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Artur Rodziński

Artur Rodziński (2 January 1892 – 27 November 1958) was a Polish-American conductor of orchestral music and opera. He began his career after World War I in Poland, where he was discovered by Leopold Stokowski, who invited him to be his assistant with the Philadelphia Orchestra. This engagement led to Rodziński becoming music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Cleveland Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He also prepared the NBC Symphony Orchestra for Arturo Toscanini before the Italian conductor's debut with them. A dispute in Chicago led to Rodziński's dismissal in 1948, whereupon he shifted his career to Europe, eventually settling in Italy, although continuing to maintain a home in Lake Placid, New York. In November 1958, beset by heart disease, he made his professional return to the United States for the first time in a decade, conducting acclaimed performances of Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde with the Lyric Opera of Chicago. Exhausted, he checked into Massachusetts General Hospital where he died 11 days later.

Early years
Rodziński was born in Split, Kingdom of Dalmatia, on 2 January 1892. Soon afterward his father, of Polish descent and a general in the Austro-Hungarian Army, returned with his family to Lemberg, Austrian Galicia, where Artur first studied music. Under pressure from his father, enrolled in the University of Vienna to study law, where he eventually earned his diploma, but he was also simultaneously enrolled at the Royal Academy of Music and the Performing Arts where his teachers included Joseph Marx and Franz Schreker (composition), Franz Schalk (conducting), and Emil von Sauer and Jerzy Lalewicz (piano). As a young man during World War I, Rodziński fought in the Austro-Hungarian Army; upon Poland's independence, he enlisted in the Polish Land Forces, where he was wounded in action.

He returned to Lemberg, now Lwów, which after the war had been granted to newly independent Poland. He was first engaged as répétiteur at the Lwów Opera, eventually making his debut as a conductor in 1920 with Giuseppe Verdi's Ernani. The following year he conducted the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra and was appointed director of the National Opera of Warsaw. It was there that while visiting Poland Leopold Stokowski heard Rodziński conduct a performance of Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Impressed, Stokowski went to meet Rodziński back stage and invited him to guest conduct the Philadelphia Orchestra. He made his American debut at Philadelphia's Academy of Music on November 15, 1925 conducting the Philharmonic Society of Philadelphia, an orchestra that consisted of members from the Philadelphia Orchestra who played on Sunday evenings. Rodziński's program consisted of the Act I prelude to Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony, the symphonic poem Powracające fale by Mieczysław Karłowicz, and two dances from the opera Halka by Stanisław Moniuszko.

Apprenticeship under Stokowski (1925–1929)
Subsequent to his American debut, Rodziński continued his role as guest conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra and Philharmonic Society of Philadelphia until August 1926. Stokowski had declared since 1925 his intention to appoint Rodziński as his assistant conductor, but was stalled by the former orchestra's board, which balked at the choice. The appointment was finally approved in September 1926. Rodziński thereafter adopted a number of the elder conductor's mannerisms and techniques, including how to style his hair, some of which he maintained until the end of his life.

Over the span of the next few years, Rodziński's renown grew. He rehearsed the Philadelphia Orchestra in performances of new music that Stokowski would lead in concert. A lighting system similar to a traffic signal was devised through which Stokowski could silently indicate to his assistant his interpretive requests in mid-rehearsal. Rodziński came to resent this system, which he later used as a reminder to treat his own assistants with respect. He acknowledged that his training allowed him to easily grasp and execute new scores in his later career. In addition to his work with the Philadelphia Orchestra, Rodziński conducted at the Philadelphia Grand Opera Company, as well as taught at the Curtis Institute of Music, where he coached many young musicians who would play with him in later years. He also toured with the Philadelphia Orchestra in the southern United States in performances that drew critical acclaim. "[T]he magic wielding of the baton by Dr. Rodziński made this the most satisfying concert I have attended in recent years," wrote one critic in South Carolina. In 1926, when the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra was reestablished after being defunct for 16 years, Rodziński, with the support of Stokowski, was considered for the role of music director.

As Rodziński's career developed, the conductor increasingly resented his manager Arthur Judson, who also managed the Philadelphia Orchestra. Rodziński repeatedly expressed irritation that Judson did not do enough to advocate on his behalf; later he was dismayed to find that his manager often acted against his best interests. After conducting the New York City premiere of Nikolai Myaskovsky's Sixth Symphony in November 1926, Rodziński came to the attention of William Andrews Clark Jr., a wealthy philanthropist from Southern California who had founded the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1919 and himself had an acrimonious relationship with Judson. Their meeting led to guest engagements in Los Angeles. Rodziński made his debut there on January 19, 1928, as a replacement for then music director Georg Schnéevoigt, who was in Detroit at the time. His demeanor and skill quickly won the admiration of the orchestra; the concert itself drew praise from the Los Angeles Times:

"The word fiery best describes [Rodziński's] conducting. ... His magnetism was immediately felt both by the orchestra and the audience. There were no barriers in either case, as the railing was down and he used no music between himself and his orchestra. The fire was restrained, however, and although on occasions he would break into long abandoned movements of the arms, his commands to the orchestra were usually given with significant gestures of the hand and descriptive curling of the fingers. In those fingers and the leonine head he expressed the prima-donna conductor, a type we have known little in the West, but immensely interesting type withal."

Rodziński's subsequent successes as guest conductor in Los Angeles culminated with the announcement that he would succeed Schnéevoigt beginning October 1929. He resigned from his post at the Philadelphia Orchestra and said that he was leaving on the best of terms.

Los Angeles (1929–1933)
Before the start of the Los Angeles Philharmonic's 1929–1930 season, Rodziński journeyed to the city with his family on May 23, 1929. They settled into the Chapman Park Hotel, which was located in what is today Koreatown; later the family moved into a home in Santa Monica. Rodziński supervised auditions for new musicians and discussed programming for the coming season with Clark and the Philharmonic's managers. He and his family also spent part of the summer vacationing in Santa Barbara. Soloists for Rodziński's first season in Los Angeles were announced in June; they included Sergei Prokofiev, Vladimir Horowitz, Jacques Thibaud, Josef Lhévinne, Gregor Piatigorsky, and Claire Dux. By September, the orchestra had announced their forthcoming programs. Rodziński insisted on expanding the programming of new music:

"When people go into art galleries nowadays, they see new pictures by modern artists as well as the old masterpieces ... why shouldn't it be so in the concert hall?"

Among the works that Rodziński scheduled for local premieres in his first season were Gustav Mahler's Fourth Symphony, Richard Strauss' Don Quixote, Dmitri Shostakovich's First Symphony, and Erich Wolfgang Korngold's suite from his incidental music to Much Ado About Nothing.

Cleveland (1933–1943)
Rodziński was named the second music director of the Cleveland Orchestra in 1933, following the departure of Nikolai Sokoloff. One of Rodziński's main contributions to Cleveland's music scene was integrating opera into the Cleveland Orchestra's repertoire. In addition, he sought to perform more contemporary music, including works by Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Alban Berg, Dmitri Shostakovich, Jerome Kern, and the first Cleveland performances of Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring.

Under Rodziński's leadership, the orchestra presented the United States premiere of Shostakovich's opera, Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, in 1935, a year after its debut in the Soviet Union. The conductor secured the rights to the American premiere of the opera through the mediation of William Christian Bullitt Jr., then the United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union and himself an admirer of Shostakovich's opera. Rodziński competed against his mentor Stokowski for the performance rights. Although Rodziński worried about the Cleveland audience's reception for the provocative opera, the orchestra's performances proved a success. Shostakovich himself had faith in Rodziński's performance: "When you see the Cleveland Orchestra's presentation of the American premiere of my opera in Severance Hall the last day of January, you will see no traditional opera…I have repudiated all old forms of opera."

One of the most famous recordings made during Rodziński's tenure in Cleveland was of an orchestral arrangement of Kern's 1927 musical Show Boat, made by the composer himself as Show Boat Scenario for Orchestra after being suggested to compose it by the conductor. The piece was recorded by the orchestra in 1941; Rodziński conducted it 38 times over a three-year period.

Rodziński was guest conducting the New York Philharmonic on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Although Rodziński declined to announce the news—the concert was being broadcast live on the radio—he led the Philharmonic in a performance of the Star-Spangled Banner. Later, he noted that the demands of World War II on young men should inspire orchestras to take the then unprecedented step of adding women to their ranks, saying that they would be "an excellent addition to any first class symphony orchestra." Rodziński championed equal treatment for women in all fields of classical music from early in his career: "It makes no difference, there are no rules, women surely can be just as great artists as men ... if they have talent or genius, they are all the same."

Between December 1939 and February 1942, Rodziński and The Cleveland Orchestra made an extensive series of recordings for Columbia Records. He also appeared with the New York Philharmonic in 1934 and 1937, receiving positive reviews for his concert performance of Richard Strauss's Elektra. In addition, Rodziński was active across Europe, becoming the first naturalized American citizen to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic at the Salzburg Festival in 1936 and 1937. At Arturo Toscanini's recommendation, Rodziński was asked by NBC to select musicians for the new NBC Symphony Orchestra. Later, he trained the orchestra, guided some of its first recordings (issued on the budget label World's Greatest Music with neither conductor nor orchestra identified), and led its concerts before Toscanini's arrival. This engagement inspired Rodziński to depart Cleveland for New York, where he became music director and conductor of the New York Philharmonic beginning in the 1943–44 season.

New York and Chicago
Rodziński was appointed music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1943. Although his four-year tenure was marked by struggles with Arthur Judson, the manager of the orchestra, Rodziński achieved high standards of performance. The renowned music critic and composer Virgil Thomson wrote about Rodziński's tenure at the Philharmonic: "We now have an orchestra that is a joy to hear...and we owe it all to Artur Rodziński." During Rodziński's time on the podium the Philharmonic recorded extensively, again for Columbia, performed weekly live broadcasts on CBS Radio, and appeared in the feature film Carnegie Hall.

However, despite the quality of the orchestra's performances, numerous artistic matters such as the prerogative of the music director to dismiss musicians, select soloists and determine repertoire were persistent grounds of contention. Not willing to compromise on these matters, Rodziński resigned in 1947. His reputation as a conductor was so prominent at this time that his resignation was the subject of a cover story in Time magazine in February 1947.

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra had been interested in engaging Rodziński for some time, and now he decided to accept the leadership of that orchestra immediately, starting with the 1947–1948 season. Here again, an inability to work with the board resulted in his swift departure after only one season. His short tenure still had a significant impact upon the orchestra and local audiences through performances such as an account of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde with Kirsten Flagstad.

Last years
After his departure from Chicago, Rodziński's health began to deteriorate. There was little recording activity available to him in the U.S., and so he settled in Europe once more. Here his status as a major musician was recognized and he was invited to lead significant productions, such as the 1953 first performance of Prokofiev's War and Peace at the Maggio Musicale in Florence, as well as traditional repertoire works.

He conducted at La Scala and worked extensively for Italian radio, conducting well received readings of Wagner's Tannhäuser and Tristan, and Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov and Khovanshchina. He re-established his presence as a recording artist through a contract with Westminster Records, for whom he recorded extensively with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (under the pseudonym "Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra of London") from 1955. His final recordings were for EMI in 1958.

By this time, the state of Rodziński's health had become fragile. He was warned by his Italian doctor that further conducting activity would put his life at risk. However, he returned to Chicago in 1958 to conduct Tristan once again, this time with the Chicago Lyric Opera and soprano Birgit Nilsson. His return was a triumph, but these were his last performances and he died shortly afterwards.

Personal life
Rodziński was married twice and had two sons. In 1917 he married the concert pianist Mme. Ilse, and in 1918 they had a son, Witold, who became an historian, sinologist, and diplomat. In 1934, while living in Cleveland, he married Halina Lilpop Wieniawski (1905-1993), who was from a well-known Warsaw family.

Their infant son Richard was the subject of Arnold Schoenberg's amusing canon "I am almost sure when your nurse will change your diapers." Richard served as artistic administrator at the San Francisco Opera and Metropolitan Opera companies in the 1960s and 1970s. He recently retired from his position as president of the Van Cliburn Foundation and in 2009 became the General Director of the International Tchaikovsky Competition. In 1976 Halina Rodziński wrote the autobiography Our Two Lives, still the most extensive published account of Rodziński's life and career.

Recordings
Rodziński recorded for Columbia Records (with the Cleveland Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic); RCA Victor (with the Chicago Symphony); Westminster Records (the Royal Philharmonic); and EMI. A few of his later recordings were taped in stereo and have remained in circulation to this day. His complete recording of Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker for Westminster was recorded in stereo in 1956.

The stereo version was originally released on 2-track reel-to-reel audio tape. On LP it was initially released only in mono, then later in stereo as stereo record albums became available in 1958. The stereo Nutcracker was re-released in 2001 by Deutsche Grammophon on compact disc.

Live recordings of some of his broadcast performances with the New York Philharmonic and the RAI-Radio Italiana orchestra have also become available on independent labels. Rodziński's highly acclaimed 1937 concert performance of Strauss's Elektra with soprano Rose Pauly and the New York Philharmonic has been restored and was issued on CD by the Immortal Performances label in 2014.

title: Artur Rodziński


text:
Jinghong

Jinghong (เชียงรุ่ง,, ; ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ, ; also formerly romanised as Chiang Hung, Chengrung, Cheng Hung, Jeng Hung, Jinghung, Keng Hung, Kiang Hung and Muangjinghung) is a city in and the seat of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, in the far south of China's Yunnan province, and the historic capital of the former Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna.

History
The town was founded as Chiang Hung (Cheli), by Tai king Phanya Coeng in 1180.

Kingdom of Chiang Hung (Sipsongpanna)
During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China, the Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna began a close and long-lasting relationship to Lanna, another historic Tai kingdom that lay south. In 1296, Lanna's capital Chiang Mai was founded by Mangrai, whose maternal grandfather was King Rung Kaen Chai (รุ่งแก่นชาย) of Jinghong (i.e.: Sipsongpanna).

The kingdoms of Sipsongpanna and Lanna maintained ties through migration and intermarriage.

In 1401, the Sipsongpanna Tai ruler Tau Se Da Xam (pinyin: Dao Xianda) attacked a smaller Tai area to the north unknown as Weiyuan equivalent to modern Jinggu). The Ming administration sought to retaliate but adopted a cautious response of diplomacy and Tau Se Da Xam withdrew his troops.  About this period Sipsongpanna began to pay tribute to the Ming.

In 1405 the Sipsongpanna Tai attacked Chiang Mai, in conjunction with Ming Chinese troops.

In 1421 the Chinese attempted to cause a split in Sipsongpanna by backing multiple administrations during a period of civil strife, but their plan failed to succeed.

1448 saw the defeat of Mong Mao, a Tai state in eastern Burma, by a combination of Chinese, Sipsongpanna and allied forces united under the Ming.

In the 1450s another struggle for succession arose in Sipsongpanna, with one faction backed by Kengtung and one by Chiang Mai. Despite the Kengtung faction's victory, conflict started with that state shortly afterwards.

The Burmese Toungoo state arose in the 1530s to crush Chiang Mai, and its influence also extended to Kengtung and Sipsongpanna, which like other Tai kingdoms soon began to pay tribute.

Geography and climate
Jinghong has a latitude range of 21°27'–22°36' N and a longitude range of 100°25'–101°31' E. It borders Pu'er City to the north, Mengla County to the east and Menghai County to the west, as well as Burma's Shan State to the south. The city is limited to the south by Hengduan Mountains, and the Lancang River (Mekong) passes through Jinghong. Two bridges near the city span this river, which flows south-east towards Laos.

Climatically, Jinghong has a humid subtropical climate, bordering on a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Cwa bordering Aw, respectively). The city has a generally humid climate with strong monsoonal influences. Summer is long and there is virtually no "winter" as such; instead, there is a dry season (December thru April) and wet season (May thru October). Annual sunshine hours amount to between 1800 and 2300 and annual rainfall ranging from 1100 to 1700 mm. The coolest month is December, averaging 18.4 °C, while the warmest is June, at 27.1 °C; the annual mean is 23.7 °C. However, high temperatures reach their peak in April before the onset of the monsoon from the Indian Ocean.

Administrative divisions
Jinghong City has 1 subdistrict, 5 towns, 3 townships and 2 ethnic townships.
 * 1 subdistrict
 * Yunjinghong Subdistrict (允景洪街道)
 * 5 towns
 * 3 townships
 * Jingne (景讷乡)
 * Dadugang (大渡岗乡)
 * Mengwang (勐旺乡)
 * 2 ethnic townships
 * Jingha Hani (景哈哈尼族)
 * Jinuoshan Jinuo (基诺山基诺族乡)

Transport

 * Xishuangbanna Gasa International Airport is the second largest airport in Yunnan, located just five kilometers from the downtown. Flights to Kunming, Shanghai, Chengdu and other major cities in China run regularly. There is one weekly international flight to Luang Prabang (resumes 1 November).
 * The city has the largest public transportation center in Xishuangbanna and connects travelers to nearby cities, towns and villages.
 * China National Highway 214
 * China National Highway 213
 * Asian Highway Network AH3
 * Kunming–Bangkok Expressway
 * Xishuangbanna railway station

Places of interest
The Dai Water Splashing Festival and nearby villages of that and other ethnic groups are the main attractions. Additionally, at least three botanical parks and gardens are located in or near the city, of which Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is the largest and most famous one.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jinghong


text:
User:JRM/Wikibooks

 * This is not an actual VfD nomination. There never was a nomination for Wikibooks. It's just a parody (and not a very good one at that). If any names resemble actual people it's purely coincidental, and none of these "users" existed at the time of writing. For the record: it's mean to be an attempt to poke fun at the article, not at any actual opinions on deletion (after all, Wikibooks would never get deleted like this, for obvious reasons.) JRM 13:31, 2004 Dec 8 (UTC)
 * Special note: this is open to editing, if you think you think you can make it funnier. But no personal attacks, of course, I'll revert them on sight. This is not anyone's personal soapbox.  JRM 00:56, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

Wikibooks
Wikipedia fancruft. User:GuardianOfForever 13:41, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. User:GuardianOfForever 13:41, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The 240,000 Google hits are all on Wikipedia mirrors. Looks like a Google bomb. User:QualityManagement 13:56, 8 Dec 2004
 * Delete. Not notable. I've been a Wikipedia contributor for a year now and I've hardly ever heard of this. If you rounded up all the participants they'd probably fit in a small locker room. Hey, that's actually not a bad idea.... TerminalBogosity | Talk  14:02, 8 Dec 2004
 * Keep dammit! Do you even bother to look what you're talking about?! The site has 5369 textbooks on it and you're talking about the number of participants? User:FuriousN00b 23:22, 8 Dec 2004
 * Note: user has 5 edits, 2 on this page. TerminalBogosity | Talk  00:36, 9 Dec 2004
 * Where does it say how many edits you need to have to vote?! You're completely full of it and you know it.
 * (Above comment unsigned by User:FuriousN00b) Joining Wikipedia just to vote on VfD isn't allowed. TerminalBogosity | Talk  02:16, 9 Dec 2004
 * Don't bite the newcomers, please. User:HaloGirl 00:52, 9 Dec 2004
 * Extreme delete. Not only do they make up this crap, but actually go through the trouble of googlebombing it? Sheesh. User:KingEradicator 14:22, 8 Dec 2004
 * Keep. Last time I checked, notability was not part of VfD policy. Article is factual and neutral. User:Inclusionista 16:41, 8 Dec 2004
 * Lots of subtrivial nonsense like "anyone can edit any book module by clicking on an "edit this page" link which appears in every Wikibooks module". Poorly written advertising. Delete. User:VfdVanguard 01:05, 9 Dec 2004
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks. User:JestForFun 01:42, 9 Dec 2004
 * Very funny. User:GuardianOfForever 01:59, 9 Dec 2004
 * Delete. Advertising. Wikipedia is not a web directory.
 * It's even worse than that. Check what links there. These idiots have been vandalizing all over the place to put in references. Delete this article and the trolls it rode in on. User:RighteousIndignator 05:42 9 Dec 2004
 * Delete. Come on, people, it contains an inline link to a Wikipedia user page! Not even Jimbo Wales has that. User:Goldenrod 12:12 9 Dec 2004
 * Keep, but image should be put up for WP:IFD since it's unfree. Fair use? Bah. — User:LinuxPenguin 13:37 6 Aug 2005

title: User:JRM/Wikibooks


text:
User talk:Ttownfeen

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, Wikiquette, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Deletion of Mallet Assembly
Hi, Ttownfeen

According to the (now deleted) history of Mallet Assembly, the original author of the article was 151.140.192.209, an anonymous IP. This doesn't match up with the claim in the article's talk page at Talk:Mallet Assembly that Streyeder was the original author. Now that doesn't mean that Streyeder didn't start the article, but Wikipedia admins cannot make guesses as to the correlation of particular IP addresses to newly registered Wikipedia users. There are a lot of articles on Wikipedia that, put simply, are copyright violations and need to be dealt with to ensure that the Wikimedia Foundation does not run into legal problems with unhappy copyright holders. Additionally, the article was extremely non-NPOV in point of view and would have had to be edited down significantly. I hope this clarifies things for you. :) Bumm13 18:26, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe so, though I seriously doubt you (or rather, the Wikimedia Foundation) should be worryring about being sued for copyright infringement by a small non-university-affiliated fraternity-esque organization that I might add is always trying to think of ways to "stick to the Man" ;-). As to the extreme lack of NPOV, well, you get no argument from me.  This was copy-and-pasted from a self-promoting site after all.  An NPOV tag would have sufficed, I believe.  I just find a complete deletion to be a bit draconian.  Of course, this (quite literally) makes for a tabula rasa to restart the article.

-Ttownfeen 20:52, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Vandy logo
I dunno, it looks OK on both my monitors. I just thought the black-on-white logo was a bit drab. Resizing it was a good idea, though. Micro tonal ... (Put your head on my shoulder) 05:07, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * To be honest, I haven't looked at the article itself in quite a while. I'll try to give it a once-over next week sometime to see if there's anything I can add to it. Micro tonal ... (Put your head on my shoulder) 04:06, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Red wikilinks
There's nothing wrong with wikilinking to a non-existent article. Most articles are filled with red links. Micro tonal ... (Put your head on my shoulder) 01:33, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess. Just more of a pet peeve of mine. --Ttownfeen 18:02, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

thanks
Thanks for the welcome to Wikipedia. Glad to know I'm not the only person out there who's trying to help VU put its best foot forward. :) Esrever 05:48, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Is this the correct place to post comments to you? If not, sorry : ) Anyways, I posted those comments to Esrever cause it looks like (in the history) that they were taken away by him, but I am not 129.59.44.34, but 129.59.46.252. I will read throught the article and see what I can do about taking more pictures for the Vanderbilt article. Reid Sullivan 00:10, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Reimaging
Not a problem... color correction isn't my forté : )

I just like taking pictures, whether the light is good or bad.

Have a great day, -- Reid Sullivan 22:40, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Kirkland caption
I changed the caption of the picture of Kirkland Hall; it's not the oldest building on campus. Old Central (where the history department's offices are) is older, as the structure actually predates the university itself. Just an FYI.

By the way, have you thought about adding the image of the old seal back? While I like our new "V," that image is still the official seal of the university, and it still appears on everything "important" around Vanderbilt: diplomas and their frames, class rings, etc.

Esrever 04:35, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right to note that it's the first building on campus built specifically by the university for its own needs. Certainly feel free to change the caption to reflect that, too.  As it was, though, it wasn't entirely accurate.

 * Thanks for adding the seal back, too. :) Esrever 05:23, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Colleges
no need to get all upset. The fact is that Infobox Univeersity is becoming the standard for all colleges. And I will concede the fact that facuilty will work quite fine, that was wrong of me to change. Facuilty works well for a North American college. however, i would request that you never act as if you have anymore right to be here than me. I still have respect for you as you have done nothing to have me lose it, but please dont act as if your better than me in any way shape or form. I have just as much right to change that page as you do. I am changing all the templates to Infobox University as it is the best (I feel anyways) option available to standardize. i think the University2 makes the name too less pronounced. Anywho... if you need to contact me leave a line on my talk page. Until then, stay in (if your still in) school, dont do drugs, and never stay up past 2:00AM to edit Wikipedia unless your strung out on caffine! American Patriot 1776 04:39, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Yes I would agree that I should have left a line or something but I thought nothing of it at the time. Apologies. I also agree that it isn't the best looking box out there but in the terms of standardization its all we have. I myself dont have the skills necessary to create a template but if you do, I would encourage you to create one and bring it up at a naming convention or something like that. Once again I apologize for not making my beliefs as clearcut and straightforward as they could have been. American Patriot 1776 17:17, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Olympic bids
Will you be putting Olympic bid and selection information (complete with all the logos for the losing bids) onto every Olympics page? If not, Sydney is being singled out for special tratment. Figaro 09:01, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with the way things are now, with the bid information near the bottom of the page. Cheers, Figaro 01:24, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

new headings in bengali language article
ah, sorry about the editing of your subheadings. i need to be patient and at least see where you're going with this, i guess! i'm excited about the prospect of upgrading to featured article status - if there's anything i can contribute to, please let me know. i think that a lot of the dialectal information is already in the article, just a little further down than where you initially placed the headings. but if you are adding some new information in these subheadings, that's even better! --SameerKhan 06:21, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Map
The county w/ city limits maps are taken from a series of map files I've generated for my own use, with the data cobbled together from various GIS sources and the most recent ALDOT county highway maps at Alabama Maps. I only have a few counties available--Lee, Macon, Chambers, Russell, Tallapoosa, Elmore, Montgomery, and part of Madison in Alabama, and Troup, Harris, Muskogee, and Chattahoochee in Georgia. If you're looking for maps of any of those counties, I could generate one pretty quickly for you, though the Montgomery and Elmore ones are somewhat out of date due to some large annexations by Montgomery, Pike Road, and Millbrook of which I haven't yet found maps. Since I figure you're probably looking for one for Tuscaloosa County, if you have a vector file of Tuscaloosa and Northport's city limits you could send me, I could probably get you a similar map within a few weeks. -- Lissoy 05:12, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

I got the maps from the US Census Bureau. I basically copied and pasted the map of Jefferson County to my computer. I then took the map and basically drew all the cities in the county from that. Leonard23 10:37, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

State capital
I think this material is already covered at State capitol and Capitol. Perhaps simply redirecting your spelling to one of those articles is the best solution? A redirect is a good idea, since it's a common mispelling. Cheers. Dina 21:09, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, we also seem to have an article called Capital. Now I'm confused. Dina 21:11, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Apparently I'm not just confused, I'm also wrong. Sorry to bug you. Cheers Dina 21:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

I'm trying to think of some way to disambig these at the top, succintly and accurately, to save others from making the dumb understandable mistake that I did. I'll try something... Dina 12:53, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

rv vandalism
Thanks for keeping an eye on my user page. :) Esrever 20:08, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Vanderbilt
Thanks for the kind words about my work on the Vanderbilt article. I just do what I can around here. :) If you have time, feel free to implement some of the suggestions from the GA review (though I can certainly understand being too busy for WP!). Esrever 21:13, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

University of Alabama
"nobody in Alabama is obnoxious enough to call UA "The University", except for Auburn people posing as Alabama people" Too funny ;-). - auburn pilot   talk  21:57, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Why thank you! I try to do what I can. --Ttownfeen 18:44, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Article for Duke University Newspaper, The Chronicle, on Duke Wikipedia Page
Hi there! I apologize in advance if this is the incorrect way to communicate with you, but I've never used "talk" before. I'm a rising sophomore at Duke University and am writing an article for the paper on Duke's Wikipedia page, and I had noticed you had edited that article. I was just wondering why you edited the page, if you have any affiliation with the University, and any and all comments you may have regarding the page. Feel free to reach me here, via email: haa3@duke.edu, or via AIM: haahaamagician. Thank you very much! Haahaamagician (talk) 18:29, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

University Infobox
I have made a request at Template talk:Infobox university, and I was hoping that you could take a look at it, place a comment, or even, perhaps, fulfill the request. Thank you, HuskyHuskie (talk) 22:34, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Vanderbilt edits
Fair enough! Sorry I doubted. ;) Esrever (klaT) 04:39, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Tuscaloosa, AL
Thank you for your appreciative comment in regards to the contributions I made to the Tuscaloosa, AL page. I was born and raised in Tuscaloosa, but moved away four years ago and I truly miss my native city dearly. --RollTide13 (talk) 05:13, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Midtown Village

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Talkback

 * Responded.-- SPhilbrick  T  21:00, 18 June 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅. See User:Ttownfeen/Midtown Village -- SPhilbrick  T  22:19, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

FAR notice
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Speedy deletion nomination of Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport
Hello, Ttownfeen,

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title: User talk:Ttownfeen


text:
Gayle language

Gayle, or Gail, is an English- and Afrikaans-based gay argot or slang used primarily by English and Afrikaans-speaking homosexual men in urban communities of South Africa, and is similar in some respects to Polari in the United Kingdom, from which some lexical items have been borrowed. The equivalent language used by gay South African men who speak Bantu languages is called IsiNgqumo, and is based on a Nguni lexicon.

Gayle originally manifested as moffietaal (Afrikaans: literally, "homosexual language") in the drag culture of the Cape Coloured community in the 1950s. It permeated into white homosexual circles in the 1960s and became part of mainstream white gay culture.

Besides a few core words borrowed from Polari (such as the word varda meaning "to see", itself a borrowing from Lingua Franca), most of Gayle's words are alliterative formations using women's names, such as Beulah for "beauty", Priscilla, meaning "police", and Hilda for "hideous". Men, especially other homosexual men, are often referred to by female pronouns in some circles, as is the custom among many homosexual countercultures throughout the world.

Gayle arose for the same reason that most antilanguages develop, to ensure in-group preference in diverse societies. However it also fulfilled other functions such as to "camp up" conversation, and provide entertainment in a subculture where verbal wit and repartee are highly valued.

A comprehensive study of Gayle was undertaken by linguist Ken Cage in 2002, and his Master’s Thesis was published as “Gayle, the language of Kinks and Queens” (2003: Jacana Media). This book, although out of print now, was the first attempt to publish a history of Gayle, as well as a basic dictionary of the argot.

Commonly used terms
Varda that Beulah bag! translates to "Look at that beautiful man!"

title: Gayle language


text:
Zero waste

Zero waste, or waste minimization, is a set of principles focused on waste prevention that encourages redesigning resource life cycles so that all products are repurposed (i.e. “up-cycled”) and/or reused. The goal of the movement is to avoid sending trash to landfills, incinerators, oceans, or any other part of the environment. Currently 9% of global plastic is recycled. In a zero waste system, all materials are reused until the optimum level of consumption is reached.

Zero waste refers to waste prevention as opposed to end-of-pipe waste management. It is a “whole systems” approach that aims for a massive change in the way materials flow through society, resulting in no waste. Zero waste encompasses more than eliminating waste through reducing, reusing, and recycling. It focuses on restructuring distribution and production systems to reduce waste. Zero waste provides guidelines for continually working towards eliminating waste.

According to the Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA), Zero Waster is the conservation of all resources by means of responsible production, consumption, reuse and, recovery of all products, packaging, and materials, without burning them and without discharges to land, water, or air that threaten the environment or human health.

Advocates expect that government regulation is needed to influence industrial choices over product and packaging design, manufacturing processes, and material selection. Advocates say eliminating waste decreases pollution and can also reduce costs due to the reduced need for raw materials.

Cradle-to-Grave
The cradle-to-grave is a linear material model that begins with resource extraction, moves to product manufacturing, and ends with a "grave" or landfill where the product is disposed of. Cradle-to-grave is in direct contrast to cradle-to-cradle materials or products, which are recycled into new products at the end of their lives so that ultimately there is no waste.

Cradle-to-cradle focuses on designing industrial systems so that materials flow in closed-loop cycles, which means that waste is minimized and waste products can be recycled and reused. Cradle-to-cradle goes beyond dealing with waste issues after it has been created by addressing problems at the source and redefining problems by focusing on design. The cradle-to-cradle model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations.

The cradle-to-cradle framework has evolved steadily from theory to practice. In the industrial sector, it is creating a new notion of materials and material flows. Just as in the natural world, in which one organism's "waste" cycles through an ecosystem to provide nourishment for other living things, cradle-to-cradle materials circulate in closed-loop cycles, providing nutrients for nature or industry.

The spread of industrialization worldwide has been accompanied by a large increase in waste production. In 2012 the World Bank stated that 1.3 billion tons of municipal waste was produced by urban populations and estimates that the number will reach 2.2 billion tons by 2025 (Global Solid Waste Management Market - Analysis and Forecast). The increase in solid waste production increases the need for landfills. With the increase in urbanization, these landfills are being placed closer to communities. These landfills are disproportionately located in areas of low socioeconomic status with primarily non-white populations. Findings indicated these areas are often targeted as waste sites because permits are more easily acquired and there was generally less community resistance. Additionally, within the last five years, more than 400 hazardous waste facilities have received formal enforcement actions for unspecified violations that were considered to be a risk to human health.

There is a growing global population that is faced with limited resources from the environment.[7] To relieve the pressures placed on the finite resources available it has become more important to prevent waste. To achieve zero waste, waste management has to move from a linear system to be more cyclical so that materials, products, and substances are used as efficiently as possible. Materials must be chosen so that they may either return safely to a cycle within the environment or remain viable in the industrial cycle.[8]

Zero waste promotes not only reuse and recycling but, more importantly, it promotes prevention and product designs that consider the entire product life cycle.[8] Zero-waste designs strive for reduced material use, use of recycled materials, use of more benign materials, longer product lives, repair ability, and ease of disassembly at end of life.[3] Zero waste strongly supports sustainability by protecting the environment, reducing costs and producing additional jobs in the management and handling of wastes back into the industrial cycle.[8] A Zero waste strategy may be applied to businesses, communities, industrial sectors, schools, and homes.

Benefits proposed by advocates include:
 * Saving money. Since waste is a sign of inefficiency, the reduction of waste can reduce costs.
 * Faster Progress. A zero-waste strategy improves upon production processes and improves environmental prevention strategies which can lead to taking larger, more innovative steps.
 * Supports sustainability. A zero-waste strategy supports all three of the generally accepted goals of sustainability - economic well-being, environmental protection, and social well-being.[8]
 * Improved material flows. A zero-waste strategy would use far fewer new raw materials and send no waste materials to landfills. Any material waste would either return as reusable or recycled materials or would be suitable for use as compost.[8]

Health
A major issue with landfills is hydrogen sulfide, which is released from the natural decay of waste. Studies have shown a positive association between increased lung cancer mortality rates and increased morbidity and mortality related to respiratory disease and hydrogen sulfide exposure. These studies also showed that the hydrogen sulfide exposure increased with proximity to the landfill.

Household chemicals and prescription drugs are increasingly being found in large quantities in the leachate from landfills. This is causing concern about the ability of landfills to contain these materials and the possibility of these chemicals and drugs making their way into the groundwater and the surrounding environment.

Zero waste promotes a circular material flow that allows materials to be used over and over, reducing the need for landfill space. Through zero waste the number of toxins released into the air and water would be decreased and products examined to determine what chemicals are used in the production process.

Health issues related to landfills: Zero waste promotion of a cyclical product life can help reduce the need to create and fill landfills. This can help reduce incidents of respiratory diseases and birth defects that are associated with the toxins released from landfills. Zero waste can also help preserve local environments and potable water sources by preventing pollutants from entering the ecosystem.
 * Birth defects, low birth weight, and exposure to particulates and nitrogen dioxide are associated with close proximity to landfills.
 * Respiratory diseases and lung cancers are related to the release of hydrogen sulfide from landfills.

2002–2003
The movement gained publicity and reached a peak in 1998–2002, and since then has been moving from "theory into action" by focusing on how a "zero waste community" is structured and behaves. The website of the Zero Waste International Alliance has a listing of communities across the globe that have created public policies to promote zero-waste practices. There is a zero-waste organization named the GrassRoots Recycling Network (now known as Zero Waste USA ) that puts on workshops and conferences about zero-waste activities.

The California Integrated Waste Management Board established a zero waste goal in 2001. The City and County of San Francisco's Department of the Environment established a goal of zero waste in 2002, which led to the City's Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in 2009. With its ambitious goal of zero waste and policies, San Francisco reached a record-breaking 80% diversion rate in 2010, the highest diversion rate in any North American city. San Francisco received a perfect score in the waste category in the Siemens US and Canada Green City Index, which named San Francisco the greenest city in North America.

2009: The Zero Waste lifestyle movement emerges
In 2008, Zero Waste was a term used to describe manufacturing and municipal waste management practices. Bea Johnson, a French American woman living in California, decided to apply it to her household of 4. In 2009, she started sharing her journey through her blog, Zero Waste Home, and in 2010, was featured in The New York Times. The article, which introduced the mainstream to the concept of waste-free living, received much criticism from people confusing it for a bohemian lifestyle. These critical reviews began to shift after images of the family and their interior was widely broadcast in worldwide media. In 2013, Johnson published Zero Waste Home: The Ultimate Guide to Simplifying your Life by Reducing your Waste. Dubbed "Bible for the zero waste pursuer" by Book Riot, it provides a simple to follow the methodology of 5R's with in-depth practical tips on how to eliminate waste in a household. Translated into 27 languages (as of 2019), the international bestseller helped spread the concept to a wide audience. Some of Bea's followers and readers went on to start their own blogs, such as Lauren Singer, an eco-activist living in New York, whose Social Media channels spread the concept to millennials, open package-free stores, such as Marie Delapierre, who opened the first unpackaged store in Germany (based on the model of Unpackaged, the first package-free concept in our modern era), launch non-profit organizations, such as Natalie Bino, founding member of Zero Waste Switzerland. Over the years, the Zero Waste lifestyle experienced a significant increase in followers. Thousands of social media channels, blogs, unpackaged stores, lines of reusables, and organizations have emerged worldwide. And in turn, the fast-evolving grass-root movement created a demand for large corporations, such as Unilever and Procter and Gamble, to conceive reusable alternatives to disposables.

2010 to Present
The movement continues to grow among the youth around the world under the organization Zero Waste Youth, which originated in Brazil and has spread to Argentina, Puerto Rico, Mexico, the United States, and Russia. The organization multiplies with local volunteer ambassadors who lead zero waste gatherings and events to spread the zero waste message.

The International Day of Zero Waste was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 14, 2022. The event will be held annually on March 30 commencing in 2023. "During International Day of Zero Waste, Member States, organizations of the United Nations system, civil society, the private sector, academia, youth and other stakeholders are invited to engage in activities aimed at raising awareness of national, subnational, regional and local zero-waste initiatives and their contribution to achieving sustainable development. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) jointly facilitate the observance of International Day of Zero Waste."

Packaging Examples
Milk can be shipped in many forms. One of the traditional forms was reusable returnable glass milk bottles, often home delivered by a milkman. While some of this continues, other options have recently been more common: one-way gable-top paperboard cartons, one-way aseptic cartons, one-way recyclable glass bottles, one-way milk bags, and others. Each system claims some advantages and also has possible disadvantages. From the zero-waste standpoint, the reuse of bottles is beneficial because the material usage per trip can be less than other systems. The primary input (or resource) is silica-sand, which is formed into glass and then into a bottle. The bottle is filled with milk and distributed to the consumer. A reverse logistics system returns the bottles for cleaning, inspection, sanitization, and reuse. Eventually, the heavy-duty bottle would not be suited for further use and would be recycled. Waste and landfill usage would be minimized. The material waste is primarily the wash water, detergent, transportation, heat, bottle caps, etc. While true zero waste is never achieved, a life cycle assessment can be used to calculate the waste at each phase of each cycle.

Online shopping orders are often placed in an outer box to contain multiple items for easier transport and tracking. This creates waste for every order, especially when there is only a single item. In response, some products are now designed not to require an outer box for safe shipping, a feature known as ships in own container.

Recycling
It is important to distinguish recycling from Zero Waste. The most common practice of recycling is simply that of placing bottles, cans, paper, and packaging into curbside recycling bins. The modern version of recycling is more complicated and involves many more elements of financing and government support. For example, a 2007 report by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency states that the US recycles at a national rate of 33.5% and includes in this figure composted materials. In addition, many multinational commodity companies have been created to handle recycled materials. At the same time, claims of recycling rates have sometimes been exaggerated, for example by the inclusion of soil and organic matter used to cover garbage dumps daily, in the "recycled" column. In US states with recycling incentives, there is constant local pressure to inflate recycling statistics. Recycling has been separated from the concept of zero waste. One example of this is the computer industry where worldwide millions of PC's are disposed of as electronic waste each year in 2016 44.7 million metric tons of electronic waste was generated of which only 20% was documented and recycled. Some computer manufacturers refurbish leased computers for resale. Community Organizations have also entered this space by refurbishing old computers from donation campaigns for distribution to undeserved communities.

Software recycling
A clear example of the difference between zero waste and recycling is discussed in Getting to Zero Waste, in the software industry. Zero waste design can be applied to intellectual property where the effort to code functionality into software objects is developed by design as opposed to copying code snippets multiple times when needed. The application of zero waste is straightforward as it conserves human effort. Also, software storage mediums have transitioned from consumable diskettes to internal drives which are vastly superior and have a minimal cost per megabyte of storage. This is a physical example where zero waste correctly identifies and avoids wasteful behavior.

Use of zero waste system
Zero waste is poorly supported by the enactment of government laws to enforce the waste hierarchy. A special feature of zero waste as a design principle is that it can be applied to any product or process, in any situation or at any level. Thus it applies equally to toxic chemicals as to benign plant matter. It applies to the waste of atmospheric purity by coal-burning or the waste of radioactive resources by attempting to designate the excesses of nuclear power plants as "nuclear waste". All processes can be designed to minimize the need for discard, both in their own operations and in the usage or consumption patterns which the design of their products leads to. Recycling, on the other hand, deals only with simple materials. Zero waste can even be applied to the waste of human potential by enforced poverty and the denial of educational opportunity. It encompasses redesign for reduced energy wasting in industry or transportation and the wasting of the earth's rainforests. It is a general principle of designing for the efficient use of all resources, however defined.

The recycling movement may be slowly branching out from its solid waste management base to include issues that are similar to the community sustainability movement. Zero waste, on the other hand, is not based in waste management limitations to begin with but requires that we maximize our existing reuse efforts while creating and applying new methods that minimize and eliminate destructive methods like incineration and recycling. Zero waste strives to ensure that products are designed to be repaired, refurbished, re-manufactured and generally reused.

Significance of dump capacity
Many dumps are currently exceeding carrying capacity. This is often used as a justification for moving to Zero Waste. Others counter by pointing out that there are huge tracts of land available throughout the US and other countries which could be used for dumps. Proposals abound to destroy all garbage as a way to solve the garbage problem. These proposals typically claim to convert all or a large portion of existing garbage into oil and sometimes claim to produce so much oil that the world will henceforth have abundant liquid fuels. One such plan, called Anything Into Oil, was promoted by Discover Magazine and Fortune Magazine in 2004 and claimed to be able to convert a refrigerator into "light Texas crude" by the application of high-pressure steam.

Corporate initiatives
An example of a company that has demonstrated a change in landfill waste policy is General Motors (GM). GM has confirmed their plans to make approximately half of its 181 plants worldwide "landfill-free" by the end of 2010. Companies like Subaru, Toyota, and Xerox are also producing landfill-free plants. Furthermore, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has worked with GM and other companies for decades to minimize waste through its WasteWise program. The goal for General Motors is to find ways to recycle or reuse more than 90% of materials by selling scrap materials, adopting reusable boxes to replace cardboard, and recycling used work gloves. The remainder of the scraps might be incinerated to create energy for the plants. Besides being nature-friendly, it also saves money by cutting out waste and producing more efficient production. Microsoft and Google are two other big companies that have Zero Waste goals. These two companies have goals to keep the majority of their waste out of landfills. Google has six locations that have a Zero Waste to Landfill goal. These locations have a goal to keep 100% of their waste out of landfills. Microsoft has a similar goal, but they are only trying to keep 90% of their waste out of landfills. All these organizations push forth to make our world clean and produce zero waste.

A garden centre in Faversham, UK, has started to prevent plastic plant pots from being passed down to customers. Instead, it reuses the plastic pots only locally in the garden center, but upon selling it to its customers it repots the plants in paper plant pots. It also sells plants wrapped in hessia and uses a variety of techniques to prevent handing down (single-use) plastics to customers

Re-use or rot of waste
The waste sent to landfills may be harvested as useful materials, such as in the production of solar energy or natural fertilizer/de-composted manure for crops.

It may also be reused and recycled for something that we can actually use. "The success of General Motors in creating zero-landfill facilities shows that zero-waste goals can be a powerful impetus for manufacturers to reduce their waste and carbon footprint," says Latisha Petteway, a spokesperson for the EPA.

Market-based campaigns
Market-based, legislation-mediated campaigns like extended producer responsibility (EPR) and the precautionary principle are among numerous campaigns that have a Zero Waste slogan hung on them by means of claims they all ineluctably lead to policies of Zero Waste. At the moment, there is no evidence that EPR will increase reuse, rather than merely moving discard and disposal into private-sector dumping contracts. The Precautionary Principle is put forward to shift liability for proving new chemicals are safe from the public (acting as guinea pig) to the company introducing them. As such, its relation to Zero Waste is dubious. Likewise, many organizations, cities and counties have embraced a Zero Waste slogan while pressing for none of the key Zero Waste changes. In fact, it is common for many such to simply state that recycling is their entire goal. Many commercial or industrial companies claim to embrace Zero Waste but usually mean no more than a major materials recycling effort, having no bearing on product redesign. Examples include Staples, Home Depot, Toyota, General Motors and computer take-back campaigns. Earlier social justice campaigns have successfully pressured McDonald's to change their meat purchasing practices and Nike to change its labor practices in Southeast Asia. Those were both based on the idea that organized consumers can be active participants in the economy and not just passive subjects. However, the announced and enforced goal of the public campaign is critical. A goal to reduce waste generation or dumping through greater recycling will not achieve a goal of product redesign and so cannot reasonably be called a Zero Waste campaign. Producers should be made responsible for the packaging of the products rather than the consumers in EPR like campaigns by which the participation of the Producers will increase.

How to achieve
National and provincial governments often set targets and may provide some funding, but on a practical level, waste management programs (e.g. pickup, drop-off, or containers for recycling and composting) are usually implemented by local governments, possibly with regionally shared facilities.

Reaching the goal of zero waste requires the products of manufacturers and industrial designers to be easily disassembled for recycling and incorporated back into nature or the industrial system; durability and repairability also reduce unnecessary churn in the product life cycle. Minimizes packaging also solves many problems early in the supply chain. If not mandated by government, choices by retailers and consumers in favor of zero-waste-friendly products can influence production. More and more schools are motivating their students to live a different life and rethink every polluting step they may take. To prevent material from becoming waste, consumers, businesses, and non-profits must be educated in how to reduce waste and recycle successfully.

The 5 R’s of Bea Johnson
In the book Zero Waste Home: The Ultimate Guide to Simplifying your Life by Reducing your Waste the author, Bea Johnson, provides a modified version of the 3 Rs, the : Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot to achieve Zero Waste at home. The method, which she developed through years of practicing waste free living and used to reduce her family's annual trash to fit in a pint jar, is now widely used by individuals, businesses and municipalities worldwide.

Zero Waste Hierarchy
The Zero Waste Hierarchy describes a progression of policies and strategies to support the zero-waste system, from highest and best to lowest use of materials. It is designed to be applicable to all audiences, from policymakers to industry and the individual. It aims to provide more depth to the internationally recognized 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle); to encourage policy, activity and investment at the top of the hierarchy; and to provide a guide for those who wish to develop systems or products that move us closer to zero waste. It enhances the zero-waste definition by providing guidance for planning and a way to evaluate proposed solutions. All over the world, in some form or another, a pollution prevention hierarchy is incorporated into recycling regulations, solid waste management plans, and resource conservation programs. In Canada, a pollution prevention hierarchy otherwise referred to as the Environmental Protection Hierarchy was adopted. This Hierarchy has been incorporated into all recycling regulations within Canada and is embedded within all resource conservation methods which all government mandated waste prevention programs follow. While the intention to incorporate the 4th R (recovery)prior to disposal was good, many organizations focused on this 4th R instead of the top of the hierarchy resulting in costly systems designed to destroy materials instead of systems designed to reduce environmental impact and waste. Because of this, along with other resource destruction systems that have been emerging over the past few decades, Zero Waste Canada along with the Zero Waste International Alliance have adopted the only internationally peer-reviewed Zero Waste Hierarchy that focuses on the first 3Rs; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle including Compost.

Zero waste jurisdictions
Various governments have declared zero waste as a goal, including:

 * Brazil
 * Florianópolis, Santa Catarina
 * Canada
 * Vancouver (see Zero Waste 2040 Strategy)
 * Italy
 * Capannori, Tuscany
 * Japan
 * Kamikatsu, Tokushima recycles 80% of its waste at the Kamikatsu Zero Waste Center, and aims for zero waste.
 * Sweden (Country wide)
 * United States
 * Austin, Texas
 * Boulder, Colorado
 * Fort Collins, Colorado
 * Chula Vista, California
 * Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * San Francisco, California
 * San Jose, California
 * Oakland, California

An example of network governance approach can be seen in the UK under New Labour who proposed the establishment of regional groupings that brought together the key stakeholders in waste management (local authority representatives, waste industry, government offices etc.) on a voluntary basis. There is a lack of clear government policy on how to meet the targets for diversion from landfill which increases the scope at the regional and local level for governance networks. The overall goal is set by government but the route for how to achieve it is left open, so stakeholders can coordinate and decide how best to reach it.

Zero Waste is a strategy promoted by environmental NGOs but the waste industry is more in favor of the capital intensive option of energy from waste incineration. Research often highlights public support as the first requirement for success. In Taiwan, public opinion was essential in changing the attitude of business, who must transform their material use pattern to become more sustainable for Zero Waste to work.

California is a leading state in the United States for having zero-waste goals. California is the state with the most cities in the Zero Waste International Alliance. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, multiple cities have defined what it means to be a Zero Waste community and adopted goals to reach that status. Some of these cities include Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, San Francisco, Pasadena, Alameda, and San Jose. San Francisco has defined zero waste as "zero discards to the landfill or high-temperature destruction." Here, there is a planned structure to reach Zero Waste through three steps recommended by the San Francisco Department of the Environment. These steps are to prevent waste, reduce and reuse, and recycle and compost. Los Angeles defines zero waste as "maximizing diversion from landfills and reducing waste at the source, with the ultimate goal of striving for more-sustainable solid waste management practices." Los Angeles plans to reach this goal by the year of 2025. To reach this goal, major changes will have to be made to product creation, use, and disposal.

Zero-waste stores
Retail stores specializing in zero-waste products have opened in various countries, including Spain and the United States.

Advocacy organizations

 * Zero Waste Institute
 * Zero Waste Network
 * Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA)
 * Zero Waste Alliance
 * Zero Waste Europe

title: Zero waste


text:
Rugby Radio Station

Rugby Radio Station was a large British government radio transmission facility just east of the Hillmorton area of the town of Rugby, Warwickshire in England. The site straddled the A5 trunk road, with most of it in Warwickshire, and part on the other side of the A5 in Northamptonshire. First opened in 1926, at its height in the 1950s it was the largest radio transmitting station in the world, with a total of 57 radio transmitters, covering an area of 1,600 acres. Traffic slowly dwindled from the 1980s onwards, and the site was closed between 2003 and 2007.

The tallest masts on the site were 820 ft tall, and could be seen from up to 20 miles away, making the site for many years a major local landmark. Since closure, part of the site has been used for a large housing development called Houlton, named after Houlton, Maine, USA the American town which received the first transatlantic phone call from the station in 1927.

History
Following the end of the First World War the British government set about implementing plans for an Imperial Wireless Chain to link the countries of the British Empire. It was decided that the new wireless service would be state-run by the Post Office. The site east of Hillmorton, was chosen in 1923. Part of the site had previously been occupied by RAF Lilbourne between 1915 and 1920.

Its large very low frequency (VLF) transmitter came into service on 1 January 1926 and was originally used to transmit telegraph messages to the Commonwealth as part of the Imperial Wireless Chain. After the 1950s this transmitter, active as callsign GBR on 16.0 kHz, using Morse code and later on 15.975 kHz with frequency-shift keying FSK and minimum-shift keying MSK, was used by the British Navy for transmitting messages to submerged submarines. Criggion radio station acted as a reserve. The GBR transmitter was shut down on 1 April 2003 and was replaced by a new one at the Skelton transmitting station.

In 1927, a second transmitter was installed to initiate the first transatlantic commercial telephone service; linking New York and London on 60 kHz using single-sideband modulation. This transmitter was decommissioned in 1956 and became the time signal transmitter MSF. This new function developed from the decision, in 1951, to use the station to transmit modulated standard frequencies for scientific reference purposes. In 1972 these transmissions were consolidated onto the present frequency of 60 kHz and a further reference, that of a time signal, was added. In 1977 this took the form of the rolling slow code in use until April 2007, when BT's contract to transmit the time signal also passed to VT Communications, using their Anthorn radio station in Cumbria. The aerial system at the VLF transmitter existed between 1926 and 2004 and consisted of twelve 250 metre (820 ft) high, guyed steel-framework masts insulated against ground and carrying an aerial wire. This wire was mainly destroyed by heavy iceloads in the winter of 1940. After the shutdown of GBR, the facility was only used for transmitting the MSF time signal. Therefore, eight of the twelve masts were obsolete and demolished on the night of 19 June 2004 to 20 June 2004.

A trial transmission of the LORAN-C navigation system was run at the station from June 2005 until March 2007. The remaining four 'tall' masts were demolished on 2 August 2007. The site is now being developed into a large new housing estate named Houlton, the first homes of which were occupied in December 2017. The power and transmission buildings, as well as a water tower have been reused as part of Houlton School.

Film archives

 * (video, 1:43 minutes)
 * (video, 3:02 minutes)
 * - 1932 British Pathe film about the station.
 * - short film recording the work of the riggers who worked at the station

title: Rugby Radio Station


text:
Rufus Payne

Rufus "Tee Tot" Payne (February 4, 1883 – March 17, 1939) was an early-20th-century African-American blues musician from Greenville, Alabama, who was more widely known by his nickname Tee Tot.

Payne's nickname of "Tee Tot" is an ironic pun for "teetotaler". It is said that Payne received his nickname because he usually carried a homemade mixture of alcohol and tea wherever he went.

Early life
According to Alabama historian Alice Harp, Payne was born in 1883 on the Payne Plantation in Sandy Ridge, Lowndes County, Alabama.

Career and influence
Some say Tee Tot played the blues alone; others state that he led a little combo that played pop songs and hokum numbers and was a street musician.

Tee Tot is best known for being a mentor to Hank Williams. Rufus Payne met Hank Williams when Hank was eight years old, and legend has it that he would come around and play Hank's guitar, showing Hank how to improvise chords. His influence in exposing Williams to blues and other African American influences helped Williams successfully fuse hillbilly, folk and blues into his own unique style, which in turn expanded and exposed both white and black audiences to the differing sounds.

Death

Payne died at a charity hospital in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17, 1939, at the age of 56. He is buried at Lincoln Cemetery in Montgomery; as the exact location of his gravesite is unknown, a memorial to him stands near the entrance to the cemetery, paid for by Hank Williams Jr. and other members of the Grand Ole Opry.

Tributes
Hank Williams, Jr. paid tribute to Tee Tot's influence on his father through "The Tee Tot Song" on his Almeria Club album.

He was portrayed by actor Rex Ingram in the 1964 Hank Williams biopic Your Cheatin' Heart.

title: Rufus Payne


text:
User talk:DexieBoy

-

title: User talk:DexieBoy


text:
Gail

Gail may refer to:

People

 * Gail (given name), list of notable people with the given name

Surname

 * Jean-Baptiste Gail (1755–1829), French Hellenist scholar
 * Max Gail (born 1943), American actor
 * Sophie Gail (1775–1819), French singer and composer

Places

 * Austria
 * Gail (river), a river in Austria
 * Gailbach, a mountain creek in Austria
 * United States
 * Gail, Texas
 * Gail Lake Township, Minnesota

Other uses

 * Gail's, British cafe and bakery chain
 * GAIL, Gas Authority of India Limited
 * GAIL: GNOME Accessibility Implementation Library – implements the computing accessibility interfaces defined by the GNOME Accessibility Toolkit (ATK)
 * Gail Valley dialect, a Slovene dialect in Central Europe

title: Gail


text:
Mitsubishi Astron engine

The Mitsubishi Astron or 4G5/4D5 engine, is a series of straight-four internal combustion engines first built by Mitsubishi Motors in 1972. Engine displacement ranged from 1.8 to 2.6 litres, making it one of the largest four-cylinder engines of its time.

Design
It employed a hemispherical cylinder head, chain-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) and eight valves (two per cylinder). United States passenger car versions had a small secondary intake valve referred to as the "Jet Valve". This valve induced swirl in the intake charge, enabling the use of leaner fuel/air mixtures for lower emissions. It was designed as a cartridge containing the valve spring and seat which simply screwed into a threaded hole in the head, similar to a spark plug but inside the cam cover. The rocker arms for the intake valve were widened on the valve end to accommodate the cartridge, which was equipped with a very soft valve spring in order to avoid wear on the camshaft intake lobe. Modifications to the head were thereby reduced as the Jet Valve negated the necessity for a three-valve-per-cylinder design.

In 1975, the Astron 80 introduced a system dubbed "Silent Shaft": the first use of twin balance shafts in a modern engine. It followed the designs of Frederick Lanchester, whose original patents Mitsubishi had obtained, and proved influential as Fiat/Lancia, Saab and Porsche all licensed this technology.

The 4D5 engine is a range of four-cylinder belt-driven overhead camshaft diesel engines which were part of the "Astron" family, and introduced in 1980 in the then new fifth generation Galant. As the first turbodiesel to be offered in a Japanese passenger car, it proved popular in the emerging SUV and minivan markets where Mitsubishi was highly successful, until superseded by the 4M4 range in 1993. However, production of the 4D5 (4D56) continued throughout the 1990s as a lower-cost option than the more modern powerplants. Until now it is still in production, but made into a modern powerplant by putting a common rail direct injection fuel system into the engine.

4G51 (1.85 liters)
The 4G51 displaces 1850 cc.

Applications:
 * 1977–1979 Chrysler Sigma (GE)

4G52 (2.0 liters)
The 4G52 displaces 1995 cc. Peak power for a 1975 Canter is 100 PS, but power increased to as much as 125 PS for the twin-carb version fitted to the Galant GTO GSR and A115 Galant GS-II.

Used an 84x90 mm bore and stroke. In Australia this engine was used in the Sigma, Scorpion and L200.

 * 1975.01–19?? Mitsubishi Canter (third generation)
 * 1977–1981 Mitsubishi Lancer Celeste
 * 1973-1977– Mitsubishi Galant GTO (A57)
 * 1973-1987 Mitsubishi Galant
 * 1973–1987 Mitsubishi Sigma (GE, GH, GJ, GK, GN)
 * 1979-1986 Mitsubishi L200/Dodge Ram 50 (L020)
 * 1974–1977 Dodge Colt
 * 1975–1978 Plymouth Arrow

4G53 (2.4 liters)
The SOHC eight-valve 4G53 displaces 2384 cc, with bore & stroke at 88x98 mm. Peak power is 110 PS at 5000 rpm, as fitted to the Rosa bus or the Canter cabover truck. This engine shares its dimensions with the contemporary Fuso 4DR1 diesel engine.

 * Applications:
 * 1975.01–19?? Mitsubishi Canter
 * Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa (2nd generation)
 * Mitsubishi Jeep
 * Mitsubishi FG30 3-ton forklift; 46 PS

4G54 (2.6 liters)
The SOHC eight-valve 4G54 (also known as the G54B) displaces 2555 cc, with bore & stroke at 91.1x98 mm. The G54B for the US market had a cylinder head with additional jet valves to improve emissions (MCA-Jet system). The engine was fitted to various Mitsubishi models from 1978 to 1997 and to the American Chrysler K-cars and their derivatives between 1981 and 1987. It was primarily set up longitudinally for use in rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive platforms but also as a transverse engine in the front-wheel drive platform of the Mitsubishi Magna and Chrysler K platform. Chrysler commonly marketed the engine "Hemi," whereas the Australian-made version was marketed as the "Astron II" and featured "Balance Shaft" technology, which was subsequently licensed to Porsche and other automakers. The original engine featured a Mikuni two-barrel carburetor with a secondary vacuum actuator; later versions adopted EFI. Chrysler commonly paired this engine with its A470 3-speed automatic transmission; in Australia, Mitsubishi adapted it to a 5-speed manual transmission and its "ELC" (Electronic Control) 4-speed automatic transmission, featuring electronic overdrive. Chrysler eventually replaced the 4G54 with its own 2.5 L engine, whereas Mitsubishi replaced it with a 2.4 L engine codenamed 4G64.

Specifications:

ECI-Multi
Multi-point fuel injection

 * 98 kW at 4750 rpm (91 RON)
 * 102 kW at 4750 rpm (95 RON)
 * 212 Nm at 3750 rpm (91 RON)
 * 220 Nm at 4000 rpm (95 RON)
 * Compression ratio: 9.2:1

Carburetor
Single two-Venturi downdraught carburetor. 85 kW at 5000 rpm (91 RON), 198 Nm at 3000 rpm (91 RON). Compression ratio: 8.8:1

 * 1978-1980 Plymouth Fire Arrow
 * 1978-1983 Dodge Challenger/Mitsubishi Sapporo/Plymouth Sapporo
 * 1978-1986 Mitsubishi Debonair
 * 1979-198? Mitsubishi Canter FC 35
 * 1979-1989 Dodge Ram 50
 * 1980-1987 Chrysler/Mitsubishi Sigma
 * 1981-1985 Dodge Aries/Plymouth Reliant
 * 1982-1985 Chrysler LeBaron
 * 1982-1985 Chrysler Town and Country
 * 1983-1986 Chrysler Executive
 * 1982-1991 Mitsubishi Pajero
 * 1982-1983 Dodge 400
 * 1982-1989 Mitsubishi Starion (turbocharger and Throttle-body fuel injection)
 * 1983-1984 Chrysler E-Class
 * 1983-1985 Chrysler New Yorker/Dodge 600
 * 1984-1987 Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager
 * 1984-1986 Dodge Conquest/Plymouth Conquest (turbocharger and Throttle-body fuel injection)
 * 1985 Plymouth Caravelle
 * 1985-1996 Mitsubishi Magna (1985-1996 TM-TS series carburetor; 1987-1996 TP-TS series Multi-point fuel injection)
 * 1986-1989 Mazda B2600
 * 1987-1989 Chrysler Conquest (turbocharger and Throttle-body fuel injection)
 * 1987-1989 Dodge Raider
 * 1987-1998 Jeep Sahra-Pars Khodro Iran
 * 1991-1997 Mitsubishi Pajero China market version

4G55 (2.3 liters)
The 4G55 displaces 2346 cc.

4D55 (2.3 liters diesel)
Displacement - 2346 cc

Bore x Stroke - 91.1x90 mm

Fuel Type - Diesel

Valves per cylinder - 2

Non-Turbo

 * Power - 55 kW at 4200 rpm (JIS)
 * 65 hp at 4200 rpm (SAE)

 * Torque - 147 Nm at 2500 rpm (JIS)
 * 101 lbft at 2000 rpm (SAE)

 * Engine type - Inline four-cylinder SOHC
 * Compression ratio - 21.0:1 (384 psi)
 * Applications
 * 1980-1983 Mitsubishi Galant Σ/Eterna Σ
 * 1982-1986 Mitsubishi Pajero
 * 1982-1986 Mitsubishi Delica/L300
 * Mitsubishi L200/Forte (first generation)
 * 1985-1987 Ford Ranger (first generation)

Turbo (TC05 non-wastegated turbo)

 * Power - 80 hp at 4000 rpm (SAE)
 * Torque - 125 lbft at 2000 rpm (SAE)
 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder SOHC
 * Compression ratio - 21.0:1 (384 psi)
 * Applications - 1980-1983

Turbo (TD04 wastegated turbo)

 * Power - 70 kW at 4200 rpm (JIS)
 * 62 kW at 4200 rpm (DIN)
 * 86 hp at 4200 rpm (SAE)

 * Torque - 181 Nm at 2500 rpm (JIS)
 * 175 Nm at 2500 rpm (DIN)
 * 134 lbft at 2000 rpm (SAE)

 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder SOHC
 * Compression ratio - 21.0:1 (384 psi)
 * Applications:
 * 1980-1983 Mitsubishi Galant Σ/Eterna Σ
 * 1980-1984 Mitsubishi Galant Λ/Eterna Λ
 * 1982-1986 Mitsubishi Pajero
 * 1985-1987 Ford Ranger
 * 1983-1985 Dodge Ram 50

4D56 (2.5 liters diesel)
Displacement - 2477 cc

Bore x Stroke - 91.1x95 mm

Fuel type - DIESEL

This engine is also built by Hyundai in South Korea, meaning it also sees use in some products made by their Kia subsidiary. Hyundai calls it the D4BA/D4BX (normally aspirated), D4BF (non-intercooled turbo), or D4BH (intercooled turbo).

Non-Turbo

 * Power - 74 hp at 4200 rpm
 * Torque - 105 lbft at 2500 rpm
 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder SOHC
 * Fuel system - Distribution type jet pump
 * Compression ratio - 21.0:1

Non-intercooled Turbo

 * Power - 84 PS at 4200 rpm
 * Torque - 148 lbft at 2000 rpm
 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder SOHC

Intercooled Turbo (TD04 Turbo)

 * Power - 90 hp at 4200 rpm
 * Torque - 145 lbft at 2000 rpm
 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder SOHC
 * Fuel system - Distribution type jet pump
 * Compression ratio - 21.0:1

Intercooled Turbo (TD04 water-cooled Turbo)

 * Power - 99 hp at 4300 rpm
 * Torque - 177 lbft at 2000 rpm
 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder SOHC
 * Rocker arm - Roller Follower type
 * Fuel system - Distribution type jet pump (indirect injection)
 * Combustion chamber - Swirl type
 * Bore x Stroke - 91.1x95 mm
 * Compression ratio - 21.0:1
 * Lubrication System - Pressure feed, full flow filtration
 * Intercooler Type - Aluminium Air-to-Air, Top-mounted
 * Turbocharger - Mitsubishi TD04-09B

Also known as Hyundai D4BH

Intercooled Turbo TF035HL2 (1st Generation DI-D)

 * Power - 114 PS at 4000 rpm
 * Torque - 182 lbft at 2000 rpm
 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder
 * Fuel system - 1st Generation Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi)
 * Compression ratio - 17.0:1

Intercooled Turbo (2nd Generation DI-D)

 * Power - 136 PS at 4000 rpm
 * Torque - 236 lbft at 2000 rpm.
 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder DOHC 16 valve
 * Fuel system - 2nd Generation Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi)
 * Compression ratio - 17.0:1
 * application: Mitsubishi Challenger, Mitsubishi Triton

Intercooled Turbo (3rd Generation DI-D with variable geometry turbo)

 * Power - 178 PS at 4000 rpm
 * Torque - Manual transmission: 295 lbft at 2000 rpm
 * - Automatic transmission: 258 lbft at 1800 rpm

 * Engine type - Inline 4-cylinder
 * Fuel system - 2nd Generation Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi)
 * Compression ratio - 16.5:1
 * Turbocharger - Variable Geometry (VG) technology
 * application: Mitsubishi Challenger, Mitsubishi Triton

title: Mitsubishi Astron engine


text:
Gayle

Gayle or Gayl may refer to:

People

 * Gayle (given name), people with the given name
 * Gayle (surname), people with the surname
 * Gayle (singer) (born 2004), American singer-songwriter

Places

 * Gayle, North Yorkshire, England
 * Gayle, Jamaica, a village
 * Gayle Mill, South Carolina, United States

Other uses

 * Gayle language, a South African argot
 * Gayle, a system controller chip in the Amiga 600 and 1200 computers

title: Gayle


text:
Talk:Cold War

The French Indochina War of 1946 to 1954
The article on the "Cold War" jumps immediately into the subject of U.S. involvement from 1959 to 1975, but completely ignors that fact that from 1946 to 1954 the French had been fighting a War in French Incochina (What was Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) to retain their Pre World War II Colonies in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. By 1948 Truman had decided not to support Ho Chi Minh (the head of the Viet Minh, the fighting force of the Vietnamese Communist Pary). The U.S. began spending alomost $1 billion a year in providing Military Aid the France from 1950 onward thru 1954. The US in fact established a Millitary Assistance Command (MACV) in Saigon in 1950 to assist supplying the French and providing Logistic Support. The US CIA provided Air Support thru a company call Civil Air Transport, a CIA shell company, to the French, and in fact flww C-119 Parachute and Supply drop planes over Dien Ben Phu near Laos in 1954. The French, seeing since 1951 that the best they could hope for was a negotiated settlement "Sued for Peace" at the Geneva Conventions which were convened in 1954 and included the Soviet Union, France, China, and the U.S. From 1950 onward the Chinese and the Soviet Union had been supplying Ho Chi Minh trucks with missle launchers, 105 milimeter cannon, antiaircraft guns, and other weapons to fight the French. In May 1954 the French suffered a major defeat at Dien Ben Phu, near Laos, and quickly thereafter agreed to the division of Vietnam between North and South Vietnam and accepted a government with HGo Dinh Diem as president of South Vietnam, and free elections in South Vietnam in 1955. The failure to hold free elections in South Vietnam by Diem in the South in 1955 resulted in Ho Chi Minh reactivating Viet Minh forces in the South of Vientnam and a low intensity war with Car Bombings, Rail Road Bombings, Assasinations, and low level Guerilla War in the South thru 1959. 2600:1700:E821:3280:E980:84B2:207B:2BFA (talk) 06:33, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

 * agreed! ZoeyThePupper3 (talk) 13:15, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Lots of yapping, but nice info 2600:1700:4C58:110:480:35:1BC:67E5 (talk) 01:03, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 April 2024 (2)
Adding a reference Zlukeeramo (talk) 00:21, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: Where exactly should this reference be added in the article? Jamedeus (talk) 00:30, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 April 2024
Çéò 198.101.120.174 (talk) 18:52, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ❌ Not clear what the request is. The Banner  talk 19:04, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Status of Liberia
Liberia and the United States shared a strong bilateral relationship during the Cold War and received aid from them, however later on they became more neutral. My question is, should Liberia be included on the map from 1975? They sided with the US on most matters and, though they severed ties with Israel during the Yom Kippur war, they continued to support the United States somewhat until the 1980 coup. 2605:59C8:7DB:AA10:900D:4077:6F58:A22D (talk) 03:30, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

Remove the grey portion?
Although cold war is the main period of our human history, why the infobox has the subheading which conaisting the period of time and the fact cold war is part of post ww2 era. So why someone even added that? We should move the time period from gray area into white area within the pages infobox. Any suggwstion? @The Banner 182.253.54.87 (talk) 03:30, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, what do you want exactly? And why do you ping me? The Banner  talk 08:48, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

Cold War never ended
Many historians have argued that the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the rise of China shows the Cold War never ended. 2A00:23C5:C416:A601:84CB:18D9:E9CA:8A0 (talk) 13:49, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sources?--Jack Upland (talk) 03:17, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cold War


text:
User talk:Vkbmurugan

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-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Wikipedia:Indian wikipedians' notice board
Hi. I would like you to be an active member of Indian wikipedians' notice board. utcursch 07:25, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

Request you to vote. Calcutta move to Kolkata
There is a vote on to decide if a move of article from Calcutta to Kolkata should be made. I have made a case for a support vote. I request you to participate in the poll and share your independent opinion. More at Talk:Calcutta Regards Arunram 17:52, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vkbmurugan