text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/Antigua and Barbuda

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 5 possible wiki links and 3 possible backlinks for the Antigua_and_Barbuda article:

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 * Can link independent state: ...n Antigua, was abolished in 1834. The islands became an independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981.... (link to section)
 * Can link House of Representatives: ...ly the leader of the winning party of the elections for the House of Representatives (17 members), held every five years. The other chamber of t... (link to section)
 * Can link water supply: ...focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited water supply and a labour shortage stemming from ... (link to section)
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 * In Football World Cup 2006 - North, Central American and Caribbean Qualification Groups, can backlink Antigua and Barbuda: ...and Barbuda - Netherlands Antilles	St. John&#039;s ( Antigua and Barbuda )	2:0 (1:0)
...


text:
Talk:Antigua and Barbuda

Pronunciation
It strikes me as odd that the pronunciation key in the lead cites UK and US pronunciations, but does not say how the actual citizens of the country pronounce its name. I’m not sure the best way to find a good source for this, but I think it should be added if possible. --EightYearBreak (talk) 17:29, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:40, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Antigua and Barbuda Product Exports (2019).svg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Antigua and Barbuda


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/A Man for All Seasons

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text:
Talk:A Man for All Seasons (play)

Untitled
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the A_Man_for_All_Seasons article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why is the significance of the part in parentheses in the following statement "Thomas More(a relation of Jamie More)"? It is a photo caption in this article and I think it detracts from the article. For a start who is Jamie More? Edwin s 01:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

The discussion of the historical accuracy of the play does not cite sources and is full of weasel words (e.g., "whitewashing") in violation of NPOV requirements. Pjb dinky (talk) 03:35, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

article has too few in-line citations
Parts will look like Original Research if this is not corrected.HammerFilmFan (talk) 11:56, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

Brecht
The references to the common man as Brechtian, and the statement Brechtian alienation went totally over my head. The link goes to Bertolt Brecht, but gives no explanation for what Brechtian actually means. Is there anyone who would be able to clarify this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.96.60.185 (talk) 04:00, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

If you follow the link "alienation effect" you will see a high flown explanation of the alienation effect that "Brechtian" appears to inply. Broadly Brechtian should mean like Brecht or like his ideas. The "alienation effect" seems to have two purposes: 1) to remind the audience that this is a play and not real life but in the film which (like most films) appears more like real life, the Common Man was abandoned as a character 2) to prevent the audience becoming too involved in the thoughts and emotions of the characters and direct them to the ideas of the play. In fact Robert Bolt's intention was to invite the audience to adopt and become involved in the thoughts of the Common Man himself rather than the other characters. I have added a note based on Bolt's comments on this in the preface to the play. Spinney Hill (talk) 13:05, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians, I have just modified 1 one external link on A Man for All Seasons. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes: When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).
 * Added tag to http://thebestnotes.com/booknotes/Man_For_All_Seasons/Man_For_All_Seasons01.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070310185757/http://www.cooper.edu:80/humanities/classes/coreclasses/hss2/library/man_for_all_seasons.html to http://www.cooper.edu/humanities/classes/coreclasses/hss2/library/man_for_all_seasons.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:37, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 21 October 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. per discussion consensus. DAB page to primary title, play to "(play)". (closed by non-admin page mover) — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 16:34, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

– Most users typing this title are likely to be researching A Man for All Seasons (1966 film) which was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won six, including Best Picture, as well as winning numerous other "Best Film" awards (BFI, Directors Guild, Golden Globe, etc). The film's article was created in May 2001 and converted into a joint article covering both the film and the play in July 2002. In April 2006, details regarding the film were transferred to a separate article and the disambiguation page was created 13 months later, in May 2007. If consensus were to skew towards retention of the main title header A Man for All Seasons (disambiguation) and simply exchanging WP:PRIMARYTOPIC between the play and the film, I would also support such an outcome, but would oppose the incomplete disambiguation A Man for All Seasons (film) as the main header for the 1966 film's entry. — Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 10:08, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * A Man for All Seasons → A Man for All Seasons (play)
 * A Man for All Seasons (disambiguation) → A Man for All Seasons

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * In my view most people searching for "A Man for All Seasons" will be interested in both the play and the film, although the play of course came first. Simply seaching for the title should either reach the play first or a disambiguatiuon page with the film and the play reached from there.Spinney Hill (talk) 15:39, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. 162 etc. (talk) 18:32, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Man for All Seasons (play)


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/Albert Speer

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 * Can link eight hundred: ...tically large; it would be over seven hundred feet high and eight hundred feet in diameter, sixteen times larger than the dome of St.... (link to section)
 * Can link German economy: ... was facing imminent defeat. He tried unsuccessfully to put German economy on war footing, but party politics and the inner circle of ... (link to section)
 * Can link on war: ...inent defeat. He tried unsuccessfully to put German economy on war footing, but party politics and the inner circle of influen... (link to section)
 * Can link inner circle: ...t German economy on war footing, but party politics and the inner circle of influence around Hitler prevented him, directly influenc... (link to section)
 * Can link occupied territories: ... Hitler's scorched earth policy on both German soil and occupied territories, and in association with general Gotthard Heinrici, ord... (link to section)
 * Can link plead guilty: ...r Speer was one of the few officials to express remorse and plead guilty ; he was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment in link to section)
 * Can link in the year 2000: ...]] (the world exposition that took place in Hanover in the year 2000 ), design of the Shanghai International Automobile City ... (link to section)
 * Can link left-wing: ...mpic complex. His daughter Hilde Schramm became a noted left-wing parliamentarian.... (link to section)
 * Can link Joachim Fest: ...e Third Reich]] by himself *Speer: The Final Verdict by Joachim Fest ... (link to section)

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 * In Strategic Bombing During World War II, can backlink Albert Speer: ... Allied Bombing offensive with severely handicapping them. Albert Speer, Hitler's minister of production, repeatedly said (both dur...

title: User:LinkBot/suggestions/Albert Speer


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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Asteraceae

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 * Can link International Code of Botanical Nomenclature: ...rch_topic=TSN&search_value=35420 ITIS report 2002-09-10] * International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN, St. Louis Code). 1999. ([[Asteraceae#References|link to section])
 * Can link Dubuque, Iowa: ... plant taxonomy''. 4th ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Dubuque, Iowa .... (link to section)
 * Can link University of Hawaii: ...'Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai&lsquo;i'', Vol. I. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 988 pp. ... (link to section)

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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Apiaceae

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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Axon

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 5 possible wiki links and 3 possible backlinks for the Axon article:

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I hate it
 * Can link cell body: ...tion potential|electrical impulses]] away from the neuron's cell body or soma. Axons are in effect the primary transmi...
 * Can link transmission lines: ...ll body or soma. Axons are in effect the primary transmission lines of the nervous system, and as bundles they help make up...
 * Can link human body: ...may extend to macroscopic lengths. The longest axons in the human body, for example, are those of the sciatic nerve, which run...
 * Can link big toe: ...h run from the base of the spine to the big toe of each foot. These single-cell fibers may extend a metre o...
 * Can link electrical impulse: ...enly spaced intervals, enabling an especially rapid mode of electrical impulse propagation called saltation. ...

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 * In Traumatic brain injury, can backlink nerve fiber: ...us system, consisting of a cell body (soma), a tail or long nerve fiber (axon), and projections of the cell body called dendrites. ...
 * In End-plate potential, can backlink nerve fibre: ...e muscle-cell membrane that lies opposite the terminal of a nerve fibre at the neuromuscular junction. The end-plate membrane is el...

title: User:LinkBot/suggestions/Axon


text:
Talk:Axon

An
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Axon article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Expansion / wikification
I can't believe this article is so sparse! Is anyone interested in a collaboration to expand and reference this article further as it's definately close to the "bread and butter" of Neuroscience. Also, is the disambig link really neccesary? I'm quite sure that "The Claws of Axos" aren't being confused for an obscure episode of Dr Who. J O R D A N [ talk ] 15:53, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Passive Conduction
I'm looking for information on the passive flow of electrical current within an axon. Maybe we should consider adding a section for it. Paskari (talk) 13:01, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Bad Picture
The picture has the word "axon" and a line pointing to the division between the first myelin sheath and the dendrite. Does anyone else think this is unclear? The word "axon" should point to the whole axon, perhaps using a curly brace, or at least point to the middle of the axon. I'll see what I can do to change it--let me know what you think. Halberdo (talk) 22:16, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I think your change to Template:Neuron map is an improvement -- curly brackets or anything like that would probably just clutter it. Looie496 (talk) 23:15, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Holomorphism
Hi! Is axon is holomorphic with flagellum?--MathFacts (talk) 08:40, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No, not even homeomorphic. Looie496 (talk) 17:33, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Do neurons have flagellae? I read that photoreceptors have flagellae through which they conduct bimpulses, but what about other neurons?--MathFacts (talk) 13:41, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that a flagellum is a structure that waves back and forth. I wasn't aware that photoreceptors have anything like that, and definitely most types of neurons do not.  They have dendrites that can move, but more in the way that plants move than the way that animals move.  Axons are like dendrites in that they grow in the same sort of way that plants do.
 * No I meant a structure evolved from flagellum. It has a name but I cannot remember it now.--MathFacts (talk) 01:12, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Temperature sensitivity of afferent receptors at the ends of each fibre type
Is this worth putting in thermal thresholds, the temp. at which activity is seen in each fibre type? e.g.
 * A-delta type 1: 53 degreesC
 * A-delta type 2: 44 degreesC
 * C-fibres:      43 degrees C

I can find the source of this if need be. 77.184.25.39 (talk) 11:47, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
 * That may be a bit specific for a general article on axons. Have you thought about Thermoreceptor? --Anthonyhcole (talk) 13:08, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Student edits
I've seen a discussion about this page at WP:Education noticeboard, and I am now placing this page on my watchlist. If there are any student edits (or any other edits for that matter) that fail to comply with Wikipedia policies and guidelines, revert, revert, revert! And for any students or faculty members working on the page, I hope that you will read Assignments for student editors. --Tryptofish (talk) 22:01, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Axon
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Axon's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Daniel": From Neural coding:  From Myelin:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:08, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

Proposed Update of "Initial Segment"
In view of a large number of recent scientific articles about many aspects of the axon initial segment (AIS) and the giant ankyrin protein that organizes the AIS, I propose to update and expand this paragraph in hopes of providing an updated and more thorough multi-paragraph discussion. If my efforts are productive, a separate article on the AIS might be justified--too soon to know.

Comments or suggestions would be welcome.

EMIConscious (talk) 05:49, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

Right.

Here is a proposed new initial paragraph, which would precede (and require some edits in) the first sentence of the existing paragraph (footnotes to articles and links to other Wikipedia articles are shown in brackets):

"A typical neuron [link to Wikipedia article on Neuron] has an axon initial segment (AIS) that extends outward from the axon hillock [link to Wikipedia article on Axon hillock]. The AIS is different in both structure and function from other parts of the axon, and is sometimes referred to as a specialized compartment.  [footnote to Leterrier et al. 2017 Frontiers in Cell Neuroscience article]  One AIS function is to separate or provide a boundary between a neuron’s soma [link to Wikipedia article on Soma (biology)] or cell body and the main part of the neuron’s axon; another function is to generate and shape action potentials.  [footnote to Leterrier 2018]  Both of these functions support neuron cell polarity [link to Wikipedia article on Cell polarity], in which dendrites [link to Wikipedia article on Dendrite] (and, in some cases, soma) of a neuron receive input signals and the neuron’s axon provides output signals."

EMIConscious (talk) 19:33, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you for seeking input in talk before making the edit! In my opinion, that looks very good, and you should feel free to go ahead and make the edit. If there are any small tweaks that need to be made, either I or someone else will do that after. I would suggest, though, omitting the "AIS" abbreviation. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:38, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the input. I have discovered additional relevant literature, and am therefore reworking my edit, but intend to go ahead and make it when complete.  EMIConscious (talk) 20:05, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

To Iztwoz and Tryptofish: The two of you and I have recently been editing the "Initial Segment" section of the Axon article—thanks for your contributions. As time permits, I intend to continue to edit and add material from recent scientific articles about the AIS, and perhaps you will continue to edit as well. I have a few questions/responses:

—In view of the large amount of recent scientific literature about it, do you feel that the axon initial segment deserves a Wikipedia article of its own?

—It appears that Iztwoz asked on June 24 whether there are exceptions to each axon having an initial segment; I am not aware of a case in which a stable, healthy axon lacks an initial segment, but information is scanty about initial segments in the earliest axons (perhaps in our last common ancestor with lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans?).

—One or both of you moved some material to the “Other animals” section. In your view, is that also the appropriate place for information about evolution of the AIS throughout the bilaterians, as discussed in, e.g., Jegla et al., 2016, DOI: 10.1371.journal.pgen.1006457?

—I note that we have introduced both American and British usages. What is the usual Wikipedia practice when this occurs?—Leave as is? Change American usage to British? Or change British usage to American?

Cheers!

EMIConscious (talk) 04:53, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

 * It was who made some of those changes, and I'll defer to his answers on some of that. You are right about the WP:ENGVAR issue, and I made an edit that I think takes care of that. About most of the rest of what you ask, I think that WP:DUE becomes important here. As a result, I'm reluctant to add much of anything more to this page about the AIS. I'm not strongly opposed to separating out a standalone page about it, but I'm not really convinced that it would be sufficiently notable for that. One alternative to consider would be to add information about it to various existing pages. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:28, 9 July 2018 (UTC)
 * A short answer - I'm on a break at the moment - I agree with the importance of the new information and I added a summarised edit. There is more that can be said it but it seems to me that this information can be held on this page. If anything does get too big then a split can be proposed. (Also the material was moved because it was not related to studies in the human). And I need to look at the Jegla article. Thanks --Iztwoz (talk) 10:39, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

"electrical impulses known as action potentials" is wrong and must be "electrical impulses caused by action potentials", ok?
cf. "that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials", has to be "that typically conducts electrical impulses caused by action potentials": a electric current = electrons moving is caused because of a difference in Voltage potential. Any objections? Sincerely, SvenAERTS (talk) 12:58, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axon


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/Agma

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 2 possible wiki links for the Agma article:

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title: User:LinkBot/suggestions/Agma


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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Aramaic alphabet

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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Arguments for the existence of God

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User:LinkBot/suggestions/As We May Think

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Talk:As We May Think

Untitled
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the As_We_May_Think article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:41, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

``a Life magazine article which showed illustrations of the proposed memex desk and automatic typewriter.'' reminds me of the retro / art deco "computers" used by the reporters of the Daily Planet in the Superman comics.

Perhaps we should put the following quote from "As We May Think" in the article, suggesting that Bush predicted hypertext encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, 55 years before it appeared?

"Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.""

Nyh 07:34, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

LIFE
I have corrected the date of the Life Magazine article - it is clearly the September 10th issue, and I can find numerous specific references to that whereas I cannot find any specific account of it appearing in any of the four November issues of Life - merely the vaguely repeated (and possibly originally ours) claim that it appeared in November. Phil Sandifer (talk) 16:53, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I have the November edition in front of me and Bush isn't mentioned anywhere. And the German Wikipedia still mentions the November issue, citing a TAZ article from 2005 (http://www.taz.de/?id=archiv&dig=2005/11/22/a0157). So much for "reliable sources"... - Armin B. Wagner (talk) 02:37, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Uninformed edits on 17 March 2014
Just caught this---they were by editor User:Sofia Koutsouveli. The extensive academic literature on hypertext---in particular, the 1991 Nyce/Kahn book---is very clear that the memex was not hypertext in any meaningful sense but merely inspired the development of hypertext. Any objections before I take out the garbage? --Coolcaesar (talk) 08:43, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

Time to clean up the Engrish
I'm referring to the edits by User:Kaartic on 13 September 2016 and 28 September 2016 that took an article that was already a train wreck and made it even worse. No self-respecting native English speaker dumps multiple blockquotes into an article like that. Any objections before I clean up this mess? --Coolcaesar (talk) 05:12, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

 * First off, thanks for trying to correct any mistake I would have made. Anyways, . I have no idea why you thought I would be a english speaker (or maybe I misinterpreted your statement); because I am not! (as stated indirectly in my user page).

 * I don't know why blockquotes are a bad thing. I find them better than keeping quotes inline as they clearly separate the rest of the article from the quotations which aren't article content. Moreover, I thought that's what they were meant for! Even the manual of style doesn't discourage the way I used them (may be I'm missing something). Could you please state any reason as to blockquotes are a bad thing other than the fact that it's a gut feeling of a native english speaker (which I don't understand, sorry) ? - - Kaartic correct me, if i'm wrong 18:59, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:As We May Think


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/American shot

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 2 possible wiki links and 1 possible backlink for the American_shot article:

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kids wow ♠ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.232.197.70 (talk) 19:41, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

X1 §10 X2 §20 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.232.197.70 (talk) 19:42, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

A Photograpgh
We seriously need a photo or illustration to portray the American Shot. It's really hard to discern how this shot looks by the description alone. --Joel M. (talk) 18:08, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

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Gupte 2003 Hynson 2001 Leake 2004 Anlar 2003 Pete.Hurd (talk) 06:07, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.03.009 also. JFW | T@lk  20:27, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

Confusing sentence
"The mortality rate may be as high as 5%, however full recovery is seen in 50 to 75% of cases with increase in survival rates up to 70 to 90% with figures including minor residual disability as well." Wow this is confusing. If mortality rate is %5, how are the survival rates 70-90% instead of 95%? How is it a full recovery if the figures include minor residual disability? Kmcafert (talk) 17:20, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

It's not that confusing. Firstly, you need to understand that the numbers come from different studies - so there will be some differences in the numbers, and comparing them literally will give you a headache (this is why some of the percentages are given as ranges). Anyways - 5% mortality does mean 95% survival - you're right. Of that 95%, full recovery is seen in 50-70%. Of the remaining cases, some will have minor residual disability - adding them in gives the 70-90%. However, you neglected to think about the survivors that have moderate to severe residual deficits.66.49.251.33 (talk) 01:06, 18 April 2015 (UTC)

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Catete Palace

The Catete Palace (Palácio do Catete, ) is an urban mansion in the Flamengo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The property stretches from Rua do Catete (Catete Street) to Praia do Flamengo (Flamengo Beach). Construction began in 1858 and ended in 1867. It was Brazil's presidential palace from 1897 to 1960, and the site of Getúlio Vargas' suicide. It now houses the Museu da República (Republic Museum) and a theatre. The Catete underground rail station is adjacent.

History
The building was built as the residence of family of the Portuguese-born Brazilian coffee producer António Clemente Pinto, Baron of Nova Friburgo, in the then capital of the Empire of Brazil. It was called the Palace of Largo Valdetaro and Palace of Nova Friburgo.

With the design of German architect Carl Friedrich Gustav Waehneldt, dated 1858, the work began with the demolition of the old house. The construction officially ended in 1866, but the finishing works still continued for over a decade.

After the death of the Baron and the Baroness, their son Antônio Clemente Pinto Filho, the Count of São Clemente, sold the property in 1889, shortly before the Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil, to an investors group, who founded the Companhia Grande Hotel Internacional (Grande Hotel Internacional Company). This development, however, did not succeed in turning the palace into a luxury hotel. Due to the economic crisis in the late 1880s and early 1890s (The Encilhamento), the venture went bankrupt, and its titles acquired by counselor Francisco de Paula Mayrink. Five years later, Mayrink paid off debts to the Bank of Brazil.

The seat of the executive branch of Brazil was the Itamaraty Palace in Rio de Janeiro. In 1897, President Prudente de Morais became ill and Vice President Manuel Vitorino took office as interim. He acquired the Catete Palace and over there installed the seat of government. Officially, the palace was the seat of the Federal Government from 1897 until 1960, when the capital and the Federal District were transferred to Brasília.

Various historical events happened in the palace halls, such as the death of President Afonso Pena in 1909; the signing of the declaration of war against the German Empire and its allies in 1917, during World War I; the visit and hosting of Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, in 1934; the declaration of war against the Axis in World War II in 1942; the suicide of President Getúlio Vargas in 1954, with a shot in the heart, in his bedroom on the third floor of the palace; among others.

title: Catete Palace


text:
Talk:Laser printing

Untitled
Several thousand pages per minute! Any examples? Rich Farmbrough
 * When the How it works section was 'moved' to Xerography, much of the other pertinent information was deleted. I edited Xerography to reflect the numbered list and returned the other information back to How it works --Ghaberek
 * The IBM InfoPrint 4001 does just over 1000 ppm ... but it's not technically a laser, rather a electrophotograhic printer; cannot find any lasers anywhere greater than about 150 ppm. --69.156.88.203 05:05, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * The IBM Infoprint 4100 does 1220 letter size impressions per minute. Electrophotograhy is a generic term for xerography. Gadget850 19:53, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Improvement
I believe this article could use some improvements: Any other thoughts on this, please? --Gadget850 16:31, 14 November 2005 (UTC) ahmed mohsen henedak كلية الهندسة بشبرا
 * Merge Laser printer and LED printer into Page printer.
 * Move How it Works section into Xerography.
 * Move Secret marks section to Printer forensics.
 * Expand the lead in, create History section, Applications section and Technology section.
 * Under Technology, include sub-sections on imaging (LED, laser), fuser types (thermal, flash, etc.), feed types (cassette, MP, tractor]], imager types (belt, drum) and color.

 * I follow your reasoning, but think Laser printer should stay where it is, and the other two should redirect to it, simply because "laser printer" is by far the commonest name. (Yes, LED is strictly speaking not a laser printer, but it is a variant on the same technology and should be noted as such).

 * I also don't think it would be wise to move the How it works and Secret marks sections entirely to other pages, rather there should be a simple paragraph explaining the basic function with a Main article: link at the top. (Perhaps this is in fact what you mean.)

 * Yes, the history section needs to be bigger; I wrote much of it a while ago, but while others have improved upon it, it has not been significantly expanded. Pictures of early models might help.

 * Agree on your suggestion about Technology, but remember that I think the whole article should stay at Laser printer. ProhibitOnions 16:58, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Guyz, the definition of laser printing ought to include 'laser beam', as it is a neccersary point. I humbly suggest you not to delete that important point, as the lead section lacks adequate and vital information. MMA rox (talk) 02:43, 4 May 2013 (UTC) MMA rox

See below under "Prior Invention". I agree with Gadget850 that this article should be changed. Since this whole article is so heavily about Xerographic techniques, it really should include both LED printers, and the earlier Zerographic printers. You have a History section that is really only partial. Just because Laser Printer is the most common name, doesn't make it the right name for the article. I too think that Zerographic technology deserves a whole separate article, to which both this article and whatever articles you may have about copying could refer. Why is all the detailed description of Zerography here rather than in the "Xerography" article? The triplication of information in "Xerography", "Photocopier" and here in "Laser Printing" is a waste of effort, and means that the best version of the text and figures cannot be simply updated. Kulath (talk) 18:32, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

resolution as well as physics
I think the article should say what the dpi resoltion of these printers is

just a few words about the chemicals that make the photoconductive drum function would be super beneficial; I heard the laserwriter I was a Se compound, but that was a while ago —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.211.106.254 (talk) 20:30, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Photoconductor Kit- What its it?
What does the photoconductor kit do? It looks like only Epson printers use/need this.

Ravi

Laser printers and ozone?
I recently bought a home laser printer. And little did I know, the strange smell coming from the printer as pages were spitting out of it was ozone. (my eyes are all red, and the air feels heavy) I think ozone being released from laser printers/copiers should be noted in this entry, because had I known that laser printers release ozone, I would have had second thoughts about picking up a laser printer. And although I am sure that consumer education isn't the direct intent of wikipedia, it's still significant to note because thousands of laser printers/copiers are being employed and used everyday. What do you guys think? comment by Stoppedcode12 on 26 Nov 2006

 * Perhaps, but you have either a maladjusted unit (and probably reduced image quality as a result) or you have placed it in a room that is not adequately ventilated for the printing rate you are achieving. Pzavon 16:10, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Most modern laser printers produce very little ozone, since they use a charge roller in lieu of a corona to charge the photoconductor, and use a charged transfer roller in lieu of a corona to transfer the image to the paper. The melting of the (usually) styrene resin in the toner can produce a bit of odor, especially if there is minimal air circulation in the room, and the printed page has a particularly large amount of printed area. The manufacturer's specs will usually divulge the amount of ozone that a particular laser printer produces. LorenzoB 18:04, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The larger laser printers and photocopiers include an ozone remover across the air cooling exhaust port. It is a block of activated carbon that looks like a mesh screen, but the holes are about a half-inch deep to permit reaction time as the air blows through the block. For smaller printers, ozone is not considered enough of an emission problem to include the carbon block filter, but ozone can still build up if you are printing for a long time in a small poorly ventilated rooom.
 * Google images of printer/copier ozone filters
 * DMahalko 21:15, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Soft plastic drum?
I question the validity of the statement about soft plastic drums and their durability. I believe that all the organic photoconductors in use today (heavy metals are no longer employed) have an image transfer layer. This is the outer coating that actually makes contact with the toner and paper. It serves to protect the actual photoconductor material from wear. It is my belief that from the consumer's standpoint, softness of the drum is irrelevant. The architecture of the developer and the drum cleaning apparatus is more likely to have an effect on the drum's longevity, assuming lack of human 'intervention'. LorenzoB 18:15, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm pretty smart, but I can't understand this article
Could someone try to translate the "How it Works" section into plainer English for us non-techie types?--Margareta 06:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The total lack of images and illustrations makes understanding how this works difficult. However, since the images would have to be fairly professional I don't know where they could come from except from copyrighted sources.

 * Perhaps Hewlett Packard would permit inclusion of images from them if their images were properly attributed, though I've no idea how an individual not formally associated with Wikipedia might go about getting such works added to this page. DMahalko 21:20, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Haha, I see someone has made an SVG version of my corona charging example image. I do wish you luck redoing the drum-writing one as an SVG. I did a lot of very strange things with layering in Microsoft Word to make it look the way it does. :-) I'd redo it an SVG myself, but not if I have to actually *gasp* pay for an SVG drawing editor. I'm doing this all for free, y'know.. DMahalko 07:50, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Spelling wars
I see one editor changed all instances of "colour" to "color" and more recently another editor changed them all back to "colour". I suggest we remember that Wikipedia participants reside in many locations. Some live where "color" is the correct spelling and other live where "colour" is correct. As this is an international effort, neither spelling is truelly incorrect.

Since the laser printer was invented in a region where "color" is correct, there might be an argument for using US spelling conventions. However, the important thing, in my opinion, is to stop wasting time and effort changing between the two conventions. Pzavon 00:37, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's sufficient ground. According to WP:MOS we're only really talking about cases when the ties are clear. Cases like for a US movie or an Australian book or a Canadian food or on the Kiwi are cases when it's clear the subject has a clear tie to a region. Although laser printers may have been invented in the US, they're international items now prevalent throughout the world made by a number of companies without any real ties to anywhere. Therefore we should stick with the original substanial usage (& be consistent). The original contributor appears to be an American, and although I didn't notice in particular American usage, I think it's enough IMHO for us to stick with American usage (even if it means we need ugly spellings like color :-P) Nil Einne 18:39, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

How to deal with so many explanations of the same thing?
The xerography, the photocopying article, and the laser printer article all attempt to describe the same processes three different ways. It would be nice if the technical details could be focused somehow into a single article that all the others refer to, rather than duplicating the same data across so many locations, such as is being done with the LED printer article.

I'm not really sure how this should be done. Generally I think the xerography artcle should be the master discussion of the technical processes, with the laser printer article just referring to the specific details of the exposure step, as is currently being done with the LED printer article. I have no idea how to deal with the photocopying article since it seems to be an almost unnecessary duplication of the xerography article.

As a somewhat new editor on here, I don't really be the one to be making such large changes, moving the guts of the laser printer technical discussion to the xerography article. But something should be done..

(This talk article has been copied into the talk for xerography, photocopying, laser printer, and LED printer. If you want to comment I suggest putting your response in the talk for xerography.)

DMahalko 00:18, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I entirely agree that the master discussion of the technical process should be in the Xerography article.
 * Also the discussion of its application to printing should be in a xerographic printing article with LED printer and Laser printing either referring to xerographic printing or simply being redirects to it.
 * (Note that not all xerographic printing uses lasers, some use LED and some earlier ones just incandescent lamps, and not all are page printers as some are roll printers (AIUI)).
 * Then xerographic printing and Photocopier can refer to Xerography for the technical details of the process.
 * I appreciate that this is quite a major change. Is there any chance that it could be implemented? Kulath (talk) 12:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Pzavon, I'm annoyed with your color printing parts/wear cite request
Pzavon (Talk | contribs) (→Laser printer maintenance - some imaging components do double duty so color does not imply 4 times more components; request citation for wear rate statements)

Yes, okay, I will admit that color laser printers do in fact only use one power cord and one control panel and one fuser assembly. Sheesh.

But they still typically require four toner tanks, and the transfer belt models use four separate phoconductive imaging drums. Whatever the specific parts, the consumables cost is almost always four times higher than a comparable monochrome printer, often with a price of US$120 per color vs $90 for a black-only printer cartridge, and monochrome printers don't need complex and high-precision US$200 transfer belt assemblies in addition to the four separate toner/drum assemblies.

The imaging system wear rate is a dirty little secret of color laser printers. The imaging drum or belt usually wears out about four times faster when printing in color. You usually can't find this out unless you dig really deep into the specifications and repair parts websites, and in some ways I'm annoyed to have to point this out you this since the manufacturers go out of their way to not talk about it openly. Who are you to be demanding this info, that I have had to dig deeply to discover on my own? Only those in the know are aware of this detail. :)

http://www.superwarehouse.com/HP_Transfer_Kit_for_Color_LaserJet_4500_and_4550_Series/C4196A/p/55639
 * HP Transfer Kit for Color LaserJet 4500 and 4550 Series
 * Part #: C4196A, US $187
 * Page Yield: 100,000 Pages Black or 25,000 Pages Color

http://www.amazon.com/C9704A-Imaging-Drum-Color-LaserJet/dp/B00007FH02
 * HP C9704A Imaging Drum for Color LaserJet 1500/2500
 * Part #: C9704A, US $153
 * Approximate 20,000-page lifetime for black, 5,000-page for color

http://www.myshopping.com.au/PR--12856_HP_Q3964A_Laser_Toner_Imaging_Drum
 * HP Q3964A Laser Toner Imaging Drum
 * Genuine Hewlett Packard HP Q3964A laser toner imaging drum designed for the HP Color LaserJet 2550 laser toner printers
 * (20,000 black/5,000 color yield)

http://downloadcenter.samsung.com/content/UM/200504/20050401101135140_CLP-500Series_English.pdf
 * Samsung CLP-500 Product manual, Product Specifications (near end of document)
 * Imaging Unit: Approx. 50,000 black pages (12,500 color pages)***
 * Transfer Belt: Approx. 50,000 black pages (12,500 color pages)***
 * Waste Toner Container: Approx. 12,000 black pages (3,000 color pages)***
 * ***May be affected by operating environment, printing interval, media type, media size and color/black.

DMahalko 22:56, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Who am I do demand this information? (Actually I believe I used the word "request" in my edit summary.) I am an editor participating in the Wikipedia, where assertions of fact are supposed to be supported in the article by citations to published sources. Original research is not supposed to be included.

 * Shall we try to keep emotions and personalities out of this discussion? Pzavon 01:41, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Toner
Another issue with toner from laser printers may be health concerns. Anyone with time feel free to add Nil Einne 18:29, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There has been an attempt to address it in the Photocopy article, another element in the duplication among Laser printer, Photocopy, and to a lesser extent Duplicator and several other articles. However, there is an article on Toner and that is where material on health concerns of toner belongs.  There have also at times been concerns expressed about ozone emissions and elements rubbed off older photoreceptor drums.

 * The particular reference given above is not really about toner, however. It talks about ultrafine particles.  They are emitted from copiers, but are as much or more paper dust and the like than toner particles.  And ultrafines are also emitted by a great many other sources in our technological civilization, as well as from low tech sources such as camp fires and the like.  So this really belongs in an article on ultrafine particles or nanoparticles.  Nanoparticles are intentional constructs.  Ultrafines are particles in the same nano-size range, but created unintentionally as part of some other process. Pzavon 01:12, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The primary article may indeed be ultrafine particles, but this still needs to be mentioned in THIS article since it was a specific concern raised re: laser printers. Note it doesn't seem to be such a problem with photocopiers, at least the ones tested, see . Also, it toner particles definitely appear to make up at least some proportion of the ultrafine particles as the page density and age of the toner catridge affects the emission level Nil Einne 12:34, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Any reference in THIS article ought to be a one sentence referal to the Toner article, or to an article on ultrafine particles.

 * As far as toner is concerned, there is no difference between a laser printer and a photocopier. The parts handling toner and paper are identical.  In fact, the same machine can be sold, with different marketing names, as either type of machine.  It is just a matter of whether a scanner is present and whether input from an outside source to the Raster Output Scanner is provided.  Pzavon 01:33, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction?
Currently, the article says these two things: ...am I being dumb here (I am tired...) or is that self-contradictory? Surely if the laser beam reverses the (negative) charge on the _white_ parts of the image, then those are the bits that are going to be left white, but if the toner is attracted to the photoreceptor "where the laser wrote the latent image", then surely those bits will end up _black_? I think the problem may be in the last edit -- it make sense to me that the laser beam would leave the black ("write") parts of the image and that the image is a mirror image, rather than a negative -- but I came here to learn about laser printers, unfortunately; I'm no expert! gothick 21:38, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * "The laser beam neutralizes (or reverses) the charge on the white parts of the image, leaving a static electric negative image on the photoreceptor surface to lift the toner particles.", and
 * "The charged toner particles are given a negative charge, and are electrostatically attracted to the photoreceptor where the laser wrote the latent image. Because like charges repel, the negatively charged toner will not touch the drum where light has not removed the negative charge."

 * Sorry for the confusion. The last edit used the "other" meaning of negative (as in photographic negative).  These instances need to be simplified and corrected as a laser printer can be designed, as I understand it, that works with either positive or negative charging of the photoreceptor.  Therefore, charge, but not the type of charge, should be mentioned in this process summary.  It's too late and I'm too tired to attempt that now.  Pzavon 04:29, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hey, I know what it's like trying to write when you're tired :) If I could make a suggestion, how about writing it as if the photoreceptor is negatively charged, and the laser clears the charge to make a positive (in the photographic sense) image.  That would make the text go along with the helpful diagrams, which I think would really help.
 * Then maybe mention separately, later, that you could use either a negatively- or positively-charged photoreceptor. (Of course, the photoreceptor would need a mirror image either way, otherwise it would come out backwards when it was rolled onto the paper...)  It's hard to get people's heads around the concept unless you take a concrete example and stick to it without trying to explain all the ways it could be done as part of the explanation, I'd say. gothick 12:57, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Think about it like a Xerographic copier, which works on the same basic principle. The drum is initially charged (assume negative).  A narrow strip of the original is illuminated, progressively moving along.  The drum is rotating with its surface moving at the same rotational speed as the scan.  The scan focused onto the drum.  Areas of white (the background on white paper) are illuminated and the charges neutralized, while areas of color (text) are kept in the dark and maintain their negative charge.  The toner itself has an opposite (positive) charge as the initial charge of the drum, and is thus attracted to the discharged portions.  The drum then transfers its charge to the paper (which is either given a negative charge stronger than that of the drum, or is pressed against the drum by another cylinder with a stronger negative charge.  The drum is then exposed to a lamp to discharge any residual charges before the process begins again.Anakin-Marc "DJ AniZ" Zaeger (talk) 21:58, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pa 1977 9700-medium.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:34, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Cost versus inkjet
Can someone add a bit on how laser is less costly and a better value. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericg33 (talk • contribs) 08:10, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

A "better value", in the "personal preference" sense, is inherently not verifiable. However, we can state the difference between long- and short-run costs, with a strong citation.Bettering the Wiki 04:28, 31 July 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Goodone121 (talk • contribs)

Can't we just say it's "generally accepted" that laserjets present a significantly lower cost per page over inkjets in terms of toner/ink use respectively; however, laserjets cost more to purchase than inkjets? I have no doubt in my experience that a laserjet is well worth it's cost given I only need to replace the toner every 2000 pages vs. every 500 pages for an inkjet.150.135.245.202 (talk) 02:14, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

I know this discussion is old, but I want to help put it to rest. It isn't necessarily true that laser printers provide lower cost per page over inkjet printers. It depends a great deal on usage and technology. Go to your nearest mass merchandising store (I won't mention the name), and have some files printed. The prices are very low, yet they make a profit, and they are very likely using ink printers. This article would have to be quite subjective to make claims about the low cost per page of laser versus ink. It some cases, it costs, less, and, in some cases, it costs more. See the Edgeline printing" article (which should be expanded) Dweber.intracon (talk) 21:52, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

Printing Steps
Shouldn't cleaning be the first stage? I've always been taught that way. Also, I think it should be mentioned that "Writing" is another common name for the "exposing" stage. I am just not quite confident enough to make either change, but it seemed worth mentioning. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.96.6.113 (talk) 07:58, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Cleaning in the last step in the process.
 * Since these machines evolved from photocopiers, where the teminology came from photography, the term "exposure" is older and thus, perhaps more authoritative. The term "writing" came into use with the advent of the controlable laser to "write" and image on the photoreceptor.  The main question I would have for anyone planning to go into the two terms in the article is, where are your citations?  I would also caution against making a relatively simple description of the xerographic process more complicated by including all sorts of terminology variants. Pzavon (talk) 02:06, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There are lots of books with different orders of steps, different terms, etc. Dicklyon (talk) 04:11, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

LASER PRINTERS RULE! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.41.204.4 (talk) 11:11, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Pictures in this article
It seems to me that having 2 HP printer pictures at the top of this article is inappropriate. It would seem wiser or more encyclopedic to have a xerox 8010 or an IBM 3800 instead. Other possible pictures could be of the internals of a modern laser printer, as the brand, logo and plastic shell aren't what matters in this article. 80.4.75.175 (talk) 15:38, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Apple Laserwriter and the history section
It seems that the introduction of the Apple Laserwriter in 1985 should be mentioned as an event. The combination of Adobe Postscript with laser printer technology launched desktop publishing. This seems like a fairly serious omission. --Paul (talk) 15:47, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

At a book manufacturer, I wrote document print programs to support IBM 6670 and Xerox 3700 laser printer and the driver program for a composition system using the VideoComp 830 typesetter (I was painfully aware that every laser printer and typesetting device had incompatible proprietary write control languages). Then came PostScript. Most users of laser printers probably would not appreciate such "under the hood" details but the introduction of an industry standard write control language for output devices was a revolution. Naaman Brown (talk) 13:57, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Health issues content from another article
The following content was taken from the printer (computing) article. I do not know if it is of any use here, as there is already a section on respiratory health risks in the article. If you use it, please indicate the article it came from to preserve attribution.

 * Recent research has also indicated that laser printers emit potentially dangerous ultrafine particles, possibly causing health problems associated with respiration and cause pollution equivalent to cigarettes. The degree of particle emissions varies with age, model and design of each printer but is generally proportional to the amount of toner required. Furthermore, a well ventilated workspace would allow such ultrafine particles to disperse thus reducing the health side effects.

-- Kjkolb (talk) 22:27, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Prior invention
While not, strictly speaking, a laser printer, an experimental xerographic printing device was demonstrated by Keith Huntley of the Central Research Laboratories of Rank Precision Industries Ltd, UK (part of Rank-Xerox Ltd) in March 1958. A prototype Xeronic printer was exhibited at the Electronic Computer Exhibition in London in November-December 1958. It seems that by at least 1962, the device was fully developed. By 1964, a printer was in use on the Leo computer. It printed at 2,888 lines per minute. The printer used a combination of a CRT to generated characters and a lamp and photographic film to generate forms information.

(Information from LEO:the first Business computer by Peter Bird ISBN 0-9521651-0-4).

I suspect that Gary Starkweather's invention was simply a matter of parallel independent invention.

Just as an LED printer is widely regarded as the same technology as a laser printer, the Xeronic printer can also be regarded as the same technology.

It would be better to merge this article with the LED printer article into a single Xerographic printer article. (Note that it would not be appropriate to merge this into Page Printer, because dot matrix and impact printers can also be page printers. Note that the Xeronic printer printed onto continuous stationary.).

It would probably be better to have laser printer (and LED printer) redirect to Xerographic printer, since I agree that laser printer it the common name, even though LED printer is not strictly speaking a laser printer. If the Laser printer page is retained, then the introduction should make it clear that (most of) the page is talking about Xerographic printers, and there are different types, namely laser, LED and CRT/film light.

Kulath (talk) 11:18, 8 December 2010 (UTC)]

Toner clean-up question about "electrically conductive hose": Should that say "electrically non-conductive hose"?
Under the Toner clean-up section (great section, btw, Thanks!), it says "If toner spills into the laser printer, a special type of vacuum cleaner with an electrically conductive hose and a high efficiency (HEPA) filter may be needed for effective cleaning."

Should that say "electrically non-conductive hose"?

Thanks!

Misty MH (talk) 01:45, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Probably shouldn't say either without a source. So I looked for one and found this 2009 book that says exactly what this article said since 2007.  And they claim copyright of this material copied from wikipedia!  Dicklyon (talk) 06:23, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: here and here. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 00:58, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Should ink-jet printers be cited in this article?
In the first paragraph of this article, there is the sentence:
 * with digital photocopiers and multifunction/all-in-one inkjet printers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process.

Does anyone know of an ink-jet device that uses a xerographic process? All of these devices use raster imaging, while "analog" devices don't; is that perhaps what the writer was trying to express? --MichaelMJ (talk) 04:03, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * No, that's an obvious error introduced by this edit on 11 October 2014. It wasn't caught at the time because 50% of the edits made in that same edit were valid. Actually, the more I look at this, I'm beginning to realize half the edits made in that edit were invalid, which means it appears to be vandalism. I propose to countermand all edits made by that user and to revert back to the last good version. Any objections? --Coolcaesar (talk) 08:49, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Laser printing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20101124224933/http://www.papergear.com:80/xerox-news/facts-about-laser-printing.html to http://www.papergear.com/xerox-news/facts-about-laser-printing.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:47, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Laser printing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20101124224933/http://www.papergear.com:80/xerox-news/facts-about-laser-printing.html to http://www.papergear.com/xerox-news/facts-about-laser-printing.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:35, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

First on the block
Didn't the Xerox 1200 come out before the IBM 3800 and the Xerox 9700? Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 17:50, 18 October 2016 (UTC)
 * yes. https://digitalprinting.blogs.xerox.com/2012/09/28/flashback-friday-the-xerox-1200-computer-printing-system Pi314m (talk) 08:59, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

Move "smart chips in toner cartridges" section ( Split and merging proposal)
I propose that sections Smart chips in toner cartridges be moved to Toner cartridge. This section is more related to the topic of Toner cartridge. This section discusses a component of the cartridge, not of the laser printer. Ziounclesi (talk) 17:04, 22 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree seams more logical to have it there. – BrandonXLF   (t@lk)  13:34, 26 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment Laser cartridges historically were not sold on the give-away-razor-handle/charge-for-blade model, whereas that was the way inkjets were sold. There is similarity, and certain sentences may be needed in both articles, but this is where it seems to belong: make use of the laser printer to print, and anything that cuts down on the life of the cartridge is a printing topic. In fact, this topic can be made part of articles in areas such as law, economics, consumer-matters, etc. (I'm leaning to leave it here) Pi314m (talk) 08:29, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

The lead paragraph has a gibberish sentence
"However, laser printing differs from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of the medium across the printer's photoreceptor." What does this gibberish mean? I am going to take out this sentence unless someone clarifies this or puts in a citation soon. --Coolcaesar (talk) 22:42, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'm fixing this. I specialized in the history of computer science in college and I can't make heads or tails of this nonsense. --Coolcaesar (talk) 06:38, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laser printing


text:
Sutton, Peterborough

Sutton is a small village and civil parish in the Peterborough district, in the north-west of Cambridgeshire, England. Situated about 5.7 miles from Peterborough and approximately half a mile south of the A47 road.

For electoral purposes it forms part of Glinton and Wittering ward in North West Cambridgeshire constituency.

According to Office for National Statistics Sutton has a population (including Upton) of 196 with a population density of 0.2.

History
Dating back to 972–992, the area of Peterborough was described as a "woody swamp" but was cleared to a certain degree when Abbot Adulf built manor houses and granges. In 'Old English', Sutton translates as a Southern farm/settlement. The ancient church of Sutton dates back to the 12th century and was originally built as a chapel-of-ease to the church of St Kyneburgha in Castor. It is also home to a war memorial. The church, now named St Michael & All Angels, was originally dedicated to Saint Giles, the patron saint of cripples, lepers and nursing mothers. The majority of the church was rebuilt in 1867–8, but the arch supports have survived from the original construction in the 12th/13th century. A grant of £37,300 was given to complete work on the church by a company called WREN in order for it to become a community hub for locals. Since the grant in 2010, the church has been improved further with such things as heating systems and carpeting.

The historical layout of the village is a simple rectangle of streets engulfing a green where cattle would be, known as a Saxon nucleated settlement (or a Nucleated village), with the grange and chapel located in one corner of the rectangle. With the village being in close proximity to the River Nene, there was once a ford going over to Stibbington, but this was eventually destroyed by dredging after a long period of not being used. The Manor Farm (also known as 'The Grange') was built in the 17th century. Keith Garrett described the manor as a "fully constituted manor with its manor house or hall, its home farm, open fields, and lands of villeins, who held their dwellings and small agricultural holdings for customary services in cultivating the Abbey's home farm etc."

In 1870–72, this is how John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Sutton: "SUTTON, a chapelry in Castor parish, Northampton; on the river Nen, near Wansford r. station. Acres, 880. Real property, £1,101. Pop., 112. Houses, 22. The living is a p. curacy in the diocese of Peterborough. Value, not reported. Patron, the Bishop of P. The church is ancient. Charities, £10."

Population

As mentioned previously, the total population of Sutton is at 196 according to the Office for National Statistics for 2011 Census. Between the years of 1881 and 1961 the overall trend shows that population declined, however with some anomalies. The recorded population fluctuated from 1881– In 1881 the total population of Sutton is 92, which then dropped the following ten years to 84. The population peaked in this time period when it rose back up to 98 by 1901, followed by an overall decline of 20 in the 20 years from 1901 to 1921. Just 10 years later, the population grew rapidly to 91 in 1931 which was followed by a fall of 27 over the next 20 years. No census information was found for the population in 1941, shown in the graph, but the population declined further to 58 by the year 1961. We can compare the figures over these years with the population census report for Sutton in 2011, which was 196, showing an increase of 138 residents in Sutton over these 50 years.

Sutton is sparsely populated with a population density of 0.2, showing that the parish it is not a heavily residential area. Using Census data we can also see the change in male and female residents of Sutton over time. Since 1881 there have been slightly more females in this area than males. In 1881 52 females were counted in comparison to just 40 males. Ten years later this changed as only 41 females were recorded to a score of 43 males. Up until 1921 the 2 Census reports showed more females than males occupying the parish. The male numbers remained above the female population in the 1931 Census and were equal with 32 residents recorded of both sexes 20 years on in the 1951 census. By 1961 the female population regained dominance as there were 4 more females than males. Of the 196 residents recorded in the 2011 population census there were 103 male inhabitants to that of 93 female.

169 of the 196 residents of Sutton are English-born according to 2011 census data, in comparison to 176 of 190 residents in 2001, showing that there was an increase in foreign-born people populating Sutton over these 10 years. Using Neighbourhood Statistics we can also analyse the population structure over the last 10 years. In the 2001 census 122 of 190 residents were aged between 30 and 74, showing a majority working population. In the 2011 census there were also 122 people living in sutton from the ages of 30–74 with 52 residents aged from 45 to 59 and a mean average age of 47.3.

The average age of the population of Sutton as a whole, is older than the national average and the Cambridgeshire average, suggesting that it has an ageing population.

Employment
Two bar graphs that can be seen in this section portray the occupational orders in Sutton 130 years apart. The bar chart to the right shows Sutton's occupational orders in 1881, and what is distinctly noticeable about it is the large number of male residents who were involved in agriculture as an occupation, 28 to be specific. Having such a large proportion of males involved in agriculture could become a problem at this time due to the agricultural depression (Long Depression) which could be a contributor to the fall in population of Sutton in the early 20th century (shown in population graph in the demographics section). It is also evident that 13 females occupations were unknown in the 1881 census. This is due to the fact in the Victorian Era, women's work was most likely based around home and family and was inaccurately recorded. The work they could obtain in the factories or in domestic service wouldn't be consistent.

The most noticeable change between the two graphs is the decrease in number of people working in the agricultural sector due to the shift in industry from primary industries to that of more technologically advanced industries over the 19th and 20th centuries. The graph shows that the 2 highest occupations in the 2011 census were retail trade and education where precisely 13 economically active residents worked.

In 2014, the area of Peterborough has an unemployment rate of 6.9% of the working population where 79.4% are recorded as economically active. This shows that Sutton is within an area of high unemployment in comparison to the national figure of 5.5%. According to the 2011 Census, 94 residents of the total 138 from the working population are seen to be economically active, whereas the remaining 44 are inactive due to a number of situations such as; retired, sick or disabled or looking after family.

Housing
The Area of Sutton has a higher rate of home ownership than the national and Cambridgeshire average, showing that Sutton is a fairly affluent area. The maximum number of houses from the time period 1881–1961 was just 25, with 23 in 1881 and 24 in 1961. The change in number of houses over this time was fairly stagnant. From the 1961 census to the 2011 census the number of houses in Sutton has increased to 74. 55.4% of these houses were owned outright, again showing the affluence of the area. Sutton has developed and grown through building more houses over this time. Data taken from the 2011 census shows that 51 of the 74 houses are detached and 23 semi-detached with no flats in the village at all.

title: Sutton, Peterborough


text:
Robert Lowie

Robert Harry Lowie (born Robert Heinrich Löwe; June 12, 1883 – September 21, 1957) was an Austrian-born American anthropologist. An expert on Indigenous peoples of the Americas, he was instrumental in the development of modern anthropology and has been described as "one of the key figures in the history of anthropology".

Early life and education
Lowie was born and spent the first ten years of his life in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, but came to the United States in 1893. He studied at the College of the City of New York, where in 1896 he met and befriended Paul Radin while taking a BA in Classical Philology in 1901. After a short stint as a teacher, he began studying chemistry at Columbia University, but soon switched to anthropology under the tutelage of Franz Boas, Livingston Farrand and Clark Wissler. Influenced by Wissler, Lowie began his first fieldwork on the Lemhi Reservation in Idaho with the Northern Shoshone in 1906. He graduated (Ph.D.) in 1908. with a dissertation titled ""The Test-Theme in North American Mythology".

Career
In 1909, he became assistant curator to Clark Wissler at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. During his time there, Lowie became a specialist in American Indians, being active in field research, particularly in several excursions to the Great Plains. This work led in particular to his identification with the Crow Indians. In 1917, he became assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1925 until his retirement in 1950, he was professor of anthropology at Berkeley, where, along with Alfred Louis Kroeber, he was a central figure in anthropological scholarship.

Lowie undertook several expeditions to the Great Plains, where he conducted ethnographic fieldwork at the Absarokee (Crow, 1907, 1910–1916, 1931), Arikaree, Hidatsa, Mandan and Shoshone (1906, 1912–1916). Shorter research expeditions led him to the southwestern United States, the Great Basin and to South America where he was inspired by Curt Nimuendajú. The focus of some of Lowie's work was salvage ethnography, the rapid collection of data from cultures close to extinction.

Ruth Benedict and Robert Lowie were both commissioned during World War II to write a piece about an enemy during wartime by the United States Office of War Information. Unlike Benedict's Chrysanthemum and the Sword in which she describes the culture of Japan without ever having set foot in Japan, Lowie could at least draw on his recollections from the German-speaking world of his childhood. In his book The German People: A Social Portrait to 1914, Lowie took a cautious approach and stressed his ignorance of what was going on in his country of origin at this time. Once the war ended, Lowie made several short trips to Germany.

Influences
Together with Alfred Kroeber, Lowie was one of the first generation of students of Franz Boas. His theoretical orientation was within the Boasian mainstream of anthropological thought, emphasizing cultural relativism and opposed to the cultural evolutionism of the Victorian era. Like many prominent anthropologists at the time, including Boas, his scholarship originated in the school of German idealism and romanticism espoused by earlier thinkers such as Kant, Georg Hegel and Johann Gottfried Herder. Lowie, somewhat stronger than his mentor Boas, emphasized historical components and the element of variability in his works. For him, cultures were not finished constructs, but always changing and he stressed the idea that cultures could interact.

In 1919, Lowie published primitive society, which "criticized the hypothetical reconstruction of the stages of the evolution of civilization as postulated by Lewis H. Morgan". The book has been seen as a key text in the promotion of theories of social organization in anthropology, being praised by Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown and Bronislaw Malinowski. It was also the work that inspired Claude Levi-Strauss to move his intellectual interest from philosophy to anthropology.

Kinship
Lowie influenced the discipline of social anthropology through his use of a system to distinguish kinship relationships: he identified four main systems, which differed based on the names of the relatives of the first ascending generation, i.e. the parent generation. His Classification Scheme was slightly modified by George P. Murdock by dividing one of Lowie's four systems into a further three types.

Honours
Lowie was given honorary membership of a number of societies such as the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, the Instituto do Cerara in Brazil, the American Philosophical Society and the New York Academy of Science.

Lowie twice served as editor of the American Anthropologist. He also served as chairman of the Division of Anthropology and Psychology of the National Research Council.

Lowie was president of the American Folklore Society from 1916 to 1917. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1931.

Writings
His principal works include:
 * Societies of the Arikara Indians (1914)
 * Dances and Societies of the Plains Shoshones (1915)
 * Notes on the social Organization and Customs of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Crow Indians (1917)
 * Culture and Ethnology (1917)
 * Plains Indian Age Societies (1917)
 * Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians (1918)
 * The Matrilineal Complex (1919)
 * Primitive Society (1919)
 * The religion of the Crow Indians (1922)
 * The Material Culture of the Crow Indians (1922)
 * Crow Indian Art (1922)
 * Psychology and Anthropology of Races (1923)
 * Primitive Religion (1924)
 * The Origin of the State (1927)
 * The Crow Indians (1935)
 * History of Ethnological Theory (1937)
 * The German People (1945)
 * Social Organization (1948)
 * Towards Understanding Germany (1954)
 * Robert H. Lowie, Ethnologist; A Personal Record (1959)

title: Robert Lowie