 1934, Cummings changed his name to "Bryce Hutchens". He appeared under this name in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1934, which ran from January to June in 1934. He had a duet with Vivi Janiss, a native of Nebraska, with whom he sang "I Like the Likes of You". Cummings and Janiss went with the show when it went on tour after the Broadway run, and they married towards the end of the tour.

Paramount
The tour of Ziegfeld ended in Los Angeles in January 1935. Cummings enjoyed the city and wanted to move there. He returned to New York, then heard King Vidor was looking for Texan actors for So Red the Rose (1935). Cummings auditioned, pretending to be a Texan, having acquired his own version of a Texan accent by listening to cowboy bands on the radio. His ruse was exposed, but Vidor nevertheless cast Cummings under his actual name. In their review, The New York Times said that Cummings "does a fine bit" and "has the only convincing accent in the whole film."

He followed this with a part in Paramount's The Virginia Judge (1935). In July, the studio signed Cummings to a long-term contract. Before his first two Paramount films were released, he was also cast in a supporting role in Millions in the Air (1935).

Cummings appeared as one of the leads in the Western Desert Gold (1936), then had a supporting role in Forgotten Faces (1936) and a starring role in Three Cheers for Love (1936). He also appeared in:
 * Beyond Flight (1936)
 * Hollywood Boulevard (1936)
 * The Accusing Finger (1936)
 * Hideaway Girl (1936)
 * Arizona Mahoney (1936)
 * The Last Train from Madrid (1937).

Most of these were B pictures. He had a small role in an A picture, Souls at Sea (1937), then appeared in Sophie Lang Goes West (1937), Wells Fargo (1937) and College Swing (1938). He had a small role in You and Me (1938) (directed by Fritz Lang), and was in The Texans (1938) and Touchdown, Army (1938).

Eventually, Paramount dropped their option on him. "I was poison", he said. "No agent would look at me." In June, Paramount announced he would return for King of Chinatown with Anna May Wong, but he does not appear in the final film. In September he was cast at Republic, playing the lead in the crime movie I Stand Accused (1938). Cummings said it was "...a fluke hit—so at least I could get inside the casting agents again."

Universal

In November 1938, Cummings auditioned for the romantic lead in Three Smart Girls Grow Up (1939), starring Deanna Durbin, for producer Joe Pasternak. Pasternak was reluctant to cast him, preferring to find a musician, but Cummings told him, "I could fake it". He later said, "I'd had a lot of experience faking things harder than that. He let me try it and he signed me up."

On 21 November Universal gave Cummings an option on a seven-year contract starting at $600 a week, going up to $750 a week the following year, then ultimately up to $3,000 a week. His first film for them, Three Smart Girls Grow Up (1939) was a big success, and in March 1939 Universal took up their options on the actor. The film was directed by Henry Koster, who called Cummings "brilliant, wonderful… I made five pictures with him. I thought he was the best leading man I ever worked with. He had that marvelous comedy talent and also a romantic quality." Reviewing the film, The New York Times said Cummings "displays a really astonishing talent for light comedy—we never should have suspected it from his other pictures." Pasternak used him again, supporting another singing star, Gloria Jean, in The Under-Pup (1939). (He was meant to reteam with Jean in Straight from the Heart, but it appears not to have been made. ) In August 1939 Columbia wanted him for the lead in Golden Boy, but could not come to terms with Universal. Cummings supported Basil Rathbone and Victor McLaglen in Rio (1939), then was borrowed by 20th Century Fox to romance Sonia Henie in Everything Happens at Night (1939). At Universal he had a key role in Charlie McCarthy, Detective (1939), then was borrowed by MGM to play the lead in a B movie with Laraine Day, And One Was Beautiful (1940). Back at Universal, Cummings was the romantic male lead in a comedy, Private Affairs (1940); then he romanced Durbin again in Spring Parade (1940). Cummings made his mark in the CBS Radio network's dramatic serial titled Those We Love, which ran from 1938 to 1945. He also played the role of David Adair in the serial drama Those We Love, opposite Richard Cromwell, Francis X. Bushman and Nan Grey.

A series of classic films

Cummings and Allan Jones were cast as the comic leads in the film One Night in the Tropics (1940), but they were overshadowed by the performances (as supporting actors, in their first film) of Abbott and Costello. . MGM borrowed Cummings a second time, to play opposite Ruth Hussey in Free and Easy (1941). In the same period, he was borrowed by a company established by Norman Krasna and Frank Ross, who were making a comedy from a script by Krasna for release through RKO: The Devil and Miss Jones (1941). Cummings played a union leader, Jean Arthur's love interest, under the direction of Sam Wood. Cummings shot the film at the same time as Free and Easy. Free and Easy lost money for MGM, but Devil and Miss Jones was a critical and commercial success. 20th Century Fox borrowed him for Moon Over Miami (1941), starring Don Ameche and Betty Grable; Fox was willing to postpone the film so Cummings could finish Devil and Miss Jones. In January 1941 Louella Parsons wrote, "is that boy going places in 1941. From the looks of things it's a Cummings year – because all his troubles with Universal are ironed out and almost every studio in town wants to borrow him. Back at Universal, Pasternak used Cummings as the romantic male lead in It Started with Eve (1941), from a script by Krasna opposite Deanna Durbin and Charles Laughton. Meanwhile, Sam Wood was directing an adaptation of the novel Kings Row (1942) over at Warner Bros, where the head of production was Hal Wallis. Wallis did not have any contract players at Warner Bros who were considered ideal for the role of Paris, and after trying desperately to get Tyrone Power, he tried to borrow Cummings, who had done an impressive screen test. However, Cummings was busy on It Started with Eve and the actor had to drop out. Then the schedule was rearranged and Cummings was able to make both films. Production of Kings Row did have to be suspended for a week so Cummings could return to Universal to do reshoots for Eve. Both films were huge successes. Hal Wallis said Cummings "was actually too old for the part" in Kings Row "not quite right, but he was helped considerably by an extraordinary support cast." Back at Universal, Cummings starred in the Alfred Hitchcock spy thriller Saboteur (1942), made at Universal, with Priscilla Lane and Norman Lloyd. He played Barry Kane, an aircraft worker wrongfully accused of espionage, trying to clear his name. In December 1941, John Chapman said Cummings was among "the most sought-after leading men in town" and was one of his "stars for 1942". Universal announced Cummings for Boy Meets Baby with Deanna Durbin, which became Between Us Girls (1942) with Diana Barrymore. He filmed it concurrently with a Hal Wallis movie at Warner Bros, and Princess O'Rourke (made 1942, released 1943), Norman Krasna's directorial debut. Cummings was meant to be in We've Never Been Licked (1943) for Walter Wanger at Universal, but did not appear in the film.

World War II
In December 1941, Cummings joined the fledgling Civil Air Patrol, an organization of citizens and pilots interested in helping support the U.S. war effort. In February 1942, he helped establish Squadron 918-4 located in Glendale, California, at the Grand Central Air Terminal, becoming its first commanding officer. Two weeks later, he and other members of the squadron went in search of the Japanese submarine that had attacked the oil refinery at Goleta, California. During the war, Cummings participated in search and rescue missions, courier missions, and border and forestry patrols around the Western United States. For this work he used his own aircraft, Spinach I, a 1936 Porterfield, and Spinach II, a Cessna 165 Airmaster. The squadron he established still operates as San Fernando Senior Squadron 35 and is based at Whiteman Airport in Pacoima, Los Angeles. In November 1942, Cummings joined the United States Army Air Forces. During World War II, he served as a flight instructor. After the war, Cummings served as a pilot in the United States Air Force Reserve, where he achieved the rank of captain. Cummings played aircraft pilots in several of his postwar film roles. During the war service, he had small roles in the all-star Forever and a Day (1943) and Flesh and Fantasy (1943), but he was effectively off screen for two years.

Suspension from Universal
Cummings was meant to be in Fired Wife with Teresa Wright, Charles Coburn, and Eddie Anderson and a director "comparable with" Leo McCarey. However, when he found out these actors would not be in the film, and the director would be Charles Lamont, he refused to be in it. (Filming began in April 1943 with Robert Paige taking Cummings's role. ) Universal put him on suspension for five weeks, refused to give him a new part, or pay his weekly salary of $1,500 after the suspension had been lifted. Cummings notified the studio in May 1943 that he considered himself no longer under contract. In September 1943, Cummings sued the studio for withheld wages of $10,700, also arguing that for some time, Universal tried to put him in minor roles to "run him ragged" and "to teach him a lesson". In March 1944, the court ruled in Cummings's favor, saying Universal had voided its contract with the actor and owed him $10,700. This decision happened in the same fortnight as another court case involving Olivia de Havilland, which also ruled in the actor's favor.

Hal Wallis
Cummings was considered free of Universal since August 1944. In January he signed a four-year exclusive contract with Hal Wallis, who had left Warner Brothers to become an independent producer. Shortly after, he took leave from the Air Force to star in You Came Along (1945) for Hal Wallis, directed by John Farrow with a screenplay by Ayn Rand. The Army Air Forces pilot Cummings played, Bob Collins, died off camera, but was resurrected 10 years later for Cummings's television show. Cummings was under contract to Wallis for four years. Also for Wallis—who had now moved to Paramount—he did The Bride Wore Boots (1946), a comedy with Barbara Stanwyck. He was announced for Dishonorable Discharge for Wallis from a story by John Farrow, but it appears to have not been made. Neither was Its Love Love Love, which was announced by RKO, or Dream Puss, which Wallis announced for Cummings at Paramount.

In 1946, Cummings said, "Often I play the boyfriend of a girl young enough to be my daughter. I'm 36, and whenever I start drooping, I run one of my pictures and feel like a kid again." Around this time, he also said he was more interested in producing and directing, and hoped to act in only one film per year.

United California Productions

Cummings had the leads in two films for Nero Films, a production company run by Seymour Nebenzal and Eugene Frenke, who released through United Artists: a film noir, The Chase (1946); and a Western, Heaven Only Knows (1947).

Cummings decided to form his own production company with Frenke and Philip Yordan, which they called United California. (They originally called it United World, but it was too similar to another company's name. ) In December 1946, it was announced that Cummings had signed an exclusive contract with United California Productions, and that his deal with Wallis was for one film a year for seven years. They announced Bad Guy from a script by Yordan. They were also going to do Joe MacBeth (which was ultimately made by others).

In 1947, Cummings had reportedly earned $110,000 in the preceding 12 months. The Lost Moment (1947) with Susan Hayward was a film noir for Walter Wanger at Universal based on The Aspern Papers by Henry James. It was a resounding flop at the box office. Cummings was initially meant to follow it with The Big Curtain for Edward Alperson at Fox but that picture was never produced.

Cummings appeared in Sleep, My Love (1948), another noir, directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Mary Pickford.

United California eventually brought in manufacturer Frank Hale as partner. Its first film, Let's Live a Little (1948), was a romantic comedy with Hedy Lamarr, released through United Artists.

Cummings announced a series of projects for United California: Ho the Fair Wind from a novel by IAR Wylie, The Glass Heart by Mary Holland, Poisonous Paradise (a docudrama for which some footage had been shot called Jungle), Passport to Love by Howard Irving Young, and a remake of Two Hearts in Three Quarter Time. Cummings was also trying to interest Norman Krasna into writing the story of how Cummings broke into acting, to be called Pardon My Accent.

Cummings did The Accused (1949) for Hal Wallis at Paramount, supporting Loretta Young.

Reign of Terror (1949) was a thriller set in the French Revolution for director Anthony Mann; Eagle Lion co-produced with United California.

Cummings did a comedy at Universal, Free for All (1949).

Columbia
In July 1949, Cummings signed a three-picture deal with Columbia. He made Tell It to the Judge (1949), with Rosalind Russell, for them. He did one for Wallis at Paramount, Paid in Full (1950) (originally Bitter Victory), then went back to Columbia for The Petty Girl (1950) a musical with Joan Caulfield.

Cummings did announce he would make The Glass Heart for his own company and release through Columbia, but this did not happen.

Cummings supported Clifton Webb in For Heaven's Sake (1950) at Fox, then played a con man in The Barefoot Mailman (1950), his third film for Columbia.

Cummings began working in television, appearing in Sure as Fate ("Run from the Sun") and Somerset Maugham TV Theatre ("The Luncheon").

He was in a Broadway play Faithfully Yours (originally The Philemon Complex), which had a short run in late 1951.

At Columbia, he was in The First Time (1952), the first feature directed by Frank Tashlin. On TV, he was in Lux Video Theatre ("The Shiny People", "Pattern for Glory"), Betty Crocker Star Matinee ("Sense of Humor"), and Robert Montgomery Presents ("Lila My Love").

Cummings was one of the four stars featured in the short-run radio version of Four Star Playhouse.

He was offered Battle in Spain, the story of El Cid, with Linda Darnell, but turned it down because it was too controversial.

My Hero

Cummings starred in his first regular television series in the comedy My Hero (1952–53), playing a bumbling real estate salesman. He also wrote and directed some episodes. The series ran for 33 episodes before (it was reported) Cummings decided to end it and accept other offers. In reality, the show had been axed. "After it was dropped, I was as dead as you could possibly get in show business" said Cummings. "I sat in my agent's office one day and heard a top producer tell him on the phone that nobody would buy me." Out of work, he accepted the State Department's invitation to go on a goodwill mission to Argentina. The show earned him an Emmy nomination.

Cummings was in Marry Me Again (1953) at RKO for Tashlin, then went to England to star in another Hitchcock film, Dial M for Murder (1954), playing the lover of Grace Kelly, whose husband Ray Milland tries to kill her. The film was a hit.

Cummings then supported Doris Day in a musical at Warner Bros, Lucky Me (1954).

He was chosen by producer John Wayne as his co-star to play airline pilot Captain Sullivan in The High and the Mighty, partly due to Cummings's flying experience; however, director William A. Wellman overruled Wayne and hired Robert Stack for the part.

Twelve Angry Men
In 1954, Cummings appeared in Twelve Angry Men, an original TV play for Westinghouse Studio One written by Reginald Rose and directed by Franklin Schaffner, alongside actors including Franchot Tone and Edward Arnold. Cummings played Juror Number Eight, the role taken by Henry Fonda in the feature-film adaptation. Cummings's performance earned him the 1955 Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Single Performance. Other television appearances included Campbell Summer Soundstage ("The Test Case"), Justice ("The Crisis"), The Elgin Hour ("Floodtide"), and a TV version of Best Foot Forward (1954).

Laurel Productions and The Bob Cummings Show
'' In July 1954, Cummings formed his own independent film production company, Laurel Productions, Incorporated. The company's name had several affiliations to Cummings: his youngest daughter was named Laurel Ann Cummings; the street he and his family lived on was named Laurel Way; his wife's grandmother's name was Laurel; and finally, the fact that Laurel & Hardy had given Cummings his film debut back in 1933. His wife Mary Elliott was appointed president of Laurel Productions. In July 1954, Cummings filmed the pilot for his television show, The Bob Cummings Show, and would go on to produce 173 episodes. Cummings intended to produce a film titled The Damned through Laurel Productions, from a novel by John D. MacDonald and to be written and directed by Frank Tashlin. In December 1954, Cummings and George Burns formed Laurmac Productions, with the hope of co-producing a feature film in May 1955.

In January 1955, The Bob Cummings Show began airing, and went through 1959. Cummings starred on the successful NBC sitcom, The Bob Cummings Show (known as Love That Bob in reruns), where he played Bob Collins, a former World War II pilot who became a successful professional photographer. As a bachelor in 1950s Los Angeles, the character considered himself quite the ladies' man. The sitcom was noted for some very risqué humor for its time.

A popular feature of the program was Cummings's portrayal of his elderly grandfather. His co-stars were Rosemary DeCamp as his sister Margaret MacDonald; Dwayne Hickman as his nephew Chuck MacDonald; Lyle Talbot as his old Air Force buddy Paul Fonda, and Ann B. Davis, in her first television success, as his assistant Charmaine "Schultzy" Schultz.

When Cummings appeared on the NBC interview program Here's Hollywood, he was seen by Nunnally Johnson, who cast him opposite Betty Grable in How to Be Very, Very Popular (1955) at Fox, which turned out to be Grable's last film. Cummings's contract was amended to allow him time off to rehearse and record his TV show.

Around this time, Cummings said he had made 78 films, and "I always had the feeling I was distinguished for none of them. Hollywood's never been really hot about me. I was always second choice. I used to say to my wife Mary, 'Somebody's got to be sick someday – Bill Holden or maybe some boy not even born yet! I used to say 'If I could find another business where I could be successful!'."

Cummings was one of the hosts on ABC's live broadcast of the opening day of Disneyland on July 17, 1955, along with Ronald Reagan and Art Linkletter. On that day, Cummings played off his playboy character image by being “caught” embracing and kissing a young woman in a bonnet with a stricken look on her face.

Cummings's performance in The Bob Cummings Show earned him another Emmy nomination for Best Actor in a Continuous Role in 1956.

He turned down The Heavenly Twins for the Theatre Guild; and was mentioned for Bewitched by Charles Bennett in England, but did not do it.

During the series' production, Cummings still found time to play other roles. He returned to Studio One ("A Special Announcement"), and did episodes of General Electric Theater ("Too Good with a Gun"), The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, and Schlitz Playhouse ("One Left Over", "Dual Control").

He was also in "Bomber's Moon" for Playhouse 90 (1958), from a Rod Serling script directed by John Frankenheimer, who said "Bobby's a really fine dramatic actor, but people usually associate him only with comedy. Naturally enough I suppose. Directing an actor like this who feels immediately what the script wants and what the director wants makes you love this business."

"It's a great life, acting", Cummings said in 1959. "I wouldn't have it any other way. I'm a completely content actor."

When his TV show ended in 1959, Cummings claimed it was his decision, as he was tired and wanted to take a year off. He was also keen to sell the show into syndication. "I don't think I'll do another comedy", he said.

In 1960, Cummings starred in "King Nine Will Not Return", the opening episode of the second season of CBS's The Twilight Zone, written by Serling and directed by Buzz Kulik.

He guested on Zane Grey Theatre ("The Last Bugle", directed by Budd Boetticher), The DuPont Show of the Week ("The Action in New Orleans"), The Dick Powell Theatre ("Last of the Private Eyes", co-starring Ronald Reagan), and The Great Adventure ("Plague").

The New Bob Cummings Show
The New Bob Cummings Show followed on CBS for one season, from 1961 to 1962. It was a variation of The Bob Cummings Show with Cummings as a pilot who had various adventures. It ran for 22 episodes before being cancelled.

Cummings returned to films with a supporting role in My Geisha (1962), written by Krasna. He was top-billed in Beach Party (1963), although the film is better remembered today for first teaming Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello.

Cummings had supporting roles in two popular films, The Carpetbaggers (1964) with George Peppard and Alan Ladd and What a Way to Go! (1964) with Shirley MacLaine, and was in Theatre of Stars ("The Square Peg").

Also in 1964, he was a guest as a beauty pageant judge in The Beverly Hillbillies episode, "The Race for Queen".

My Living Doll
In 1964–65, Cummings starred in another CBS sitcom, My Living Doll, co-starring Julie Newmar as Rhoda the robot and Jack Mullaney as his friend. After 21 episodes, Cummings asked to be written out of the show. It lasted five more episodes.

Later career
In the late 1960s, Cummings had supporting roles in The Carpetbaggers (1964), Promise Her Anything (1966) and the remake of Stagecoach (1966) (playing the bank embezzler).

Cummings had the lead in Five Golden Dragons (1967) for producer Harry Alan Towers and supported in Gidget Grows Up (1969).

He was in another Broadway play, The Wayward Stork, which had a short run in early 1966. A review in The New York Times said Cummings "is not in top form. He sounded a bit hoarse and somewhat strained. Usually he is a quite acceptible, breezy farceur."

He guest-starred again on Theatre of Stars ("Blind Man's Bluff"), as well as The Flying Nun ("Speak the Speech, I Pray You"), Green Acres ("Rest and Relaxation"), Here Come the Brides ("The She-Bear"), Arnie ("Hello, Holly"), Bewitched ("Samantha and the Troll"), Here's Lucy ("Lucy's Punctured Romance", "Lucy and Her Genuine Twimby"), and several episodes of Love, American Style.

Cummings's last lead roles on film were in a pair of TV movies, The Great American Beauty Contest (1973) and Partners in Crime (1973).

During the 1970s for over 10 years, Cummings traveled the US performing in dinner theaters and short stints in plays while living in an Airstream travel trailer.

He relayed those experiences in the written introduction he provided for the book Airstream written by Robert Landau and James Phillippi in 1984.

Cummings had a cameo in Three on a Date (1978) and appeared in 1979 as Elliott Smith, the father of Fred Grandy's Gopher on ABC's The Love Boat.

In 1986, Cummings hosted the 15th-anniversary celebration of Walt Disney World on The Wonderful World of Disney.

In 1987, he said, "I wouldn't mind living until I'm 110. I still swim, do calisthenics, and keep fit. I've never been in hospital, except for a hernia operation at one time. People laugh about my using so many vitamins. When I tell them I take 50 liver pills a day, they look surprised, but whether they laugh or not, the thing works." He added, "I'm retired, I live on a pension" and "if I have a problem I get expert counsel, then ask the opinion of a good psychic."

Robert Cummings's last public appearance was on The Magical World of Disney episode "The Disneyland 35th Anniversary Special" in 1990.

Marriages
Cummings was married five times and fathered seven children. His first marriage was to Emma Myers, a girl from his hometown. His second marriage was to Vivi Janiss, an actress he met while performing in Ziegfeld Follies. His third wife, Mary Elliott, was a former actress and she ran Cummings's business affairs. They separated in 1968 and had a bitter divorce, during the course of which she accused him of cheating on her with his former secretary Regina Fong and using methamphetamines which she said caused wild mood swings. She also claimed he relied on astrologers and numerologists to make financial decisions with "disastrous" consequences. In 1970, when the divorce was finalized, their communal property was estimated as being worth from $700,000 to $800,000 (equivalent to between $ million and $ million in ).

He was married to Regina Fong from 1971 to 1987 and married Martha Burzynski (1932-2017) two years later. He died the following year.

Hobbies

He was an avid pilot and owned a number of airplanes, all named "Spinach". He was a staunch advocate of natural foods and published a book on healthy living, Stay Young and Vital, in 1960.

Legal troubles
In May 1948 Hedda Hopper reported that there were four lawsuits against Cummings.

In 1952, Cummings was sued by a writer of My Hero who had been fired. In 1952, Cummings was served with papers concerning the suit by LA County Deputy Sheriff William Conroy; Cummings assaulted Conroy and was then sued by the sheriff for damages. Conroy stated that when he tried to serve Cummings with a subpoena the actor gunned the motor of his car and dragged him along the pavement. Cummings explained that he didn't know Conroy was a deputy. Both cases were settled in 1954.

In 1972 he was charged with fraud for operating a pyramid scheme involving his company, Bob Cummings Inc, which sold vitamins and food supplements.

In 1975 he was arrested for being in possession of a blue box used to defraud the telephone company. He avoided trial under the double jeopardy rule.

Reported drug addiction
Despite his interest in health, Cummings was alleged to have been a methamphetamine addict from the mid-1950s until the end of his life. In 1954, while in New York to star in the Westinghouse Studio One production of Twelve Angry Men, Cummings began receiving injections from Max Jacobson, the notorious "Dr. Feelgood". His friends Rosemary Clooney and José Ferrer recommended the doctor to Cummings, who was complaining of a lack of energy. While Jacobson insisted that his injections contained only "vitamins, sheep sperm, and monkey gonads", they actually contained a substantial dose of methamphetamine.

Cummings allegedly continued to use a mixture provided by Jacobson, eventually becoming a patient of Jacobson's son Thomas, who was based in Los Angeles, and later injecting himself. The changes in Cummings's personality caused by the euphoria of the drug and subsequent depression damaged his career and led to an intervention by his friend, television host Art Linkletter. The intervention was not successful, and Cummings's drug abuse and subsequent career collapse were factors in his divorces from his third wife, Mary, and fourth wife, Gina Fong.

After Jacobson was forced out of business in the 1970s, Cummings developed his own drug connections based in The Bahamas. Suffering from Parkinson's disease, he was forced to move into homes for indigent older actors in Hollywood.

Children
Cummings had seven children. His son, Tony Cummings, played Rick Halloway in the NBC daytime serial Another World in the early 1980s.

Political affiliation
Cummings was a supporter of the Republican Party.

Death
On December 2, 1990, Cummings died of kidney failure and complications from pneumonia at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.

He is interred in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Stage work

 * The Roof (1931)
 * Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 (1934)
 * Faithfully Yours (1951)
 * The Wayward Stork (1966)
 * Remember It's Never Too Late (1972)

Television credits

 * My Hero (1951–1952) as Robert S. Beanblossom
 * Justice ("The Crisis") (1954)
 * Dateline: Disneyland (1955) as Himself / Co-Host
 * Studio One in Hollywood (1954–1956) as George Lumley / Juror No. 8
 * The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show ("A Marital Mix-Up") (1957) as Bob Collins / Bob Cummings
 * General Electric Theater ("Too Good with a Gun") (1957) as Russ Baker
 * The Bob Cummings Show (1955–1959) as Bob Collins / Grandpa Josh Collins / Josh Collins
 * The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour (1957–1960) ("The Ricardos Go To Japan") (1959) as Himself
 * The Twilight Zone ("King Nine Will Not Return") (1960) as Capt. James Embry
 * Zane Grey Theater ("The Last Bugle") (1960) as Lt. Charles Gatewood
 * The New Bob Cummings Show (1961–1962) as Bob Carson
 * My Living Doll (1964–1965) as Dr. Robert McDonald
 * The Flying Nun ("Speak the Speech, I Pray You") (1969) as Father Walter Larson
 * Gidget Grows Up (1969) as Russ Lawrence
 * Love, American Style (1969–1973) as Walding (segment "Love and the Secret Spouse") / Grandpa (segment "Love and the Second Time") / Bert Palmer (segment "Love and the Pill")
 * Hollywood Squares (1970) as Guest Appearance
 * Green Acres ("Rest and Relaxation") (1970) as Mort Warner
 * Here Come the Brides ("The She-Bear") (1970) as Jack Crosse
 * Bewitched ("Samantha and the Troll") (1971) as Roland Berkley
 * Here's Lucy ("Lucy's Punctured Romance") (1972) as Bob Collins
 * Partners in Crime (1973) as Ralph Elsworth
 * The Love Boat ("Third Wheel/Grandmother's Day/Second String Mom") (1979) as Eliott Smith
 * Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color ("Walt Disney World's 15th Anniversary Celebration") (1986) as Host / Narrator / Himself
 * Disneyland's 35th Anniversary Special (1990) as Himself (final film role)

Radio credits

 * Screen Directors Playhouse ("Bachelor Mother") (1951)
 * Cavalcade of America ("Going Up") (1952)

title: Robert Cummings


text:
Cherie (album)

Cherie is the 2004 debut album by French pop and dance music singer Cyndi Almouzni, released under the stage name Cherie. The single "Betcha Never" was featured in the 2003 film Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman.

Track listing

 * 1) "I'm Ready"
 * 2) "Say You Love Me" (with Roger Taylor)
 * 3) "Older Than My Years"
 * 4) "It's Your Love"
 * 5) "I Believe in You"
 * 6) "Betcha Never"
 * 7) "Body, Soul & Heart"
 * 8) "I Belong"
 * 9) "Fool"
 * 10) "Rush"
 * 11) "Promise"
 * 12) "My Way Back Home"

Singles

 * "Betcha Never"
 * "I'm Ready"
 * "Older Than My Years"

title: Cherie (album)


text:
Beetlebum

"Beetlebum" is a song by English alternative rock band Blur. It was released on 20 January 1997 as the lead single from the band's eponymous fifth album, Blur (1997). Written about Blur frontman Damon Albarn's experiences with heroin, the song features Beatles-influenced music and a mood that Albarn described as "sleepy" and "sexy". Despite fears of the song's uncommercial nature, the single debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Blur's second track to top the chart. It has since appeared on several Blur compilations.

Background
"Beetlebum" was inspired by heroin and the drug experiences Damon Albarn had with his then-girlfriend, Justine Frischmann of Elastica. Albarn reflected, "That whole period of a lot of people's lives was fairly muddied by heroin for a lot of people. And it's sort of, it's in that place. And a lot of stuff was at that time." He has stated in an interview with MTV that the song describes a complicated emotion, sort of "sleepy" and sort of "sexy".

Rolling Stone hypothesises that the song's title is a reference to the phrase "chasing the beetle", further linking the song to Albarn's experimentation with drugs. Albarn commented, "I'm not sure what a Beetlebum is. It's just a word I sang when I played the song to myself. I asked the others if I should change it, but they said no. If it felt right, we decided that we wouldn't tidy it up like we've done in the past. It's about drugs basically." Producer Stephen Street later commented, "I didn't know Beetlebum was about heroin. I thought it was just something he’d made up!"

Bassist Alex James explained of the song, "I think 'Beetlebum' is representative of the fact that as the band's got older, the songs have become more simple. Now we can play them with a lot more feeling." Street similarly pointed to the song as a pivotal one for the band, commenting, "Listening back to Damon Albarn’s vocals on 'Beetlebum' for the first time, I had tears in my eyes, thinking: 'This is special'."

The song has been described as a "Beatles tribute" by several publications; Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that the song "[ran] through the White Album in the space of five minutes".

Release
Because of its stylistic differences from Blur's previous singles, "Beetlebum" was expected to be a commercial disappointment. As James recalls, "When we first took it around, 'Beetlebum' was perceived as commercial suicide." Despite these fears, "Beetlebum" sold 120,000 copies in the UK during its first week on sale, becoming the band's second number-one single (after "Country House"). The song also reached the top 10 in several European countries as well as number 13 on the Canadian RPM Alternative 30 ranking.

In addition to its release on Blur, the song has appeared on compilations such as Blur: The Best Of and Midlife: A Beginner's Guide to Blur. It was remixed by Moby for the remix album Bustin' + Dronin'.

Music video
The "Beetlebum" music video was directed by Sophie Muller. The downbeat video combines a performance of the song in a room in a tall building with computer-generated zoom-outs from the set showing the Earth in the centre of kaleidoscopic patterns. Alex James' cigarette and Dave Rowntree's Coke can are censored, although in a version of the video more recently released, both of these items are uncensored. The video concludes with the camera zooming out of the room to show a shot of the River Thames and London's skyline.

Track listings
All music was composed by Damon Albarn, Graham Coxon, Alex James and Dave Rowntree. All lyrics were written by Albarn.

UK CD1
 * 1) "Beetlebum"
 * 2) "All Your Life"
 * 3) "A Spell (For Money)"

UK CD2
 * 1) "Beetlebum"
 * 2) "Beetlebum" (Mario Caldato Jr. mix)
 * 3) "Woodpigeon Song"
 * 4) "Dancehall"

UK limited-edition 7-inch red vinyl single
 * 1) "Beetlebum"
 * 2) "Woodpigeon Song"

Japanese CD single
 * 1) "Beetlebum"
 * 2) "All Your Life"
 * 3) "Woodpigeon Song"
 * 4) "A Spell (For Money)"

Personnel

 * Damon Albarn – lead vocals, synthesizers, acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 * Graham Coxon – electric guitar, backing vocals
 * Alex James – bass guitar
 * Dave Rowntree – drums

title: Beetlebum


text:
Ondol

' or gudeul'  in Korean traditional architecture is underfloor heating that uses direct heat transfer from wood smoke to heat the underside of a thick masonry floor. In modern usage it refers to any type of underfloor heating, or to a hotel or a sleeping room in Korean (as opposed to Western) style.

The main components of the traditional ondol are an agungi (firebox or stove) accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised masonry floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding chimney on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute the smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper.

Origin
Use of the has been found at archaeological sites in present-day North Korea. A Neolithic Age archaeological site, circa 5000 BC, discovered in Sonbong, Rason, in present-day North Korea, shows a clear vestige of gudeul in the excavated dwelling.

Early began as gudeul that provided the heating for a home and for cooking. When a fire was lit in the furnace to cook rice for dinner, the flame would extend horizontally because the flue entry was beside the furnace. This arrangement was essential, as it would not allow the smoke to travel upward, which would cause the flame to go out too soon. As the flame would pass through the flue entrance, it would be guided through the network of passages with the smoke. Entire rooms would be built on the furnace flue to create floored rooms.

Etymology
The term gudeul is a native Korean word. According to a Korean folkloric historian (孫晋泰) (1900 – missing during the 1950–53 Korean War), gudeul originated from guun-dol (Korean), which means "heated stone", and its pronunciation has changed into gudol or gudul, and again into gudeul.

The term is Sino-Korean and was introduced around the end of the 19th century. Alternate names include janggaeng, hwagaeng , nandol , and.

Paleolithic to Neolithic Age
The ruins that are said to have been first discovered using the ondol for a long time include the Zhoukoudian ruins of the Pengshan District in Beijing, the People's Republic of China, which are believed to be from the Paleolithic Age around 50000 B.C., the Hoeryong Odong ruins of Hoeryong in Hoeryong, North Hamgyong Province, North Korea, and the remains of Gulpo Port, which are believed to be a Neolithic residence (house) around 5000 B.C. in Unggi County, North Hamgyong Province. It is said that there are clear traces of the ondol found there at the time.

The Bronze Age
Since then, it is estimated that the ondol has been handed down for more than 2,000 years in the Korean Peninsula, considering that it originated from a primitive heating method with a fireplace and a year similar to the method of the Three Kingdoms from the Bronze Age.

The Three Kingdoms period
The ondol was also painted on the mural of the Goguryeo tomb of Anak No. 3 in Hwanghae-do around the 4th century, which was proof that the ondol was also used in Goguryeo.

Goryeo to Joseon
From the end of the Goryeo dynasty, the ondol began to appear in the form of canisters made of rooms. It was mainly used by the wealthy and mostly used in rooms for the sick and the elderly. It was considered a luxurious heating system in terms of difficulty in making, management, and fuel consumption.

In the Joseon dynasty, the ondol was used to establish a hierarchical order of seats in the room with the lower neck, a point close to the furnace, as the upper seat. In the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty on May 14, the 17th year of King Taejong's reign (1417), there is a record of making an ondol room for the sick among the students of Seonggyungwan, who were just established at the time. From this, it can be seen that the ondol room was not entirely used. After that, in the 7th year of King Sejong (1425), the ondol of Seonggyungwan was increased to 5 steps, and it was not until the 16th century that all of them became ondol rooms.

In general, all beds were used and wooden floors were used. On February 4, 1563, there was a fire accident in the king's bedroom. Among the explanations of the circumstances at this time, a small ondol structure was made on the king's bed to heat the seat, and at this time, the stone was inadvertently placed incorrectly, and the fire broke out when the fire touched the bed. The article in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty on March 5, 1624, shows that the Nine's room was also changed to an Ondol room because the Nine's room was not good for the Nine to stay in Panbang, although all the seawalls where the servants of the Four Godfathers lived were ondol during the Gwanghaegun period.

The climate was exceptionally cold, so through the 16th and 17th centuries, which is also called the Little Ice Age, ondol became more and more common, and in the late Joseon dynasty, ondol was widely used in thatched houses of ordinary people.

Current
Since 1962, hot water boilers developed using the ondol format have replaced the traditional ondol to solve the problem of thermal efficiency while reducing the damage of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Use
had traditionally been used as a living space for sitting, eating, sleeping and other pastimes in most Korean homes before the 1960s. Koreans are accustomed to sitting and sleeping on the floor, and working and eating at low tables instead of raised tables with chairs. The furnace burned mainly rice paddy straws, agricultural crop waste, biomass or any kind of dried firewood. For short-term cooking, rice paddy straws or crop waste was preferred, while long hours of cooking and floor heating needed longer-burning firewood. Unlike modern-day water heaters, the fuel was either sporadically or regularly burned (two to five times a day), depending on frequency of cooking and seasonal weather conditions.

With the traditional heating, the floor closer to the furnace was normally warm enough, and the warmest spots reserved for elders and honored guests. had problems such as environmental pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning resulting from burning coal briquettes. Thus, other technology heats modern Korean homes.

The famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was building a hotel in Japan and was invited to a Japanese family's house. The homeowner had experienced the in Korea, and had built an  room in his house. Wright reportedly was so impressed that he invented radiant floor heating which uses hot water as the heating medium. Wright introduced floor heating to Usonian houses in the US in the 1930s.

Instead of -hydronic radiant floor heating, modern-day houses such as high-rise apartments have a modernized version of the system. Many architects know the advantages and benefits of, and they are using in modern houses. Since the has been introduced to many countries, it is beginning to be considered as one of the systems of home heating. Modern are not the same as the original version. Almost all Koreans use modern versions, so it is hard to find the traditional system in Korean houses. North Korea still utilizes the basic traditional design of the that use mostly coal instead of biomass to survive the harsh winters.

Advantages and disadvantages
One of the advantages of an is that it can maintain heat for an extended period. In a traditional Korean house, people usually extinguish the fire before going to sleep at night, since it can stay warm until the morning. An conducts heat evenly throughout the whole room, although the part of the room closest to the agungi is much warmer. Comparing the with the Western radiator: the heat from the radiator rises towards the ceiling, but an  keeps both the floor and the air in the room warm. The advantage of the is that people do not have to worry about breakdown and repair of the. The is part of the house, therefore, it is less likely to run into problems. Any combustible materials can be used as fuel for the ; there are no special fuel requirements. In contrast to heaters, such as fireplaces or charcoal-based heaters that leave ash in the room, does not cause pollution in the room leaving it clean and warm.

The has some disadvantages. Mud and stones are the main materials that make up the. Such materials take quite a long time to heat up, therefore the room takes a long time to warm up. In addition, it is difficult to adjust the temperature of the room.

Dol bed
The dol bed, or stone bed, is a manufactured bed that has the same heating effect as. The dol bed industry is estimated to be worth 100 billion South Korean won, comprising 30 to 40 percent of the entire bed industry in South Korea; dol beds are most popular with middle-aged people in their 40s and 50s.

title: Ondol


text:
Talk:Penetanguishene

Untitled
I grew up in the Muskoka region (Ontario), and when people referred to Penetang, they were almost always referring to the mental institute. "Bob belongs in Penetang" meant Bob was crazy. A girl in my high school year book (valadictorian) predicted that she would burn out in college and "end up in Penetang".

I feel like this should be added to the page, but is it appropriate? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.164.49.174 (talk) 06:58, 19 December 2004 (UTC)

 * That's not the exclusive definition of the term, so it's probably not appropriate. (See Penetang-Midland Coach Lines, Penetang Kings, hell - if you have a driver's license and you live there it says Penetang.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.46.139.172 (talk) 04:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

meaning of the word "Penetanguishene"
I grew up in Penetanguishene. Though many people (including residents) believe the word "Penetanguishene" means "place of the white rolling sands" in the Ojibwe language, I have yet to meet an Ojibwe speaker who can actually confirm this. Is there a reliable source to confirm this? --Magnetha 19:15, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Neither have I, but my best guesses are either biinidaawangaashiinh (of clean/pure sand) or opimedaawangaashiinh (of sand on the edges). But you're right, "rolling" nor "white" is in the name, though it might be implied. Since the description is in regard to Gordon's Point, looking at its structure should provide additional clue. CJLippert (talk) 17:15, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Though no "rolling" (-diti-) in the name, and for that matter neither is "sand" (-daawang-), the name of the near-by Waubaushene, Ontario do have "white" (waab-). So, I wonder if maybe the "white rolling sands" was a description of the entire area, and since both places have the "-shene", maybe "Penetanguishene" retained a fragment of the name and "Waubaushene" retained another fragment of the name? CJLippert (talk) 22:23, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I just found two differing references, so I've added them both. On the one that speaks of Abenaki origin, that source seems to use "Abenaki" to mean "Algonquian" as the Abenakis were not as far west as the Rockies, and that the Ojibwe form of that name is what we know. The other source that I cannot verify claims a Wendat origin. CJLippert (talk) 01:21, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

I worked at Awenda Provincial Park for a couple of summers and my Supervisor, the Natural Heritage Education Coordinator, Tim Tully, said he had spoken to an Elder from Beausoleil First Nation who said that Penetanguishene is a mispronounciation, as there are no white rolling sands there and that it should be more properly Benetanguishene (sp?). I do not recall what he said the English translation was. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.157.117.99 (talk) 19:50, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

Page move
I propose that this article be moved to Penetanguishene, which is currently a redirect here, per WP:CANSTYLE naming conventions. There is no evidence of any other notable use for the name. Bearcat (talk) 00:06, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. Seems clear to be the primary use of the term.  Double Blue  (talk) 05:07, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. an internet search yields 474,000 hits for the term, which reduces to 18,800 when excluding the term "Ontario" (and yet, many of the hits are still related to the town). Mind  matrix  14:35, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. Seems to meet the criteria of WP:CANSTYLE naming conventions. Dabbler (talk) 15:06, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

indigenous
There is no mention of the first peoples at all beyond the first couple of sentences. I don't think they simply ceased to exist in this area once the Europeans arrived. It would be good to read everyone's story, not just settlers. It may be a hard story to tell due to displacement and disease but that makes it all the more important. 50.101.169.113 (talk) 12:22, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The original inhabitants of the Penetang area the Wendat/Wyandot (Hurons) did cease to exist in the area just after the Europeans arrived in the early 17th century. The Wendat were almost all killed by another first nations peoples from what is now upstate New York the Haudenosaunee(Iroquois). Some call it the Wendat Genocide,  others the Beaver Wars.  The few remaining Wendat went either east to Quebec City with the Jesuits  to Wendake, Quebec where they still live  today,  or west towards Michigan and ultimately Oklahoma.  I agree the story of how and when the current first nations people  Anishinaabeg occupied the former Wendat territory ( Huronia)  is an important story that needs to be told. Unionville (talk) 18:08, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Unionville Agree and suggest that the story must include the reason for the genocide. The Hurons existed beside the Haudenosaunee on Turtle Island for thousands of years before national borders were drawn up by settlers. But within 40 years of the arrival of Europeans, the Hurons were nearly extinguished. What made the genocide possible was the arrival of settlers who brought epidemics, a relentless pursuit of "resources" on their land via the first trade, and missionaries tasked with converting this once powerful but now weakened nation to Christianity. In the blink of an eye, settlers weakened the Hurons to the extent that their nation was a shadow of its former self, and that vulnerability left them open to attack by the Haudenosaunee. The common denominator in the diminishment, destruction and near extinction (Huron, Mi'qmak) of first nations peoples is the arrival of Europeans who reached these shores clutching the crucifix, harbouring disease and began to extract by any means necessary, riches in the form of the beaver pelt to adorn the top hats of Europe's elite. This is the mostly overlooked but painfully important part of the story that should also be told. Nancaroo (talk) 09:33, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * All true but the Wendat genocide wouldn't have occurred, and the Wendat would probably still be here in their traditional land,  if the Haudenosaunee/Iroquois hadn't finished them off.  European farmers  didn't arrive in Simcoe County (some of Innisfil ancestors arrived in 1853) until 150-175  years after the Genocide. The Wendat might still be here but for the Iroquois.  Epidemics have been a constant for humanity throughout history. The Bubonic Plague came to Europe from Asia.  It killed 30-50% of the European population with parts of Europe villages totally uninhabited. This same tragedy occurred with the indigeneous peoples of the Americas. Unionville (talk) 14:39, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penetanguishene


text:
Faraizi movement

The Faraizi movement (ফরায়েজি আন্দোলন) was a movement led by in Eastern Bengal to give up un-Islamic practices and act upon their duties as Muslims (farāʾiḍ). Founded in 1818, the movement protected the rights of tenants to a great extent.

Views
The Faraizis adhered to the Hanafi school with certain differences in practices.
 * Tawbah i.e. to be penitent for past sins as a measure for the purification of soul.
 * To observe strictly the obligatory duties of Faraiz.
 * Strict adherence to Tawhid
 * India being Dar al Harb, Friday prayers and Eid prayers were not obligatory.
 * Denouncing all cultural rites and ceremonies, which had no reference to the Quran and Sunnah, as bidah or sinful innovations.

The leader of the Faraizis was called Ustad or teacher, and his disciples shaagird or students (protégé), instead of using the terms like pir and murid. A person so initiated into the Faraizi fold was called Tawbar Muslim or Mumin. It was a religious reform movement founded in rural areas of East Bengal. It was initially peaceful but later turned violent. The basic aim was to discard un Islamic practices. Its epicentre was in Faridpur.

Reception
The Faraizi movement was widely taken up in the areas of greater Dhaka, Barisal, and Comilla.

The landlords levied numerous abwabs (plural form of the Arabic term bab, signifying a door, a section, a chapter, a title). During Mughal India, all temporary and conditional taxes and impositions levied by the government over and above regular taxes were referred to as abwabs. More explicitly, abwab stood for all irregular impositions on Raiyats above the established assessment of land in the Pargana. Such abwabs were horribly dishonest in the eye of law. Several abwabs were of a religious nature. Haji Shariatullah then intervened to object to such a practice and commanded his disciples not to pay these dishonest cesses to the landlords. The landlords even inflicted a ban on the slaughter of cows, especially on the occasion of Eid. The Faraizis ordained their peasant followers not to obey such a ban. All these heated instances added up to tensed and stressed relationships amongst the Faraizis and the landlords, who were all Hindus.

The Islamic-led Faraizi movement could be witnessed in various parts of Bengal, with overwhelming Anglo-Bangla agreement for perhaps the very first time. The outraged landlords built up a propaganda campaign with the British officials, incriminating the Faraizis with a mutinous mood. In 1837, these Hindu landlords indicted Haji Shariatullah of attempting to build up a kingdom of his own. They also brought several lawsuits against the Faraizis, in which they benefitted dynamic co-operation of the European indigo planters. Shariatullah was placed under the detention of the police in more than one instance, for purportedly inciting agrarian turbulence in Faridpur.

Succession
After the death of Haji Shariatullah, his son, Dudu Miyan, led the movement to a more agrarian character. He organised the oppressed peasantry against the oppressive landlords. In retaliation, the landlords and indigo planters tried to contain Dudu Miyan by instituting false cases against him. However, he became so popular with the peasantry that in the cases, courts seldom found a witness against Dudu Miyan.

The initial victories of Dudu Miyan captured the imagination of the masses and Haji sahib the greta sought Dudu Miyan's protection against the oppressive landlords.

Dudu Miyan died in 1862 and before his death he had appointed a board of guardians to look after his minor sons, Ghiyasuddin Haydar and Abdul Gafur alias Naya Miyan who succeeded him successively. The board, with great difficulty, kept the dwindling movement from falling to pieces. It was not until Naya Miyan attained maturity that it regained some of its lost strength. Nabinchandra Sen, the then sub-divisional officer of Madaripur District, thought it prudent to enter into an alliance of mutual help with the Faraizi leaders, who, in their turn, showed a spirit of co-operation towards the government.

On the death of Naya Miyan in 1884, the third and the youngest son of Dudu Miyan, Syeduddin Ahmad was acclaimed leader by the Faraizis. During this time, the conflict of the Faraizis with the Taiyunis, another reformist group reached the climax and religious debates between the two schools of thought had become a commonplace occurrence in East Bengal. He was bestowed with the title of Khan Bahadur by the government. In 1905, on the question of the partition of Bengal, he lent support to Nawab Salimullah in favour of partition, but he died in 1906.

Khan Bahadur Syeduddin was succeeded by his eldest son Rashiduddin Ahmad alias Badshah Miyan. During the early years of his leadership, Badshah Miyan maintained the policy of co-operation towards the government. However, the annulment of the partition of Bengal made him anti-British and he took part in the Khilafat and non-co-operation movements. Soon after the establishment of Pakistan he summoned a conference of the Faraizis at Narayanganj and declared Pakistan as Dar-ul-Islam and gave permission to his followers to hold the congregational prayers of Jum'ah and Eid.

title: Faraizi movement


text:
User:Bobbyray

I'm Bob Johnson...
I 'discovered' Wiki on the advice of a friend who suggested I consider using Wiki for an online community project I am starting that's aimed at people interested in the arts & sciences. I won't go further, as I fear I may cross some 'self-promotion' threshhold (if you want more info, please feel free to contact me email). Wiki seems to me like a good idea - perhaps a bit anarchistic - but I like the 'self-policing' idea and it seems to work. I think we'll try to find some way to integrate it into our systems...

My main personal interests include Philosophy, Natural Sciences, Computer Science, and Cosmology. I also write poetry and short stories when I have time - which is rare as I'm also trying to raise a couple of violently insane creatures called 'children'

Anyway - here I am.

title: User:Bobbyray