text:
User talk:Solitude/Archive2

Reply
Then show me a example of copyright tag, please. User:Chan Han Xiang Give me half an hour please. Thanks, User:Chan Han Xiang

It's done. Please reply to indicate that you have already seen the copyright tag. User:Chan Han Xiang
 * Hello, the picture is from Yahoo movies and they are not the first hand owners. All yahoo images are free. Thanx:User: Chan Han Xiang

Question
Solitude, please follow this link to Sung Hi-Lee and help me. According to the Korean names, she is Lee Sung-Hi in the Revised Romanization, Hangul and Hanja. However, sources state that her name is Sung Hi-Lee. Thanks and please reply, User:Chan Han Xiang

Dear Solitude, Have you heard about the case of the murder of Hung Na in Singapore? If you don't, never mind. If you do, do you know of any websites that has photographs of her dead corpsse? Please help if you know. Thanx. user:Chan Han Xiang

Template:Pic of the day/Image archive ?
Do you know what has happened to Template:Pic of the day/Image archive ? I still intended to update it and perhaps turn it into a montage of Featured pictures, instead of POTDs (pretty much the same set of images at this time. thanks to your automation!) - [[User:Bevo|Bevo]] 15:50, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It is back (for a while it was not available, so I posted the question). I'll save off a local copy just in case. - [[User:Bevo|Bevo]] 16:54, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Wiki Junior Project
We are currently in the process of deciding what the first topics will be. We have already decided that the first humanities topic will be Countries of the World:South America. We need to decide what our first science topic will be. We already have plenty of pictures available for Big Cats, The Solar System and Human Flight. We're having a little vote to decide which one we should work on first. Please come to Wikijunior project first topics. Cheers! Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 07:47, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Using talk page
My point at Libertarian Socalism was that I had already put discussion down, I was responding to discussion and then this 195 ip just comes in and starts constantnly reverting, saying my talk doesn't even deserve a reply. The only way I know to deal with that is just revert him backChuck F 13:34, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Libertarian socialism
User:Chuck F is a vandal. He insists on inserting his POV into every article with the word "libertarian" in it and removing any information he does not like. He has vandalised countless pages and caused them to be protected. He has shown time and again that he will not listen to reason and reality. Look at the edit histories of libertarianism, Liberal Democratic Party of Australia. He has not changed his behaviour or apologised. He refuses to do anything but revert something he doesn't like. He's now trying it with. This may show that he's about to move out from pages on libertarianism to vandalise at random. Please, if you can do anything to stop him, do it. 195.92.67.71 13:46, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

your point would probly go over better if you weren't the counter-party in all thoese pages and the other reason they were protected, and leda.jpg is the wrong image up there, I'm trying to revert it back but it's not really working too well for some reason, if you could fix that solitude it would be nice Chuck F 13:44, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Except that all I've ever done is remove your POV vandalism from pages. 195.92.67.71 13:46, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

User:Chuck F is already listed on Requests For Comment and on Requests For Arbitration. It has done no good - he is still vandalising any mention on the word libertarian that he doesn;t like. He should be banned from those pages. 195.92.67.71 13:50, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Libertarian capitalism
User: Chuck F is at it again. Over the past few days he has reverted edits by User:Improv, User:Reithy, User:Fubar Obfusco, and several ips. None of his reverts were justified. He refused to discuss, he refused many offers of compromise. There's just no reasoning with him. He clearly has no interest in contributing, he just wants to vandalise pages until everyne gives in to him. So I have no choice but to revert. 195.92.67.71 13:57, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

NPOV - anniversaries
I am inclined to disagree with your reversion. I believe that the change to "communism" is a POV statement, or at least an incorrect statement, expecially considering that communism itself has never been achieved.

 * From Wikipedia: Communism:

 * A better term for "communist states" would be "states ruled by communist parties". But that name is generally considered too long to be practical. Another term could be "Stalinist states", since all of them were governed by communist parties that were either clearly Stalinist themselves or could trace their roots back to Stalinism. 204.60.171.230 13:00, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Here it is. It's quite a long article though Stalinism in Eastern Europe:the Rise and Fall of the GDR. I think this bit is most likely the most relevent though: 204.60.171.230 13:17, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Not only is the White House not the most reliable source of information (considering that for fifty years its primary determination of the morality of its actions was anticommunism), but the claim that the fall of the Berlin Wall represents a repudiation of communism is a pro-capitalist POV. You also seem to have a bias against Marxism, as noted in your edit summary on my talk page (commy) 204.60.171.230

 * I took a look at your user page history. I too, am a supporter of democracy, despite what you may think. 204.60.171.230 15:21, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Why do we continue to say that a communist state has never existed? Kerala in India is a communist state.  Communist State does not mean utopia.  That is the dream, not the communist state.  Viva Democracy.

featured pictures
I jsut wanted to drop a suggestion for when we move featured pictures from the canidates page to the final. First let me say that, having done 2 yesterday, I learned how much work that is. I would like to see us copying the voting to the discussion page of the picture itself rather than deleteing it. In the long run, this would help us to clarify what was actually voted on and what was put on the featured pics page by a user that didn't actually read the section about us voting on pictures. Also, this could help in the delisting process by knowing by what kind of margin a pic made it onto the list in the first place. I did this with the 2 I moved yesterday if you want to see what I am talking about. Once again, I appriciate all your hard work. Cavebear42 17:17, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I didnt know about the archive. It looks like you took care of it for me. Thanks for that. My only other concern then would be when I find a pic such as that has no link to the archive, should I be removing it from the featured pictures? Cavebear42 17:57, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thanks but ...
Thanks for your kind comments on this IP address's user page, and the "hello" stuff, and what have you. I have indeed amended Lord Chancellor as the "ministry" usage was going to drive me bonkers, so thanks for that. With regard to the rest, the trouble is that I am not a newbie so much as an ex-wikipedian trying to give it up through the dreaded Cold Turkey method: I am trying - mostly successfully - to stay off my user account and to no longer edit things. So although I have changed one or two things really it's better that I don't, hence my reluctance to get involved. I do still quite often use the wiki as a reference source and it's when I see things like this that I am most in danger of getting re-addicted! :) So thanks, and I do very much appreciate the kind thought, but I shall still be trying to stay away! Best wishes from Some IP Address Or Other ... 82.35.17.203 19:04, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Just so you know
I wanted to take a moment and thank you for your efforts in tracking vandals, reverting, leaving the appropriate messages on their talk pages and listing them on ViP. By the time of day (night, actually) that I check ViP, the ones you've listed have stopped vandalizing. I figure they either got tired of it and quit or, more likely, another admin has already blocked them because you put the spotlight on them. I just wanted you to know that your efforts are much appreciated. Thank you. SWAdair | Talk 04:38, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Fresh FM
It is not vandalism, it is truth. The truth. Your removal of the truth and replacing it with social elitist propaganda? That's vandalism.

FOR THE LAST TIME, I AM NOT VANDALISING THE ENTRY. YOU ARE. I AM POSTING TRUTH. YOU ARE POSTING PROPAGNDA, YOU ARE VANDALISING. User:202.45.121.254

KNÄCKEBRÖD
'''STOP DELETING MY MESSAGE ON "KNÄCKEBRÖD", THAT IS NOT SPAM AND IT'S HIGHLY RELEVANT! DON'T MESS WITH THINGS THAT YOU DON'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT!!!''' User:192.121.234.102
 * LOL! For the record, I checked that one out.  Once again, thank you Solitude.  Hehe...  Track the vandals, catch the flak.  :-)  SWAdair | Talk  11:46, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Oh, good. About time. The present article makes me ashamed to be an alumnus. It makes me feel that I graduated from a school full of vain, insecure braggarts. I tried to do something about this earlier but was met with so many reactions of "why do you hate MIT so much" that I sort of gave up. In my day part of the campus culture was that you did not brag about MIT; I don't know whether that has changed or whether the article selectively attracts the sort of alums who flaunt their brass rats. Expect to get flamed. In fact I expect that I will probably be flamed for these encouraging words. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:41, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for dealing with the userpage vandalism
I'm grateful for that. And a bit sorry for causing you the trouble; I had provoked that vandal previously, which wasn't very smart but damn if it didn't feel good. In any case, you don't know you're a real wikipedian before your user page is defaced.. whee! -- Kizor 21:26, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Help Please
Hi Solitude. I hate to be bothering you as you are obviously busy, but I was wondering if you could help me out. When editing a page how do you get the little message in the history saying what you did? Also if there are any other little tricks like this can you please tell me. Thanks --Fir0002 01:33, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

BIG HELP
Solitude, I don't know what happened but i went to add in a new Feature Picture and after i saved it was all gone. All of the feature picture information. I really really didn't mean it. You're an Admin aren't you? Can you please put it back. I am really sorry. --Fir0002 10:37, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thanks again solitude. I dont know what was happening last night, but Featured Picture page did not load up the feature pictures only the pictures for removal. I thought i had done something wrong because it happened after I had edited the page to add a new picture. But thanks its working fine now. --Fir0002 22:20, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Pic of the day archive
I noticed that shortly after I created FPT, but the two pages are slightly different. PotD archive will have pictures that have had their FP status revoked, and won't have pictures that are yet to be made PotD. I could be useful for ordering FPT into chronological order, which would be useful than alphabetical, and once that is done, redirect. ed g2s •  talk  13:20, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Did you know
I notice you archived a did you know fact, because the Main Page was unbalanced. I find the In the News section a bit large, but it's protected. Do you know why? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 10:36, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! :-) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 10:55, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Main Page
What did I broke in the today's featured article template that you reverted? I think wrapping the text would be a good use of otherwise wasted space. Now the left table is pushing the right one away. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:46, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * But using the none tag disallows the floating coded in the header. I think we should keep none, left or right out all together when div is doing the aligning. BTW, Main page talk has been vandalized again, why can't I revert that? Do you have a problem with selected anniversaries running of the right side of the table? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:53, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm, I guess it's a problem with the machine and browser settings I'm using. I've tried a PC with a larger screen and there was no problem, but it persists on this Mac. Maybe it's a screen size problem. What are you using? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 13:12, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Atlantis
Much obliged for pointing out my mistake. I had consulted Google News, and only found the New York Post which is not exactly what I would call a legitimate news source. After a reconsultation, I see that other outlets have picked up the story in the last several minutes. And no, I don't consider CNN a tabloid. But could you give me a link to the Dutch website? I'm not doubting you; I just want to see things from a non-American perspective. -- The King Of Gondor (call me Dale) 13:05, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Gracias, señor. Very interesting. -- The King Of Gondor (call me Dale) 13:30, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Fact of the Day
I've also started my own little project to draw attention to articles that can't be put in many other cateogries. Please consider taking a look, or add to your talk page. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 13:12, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks again! I could use some additions so we have enough facts for the next 3 days. :) BTW is there a page where you can find the size of an article without copying and pasting and all that? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 13:31, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

News
This is a confirmed story, not a rumor. It has been confirmed by CNN. Also, I just like to keep my talk page neat. People can look at the history if they really want. --Xinoph 15:23, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Nomination
I've found you very helpful the several times I've run into you. You als explained your actions in a friendly manner and you've be quite encouraging - at least to me. I'm thinking of nominating you for adminship. Would you accept the nomination if I did? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 15:55, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

This CNN article seems very certain, but I agree - we can wait until later in the day. Xinoph 17:13, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Aisha
Sure :)) .. but would you like to comment on the dispute? Compare my version and his. My version presents both views on top (about her age). This guy's version doesn't even mention the contradictory evidence or views till the very end. Also, would you examine 168.209.97.34 history?... see ALL his contribution from the beginning to a page that relates to Islam. He has been adding the words like "rape" "terrorist" or adding out of context verses ... see Talk:Jihad ... Do you have a solution for this problem? OneGuy 10:28, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

You don't need to know Islamic history to comment on it. All you need to do see that this vandal (he has a history of vandalizing Islamic page as you can check) is trying to hide the contradictory evidence at the very end by not even mentioning it. If you read my version, both sides are presented on the top .. just read both version OneGuy 10:38, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, that's a minor point. I will add that hadith without problem. That was not my objection. The issue is that his version doesn't even mention there is contradictory evidence till very end. Mines mentions that Aisha was six at top according to her narration. His version doesn't mention contradictory evidence till very end. Anyway, I will add that missing hadith ... I didn't see that as important because that one comes from Bukhari too like the rest of them OneGuy 10:50, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yes, read both. You will see that he wants to hide any contradictory evidence till the very end. He doesn't mention it anywhere till the end. I clearly mention that according to Aisha's quotes in Bukhari she was six on top, unlike him. Also, as I said, check the long history of this user (the older ones before reverts) ... he has a history of making the articles anti-Isllamic POV, like adding the word "terrorists" "raped six years" etc., OneGuy 11:10, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Please read both sets of quotes... it is very clear that one set is very precise and to the point.. His quotes sounds a lot like a defence lawyer trying to get a guilty man off (ala OJ Simpson trial). Furthermore, I have already put in a request for mediation... had no reply yet.  see Requests_for_mediation  User:168.209.97.34

Sistine status
''There is some discussion whether Image:Sistine.chapel.entire.500pix.jpg is really GFDL as it was taken from artchive. Seeing you uploaded the image, can you confirm it is indeed GFDL, same for Image:Sistine.left.600pix.jpg. From what I can find: '''NOTE: The images, text and articles included at this site are for private, non-profit use only. Other usage is strictly prohibited.''' This would make the immages non-commercial only. Thanks'' Hi from Adrian. I agree with you, it is not a GFDL image so sadly it should be removed from Featured Pics and perhaps from the article itself. I'll leave it to yourself or others to make the necessary moves. Thanks for calling my attention to the problem - Adrian Pingstone 16:14, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * To be honest, I wouldn't be so sure that artchive.com actually owns the copyright. Their Image Use page makes it pretty clear that they've picked up their images from anywhere and everywhere and are mostly claiming fair-use, whilst being careful if a copyright owner gets in touch. I doubt they actually have the right to license anything. However, since they don't make the original source explicit in this case the image license is unclear. Michelangelo's frescos are clearly copyright expired, so Image:Sistine.left.600pix.jpg is plausibly (bit of a tricky one - frescos on curved ceiling are not quite a sculpture and not quite a non-creative reproduction of a flat work of art). The view of the whole chapel is more clearly copyright of the unknown photographer and possibly a copyvio.  -- Solipsist 18:58, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Goatse.cx
I see you saw that horrible main page a bit back, Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/November 16, 2004 discusses the user's ban. -- user:zanimum

My Dad
Thanks for the kind words about my dad. Sometimes he could put a large idea in a little phrase. :) -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 19:30, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

goatse.cx fallout
Looks like the anon was telling the truth and WAS being framed. You need to retract that complaint. Speak to Jamesday for details. Also, see the Talk: page for the Main Page. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 21:34, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Zuiderzee Works
Hi! Good work on the lead section, but could you include the info that the Amsteldiepdijk was constructed before the Afsluitdijk? I would like to do it myself, but I'm not sure, where in the lead it fits best. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:25, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * THanks! [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:17, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)

NPOV tag on MIT page
User:MITalum removed the NPOV tag from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with no discussion in the Talk section, and with a less-than-clear edit comment. I have put it back. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:40, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * If you're still interested in this, please participate in the discussion in Talk:Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 13:46, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments on "AIDS" page?
The reasons behind my posting of that comment which at this point I judge to be very offensive and inappropriate can be summarized by this diagram:

I hope that this clears a few things up.

I will refrain from using Wikipedia or heavy/sharp machinery after ingesting a large amount of that molecule in the future. I am very sorry. A person doesn't deserve to die because of one mistake. --NoPetrol 05:06, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yanukovych image
I answered on my talk page. --Steschke 13:31, 2004 Nov 23 (UTC)

MacGyverMagic for adminship
I've decided to take the plunge and self-nominate for adminship to make the work I do a lot easier. Please head over to Requests_for_adminship and let your voice be heard. There's no hard feelings if you oppose, just make sure you let me know how I can improve. -- [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 10:27, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

yushchenko
It's definitely copyright, so if we can't claim fair use - you should list it on copyvio images and have it deleted. ed g2s •  talk  13:26, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * There are a lot good free pictures of yushenko on commons. --Steschke 06:23, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

Solitude for adminship
Would you like to be a sysop? I'd nominate you... Evercat 14:44, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Tudhoe / Tudhoe Village
Hi. You dropped me a note to say that you had changed the "Tudhoe" entry to "Tudhoe Village". I don't really think that's a good thing. You could add "Village" to an awful lot of English placenames without changing the meaning much, and a major reason I added the article was so that already-existing links from things like the "list of placenames in County Durham" would actually go somewhere useful.

So that's my argument... User:JMHutson 16:00, 24 Nov 2004

Voting for a featured picture
Hi! I nominated my picture Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika for featured picture status - you objected on the grounds that the image was too small. Just wanted to let you know I uploaded the larger version (700px wide) from my web page, as several other people also thought the original image was too small. Thanks for your comments! Worldtraveller 22:14, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

168.209.97.34
Hi, I submitted an arbitration on this guy here. Let's see what happens.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration#Current_requests_for_Arbitration

OneGuy 09:38, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

FA Scores
What exactly is the column COTW's for? Doesn't it merely show how long the project has been going on? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 10:42, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Solitude/Archive2


text:
Hexaborane(10)

Hexaborane, also called hexaborane(10) to distinguish it from hexaborane(12) (B6H12), is an inorganic compound with the formula B6H10. It is a colorless liquid that is unstable in air.

Structure
Hexaborane(10) is classified as a nido-cluster. The boron atoms define a pentagonal pyramid, with four bridging hydrogen atoms and six terminal ones. The point group of the molecule is Cs.

Preparation and reactions
A laboratory route begins with bromination of pentaborane(11) followed by deprotonation of the bromide to give [BrB5H7]−. This anionic cluster is reduced with diborane to give the neutral product:
 * K[BrB5H7] +  1/2 B2H6   →   KBr  +  B6H10

It can also be generated by pyrolysis of pentaborane(11).

B6H10 can be deprotonated to give [B6H9]− or protonated to give [B6H11]+. It can act as a Lewis base towards reactive borane radicals, forming various conjuncto-clusters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hexaborane(10)


text:
National Lacrosse Hall of Fame and Museum

The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame and Museum, is located in Sparks, Maryland, at the USA Lacrosse headquarters. Prior to moving to its present location in 2016, the hall of fame and museum was located in Baltimore, Maryland, on the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University. The museum showcases the history of the game of lacrosse, from its Native American origins to its present-day form.

The first members of the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame were inducted in 1957. The museum displays photographs, art, vintage equipment and uniforms, trophies, as well as other memorabilia and artifacts relating to the sport of lacrosse.


text:
Kentucky State Capitol

The Kentucky State Capitol is located in Frankfort and is the house of the three branches (executive, legislative, judicial) of the state government of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Previous buildings
From 1792 to 1830, two buildings were used as the capitol, both of which burned completely.

In 1830, another capitol was built and was used until 1910. During a bitterly contested 1899 state governor election, Democratic Party claimant William Goebel was assassinated at the capitol on his way to be inaugurated. The need for a larger building for a growing state government resulted in the replacement of that capitol building, which is now a museum operated by the Kentucky Historical Society.

Current 1910 building
In 1904, the Kentucky General Assembly chose Frankfort (rather than Lexington or Louisville) as the location for the state capital and appropriated $1 million for the construction of a permanent state capitol building, to be located in southern Frankfort. The official ground-breaking was August 14, 1905 and construction was completed in 1909 at a cost of $1,180,434.80. The building was dedicated on June 2, 1910.

The capitol was designed by Frank Mills Andrews, a distinguished and award-winning architect. He used the Beaux-Arts style and included many classical French interior designs. The staircases, for example, are replicas of those of the Opéra Garnier in Paris.

Between 1912 and 1963, five statues of historical figures from Kentucky were erected in the rotunda of the capitol. The first was a bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln, which was donated in 1912. Statues of Henry Clay and Ephraim McDowell were added in 1930. Both of these are the bronzed plaster models used for the bronze statues that represent Kentucky in the National Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. In 1936, a marble statue of Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States of America, was placed in the rotunda. The statue of Davis was paid for by both donations and public funds, and erected under the auspices of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The Kentucky General Assembly voted to fund a bronze statue of Alben Barkley, former Vice President of the United States, and it was added to the rotunda in 1963.

In 2018, a plaque in front of the statue of Jefferson Davis, which referred to Davis as a "patriot" and a "hero", was removed by the Kentucky Historic Properties Commission. On June 4, 2020, Governor Andy Beshear stated that he believed the statue of Davis should be removed. On June 13, 2020, the Kentucky Historic Properties Commission voted 11–1 to remove the statue from the Capitol. The Davis statue was to be moved to the Jefferson Davis Monument State Historic Site situated in Fairview, Kentucky, the birthplace of Davis.

In November 2022, a bronze statue of Nettie Depp by Amanda Matthews, Depp's great-great niece, was unveiled inside that capitol. It is the first permanent large-scale monument of a woman inside the state capitol. While Nettie's influence was not statewide, the Historic Properties Advisory Commission considered her a representative example of Kentucky women who achieved professional and personal success. The statue's unveiling occurred in November 2022.

Layout
The main part of the Capitol has three floors. The first floor contains the offices of the governor (and his or her staff), lieutenant governor, secretary of state, and attorney general. It also features a rotunda with statues of famous Kentuckians and other exhibits, including Kentucky Women Remembered.

The rotunda contains four statues of notable historical figures from Kentucky. In the center of the rotunda stands a bronze statue of President Abraham Lincoln. Three more statues line the walls of the rotunda: bronze statues of Henry Clay, Vice President Alben Barkley, and Ephraim McDowell.

The second floor contains the courtroom of the state Supreme Court, as well as the chambers of the justices. The state law library is nearby. The State Reception Room is also located on the second floor.

The chambers of the House of Representatives and Senate face each other on opposite ends of the third floor. Some high-level legislative offices (such as for the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate) are also located there.

The Capitol also has a partial fourth floor which houses the galleries of the House and Senate, as well as a few offices for legislative committee staffers.

In addition, there is a partially buried basement level with mostly offices for clerks and maintenance personnel. However, it also contains a small gift shop and lunch counter as well as a tunnel to the neighboring Capitol Annex building. The Annex houses General Assembly committee rooms, General Assembly members offices and a cafeteria.

People who have lain in state in the Rotunda

 * Rebecca Boone, wife of Daniel Boone, 1845
 * Daniel Boone, explorer, 1845
 * Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn, United States Senator, 1918
 * Augustus Owsley Stanley, Governor, 1958
 * Tom Garrett, state senator, 1979
 * Col. Harland Sanders, founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken, 1980
 * A.B. "Happy" Chandler, Governor and United States Senator, 1991
 * Bert T. Combs, Governor, 1991
 * Thelma Stovall, Lt. Governor, 1994
 * Lawrence W. Wetherby, Governor, 1994
 * Wilson W. Wyatt, Lt. Governor, 1996
 * Vic Hellard Jr., Executive Director of the Kentucky Legislative Research Commission, 1996
 * Mary Louise Foust, State Auditor, 1999.
 * Wendell P. Butler, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 2000
 * Robert F. Stephens, Chief Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court, 2002
 * Kenny Rapier, State Senator, 2002
 * Edward T. "Ned" Breathitt, Governor, 2003
 * Louie B. Nunn, Governor, 2004
 * William E. McAnulty Jr., Justice on the Kentucky Supreme Court, 2008
 * Mike Haydon, Governor's Chief of Staff, 2012
 * Wendell Ford, Governor and United States Senator, 2015
 * Georgia Davis Powers, State Senator, 2016
 * John Y. Brown Jr., Governor and business mogul, 2022

Security
The Capitol used to be completely open during normal business hours, and local residents often used the marble hallways for exercise (the Frankfort equivalent of "mall walking"). Currently, anyone without proper state credentials must go through a metal detector. Security for the complex is provided by officers from the Facilities Security Branch of the Kentucky State Police along with specifically assigned state troopers.

title: Kentucky State Capitol


title: Trams in London


text:
Galium

Galium is a large genus of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Rubiaceae, occurring in the temperate zones of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Some species are informally known as bedstraw.

There are over 600 species of Galium, with estimates of 629 to 650 as of 2013. The field madder, Sherardia arvensis, is a close relative and may be confused with a tiny bedstraw. Asperula is also a closely related genus; some species of Galium (such as woodruff, G. odoratum) are occasionally placed therein.

Genetic variability
The phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability of this species allows it to be constantly shifting to best fit its environment adjusting life cycles, seed germination, productivity, growth form, freezing tolerance, etc. Herbicides at the recommended amount is not effective enough to decrease catchweed bedstraw biomass or population, twice the amount is needed.

As invasive species
Cattle and other livestock don't often feed on this plant making it thrive and dominating over other species. G. mollugo in particular, is a thriving invasive species since it can go in and dominate in areas where other alien species wouldn't be able to, growing very fast in best conditions.

title: Galium


text:
David Congdon

David Leonard Congdon (born 16 October 1949) is a former British Conservative Party politician. He was the member of parliament (MP) for Croydon North East, South London from 1992 to 1997.

Political career
Congdon had served as a councillor for many years and served as Deputy Leader of Croydon Council. He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1992 general selection, succeeding the outgoing speaker Bernard Weatherill who was retiring from the Commons.

The Croydon seats were reorganised ahead of the 1997 general election, with the loss of one seat. Congdon competed against Sir Paul Beresford, then-MP for Croydon Central, for the Conservative Party nomination for the new merged seat and won. He then lost in the ensuing election in 1997 to Labour's Geraint Davies. Sir Paul Beresford, meanwhile, successfully contested Mole Valley and continued as an MP.

Congdon stood once again against Geraint Davies at the 2001 general election and lost. He then worked for MENCAP, and did not stand again at the 2005 election, when the Conservative candidate Andrew Pelling recaptured the seat from Davies.

Personal life
Congdon is now retired and lives, with his wife Theresa, in Old Coulsdon. He has one daughter Rebecca and two grandchildren.

title: David Congdon


text:
Talk:Universal Abit

All Abit motherboards use chipsets by Via, correct? Suggest this is added, nVidia's chipsets are very much the default, so this is quite important.

No abit uses chipsets from ATI/AMD, SiS, Nvidia, Intel, Via, and ULi (now owned by Nvidia). Bwave 02:07, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

The Intel 440BX chipset DOES support dual-CPU operation for Intel Pentium II processors as per factory specification. What ABIT did was to use dual Celerons (1/3rd price of same speed slot1 Pentium II at the time).

However, the ABIT vs. SCSI scandal made a lot of IT support personnel loose their hair and go bold. ABIT actually tried to hide the fact she fiddled with 5V PCI caps and tried to fix the problems with BIOS updates, which of course couldn't solve a hardware trouble.

I don't think ABIT and MSI will ever again reputable OEM status. There is no way IBM and the like will buy mobos from the once again. Soo good for ECS.

Abit doesn't produce enough boards to become a OEM I believe, plus they now use all Japanese caps, which cost more, along with heatpipes, etc. I'd imagine their boards cost too much. Abit typically is an enthusiast brand, not OEM. ECS is bottom of the barrel quality (they own PCChips as well) so not sure what comment above means. HP typically uses Foxconn or Asus boards, and Dell typically uses Intel/Foxconn boards. Bwave 02:07, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

"Motherboard manufacturer"
Abit doesn't make motherboards anymore It should say that Abit "was" a motherboard manufacturer

NPOV edit
Is it just me, or does this page sound a bit too fanboy-y? ABIT may be a great company, but this is just gushing with praise every step of the way.
 * I agree; the POV on this page is so thick you can cut it with a knife. I'll see what I can do. -lee 17:15, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Okay, I'm working on it, and here's some of the problems I need resolved:
 * The ABIT "firsts" could really use some sources, otherwise it sounds too much like advertising to me. I'll give the dual-Celeron hack the benefit of the doubt for now.
 * Which Adaptec cards were to blame? I'm looking at this on Google now, and it seems that both the old ISA 1540/1542 and the PCI 2930/2940/29160 have had problems with certain ABIT boards. I do know that my ancient (1992 vintage) ABIT AT4 486DX board has trouble with a 1542CF, but what did the original author mean here?
 * The whole thing is still pretty incoherent, and we could really use more info about what ABIT was up to before Softmenu (which has only been out for about 5 or 6 years). -lee 18:36, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

copyvio
I've added the copyvio text again because a couple of paragraphs were pasted from a hardware review site. The best solution might be to delete the offending paragraphs, since they're not NPOV anyway. -- Mikeblas 00:15, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Per WP:CV, I've deleted the offending text. (I did a little copyediting, too.) I didn't realize the offending text could be extracted from the article; given that it can, we have an easier solution. -- Mikeblas 17:53, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Selling HQ Building
It was Abit selling its HQ building in order to get some cash to pay its debts, not USI. I corrected that and added the info on what USI is doing with the acquired Mainboard business and Brand name.

Name and logo change
Their website now consistently uses the name abit (not ABIT), except in the title that's almost all caps, and they have apparently made this an official change. I'm not sure if the best course of action really is to change every single occurrence on this page to match, rather than leave it be or possibly go halfway with a more traditional Abit. They also have a new logo that reflects their new-found love of lowercase. Aluvus 05:15, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

I've changed article to correct company name of Universal abit, left many of the uses of ABIT as all caps, since they were ABIT at the time, but yes, now the company uses lowercase abit in all promotional material I've seen. Bwave 02:43, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

2nd Tier
What are the tiers of motherboard manufacturers? And who assigned Universal abit to the 2nd tier? patsw (talk) 23:02, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal Abit


text:
Yannick Dalmas

Yannick Dalmas (born 28 July 1961) is a former racing driver from France. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans four times (in 1992, 1994, 1995 and 1999), each with different teams. Prior to this, he participated in 49 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 18 October 1987, but qualified for only 24 of them. His best result in F1 was a 5th place at the 1987 Australian Grand Prix, but he was not eligible for World Championship points at that race. His F1 career was blighted by his health issues, towards the end of, Dalmas was diagnosed with Legionellosis which caused him to miss the final two races. He recovered before the start of but his illness had clearly affected him.

In 1994, Dalmas made a brief return to Formula One with cash-strapped Larrousse, but only entered two races. He crashed in Italy, and finished two laps off the lead in Portugal.

Dalmas was French Formula Three champion in 1986.

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Formula One results
(key) $‡$ Dalmas was ineligible to score points in 1987 as he was running in the second Larrousse, and the team had only entered one car for the championship

Complete French Supertouring Championship results
(key)

title: Yannick Dalmas


text:
Talk:River Trent

Comment
Should it also be 'near' Derby (It's about a mile from the Southern city boundary to the river if I recollect aright...) Linuxlad 10:59, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

River Trent info
there is not much river trent information on this page it would be more helpful if it listed the uses of the river,etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.20.189.203 (talk) 2006-05-21T14:33:53

Navigability
Presumably the right of navigation up to Burton upon Trent didn't last into the late 1800s or they wouldn't have permitted the chain ferry at Twyford, Derbyshire (see picture ). Linuxlad 15:45, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Head picture
The head picture is not of the River Trent! There is a small artificial lake in Highfields Park, Trent is a few km from there! I am removing the picture as irrelevant. It doesn't make sense to change the caption, as it will have nothin to do with Trent... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Patek (talk • contribs) 01:23, 17 December 2006 (UTC).

Canute and the tide
please can we see some evidence that Gainsborough and the Trent Aeiger are anything to do with the Canute story Stockwith 10:59, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Trent / Humber
Within the infobox, the page refers to locations on the River Humber not the River Trent. Tim P (talk) 20:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I also noticed this. One might argue that the Humber is a continuation of the Trent, but much better to regard it as a separate river formed by the amalgamation of the Trent and Ouse.  Peterkingiron (talk) 21:32, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Migration
I have moved the section heading "Navigation" down, so that it is below the Shakespeare quote, because the river was probably not navigable at Ingleby in his time, nor is it relevant to navigation. I have removed a sentence suggested a boundary change between Derbyshire and Leicstershire, becasue the Trent is not the boundary between the two counties at Ingleby. Furthermore, the abandonment of a channel does not normally alter boundaries; gradual erosion would, but that is not what is suggested. On the other hand, I have added two other indications of the river having altered its course: In each case I hope some one can provide a reference for this or other deviations in its course. Peterkingiron (talk) 21:28, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 'Old Trent Water' either came from a tithe map or an estate map in Derbyshire Record Office
 * The medieval bridge was found in an archaeological excavation, which I heard described in a lecture. It was probably where the river is the county boundary (between Notts and Liecs), that is, in or not far downstream of Castle Donnington.
 * Have added a couple of references that confirm the above, and edited slightly to include the reference to the Mississippi, and the location of the bridge Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:48, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I have removed the following sentence from the article, as I could find no mention of it in the above references, "The course of the river was altered in the area of Ingleby in Derbyshire, "moving" 300 acre from one side of the river to another." Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:47, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Improvement
Anyone see any reason not to nominate for a GA?--Robert EA Harvey (talk) 10:11, 21 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Probably needs some lead work to increase this to comply with WP:LEAD and some referencing work needed as unreferenced areas such as "The literal North/South divide" section. Keith D (talk) 12:15, 21 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Might be worth a go, but there are still some big gaps for a river. There are no sections on Course, Catchment or Floods, and not much on the river upstream of the navigable bits. Jokulhlaup (talk) 18:06, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Good point about the headwaters. Isn't the route diagram a sort of description of the course? Been struggling to think what more could go in the lead.  --Robert EA Harvey (talk) 21:54, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * You could base it on the lead for the River Irwell, which has some similarites - navigation, floods, reduction in pollution issues etc. I will do a section on the course, when i get a moment. Jokulhlaup (talk) 18:47, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * There is not any information on the source, its route through Stoke, Knypersley Reservoir etc. And the diagram has nothing from Burton upstream. Also the importance of the river in power generation and the number of power stations on its banks. User:Bs0u10e01 (talk) 13:22, 04 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I have started the course, and included Source, Stoke etc. To be fair the article does (at the bottom) have a section on power stations. Jokulhlaup (talk) 18:26, 4 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry i did see the detailed section on power stations after i wrote it. Check out 'Crossing England in a punt' on BBC Iplayer this week, a man travels the full length of the Trent in a boat. its very informative about the river. User:Bs0u10e01 (talk) 15:22, 05 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note about the Tom Fort programme, very useful. Have upgraded the tributaries section, hopefully this counts as an improvement Jokulhlaup (talk) 18:09, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Etymolgy of Aegir
See Talk:Trent_Aegir --Robert EA Harvey (talk) 21:14, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Navigation Today
I have removed the following paragraph, as it is unreferenced and I can find no suitable ref. for it anywhere. It also assumes everyone would go 'up the Ouse'. Jokulhlaup (talk) 18:50, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

''Experience is especially necessary at Trent Falls, a lonely spot where the Trent joins the Yorkshire Ouse, to form the Humber estuary. The timetables of flows and tides of the two rivers and the estuary are very complex here, and vary through the lunar cycle. Boats coming down the Trent on an ebbing tide often have to anchor or beach themselves (sometimes in the dark) at Trent Falls to wait for the next incoming tide to carry them up the Ouse.''

Bond End
Hello. Just perusing my river here and have a small query relating to the map where the legend says "Bond End Branch(to Trent and Mersey)". Not quite sure what that is meant to mean. There was a branch of the T&M that extended from the main course of the canal to join the Trent at Bond End. But it's not there now. Or have I got the wrong end of the stick? Picknick99 (talk) 18:28, 28 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi, I don't have an answer, but the template was drawn up by Bob1960evens who may be able to help - if he gets this message as a notification...Jokulhlaup (talk) 14:07, 1 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Route diagrams for rivers and canals use deep blue for navigable, light blue for un-navigable and green for un-watered. In this case the Bond End Branch is, as you say, not there now, but it was at one time, and the article is about the River Trent, not just its present condition. Bob1960evens (talk) 22:32, 2 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks Bob for the update, makes more sense to me now, this history page from Shobnall Marina gives a detailed account of the canal...Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:16, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 04:30, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

drainage basin potentially incorrect
I think the drainage graphic is wrong. The Don flows into The Ouse, not The Trent. 46.208.23.87 (talk) 20:52, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:River Trent


text:
List of heads of state of Algeria

This is a list of heads of state of Algeria since the formation of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) in exile in Cairo, Egypt in 1958 during the Algerian War, through independence in 1962, to the present day.

A total of five people have served as President of Algeria (not counting two Presidents of the GPRA and four interim heads of state). Additionally, two persons, Houari Boumédiène and Liamine Zéroual, have served both as interim heads of state and as President of Algeria.

Title

 * 1954 - 1962: President of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
 * 1962 - 1962: Chairman of the Provisional Executive
 * 1962 - 1963: President of the National Constituent Assembly
 * 1963 - 1965: President of the Republic
 * 1965 - 1976: Chairman of the Revolutionary Council
 * 1976 - 1992: President of the Republic
 * 1992 - 1994: Chairman of the High Council of State
 * 1994 - 1995: State President
 * 1995 - Present: President of the Republic

Key

 * Political parties
 * {{legend||National Liberation Front|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * {{legend||Party of the Socialist Revolution|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * {{legend||National Rally for Democracy|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

 * Other factions
 * {{legend||Military|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * {{legend||Independent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

 * Status
 * {{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes Acting Heads of State}}

List
For details of the post of President of Algeria see: President of Algeria

title: List of heads of state of Algeria


text:
Wolfgang von Trips

Wolfgang Alexander Albert Eduard Maximilian Reichsgraf Berghe von Trips (4 May 1928 – 10 September 1961), also simply known as Wolfgang Graf Berghe von Trips, was a German racing driver. Nicknamed "Taffy" by friends and fellow racers, he was the son of a noble Rhineland family.

Early life and family
The son of a noble Rhineland family, von Trips was born in Cologne, in the Rhine Province, which at the time was part of the Free State of Prussia during the years of the Weimar Republic. He was an aristocrat and count. Regarding personal names, Graf is a German title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name; the feminine form is Gräfin. Von Trips grew up in a Romantic-moated castle in Horrem (now a district of Kerpen), Cologne. The inheritance of his parents, the castle, and the agricultural and fruit-growing possessions weighted heavily on the young von Trips, who one day had to take sole responsibility for all these lands. From 1951 onwards, he struggled to train to become a qualified farmer as his true passion was racing.

Formula One and sports car driver career
Von Trips had diabetes during his career and he always had high sugar snacks during the races to compensate for his low blood sugar levels. Von Trips participated in 29 Formula One World Championship Grand Prix races, debuting on 2 September 1956. He won two races, secured one pole position, achieved six podiums, and scored a total of 56 championship points. Friends and fellow draws gave him the "Taffy" nickname.

Von Trips sustained a concussion when he spun off track at the Nürburgring during trial runs for a sports car race held in May 1957. His Ferrari was destroyed. It was the only one of its marque to be entered in the Gran Turismo car class of larger than 1600 cc. Von Trips was forced out of a Royal Automobile Club Grand Prix at Silverstone, in July 1958, when his Ferrari came into the pits on the 60th lap with no oil. The following August, he was fifth at Porto in the 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix, which was won by Stirling Moss in a Vanwall. Von Trips completed 49 laps and was one lap behind at the finish. Moss was more than five minutes ahead of Mike Hawthorn, who finished second in a Ferrari.

In July 1960, von Trips was victorious in a Formula Two event in a Ferrari, with a newly introduced engine in the rear. The race was in Stuttgart and was called the Solitude Formula Two Grand Prix. It was a 20-lap event with the winner averaging 102.21 mph over 142 mi. He won the Targa Florio, 10-lap 448 mi race, in May 1961. Von Trips achieved an average speed of 64.26 mph in his Ferrari with Olivier Gendebien of Belgium as his co-driver. Von Trips and Phil Hill traded the lead at Spa, Belgium, during the 1961 Belgian Grand Prix. Hill led most of the way in front of a crowd of 100,000 people. Ferraris captured the first four places at the race conclusion with von Trips finishing second. The Formula One World Championship driver competition at this juncture in 1961 was led by Hill with 19 points followed by von Trips with 18.

In 1961, von Trips established a go-kart race track in Kerpen, Germany. The track was later leased by Rolf Schumacher, whose sons, Michael and Ralf, made their first laps there. In the words of a 2007 German documentary film about von Trips, "If he had won then, he would have become as famous as Michael Schumacher later was – it would have been a kind of second miracle in Bern!"

Death
The 1961 Italian Grand Prix on 10 September saw von Trips tightly locked in the battle for the Formula One World Drivers' Championship that year with his teammate. On the second lap of the race at Monza, his Ferrari collided with Jim Clark's Lotus on the long straight before Parabolica, approaching what is now Curva Alboreto; he had made contact with Clark while he was trying to overtake him, which caused him to lose control of his car and went straight into the crowd at high speed. His car became airborne and crashed into a side barrier, fatally throwing von Trips from the car, and killing fifteen spectators. Von Trips died before reaching hospital. The toll of the accident remains the worst in the history of Formula One. As a result of the accident, the FIA banned Formula One from competing on circuits with steeply-banked corners.

Clark and his car were subjected to an investigation; he was initially accused of manslaughter, before the charges were dropped. At the time, Clark described the accident by saying: "Von Trips and I were racing along the straightaway and were nearing one of the banked curves, the one on the southern end. We were about 100 metres from the beginning of the curve. Von Trips was running close to the inside of the track. I was closely following him, keeping near the outside. At one point von Trips shifted sideways so that my front wheels collided with his back wheels. It was the fatal moment. Von Trips's car spun twice and went into the guardrail along the inside of the track. Then it bounced back, struck my own car and bounced down into the crowd." Movie footage of the crash that surfaced after the race showed that Clark's memory of the incident was inaccurate; after colliding with Clark, von Trips's car rode directly up an embankment on the outside of the track and struck a fence behind which spectators were closely packed. At the time of his death, von Trips was leading the Formula One World Championship. He had previous incidents at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, where he crashed cars in the 1956 Italian Grand Prix and the 1958 Italian Grand Prix, and was injured in both events.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
 *  * Indicates shared drive with Cesare Perdisa and Peter Collins
 *  † Indicates shared drive with Mike Hawthorn

Formula One Non-Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Wolfgang von Trips


text:
Talk:Price equation

Hard to digest
We are two computers science profs working through this at the moment. We totally got stuck. The thing we did not understand is that z_i is a function of the underlying w_i. We found in other places the example that z_i could contain things like height while w_i is simply n_i/n_i'. A simple explanation of that factor of how the two relate would have made things much easier for us. Also, clarifying that z and z_i are both one dimensional would also help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Koerding (talk • contribs) 14:16, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

Planning on making some changes
I'm planning on doing some reorganizing to make this page more clear. Chiefly I'd like to move some of the worked examples to a new page entitles "Price equation examples", and simplify and highlight the application to altruism. My goal is to make it shorter and improve clarity without removing content. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PaulGNelson (talk • contribs) 20:27, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

external link in criticism?
It lists "A tutorial can be found at http://www.evolutionandgames.com/price." It seems unusual by wikipedia standards to have an external link like this in the body of the article. Can someone more familiar with the criticisms bring them into the text of the article (provided they are sourced) and etiehr remove the link or bring it to the bottom of the page? Otherwise, I can just remove it.

192.91.171.42 (talk) 17:18, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

Merit vs. Altruism
Is there any way to modify the Price equations specifically to address an attitude of "Meritocracy" rather than "Altruism"? I would think that the corresponding fitness functions would rise substantially faster. I also wonder if anyone has done work that might establish how quickly any such group might acquire converts or new members from a larger population not having the same commitments and beliefs? Does anyone know? -- TheLastWordSword (talk) 15:57, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Typos
Could somebody who knows how this works please proof and fix the formal math. For instance the definition of E(x_i) is ill-formed - i is bound on the right but not on the left. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:75:F20:C75:857A:1354:F557:7EF2 (talk) 09:23, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

Proof written on a postage stamp.
"Proof of the Price equation"

Boy is this section long and meandering, for what it accomplishes. Is there a pre-agreed upper limit on the mathematical sophistication of people involved with this kind of study? Perhaps when their level gets too high they are simply removed from that population to another one.

That said, the author deserves credit for actually defining the terms of the equation. It is impossible to tell what is going on from the fuzzy language earlier in the paper until you get to this long, circuitous, wordy, but complete proof.

Regarding the earlier discussion about tautologies, all math statements are tautologies. Some are just more difficult to see than others. The Price equation is a special kind of tautology -- it should really be called Price's identity. 178.39.122.125 (talk) 17:39, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

Today, some scientists will tell you that the Price equation is empty
Amusingly, the above claim is made in the following article:

http://mosaicscience.com/story/George-Price-altruism-equation

''Today, some scientists will tell you that the Price equation is empty. It is like a footballer who, when asked how their team will win the next match, says they will score more goals than the other team. By trying to explain the game at its most fundamental level, say the critics, the equation explains and predicts nothing about why certain traits should increase or decrease fitness.''

But it doesn't stop there:

For its supporters, the Price equation is the closest thing biology has to E=mc^2.

!!!!

178.39.122.125 (talk) 07:16, 17 September 2016 (UTC)

Rating
I've put the rating of the page back down to "start" for the moment due to the lack of inline citations. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 11:46, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Still needs work
In a Wikipedia article, one should attempt to hold the nonexpert/layperson/beginner by the hand, even if this results in lack of elegance, concision or accuracy. In the present case, I feel that some of the terms used could be better explained right from the beginning, though I note that the meaning of the terms used does become clearer if one works through the "proof" section. To starts with, it should be made clear that here a "trait" is used in the sense of a measurable feature of an individual organism, such as height. It should then be made clear that the population's members vary in that trait, and that part of the trait values are heritable. It would also help to give a concrete (real, from the field literature) example right at the beginning. Paulhummerman (talk) 15:43, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

Price equation examples
Price equation examples seems like decent content (at a skim) that's more suited to a textbook than an encyclopedia. I'm thinking about redirecting that page back to here. I just wanted to note it here so folks with objections can voice them or undo the redirect, and/or folks maintaining this page can merge any useful material into this page. Ajpolino (talk) 17:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Price equation


text:
Stewart Grand Prix

Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996. The team competed in F1, as the Ford works-supported team, for only three seasons, from 1997 to 1999. The 1999 season was by far its strongest, yielding one win (Johnny Herbert at the ) and one pole position (Rubens Barrichello at the ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship.

At the end of 1999, Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing. In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in.

Origins
The team's origins are traced back to the end of 1988 when Jackie Stewart's son Paul set up Paul Stewart Racing, having bought the Gary Evans Motorsport Team. This team entered the 1989 British Formula 3 season with a workforce of 10 employees. The team attracted the sponsor Camel. Paul Stewart drove the car alongside German Otto Rensing. The team had a single win with Stewart at Snetterton. In 1990, the team expanded with a move to new headquarters in Milton Keynes, and was divided into three sections; preparation for European Formula 3000, Formula 3 and Formula Vauxhall Lotus. Within a few years, the team enjoyed success, winning 12 titles and 119 races in various categories.

In late 1995, Stewart Racing expressed disinterest in moving up to F1, considering that short-lived entries Simtek, Pacific and Forti either had folded or looked likely to fold. This position was reversed in January 1996 when Jackie Stewart secured a five-year development deal with Ford to make it a factory team. Before, Ford had been in a deal as a factory engine supplier to Sauber. The team gained finance from Malaysia as a promotion for the country in general. Stewart were in consultation with John Barnard about a business plan with a budget of £24 million.

1997

The first car, named the Stewart SF01 was launched on 19 December 1996. With factory backing from Ford as well as free engines, Stewart Grand Prix entered the 1997 Australian Grand Prix with drivers Rubens Barrichello and Jan Magnussen. The only success of their first year came at the rain-affected where Barrichello finished second. Magnussen in the second car finished just outside the points in seventh after losing his front wing at the chicane. Elsewhere, the cars were consistent midfield runners and Barrichello was often in a position to challenge for points. Stewart's reliability was poor, as the Ford Zetec-R V10 engine installed in the SF01 chassis proved to be powerful, yet extremely fragile. This restricted the team to just eight classified finishes out of a possible thirty-four. Stewart finished the season in ninth place in the constructors' championship with six points, ahead of other established teams like Tyrrell and Minardi.

1998

For the next year, the team developed the Stewart SF02, hoping to improve results and score regular points as well as some more podiums. However it turned out that 1998 was also a struggle for the team, with neither driver able to step onto the podium. Indeed, even points were hard to come by. The first came at the hands of Barrichello in Spain with a fifth place finish. The only highlight of the season came two rounds later with a double points finish in Canada where Barrichello and Magnussen finished fifth and sixth respectively. After a number of poor drives, Magnussen was replaced mid season by Dutchman Jos Verstappen from the French Grand Prix onward. Ironically it was the race after Magnussen scored his first and only world championship point. Both drivers did not score any more points for the rest of the season. Despite this and scoring one point less than the year before, Stewart finished the season eighth in the constructors' championship, one place better than in 1997.

In the end the driver change did not make a great difference as Verstappen also struggled with the car. Unhappy with the team, Verstappen left Stewart at the end of the season and was replaced by Johnny Herbert for the next year.

At the end of the 1998 season, technical director Alan Jenkins left Stewart Grand Prix, and was replaced by Jordan's Gary Anderson.

1999

After Ford acquired Cosworth in July 1998, they risked designing and building a brand-new engine for 1999. The Stewart SF3 was quick out of the box, however both cars over-heated on the grid of the first race, the Australian Grand Prix, after qualifying competitively. This put Herbert out instantly and made Barrichello start from the pit lane. Barrichello received a stop-go penalty during the race and finished fifth. The car was consistently competitive throughout the season, however the engine initially proved fragile as both cars blew their engines at the Brazilian race which meant the engine was rarely run at full power. Stewart's competitiveness was affirmed by running first in Brazil for a long spell of the race and qualifying on pole for the French Grand Prix with Barrichello. Johnny Herbert won a popular victory at the rain soaked 1999 European Grand Prix at the new Nürburgring after other leading contenders crashed off the track or lost time in the pits changing tyres. Barrichello finished third, in a result most observers indicated that Stewart deserved given their strength over the season. Herbert also became unwittingly influential in the championship at the next and penultimate race, the Malaysian Grand Prix. Running third behind the Ferraris of Michael Schumacher and Eddie Irvine, a mistake in the closing laps allowed Mika Häkkinen to slip past and claim the final podium position which gave the championship contender vital points. The Ferraris were disqualified for car irregularities and the win allowed Häkkinen to gain his second championship. The Stewarts as a result finished second and third in the race. However Ferrari won an appeal and the initial result was reinstated. Häkkinen however went on to win the championship and Stewart came fourth in the constructors' championship with 36 points, beating teams such as Williams and Benetton. Stewart's last race was the 1999 Japanese Grand Prix.

After Ford increased its commitment by buying the team out, it became known as Jaguar Racing for the 2000 season. Poor results however, led to the team being sold for the 2005 season, becoming Red Bull Racing.

Complete Formula One results
(key)

title: Stewart Grand Prix


text:
El filibusterismo

El Filibusterismo (The Subversive or The Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation, are also possible translations), also known by its alternative English title The Reign of Greed, is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere and, like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent.

The novel centers on the Noli-El Fili duology's main character Crisóstomo Ibarra, now returning for vengeance as "Simoun". The novel's dark theme departs dramatically from the previous novel's hopeful and romantic atmosphere, signifying Ibarra's resort to solving his country's issues through violent means, after his previous attempt in reforming the country's system made no effect and seemed impossible with the corrupt attitude of the Spaniards toward the Filipinos.

The novel, along with its predecessor, was banned in some parts of the Philippines as a result of their portrayals of the Spanish government's abuses and corruption. These novels, along with Rizal's involvement in organizations that aimed to address and reform the Spanish system and its issues, led to Rizal's exile to Dapitan and eventual execution. Both the novel and its predecessor, along with Rizal's last poem, are now considered Rizal's literary masterpieces.

Both of Rizal's novels had a profound effect on Philippine society in terms of views about national identity, the Catholic faith and its influence on the Filipino's choice, and the government's issues in corruption, abuse of power, and discrimination, and on a larger scale, the issues related to the effect of colonization on people's lives and the cause for independence. These novels later on indirectly became the inspiration to start the Philippine Revolution.

Throughout the Philippines, the reading of both the novel and its predecessor is now mandatory for high school students throughout the archipelago, although it is now read using English, Filipino, and the Philippines' regional languages.

Plot
In the events of the previous novel, Crisóstomo Ibarra, a reform-minded mestizo who tried to establish a modern school in his hometown of San Diego and marry his childhood sweetheart, was falsely accused of rebellion and presumed dead after a shootout following his escape from prison. Elías, his friend who was also a reformer, sacrificed his life to give Crisóstomo a chance to regain his treasure and flee the country, and hopefully continue their crusade for reforms from abroad. After a thirteen-year absence from the country, a more revolutionary Crisóstomo has returned, having taken the identity of Simoun, a mysterious wealthy jeweler whose objective is to drive the government to commit as much abuse as possible in order to drive people into revolution.

Simoun goes from town to town presumably to sell his jewels. Reaching San Diego, he detours to the Ibarras' forested land to retrieve more of his treasures buried in the mausoleum. There, his true identity as Crisóstomo Ibarra is discovered by a now-grown Basilio, who was also in the mausoleum visiting his mother's grave. In the years since the death of his mother, Basilio had been serving as Capitán Tiago's servant in exchange for being allowed to study, and is now an aspiring doctor on his last year at university as well as administrator and apparent heir to Capitán Tiago's wealth. Simoun reveals his motives to Basilio and offers him a place in his plans. Too secure of his place in the world, Basilio declines.

At Barrio Sagpang in the town of Tiani, Simoun stays at the house of the village's cabeza de barangay, Tales. Having suffered misfortune after misfortune in recent years, Kabesang Tales is unable to resist the temptation to steal Simoun's revolver and join the bandits. In Los Baños, Simoun joins his friend, the Captain-General, who is then taking a break from a hunting excursion. In a friendly game of cards with him and his cronies, Simoun raises the stakes higher and higher and half-jokingly secures blank orders for deportation, imprisonment, and summary execution from the Captain-General.

Later on, Simoun goes to Manila and meets Quiroga, a wealthy Chinese businessman and aspiring consul-general for the Chinese empire. Knowing Quiroga is heavily in his debt, Simoun offers him a steep discount if the former stores his massive arsenal of rifles in Quiroga's warehouses, to be used presumably for extortion activities with Manila's elite. Despite his hatred of guns and weaponry, Quiroga reluctantly agrees to do the job and uses his bazaar as a front.

During the Quiapo Fair, a talking heads exhibit ostensibly organized by an American named Mr. Leeds but secretly commissioned by Simoun is drawing popular acclaim. Padre Bernardo Salví, now chaplain of the Convent of the Poor Clares, attends one of the performances. The exhibit is set in Ptolemaic Egypt but features a tale that closely resembled that of Crisóstomo Ibarra and María Clara, and their fate under Salví. The show ends with an ominous vow of revenge. Deeply overcome with guilt and fear, Salví recommends the show be banned, but not before Mr. Leeds sailed for Hong Kong.

Months pass and the night of Simoun's revolution comes. Simoun visits Basilio in Tiago's house and tries to convince him again to join his revolution. He reveals his plan for the attack: a cannon volley shall be fired, at which point Kabesang Tales, now a bandit identifying himself as Matanglawin, and Simoun, who managed to deceive and recruit a sizable rogue force among the government troops, will lead their forces into the city. The leaders of the Church, the University, scores of bureaucrats, the Captain-General himself, as well as the bulk of officers guarding them are all conveniently located in one place, the theater where a controversial and much-hyped performance of Les cloches de Corneville is taking place. While Simoun and Matanglawin direct their forces, Basilio and several others are to raid the Convent of the Poor Clares and rescue María Clara.

However, Basilio reports to Simoun that María Clara died just that afternoon, after suffering the travails of monastic life under Salví, who always lusted after her. Simoun, driven by grief, aborts the attack and becomes crestfallen throughout the night. It will be reported later on that he suffered an "accident" that night, leaving him confined to his bed.

The following day, posters threatening violence to the leaders of the university and the government are found at the university doors. A reform-oriented student group to which Basilio belonged is named the primary suspects; the members are arrested, including Basilio, despite his absence from the group's mock dinner the night before. They are eventually freed through the intercession of relatives, except for Basilio who is an orphan and has no means to pay for his freedom. During his imprisonment, he learns that Capitán Tiago has died, leaving him with nothing; it is revealed that Tiago's will was actually forged by his spiritual advisor Padre Írene, who also supplied him with opium; his childhood sweetheart Juli has committed suicide to avoid getting raped by parish priest Camorra when she tried asking for help on Basilio's behalf; and that he has missed his graduation and will be required to study for another year, but now with no funds to go by. Released through the intercession of Simoun, a darkened, disillusioned Basilio joins Simoun's cause wholeheartedly.

Simoun, meanwhile, has been organizing a new revolution, and he reveals his plans to a now committed Basilio. The wedding of Juanito Peláez and Paulita Gómez will be used to coordinate the attack upon the city. As the Peláez and Gómez families are prominent members of the Manila elite, leaders of the church and civil government are invited to the reception. The Captain-General, who declined to extend his tenure despite Simoun's urging, is leaving in two days and is the guest of honor.

Simoun will personally deliver a pomegranate-shaped crystal lamp as a wedding gift. The lamp is to be placed on a plinth at the reception venue and will be bright enough to illuminate the entire hall, which was also walled with mirrors. After some time the light will flicker as if to go out. When someone attempts to raise the wick, a mechanism hidden within the lamp containing fulminated mercury will detonate, igniting the lamp which is actually filled with nitroglycerin, killing everyone in an enormous blast.

At the sound of the explosion, Simoun's mercenaries will attack, reinforced by Matanglawin and his bandits who will descend upon the city from the surrounding hills. Simoun postulates that in the chaos, the masses, already worked to a panic by the government's heavy-handed response to the poster incident, as well as rumors of German ships in the bay to lend their firepower to any uprising against the Spanish government, will step out in desperation to kill or be killed. Basilio and a few others are to put themselves at their head and lead them to Quiroga's warehouses, where Simoun's guns are still being kept. The plan thus finalized, Simoun gives Basilio a loaded revolver and sends him away to await further instructions.

Basilio walks the streets for hours and passes by his old home, Capitán Tiago's riverside house on Anloague Street. He discovers that this was to be the reception venue – Juanito Peláez's father bought Tiago's house as a gift for the newlywed couple. Sometime later, he sees Simoun enter the house with the lamp, then hastily exit the house and board his carriage. Basilio begins to move away but sees Isagani, his friend and Paulita Gómez's former lover, sadly looking at Paulita through the window. Noting how close they were to the condemned house, Basilio tries to head Isagani off, but Isagani was too dazed with grief to listen to him. In desperation, Basilio reveals to Isagani how the house is set to explode at any time then. But when Isagani still refuses to heed him, Basilio flees, leaving Isagani to his fate.

Seeing Basilio's demeanor, Isagani is belatedly unnerved by the revelation. Isagani rushes into the house, seizes the lamp, and throws it into the river. With this, Simoun's second revolution fails as well.

In the following days, as the trappings at the reception venue are torn down, sacks containing gunpowder are discovered hidden under the boards all over the house. Simoun, who had directed the renovations, is exposed. With the Captain-General having left for Spain, Simoun is left without his protector and is forced to flee. A manhunt ensues and Simoun is chased as far away as the shores of the Pacific. He then spends the rest of his days hiding in the ancestral mansion of Padre Florentino, Isagani's uncle.

One day, the lieutenant of the local Guardia Civil informs Florentino that he received an order to arrest Simoun that night. In response, Simoun drinks the slow-acting poison which he always kept in a compartment in his treasure chest. Simoun then makes his final confession to Florentino, first revealing his true name, to Florentino's shock. He goes on to narrate how thirteen years before, as Crisóstomo Ibarra, he lost everything in the Philippines despite his good intentions. Crisóstomo swore vengeance. Retrieving some of his family's treasure that Elias had buried in the Ibarra mausoleum in the forest, Crisóstomo fled to foreign lands and engaged in trade. He took part in the war in Cuba, aiding first one side and then another, but always profiting. There Crisóstomo met the Captain-General who was then a major, whose goodwill he won first by loans of money, and afterwards by covering his criminal activity. Crisóstomo bribed his way to secure the major's promotion to Captain-General and his assignment to the Philippines. Once in the country, Crisóstomo then used him as a blind tool and incited him to all kinds of injustice, taking advantage of the Captain-General's insatiable lust for gold.

The confession is long and arduous, and night has fallen when Crisóstomo finishes. In the end, Florentino assures the dying man of God's mercy, but explains that his revolution failed because he has chosen means that God cannot sanction. Crisóstomo bitterly accepts the explanation and dies.

Realizing that the arresting officers will confiscate Crisóstomo's possessions, Florentino divests him of his jewels and casts them into the sea, proclaiming that they are best hidden under the waters for the time being to ensure that they cannot be used to distort justice or incite greed, and that God shall provide the means to draw them out should people need wealth for a righteous cause.

Major characters

 * Simoun – Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise, presumed dead at the end of Noli Me Tángere. Ibarra has returned as the wealthy jeweler Simoun. His appearance is described as being tanned, having a sparse beard, long white hair, and large blue-tinted glasses. He was sometimes crude and confrontational. He was derisively described by Custodio and Ben-Zayb as an American mulatto or a British Indian. While presenting as the arrogant elitist on the outside, he secretly plans a violent revolution in order to avenge himself for his misfortunes as Crisóstomo Ibarra, as well as hasten Elías' reformist goals.
 * Basilio – son of Sisa and another character from Noli Me Tángere. In the events of El Fili, he is an aspiring and so far successful physician on his last year at university and was waiting for his license to be released upon his graduation. After his mother's death in the Noli, he applied as a servant in Capitán Tiago's household in exchange for food, lodging, and being allowed to study. Eventually he took up medicine, and with Tiago having retired from society, he also became the manager of Tiago's vast estate. He is a quiet, contemplative man who is more aware of his immediate duties as a servant, doctor, and member of the student association than he is of politics or patriotic endeavors. His sweetheart is Juli, the daughter of Kabesang Tales whose family took him in when he was a young boy fleeing the Guardia Civil and his deranged mother.
 * Isagani – Basilio's friend. He is described as a poet, taller and more robust than Basilio although younger. He is the nephew of Padre Florentino, but is also rumored to be his son with his old sweetheart before priesthood. Isagani was finishing his studies at the Ateneo Municipal and is planning to take medicine. A member of the student association, Isagani is proud and naive, and tends to put himself on the spot when his ideals are affronted. His unrestrained idealism and poeticism clash with the more practical and mundane concerns of his girlfriend, Paulita Gómez. When Isagani allows himself to be arrested after their association is outlawed, Paulita leaves him for Juanito Peláez. In his final mention in the novel, he was bidding goodbye to his landlords, the Orenda family, to stay with Florentino permanently.
 * Father Florentino – Isagani's uncle and a retired priest. Florentino was the son of a wealthy and influential Manila family. At his influential mother's insistence, he broke off an affair with his sweetheart and entered the priesthood, devoting himself to his parish. An indio (native), Florentino was a secular priest, one unaffiliated with the Catholic religious orders, yet his parish drew in huge income. When the 1872 Cavite mutiny broke out, he promptly resigned from priesthood, fearing unwanted attention. He retired to his family's large estate along the shores of the Pacific. He is described as white-haired, with a quiet, serene personality and a strong build. He did not smoke or drink. He was well respected by his peers, even by Spanish friars and officials.
 * Father Fernández – a Dominican who was a friend of Isagani. Following the incident with the posters, he invited Isagani to a dialogue, not so much as a teacher with his student but as a friar with a Filipino. Although they failed to resolve their differences, they each promised to approach their colleagues with the opposing views from the other party – although both feared that given the animosity that existed between their sides, their own compatriots may not believe in the other party's existence.
 * Capitán Tiago – Don Santiago de los Santos. María Clara's father. Having several landholdings in Pampanga, Binondo, and Laguna, as well as taking ownership of the Ibarras' vast estate, Tiago still fell into depression following María's entry into the convent. He alleviated this by smoking opium, which quickly became an uncontrolled vice, exacerbated by his association with Padre Írene who regularly supplied him with the substance. Tiago hired Basilio as a capista, a servant who given the opportunity to study as part of his wages; Basilio eventually pursued medicine and became his caregiver and the manager of his estate. Tiago died of shock upon hearing of Basilio's arrest and Padre Írene's embellished stories of violent revolt.
 * Captain-General – the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The Captain-General in the novel is Simoun's friend and confidant, and is described as having an insatiable lust for gold. Simoun met him as a major during the Ten Years' War in Cuba. He secured the major's friendship and promotion to Captain-General through bribes. When he was posted in the Philippines, Simoun used him as a pawn in his own power plays to drive the country into revolution. The Captain-General was shamed into not extending his tenure after being rebuked by a high official in the aftermath of Basilio's imprisonment.
 * Father Bernardo Salví – a Franciscan friar, the former parish priest of San Diego and now the director and chaplain of the Santa Clara convent. The epilogue of Noli Me Tángere implies that Salví regularly rapes María Clara when he is present at the convent. In El Filibusterismo, he is described as her confessor. In spite of reports of Ibarra's death, Salví believed that Ibarra is still alive and lived in constant fear of his revenge.
 * Father Hernando de la Sibyla – a Dominican introduced in Noli Me Tángere as the curate of Binondo, who now serves as the director and chaplain of the University of Santo Tomas. He is described as a liberal friar who prefers reason.
 * Father Millon – a Dominican who serves as a physics professor in the University of Santo Tomás.
 * Quiroga – a Chinese businessman who aspired to be a consul for China in the Philippines. Simoun coerced Quiroga into hiding weapons inside the latter's warehouses in preparation for the revolution.
 * Don Custodio – Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a famous "contractor" who was tasked by the Captain-General to develop the students association's proposal for an academy for the teaching of Spanish, but was then also under pressure from the priests to protect their prerogatives as monopolizers of instruction. Some of the novel's most scathing criticism is reserved for Custodio, a Peninsular Spaniard portrayed as an opportunist who married his way into high society, who regularly criticized favored ideas that did not come from him, but was ultimately, laughably incompetent.
 * Ben-Zayb – A columnist for the Manila Spanish newspaper El Grito de la Integridad. Ben-Zayb is his pen name and is an anagram of Ybáñez, an alternate spelling of his last name Ibáñez. His first name is not mentioned. Ben-Zayb is said to have the looks of a friar, and believes that in Manila they think because he thinks. He is deeply patriotic, sometimes to the point of jingoism. As a journalist, he had no qualms twisting details to make a story sound better than it actually was. Father Camorra derisively calls him an ink-slinger.
 * Father Camorra – the parish priest of Tiani. Ben-Zayb's regular foil, he is said to look like an artilleryman in counterpoint to Ben-Zayb's friar looks. He stops at nothing to mock and humiliate Ben-Zayb's liberal pretensions. In his own parish, Camorra has a reputation for unrestrained lustfulness. He drives Juli into suicide after attempting to rape her inside the convent. For his misbehavior he was "detained" in his order's luxurious riverside villa just outside Manila.
 * Father Írene – Capitán Tiago's spiritual adviser. Along with Don Custodio, Írene is severely criticized as a priest who allied with temporal authority for the sake of power and monetary gain. Known to many as the final authority who Custodio consults, the student association sought his support and gifted him with two chestnut-colored horses, yet he betrayed the students by counseling Custodio into making them fee collectors in their own school, which was then to be administered by the Dominicans instead of being a secular and privately managed institution as the students envisioned. Írene secretly but regularly supplies Capitán Tiago with opium while exhorting Basilio to do his duty. Írene embellished stories of panic following the outlawing of the student association Basilio was part of, hastening Capitán Tiago's death. With Basilio in prison, he then removed Basilio out of Tiago's last will and testament, ensuring he inherited nothing.
 * Placido Penitente – a student of the University of Santo Tomas who had a distaste for study and would have left school if it were not for his mother's pleas for him to stay. He clashes with his physics professor, who then accuses him of being a member of the student association, whom the friars despise. Following the confrontation, he meets Simoun at the Quiapo Fair. Seeing potential in Placido, Simoun takes him along to survey his preparations for the upcoming revolution. The following morning Placido has become one of Simoun's committed followers. He is later seen with the former schoolmaster of San Diego, who was now Simoun's bomb-maker.
 * Paulita Gómez – the girlfriend of Isagani and niece of Doña Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña. In the end, she and Isagani part ways, Paulita believing she will have no future if she marries him. She eventually marries Juanito Peláez.

Characters from Barrio Sagpang:

 * Kabesang Tales – Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay of Barrio Sagpang in Tiani. He was a sugarcane planter who cleared lands he thought belonged to no one, losing his wife and eldest daughter in the endeavor. When the Dominicans took over his farm, he fought to his last money to have it retained in his possession. While his suit against the Dominicans was ongoing, he was kidnapped by bandits while he was out patrolling his fields. Having no money to pay his captors, his daughter Juli was forced to become a maid in exchange for her mistress paying his ransom. When his son Tano was conscripted into the Guardia Civil, again Tales had no money to pay for Tano's exclusion from the draft. When in spite of all Tales lost the case, he not only lost his farm but was also dealt with a heavy fine. He later joined the bandits and became one of their fiercest commanders. Tandang Selo, his father, would later on join his band after the death of Juli.
 * Tandang Selo – father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of Tano and Juli. A deer hunter and later a broom-maker, he and Tales took in the young, sick Basilio who was then fleeing from the Guardia Civil. On Christmas Day, when Juli left to be with her mistress, Selo suffered some form of stroke that impaired his ability to speak. After Juli's suicide, Selo left town permanently, taking with him his hunting spear. He was later seen with the bandits and was killed in an encounter with the Guardia Civil – ironically by the gun of the troops' sharpshooter Tano, his grandson.
 * Juli – Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio and the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. When Tales was captured by bandits, Juli petitioned Hermana Penchang to pay for his ransom. In exchange, she had to work as Penchang's maid. Basilio ransomed her and bought a house for her family. During Basilio's prison stint, Juli approached Tiani's curate, Padre Camorra, for help. When Camorra tried to rape her, Juli jumped to her death from the church's tower.
 * Tano – Kabesang Tales's son, second to Lucia who died in childhood. He was nicknamed "Carolino" after returning from Guardia Civil training in the Carolines. His squad was escorting prisoners through a road that skirted a mountain when they were ambushed by bandits. In the ensuing battle, Tano, the squad's sharpshooter, killed a surrendering bandit from a distance, not knowing it was his own grandfather Selo.
 * Hermana Penchang – the one among the "rich folks" of Tiani who lent Juli money to ransom Kabesang Tales from the bandits. In return, Juli will serve as her maid until the money was paid off. Penchang is described as a pious woman who speaks Spanish; however, her piety was clouded over by the virtues taught by the friars. While Juli was in her service, she made her work constantly, refusing to give her time off so she can take care of her grandfather Selo. Nevertheless, when the rich folks of Tiani shunned Juli because to support her family in any way might earn some form of retribution from the friars, Penchang was the only one who took pity upon her.
 * Hermana Báli – Juli's mother-figure and counselor. She accompanied Juli in her efforts to secure Kabesang Tales' ransom and later on Basilio's release. Báli was a panguinguera – a gambler – who once performed religious services in a Manila convent. When Tales was captured by bandits, it was Báli who suggested to Juli the idea to borrow money from Tiani's wealthy citizens, payable when Tales' legal dispute over his farm was won.

Student association for the teaching of Spanish:

 * Macaraig – the leader. He is described as wealthy, with his own coach, driver, and set of horses. He is said to own several houses and he is lending one to serve as the schoolhouse for their planned Spanish language academy. After the outlawing of the group, he was the first to post bail. He then left the country after his release.
 * Sandoval – a Peninsular who had come to Manila as a government employee and was finishing his studies, and who had completely identified himself with the cause of the Filipino students. After the outlawing of the group, he still managed to pass his courses through sheer oratorical skill.
 * Pecson – described as chubby, pessimistic, and having an annoying grin. He is Sandoval's regular foil when Sandoval launches into any kind of patriotic, optimistic speech. After they receive disappointing news about their Spanish language academy project, it was Pecson who suggested a torch-lit dinner at the Panciteria Macanista de Buen Gusto, just a block away from the Binondo Church and Convent, served by naked Chinese waiters. From there Sandoval and Pecson became more gracious to each other.
 * Tadeo – a truant and charlatan who regularly dreamed of an eternal "holiday" from school, but was all the same beloved by professors and passed courses. A longtime Manila resident, he is seen having fun by telling outrageous stories about himself to a newcomer student from his home province. After the outlawing of the group, he alone seemed to welcome imprisonment as it meant not going to school. His holiday realized at last, he "celebrated" by setting up a bonfire using his books upon his release.
 * Juanito Peláez – Isagani's rival for Paulita Gómez's affection. He was the son of a Timoteo Peláez, a metalworks trader. He was a favorite of his professors. A regular prankster, he was said to have developed a hump by playing some trick and then hunching behind his classmates. He paid his dues to the student association, but broke away just as easily when the association was outlawed. Following Isagani's arrest, Paulita breaks off from Isagani to marry Juanito.

Adaptations

 * 1962: El Filibusterismo, a film directed by Gerardo de León and starring Pancho Magalona as Simoun/Crisóstomo Ibarra
 * 1970: El Filibusterismo, an opera composed by Felipe Padilla de León with libretto by Anthony Morli
 * 1991: El Filibusterismo, a Filipino (Tagalog) musical adaptation of the novel staged by theater company Tanghalang Pilipino with libretto (book and lyrics) by Paul Dumol and Jovy Miroy and music by Ryan Cayabyab. It premiered in 1991 at the Cultural Center of the Philippines, and was directed by Nonon Padilla
 * 1998: José Rizal, a Filipino movie that tells the life of Rizal and features scenes from the novel.
 * 2018: Ang Luha at Lualhati ni Jeronima, a Filipino short film by CJ Santos inspired by the novel's third chapter
 * 2023: Maria Clara at Ibarra, a TV drama broadcast on GMA Network inspired by the two Rizal novels.
 * Annually: Gantimpala Theater's Stage Play of the Same Title. One notable actor that has played the role of Simoun was Roeder Camañag.

title: El filibusterismo


text:
Harry Parkes

Harry Parkes may refer to:

 * Sir Harry Parkes (diplomat) (1828–1885), British diplomat
 * Harry Parkes (footballer, born 1888) (1888–1947), English footballer and manager in the 1920s and 1930s
 * Harry Parkes (footballer, born 1920) (1920–2009), English footballer of the 1940s and 1950s for Aston Villa

title: Harry Parkes


text:
Hatha Yoga Pradipika

The Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā (, हठयोगप्रदीपिका or Light on Hatha Yoga) is a classic fifteenth-century Sanskrit manual on haṭha yoga, written by Svātmārāma, who connects the teaching's lineage to Matsyendranath of the Nathas. It is among the most influential surviving texts on haṭha yoga, being one of the three classic texts alongside the Gheranda Samhita and the Shiva Samhita.

More recently, eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to the Hatha Yoga Pradipika have been identified.

Title and composition
Different manuscripts offer different titles for the text, including Haṭhayogapradīpikā, Haṭhapradīpikā, Haṭhapradī, and Hath-Pradipika. It was composed by Svātmārāma in the 15th century as a compilation of the earlier haṭha yoga texts. Svātmārāma incorporates older Sanskrit concepts into his synthesis. He introduces his system as a preparatory stage for physical purification before higher meditation or Raja Yoga.

Summary

The Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā lists thirty-five earlier Haṭha Yoga masters (siddhas), including Ādi Nātha, Matsyendranāth and Gorakṣanāth. The work consists of 389 shlokas (verses) in four chapters that describe topics including purification (Sanskrit: ṣaṭkarma), posture (āsana), breath control (prāṇāyāma), spiritual centres in the body (chakra), kuṇḍalinī, energetic locks (bandha), energy (prāṇa), channels of the subtle body (nāḍī), and energetic seals (mudrā).

 * Chapter 1 deals with setting the proper environment for yoga, the ethical duties of a yogi, and the asanas.
 * Chapter 2 deals with pranayama and the satkarmas.
 * Chapter 3 discusses the mudras and their benefits.
 * Chapter 4 deals with meditation and samadhi as a journey of personal spiritual growth.

It runs in the line of Hindu yoga (as opposed to the Buddhist and Jain traditions) and is dedicated to The First Lord (Ādi Nātha), one of the names of Lord Śiva (the Hindu god of destruction and renewal). He is described in several Nāth texts as having imparted the secret of haṭha yoga to his divine consort Pārvatī.

Mechanisms
The Hatha Yoga Pradipika presents two contradictory models of how Hatha Yoga may lead to immortality (moksha), both culled from other texts, without attempting to harmonise them.

The earlier model involves the manipulation of Bindu; it drips continually from the moon centre in the head, falling to its destruction either in the digestive fire of the belly (the sun centre), or to be ejaculated as semen, with which it was identified. The loss of Bindu causes progressive weakening and ultimately death. In this model, Bindu is to be conserved, and the various mudras act to block its passage down the Sushumna nadi, the central channel of the subtle body.

The later model involves the stimulation of Kundalini, visualised as a small serpent coiled around the base of the Sushumna nadi. In this model, the mudras serve to unblock the channel, allowing Kundalini to rise. When Kundalini finally reaches the top at the Sahasrara chakra, the thousand-petalled lotus, the store of Amrita, the nectar of immortality stored in the head, is released. The Amrita then floods down through the body, rendering it immortal.

Modern research
The Hatha Yoga Pradipika is the hatha yoga text that has historically been studied within yoga teacher training programmes, alongside texts on classical yoga such as Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. In the twenty-first century, research on the history of yoga has led to a more developed understanding of hatha yoga's origins.

James Mallinson has studied the origins of hatha yoga in classic yoga texts such as the Khecarīvidyā. He has identified eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to its official formation in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. This has stimulated further research into understanding the formation of hatha yoga.

Jason Birch has investigated the role of the Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā in popularizing an interpretation of the Sanskrit word haṭha. The text drew from classic texts on different systems of yoga, and Svātmārāma grouped what he had found under the generic term "haṭha yoga". Examining Buddhist tantric commentaries and earlier medieval yoga texts, Birch found that the adverbial uses of the word suggested that it meant "force", rather than "the metaphysical explanation proposed in the 14th century Yogabīja of uniting the sun (ha) and moon (ṭha)".

title: Hatha Yoga Pradipika


text: Category:South African scientists

title: Category:South African scientists